doy 
PUN Oia ean 
hens 


+. 


wey 
Bat 04 8 omy 
VNae 


b 


yah sl ean 
Pac rier es: ae 
aS 


AN 


CASEY etete 
pierPharere Ne et 
shen aal oral 
mage 


1 O248PLeL 


Il 


————_ 
—EE 
—=—— 
See 
—~ 
—=S>!" 
——=—= 
—=EE 
See 


—D 
rm 
a 
Mm 


yw 
eae 


Digitized by the Internet Archive 
in 2007 with funding from 
Microsoft Corporation 


http://www.archive.org/details/chineseeconomictOOchiuoft 


a 
- 


_ i a 
ae 


bk 
vi 
q 
. 
aa 


PN 


We. Caw, , 
NY Win 


THUYA ORIENTALIS Linneus 


Plate 1, 


CHINESE ECONOMIC TREES 


By 


Woon Young Chun, B.S.F., M.F. 


Professor of Dendrology, 


College of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Nanking. 


ILLUSTRATED WITH 100 PLATES 


PRINTED BY THE COMMERCIAL Press, Ltp. 
PLATES EXECUTED BY SHANGHAI 
ART ENGRAVING Co. 


DEDICATS 
TO 


A. S. C. 


PREFACE 


So far as the author is aware, this is the first book on the common, 
important Chinese trees that has been written in any language. 
Although the literature of Chinese flora is rather extensive, it is scattered 
through numerous publications, issued in many different languages, 
and as few of the standard botanical works are available in China, it has. 
been next to impossible to identify even the commoner plants around us. 
This manual aims to fill, in a measure, the need that has been felt for 
some time for a handy volume on Chinese trees. With the help of this 
book, even those with only a meager knowledge of botany will be able to 
identify a large number of the trees likely to be encountered, and at the 
same time to learn something of their characteristics and uses in so far 
as these are known. This manual is also designed as a textbook for use 
in Middle Schools and Colleges, particularly in the institutions where 
agricultural sciences are emphasized. The manuscript has been subjected 
to actual test of the classroom, during the past year, at the College of 
Agriculture and Forestry of the University of Nanking. 


Obviously, in a work of this scope, it is impossible, to describe every 
arborescent species found in this country. Only a small proportion of 
the species of Chinese trees are here described. A more comprehensive 
work remains for development in the future. The limits of the present 
volume admit the description, in most cases, of only one or two repre- 
sentative species in each genus and a bare enumeration of others of minor 
importanee. On this account, the family and generic characters are given 
in some detail, in order to enable students to place a tree not treated in 
this work at least in the proper family and genus. It will be noted that 
following the description of families of more than one genus, there is a 
key to the genera, but following the description of the genus there is 
no key to the species. This omission is justified by two considerations. 
In the first place, the number of species is not sufficiently inclusive to 
render a key of any considerable value, and, in the second place, in the 
instances where the species treated under any one genus are sufficiently 
comprehensive, as under the oaks, an opportunity is given the students to 
acquire practice in making keys themselves. ; 


Throughout this book, the specific names of the plants are uniformly 
written without capitals in accordance with the procedure prevailing in 
zoology, and with some progressive botanists, as those of the United 
States National Herbarium, but contrary to the rule of nomenclature 


II PREFACE 


adopted by botanists at the Vienna Congress. In ordinary botanical 
nomenclature, the specific name when derived from a person must be 
a special mark of honor to the person whose name the 
plant bears. The introduction of this extraneous element into the name 
of a plant serves no legitimate purpose, but rather adds confusion and 
complexity. For the sake of clarity and simplicity, it seems best to 
disregard a useless rule. It is hoped that the younger botanists in China, 
collectively, will have sufficient independence to introduce the change 
which is manifestly advantageous, and which will, undoubtedly, become 
the universal practice of the future. 

The author has taken considerable pains to eliminate inaccuracies as 
far as possible, but no doubt, many defects and errors have been over- 
looked, and any one who points them out or who is willing to communi- 
cate additional notes and information on the range, habits, and uses of 
any of the trees will not only earn the gratitude of the author but at the 
same time advance the status of Chinese dendrology. 


capitalized as 


The material for this book was compiled at the Arnold Arboretum 
of Harvard University in the United States of America. To the Director 
of the Arnold Arboretum, Professor C. 8. Sargent, the author offers his 
sincere thanks for placing the splendid facilities of that institution at his 
disposal. The Arboretum contains a remarkable collection of the hardy 
Chinese trees and shrubs adapted to a northern climate, as well as an 
herbarium of Chinese woody plants which is, perhaps, unsurpassed by 
that of any other institution in the world. The descriptions of the trees 
in this work are based, in nearly every case, on the original Latin or 
other description, supplemented by notes by various authors (particularly 
those of Mr. E. H. Wilson), and by comparison with herbarium 
material and studies of living trees. The drawings were made from 
herbarium specimens and from living plants when obtainable, except a 
few that were redrawn from published works, in which case, the source is 
indicated on the plates, ; 


The author is greatly indebted to Miss Mary I. Bash, formerly of 
Seattle, Washington, and to Mr. Goey Park Jung, Professor of Entomology 
of the Government Southeastern University at Nanking, for help with the 
inking of some of the drawings, Finally the author must acknowledge a 
great debt of gratitude to his former teacher, Professor J. G. Jack of 
Harvard University. Without his suggestions this book, crude as it is, 
would not have been written. It must be understood, the author is alone 
responsible for the views therein expressed. 


Shanghai, August 22nd, 1921. 


PLATE 


No e& 
. e 


Se a oe aes oe) 


— 


26. 


LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS 


(The Illustrations are half life size) 


Thuja orientalis .. 
Ginkgo biloba 

Larix potanini 
Pseudolarix kaempferi 
Pinus armandi 

Picea asperata 

Tsuga chinensis .. 
Keteleeria davidiana 
Keteleeria fortunei 
Abies delavayi 


Cunninghamia lanceolata 


Cupressus torulosa 


Taxus cuspidata.. 
Salix babylonica.. 
Salix matsudana.. 
Populus simonii.. 
Populus lasiocarpa 
Myrica rubra 
Juglans regia 
Hicoria cathayensis 
Pterocarya stenoptera 
Pterocarya paliurus 
Ostrya jiponiea .. 
Corylus chinensis 
Alnus cremastogyne 
Betula japonica 
Fagus sinensis 
Fagus engleriana 
Castanea mollissima 
Lithocarpus spicata 
Quereus variabilis 
Quercus serrata .. 


PAGE 
. . (Frontispiece) 
a, 2 
7 
9 
12 
. 17 
ao 21 
ot 25 
26 
Z 28 
oo 
; ‘ 39 
Ke ae 44 
‘ 50 
51 
53 
: As ete 55 
oe 58 
4 a? 60 
: 63 
ay a 65 
66 
3 71 
ee ails ‘ 73 
75 
rae 
Sys tbs = 81 
ae sis 83 
85 
a ne 89 
ae 92 
bie : 94 


ol 
go 


nm or cr or 
CR ote 


os 


_ 
Ce 
. . 


oie | 
. . 


LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS 


Quercus glandulifera .-- 


Quercus fabri a am 
Quercus aliena.-- os 
Quercus dentata .. ae 
Quercus glauca .-- ae 


Quercus semicarpifolia .- 
Quercus bambusifolia 
Ulmus pumila 

Ulmus laciniata .. 

Celtis bungeana .-. ar 
Pteroceltis tartarinowil .. 
Zelkova serrata 
Hemiptelea davidii oe 
Morus alba 

Broussonetia papyrifera . - 
Euptelea franchetil Be 
Kuptelea pleiosperma 
Tetracentron sinense .--. 
Cercidiphyllum japonicum 
Liriodendron chinense .. 
Magnolia denudata 
Liquidambar formosana.. 
Eucommia ulmoides.. 


Sassafras tzumu .-- ee 
Cinnamomum camphora 

Phoebe nanmu .. ae 
Lindera megaphylla “ 
Prunus padus a. oe 
Prunus persica... ee 


Amelanchier sinica 
Eriobotrya japonica 
Sorbus alnifolia .. 
Malus theifera .. 
Cercis chinensis «- ae 
Gymnocladus chinensis .. 
Gleditsia macracantha .. 
Sophora japonica... oe 


LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Vv 


PLATE PAGE 
70. .Phellodendron sachalinense' .- ere ore ae e LLoe 
71. Ailanthus altissima Be a ee we oe 2% 19S 
72. Canarium album... Bie are ute ee os ae 2OL 
73. Cedrela sinensis .. Sed as i ee Bs er D4 


74. Melia azederach .. os aa a one ne siete oe O05 
75. Aleurites fordii .. tte Je a3 as ne Sie SOU. 


76. Sapium sebiferum ue ae a bi ze re OLS 
77. Spondias axillaris me ae 3% ae ae eee O17. 
78. Pistacia chinensis a ae ee Ae wi mee es 
79. Rhus verniciflua. . e: + “3 ie Ae RTO PAG) 
80. Tapiscia sinensis. . 2 ap ss ie ae se 225 
81. Acer henryi Sh ne Pe aie Pi eye Seite: 
82. Acer pictum var parviflorum .- ate oe Sas om tee 
88. Acer oblongum .. aye ye ete we ake een ook 
84. AXsculus wilsonii .. Af. a8 oie ale se cn AoS4 
85. Sapindus mukorossi te Se Be sis oe Be OSG 
86. Tilia tuan.. oe 4b oy oe or a alt 240 
87. Tilia mongolica .. sis ae Av ae pee woo iA 
88. Idesia polycarpa.. a5 ste ae ae ae aon 20 
89. Nyssasinensis ..- as bie se ah cn os 260: 
90. Davidia involucrata oe ie ae aR a oe) (262 
91. Acanthopanax ricinifolius. ate ae ae se oe | G5 
92. Cornus kousa aa ay aie Se ee a2 se 268 
93. Cornus Ccapitata .«. sis oe ae aes ae vat 969 
94. Cornus macrophylla ate ae ois se hs Po | 


95. Diospyros lotus .. avi ie ats ae ae sien es 
96. Diospyros kaki .. 54 he oe She aE em A 


97. Fraxinus chinensis ai Mie es ae eve sie 280: 
98. Fraxinus platypoda oe sae oe ie ae a Ge 
99. Paulownia tomentosa .. te ave ays a ae 289 


100. Catalpa ovata .. a ae oe ae sie Soe eR 


(Illustrations half life size) 


SYNOPSIS OF ORDERS AND FAMILIES 
TREATED IN THIS WORK 


——————_- 


CLASS I GYMNOSPERMAE 


Ovules naked, borne on the face of a scale, not inclosed in an ovary. 


ORDER GINKGOALES 


Stems with branches; secondary wood without vessels... Flowers 
unisexual, dioecious, not borne in strobiles; the staminate flowers com- 
posed of numerous stamens, each with 2 pollen sacs; pistillate flowers 
naked, in pairs, borne on a long stalk enlarged at the apex to form 
a cup-shaped disk. 


~ 


Family 1. Ginkgoaceae (Page 1) 


A family containing only 1 extant species confined to China. 


ORDER CONIFERALES 


Resinous trees, the stems increase in diameter by the addition of 
annual layers of wood inside the bark; flowers unisexual; stamens 
numerous; ovules and seeds 2 or more, borne on the face of a scale; 
embryo with 2 or more cotyledons. 


Family 2. Pinaceae (Page 3) 
With dry seeds and ovules covered by a scale. 
Family 3. Taxaceae (Page 41) 


With naked ovules and usually fleshy seeds. 


CLASS II ANGIOSPERMAE 


Carpels or pistils consisting of a closed cavity containing the ovules 
and becoming the fruit. 


SYNOPSIS OF ORDERS AND FAMILIES, ETC, VII 


Division I. Dicotyledonae 


Stems formed of bark, wood or pith and increasing in diameter 
year after year by the addition of annual layers next to the bark; parts 
of the flowers mostly in 4’s or 5’s; embryo with 2 cotyledons; leaves 
mostly net-veined. 


Sub-division I. Apetalae 


Flowers without a corolla and sometimes without calyx. 


Section 1. Flowers in unisexual ament (pistillate flowers sometimes 
solitary in Quercus and Juglans); ovary inferior. 


ORDER SALICALES 


Flowers without sepals or petals, unisexual, dioecious ; disk reduced 
to a scale; stamens 2 to indefinite ; carpels 2; ovary single, with parietal 
placentae and indefinite ovules; capsule with indefinite seeds; seeds smali 
with basal tufts of hair. Trees or shrubs with simple, alternate leaves ; 
stipules present. 


Family 4. Salicaceae (Page 48) 


Flowers dioecious, without a calyx ; fruit a 2-4 valved capsule. 
Leaves alternate, simple, deciduous, with stipules. 


ORDER MYRICALES 


Flowers in catkin-like spikes without sepals or petals, unisexual, 
monoecious or dioecious; staminate 4 (2-16); carpels 2; ovary 1 celled 
with a single, basal, erect, atropous ovule; fruit a drupe. ‘Trees or 
shrubs with simple, rarely divided leaves. 


Family 5. Myricaceae (Page 56) 


Flowers monoecious or dioecious; fruit a drupe, fleshy or dry; 
leaves alternate, simple, punctate, persistent, rarely deciduous. 


ORDER JUGLANDALES 


Flowers in catkins without sepals or petals or with a simple 
involucre, unisexual, monoecious; stamens 8-40; carpels 2; ovary 
inferior with basal, erect ovule; fruit winged, drupaceous or a nut. : 
Trees or shrubs with alternate, mostly compound leaves withoiit stipules. 


Vill SYNOPSIS OF ORDERS AND FAMILIES, ETC. 


Family 6. Juglandaceae (Page 57) 
Flowers monoecious; fruit a nut, dehiscent or indehiscent, or 
winged ; leaves alternate, pinnate, deciduous, without stipules. 


ORDER FAGALES 


Flowers in catkins or heads, ciclet, with perianth, rarely naked, 
sometimes perfect, mostly unisexual, monoecious; ovary inferior; carpels 
2-6, with 1-2 ovules. Fruit nut-like. Trees or shrubs with simple 


leaves ; stipules present. 


Family 7. Betulaceae (Page 68) 


Flowers monoecious; fruit a nutlet, winged or wingless, in a 
strobile or more or less enclosed by a membranons involucre; leaves 
alternate, simple, deciduous, with stipules. 


Family 8. Fagaceae (Page 79) 


Flowers monoecious; fruit a nut; more or less inclosed in a 
scaly cup or spiny involucre; leaves alternate, simple, deciduous or 
persistent, with stipules. 


Section 2. Flowers mostly unisexual; calyx regular; stamens 
as many as the lobes of the calyx and opposite them; ovary superior, 
1 celled. 


ORDER URTICALES 


Flowers with perianth, rarely naked, small, mostly aggregated in 
cymose clusters; stamens as many as the perianth segments; carpels 1 or 
2; ovary superior, usually 1 celled and 1 ovuled; fruit a nut or a drupe. 
Herbs or woody plants; leaves with stipules. 


Family 9. Ulmaceae (Page 105) 


Fruit a samara or a drupe; leaves alternate, simple, usually 
deciduous, with stipules. 


Family 10. Moraceae (Page 120) 


Flowers in ament-like spikes or heads; fruits aggregated, in- 
closed in the thickened calyx of the flower or succulent and berry- 
like (Morus), in a globose head (Brousonetia), large with a hard 
rind (Cudrania), or enclosed in a fleshy receptacle (Ficus); leaves 
alternate, simple, deciduous or persistent, with stipules. 


SYNOPSIS OF ORDERS AND FAMILIES, ETC. IX: 


Family 11. Urticaceae (Page 127) 


Flowers apetalous, regular; stamens inflexed, as many as the 
calyx lobes; ovary usually superior, 1 celled, 1 ovuled; stigma 
feathery ; fruit an achene or a drupe; leaves alternate or opposite. 


Sub-division II. Petalae 


Both calyx and corolla present (except in Trochodendraceae, 
Lauraceae, Liquidambar in Hamamelidaceae, Euphorbiaceae, and in 
some species of Acer.) 


Section 1. Polypetalae. Corolla of separate petals. 


A. Ovary superior (partly inferior in Hamamelidaceae ; inferior 
in Maius, Sorbus, Crataegus, and Amelanchier in Rosaceae.) 


ORDER RANALES 


Flowers spiral or cyclic, rarely naked, mostly with perianth, peri- 
gynous to epigynous; stamens mostly numerous; carpels indefinite to 1; 
free, rarely united. Herbs and woody plants. 


Family 12. Trochodendraceae (Page 128) 


Flowers monoecious, without perianth or apetalous; carpels 
2-many; fruit winged and indehiscent or a follicle; leaves alternate 
without stipules. 


Family 13. Cereidiphyllaceae (Page 132) 
Flowers unisexual, dioecious; stamens numerous; carpels 2-5; 
fruit.a many-seeded pod. 
Family 14. Magnoliaceae (Page 136) 


Flowers perfect, sepals and petals in 3’s or a multiple of 3; 
fruit cone-like or fleshy, composed of numerous cohering carpels; 
leaves alternate, deciduous or persistent, with stipules. 


ORDER ROSALES 


Flowers cyclic, rarely spirally arranged with sepals and petals, rarely 
without petals, hypogynous to epigynous; stamens numerous; carpels 
sometimes free, sometimes united; ovules indefinite. Herbs, shrubs or 
trees with alternate leaves, without stipules. 


x SYNOPSIS OF ORDERS AND FAMILIES, ETC. 


Family 15. Hamamelidaceae (Page 142) | 
Flowers perfect or unisexual ; sepals 4, petals 5 (apetalous in 
Liqudambar); ovary partly inferior ; fruit a 2-celled woody capsule, 
dehiscent at the top; leaves alternate, simple, deciduous, with 


stipules. 
Family 16. Eucommiaceae (Page 144) 


Flowers without perianth, dioecious; stamens 6-10 on short 
filaments; carpels 1 by abortion, with 2 stigmatic lobes at the apex; 
fruit a samara. Leaves alternate, simple, deciduous, without 
stipules. The leaves and other parts of the plant with elastic 
threads, 


Family 17. Lauraceae (Page 145) 


Flowers perfect or unisexual, apetalous; fruit a drupe or berry ; 
leaves alternate, persistent (except Sassafras), with stipules. 


Family 18. Rosaceae (Page 163) 


Flowers perfect, sepals and petals 5; ovary inferior in Malus, 
Sorbus, Crataegus and Amelanchier; fruit usually a drupe or a pome; 
leaves alternate, simple or compound, deciduous or persistent, with 
stipules. 


Family 19. Leguminoseae (Page 176) 


Flowers perfect, regular or papilionaceous; fruit a legume; 
leaves alternate, usually compound, deciduous or persistent, with 
stipules. 


ORDER GERANIALES 


Flowers cyclic, with sepals and petals, or without petals, rarely 
naked, mostly 5-merous; stamens coherent at the base; ovary superior; 
earpels 5-2 (rarely more) whorled, usually separating from each other at 
maturity, mostly with 2-1, rarely more, ovules; ovules pendent, anatro- 
pous, with ventral raphae and the micropyle directed upwards. 


Family 20. Rutaceae (Page 190) 


Flowers perfect, regular; fruit a fleshy drupe or berry, a capsule 
or druplets. Leaves alternate, compound or simple, glandular 
punctate, persistent, rarely deciduous. 


SYNOPSIS OF ORDERS AND FAMILIES, ETC. XI 


Family 21. Simarubaceae (Page 196) 


Flowers unisexual, dioecious ; sepals and petals 3-5; stamens as 
many, or twice as many as the petals; ovary 1-6 celled, superior; 
fruit a drupe, berry, or samara. Leaves usually alternate, compound 
or simple, 


Family 22. Burseraceae (Page 200) 

Flowers perfect or polygamous, regular; ovary 2-5 celled, 
ovules 2 in each cell; fruit drupe-like, dehiscent or indehiscent. 
Trees or shrubs, resinous; leaves usually alternate; compound, 
without stipules. 


Family 23. Meliaceae (Page 202) 
Flowers perfect, regular, 4-5 merous; stamens usually connate; 
ovary 3-5 celled, style simple; fruit a drupe, berry or capsule. 
Leaves alternate, usually compound, 


Family 24. Euphorbiaceae (Page 207) 


Flowers unisexual, perianth simple, calyx-like or wanting; 
fruit usually a capsule separating in 3 valves; rarely drupe-like or 
berry-like. Herbs or woody plants with milky juice and alternate, 
usually simple leaves with stipules. 


ORDER SAPINDALES 


Flowers as in Geraniales but the ovule is in a reversed position, 
that is, when the ovule is suspended the raphae is dorsal and the micro- 
pyle is directed above; when the ovule is upright, the raphae is ventral 
with the micropyle directed below ; ovules 1 or 2 in each cell. Trees or 
shrubs, also herbs. 


Family 25. Anacardiaceae (Page 215) 


Flowers regular, perfect or unisexual; calyx 5, petals 3-5; disk 
present; ovary 1 (2-6) celled; ovules 1 in each cell. Fruit a drupe 
ornut. Trees or shrubs with alternate, simple or compound leaves. 


Family 26. Aquifoliaceae (Page 222) 


Flowers perfect, rarely unisexual; sepals and petals more or less 
connate, sepals 8-6; petals and stamens 4-5; ovary superior; with- 
out disk. Fruit berry-like. Leaves simple, alternate or opposite. 


XII SYNOPSIS OF ORDERS AND FAMILIES, ETC. 


Family 27. Staphyleaceae (Page 223) 
Flowers perfect, regular, 5-merous; disk cup-shaped; carpels 
9-3, free above with many to few pendulous ovules; fruit a capsule, 
oud: or drupe-like. Trees or shrubs usually with opposite, com- 


pound leaves with stipules. 


Family 28. Aceraceae (Page 226) 
Flowers mostly perfect or polygamous, calyx and corolla and 
stamens 4-10; carpels 2, each with 2 straight ovules; fruit a samara. 
‘Trees or shrubs with opposite, simple, rarely compound leaves. 


Family 29. Hippocastanaceae (Page 230) 
Flowers perfect or unisexual, irregular ; sepals 5; petals 4-5; 
stamens 4-5; carpels 3, each with 2 ovules; fruit a 3-valved capsule; 
seeds large. Leaves palmate. 


Family 30. Sapindaceae (Page 233) 
Flowers unisexual or polygamous; sepals 5; petals 4 or 5 or 
wanting; stamens usually 10; disk fleshy; ovary superior, 3 celled, 
each 1 ovuled. Fruit various. Leaves usually alternate, compound. 


ORDER RHAMNALES 


Flowers cyclic, 4 or 5-merous, sometimes without petals; stamens 
in 1 whorl, opposite the petals, hypogynous or perigynous; carpels 2-5 
with 1 or 2 erect ovules with dorsal, lateral or ventral raphae. Shrubs 
or trees or climbers. 


Family 31. Rhamnaceae (Page 239) 


Flowers perfect or polygamous, regular; sepals, petals and 
stamens 5 or 4; ovary 2-4 celled; ovules solitary in each cell. 
Fruit a drupe, capsule, or winged nut. Trees or shrubs, rarely herbs. 


ORDER MALVALES 


Flowers perfect, rarely unisexual, cyclic, both calyx and corolla 
present; sepals valvate ; stamens indefinite or in 2 whorls, the outer one 
suppressed or reduced to staminodes, the inner one frequently increased 
in number, and cohering; carpels 2 to indefinite, with 1-indefinite 
ovules; ovary superior. Trees or woody plants. 


SYNOPSIS OF: ORDERS AND FAMILIES, ETC, XII 


Family 32. Tiliaceae (Page 243) 


Flowers perfect, regular; sepals and petals 3-5, the latter rarely 
wanting; stamens numerous; stamens free or connate attached to 
the disk; ovary superior, 2-10 celled ; ovules 1-several in each cell. 
Fruit a capsule or-a drupe, or nut-like, or separating into druplets 
or rarely a berry. 


Family 33. Sterculiaceae (Page 248) 


Flowers perfect or unisexual ; sepals 3-5, united ; petals wanting 
or reduced ; stamens in 2 whorls, those opposite the sepals reduced 
to staminodes, those opposite the petals more or less united into a 
tube; ovary superior, 4-5 celled; fruit dry, rarely fleshy. Trees, 
shrubs or herbs with alternate simple or digitate leaves. 


ORDER PARIETALES 


Flowers spiral to cyclic, usually with indefinite stamens and carpels, 
both calyx and corolla present, hypogynous to epigynous ; carpels more 
or less united, usually with parietal placentae which also may come 
together in the center, very rarely ovules basal. 


Family 34. Theaceae (Page 250) 


Flowers usually perfect, regular, showy; sepals and petals 
usually 5 (4-9); stamens usually numerous; ovary superior 3-5 
(-10) celled; ovules usually 2 in each cell; fruit a capsule, dru- 
paceous, or dry and indehiscent. Trees or shrubs with alternate, 
entire leaves. 


Family 35. Flacourtiaceae (Page 251) 


Flowers regular, perfect or unisexual; stamens numerous; sepals 
2-15; petals 10-0; carpels 2-10 with indefinite ovules on parietal 
placentae; fruit a berry or a capsule. Trees, shrubs or climbers 
with alternate, simple leaves with small stipules. 


B. Ovary inferior. 


ORDER MYRTIFLORAE 


Flowers cyclic, both calyx and corolla present, perfect, 4.or 5-merous; 
carpels seldom free, usually septate. Rarely herbs, mostly shrubs or trees 
with opposite, simple leaves, without stipules. 


XIV SYNOPSIS OF ORDERS AND FAMILIES, ETC, 


Family 36. Eleagnaceae (Page 256) 

Flowers perfect or unisexual, apetalous, mostly 4-merous; 
stamens in 1 or 2 whorls; carpel 1, with 1 basal, erect ovule; fruit 
appearing drupe-like, enveloped in the fleshy receptacle of the 
flower. Trees or shrubs, leaves usually with silvery or brown scales. 


Family 87. Nyssaceae (Page 258) 

Flowers perfect or unisexual, both calyx and corolla present or 
wanting; sepals 5 or more; petals 5; stamens double the number of 
the petals, fewer, or more; ovary inferior; 1 or 2 (6-10) celled, 
usually 1 ovule in each cell. Trees, leaves alternate, simple. 


ORDER UMBELLIFLORAE 


Flowers cyclic with calyx and corolla, mostly perfect, epigynous, 
4-5-merous, rarely indefinite; carpels 1-5, sometimes indefinite, with 1, 
rarely 2 pendent ovules; seeds with endosperms, 


Family 38. Araliaceae (Page 268) 


Flowers mostly 5-merous, rarely 3-merous to indefinite, sepals 
often inconspicuous; stamens seldom more than the petals; carpels 
indefinite-1; ovary inferior, 2-5 celled; 1 ovule in each cell; fruit 
berry-like or drupaceous, separating into several stones. Herbs, 
trees or shrubs with alternate leaves, simple or compound. 


Family 39. Cornaceae (Page 266) 


Flowers mostly perfect, 4-5-merous to indefinite, mostly with 
1 whorl of stamens (2-3), sometimes unisexual. Carpels (4-1) with 
epigynous disk and usually 1 ovule; drupe 1-4 celled with 1—4 seeds, 
Trees or shrubs rarely herbs without stipules, 


Section 2 Sympetalae. Corolla of united petals. 


A. ovary superior (partly inferior in Styraceae). 


ORDER EBENALES 


Flowers with 2 or 3 whorls of stamens or of one whorl only by 
abortion, seldom indefinite; petals united; ovary septate with central 


placentae and 1 or more. ovules in each cell. Trees or shrubs with 
simple leaves, | 


é 


SYNOPSIS OF ORDERS AND FAMILIES, ETC. XV 


Family 40. Ebenaceae (Page 270) 


Flowers 3-6 merous, mostly unisexual, seldom perfect; calyx 
persistent, often enlarging in the fruit; corolla lobes twisted, seldom 
valvate in the bud; stamens in the perfect and staminate flowers as 
many as, or double the number of, or more than, the lobes of the 
corolla and more or less united; in the pistillate flower staminodal ; 
carpels 2-16; with 1-2 pendulous ovules; style free or united at the 
base; fruit mostly berry-like with 1-several seeds. Trees or shrubs. 


Family 41. Styraceae (Page 275) 


Flowers 5-4 merous, perfect ; sepals and petals united ; stamens 
twice as many as the corolla lobes, united at the base or sometimes 
wholJy united to form a tube; carpels 3-5, with 1 or several ovules ; 
ovary superior, rarely half inferior, 3-5 celled; fruit a capsule, a 
drupe, rarely winged. ‘Trees or shrubs with more or less stellate 
pubescence. 


ORDER CONTORTALE 


Flowers mostly 5-merous, rarely 2—6-merous, mostly sympetalous, 
rarely choripetalous or apetalous; the stamens of the same number or 
rarely fewer; carpels 2; stamens mostly united at the base with the 
corolla; ovary superior; corolla usually contorted in the bud, rarely 
valvate; herbs or woody plants with simple leaves, without stipules. 


Family 42. Oleaceae (Page 278) 


Flowers 2-—6-merous, mostly of united petals, perfect or uni- 
sexual; petals absent or 4, 5 or 6 parted; stamens mostly 2, united 
with the corolla or hypogynous, with short filaments and large 
anther cells; carpels 2 with 2, seldom 1, or 4-8 ovules, fruit a drupe, 
berry, capsule or samara. Woody plants, rarely herbaceous; leaves 
mostly opposite, without stipules. 


ORDER TUBIFLORAE 


Flowers pentamerous with 4 whorls or sometimes fewer stamens or 
pistils; stamens united with the corolla; ovary superior, 2 celled with 2 
seeds in each cell, sometimes the cells are subdivided by a false partition. 
Herbs, sometimes trees and shrubs. 


XVI SYNOPSIS OF ORDERS AND FAMILIES, ETC. 


Family 43. Boraginaceae (Page 286) 
Flowers mostly 5 (rarely 6-indefinite) merous, mostly perfect ; 
calyx persistent; carpels 2, with 2 ovules; ovary 2 celled or 4 celled 
by the addition of false partitions; style usually 1; stigma 2; 
fruit composed of 4 nutlets or a drupe. Herbs or woody plants 


often with coarse hairs or bristly. 


Family 44. Serophulariaceae (Page 287) 

Flowers 5—merous, perfect; stamens seldom 5, mostly 4 or 2; 
earpels 2 with indefinite to fewer ovules; corolla more or less irreg- 
ular; style 1; fruit a capsule ora berry. Herbs, woody or half-woody 
with alternate or opposite or whorled leaves. 


Family 45. Bignoniaceae (Page 291) 
Flowers 5-merous, perfect, more or less bilabiate; stamens 4 or 
2, sometimes 5 with 3-1 staminodes; carpels 2 with indefinite 
ovules; ovary 2 celled, with 2 ovules attached to the partition wall, 
or 1 celled with 2 parietal placentae; fruit a capsule or fleshy and 
indehiscent. ‘Trees or woody climbers, rarely herbs. 


B. Ovary inferior. 


ORDER RUBIALES 


Flowers typically 5 or 4-merous; stamens and ecarpels of the same 
number or fewer, seldom irregular; ovary inferior, 2 or 3 celled, or 
1 celled, with 1-indefinite ovules in-each cell; stamens attached to 
the corolla; herbs or woody plants with mostly simple leaves. 


Family 46. Rubiaceae (Page 294) 


Flowers 5 or 4 (or more) merous, perfect, rarely unisexual, 
regular or somewhat irregular; ovary inferior; calyx naked; corolla 
valvate in the bud; carpels mostly 1-indefinite with 1-indefinite 
ovules; fruit a capsule, drupe or berry. Herbs or woody plants 
with opposite or whorled leaves, with stipules. 


LIST OF THE GENERA AND SPECIES 
TREATED IN THIS WORK 


GYMNOSPERMAE 


GINKGOALES 
Ginkgoaceae. 


Ginkgo biloba Linneus. 


CONIFERALES 

Pinaceae 

Larix potaninii Batalin. 

Larix dahurica Turczaninow. 

Pseudolarix kaempferi Gordon. 

Pinus armandi Franchet. 

Pinus bungeana Zuccarini. 

Pinus massoniana Lambert. 

Pinus sinensis Lambert. 

Picea asperata Masters. 

Picea montigena Masters. 

Picea brachytyla Pritzel. 

Picea aurantiaca Masters. 

Picea neoveitchii JJasters. 

Picea retroflexa Masters. 

Picea schrenkiana Fisher & Meyer. 

Picea purpurea Masters. 

Picea likiangensis Prifzel. 

Picea glehnii Masters. 

Tsuga chinensis Pritzel. 

Tsuga yunnanensis Masters. 

Pseudotsuga sinensis Dode. 

Keteleeria davidiana Beissier. 

Keteleeria fortunei Carriere. 

Abies delavayi Franchet. 

Abies recurvata Masters. 

Abies squamata Masters. 


XVIII LIST OF THE GENERA AND SPECIES, ETC. 


Abies chensiensis Van Tieghem. 
Abies beisneriana Rehder & Wilson. 
Cunninghamia lanceolata Hooker. 
Cryptomeria japonica D. Don. 
Glyptostrobus heterophyllus Endlicher. 
Libocedrus macrolepis Bentham & Hooker. 
Thuja orientalis Linnzeus. 
Thuja sutchuenensis Franchet. 
Fokienia hodginsii Henry & Thomas. 
Cupressus funebris Lidlicher. 
Cupressus torulosa D. Don. 
‘ Juniperus formosana Hayata. 
Juniperus chinensis Linnvus. 


Taxaceae 


Taxus cuspidata Siehold & Zuccarint. 
Cephalotaxus fortunei Hooker. 
Cephalotaxus drupacea Siehold & Zuccarini. 
Podocarpus neriifolius D. Don. 

Torreya grandis Fortune. 


ANGIOSPERMAE 


E DICOTYLEDONAE 
Salicaceae 


Salix babylonica Linnzzeus. 

Salix matsudana Koidzuwii. 

Populus simonii Carriere. 

Populus lasiocarpa Oliver. 

Populus tomentosa Carriere. 

Populus tremula Linn. var. davidiana Schneider. 
Populus silvestriil Pampanini. 

Populus rotundifolia var. duclouxiana Gambocz. 
Populus suaveolens Fischer. 


Myricaceae 


Myrica rubra Siehold & Zuccarini. 


LIST OF THE GENERA AND SPECIES, ETC. 


Juglandaceae 


Juglans regia Linnwus. 

Juglans cathayensis Dode. 

Juglans mandshurica Maximowicz. 

Hicoria cathayensis Chun. 
Pterocarya stenoptera De Candole. 
Pterocarya hupehensis Skaiv. 

Pterocarya paliurus Batalin. 
Platycarya strobilacea Siebold & Zuccarint. 
Englehardtia spicata Blume. 

Englehardtia chrysolepis Hance. 


Betulaceae 


Ostrya japonica Sargent. 
Ostryopsis davidiana Decaisne. 
Carpinus cordata Blume. 
Corylus chinensis Franchel. 
Alnus cremastogyne Burkill. 
Betula japonica Siebold. 
Betula davurica Pallas. 

Betula albo-sinensis Burkill. 
Betula alnoides Hamilion. 
Betula luminifera Winkler. 


Fagaceae 


Fagus sinensis Oliver. 

Fagus engleriana Seeman. 
Castanea mollissima Blume. 
Castanea henryi Rehder & Wilson. 
Castanea seguinii Dode. 
Castanopsis hystrix De Caindole. 
Castanopsis schlerophylla Schottky. 
Castanopsis fargesil Franchet. 
Lithocarpus spicata Rehder & Wilson 
Quercus variabilis Blume. 

Quercus mongolica Fischer. 
Quercus serrata Thunberg. 
Quercus glandulifera Blume. 


XX LIST OF THE GENERA AND SPECIES, ETC. 


Quercus fabri Hance. 

Quercus aliena Blume. 

Quercus dentata Thunberg. 
Quercus glauca Thunberg. 
Quercus semicarpifolia Smith. 
Quercus aquifolioides Rehder & Wilson. 
Quercus gilliana Rehder & Wilson. 
Quereus oxyodon Miquel. 

Quercus phillyrsoides Gray. 
Quercus myrsinefolia Blume. 
Quercus spinosa David. 

Quercus spathulata Seeman. 
Quercus engleriana Seem. 
Quercus acrodonta Seeman. 
Quercus baronii Skan. 

Quercus griffithii Hooker. 
Quercus bambusifolia Hance. 


Ulmaceae 


Ulmus japonica Sargent. 
Ulmus pumila Linneus. 
Ulmus parvifolia Jacquin. 
Ulmus macrocarpa Hance. 
Ulmus laciniata Mayr. 

Celtis bungeana Blume. 

Celtis sinensis Persoon. 

Celtis biondii Pumpinini. 
Celtis julianae Schneider. 
Trema virgata Blume. 
Aphananthe aspera Planchon. 
Zelkova serrata Makino. 
Hemiptelea davidii Planchon. 
Pteroceltis tartarinowii Maximowicz. 


Moraceae 


Morus alba Linnaeus. 
Morus acidosa (riffith. 
Broussonetia papyrifera L. Heritier. 


LIST OF THE GENERA AND SPECIES, ETC. 


Broussonetia kaempferi Siehold. 
Cudrania tricuspidata Bureau. 
Cudrania javanensis T'recul. 


Urticaceae 


Debregeasia longifolia Weddell. 
Debregeasia edulis Weddell. 


Trochodendraceae 


Euptelea franchetii Van Tieghem. 
Euptelea pleiosperma Hooker & Thompson. 
Tetracentron sinense Oliver. 


Cercidiphyllaceae 
Cercidiphyllum japonicum Siebold & Zuccariii. 


Magnoliaceae 


Liriodendron chinense Sargent. 
Magnolia denudata Desrousseaun. 
Magnolia officinalis Rehder & Wilson. 
Magnolia wilsonii Rehder. 

Magnolia liliflora Desrousseaux. 


Hamame\lidaceae 


Liquidambar formosana Hance. 


Eucommiaceae 


Eucommia ulmoides Oliver. 


Lauraceae 


Sassafias tzumu Hemsley. 
Cinnamomum camphora Nees. 
Cinnamomum cassia Blume. 
Cinnamomum zeylanicum Nees. 
Phoebe chinensis Chun. 

Phoebe nanmu Gamble. 

Litsea sericea Hooker. 

Litsea citrata Blume. 

Litsea faberi Hemsley. 
Machilus bournei Hemsley. 


XXI 


XXII LIST OF THE GENERA AND SPECIES, ETC. 


Machilus ichangensis Rehder & Wilson, 
Lindera megaphylla Hemsley. 


Rosaceae 


Prunus padus Linnwus. 
Prunus persica Stokes. 
Prunus mira Kohine. 

Prunus triflora Roxburgh. 
Prunus mume Siebold & Zuccarini. 
Amelanchier sinica Chun. 
Eriobotrya japonica Lindley. 
Sorbus alnifolia Koch. 

Malus malus Britton. 

Malus baccata Borkhausen. 
Malus theifera Rehder. 
Crataegus pinnatifida Bunge. 


Leguminoseae 


Albizzia julibrissin Durazzini. 
Albizzia lebbek Bentham. 

Cercis chinensis Bunge. 

Cercis racemosa Oliver. 
Gymnocladus chinensis Baillon. 
Gleditsia macracantha Desfontaines. 
Gleditsia sinensis Lamarck. 
Gleditsia delavayi Lranchet. 
Gleditsia japonica Miquel. 
Sophora japonica Linnwus. 
Ormosia hosiei Hemsley & Wilson. 
Ormosia henryi Hemsley & Wilson. 
Cladrastis chinensis Hemsley. 
Maackia amurensis Ruprecht. 
Maackia hupehensis Takeda. 
Dalbergia hupeana Hance. 


Rutaceae 


Phellodendron amurense Rwprecht. 
Vhellodendron sachalinense Sargent. 


LIST OF THE GENERA AND SPECIES, ETC. 


Phellodendron chinense Schneider. 
Citrus medica Linnwus. 

Poncirus trifoliata Rafinesque, 
Evodia glauca Miquel. 

Zanthoxylum micranthum Hemsley. 
Zanthoxylum piperitum De Candole. 
Zanthoxylum bungei Planchon. 


Simarubaceae 


Ailanthus altissima Swingle. 
Ailanthus vilmoriniana Dode. 
Picrasma quassioides Bennet. 


Burseraceae 


Canarium album Raeuschel. 
Canarium pimela Konig. 


Meliaceae 


Cedrela sinensis Jussieu. 
Melia azederach Linneus. 
Cipadessa baccifera Miquel. 


Euphorbiaceae 


Aleurites fordii Hemsley. 

Aleurites cordata Brown. 

Aleurites montana Wilson. 

Mallotus tenuifolius Pax. 

Mallotus philippinensis Jfveller. 
Croton tigllum Linnzwus. 

Bischofia javanica Blume. 

Sapium sebiferum Roxburgh. 
Daphniphyllum macropoduim JIfiquel. 


Anacardiaceae 


Spondias axillaris Roxburgh. 
Pistacia chinensis Bunge. 
Rhus verniciflua Stokes. 
Rhus succedanea Linnavus. 
Rhus javanica Linnwus. 


XXIT1 


XXIV LIST OF THE GENERA AND SPECIES, ETC. 


Aquifoliaceae 


Ilex pernyi Pranchet. 


Staphyleaceae 


Staphylea holocarpa Hemsley. 
Tapiscia sinensis Oliver. 


Aceraceae 


Acer henryi Pax. 

Acer pictum var parviflorum Schneider. 
Acer cappadocicum Gleditsch. 

Acer oblongum JWallich. 

Acer palmatum Thunberg. 

Acer davidii Pranchet. 

Acer trifidum Hooker & Arnot. 
Dipteronia sinensis Oliver. 


Hippocastanaceae 


-¥sculus chinensis Bunge. 
JEseulus wilsonii Rehder. 


Sapindaceae 


Sapindus mukorossi Gaertier. 
Euphoria longana Lamarck. 
Litchi chinensis Sonnerat. 
Koelreuteria paniculata Larmann. 
Koelreuteria bipinnata Franchet. 


Rhamnaceae 


Rhamnus davuricus Pallas. 

Rhamnus utilis Deeaisne. 

Rhamnus ecrenatus Siebold & Zuccarini. 
Ziziphus jujuba Lamarck. 

Ziziphus sativa Gaertner. 

Paliurus orientalis Hemsley. 

Hovenia dulcis Thunberg. 


LIST OF THE GENERA AND SPECIES, ETC. 


Tiliaceae 


Tilia tuan Szyszylowicz. 

Tilia oliveri Szyszylowicz. 

Tilia mongolica Maximowicz. 

Tilia mandshurica Ruprecht & Maximowicz. 
Tilia henryana Szyszylowicz. 

Tilia chinensis Maximowicz. 

Tilia paucicostata Mazximowicz. 


Sterculiaceae 


Stereulia lanceaefolia Roxburgh. 
Firmiana simplex W. F. Wight. 
Reveesia pubescence Masters. 


Theaceae 


Stewartia sinensis Rehder & Wilson. 
Gordonia axillaris Szyszylowicz. 
Gordonia sinensis Hemsley & Wilson. 


Flacourtiaceae 


Itoa orientalis Hemsley. 
Poliothyrsis sinensis Oliver. 
Idesia polycarpa Mazximowicz. 
Xylosma racemosum J/iquel. 
Carrierea calycina Franchet. 


Eleagnaceae 
Eleagnus umbellata Thunberg. 
Hippophae rhamnoides Linnzxus. 
Nyssaceae 


Camptotheca acuminata Decaisne. 
Nyssa sinensis Oliver. 
Davidia involucrata Baillon. 


Araliaceae 
Aralia chinensis Linncus. 
Aralia wilsonii Harms. 
Acanthopanax ricinifolius Seeman. 


XXV 


Ane LIST OF THE GENERA AND SPECIES, ETC. 


Cornaceae 


Cornus kousa Buerger. 
Cornas capitata Wallich. 
Cornus controversa Hemsley. 
Cornus macrophylla Wallich. 


Ebenaceae 


Diospyros lotus Linnaeus. 


Diospyros kaki Linnaeus. 


Styraceae 


Pterostyrax micranthum Siebold & Zuccarini. 
Pterostyrax corymbosus Siebold & Zuccarint. 
Styrax japonicus Siebold & Zuccarini. 
Alniphyllum fortunei Perkins. 


Oleaceae 


Fraxinus chinensis Roxburgh. 
Fraxinus mariesii Looker. 
Fraxinus platypoda Oliver. 
Fraxinus mandshurica Ruprecht. 
Fraxinus bungeana De Candole. 
Fraxinus griffithii Clarke. 
Fraxinus retusa Champion. 
Fraxinus paxiana Lingelsheim. 
Chionanthus retusus Lindley & Paxton. 
Osmanthus fragrans Lowreiro. 
Osmanthus armatus Diels, 
Ligustrum lucidum Aiton. 


Boraginaceae 
Ehretia acuminata R. Brown. 
Scrophulariaceae 


Paulownia tomentosa Koch. 


Paulownia fortunei Hemsley. 


LIST OF THE GENERA AND SPECIES, ETC. XXVII 


Paulownia duclouxii Dode. 

Paulownia fargesii Franchet. 

Paulownia silvestrii Pampanini & Bonat. 
Paulownia thyrsoidea Rehder. 


Bignoniaceae 


Catalpa ovata G. Don. 
Catalpa fargesii Bureau. 
Catalpa bungeii Meyer. 
Catalpa duclouxii Dode. 
Catalpa vestita Diels. 


Rubiaceae 


Adina cordifolia Hooker. 
Adina racemosa Miquel. 
Kmmenopterys henryi Oliver. 


Page 


” 


” 


” 


9? 


>) 


11. 
20. 


188. 


Grrata 


Line 25 read leaves with 2 fibrovascular bundle scars. 

Psendolarix kaempferi has now been changed to Pseudolaria 
ambabilis Rehder. (For full synonomy see Journal of the 
Arnold Arboretum, Vol. J, No. 1, Page 53.) 

Abies beisneriana read beissneriana. 

(Taodium heterophylla) read (Tavodium heterophyllum Brong- 
niart.) 

Podocarpus nerifolia read Podocarpus neriifolius D. Don. 


Populus tremula Linn. var. Davidiana read Populus tremula 


var. davidiana Schneider. 
Betula alba Turezaninow read Turczaninow. 
Castanea vilmoriana read vilmoriniana. 
Quercus aliena var. acutiserrata read acutesserata. 
Quercus schottkeyana read schottkyana. 
M. hypolenea read hypoleuca. 
Prunaphora read Prunophora. 


Cladrastis chinensis read sinensis. 


240, 241. Ziziphus read zizyphus. 


247. 


256. 


Tilia bobilis read nobilis. 

(Firmiana planlanifolia) read platanifolia; Peevesia pu- 
bescence read pubescens. 

Idea read Idesia ; Eleagnaceae and Eleagnus read El:cagnaceae 


and Lleagnus. 
Lines 25 & 29 Jupelo read Tupelo. 
Var. rhynchopylla read rhynchophylla. 


Fraxinus mandschuriea read mandshurica. 


CLASS I GYMNOSPERMAE 


GINKGOACEAE 


Dioecious trees with deciduous fan-shaped leaves, without stipules; 
strobile wanting; staminate flowers in pairs on pedicels borne on a 
slender axis, catkin-like; pistillate flowers naked in pairs on long stalks. 
Fruit drupaceous. 

A family containing 1 extant species confined to China. 


GINKGO 


Trees. Leaves deciduous, alternate, scattered on vigorous or long 
shoots, crowded at the apex of spurs or short lateral shoots. Leaves 
stalked, parallel veined, fan-shaped or broadly wedge shaped, entire or 
wavy margined or more or less cleft into 2 or more lobes, the margins 
somewhat thickened. Flowers small and inconspicuous, developing with 
the unfolding of the leaves from short lateral spurs. They are usually 
dioecious; the male flowers in short pendulous catkins, each bearing 
numerous stamens; the pistillate, as naked ovules in pairs on long stalks, 
although only 1 ovule develops into fruit in most cases, after fertiliza- 
tion becoming enveloped in a fleshy covering. Fruit a drupe, solitary or 
more rarely in pairs, plum-like, about 3 cm. long, glabrous, orange with 
a glaucous bloom. When fully ripe, the skin is thin, the flesh soft, oily, 
acrid, containing a large, thin-shelled, white or cream colored seed 
which is edible. The pulp of the ripe fruit has an unpleasant, acrid 
flavor or odor. 

The genus Ginkgo is the only representative of the family and is 
regarded as the oldest genus of trees surviving from prehistoric times, 
extinct species having been found in the Jurassic and succeeding epochs. 
It is represented by only one living species. 

Propagated by seeds. Between 265 and 272 seeds weigh one pound. 
The seeds germinate in about 50 days after sowing. 


Ginkgo biloba Linnus. 
(Salisburia adiantifolia. Smith) 
Maiden Hair Tree. 


The generic characters above given are sufficient description of the species. 


CHINESE ECONOMIC TREES 


to 


Plate 2. GINKGO BILOBA Linneus 


1. Fruiting branch; 2. Flowering branch; 3. Section of fruit, exposing 


seed; 4. Sterile branch; 5. Section of seed; 6. Stamen, enlarged. 


PINACEAE 3 


When young Ginkgo biloba is a slender pyramidal tree. With age 
under favorable conditions it may attain 30 m. or more in height and 
3m. in diameter of trunk. Although generally regarded as native only 
in China, Ginkgo biloba is not now certainly known to be aboriginal or 
truly wild in any part of the country. It has been reported by Meyer 
as growing spontaneously in Chekiang Province, where it was cut for 
firewood, but others doubt it is truly spontaneous there. On account of 
sentimental attachments, the tree is not often cut down, and the wood 
therefore seldom finds its way in the market. The wood is soft, but 

straight grained, light brownish in color with a silky sheen. - It is used 
for making abacus beads, seals and other small fancy articles. In Japan 
it is extensively used for the ground work of the lacquer ware. The 
Japanese use the leaves for fertilizer, especially in rice fields under water. 
They ascribe to the leaves an insecticidal power. A leaf of the Ginkgo 
used as a book-mark will keep away insects that attack books. 


PINACEAE 


Flowers monoecious, rarely dioecious; ovules 2 or more; fruit a 
woody cone (berry-like in Juniperus); cotyledons 2 or more; leaves 
needle-shaped, linear or scale-like, persistent (deciduous in Lari, 
Pseudolarix, Glyptostrobus) . 

The family includes 29 genera and about 245 species subdivided into 
4 tribes of which the Araucarineae tribe is alone unrepresented in China, 
being confined mostly to the Southern hemisphere. 

16 genera occur in China. 


KEY TO THE CHINESE GENERA 


Abietinese. Leaves spirally arranged; ovuliferous bract and scale 
always distinct; ovules 2, reversed; cone,scales usually with 2 winged 
-seeds; pollen grains winged; leaves needle-like. 


I. Leaves deciduous, fasciled or spirally arranged or both. 


A. Staminate inflorescence solitary, globose; cone scales persistent. 
eiapare) 6, o, « @ 650 Mies 0. @) 6) a) a © ee © mao) a \@ Oe! e) a1 '6 Oe ar eeeesecece ee Larix. 


B. Staminate inflorescence clustered, stalked ; cone scales deciduous 
Abe REIDY § 1s) 4 + «6, 514 aeages s octtaahals Seine ci ala ts Pseudolarix. 


4 CHINESE ECONOMIC TREES 


/ 
II. Leaves evergreen. 


A. Fruit maturing in 2 or rarely 3 seasons; leaves needle-shaped, 
in elusters of 1-5 inclosed at the base by a sheath; cone scales 
woody, much longer than the bracts ..+++++++-+e++++-- Pinus. 


B. Fruit maturing in 1 season. 
1. Cones pendulous, the scales persistent. 

a. Branchlets roughened by the persistent leaf bases; 
leaves deciduous upon drying; bracts shorter than the 
cone scales. 

(1) Leaves sessile, 4 sided, stomatiferous on all 4 sides 
or somewhat flattened and stomatiferous above. 
E Sneeeceh ie teens a ole weed We els See sc aetna ae eee 
(2) Leaves stalked, flattened and stomatiferous below 
or somewhat angular --+.+e.-+..---e ee eee - Tsuga. 


b. Branchlets not roughened by the persistent leaf bases; 
leaf stalked, flattened; aristate bracts longer than the 
CALEB siete tenet tet cue keke cere esc cccesces.- cee el seudotsuga, 

2, Cones erect, the scales persistent or deciduous. 

a. Cone scales persistent; seeds about as long as the 
scales; bracts shorter than the seales; leaves flattened, 
keeled above, pale below ........ oe cae ce os SOCeleeria. 

b. Cone scales deciduous; seeds shorter than the scales; 
bracts shorter or longer than the scales; leaves flattened, 
grooved above, usually pale below, 4 angled .... Abies. 


Taxodineae. Leaves spirally arranged, ovuliferous bracts and scales 
almost completely coalescent; ovules 2-8, upright or finally reversed; 
cone scales with 2-8 seeds; pollen grains wingless; leaves linear or 
scale-like. 

[. Leaves persistent. 

A. Leaves lanceolate, flat, large, glaucous beneath; cone elongated, 

scales serulate and reflexed at the apex........Cunninghamia. 

B. Leaves awl-shaped, curved, small; cones globose with peltate 

scales, 3-5 toothed at the apex; seeds angled...... Cryptomeria. 
Il, Leaves and short branches deciduous; cone scales deciduous. 
PF S88 E8068 EEO OO OOO 6 0' 0) b'6%0+0' ov! Une" s(eTelelatss 6\6,5 10.8 e es Glyptostrobus. 


PINACEAE 5 


Cupressineae. Leaves opposite or whorled, often scaie-1ike; ovules 
upright; strobiles may ripen fleshy. 


I. Fruit a cone; leaves scale-like or sometimes needle-like on juvenile 
branches. 


A. Scales of cone imbricate or valvate, oblong; seeds 2 under each 
scale, maturing in 2 years. 

1. Scales of cone 6, only the middle ones fertile; seeds 

uneguallliye 2) wywime@edix iss staves ecard! 37 e 0 Sa) « Libocedrus. 


bo 


Seales of cones 8-12; the 2 upper pairs fertile; seeds equally 
2 winged (wingless in our species).............. Thuya. 


B. Scales of cone peltate: 


1. Cones small; wings of seeds very large, unequal; seeds 2. 
eR see hay ee ua rN a ane al eats a Aap Sel 0. age Fokienta. 


2. Cones rather large and woody; seeds many under each 
scale; fruits maturing in 2 seasons ............ Cupressus. 


Il. Fruit fleshy, an indehiscent berry or drupe; ovules in 2’s or solitary ; 
flowers dioecious; leaves scale-like or needle-shaped, and in 3’s, 
(often of 2 FOUTS Ee Ne aed oh) Sed Sc EPS S's a eee Juniperus. 


LARIX 


Deciduous coniferous trees, with elongated, slender leading branch- 
lets and short spur-like lateral branchlets on the twigs after the first 
year. Leaves linear or needle shaped, 3 or rarely 4 angled, remote and 
spirally arranged on the leading shoots, crowded in a tuft on the short 
spurs, deciduous in the autumn. Flowers monoecious, unisexual, 
solitary, the staminate on short, leafless spurs, composed of numerous 
spirally arranged short-stalked stamens with yellow anthers. Pistillate 
flowers on lateral spurs, globose, erect, composed of several orbicular 
scales in the axils of long, mucronate, usually scarlet bracts. Fruit a 
cone with exserted or included bracts and persistent scales, each bearing 
2 winged seeds. Seeds nearly triangular, shorter than their wings, 
ripening and falling in one year. 


The larches are widely distributed over the cool parts of the N. 


Hemisphere, forming pure forests and extending across Canada and the 
N. United States in America, and over Central Europe, the Himalayas, 


6 CHINESE ECONOMIC TREES 


China and Japan, as far north as Siberia. About 40 species are 
recognized. They are timber trees that thrive best in regions of 
abundant rainfall and no other forest tree reaches farther north than 
the larch. The wood is hard, tough and durable, of a brownish color, 
very valuable for construction purposes. The bark is rich in tannin. 
For reforestation in China the European larch, Larix larix (Larix europea 
or LL. decidua) and the western American species, Larix occidentalis, 
should be subjected to thorough experimentation. Unfortunately the 
larches are liable to insect and fungus infestations. The larch blight is 
caused by a woolly insect (Chermies abietis) which lives upon the fir as 
an alternate host. The common fungus parasite is Dasyscypha calycina. 
The larches are propagated most readily by seeds, handled in much the 
same manner as are the seeds of other conifers. About 60,000 seeds 
weigh 1 oz. 

The demand for larch lumber for general construction, posts and 
poles, pillars, and railroad ties, for bridge, house and boat construction, 
can be met only by the establishment of extensive forests in the northern 
and western provinces where conditions are favorable for their culture. 


Larix potaninii Batalin. 
(Hung Hsa) Red Larch. 


Tree 25 m. tall with fissured, gray-brown bark and spreading 
horizontal branches. Branchlets pendulous, bright yellow, becoming 
gray, more or less pubescent. Leaves about 3 cm. long, slightly 4 angled, 
pointed or obtuse, greenish or gray-green. Staminate flowers about 7 
mm. long.  Pistillate flowers ovoid, with reflexed, later erect bracts. 
Cones 8.5-4,5 em. long, cylindrical and symmetrical, reddish at first, 
purple at maturity and finally grayish or gray-brown; the scales rounded, 
the bracts always exserted and pointed. 

Szechuan, Kansu, Shensi and Yunnan. 


This tree is abundant in Western Szechuan where it occurs in 
company with the birches and the silver firs on the lower slopes; on 
higher altitudes it forms pure stands. Not far from Tachien Lu in 
Western Szechuan extensive forests containing individuals measuring 70 
and 80 feet tall, have been reported. The tree is known as the “Red 
Fir” to the mountaineers and produces the most valuable timber of any 
conifer in China, 


PINACEAE 7 


SS |/ 
~~ ROG | 
a 
SS 
be SS) 


Plate 38. LARIX POTANINII Batalin 


1. Cones; 2. Flowering branch; 3. Sterile branch; 4. Scale; 5. Scale 
with seeds; 6. Seed; 7. Side view of seed; 8. Side view of scale 


and seed. 


8 CHINESE ECONOMIC TREES 


Larix dahurica Turczaninow. 

Tree to 20 m. tall. Branchlets tomentose. Buds yellow-brown and 
blackish at the base. Leaves about 4 cm. long. Cones usually 2-4 cm. 
long, sometimes longer; scales 20 or more, rounded or notched or 
truncated at the apex, shiny brown. 

E. Siberia to N. China. 


PSEUDOLARIX 


Deciduous coniferous trees with linear or needle-like leaves spirally 
arranged on terminal shoots, whorled or tufted on short lateral spurs. 
Staminate flowers yellow, on the end of a spur. Cones large, with thick, 
woody, triangular scales, deciduous from the central axis. Ripening in 
1 season. 

One species in China. 

Pseudolarix resembles the true larches but the leaves are larger and 
broader. They are yellow-green in the spring, turning golden yellow 
before falling in the autumn. The staminate flowers of Pseudolarix are 
clustered, the cone is large with thick triangular scales, deciduous from 
the central axis, while in Larix, the staminate flowers are solitary and 
the cone has persistent scales. The Golden Larch is frequently dwarfed 
in pots. In nature it attains to a large size, and fine specimens still 
survive in the grounds of 2 temples west of Ningpo in Chekiang. 

There are good reasons to believe that Pseudolarix was once very 
common within its range, but it has been gradually cut off until very 
few of the trees are seen in a wild state to-day. The Government Forest 
Service is planting a large area to the Golden Larch in an effort to save 
it from extinction. 


Pseudolarix Gordon. 


(Ging Tsung.) Golden Larch. 


Tree up to 40 m. tall, with scaly red-brown bark. Leaves 3.5-4 cm. 
long, sharp pointed, slightly curved above. Staminate flowers, 20-30 
in a cluster; anthers 20, 2 celled, opening transversely to discharge the 
pollen grains, which, unlike the simple pollen grains of Larix, are winged 
(as in Pinus), Cones 2-5 em. long, about as broad, ovoid, erect. The 
scales are numerous, woody, reddish-brown when ripe, acute or notched 
at the apex, adnate to an ovate-lanceolate bract. Seeds with long 
articulate wing. 


PINACEAE 9 


Plate 4. PSEUDOLARIX KAEMPFERI Gordon 


1 Staminate flower clusters, enlarged; 2. Staminate flower clusters: 35. 


Cone: 4. Cone scale; 5. Seed. (After Veitch). 


10 CHINESE ECONOMIC TREES 


Chekiang, Kansu, Kiangsi. 


A very handsome ornamental tree on account of its golden yellow 
foliage in the autumn. When judiciously used it produces a charming 
effect in a landscape. 


PINUS 


Evergreen and resinous trees or rarely shrubs, usually with whorled 
branches. Winter buds covered by imbricated scales. Leaves in 
fascicles of 2, 3 or 5, rarely single or more than 5, surrounded at the 
base by a persistent or deciduous sheath. In the seedling stage, the 
leaves (called primary leaves) which succeed the cotyledons are thin, 
flat, solitary and spirally arranged. They function as leaves for a period 
of 1 to 3 years, gradually becoming reduced to bract-like scales from 
whose axes spring the fascicled leaves which form the permanent foliage, 
and persist from one to several years. Flowers monoecious. The 
staminate flowers in catkin-like clusters, yellow, orange or scarlet, borne 
on the base of the shoot, composed of numerous sessile, 2 celled anthers 
with bract-like connectives, surrounded at the base with a 3-6 lobed 
scale-like bract. Pistillate flowers green or purplish, solitary or clustered, 
subterminal or lateral on a shoot of the current year’s growth, composed 
of numerous spirally arranged ovuliferous scales, each in the axil of a 
bract. Ovules 2 to each scale. The pistillate flowers are usually erect, 
after pollination they become drooping, but fertilization does not take 
place until the following season, so that normally, the fruit requires 2 
years to mature. Fruit a woody cone, with numerous appressed scales, 
each bearing 2 seeds at its base. The cone scales are variously modified. 
The exposed portion of the conelet of the first season’s growth is known 
as the umbo, and the later and larger growth of the cone scale developed 
during the second year is called the apophysis. Seeds wingless, im- 
perfectly winged or winged; wings articulate or not detachable. 

About 60 species in the Northern Hemisphere; 12 species in Asia, 
of which 4 occur in China proper. The pines are important timber 
trees, and considering their range and abundance, constitute the most 
important arborescent genus. The wood is soft, easily worked and 
durable. The seeds of the nut pines are edible. Propagation is generally 


by seeds. The seed in germination, carries its seed coat like a hood on 
the tips of the cotyledons. 


PINACEKAE 1t 


According to Shaw, the latest monographer of the genus, only 4 
pines are indigenous to China proper. Pinus koraiensis and Pinus densiflora 
from Korea and Japan are commonly met with in gardens and seem to 
be naturalized in some places. Pinus koraiensis may be distinguished 
from P. armandi to which it is closely allied by the tomentose branch- 
lets, indehiscent cone and large distinetive seeds which are also edible. 
It is a hardy, rapid growing tree, producing valuable timber, well worth 
growing in temperate regions. Pinus densiflora, which belongs in the 
same subsection (Pinaster) with Pinus massoniana, differs from the Chinese 
tree by shorter needles, (8-12 cm. long) and by shorter, persistent cones 
whose scales are pale yellow rather than nut brown. P. thunbergii, 
another ‘commonly planted Japanese species, is distinguished from all 
Chinese pines by the white buds. 


The Chinese pines are grouped into 2 sections as follows:— 
Section 1, Soft Pines (Haploxylon). 


Bases of bracts subtending needle clusters not decurrent; sheath of 
needles deciduous ; leaves with 1 fibrovascular bundle scar; cone symmet- 
rical, soft, with few scales; wood soft, fairly uniform in color, slightly 
resinous, with indistinct rings of annual growth; seeds wingless or with 
ineffective wing. ; 

he 5b-needled: pine: 22')<).2<'2 « =e Pee Pinus armandi. 
2. 3-needled pine........ Sacto cent Pinus bungeana. 

Section II, Hard Pines (Diploxylon). 

Bases of bracts subtending needle clusters decurrent; sheath of 
needles usually persistent; leaves with 1 fibrovascular bundle scar; 
cones more or less symmetrical with stiffer scales; wood hard, with a 
marked contrast between spring and summer wood, very resinous. 
Seeds winged. 


1. Leaves 2 (2 or 3) in a sheath, long, pliant; cones deciduous, 
large; confined to warm temperate regions -....- ooo Pinus massoniana. 
2. Leaves 3 (3 or 2) in a sheath, shorter, stouter; cones short, 


persistent; confined to mountain tops or colder regions. -. - Pinus sinensis. 


Pinus armandi Franchet. 
Chinese White Pine 


) A medium sized tree, up to 25 m. tall. Branchlets glabrous, at first 
Olive green, later gray. Winter buds cylindric, reddish-brown. Leaves 


2 CHINESE ECONOMIC TREES 


Plate 5. PINUS ARMANDI Franchet 


1. Fruiting branch; 2. Section of leaf, enlarged; 3. Embryo, enlarged ; 


4. Seed; 5. Section of seed. 


PINACHAE 18 


in 5’s, slender and spreading, serrulate, 8-15 cm. long; sheath early 
deciduous. Staminate flowers 2 em. long, cylindric, yellow, with 
spatulate scales at the base. Cones 6-20 cm. long, oblong cylindrical, 
yellowish-brown, pendent on peduncles which sometimes remain on the 
tree after the cone has fallen away; the scales dull or slightly lustrous, 
tapering to a slightly thickened umbo, sometimes a little reflexed; umbo 
not prominent. Seeds wingless, reddish-brown, ovoid, compressed, with 
a sharp ridge around the edge, 12 mm. long. 


In the mountains of C. and W. China, Hupeh, Szechuan, Yunnan 
and Shensi, to Formosa. 


The tree has a pale gray, smooth bark and a shapely habit. It 
occupies rocky situations and seldom forms pure stands. The wood is 
soft, close grained and resinous, esteemed for its durability, used for 
building purposes as well as for cheaper grades of furniture. The seeds 
are edible. Planted in Europe and America as an ornamental tree. The 
seeds are sold in the markets, esteemed as a delicacy. 


Pinus bungeana Zuccarini. 
White Bark Pine. (Bai Tsung) 


Tree 5-20 m. tall, sometimes divided into several stems. Bark dark 
brown, scaling off into thin, irregular flakes, exposing the chalky white 
inner bark. On old trees the bark becomes conspicuously white by 
the flaking off of outside layers. Branches long and slender; branchlets 
glabrous, gray-green. Leaves 6-10 em. long, in bundles of 3’s, rigid, 
acute, light green, edges serrulate; sheath early diciduous. Staminate 
flowers in loose spikes, 10 cm. long. Cones solitary or in pairs, almost 
sessile, subterminal or pseudolateral, short ovate, 5-7 cm. long. Scales 
yellow or yellow-brown, the apophysis with a transverse ridge at the 
upper margin and a pointed, recurved umbo. Seeds brownish, with a 
short, ineffective, loosely attached wing which sometimes remains in the 
cone after the seed has fallen. Seeds ovate, about 9-13 mm. long. 


This pine is planted in temple grounds and courtyards, and is rarely 
seen in a wild state. There are indications that this tree once formed 
extensive forests. In the temple of Tieh Ta Tsze, near Peking, is a 
celebrated tree of this species named by the Emperor Chien Lung, ‘ Chiu 
Lung Tsung ’’’—the Pine of the Nine Dragons. Pinus bungeuna is a slow 
growing tree, with coarse, brittle wood. The white bark is distinctively 
conspicuous and ornamental. This pine has a tendency to branch into 
several stems which add to its decorative value. 


14 CHINESE ECONOMIC TREES 


Pinus massoniana Lambert. 


Chinese Red Pine. 


Tree 20 rarely 30 m. tall, with yellow-brown, slender, uninodal 
branchlets. Leaves 2 in a bundle, rarely 3, 12-2U em. long, very slender 
and pliant, light green; edges serrulate. Staminate catkins often in 
long, dense clusters. Cones 4-7 cm. long, symmetrical, oblong ovate, or 
ovate conic, short pedunculate, dull brown, early deciduous; apophysis 
flattened, slightly ridged, with a small flat umbo. Seeds winged; wing 
articulate. 


The common pine in the warm temperate regions of China, from 
Hongkong to Fukien and northward into W. Szechuan. Occasionally 
planted as a source of fuel. The wood is variable in texture and 
durability and only the timber from trees grown in favorable situations 
is suitable for construction purposes. This pine is sometimes confused 
with Pinus densiflora which Shaw does not credit as being indigenous to 
China. Pinus densiflora has shorter leaves, pale yellow cones and conelets 
with dorsal, free, sharp pointed umbo. From P. sinensis, it is distin- 
guished by its long clustered inflorescence, leaves in 2’s, not 3's, and by 
the light brown deciduous cone. 


The bark of this tree is dark gray, fissured into large rectangular 
blocks. The bark of the upper branches of the crown is reddish and flaky. 


Pinus sinensis Lambert: 


Chinese Hard Pine. 


Tree to 25 m. tall. Bark on trunk dark gray and fissured, on 
branches red and flaky. Branchlets pale orange-yellow or grayish yellow, 
pruinose when young. Winter buds oblong, lustrous, brown, somewhat 
resinous. Leaves usually in 2’s, sometimes in 3’s, or both, 10-15 em. 
long, stout and stiff, glaucescent, serrulate. Staminate flowers in short 
clusters. Conelets mucronate. Cones short, 4-9 em. long, ovate, pale 
yellow-brown, symmetrical or oblique, persistent for several years, 
deciduous at maturity; apophysis swollen, ridged, blunt or slightly 
mucronate. Seeds brown and mottled and winged, 2 cm. long. 


A cold temperate species on the mountains of C. and W. China and 
on lower levels in the Northern Provinces and in Korea. Fine specimens 
of this pine are growing on the grounds of the Temple of Heaven in 
Peking. ‘This is a very variable species, exhibiting extreme differences 


PINACEAE 15 


in the length of leaves and size and symmetry of cones. The wood is 
hard and durable, valuable for construction purposes. The following 
forms cannot always be distinguished from the type: 


Var. yunnanensis (Franchet) Shaw. 


(P. yunnanensis Franchet) 


Has the largest leaf and the longest cone. 


Var. densata (Masters) Shaw. 
(P. densata Masters). 


Oblique cone with swollen, prominent apophysis. 


The length of the needles and size of the cones vary according to 
ecological factors, var. yunnanensis representing the species growing in 
its optimum range. 


Pinus sinensis is characterized by short clustered staminate flowers and 
by the persistent cones, changing in color from pale yellow to dark brown. 


PICEA 


Evergreen trees usually with whorled, horizontal branches and thin 
scaly bark. Leaves spirally arranged, linear, awl-shaped, usually 4 
angled and with a white line on each of the 4 faces, or more or less 
flattened and then marked by white lines on the upper surface only, 
attached to angular, persistent woody leaf bases from which they are 
deciduous upon drying. Flowers monoecious, catkin-like; the staminate 
red or yellow, composed of numerous spirally arranged anthers with 
broad seale-like connectives; the pistillate greenish or purple composed 
of numerous spirally arranged scales and bracts which are shorter than 
the scales at maturity, each scale bearing 2 ovules on the inner surface 
near the base. Fruit a pendent cone with persistent scales. Seeds 
usually acute at the base, winged. 


About 38 species are recognized; probably not more than JO or 12 
well defined species occur in China. The spruces are widely distributed 
‘over the colder temperate regions, often forming pure forests of some 
extent. Picea is well characterized by the more or less 4 angled, acicular 
leaves falling away upon drying, articulated to persistent woody bases, 
(sterigmata) and by pendent cones whose scales persist on the central axis 
and spread open to liberate the seeds. In Abies the cones are erect, 


16 CHINESE ECONOMIC TREES 


usually high on the tree, at maturity falling apart, the seeds and scales 
together. The spruces are for the most part important timber trees 
producing a soft, light, straight-grained wood which is not, however, over 
durable in contact with the soil. The wood is much used for general 
construction, interior finish, ship-building, for making musical instru- 
ments and for fuel. Many species are well adapted for planting as 
windbreaks, tall hedges and for ornamental purposes, The spruces can 
stand shade and thrive well on thin soil, being shallow rooted, and they 
should prove useful for reforesting the northern regions. 


The Chinese species are greatly confused and the genus requires 
a thorough study before we can be certain of the actual number of 


species occurring in this country. 


Picea asperata Masters. 


Tree to 35 m. tall of pyramidal habit with horizontal or somewhat 
pendulous branches up-turned at the ends and grayish-brown bark 
peeling off in thin, irregular flakes. Branchlets pale yellow-gray ; winter 
buds resinous, conical with loosely appressed thin scales, spreading or 
slightly recurved, at the apex. Leaves pointing forwards, quadrangular, 
curved, acute with white stomatiferous lines on all 4 sides, 12 mm. 
long or slightly longer. Cones from 8-12 cm. long, cylindric oblong, 
pale yellow-gray at maturity, later becoming brown; cone scales closely 
appressed before time of ripening, very variable in shape, rounded, 
rhombic or even truncate at the apex. The cones remain on the tree 5 
or 6 months after the seeds are shed. Seeds winged. 

W. China. ; 

A very valuable timber tree often forming extensive forests in W. 
Szechuan. In appearance Picea asperata can with difficulty be distin- 
guished from P. abies Karsten, the widely distributed European 
species, and their distinction is not always certain even when herbarium 
specimens are compared. Rehder and Wilson have attempted to distin- 
guish 2 varieties of this species, namely: var. notabilis with rhombic 
ovate scales narrowed to the apex, and var. ponderosa with longer cones, 
but intermediate forms in abundance indicate the inconstancy of these 
characters and the varieties may well be disregarded. 


The wood of this species is similar to that of the European species 
and is used for general construction. 


PINACEAE i7 


o> AN Ze \\ >> 


s) SAN 7 
gs ZI = 
cess 


Plate 6. PICEA ASPERATA Masters 


1. Fruiting branch; 2. Flowering branch; 38. Seed; 4. Twig showing 
sterigmata; 5. Buds. 


18 CHINESE ECONOMIC TREES 


Picea montigena Masters. 

Tree to 33 m. tall. -Branchlets pale brown, hairy. Winter buds 
ovoid, acutish, resinous. Leaves quadrangular, curved, acutish, shiny 
green and somewhat glaucous, about 12 mm. long. Cones shiny red- 
brown, cylindric, 8-10 em. long with rounded or truncate scales. Cones 
remain on the tree fully a year after seeds are shed. 


W. China. 


Picea brachytyla Pritzel. 

Tree to 22 m. tall. Branchlets yellow-brown, nearly glabrous. 
Leaves straight, acutish, compressed, whitish above, 12-15 mm. long. 
Cone cylindric, 7-9 em. long; scales obovate, entire. Seeds winged. 


W. China. 


Picea aurantiaca Masters. 


Tree to 25 m. tall. Bark light gray. Branchlets orange, glabrous. 
Leaves quadrangular, 15 mm. long. Cones 11-12 cm. long, brown, 
subcoriaceous, broad, rounded. 


W. Szechuan. 


A species of restricted distribution, probably best regarded as a 
mere form of P. schrenkiana. 


Picea neoveitchii Masters. 


Tree to 15 m. tall. Branchlets shiny yellow-brown. Leaves about 
15 mm. long, quadrangular, pointed. Cones 13-14 cm. long, oblong- 
cylindric, narrowed at both ends; scales oblong or suborbicular, entire. 
Seeds 25 mm. long, winged. 

Rare tree in Hupeh. Mr. Wilson encountered only a single tree of 
this species. Seems to be closely allied to P. polita of Japan. 


Picea retroflexa Masters. 


Tree to 45 m. tall. Bark gray, peeling off in flakes. Branchlets 
yellow to dull orange, glabrous, rarely slightly pubescent. Leaves quad- 
rangular, stomatiferous on all 4 sides, 1-2.5 em. long, sharp pointed. 
Cones shiny brown, symmetrical, 8-12 em. long; scales obovate, rounded, 
striated, stiff. Seeds winged; wing 1.5 em. long, oblique, oblong-obovate. 


West Szechuan, may be only P. asperata. 


PINACEAE : Ns 


Picea shrenkiana Fisher & Meyer. 


(Picea watsoniana Masters) 


Tall pyramidal tree. Branchlets pendulous, glabrous, ashy gray. 
Buds ovoid, light brown. Leaves quadrangular, 2-4 em. long, dull green, 
acute. Cones 8-10 em. long, cylindric-ovate with entire scales, shiny 
brown; scales obovate, cuneate with entire margins. 


Siberia to N. China (Kansu to Chihli). A hardy species common 
within its range. 


Picea purpurea Masters. 


Tree to 20 m. tall, pyramidal when young, becoming irregular with 
massive horizontal branches at maturity. Bark dark gray, peeling off 
in regular flakes. Branchlets orange-yellow. Winter buds ovoid. Leaves 
more or less compressed with 2 white lines above, green beneath, curved, 
somewhat blunt, 8-12 mm. long. Cones purple, cylindric-oblong, 5-6 
em. long; scales rhombic to oblong, abruptly narrowed above the middle 
with acute or truncated apex. 


The wood is brownish, close-grained and resinous; used for con- 
struction. The purple cones make this a distinct as well as handsome 
species. 


Szechuan & Kansu. F 


Picea likiangensis (Franchet) Pritzel. 


Tree to 25 m. tall. Branchlets yellow-gray, slightly hairy. Leaves 
quadrangular, slightly compressed, prominently keeled with 2 white 
lines above, 12 mm. long. Cone about 5 cm. long, brownish yellow with 
flexible rhombic-ovate scales, denticulate or slightly wavy margined 
above the middle. 


Rarely this tree attains 35 m. tall in favorable situations. The 
flexible scales are horizontally spreading when the cone is ripe. 


Szechuan & Yunnan. 


Picea glehnii Masters. 


A dense, low tree with spreading red, hairy or shaggy branches. 
Buds subglobose, resinous, brown. Leaves crowded, ascending, curved, 
linear, quadrangular, acute, green, the curved surface glaucous. Cones 


20 CHINESE ECONOMIC TREES 


2.5-5 em. long, oblong cylindric or ovate oblong; scales leathery, striated, 
light brown, cuneate, rounded above and denticulate. Seeds up tol cm. 
long with an obliquely obeordate, membranous, pale brown wing. 
Formosa, Sakhalin and Manchuria. 
The following species that have been proposed require additional 
study :— 
Picea gemmata Rehder & Wilson. 
Picea wilsonil Masters. 
Picea meyeri Rehder & Wilson. 
Picea heterolepis Rehder & Wilson. 
Picea balfouriana Rehder & Wilson. 
Picea hirtella Rehder & Wilson, 
Picea ascendens Patschke. 
Picea complanata Masters. 
Picea sargentiana Rehder & Wilson. 


TSUGA 


Resinous, evergreen trees with reddish bark and slender often pen- 
dulous branches. Leaves flat or angular, short, linear, set closely together, 
in 2 ranks (except in 1 species), stomatiferous on the under surface, 
short petioled and falling off upon drying. Staminate flowers solitary, 
axillary, globose, composed of numerous anthers with knob-like con- 
nectives. Pistillate flowers terminal, -erect, with circular scales each 
bearing 2 ovules at the base; bract about as long as the scale. Fruit a 
small cone, oblong-ovate, pendulous, nearly sessile, greenish or purplish, 
turning brown at maturity, with persistent-flexible scales, longer than 
the bracts. Seeds nearly surrounded by the obovate-oblong wing. 


Nine to ten species in Asia, N. America and the Himalayas. Tsuga 
is the Japanese name of the tree. The hemlocks are graceful, ornamental 
trees with the bark very rich in tannin, extensively employed in the 
United States of America for the curing of hides. The wood is coarse 
and brittle, of generally poor quality, but manufactured into coarse 
lumber, the best and most valuable being the W. American species, 
Tsuga heterophylla. The Japanese species, 7. sieboldii, is said to be durable 
and is manufactured into lumber for the construction of houses. The 


hemlocks are slow growing trees, thriving best on well drained soil in 
regions of abundant rainfall. 


21 


PINACEAE 


Ie 


can) oe 
A=; ] rE 398 NN 
Vi 


i 


NN 


Saas 


MS 


 —— 


Ze 
[== 


Ne -_ Vj 
a) aN YU 


Sa SSSSSS 


—wif/f 
CLY ff ff 


LY, 
PS_c_ SS WZ 
oe ONG 


TSUGA CHINENSIS Pritzel 


Plate 7. 


Fruiting branch; 3. Pistillate fower- 


2. 


1. Staminate flowering branch; 


ing branch; 4. Secale; 5. Scale and seeds; 6. Seeds. 


22 CHINESE ECONOMIC TREES 
Tsuga chinensis Pritzel. 


(Tieh Sha.) Iron Fir. 


Small tree, rarely 40 m. tall, with yellow-gray, more or less pubescent 
branchlets. Leaves from 10-28 mm. long, rounded and notched at the 
apex, dark glossy green above, paler with 2 white bands beneath and with 
minute teeth on the margin when young, becoming smooth and green on 
both surfaces with age. Cones sessile, 15-30 mm. long, with shiny, 
brownish scales. 


Hupeh, Szechuan, Shensi. 


This is the common Hemlock in Central and Western China. The 
wood is soft but durable, and is made into shingles. Closely allied to 
the Japanese 7’. diversifolia. 


Tsuga yunnanensis (Franchet) Masters. 


Tree to 30 m. tall, with grayish and hairy branchlets. Cones with 
fewer scales. Leaves not notched at the apex, white on the under side. 


Known only from Yannan and Szechuan. It occurs on Omei Shan. 


PSEUDOTSUGA 


Large, pyramidal evergreen tree with deeply furrowed bark and 
whorled branches. Winter buds acute, elongated, not resinous. Leaves 
more or less 2 ranked, linear, flat, grooved on the upper surface with 
numerous rows of stomata on each side of the midrib beneath ; with only 
1 fibro-vascular bundle. Flowers solitary; the staminate oblong-cylin- 
drical with numerous globose anthers having spur-like connectives; 
pistillate with spirally arranged scales, shorter than the pointed bracts. 
Cones pendent, ovate oblong, ripening in 1 season with woody persistent 


rigid scales shorter than the awn-pointed bracts. Seeds nearly triangular, 
winged. 


4 species—2 in N. America, 1 in Japan and 1 inChina. Pseudotsuga 
closely resembles Abies from which it may be distinguished by the 
elongated, non-resinous winter buds, by the slender, more flexible leaves 
and by the pendent cone which appears bristly on account of the exserted, 
2 lobed, long and awned bracts. From Tsuga it is distinguished by the 
smooth twigs not roughened by persistent leaf bases. The common 


PINACEAE 23 


American species Pseudotsuga mucronata is the most important timber 
tree on the Pacific Coast of N. America and it may be worthy of 
introduction into temperate parts of China for extensive cultivation as a 
timber tree. 


Pseudotsuga sinensis Dode 


Tall tree with deeply furrowed bark and pubescent branchlets. The 
leaves are emarginate at the apex. Cones about 5 cm. long. 


Sew China: 


KETELEERIA 


Evergreen tree of pyramidal habit when young, in age with wide- 
spreading, massive branches, forming an irregular flat-topped tree. Bud 
not resinous, with numerous imbricated scales as an enveloping sheath at 
its base, after the branchlet has developed. Branchletssmooth. Leaves 
in 2 ranks by the twisting of the leaf bases, flat, linear, acute, green, 
keeled and not grooved on the upper surface, with a narrow stalk con- 
tracted to a circular disk at the base. Flowers monoecious. Staminate 

flowers in clusters, each flower composed of numerous 2-celled anthers 
on a stipitate axis. Cones erect, maturing in 1 year with upright, 
persistent scales woody in texture. Scales laciniate. Seeds 2 toa scale, 
with hatchet-shaped wings, as long as the scale. 


A genus containing 2 species in China, differing from Abies by the 
clustered staminate flowers, by the cone with persistent scales and by 
the leaves, which are keeled or ridged on both surfaces and not depressed 
above. From Pseudotsuga it is distinguished by the erect cone and 
clustered staminate flowers. 


Superficially the leaves of Keteleeria resemble those of Cephalotarus 
but when the leaves of Keteleeria fall they leave a circular flat or slightly 
concave scar, the bark becoming scaly in the second year, while in 
Cephalotaxus the leaf scars are smaller, oval or irregular in outline and 
the elongated bark-like leaf bases persist as a covering of the twigs until 
the third or fourth year. Keteleeria is chiefly valuable as an ornamental 
tree and is planted in China near wayside shrines and tombs. The wood 
is locally useful. Propagated by seeds and cuttings. Cultivated in 
Europe and America. 


24 CHINESE ECONOMIC TREES 


Keteleeria davidiana [eissner. 

Tree sometimes 35 m. tall, with dark gray, irregularly fissured bark. 
Young branches slender, gray, glabrous or tomentose, or sometimes with 
short stiff hairs. Leaves 2-5 cm. long, rounded, notched at the apex, 
glossy green above, with stomatiferous lines and 2 green bands beneath, 
midrib raised on both sides. Cones cylindrical, oblong, on spur-like 
lateral branchlets, 5-20 cm. long, averaging 10-15 cm. long, reddish 
when young, turning green and finally brown at maturity. Cones scale 
ovate with a rounded or slightly truncated and reflexed apex, exposing 
the tip of the wings. 

Shensi, Hupeh, Szechuan, Yunnan. 

This is the most widely distributed species in China, occurring at an 
elevation somewhat less than that occupied by the firs and spruces. In 
a wild state it shows considerable variation in leaf and cone. The wood 
is soft, close grained, light, resinous and easily worked. It is used for 
the construction of houses. 

Keteleeria evelyniana Masters may be identical with or at most only 


a form of the above. 


Keteleeria fortunei Carriere. 


Tree to 30 m. tall with thick, rugged bark and spreading, horizontal 
branches. Branclhilets glabrous, orange-red. Buds small, ovoid, 
orange-brown. Leaves appearing 2 ranked by the twisting of their 
petioles, linear, rigid, mucronate or spine-tipped, dark shiny green, 
keeled above with 2 stomatiferous lines beneath; 2.5-8 cm. long. Cones 
variable in size, ovoid or ovoid-cylindric; scales suborbicular; bracts 
half as long as the scales, mucronate tipped. Cones at first purplish, 
becoming brown with age. Seeds angular and wedge-shaped with a 
relatively broad, rounded, oblong wing. 

S. E. China: Hongkong, Yunnan, Fukien. Characterized by orange- 
red, glabrous branchlets and purplish cones which become brownish at 
maturity. 

The cones of this species are smaller and more globose than those 
of the preceding species. 


ABIES 


Evergreen trees with smooth or thick furrowed bark, and spreading, 
horizontal branches in whorls of 4 or 5 or more. Leaves linear, flat, 


PINACEAE 2d 


Plate 8. KETELEERIA DAVIDIANA Beisner 


Jt Fruiting branch; 2. Pistillate flowering branch; 3. Staminate flower- 
ing branch; 4. Seed; 5. Reverse of seed; 6. Back of scale; 7. 


Front view of scale, 


26 CHINESE ECONOMIC TREES 


Plate 9. KETELEERIA FORTUNEI Carriere 


1. Cone; 2. Cone scale; 3. Staminate flowers; 4. Side view of scale; 
5. A leaf and its cross-section; 6. Seed. (After Beisner). 


PINACEAE O7 


rounded, notched or pointed at the apex, sessile, green and seldom 
stomatiferous, grooved on the upper surface, silvery white beneath, 
spirally attached, though on horizontal branches apparently arranged in 
2 ranks due to the twisting of their bases, in the upper fertile branches 
crowded and more or less projecting from all sides, persistent usually for 
3 or 4 to 8 or 10 years, and in falling away, leaves flat circular scars on 
the twigs. Flowers axillary, appearing in the spring; the staminate 
aments pendulous, numerous, on the lower side of the branches, oval or 
cylindrical, with yellow or scarlet 2-celled anthers surmounted by a knob- 
like connective. Pistillate flowers usually on the topmost branches of 
the tree, erect, ovoid, with numerous imbricated scales, each with 2 
ovules at the base. Fruit a cone, ovoid cylindric, the scales shorter or 
longer than their mucronate bracts, deciduous with the seeds, leaving 
the central axis of the cone persistent on the tree. Seeds with an oblique, 
dilated wing. Cotyledons 2. 

About 25 species in the cool regions of the N. Temperate zone; about 
4 well defined species in China. The genus is characterized by linear 
leaves which leave smooth circular scars on the twig when they fall, 
and by an erect cone whose scales are deciduous at maturity. Firs 
often attain great size and frequently form extensive pure forests. The 
wood is soft and brittle, of less economic value than those of the spruces 
and pines. Propagated by seeds. The seeds are not as viable as those 
of the pine, and can not be kept for more than 1 or 2 years. In nursery 
plantations, the seedlings are usually protected by half shade. The fir 
will undoubtedly take an important place in the reforestation of China, 
and in this connection the European species Abies picea is worthy of 
experimentation. 


Abies delavayi Franchet. 


(A. fargesii Franchet) 
(A. faxoniana Rehder & Wilson) 


A tree 7-15 m. tall, with red-brown and usually shining shoots. 
Leaves light green and generally obtuse; sometimes notched at the apex, 
the margins usually rolled back towards the midrib below so as to form 
in cross section a figure ©). The cones are purplish, oblong-ovoid to 
oblong-cylindrical, broadest at the base, but slightly tapering towards 
the apex, from 7-11 cm. long and 3.5-5.5 cm. wide, averaging about 
Tor 8cm. long. The bracts are oblong-spatulate with a short abrupt 
- point usually projecting beyond the scale. 


CHINESE ECONOMIC TREES 


WZ 
Yea 


Se 


Plate 10. ABIES DELAVAYI Franchet 


1. Fruiting branch; 


Scale with seeds; 5, 6.. Seales; 7. 


2. Staminate flowers; 


3. Pistillate flower; 


Seed. 


4. 


ian 


PINACEAE 29 


Szechuan, Yunnan and Hupeh. 


The specific characters upon which A. fargesii and A. faxoniana are 
founded are not sufficiently distinct and constant as to support recogniz- 
able species. In A. delavayi, the branchlets, leaves and cones show a 
range of variation which covers the difference ascribed to A. fargesiz 
and A. faxoniana. 


This tree forms extensive forests in the inaccessible regions of W. 
Szechuan and W.:\Hupeh, and evidences indicate that at one time, it 
occurred in great abundance over an extensive range. The tree attains 
a large size, and for this reason the timber finds its way into the market, 
although the wood itself is poor in quality. The wood is white, light, 
soft and not durable, used for interior finish and house construction and 
for the cheaper grades of coffins as well as for a variety of household 
_ purposes. 


Abies recurvata Masters. 


Tree 16-25 m. tall, with reddish brown bark and shiny yellow-gray 
branchlets. The leaves are crowded, ascending and strongly recurved, 
shining green or glaucous on the upper surfaces, 10-12 mm. long, 2-3 


mm. wide. Cones clustered, short stalked, oblong ovoid, 5-9) cm. long, 
violet-purple when young, gray-brown at maturity. The bracts are 
inclosed. 


W. Szechuan in the Ming valley. 


The recurved, sharp pointed leaves separate this from all other firs. 
It is confined to the mountains of the Ming River valley between Mao 
Chan and Sungpan Ting where it forms pure forests. (Wilson). The 
wood is fairly close grained and easily worked, used for house con- 
struction. On young shoots and vigorous branches the leaves are very 
sharp pointed and twice the rormal length. 


Abies squamata Masters. 


Tree 15-88 m. tall. Bark brownish purple, exfoliating or peeling in 
thin papery layers. Leaves crowded, spirally arranged, short and broad, 
acute or obtuse, more or less pubescent, 11-20 mm. long, 2 mm. wide. 
Cones 5-6 cm. long, oblong ovoid, violet-purple, resinous. 


W. Szechuan and Tibet. 


30 CHINESE ECONOMIC TREES 


This fir forms pure stands and attains the highest altitude of any 
Chinese fir. It is easily distinguished by its purplish bark which peels 
off in thin strips. The wood is of good quality, used by the Tibetans 
for the construction of their houses. 


Abies chensiensis Van Tieghem. 


Tree 15-40 m. tall. Shoots pale yellow-gray. The leaves are long, 
shiny green, arranged in one plane, blunt or slightly notched at the apex, 
very unequal in length on the same shoot, pubescent. Cones 8-10 cm. 
long, ovoid cylindric, pale brown, with larger thin scales. Seeds obovoid, 
1 em. long, wing about 2.5 em. long. 


\W. Hupeh and Shensi. 


This tree is comparatively rare. The cone with brownish and broad, 
thin scales is very distinctive. 


Abies beisneriana Rehder and Wilson. 


Tree to 60 m. tall with gray-brown fissured bark and pale gray 
branchlets. Leaves ascending, flat, sharp pointed, the midrib slightly 
depressed above, pale green and glaucous below. Cones purplish when 
young, later gray-brown, small, 5-8 em. long; scales thin and broad. 


W. China. 


The wood is soft and poor in quality. This may be only a form of 
A, chensiensis. 


CUNNINGHAMIA. 


Evergreen trees with whorled or irregular branches, and whorled or 
nearly opposite branchlets. Leaves linear, lanceolate, acuminate, rigid, 
more or less curved, sharply and minutely serrate, dark green above, 
pale green, with 2 stomatiferous bands below, narrowed at the base, 
densely and spirally arranged on the shoot, though appearing in 2 ranks 
owing to the twisting of their base. Flowers monoecious, clustered at the 
ends of the branches. The staminate flowers cylindrical, surrounded at 
the base by several imbricated scales, each flower composed of numerous 
spirally arranged stainens, each bearing 3 pendent, 1-celled anthers at 
the lower margin of an ovate, serrulate, scale-like connective. Pistillate 
flower globose, composed of imbricated scales, of which only the upper 


PINACEAE 31 


ones are fertile; ovules 3 to each scale. Fruit an ovate cone with closely 
imbricated, coriaeceous, brownish scales, serrulate at the margin and 
slightly reflexed at the apex. Seeds narrowly winged, 3 to each scale. 


2 species, 1 in China, the other in Formosa. 


Cunninghamia occurs in all the temperate parts of China at an eleva- 
tion below that occupied by the spruces and the silver firs. 


Cunninghamia lanceolata Hooker. 


(Sha Shu.) 


A tree of pyramidal habit with scaly, brownish outer bark and red 
inner bark. Branches horizontal, short and spreading. Leaves linear, 
acuminate, 2.5-5 em. long. Cones 2.5—5 em. long, persistent on the tree 
1 or more years after the seeds are shed. 


'Kiangsi, Kiangsu, Hupeh, Szechuan, Yunnan, Hunan, Fukien, 
Kwangtung. 


Cunninghamia is mentioned in the earliest Classics, and in times 
past, has been considered the most valuable tree. Extensive forests still 
exist in the interior of Fukien and Hunan, as vast quantities of logs of 
this tree are floated down the rivers for export. KE. H. Wilson reports 
several large forests of this species in western Szechuan. In the Chien 
Chang Valley in Szechuan, logs of the Cunninghamia buried by an 
earthquake about two hundred years ago, have been uncovered and sawn 
into planks, and the lumber, which is reddish brown, fragrant, fine 
grained and durable, commands a high price in the markets under the 
name of “Hsiang Mu,”’ used for the manufacture of the highest grade of 
coffins. The wood of living species is light, soft, fragrant, easily worked, 
employed for every purpose for which great strength is not required. 
The wood has a broad sap wood and dark yellow heart wood. It is used 
for house building, general carpentry, for making tea chests, for pillars 
and masts and for boat building and a great variety of local uses. 
Cunninghamia reproduces freely from suckers, and the sprouts which 
spring from the stumps of felled trees grow rapidly into tree size, a 
feature which renders this species particularly adaptable to coppice 
management. Cunninghamia may prove to be the leading coniferous 
species in the reforestation of China. 


CHINESE ECONOMIC TREES 


~* 
~~ 
bo 


Plate 11. CUNNINGHAMIA LANCEOLATA Hooker 


1. Pistillate flowering branch; 2. Fruiting branch; 3. Leaf; 4, 5. 


Bracts of scales; 6. Seeds; 7. Staminate branch. (Enlarged). 


PINACEAE 33 


CRYPTOMERIA 


Evergreen trees with spirally arranged, awl-shaped leaves, broad and 
sessile at the base. Flowers monoecious. Staminate flowers in numerous 
spike-like clusters, composed of imbricated stamens with pointed con- 
nectives and 3-5 pollen sacs to each scale. Pistillate flowers solitary, 
lateral on the branchlet, a globose conelet composed of spirally arranged, 
imbricated scales, with 3-5 ovules on each scale. The fruit is a globose 
cone with brown, peltate scales furnished with recurved bracts on the outer 
surface, and 3-5 sharp points on the top; each scale bears 3-5 narrowly 
winged seeds. 


1 species in China and Japan. 


This tree merits extensive planting for the purposes of afforestation 
and reforestation. An ounce of seed contains about 50,000 seeds. One 
pound will sow an area of seed bed about 100 feet square. The seedlings 
should be given half shade for the first year, and twice transplanted in 
the nursery before setting out in the field. 


Cryptomeria japonica D. Don. 
Peacock Pine. (Kung Chiao Tsung. ) 


Tree sometimes 45 m. tall with cinnamon-red bark, peeling in long, 
thin shreads. Leaves persistent for 4 or 5 years, acute, 5 ranked, directed 
forwards, laterally compressed and keeled. Cone small, matures the 
first year, and remains on the branch one or more years after the 
seeds are shed. 


China: Kiangsi, Hupeh, Szechuan, Yunnan, Chekiang, and Fukien. 


Robert Fortune, in 1849, encountered this tree wild in the mountains 
near Ningpo, growing in company with Cunninghamia, and authorities 
believe it may still be found growing spontaneously in the mountains 
of Chekiang and Fukien, but it is now most commonly seen as a cultivated 
tree. Cryptomeria is the largest, the most useful and the most commonly 
planted timber tree in Japan, imparting a characteristic feature to her 
landscape. The tree is rapid growing, attaining a large size, specimens 
measuring 150 feet high are not rare. It has a pale sap wood, dark, 
reddish heartwood. The wood is devoted to many uses, the principal 
ones being for bridge, house and ship building. The bark is used by the 
Japanese peasants to shingle the roofs of their houses. From the leaves 
an essential oil may be extracted. 


34 CHINESE ECONOMIC TREES 


GLYPTOSTROBUS 


Included by some authors under Taxodium to which it is closely 
allied. The leaves, together with the short annual shoots, are deciduous, 
and the cone scales are deciduous as well, whereas in Taxodium the cone 
scales are persistent. Zazodium is now confined to N. America and 
Mexico, but at former geologic periods, widely distributed in N. America 
and Europe. 

Glyptostrobus heterophyllus Endlicher 

(Taodium heterophylla) 


Swamp cypress; ‘‘ Water Pine.” 


Is a shrub about 3 m. tall, confined to swampy lowlands in S. China. 


LIBOCEDRUS 


Evergreen, resinous, aromatic trees with naked buds and sealy bark. 
Branchlets flattened, frond-like. Leaves scaly, in 4 ranks, more or less 
compressed, with or without glands. Flowers monoecious or dioecious, 
solitary, terminal; staminate oblong, composed of 6-8 pairs of stamens 
each bearing 4 subglobose anther cells; pistillate oblong, composed of 3 
pairs of scales, subtended by several bracts which are persistent in the 
fruit. Fruit maturing in 1 year, an oblong-ovate cone consisting of 6 
scales, the lower and the middle pairs spreading at maturity; the third 
pair united to form a woody septum. Seeds winged, 2 in each fertile scale. 

8 speciesin W. N. and 8. America, Australasia, Formosa and S. China. 

In America Libocedrus is known as Incense Cedar on account of its 
aromatic resinous property. The following is the only species known 


in this country. 


Libocedrus macrolepis Bentham and Hooker. 


Tree to 35 m. tall. Branchlets compressed, green on both sides. 
Leaves acute, the lateral pair strongly keeled, the middle ones obovate, 
apiculate. Cones obovate-oblong, composed of 6 scales about 2.5.em. long. 

S. W. China. 


The wood is straight grained, fragrant and durable. 
THU SA: 


Evergreen, resinous, aromatic trees with much-ramified spreading 
branches and flattened branchlets arranged in a horizontal or vertical 
frond-like spray. Leaves decussate (in alternate pairs), in 4 ranks, 


PINACEA} BY3) 


seale-like, small and usually glandular on the back; those on the leading 
shoot pointed and more or less spreading; on less vigorous shoots, rounded 
and much compressed, the lateral pair nearly covering the dorsal and 
ventral pair which are flattened. The leaves of Juvenile plants and of some 
species and forms are not scale-like but uniformly awl-shaped, pointed and 
spreading. Flowers monoecious, solitary and terminal; the staminate 
small, globose or cylindrical, composed of 8-6 stamens, each bearing 2-4 
pollen cells on an orbicular connective. The pistillate flowers are minute 
cones, composed of 4-6 pairs of scales, not all of which are fertile, the 
fertile ones bearing 2-8 ovules each inside at the base. Fruit a small 
ovate or oblong cone with leathery scales and usually 2 seeds to each scale. 
Seeds small, usually winged. 


About 5 species in Central and Eastern Asia and North America. 
Thujas may be distinguished from the flat-leaved cypresses by the cones, 
which in the latter genus are usually globular in form and composed 
of dilated or peltate scales, attached by the middle and in contact with 
each other on the perimeter before the seeds are liberated. 


The Thujas are evergreen trees of generally pyramidal habit planted 
mainly for their ornamental value. Numerous horticultural varieties have 
been developed. Propagated by seeds; the varieties by cuttings. The 
genus is divided into 2 sections, in China each section is represented 
by 1 species. 


Thuja orientalis Linneus.* 
(Poh Shu.) 


A pyramidal tree 10 m. tall, or a dense, bushy shrub with thin, 
reddish bark sealing off in thin, papery layers and upright or ascending 
branches, bearing the much ramified sprays in a vertical plane. The 
leaves are green on both sides, marked by a glandular depression on the 
back; the leaves of the frond-like spray are closely appressed to the 
slightly flattened axis; those of the more or less rounded lateral or main 
axes are rhombic-ovate, with a free, acute and somewhat reflexed apex. 
The cone is ovate-globose, erect, fleshy, bluish, later becoming hard and 
woody, 12-25 mm. long; scales with a hooked spine on the outer surface 
below the top, usually in 3 pairs, the upper pair sterile; the fertile scales 
each bear 2 seeds. Seeds large, round and without wings. 


*See Frontispiece. 


36 CHINESE ECONOMIC TREES 


Native of N. E. China, elsewhere cultivated. Introduced into Japan. 
The Poh shu of the classics is referable to this species. In bygone days 
the tree distinguished the gardens of the princes and sheltered the tombs 
of rulers. To-day it is most commonly met with in gardens and burying 
grounds. Throughout the New Year festivities, sprays of this fragrant 
evergreen are used to symbolize long life and happiness. The fruit, 
leaves and inner bark all have medicinal uses. 


Propagated by seeds. The number of seeds per pound is about 
18,600, germination is rapid, most of the seeds coming up between 10 
and 25 days. 


Thuja sutchuenensis Franchet. 


A small tree in Eastern Szechuan characterized by thin, scaly, nearly 
glandless leaves or flattened branchlets, thin, leathery cones with 8 
scales, somewhat thickened at the apex, and winged seeds produced only 
by the middle 2 or 3 pairs of scales. 


FOKIENIA 


Trees, evergreen. Leaves small, scale-like on flattened, frond-like 
branch systems which may be described as tripinnately divided. The 
leaves are in 4 ranks, the lateral pairs narrowly keeled or clasping, the 
facial leaves flattened, acute or obtuse, with the bases narrowed or crowded 
by the lower parts of the lateral leaves. On young shoots the branchlets 
appear particularly flattened, the leaves are much larger (sometimes 8 
mm. long), the lateral pairs with conspicuously long, free, sharp points 
and often marked on the under surface by conspicuous longitudinal 
glaucous areas caused by stomata. The foliage has a strong resemblance 
to Libocedrus macrolepis. The flowers are imperfectly known. | 


Female flower terminal, composed of 6 to 8 pairs of opposite, 
decussate, blunt-pointed scales, each scale with 2 ovules. Cones are said 
to ripen in the 2nd year. They are globular in general form, composed 
of 12 to 16 woody, peltate scales, each clavate or cuneate in shape, 


expanded into a mainly 2-lobed shield or apophysis with a minute mucro 
in the depressed center. 


Seeds 2 to each seed-bearing scale, about 4 mm. long, 3 or 4 sided, 
flattened at the base and provided with 2 thin wings unequal in size. 


PINACEAE ay’) 


While the foliage resembles Libocedrus the fruit has a _ general 
likeness to Cupressus or Chamecyparis. 


Only 2 species are known, Ff. hodginsii, Henry and Thomas, from 
Fukien and F. kawaii Hazata from Tonking. 


Fokienia hodginsii Henry & Thomas 


Tree to 12 m. tall. Cones 2.5 em. long, subglobose. Fukien. 


CUPRESSUS 


Resinous, evergreen trees, rarely shrubs, with 4-angled or sometimes 
slightly flattened branchlets. Leaves of 2 kinds; on adult plants they 
are small and scale-like, in alternate pairs, and closely appressed to the 
twig; on juvenile plants and on vigorous shoots of adult plants, they are 
linear, lanceolate or awl-shaped, in whorls of 4, or sometimes ternate 
and spreading. Flowers minute, monoecious, terminal, yellow. The 
staminate flowers oblong, composed of numerous pairs of stamens, each 
with 2-6 pendulous pollen cells on the edge of an ovate connective. The 
pistillate flowers oblong or globose, composed of thick, decussate scales, 
the ovuliferous ones bearing one to several rows of urn-shaped ovules at 
their base. Fruit a globose cone, made up of woody, peltate scales 
furnished with a short, knob-like mucro. Seeds with 2 thin wings. 
Cupressus is usually biennial fruited. 


A genus containing about 12 species, all in the warm temperate 
regions of the Northern Hemisphere. Chamaecyparis, a closely allied 
genus, placed by some botanists under Cupressus as a sub-genus, and 
hardly differing from Cupressus except in its smaller and usually annual 
fruit, of great economic importance in Japan, also found in Formosa, 
has not yet been reported from China, although its discovery there might 
not be an improbable result of extensive explorations. In Japan Chamae- 
cyparis obtusa and C. pisifera are important silvicultural species. 
Morphologists detect no structural differences between the wood of 
Cupressus and Chamaecyparis. The 2 genera, Chamaecyparis and Thuja, 
yield the lightest of all merchantable woods in America. 


Cupressus is easily distinguished from all nearly allied genera by 
the 4-angled branchlets with minutely denticulate leaves. 


38 CHINESE ECONOMIC TREES 


Cupressus funebris Endlicher. 

(Pe Hsa.) Funeral Cypress. 

A tree up to 25 m. tall with smooth, reddish bark. When young, 
more or less compact in habit, in age with drooping branches and 
branchlets, and long, pendulous, flat sprays. The leaves are imbricated 
in 4 rows, ovate-deltoid, gray-green with pointed, free and slightly 
spreading apex. Staminate flowers yellow; stamens usually 8. Cones 
stalked, globose, 8-12 mm. long, brown, covered by a purple bloom ; 
scales 8, with a pointed or knob-like process on the slightly depressed 
apex. Seeds usually 3 to each scale, slightly winged. 

Chekiang, Anhwei, Szechuan, and Hupeh. 

This tree is unique among conifers on account of its graceful droop- 
ing habit, and its decorative value has long been effectively utilized for 
ornamenting courtyards, tombs and shrines. The landscape effect 
produced by the weeping willow may also be achieved by the funeral 
cypress, and, in fact, some authorities maintain that the so-called willow 
pattern dishes, copied from Chinese design, portray the cypress rather 
than the willow. It is cultivated throughout Central China and it was 
early introduced into India by the Buddhist monks, where fine speci- 
mens are now growing in the vicinity of temples and monasteries. The 
wood is white, fairly hard, close and fine grained, tough and durable, 
one of the most valuable of Chinese timbers, used for general carpentry, 
coffins, furniture, agricultural implements, house construction and boat 
building. The cypress is a fairly rapid growing tree and often forms 
pure stands. 


Cupressus torulosa Don. 
(Kan Pe Sha.) 


Pyramidal tree about 45 m. tall with reddish-brown bark. Branches 
numerous, horizontal, spreading and ascending at the tips. Branchlets 
somewhat drooping, slender, quadrangular. Leaves dark green or some- 
times bluish green, somewhat acute, keeled; the apex not thickened, 
appressed or very little spreading. Cones 1.2-2 em. long, nearly sessile, 
with 8-10 scales armed with a blunt or inconspicuous horn or knob. 


This species extends from the Himalayas to W. China. It once 
existed in extensive forests, but is now only met with as scattered 
speciniens. ‘The tree produces a high grade timber. Cupressus torulosa 
is a good tree to plant in the woodlot. It is also suitable for windbreaks 
and for planting in the garden as a single specimen. 


Plate 12. 


PINACEAE 


CUPRESSUS TORULOSA D. 


Don 


39 


40 CHINESE ZCONOMIC TREES 


JUNIPERUS 


Evergreen, aromatic trees or shrubs usually with thin, shreddy 
bark. Leaves of mature plants acicular or awl-shaped, or short, scale- 
like and closely appressed, arranged in whorls of 3’s or opposite. Leaves 
of seedlings and very young plants are always acicular or awl-shaped and 
diverging at a wide angle from the twig, vigorous or diseased shoots of 
scaly-leaved species also have acicular leaves in the juvenile stages. 
Flowers small, dioecious, rarely monoecious. The staminate flowers 
yellow, catkin-like, composed of numerous stamens, each bearing at the 
base, 2-6 pollen sacs. Pistillate flowers small, ovoid, greenish, composed 
of 3-6 pointed, fleshy scales which unite together to form a fleshy, berry- 
like fruit. The minute, ovuliferous scales are either borne on the inner 
surface of the fleshy flower-scales or alternate with them. The fruit isa 
short-stalked, berry-like strobile or cone, usually enclosing the seeds, 1—6, 
(rarely -12), subtended by several persistent scales at the base, ripening 
the Ist, 2nd, or 3rd year. 


About 40 species in the N. Hemisphere. About 6 species in E. 
Asia. The junipers range from upright, pyramidal trees to low and 
sometimes prostrate shrubs. The wood is reddish, close grained, fragrant 
and durable, used for interior finish, for the manufacture of small 
articles and for posts and poles. The American Juniperus virginiana 
produces the bulk of the pencil wood. Several species yield a volatile 
aromatic oil, which since the days of the early Greeks and Romans has 
been employed in medicine as an ointment and also as a stimulant. 
Propagated by seeds which should be stratified for one year, as in most 
cases, they do not germinate until the second year. Also may be 
increased by cuttings and grafting. 


Distinguished from Cupressus, to which it is closely allied, by the 
small, berry-like fruits, and by the leaves which are stomatiferous above, 
those of Cupressus being stomatiferous on the under surface. 


Juniperus chinensis Linnzus. 


(Tsze Poh.) Chinese Juniper 


A very variable species, ranging from a low shrub to a tree 20 m. 
tall. Bark brown, peeling off in long, narrow strips. Branches without 
winter buds. Leaves dimorphic; on young plants and vigorous shoots 
acicular, 8 mm. long, in whorls of 3’s or in pairs, spreading, sharp 


TAXACEAE 41 


- pointed, with a ridge and 2 white bands on the back; on adult trees 
scale-like, in alternating pairs, rhombic-ovate and obtuse, or both scale- 
like and acicular. Staminate flowers bright yellow, numerous. Fruit 
globose, usually broadest and slightly depressed at the summit, brownish, 
eovered with a white bloom, with resinous flesh from 5-8 mm. in 
diameter, 2-3, rarely more, seeded. 


China, Mongolia and Japan. 


Planted around temples and tombs, appearing wild in the mountains 
of Hupeh, Shensi and Szechuan. On the grounds of the Temple of 
Confucius is an avenue of large old trees. Extensively cultivated in 
Europe and America on account of its hardiness and indifference to soil. 


Juniperus formosana Hayata. 


Tree up to 16 m. tall with longitudinally fissured bark, dark brown 
in color, peeling off in thin strips, and ascending or spreading branches 
with more or less pendulous, 3-cornered branchlets, at first greenish, 
later turning reddish-brown. Leaves all acicular or awl-shaped, in 
whorls of 3's, spreading, variable in length, from 1.2-3 cm. long, sharp 
pointed, ridged at the back and with a broad, white line on each side of 
the ridge. Fruit ripening the second year, globose, or ovate, 6-8 mm. 
long, shining orange or reddish-brown, 3 seeded. Seeds 3-angled, slightly 
mucronate at the apex. 


Widely distributed in the mountains of China, extending to Formosa. 
Also planted around temples. Hupeh, Szechuan, Shensi, Fukien, 
Chekiang, Hongkong. 


TAXACEAE 


Trees or shrubs with resin ducts in the bark. Leaves linear-lanceolate, 
spirally arranged, though appearing in 2 ranks by the twisting of the 
leaf bases. Flowers dioecious or monoecious, the male borne on more 
or less thickened scales, forming a small cone. The pistillate flowers 
consist of 1 or 2 ovules on a fleshy, rudimentary carpel, becoming a hard 
bony seed, more or less surrounded by a fleshy, often highly colored 
arillus or receptacle. Cotyledons 2. 


About 11 genera and 100 species subdivided into 2 tribes, namely :— 


42 CHINESE ECONOMIC TREES 


Podocarpineae, with winged pollen grains, chiefly confined to the 
Southern Hemisphere. 


Taxineae, with wingless pollen grains, confined chiefly to the 
Northern Hemisphere. 


4 genera occur in China. 


KEY TO CHINESE GENERA 


Podocarpineae. Pollen grains winged; anthers 2 celled; trees and 
shrubs chiefly tropical and subtropical. 


A. Leaves linear to elliptic, rarely scale-like; fruit usually on a 
thick, fleshy peduncle.........-....+---0s Potion. ts! Podocarpus. 


Taxineae. Pollen grains wingless; anthers 3-8 celled; trees and 
shrubs mostly in the temperate regions; leaves linear. 


A. Pistillate flower composed of 2-20 scales on a fleshy axis, each 
scale bearing 2 ovules ripening into a more or less fleshy cone with few 
large, drupe-like seeds... -ceeeeee secre cece r esac seeeeeen, Cephalotaxus. 


B. Pistillate flowers reduced to a solitary ovule. 


I. Anthers 4 celled, united into a half ring; fruit a drupe with 
a long-pointed seed; leaves with 2 broad white lines 
beneathi.:.\: pic 22.5205, cicero Jeaive sehetee Torreya, 


If. Anthers 6-8 celled, united into a globose head ; fruit berry-like, 
composed of a bony seed surrounded by a colored fleshy aril; 
leaves pale green beneath ......seee. Seicte Gatos ee ooee Larus. 


TAXUS. 


Evergreen trees or shrubs with dark, reddish-brown bark peeling in 
thin shreds when young. Leaves mostly in 2 ranks by tortion of the 
leaf bases, flat, dark green and keeled above, pale green beneath, pointed 
and stalked. Flowers dioecious, rarely monoecious, borne in the axils 
of the leaves on twigs of the previous year’s growth. The staminate 
flowers consist of a globose head of 6-8 yellow stamens on a stalk with 
imbricated scales at its base; the stamens composed of 4-8 conical, 
pendent anther cells connate at the apex to each other and to their 
filament, spreading and shield-shaped after the discharge of the globular 
pollen grains. The pistillate flowers consist of a solitary ovule in the 


TAXACEAE 


axil of the uppermost of several imbricated scales. Fruit a bony nut in 
a fleshy, scarlet, cup-like disk, with the apex exposed and usually free 
from the cup. Cotyledons 2. 


Distributed over the N. Hemisphere, extending over large portions 
of Europe, America and Asia. The 7 species described differ from each 
other only slightly in foliage and fruit, and botanists sometimes regard 
them as geographical variations of a single species. The most recent 
monographer of the genus, Pilger, grouped all the geographic forms under 
Taxus baccata. The yews are slow-growing evergreen trees with dark, 
glossy foliage and bright red, berry-like fruits. They are planted in 
gardens for ornamental purposes, and since the earliest times have been 
closely associated with the religious life of the English, Hindoos and the 
Chinese. In certain sections of China, the yew is known as “ Kwan-yin 
Sha,’’—the fir of the Goddess of Mercy. In the olden days, bows were 
almost exclusively made from the wood of the yew. The wood is reddish, 
strong and durable, formerly much prized for cabinet making and for 
interior finish. In India and China, the wood is used for incense. The 
leaves and shoots have a poisonous property which sometimes proves 
fatal to horses and cattle which browse upon them, but the pulp of the 
seeds, which is sweet and harmless, isedible. Propagated by seeds which 
should be stratified for 1 year as they do not germinate until the second 
year after sowing; also propagated by layers and cuttings. 


Taxus cuspidata Siebold & Zuccarini. 
(Taxus chinensis (R. & W.) Rehder.) 
(Taxus cuspidata var. chinensis. R. & W.) / 


Tree 6-15 m. tall, with brownish-red bark. Leaves usually falcate, 
dark green above, pale green beneath, abruptly pointed, 12-25 mm. long, 
rarely longer. Seeds ovoid, slightly 2-4 angled, with a minute point at 
the apex, flesh light red. 

China, Korea and Japan. 

China: Kansu, Shensi, Kweichow, Chekiang, Hupeh and Szechuan. 


The Chinese tree cannot be distinguished from the Japanese type and 
the two should be regarded as identical. It is a comparatively rare tree 
in China, but occasionally a large specimen is met with in the mountains 
of Szechuan and Hupeh. Dwarfed forms variously trimmed and trained 
are under cultivation in the gardens of the wealthy. 


44 CHINESE ECONOMIC TREES 


Plate 18. TAXUS CUSPIDATA Siebold & Zuccarini 


1. Fruiting branch; 2. Staminate flowering branch; 3. Pistillate flower- 
ing branch; 4. Staminate flower; 5. A stamen; 6. Pistillate 


flower. (Details enlarged). 


TAXACEKAE 45 


CEPHALOTAXUS 


Trees or shrubs, with linear, flat leaves arranged in 2 ranks by 
tortion of the leaf bases. Flowers dioecious. The staminate, 6-11, in 
axillary, stalked clusters, subtended by imbricated scales; each flower in 
the axil of a membranous bract, consisting of 7-12 stamens each bearing 
3-6 anther cells on the under surface of a short-stalked scale. The 
pistillate flowers consist of several small, stalked cones in the axils of 
bracts at the base of terminal shoots; the flower composed of 2-20 scales 
on a fleshy axis, each bearing 2 naked ovules, only 1 of which develops. 
At maturity the scales become fleshy and confluent, more or less enclosing 
the seeds. The seeds large, usually only few in each cone, drupe-like, 
with reddish-brown or greenish-brown, resinous husk and hard, woody 
shell. There are 6 closely allied species in E. Asia. 


Cephalotaxus fortunei Hooker. 


Tree 20 m.-tall, of graceful habit, with long, slender branches. 
Branchlets yellowish green and pendulous. Leaves 5-7.5 cm. long, 
generally falcate, sharp pointed, dark green and lustrous above, pale green 
beneath, Fruit obovate, greenish-brown or purple. 


China, Burma and Japan. 
China: Kiangsi, Hupeh, Szechuan, Yunnan, Chekiang, and Shensi. 
In China this tree is frequently planted near wayside shrines and 


temples. 


Cephalotaxus drupacea Siebold & Zuccarini. 


A shrub with stiff, spreading branches and leaves shorter than 
the preceding. 


Central and Western China. 


PODOCARPUS 


Evergreen, resinous trees or rarely shrubs. Leaves alternate, rarely 
opposite, sometimes 2 ranked, linear, lanceolate or elliptic, sometimes 
small and appressed. Flowers usually dioecious, axillary or terminal, 
solitary or in spikes. The staminate flowers often cylindric, composed 
of numerous spirally arranged, imbricated scales, each bearing a 2-celled 


46 CHINESE ECONOMIC TREES 


anther on the under side; pollen grains with 2 large round wings. The 
pistillate flowers, usually solitary and pedunculate, consisting of a scale . 
enveloping the single ovule, with several bracts at the base which become 
much thickened and more or less fleshy at maturity. Fruit a naked or 
fleshy and drupe-like seed, supported on a usually fleshy receptacle. 
Cotyledons 2. 

About 50 species, mostly in Australasia, S. America, and Southern 
Asia and Africa. Members of this genus are tropical and only 1 species 
occurs in China. For the most part, they are important timber trees. 
The staminate flowers are yellow; the pistillate green. The fruit is small 
-and berry-like, borne on a fleshy stalk which in some species is edible. 
Propagated by seeds and by cuttings. 


Podocarpus Nerifolia Don. 


A tree, above 25 m. tall with whorled branches and thin, fibrous bark. 
Leaves scattered, sometimes in whorls of 3-5, narrow lanceolate, acute, 
margin somewhat revolute, midrib prominent on both sides, coriaceous, 
dark green above, slightly glaucous below, 138-26 cm. long. Staminate 
flowers 38-5 em. long, sessile and clustered. Pistillate solitary, on a 
peduncle 12 mm. long. Receptacle fleshy, at first yellow-green, changing 
to orange-red and finally deep purple at maturity. Seeds ovoid, glaucous 
green, 12 mm. long. 


From the Himalayas to S. W. China and New Guinea. E. H. Wilson 
notes that the tree is occasionally planted around temples in the warmer 
parts of Western Szechuan, particularly on Omei Shan. The fleshy 
receptacle of the fruit is eaten by the natives of Nepal. The wood is 
light, close and even grained, yellowish and fairly hard, much esteemed 
in Burma. This species is sometimes met with as a greenhouse plant 
in Europe. 


TORREYA 


Evergreen trees with more or less foetid or aromatic leaves, shoots and 
fruit. Buds with few bud scales. Leaves spirally arranged but appearing 
2 ranked on the lateral branches, linear, sharp-pointed, slightly rounded 
and dark green on the upper surface, paler and with a groove and 2 narrow 
stomatiferous lines below, more or less foetid. Flowers dioecious, rarely 
monoecious. ‘The staminate flowers solitary, in the axil of aleaf on the 


TAXACEAE 47 


previous year’s growth, ovoid or oblong, composed of numerous stamens 
in whorls of 4 on a slender axis, surrounded at the base by several pairs 
of scales; the stamens consist of 4 pollen sacs united to form a half ring 
by a projecting connective. Pistillate flowers scattered, sessile, consisting 
of a solitary ovule surrounded at the base by a fleshv urn-like disk or 
arillus and several scales, becoming at maturity a drupe-like fruit with a 
long seed pointed at the apex, entirely covered by a fleshy husk. 


4 species, 2 in E. Asia and 2 in N. America. 


Torreya resembles the Cephalotaxus superficially, but they may be 
distinguished from each other by the leaves, which in Torreya are bristle 
pointed and marked by stomatiferous lines beneath, while in Cephalotarus, 
the leaves are short pointed, and covered on the under surface by 2 broad 
stomatiferous bands. The buds of Cephalotaxus have numerous scales 
which persist at the base of the branchlet, while Torreya has fewer bud 
scales which are, for the most part, non-persistent. The drupe-like fruit 
separates this from all other evergreen trees. The wood of Jorreya is pale 
yellow, handsome and durable in contact with the soil. It is used for 
furniture, house construction and for fence posts. The stumps of felled 
trees sprout freely. Propagated by seeds and cuttings. 


Torreya grandis Fortune. 
(ei Shu.) 


Tree sometimes 25 m. tall, occasionally shrubby, and producing 
fruit when very young. Bark gray-yreen. The leaves and branchlets 
have a very slight, if any, disagreeable odor. Branchlets green, turning 
yellow-brown the following year. Leaves 12-25 mm. long, linear lanceo- 
late, bright shiny green above, with 2 white bands beneath. Fruit ovoid 
or globose, 2-2.5 cm. long; husk without pungent odor. Nut reddish- 
brown, with irregular, shallow fissures on the surface. 


Chekiang, Fukien, Hupeh, Szechuan. 


Fortune first came upon fine specimens of this tree 25 m. tall, in the 
mountains above Ningpo in 1855, but it is now most commonly seen in 
its shrubby form. Although the seeds are said to have a purgative 
property, they are eaten when roasted and may be found exposed for sale 
in the markets. The medicine Fei Shu is derived from this nut. 


This is the only species found in China, the other Asiatic species, 
T. nucifera, being confined to Japan. 


48 CHINESE ECONOMIC TREES 


CLASS II. ANGIOSPERMAE 


SALICACEAE 


Leaves alternate with stipules. Flowers dioecious, in catkins. 
Perianth absent. Stamens 2 to indefinite. Ovary 1 celled; styles 2. 
Capsule 2-4 valved. Seeds bearded, exalbuminous. 


Two genera and about 200 species, of which Salix is the largest genus, 
with about 150 species. The family occurs in the N. temperate region, 
extending into the arctic circle. Salix is a most bafiling genus to the 
systematic botanist because the trees are dioecious, and the species 
hybridize freely. 


KEY TO GENERA 


I- Bracts of the flowers incised or fringed; stamens numerous; 
atipma elongated... 6 eee =e eee fistgeee ae -- Populus. 


II. Bracts of flowers entire; stamens 2-10; stigmas short ....Salix. 


SALIX 


Trees or shrubs. Buds covered by a single bud scale, composed of 
2 connate and coalescent stipules. Leaves deciduous, alternate, simple, 
stalked, mostly elongated and pointed, pinnately veined ; stipules serrate, 
small and caducous, or large and persistent. Flowers dioecious, in 
catkins, without perianth, each subtended by a bract with usually entire 
margins, glandular. Staminate flowers with 2-12 stamens on slender 
filaments. - Pistillate flowers with a single pistil; carpels 2; stigmas 2, 
entire or bifid. Fruit a capsule dehiscent on top into 2 valves. Seeds 
minute, dark brown or black, furnished with long, silky hairs. 


About 150 species, mostly shrubs, widely distributed in the Northern 
Hemisphere, ranging in habitat from low wet ground to Alpine heights. 
The wood of the genus, for the most part light and soft, is chiefly 
useful for the manufacture of small ware and for burning for charcoal. 
Of the arborescent species, the widely distributed Saliz alba and Salix 
fragilis are valuable timber trees, and the wood supplies the best charcoal 
for the manufacture of gunpowder. The branchlets of the willow are 
woven into baskets and furniture, and large plantations of the willow 
trees are expressly maintained as an adjunct to these industries. 


SALICACEAE 49 


Almost any species suitably treated will yield good material for baskets, 
but Salix viminalis and Salix purpurea are most commonly cultivated for 
this purpose. The cultivation of the willow should be encouraged in 
China in order to stimulate the basket and furniture weaving industry. 
But perhaps the most important use to which willows may be put is for 
soil cover—to hold river banks, to stop shifting sand and to prevent 
erosion on steep slopes. In Europe, Salix daphnoides, which extends 
from the Himalayas, through Northern Russia to Manchuria, is used to 
hold shifting sand and railway embankments, the strong and wide- 
spreading root system renders this species particularly suitable for the 
purpose. It may have a like value in China. The willows increase 
readily by seeds, but the quickest method of propagaticn is by cuttings. 
Shoots stuck in the ground in early spring soon root and begin to grow. 


Salix babylonica Linnzus, 
Weeping Willow. 


Tree 190-15 m. tall with short trunk, wide-spreading branches and 
long, pendulous, glabrous, olive green or purplish branchlets. Leaves 
8-15 em. long, linear lanceolate, tapering to a narrow point, cuneate at 
the base, bright shining green above, covered with a glaucous bloom 
beneath. Pistillate catkins about 3 cm. long, green, appearing with the 
leaves. Scale about 2/3 the length of the ovary. 


This tree is found wild in the western provinces of China. It was 
early introduced into Europe, now it is everywhere planted as a waterside 
tree in parks and cemeteries. The Weeping Willow strikes easily from 
cuttings and thrives best on loamy soil near water. It is one of the first 
trees to come into leaf in the spring. 


Salix matsudana Koidzumi 


Tree 3-13 m. tall. Twigs greenish-yellow. Leaves lanceolate, 
tapering at the apex with rounded, rarely acute base, bright green above, 
glaucous below, about 5-6 cm. long and 1.2-1.5 cm. broad; petiole 2-8 
mm. long; stipules lanceolate, short, early deciduous on short shoots. 
Catkins appear before the leaves, short, cylindric, 1-1.5 em. long. 
Pistillate catkins very short, 12 mm. long. 

Eastern Asia. 


This is the common Peking Willow, very widely planted in North 
China. 


50 CHINESE ECONOMIC TREES 


Plate 14. SALIX BABYLONICA Linnzus 


» 


1. Staminate branch; 2. Pistillate branch; 38. Mature leaves ; 


Pistillate flower; 5. Staminate flower. (Details enlarged). 


SALICACEAE 51 


= 


7 


CLIT IE - 


Ys 


Plate 15. SALIX MATSUDANA Hayata 


.1. Pistillate branch; 2. Staminate branch; 3. Sterile branch; 4, 5, 
6. Bract & Stamen of staminate flower; 7. Pistillate flower; 8. 


Bract of pistillate flower. 


a2 CHINESE ECONOMIC TREES 
POPULUS 


Deciduous trees with buds covered by several imbricated bud scales. 
Leaves alternate, pinnately veined, entire, crenate, dentate or serrate, 
stalked. Flowers dioecious, precocious (appearing before the leaves in 
the spring), in stalked, pendulous catkins. Staminate flowers in 
elongated catkins composed of numerous flowers each subtended by a 
deciduous, toothed, cut or cleft bract. Stamens 4-12 or 20-60 attached 
by a short filament to the cup-like disk which replaces the perianth; 
anthers 2 celled, red or purple. Pistillate catkins not so compact; ovary 
sessile on the oblique, cup-like disk, 1-celled; style short, stigma 2-4, 
Mature fruiting catkin often moniliform or necklace-like. Fruit a capsule 
dehiscent into 2-4 recurved valves. Seeds very small, surrounded by 
tufts of silky hair which gives the mass a cottony appearance. 


Quick-growing, intolerant trees, comprising about 50 species, widely 
distributed throughout Europe, America, Asia and Africa. Poplars 
thrive on any soil but they prefer alluvial land bordering ponds and 
streams. They are rapid growing trees, sometimes attaining great size, 
and are especially suited for windbreaks and hedges. Several species 
produce timber used in woodworking industries and for paper pulp. The 
tannin from the bark is used in Europe for curing hides; the leaves are 
fed to cattle for fodder. Some uses to which poplar wood is put are for 
flooring, packing cases, wooden shoes, bowls and dishes and matches. 
Waste land in China might be profitably planted to the poplars. Exotic 
species recommended for experimentation are:— 


P. tremula, P. tremuloides, P. nigra, P. deltoidea, P. alba. Propagation 
by seeds is most uncertain, cuttings afford the practical means of increase. 
Both the poplars and willows are subject to numerous insect and 
fungous attacks. 


Populus simonii Carricre 


A medium sized to tall tree of elegant habit and rapid growth. 
Young shoots slender, sometimes pendulous, reddish-brown, deeply 
angled and 5 ridged, conspicuously white lenticeled. Leaves small, 5-18 
em. long, diamond shaped or ovate, tapering at both ends, finely toothed, 
dark green above, pale green below, glabrous on both sides. Petioles 


short, channeled above, red on young trees. Staminate catkins about 
oem, long. 


SALICACEAE 53 


Plate 16. POPULUS SIMONII Carriere 


1. Flowering branch; 2. Sterile branch; 3. Staminate flower enlarged. 


a4 CHINESE ECONOMIC TREES 


North China. 
Useful for a quick-growing windbreak. On young sprouts the leaves 
are broadly elliptical, 7-16 cm. long. 


Populus lasiocarpa Oliver. 


Tree 18 m. high with dark gray fissured bark and pyramidal or 
rounded crown. Branchlets pubescent, angled. Leaves very large, some- 
times 30 em. long and 17 cm. wide, deeply cordate at the base, acuminate 
and gland-tipped at the apex, regularly and glandularly serrate; upper 
surface with a dense, white, pubescent tuft at the base, glabrescent with 
age; lower surface more or less tomentose, midribs and veins reddish; 
petioles red, round, Staminate catkins 10 em. long. Capsules 2-3 valved, 


densely tomentose. 
North China, 


Dr. Henry states that this is a good timber tree. 


Populus tomentosa Carriere 


Tree 25 m. tall with gray tomentose branchlets and triangular, ovate 
leaves; margin with 10 or less sinuate teeth on each side. 


North and Central China. 
Large specimens are growing on the grounds of the Summer Palace 
in Peking. This is one of the best and largest poplars. The leaves 


are large. 


Populus tremula Linn. var Davidiana Schneider. 


Trembling Aspen. 


Medium sized tree up to 20 m. tall at best, producing suckers freely. 
Young leaves reddish-purple, conspicuous at the time of unfolding. 
Leaves thin, small, ovate, margin with rounded, incurved teeth; petioles 
long, slender, laterally flattened. Scales hairy; stigma deeply cleft; 
stamens 6-8. 


This variety is the Chinese representative of the common European 
Aspen. Several horticultural forms are cultivated, notably a weeping 


and a tomentose form. 


KE. Asia and China. 


SALICACEAE 55 


Plate 17. POPULUS LASIOCARPA Oliver 


1. Staminate branch; 2. Fruits; 3. Leaf; 4. Under side of leaf, show- 
ing glands; 5. Bract of pistillate flower; 6. Bract of staminate 
flower; 7. Staminate flower; 8. Stamen; 9. Hermaphrodite 
flower; 10. Pistillate flower. (Enlarged details from Hooker’s 


rie 
““Teones Plantarum.’’) 


56 CHINESE ECONOMIC TREES 


Populus silvestrii Pampanini. 

Allied to P. tremula of Europe with broadly ovate, acuminate, serrate, 
long-petioled leaves, tomentose beneath on young trees; on mature 
trees glabrous. 

Central China. 


Populus rotundifolia Griff. var. duclouxiana Gam bocz 

Has nearly orbicular, somewhat cordate leaves and very long pistillate 
eatkins (15-25 em. long). Capsule long pedicelled. 

Allied to P. sieboldit of Japan. 


S. W. China. 


Populus suaveolens Fischer 
Twigs cylindric, leaves stiff, very thick, finely crenate-serrate, ciliate, 
ovate to ovate-lanceolate, whitish beneath. ; 


Suitable for hot, dry climate; also for ornamental planting. Rather 
slow growing but reaches a large size. 


Mongolia, Siberia, N. China. 


MY RICACEAE 


Trees and shrubs. Leaves alternate, simple, serrate, incised or entire. 
Flowers without perianth, monoecious or dioecious in unisexual or 
androgynous axillary catkins. In the androgynous inflorescence, the 
staminate flowers are borne below the pistillate flowers. Staminate flowers 
with 4 (2-16) stamens in the axil of a bract; ovary rudimentary or absent. 
Pistillate single or in pairs; ovary 1 celled, 1 ovuled, sessile, in the axil of 
a bract, with 2-4, rarely 8, bractlets at the base; stigma 2, filiform, sessile, 
or on a short stalked style. Fruit a drupe, fleshy or succulent or dry or 
more or less covered with a waxy exudation, ora nut in a scaly involucre. 
Nutlets hard and bony. Seeds exalbuminous. 

Family consisting of 2 or 8 genera and about 50 species. 


The following is the only Chinese genus known. 


MYRICA 


Aromatic shrub or small tree. Leaves deciduous or evergreen, entire, 
dentate or lobed, mostly resin-dotted, without stipules. Flowers usually 


JUGLANDACEAE 57 


dioecious, without perianth, subtended by minute bractlets. Staminate 
aments cylindric, opening before or with the leaves, stamens usually 4-6 
(2-16). Pistillate aments ovoid or globose, ovary subtended by 2-4, 
short bracts, 1 celled; stigmas 2, filiform. Fruita drupe, ovoid or globose, 
the exocarp dry or fleshy, often waxy; nut thick-walled, 1 seeded. 


50 or 60 species in the warm temperate regions of the world. Wax 
is obtained from the fruits of several species, sometimes used in the 
making of candles. The astringent bark yields a substance used in 
tanning, dyeing and for medicinal purposes. The Chinese species is 
cultivated for its edible fruit. 


Myrica rubra Siebold and Zuccarini. 
(Yang Mei.) “‘ Strawberry Tree.” 


Shrub or small tree, with more or less pubescent branchlets. Leaves 
oblong lanceolate, acute or rounded, cuneate at the base, margin entire 
or serrate above the middle, dark green above, glaucous and glabrous 
below, 8-13 em. long. Stamens 6-10. Fruit globose, deep reddish- 
purple, succulent, with a sweet, pleasant, acid taste, resembling somewhat 
a small strawberry in appearance. Stone ovoid compressed, rough. 


5S. China, Korea and Japan. China: Chekiang, Kiangsi, Kiangsu, 
Fukien, Kwangtung and Hainan. 


Cultivated for its fruit and showing much variation so that there are 
various named yarieties, one having a rose colored fruit of fine flavor. 
Eaten fresh or preserved, also made into a refreshing drink. Fruits of 
a dark wine red color, measuring over 2 cm. in diameter are obtainable in 
the markets of Shanghai in season. The author encountered a specimen 
measuring 7 m. tall in the Island of Hainan. 


JUGLANDACEAE . 


Leaves alternate, without stipules, pinnately compound. Flowers 
monoecious; staminate in catkins, 1 flower to each bract, with or without 
perianth. Pistillate flowers in clusters of two or three or singly on a 
pendulous spike, perianth and bracts adherent to the ovary. Ovary 
inferior, 1 celled, 1 ovuled. Stigma 2-4 parted. Fruit a nut enclosed 
in a fleshy exocarp, or 4 valved and woody, or winged. 


5S CHIN#SE ECONOMIC TREES 


Plate 18. MYRICA RUBRA Siebold & Zuccarini 


1. Staminate branch; 2. Fruiting branch; 3. Pistillate branch; 4. 
Section of fruit; 5. Seed; 6. Staminate flower; 7. Pistillate 


flower. (Details enlarged.) 


JUGLANDACEAE 59 


6 genera in the N. temperate zone. The largest genus is Hicoria 
with 11 species, at one time thought to be purely American, but 1 species 
has been described from Chekiang. 


KEY TO GENERA 


A. Branches with chambered pith. 


J. Fruit a large drupe with a fleshy indehiscent husk...... Juglans, 
II, Fruit a winged nutlet.............. wale miele as - +. Plerocarya. 


B. Branches with solid pith. 


I. Fruit a large nut enclosed in a woody dehiscent husk. .’. . Hicoria. 
Il. Fruit a nutlet, many together 


a. Nutlets winged, borne in a scaly cone..........Platycarya. 
b. Nutlets not winged, embraced at the base by a 3-lobed 
[orale es cen arece's 5< Asan ae pe ecteerese.-seeehingienardtia. 


JUGLANS 


Trees with pith in horizontal plates. Leaves deciduous, alternate, 
compound, aromatic, without stipules, Leaflets opposite, sessile or 
subsessile, entire or serrate. Flowers monoecious. Staminate flowers in 
slender, drooping catkins borne on the twigs of the previous year’s 
growth; perianth 2-5 lobed; stamens 6-30, in several series. Pistillate 
flowers few to many in a terminal erect spike, on the twigs of the current 
year’s growth; calyx 4 lobed; involucre 2-5 parted, adnate to the ovary; 
ovary inferior, 1 celled, 1 ovuled. Fruit a large drupe with a thick, 
fleshy, indehiscent husk enclosing a hard-shelled, bony, sculptured nut. 
Nut 2-4 celled at the base, indehiscent, or splitting into 2 valves. Seeds 
solitary, lobed, exalbuminous, filling the cavity of the nut. The 
cotyledons remain in the ground at germination. 


About 15 species scattered through N. and 8. America, Europe and 
Asia. 


Juglans regia Linneus. 
Walnut. 


Trees to 25 m. tall. Leaves large up to 25 cm. long; leaflets 5-13, 
the terminal one stalked, others subsessile, oblong-ovate or elliptic-oblong, 
acute or acuminate, entire or sinuate, glabrous, dark green above, pale 
green beneath, 5-15 cm. long. Pistillate flowers 1-4, usually green with 


60 


7 


i« 


CHINESE ECONOMIC TREES 


Plate 19. JUGLANS REGIA Linnzus 


Flowering branch; 2. Fruiting branch; 3. Twig showing laminate 


pith ; 


4. Nut. 


JUGLANDACEAE 61 


purple stigmas. Fruit globose, green, aromatic, the husk splitting 
irregularly at maturity. Nut roundish or oval, thin shelled and not 
deeply sculptured, divided in the interior by 2 incomplete septums; the 
cotyledons 2 lobed, wrinkled and corrugated. 

This so-called English or Persian Walnut is indigenous to China, and 
is commonly cultivated in N. China in various horticulturally named 
forms or varieties. The wood is purplish-brown in color, practically 
without characteristic taste or odor; moderately heavy, straight grained 
and hard, taking a high polish, commanding a high price in the market 


for high grade furniture-making and for gun stocks. 


Juglans cathayensis Dode. 

Butternut. 

Bush or tree up to 15 m. tall. Branchlets, leaf rachis, and fruit 
glandular-hairy. Leaflets 9-17, oblong-ovate, acuminate, rounded at 
the base, serrate, pubescent beneath. Staminate catkins 20-380 cm. long. 
Fruit 6-10 in a pendulous spike, ovate, pointed, 3-4.5 cm. long. Nuts 
ovate, pointed, 6-8 angled with prominent, broken ridges. 


Central, Western and South Western China. Abundant in Hupeh 
and Szechuan. 


The hard shell and small kernel render this nut of no. great 
commercial value. 


Juglans mandshurica, Maximowicz. 


Tree 18 m. tall. Branchlets pubescent or glabrescent. Leaflets 11-19, 
pubescent beneath. Fruits in short racemes, 6-18, globular-ovate to 
oblong, viscid. Nuts globose or ovate, with a sharp point and 8 
prominent ridges. 


Manchuria, C. and W. China. 
Chihli, Hupeh, Szechuan, Yunnan, 


The Chinese butternuts should be taken in hand by hybridizers with 
the object of improving the quality of the nuts to render them marketable, 
Juglans mandshurica is very hardy. 


HICORIA 


Trees with solid pith. Leaves deciduous, without stipules, compound, 
odd pinnate. leaflets sessile or subsessile, serrate, pinnately veined, 


62 CHINESE ECONOMIC TREKS 


3-17 in number. Flowers monoecious, appearing with the leaves. 
Staminate catkins pendulous, axillary, clustered, stalked or sessile, many 
flowered; each flower subtended by a 3-lobed bract; calyx, 3-6 lobed; 
stamens 3-10. Pistillate flowers on new growth of the season, 2-10, 
clustered in a spike; calyx 1 lobed; style 2; ovary solitary, 1 celled, 1 
ovuled, enclosed in a cup-shaped involucre composed of the union of a 
bract and 2 bracteoles. Fruit a nut inclosed in a thick husk, more or 
less dehiscent into 4 valves; nut hard and bony; 2 celled on top, 4 celled 
at the base. Seeds solitary 2 lobed and more or less wrinkled or corrugated, 
filling the cavity of the nut, exalbuminous. Cotyledons remain inclosed 


in the nut at germination, 


About 11 species all N. American except 1 recently discovered in 
China. Carya is a synonym for the genus. Hicoria is the older name. 
This is the hickory of commerce. 


Hicoria cathayensis (Sargent) Chun 

(Carya cathayensis Sargent. ) 

Tree to 29 m. tall. Leaves, 5-7 foliate, 20-30 cm. long. Leaflets 
subsessile, lanceolate to obovate-lanceolate, acuminate at the base, serrate, 
10-14 em. long, 3.5-5 cm. wide, green above, rusty brown below. Fruit 
obovoid, 4 ridged at the suture of the husk; exocarp 2.5-3 mm. thick. 
Nuts ovoid to oval, base rounded, apex with a sharp, short tip, obscurely 
angled, 2-2.5 em. long, 1.5-2 em. in diameter. Cotyledons lobed almost 
to the apex. 


Chekiang and Kweichow. 


The nuts are sold in the markets as sweetmeats. They are also 
expressed for oil used in fancy pastries. The wood is tough and strong, 
used for tool handles. It is not improbable that other species occur in 
China. 


PTEROCARYA. 


‘Trees with pith in horizontal plates or lamellae. Winter buds scaly 
or naked, usually stalked. Leaves deciduous, alternate, pinnately com- 
pound, without stipules; leaflets subsessile, serrate. Flowers monoecious, 
numerous in pendulous catkins, appearing with the leaves. Staminate 
flowers consist of 1-4 sepals and 6-18 stamens in several series, on the 
axis cf 5 connate bracts. Pistillate catkins solitary, terminal, the flower 
subtended by a bract and 2 bracteoles, the ovary enclosed in a 4-toothed 


63 


JUGLANDACEAE 


Plate 20. HICORIA CATHAYENSIS Chun 


2. Nut; 3. Section of fruit. 


1. Fruiting branch ; 


64 CHINESE KCONOMIC TREES 


involucre, crowned with a short style divided into 2 papillose lobes at the 
summit. Ovary 1 celled, 1 ovuleinthecell. Fruit, winged nuts attached 
to a long pendulous axis. Nuts usually 2 winged with thin pericarp and 
hard endocarp, imperfectly 4 celled at the base, 1 seeded. Cotyledons 4 
lobed, carried above ground in germination. 

S species all in Europe and Asia. 6 species occur in China. 


Pterocarya stenoptera De Candole. 

Trees 18 m. high, with long naked buds. Branchlets villose. Leaves 
30 cm. long, rachis winged, or wings reduced or absent, pubescent 
beneath or nearly glabrous; leaflets 9-25, sessile, coriaceous, oblong or 
oblong lanceolate, acute, rounded and unequal at the base, serrate, 
pubescent below on the midribs, 10-12 em. long. Fruit on pendulous 
axis sometimes 30 em. long. Nut with beak-like apex, wings oblong to 
oblong-lanceolate, usually upright and divergent. 

Common in C. and W. China. 

A rapid growing tree, planted in Shanghai and other cities as street 
trees. Wood soft and light, of little known value. It would be advisable 
to investigate this tree as to its value as matchwood. Its rapid growth 
renders it capable of being managed on short rotations. It is occa- 
sionally badly infested by aphis. 

Pterocarya hupehensis Skan. 

Tree 8 m. tall, Buds naked. Twigs glabrous. Rachis not winged. 
Leaflets 5-9 (5 or 7-17 or 19), lanceolate, brown scurfy scaly beneath when 
young, becoming glabrous excepting for persistent brown stellate hairs 
along veins and axils of veins beneath. Fruit with suborbicular wing, 
12 mm. in diameter. 

Hupeh. 

P. hupehensis does not appear to differ materially from P. fraxinifolia 
Spach, and should probably be regarded as a synonym or mere form of 
that species. 

Pterocarya paliurus Batalin. 

Tree 12 m..tall. Twigs glabrescent. Rachis not winged. Leaflets 7. 
Fruit with the two wings connate, forming a large, orbicular membrane 
around the nut. 

Yentral China. 


The fruit resembles somewhat that of Paliurus. 


JUGLANDACEAE 65 


SY (ie 
Sale 
R ZER (() =" = 
3 }\Z, ? AY SIA 
J aS 
; =e 


es 


me / 


SST 
SAT 
VIS 


SS 


cS 


LS 


ee 


Plate 21. PTEROCARYA STENOPTERA De Candole 


. Fruiting branch; 2. Staminate branch; 3 Staminate flower; 4. 


Pistillate flower; 5. Section of pistillate flower. (Details 


— 


enlarged). 


66 CHINESE ECONOMIC TREES 


Plate 22. PTEROCARYA PALIURUS Batalin 


JUGLANDACEAE 67: 


PLATYCARYA 


Deciduous trees. Branchlets with solid pith. Winter buds covered 
by imbricated scales. Leaves odd pinnate; leaflets 5-19, sessile, ovate- 
lanceolate, long pointed, oblique and wedge-shaped at the base, doubly 
serrate. Flowers monoecious; staminate catkins axillary, 4-12 together; 
pistillate solitary, terminal, conelike. Fruit, winged nutlets borne in the 
axils of the scales of an upright cone. | 


A monotypic genus distinguished from the other members of 
Juglandaceae by the cone-like fruit bearing small winged nutlets. 


Platycarya strobilacea Siebold & Zuccarini. 


Bush or small tree, rarely to 20 m. tall with thick, dark gray and 
deeply furrowed bark, Leaves 15-30 cm. long; leaflets 4-12 em. long. 
Cone oval, brown, about 4 em. long; scalessharp pointed. Nutlets about 
4 mm. across. 


Kiangsi, Hupeh, Yunnan, Chekiang, Kiangsu. 


A black dye for dying cotton cloth is derived from the fruits of this 
tree. 


ENGLEHARDTIA 


Trees or shrubs. Branches with solid pith. Leaves pinnate; leaflets 
entire, serrate. Staminate inflorescence in pendulous spikes; flowers 
composed of 4-12 stamens on an entire or more or less unequally lobed 
bract. Pistillate inflorescence a long, pendulous spike; flowers sessile on 
a 8-4 lobed bract with a 4 parted calyx adnate to the ovary; stigma 2. 
Fruit a globose nutlet at the base of an unequally 3-lobed bract of which 
the middle lobe is the longest; nutlet 2-valved. . 


About 5 species are recognized in India, Malay and China. 


Englehardtia spicata Blume. 


Small to large half-evergreen tree. Leaves 15-30 cm. long; leaflets 
more or Jess membranous, obtuse to acute, unequal at the base, more or 
less tomentose on the under surface and on the petiolules. Staminate 
flowers with entire bracts and sessile stamens; pistillate flowers with 
3 lobed bracts. Nutlets globose, 6-8 mm. in diameter, villose; bract 5-8 
em. long, the middle lobe linear, oblong and blunt. - 


68. CHINESE ECONOMIC TREES 


India, Java and Southern China. 


From the material I have seen, I believe EL. acerifolia Blume and 
E. colebrookiana Lindley belong here. The latter is characterized by. 
dense tomentum on the under surface of the leaves. 


Englehardtia chrysolepis Hance. 


(E. wallichiana Lindley.) 


Leaflets leathery, entire, quite glabrous. Staminate flowers with 
lobed bracts and usually 12 stamens. Pistillate flower with a 4-lobed 
stigma. Nutlet globose, 4 mm. in diameter, crowned with a 4-lobed 
perianth covered with yellow, glandular scales; middle lobe of the bract 
about 4 em. long. 


Singapore, Hongkong, Yunnan, Szechuan, 


BETULACEAE 


Trees or shrubs. Branchlets with conspicuous lenticels. Leaves 
alternate, simple, usually doubly serrate, with stipules. Flowers monoe- 
cious, in catkins. The staminate 1-3, in the axils of the leaves, with 2-4 
parted calyx, or calyx wanting; stamens 2-20, the filaments distinct, 
inserted on a receptacle; the pistillate with or without calyx; ovary 
inferior, 2 celled; ovules solitary in each cell, pendulous: Nutlet usually 
winged, 2 celled, 1 seeded; seeds exalbuminous. Nutlets borne in a 
strobile (Betula, etc.) or as enlarged nutlets enclosed in an involucre 
(Corylus) . 

Six genera and about 75 species in the Northern Hemisphere. This 
is an important family, several genera are in cultivation for ornament, 
fruit or timber. Betula is an important inhabitant of the forests of the 
temperate region, and its timber is a valuable article of commerce. 


KEY TO GENERA 


A. Staminate flower solitary in the axils of the scale, without calyx; 
pistillate flower with calyx; nuts not winged, subtended or enclosed 
by an involucre formed of the bracts and bractlets of the flower. 


I. Staminate flowers with 2 bractlets; pistillate flower 2—4* 
capitate; nuts large, enclosed in a leafy involucre....Corylus. 


BETULACEAE ‘69 


II. Staminate flower without bractlets; pistillate ament spike-like; 


nuts small, subtended or enclosed by an involucre. . 


a. Fruiting bractlet flat, 2 cleft, foliaceous........Carpinué, 


b. Fruiting bractlet bladder-like, entire or 3 lobed, 


1. Fruiting bractlet entire ale SRO AR RO . Ostrya. 


2. Fruiting bractlet 3 lobed............ . ++» Ostryopsis. 


B. Staminate flowers 3-6 in the axils of the scales, with ealyx; 
pistillate flower without calyx, the ament becoming a coriaceous 
or woody strobile; nuts without involugre, more or less winged. 


I. Pistillate ament solitary, the scales deciduous; stamens 2; 
winter buds sealy; strobile coriaceous-.........-+.- Betula. 


If. Pistillate ament racemose, the scales becoming thick, woody 
and persistent; stamens 4; winter buds without scales. . Alnus. 


OSTRYA 


Small trees. Buds scaly, pointed. The staminate flower buds in 
terminal, naked catkins; the pistillate flower buds enclosed in axillary 
sealy buds. Leaves deciduous, doubly serrate, stalked, pinnately veined, 
stipules oblong or lanceolate, deciduous. Flowers monoecious, apetalous; 
the staminate clustered, in pendulous, terminal catkins; pistillate catkins 
from axillary buds, erect, each scale bearing 2 ovaries, calyx adnate to the 
ovary; ovary inferior, 2 celled, 1 ovuled; each pistil enclosed in a hairy 
sac-like involucre formed by the union of the bracts and the bracteoles. 
‘Fruit a stalked strobile composed of the imbricated, inflated, bladder-like 
involucre enclosing a nutlet. Nutlet ovoid, compressed, sessile, crowned 
by the remnant of the calyx, conspicuously ribbed. Seeds solitary. 


4 species in N. America, Europe, and Asia. 


The species are so closely allied that botanists are disposed to regard 
them as geographical variants of the same species, The genus is easily 
recognized by the cone or hop-like fruits composed of flattish, inflated, 
membranous, bladder-like bracts each enclosing a small, bony nutlet. 
The tree is slow growing and never attains a large size, and the hard, close- 
grained wood has little commercial value, although locally useful: The 
seeds usually do not germinate until the second year, 2 


‘70 “HINESE ECONOMIC TREES 


Ostrya japonica Sargent. 


A small tree sometimes 16 m. tall, Young branchlets pubescent. 
Leaves densely pubescent beneath, round or slightly cordate at the base, 
5-10 em. long. Fruit about 4 cm. long, peduncles somewhat shorter, 


N. E. Asia. China: Szechuan and Hupeh. 


OSTRYOPSIS 


. A ‘monotypic genus, closely related to Ostrya, resembling it in habit 
‘and foliage, but differing in the fruit, which is inclosed in a 3-parted 
involucre, several inbricated together to form a catkin-like head. 


Ostryopsis davidiana Decasne is a low shrub. 
Mongolia; N. and W. China. 


CARPINUS 


Trees. Buds rounded or acute with numerous imbricated scales. 
Leaves deciduous, alternate, stalked, doubly serrate, pinnately veined, the 
veins ending in the tips of the teeth; stipules deciduous. Flowers monoe- 
cious, apetalous, in solitary, lateral catkins; the staminate naked or more 
or less concealed within scaly buds in the winter. Stamens 3-20, 2 
forked at the apex, crowded on a pilose torus or receptacle, adnate to the 
base of each scale. Pistillate flowers (from lateral, scaly winter buds) in 
catkins or spikes, terminating leafy lateral shoots, the flowers in pairs at 
the base of each scale, each subtended by a bract and 2 bracteoles which 
deyelop into a large leafy, more or less 3 lobed bract. Calyx adnate to 
the ovary; ovary inferior, 2 celled, 1 ovule in each cell. Nutlet ovate, 


acute, ribbed, crowned by the remnant of the calyx lobes, embraced at 
the base by the bract-like involucre. 


About 20 species in Asia, Europe, N. and C, America. Carpinus is 
distinguished by the fruit composed of a nutlet surrounded at the base by 
‘an involucre of 3-lobed, or serrated bracts. The genus is useful chiefly 
in ornamental planting. The wood of some species is hard and close 
.grained and is used in the making of tool handles and other small services. 


Carpinus cordata Blume. 


Tree up to 15 m. high, Bark gray, scaly and deeply furrowed. 
Branchlets orange to light brown, conspicuously lenticelled, pubescent at 


’ BETULACEAE 71 


Plate 23. OSTRYA JAPONICA Sargent 


1, Fruiting branch; 2. Section of fruit; 3. Staminate branch; 4. 


Stamen, enlarged; 5. Pistillate flower, enlarged. 


72 CHINESE ECONOMIC TREES 


first. Buds conspicuous, large, sometimes 2.5 em. long, acute, covered 
with chestnut-brown scales. Leaves ovate or ovate-oblong, acuminate, 
deeply cordate and oblique at the base, 8-15 cm. long, unequally serrate, 
dark green above, pale green and pubescent below, veins 15-20 pairs, 
impressed above. Fruit 8-15 cm. long, with broadly ovate, remotely 
serrate bracts, lobed at the inner margin, the lobes often large (1/3 the 
length of the bract), embracing the basal portion of the nutlet. 


N. BE. Asia. China, Korea, Manchuria and Japan. 


CORYLUS 


Shrubs or trees. Leaves deciduous, alternate, petioled, serrate, 
pinnately veined, stipulate. Flowers monoecious, apetalous, precocious, 
(flowering before the leaves). Staminate in cylindrical, pendulous, terminal 
or lateral catkins, solitary or several together, the catkins composed of 
numerous closely imbricated scales, each bearing 4 bifid stamens and 2 
adnate bracteoles. Pistillate flowers from lateral scaly buds which develop 
into short leafy branchlets, the flowers and fruit being terminal. Pistillate 
flowers with 2 red, protruding styles; ovary 2 celled, subtended at the base 
by 2 laciniate bracteoles. Fruit single or in clusters, a 1-seeded nut sur- 
rounded by a leafy involucre variously lobed or cut. Seeds exalbuminous. 


About 20 species, 5 or 6 of which are ascribed to China. Corylus 
yields the hazelnut of commerce and several species are cultivated in 
Europe and America for their fruits. The nut is rounded or oval, 
enclosed in a leafy involucre which is tubular, variously cut and lobed 
and open at the summit. The seeds should be sown in the autumn or 
stratified until spring. 


The only arborescent Chinese species is: — 


Corylus chinensis Franchet. 


Tree 35 m. tall with rounded top. Branches horizontal and spreading. 
Young shoots tomentose. Leaves large, 12 em. long, broadly ovate to 
ovate-oblong, doubly serrate, acuminate, slightly cordate and very oblique 
at the base, glabrous above and pubescent below and setulose along the 
veins; petiole tomentose, 6-25 mm. Jong. Fruit 4-6 in a cluster, variable 
in size; involucre striate, constricted above the nut, more or less furecate, 
recurved, finely pubescent. 


W. China: Yunnan, Szechuan and Hupeh. 


73 


BETULACEAE 


Plate 24. CORYLUS CHINENSIS Franchet 


Fruiting branch. 


2D. 


1. Staminate branch; 


74 (CHINESE ECONOMIC TREES 


This tree grows in mixed forests and sometimes attains a height of 
100 feet. It is closely allied to the European tree hazel Corylus colurna, 
of which it was once considered a variety. 


ALNUS 


Trees or shrubs. Leaves deciduous, alternate, stalked, serrate or 
dentate, rarely entire, pinnately veined, stipules deciduous. Leaf buds 
in winter usually stalked, club shaped, few scaled. Flowers monoecious 
in cylindrical catkins, apetalous. Staminate catkins terminal or 
subterminal, elongated, in clusters of 2-6, conspicuous in winter; flowers 
small, 3 to each scale; stamens 4, filaments short, undivided; calyx 4 
lobed. Pistillate catkins much smaller than and below the staminate, 
naked in winter or concealed within lateral scaly buds, several together or 
rarely solitary; flowers naked, 2 to each bract; ovary 2 celled, ovules 
solitary in each cell; style 2. Fruit a strobile or woody cone with 
persistent scales, remaining on the branches after the liberation of the 
nutlets. Nutlets winged or wingless, 1-seeded by abortion. 


About 25 species in Europe, Asia and N. America. The genus is 
characterized by staminate catkins appearing before the leaves and by 
pistillate flowers developing into woody cones. Nearly all the species 
prefer moist situations and they are usually found alongside of ponds 
and streams. The wood of some species is hard and durable in water. 


Alnus cremastogyne Burkill. 


Tree 30 m. tall with rough, gray bark. Young branchlets glabrous. 
Leaves obovate or ovate, acuminate, rounded or broadly cuneate at the 
base, margin irregularly serrate, smooth, dark green above, paler and 
with tufts of brown hairs on the veins below, 6-13 cm. long; petioles 6-13 
mm. long. Catkins solitary, axillary, appearing in the spring. Cone 
ovate, solitary, 2 cm. long; peduncles 4-5 cm. long. Nutlet provided with 
a broad wing. 


Szechuan. 
This tree is suitable for planting in wet sites. The wood is used 


chiefly for fuel and it is occasionally planted along the borders of rice 
fields, apparently for this purpose. 


Alnus lanata Duthie may be a form of the above. 


The other Chinese species are shrubby. 


BETULACEAE 


Plate 25. ALNUS CREMASTOGYNE Burkill 


1. Fruiting branch; 2. Staminate branch. 


75 


76 CHINESE ECONOMIC TREES 
BETULA 

Trees or shrubs. Bark with conspicuous lenticels, often peeling in 
thin, papery strips, frequently white. Lateral buds usually sessile, scaly 
and pointed. Leaves deciduous, alternate, stalked, pinnately veined, 
serrate or crenate or incised; stipules caducous. Flowers monoecious, 
apetalous. Staminate catkins cylindric, naked, solitary or several 
together, terminal or lateral, conspicuous in winter, flowering in spring 
before or with the leaves. Flowers 3 to each scale; stamens 2, divided at 
the apex; calyx 1-4 parted. Pistillate catkins from lateral scaly buds 
developing with the leaves, the flowers of these catkins in 3’s, without 
calyx; ovary 2 celled, 1 ovuled; style 2, stigmatic at the tip. Fruit 
cylindric or cone-like; scales 3 lobed, deciduous, falling with the winged 
nutlets. Nutlets compressed with a more or less developed and often 
transparent wing on each side and crowned by the remnant of the style 
at the apex. ' 


About 35 species of birches are known, a considerable number are 
shrubs, Probably 10 or 12 species occur in China. The birches are 
widely distributed and occupy a great range of situations. Several 
arborescent species are important forest trees producing a close-grained, 
moderately hard wood which is esteemed for cabinet and furniture making, 
interior finish and for small woodenware such as shoe lasts and spools. 
It has a high fuel value. The bark is impervious to water and that of 
several species is sometimes stripped from the tree in long sheets by the 
American Indians and fashioned into light boats which, they call canoes. 
Boxes, shoes and boots are also made from the bark. The leaves and 
bark yield a medicine. The sweet sap tapped from several species is made 
into a pleasant beverage. 

The Chinese species of birches can be certainly known only after 
extensive collections from various parts of the country have been made 
and a comparative study undertaken. Species have been described by. 
European and American botanists based on fragmentary material out of 
forms which are undoubtedly only geographical variants. 


Betula japonica Siebold. 
(B. alba Turezaninow.) 
(B. alba var japonica Rehder.) 


Small tree, 25 m. tall with glabrous, glandular or glandless branches. 
Leaves broadly cuneate, truncate or rounded at the base, deltoid-ovate, 


- BETULACEAE 


SONY 
ee 


Plate 26. BETULA JAPONICA Siebold 


2. Flowering 


1. Fruiting branch and an enlarged pistillate flower; 


5, 6, Staminate flower; 


3, 4. Front and back of seed; 


branch; 


(Details enlarged.) 


. Stamen. 


it 


78 CHINESE ECONOMIC TREES 


acuminate, simply or doubly serrate, glabrous or pubescent below with 
tufted hairs on the axils of the veins, 5-7 cm. long, 3.5-6 cm. wide; 
petioles 1.5-2 cm. long. Strobile solitary, about 2.5 cm. long. Nutlet 
oblong or ovate-oblong with thin, transparent wings. 

N. E. Asia. China: Chibli. 

Several varieties of this tree have been distinguished, but for all 
practical purposes they may be disregarded by foresters. 


Propagated by seeds. The number of seeds per Ib. is about 777,600. 


Betula davurica Pallas. 


Tree 20 m. tall. Bark purplish-brown. Branchlets hairy, glandular. 
Leaves about 8 cm. long, narrow ovate to ovate-rhombiec, acute, cuneate 
at the base, irregularly serrate, pubescent along the veins beneath, 
Strobile ovoid-cylindric with glabrous scales; nutlets very narrow winged. 

Amurland, Manchuria, Korea, Japan, and N. China. 


This tree is distinguished by the shaggy, purplish-brown bark. 


Betula albo—sinensis Burkill. 

(B. utilis var sinensis Winkler.) 

Tree 30 m. tall with orange-red bark and glabrous, shiny branchlets. 
Leaves ovate, acuminate, doubly serrate, rounded at the base, somewhat 
glabrous beneath, with 9-10 pairs of veins, 4-8 cm. long. Cones eylindrie, 
about 4 em. long. ‘ 


Central and W. China. 


Betula alnoides Hamilton. 


Tree 20 m. tall with brown bark. Branchlets pubescent. Leaves 
glossy green, glabrous or nearly so, ovate-oblong to lanceolate, 6-16 cm. 
long, doubly serrate, with 10-13 pairs of veins 


Allied to B. maximowiczit. 


India to Yunnan. 


Betula luminifera Winkler. 


Tree 20 m. tall with smooth yellow-gray to reddish-brown bark. 
Leaves ovate, subcordate, serrate with acute teeth, 8-13 em.long. Strobile 
solitary, 5-8 cm. long. 


FAGACEAE 79 


Allied to B. alnoides. 


Central China. This tree is common at low elevations within its 
range. 


FAGACEAE 


Leaves alternate, with stipules. Flowers monoecious, rarely dioecious. 
Stamens 2-4 or indefinite. Ovary inferior, 2-6 celled; ovules solitary or 
in pairs. Fruit a nut, more or less inclosed in bract-like scales, usually 
to form a spiny, scaly or woody cup or involucre. Nut generally 1 seeded 
by abortion of some of the ovules. 


The family has 6 genera and about 600 species widely distributed. 
Nothofagus is confined to the 8S. Hemisphere. All the genera are repre- 
sented by important timber trees. 


KEY TO THE CHINESE GENERA 
A. Staminate flowers capitate; the pistillate in 2-4 flowered clusters; 
MME S ee ERMAN OMIA TS ve Meat ay sel ara tela ha wh ate «oP Ged 2s .. Fagus. 
B. Staminate flowers in slender aments; nuts more or less rounded. 


I. The pistillate flowers in 2-5 flowered clusters, below the 
staminate in a bisexual ament. 


a. Fruits inclosed in a prickly bur. 


1. Fruit maturing in 1 season; leaves deciduous; ovary 
6 celled; branchlets lengthening by means of an 
axillary bud; bud scales 4 ........-.--.-Castanea. 


2. Fruit maturing in 2 seasons; leaves persistent; ovary 

3 celled; branchlets lengthening by means of a 

terminal bud; bud scales numerous... .Castanopsis. 

b. Fruit inclosed partly in a more or less scaly cup, usually 
Spleates. «5 «ss. Lethe nree pers aT cowsccce .Lithocarpus. 

II. Pistillate flowers solitary in a few-flowered unisexual spike; 
fruit more or less inclosed in a scaly cup......---Quercus. 


FAGUS 


Trees or shrubs. Buds scaly, elongated and pointed. Leaves deciduous, 
alternate, pinnately veined, serrate. Stipules linear, lanceolate, early 


80 CHINESE ECONOMIC TREES 


deciduous or rarely persistent. Staminate flowers in many flowered, 
globose fascicles on drooping peduncles; calyx 4-7 lobed; stamens 8-10, 
attached to the base of the calyx by slender filaments, Pistillate flowers 
in clusters of 2-4, nearly sessile or rarely long stalked, surrounded by 
numerous bractlets, the outer ones deciduous, the shorter inner ones 
united to form a 4-lobed involucre; calyx 4-5 lobed, 3 angled; ovary 
inferior, 3 celled, 2 ovules in each cell; styles 3. Fruit 2-4 nuts inclosed 
in a woody, prickly involucre which splits into 4 valves. Nuts ovate, 3 
angled, chestnut brown, marked by a triangular scar at the base, crowned 
with the remnants of the style. 


BE. N. America, Europe, N. and C. China, and Japan. 


About 16 species are known. The beeches are characterized by 
smooth gray bark and elongated, scaly pointed buds. The widely dis- 
tributed European species, Fajus sylvatica, is an important timber tree, 
remarkable for its tolerance of heavy shade, and on this account, it is 
planted under oaks and pines to be harvested in 60-80 years before the 
slower growing species come into maturity. In China the beeches form 
pure forests of no great extent. The wood is hard and close grained, 
strong but not durable, suitable for the manufacture of woodenware and 
agricultural implements and when thoroughly impregnated with creosote, 
makes fairly durable railroad ties. The nuts, are sweet and edible, 
occasionally ground into flour and in Europe, particularly in France, 
largely expressed for a sweet oil used to adulterate olive oil, also for soap 
making and for illumination. The beeches sprout freely from the stump 
and are therefore suitable for coppice management. Drying destroys the 
vitality of the seeds; they should be sown in a fresh condition. 


Fagus sinensis Oliver. 


(Fagus sylvatica var longipes Oliver.) 
(Fagus longipetiolata Seeman.) 


Tree up to 16 m. tall. Leaves to 8 em. long, oval, pointed, broadly 
cuneate at the base with 10-11 pairs of veins ending in the teeth which 


are sharply serrate; petiole up tol em. long. Fruit about 2 em. long on 
stalk about 5 cm. long or less. 


Hupeh, Szechuan and Yunnan. 


Dr. Henry reported a tree 15 m. in girth. Fagus sinensis usually 
occurs in mixed woods in company with oaks and maples and other 


FAGACEAE: - : 81 


Plate 27. FAGUS SINENSIS Oliver 


1. Fruiting branch; 2. Pistillate flower; 3. Seed; 4. Staminate flower. 


(Details enlarged.) 


82 CHINESE ECONOMIC TREES 


deciduous species. Occasionally it forms pure stands. The wood of this 
tree is used for boat building and the making of plows and tool handles, 
When thoroughly impregnated with creosote it makes good railroad ties, 
mine-props and foundation timber. From the seeds, an oil suitable for 
cooking and lighting, is sometimes extracted. 


Fagus engleriana Seeman. 


Tree 15 m. high with brownish twigs. Leaves up to 5.8 cm. long, 
4.2 em. wide, papery, oblong-ovate or obovate, short pointed, rounded or 
obtuse at the base, bright green above, gray-green, glabrous or glaucescent 
below, shallowly crenate or slightly toothed, with 12-13 pairs of lateral 
nerves which curve near the margin; petiole 1 em. long. Fruit ovoid 
with gray-brown hairy scales, opening into 4 valves, about 1.5 em. long 
on a glabrous stalk 7.5 cm. long. Nuts enclosed, oval or 3 angled, 
pointed, hairy. 

Hupeh and Szechuan. 


This beech is reported to form pure stands with no individuals 
attaining any great size. Dr. Augustine Henry discovered it in western 
Hupeh growing on wooded cliffs. 


A third species Fagus lucida, based on incomplete material, has been 
proposed by Rehder and Wilson. The leaves of this species are green on 
both sides with more or less sinuate margins and irregular teeth sometimes 
ending in mucronate tips. Until the flowers and fruits are discovered 
this species may be disregarded for practical purposes. 


CASTANEA 


Deciduous trees or shrubs. Buds with few overlapping scales. Leaves 
alternate, serrate, obiong to lanceolate, pinnately veined, the veins ending 
in the sharp bristle-tipped teeth. Flowers monoecious, apetalous, strongly 
scented, in slender, elongated, upright aments. The lower aments bear 
only staminate flowers, the pistillate flowers being borne only at the base 
of the uppermost aments of the branch. Staminate flowers 2-3, crowded 
in a bract; calyx 6 parted; stamens 10-20. Pistillate sessile, solitary or 
2-3 together, inclosed in a scaly involucre with a bract and 2 bracteoles 
at the base; styles 6; ovary inferior, 6 celled, 2 ovulesin each cell. Fruit 
usually 1-3, or occasionally more nuts in an involucre or bur armed with 
branched spines. The bur splits open at maturity into 2-4 valves. 


FAGACEAE 


SS 


Plate 28. FAGUS ENGLERIANA Seeman 


1. Flowering branch; 2. Fruiting branch. 


83 


84 CHINESE ECONOMIC TREES 


Nuts rounded or compressed, dark-brown, shiny, tomentose or pubescent 
at the apex to which the remnant of the style remains attached, marked 
by an oval scar at the base. Seeds solitary or occasionally 2-3 in each 
nut, the abortive ovules are attached to the apex of the seed. 


About 10 species known in Europe, North America, N. Africa and 
Asia. About 3 species have been ascribed to China. The chestnut is 
cultivated in Europe, America and Asia as a fruit tree. The nuts ground 
into flour and made into a porridge constitute an important food of the 
peasants of France, Italy and Spain. In China many varieties are under 
cultivation, separable into 2 distinct types, one characterized by a large 
nut, similar to the Spanish chestnut, and the other by a small nut esteemed 
for its very fine flavor. The wood is pale, with dark brown heart wood, 
coarse grained, porous, very durable in contact with the soil and for 
construction purposes, inferior only to the oak. Chestnut timber for rail- 
way ties, telegraph and telephone poles, finds a ready market in America. 
The chestnuts are grown under coppice management to supply posts and 
poles and staves for barrel making. Unfortunately the chestnuts are 
liable to several serious fungous infestations, the most destructive one, 
known as the Chestnut Bark disease, has rendered the growing of the 
chestnut in America impracticable. 


Castanea differs chiefly from Castanopsis by being deciduous while 
Castanopsis is evergreen. 


Castanea mollissima Blume. 
(Pan Li.) Chestnut. 


Tree 15-20 m. tall with deeply fissured bark and pilose young 
branches. Winter buds short, broadly ovate and tomentose, Leaves 
ovate-oblong to oblong-lanceolate, pointed, rounded or truncate at the 
base, coarsely and irregularly serrate, smooth above, more or less densely 
tomentose with stellate hairs below, 9-15 em. long on a short pubescent 
stalk. Staminate aments as long as the leaves. Fruit variable in size, 
light brown with pubescent spines. Nuts up to 2.5 cm. across. 


Indigenous to the mountains of western China. 
Widely cultivated. This chestnut attains a large size when permitted 
to grow, but around habitations the biggest trees have been cut off and it 


is now most commonly met with as a small tree or bushy shrub. The 
nuts are sold in the markets, and are noted for their size. 


85 


FAGACEAE 


Plate 29. CASTANEA MOLLISSIMA Blume 


A Nat) 5: Dur, 


3. Seed; 


2. Fruiting branch; 


1, Flowering branch; 


exposing nuts. 


86 CHINESE ECONOMIC TREES 


Castanea henryi (Skan) Rehder and Wilson. 


(Castanopsis henryi Skan.) 
(Castanea vilmoriana Dode.) 


Tree 20-25 m. tall, occasionally taller. Leaves 10-19 cm. long, green 
on both sides, glabrous, pubescent only on the midrib and veins below, 
long acuminate, widest at or below the middle, with bristle pointed teeth. 
Fruits solitary or 2 or more on a short spike; nuts globose, 12 mm. 
across, usually J] in the involucre. 


Central China. 


A very valuable tree, yielding the largest merchantable timber of 
any Chinese species. ‘The nuts are small. 


Castanea seguinii Dode is a third species native in Chekiang, Hupeh, 
Kiangsi and other parts of China. It may be separated from the other 
species by the leaves, which are densely minutely lepidote on the under 
side, the others being glabrous on the lower surface. 


Castanea crenata Siebold and Zuccarini is a fourth species found in 
eastern Asia but, so far as known, is confined to Japan and Korea. 


CAS TANOPSIS 


Evergreen trees or rarely shrubs with alternate, entire or dentate, 
pinnately veined leaves. Flowers monoecious, in erect spikes. Staminate 
flowers usually in 3’s on simple or branched spikes; calyx 5-6 lobed or 
parted; stamens usually 10-12 or indefinite. Pistillate flowers solitary or 
rarely in pairs, enclosed in an involucre of imbricated scales in simple or 
branched spikes or scattered at the base of the male inflorescence; calyx 
6 lobed; ovary inferiox, 3 celled; ovules 2 in each cell; styles 3. Fruit 
matures at the end of the second year, globose, armed with spines, 
enclosing 1—4 nuts. 

About 35 species described, 15 of which have been ascribed to China. 
The chief distinction between Castwnea and Castanopsis is that Castanea is 


deciduous while Castanopsis is evergreen. In Castanopsis the ovary is 3 
celled and the fruit matures in the second year. 


Castanopsis hystrix De Candole. 


Trees with pubescent young shoots and inflorescence. Leaves 6-15 
em. long, coriaceous, lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, entire 


FAGACEAE 87 


or rarely remotely serrate near the apex, obtuse or slightly tapering to 
the base, glabrous above, tomentose below, glabrescent with age. Pistillate 
flowers in 3’s, covered by numerous small, pubescent bracteoles. Fruit 
5 cm. in diameter, slightly 4 angled, armed with straight, stiff spines. 
Nuts 3 or rarely 1, ovoid-conic, more or less 3-angled. 


Himalaya to China: Szechuan, Yunnan, Fukien. 


This species occupies the place in the subtropical regions that the 
more important oaks do in the temperate zone. 


Castanopsis schlerophylita Schottky. 


Tree to 20 m. with smooth, dark-gray bark. Leaves oval to oblong- 
ovate to oblong, acuminate, serrate above the middle, glabrous, glauces- 
cent beneath, 6-15 cm. long. Fruits in dense spikes with peduncles to 
10 cm. long; involucre dehiscent, ovoid with close, concentric ridges of 
small tubercles not wholly enclosing the solitary conical nut. 


E. & Central China. 


The nuts of this species are made into a paste which constitutes a 
common food for the peasants. 


Castanopsis fargesii /ranchet. 


Tree to 35 m. Branchlets glabrous. Leaves elliptic-oblong to 
lanceolate, acuminate, serrate above the middle, yellowish or grayish 
tomentulose beneath, almost glabrous at maturity, 5-13 cm. long. 
Staminate aments solitary, flowers white, stamens about 6 mm. long. 
Fruit about 2 cm. across in stout spikes to 15 cm. long with stout, often 
reflexed fascicled spines, about 8 mm. long. Nut usually solitary, 
wholly inclosed. 


Central and West China. 


This species is common in Western China, occurring with other 
species and often attaining a large size. It isa handsome evergreen tree 
especially attractive at the time of flowering. 


LITHOCARPUS 


Trees. Leaves persistent, entire or dentate, alternate, petiolate, 
stipules of upper leaves persistent. Flowers monoecious, in erect 


88 CHINESE. ECONOMIC TREES 


unisexual or bisexual aments. Staminate flowers in 3’s, subtended by 1 
basal and 2 lateral bracts; calyx 5 lobed, tomentose; stamens 10; ovary 
‘abortive. Pistillate flowers scattered at the base of the staminate aments 
of the uppermost branches, solitary, subtended by 1 acute bract and 
minute bractlets; calyx 6 lobed; stamens 6, anthers abortive; ovary 3- 
celled, ovules 2 in each cell; styles 3. Fruit an ovate nut surrounded at 
the base by the woody, cup-like involucre more or less covered with 
imbricated scales. Fruit matures in the second year. The nut is 1- 
seeded by abortion. 

Lithocarpus is intermediate between the chestnut and the oak. The 
inflorescence is chestnut-like; the fruit resembles an acorn. The genus 
is mostly subtropical. 

About 100 species in S. E. Asia and 1in W. America. Under this 
genus are included 38 other genera, namely: Passania, Cyclobalanus and 
Synaedrys. 


Lithocarpus spicata (Smith) Rehder & Wilson. 


(Quercus spicata Smith.) 


Evergreen tree to 13 m. tall. Leaves coriaceous, entire, glabrous, 
shiny, thick, elliptic-lanceolate or obovate-oblong, subacute to acuminate 
at the apex; petiole 2.5 em. or less long. Staminate spikes tomentose, 
5-20 cm. long in terminal panicles or solitary and axillary; perianth 5-6 
cleft; stamens 10-12. Fruit crowded or clustered on stout erect spike. 
Cupules 1.2-2.5 em. across, enclosing the nut when young, shallow and 
embracing at most the lower third of the acorn at maturity. Nut ovoid- 
conic to subglobose, hard, smooth and shiny. 


Yunnan and Szechuan, India & Java. 


The wood is hard and tough. As generally accepted by botanists 
this is a very variable species extending over a great area. Some of the 
variations have been given names and it is possible that our Chinese trees 
which have been called ZL. spicata var. mupinensis by Rehder & Wilson 
may prove to be a distinct species, in which case it should be known as 
L. mupinensis Chun. The leaves appear to be smaller and with longer 
petiole than the L. spicata seen as collected in India. 

Lithocarpus spicata var. yunnanensis appears to be hardly separable from 
L. cleistocarpa (Seeman) Rehder & Wilson found in Hupeh and Szechuan. 


L. Henrui(Seeman) Rehder & Wilson is found in Hupeh and Szechuan. 


FAGACEAE 89 


a 


PEO 


Plate 30. LITHOCARPUS SPICATA Rehder & Wilson 


1. Flowering branch; 2. Fruiting spike; 38. Staminate flower, enlarged; 


4, Nut. 


90 CHINESE ECONOMIC TREES 


L. megaloplylla Rehder & Wilson from Szechuan appears to be rare. 
L. viridis (Schottky) Rehder & Wilson is another species common in 
Western China. 


QUERCUS 


Trees or shrubs. Buds usually clustered at the ends of the twigs, 
scales numerous, imbricated in 5 ranks. Leaves alternate, stalked, entire, 
toothed or lobed, deciduous or persistent. Flowers monoecious, or 
dioecious, apetalous. Staminate flowers in slender catkins from axils of 
leaves or scars of the previous year, numerous, with 4-7 lobed calyx; 
stamens with slender filaments, 4-6, rarely more. Pistillate flowers few 
and inconspicuous, solitary or in a few flowered spike, enclosed in an 
involucre of imbricated scales; calyx 6 lobed; ovary 3-5 celled; ovules 2; 
style 3-5. Fruit a rounded nut (acorn) marked with a pale scar at the 
base, more or less surrounded by a scaly woody cup, 1 seeded. 


About 250 species, widely distributed in the whole world, a large 
number occurring in China, The genus consists of evergreen or deciduous 
trees with alternate, entire, dentate, lobed or cleft leaves and oval or 
rounded nuts more or less surrounded at the base by a scaly, woody cup. 
The nuts or acorns require 1 or 2 years to mature. The oaks, for the 
most part, are hardy, long lived trees producing valuable timber. The 
wood of most species is tough, strong and durable, valued for many uses, 
notably for shipbuilding, house construction, cartwrighting, furniture 
and interior finish. The bark of several species is used for tanning, 
that of a Mediterranean species (Q. suber) yields the cork of commerce. 
The nuts of several species are edible. In China silkworms are fed on 
the leaves of several oaks. Several fungi growing on the oaks are edible. 
Some of them are cultivated on saplings felled for the purpose. The oaks 


are propagated by seeds. Transplanting is difficult on account of the long 
tap root. 


The seeds should be sown as soon as ripe, preferably in the autumn, 
in the place where they are expected to grow. Where spring sowing is 
practiced, the acorns should be stratified in moist sand over winter. 
Germination sets in about 5 weeks after sowing in the spring. The tap 
root of the seedling must be partly removed before transplantation. One 
year old transplants are suitable for setting out in the permanent forest. 


The evergreen oaks are especially difficult to transplant successfully. 


FAGACEAE 9L 


Quercus variabilis Blume. 


(Q. chinensis Bunge.) 


Tree to 25 m. tall, usually medium sized, with pale gray, furrowed, 
thick, corky bark. Branchlets pubescent, glabrescent or glabrous. 
Leaves ovate-oblong to oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, coarsely serrate 
with bristle teeth, dark green and glabrous above, densely gray, 
tomentose beneath, 9-15 cm. long; petiole slender. Fruit matures in 
second year, subsessile, solitary or occasionally in pairs; acorn sub- 
globose; cup nearly enclosing the nut; scales thick, lanceolate, recurved. 


Yunnan, Hupeh, Szechuan, Shantung to Japan. Closely allied to 
Q. serrata from which it differs by the leaves, which are tomentose on the 
under surface, and by the smaller acorn, in a cup with thicker, shorter 
scales. The wood is used for general construction and the bark 
occasionally for floating fish nets. The cupules yield a black dye. 
Edible fungi are sometimes produced on the decaying wood of this 
species. 


The chestnut-like foliage is characteristic. 


Quercus mongolica Fischer. 
(Quercus crispula Blume.) 
(Q. grosseserrata Blume.) 


Deciduous tree to 35 m. tall. Branchlets and buds glabrous. 
Leaves membranous, obovate to obovate-oblong, acuminate, cuneate or 
auriculate at the base, coarsely toothed, with short, broad, obtuse teeth 
not mucronately tipped, dark green and glabrous above, pale green and 
glabrous or only slightly hairy along the veins beneath, 10 to 20 cm. long; 
petiole less than 6 mm. long. Fruit ripening in one year, clustered or 
solitary, on a short stalk or subsessile; acorn ovoid, about 2 cm. long; 
cupule embracing about 1/3 the nut, scales ovate, appressed, thickened, 
tuberculate, slightly fringed at the margin. 

E. Siberia, N. China to Korea and Japan. 

Widely distributed. The timber of vigorous trees is valuable. 

Attempts have been made to differentiate one or more varieties of 
this species, particularly as Q. mongolica var. grosseserrata by Rehder & 


Wilson, but these authors admit, and abundant specimens show no con- 
stantly reliable characters for surely separating the forms or variations. 


CHINESE ECONOMIC TREES 


A 4 \ X 4 
tl \X Ney 
Uy 


Plate 31. QUERCUS VIRIABILIS Blume 


. Fruiting branch; 2. Fruit; 3. Staminate flower, enlarged; 4. Acorn. 


FAGACEAK — 98 


Quercus liactungensis Koidzumi, with smaller leaves and fruit may 
be a form of Q. mongolica. 


Quercus serrata Thunberg. 


Deciduous tree to 25 m. tall, with dark gray, rough, fissured bark. 
Young branchlets and leaves silky pubescent, becoming glabrous. Leaves 
oblong-lanceolate, acute, or acuminate, rounded or cuneate at base, serrate 
with bristle tipped teeth, green and glabrous on both surfaces or with 
scattered hairs in the axils of the veins beneath, 10 to 20 em. long, 2.5 
to 5 cm. wide; petiole 2.5-4 em. long. Fruit ripening the second year, 
nearly sessile or in pairs. Acorn shiny, glabrous, globose to cylindric, 
2-2.5 em. long. Cup hemispherical, woody, with free, more or less 
tomentose scales, embracing the lower 3/4 of the nut. 


India to China and Japan. (Hupeh, Szechuan, Chekiang, Chihli, 
Shantung, Kweichow.) This is one of the silkworm trees. The cupules 
yield a black dye. The wood is used for general construction and ship- 
building. The tree is not exacting in its soil requirements. 


Quercus glandulifera Blume. 


Tree up to 25 m. tall, more often shrubby under cultivation. 
Branchlets slender with appressed, silky hairs when young. Buds ovoid,. 
with glabrous, ciliate scales. Leaves oblong-obovate or oblong-lanceolate, 
acute, usually cuneate or rounded at the base, 10-18 em. long, 3-10 cm. 
wide, with 7 to 12 pairs of glandular-tipped, acute teeth. Upper surface 
dark green and lustrous, gray-green, silky, pubescent below. Fruit stalked, 
usually clustered. Acorn ovate to oblong-cylindric, about 12 mm. long. 
Cup shallow, with lanceolate, appressed scales, enclosing about 1/3 the 
nut which matures in the second year. 


Widely distributed throughout China, Korea and Japan. (Kiangsi, 


Hupeh, Kiangsu, Szechuan and Shantung). In autumn the foliage 
turns orange and crimson. 


Quercus fabri Hance. 


Small evergreen tree to 15 m. tall. Branchlets furrowed, with 
scattered red hairs. Leaves coriaceous, obovate to oblong, sinuately and 
shallow-lobed, slightly hairy above, dense tomentose and: usually 
reticulate below, to 18 em. long; petiole short. Fruit ripening in 1 year, 


94 


CHINESE ECONOMIC TREES 


Plate 32. QUERCUS SERRATA Thunberg 


1. Sterile branch; 2. Fruiting branch; 


Fruit. 


(3 enlarged.) 


3. Stamen; 


4, Acorn; 


FAGACEAE 


Gee 


% 
sae 
2 Ye ~ 
aS 
ZNSE —S 


Sa ESSN 
oo, 


Plate 33. QUERCUS GLANDULIFERA Blume 


96 


CHINESE ECONOMIC TREES 


Plate 34. QUERCUS FABRI Hance 


1. Fruiting branch; 2. Acorn: 


FAGACEAE an 


solitary or in pairs. Acorns oblong or acute, about 2 cm. long; cupule 
hemispherical, embracing about 1/3 of the nut, with lanceolate, light 
chestnut brown, convex scales. 


West, Central & South China. (Hupeh, Szechuan, Chekiang, Kiang- 
su, Kwangtung). The leaves are characterized by being prominently 
reticulated beneath. 


Quercus aliena Blume. 


Tree 16 to 20 m. tall or taller. Branchlets glabrous. Leaves oblong 
obovate, rounded or slightly acute, broadly cuneate or rounded at base, 
shallowly sinuate with broad, rounded teeth, glabrous above, densely 
white tomentose beneath, 10 to 20 em. long; petiole under 10 mm. long. 
Fruit 1-3, subsessile or short stalked. Acorn ellipsoid or oblong, 2-2.5 
em. long. Cup embracing about 1/2 the nut, scales thin and acuminate. 


Western & Central China to Korea and Japan. 


A very variable species, with forms particularly marked in the var. 
acutiserrata. Maximowiez described as having leaves with acute gland- 
tipped teeth. For the average student, however, these inconstant char- 
acters are hardly worth considering for all practical purposes. 


Guercus dentata Thunberg. 


Tree 20-25 m. tall, with dark gray, deeply furrowed bark. Buds 
and young shoots tomentose. Leaves large, 20-80 cm. long, 8-18 cm. 
wide, obovate, acute or rounded at the apex, cuneate or subcordate at 
the base, deeply and serrately 5-9 lobed, dark green, glabrous above, 
light green with stellate pubescence below. Fruit almost sessile, clustered. 
Acorn ovate or subglobose. Cupule with thin, lanceolate, reflexed, chest- 
nut brown scales, enclosing about 1/2 of the nut which ripens in 1 year. 


Mongolia, Chinato Japan. (Hupeh, Szechuan, Yannan, Shantung, 
Kiangsu, Chekiang, Kiangsi & Chihli). 


It occurs on poor soils on the low hills of the Northern provinces, 
according to Henry. Very commonly planted about temples, burying 
grounds and parks. This is an important silkworm tree. The wood is 
coarse grained and brittle. The bark is valuable and much used in 
Japan for tanning. 


98 CHINESE ECONOMIC TREES 


Plate 85. QUERCUS ALIENA Blume 


1. Sterile branch. 2. Under side of leaf; 3. Fruit; 4. Staminate 
flower; 5. Cupules; 6. Seed; 7. Pistillate flower. (Details 


enlarged.) 


99 


FAGACEAE 


a i i i 


Ys 
SS aq~_wv 
SNS \ 
R YE gS \ 
‘ RN MAA MY \N 
S SS AY » 
’ Wi ~ WS 
MH ey 


hi , 
Bs 


ae 7. 
i ters 
Bt Ses 


Bed 
PAS 


CUS DENTATA Thunberg 


QUER 


Plate 36. 


100 CHINESE ECONOMIC TREES 


Quercus glauca Thunberg. 


Evergreen tree to 20 m. tall. Branchlets at first pubescent, later 
glabrous or nearly so. Leaves coriaceous, lanceolate or elliptic-oblong to 
ovate-oblong, acuminate, broadly cuneate or slightly rounded at the base, 
mucronate, serrate in the upper half of the margin, lustrous green above, 
glaucous and silky hairy beneath when young, 8-13 cm. long; petiole 
slender, 8-25 mm. long, glabrous or with scattered hairs. Fruit ripening 
in one year, 1-3 together, short stalked. Acorn longer than broad, 
ovoid-conic to ellipsoid, acute, about 2 cm. long. Cup saucer shaped, 
about 12 mm. wide, silky tomentose, with 4-8 concentric rings having 
entire or crenate margins. 


Widely distributed over Eastern Asia. Kiangsi, Hupeh, Szechuan, 
Chekiang, Yunnan and Fukien. The nuts are edible. The wood is 
greatly valued for construction. 


A handsome, broad-topped, wide-spreading tree. 


Quercus semicarpifolia Smith. 


Small evergreen or semi-evergreen tree to 15 m. tall, rarely taller. 
Bark dark gray, shallowly fissured into quadrangular plates. Young 
branchlets and buds rusty tomentose. Leaves holly-like, coriaceous, 
elliptic to elliptic-oblong or obovate-elliptic, rounded or slightly cordate 
at the base, entire or dentate with spinescent teeth, dark green and 
glabrous above, usually hairy beneath, 5-13 em. long; petiole very short. 
Staminate catkins fascicled, 5-15 em. long; pistillate spike short, few 
flowered; style 3-5, linear, recurved. Fruit ripening in 2 years, solitary, 
rarely in pairs. Acorn globular, 2.5 cm. in diameter, smooth, black when 
ripe. Cup shallow, thin with ovate scales which are free at the apex. 


India to Western China. 


On arborescent specimens the leaves are more often entire. This 
species, however, usually cccurs in scrub growth.. The wood is very 
hard, said to make excellent charcoal. 


Quercus aquifolioides Rehder & Wilson. 


Evergreen shrub or tree to 8 or 9 m. tall. Branchlets glabrous. 
Leaves leathery, subsessile, oval, elliptic or ovate-elliptic, with a 
subcordate or auriculate base, spiny pointed with slightly revolute margin, 


FAGACEAE 101 


Plate 37. QUERCUS GLAUCA Thunberg 


102 CHINESE ECONOMIC TREES 


Plate 38. QUERCUS SEMICARPIFOLIA Smith 


1. Fruiting branch; 2,8. Showing variation of leaves; 4. A stellate 


hair; 5. Staminate flower. (4 and 5 enlarged.) 


FAGACEAE 103 


or entire, lustrous above, densely yellowish-brown tomentose beneath, 
3-8 em. long. Pistillate flowers in erect, axillary spikes; styles 3, recurved; 
staminate ament pubescent; flowers remote, perianth 5 lobed, stamens 5 
with ovoid anthers. Fruit maturing in 2 seasons, 1-5 together, peduncled, 
in an erect spike; acorn ovoid, apiculate, about 12 mm. long; cup saucer- 
shaped, slightly over 6 mm. high, pilose on the inner surface; scales free, 
linear-lanceolate, brown, slightly fringed at the margin. 


W. Szechuan. 


Closely allied to Q. semicarpifolia, from which it differs by the acorn, 
which is not ovoid, and not globular, and by the biennial fruitification. 
It occurs in association with Q. semicarpifolia. 


Quercus gilliana Rehder & Wilson. 


Evergreen shrub or small tree to 6 m. tall. Branchlets purplish- 
brown, at first pilose, finally glabrescent. Leaves coriaceous, subsessile, 
oval to obovate, apex rounded, spiny pointed, base subcordate to slightly 
auriculate, sinuately spiny-toothed, quite glabrous at maturity, 12 mm. 
long. Fruit 2-4 together, subsessile, ripening in one season; acorn 
ovoid, cup hemispherical with triangular-ovate, glabrescent, scales 
enclosing nearly 1/2 of the nut. 


W. Szechuan. 


Distinguished from Q. semicarpifolia by the fruit, which is not 


globular and embraced nearly 1/2 by the hemispherical cup. This 
species usually occurs as scrub over large areas. 


Quercus oxyodon Miquel. 


Half evergreen tree upto 10m. tall. Winter buds angular with gray, 
acute, mucronate scales. Leaves oblong, acuminate, serrate, rounded or 
broadly cuneate at the base, with numerous prominent, close, deeply 
impressed lateral veins, glaucescent and silky pubescent beneath, 6-1 
em. long. Fruit ripening in 1 year, spicate, sessile; acorns ovoid to 
subglobose, about 2 cm. long, broader than high; cup saucer-shaped with 
several irregular, crenulate, concentric rings which are grayish tomentose 
and not deeply appressed. 


Hupeh, Szechuan to India. 


Common in Western China. The leaves persist through the winter 
and are replaced by the new leaves in the spring. 


104 CHINESE ECONOMIC TREES 


Quercus phillyrzeoides Gray. 


Evergreen shrub or tree up to 8 m, tall. Leaves coriaceous oval to 
oblong-ovate, crenately serrate above the middle, occasionally entire; 
dark green, glabrous, 2-4 em. long. Fruit ripening in 2 years, short 
peduneled; acorn oblong-elliptic; cup small, with short, closely 
appressed scales. 

Hupeh, Szechuan and Fukien, Japan. Usually oceurs as a dense 


bush. 


Quercus myrsinzefolia Blume. 


Evergreen tree to 16 m. tall. Leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, 
acuminate, cuneate at the base, serrate, lustrous green above; glaucous 
-and glabrous beneath, 8-13 cm. long, 2-4.5 cm. wide. Fruit spicate; 
acorn oblong-ovoid 1.2-2 em. long; cup glabrous with 6 concentric rings, 
embracing 1/3 of the nut. 


Hupeh, Szechuan, Yunnan, Hongkong and Japan. 


Quercus spinosa David. 


Evergreen shrub, occasionally smail tree up to 10 m. tall with 
pendent branchlets. Young leaves densely tomentose or nearly glabrous, 
always glabrous at maturity except on the lower half of the midrib, 
beneath which is clothed with dense gray hairs. Leaves dark green 
densely bullate, usually entire, occasionally coarsely spiny-dentate. 
Fruit pedunculate, maturing In 2 seasons. 


Hupeh and Yunnan. 


Quercus spathulata Seemen. 


Evergreen trees up to 18 m. tall. Leaves coriaceous, usually 
quite entire, shiny green above, glabrous or clothed with short curly 
pubescence beneath. Fruit ripens the 2nd year, short-stalked; cup 
mossy, with linear, recurved scales. 


Hupeh and Szechuan. 
Scattered over a wide area. 
Quercus engleriana Seemen. 


Evergreen tree of medium size, not over 10 m. tall. Branchlets 
brown, tomentose when young, finally glabrous. Leaves obovate-oblong, 


ULMACEAE 105 


acuminate, rounded at the base with a few small, spiny appressed teeth, 
sometimes entire, 6-13 cm. long. Fruit ripening in 1 season, 1-3 together, 
short stalked; acorn ovoid, 2 cm. long orslightly less; cupule cup-shaped 
with thin, nearly glabrous scales. 

Hupeh and Szechuan. 

Always a small tree common in rocky places. Introduced into 
Europe and America for ornament. In Japan it is planted for hedges. 
Often confused with Q. glaueu. 


Q. acrodonta Seemen. 


Tree 5 m. tall. Confined to Hupeh and very rare, may prove to be 
only a variety of Q. phillyrxoides. 


Q. baronii Skan. 


A semi-evergreen shrub with membranous, spinescent leaves and 
a biennial fruit in a cup with recurved linear scales, resembling that of 
Q. spathula. 


Q. griffithii Hooker f. & Thompon. 


Tree 3 m. tall. Closely related to Q. aliena, from which it is distin- 
guished by the pubescent branchlets and the slightly fringed cup. 
Yunnan. 


Quercus bambusifolia Hance. 


A very distinctive species with dark purplish branchlets, usually 
entire lanceolate leaves and a large fruit ripening the second year. 

pa China, 

Quercus vestita Rehder and Wilson, Yunnan; Q. delavayi Skan, 
Yunnan; Q. schoitkyana Rehder and Wilson, Yunnan, are other species 
of minor importance. 


ULMACEAE 


Leaves alternate, stipules caducous. Flowers dioecious or monoe- 
cious. Perianth single, persistent; campanulate. Ovary free, 1-2 celled; 
styles 2. Fruit a samara or a drupe, 1 seeded, exalbuminous. 

13 genera and about 140 species widely distributed over the 
temperate and tropical regions. Of the 13 genera, 7 woody genera occur 
in China, Several members of this family are in cultivation for timber 
and ornament. Celtis is the largest genus, with 60 species. 


106 CHINESE ECONOMIC TREES 


Plate 39. QUERCUS BAMBUSIFOLIA Hance 


ULMACEAE 107 


KEY TO GENERA 


———— 


Fruits drupaceous; flower on the current year’s shoots. 
p 


me 


A. Sepals connate; style eccentric; fruit oblique. 


1. Branchlets armed; leaves dotted with minute circular 
' black depressions; fruits winged........... Hemiptelea. 
Branchlets unarmed; leaves without minute dots; fruit 
TO Ges WETICE te ep se oer che ses cuava cei ehe ea wits bik tsaet tis COLO UM 


to 


B. Sepais distinct or nearly so; style central; fruit globose. 
1. Drupe winged; wing somewhat woody..... '. Pteroceltis. 
2. Drupe not winged. 

a. Fertile flowers unisexual; leaves with straight veins 
ending in the teeth.............- eer eke Apananthe. 
b. Fertile flowers perfect; leaves with curved veins 

closed before reaching the margin. 
(1) Leaves evergreen; flowers in cymes........7vrema. 


(2) Leaves deciduous; pistillate flower solitary... Celtis. - 


II. Fruits not drupaceous, winged; samara membranous; flowers 
on last season’s shoots, (except 1 species) .......- else CLUS. 


ULMUS 


Mostly deciduous trees. Leaves 2 ranked, simple, alternate, serrate, 
pinnately veined with straight veins, oblique at the base, stalked, stipules 
2. Flowers small, apetalous, perfect, rarely polygamous, in clusters or 
fascicles, appearing before the leaves in the spring, or in the axils of the 
leaves ‘in the autumn; calyx persistent, bell-shaped, greenish or tinged 
with red, 4-9 lobed; stamens equal to and opposite the calyx lobes, 
exserted, inserted at the base of the perianth; ovary superior, usually 1 
celled and 1 ovuled. Style 2-lobed. Fruit a membranous samara, with 
a flat orbicular or oval wing notched at the apex and surrounded at the 
base by the persistent calyx. 

About 20 species in N. America, Europe, and Asia. 


The wood is hard, heavy, and tough, much used in the wood-work- 
ing industries. The inner bark is an ingredient in the composition of 
incense; it is also made into a mucilaginous meal, used as food by the 


108 CHINESE ECONOMIC TREES 


mountaineers of the northern provinces. Coarse cloth and ropes are 
woven from the inner fibers, which in Russia and China find a further 
use in the making of sandals. Several species are desirable for street 
and park planting, but unfortunately the elms are subject to attack by 
many fungous and insect pests. 


Ulmus japonica Sargent. 


(U. campestris yar. japonica Rehder.) 
(U. campestris var. major Trauvetter.) 


Tree to 30 m. tall with broad head, and light gray, shallowly fissured 
and fibrous bark. Branchlets somewhat pendulous, densely pubescent 
and rough with minute tubercles, yellowish or pale brown, sometimes 
with corky ridges. Leaves firm, rough on both surfaces at maturity, 
obovate, or elliptic, acuminate, oblique at the base, hairy above, pubes- 
cent beneath with tufts of hairs in the axils of the veins, and 12-19 
pairs of lateral veins, 8-15 em. long; petioles pubescent, 5 or 6 mm. long. 
Flowers subsessile, in parts of 4’s. Fruit obovate-oblong, notched at the 
apex down to the nutlet, narrowed toward the base, almost entirely 
glabrous. 


Manchuria, N. China to Japan. 
(Chihli, Shantung, and Chekiang. ) 


The wood of this tree is brownish. It is durable in water, and is 
exported in large quantities from Japan. The tree sometimes assumes 
the characteristic vase-shaped form of the American elm, and it should be 
useful as a street tree on account of its rapid growth and ornamental 
character, as well as for its hardiness. 


Ulmus pumila@ Linnus. 


Shrub or small, spreading or round-topped tree up to 15 m. high, 
with furrowed, scaly bark, slender pubescent branches and small, ovoid, 
pubescent buds. Leaves ovate to ovate-lanceolate, 3-12 cm. long, acute 
at the apex, nearly equal at the base, thin, membranous, dark green 
above, pubescent when young beneath, regularly and simply toothed. 
Flowers short stalked, in crowded elusters, 4-5 parted with yellow 
anthers, appearing in the spring. Fruit obovoid, notched deeply at the 
apex ; nutlet central, reaching close to the base of the notch. 


From N. China to E. Siberia. 


ULMACEAE 109 


Plate 40. ULMUS PUMILA Linnezus 


1, Flowering branch; 2. Sterile branch; 3. Fruiting branch; 4. 


Flower, enlarged. 


110 CHINESE ECONOMIC TREES 


This tree is common around Peking, where fine old specimens may 
be seen in the grounds of the Temple of Heaven. 


Ulmus parvifolia Jacquin. 

Half evergreen tree up to 20 m. tall or shrubby. Bark gray, 
somewhat scaly, on old trees peeling off in roundish flakes, exposing the 
brown inner bark beneath. Branches numerous, spreading; branchlets 
pubescent. Leaves subcoriaceous, ovate to obovate or oblong, acute or 
somewhat obtuse, slightly oblique at, the base, simply serrate, shiny green, 
glabrous above, pubescent beneath when young, usually glabrous at 
maturity, 2-5 em. long; petiole very short. Flowers clustered, short 
pedicelled ; stamens 4-5, long exserted. Fruit oval to elliptic, emarginate 
at the apex with the nutlet in the center of the wing, 9-13 mm. long. 

China, Korea, and Japan. 

(Hupeh, Shensi, Chihli, Kiangsu, Fukien, Formosa). 

An interesting species flowering late in the summer, unlike all other 
Chinese species, which flower in the spring before the opening of the 
leaves. In the warmer temperate regions the leaves are retained 
through the winter and are shed when the new leaves come out in the 
spring. Inthe autumn the foliage turns brilliantly red and yellow. The 
grayish scaly bark distinguishes this from all other elms. 


Ulmus macrocarpa Hance. 

Densely branched shrub ‘or small tree up to 9 m. tall.’ Branchlets 
pubescent, later pale brown, with somewhat flattened corky wings. 
Leaves ovate, coarsely and doubly serrate, rough above, pubescent and 
hairy beneath. Flowers 5-9, clustered. Samara obovate, pubescent and 
ciliate, with the nutlet in the center of the wing, about 2.5 em. long. 

Chihli and Shansi. 


This elm grows in dry rocky situations and is fairly common in 
Chihli. It has been introduced into cultivation in America. 


Ulmus laciniata Mayr. 


Shrub or small tree. Branchlets gray-brown. Leaves obovate, 
. 1D EE) = ; 
usually 38-5 lobed at the apex with very unequal, semicordate base, rough 
on the upper surface. Fruit elliptic, 2 cm. long. 


N. China and Japan. 


111 


ULMACEAE 


ULMUS LACINIATA Mayr 


Plate 41. 


3. Flower, enlarged. 


; 2. Sterile branch; 


1. Flowering branch 


j12 CHINESE ECONOMIC TREES 


CELTIS 


Tree or shrub. Leaves simple, alternate, stalked, serrate or entire, 
8-5 nerved at the base, slightly oblique. Flowers small, apetalous, 
polygamo-monoecious; staminate clustered, in fascicles at the lower part 
of the branches; pistillate flower single, on the axil of the leaves on the 
upper part of the branches; calyx 4-5 lobed; stamens 4-5, exserted in 
the staminate flowers, included or absent in the pistillate flowers. 
Ovary sessile, 1 “celled. Style 2 lobed. Fruit a fleshy drupe; stone 
thick-walled and bony, 1 seeded and with a thin flesh which is edible 
in some species. 


About 50 species widely distributed in the temperate and tropical 
regions. The species are chiefly useful for ornament, although the 
wood, which is light and soft and easily split, is often used for the 
manufacture of furniture and utensils. The Chinese species require 
thorough study before a true conception of the genus is possible. 


Celtis bungeana Blume. 


Small tree with flattened or rounded crown, 10-15 m. high. Bark 
smooth, light gray. Branchlets glabrous. Leaves about 6 cm. long, 
ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, rounded at the base, upper half 
of the margin serrate or sometimes nearly entire, the margin at the base 
always entire, dark green, shiny above, light green on the lower surface. 
Petioles sJender, about 7 mm. long. Fruit purple-black, small; pedicels 
slender, but longer than the petioles of the leaves. Stone smooth, white 
and almost globular. 


China and Korea. 
(Hupeh, Szechuan, Yunnan, Shensi, Shantung and Chihli. ) 


Distinctly characterized by glossy green foliage and a black fruit 
with smooth, white stone. 


Celtis sinensis Persoon. 


(C. japonica Planchon.) Chinese Hackberry. 


Tree to 1G m. tall with smooth gray bark. Leaves ovate, to oblong- 
ovate, to ovate-lanceolate, rounded or subcordate, unequal at the base, 
acuminate, serrate-dentate, pubescent on both faces when young, gray- 
green or glaucescent and reticulated beneath, 5-10 cm. long. Fruit 


ULMACEAE 113 


Plate 42. CELTIS BUNGEANA Blume 


1. Fruiting branch; 2. Fruit. 


114 CHINESE ECONOMIC TREKS 


dull] orange-red; stone smooth or more or less irregularly pitted and 
ribbed; peduncle rather stout, as long as or slightly longer than the 
petioles. 


China, Korea, and Japan. 
(Kwangtung, Hongkong, Formosa, Kiangsu). 


A common species. 
Celtis biondii Pampinini. 


Tree to 15 m. tall. Leaves ovate-oblong, 2-23 times longer than 
broad, margin entire or somewhat dentate with acute teeth, brownish 
beneath, veins impressed, not prominent. - Fruit orange, small. 


Hupeh, Szechuan, Kiangsi and Kiangsu. 


This tree has been recorded from the Spirit Valley in Nanking. 


Celtis julianae Schneider. 


Tree up to 25 m. tall with smooth, light gray bark. Young 
branchlets angled, densely yellowish tomentose, later glabrous and 
blackish, marked with numerous lenticels. Flower-buds reddish-brown, 
obtuse, with hairy scales. Leaves very much thickened, oblique, 
broadly ovate, obovate or obovate-elliptic, apex acuminate, base unequal, 
bright green and minutely hairy along the veins above, gray-green, 
prominently reticulated and pubescent beneath, crenate dentate, some- 
times nearly entire, 6-14 cm. long, about 6 ecm. wide. Petiole thick, 
furrowed above, tomentose. Staminate flowers cymose at the base of the 
current year’s shoots, 5-merous, calyx-lobes free, ovate-lanceolate; 
stamens 5, inserted on a hairy disk; pedicel short, hairy; pistillate 
flowers solitary, axillary, on the apex of the flowering branch, usually 
4-merous; ovary glabrous; stigmas 2, elongated, hairy. Fruits orange, 
ovate-globose, glabrous, about 12 min. long; peduncle stout, pubescent. 

W. Hupeh. 


Said to be common within its range. 


PTEROCELTIS 


Deciduous tree in foliage and habit resembling Celtis. Branchlets 
glabrous. Buds small with reddish-brown ciliate scales. Leaves al- 
ternate, petioled, 3-nerved, simply, sharply and irregularly serrate 


ULMACEAE 115 


except at the base, glabrous, dull green above, lighter green beneath, 
veins impressed and not prominent. Flowers monoecious; staminate 
calyx 5-parted; stamens 5. 


Pistillate flower solitary in the axils of the season’s shoots, appearing 
in March and April; pedicels distinctly but sparsely pilose; calyx lobes 
4, lanceolate, greenish, slightly pilose, scarcely longer than the ovary ; 
ovary sessile, elliptic-rounded, laterally compressed, sparsely pilose; 
stigmas 2, lanceolate, divergent. Fruit a winged nut, solitary, axillary, 
on a slender pedicel; wing thick, more or less square or broader than 
Jong, or suborbicular, emarginate below and above the nut; nut Celtis- 
like, usually crowned by the remnant of the style. 


The genus includes a single species closely resembling Celtis but 
distinguished from it by the winged nut. 


Pteroceltis tartarinowii Maximowicz. 


(Ulmus cavaleriei Laveille. ) 


Tree 16 m. tall with characteristic pale gray bark peeling off in 
irregular long flakes. Leaves 4-9 cm. long. Fruit up to 138 mm. long; 
pedicel 2.5 em. long or more. 


Hupeh, Szechuan, Shensi, Chihli, Shantung, Kweichow. 


APHANANTHE 


Deciduous trees or shrubs. Leaves alternate, 2-ranked, serrate, 
petiolate and stipulate. Flowers monoecious, small and inconspicuous; 
staminate numerous, in axillary cymose clusters at the base of the twigs; 
sepals and stamens 5. Pistillate solitary, axillary; ovary 1 celled and 


1 ovuled; styles 2. Fruit a drupe. 


About 3 species in E. Asia and Australasia. They resemble Celtis, 
but may be distinguished by the unisexua! flowers and the leaves having 
straight veins ending in the teeth. In Celtis the veins curve and unite 
near the margin. 


Aphananthe aspera (Thunberg) Planchon. 


Tree to 20 m. tall. Leaves ovate, to ovate-oblong, long pointed, 
cuneate or rounded, more or less oblique and 2 nerved at the bage, 
parallel veined with the veins ending in the teeth, rough and hairy on 


CHINESE ECONOMIC TREES 


116 


Plate 43. PTEROCELTIS TARTARINOWII Maximowicz 


ULMACEAE 17 


both sides, bright green above, 3-10 cm. long, on a very short stalk. 
Flowers appear with the leaves, greenish. Fruit an ovoid or globose 
drupe, purple-black, about 8 mm. long with more or less persistent styles. 


Korea, Japan and China. (Kiangsu, Kiangsi, and Kwangtung.) 


ZELKOVA 


Deciduous unarmed trees or shrubs. Leaves simple, alternate, 2- 
ranked, pinnately veined, serrate, short stalked, stipulate. Flowers 
polygamo-monoecious; pistillate solitary, in axils of upper leaves; 
staminate, 2-5 in the axils of the lower leaves; apetalous; calyx lobes 
4-5; stamens 4-5; ovary sessile; styles 2. Fruit a small drupe, sub- 
globose, oblique; style persisting as 2 minute beaks; 1-seeded. The 
fruits persist on the tree till the following spring. . 


About 4 species in Eastern Asia, Caucasus, Crete. 


Zelkova yields the highest-priced lumber of any tree in Japan. The 
wood is beautifully grained, resembling the elmwood in structure, is as 
tough and pliable as the ash and more durable than the oak in contact 
with the soil. The sapwood is white and narrow, separated from the 
brown heartwood by a reddish band. On account of its beautiful 
markings as well as its susceptibility to a high polish, the wood is used 
in Japan for fancy trays, lacquer ware, high grade cabinets and other 
furniture. It is also suitable for house, ship, and carriage building. 


For posts, pillars, and gateways it is unsurpassed by any other wood 
in durability. Ze/kova is very rapid growing and attains 100 feet in 
height or more; trees, on moderately favorable situations, measuring 5 
feet in girth at 60 years, 9 feet in girth at 120 years, cannot be said to 
have made phenomenal growth. On deep alluvial soil, the rate of 
increase is even more rapid. Zelkova serrata is one of the most important 
hardwoods available to Chinese foresters for experimentation, and its 
extensive cultivation is likely to. promise results of great practical value. 
On account of its tendency to form side branches, Zelkova should be 
subjected to a certain amount of crowding when young. The seedlings 
stand considerable shade. 


An ounce contains between 20,000 and 25,000 seeds. Germination 
sets in 4 or 5 weeks after sowing, although some of the seeds do not 
germinate until the second year. The seeds are sown in well prepared 


418 CHINESE ECONOMIC TREES 


beds and are given half shade during the first year. After one trans- 
plantation, the seedlings are ready to be set out in the permanent field. 


Zelkova serrata Makino. 

(Zelkova acuminata Planchon. ) 

(Zelkova keaki Maximowicz. ) 

(Zelkova hirta Schneider.) 

(Zelkova sinica Schneider. ) 

Tree up to 30 m. tall with pale gray bark peeling off in small round 
flakes. Branches slender. Leaves ovate to oblong-ovate, acuminate, 
rounded or slightly oblique or broadly cuneate at the base, coarsely and 
sharply serrate with blunt or apiculate teeth, green, somewnat rough 
and sparsely pilose, with impressed veins above, pubescent or hairy only 
along the veins and grayish-green beneath; 2.5-6 cm. long; on sterile 
branches sometimes up to 12 cm. long. Fruit irregular rhombic, or 
ovoid, glabrous, about 5 mm. long and broad, with the persistent, 5-lobed 
calyx at the base and 2 incurved stigma set obliquely upon the apex. 


China and Japan. 
Hupeh, Shensi, Chekiang, Kiangsu, Anhwei. 


With extensive material before me, I am unable to distinguish 
Z. sinica Schneider from Z. serrata Makino. © 


An edible mushroom sometimes grows on the wood of this tree. 


HEMIPTELEA 


Deciduous tree with spinescent branches. lLeayes alternate, 2 
ranked on the branches, ovate, pinnately veined, short stalked, some- 
what oblique at the base, acute, crenate serrate, stipules deciduous. 
Flowers perfect, pedicelled, 1-4 in a fascicle on branches of the current 
year’s growth. Perianth cup-shaped to campanulate, 4-5 lobed ; stamens 
usually 4, opposite the calyx lobes, inserted near the base of the perianth. 
Fruit a half winged nutlet surrounded at the base by the persistent 
perianth, obliquely conical, enlarged at the base, produced into a short 
horny beak; the unevenly toothed wing attached near thé apex. Ovule 
single. 

Only 1 species described, closely related to, and by some authors 
included under Zelkova, which it resembles in foliage and habit but from 


which it may be distinguished by the thorny branchlets, by the winged 
fruit and by internal structure. 


ULMACEAE fig 


x iS go Lee 


Kea ae 


QO ie) BS 


See —, hs 


ae A 


ca 


“LL ay 


Plate 44. ZELKOVA SERRATA Makino 


1. Staminate branch; 2. Fruiting branch; 3. Pistillate flower; 4. 
Staminate flower; 5. Fruit; 6. Leaf, showing variation in size. 
(3, 4 & 5 enlarged.) 


120 CHINESE ECONOMIC TREES 


Hemiptelea davidii (Hance) Planchon. 


(Zelkova davidii (Hance) Hemsley.) 
(Planera davidii Hance.) 


Small tree. Branchlets reddish-brown. Leaves 2-6 cm. long, 
elliptic-oblong to oval, acute, cuneate or subcordate at the base, coarsely 
dentate-serrate; upper surface dark green, covered with scattered 
deciduous hairs, each hair inserted in a dark, minute, circular depres- 
sion: lower surface generally smooth. Fruit about 6 em. long. 


North and Central China and Korea. 


TREMA 


Evergreen shrubs or trees. Leaves alternate, 3-nerved, or pinnately 
veined, serrate, short petioled. Flowers monoecious or dioecious, in 
almost sessile clusters, small, apetalous, 5 (rarely 4) merous; stamens 
4-5; ovary 1 celled; stigmas 2, united below intoa single style. Fruit a 
small drupe with a pitted stone. 


About 30 species in the tropical and subtropical regions. 


Trema virgata Blume. 


Tree to 10 m. tall with small, narrow, lanceolate leaves. 


Hupeh, Szechuan, Yunnan, Hainan. 


MORACEAE 


Trees or shrubs mostly with milky juice. J eaves alternate, simple, 
with petioles and stipules. Flowers monoecious or dioecious, in ament- 
like clusters, or heads, apetalous; calyx 4-6 parted; stamens 1-4: ovary 
1-2 celled, superior; style simple or 2 lobed. Fruit aggregated, inclosed 
in the thickened calyx of the flower, forming a compound fruit. 


About 55 genera and 1,000 species widely distributed in the warmer 
regions. This family includes many members of great economic im- 
portance. Among the more important genera, Artocarpus integrefolia 
(Jack Fruit) is cultivated in Kwangtung and is wild or naturalized in 
the Island of Hainan. Ficus elastica (Rubber tree) is cultivated in China, 
in Hainan. Canabis sativa (Hemp) and Brousounetia papyrifera yield 
fibres suitable for making cloth and paper. Ficus carica is the cultivated 


121 


ge 
o 


(Details 


Suh 
AN HF Auseok 
NOESY Ove 
SONG Sen 7 = OSON 


MORACEAE 


HEMIPTELEA DAVIDIT Planchon 


Sterile branch, showin 


9 
Oe 


2. Fruiting branch; 


Pistillate flower with perianth removed; 


By 


8. Stamen. 


Pistillate flower; 


ia 


re V z ae rN) 

= hd St nee NK Thee —— 

ZY) AC ef ye = 
PER SSS 

x BA b 

’ 2 Sai er. gr 

\ \ Z Wy : We Ee UN 

st 


Aen eit; 
6. Staminate flower; 


Plate 45. 
enlarged.) 


1. Flowering branch; 
thorn ; 


122 CHINESE ECONOMIC TREES 


fig; other species of Ficus, particularly F. retusa Linn. known as Banyans, 
become large trees. The arborescent genera occurring in China are: 
Morus, Broussonetia, Ficus and Cudrania. 

The Chinese species of Ficus need thorough study and revision. 
Although some members attain a large size and are prominent features in 
the landscape, especially in the vicinities of villages in 8. China, they 
are of little economic importance, producing wood of no value, and their 
description will be omitted in this work, but for the sake of completeness 
the distinguishing characters of the genus are included in the following key. 

Most members of this family may be recognized by the alternate leaves 
and by the milky sap which the bark exudes when cut. 


KEY TO GENERA 


A. Flowers on the outside of the receptacle; buds scaly. 
I. ‘Anthers reversed with incurved filaments in the bud. 


a, Both staminate and pistillate flowers in spikes; compound 
fruit oblong and succulent......--- ya cect ecoreeenee Morus. 


b. Pistillate flower capitate; compound fruit composed of 
numerous druplets protruding from a globose head ......-- 


PAT RO I eA D oe ra Jaeue nore We hone Rabe EE TeTOIORE Broussonetia. 


Il. Anthers erect even in the bud, pistillate flower in a globose head ; 
fruit globose in a hard, rather smooth rind.......... Cudrania. 


B. Flowers enclosed in a fleshy receptacle becoming a succulent sub- 
globose or ovoid or pyriform compound fruit.........+...- (Ficus.) 


MORUS 


Deciduous trees or shrubs. Leaves simple, stalked, serrate, entire 
or variously lobed, palmately 8-5 veined. Flowers apetalous, dioecious 
or monoecious, in solitary catkins; staminate spike elongated, calyx 4 
lobed, partially enclosing the 4 stamens which uncoil like a spring when 
the pollen is shed. Pistillate spike, short; ovary sessile, 1 celled; style 
divided nearly to the base into 2 stigmas; each ovary enclosed in the 
calyx which becomes thick and fleshy, surrounding the real fruit which 
is a compressed achene. The fleshy covering of the achenes cohere, 


forming a multiple fruit, not unlike the blackberry in appearance. The 
fruit is sweet and edible. 


MORACEAE 123 


_ About 10 well defined species in the temperate regions of Europe, 
Asia and America. The mulberries have been under cultivation for a 
long time. Easily propagated by cuttings taken in the summer. The 
mulberries are cultivated either for their leaves, which form the best food 
for the silkworms, or for their fruit, which is eaten fresh or expressed for 
the juice, which enters into the composition of cooling beverages and 
certain medicines. The wood is handsome, light brown or orange 
colored, straight grained, strong and durable, used for furniture, 
agricultural implements and boat building. 


The mulberries are propagated by seeds and the varieties by grafts. 
The seeds of Morus alba average 250,000 per lb. The germinative capacity 
ranges from 24 to 28%. ‘The seeds germinate in about 25 days after 
sowing. 


Morus alba Linnzus. 
White Mulberry. 


Tree 10 to 15 m. tall, with rounded head, gray or grayish-yellow 
branches and thick, furrowed bark. Young shoots pubescent. Leaves 
very variable, undivided, indented or 3-lobed, or occasionally compoundly 
lobed on sprouts and young shoots; coarsely and irregularly toothed, 
shining green above, dull green, pubescent on the midrib and veins 
below; petiole 2-4 cm. long. Pistillate catkins on long stalks, 5-12 mm. 
long. Fruit very variable in size, 1-5 cm. long, white, violet or reddish. 

The White Mulberry occurs wild in the mountainous districts of the 
Central and Northern Provinces of China. All varieties are cultivated 
for their leaves, upon which the silkworms are fed. The bark of the roots 
yields a medicine valued in the Chinese Materia Medica. The wood is 
used for cabinet-work, musical instruments, carving and turnery. In 
Japan a hand-made paper is manufactured from the bark. 


Morus acidosa Griffith. 


Usually a shrub; rarely a small tree up to 6 m. tall. A widely 
distributed and distinct species with a prominent style and shiny black 
fruit which is edible. The leaves are not fed to silkworms. (Wilson). 


China, Korea and Japan. 


(Chihli, Hupeh, Szechuan, Kweichow, Yunnan, Kwangtung and 
Formosa.) 


124 CIILNESEZ,ECONOMIC TREES 


Plate 46. MORUS ALBA Linnezeus 


1. Staminate branch; 2. Pistillate branch; 3. Fruiting branch; 4. 


Ovary; 5. Staminate flower. (4 and 5 enlarged). 


MORACEAE 125 


BROUSSONETIA 


Deciduous trees or shrubs. Leaves alternate, stalked undivided or 3 
lobed, rarely 5 lobed, serrate, 3 nerved at the base. Flowers dioecious or 
monoecious, apetalous. Staminate in cylindric or globose catkins, calyx 4 
parted; stamens 4, exserted at maturity. Pistillate flowers in a globose 
head, composed of the compact, persistent, villose or tomentose perianth 
and bracts; perianth tubular, 3-4 toothed; ovary included, stalked; style, 
single, filiform, stigmatic to the base or nearly so. At maturity the 
fruiting head is globular, consisting of numerous 1-seeded, orange-red, 
drupelets, 


3 species in E. Asia and the Pacific Islands; 2 in China. 


Broussonetia papyrifera (L.) L. Heritier. 
(Morus papyrifera Linnaeus.) 


Tree up to 16 m. high, with broad, round-headed crown. Bark dark 
gray and smooth. In cultivation, more commonly a vigorous shrub with 
stout, spreading, pubescent branches. Leaves 7-20 cm. long with stalk 
2.5-8 cm. long, coarsely toothed, somewhat oblique and cordate at the base, 

9 


acuminate, often deeply 3 or 5 lobed, rough and dull green above, 
pubescent below. Mature fruiting head about 15-20 mm. across, brick red. 


Native of China, introduced into Japan, and to Europe in the 18th 
century. (Chihli, Szechuan, Hupeh, Yunnan and Formosa). 


The bark of Broussonetia is used for paper making. Authorities are 
inclined to believe that the use of paper mulberry fibers for paper, ante- 
dated the use of the pith from the bamboo. 


Broussonetia kaempferi Siebold. 


Is known only asashrub 3 to 5 meters high. It has small, pubescent, 
short-petioled leaves and very small fruits. 


Hupeh, Yunnan, Chekiang, Korea, Japan. 


CUDRANIA 


Trees or shrubs, often armed with thorns. Leaves deciduous, 
aJternate, pinnately veined, with stipules. Flowers dioecious, apetalous, 
crowded in a globular head; sepals and stamens 4; ovary solitary, 1 celled, 
1 ovuled. Fruit globose, with a hard, shiny rind. 


3 species in 8S. & E, Asia and Australasia, 


126 


CHINESE ECONOMIC TREES 


; ae aay an — 
ALL A \ [3s 


We = 
NN G/eA 7a 4W 
9.0 Shed LZ. a 3 
ia = 4 i= | 
Tin 
/ Ait mS | 
+ 5 6 


Plate 47. BROUSSONETIA PAPYRIFERA L. Heritier 


1. Staminate branch; 2. Fruiting branch; 3. Pistillate branch; 4. 
Staminate flower; 5. Pistillate flower sectioned; 


6. Stamen. 
(4 and 6 enlarged). 


URTICACEAE 127 


Cudrania tricuspidata (Carr.) Bureau. 


(C. triloba Hance.) 
(Maclura tricuspidata Carriere.) 


Shrub or tree to 13 m. tall. Bark pale gray, flaky. Branches thority. 
Leaves oval, obovate to elliptic-ovate, entire or slightly 3 lobed at the 
apex, acuminate, dark green, slightly pubescent below, 4-10 cm. long. 
Capitate inflorescence about 8 mm. in diameter, axillary, solitary or in 
pairs, on a tomentose peduncle about 6 mm, long; flowers greenish. 
Fruit red, globose, about 2.5 em. in diameter. 


China, Korea and Japan. The leaves of this tree are fed to young 
silkworms. The fruit is sweet and edible. Small articles are made from 
the wood. 


Cudrania javanensis Trecul. 


Shrub, rarely tree, to 5 m. tall. Widely distributed and a variable 
species. 
Fukien, Yunnan, Formosa, Philippine Islands, and India. 


URTICACEAE 


Herbs, shrubs or trees, rarely climbers. Leaves alternate or opposite. 
Flowers dioecious or monoecious or polygamous, apetalous, regular, 
clustered; calyx 4-5, rarely 2-3 cleft or parted; stamens as many as and 
opposite the perianth lobes, the filaments inflexed, uncoiling elastically 
like a spring; ovary superior, rarely united with the calyx, 1 celled, 1 
ovuled, style 1; stigma capitate, penicellate or feathery. Fruit an 
achene or drupe. 


About 41 generaand5 O species widely distributed over the tropical 
and temperate regions. 


Behmeria nivea Gaudichaud, a shrub commonly cultivated for its 
fibers, belongs to this family. 


DEBREGEASIA 


Shrubs or trees. Leaves alternate, 3-nerved at the base, short 
petioled; stipules bifid. Flowers monoecious or dioecious in globose 
clusters; staminate with a 4-parted perianth and 4 stamens; pistillate 
with an ovoid or oblong perianth much contracted at the mouth, and a 


128 CHINESE ECONOMIC TREES 


penicellate (tufted like a hair brush), sessile, or nearly sessile stigma. 
Fruit berry-like, composed of numerous small, 1-seeded achenes cohering 
by their fleshy coat into a globose head. 


5 or 6 species from Abyssinia to Japan. 2 species in China. 


Debregeasixa longifolia Weddell. 


Shrubs or tree to 10 m. tall. Branchlets with gray, silvery hairs. 
Leaves lanceolate to lanceolate-oblong, acuminate, serrulate, green, 
rough and rugose above, silvery gray and tomentose beneath, 10 to 18 
em. long. Flower heads in small, 2-branched cymes. Fruit orange 
yellow, about 8 mm. in diameter. 


India to China. Hupeh and Yunnan. 


Debregeasia edulis Weddell. 


Shrub. Leaves oblanceolate to elliptic, rugose and smooth above, 
8-13 cm. long. 


E. China and Japan. 


TROCHODENDRACEAE 


Trees or shrubs with alternate leaves without stipules and solitary 
or clustered flowers; flowers perfect or unisexual, monoecious, without 
perianth or apetalous; stamens 4 or numerous and spirally arranged; 
carpels 2 to many, sometimes partly enclosed in the receptacle, with 1 to 
indefinite ovules in each carpel. Fruit winged and indehiscent or an 
unwinged, dehiscent follicle. 


3 genera and about 7 species in EH. Asia. TVrochodendron. is not 
recorded from China, but its occurrence in this country is not improbable, 
therefore the genus is included in the key in order to stimulate its 
discovery. For reasons already stated elsewhere (see remarks under 
Magnoliaceae) Tetracentron is tentatively included under the present 
family. 


KEY TO GENERA 


I. Wood without true vessels; leaves alternate or whorled; flowers 
small, perfect in racemes; fruit not winged. 


TROCHODENDRACEAE 129 


A. Leaves alternets, palmately veined ; racemes pendulous, sepals 
present, parts of the flowers in 4’s; fruit a 4-celled, deeply 
lobedieapsuleste te 26 eee. Boeke Sees oeeeee.. Tetracentron. 

B. Leaves alternate or whorled, pinnately veined ; racemes erect, 
without sepals or petals ; stamens numerous, the anthers form- 
ing a ring; carpels 6-10 in a whorl and connate below with 
linear, spreading styles; fruit 6-10 follicles, inserted below in 
a fleshy receptacle, dehiscent at the apex .... (Trochodendron. ) 

II. Wood with true vessels; leaves alternate; flowers perfect, proter- 
androus with numerous, conspicuous long, red, stamens; carpels 
many, ripening into obliquely winged fruits............. Euptelea. 


EKUPTELEA 


Shrubs or small trees with dark brown, conspicuous winter buds. 
Leaves deciduous, alternate, simpie, dentate, slender petioled. Flowers 
in the spring before the leaves, in axillary clusters on branches of last 
year’s growth, without sepals and petals, perfect and proterandrous—the 
stigmas mature after the stamens have fallen away—fertilized by pollen 
disseminated by the wind; stamens indefinite, with large, red, linear 
anthers on short slender filaments; carpels many, oblique, on short stalks. 
Fruit a small, obliquely winged nutlet on a slender stalk, 1-4 ovuled. 

3 species; 2 in China, 1 (E. poylandra) is confined to Japan. 


Graceful ornamental trees propagated by seed and by grafts. 


Euptelea franchetii van Tieghem. 


Tree 12 m. tall. Leaves 5-10 em. long, ovate, regularly or irregularly 
sinuate-serrate, slender petiolate, light green on both surfaces. Flowers 
usually with 12 stamens (7-20). 


Carpels 6-12, long capitate, usually 2-3 seeded. 
Central and Western China. 
E. pleiosperma Hooker F. and Thompson. 
(E. davidiana Hemsley.) 
Leaves glaucescent and papillose on the under surface. 
S. W. China and the Himalayas. 
Closely allied to the above. 


130 CHINESE ECONOMIC TREES 


Plate 48. EUPTELEA FRANCHETII van Tiegham 


1. Fruiting branch; 2. Flowering branch; 3. The same, later, the 
pistils enlarging after the stamens have matured; 4. Bract; 4, 


6. Fruit sectioned; 7. Flower; 8. Fruit. (Details enlarged.) 


TROCHODENDRACHAE 131 


Plate 49. EUPTELEA PLEIOSPERMA Hooker F. and Thompson 


{. Fruiting branch; 2. Staminate branch; . 3. Fruit; 4, Stamens; 


5. Staminate flower. (Details enlarged.) 


132 CHINESE ECONOMIC TREES 
TETRACENTRON 


Trees. Leaves deciduous, alternate, ovate-elliptic, short acuminate, 
obtuse or subcordate at the base, glandular-serrate, palmately 5-7 veined, 
petiolate, without stipules. Inflorescence a many flowered spike produced 
with a single leaf on the end of a short lateral spur. Flowers apetalous, 
perfect, small, yellowish, sessile with a 4 lobed perianth; stamens 4, 
opposite the petals and alternate with the carpels. Carpels 4, connate 
on the inner edge; styles 4, at first slightly recurved, then lateral and 
by the very oblique growth of the ovary, finally basal; ovules usually 4, 
pendulous. Fruit a deeply 4 lobed capsule, depressed at the apex, with 
the 4 styles persistent as short claw-like spurs at the base, loculicidally 
dehiscent, many on a pendulous spike. 

A genus of 1 species superficially resembling Cercidiphyllum in habit 
and foliage and in the presence of short lateral spurs, but differing from 
it by the alternate leaves, the spiked inflorescence and by the 4 lobed, 
4 spurred fruit. 


Tetracentron sinense Oliver. 


Tree to 80 m. tall. Leaves 10-15 cm. long, 7-9 cm. wide; petioles 
2-3 cm. long. Flower spike slender, 7-10 em. long. Fruit about 5 
mm. or less long. 

Szechuan, Hupeh, Shensi and Yunnan. 

This is one of the largest trees in China. It grows best near water, as 


on the banks of streams. ‘The wood is soft and brittle, of little known 
value. 


CERCIDIPHYLLACEAE 


Flowers unisexual, dioecious; stamens numerous, spirally arranged, 
on slender filaments. Carpels 2-5, stipitate, suture facing outwards, 
with indefinite ovules. Fruit many-seeded pods. Tree with roundish- 
cordate, Cercis-like leaves. | 


A family of only 1 species. 


CERCIDIPHYLLUM 


Tree with closely appressed, red-brown buds. Leaves deciduous, 
mostly opposite, occasionally alternate toward the base of the shoots, 


CERCIDIPHYLLACEAE 133 


Plate 50. TETRACENTRON SINENSE Oliver 


1. Fruiting branch; 2. Flowering branch; 3. Seed; 4.-Flower; 5, 
6. Different stages of maturing carpels; 7. Mature fruit; 8, 
Section of fruit. (Details from Hooker’s ‘* Icones Plantarum,” 


Pl. 1892.) 


134 CHINESE ECONOMIC TRHES » 


ovate-cordate, margin entire or crenate, palmately veined and petiolate, 
purplish at the time of unfolding, later light green. Flowers dioecious, 
apetalous, inconspicuous. Staminate nearly sessile, with a minute 
calyx and an indefinite number of stamens on slender filaments; 
stamens 12 mm. long. Pistillate flowers on a short stalk, composed of a 
minutely 4-parted calyx and 8-6 carpels with elongated, slender, purplish 
styles. Ovules numerous. Fruit, small pods, 12-20 mm. long, 2-3 
together on a short stalk, dehiscent at maturity. Seeds numerous. 


One species, for a long time known only from Japan. A large, 
handsome ornamental tree, propagated by seeds sown in the spring or 
by green wood cuttings and by layering. A conspicuous feature of this 
tree is the lateral spurs on the branches, each bearing a pair of leaves or 
an inflorescence, the spurs being formed by short annual accretions 
extending over a period of years. 


The number of seeds per pound is about 766,500. The period of 
germination is sometimes very rapid, sometimes very tardy, the sprout- 
ing period ranging from 20 days to 50 days after sowing. 


Cercidiphyllum japonicum Siebold & Zuccarini. 


(C. japonicum var. sinense Rehder & Wilson.) 


Tree usually with a single trunk, occasionally subdivided into 
several stems, attaining a height of 20-40 m. Leaves 5-10 cm. long, ovate 
or orbicular, crenate serrate or nearly entire, subcordate or slightly 
truncate at the base, pale green, glabrous above, pubescent along the 
veins below; petioles 2 em. long. Pods 2-3 on a short peduncle, 10-15 
mm. long, tapering toward the apex. 


Western China: Shensi, and abundant in W. Szechuan and W. 
Hupeh. Cercidiphyllum is perhaps the largest deciduous tree in China. 
It thrives best in rich moist soils; frequently found on the banks of 
streams. It is rapid growing in youth, attaining great size and girth at 
maturity. The Cercis-like foliage turning red and yellow in the autumn, 
the small pod-like capsules and the spirally twisted, furrowed bark are 
characteristic of this tree. The wood is light, soft and straight grained, 
light brown, with the sap and heart woods showing a marked difference 
in color, used for furniture, general construction, wood carving, sketching 
boards and utensils. 


CERCIDIPHYLLACEAE 135 


Plate 51. CERCIDIPHYLLUM JAPONICUM Siebold & Zuccarini 


1. Fruiting branch; 2. Staminate flower; 8. Section of ovary ; 4, 


Fruit; 5. Pistillate flower. (Details enlarged). 


136 CHINESE ECONOMIC TREES 


Although Rehder and Wilson have given a varietal name to the trees 
found in China, I can discover absolutely no botanical difference which 
separate these from the Japanese type and the varietal name is useless 
except as it may designate a geographical region. The Japanese form or 
race is said to grow more often with plural trunks. 


‘ MAGNOLIACEAE 


Leaves alternate, with stipules. Sepals and petals in 3’s or multiples 
of 3. Stamens and carpels numerous, spirally arranged. Fruit cone- 
like or fleshy, formed of the cohering carpels; ovules usually 2 in 


each carpel. 


About 10 genera and 75 species widely distributed over the entire 
world. Three genera are commonly represented in China, of these 
Michelia is chiefly confined to the south. Michelia longifolia Blume is the 
common Boh Lan of the gardens. Michelia is distinguished from Magnolia 
by the characters given in the key. It has no arborescent representative. 
Most authors include Tetracentron under Magnoliaceae. In Tetracentron 
the flowers are small and spicate, the flower parts in 4’s and the wood, 
unlike nearly all the other Dicotyledonous woods, is without true vessels, 
in this respect identical with the wood of Trochodendron, the only other 
Chinese species known to have this characteristic; for these reasons it 
seems best to place Tetracentron under Trochodendraccae. 


KEY TO GENERA 


A. Anthers introrse (facing inwards); mature carpels fleshy, 
dehiscent on the back; seeds fleshy, not winged; leaves entire 
or auriculate. 


I. Flowers terminal; ovary sessile; ovules 1 or 2 in each carpel. 
ales as ve bist ie se Sa eee os = hiwie = oioieis » slim wie aicem e MMOMuiie 


II. Flowers axillary; ovary long stipitate; ovules 2 or more in 
each carpel:.s-eeereee SNE ERR steers, 35 wees (Michelia.) 


B. Anthers extrorse (facing outward); mature carpels dry, indehis- 
cent; seed winged; leaves lobed or truncate......Liriodendron. 


MAGNOLIACEAE 137 


LIRIODENDRON 


Deciduous trees. Leaves alternate, long stalked, 2-6 lobed, nearly 
truncate or notched at the apex, never pointed. Enclosed in winter in 
flattened buds composed of a pair of stipules to each leaf; the twig 
encircled by a scar at each node. Flowers solitary with 3 sepals and 6 
petals. Stamens numerous, surrounding the numerous pistils, imbricated 
in a cone-like axis. Anthers linear. Carpels 1 celled and 2 ovuled, be- 
coming dry, indehiscent and winged, and as they mature, forming an erect 
cone-like fruit, the carpels gradually falling awav from the central axis at 
maturity except afew outer, basal scales which are persistent for some time. 


Only 2 closely allied species known, 1 North American the other 
Chinese. In preglacial times Liriodendron extended over the entire 
Eastern North America and over Europe as far south as Italy. The 
wood is light, soft and brittle, extensively used in America in the wood-. 
working industries. The sapwood is creamy white, the heartwood 
greenish yellow. An alkaloid, which has the property of stimulating the 
heart, has been separated from the bark of the American species. — 


Liriodendron chinense Sargent. 


A small tree attainirg a height of 16 m. Leaves 4 lobed, rounded 
or slightly heart-shaped at the base, shining green above, pale glaucous 
below, from 12-14 cm. long and as broad or broader. Petals 7-9 em. 
long. Flowers 5-6 cm. long, cup-shaped greenish yellow, marked 
with orange inside at the base of the oblong-obovate petals. Cone-like 
fruit erect, light brown, slender, 9-10 cm. long, 2 cm. wide. Carpels bear 
1-2 seeded nutlets at the base. 


Kiangsi and Hupeh. 
This tree is most desirable for street and lawn planting on account 


of its comparative freedom from insect pests and fungous diseases, as 
well as for its unique, 2-lobed leaves and large, handsome flowers. 


MAGNOLIA 


Deciduous or evergreen trees or shrubs. Leaves alternate, entire, 
stipules enveloping the leaves in the bud and leaving conspicuous encir- 
cling scars at each node. Flowers single, terminal, appearing before or 
with the leaves. Sepals 5, sometimes petal-like, deciduous; petals 6-18. 


128 CHINESE ECONOMIC TREES 


Plate 52. LIRIODENDRON CHINENSE Sargent 


1. Fruiting branch; 2. Flowering branch; 3. Stamen; 4. Scale of 


cone. (Details enlarged). 


MAGNOLIACEAE 139 


Stamens and pistils numerous, crowded on the receptacle, the stamens 
below the pistils. Carpels fleshy, 1 celled and 2 ovuled, 2 seeded. Fruit 
cone-like, composed of the scarlet or brownish carpels; the carpels 
dehiscent, opening on the back and exposing the seeds, which are usually 
scarlet and suspended by slender thread-like, stretching filaments. The 
outer portion of the seed is fleshy or pulpy, the inner hard and bony, 
flattened and more or less grooved. 


Less than 30 species are recognized in America and Asia. Fossil 
remains clearly show that the genus once occupied a very extensive region. 
The magnolias are ornamental and showy shrubs and trees with large 
white, pink or purple flowers and handsome foliage. Several showy 
Chinese species with flowers appearing before the leaves in the early 
spring have been introduced into general cultivation in Europe and 
America. All parts of the plant have a bitter aromatic property. In 
China the powdered seeds of Magnolia denudata are used to allay in- 
flammatory condition of the throat and eyes. A decoction of the flower 
buds is taken internally as a medicine. 


Magnolia denudata Desrousseaux. 


(M. conspicua Salisbury.) 


(M. yulan Desfontaines.) Yulan, 


Much-brarnched deciduous tree with rounded crown up to 16 m. high. 
Buds large, densely covered with stout, short pubescence. Leaves 7.6-17 
em. long, ovate or ovate-oblong, tapering to a short point, shining green 
above, downy below when young. Flowers in early spring well in 
advance of the leaves, large, 15 cm. across, white, fragrant. Petals and 
sepals alike, 9 in number, 10 cm. long. 


In addition to the type with pure white lily-like flowers there are 
forms or variations, with blossoms of a pink or rosy-red cclor. Also there 
are in cultivation in Europe and America numerous rosy or purplish 
flowered hybrids between this species and another (WV. liliflora} from 
China which has deep purple flowers. 


Magnolia delavayi Franchet. 


Evergreen shrub or tree to 9 m. tall. Yunnan, 


140 


CHINESE ECONOMIC TREES 


SWAY \ i i h by 
AK Nii My VEE 
yea 


Ua 


——— 


Plate 53. MAGNOLIA DENUDATA Desrousseaux 


1. Flower; 2. Sterile branch. 


MAGNOLIACEAE 141 


M. officinalis Rehder & Wilson. 


Tree to 14 m. tall with yellowish branchlets and obovate leaves up to 
45 em. long. The fruit is oblong-ovate, 10-15cm.long. Closely allied to 
the Japanese M. hypolenca from which it may be distinguished by the 
yellowish and not purplish branchlets. The bark and flower buds are 
medicinal. 


Hupeh and Szechuan. 
M. globosa var. sinensis Rehder & Wilson. 


A shrub. Yunnan. 


M. nicholsoniana Rehder & Wilson. 


Shrubby or small tree 6 m. tall. W. Szechuan. 


M. wilsonii Rehder. 


Branchlets pubescent. Leaves densely silky tomentose beneath, 8-15 


em. long. Flowers cup-shaped, white, very fragrant; carpels and filaments 
red; fruit about 6 cm. long. 


W. Szechuan. 
M. aulacosperma [ehder & Wilson. 
Tree 11 m. tall with the seeds grooved in the under surface. 
W. Hupeh. 
M. dawsoniana Rehder & Wilson. 
Tree to 10 m. tall. _W. Szechuan. 
M. liliflora Desrousseaux. 


Large shrub with scentless flowers white on the inside and purplish 
outside. Common cultivated plant. China & Japan. 


M. henryi Dunn. Yunnan. 


M. coco De Candolle. 


Evergreen shrub with nodding white fragrant flowers. 
Cultivated in S. China. Kwangtung. 


M. biondii Pampinini. Shensi. 


142 CHINESE ECONOMIC TREES 


HAMAMELIDACEAE 


Trees or shrubs. Leaves deciduous, alternate, simple, petiolate and 
stipulate. Flowers perfect, or unisexual, in compact spikes or heads. 
Sepals 4 or 5; calyx adherent to the ovary; petals 4-5 or absent; stamens 
4-5, rarely 8. Ovary inserted in the bottom of the receptacle, 2 celled, 
1 ovule in each cell, rarely more; styles 2, usually persistent. Fruita 
woody capsule, cpening in 2 valves at the summit, also often imperfectly 
dehiscent by an inner septum. Seeds usually 1 in each cell, if more, 
only the lower ones are fertile. Seeds winged or rarely wingless. Em- 
bryo surrounded by fleshy albumen. 

About 20 genera with many species in the subtropic and warm 
temperate regions of both hemispheres. Liquidambar is the only 


arborescent genus in China. 


LIQUIDAMBAR 


Trees with resinous, fragrant sap and often corky branchlets. 
Leaves deciduous, alternate, simple, palmately 38-7 lobed, glandular 
serrate, long and slender petiolate, with small ecaducous stipules. 
Flowers monoecious, rarely perfect, apetalous. Staminate flowers without 
perianth, in racemose clusters; stamens indefinite, intermixed with 
small seales; filaments short and filiform. Pistillate flowers in a solitary, 
globular head on a slender peduncle, composed of confluent ovaries 
subtended by minute scales; stamens 4, rudimentary, inserted on the 
apex of the calyx; ovary partly inferior, 2 celled; ovules several or many; 
styles 2, ineurved. Fruit a globose spiny head composed of the coherent 
eapsules and their elongated styles. Capsule dehiscent at the apex 
between the base of the stigmas. Seeds 1 or 2, compressed, winged. 

A genus of about 4 species in C. and W. Asia and N. and C. 
America. 

Liquid storax, a gray-brown resin, is derived from ZL. orientalis, used 
in the Orient for medicine, perfumery and for the preparation of incense. 
The resin from the American species enters into the composition of 
chewing gum. The wood is straight grained, dark colored and handsome. 


Liquidambar formosana Hance. 
(Fung Hsiang Shu.) Sweet gum; 


Tree 20-40 m. tall, frequently with buttressed trunk. Leaves 
usually 3 lobed, cordate, rarely truncate; lobes broad at the base, tapering 


HAMAMELIDACEAE 143 


Plate 54. LIQUIDAMBAR FORMOSANA Hance 


1. Fruiting branch; 2. Mature fruit; 3. Seeds; 4. Section of fruit; 
5. Embryo; 6. Section of ovary; 7. Style and staminodes. 


(Details adapted from Hooker’s “Icones Plantarum.’’) 


144 CHINESE ECONOMIC TREES 


to a long, narrow point; serrate, pubescent beneath when young, glabrous 
on older trees, dull green. Fruit globose, spiny, due to the long awned 
scales surrounding the ovaries, becoming hard and woody at maturity. 


The juvenile leaves and petioles of this species densely villose. 
Leaves with 5 narrow lobes. 


S. E. to W. Central China. 


A widely distributed tree with a range extending from Formosa and 
Kwangtung to Thibet. The tree prefers a moist situation. The foliage 
turns brilliantly brown and red in the autumn and is retained late into 
the winter. The wood is said to be used in China for making tea chests 
and the presses in which brick tea is molded, but the wood is usnally 
considered of little value. Some farmers soak the wood for a length of 
time in a pond or stream, a practice which is supposed to improve the 
quality of the timber. In Kwangtung a silkworm which produces a 
strong, coarse silk-gut is fed on the leaves. 


var. monticola Rehder & Wilson. 


A form distinctly glabrous on both the young and the mature plant. 


EUCOMMIACEAE 


Tree with alternate leaves without stipules. Flowers without perianth, 
unisexual. Staminate flower pedicelled with 8-10 short stamens; 
pistillate flower short stalked, solitary; carpels 2, one of which aborts, 
long pedicelled; ovules 2, suspended. Winged fruits narrowed towards 
the base. 


A family of a single species. Confined to China. 


KUCOMMIA 


Trees with laminate pith. Leaves deciduous, alternate, simple, 
serrate, elliptic-ovate, acuminate, short petioled, glabrous above, pilose 
on the veins beneath. Flowers appear before the leaves, dioecious, 
without perianth, solitary on the axil of a bract. Staminate flowers 
composed of 8 (6-10) stamens on a short pedicel, subtended by a bract; 
stamens with elongated, linear anthers produced at the apex into a short 
point, on a short filament. Pistillate flower composed of a naked, 


LAURACEAE ‘ 145 


elongated ovary with 2 stigmatic lobes at the apex, on the axil of a bract; 
ovary 1 celled, 2 ovuled. Fruit an ovate-oblong samara; the wing 
coriaceous, surrounding the nutlet, notched at the apex, tapering at the 
base. Nutlet compressed, 1 seeded. 


West China. 


So far unreported in a wild state, known only in cultivation. A 
monotypic genus variously assigned to Trochodendraceae, Magnoliaceae and 
Hamamelidaceae according to different authorities, but now segregated as 
a distinct family closely allied to Hamamelidaceae. Eucommia is remark- 
able on account of the presence of numerous elastic threads which yield 
a good grade of rubber, in all parts of the plant except the wood. The 
presence of rubber may be detected by breaking a piece of the inner 
bark, a leaf or a fruit in two, and pulling the portions apart, the elastic 
fibres appear as fine threads of a silky sheen. Unfortunately the rubber 
content is low, in the bark only 3% of its dry weight, and the extraction 
difficult, so that commercial exploitation of this tree is impracticable. | 
The bark, however, is extensively employed as medicine, valued for its 
fancied or real tonic properties. The bark is stripped from the tree, 
ultimately causing its death. Propagated by cuttings or by seeds. 
Germination is uncertain. 


ucommia ulmoides Oliver. 
(Tuchung Shu.) 


Trees up to 18 m. tall, more often smaller. Leaves 8-18 em. long, 
ovate-elliptic, serrate, acuminate, cuneate at base, dark shining green 
above, pubescent when young below. Petiole 12-20 mm. long. Fruit 
3-4 cm. long, 6-12 mm..wide, oblong, notched at the apex. 


Western Hupeh, Szechuan. 


LAURACEAE 


Aromatic or sometimes foetid trees, shrubs, rarely under-shrubs, or 
very rarely leafless parasites (Cassythia). Leaves alternate, without 
stipules (exstipulate), sometimes whorled or crowded close together, 
rarely opposite, simple, entire, rarely lobed (as in Sassafras), palmately 
veined or penninerved, punctate with glands containing a volatile oil 
and often pellucid. 


146 CHINESE ECONOMIC TREES 


Plate 55. EUCOMMIA ULMOIDES Oliver 


1. Fruiting branch; 2. Flowering branch; 3. Leaf; 4. End of seed; 
5. Pistillate flower; 6. Staminate flower; 7. Section of ovary. 


(Details adapted from ‘‘ Icones Plantarum.’’) 


LAURACEAE 147 


Flowers usually axillary, small, white, yellowish or greenish, perfect 
or wnisexual, sometimes dioecious or polygamo-dioecious. Perianth 
regular, simple, without petals (apetalous), gamosepalous (the sepals 
more or less united), forming a short tube with 6-9 lobes (rarely 4). In 
some genera the lobes are deciduous, in others persisting and adhering 
to the-base of the fruit. Stamens as many as and inserted on the 
perianth lobes, (perigynous) or a multiple of them; alternately fertile 
and sterile (staminodes) and with or without glands at the base. Anthers 
G or 4 celled, opening by trap-door-like valves from below. Ovary 
1-celled, 1-ovuled (rarely 2 ovules), the ovules pendulous, anatropous. 
Fruit usually a berry, rarely a drupe or dry, globose or ellipsoid in form, 
usually on a thickened pedicel or narrowed at the base by the more or 
less thickened calyx-tube. Seed solitary, without albumen (exalbuminous) 
and with straight embryo and superior radicle. 


This family includes about 40 genera and nearly 1,000 described 
species of trees and shrubs. They are most widely distributed in warm 
or tropical regions, comparatively few being found in temperate climates, 
The type of the genus is Laurus nobilis, the Royal Bay-tree, of the 
Mediterranean region. 


The aromatic character of most species makes them particularly 
valuable as furnishers of spices and stimulants. A few are regarded as 
poisonous. 


Among the better known products of the family are Camphor, 
Cinnamon, Cassia buds, and the Avocado or Alligator Pear (Persea 
gratissime). The wood of many species is beautiful, enduring and easily 
worked, and is in much demand for furniture and cabinet making. 

In China the finest woods are produced from the ~ Changshu” or 
camphor trees and from species of Zindera, Machilus and Phoebe which 
are commonly known as ‘‘ Nanmu”’ in various forms. 


KEY TO GENERA 
I. Leaves deciduous, entire or 1-3 lobed. 


A. Flowers in long-stalked umbels: anthers 4 celled. «Sassafras. 


B. Flowers in short-stalked clusters or umbels; anthers 2-celled 


Tei ae ee te cee ah heavier have cevawelcente: , exe claire's sece Lindera, 


148 CHINESE ECONOMIC TREES 


II. Leaves persistent, entire. 


A. Flowers crowded in umbel-like cymes, each cyme subtended 
by 4 concave bracts; drupe on a thickened perianth tube.. 
FSS Py oa ee rs St pee And se BINS s enetetete tins Aas ete oo ee ee BIVTISCOS 


B. Flowers separate in loose panicles. 


1. Leaves mostly 8-nerved; perianth lobes deciduous; fruit 
on an enlarged pedicel.......+---+--..--Cinnamomum. 


2. Leaves mostly pinnately veined ; perianth lobes persistent 
under the fruit; pedicel not enlarged. 


a. . Anthers‘all‘extrorse. fe. 222). sisiss elses eae er ees 


b. Anthers some extrorse and some introrse. . Wachilus. 


SASSAFRAS 


Trees, deciduous. Leaves alternate, somewhat crowded towards ends 
of branchlets, entire or 2 or 3-lobed (very rarely 5-lobed), with slender 
petioles. 


Flowers in axillary long-stalked umbels near the ends of the 
branchlets, imperfect, usually dioecious. Stamens 9, inserted in 3 series 
on the margin of the thickened or fleshy calyx tube, the innermost 
series each with 2 orange-colored glands at the base; anthers 4-celled, 
introrse. 

Fruit a dark blue drupe inserted on a thickened receptacle formed 
by the calyx tube; the receptacle reddish colored. 


Only 3 species are known, 1 in Eastern North America, 1 in China 
and 1 in Formosa. The Chinese species is scarcely distinguishable from 
the American one. 


The leaves of the sassafras are aromatic and are either entire or 1-3 
lobed with broad sinuses, at first bright green in color, later changing to 
brilliant shades of yellow and red in the autumn. The fruits are brightly 
colored, augmenting the ornamental character of the foliage. 


The tree has a long tap root and cannot be readily transplanted. 
Sassafras produces many suckers, by which means the tree is sometimes 
propagated. 


LAURACEAE 149 


Sassafras tzumu Hemsley. 


(Pseudosassafras tzumu Lecomte.) 


Tree to 35 m. tall, sometimes a meter or more in diameter, of 
pyramidal habit with stout, straight trunk and rugged horizontal branches. 
The bark on young trees smooth and grayish-green, on mature trees dark 
gray-brown, irregularly furrowed. Leaves ovate or obovate, entire or 1 
to 3 lobed at the apex, pinnately veined, silky pubescent when young, 
later glabrous, 10-20 cm. long, on slender petioles. Flowers profuse, 
yellow, opening in early spring with the unfolding of the leaves, in 
racemes, perfect, about 5 mm. across, pubescent on the inner surface; 
staminodes 8, alternating with the 3 glandular stamens. Fruit about 12 
mm. high, bluish black, covered with a glaucous bloom, embraced at the 
base by an orange-red cup formed by the thickened calyx tube. 


The wood is aromatic, dull yellowish-brown in color, soft, brittle, 
weak and coarse but durable in contact with the ground. From the bark 
of the roots of the American Sassafras variifolium Kuntze, which is very 
similar to the Chinese species, oil of sassafras, used in perfumery, is 
extracted. The essential oil is also employed as a mild stimulant. 
Experiments on the extraction of the oil from the Chinese sassafras 


should be interesting and might prove profitable. 


Hupeh, Kiangsi and Chekiang. 


CINNAMOMUM 


Trees or shrubs, evergreen. Bark and twigs very aromatic, Leaves 
alternate or opposite, sometimes crowded towards the end of the branch- 
lets, coriaceous, entire, in most species with 3 main nerves or veins. 


Flowers small, in large axillary panicles, often appearing terminal, 
from the axils of uppermost leaves, dioecious or polygamous. Stamens 
9, each of the 3 inner ones having 2 glands at the base; anthers 4 celled, 
extrorse; staminodes 3. Fruit small, ovoid on a more or less enlarged 
perianth. 


About 130 species have been described. Native to eastern Asia, 
Australia and the Pacific Islands. The genus Cinnamomum includes 
several important economic trees, among them C. zeylanicum, from China 
and India, from which the cinnamon spice of commerce is obtained; C. 
cassia, Which yields the cassia bark used in medicine; and C. camphora, 
widely cultivated in tropical and sub-tropical countries. 


150 CHINESE ECONOMIC TREES 


Plate 56. SASSAFRAS TZUMU Hemsley 


1. Fruiting branch; 2. Section of Staminate flower; 3. Perfect flower, 
DT 
perianth removed; 4,5. Stamens; 6, 7. Floral diagram (from 


Engler and Prantle). 8. Ovary; 9. Seed. (Details enlarged.) 


LAURACEAE 151 


Cinnamomum camphora (L) Nees and Ebermaier. 


(Laurus camphora Linnzus.) 


(Camphora officinarum Nees.) 
/ 


True Camphor or “* Chang shu.” 


An evergreen tree occasionally attaining 30 m. in height and 2-2.5 m. 
in diameter of trunk, usually much smaller. The bark of the trunk is 
smooth and green, that of young branches is glabrous aad shining. Buds 
scaly. 


Leaves alternate, on slender piiant petioles about 2.5 cm. in length. 
Leaves thick, stiff, bright green, smooth and polished above, pale green 
or with a conspicuous glaucous bloom beneath, pinkish when unfolding, 
the margin entire. They are generally oval, 8-15 cm. long, acuminate, 
tapering to both ends or sometimes abruptly acuminate at the apex or 
rounded or heart shaped at the base, appearing trinerved because of the 
size and prominence of the two lowest lateral nerves or veins which curve 
and run some distance nearly parallel to the edges. In the axils of these 
and other principal veins are distinct punctate glands which are visible 
on both surfaces. 


Flowers perfect, greenish-white or yellowish, very small, on slender 
branching pedicels, forming small, spreading cymes of 2 or 5 arranged in 
small, erect, long-stalked, axillary panicles shorter than the leaves. 
Perianth with a short, thick, fleshy tube and 6 imbricate, nearly equal, 
blunt and thick, horizontally spreading segments, smooth externally, 
densely hairy on the inside, becoming deciduous and falling from the tube. 
Stamens 9; staminodes usually 6; stamens erect, shorter than the perianth 
segments and the 6 outer stamens opposite the 3 outer perianth segments, 
extrorse and provided at the base with a large, stalked, thick, obcordate 
gland on either side. Filament hairy. Anthers large, oblong, 4-celled, 
with valvular dehiscence. Staminodes in 2 rows of 3 each, stalked, 
oblong or sagittate, the outer 3 having 2 glands at the base of each, 
resembling those of the inner stamens. Ovary free from, but surrounded 
by, the perianth tube; 1-celled and 1-ovuled. Style slender, as long as 
the stamens, stigma smali. Fruit a drupe, ovoid or globular, about 6 
mm. in diameter or the size of a large pea, smooth, purplish or black 


(some writers have deseribed it as red), surrounded at the base by the 


CONOMIC TREES 


HE 


S 


CHINE 


152 


CINNAMOMUM CAMPHORA Nees 


te 


i) 


Plate 


2. Fruiting branch. 


1. Flowering branch 


LAURACEKAE 153 


enlarged persistent perianth tube; flesh thin ; seed large, solitary, smooth, 
exalbuminous; cotyledons large, plano-convex, fleshy or oily; embryo 
straight. 

Varying with latitude and altitude the flowers appear from April to 
June and the fruit matures from September to November. 


The true camphor tree is native in China, Japan, Korea and Formosa. 
It is now cultivated in many of the tropical and warm temperate regions of 
the world. The tree usually does noi attain great size, or over 1 m. in 
diameter of trunk. Old, broad-buttressed specimens, of great age, are 
sometimes found about temples and shrines in China and Japan, these 
are reported as measuring 6-8 m. in diameter of trunk or buttress at 1.5 
m. from the ground. 


China: Kiangsi, Fukien and Kwangtung, rare in Hupeh and Szechuan, 


Both wood and leaves contain the camphor, a concrete volatile 
colorless oil, lighter than water, with a penetrating odor and pungent 
but cooling taste. It is very soluble in fixed and volatile oils, in alcohol 
and ether, evaporating completely in the air, and is very inflammable. 
Dissolved in alcohol, cil and vinegar, it is much employed externally 
for rheumatism and contusions. Taken in overdoses it may produce 


/ 


insensibility and even death. 

The branches and wood are the parts generally utilized. The amount 
of camphor varies in the different parts of the tree, the branches containing 
the least, about 2%; the roots the most, usually 6 or 7%. 
is obtained by cutting the wood into small chips and submitting these to 


The camphor 


a process of sublimation through steam. ‘The process of production 
varies in different regions. The greater part of the world’s supply of pure 
camphor is produced in Formosa. A common process of production in 
use there is as follows:— 

A long wooden trough, with a coating of clay to protect it from 
fire, is fixed over a furnace. Water is then poured into it and over it 
a board perforated with numerous small holes is fitted. The wood of 
the camphor-tree is cut into small chips and these are placed above the 
holes and covered with earthen pots. Then a fire is lighted in the 
furnace, the water becomes heated and as the steam rises it passes 
through the holes and the chips, carrying with it the camphor vapor 
which condenses in the upper part of the pots, and from which the 


camphor is scraped out every few days. 


154 CHINESE ECONOMIC TREES 


Various allied species of Cinnamomum contain camphor but they are 
not generally recognized as of equal economic importance with C. 


camphora. : 


Camphor or a close imitation of it is also produced from other plants 
belonging to other families, as from a species of Dryobalanus and from a 
specics ef Blumea, natives of tropical Asia outside of China. 


Cinnamomum camphora as well as other species of the genus is usually 
propagated by seeds which are sown as soon as ripe in shaded beds. As 
transplanting is extremely difficult and rarely attended with success, 
either one of the two following methods is usually followed in establishing 
plantations. 


The first method is to sow the seeds directly in the forest. Four or 
five seeds are usually put in each hole, under the shelter of the standing 
trees, which afford the requisite shade for the growth of the seedlings. 
For the first few years some care must be given them, that is, they should 
be thinned when necessary, and kept free from weeds until they are well 
established. The pot-grown method, however, seems preferable. The 
seeds are sown in prepared beds and when very young the seedlings are 
transplanted into pots, where they are allowed to remain until they are 
ready to be set out into the permanent plantation. This should be the 
method employed for establishing a new plantation. Camphor trees may 
also be grown from cuttings of half-ripened wood, rooted in the spring 
in moderate heat. This species prefers a well drained, sandy loam. 


The wood of Cinnamomum camphora is very valuable. It is light 
brownish iu color, beautifully grained, and taking a high polish. It has 
a characteristic taste and odor, extensively used for interior finish, 
furniture, chests and for cabinets on account of its repellent effect on 
insects, and formerly it was much used for boat building. 


Cinnamomum cassia Blume. 


Handsome tree. Leaves oblong-lanceolate, stiff, glossy green, 
pubescent on the lower surface, 8-16 em. long. Inflorescence axillary, 
paniculate, pubescent, 8-16 cm. long; flowers small. Drupe the size ofa 
pea. 


China and Sumatra. Cultivated in warm countries for the cassia 


bark. 


LAURACEAE 155 


Cinnamomum zeylanicum Nees. 


Cinnamon Tree. 


Small tree to 10 m. tall. Buds silky pubescent. Leaves coriaceous, 
shiny, ovate to ovate-lanceolate, apex acuminate, base acute, 8-5 nerved, 
reticulate and glabrous beneath, 8-18 em. long. Inflorescence in silky 
pubescent panicles, as long as the leaves, mostly clustered in the axils of 
the upper leaves ; flowers numerous, small, about 6 mm. high, yellowish, 
with grayish hairs on the outside. Fruit 10-16 mm. long, dry or slightly 
fleshy, pointed, surrounded by the enlarged perianth. 


Cultivated in Kwangtung. The planting of this tree might be 
extended into a profitable industry. 


PHOEBE 


Evergreen trees or shrubs, leaves alternate, scattered, often irregularly 
grouped toward the end of the yearly growth, entire, pinnately veined. 
Flowers small, perfect or polygamous, in axillary and subterminal 
panicles or corymbs, Perianth tube short, the segments 6, subcoriaceous, 
about equal in size, erect and enlarging and ultimately clasping the base 
of the fruit. Fertile stamens 9, in 8 series, the Ist and 2nd series without 
glands and with introrse 4-celled anthers, the 3rd series with 2 glands 
subtending each stamen and with extrorse 4-celled anthers. There is an 
inner or 4th series of 3 small stipitate or stalked staminodes with cordate 
or sagittate apex. 


Fruit a fleshy berry usually ellipsoid or oblong, inserted upon or 
clasped at the base by the persisting 6-parted cup or perianth, and 
containing a single large, smooth seed. 

Perhaps 25 or 30 species of Phoebe have been described. ‘They are 
chiefly East Indian and Malayan. 


There is a very close relationship between this genus and Machilus 
and Persea. The species of Machilus and Phoebe in western China are all 
evergreen and handsome trees. According to Wilson, in Szechuen they 
are abundant up to an altitude of 1,000 metres, often forming extensive 
forests. Some of them grow to great size and have broad, dense heads. 
The wood is close grained, fragrant, greenish white and brown in color, 
easily worked and very durable. It is much valued in furniture making 
and the construction of temples and houses. It is also used for the bottoms 
of boats. 


156 CHINESE ECONOMIC TREES 


Phoebe nanmu (Oliver) Gamble. (1914). 

*(Persea nanmu Oliver). (1880). 

(Machilus nanmu (Oliver) Hemsley). (1891). 

A tree sometimes 30 m. high and 1.5 m. in diameter of trunk; 
branchlets slender, more or less hirsute or pubescent when young, at 
length becoming glabrescent. Leaves coriaceous, broadly lanceolate, or 
somewhat obovate, usually from 5 to 10 em. in Jength and from less than 
1.2-4 em. wide in widest part, abruptly acuminate at apex, the base 
narrowly or broadly cuneate, glabrous above and distinctly gray or brown 
pubescent on the lower surface, especially along the midrib and principal 
veins. ; 

Flowers with 6+ perianth segments, short and rounded at the apex 
and united at the base into a broad spreading cup which serves as a 
receptacle for the fleshy fruit. js 

Fruit an ovoid, fleshy, blackish berry, about 12 mm. long on short 
pubescent pedicels which enlarge but slightly at the base of the perianth 
cup. Ripe in September and October. 

Found in Yunnan and Western Szechuan where it has been described 
as a common tree attaining large size. 

There are several other species of Phoebe which have been described 
as native in China and there are some as yet not described or named. 


Phoebe neurantha (Hemsley) Gamble. 

(Machilus neurantha Hemsley). 

Recorded from Kiangsi, Hupeh and Szechuan. 
Phoebe sheareri (Hemsley) Gamble. 

(Machilus sheareri Hemsley). 

Kiangsi, Chekiang, Hupeh and Szechuan. 
Phoebe macrophylla (Hemsley) Gamble. 

(Machilus macrophylla Hemsley). 

A native of Hupeh and Szechuan. 


eee : } : 
This species must be given a new-botanical name because there 
already existed a Phoebe macrophylla, déscribed by Blume and published 


*“Nore—The synonymy given above indicates the close relationship of the 
three genera. It is sometimes impossible to assign a species to its proper genus 
without adequate specimens for study. 


LAURACEAE 157 


Plate 58. PHOEBE NANMU Gamble 


1. Fruiting branch; 2. Flowering branch; 8. Section of ovary; 4. 


Section of flower; 5. Stamen. (Details enlarged). 


158 CHINESE ECONOMIC TREES 


in “‘Museum Botanicum Lugdano-Batavum” in 1851, a distinct species, 
and a native of Java, whereas Gamble’s use of the name for this Chinese 
species was not established until 1914 (see “Plante Wilsoniane,”’ vol. II, 
p. 71, 1914). As, therefore, 4 new name must be given to this species it 
is here proposed to name it Phoebe chinensis Chun. <A description of the 
species follows:— 


Phoebe chinensis Chun. 


(Phoebe macrophylla Gamble. ) 
(Machilus macrophylla Hemsley. ) 


Tree up to 10m. tall. Branchlets rounded, glabrous or glabrescent, 

dark gray. Leaves evergreen, sparsely scattered on the branches, thick, 
leathery, narrowly lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate, acuminate at the apex, 
narrowed toward the base, green on both surfaces or slightly paler 
beneath with somewhat inconspicuous primary veins and finely reticulated 
ultimate veins, about 22 cm. long; petioles 2-4 cm. long, slender. 
Flowers yellow-green in narrow, erect, terminal cymose panicles; perianth 
greenish-yellow, valvate, in 2 unequal series (the inner one larger) ; 
perianth segments ovate-oblong, thick, with ciliate margins, somewhat 
sparsely hirsute on the inner surface. Filaments furnished with minute 
hairs at the base. Ovary entirely glabrous. Drupe globose, with the 
thickened perianth segment appressed beneath. 


Hupeh and Szechuan. 


. This handsome evergreen tree is one of the most useful and abun- 
dant of Nanmus. The wood, which is olive-green and brown, is fragrant 
and durable. It is a favorite tree for ornamental planting in the provinces 
of the West. 


MACHILUS 


Aromatic, evergreen trees with alternate, entire, pinnately veined 
leaves. Flowers perfect or polygamous, in terminal panicles. Perianth 
6 cleft, the outer segments usually equal to, or slightly smaller than, the 
inner ones, the segments usually persisting entire around or under the 
berry. Stamens 9; anthers 4-celled; 6 of the anthers opposite the perianth 
segments open outwards (extrorse) bearing a short stalked gland at each 
side of the base of the filament. Pedicels not enlarging or thickening 
under the fruit or berry. The panicles sometimes become lateral by 


LAURACEAE 159 


elongation of new shoots. Fruit a globular or nearly globular fleshy 
berry, usually less than 1.2 cm. in diameter, occasionally up to 2.5 em. 


in diameter. 


This genus much resembles Cinnamomum and differs chiefly in 
having the perianth segments persisting with the berry and in the end of 
the pedicel beneath it not being dilated or thickened. 


About 15 species known, all natives of tropical or subtropical Asia 
and Malay Archipelago, the species most abundant in India. 


Machilus ichangensis Rehder and Wilson. 


Tree to 15 m. tall, usually smaller. Branches slender, dull red, 
rarely dark gray, with few lenticels, glabrous. Leaves alternate, papery, 
oblong-lanceolate, or lanceolate, long acuminate, gradually narrowed 
toward the base, rarely broadly cuneate, glabrous, bright yellow-green 
above, glaucescent, glabrous or rarely slightly silky pubescent beneath, 
finally glabrous, with 12-17 pairs of lateral veins, the ultimate veins 
reticulated; petiole slender, channelled above, about 1.5 cm. long, rarely 
longer. Panicles from the axils of caducous bracts on slender peduncles, 
3.5-5 cm. long; flowers white, the perianth almost divided to the base, 
the segments 5-6 mm. long, silky pubescent outside, glabrous, except 
toward the tips on the inside; stamens 9, shorter than the perianth lobes, 
unequal in length; anthers oblong-obtuse; ovary subglobose, glabrous; 
style enlarged at the base. Drupe subglobose, minutely pointed at the 
apex, 6-7 mm. across, glabrous and shiny black, subtended at the base 


by the persistent, thickened perianth lobes; pedicel scarcely thickened. 


This tree is locally known as Hsiao Nanmu or Little Nanmu. It 
was formerly confused with Machilus thunbergii Siebold and Zuccarini of 


Japan, but now considered distinct from that species. 


Fukien, Hupeh, Kwangtung. 


Machilus bournei Hemsley. 


A tall, densely leafy tree from 15-30 m. in height and 1-1.5 m. in 
diameter. Mature leaves coriaceous, oblong-lanceolate, long acuminate, 
tapering to a cuneate base; usually from 5-10 em. long and from 1.2-4 
em. wide. Young shoots and leaves distinctly tomentose or puberulent 


160 CHINESE ECONOMIC TREES 


when young, leaves becoming glabrous and bright shining green on the 
upper surface as they mature, pale and puberulent below. 


The flowers are small and in color are white to creamy white or 
yellowish, the flower buds, perianth and pedicels being decidedly 
pubescent, with short gray or brown hairs. 


Fruit undescribed. 


Common as a forest tree in Hupeh and Szechuan. It is particularly 
abundant on the Chengtu plain and is much planted about temple 
grounds and homes. 


Among other species reported from China are: 
Machilus velutina Champion, from Fukien and Kwangtung, 
Machilus chinensis Hemsley, from Kwangtung. 


There are other species which have been named and no doubt some 
as yet not named in our Chinese forest flora. 


LITSEA 


Evergreen or rarely deciduous trees or shrubs. Leaves alternate, 
rarely opposite, mostly pinnately veined (in some species 3-nerved). 
Flowers dioecious, small, white or yellow, crowded in axillary, umbel- 
like cymes, subtended by concave, imbricate bracts which look like 
sepals; perianth tube ovoid or campanulate or very short, segments 6-4 
(more or fewer), equal or unequal or rarely absent; stamens and stam- 
inodes usually 6-2, the filaments of the 2 outer sets usually without 
glands; anthers usually all introrse, 4 celled. Fruit a dry or fleshy 
drupe seated on the enlarged perianth tube, frequently in umbellate 
clusters. 


About 150 species, mostly in the tropics; about 15 species have been 
described from China. A genus of no commercial importance. 


Litsea sericea (Wallich) Hooker. 


Small aromatic tree to 6 m. tall. Branchlets, under surface of the 
leaves and peduncles with long, silky hairs. Buds scaly. Leaves 
alternate, deciduous, pinnately veined, oblong-lanceolate, acute at the 
base, 8-10 cm. long. Flowers appear before the leaves, in solitary, short 


LAURACEAE 161 


peduncled umbels, provided with four glabrous, caducous bracts, sepals 6, 
obtuse; stamens 12; ovary ovoid with stout style or a large stigma. Fruit 
sub-globose, about 6 mm. long; perianth tube small, flat; peduncle 2-5 
em. long. 


Himalaya to Hupeh and Szechuan. 


Litsea citrata Blume, 


Shrub or small tree. Nearly glabrous. Buds naked. Leaves mem- 
branous, lanceolate, green above, glaucous below, 10-11 em. long. 
Flowers with the leaves in solitary or clustered umbels; stamens 9-10 
em. long. Fruits black, 4-6 mim. long. 


India to Szechuan, Hupeh and Kiangsi. In India a silkworm is 
raised on the leaves of this plant. 


Titsea faberi Hemsley is another arborescent species. It extends 
from India to 8. and W. China. 


LINDERA 


Trees or shrubs usually deciduous. Leaves entire or sometimes 
3-lobed (resembling Sassafras). 

Flowers yellow, in nearly sessile or in short-stalked axillary clusters 
or umbels, dioecious or polygamous, apetalous; the male flowers with 9 
stamens in 8 rows or series, those of the inner series bearing glands at 
the base; anthers 2 celled and 2 valved. Pistillate flowers often show 
numerous rudiments of stamens, ovary globose. 

Fruit 2 fleshy drupe, black or red in color. 


A genus with numerous species in Asia and few in North America. 
The aromatic oil of some species is used in perfumery. (Benzoin is a 
synonym of the genus.) 


The only common arborescent species is: — 


Lindera megaphylla Hemeley. 


Tree to 20 m. tall with rough gray bark. Fruit plum-like. The wood 
is valuable. 


W. China. 


162 CHINESE ECONOMIC TREES 


Plate 59. LINDERA MEGAPHYLLA: Hemsley ' 


1. Fruiting branch; 2. Flower;. 3. Stamen; 4. Pistil; 5. Flowering 


branch (from Botanical Magazine.) 


ROSACEAE 163 


ROSACEAE 


Leaves usually alternate, dentate, lobed or divided, usually with 
stipules. Flowers generally regular. Stamens distinct, indefinite. Car- 
pels one to many, distinct or united with the calyx tube. Ovules usually 
2 in each cell. Seeds exalbuminous. 


A family consisting of 90 genera and about 1,500 species, most 
abundant in the temperate region, but widely distributed throughout the 
world. Many genera are cultivated for ornament and for their edible 
fruits. 


In a work of limited scope only the more important arborescent 
genera can be dealt with. 


KHY TO GENERA 
A. Fruit a pome inclosing bony or papery carpels. 


I. Carpels bony at maturity, flowers in cymose-corymbs; ovary 
1-5 celled; ovules 1.in each cell or if 2, 1 sessile and fertile, 
the other stalked and sterile; deciduous, usually thorny shrubs 
or trees; fruit with 1-5 bony seeds.......,00.++-s0-Cratacgus. 

IT. Carpels with leathery or papery walls at maturity. 
a. Carpels as many as the styles. 
(a) Carpels partly free. 
1. Flowers in simple cymes on short lateral spurs; 
ie ‘ 
ovary 3-5 celled, styles more or less connate 
below ; winter buds small.....-.+...+++--Malus. 
2. Flowers in compound cymes; ovary usually 3 
(2-4) celled; style distinct; leaves mostly pin- 
nately compound ; winter buds large. .... Sorbus. 
(b) Carpels wholly connate; styles 5, distinct; fruit large, 
pear shaped, yellow; evergreen tree.......Hriobotrya. 
b. Cells of the ovary twice as many as the styles, flowers in 
racemes; ovary inferior or partly so; styles 2-5; more or 
less connate below; fruit subglobose; leaves simple de- 
eciduous DS Ws A et EP ye Re a AO at re NE PIA TS Fy cn 5 DOT OLS UE 
B. Fruit a 1-seeded drupe; ovary superior, not inclosed in calyx tube at 
maturity, 1 celled; style terminal; leaves simple, deciduous. . Prunus. 


164 CHINESE ECONOMIC TREES 


PRUNUS 


Trees or shrubs. Leaves deciduous or persistent, alternate, simple, 
usually serrate, petiolate; petioles often glandular. Flowers in umbels, 
racemes, corymbs or solitary, perfect. Calyx tubular, 5 lobed, often 
colored; petals 5, white or pink, deciduous; stamens numerous (usually 
15-20), perigynous, inserted on the calyx tube with the petals; ovary I 
celled, terminated by a single style; ovules 2. Fruit a 1-seeded drupe, 
fleshy or coriaceous; stone bony, round or compressed, indehiscent, 1- 
seeded by abortion. 


About 120 species mostly in the temperate regions of N. America, 
Asia and Europe. Under the genus, plums, almonds, peaches, apricots, 
and cherries are now included. They are extensively cultivated for their 
fruits, which form an important food for man, The bark and leaves of 
several species have medicinal properties. A few are arborescent, yielding 
a hard, close grained, durable wood, generally brown in color, more or 
less tinged with red, used for interior finish, furniture and musical 
instruments. Many members of the genus have a high ornamental value 
and are cultivated sometimes exclusively for their bloom. 


The species of Prunus are too many to describe in this work. The 
divisions of the genus are: 


Subgenus [. Prunaphora, plums, prunes and apricots. 
= II. Amygdalus includes almonds and peaches. 
3 II. Cerasus includes the common cherries. 
IV. Padus includes those cherries usually known as 
bird-cherries in which the flowers are produced in 
long racemes. 


2? 


Prunus padus Linn:cus. 
Bird Cherry. 


A shrub or small tree, 10 m. tall. Bark speckled and rough. 
Branchlets glabrous. Leaves conduplicate in the bud, about 10 cm. long, 
elliptic to oblong-ovate to obovate-oblong, acuminate, glabrous, sharply 
and finely serrate; petiole glabrous and glandular at the apex. Leaves 
unfolding very early in spring. Flowers in long drooping racemes, white, 
on slender peduncles; calyx glabrous; sepals twice as long as the stamens. 
Fruit globose, black, lustrous, about 8 mm. in diameter. Stone rough. 


Very widely distributed throughout Europe, Caucasus, Siberia, China, 
and Japan. The bark and leaves which are unpleasantly odorous when 
bruised, contain an astringent, bitter property used in medicine. 


ROSACEAE 165 


Plate 60. PRUNUS PADUS Linneus 


1. Flowering branch; 2. Fruiting branch. 


166 CHINESE ECONOMIC TREES 
Prunus persica Stokes. 


Shrub or small tree. Leaves oblong-lanceolate, serrate, conduplicate 
in the bud, with a short glandular petiole. Flowers appearing before the 
leaves, solitary, pink, sepals more or less pubescent on the inner surface. 
Fruit a drupe, soft and fleshy when ripe, pubescent. Stone hard and 
deeply pitted. 

Native of China, widely cultivated. This is the parent of the 
common peach. 


Prunus mira Kohne. 


Tree 10 m. tall. This species differs from all other known peaches 
by the smooth stone. 


Szechuan. 


The fruits are edible. 


Prunus triflora Roxburgh. 


This cherry is both wild and cultivated in W. China. It has been 
introduced into cultivation in Korea, Japan, Europe, and N. America. 


Prunus mume Siebold and Zuccarini. 


Plum Tree. 


Numerous horticultural varieties have been developed. The species 
is too well known to need a description. 


AMELANCHIER 


Trees or shrubs. Leaves deciduous, alternate, simple, entire or 
serrate, pinnately veined, petiolate, with linear, rose colored, caducous 
stipules. Flowers perfect, in racemes, rarely solitary on slender pedicels 
furnished with 2 deciduous bracts. Calyx tube campanulate or urn- 
shaped, with 5 persistent lobes; petals white, obovate-oblong, spatulate 
or ligulate, contracted below; stamens usually 10, filaments persistent on 
the fruit; styles 2-5; ovary more or less adnate to the calyx tube, 5 celled 
with 2 ovules in each cell. Fruit a berry-like pome with a cavity at the 
summit and sweet, juicy flesh. Seeds 10 or rarely 5 by abortion, ovate- 
elliptical. 


N. America, S. Europe, N. Africa, S. W. Asia. 


ROSACEAE 167 


Plate 61. PRUNUS PERSICA Stokes 


1. Fruiting branch; 2. Flowering branch; 3. Pit. 


168 CHINESE ECONOMIC TREES 


Central China, Japan. About 20 or 25 species have been enumerated. 
2 species so far have been described from China. Only a few of the genus 
are arborescent. Nearly all species have a sweet, pulpy, edible fruit. 
Amelanchier is also cultivated for its flowers, which bloom in early spring. 


Amelanchier sinica (Schneider) Chun 


(A. asiatica var. sinica Schneider.) Shad Bush. 


Small tree, rarely 15 m. tall. Leaves ovate to oblong, acute, rounded 
at the base, often entire or distinctly serrate only on the upper half of the 
margin, loosely and sparingly tomentose beneath when young, usually 
finally glabrous, about 4.5 em. long, 2.8 em. wide. Flowers in dense 
racemes; style as long as the calyx lobes and more or less united below, 
ovary glabrous. Fruit bluish-black. 


Western China. 


Distinguished from Amelanchier asiatica—which does not occur in 
China—by the smaller, less tomentose leaves, entire or serrate only on the 
upper 1/3 of the margin and also by the glabrous ovaries. E. H. Wilson 
notes that this is the commonest and most beautiful small tree in the 
woods of W. Hupeh. The bluish-black fruits are edible. 


ERIOBOTRYA 


Evergreen trees or shrubs. Leaves alternate, coarsely toothed, short 
stalked or almost sessile. Flowers in terminal panicles. Calyx tube 5 
toothed, woolly; corolla of 5 petals; stamens 20-40; styles 2-5, united 
below; ovary inferior, 2-5 celled, cell 2-ovuled. Fruit a pome with thin 
endocarp surrounding the large angular seeds. 

About 10 species in the warmer parts of China, Japan and the 
Himalayas. 


Eriobotrya japonica Lindley. 
Eee) Palace 


An evergreen tree up to 10 m. high. Young branches thick and 
woolly. Leaves large, 15-30 cm. long, acuminate, tapering or wedge 
shaped at the base, shining green above, brownish woolly below, with 
parallel veins terminating in the teeth. Flowers 12-20 mm. across, 
white, hawthorn-like, fragrant, borne in upright panicles. Fruit roundish, 
pear-shaped or oval, with persistent calyx tubes and thin yellow flesh, 
_ surrounding the large, dark brown seeds. 


8S. China and Japan. 


ROSACEAK 169 


Plate 62. AMELANCHIER SINICA Chun 


1. Fruiting branch; 2. Flowering branch; 3. Flower; 4. Stamens; 5. 


Petal. (4 and 5 enlarged.) 


CHINESE ECONOMIC TREES 


170 


Plate 63. 


ERIOBOTRYA JAPONICA Lindley 


3. Section of fruit; 4. Fruit. 


2. Seed; 


1. Flowering branch; 


ROSACEAE tii 


The fruit has a sweet taste. This isa favorite fruit tree in Southern 
China, and the only species under cultivation. The tree is very orna- 
mental, with thin, dark green foliage and conspicuous panicles of fragrant’ 
flowers which bloom from late summer until the approach of winter. 
The fruits come into the market toward the last of April and the first, 
part of May. Numerous horticultural varieties have been developed. 


SORBUS 


Trees or shrubs. Leaves deciduous, alternate, simple, or pinnate, 
serrate and stipulate. Flowers in compound corymbs; calyx urn-shaped, 
5 lobed; petals 5, rounded, white, rarely pinkish ; stamens 15-20, anthers 
red or yellow; carpels 2-5, usually 3, either free and partly superior or 
connate at the base; ovules 2 in each cell. Fruit a berry-like pome, 2-5 
celled, flesh red or reddish-orange, subacid. Seeds 1 or 2 in each cell. 


About 80 species, distributed in the Northern Hemisphere. The 
genus has been referred to Pyrus from which it differs by its inflorescence, 
the flowers being usually perigynous, and by its generally small, berry- 
like fruits. They are handsome ornamental trees or shrubs with 
attractive simple or pinnate foliage, clustered showy flowers followed by 
numerous, small, berry-like, bright, usually red, colored fruits. The 
fruits of several species are edible. 


Sorbus alnifolia Koch. 


Chinese Mountain Ash. 


Tree 18 m. tall. Bark smooth and gray. Branchlets glabrous or 
slightly pubescent, reddish, marked by oblong lenticels. Leaves simple, 
ovate, acute, often acuminate, rounded at base, or occasionally cuneate, 
serrate, or doubly serrate, thin or slightly leathery, dark green above, 
pale and more or less pubescent below, 5-10 cm. long. _ Inflorescence a 
loose, few-flowered corymb; flowers 7-14 mm. across, white; calyx and 
peduncles pubescent; stamens exserted. Fruit oblong or subglobose, 
small, 7-10 mm. long, reddish, tinged with yellow and conspicuously 
marked by the scar of the deciduous calyx. 


Central China, Manchuria, Korea, and Japan. An attractive tree of 
pyramidal habit with alder-like leaves and reddish fruit produced in 
great numbers. It is now commonly cultivated in European and 
American gardens. 


172 CHINESE ECONOMIC TREES 


Plate 64. SORBUS ALNIFOLIA Koch 


1. Flowering branch; 2, Fruiting branch; 8. Section of fruit; 4. 


Section of flower (after Faxon). (Details enlarged). 


ROSACEAE 173 


MALUS 


Trees with scaly bark. Leaves deciduous alternate, simple, unevenly 
serrate, often incised, petiolate, with deciduous stipules. Flowers in 
terminal cymes on short lateral spurs; calyx 5 lobed, acuminate; petals 
obtuse, contracted to a stalk-like base, white or pink; stamens usually 
20 in 3 series, anthers yellow. Ovary inferior, usually composed of 5 
carpels; ovules 2 in each cel!. Fruit a pome, flesh homogeneous, sur- 
rounding the 5 carpels, which are papery and united at the apex. Seeds 
1 or 2 in each cell, ovate, acute with a brown testa, exalbuminous. 

Confined to N. America and Asia. 

Malus malus (L.) Britton (Pyrus malus Linneeus) (Malus sylvestin 
Miller) of uncertain origin is the parent of the common cultivated apple. 
The genus is very important both for its commercial value as well as for 
its ornamental value. Malus is characterized by a flower with an open 
calyx, with a style connate at the base and by a fruit with a depression 
at either end. Nocase of hybridizing between Malus and Pyrus is known. 


Malus baccata Borkhausen. 
Wild Apple. 


Small tree. Leaves ovate to ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, thin, 
glabrous, finely and irregularly scrrate, bright green at the time of 
opening. Flowers white on slender green pedicels. Styles usually 5, 
longer than the stamens; calyx lobes lanceolate to acuminate, commonly 
deciduous as fruit matures. Fruit very small, reddish-yellow, 2 cm. or 
less in diameter. 

Mongolia, Siberia, Manchuria to Chihli and Shensi. 

A hardy ornamental species with handsome white flowers which 
appear with the leaves. The fruits are red or yellow, translucent and 
never become mellow, remaining on the tree a long time after they are 
ripe. Pheasants and other birds are very fond of the fruits. This tree 
should be worthy of extensive cultivation. 


Malus theifera Rehder. 


Tree about 8 m. tall. Young branchlets minutely pubescent, later 
glabrous. Leaves deciduous, thin, papery, ovate or ovate-oblong or 
elliptic-ovate, acuminate, rounded or broadly cuneate at the base, finely 
serrate with glandular teeth, 6-S cm, long, 2.5-6 em. wide, purplish at 


CHINESE ECONOMIC TREES 


: a5 sens 
Rs vs ae 

e NES 
pee AAS 


—< 


SSaRr S SS 
a, a, Ys oo! 
4 


Plate 65. MALUS THEIFERA Rehder 


1. Flowering branch; 


2. Fruiting branch. 


ROSACEAE ) 175 


the time of unfolding, later bright green; petiole channeled above, at 
first pubescent, 1-8 cm. long. Flowers 3-7 in a fascicle, white or pink, 
fragrant, 3.0-4 cm. in diameter; calyx acute or acuminate, pedicel and 
calyx tube reddish-purple; petals 15-18 mm. long, ovate-obtuse; stamens 
usually 20; styles 3, rarely 4. Fruit globose, apex marked by calyx scar, 
8-12 mm. in diameter, greenish yellow, tinged with red, mostly 3 celled. 
Seeds triangular, ovate, about 5 min. long. 

Chekiang, Kiangsu, Hupeh, Shensi, Szechuan, Yunnan south to 
Assam. Closely related to Malus halliana. A very handsome species 
with pink or white, fragrant flowers on showy red pedicels. 


CRATAEGUS 


Deciduous shrubs or small trees, usually spiny. Winter buds small, 
globose with numerous imbricated scales. Leaves alternate, simple, 
serrate or lobed or deeply pinnatifid, especially on vigorous or sterile 
leading branches, with petioles and stipules. Flowers usually white, in 
some varieties pink or reddish, in terminal corymbs, with deciduous 
bracts; petals 5; calyx lobes 5, campanulate or cup-shaped, adnate to the 
carpels; stamens usually 10 or 20, but sometimes 5-25, ovary composed 
of 1-5 carpels, inferior, or its apex free; styles free, 1-5, persistent on 
the mature carpels; ovules 1 in each carpel, or if 2, dissimilar, that is, 
one sessile and fertile, the other stalked and sterile. Fruit a pome with 
1-5, 1-seeded bony nutlets or stones. 

A very large genus, over 600 species having been described, widely 
distributed throughout the temperate zone but most abundant in the 
United States of America. Very many species are cultivated as 
ornamental subjects. They are mostly shrubs or small trees with hand- 
some foliage not subject to insect attacks and have usually showy 
flowers. In China one species is cultivated for its fruits. 


Crataegus pinnatifida Bunge. 
Large Iruited Haw, 

Shrub or small tree up to 20 m. tall. Branchlets glabrous. Leaves 
elliptic-ovate, pinnately 5-9 cleft or lobed, serrate, cuneate at the base, 
dark shiny green above, glabrous beneath, about 6 cm. long with slender 
petioles. Flowers white, long pedicelled in few-flowered cymes. Fruit 
globose or pear shaped, with persistent calyx teeth, dark red, spotted, 
12-20 mm. long; nutlets 3-5. 


176 CHINESE ECONOMIC TREES 


Siberia, Korea & N. China. 

Var. major N. E. Brown is a large-fruited cultivated form common 
in N. China, around Peking especially. Candied fruits strung on little 
sticks are commonly vended in the markets. 


LEGUMINOSEAE 


Leaves alternate, usually compound, occasionally simple, with or 
without stipules. Flowers papilionaceous, or regular, usually perfect, 
rarely polygamo-dioecious; sepals 5, more or less united; petals usually 
5; stamens definite, monadelphous or diadelphous or indefinite. Carpels 
1 (rarely to 15) superior. Ovary 1 celled, ovules 1 to many in the cell. 
Fruit a legume or a folicle or fleshy. Seeds usually exalbuminous, 
sometimes albuminous. 

A large family of 490 genera and about 7,000 species widely 
distributed in all temperate and tropical regions, containing numerous 
representatives that are of great economic importance. Over 100 genera 
are under cultivation in China. Comparatively few are arborescent. 


KEY TO GENERA 


Sub-family I Mimosoideae. Fiowers regular, petals valvate; stamens 

5-10 (rarely indefinite) exserted. 

J. Calyx lobes valvate, 5; stamens numerous, somewhat united at 
the base; pods indehiscent or tardily dehiscent, flat, straight, 
thin. seis cece ee ee ee ee is ate eee e ik eho ta ene .- Albizzia. 

Sub-family II Caesalpinioideae. Flowers irregular, imperfectly papilidn- 
aceous or nearly regular; petals imbricate, the upper one inside and 
inclosed by the others; stamens 10 or fewer, not conspicuously 
exserted. 

I. Leaves simple cordate; flowers imperfectly papilionaceous; calyx 
5 toothed; legume flat, margin slightly winged.........-Cercis. 


If. Leaves compound; flowers regular: 


a. Calyx tube elongated, 5 lobed; petals 5; stamens 10, shorter 
than the petals; legume thick and woody..-.Gymnocladus. 


b. Calyx tube short, 8-5 lobed; petals 8-5; stamens 3-5; longer 
than the petals; legume flat, short, leathery......Gleditsia. 


LEGUMINOSEAE 177 


Sub-family Il] Papilionatae. Flowers papilionaceous, corolla imbricate, 
the upper petal (standard) larger and inclosing the other petals; 
stamens 5-10, included. 


I. Stamens 10, distinct. 
A. Flowers in racemes: 
i} ods, moniliform, ‘seeds brown... 3... ...s-< 0% Sophora. 


2. Pods linear, 2 valved, sometimes septate; seeds scarlet. 
eRe Benet era caches ses TTORAr eH sy Wek is ti oud bees Eis Stes ee Ormosia. 
B. Flowers in panicles: 


1. Winter buds inclosed in the enlarged base of the 
petiole; leaflets alternate; panicles drooping. - Cladrastis. 


2. Winter buds free; leaflets opposite; panicles upright. 


Renee mia e sfofeiny <0 siete « (oteveis onal a die sieves e ak ote avaee AL GLCIG. 

Il. Stamens 9-10, monadelphous; pods ligulate indehiscent, mem- 

branous, thin and flat, apiculate, 1-4 seeded........ Dalbergia. 
ALBIZZIA 


Trees or shrubs with large bipinnate leaves composed of numerous 
small leaflets. Flowers regular, perfect or polygamous in axillary spikes 
or heads, the heads sometimes panicled. Calyx tubular or campanulate, 
5 toothed; corolla small, funnel-shaped; stamens numerous, longer than 
the corolla, more or less united at the base. Fruit a linear, thin, flat, 
leathery pod. 


About 50 species in the tropics and the subtropic regions of the Old 
World. They are thornless trees more or less closely allied to the 
acacias, chiefly interesting for their graceful, feathery foliage and 
yellow and white or pink, usually capitate flowers. 


Albizzia julibrissin Durazzini. 


Tree 7-16 m. tall with smooth, pale gray bark and reddish-brown 
branchlets. Leaves 20-50 em. long, glandular at the base of the rachis, 
with 8-24 pairs of pinnate and numerous small, oblong, oblique leaflets. 
Flowers pink with stamens over 2.5 em. long, crowded in a short 
peduncled head about 5 cm. in diameter. Pods 10-25 em. long, tapered 
at both ends, papery. 


{78 CHINESE ECONOMIG TREES 


Temperate Asia—Persia to China and Japan. This tree is said to 
be common in the moist woods of Eastern Szechuan and Western Hupeh 
and is sometimes planted in the yards of the temples. It has been 
naturalized in the southern portions of the United States of America. 


Albizzia lebbek Bentham. 


Tall tree 15 m. in height. Leaves about 25 cm. long with 4-8 
pinnae; each pinna with 6-18 leaflets which are coriaceous, obliquely 
oblong or ovate-obtuse at the apex, and with the midrib towards one 
side, 3-4.5 em. long. Flowers in short peduncled axillary heads 3-4 
together, greenish-yellow; stamens white and green united only at the 
base. Pods oblong, flat, coriaceous, shiny, reticulate, 15-20 em. long. 


South China. Cultivated in most tropical countries. 


CERCIS 


Trees and shrubs. Leaves deciduous, alternate, simple entire, 
petiolate, stipulate, palmately veined, broad and rounded with a more 
or less heart shaped base. Flowers papilionaceous, pedicelled, pink or 
red, appearing in the spring before the leaves, in clusters, from the wood 
of one or several years’ growth. Calyx 5 toothed, persistent; petals 
nearly equal, pink or rose color; stamens 10, in 2 rows; ovary,oblique at 
the base of the calyx tube; ovules many; style fleshy. Fruit a flat 
legume, stalked, oblong or broadly linear, 2 valved, many seeded, dark 
reddish-purple and shiny. 


7 species in Asia, Europe and America. 2 species in China. The 2 
Chinese species may be distinguished from one another by the in- 
florescence. The larger flowers of Cercis chinensis are produced in few 
flowered clusters while the smaller flowers of C. racemosa are produced in 
long pendulous racemes. 


Cercis chinensis Bunge. 


Tree to 15 m. tall. Bark dark gray and smooth on young trees, 
rough and broken into small plates when old. Leaves heart shaped, 
pointed and shiny, pale green beneath, 7-15 em. across, margin marked 
by a white transparent line. Flowers 4-10 in a cluster, pink, 2 cm. 
long. Pod reddish-purple, taper pointed, 8-13 em. long. 


Western Hupeh and Szechuan. Commonly cultivated. 


LEGUMINOSEAE 179 


Plate 66. CERCIS CHINENSIS Bunge 


1. Fruiting branch; © 2. Flowering branch; 3. Section of flower;- 4. 
Flower; 5. Pistil and its section; 6. Stamen. (5 and 6 


enlarged.) 


180 CHINESE ECONOMIC TREES 


The flowers appear in early spring before the leaves and are 
frequently borne on the old wood, even on the trunk of young trees. 
The papilionaceous blossoms produced in such profusion as to cover the 
tree with a mass of bloom and the handsome heart-shaped leayes, make 
this a desirable ornamental plant. 


Cercis racemosa Oliver. 


' Tree to 10 m. tall. Leaves tomentose beneath, slightly smaller than 
the preceding. Flowers small on slender pedicels of pink in many- 
flowered drooping racemes. Pods 4-10 cm. long, The most ornamental 
species of all, 


Central China. 


GYMNOCLADUS 


Trees with stout contorted branches and deeply fissured or thick 
flaking bark. Leaves deciduous, alternate, bipinnate, with usually 
alternate pinnae and leaflets; stipules large, deciduous, Leaflets ovate, 
entire, petiolate. Flowers racemose or in racemose corymbs, dioecious, 
greenish white or purplish on long slender pedicels, Calyx tubular, lined 
with a glandular disk, thick ribbed, 5 lobed; petals 4 or 5, pubescent, as 
long as or slightly longer than the calyx lobes; stamens 10, free, inserted 
on the disk with the petals; ovary sessile or slightly stipitate, 4 or many 
ovuled; style short, capitate or 2 lobed. Pods oblong, thick, tipped, 
slightly curved, tardily dehiscent into 2 woody valves, pulpy between 
the seeds, Seeds ovoid to subglobose attached to a slender funicle; testa 
hard and bony. 

2 species, 1 in temperate N, America, the other in Southern and 
South-western China. 


Gymnocladus chinensis Baillon. 


Tree 12 m. high. Bark smooth and light gray on young trees, 
Branchlets pubescent. Young leaves silvery, mature leaves pale green; 
leaflets numerous, 20-24, pubescent beneath, oblong, obtuse rarely acute 
at the apex, rounded at the base, on short pubescent petiolules, 
Inflorescence polygamous, in pubescent racemes. Flowers white or 
purplish; calyx pubescent; petals ovate-oblong; ovary glabrous; style 
short, crowned by a somewhat capitate stigma; ovules few, mostly 4, 
Pods flat, brown, glabrous, 7-10 em. long, 8-4 em. wide. Seeds 2-4, 2 
cm, in diameter, globose, smooth, black. 


181 


LEGUMINOSEAE | 


\S 


SS S S 


~ Plate 67. 


GYMNOCLADUS CHINENSIS Baillon 


4. Section 


3. Stamen; 


2. Section of male flower; 


1. Fruiting branch; 


(3 enlarged.) 


Flowering branch. 


ee 


2 
2 


of perfect flower 


182 CHINESE: ECONOMIC TREES 


Anhwei, Chekiang, Kiangsu, Hupeh and Szechuan. 

The pods of this tree are saponaceous and are used as a substitute 
for soap for laundry purposes. <A perfumed soap of high quality for the 
washing of hair and delicate fabrics is made with the addition of honey, 
sandal wood, camphor, musk and several other ingredients. This “pre- 
paration is also valued as a comestic or salve. The seeds, after the black 
coat is removed by steaming, are used by embroiderers to gloss) silk 
threads in much the same way as wax is used for the same purpose. 


GLEDITSIA 


Deciduous trees with inconspicuous buds seareely raised above 
the bark. Branches and trunks often armed with branched or 
simple spines. Leaves alternate, pinnately or bipinnately compound; 
stipules deciduous. Leaflets irregularly crenate. Flowers dioecious or 
polygamous, greenish-white, in lateral simple or fascicled racemes. 
Calyx lobes and petals 8-5; stamens 6-10, exserted; ovary usually 1 
celled; ovules 2 to many; style short, with large terminal stigma. 
Pods mostly large and indehiscent, pulpy, compressed, walls thin and 
membranous or pulpless and ovate, tardily dehiscent, or inhediscent with 
woody walls; seeds many or rarely few, ovate or compressed, attached by 
a long slender funicle. 

About 12 species known in C. and E. Asia, N. and &. America, and 
tropical Africa. The genus yields a wood that is fairly hard and durable 
but coarse grained. When planted close together and severely pruned 
most Gleditsias form good windbreaks and hedges. They are late in 
developing leaves in spring. Also spelled gleditschia. 


Gleditsia macracantha Desfontaines. 
Honey Locust. 


Tree 15 m. tall. Branchlets glabrous; spines terete, reddish-brown, 
simple or compound with 1 or 2 or more branches. Leaves pinnate; 
rachis pubescent along the grooves; leaflets 6-12, reticulate beneath, 
midrib and petiolules pubescent, ovate to ovate-lanceolate, 5-8 em. long, 
diminishing in size toward the tip of the leaves. Flowers polygamo- 
dioecious, in racemes, pubescent, 6-18 mm. long on slender pedicels. 
Pod 10 to 15 cm. long, 3 em. wide, often cylindrical, indehiscent, straight, 
slightly convex, purplish-brown, many seeded. 


Hlupeh and Szechuan, 


LEGUMINOSEAE 


Plate 68. GLEDITSIA MACRACANTHA. Desfontaines 


1. Flowering branch; 2. Thorn; 3. Pod. 


18 


184 CHINESE ECONOMIC TREES 


. 


The pods of Gleditsia sinensis, G. macracantha and G. japonica are 
used as a substitute for soap. A medicine is made from the immature 
pods of G. officinalis. 

Individuals or forms of Gleditsia are found which are almost or 


wholly free from spines. 


Gleditsia sinensis Lamarck. 


Tree 13 m. tall. Leaves rarely bipinnate. Spines terete. Leaflets 
8-18, ovate-oblong, yellowish above, dull green below. Flowers on 
pubescent racemes; ovary glabrous. Pod straight, walls thick, woody, 
10-22 cm. long. 


Central China. 


Allied to @. macracantha, but the leaves and spines are smaller. 


Gleditsia delavayi Franchet. 


Spines compressed at the base. Leaflets 12-18, ovate, oblique, dark 
green, glabrous. Pods with leathery walls, 830-45 cm. long, twisted. 


S. W. China: Yunnan. 


Gleditsia japonica Miquel. 


Tree 20 m. tall. Branchlets purplish with compressed, branched 
spines, and 16-20 leaflets; bipinnate leaves with 8-12 pinnae. Leaflets 
ovate-lanceolate, obtuse. Pods flattened, leathery, 20-30 em. long, 
brown, twisted. 


Japan, Korea, Manchuria and China. 


SOPHORA 


Deciduous or evergreen trees, shrubs and perennial herbs. Leaves 
alternate, odd pinnate with deciduous, entire stipules. Leaflets entire, 
mostly opposite, numerous and small or few ‘and large. Flowers in 
racemes or terminal panicles, papilionaceous, white, yellow, violet or 
pink; calyx campanulate, slightly 5 toothed; standard broadly ovate or 
orbicular; wings oblong, oblique; keel petals oblong, as long as or longer 
than the wings, barely connate; stamens 10, slightly connate at the 
base; ovary subsessile, with curved style and rounded stigma; ovules 
indefinite. Legume or pod moniliform (necklace like), the seeds 


LEGUMINOSEAE 185 


separated by marked constrictions in the pods, almost terete or slightly 
compressed or 4 winged, fleshy, coriaceous or woody, indehiscent. 

22 species distributed throughout the warm parts of the world 
About 4 ligneous species occur in China. 


Sophora japonica [Linnus. 
(Hua Shu.) Pagoda Tree. 


Tree 18 m. tall with tortuous branches and angled dark green 
branchlets. Leaves deciduous, alternate, odd pinnate, 18-22 icm. long; 
leaflets 7-17, entire, 2.5-5 cm. long, stalked, opposite, ovate to ovate- 
lanceolate, acute, rounded at the base, dark green above, more or less 
pubescent below. Flowers appearing in midsummer in large terminal 
panicles, yellowish-white, sometimes tinged with purple, 1.3 em. long. 
Pod long stalked, terete, constricted between the seeds, glabrous, 5-8 
em. long, tipped with a slight beak. Seeds dark brown, ovate. 

Peking to Hongkong, Kansu to Yunnan. 

Introduced to Japan. The wood is light and tough, used in car- 
pentry. The flowers and buds yield a yellow dye and the pods an 
important medicine. The preparation of the dye is very simple. The 
flowers and buds are baked in an oven until they turn brown, then 
placed in a pot of cold water and brought to a boil. The liquid is 
poured into the vats ready for use. The bark, wood and roots contain 
a purgative property. A fine avenue of Sophora japonica may be seen in 
the grounds of the Temple of Heaven in Peking. A pendulous form is 
often planted. 

Propagated by seeds and cuttings. A pound of seeds contains 
between 3,180 to 4,140 seeds. Germination is slow and uneven. 


ORMOSTA 


Trees. Leaves odd pinnate; leaflets coriaceous. Flowers usually 
in terminal racemes, papilionaceous; calyx 5 cleft, campanulate; corolla 
slightly exserted; petals clawed; stamens free, unequal, incurved, 
exserted in the opening blossom; ovary subsessile; style long, filiform ; 
stigma oblique; pods leathery, woody or fleshy, oblong to linear, 2 
valved, sometimes septate, sutures not winged. Seeds with bright scarlet 
testa. 


About 40 species, mostly in the tropics. 


CHINESE ECONOMIC TREES 


186 


SOPHORA JAPONICA Linneeus 


Plate 69. 


3. Section of pod. 


2. Flowering branch; 


1. Fruiting branch; 


LEGUMINOSEAE © | 187 


Ormosia hosiei Hemsley & Wilson. 
‘Red Bean Tree. (Hung Tou Shu.) 


Tree to 20 m. tall with smooth gray bark. Leaves odd pinnate, 
18-2U cm. long; leaflets 5-7, oblong to oblong-ovate, acuminate, dark 
green above, glabrous. Panicles terminal or axillary, few flowered; 
flowers fragrant, white to rosy pink; calyx cup-shaped, 8-10 mm. long, 
tomentose; petals about 2 cm. long; ovary glabrous, yellow-green ; 5-6 
ovuled. Pods brown, woody, compressed, beaked, 4-6.5 em. long, 2. 5-3 
em. broad. Seeds 1-2, bright red. 


Central and Western China. 


The bright red seeds are sometimes strung into necklaces. The 
wood is reddish, handsomely marked, hard and heavy, one of the most 
valuable woods for furniture and carving. 


Ormosia henryi Hemsley «& Wilson. 


Tree 6-9 m. tall. Leaflets 5-9, elliptic or oblong-lanceolate, coria- 
ceous, 7-12 cm. long, 2-5.5 em. wide. Young shoots, lower surface of 
the leaves, and inflorescence tomentose. Flowers yellowish-white ; ovary 
pilose. Pods 7-11 em. long, 2-3 em. wide, blue-black, slightly beaked, 
8-10 seeded. Seeds 8-15 mm. long, more or less imbedded in the corky 
tissue of the seed coat. 


Chekiang and Kwangtung. 


Chiefly valuable as an ornamental tree. The wood is light yellow. 


CLADRASTIS 


Deciduous trees with smooth gray bark and naked axillary buds, 
several appressed together, one above the other, and enclosed in the 
hollow base of the petiole. Leaves alternate, odd pinnate, with petioles 
enlarged at the base; leaflets 7-13, ovate, entire, alternate or subopposite. 
Flowers in long panicles or racemes on slender pedicels, papilionaceous, 
white; calyx campanulate, 5 toothed; stamens 10, free or slightly united 
at the base; ovary with numerous ovules. Pods linear, flattened, thin, 
membranous, 3-6 seeded. 


2 species, 1 in N. America and 1 in China. ‘They are medium- 
sized trees cultivated for their white, fragrant flowers and for their 
foliage, which in the autumn turns a brilliant yellow. The wood is hard 


188 CHINESE ECONOMIC: TREES 


and heavy, close grained and takes a high polish. The wood of, the 
American species is sometimes used for gun stock, It also yields a 
yellow dye. 


Cladrastis chinensis Hemsley. 


A medium-sized tree sometimes 25 m. tall with smooth, gray-green 
bark and young shoots pubescent toward the base. Leaflets 3-13; 
oblong to oblong-lanceolate, entire, usually rounded at the base, blunt or 
acute at the apex, yellow-green, pubescent below along the midrib and 
toward the base, 5-11 em. long. Flowers about 12 mm. long, white or 
pinkish white, fragrant, in large, loose, much branched, erect, terminal, 
rusty pubescent panicles, 18-30 cm. long, sometimes 20 ecm. wide. 
Stamens slightly connate at the base. Pods oblong, thin, papery with 
thickened edges. 


Szechuan, Yunnan and Hupeh. 


A handsome tree on account of its showy flowers which are fragrant, 
white or pinkish white in color. This tree resembles somewhat Sophora 
japonica in appearance. Cladrastis chinensis is a comparatively rare tree 
but it is well worthy. of cultivation as an avenue or lawn tree and 
perhaps for timber. . It is cultivated in Europe and America. 


MAACKIA 


Deciduous trees or rarely shrubs with axillary scaly buds. Leaves 
alternate, odd pinnate; leaflets entire, opposite or subopposite, short 
stalked. Flowers white, papilionaceous in terminal erect panicles; calyx 
4 or 5 toothed, campanulate; stamens 10, more or less connate. Pods 
1-5 seeded. 


2 or 3 species in Eastern Asia. Distinguished from Cladrastis by 
the scaly buds not enclosed in the leaf base, and by the opposite leaflets. 


Maackia amurensis (Koch) Ruprecht. 


(Cladrastis amurensis Koch.) 


Tree to 15 m. tall with bark peeling in thin lateral strips. © Buds 
scaly, shiny brown. Leaflets 7-11, elliptic-ovate or oblong-ovate, acute 
or obtuse, rounded at the base, glabrous, dark green, 5-8 em. long. 
Racemes many flowered, usually panicled, 10-20 cm. long; flowers 


“1 LEGUMINOSEAE | 189 


greenish-white, about 8 mm. long on slender pedicels, Pods 4-8 em. 
Jong, brown, oblong, flattened, Seeds 1-3; oblong; 
--~ Amurland, Manchuria, China and Japan. 

~ The wood is yellowish-brown, hard and tough, fine textured, 


suitable for building and furniture, for making agricultural implements, 
saddles, ete., and for railroad ties. The bark yields a yellow dye. 


Propagated by seeds. About 9,950 seeds weigh 1 pound. 
Maackia hupehensis Takeda. 
Tree to 23 m. tall. Bark greenish-gray. Leaflets 11-13, 2-3 em. 


long, ovate to ovate-elliptic, densely hirsute. Flowers numerous, white, 
about, 10 mm. long. 


Hupeh, Szechuan, Kiangsi. 


According to E. H. Wilson, the bud seales in the spring are bluish 
with yellow margins. The unfolding leaves are silver gray. 


DALBERGIA 


‘Trees, shrubs or climbers, Leaves coriaceous, odd pinnate or rarely 
1 foliate. Flowers papiliovaceous, numerous, small, in terminal or 
axillary panicles; calyx campanulate, 5 toothed; standards ovate or 
orbicular; stamens 9-10, monadelphous or with a split sheath; anthers 
minute; ovary stipitate, few ovuled; style short, incurved with capitate 
stigma. Pods oblong or ligulate (strap shaped) usually thin and flat, 
indehiscent, 1-4 seeded. 


About 70 species, mostly in the tropics. 9 or 10 species in China. 


Dalbergia hupeana Hance. 
Tian Shu, 


Tree to 20 m. tall with rough gray bark peeling in thin flakes. 
Leaflets 9, oblong, rounded at both ends or emarginate at the apex, 
veins’ elevated on the under surface, glabrous, usually about 4 em. long 
(up to 7 em.). Panicles glabrous, compact; flowers yellow or creamy 
white, small, about 1 em. long; calyx hairy, 4 toothed, the upper teeth 
obtuse, the lower tooth elongated; corolla about 1/2 the length of the 
calyx ; stamens diadelphous; ovary glabrous, 8 ovuled. Pod ligulate, 
flat,:minutely apiculate, 1-3 seeded, up to 8 em. lung. ey 


190 CHINESE ECONOMIC TREES 


Hupeh and Szechuan, and Kiangsu. 


A very valuable timber tree usually of medium size. .The wood is 
white or yellowish, close grained and very heavy. It is used for making 
wheelbarrows, axles, pulley blocks, tool handles and oil presses, and 
may well be adapted to street paving. 


RUTACEAE 


Trees or shrubs or herbs usually containing aromatic essential oil. 
Leaves alternate, rarely opposite, simple or compound, usually with 
pellucid, oily glands. Flowers perfect, regular; cymose or paniculate; 
sepals 4-5, often connate, imbricated; petals 4-5, usually free; stamens 
4-5 or 8-10, rarely 15 or more, inserted at the base of the disk, filaments 
usually distinct; ovary superior, 2-5 lobed, 2-5 celled on a stalk with a 
glandular disk at the base; ovules 1 to many in each cell; style more or 
less connate. Fruit a fleshy drupe or berry, or a capsule or separating 
into several drupelets, rarely winged. aie . 

About 100 genera and 900 species, mostly tropical. The volatile 
fragrant oils, characteristic of this family, are much used in perfumery and 

medicine. A very important family horticulturally and commercially, 


- KEY TO GENERA 


J. Fruit a berry with leathery rind and cells distended with juicy 
pulp; orange-like, 


A. “lheaves simple, persistent” <i. 22. <0 see eee Citrus. 
B. Leaves trifoliate, deciduous...........- « wabeheetae Poncirus. 


Il. Fruit not orange-like, but drupaceous or capsular. 
A. Fruit capsular. 
i. Leaves alternate; plants often armed....Zanthozylum. 
9 


2. Leaves opposite; plants unarmed ...........-Hvodia. 


b. Fruit drupaceous; winter buds inclosed by the base of the 
petiole; leaves odd-pinnate........s2e.ese5 Phellodendron. 


PHELLODENDRON 


Deciduous trees, sometimes with thick, corky bark. Winter buds 
naked, enclosed by the base of the petiole. Leaves opposite, odd pinnate, 


RUTACEAE 191 


petiolate, without stipules; leaflets opposite or alternate, crenate serrate, 
stalked. Flowers small, divecious, in erect terminal panicles; calyx 5 
lobed, triangular, persistent for a time under the fruit; petals 5-8, ovate- 
lanceolate, longer than the calyx lobes, yellow-green; staminate flowers 
with 5 stamens ; pistillate flowers composed of 5 carpels; ovary 5 celled; 
style short and thick. Fruit a black drupe, borne on an erect panicle; 
flesh black, aromatic, enclosing 5 small, 1 seeded stones. 
5 or 6 closely related species in E, Asia. 


The leaves of Phellodendron when bruised give off an aromatic odor. 
The leaf stalk has a swollen base which completely envelopes the bud. 
The outer bark is often corky and ridged, used occasionally for the 
floating of fish nets. The inner bark is bright yellow, used in medicine 
under the name of Huang-po. The seeds are bitter, also medicinal, and 
in addition are said to be useful as an insecticide. 


Phellodendron amurense Ruprecht. 


Tree 15 m. tall. Bark gray, corky and deeply fissured. Branchlet 
orange yellow. Buds covered with silky pubescence. Leaves from 20-30 
em. long; leaflets 5-11 (13), ovate or ovate-lanceolate, long pointed, 
rounded or cuneate and unequal at the base, ciliate along the margins, 
bright green above, hairy only along the midrib or glabrous below, 6-10 
em. long, 2-3.5 cm. wide, turning yellow in the autumn. Inflorescence at 
first puberulous, about 8 cm. long. Fruiting panicles 8-12 cm. long and 
4—6 cm. wide; fruit 10-12 mm. in diameter, black, aromatic when bruised. 

Amurland, N. China and Japan. 


The wood is pale brown in color with thin sap wood and wide bands 
of pores marking the annual growth; used for the making of furniture 
and small articles. In Japan the wood is valued for rifle-stocks. <A 
yellow pigment, extracted from the bark, is employed in the manufacture 
of documentary paper, the pigment rendering the paper insect proof. 
This species has been recommended for planting in city streets as it is 
free from insect attacks, resistant to drought and heat and is not 
particular as to soil. Phellodendron amurense is fairly rapid growing 
when young. 


Phellodendron sachalinense Sargent. 


Tree 15 m.’tall. Bark brownish, not corky. ~Branchlets brown. 
Leaflets 7-11, ovate to ovate-oblong, dark green above, often glaucous 


192 CHINESE ECONOMIC TREES 


Wa 
Fy Ay ; 
\ as 
an a 4 
f Z / pee 
Sh fee. - 4 
j 
i 


Ss. oe 
= SAY 
Sey AU 

= U 


woul 


Plate 70. PHELLODENDRON SACHALINENSE Sargent, 


1. Fruiting branch; 2. Staminate flower; 3. Pistillate flower; 4. 
Section of fruit; 5. Pistillate flowering branch; 6. Staminate 


flowering branch. (Details enlarged.) oy = tags! 


A 
Nauta 


RUTACEAE 193 


below, 8-12 em. long, 3-5 cm. wide. Inflorescence glabrous, Fruit 8-10 
mm, in diameter. 


Saghalien, Korea, Japan and W. China. 


Phellodendron chinense Schneider. 


Tree 8 m. tall. Bark gray-brown, not corky. Branchlets purple- 
brown. Leaflets 7-13, oblong-ovate to oblong-lanceolate, dull yellow- 
green above, villose beneath, 9-14 cm. long. Inflorescence densely 
pubescent. Fruit black, 12 mm. in diameter in compact panicles 5-8 cm. 
long and 2.5-6 cm. wide. 


Central China. 


CITRUS 


Evergreen shrubs or small trees, usually armed with spines. Leaves 
alternate, pinnate but apparently simple, persistent, coriaceous, punctate, 
borne on a winged and articulated petiole. Flowers white or pinkish, 
fragrant, axillary, fascicled or in small cymes, rarely solitary. Calyx 
3-5 parted, cup or urn shaped; petals 5, (4-8), linear-oblong, thick, 
imbricate; stamens 20-60, inserted on the disk, variously connate; ovary 
many celled (8-15), style stout, usually deciduous, with capitate stigma; 
ovules 4-8 seriate in each cell. Fruit a large, globose or oblong berry 
with a leathery rind and many cells distended with a juicy pulp; cells 
1-8 seeded; seeds large, up to 2 cm. long, oval or oblong. 

Extensively cultivated in tropical and subtropical Asia and elsewhere. 
About 6 species are recognized. The leaves are unifoliate by suppression 
as indicated by the articulated blade. This is the most important genus 
of the family, including valuable economic fruits such as the orange, 
tangerine, pomelo or grape fruit, lemon and lime. 


Citrus medica Linnzus. 

Citron, 

Thorny shrub or small tree. Leaves to 18 cm. long, oblong, rounded 
at the apex, not articulated; petiole wingless. Flowers large, white, 
tinged with reddish purple. Fruit large, oval or oblong, 15-25 cm. long, 
lemon yellow; skin thick, fragrant; pulp acid and scanty. 


Var sarcodactylis Swingle. 


Fo Sho or Fingered Citron. 


194 CHINESE ECONOMIC TREES 


C. limonia Osbeck. 


Lemon. 


C. grandis Osbeck. 
(C, decumana Linnzus). 


Grape Fruit and Pomelo. 


C. sinensis Osbeck. 


Sweet orange. 


C. nobilis var deliciosa Swingle. 


Mandarin Orange and Tangerine. 


PONCIRUS 


Trees or shrubs with green, shiny branchlets armed with stout, 
straight thorns. Leaves deciduous, trifoliate; leaflets sessile, elliptic, 
coriaceous, crenulate, glandular dotted. Flowers before the leaves, solitary, 
sessile on the axil of the spine, 2.5 cm. across; sepals 4 or 5, small 
deciduous; petals 4 or 5, white, obovate, narrowed at the base; stamens 
8-10; inserted on an anular disk, filaments free or partly connate, reddish 
below ; ovary globose, 6-8 celled. Fruit a sma!l orange, densely pubescent. 

The genus differs from Cilrus with which it is sometimes united by 


the trifoliate, deciduous leaves, by the flower buds which are developed in 
the summer, and by other minor taxonomic characters. 


Poncirus trifoliata (L.) Rafinesque. 
(Citrus trifoliata Linnzeus). 
Kou Chu. Trifoliate Orange. 


A shrub or small tree, native of Northern China, widely cultivated. 
The bitter fruit is used in medicine. The plant is frequently planted for 
hedges, and often used as stock, upon which oranges and other Citrus 
fruits are grafted. This species is a host to numerous insects and several 
fungous diseases, rendering it undesirable for hedges or other forms of 
ornamental planting. 


The flowers are very fragrant. 


EVODIA 


Tree or shrubs. Winter buds naked. Leaves opposite, simple, 
trifoliate or pinnately compound; leaflets entire, punctate. Flowers 
small, dioecious in axillary or terminal panicles or corymbs; sepals and 


RUTACEAE 195 


petals 4 (5) ; stamens 4-5, inserted at the base of the disk; ovary usually 
deeply 4 lobed, 4 celled; ovules 2 in each cell; style 4 lobed. Fruit 
composed of 4 coriaceous, 3 valved cocci, 1-2 seeded. 


About 50 species in E. & S. Asia to Australasia, and the South 
Sea Islands. In habit and appearance Evodia resembles Phellodendron, 
but it is distinguished by the naked buds and capsular dehiscent fruits 
displaying shiny black seeds at maturity. 


Evodia glauca Miquel. 


Tree to 16 m. tall with smooth bark. Leafiets usually 7 (5-11), 
elliptic-ovate to oblong-lanceolate, long pointed, cuneate or rounded at 
the base, glaucous below, 5-10 cm. long on short, hairy, slender stalks. 
Flowers white in a much branched corymb. Fruit about 9 mm. long, 
finely pubescent. 


Central China: Kiangsi, Hupeh. 


A very common tree in W. Hupeh. The wood is brittle. 


ZANTHOXYLUM 


Deciduous or evergreen shrubs or trees, often armed with prickles. | 
Leaves alternate, odd pinnate, 3 foliate or rarely unifoliate ; leaflets entire 
or crenate serrate, punctate. Flowers dioecious or polygamous, regular, 
small, in cymes or panicles. Calyx 3-8 parted, rarely absent; petals 3-8; 
stamens 3-8, inserted with the petals; pistils 3-5, distinct or connate; 
style free or connate, with capitate stigma; ovules 2 in each cell. Fruit 
composed of 1-5 globose, coriaceous capsules, dehiscing ventrally, each 
carpel containing 1 or 2 hard, shiny, blue or black seeds. 


About 150 species in the tropics and warm temperate regions of both 
hemispheres. The genus contains several shrubby species with aromatic 
or bitter properties useful in medicine or as condiments. 


Zanthoxylum micranthum Hemsley. 


Tree sometimes 15 m. tall with dark trunk armed with stout 
prickles. Branchlets spiny. Leaves pinnate, 13-26 cm. long; petiole 
channeled above; leaflets 7-11, oppesite or subopposite, lanceolate, long 
acuminate, base rounded, slightly oblique, minutely dentate, pellucid 


196 CHINESE ECONOMIC TREES 


glandular, glabrescent, short stalked, 8-18 cm. long. Inflorescence broad, 
10-30 cm. across, many flowered. Flowers small, short stalked; sepals, 
petals and stamens 5. Fruit 1-3, punctate; seeds 1 to each carpel, black. 


Hupeh and Szechuan. 


All parts of this tree exhale an astringent, aromatic odor when 
bruised. 


Zanthoxylum piperitum DeCandole. 


Shrub or small tree. Prickles slender ascending, in pairs. Leaves 
to 15 em. long with 11-19 leaflets; leaflets ovate to oblong-ovate, 
emarginate at the apex, remotely toothed; teeth glandular at the base. 
Flowers after the leaves on short lateral branches, corymbose, to 4 cm. 
across. Fruits reddish, glandular dotted. 


N. China, Korea & Japan. 


The seeds, leaves and inner bark are employed as spices. The wood 
is yellow grained, heavy and hard, used for making utensils. 


Zanthoxylum bungei Planchon. 


Pepper Bush. (Hua Chiao.) 
A shrub, cultivated for its fruits, which are used as condiments. 
Hupeh, Szechuan, Shensi and Chihli. 


There are several other species, all shrubby, in this country. 


SIMARUBACEAE 


Trees or shrubs. Leaves alternate, rarely opposite, pinnate or simple. 
Inflorescence axillary; flowers unisexual, regular, usually small; sepals 
3-5, more or less connate; petals 3-5, rarely absent; stamens as many as 
or twice as many as the petals; filaments free, naked, or with a scale, 
inserted at the base of the disk; ovary superior, 1-6 celled, composed of 
distinct or more or less united carpels, rarely entire; ovules 1 to several 
ineach cell. Fruit drupe-like or a berry, or a samara. 


About 28 genera and 140 species in the tropics and the subtropical 
regions. The 2 following genera are the only arborescent representatives 
of the family in China. 


SIMARUBACEAE 197 
KEY TO GENERA 


J. Stamens 10, twice as many as the petals; fruitasamara........ 
te eel ot cUsiel sbl a? PaJ ote of Siig ORG avd ojo, a w wave clas Ailanthus. 

II. Stamens 4-5, as many as the petals; fruit a berry-like drnpe 42.5: 
Been ects are oteveietel caa's a evetelelc mises o ufela ale shape ia's) Sisis eis) ele PICTASIIE. 


AILANTHUS 


Deciduous, coarse-branched trees with large compound leaves. 
Flowers polygamous, or dioecious, small and inconspicuous in large 
terminal panicles, with 5 sepals and 5 petals on a 10 lobed disk. 
Stamens 10 in the staminate flower, 2-3 in the perfect flower, and absent 
or 2-3 in the pistillate flower; ovary 2-5, more or less distinetly cleft, 
rudimentary in the staminate flower; ovules 1 in each cell. Fruit 1-5 
samaras, each composed of a seed, surrounded by a large, membranous 
wing. The large terminal clusters of the fruit are often very conspicuous 


in autumn and winter. 
About 11 species, mostly in the tropies of China, India, Malay and 
Australia. 


Ailanthus altissima Swingle. 


(Ailanthus glandulosa Desfontaines.) Chou C’hun. 


Tree up to 30 m. tall with smooth, gray or brownish bark marked by 
shallow, pale colored, longitudinal fissures. Leaves odd pinnate with 7-9, 
or more pairs of leaflets. Leaflets ovate-lanceolate, pointed, green, with 
entire margins except 1-4 pairs of glandular teeth near the base. The 
leaves have a disagreeable odor when bruised and the same disagreeable 
odor is exhaled by the staminate tree at the time of the shedding of the 
pollen. The samara is oblong, red or purplish-brown, with the wing 
slightly twisted at the base each side of the seed which imparts to it a 
spiral motion when detached and falling through the air. 


Wild in the mountains of Chihli; elsewhere cultivated. Introduced 
into India, England, France, Germany, Italy and the United States of 
America. In France this tree is used to hold railroad embankments. 
Ailanthus is a rapid growing tree attaining a large size in China, but the 
wood is soft and light, suitable only for such uses as do not require strength 
and durability. The wood is greenish-white or yellow, easily worked and 


198 CHINESE ECONOMIC TREES 


Plate 71. AILANTHUS ALTISSIMA Swingle 


1. Flowering branch; 2. Fruits. 


SIMARUBACEAE 199 


susceptible of a high polish, said to make handsome furniture, on the 
authority of Professor C. S. Sargent. In China it is used for general 
carpentry as well as for fuel. From the roots, an infusion is derived for 
medicinal uses. Ailanthus reproduces freely by seeds, sprouts and root 
suckers and single trees often produce large colonies from the latter. 
Often planted in cities on account of its indifference to drought, 
smoke and other unfavorable factors. A wild silkworm Attacus cynthia 
is fed on the leaves of this and of the following species: — 


Ailanthus vilmoriniana Dode. 


Tree to 15 m. tall. Young branchlets and petioles pubescent and 
prickly when young, the prickles or spines usually disappear when the 
tree approaches maturity. Leaflets 17-35, oblong-lanceolate, 10-15 em. 
long, with 2-4 glandular teeth near the base, glaucous and pubescent 
beneath. Fruits about 5 em. long. 


W. China. 


PICRASMA 


Trees or shrubs with bitter properties. Leaves alternate, odd pinnate, 
large. Flowers unisexual or polygamous, in axillary cymes or panicles, 
yellow-green ; calyx 4-5 toothed ; petals 4-5; stamens 4-5, without scales; 
ovary 3-5 parted, free; style united in the middle; ovules solitary, Fruit 
a dry or fleshy, berry-like drupe. 

About 8 species in India, China and 8. & E. Australasia. Picrasma 
quassioides is known as Ku-lien Shu and the bark is used as a medicine. 


Picrasma quassioides Bennet. 


(Picrasma ailanthoides Planchon.) 


Shrub or tree to 10 m. tall. Leaves long, with 4-8 pairs of leaflets; 
leaflets ovate to oblong-ovate or obovate, acuminate, serrate, 6-9 cm. long, 
glabrous. Inflorescence tomentose, paniculate; flowers polygamous, green; 
sepals and stamens 5; petals strap-shaped, deciduous in the staminate 
flower. Fruit usually 3 together, bright red, the size of a pea, 1 seeded. 


Himalayas to China and Japan. Szechuan, Hupeh, Shensi, Shantung, 
Kiangsi. 


The foliage turns bright red and orange in the autumn. ‘The bark 
and wood have an extremely bitter property. 


200 CHINESE ECONOMIC TREES 


BURSERACEAE 


Resinous trees or shrubs. Leaves generally alternate, odd pinnate, 
5 foliate or rarely simple; stipules absent. Flowers small and mostly 
numerous, regular, perfect or polygamous; sepals 3-9, more or less 
united; petals 3-5. Stamens as many as, but more often twice as many 
as the petals, inserted on the edge or at the base of the disk; disk annular, 
cup-shaped or rarely absent. Ovary superior 2-5 celled; ovules usually 
2 in each cell. Fruit drupe-like, indehiscent with a 3-6 celled hard 
stone, or dehiscent into valves with several stones. Seeds exalbuminous. 


A family containing 16 genera and about 270 species widely dis- 
tributed throughout the tropies. The bark yields a fragrant resin of 
commercial importance. 


CANARIUM 


Evergreen, resinous trees. Leaves alternate, odd pinnate with or 
without stipules. Flowers perfect or polygamous in terminal or axillary 
panicles. Calyx cup-shaped or campanulate, usually 3 (rarely 5) parted 
or lobed; petals 38-5; stamens 6, rarely 10, distinct, inserted on the 
margin or outside of the disk, or connate by their filaments into a tube. 
Ovary 2-3 celled; ovules 2 to each cell. Fruit drupe-like, ovoid, 
slightly 3 sided, with a 1-3 celled, 1-3 seeded stone. 

About 50 species in the tropics of Asia and the Malay Archipelago. 
Represented in China by 2 species cultivated as fruit trees and generally 
known as Chinese Olives, although the true olive of the Mediteranean 
regions belongs to another family. 


Canarium album Raeuschel. 


Bah Lam. ‘‘ Chinese Olive.” 


Tree sometimes attaining a height of 20 m., usually 6-9 m. high with 
whitish bark and rounded crown. Leaves odd pinnate; leaflets 11-13, 
oblong-lanceolate, 6.5-10 em. long, about 4 em. wide, finely reticulated 
above. Flowers in simple racemes, small, short stalked. Fruit ovoid, 
slightly larger than round, greenish-white when ripe, about -38.5 cm. 
long, sessile. Stone pointed, slightly angled and grooved. 


This tree produces the Bah Lam of commerce in its various forms. 
Canarium pimela Konig is the so-called Chinese Black Olive. Both 
species occur in a wild state in the Island of Hainan. Hitherto unknown 
except under cultivation. 


BURSERACEAE 


Plate 72. CANARIUM ALBUM Raeuschel 


1. Flowering branch; 2. Fruits. 


201 


202 CHINESE ECONOMIC TREES 


MELIACEAE 


“Trees or shrubs. Leaves alternate, generally pinnate, rarely simple, 
without stipules. Flowers mostly perfect, regular, panicled. Calyx 4-5 
cleft. Petals 4 or 5, partly connate, or free. Stamens usually twice as 
many as the petals, commonly connate into a tube. Ovary superior, 3-5 
celled, more or less surrounded at the base by the annular disk; ovules 
1-2 or numerous in each cell, Style and stigma simple. Fruit a capsule, 
drupe or berry. Seeds with or without albumen. 


Composed of about 40 genera, mostly distributed in the tropics. 
The most important member of the family is Swietenia mahogani of Peru 
and the West Indies, which yields the valuable mahogany wood of com- 
merce. The bitter bark of this tree has also been used as a substitute 
for quinine. 


KEY TO GENERA 
A. Fruit drupaceous ; stamens connate. 


I. Leaves pinnate; inflorescence in subglobose panicles; ovary 
5 celled = sceliis: 1—2rscecedsc erateterte eine tater eee Cipadessa. 


II. Leaves (in our species) bipinnate; inflorescence in open 
panicles; ovary 8-6 celled; cells 1 seeded............ Melia. 


B. Fruit capsular; stamens free ; seeds numerous, winged. . Cedrela. 


CEDRELA 


Trees. Leaves deciduous, alternate, usually odd pinnate, without 
stipules. Leaflets opposite or sub-opposite, entire or slightly serrate, 
short stalked. Flowers in terminal, pendulous panicles, inconspicuous, 
white, usually perfect, regular. Calyx 4-5 cleft; corolla of 4-5 petals. 
Stamens 4-5, free, inserted on the edge of the disk, shorter than the 
petals. Style single, capitate or lobed. Ovary 5 celled; ovules 10-12 in 
each cell arranged in 2 series. Fruit a capsule, dehiscent imperfectly 
into 5 valves with a large white, pithy, 5 celled or angled central column 


on which the seeds are disposed. Seeds numerous, winged. 


16 species in Asia, tropical America, and Australia. The fragrant 
wood of Cedr.la odorata, native of the West Indies, is extensively employed 
for the making of cigar boxes. The aroma which the wood exhales is 
said to improve the flavor of cigars. 


MELIACEAE 203: 


Cedrela sinensis Jussieu. 


Shiang Chun. 


Tree 25 m. tall. Leaves often 25-60 cm. long, long petioled. Leaflets 
10-22, opposite or subopposite, stalked, oblong or oblong-lanceolate, 
acuminate, remotely serrate, unequally divided by the midrib, dark 
green above, pale green below, 19-20 cm. long. Flowers white, fragrant 
in long terminal, pendulous panicles. Calyx 5 lobed, rounded; petals 5, 
oblong, converging at the apex. Stamens 5, alternate with 5 staminodes. 
Ovary glabrous. Capsule oblong or ovate, about 2.5 em. long, longitudi- 
nally dehiscent. Seeds with a long oblong wing on the upper side. 


Central and Western China. Introduced into Europe and America. 


The feathery foliage and the compact habit of growth make this a 
valuable tree for street planting. ‘The young shoots are edible when 
cooked as a vegetable. The wood is yellow-brown, banded with red, 
used for high grade furniture and for interior finish, known to foreign 
residents of China as “‘ Chinese mahogany.” 

Often confused with Adlanthus, which is distinguished by the few 
glandular teeth at the base of the leaflets. 


MELIA 


Deciduous trees. Leaves bipinnately, tripinnately or pinnately 
compound. Leafletsacuminate. Flowersin panicles. Calyx 5-6 parted, 
short; petals 5-6, linear. Stamens 10-12, monadelphous. Ovary 3-6 
celled; 2 ovules in each cell. Fruit a dry or fleshy drupe. Stone 5 
celled. Seeds solitary in each cell. 

Asia and Australia. A small genus of probably not more than 2 
species. Authors have founded several species, based upon slight 
variations of foliage, size of inflorescence and fruit in the common and 
widely distributed M. azederach, but the diagnostic characters exhibit all 
degrees of intermediate gradations, making the species and varieties 


untenable. The principal synonomy follows :— 


Melia azederach Linnzus. 

China Berry or Pride of India. 

(M. florida Salisbury ; M. sambucina Blume ; M. australis Sweet ; M. japonica 
G. Don; M. bukayun Royle; M. cochinchinensis Roemer; M. orientalis Roemer ; 
M. toosendan 8. & Z.; M. composita Bentham ; M. chinensis Siebold ; etc.) 


204 CHINESE ECONOMIC TREES 


Plate 73. CEDRELA SINENSIS Jussieu 


1. Flowering branch; 2. Fruits; 3. Seed; 4. Flower: 5. Stamen; 


6. Leaf, much reduced. (Details enlarged.) 


MELIACEAE 205. 


Plate 74. MELIA AZEDERACH Linneus 


- 1. Fruiting clusters; 2. Flowering branch; 3. Flower; 4. Section of 
stone; 5. Section of ovary; 6. Stone; 7. Seed; 8. Ovary. 


(Details enlarged.) 


206 CHINESE ECONOMIC TREES 


Tree 16m. tall. Leaves twice or thrice compound. Leaflets oval, 
elliptic, acute, margin very variable, entire to sharply toothed or incised. 
Flowers showy, purplish with a lilac-like fragrance in panicles 10-15 em. 
long. Sepals acute; petals oblanceolate, obtuse. Ovary 5 celled. Fruit 
in drooping panicles. Drupe globose, yellow and smooth, 1.5 to 2 em. 
in diameter. 


Himalayas to China and Korea. China: W. Hupeh, to Yunnan 
and Szechuan. 


Occasionally employed for medicinal uses. ‘The stones are slightly 
5 angled and are frequently made into beads and rosaries. Birds are 
very fond of the fruits. This tree has become naturalized in the 
southern portion of the U.S. of America. Extensively planted in China 
as a shade tree. Few species can surpass Melia azederach in its 
ornamentai qualities. The foliage is graceful and feathery and is 
retained well on toward winter; but the tree is chiefly desirable for its 
flowers, which are conspicuous and produced in great profusion, of a 
light lavender color, with a strong lilac odor which perfumes the air for 
some distance. An added advantage is its very rapid growth. The 
wood is coarse but durable, handsomely marked, suitable for making 
furniture and for interior finish. In some sections of the country the 
tree is sometimes attacked by a borer. 


CIPADESSA 


Shrubs or small trees. Leaves deciduous, odd pinnate. Inflorescence 
panicled ; flowers subglobose; calyx 5 toothed ; petals 5, oblong, spreading; 
stamens united by their filaments into a deeply 10 lobed tube, the lobes 
bifid at the apex; ovary 5 celled; style short, with capitate stigma; 
ovules 2 in each cell. Fruit a fleshy drupe, 5 ribbed, 5 celled; cells 1-2 
seeded. 


1 or 2 species: Malaya, India and China. 


Cipadessa baccifera Miquel. 


(C. baccifera var. sinensis Rehder & Wilson) 


Shrabs to small tree. Branchlets, leaves, and inflorescence 
pubescent or nearly glabrous. Leaves 8-25 cm. long; leaflets 7-11, 
opposite or subopposite, entire or coarsely serrate, short stalked; petiole 
2.5-10 cm. long, pubescent. Flowers small, 4-6 mm. in diameter. 


EUPHORBIACEAE - Q0T 


India, Malaya and China. Although specimens seen from China 
are more pubescent, it seems unnecessary to consider these as a variety 
distinct from the Indian and Malayan trees. 


EUPHORBIACEAE 


Herbs, shrubs, trees or rarely vines, with milky juice. Leaves usually 
alternate, entire or toothed, rarely compound, with stipules. Flowers 
small, unisexual, monoecious or dioecious; perianth simple, calyx-like, 
often wanting; stamens few to many, free or connate; ovary free, usually 
3 celled: ovules 1, or 2, then situated side by side in each cell. Fruit 
usually a 3-parted capsule separating from the central column or rarely 
drupe-like or berry-like. Seeds albuminous. 


About 250 genera and over 4,000 species in all parts of the world, 
but chiefly in the tropics. ‘The family is of great economic importance. 
A large number of species yield substances of use in arts, industries and 
medicine; many have properties that are poisonous to man. 


KEY TO GENERA 


A. Ovules 2 in each cell; plant without milky juice or with red juice. 
I. Plant without milky juice; leaves alternate, simple; fruit a drupe 
sec ase db cae ot 26 6 4 a.c See RR ican cuniceietnas iepeecin ore Daphniphyllum. 


Ii. Plant with red juice; leaves alternate, trifoliate ; fruit berry-like, 
Hesliyerive cic the Bat (ood SOR DODO ae ie een SMe Bet cr Bischofia. 
B. Ovules I in each cell. 
I. Stamens incurved in the bud; disk present; plant without milky 
juice; fruit a capsule, obscurely 3 parted.........-.... Croton. 
Il. Stamens erect in the bud. 


a. Juice not milky; staminate flowers apetalous; anthers 2 
celled: leaves. simple...... 0.020, s2sececeweecs: Mallotus. 


b. Juice milky. 


1. Flowers with petals; calyx valvate, leaves simple, 
palimately “VelICG.)-.c > «t= = oN, iyo chant toy tee tats y= Aleurites. 


bo 


Flowers apetalous; calyx lobes imbricate; staminate 
calyx with connate sepals 1-3 lobed ; stamens free, 2-3 ; 
seeds attached to a central column............ Sapium. 


208 CHINESE ECONOMIC TREES 
ALEURITES 


Trees with milky juice. Leaves entire, or 3-5 lobed, 5-7 veined, 
long petioled; petioles with 2 glands at the apex. Flowers in loose 
cymes, usually monoecious; calyx 2-3, valvate; petals 5; stamens 8-10, 
the outer row attached to the base of the petals, the inner row monadel- 
phous; ovary 2-5 celled; cells 1 ovuled; style -bifid. Fruit large, 
drupaceous; exocarp fleshy; endocarp bony. Seeds thick shelled. 


6 species, indigenous to Asia and the Pacific Islands, widely 
distributed and cultivated in the tropics. 


Aleurites fordii Hemsley. 
Tung Oil Tree. 


Flat topped much branched tree, 3-8 m. tall. Bark smooth, light 
gray ; petiole glandular; gland sessile. Leaves glossy green, entire, ovate- 
cordate, 7-12 em. long, or 3 lobed and up to 20 em. long on sterile shoots. 
Flowers in great profusion on wood of the previous season’s growth before 
the leaves unfold. Flowers large, showy, white, marked with red and 
yellow, especially at the base of the petals. Petals orbicular ovate, about 
3em. long, glabrous; stamens 8-10; ovary usually 4 celled. Fruit green, 
apple-like, subglobose and slightly pointed, smooth, 4-5 cm. in diameter. 
Fibrous exocarp 3.4 mm. thick. Seeds 3-5, compressed, broadly ovate, 
2-2.5 cm. long, very poisonous. Wood is soft, white, of no use except, 


perhaps, for fuel. 
/ 


Fukien, Yunnan, Hunnan, Kweichow, Hupeh, Szechuan. 


Extensively cultivated. The tree yields the wood oil of commerce. 
It is estimated that 90% of the wood oil used in the industries, is pro- 
duced by this single species. The oil is largely exported to the United 
States of America where it has revolutionized the varnish industry. In 
China it is used for water proofing cement, for illumination, and many 
other purposes, and it is also burned for the soot, which is an important 
ingredient of Chinese ink. Plantations of the wood oil tree are common 
in the Yangtze valley in the vicinity of Hankow. Clayey banks, rocky 
hillsides and other waste lands unsuited to the growing of food crops 
should be more generally planted to this tree. The seeds are sown in 
seed beds. When the seedlings attain a height of 8 or 10 inches, they 
are either trausplanted in the nurseries or set out directly in the field. 


EUPHORBIACEAE 209 


Plate 75. ALEURITES FORDII Hemsley 


1. Flowering branch: 2. Fruiting branch; 3. Section of fruit; 4. 
Leaf; 5. Pistillate flower; 6. Seed; 7. Pistillate flower. (5 


and 7 adapted from Botanical Magazine, slightly enlarged.) 


210 CHINESE ECONOMIC TREES 


American investigators advocate spacing the trees 20 by 20 feet 
apart, giving a total of 108 trees to the acre. The trees begin to produce 
seeds in 4 to 5 years and continue to bear effectively for 50 years or more. 
The average annual yield is from 80-75 lbs. per tree. The fruit is from 
2-3 inches in diameter, each containing several seeds, usually 5 in 
number. The oil content is about 24% of the substance of the seed. 
The United States Department of Agriculture is endeavoring to establish 
the wood oil industry in America, and unless Chinese planters make a 
systematic effort to increase the yield and improve the quality of their 
product, the great American market will soon be closed to them. 


Aleurites cordata R. Brown. 


Tree to 10 m. tall. Gland of petiole stalked. Leaves broadly ovate, 
acuminate, 3-5 lobed or toothed. Petals oblong, 2 cm. long, hairy at 
the base. Fruit rough, warty. Seeds the size of large castor beans. 

S. China, cultivated in Japan. Less hardy than the preceding 
species. 

Aleurites montana Wilson, is a third species allied to A. fordii 
but differing chiefly in the fruit, which is egg-shaped, marked with 3 
longitudinal and many transverse ridges. The pistillate inflorescence is 
racemose and the inflorescences are said to be more strictly unisexual. 


S. China. Limited distribution. 


MALLOTUS 


Trees or shrubs. Leaves alternate or opposite, entire, serrate or 
lobed, often glandular. Flowers dioecious or monoecious, small, 
apetalous, in spikes or panicles; staminate flowers clustered; calyx 3-5 
parted, valvate; stamens 20-30 or more; ovary rudimentary or absent. 
Pistillate flowers solitary in the bract; calyx 3-5 parted or lobed ; ovary 
2-4 celled; style free or partly connate, spreading or recurved, plumose 
or papillose; ovules 1 in each cell. Fruit capsular, separating into 2-3, 
2 valved cocci. Valves smooth, warty or spiny. Seeds ovoid-oblong or 
globose, bony. 


About 80 species in the tropies of the old world. 


Mallotus tenuifolius Pax. 


Shrub or small tree. Leaves alternate, membranous, triangular 
orbicular, abruptly acuminate, base truncate or cordate, with 2 glands 


EUPHORBIACEAE 211 


above, glandular dotted below, 12 cm. long and broad; petiole 6-16 em. 
long. Inflorescence a short simple raceme. Staminate calyx 3 parted; 
stamens numerous, exserted. Pistillate flowers with pubescent, lanceolate 
sepals and pubescent ovary; style 3 parted. Capsule spiny. 


Hupeh and Szechuan. 


Mallotus philippinensis (Iamarck) Mueller. 


(Croton philippense Lamarck. ) 


Small evergreen tree. Leaves ovate to ovate-lanceolate, entire or 
slightly sinuate-serrate. Spikes terminal; ovary with red glands; stigma 
3, sessile. Capsule not spiny, 8-12 mm. across. Seeds black. 


India, China, Malay Islands to Australia. 


The capsules are covered with a red powder which yields the 
Kamila dye used for coloring silks. 


CROTON 


Trees, sarubs or rarely herbs without milky juice. Leaves alternate, 
“opposite or whorled, 2 glandular at the base. Flowers monoecious or 
sometimes dioecious; calyx 5 (4-6); sepals 5 (4-6), smaller or absent in 
the pistillate flower; disk glandular; stamens 5-many ; ovary 3 (2-4) 
celled ; style 2—4 cleft; ovules 1 in each cell. Capsule of 6 nearly equal 
valves, or of 3 deciduous valved cocci. 


500 species or more, mostly in the tropics. 


Croton tiglium Linneus. 


Croton-oil Plant, 


Small evergreen tree. Leaves 5-10 em. long, ovate or elliptic- 
oblong, acuminate; petiole 2.5-5 em. long. Pistillate flower apetalous; 
style 2 parted. Capsule 2-2.5 em. long, white, obovoid, obscurely 3 
parted. Seeds 1.2-2 em. long. 

S. E. Asia. 

‘Commonly cultivated in parts of Szecliuan where the leaves are 
mostly retained through the winter and become highly colored before 
falling in the spring (Wilson). 


Croton oil, a powerful purgative, is extracted from the seeds. 
Colloquially known as the Pa-tou tree (Wilson). 


212 CHINESE ECONOMIC TREES 


BISCHOFIA 


Trees. Leaves alternate, trifoliate. Flowers small, paniculate, 
dioecious, apetalous, inconspicuous; staminate with 5 sepals and 
included stamens; pistillate flowers with 5 ovate, caducous sepals, 5 
staminodes, and a 3-4 celled exserted ovary ; style linear, entire; ovules 2 
in each cell. Fruit globose, fleshy, 3-4 celled; seeds oblong. 

Ornamental tropical trees. 


Bischofia javanica Blume. 


Glabrous tree up to 25 m. tall with smooth or fissured gray bark, 
and very variable trifoliate leaves; leaflets ovate to ovate-lanceolate, 
acuminate, crenate-serrate, 8-13 cm. long. Flowers greenish in many- 
flowered panicles. Fruit blue-black, fleshy, berry-like, on a thick 
pedicel, about the size of a pea. Seeds dark shiny brown with papery 
testa splitting longitudinally. 

Szechuan and Hupeh. 

A rare tree. The wood is of no great commercial importance. The 
foliage is bronze green, and is very ornamental. 


SAPIUM 


Glabrous trees or shrubs with milky, poisonous juice. Leaves 
alternate, stalked, entire, seldom toothed. Petioles with 2 glands at the 
base of the leaf; the scale-like bracts also glandular. Flowers without 
petals, in terminal spikes; the staminate in 3’s; the pistillate flower 
single, clustered at the base of the inflorescence. Calyx of staminate 
flower 2-3 lobed. Ovary 1-3 celled, 1 ovule in each cell. 

Important economic plants, nearly 100 species known in the tropics 
of both hemispheres. 

The genus is characterized by apetalous flowers on a spike, each 
flower with 2 free stamens, and by a capsular fruit opening loculicidally 
but retaining the seeds which are attached for a long time to the more or 
less 3 angled central column. Propagated by seeds, layers and cuttings. 


Sapium sebiferum Roxburgh. 

(Stillingia sebifera Michaux.) 

Tallow tree. 

Small to medium sized tree up to 15 m. high. Leaves long stalked, 
rhombic-ovate, often broader than long, wedge-shaped at the base, acute 


EUPHORBIACEAE 


Plate 76. 


1, Fruiting branch; 


SAPIUM SEBIFERUM Roxburgh 


2. Flowering branch; 3. Section of fruit; 


4. 


Seed; 5, 6. Staminate flower; 7. Section of ovary; §&. Pistillate 


flower sectioned; 


9, Pistillate flower (Details enlarged.) 


214 CHINESE ECONOMIC TREES 


at the apex, green and turning into a brilliant red in the autumn. 
Capsule 12 mm. long, 15 mm. broad, globose elliptical, blackish-brown 
when ripe, 8 celled, each containing 1 seed which adheres for some time 
to the central column of the capsule. Seeds black, covered with a white 
coating of a waxy substance. 

Kiangsu, Chekiang, Fukien, Hupeh, Szechuan, Kwangtung, Hainan, 
Formosa, Hongkong and Japan. 


Sapium sebiferum is the source of the vegetable tallow extensively used 
for the manufacture of candles. In the autumn the fruits are dried in the 
sun in order to release the seeds, which are coated with a fatty substance. 
The seeds are steamed and rubbed through a sieve to separate the wax,. 
which is then melted and allowed to harden in molds. This is the pure 
tallow, Pe Yu. It is hard, tasteless and colorless, with a melting point of 
70 deg. C. (104 deg. F.) This tallow is made into candles particularly 
for the services of the temples, because they burn with a clear, odorless. 
flame. It is also used to impart gloss to cloth and for sizing paper. The 
cleaned seeds with the coating of tallow removed, are then lightly. bruised 
in mill stones, roasted, and pressed for the oil which they contain, which 
is the Ting Yu of commerce. The yield is about 50% by weight of the 
dry seeds. The oil is strongly odorous, yellowish in color, with a drying 
property which is used for waterproofing hats and umbrellas. It makes. 
a fairly good illuminant. The third product obtained from the tallow tree 
is the Mo Yu, a mixture of the fatty wax and the oil from the kernels, 
derived by simultaneous extraction. The leaves of Sapium sebiferum 
yield a black dye used in dying cotton black. The wood is white and 
fairly hard, used for a variety of purposes, among them the making of 
printing blocks. Ting Yu is sometimes used in medicine for its purgative 
properties.. The leaves of this species are brilliantly colored in the autumn. 


DAPHNIPHYLLUM 


EXvergreen shrubs or trees. Leaves alternate, entire, pinnately 
veined, large, coriaceous, glaucous below, without stipules. Flowers. 
dioecious, apetalous, in axillary racemes. Calyx 3-8 parted; stamens 
5-18; ovary imperfectly 2 celled; ovules 2 in each cell. Fruit a small 
olive-like drupe usually 1 seeded. 

About 11 or 12 species in tropical Asia, of which 3 occur in China. 
The following is the only one attaining tree size. 


ANACARDIACEAE 215 


Daphniphyllum macropodum Miquel. 


A glabrous shrub or small tree, 8-10 m. tall. Branchlets red. Leaves 
oblong, about 22 cm. long and 5 cm. wide, bluish on the under surface ; 
petiole red, 2.5-5 cm. long. Fruit black, 12 mm. long. 


Central China and Japan. 


ANACARDIACEAE 


Trees or shrubs with resinous or milky sap. Leaves alternate, 
simple, trifoliate or pinnate, without stipules. Flowers regular, perfect 
or unisexual, sometimes polygamous, small and numerous. Calyx 5 
cleft; petals 3-5, alternate with the sepals or absent; stamens as many 
as or twice as many as the petals, rarely more, inserted with the petals 
at the base of the disk. Ovary 1, rarely 2-6 celled ; ovules 1 in each cell. 
Fruit a drupe or nut, rarely dehiscent. Seeds exalbuminous. 

About 50 genera and 400 species, mostly in the tropics of both 
hemispheres. Rhus, the largest genus, reaches farthest north. Mango, 
Cashew, Anacardium and Pistacia are important tropical or subtropical 
genera, 


KEY TO GENERA 


I. Ovary 1 celled; fruits small; compressed, composed of 1 seeded 


drupe. 
| ApeeMlowers apetalouse. s2 02). 53 22 2. 2. ee etna tets Pistacia. 
Bee tlowersewith petals... -(---- 04: os++2 0+ 222 5ees thus. 
Il. Ovary 2-5 celled, fruit a large ovoid drupe, the stone several 
MMleClosecs bcos Goods OUD OOM Oo pCmOOg D SGon00¢6 OG LORE Spondias. 
SPONDIAS 


Trees, Leaves deciduous, alternate, odd pinnate, with opposite, 
stalked leaflets. Flowers polygamous, in racemes or panicles; calyx 4-5, 
small, deciduous; petals 4 or 5; stamens 8-10; styles 3-5; ovary sessile, 
3-5 celled; ovules solitary in each cell. Fruit a drupe with fleshy exocarp 


and a hard, bony endocarp, 1-5 celled. 


About 12 species of subtropical plants in the West Indies, tropical 
America, India and China. The branches reot readily when cut off and 
inserted in the ground; for this reason, Spondias is especially useful as 
windbreaks and hedges and for holding sandy banks. 


216 CHINESE ECONOMIC TREES 


Spondias axillaris Roxburgh. 


Tree 25 m. tall. Leaves deciduous, alternate, odd pinnate; leaflets 
9-13, opposite, lanceolate, or ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, oblique at the 
base, entire; petiolules short. Flowers polygamo-dioecious; staminate 
and pistillate, small, borne in many flowered, axillary panicles. Perfect 
flowers larger than the unisexual flowers (7 mm. across) 1-3 (commonly 
solitary) on short peduncles in an axillary raceme. Stamens 10; styles 
5, short, erect; ovary 5 celled. Fruit a drupe, yellow when ripe, flesh 
edible. Stone hard, ovate to obovoid, with 4 scars near the apex, 5 
celled. 

A common tree in the valleys of western Hupeh and Szechuan. 
Yunnan and Hongkong to Hainan. 

Var. pubinervis Rehder and Wilson, supposed to be distinct by its 
pubescent or villose leafstalks and leaflets, shows many gradations towards 
the typical form, so that it can hardly be differentiated by the practical 
botanist or forester. The fruits, known as Hsuan 1’so, are edible. 


PISTACIA 


Trees or shrubs. Leaves evergreen or deciduous, alternate, trifoliate 
or pinnate, without stipules; leaflets entire. Flowers small, dioecious, 
apetalous, in axillary panicles or racemes, subtended by bracteoles. 
Staminate flowers with 1-5 (mostly 5) parted or cleft calyx ; stamens 3-5 
with a small disk. Pistillate flowers with a 2-5 parted calyx and sessile 
ovary; style 3 lobed; ovary 1 celled. Fruit a drupe with a bony endocarp 
and more or less fleshy cotyledons. 


Nine species in the Mediterranean regions, China and Mexico. 


Pistacia chinensis Bunge. 


Tree 18 m. tall. Leaves deciduous, alternate, odd pinnate; leaflets 
11-13, lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, entire, acuminate, about 8 em. Jong 
and 2 em. wide, oblique at the base and short petiolate. Staminate flowers 
in crowded racemes, 10-18 cm. long; pistillate flowers in branched 
panicles, 18-22 cm. long. Fruit obovoid-globose, compressed, drupe-like, 
about 6 mm. in diameter, scarlet at first, later turning purplish or blue. 

Central China. 


The foliage of this tree turns scarlet and orange in the autumn. The 
young shoots and leaves are eaten as a vegetable. The wood is close 


ANACARDIACEAE 21F 


1 6 7 2 


Plate 77. SPONDIAS AXILLARIS Roxburgh 


1. Fruiting branch; 2, Flowering branch; 3. Pseudo-hermaphrodite 
flower cluster; 4. Seed; 5. Staminate flower; 6. Pistillate flower; 


7, Pseudo-hermaphrodite flower. (5, 5, 7 enlarged, adapted.) 


218 


CHINESE ECONOMIC TREES 


Plate 78. PISTACIA CHINENSIS Bunge 


1. Fruiting branch; 


Buds; 5. Pistillate flower; 


pistillate flower. 


2. Flowering branch; 


3. Pistillate branch; 4. 


6. Staminate flower; 7. Section of 


Fr - © 


a eee ee 


= 


ANACARDIACEAE 219. 


grained and tough, used in boat building and general carpentry. On 
account of its hardiness, nurserymen use this tree as stock upon which 
Pistacio vera, which produces the pistacio nuts of commerce, is grafted. 
By resorting to this practice the Italian pistacio nuts might well be 
grown for the market in China. The nuts are eaten roasted, and are 
otherwise employed in confectionary. 


RHUS 


Trees or shrubs with milky juice. Leaves deciduous or evergreen, 
alternate, simple, trifoliate or odd pinnate, without stipules. Flowers 
small, dioecious or polygamous, white or greenish, in axillary or terminal 
panicles. Calyx 4-6 parted or cleft, generally 5 parted, persistent, 
imbricated ; petals 5, deciduous, imbricated; stamens 5, inserted below 
the fleshy disk. Ovary solitary, sessile, superior; styles 3. Fruit a small, 
dry, 1-seeded drupe; endocarp smooth or pubescent, coriaceous or bony. 


About 125 species in the tropical and temperate regions of both 
hemispheres, about 10 species in China. The genus is composed of 
shrubs or small trees usually characterized by compound leaves turning 
a brilliant red or orange in the autumn and by inconspicuous flowers in 
large terminal panicles followed by numerous small fruits which are 
sometimes handsomely colored. Several species possess useful properties 
of commercial importance. The foliage and bark of nearly every species 
contain tannin, which may be used for tanning hides. Rhus verniciflua 
yields the lacquer used for lacquer ware; from Rhus succedanea vegetable 
wax is obtained for the manufacture of candles. Chinese Gall, exported 
to Europe in large quantities for the manufacture of tannic acid, is pro- 
duced on the branches and leaf stalks of Rhus javanica through the action 
of an insect. R. verniciflua and R. succedanea have a poisonous property 
extremely toxic to some people when the plants or parts of them are 
handled. The poison (toxicodendrol) is contained in a heavy non- 
volatile oil, very minute quantities of which may cause eruptions on the 
skin. This poisonous oil may be removed by several thorough washings 
with soap and water, 

Rhus vernicifiua Stokes. 
(R. vernicifera De Candole.) 
Lacquer Varnish Tree. Che Shu. 


Tree to 20 m. tall with pale gray, smooth bark when young and dark 
gray, furrowed bark at maturity. Leaves odd pinnate, 25-75 cm. in length; 


220 CHINESE ECONOMIC TREES 


Plate 79. RHUS VERNICIFLUA Stokes 


1. Flowering branch; 2. Fruiting branch; .3, 4. Flowers; 5. Stamen. 


(Details enlarged.) 


ANACARDIACEAE 221 


leaflets usually 11-15, ovate-oblong, pointed, rounded or broadly cuneate 
at the base, entire, short stalked, more or less densely pubescent when 
young, 8-15 em. long. Flowers small, yellowish-white, in loose panicles 
from the axils of the leaves near the ends of the shoots, about 25 cm. long 
or longer. Fruit about 6 nm. wide (5-8 mm.), smooth, numerous, shiny 
yellow. 

Wild in the mountains of Szechuan and Hupeh, also very extensively 
planted. This isa handsome tree, sometimes reaching 100 feet high, with 
graceful foliage turning into red and orange in the autumn. The sap 
wood is white, the heart wood yellow; the wood is only good for fuel. 
The seeds are expressed for the oil, which is used as an illuminant and to 
adulterate Tung Oil. The tree, however, is chiefly noted for the lacquer 
varnish which it yields, and it is planted throughout Central China for 
this valuable product. The varnish is obtained by incisions on the trunk; 
the syrupy substance flowing from the wound is collected in bamboo or 
other receptacles. As it flows from the tree, the sap is white, but it soon 
changes to greenish-gray, and finally black if not protected from exposure 
to the air. Tapping may begin when the tree is 5 or 6 years old, and 
continues at definite intervals, alternating with periods of rest, until it 
is 50 or 60 years old. Another method is to make numerous incisions on 
the trunk and branches of young trees, about 10 years of age, and 
collect the sap so long as it continues to flow, then the main branches are 
cut off and steamed to extract whatever sap they may still contain, but 
this process kills the tree in one season. Rhus verniciflua may be propagated 
by seeds and by cuttings. The seeds are deprived of their covering by 
pounding in a mortar, then they are put in straw bags and left to soak 
in water or liquid manure throughout the winter. After thorough drying, 
they are sown in seed beds in the following spring. Root cuttings make 
more rapid growth but produce slightly less vigorous and short-lived 
trees. Roots about 1/2 inch in diameter taken from young trees are cut 
into 6 inch lengths, planted in a slanting position with 1 to 2 inches 
projecting above ground in prepared beds in early spring. In one year 
they produce shoots about 2 feet long. 

Rhus verniciflua will grow on rocky soil and barren slopes. 

Rhus succedanea Linnzus. 
Wiaexeclenee: 


Shrub or small tree to 10 m. high, with irregularly fissured, thin gray 
bark. Leaflets 7-15, elliptic-oblong to lanceolate, acuminate, cuneate, 


202 CHINESE ECONOMIC TREES 


entire, glossy green above, pale and glabrous below, 5-10 cm. long. 
Flowers yellow-green. Fruit yellowish-white, compressed, to 8 mm, 
broad. 

Yunnan, Hupeh, Szechuan, Hongkong, Formosa. The seeds are 
covered with a fatty substance which is expressed for various uses, in 
Japan particularly for the manufacture of candles. The seeds are 
ground, steamed and pressed, and the fatty content refined by melting. 
This rhus tallow, not really a wax, is exported from Japan in great 
quantities into Europe and America, where it is used either to adulterate 
beeswax or to be used in its stead. 


Rhus javanica Linneus. 


(R. semialata Murray.) 
Nut Gall Tree. Fu Yung Shu. 


Shrub or small tree up to 8 m. high. Leaflets 7-13, nearly sessile or 
short stalked, ovate to ovate-oblong, acute, rounded or broadly cuneate 
at. the base, crenate serrate, brownish pubescent beneath, 5-15 em. long, 
rachis often winged. Panicles 20-25 cm. long; flowers creamy white. 
Fruit small, subglobose, orange red, pubescent. 


Himalayas to China and Korea. 


This Rhus is the host of the insect wnich produces the Nut Gall of 
commerce. ‘The galls are irregular in shape, light and hollow, ranging 
from 1 to 4 inches long. The acid content is about 70% of the substance 
of the gall. Quantities of these galls were formerly used in Germany for 
the production of tannic and gallic acids. In China the galls are used 
to dye blue cloths and silks black. 


AQUIFOLIACEAE 


Trees or shrubs. Leaves evergreen or deciduous, alternate or 
opposite, simple. Flowers perfect, rarely unisexual, axillary, small, 
solitary or clustered; sepals 2-6, more or less connate; petals and 
stamens 4-5; ovary superior, 3-many celled; ovules 1-2 in each cell. 
Fruit berry-like. . 


Three genera and about 280 species. The genus Jlex embraces 275 of 
the total 280 species. 


STAPHYLEACEAE 


bo 
bo 
oo 


ILEX 


Shrubs or trees with evergreen, deciduous, alternate, simple, and 
sometimes spiny leaves. Flowers dioecious; calyx lobes, petals and 
stamens usually 4 (5); ovary superior, 2-13 celled; style short or absent. 
Fruit a berry-like, globose or ovoid drupe, with 2-16, bony, 1 seeded 
stones. 5 


About 275 species, mostly in N. & S. America and temperate and 
tropical Asia, 20 or 25 species are found in China, mostly shrubs. In 
North America and England, several species with deep green, shiny 
leaves and scirlet berries are used for Christmas decorations. The wood 
is light, close-grained, soft but tough, and is greatly esteemed for engrav- 
ing and furniture making. The Hollies are slow growing and are 
important from the ornamental standpoint only. 


Ilex pernyi Franchet. 


“Shrub or small tree. Branchlets pubescent. Leaves evergreen, 
rhombic-ovate or quadrangular-ovate, dark shiny green, with 1-3 pairs 
of rigid spines, 2-2.5 cm. long, short petioled. Flowers numerous, 
sessile. Fruit light red, globose, ovoid, 8 mm. across. 


Central China. A handsome evergreen. 


STAPHYLEACEAE 


Trees or shrubs. Leaves opposite or rarely alternate, odd pinnate, 
with stipules. Flowers. perfect, regular, racemed or panicled; sepals, 
petals, and stamens 5; disk cup shaped ; ovary usually 8 celled; styles 3, 
free or connate. Fruit a more or less lobed capsule, ora berry, or 
drupe-like. . 


About 6 genera and 22 species in the north temperate regions. The 
family is of no economie importance. 


KEY TO GENERA 


I. Leaves opposite, seeds several in each cell; fruits an inflated 
bladdery capsule .......ceeeesecececeesccceccsece Staphylea. 


II. Leaves alternate; seeds 1 in each cell; fruit berry-like. . Tapiscia. 


bo 
bo 
Ht 


CHINESE ECONOMIC TREERS 


STAPHYLEA 


Deciduous shrubs or trees with opposite leaves. Leaflets 3-7, 
serrulate and stipulate. Flowers perfect, regular, white or pink, in 
terminal panicles or racemes; carpels 2 or 3, more or less united at the 
base. Fruit a membranous, inflated, pale green, 2 or 3 oe capsule. 
Seeds globose, bony, 1 or several in each cell. 


12 species in the temperate regions of the northern hemisphere. 2 
species in China. The bladdery fruits are conspicuous. 


Staphylea holocarpa Hemsley. 
Bladder-nuts. 


Shrub or tree, 8-10 m. tal]. Leaves trifoliate ; leaflets oval to ovate- 
lanceolate, acuminate, finely serrate, 5-10 em. long; lateral leaflets 
nearly sessile. Flowers before the leaves in drooping panicles, 4-10 cm. 
long, white or pink. Capsule inflated, pear shaped, abruptly acuminate, 
4-5 cm. long. Seeds gray-brown. 


Hupeh, Szechuan, Shensi. 


S. bumalda De Candole is a shrub, with very showy flowers. 


China and Japan. 


TAPISCIA 


Deciduous trees. Leaves alternate, odd pinnate, stipulate. Flowers 
in axillary panicles, regular, perfect; calyx tubular, 5 lobed; petals 5, 
oblanceolate; stamens 5, alternate with the petals, exserted; ovary 1 
celled, 1 ovuled; style 1. Fruit ovoid, indehiscent, with bony endocarp. 


A monotypic genus confined to China, strongly resembling Pistacia 
but not at all related to it. The generic name is an anagram of Pistacia. 


Tapiscia sinensis Oliver. 


Tree 10-15 m. tall, rarely 30 m. tall with light gray, shallowly 
fissured bark. Leaves 30-45 cm. long; leaflets 5-7, ovate-elliptic, acute 
or acuminate, cordate or rounded at the base, gray-green beneath, 8-13 
em. long. Flowers and fruits borne in drooping panicles. Flowers 
minute, yellow, fragrant. Fruit ovoid, black, about 12 mm. long. 


Szechuan and Hupeh. 


STAPHYLEACEAE 225 


TAPISCIA SINENSIS Oliver 


226 CHINESE ECONOMIC TREES 


The wood is soft and light. Useful as an ornamental tree on account 
of its large attractive foliage and panicled fragrant yellow flowers. 


ACERACEAE 


Leaves opposite, simple, usually, but not always, palmately lobed, 
rarely entire, or pinnately compound, without stipules. Flowers 
dioecious or monoecious, perfect or polygamous, regular. Stamens 4-10, 
usually 8. Ovary superior, 2 celled. Style 1. Stigma 2. Fruit, 2 long- 
winged samaras joined at the base where the seeds are borne; seeds 1 or 
2 in each cell, exalbuminous; the cotyledons thin and folded. 


A family of 2 genera, one widely distributed throughout the northern 
hemisphere, the other monotypic and confined to China. The samaroid 
fruit and opposite, exstipulate leaves are characteristic of this family. 


KEY TO GENERA 


I. Nutlets encircled by a broad wing; leaves pinnate, with 9-15 
leafete=«...: ::2 0 oie te ee ee eee cece ae esorecee . . Dipteronia. 


II. Nutlets with an elongated wing on one side, in pairs; leaves 
simple or compound ....... Be Wesel dae anna aahenene delete silanes avena ACen. 


ACER ; 


Trees or shrubs with watery, often saccharine sap. Leaves mostly 
deciduous, opposite, petiolate, simple, lobed or compound, with 8 to 5 
leaflets. Inflorescence in racemes, fascicles or corymbs. Flowers dioe- 
ciously or monoeciously polygamous, regular, small; calyx colored, 5 
parted; petals 5 or absent; stamens usually 8 (4-10) ; styles 2; ovary 2 
lobed, 2 celled, and with 2 ovules in each cell. Fruit 2 long winged 
samaras united at the base where the seeds are borne. Seeds solitary by 
abortion, rarely 2. 


About 100 species in Asia, Europe, N. America and Northern Africa. 
Sixty or seventy species have been found in eastern Asia. Of these a 
large number occur in China. The Maples are ornamental shrubs and 
trees with handsome foliage turning to brilliant colors in the autumn. 
Several species are valuable timber trees. One American species, Acer 


ACERACEAE 227 


saccharum, besides being a valuable timber tree, yields a richly sac- 
charine sap which is made into sugar. Few trees surpass the maples for 
street and lawn planting. 

The wood of several American species is valued in wood-using 
industries. The maples in this country do not attain the size or 
importance that they do in North America, where several species are 


important constituents of the forests. 


Acer henryi Pax. 


Tree 10 m. tall. Young branchlets pilose. Leaf compound; petiole 
6-7 cm. long, pubescent; leaflets 3, 5-9 em. long, elliptic, acuminate; 
stalked, entire or coarsely toothed, pale green, pubescent beneath. 
Flowers in pubescent racemes, nearly sessile, small, greenish. Fruits in 
pendulous racemes, glabrous, short pedicelled, wings ascending or spread- 
ing, 1-2 cm. long. 


Central China. 


Acer pictum var. parviflorum Schneider. 


Tree 18 m. tall. Branchlets gray or gray-brown, with numerous 
conspicuous lenticels. Leaves bright green, 3-7 lobed, about 10 cm. long, 
base rounded, truncate or cordate, pubescent beneath when young. 
Flowers yellow. Wings of fruit horizontal or spreading, brownish-yellow, 
slightly less than 2 times as long as the nutlet. 


Western and Central China. Yunnan, Szechuan, Hupeh, Chihli, 


Manchuria and Japan. 


The type is said not to.oceur in China. 


Acer cappadocicum Gleditsch. 
(A, laetum C. A. Meyer.) 


Tree to 16 m. tall, with smooth greenish or greenish-purple bark on 
the branchlets. Otherwise the tree is very similar to the above species. 


Further study may prove this species to be identical with Acer pictum. 
Several varieties have been described. 


From Caucasus to the Himalayas and Western China. 


CHINESE ECONOMIC TREES 


Comes WE 
sin A 
SESS 


Sa 


ACER HENRYI Pax 


Plate 81. 


3 eruit. 


2. Leaf; 


1. Fruiting branch; 


ACERACEAE 229 


Wy 


Plate 82. ACER PICTUM var PARVIFLORUM Schneider 


23 CHINESE ECONOMIC TREES 


-~ 


Acer oblongum Wallich. 


Tree 18 m. tall. Leaves oblong, entire, sometimes 3 lobed in young 
plants, long acuminate at the apex, 3 nerved at the base, 4-18 cm. long, 
glaucous below. Wings of samara at right angles or spreading. 


Western and Central China to the Himalayas. 


Acer palmatum Thunberg. ‘ 
Shrub or small tree. Leaflets 5-7 lobed, 6-8 em. long, oblong-ovate, 
acuminate, doubly serrate. Wings and seeds about 2 em. long. 
Kiangsi. 
Acer davidii Franchet. 
Tree 15 m. tall. Branchlets glabrous. Leaves ovate, or oblong-ovate, 


6-22 cm. long, acuminate, crenate-serrate, rounded or subcordate at the 
base. Fruit in slender racemes, wings horizontal. 


Central China. 


Acer trifidum Hooker & Arnot. 


Small tree with leathery 3-lobed leaves. Commonly planted as 
hedges. China and Japan. 


DIPTERONIA 


The genus differs from Acer by the wings of the fruit entirely 
encircling the nutlet. It is represented by a single species, confined to 
Hupeh and Szechuan, 


Dipteronia sinensis Oliver. 


Tree 6 m. high. Leaves odd pinnate, 22-45 em. long; leaflets 9-15, 
2.5-5 em. long, acute, coarsely serrate. Flowers profuse, in terminal 
panicles. Fruit ovate, compressed, oblique. 


HIPPOCASTANACEAE 


Trees or shrubs. Leaves palmately 3-9 foliate. Flowers perfect, or 
unisexual, irregular. Sepals 5. Petals 4-5, unequal, guiculate. Stamens 
free, 5-S, disk extra-staminal. Ovary 3 celled. 2 ovules in each cell. 
Style 1. Stigma 1. Fruit usually a 3 valved capsule, 1 celled, 1 seeded. 
Seeds very large, exalbuminous. 

A family containing 2 genera, 1 widely distributed in the temperate 
regions of the world, the other (Billia) confined to Mexico and Central 


HIPPOCASTA NACEAE 231 


ae Oe J 


EF? 
i? 


f) y \ f i : — 
j: ‘i : is 4 zi ‘ 


Plate 88. ACER OBLONGUM Wallich 


1. Fruiting branch; 2. Leaf showing variation from normal. 


232 CHINESE ECONOMIC TREES 


America. This family is often united with Sapindaceae to which it is 
closely related by the presence of the extra-staminal disk, a feature in 
common shared by only 1 other family, namely Melianthaceae, and several 
species of Acer. 


AESCULUS 


Trees or shrubs. Winter buds large, with large bud scales. Twigs 
with conspicuous triangular scars. Leaves deciduous, opposite, digi- 
tately compound, with Jong petioles, without stipules. Leaflets, 5-9, 
serrate, palmately veined. Flowers in large terminal panicles or racemes, 
polygamous and symmetrical; the perfect flowers usually near the base 
of the inflorescence; calyx campanulate, unequally 4—5 toothed; petals 
4-5, with long claws, alternate with the calyx; stamens 5-9, usually 7; 
ovary 3 celled, ovules 2 in each cell; style slender, elongated. Fruit a 
large leathery capsule, 3 celled, 3 seeded (usually 1 or 2), and 3 valved. 
Seeds large, coriaceous, brown and shining, with a large sear at the base, 
exalbuminous. 


About 20 species in E. Asia, N. America and the Himalayas. 


The genus is distinguished by large winter buds covered by several 
pairs of outer scales, palmately compound leaves, and white, red or yellow 
flowers in conspicuous terminal panicles, and large, shiny chestnut-like 
seeds. Several species are planted as ornamental and shade trees. The 
large seeds of d’sculus are rich in starch and may be used as food for 
sheep and swine. ‘The roots contain saponin suitable for cleansing pur- 
poses. The wood is of little value, being soft and not durable, although 
sometimes employed for the manufacture of small articles. It has been 
found useful for paper making. 


Esculus chinensis Bunge. 


Tree 20 m. tall. Leaflets 5-7, large, 10-18 cm. long, obovate-oblong, 
acuminate, rounded to cuneate at the base, finely serrate, short petioluled, 
shining green above, glabrous below, except along the veins which are 
more or less hairy; petiolules pubescent. Flowers in elongated, cylindrical, 
upright panicles, 25 em. long. Flowers small, usually less than 12 mm. 
long, unequally 5 lobed, pubescent; petals 4, 10 mm. long. Fruit 
subglobose, depressed at the apex, 3-4 em. in diameter, shell hard and 
warty, 1 celled and 3 valved. Seeds 2-2.5 cm. in diameter, chestnut- 


brown; basal sear or hilum large, extending over 1/2 of the base. 


SAPINDACEAE 


ho 
ey) 
oo 


Shensi, and mountains west of Peking in Chihli. 


The seeds of this Horse-Chestnut are used in the treatment of 
rheumatism. 


4Esculus wilsonii Rehder. 


Tree 25 m. tall. Leaflets 5-7, 10-22 cm. long, densely pubescent 
beneath when young. Panicles erect, 15-30 cm. long. Flowers large, 12 
mim. long, upper petals marked by a yellow spot. Fruit ovoid, slightly 
pointed, shell thin. Seeds large, 4 cm. across, basal sear less than 1/3 of 
the base. 


Western and Central China. 


SAPINDACEAE 


Leaves usually alternate and compound. Flowers unisexual, or 
polygamo-dioecious, regular or obliquely unsymmetrical, small. Sepals 
5. Petals 4 or 5, or absent, generally with scales or tufts of hairs on the 
inner base. Disk fleshy, entire or lobed. Stamens hypogynous, usually 
10, filaments generally hairy, and more or less connate at the base in 2 
series. Ovary superior, generally 3 celled and deeply 3 lobed; ovules 1 
in each cell. Style 1. Fruit a fleshy or leathery capsule, a berry, a 
nut, or a winged fruit. 


About 118 genera and approximately 1,000 species, mostly of trop- 
ical and subtropical distribution, An important family on account of 
the large number of species yielding either edible fruits or dyes, or 
soaps and oils. 


KEY TO GENERA 


I. Flowers irregular; fruit an inflated, bladder-like capsule......... - 


uvalidevay eis aero eueteinre aistelelsyeverele/slcvcve loieilu, 60 ofa: ars lols) dletelotors SECU ERTCHITCE IG 
II. Flowers regular. 
A. Fruits edible with fleshy aril free from the seed. 


1. Flowers with petals; calyx deeply 5 parted, imbricate; 
fruit (in our species) yellow-green, smooth......Huphoria. 


bo 


Flowers without petals; calyx lobes valvate, small or 
obscure; fruits tuberculate, purplish red.......-.... Litehi. 


234 


CHINESE ECONOMIC TREES 


. Plate 84. /ESCULUS WILSONIE Rehder 


1. Flowering branch; 2. Bud; 38. Section of flower; 


“. 


Fruit. 


SAPINDACEAE 235 


B. Aril wanting. 


1. Fruit globose composed of 1-3 carpels, the abortive carpels 
persisting under ghe fruit ..... 2.2. .c0e sce cs ss -OpINaUs. 


SAPINDUS 


Trees or shrubs or rarely climbers. Leaves alternate, without stipules, 
abruptly pinnate, or rarely simple. Leaflets mostly entire, rarely 
serrate. Flowers minute in panicles or racemes, polygamo-dioecious. 
Sepals 5. Petals 5 or more, often appendaged on the inner surface near 
the base with a glabrous or hairy scale. Stamens 8 or 10, filaments 
usually hairy. Ovary sessile, 2-4, commonly 3-lobed, usually 3-celled 
(2-4); style usually 3-lobed. Ovules 1 in each cell. Fruit globose, 
coriaceous or fleshy, composed of 1-8 carpels, the rudimentary carpels 
persisting at the base of the fruit. Seeds globose, bony, black. 


Distributed throughout the tropics of Asia and America. About 
40 species have been described. Sapindus is characterized by large 
pinnate leaves, small white flowers in large terminal panicles, and by 
rounded, red-brown to black, berry-like fruits. They may be planted 
on dry and rocky situations in all sub-tropical regions. Propagated 


by seeds. 


Sapindus mukorossi Gaertner. 
Wu-huan Shu, 


Tree 18 m. tall. Leaflets usually alternate, bright green, short 
stalked, ovate-lanceolate, obliquely cuneate at the base, entire, glabrous, 
reticulate veined, 8-15 em. long, the terminal pair smaller. Flowers 
small, usually bisexual, in terminal panicles, 12-20 cm. long. Sepals 
5, obtuse. Petals mostly 4, white or purplish, with ciliate margins, 
ovate to ovate-lanceolate, acute, with tufted hairs and 2 scales on the 
inside. Stamens 8, filaments villose, exserted. Fruit a fleshy drupe, 
single or in pairs, glabrous, yellow or orange, keeled, about 2 em. in 
diameter. Seeds globose, black, hard, and bony. 


Himalayas, India, China, Korea. 
Cultivated in Japan. 


The fruit is saponaceous and is used as a substitute for soap, for 
which purpose it is considered more desirable than the pods of Gleditsia. 


236 


Plate 85. 


1. Flowering branch ; 


CHINESE ECONOMIC TREES : 


SAPINDUS MUKOROSSI Gaertner 


2. Fruiting branch; 3. Seed; 


staminate flower; 5. Section of pistillate flower; 


4. Section 


6. Stamen. 


of 


2 


SAPINDACEAE 237 


The saponin is contained in the inner surface of the seed covering. 
The seeds are round and black. They are often strung into necklaces 
and rosaries. The soft, yellow-white wood is manufactured into small 
articles, notably combs. 


EUPHORIA 


Deciduous trees. Leaves pinnate. Flowers regular; calyx 5 parted; 
petals spatulate or lanceolate; stamens usually 8 (6-8); stigma 2. Fruit 
globose, ellipsoid, with a more or less warty coat. 


Euphoria longana Lamarck. 


(Nephelium longana (Lam.} Gambessedes.) 


Tree 8-12 m. tall. Leaflets 2-5 pairs, opposite or alternate, elliptic 
to ovate or lanceolate, entire, subcoriaceous, pale green, to 30 em. long. 
Inflorescence in large terminal or axillary panicies; flowers small, 
fragrant, yellow, pubescent; calyx deeply 5 parted; petals 5, spatulate ; 
disk large, lobed; stamens 8; stigma and ovary lobed. Fruit globose, 
with a slightly warty, brown coat later becoming smooth, containing a 
white, fleshy, edible aril surrounding a large, dark brown seed. 


Central and Southern China. 


This tree produces the well known Long-an fruits. Extensively 
cultivated. 


Litchi is distinguished from Euphoria chiefly by its fruits which have 
a thin red coat covered with warty protuberances. Litchi and Euphoria 
have been placed by some botanists under Nephelium from which both 
differ by having the arillus or fleshy pulp free from the seed. Only 1 
species of Litcht is known. 


Litchi chinensis Sonnerat (1806). 
(Litchi lichi Linn.) (Lour.) (Britton.) 
(Dimocarpus lichi Loureiro) (1790.) 


(Euphoria sinensis Linnzeus) (1791.) 


Widely cultivated in Southern China, and truly wild in the Island 
of Hainan. The wocd is reddish, extremely hard, close grained, heavy, 
strong, and durable, much used by the aborigines of Hainan for the 
making of mortars and pestles with which the rice is hulled. 


238 CHINESE ECONOMIC TREES 


This tree produces the most important of all the fruits in Southern 
China. 


KOELREUTERIA 


Deciduous trees, winter buds with 2 bud scales. Branchlets with 
many lenticels. Leaves alternate, pinnate or bipinnate with lobed or 
serrate leaflets. Flowers in large terminal panicles, polygamous, yellow, 
irregular; calyx unequally 5 lobed; petals 5 (4), lanceolate, clawed ; disk 
oblique, 3-5 lobed at the apex; stamens 8 (5-8), exserted, declinate; 
ovary superior, 3 angled with elongated style and 3 parted stigma. 
Ovary 3 celled, 2 ovules in each cell. Fruit an inflated, bladder-like 
eapsule with thin papery walls, opening into 3 valves; seeds usually 1 in 
each cell, round and black. 


About 5 species in China and Japan. Medium sized trees, character- 
ized by compound leaves, yellow flowers in large, showy panicles followed 
by inflated, bladder-like fruits. Propagated by seeds. Chiefly orna- 
mental. 


Koelreuteria paniculata Laxmann. 


Tree 18 m. tall. Leaves odd pinnate, 5-13 cm. long; leaflets 9-18, 
opposite or subopposite, nearly sessile, ovate, toothed or more or less 
lobed at the base, glabrous, 4-7.5 em. long, 3 cm. wide; valves ovate, 
acuminate. Seeds 6 mm. in diameter. 


Chihli, Kansu, Shensi, Szechuan, Kiangsu, and Chekiang. Common 
in the hills around Peking. In classical times this tree was known as 
the “‘ Lan,” a tree especially designated to mark the tomb of feudal 
princes. The flower is used in medicine. It is also used as a yellow 
dye. The black, pea-like seeds are strung into necklaces. 


Koelreuteria apiculata Rehder and Wilson, cannot be regarded as 


distinct from K. paniculata. 


Koelreuteria bipinnata Franchet. 


Tree to 15, sometimes 25 m. tall. Leaflets 9-13, ovate-oblong, more 
or less evenly serrate, pubescent along the midrib and veins below, 
4-10 cm. long. Capsule ovoid, rounded at the apex, about 6 em. long. 


Mountains of Central and South-western China. Yunnan, Hupeh, 
Chekiang. 


RHAMNACEAE 239 


RHAMNACEAE 


Trees or shrubs, rarely herbs, sometimes climbing and spiny. 
Leaves simple, alternate, rarely opposite. Flowers perfect or polygamous, 
regular, perigynous, small, greenish or yellow, mostly in cymes. Sepals 
5, rarely 4; petals 5 (4) alternate with the sepals; stamens opposite, and 
the same number as the petals. Disk lining the calyx tube. Ovary 
superior or inferior, 2-4 celled, usually 1 ovule in each cell; styles 2-4, 
more or less connate. Fruit a drupe or a capsule or a winged nut. 


About 46 genera and 350 species widely distributed throughout the 
world. The simple, 3 nerved leaves, perigynous flowers with the stamens 
opposite the petals, are characteristic of this family. The genera treated 
in this work are the only arborescent ones in China. 


KEY TO GENERA 
I. Leaves pinnately veined; ovary superior, 3-4 ceiled; style 3-4 cleft; 
fruit a drupe, free from the calyx, enclosing 3-4 stones..Rhamnus. 
II. Leaves 3 nerved at the base. 
A. Ovary free from the disk lining the calyx tubes. 
1 fruit winged, dry and feathery .............2.. Paliurus. 
2. Fruit a fleshy, usually edible drupe-.....- Rare ae Ziziphus. 


Bb. Ovary adherent to the disk lining the calyx tube; fruit the size 
of a pea, 3-celled, 3-seeded, on a fleshy edible peduncle...... ~ 
RII Ae See MEE EU rec cs cc cuca: Steam esaeyt Say Meade Seon: Hovenia. 


RHAMNUS 


Shrubs or trees. Leaves serrate, alternate or subopposite, pinnately 
veined, stipules mostly deciduous. Flowers small, perfect or dioecious in 
racemes, cymes or panicles. Calyx 4-5 toothed; petals 4-5, clawed, 
emarginate, or absent ; petals and stamens inserted on the edge of the disk 
lining the receptacle. Ovary superior, 3-4 celled; style 3-4 cleft. Fruit 
a drupe, berry-like, enclosing 3-4 nutlet-like stones. 


About 90 species in the temperate and warm regions of the world. 


The fruits and bark of several species, particularly that of Rhamnus 
cathartica, widely distributed over Europe & N. Asia, contain a bitter 


240 CHINESE ECONOMIC TREES 


property used in medicine as a cathartic. Other species yield dyes. R. 
frangula Linneeus, native of Europe, N. Africa, W. Asia & Siberia, yields 
a wood that makes a fine grade of charcoal for the manufacture of gun- 
powder. With rare exceptions the genus is shrubby, and is of ornamental 
interest only. 


Rhamnus carthartica is a favorite hedge plant in Europe. 


Rhamnus davuricuS (Maxim.) Pallas. 


(R. cathartica var dahurica Maximowicz.) 


A large spiny shrub or small tree up to 10 m. tall. Winter buds 
scaly. Branchlets stout, thorny and glabrous. Leaves opposite, oblong- 
elliptic, acuminate, crenate-serrate, tapering toward the base, coriaceous, 
glabrous and gray-green beneath, 5-10 cm. long. Flowers in few-flowered . 
clusters, petals usually 4 (sometimes 5 or wanting). Fruit black, about 
8 mm. in diameter. 


Amurland to N. China. 


Rhamnus utilis Decaisne. 


A shrub closely allied to the above. The leaves yield a green dye. 


Widely distributed from Szechuan to Chekiang. 


Rhamnus crenatus Siebold & Zucearini. 


Shrub 3 m. tall. Winter buds naked. Branchlets and young leaves 
brownish pubescent; leaves long acuminate, 5-10cm. Flowers umbellate, 
petals 5; peduncles shorter than the petioles. Fruit changing from red 
to blue-black. 


Hupeh, Szechuan, Kiangsi, Chekiang to Fukien. 


ZIZIPHUS 


Deciduous or evergreen shrubs or trees. Branches rounded, armed 
with usually unequal spines, one straight and the other curved. The 
spines are modified stipules. Leaves alternate, entire or serrate, usually 
appearing 2 ranked, firm, 3-5 nerved at the base, short petioled. Flowers 
small greenish or whitish, pentamerous, in axillary cymes. Ovary 
usually 2 (2-4) celled, free from the disk lining the calyx tubes; style 
usually bifid. Fruit a drupe with 1-3 celled stone. 


RHAMNACEAE 241 


About 40 species in the tropics and warm temperate regions. The 
fleshy drupe of several species is edible. Propagated by seeds and 
by greenwood cuttings. Besides the cultivated trees, shrubby species 
producing inferior fruits but which may be planted as hedges, and in 
arid situations, occur in this country. 


Ziziphus jujuba Lamarck. 


Tree 10-16 m. high, usually prickly. Branchlets, petioles and 
inflorescence tomentose. Leaves 2.5-8.5 cm. long, oval to oblong, obtuse, 
entire or serrate, tomentose below. Fruit subglobose, 1.4-2 cm. long, 
orange-red, stalk about 1/2 the length of the fruit. 


S. Asia and Africa. 


This is the common cultivated Jujube and between 300 and 400 
horticultural varieties have been developed in this country. The tree has 
a more or less pendulous habit, and besides being a valuable fruit tree is 
desirable for ornamental planting, as the handsome light green foliage, 
and attractive, bright colored fruits produced in great profusion are most 
pleasing to the sight. The fruits show great variation in shape and size, 
some being almost round, others oblong; some are small while others 
are as large as an egg, varying in color from red or brown. 


Ziziphus sativa Gaertner. 


(Z. vulgaris Lamarck.) 
Common Jujube. 


Glabrous shrub or tree to 17 m. high, thorny or unarmed. Leaves 
2-5 em. long, ovate to ovate-lanceolate, acute or obtuse, oblique at the 
base, serrulate. Flowers yellowish, in axillary cymes. Fruit 1.4-2 
em. long, ovoid or oblong, dark red to almost black, short stalked. 


S. Europe, S. & E. Asia. 


Cultivated as a fruit tree in China. The heartwood, leaves, roots, 
and fruit are all medicinal. 


PALIURUS 


Shrubs or trees, usually armed with spines developed from the 
stipules, the spines usually unequal, one straight, the other curved and 
pointing downwards. Leaves alternate, arranged in two ranks, simple, 
usually ovate, entire or serrate, 3 nerved at the base, stalked. Flowers 


242 CHINESE ECONOMIC TREES 


small, perfect, yellowish-green, in axillary, rarely terminal cymes; petals 
5, more or less 2 lobed; stamens 5; ovary 3 celled; stigmas 3, oblong. 
Fruit a globose, depressed, woody, 3 celled body entirely surrounded by 
a flat, circular wing. Seeds 1 in each cell, albuminous. 

Six species, in S. Europe, China and Japan. 

The curious fruit resembling a Chinese cymbal is very distinctive. 
The shrubby species are suitable for hedges. Propagated by seeds sown 
in the autumn or stratified until spring, also by layers and root cuttings. 


Paliurus orientalis Hemsley. 


Tree to 16 m. tall with or without thorns. Bark smooth, gray; 
trunk slender, usually spiny. Leaves dark green, somewhat leathery, 
glabrous, ovate to ovate-lanceolate, crenate-serrate, 5-10 cm. long. 
Flowers slender peduncled. Fruit 2.5-4 em. across, purplish, glabrous. 

Kiangsu, Kiangsi, Hupeh, Szechuan, Shensi, Kwangtung, Yunnan. 
The wood is hard and tough. 


P. hirsutus Hemsley. 
Shrub. 


Kwangtung. 


P. ramosissimus Poiret. 
Shrub. 


Kwangtung, Kiangsi, Hupeh, and Szechuan. 


Formosa and Japan. 


HOVENIA 


Armed shrub or tree. Leaves deciduous, alternate, 3 nerved at the 
base, long petioled. Inflorescence in a pedunculated, many flowered, 
axillary or terminal cyme. Flowers greenish, small and inconspicuous; 
calyx 5 parted; petals 5, inserted below the disk, clawed; stamens 5, a 
little longer than the petals; style 8 parted; ovary enclosed in the disk, 
3 celled. Fruit the size of a pea, indehiscent, 3 celled, 3 seeded, on a 


thickened, fleshy stalk or peduncle. 

One species in the Himalayas, China and Japan. Hovenia is 
usually a small round-headed tree with small greenish flowers in 
cymose clusters followed by numerous small fruits borne on fleshy, red 
peduncles which are sweet and edible. 


TILIACEAE 243 


Hovenia dulcis Thunberg. 
Chi Ku. Raisin Tree. 


Tree to 25 m. tall or rarely taller, with deep gray, fissured bark. 
Leaves ovate-acuminate, or cordate-ovate, serrate or sometimes entire, 
membranous, glabrous or rarely more or less pubescent, 10-15 em. long, 
5-8 cm. wide. 


The sweet, fleshy peduncles are edible. The tree is extensively 
planted. 


TILIACEAE 


Trees or shrubs or herbs. Leaves alternate, simple, entire or lobed; 
stipules small, deciduous. Flowers perfect, regular; sepals 3-5, valvate, 
free; petals as many as the sepals, rarely wanting. Stamens numerous, 
attached to a torus or disk, their filaments free or ‘variously united. 
Ovary superior, free, 2-10 celled; ovules 1 to several in each cell; style 
1. Fruit fleshy or dry, dehiscent or indehiscent, 1-several seeded; 
seeds usually albuminous. 


About 36 genera and 400 species, mostly tropical, but widely dis- 
tributed throughout the world. Most members of this family contain a 
mucilaginous property which has rendered several species available for 
medicinal use. 


Tilia is the only important arborescent representative in China. 


TILIA 


Trees with tough, fibrous inner bark, slender branches, and zigzag 
or 2 ranked twigs. Leaves simple, alternate, arranged in 2 rows, acute, 
serrate, usually obliquely cordate at the base, occasionally truncate or 
rounded; venation pseudopalmate, the midrib subtended by 4 or 5 veins 
radiating from the base of the leaf or apex of the leaf-stalk. Flowers 
in cymes, regular, perfect, white, fragrant; peduncle united half its 
length with the midrib of an elongated, membranous, light green 
persistent bract. Petals 5, alternating with 5 sepals. Stamens numerous, 
free or united into 5 clusters, attached to a petaloid scale placed opposite 
each petal. Ovary sessile, 5 celled, 2 ovuled. Fruit nut-like, woody, 
globose, sometimes ribbed, 1 celled, 2 seeded by the obliteration of the 
partitions and by abortion, attached to the persistent leaf-like bract. 


244 CHINESE ECONOMIC TREES 


About 20 species are recognized, all in the temperate northern 
hemisphere. About 20 species occur in China. Linden or Basswood is 
the common English name. 

The wood is light in weight, used in interior finish and for wooden- 
ware, and the fibrous inner bark is fashioned into nets, cords and mats, 
and in Russia, Sweden and China it is woven into shoes and sandals. 


Tilia tuan Szyszylowicz. 


Tree 10-16 m. tall. Young branchlets glabrous or nearly glabrous. 
Leaves thin, ovate, 5-138 em. long with oblique and slightly cordate 
base, long pointed at the apex, minutely and indistinctly dentate on the 
upper margin and nearly entire at the base; upper surface nearly 
smooth, lower surface covered with a white, stellate tomentum, and 
with axillary tufts of hair; petioles up to 6 em. long, tomentose. In- 
florescence cymose, 10-30 flowered. Floral bract 8-13 em. long, glabrous 
above except along the veins, tomentose below. Petals ovate-lanceolate, 
ovary globose, tomentose. 

Western and Central China, 


The inner bark of this species is used to make sandals worn by the 
mountaineers. 


Tilia oliveri Szyszylowicz. 

Tree to 25 m. tall, with somewhat drooping branches. Young 
branchlets shiny reddish-brown and glabrous. Winter buds large. Leaves 
short acuminate, ovate, cordate or truncate at the base, distinctly sinuate 
dentate with short glandular teeth, or sometimes the dentation obscure, 
dark green and glabrous above, covered by a dense, close, white, stellate 
tomentum beneath, 5-12 em. long. Inflorescence cymose, pendulous, 
many flowered, bracts sessile. Fruit globose or obovoid, obscurely ribbed, 
tuberculate, tomentose and shortly apiculate. 


Central China. <A very ornamental species. 
Tilia mongolica Maximowicz. 


Tree to 10 m. tall. Branchlets glabrous, reddish. Leaves coarsely 
serrate and usually 3 lobed, dark shiny green above, glaucous and with 
axillary tufts of simple hairs beneath, 4-5 cm. long. 

Mongolia to Chihli. 


The small birch-like leaves are very distinctive. 


TILIACEAE 245 


SSN 


SARS 


Plate 86. TILIA TUAN Szyszylowicz 


1. Flowering branch; 2. Fruiting branch; 38. Section of pistil; 4, 
Stamens; 5. Petal & stamens; 6. Petal; 7. Stellate hairs. 
(Details enlarged.) , 


246 CHINESE ECONOMIC TREES 


Plate 87. TILIA MONGOLICA Maximowicz 


1, Flowering branch; 2. Fruiting branch; 3. Flower; 4&5. Petals; 
6. Petals and Stamen; 7. Pistil; 8. Section of fruit. (Details 


enlarged.) After Faxon. 


TILIACEAE 247 


Tilia mandshurica Ruprecht & Maximowicz. 

Tree to 20 m. tall. Branchlets and buds tomentose. Leaves large, 
coarsely dentate with long pointed teeth, pubescent above, densely white 
tomentose beneath, 10-15 cm. long. Fruit globose, tomentose, with or 
without 5 ribs. 


Manchuria, Korea and N. China. 


Tilia henryana Szyszylowicz. 


Tree to 15 m. tall with light gray, fissured bark. Branchlets and 
leaves in the spring covered with conspicuous white tomentum, becoming. 
less so with age. Leaves 5-138 cm. long, with bristly pointed teeth, 
brownish tomentose beneath. Flowers 20 or more in acyme. Fruits 
obovoid or ovoid, 5 angled, slightly tuberculate, apiculate, to 90 mm. 
long. : 

Hupeh and Kiangsi. 

The aristate pointed leaves are characteristic. 


Tilia chinensis Maximowicz. 


Tree to 15 m. tall with numerous spreading branches; winter buds 
large. Branchlets glabrous. Fruit ovoid to obovoid, 5 ribbed, 9-12 mm. 
long, 6-8 mm. across. 


Hupeh and Szechuan. 
The inner bark is fibrous, used for the making of sandals. 


Other Chinese species are: — 


T. paucicostata Maximowicz. 


Tree to 13 m. tall. Branchlets glabrous. Buds large, purplish. 
Leaves about 6 em. long, green on both sides, with long pointed teeth, 
the tertiary veins not prominent. 


W. China. 

T. bobilis Rehder & Wilson. 
Tree 12 m. tall with very large leaves. 
W. China: Rare. 

T. laetevirens Rehder & Wilson. 
Kansu. 

T. intonsa Wilson. 


Is probably only a form of 7. chinensis. 


248 CHINESE ECONOMIC TREES 


STERCULIACEAE 


Trees, shrubs or herbs, sometimes climbers. Leaves alternate, simple, 
lobed or digitate, stipulate. Flowers perfect or unisexual, regular, usually 
in cymes; sepals 8-5, more or less connate; petals 5, or reduced, or 
absent ; stamens very diverse, usually 5, with or without staminodes, or 
numerous with filaments united into a tube; anthers 2 celled, in heads, 
or in a ring, or scattered. Ovary free, 4-5 (rarely 10-12) celled; style as 
many as the cells, distinct or connate; ovules 2 to indefinite (rarely 1) in 
“each cell. Fruit dry or fleshy, dehiscent or indehiscent. 

About 48 genera and 750 species, mostly in the tropics. Cocoa and 
chocolate are derived from Theobroma cacao, native of S. America, now 
cultivated in tropical Asia and Africa. 


KEY TO GENERA 


I. Petals present, flat, deciduous; fruit a 5-valved capsule... .Reevesia. 


II. Petals wanting; fruit follicular, dehiscent...... Sale sid shee Sterculia. 


STERCULIA 


Trees or shrubs. Leaves simple, palmately lobed or digitately com- 
pound. Inflorescence clustered, usually axillary. Flowers unisexual or 
polygamous, with the pistillate frequently terminating the flower spike; 
calyx tubular, 4-5 parted, frequently colored; petals none; stamens united 
into a tube, bearing a ring of 10-15 sessile, 2 celled anthers at the apex; 
pistil sessile or stipitate, composed of 4-5 carpels; carpels 2-many ovuled ; 
style connate at the base; stigma free, radiating. Fruit follicular, com- 
posed of distinct, woody or membranous ecarpels, sometimes foliaceous. 
Seeds I-many, naked, sometimes arillate or winged. 


About 100 species native in the tropics of both hemispheres, especially 
abundant in Asia. 


Sterculia lanceaefolia Roxburgh. 


Tree to 15 m., tall with ashy gray bark. Leaves oval to lanceolate, 
entire, abruptly acuminate, rounded at the base, glabrous, 10-20 cm. 
long, 2.5-8 cm. broad; petiole 1.2-2.5 em. long, thickened at both ends, 
Racemes 5 cm. long, few flowered; calyx 5 parted, scarlet. Follicles 1-5, 
beaked, pink. Seeds 4-8, shiny black, ovoid. 


India and Southwest China. 


STERCULIACEAE 249 


Suitable for street planting in warm temperate regions. The fleshy 
seed coat is edible; the slightly acrid, oily seeds are sometimes used to 
season food. 


Sterculia platanifolia has now been placed under Firmiana. A 
description of this tree follows: — 


Firmiana simplex (L.) W. F. Wight. 

(Hibiscus simplex Linnzeus. ) 

(Firmiana planlanifolia Britain.) 

(Sterculia platanifolia Linnzeus fils. ) 

Wu Tung. Phoenix Tree. 

Round headed, slender tree up to 16 m. tall with smooth, gray-green 
bark. Leaves deciduous, large, 8-5 lobed, maple-like, cordate at the base, 
glabrous or tomentose, averaging 16-20 cm. long; petiole nearly as long 
as the blade. Flowers small, yellowish green in terminal panicles. Fruit 
a follicle, 3-10 cm. long, pointed, composed of 4-5 carpels bearing 3-4 
globular, pea-like seeds, on the edge near the base. Widely planted. 


Hupeh, Shantung to Formosa. 


This is the Phoenix Tree of legendary interest. It makes an admirable 
street tree. The bark yields a fiber obtained by retting. According to 
_Hosie the wood is used for making furniture in Szechuan. The fruit 
contains a dark colored fluid which is liberated when the follicle opens. 


REEVESIA 


Shrubs or trees. Leaves simple. Flowers perfect, numerous, white, 
in terminal panicled cymes; calyx 5 parted, campanulate or funnel- 
shaped ; petals 5, clawed, deciduous; anthers in a globose head on top 
of the elongated, staminal column; ovary 5 lobed, 5 celled; ovules 2 in 
each cell. Fruit a capsule, 5 valved; seeds 1-2, winged. 


About 2 species in Eastern Asia. 


Reevesia pubescence Masters. 

Tree to 15 m. tall. Leaves 10-18 cm. long, 5-6.5 cm. wide, subcor- 
iaceous, pubescent beneath, oblong, acuminate, cordate at base. Flowers 
numerous; petals pink, longer than the calyx. Fruit woody, obconical, 
(top-shaped), 4-5 cm. long, 2.5 em. wide at the depressed apex. 


India and S. W. China. 


250 CHINESE ECONOMIC TREES 


THEACEAE 


Trees or shrubs. Leaves alternaté, entire, leathery or membranous. 
Flowers usually perfect, regular, generally showy, axillary, solitary or 
clustered; sepals 5 (5-7), imbricated; petals 5 (4-9), free or slightly 
connate below; stamens numerous, rarely fewer, free or connate, usually 
adnate to the base of the corolla; ovary superior, 3-5 (—10) celled; 
ovules 2 (1-many) in each cell; styles as many as the cells, free or 
connate. Fruit a capsule, or drupaceous, or dry and indehiscent. 


Sixteen genera and about 174 species. Theasinensis (Tea) is the 
most important member of the family. Actsnidia is now placed under 
Dilleniaceae. Ternstroemiaceae is a synonym of the family. 


KEY TO GENERA 


I. Stamens monadelphous; fruit a woody 5-angled capsule; styles 5 
if sak Shel Wate, oie tee capelenere aha a IONS T Nie Wel re Here ene AGRON epee elec COLD E IS EC TLL TLZONE 


II. Stamens 5-adelphous; style 1; fruit a woody 5-6 celled capsule. . 
Best Ae er ee NT re re nes An GE A iGO Ra Oe, ol GLOVED le 


STEWARTIA 


Deciduous shrubs or trees. Leaves alternate, serrate, short petioled. 
Flowers axillary or subterminal, large, white and showy, subtended by 
the bracts; sepals 5; petals 5; stamens numerous, monadelphous; styles 
5, free or connate. Fruit a 5 angled woody capsule dehiscent into 5 
valves. Seeds usually narrowly winged, 1-4 in each cell. 


About 6 species in China, Japan and E. America. 


Stewartia sinensis Rehder & Wilson. 


Shrub or tree to 10 m. tall. Leaves membranous, oblong-elliptic to 
obovate-elliptic, acuminate, base narrow or slightly rounded, remotely 
or acutely serrate, yellow-green and glabrous above, sparingly pubescent 
below, 6-10 cm. long, 2-4 em. wide; petiole 5-8 mm. long. Flowers 
solitary, white; bract leafy, 2-2.5 cm. long; stamens monadelphous; style 
connate. Fruit subglobose, pointed, 2 cm. across. Seeds about 1 cm. 
long, compressed, with a brown wing. 


Hupeh, Szechuan, Kiangsi. 


FLACOURTIACEAE 


bo 
oO 
— 


GORDONIA 


Evergreen or deciduous trees or shrubs. Leaves alternate, coria- 
ceous, entire or serrate, petioled. Flowers solitary, axillary, white and 
showy; sepals 5, unequal, imbricated ; petals 5, obovate, free or slightly 
connate at the base; stamens numerous, 5-adelphous or altogether; 
ovary superior, 3-5 (rarely 6) celled; ovules 4-8 in each cell; style 1; 
stigma 3-6 lobed. Fruit a woody capsule, 3-6 celled, with a persistent 
axis. Seeds winged. 


Sixteen or 17 species in tropical and subtropical Asia and E. N. 
America. Two species in China. 


Gordonia axillaris Szyszylowicz. 


Shrub or small tree to 8m. tall. Leaves oblong-obovate or oblanceo- 
late, obtuse, entire or serrate, dark green above, short petioled, 8-15 cm. 
long. Flowers large, 5-8 cm. long, creamy white, nearly sessile; sepals 
obcordate, purplish brown; petals roundish, obovate to obcordate; ovary 
4 or 5 celled. Capsule brown, oblong-ovate. Seeds with a terminal 
wing. 


Szechuan, Yunnan to Hongkong and Formosa. 


Gordonia sinensis Hemsley & Wilson. 


Tree to 10 m. tall with gray longitudinally and shallowly fissured 
bark. Leaves ovate-lanceolate, acute, crenate-serrate, 12-18 cm. long; 
petiole up to 1.5 em. long. Flowers on a peduncle; peduncle about 4 
em. long; ovary 5 celled; stigma capitate. 


Szechuan on Omei Shan. 


FLACOURTIACEAE 


Trees or shrubs, rarely climbers. Leaves alternate, simple. Flowers 
regular, perfect or unisexual. Petals hypogynous, imbricated, as many 
as the sepals, (10-0) or none; sepals 2-15; stamens numerous, hypogynous 
or perigynous. Torus often elandular and dilated, frequently surmounted 
by a variously modified disk. Ovary usually 1 celled with several parietal 
placentae ; ovules 2 to many on each placenta. Style 1 to several. Fruit 
fleshy or dry, indehiscent or splitting into valves. Seeds with more or 
less fleshy albumen. 


bo 
Or 
bo 


CHINESE ECONOMIC TREES 


A family of 70 genera comprising more than 500 species, distributed 
throughout the tropics. Several tropical genera yield edible fruits, or 
seeds that produce cooking or other oils. 


KEY TO GENERA 


I. Flowers in axillary racemes; sepals 4 or 5, imbricate; ovary 1 celled, 
superior; leaves pinnately veined, persistent; fruit a 2-3 seeded 
DEED er elses ee oe en ere sale) eislniie (ei sialale wlelo baits --. Aylosma. 

II. Flowers in terminal panicles. 


A. Leaves pinnately veined, short stalked ; calyx 3-4 parted; fruit 
a woody capsule. ..+..--..0s- setaneiots oie so epee ow ote eieteh ee eee Itoa. 


B. Leaves 3-5 nerved, long stalked, deciduous. 


1. Fruit a many seeded berry; styles usually 5; sepals im- 
bricate, usually Pyle tater atavevele Wevalele a (a site syoleheleteiouelcieieieune tetetl COSI 


2. Fruit a capsule. 


a. Styles 3, 2 parted at the apex, sepals ovate-lanceolate ; 


capsule 3 cm. long or less........++....-- Poliothyrsis. 


b. Styles 3-4, 3 parted at the apex; sepals cordate-ovate, 
large, white; capsule 5-9 cm. long.....+....Carrierea. 


ITOA 


Tree. Leaves alternate, coriaceous, oblong to elliptic, acuminate, 
rounded at the base, serrate, 34-40 cm. long; petiole to 6 cm. long. 
Flowers in erect, terminal panicles, unisexual, apetalous; calyx 3 parted 
(4); stamens numerous. Capsule woody, narrow ovoid, 1 celled, 9-10 
em. long. Seeds numerous, winged. 


1 species in Yunnan and Szechuan. 


Itoa orientalis Hemsley. 


Tree about 12-15 m. tall with light gray bark. 


Itoa is distinguished from Poliothyrsis by the coriaceous, longer, 
oblong, pinnately veined, shorter petioled leaves, by the 3-4 parted calyx, 
numerous stamens, and by the large, tardily dehiscent, woody capsule. 


The wood is said to be tough. 


——— = 


bo 
Or 
(Je) 


FLACOURTIACEAE 


POLIOTHYRSIS 


Deciduous trees. Leaves alternate, with 3 main veins from the base, 
ovate, pointed, shallowly toothed. Flowers monoecious, unisexual by 
abortion, apetalous, in large, erect panicles; calyx with 5 ovate-lanceolate 
lobes; stamens 20-25; ovary ovoid, tomentose, 1 celled, many ovuled; 

2 


style 3; stigma bifid. Fruit an ellipsoid capsule, splitting into 3 valves. 
Seeds small, winged, 


A monotypic genus confined to Western China. Distinguished from 
Idesia, which it resembles in foliage and habit, by the capsular fruit. 
The fruit of Idesia is a dark red berry. The base of the leaf or apex of 
the petiole usually bears minute glands on the upper surface. 


Poliothyrsis sinensis Oliver. 


Tree to 13 m. tall with gray bark. Leaves more or less ovate, round- 
ed or cordate at base, 6 or 8 to 15 cm. long, 5 or 6 to 9 or 10 em. wide, at 
first pubescent beneath ; petiole slender, 3-4 cm. long. Flowers greenish 
white, changing to yellow, about 8 mm. across. Capsule 1-3 em. long, 
6-10 mm. wide, tapering to both ends. Seeds winged. 


Hupeh and Szechuan. 


XYLOSMA 


Evergreen trees or shrubs, often spinescent. Leaves alternate, dentate 
or crenate, pinnately veined, without stipules. Flowers small, dioecious, 
rarely perfect, apetalous, in axillary racemes; sepals 4-5, small, imbricate, 
slightly connate at the base; stamens many, distinct; ovary superior, 
surrounded by a glandular disk, 1 celled, with 2, (rarely 3-6) few ovuled 
parietal placentae; styles 2 or more. Fruit a globose, 2-3 seeded berry. 


About 45 species in the tropics. The wood of some species is aromatic, 
a feature that is responsible for the latter part of the generic name. 


Xylosma racemosum (8. & Z.) Miquel. 


(Hisingera racemosa Siebold & Zuccarini. ) 


Shrub or tree sometimes to 20 or 25 m. tall, spiny or unarmed. 
Branchlets glabrous or minutely pubescent. Leaves ovate, acuminate, 
rounded at the base, serrate, 4-5 cm. long. Racemes to 2.5 em. long. 
Flowers yellow, fragrant, about 5 mm. across. Fruit black, 2-3 seeded, to 
5 mm. in diameter. 


254 CHINESE ECONOMIC TREES 


FE. China to Korea and Japan. In Western Szechuan this tree is 
known as the Tung-ching or “ Winter-green” tree. It is commonly 
planted around temples, esteemed for its beauty. 


IDESIA 


Trees. Leaves deciduous, alternate, 3-5 nerved at the base, remotely 
serrate, acute, more or less cordate, long petioled. The petioles and leaf 
bases often with a few conspicuous glands or nectaries. Flowers apetalous, 
dioecious, in terminal panicles; sepals 5, sometimes 3-6, imbricate ; ovary 
globose, 1 celled ; styles 5. Fruit a berry with many seeds embedded in a 
pulpy flesh. 


1 species in Central and W. China and 8. Japan. 


Idesia polycarpa Maximowicz. 


Tree about 15 m. tall with smooth gray bark. Leaves ovate or oblong- 
ovate, cordate at the base, acuminate, remotely crenate-serrate, dark 
lustrous green and smooth above, glaucous and glabrous or pubescent 
below, averaging about 15 cm. long; the petioles very variable, from 2.5 
to 5 or 6 cm. long. Flowers greenish-yellow, in pendulous panicles, 10-15 
em. long. Staminate flowers 12 mm. in diameter. Pistillate flowers 
smaller. Berries orange red, borne in long pendulous clusters. 


China, Korea, Formosa and Japan. 


A very common tree in Western Hupeh. The leaves resemble those 
of the Catalpa in appearance, though they are thicker and smaller. The 
bright red fruits in grape-like clusters are particularly handsome. Propa- 
gated by seeds. 


CARRIEREA 


Deciduous tree. Leaves alternate, ovate, acuminate, serrate, rounded 
or cordate at the base, long petioled. Flowers dioecious, apetalous, in 
terminal, tomentose panicles, with 2 foliaceous bracts at the base of each 
flower stalk ; sepals 5, pubescent; stamens numerous, shorter than the 
sepals; ovary ovate-oblong, 1 celled, many ovuled, rudimentary in the 
staminate flower ; styles 3-4, very short, stigma 3 parted. Fruit a large, 
lanceolate capsule, dehiscent into 3 valves. Seeds numerous, winged. 


The following is a handsome tree and the only species known. 


FLACOURTIACEAE 255 


Plate 88. IDESIA POLYCARPA Maximowicz 


1. Fruiting branch; 2. Pistillate inflorescence; 3. Staminate inflores- 
cence; 4. Staminate flower; 5. Pistillate flower; 6. Section 


of fruit; 7. Stamen; 8. Seed. (Details enlarged.) 


256 CHINESE ECONOMIC TREES 


Carrierea calycina Franchet. 


Tree 10 m. tall. Leaves 8-15 cm. long, half as wide, acuminate, 
crenate, ovate to elliptic or obovate, glabrous, at first reddish, later green. 
Flowers white, firm in texture; 2-5 cm. in diameter ; sepals cordate-ovate. 
Capsule 5-9 cm. long, pubescent. Seeds winged. 


Central China. 

This tree resembles Jdea in appearance. The apetalous flowers with 
large, white sepals, the staminate more numerous, the pistillate few or 
solitary, and the capsular fruit are distinguishing characters. 


ELEAGNACEAE 


Trees or shrubs with silvery or brown scales or stellate hairs. 
Leaves alternate or opposite (Shepherdia), simple, entire. Flowers perfect, 
polygamous or dioecious, regular, apetalous, clustered or rarely solitary ; 
perianth of staminate flower 2 or 4 parted; perianth of pistillate or perfect 
flower campanulate and 2 or 4 lobed above, tubular or urn shaped 
below and enclosing the ovary, more or less persistent and becoming 
fleshy in the fruit; stamens 4 or 8, inserted on the tube; disk annular 
or lobed; ovary superior, sessile, 1 celled, 1 ovuled; style and stigma 1. 
Fruit an achene, enclosed in the fleshy receptacle, appearing drupe-like. 


Three genera and about 50 species widely distributed. A family 
of no great importance, to the forester. 


KEY TO GENERA 


I. Flowers perfect or polygamous, solitary or 2-4 in a cluster; calyx 


A lobed; fruit:oblong@s..6 <2) -ear eee ee eee . -Hleagnus. 

II. Flowers unisexual, usually dioecious, in short racemes; calyx 

minutely 2 lobed; fruit globose .......-...<s-s+s0c0--=- Hippophae. 
ELEAGNUS 


Deciduous or evergreen shrubs or trees, sometimes spiny, and mostly 
with silvery scales or stellate pubescence. Leaves alternate, entire, 
petioled. Flowers axillary, solitary or in clusters of 2-4, perfect or 


ELEAGNACEAE 257 


polygamous, apetalous, small and inconspicuous but usually fragrant; 
perianth tubular, or campanulate, constricted above the ovary, 4 lobed; 
stamens 4, inserted on the perianth and included, on short filaments. 
Fruit drupe-like with a striated or grooved seed. 


About 40 species in Europe, N. America and Asia, nearly all of 
them shrubby. Many species have silvery foliage and ornamental fruits 
and delicately scented though inconspicuous flowers. 


Eleagnus umbellata Thunberg. 


Usually a large shrub, sometimes a small tree 5 or 6 m. tall. Often 
spiny. Branchlets brownish, often silvery. Leaves oval to ovate-oblong, 
silvery white above and beneath, especially when young, 4-8 cm. long. 
Flowers fragrant, yellowish, with slender elongated tube longer than the 
perianth lobes. Fruit globose or oval, red with silvery and brown scales, 
about 8 mi. long; peduncles up to 12 mm. long. 


Himalayas to China, and Japan. Szechuan, Hupeh, Kansu, Shansi, 
Shantung. 


The remaining 11 or 12 species in this country are shrubby. 


HIPPOPHAE 


Shrubs or trees with silvery scales on young twigs and leaves, often 
spinescent. Leaves alternate, narrow, silvery gray. Flowers dioecious, 
inconspicuous, yellow, in short racemes. Staminate flowers sessile; 
sepals 2; stamens 4. Pistillate flowers short stalked; calyx minutely 2 
toothed. Fruit drupe-like, globose, orange or yellow. 


2 species in Europe and W. and C. Asia. 


H. salicifolia D. Don is the Himalayan species. 


Hippophae rhamnoides Linnezus. 


Deciduous shrub or small tree, sometimes 12 m. tall. Young plants 
covered with silvery scales. Branches gray and often spinescent. Leaves 
linear-lanceolate, very short petioled, gray-green above, silvery-gray 
beneath, 2.5-8 em. long. Flowers appearing before the leaves. Fruit 
subglobose to ovoid, orange-yellow, 6-8 mm. long. 


Europe and temperate Asia. Szechuan, Shensi, Chihli. 


258 CHINESE ECONOMIC TREES 


This species has running roots, reproducing freely by suckers, and 
has been successfully used to hold shifting sand. It grows in any kind 
of soil. The pistillate plant when fruiting is very attractive. The fruits 
are slightly poisonous. 


NYSSACEAE 


Trees. Leaves alternate, simple, entire or toothed. Flowers 
unisexual or polygamous, aggregated in heads or clusters, with or with- 
out accompanying bracts; calyx 5 lobed or wanting; petals 5 or wanting; 
stamens 5-10, or numerous, all alike or in 2 series and unequal; disk 
present ; ovary 1 or 2 celled, or 6-10 celled; usually 1 ovule in each cell; 
style elongated, curved, or short and thickened, or bifid. Fruit samaroid, 
or a large or small drupe. 


A family represented by 3 genera in China, all chiefly of ornamental 
value. 


KEY TO GENERA 


I. Fruit samara-like, aggregated in a capitate head......-Camptotheca. 
Il. Fruit drupaceous. 


A. Drupes small, 1-2 celled, 1 seeded; ovary 1-2 celled; perianth 
present; the staminate and pistillate flowers in distinct clusters 
with small deciduous bracts........-+-+ Ace lsc tee seoeee Nyssa. 


B. Drupes large with a 3-5 celled stone; ovary 6-10 celled; 
perianth wanting; inflorescence composed of a single pistillate 
flower surrounded by numerous staminate flowers or of sta- 
minate flowers only, accompanied by 2 or 3 large white bracts 
PNP oe Hy at A Wide mdmbotoogs Ouiet aosbe 4 Davidia. 


CAMPTOTHECA 


Trees. Leaves alternate, entire, pinnately veined, elliptic-ovate to 
oblong, acuminate, stalked. Flowers sessile in capitate heads, solitary 
or in axillary or terminal panicles, unisexual or perfect; calyx cup- 
shaped, slightly 5 toothed; petals 5, valvate (in aestivation) ; stamens 
10, white, unequal, in 2 series, on slender filaments; disk epigynous, cup- 
shaped; ovary oblong, depressed at the apex, 1 celled, 1 ovuled; style 


NYSSACEAE 259 


bifid. Fruit aggregated in a capitate head, samara-like, sessile, linear, 
unequal sided, truncated at the apex with a thick, leathery coat, 1 celled, 
1 seeded. A monotypic genus confined to China. 


Camptotheca acuminata Decaisne. 


Tree 20-25 m. tall with smooth, pale gray bark. Leaves 7-15 cm. 
long, 4-8 em. wide. Fruit brown when ripe, about 3 cm. long, many 
crowded in a head. 


Kiangsi, Szechuan, Yunnan, Hupeh. 


This tree is widely distributed throughout the warmer parts of 
Central China. It is rapid growing and very beautiful in full bloom. 
The wood is white and soft, said to be used only for fuel. 


NYSSA 


Trees. Leaves alternate, entire, rarely remotely 1—4 toothed, petio- 
late, and stipulate. Flowers polygamo-dioecious, minute, greenish. 
Staminate flowers long pedicelled, in many flowered simple or compound 
clusters; calyx cup-shaped, 5 toothed; sepals 5, thick, inserted on the 
disk; stamens 5, exserted, filaments filiform; ovary absent. Pistillate 
flowers in axillary peduncles, 1-2 or several in a cluster; calyx tube 
campanulate, 5 toothed; petals 5, small and thick; stamens 5-10; 
anthers fertile or sterile; ovary 1 or 2 celled; style elongated or curved. 
Fruit an oblong or ovoid fleshy drupe with a bony, thick-wall, 1-2 
celled, usually 1 seeded, stone. 


Seven species; 5 in N. America, 1 in 8. Asia, and 1 in China. 


The genus is characterized by glossy foliage which turns brilliantly 
red in the autumn. The Jupelos are especially effective for planting 
along the margin of ponds or near streams. The wood is close grained, 
suitable for interior finish and furniture making. 


Nyssa sinensis Oliver. 


Chinese Jupelo. 


Bush or small tree. Branchlets and leaves pubescent, later becoming 
glabrous. Leaves elliptical, acuminate, dark green above, pale shiny 
green and pubescent along the veins below, 10 to 15 cm. long; petioles 
pilose, short. Flowers racemose, peduncles long and slender. Staminate 


260 CHINESE ECONOMIC TREES 


Plate 89. NYSSA SINENSIS Oliver 


1. Flowering branch; 2. Fruiting branch; 3. Section ofovary; 4. 
Staminate flower; 5. Staminate inflorescence; 6. Pistillate flower. 


(Enlarged details from Hooker’s ‘‘Icones Plantarum”? PI. 1964.) 


NYSSACEAE 261 


inflorescence many flowered; petals narrow-oblong; stamens 5-10. 
Pistillate few, on slender stalks; ovary glabrous. Fruit short pedicelled, 
in clusters of 2 or 8, on long, ascending peduncles, 2-5 cm. long. The 
flesh is thin. Stone ridged. 


Hupeh and Kiangsi. Common along water courses near Kuling in 
Kiangsi, elsewhere said to be rare. 


DAVIDIA 


Deciduous trees. Leaves alternate, coarsely dentate, slender peti- 
oled and without stipules. Inflorescence polygamous, in a terminal, 
subglobose head, pendulous on a long peduncle, more or less concealed 
by overhanging bracts. The bracts are usually 2 in number, rarely 3, 
large, conspicuous, unequal in size, sessile, leafy, creamy-white, thin 
and membranous, entire or remotely serrate, rounded or cordate at the 
base, deciduous. The flowering head composed of a single perfect 
flower entirely surrounded by numerous staminate flowers, or consists 
entirely of staminate flowers. Staminate flowers achlamydeous, the 
perianth reduced to a swollen ring; stamens 1-7, filaments filiform, 
anthers purple. The perfect flowers are naked, subsessile, obliquely 
attached to the head; stamens shortly epigynous, attached to the base of 
the thickened style on top of the ovary; stigmas spreading, as many as 
the cells; ovary inferior, 6-10 celled, 1 ovule in each cell. Fruit a drupe; 
flesh thin; stone 3-5 celled. 


A genus containing a single species, native of China. 


Davidia involucrata Baillon. 


Tree 18 m. tall. Leaves bright green, ovate or ovate-cordate, 
acuminate, coarsely serrate with glandular teeth, prominently veined, 
more or less pubescent below, 6-13 cm. long and 5-8 cm. wide. Petiole 
2.5-10 em. long. The larger bract sometimes 15 cm. long. Inflorescence 
about 3 em. across; peduncle of fruit about 10 cm. long. Fruit 4 cm. 
long, oblong-ovoid, greenish-yellow, marked by reddish-brown spots; 
epicarp thin; stone hard, bony, deeply grooved and channeled. 


Var. vilmoriniana Dode. 
A glabrous form of the above. 


Hupeh and Szechuan. 


262 CHINESE ECONOMIC TREES 


As 


UU) 


SS 


VY 
yl 


fe 
y 
| 
eS 


Plate 90. DAVIDIA INVOLUCRATA Daillon 


2. Fruiting branch; 38. Seeds; 4. Inflorescence; 


1. Flowering branch; 
(5 enlarged.) 


5. Staminate flower. 


ARALIACEAE 263 


Among all the Chinese trees, there is none more interesting or 
distinctive than the Davidia. It is a remarkably beautiful tree in full 
bloom, with the large creamy-white bracts fluttering against the back- 
ground of the bright green leaves. It is well worthy of general cultiva- 
tion in gardens in the temperate parts of the country. 


ARALIACEAE 


Trees, shrubs or herbs, erect or climbing, sometimes spiny. Leaves 
alternate, simple, or pinnately or digitately compound, or decompound. 
Flowers regular, umbellate or panicled, perfect or unisexual, small and 
epigynous. Parts of the flowers usually in 5's. Sepals minute, sometimes 
wanting; petals rarely more than 5; stamens alternate with, rarely 2 or3 
times as many as, the petals. Ovary inferior, 2-5 celled; 1 ovule in each 
cell. Styles as many asthe cells. Fruit a dry or fleshy berry with the 
calyx persistent at the apex. 


About 51 genera containing 400 species, chiefly tropical. A few 
genera extend into the temperate regions of N. America and E. Asia. 


KEY TO GENERA 


I. Petals imbricate; leaves pinnate to decompound..+....-«- .- Aralia. 


II. Petals valvate; leaves simple, palmately lobed, or digitately compound 
atshotat <eNohepaqereieiss: sia) = nibicldn He cob cee aoubaY eooe--+- Acanthopanax. 


ARALIA 


Trees, shrubs or herbs, often with prickly stems, the prickles being 
modified hairs. Leaves decidyous, alternate; pinnately compound or 
decompound; leaflets serrulate; stipules on the expanded clasping base 
of the petiole. Flowers with imbricate petals, small, whitish, perfect or 
polygamous, usually in umbellate panicles. Petals and stamens 5. Ovary 
2-5 celled, adnate to the calyx tube. Styles 2-5, free or slightly connate 
at the base. Fruit a berry-like fleshy drupe more or less angled, with 2-5 
hard compressed stones. 


About 30 species in Asia and N. America. Valuable for ornamental 
planting. Easily propagated by seeds, suckers and root cuttings. 


264 CHINESE ECONOMIC TREES 


Aralia chinensis Linnus. 

Chinese Angelica Tree. 

Shrub or tree to 8 m. tall, often with several stems and few, very 
thick, prickly branches, spreading freely from root suckers. Leaves 
often 1 m. long, decompound. Leaflets ovate, acuminate, coarsely serrate 
or dentate, bright green above, pubescent or glabrescent or glaucous 
below, short stalked, 6-15 cm. long. Flowers appear in late summer, 
small, whitish, in numerous, globose umbels in a long panicle, 60 cm. 
long; pedicels tomentose; styles distinct. Fruit small, black, numerous. 


China and Japan. 

_ This species shows much variability, particularly in the canescent or 
glabrescent character of the leaflets, which has led some botanist to establish 
a variety canescens and a variety glabrescens which, however, need not be 
considered by the practical botanist. 


Aralia wilsonii Harms. 


A shrub 2-3 m. high resembling A. chinensis and apparently chiefly 
differing in their glabrous or nearly glabrous inflorescence and foliage, 
the under surface of the leaflets being bright green. The leaflets also 
appear to have distinctly longer petiolules. May bea form of A. chinensis. 
Found by E. H. Wilson in Western Szechuan. 


ACANTHOPANAX 


Trees or shrubs. Branches stout, usually with stout prickles. Leaves 
deciduous, alternate, simple and palmately lobed, or digitately compound, 
long petiolate. Flowers with valvate petals, small, greenish, perfect or 
polygamous, in solitary umbels or in large terminal panicled umbels. 
Calyx tube coherent with the ovary, minutely toothed ; petals and stamens 
5, inserted together on the edge of the disk. Ovary usually 5 celled, rarely 
2. Styles 2-5, more or less connate at the base. Fruit black, a 2-5 
seeded berry. 


About 18 species in Central and Eastern Asia from Manchuria to the 
Himalayas. 


Propagated by root cuttings, by division, offsets, and by seeds. The 
number of seeds per pound is about 55,000. They germinate very slowly. 
Acanthopanax ricinifolius Seeman. 


Tree 25 m. tall. Branchlets red-brown and with stout prickles. Leaves, 
digitately 5-7 lobed, wider than long, subcordate or nearly truncate at the 


ARALIACEAE 265 


— oP 
O, > 


Plate 91. ACANTHOPANAX RICINIFOLIUS Seeman ‘ 


1. Fruiting branch; 2. Leaf; 3. Flower, enlarged. 


266 CHINESE ECONOMIC TREES 


base, 15-25 cm. in diameter; lobes ovate-triangular, acuminate, serrate, 
about 1/3 the length of the leaf; sinus acute, dark green above, pale green, 
slightly pubescent below; petiole long, more or less tomentose. Flowers 
appear in late summer, are umbellate in large terminal panicles, small, 
white. Styles 2, connate at the base. Fruit small, black and globose. 


China, Korea, and Japan. Szechuan and Hupeh to Chekiang and 
Fukien. 


The wood has a disagreeable odor, is fairly hard, compact and 
straight grained, of a reddish-brown color. It is used in Japan for 
furniture, for building purposes, and for railway ties. 


The young leaves are eaten by the Japanese. The foliage resembles 
somewhat that of the castor oil plant. 


CORNACEAE 


Trees or shrubs, rarely herbs with scaly buds. Leaves opposite, rarely 
alternate, pinnately veined, simple, entire or toothed, without stipules. 
Flowers perfect, rarely unisexual, regular, epigynous. Calyx 4 or 5 
toothed, or wanting; petals 4 or 5, inserted on the calyx and alternate 
with its teeth. Stamens 4 or 5, alternate with the petals, inserted on 
the margin of the disk; anthers introrse. Style usually with a capitate 
stigma. Ovary superior, 2 celled, rarely 1-10 celled. Ovules solitary in 
each cell, rarely 2. Fruit a 1-2 seeded drupe, or a berry. 


The family includes 15 genera and about 120 species, mostly in the 
temperate regions. Nyssa, Davidia and Camptotheca, are included by some 
botanists under this family. The evergreen shrub Aucuba, with handsome 
and often variegated leaves and small purple paniculate flowers, belongs to 
this family. 


CORNUS 


Trees and shrubs with astringent bark. Leaves deciduous, opposite, 
rarely alternate or whorled, entire. Flowers small, perfect, white or 
yellow, in heads or cymes. Calyx minutely 4 toothed ; petals 4; stamens 
4, alternate with the petals; style simple, capitate; ovary inferior, 
2 celled, 1 ovule in each cell. Fruit a drupe with thin flesh and hard 
stone, 2 celled, 2 seeded. 


CORNACEAE 267 


About 50 species in the northern hemisphere. The bark, leaves and 
fruit are used in medicine for their astringent and tonic properties. The 
genus is highly ornamental. A large number of species have an inflores- 
cence accompanied by showy petal-like bracts which makes the tree 
extremely attractive in bloom. The brightly colored stem and twigs of 
some shrubby species render them desirable as decorative subjects. 


Cornus kousa Buerger. 


(Benthamia japonica Siebold & Zuccarini.) 


Shrub or small tree up to 10 m. high. Young shoots smooth. Leaves 
elliptic-ovate, acuminate, cuneate at the base, margin undulate, dark 
green above, pale green and pubescent below, 5-10 cm. long. Inflorescence 
appears after the leaves, very showy, composed of small, inconspicuous 
flowers closely packed in a terminal head, surrounded by 4 showy, creamy- 
white bracts developed from the 4 accrescent winter bud scales; bracts 
3.0-5 em. long, ovate and slender pointed. Fruit fleshy, in a globose 
head. 

China, Korea and Japan. 


This tree presents a strikingly handsome appearance when in bloom. 


Cornus capitata Wallich. 
(Benthamia fragifera Lindley.) 


A small tree, 10 m. tall. Leaves leathery, ovate-lanceolate, tapered 
at both ends, densely pubescent below, slightly pubescent above, 5-10 cm. 
long. Bracts ovate, acute, yellow. Fruit strawberry-like, scarlet, 2.5 cm. 
across, composed of numerous small drupes, each containing a stony 
seed. 


Himalayas to China. 


China: Hupeh, Szechuan, Yunnan. 


Cornus controversa Hemsley. 


Tree 18 m. tall. Leaves irregularly alternate, ovate, rounded at the 
base, acuminate. Flowers in umbel-like cymes, cream colored, 8-10 cm. 
wide. Fruit blue-black. 


Himalayas, China and Japan. 


Kiangsi, Hupeh, Szechuan, Yunnan. 


268 CHINESE ECONOMIC TREES 


Plate 92. CORNUS KOUSA Buerger 


1. Flowering branch; 2. Fruit; 8. Ovary; 4. Section of flower. . 
(Details enlarged.) 


269 


CORNACEAE 


CORNUS CAPITATA Wallich 


Plate 93. 


2. Fruiting branch; 3. Flower, enlarged. 


1. Flowering branch; 


270 CHINESE ECONOMIC TREES 


Cornus macrophylla Wallich. 


Tree to 10 m. tall. Branches reddish-brown. Leaves broadly ovate to 
elliptic-ovate, acuminate, dark green above, pale green, glaucous and 
slightly appressed hairy below, with 5-8 pairs of lateral veins, 10-15 cm. 
long; petiole slender. Inflorescence a loose, terminal, dichotomous cyme, 
5-10 cm. across; flowers white on short peduncles, calyx urn-shaped, style 
more or less enlarged toward the apex. The pedicels, calyx and the 
outer surface of the petals are somewhat appressed silky hairy. Fruita 
blue-black drupe, about 8 mm. across. 

Himalayas to China and Japan. China: Yunnan, Szechuan, Hupeh, 


and Shensi. 


EBENACEAE 


Trees or shrubs. Leaves alternate, rarely sub-opposite, entire. 
Flowers regular, dioecious, rarely perfect; calyx 3-6 parted, persistent 
and usually enlarged in the fruit. Corolla 3-6 lobed, hypogynous, 
coriaceous. Stamens usually free from the corolla, as many as its lobes, 
or twice as many or more numerous. Ovary superior, 2-16 celled ; ovules 
1 or 2 in each cell. Style 2-8. Seeds albuminous. 

Five genera and 280 species, in tropical and subtropical regions, 
especially in the E. Hemisphere. The unisexual flowers and the superior 
2 to many celled ovary are distinctive characters. 


DIOSPYROS 


Deciduous or evergreen trees or shrubs. Leaves alternate, rarely 
opposite, entire, without stipules. Flowers dioecious, rarely polygamous, 
in axillary cymes, or solitary on the axils of the leaves of the year, or 
lateral on older branches. Calyx usually 4 lobed, occasionally 3-7, 
accrescent under the fruit. Corolla 3-7, usually 4 lobed, tubular or cup- 
like, yellow or white. Stamens usually 16 (4 to indefinite). Ovary 4, 
sometimes 8 celled. Style 1-4, free or united; stigma 2 lobed. Ovules 2 
in each cell. Fruit a large juicy or pulpy berry, 1-10 seeded, the enlarged 
calyx persistent at the base. Seeds oblong, compressed, blackish and 
lustrous. 


About 160 species, most of them in the tropics. The wood is hard, 
strong and close grained, with thin, pale sap wood and almost black 


EBENACEAE DAG 


Plate 94. CORNUS MACROPHYLLA Wallich 


1. Fruiting branch; 2. Inflorescence; 3. Flower; 4. Fruit; 5. Section 
of fruit; 6. Petal; 7. Pistil; 8. Stamen; 9. Section of flower. 


(Details enlarged.) 


272 CHINESE ECONOMIC TREES 


heartwood. The much prized, valuable ebony wood of commerce is 
derived mostly from Diospyros ebenum; other species in the tropics yield 
various dyes and medicines. Several species are cultivated for their 
fruits. Propagated by seeds, by cuttings of half ripened wood, and by 
layers. The horticultural varieties are usually budded or grafted. 


Diospyros lotus Linnzus. 


Wild Persimmon. 


Deciduous trees to 20 m. tall. Leaves elliptic or oblong, 5-13 cm. 
long, acuminate, membranous and pubescent, shiny green above, paler 
green below; petiole slender, 12 mm. long. Staminate flowers reddish- 
white, short stalked, in clusters of 3’s._ Pistillate flowers solitary. Calyx 
lobed half way down to the base. Corolla green, tinged with red, glabrous 
on the outside. Stamens 16. Ovary glabrous except at the apex. Fruit 
globose, 1.2-2 cm. long, yellow at first, dark purple when ripe and covered 
with a whitish bloom, sweet and edible. 


W. Asia, N. Persia, N. India, N. China. Naturalized in the Medi- 
terranean region. Diospyros lotus has been reported as a common tree in 
the mountains near Peking. The fruit is small, oval, pointed, blackish, 
sweet and edible when fully ripe. This tree is used as stock upon which 
the cultivated forms are grafted. The rich black heartwood is very 
valuable for the manufacture of fancy articles and high grade furniture. 
For these purposes it rivals the ebony and mahogany of commerce. 


Diospyros kaki Linne&us. 


Tree 15 m. tall. Leaves 8-18 cm. long. Flowers yellowish-white. 
Stamens 16-24. Styles divided to the base. Staminate and pistillate 
flowers differ in size and shape. Fruit very variable, generally orange or 
yellow, of the size and shape of the tomato, about 8 cm. in diameter. 


China. Introduced into Japan. 


The common cultivated tree, with many varieties distinguished. 
Two distinct types occupy distinct localities; the northern type is thin 
skinned and yellow; the southern type is thick skinned and orange or 
reddish. The fruit is very variable in size and shape, but in general, it 
is tomato-like, with one or more furrows around the circumference. The 
unripe fruit of this species is used to waterproof paper hats and umbrel- 
las. A note on the technique of the making of the varnish may prove 


EBENACEAE PH 3 


Plate 95. DIOSPYROS LOTUS Linnezus 


1. Fruiting branch; 2. Flowering branch; 38. Section of fruit; 4. 
Seeds; 5. Staminate flower; 6. Pistillate flower. (Details 


slightly enlarged). 


274 CHINESE ECONOMIC TREES 


PLATE 96, page 274, represents DIOSPYROS 
SINENSIS Hemsley, NOT?DI@SBY RO@s 2 4 
printed through error in substitution of plates. 


STYRACEAE 275 


of interest. The fruits are picked while green and still immature and are 
pounded into a pulpy mass by means of a wooden hammer, and placed 
into earthen jars with a quantity of water. The contents of the jar are 
stirred from time to time and are then left undisturbed for twenty days, 
after which the pulp is removed and the colorless syrupy liquid which 
remains is then mixed with the leaves of a certain species of Privet, 
(Tung-ching) for the purpose of imparting to it a reddish color. The 
varnish then is ready for use. 


STYRACEAE 


Trees or shrubs, with more or less stellate pubescence. Leaves 
alternate, simple, pinnately veined, without stipules. Flowers regular, 
perfect; calyx 4-5 cleft, more or less adnate to the ovary; corolla 4-5 
lobed, the lobes nearly divided to the base; stamens free, in 1 series, or 
more or less connate at the base, usually twice as many as the lobes of 
the corolla; ovary imperfectly 3-5 celled; style 1; ovules 1 to several in 
each cell. Fruit a capsular drupe. 


Seven genera and about 100 species in the warm parts of N. and §. 
America, E. Asia and the Mediterranean region. The family is chiefly 
useful for ornamental purposes. One of the showy genera in this family 
is Halesia, the Silver Bell of America. 


KEY TO GENERA 
I. Ovary superior; calyx tube campanulate; fruit globose or oblong, 
PUMRIC ECP RIOT OWING CCitc)s, 22. s-s 0s « oaleG wie, 4, sala epee Oe eee Styrax. 
II. Ovary inferior or subinferior, fruit ribbed or winged, or capsular. 


A. Fruit ribbed or winged; flowers in panicles; ovary 3 celled 


Peer Re erate Scie so. Sis) de! a: &, «oe sc ajreselane Oe ake Pterostyrax. 

B. Fruit a woody capsule, dehiscent into 5 valves; flowers in 

MACEMIES OVARY NCEE <<. 5 «c.0)6 4 .%s as s/0 + aisle eee Alniphyllum. 
PTEROSTYRAX 


Deciduous trees or shrubs. Leaves alternate, entire, dentate, 
pubescent, petioled. Flowers in panicles, fragrant; calyx 5 toothed; 


corolla 5 parted nearly to the base; stamens 10, exserted; ovary 3 
celled; style long. Fruit a ribbed or winged nut, 1-2 seeded. 


276 CHINESE ECONOMiC TREES 


Three species in China and Japan. Referred by some botanists to 
Halesia. 


Pterostyrax micranthum Siebold & Zuccarini. 


(Pterostyrax hispidum Siebold & Zuccarini.) 
(Halesia hispida (S. & Z.) Masters.) j 


Tree sometimes 16 m. tall with gray-brown bark. Leaves without 
stipules, 6-21 em. long, 3-10 cm. wide, elliptic or ovate to oblong, acute 
or acuminate, base cuneate, denticulate, green above, pale and glabrous 
or slightly tomentose below; petiole 1-2.5 cm. long. Panicles axillary, 
10-16 cm. long with 2 or 3 leaves at the base of the inflorescence; flowers 
cream-white, fragrant, about 8 mm. long; ovary 3 celled; ovules 4 in 
each cell; style longer than the stamens. Fruit 1 cm. long, 2.5 mm. 
wide, tapered at both ends, 10 ribbed, densely hairy, crowned by the 
style. 

China and Japan. 


This plant is most often found under Pterostyrax hispidum in 
botanical literature but as P. micranthum refers to the same species and 
has prior place in the writings of Siebold and Zuccarini it should, by the 
rules of nomenclature, be regarded as the oldest botanical name. 


Pterostyrax corymbosum Siebold & Zuccarini. 


Shrub or small tree. Leaves serrulate, usually with bristle pointed 
teeth, to 12 cm. long. Panicles corymbose, to 18 em. long. Fruit with 
4—5 narrow wings. 


China and Japan. In China only known from Kuling, Kiangsi. 


STYRAX 


Shrubs or small trees, more or less stellate pubescent. Leaves 
deciduous or evergreen, alternate, stalked, without stipules. Flowers 
usually large, in drooping clusters; calyx campanulate, slightly 5 toothed, 
adnate to the base of the ovary; petals 5, slightly connate at the base; 
stamens 10 or fewer, inserted at the base of the corolla, free or monadel- 
phous; ovary superior, 8 celled at the base; ovules several in each cell; 
style slender; stigma 3 parted or capitate. Fruit a drupe, globose or 
oblong, dry or fleshy, the pericarp dehiscent into 3 valves at the apex. 
Seeds 1-2, large, subglobose. 


STYRACEAE 277 


About 100 species in the warmer parts of Asia, Europe and America. 
About 12 species in China, most of them shrubs. From Styraz benzoin 
of the E. Indies, the fragrant resin benzoin is obtained. 


Styrax japonicus Siebold & Zuccarini. 


Shrub or tree up to 10 m. tall. Branchlets and leaves at first stellate 
pubescent. Leaves oval, tapering at both ends, sometimes acuminate, 
crenate serrate, dark glossy green, glabrous, 2.5-9 cm. long; petiole short. 
Flowers white, 2 cm. in diameter, pendulous, in a few flowered raceme; 
petals spreading, tomentose on the outside; calyx glabrous, with short 
teeth, persistent under the fruit. Drupe oval, about 12 mm. long. 


Hupeh, Szechuan, Shantung to Korea and Japan. 


ALNIPHYLLUM 


Shrubs or trees. Leaves alternate, obscurely serrate, petiolate. 
Flowers perfect, white or red, in racemes; calyx campanulate, 5 toothed, 
tormentose; petals 5, connate at the base, oblong, elliptic, imbricate; 
stamens 10, unequal, in 2 series, the filaments united below into a tube; 
ovary partly inferior, 5 celled, ovate, tomentose; ovules 5-8 in each cell; 
style slender, terminated by an obscurely 5 toothed stigma, Fruit an 
oblong, woody capsule, dehiscent into 5 vaives. 


3 species, 2 in Formosa, 1 in China. 


Alniphyllum fortunei (Hemsley) Perkins. 


(Halesia fortunei Hemsley.) 


Shrub or tree to 10 m. tall, or taller. Leaves ovate to broadly ovate, 
short acuminate, base rounded, remotely and regular or obscurely 
serrate, dark green above, paler and slightly tomentose below, 8-13 cm. 
long, 4.5-5.5 em. wide; petiole 8-15 mm. long. Inflorescence many 
flowered, racemose or paniculate; flowers white, 2.5 cm. long; calyx 5 
toothed, persistent; petals lanceolate-oblong. Capsule slightly 5 seeded, 
dehiscent into 5 lobes, dark brown, oblong, beaked, about 2 cm. long. 
Seeds numerous, irregularly winged, 6-10 mm. long. 


Fukien, Yunnan and Hupeh. 


278 CHINESE ECONOMIC TREES 


OLEACEAE 


Trees or shrubs. Leaves opposite, rarely alternate or whorled, 
simple or pinnate, without stipules. Flowers perfect or dioecious or 
polygamo-dioecious, regular, small; calyx 4 lobed (4-15); corolla 4 
lobed (6-12), or rarely absent; stamens 2 (rarely-3-5) ; ovary superior, 
2 celled; ovules 2. Fruit a drupe, berry, capsule, or samara. 


Twenty genera and more than 400 species in the temperate and 
tropical regions. The Olive is the most important member of the family; 
others of horticultural interest are Jasminum (Jasmine), Forsythia (Golden 
Bell) and Syringa or Lilac. The following are the more important 
-arborescent genera. 


KEY TO GENERA 


I. Leaves pinnate; fruit asamara with a terminal wing. . Frazinus. 
II. Leaves simple; fruit fleshy, a drupe or berry-like. 
A. Fruit a 1-seeded drupe. 


1. Corolla deeply divided into 4 long linear lobes...... 
2 fous Ble Reetttese te bale fale ete deeds ie tele yc ce eee Chionanthus, 
9.“ Corolla tubular, ieee 6 anne eee eee Osmanthus. 


B. Fruit berry-like, scarcely drupaceous, with 1-4 stones.... 


es ae aie gilt RUCUS Se ats BAe eve eaten ane eter aie eg eee Ligustrum. 


FRAXINUS 


Trees or shrubs. Terminal buds large, with 4 scales visible. Leaves 
deciduous, opposite, odd pinnate or rarely reduced to a single leaflet, 
petiolate and without stipules. Flowers regular, dioecious or polygamous 
or rarely perfect in terminal panicles on leafy shoots, or from axils of 
new leaves, or from buds developed from the axils. of leaves of the 
previous year’s growth, or from the base of young branchlets. Calyx 4 
lobed or absent; corolla 4-6 parted or connate at the base in pairs. 
Stamens usually 2. Style 2 lobed. Ovary usually 2 celled; ovules 1 in 


each cell. Fruit a lanceolate or oblong-spatulate or flattened saniara, 1 
celled, 1 seeded. 


About 30 species in the temperate regions of the N. Hemisphere. 
About 8 or 10 species in China. They are hardy as well as ornamental 
and are eminently suited for planting as street trees on account of their 


OLEACEAE 279 


pyramidal habit and light foliage. Most species are important forest 
trees as well, for they sprout freely from stump and produce a straight 
grained, tough, valuable wood of good size, much sought whenever 
pliability and toughness are the qualities desired. The wood is commonly 
used for making wagons, wheels, spokes, tool handles, furniture, and 
for interior finish. 


Fraxinus chinensis Roxburgh. 
White Wax Tree. (Pe-la Shu). 


A small tree, 13 m. tall with brownish-black winter buds which are 
conspicuously woolly tomentose at the time of opening. Branchlets 
glabrous. Leaves 138-20 cm. long, with channeled petioles enlarged at 
the base, nearly glabrous; leaflets 5-9, 5-10 cm. long, the basal pair 
smaller than the others, coriaceous, acuminate at the apex, rounded or 
cuneate at the base, serrate, short stalked, dark green and glabrous above, 
pubescent or hairy along the base of the veins and pale green below. 
Flowers with the leaves in lateral and terminal, glabrous panicles. 
Pistillate panicles 8-16 cm. long; calyx 4 parted; corolla absent. Fruit 
oblanceolate, obtuse, acute or emarginate at the apex, 4 cm. long. 


Kiangsu, Chekiang, Anhwei, Szechuan, Hupeh, Kwangtung and 
Tongking. 

This species is very variable as regards the shape and serration of 
the leaves. Five varieties have been distinguished. Among them is: 


Var. rhynchopylla Hemsley. 


Leaflets usually 5, entire or irregularly crenate-serrate, long 
acuminate, with slender stalks. Chihli and Manchuria. 


Fraxinus mariesii Hooker. 


Shrub or small tree. Branchlets cylindrical, purplish, pubescent. 
Winter buds gray-black. Petiole glandular, pubescent. Leaflets 5-7, 
nearly touching each other, sessile, ovate to ovate-lanceolate, acute or 
acuminate, serrate or entire, puberulous along the base of the midrib, 
4-8 cm. long. Flowers in erect, very showy panicles; calyx 4 cleft; 
petals 5 or 6; stamens 2-4. Fruit with a narrow obtuse wing. 


Central China. This handsome species is very free blooming. 


280 CHINESE ECONOMIC TREES 


Plate 97. FRAXINUS CHINENSIS Roxburgh 


1. Fruiting branch; 2. Flowering branch. 


OLEACEAE 281 


Insect white wax is produced on Frazinus chinensis and F. mariesii. 
The insect, Coccus pe-la, is bred on the Ligustrum lucidum and other 
species of privet. In April, the mature cocoons are carried by night 
some distance to the region where the ash trees are cultivated and there 
affixed to the branches. In August, the branches incrusted with the 
wax are removed and boiled, the wax thus separated is melted and 
allowed to harden in pans. Pe-la is used for coating candles made from 
vegetable tallow and to a smaller extent from animal tallow, for coating 
pills and also for imparting a glossy surface to silks and better grades of 
cloth. 


Fraxinus bungeana De Candole. 


Tree 5 m. tall. Winter buds almost black. Leaflets 5, the basal 
pair only slightly smaller than the others, ovate or obovate, obtuse or 
short acuminate, serrate, glabrous, to 4 cm. long, distinctly stalked. 
Flowers in terminal panicles many flowered, to 6 em. long; corolla 
divided nearly to the base; calyx with narrow acute lobes; filaments 
longer than the lobes of the corolla. Fruit linear-oblong, obtuse or 
emarginate at the apex of the wing. 


N. China to Japan. 


Fraxinus platypoda Oliver. 


Tree 6 m. tall. Leaflets 7-9, 6-9 cm. long, ovate-lanceolate, slightly 
acuminate, serrate, pilose-tomentose on the midrib beneath. Base of 
leaf rachis dilated into an ovate or orbicular lobe. Samara 4.5-5 cm. 
long, ovate-oblong, with a slight mucronate apex; base surrounded by 
the persistent calyx. 


Hupeh. 
F. paxiana also with the base of the leaf rachis dilated. 


Fraxinus mandschurica Ruprecht. 


Tree, 30 m. tall. Branchlet glabrous, quadrangular, with dark brown 
buds. Leaf rachis winged and brownish tomentose at the base of the 
leaflets; leaflets 7-18, 8-13 cm. long, oval or ovate-lanceolate, serrate, 
subsessile, pubescent on the veins beneath. Flowers appear before the 
leaves from axillary buds, dioecious, achlymedious (without calyx and 
corolla). Fruit in globose clusters, oblong-lanceolate, apiculate or 


emarginate, 2.5-4 cm. long. 


CHINESE ECONOMIC TREES 


282 


Plate 98. FRAXINUS PLATYPODA Oliver 


. Leaf 


2 


1. Fruiting branch; 


OLEACEAE 283 


Manchuria, Korea and Japan. 


The wood is used for railroad ‘ties, agricultural implements, house 
construction, as well as for furniture and interior finish. Large quanti- 
ties of this lumber, locally known as ‘‘Ma-li,’’ are exported by the 
Japanese to this country. 


Fraxinus griffithii Clarke. 
(F. bracteata Hemsley). 


Tree to 12 m. tall. Leaflets 5-7, coriaceous or subcoriaceous, entire 
or sometimes slightly crenate toward the apex, ovate-lanceolate or 
oblong, obtuse, with rounded or cuneate base, shiny green above, pale 
green and pubescent along the veins below, 5-10 cm. long; petiole of 
leaflets long and slender, curved. Panicles broad, dense, somewhat 
pubescent, 15-20 cm. high with oblong, persistent bracts. Petals 4; calyx 
cup-shaped, persistent. Fruit narrow spatulate, obtuse. 


Central China, Himalayas, Japan. 
Fraxinus retusa Champion. 


Tree. Leaflets usually 5, glabrous, ovate to ovate-lanceolate, 
acuminate, serrate, prominently reticulated beneath, short petioled, 
5-8 ecm. long. Flowers white, many in a panicle; calyx cup-shaped, 
entire or obscurely 5 toothed; petals 4, linear-oblong. Fruit narrow, 
notched at the apex, about 2.5 em. long and 3 mm. wide. 


Fukien and Kwangtung. 


Var. henryana Oliver. 


Tree 11 m. tall. Leaflets oblong-lanceolate, serrulate, 7-12 cm. long, 
slender stalked. Panicles dense, 10-15 cm. long. Fruit 2-2.5 cm. long, 
emarginate. 


Hupeh and Szechuan. 


Fraxinus paxiana Lingelsheim. 


Tree to 13 m. tall. Leaflets 7-9, ovate, sessile with shallowly 
crenate margins, 10-17 cm. long. Fruits 2.5-3 cm. long. 


Central China to Himalayas. 


CHIONANTHUS 


Shrub or tree. Leaves deciduous, opposite, entire. Flowers in loose 
panicles, white, fragrant, perfect or polygamous; calyx 4 lobed or 


284 CHINESE ECONOMIC TREES 


parted; corolla deeply divided into 4 (5 or 6) elongated lobes; stamens 
2, rarely 4, inserted on the corolla; ovary superior, 2 celled; style short; 
stigma 2 lobed. Fruit a fleshy, ovoid, 1 seeded drupe. 


Two species, 1 in N. America, the other in China. The American 
species, called the Fringe Tree, is a common garden plant cultivated 
especially for its abundant white flowers. 


Chionanthus retusus Lindley & Paxton. | 


(Chionanthus chinensis Maximowicz. ) 
Chinese Fringe Tree. 


Shrub or tree to 10 m. tall. Young shoots tomentose. Leaves 
obovate to oval or oblong-ovate, acute, rounded or emarginate at the 
apex, tapered at the base, deep shiny green above, pubescent along the 
veins below, 2.5-4 cm. long; petiole to 12 cm. long, densely pubescent. 
Flowers dioecious, snowy white, fragrant, in erect panicles opening in 
early summer; petals strap-shaped, to 2 cm. long. Drupe dark blue, 
ovoid, to 13 cm. long. 


Hupeh, Szechuan, Yunnan, Kwangtung, Shensi, Shantung, Chihli, 
Korea, Japan, and Formosa. 


The leaves of the seedlings and young plants of this tree are more 
or less finely toothed. 


OSMANTHUS 


Evergreen shrubs or trees. Leaves usually opposite, entire or 
toothed, short petioled. Flowers perfect, polygamous or dioecious, in 
axillary or terminal cymes or panicles; calyx 4 parted or toothed; 
corolla tubular with 4 elliptic, obtuse, imbricated lobes; stamens 2 
(rarely 4) on the corolla tube; ovary 2 celled; style 2 lobed or nearly 
entire. Fruit an ovoid or globose drupe, with a 1 seeded stone. 


About 8 species: Himalayas, China, Japan to North America. 


Osmanthus fragrans (Thurb.) Louriero. 


(Olea fragrans Thunberg.) Kwei Eua. 


Shrub or tree to 10 m. tall. Leaves coriaceous, entire or serrate, 
reticulate beneath, elliptic to lanceolate, acute or acuminate, cuneate at 
the base, to 17 em. long; petiole to 2 em. long. Flowers white, very 


OLEACEAE 285 


fragrant; calyx 4 toothed; corolla divided nearly to the base, tube not 
over 5 mm. long, lobes oblong. - Drupe ovoid, about 12 mm. long. 


Chihli, Szechuan, Yunnan, Hupeh. Extensively cultivated. 


The leaves are usually serrulate on seedling and young plants, often 
becoming entire or nearly so as the plants reach flowering and fruiting 
condition. This is a favorite tree in Chinese gardens. The fragrant 
flowers are sometimes used to scent tea. 


Osmanthus armata Diels. 


Shrub, or tree to 7 m. tall. Leaves short petioled, oblong-lanceolate, 
remotely spiny toothed or entire, cordate or rounded at the base, to 15 
em.long. Fruit dark violet, ovoid, 2 cm. long. 


C. and W. China. 


Osmanthus marginata Bentham and Hooker, O. serrulata Rehder, 
O. venosa Pampanini, are other species described as trees or shrubs in 
China. 


LIGUSTRUM 


Shrubs or trees. Leaves deciduous or evergreen, opposite, entire, 
short petioled, without stipules. Flowers perfect, white, in terminal 
panicles ; calyx small, campanulate, obscurely 4 toothed ; corolla tubular 
with 4 spreading lobes; stamens 2, inserted on the corolla tube. Fruit 
a 1-4 seeded drupe, berry-like, blue-black, greenish or yellow. 


About 50 species. Several species are favorite hedge plants. They 
are much branched shrubs with panicled, white, fragrant flowers, and 
small berry-like fruits which are retained on the plant late in the winter. 


Ligustrum lucidum Aiton. 

(Tung Ching.) Evergreen Privet. 

Evergreen shrub or tree to 6 m. tall. Leaves ovate to ovate-lanceo- 
late, pointed, tapering at the base, dark shiny green above, to 15 cm. 
long. Flowers white, in compact terminal panicles, 15-23 cm. long, 
and about as broad ; corolla tube as long as the calyx. Fruit blue-black, 


to 12 mm. long. 


Hupeh, Szechuan, Fukien, Chekiang. 


286 CHINESE ECONOMIC TREES 


Insect white wax is sometimes produced on this tree. A very 
attractive tree in winter with its dark green glossy foliage and abundant 
blue-black fruits. Very often planted in yards, over graves and along 
roadsides. JL. ibota Siebold, L. sinense Lourieo and L. amurense Carriere 
are some of the most common shrubby forms in this country. 


BORAGINACEAE 


Herbs, rarely shrubs or trees, usually hispid. Leaves alternate, 
mostly entire, without stipules. Flowers perfect, regular, rarely irregu- 
lar, usually pentamerous, in panicles, corymbs or racemes, rarely 
solitary; calyx persistent, free, 5 (4-8) cleft or lobed; corolla game- 
petalous, 5 (4-6) lobed; stamens 5 or as many as, and alternating with, 
the lobes of the corolla; carpels 2, more or less united into an entire or 
2-4 lobed ovary ; cells 2; ovules 2 in each cell or cells 4, each 1 ovuled; 
style 1 (or 2); stigma usually 2. Fruit composed of 4, 1-seeded nutlets, 
the seed coat variously modified, or a drupe. 


Kighty-five genera and about 1,500 species widely distributed. 
Ehretia is the only known arborescent genus in China. 


EHRETIA 


Shrub or trees. Leaves alternate, entire or dentate, with or without 
stiff hairs. Flowers perfect, pentamerous, small, white, in clusters or 
rarely solitary in the axils of the upper leaves; calyx persistent in the 
fruit; corolla rotate or cylindric with 5 narrow, rounded lobes; stamens 
on the corolla, exserted or rarely included: ovary at first 1 celled, later 
becoming imperfectly 4 celled by the development of 2 parietal placentae; 
ovules 2 in each cell; style 2 or bifid. Fruit a small drupe, 2 (4) celled, 
usually 4 seeded. The nutlets are bony and attached to a central 
column. 


About 50 species, mostly in the tropics. Two species in China. The 
fruits are edible. 


Ehretia acuminata R. Brown. 


(Ehretia serrata Roxburgh) 


Tree up to 15 my tall with gray bark longitudinally fissured. Leaves 
alternate, elliptic to oblong or acuminate, serrate, rounded at the base, 


SCROPHULARIACEAE 287 


nearly glabrous beneath, 8-15 cm. long. Flowers clustered in terminal 
panicles or axillary with scattered, appressed hairs or glabrescent, small, 
sessile, white, fragrant; corolla deeply 5 lobed; style bifid. Drupe orange, 
turning to red or nearly black when ripe; nutlets 2, each 2 celled and 2 
seeded. 

Himalayas to China and Japan. 

The wood of this and the following species is brown, with thick and 
lighter colored sapwood, even grained, light, tough, strong and easily 
worked. Carrying poles are often made from this wood. ‘This tree is 
sometimes called the heliotrope tree from the odor of the flowers which 
resembles that of the heliotrope. 


Ehretia macrophylla Wallich. 


Tree 8-15 m. tall, glabrous or pubescent. Bark pale gray, fissured. 
Leaves broadly elliptic or ovate-cordate, acute, serrate, bristly hairy 
above, silky hairy beneath, 15-25 em. long. Flowers white, with ciliate 
calyx, very fragrant, in terminal pubescent panicles. Fruit globose, 
apiculate, obscurely 4 grcoved, orange yellow, up to 1.5 cm. in diameter, 

Himalayas. to China. Kiangsi, Hupeh, Szechuan, Yunnan, 
Kwangtung, Hainan. 


Ehretia longiflora Champion. 


Tree. Leaves elliptic or oblong, acuminate, entire, the veins few 
and scattered, glabrous, 6.5-10 em. long. Flowers cymose, white or 
pink; calyx minute; corolla about 10 mm. long, with spreading ovate 
lobes; stamens exserted. Fruit globose, 6-8 mm. across, angular, 
grooved, and 4 parted at maturity. 

Kwangtung. 


SCROPHULARIACEAE 


Trees, shrubs or herbs. Leaves alternate, opposite or whorled, 
simple, without stipules. Flowers perfect, more or less irregular. Calyx 
persistent, 4-5 parted or lobed. Corolla hypogynous, the petals united 
to form a bell shaped or 2 lobed limb; the upper lobe 2 parted, the 
lower 3 parted. Stamens as many as, or fewer than the parts of the 
corolla, usually 4, inserted on the corolla. Ovary superior, 2 celled ; 
style single, rarely bifid; ovules numerous. Fruit a capsule, rarely a 
berry. Capsule 2 valved. 


288 CHINESE ECONOMIC TREES 


179 genera, about 2,500 species, distributed over the whole earth. 
They are extremely varied in habit, ranging from aquatic, or parasitic 
herbs to tall trees. Many genera are common garden plants, over 30 
genera are cultivated for ornament in N. America. Several of the 
Scrophulariaceae are medicinal, the most important being Digitalis pur- 
purea, a powerful poison, a narcotic, and a heart stimulant. 


PAULOWNIA 


Trees with chambered pith and pale gray, shallowly fissured bark. 
Leaves deciduous, rarely half evergreen, opposite, simple, entire or 3 
lobed or coarsely toothed, long petioled, without stipules. Flowers in 
terminal, erect panicles, appearing before or with the leaves. Calyx 5 
lobed, campanulate; corolla in a slightly curved tube, unequally 5 lobed 
at the apex. Stamens 4, included, attached to the corolla. Ovary 
superior, 2 celled; ovules numerous. Style 1. Fruit a 2-celled, woody 
or coriaceous, ovoid capsule, dehiscent loculicidally into 2 valves. Seeds 
minute, numerous, surrounded by a translucent, finely grooved or 
striated wing. 

About 8 species in China. Introduced into cultivation in Europe, 
America, and Japan. 

The Paulownias are extremely rapid growing trees with stout 
branches, large ornamental, white or purplish colored flowers, and woody 
or membranous, 2 valved capsules enclosing numerous small seeds with 
curious transparent striated wings which are very beautiful under the 
lens. The conspicuous, woolly tomentose buds impart a picturesque 
effect to the winter habit of the tree. ; 


Paulownia tomentosa Koch. 

(P. imperialis Siebold & Zuccarini.) 

Trée 15 m. high. Leaves ovate, acuminate, cordate, entire or 
occasionally 3 lobed, 13-20 cm. long, dark green, pubescent above, gray- 
green, tomentose below; petiole 8-13 cm. long, tomentose. Panicles up 
to 28 em. long. Flowers large, 4-5 em. long, fragrant, violet colored, 
the lower lobes marked by dark spots and 2 yellow bands. Calyx and 
peduncles densely brown tomentose. Capsule ovate, pointed, about 4 cm. 
long. Seeds minute. 


Native of Centra! and Western China. 


PAULOWNIA 283 


y 


Plate 99, PAULOWNIA TOMENTOSA Koch 


1. Fruit; 2. Leaf; 3. Inflorescence; 4. Section of flower; 5. Seed- 
ling; 6,7. Stamen; 8. Seed; 9. Section of fruit; 10. Section 


of corolla. (8 much enlarged.) 


290 CHINESE ECONOMIC TREES 


Planted as an ornamental tree. Very rapid growing. The wood 
was used in the olden days for the making of the lute. In Japan it 
is used for making sandals, boxes, and clogs. The more compact fine- 
grained specimens are esteemed for high grade furniture. The wood is 
also suitable for making charcoal for gunpowder. 


Paulownia fortunei (Seeman) Hemsley. 


(Campsis fortunei Seeman.) 


Tree 6 m. tall. Leaves subcoriaceous or membranous, ovate, or 
cordate to ovate-oblong, acute or acuminate, dark green and glabrous 
above, densely white tomentose beneath; petiole rounded, up to 12 cm. 
long. Flowers long and narrow, about 10 em. long; calyx thick, 
glabrous, except the lobes; corolla with rounded lobes, white, spotted 
purple inside, oblique at the base. Fruit large, including calyx about 
9 em. long, woody, crustaceous (hard and brittle). Seeds numerous, 
about 6 mm. long, 

EK. and §. E. China. (Shantung and Kwangtung). Distinguished 
by the elongated leaves on long petioles, by the long narrow flowers, and 
the large, woody capsules. 


Paulownia duclouxii Dode. 


Tree to 20 m. tall. Leaves ovate-oblong, tomentose beneath, to 30 
em. long. Flowers about 8 em. Jong; corolla pale lavender, or white, 
not spotted, gradually tapering towards the base; calyx glabrous except 
the lobes, which are tomentose. 

C. and 8. W. China. 


Paulownia fargesii Franchet. 


Tree to 20 m. tall. Branchlets shaggy hairy. Leaves entire or 
sparsely and coarsely serrate, pubescent on both surfaces or glandular 
above. Flowers about 6 cm. long, pale lavender or whitish, fragrant; 
calyx tomentose, the lobes acutish, triangular ovate. 

W. China. 


Paulownia silvestrii Pampanini and Bonat. 


9 


Small tree. Leaves cordate, 8-13 cm. long, brownish tomentose 
beneath. Flowers pale blue in leafy panicles; calyx densely tomentose, 
with oblong obtuse scales. 

C. Caina. 


BIGNONIACEAE 291 
Paulownia thyrsoidea Rehder. 


Tree to 6 m. tall. Branchlets and petioles pilose. Leaves ovate, 
irregularly and sparsely serrate, usually truncate at the base, somewhat 
pubescent, 10-15 cm. long. Flowers with the leaves, lavender, 4 cm. 
long, in spike-like racemose panicles about 30 em. long; calyx tomentose, 
about 8 mm. long. 

Hupeh and Fukien. 


Other Chinese species are: — 
P. glabrata Rehder. (Shensi.) 


P. recurva Rehder. (W. Hupeh.) 


BIGNONIACEAE 


Leaves usually opposite or whorled, compound or simple, without 
stipules. Flowers perfect, more or less irregular or bilabiate. Calyx 5 
cleft, bilabiate or spathe-like; corolla of 5 lobes, gamopetalous, hypogy- 
nous. Stamens didynamous, or 2. Ovary superior, 2 celled, rarely 1 
celled; ovules numerous; style 1; stigma 2. Fruit a capsule; seeds 
usually winged, exalbuminous. 


100 genera and over 500 species. Many of them climbing plants, 
largely confined to the tropical countries, but a few extending into the 
temperate regio 


Campsis chinensis—the trumpet vine, commonly cultivated in gardens, 
characterized by handsome orange or scarlet flowers, belongs to this 
family. Catalpa is the only arborescent genus in China. 


CATALPA 


Trees. Leaves deciduous, simple, opposite or in whorls of 3’s, 
entire or lobed, pinnately veined, long petiolate, without stipules. 
Flowers perfect, in terminal panicles or corymbs. Calyx gamosepalous, 
splitting into 2 lobes when the flowers open. Corolla gamopetalous, 
campanulate, 2 lipped, the upper lip, 2 lobed, the lower 3 lobed with 
undulate margins, and variously marked and spotted on the inner surface. 
Fertile stamens 2, inserted at the base of the corolla, included. Ovary 
2 celled, sessile; style filiform, 2 lobed at the apex, somewhat longer 


292 CHINESE ECONOMIC TREES 


Plate 100. CATALPA OVATA D., Don 


1, Flowering branch; 2. Fruits; 3. Seed, enlarged. 


BIGNONIACEAE 293 


than the stamens. Ovules many. Fruit a long, cylindrical capsule 
separating into 2 valves. Seeds numerous, with long tufted hairs at 
each end. 


About 10 species; 2 in America, 3 in the West Indies, and about 5 
in China. Except the W. Indian species all have been introduced into 
cultivation in Europe. The Catalpas are rapid growing ornamental 
trees characterized by large, bell-shaped flowers in panicles and long, 
slender pod-like capsules. They are suitable for street and lawn, 
and wood-lot planting. The wood is coarse and straight grained, soft 
but durable in contact with the soil, used for posts and railroad ties. 
The bark has a bitter property used in. medicine as a tonic, diuretic 
and vermifuge. Propagated by seeds and cuttings. Comparatively free 
from insect and fungous attacks, 


Catalpa ovata D. Don. 
(Catalpa kzempferi Siebold & Zuccarini.) 


(Catalpa henryi Dode.) 


Tree 8 m. tall, sometimes 15 m. tall. Leaves 12-23 cm. long and 
about as broad, ovate-cordate, short acuminate at the apex, rarely entire, 
usually 3-5 lobed, somewhat pubescent, with tufted hairs on the veins 
beneath, pale green, the nerves sometimes purplish; petioles with glands 
and glandular hairs, 5-15 em. long. Inflorescence a much branched, 
many flowered panicle, 10-22 cm. long. Flowers fragrant; corolla creamy 
white marked with orange bands and purple spots, about 2.5 em. long; 
calyx glabrous, Capsales 17-30 em. long, 6 mm. in diameter, thin 
walled, splitting into 2 valves. Seeds 6-8 mm. long, grayish with long 
tufted hairs at each end. 

Native of China, introduced into Japan by the Buddhist priests, 
cultivated in European gardens. The tree has fragrant, showy flowers 
and the leaves are without the disagreeable odor eommon to the other 


members of the genus. 


Catalpa bungei C. A. Meyer. 


Tree 12 m. tall. Leaves glabrous, acuminate, narrowly triangular- 
ovate, or deltoid-ovate, sometimes cuneate at the base, entire or with 1 
to few lateral lobes or acute teeth at the base, purple spotted in the axils 
of the veins beneath, 8-16 cm. long, usually less than 8 em. broad. 


294 CHINESE ECONOMIC TREES 


Inflorescence a compact, 3-12 flowered corymb; flowers white, spotted 
purple on the throat, up to 4 cm. long. Capsule 30-45 cm. long. 
Chihli, Shantung, Shensi, Kweichow, and Yunnan. Common 


around Peking. 


Catalpa fargesii Bureau. 

Tree to 16 m. tall. Branchlets, leaves and inflorescence pubescent 
with branched hairs. Leaves ovate, acuminate, rounded at the base, 
entire, slightly pubescent above, more or less pubescent or densely 
yellowish tomentose beneath, 7-15 em. long. Corymb 7-10 flowered, or 
more often fewer flowered in the lower branches. Flowers 3 em. long, 
rosy-purple, with purplish-brown spots on the throat. Capsule 45-60 
em. long. 


Western China. 


Catalpa vestita Diels. 
Closely allied to the above. The leaves and flowers are smaller. 
The under surface of the leaves is densely white tomentose. 


May be only a form of C. fargesit. 


Catalpa duclouxii Dode. 
(C. sutchuenensis Dode.) 

Tree to 25 m. tall. Parts glabrous. Leaves ovate, acuminate, usually 
rounded or subcordate at the base, with purple spots in the axils of the 
veins beneath, 138-20 cm. long, 10-18 em. broad. Flowers rosy-pink 
with orange spots on the throat, 4-4.5 em. long. Pods 60 em. long. 


Central China. Allied to C. fargesii. 


RUBIACEAE 


Trees, shrubs or herbs. Leaves simple, opposite or whorled, usually 
entire, with stipules. Flowers perfect, rarely unisexual, regular, 
rarely slightly unsymmetrical; calyx adnate to the ovary, 2-6 lobed, ent 
or toothed, or absent; corolla gamopetalous, 4-6 lobed, usually regular; 
stamens 4-6, inserted on the corolla and alternate with its lobes; ovary 
inferior, mostly 2 celled (1-many). Style simple or lobed. Fruit a 
capsule, drupe or berry. Seeds various, albumen fleshy or horny or 


absent. 


RUBIACEAE 29 


On 


About 240 genera and 4,500 species, mostly in the tropics. 


Included under this family are the Coffee and Chincona trees. From 
the bark of the latter quinine is obtained. About 40 or 50 genera are 
under cultivation, among them Gardenia (with waxy, camelia-like 
flowers), Cephalanthus, a shrub, called the Button Bush on account of 
its fragrant flowers which are in globular heads, Houstonia and Michella 
are common garden favorites. 


KEY TO GENERA 


I. Flowers in corymbose panicles, the inflorescence with a white 
petaloid bract developed from the sepal of a flower persistent 
Huet e weit Gixens er che stone aneves,.s stereo) eFetions eeeeeeee es Hmmenopterys. 


If. Flowers in globose heads, solitary or arranged in panicles; 
inflorescences and fruit not accompanied by petaloid bract.... 
OSE OE RIOR GUE clare [Oe reia a etary c's Ree eis ee areola eee BA LE 


ADINA 


Trees or shrubs. Leaves petioled with large caducous stipules. 
Flowers in solitary or panicled globose heads. Calyx tube angular, 5 
parted; corolla tubular, 5 lobed; stamens 5, inserted on the mouth of the 
corolla; ovary 2 celled; style filiform, with capitate stigma ; ovules many 
in each cell. Fruit a capsule, dehiscent into 2 valves, many seeded. 
Seeds long, winged. 


About 6 species in the tropics of Asia and America. At least 2 other 
species are found in China in addition to the foliowing. 
Adina cordifolia Hooker. 

é 

Tree. Leaves coriaceous, orbicular, acuminate, cordate, pubescent 
beneath, 10-18 cm. long. Inflorescence in a solitary head, about 2-3 em. 
in diameter, on a stout peduncle 2.5-5 cm. long. Flowers yellow ; corolla 
downy. Capsule cuneate, downy, about 4 mm. long, 6 seeded. 


India to Yunnan. 
Adina racemosa Miquel. 


Tree to 15 m. tall. Leaves ovate to oblong, acuminate, shiny, 
glabrous. Inflorescence capitate. Fruit in racemes. 


296 CHINESE ECONOMIC TREES 
EMMENOPTERYS 


Trees. Leaves deciduous, opposite, petiolate, ovate-elliptic, 
acuminate, cuneate, entire, somewhat coriaceous; stipules caducous. 
Inflorescence many flowered, corymbose, arranged in a terminal panicle. 
Flowers white; corolla bell shaped, 5 lobed, narrowed below into a 
cylindrical tube; calyx limb 5 lobed, ciliate, deciduous; stamens 5, 
included, inserted on the corolla; ovary 2 celled; style filiform ; ovules 
numerous. A white leafy bract is appendaged to at least one flower in 
every corymb and persists on the fruit. Capsule woody, oblong-ovoid 
to cylindric, tapering at both ends, splitting partly into 2 valves ; seeds 
numerous, minute, surrounded by a finely reticulated pitby wing. 


Only, one species known. ‘The fruit is remarkable on account of the 
large wing-like petaloid bract attached to it. This appendage is devel- 
oped from the bract of the flower. 


Emmenopterys henryi Oliver. 


Glabrous tree up to 26 m. tall and 1 m. in diameter, with scaly bark 
when young and rough gray bark at maturity. Leaves 10-16 cm. long, 
5-11 cm. wide; petiole 2.5-5 ecm. long. Bract to 5cm. long. Corolla 
about 2.5 cm. wide. Fruit. 2.5-5 em. long. 

Western China. 


This tree is characterized by opposite, entire leaves, showy white 
flowers in corymbs of which one flower in every cluster is appendaged 
with a large, white leafy bract which turns pink as the fruit ripens. 
The fruit is an ellipsoid capsule splitting imperfectly into two valves 
liberating numerous small, imperfectly winged seeds. 


This has been described as one of the most beautiful trees of the 


Chinese forests because of its large white flowers and white bracts which 
later turn pink and persist on the fruit. 


Ee 


TABLE OF MEASUREMENTS 


1 meter = 19 decimeters 
1 decimeter = 10 centimeters 


1 centimeter = 10 millimeters 


(Approximate English Equivalents) 


1m. =83 ft. 3% in. ‘DIGIs—2) Mig 
0.15 em. = vz in. fem. ==" em. 
0.1 cm. = 7g in. 1.2.em., == 1% in. 
0:2 cm: — 55 in: 1.5.CM—<-. 2 ane 
0.3 em.== 4 in. 1.8cem.=— % in. 
0.4 cm. = in. Cie ie 
O55 en —see ine 2.0) Clie = @ | ane 
Olga cms oe 3.7 em. = 144 in. 


0.8 em. =X in. Ae4 cm — ine 


GLOSSARY OF TECHNICAL TERMS 


A-. Prefixed to a Greek word, without, e. g. apetalous, without petals. 

Abortive. Imperfectly developed, or much reduced in size and efficiency. 

Accrescent. Increasing in size with age. 

Achene (akene). A small, hard, dry, 1 celled (1 seeded) indehiscent 
fruit. 

Acicular. Needle-shaped; slender, stiff and pointed. 

Acuminate. Gradually tapering to a point, the sides incurved. 

Acute. Sharply and shortly pointed, the sides straight. 

Adnate. Congenitally united. The subordinate one of two connate parts 
is said to be adnate to the other. 

Aistivation. The arrangement of the parts of the flower in the bud. 

Aggregate. A compound fruit developed from several carpels of one 
flower crowded in a mass. 

Albumen. Food material stored within the seed surrounding the embryo. 

Alternate. The arrangement of the leaves and other parts of a plant in a 
spiral, not opposite or whorled. 

Ament. <A catkin; a slender, dense spike of flowers, usually scaly and 
deciduous in one piece. 

Amphitropous. Said of a straight and half inverted ovule with the hilum 
or scar on one side intermediate between the micropyle and chalaza. 

Anatropous. Said of a straight ovule or seed that is inverted, with the 
micropyle next the hilum or sear, and the chalaza on the opposite side. 

Androgynous. An inflorescence composed of both male and female flowers, 

Angiospermae. Plants with the ovule in a closed ovary; seeds borne in a 
pericarp. 

Anther. The part of the stamen which bears the pollen. 

Anthesis. 'The time of the expansion of the flower. 

Apetalous. Without petals. 

Apex. The top or summit of an organ. 

Apiculate. Ending in a short tip or point. 

Apophysis. An enlargement or swelling on the surface of an organ. 

Appressed. Pressed to the stem. 

Aril or arillus. An extraneous seed coat or outer covering developed from 
the funicle of the seed, sometimes fleshy. 


GLOSSARY OF TECHNICAL TERMS 299 


Ariilate. Provided with an aril. 

Aristate. Provided with awns or hair-like points. 

Armed. Provided with thorns, spines, barbs or prickles. 

Articulate. Jointed. 

Ascending. Directed upwards. 

Auricled or auriculate. Provided with an ear-shaped appendage or organ, 
Awn. A bristle-like organ. 

Axti. The angle on the upper side between the leaf and the stem. 
Azillary. Borne in an axil. 

Axis. The main or central line of a plant or an organ. 


Baccate. Berry-like. 

Berry. A fleshy, indehiscent, few to many seeded fruit. 

Bi-. In acompound word meaning 2 or twice. 

Bipinnate. Twice pinnate. 

Bladdery. Inflated like a bladder. 

Blade. The expanded or broad part of a leaf. 

Bloom. The whitish waxy covering on some fruits, as in the plum. 
Bract. The seale-like leaf associating with the inflorescence. 
Bracteate. With bracts. 

Bracteolate. With bractlets. 

Bractlet or Bracteole. The bract of an ultimate flower stalk or pedicel. 
Branch. A division of a stem or axis. 

Branchlet. An ultimate division of a branch. 

Bristle. A stiff, sharp hair. 

Bristly. Provided with bristles, 

Bud. An undeveloped branch or flower. 

Bud scales. Reduced leaves covering a bud. 


Caducous. Falling off very early. 

Calyx. The flower cup or the outer perianth. 

Campanulate. Bell-shaped, 

Campulotropous. Said of an incurved ovule with the micropyle close to 
or next the base or chalaza. 

Canescent. Having a grayish-white pubescence, 

Capitate. Having a globular apex; said of flowers in a head-like cluster. 

Capsule. A dry, dehiscent, 1-many seeded fruit formed of more than 1 
carpel. 


300 CHINESE ECONOMIC TREES 


Curpei. A simple pistil or a unit of a compound pistil. 

Catkin. An ament. 

Caudate. Tailed or long-pointed. 

Chalaza. ‘The place where the kernel or body of the ovule is confluent 
with its coat. 

Chartaceous. Having a papery texture. 

Choripetalous. The petals distinct and free from each other. 

Ciliate. Fringed with hairs. 

Clavate. Club shaped. 

Claw. The narrow or petiole-like base of some petals. 

Cleft. Cut into lobes about half-way to the midrib (of a leaf.) 

Coalescence. The union by growing together of similar organs, as stamens 
with stamens. 

Coccus. (plural cocci) A division of a lobed fruit composed of 1-seeded 
cells, 

Coherent. United together so slightly that the parts can be easily 
separated without tearing. 

Conduplicate. Folded lengthwise, (in the bud.) 

Cone. <A fruit formed of imbricated scales. 

Confluent. Joined together or blended. 

Connate. United congenitally, so closely that they cannot be separated 
without tearing. 

Connective. The portion of a stamen by which the two cells of the 
anthers are joined together. 

Contoried. Twisted. 

“Convergent. When the parts are closer together at the apex than at the 
base. 

Convolute. Rolled up from the sides lengthwise. 

Cordate. Heart-shaped. 

Coriaceous. WLeathery in texture. 

Corolla. The second set of the floral organs composed of the petals. 
Corymb. <A flat-topped or convex, open, compound flower cluster, the 
pedicels of different lengths and the outer flowers opening first. 

Corymbose. In corymbs. 

Cotyiedons. The primary leaves of the embryo. 
Crenate. Scalloped edged, with rounded lobes. 
Crenulate. Minutely crenate. 

Crustaceous. Hard and brittle in texture. 


tLOSSARY OF TECHNICAL TERMS 301 


Cuneate. Wedge-shaped, triangular in section or outline. 

Cuspidate. Tipped with a sharp stiff point. 

Cyme. A flat-topped or convex inflorescence. The flowers opening from 
the center outwards, 

Cymose. Cyme-like or furnished with cymes. 


Deciduous. Falling off. 

Decompound. Several times compounded or divided. 

Decurrent. Running down, as the blades of a leaf extending down the 
petiole, or the petiole of a leaf extending down the stem beyond the 
point of insertion. 

Decussate. In alternating pairs at right angles to each other. 

Dehiscence. The opening of an anther or capsule by valves or slits. 

Deltoid. Of a triangular shape, the apex uppermost. 

Dentate. 'Toothed. 

Denticulate. Minutely toothed. 

Di-. Ina compound word signifies two or twice. 

Diadelphous. Stamens united by their filaments in two sets. 

Didynamous. With 4 stamens in 2 pairs of different lengths. 

Dichotomous. Forking regularly in twos. 

Digitate. Said of a compound leaf in which the leaflets are all borne on 
the'apex of the petiole, after the manner of the fingers of the hand. 

Dimorphous. Of two forms. 

Diacious. Male and female flowers on different plants. 

Disk. An enlargement or prolongation of the receptacle of the flower 
around the base of the pistil. 

Distichous. Two ranked. 

Distinct. Free, not united. 

Divergent. When the parts are farther apart at the apex than at the base. 

Divided. Cut into divisions or lobes down to the base or midrib. 

Dorsal. Relating to the back. 

Downy. Covered with soft, short hairs. 

Drupaceous. Drupe-like. 

Drupe. <A stone fruit with soft, fleshy or fibrous seed coat surrounding a 
hard bony seed. ; 


Eccentric. Not central; one sided. 
Echinate. Armed with spines. 


Y) 


302 CHINESE ECONOMIC TREES 


is; 


Ellipsoid. An elliptic solid—in longitudinal section, an ellipse; in cross- 
section, a circle. 

Elliptic. Oval or oblong with rounded ends. 

Emarginate. Notched at the apex. 

Endemic. Native of a country. 

Endocarp. The inner layer of a pericarp or fruit. 

Endosperm. ‘The substance surrounding the ovule. 

Epicarp. The thin, filmy external layer of a pericarp; the outermost 
layer of a fruit. 

Epigynous. Placed on the ovary. 

Hxaibuminous. Without albumen. 

Excurrent. Projecting beyond the apex. 

Exserted. Protruding, as the stamens beyond the floral envelope. 

Exstipulate. Without stipules. 

Extrorse. Facing outward; the anther directed away from the axis of the 
flower. 

Faicate. Scythe-shaped ; curved, with parallel sides. 

Fascicle. A close cluster. 

Fascicled. Growing in a bundle or tuft. 

Fertile. Capable of bearing fruit. 

Filament. The stalk of the stamen, or any thread-like body. 

Filiform. Thread-like; long, slender, and cylindrical. 

Fimbriate. Fringed. 

Foliaceous. Leaf-like. 

Foliate. Having leaves. 

Foliolate. Bearing leaflets. 

Foliicle. A pod opening by the inner suture. 

Follicular. Similar to a follicle. 

Fugacious. Wasting only a short time. 

Fulvous. Tawny colored. 

Furcate. Forked; two or three or more branched. 

Furrowed. Grooved or channelled. — 

Fuscous. Deep gray-brown. 

Fusiform. Spindle shaped; a cylindrical body, tapering at both ends. 

Funicle. The stalk of an ovule or seed. 


Gamopetalous. Of united petals, 
Gamosepalous. Of united sepals. 


GLOSSARY OF TECHNICAL TERMS 303 


Glabrate. Becoming glabrous or nearly glabrous with age. 

Giabrous. Without hairs, or not pubescent. 

Gland. A protruding bedy which secretes oily or aromatic substances; 
more often being understood in the sense of gland-like, whether it 
secretes or not. 

Glandular. Provided with glands; or gland-like. 

Glaucescent. Slightly glaucous or bluish-gray. 

Giaucous. Covered with a white bloom of a waxy substance which rubs off, 

Globose. Nearly spherical. 

Gymnosperme. Plants with naked seeds. 

Gynxcium. The pistils as a whole. 

Gynandrous. The stamens united with the pistils. 


Habitat. The place in which a plant grows. 

Hermaphrodite. A perfect flower; one having both stamens and pistils. 

Hetero-. In Greek compounds, meaning of two or more sorts, as_ het- 
erophyllous—with two sorts of leaves. 

Hilum. The scar of a seed, the place of its attachment. 

Hirsute. Hairy, with coarse, stiff hairs. 

Hispid. . Bristly, provided with stiff hairs. 

Hypogynous. Free from or inserted under the pistil. 


Imbricate. Overlapping one another, as the scales of a fish. 

Induplicate. With edges folded or turned in. 

Imperfect. Flowers without either stamens or pistils. 

Incised. Deeply and irregularly cut. 

Included. Not exserted; enclosed. 

Incomplete. Said of a flower in which either calyx or corolla is wanting. 

Indefinite. Very numerous, or not uniform in number. 

Indehiscent. Not splitting open. 

Tadigenous. Native, not introduced. 

Inferior. Said of an organ placed beneath another; an ovary is inferior 
when the floral organs grow on its summit. 

Inflated. Bladder like. 

Inflorescence. Flower-cluster, or the arrangement of the flowers in a plant. 

Internode. The space between two nodes of a stem. 

Introrse. Facing inward. 

Involucre. A whorl of bracts subtending a flower or a flower-cluster. 

Irregular. Not symmetrical. 


504 CHINESE ECONOMIC TREES . 


Keel. A projecting ridge like the keel in the bottom of a boat; the keel- 
like petals of a papilionaceous flower. 


Laciniate. Cut into narrow lobes or segments. 

Lanate. Woolly, clothed with long and short tangled hairs. 

Lanceolate. ULance-shaped, long and narrow and tapering at least at the 
upper end. 

Leaflet. A division or one of the blades of a compound leaf. 

Lateral. Belonging to the side, as opposed to terminal. 

Legume. A pod composed of a single carpel, dehiscent along both sutures. 

Lepidote. Covered with small scales. 

Ligulate. Strap-shaped. 

Linear. Said of a narrow leaf, several times longer than broad, with the 
margins parallel, 

Loculicidal. A capsule dehiscent on the dorsal suture, or the back of 
each cell. 


Micropyle. Same as foramen; an opening in the coats above the apex of 
the ovule or seed. 

Membranaceous. Membrane like, thin and soft in texture. 

Merous. Part, as trimerous, of three parts. 

Mono-. In Greek compounds, meaning one, as monocotyledonous— 
having one cotyledon. 

Monodelphous. In one brotherhood or set. 

Monecious. Male and female flowers borne on the same plant. 

Mucronate. Abruptly tipped with a short point. 


faked. With no floral or other envelopes. 
Nectariferous. Waving a nectary; honey-bearing. 
Nerve. <A vein of the leaf. = 
Netted. With branching veins forming a fine net-work. . 
Nut. A hard, indehiscent, one seeded fruit, produced by a compound 
ovary. 
Nutlet. A little nut or stone. 


Ob-. When prefixed to a word, meaning inverted. 
Obconical. Inverted top-shaped. 
Obcordate. Inverted heart-shaped. 


GLOSSARY OF TECHNICAL TERMS 805 


Oblanceolate. Inverted lance-shaped. 

Oblique. Unequal, one sided, or slanting. 

Oblong. From two to four times longer than broad. 

Obovate. Inverted ovate, the broad end uppermost. 

Obtuse. With a rounded end. 

Opposite. eaves or branches in pairs at the same height but on opposite 
sides of a stem. 

Orbicular. Circular in outline. 

Orthotropous. Said of a straight ovule, the chalaza at the base and the 
micropyle at the apex. 

Ovary. The ovule-bearing part of the pistil. 

Ovule. The part of the flower which, when fertilized, becomes the seed 


Palmate. Lobed or divided into a palm-like fashion, or like the fingers 
of a hand. 

Panicle. An open and branched inflorescence. 

Paniculate. As a panicle, or panicle-like. 

Papilionaceous. Butterfly like; an irregular flower of the pea family. 

Papillate. Covered with small protuberances. 

Parietal. Attached to the walls of the ovary or fruit. 

Pedicel. The stalk of a single flower. 

Peduncle. Stem of a flower or flower cluster. 

Pellucid. Transparent. 

Peltate. Shield-shaped. 

Pendulous. Hanging or drooping. 

Penicillate. Tufted like a brush. 

Penta-. In Greek words meaning five. 

Perfect. Flowers having both stamens and pistils. 

Perianth. The floral envelope taken as a whole; commonly applied to 
flowers in which calyx and corolla cannot be distinguished. 

Pericarp. The ripened ovary; the wall of the fruit. 

Perigynous. Stamens borne on the perianth around the ovary. 

Persistent. Attached, not falling after the growing period. 

Petal. A unit or part (a leaf) of the corolla. 

Petaloid. Resembling or colored like the petal. 

Petiole. The stalk of a leaf. 

Petiolule. The stalk of a leaflet. 

Pilose. Clothed with soft, distinet, slender hairs. 


306 CHINESE ECONOMIC TREES 


Pinna (plural pinnae). The primary division of a bipinnate leaf. 

Pinnate. A compound leaf whose leaflets are arranged on the sides of a 
common petiole. 

Pinnule. <A secondary division of a bi- or tri- pinnate leaf. 

Pistil. The female organ of the flower, composed of the ovary, ovule, 
stigma and style; the seed-bearing organ. 

Pistillate. Having a pistil. 

Placenta. The part of the ovary to which the ovules are attached. 

Pod. The fruit of a Jegume. 

Pollen. The powdery contents of the anthers; the fertilizing element. 

Poly-. In a Greek compound, meaning many. 

Polyandrous. Having numerous stamens. 

Polygamo-dioecious. Said of flowers sometimes perfect, sometimes uni- 
sexual, the two forms borne on the different plants. 

Polygamous. Having some flowers perfect, some unisexual. 

Polygamo-monoecious. Said of flowers sometimes perfect, sometimes 
unisexual, the two forms borne on the same plant. 

Polymorphous. Of several forms. 

Polypetalous. Corolla of separate petals. 

Pome. The fruit of the pear or apple, and the like, in which the calyx 
ripens fleshy, and the carpels into membranous cells enclosing the 
seeds, 

Proteranderous. Said of a flower whose anthers shed their pollen before 
the stigmas become receptive, a device insuring against self-pollina- 
tion. 

Puberulent. Covered with fine, short, almost imperceptible hairs. 

Pubescent. Hairy or downy; with fine soft hairs or pubescence. 

Pulvinate. Cushion shaped. 

Punctate. Minutely dotted. 

Pyriform. Pear-shaped. 


Quadri-. In Latin words, meaning four. 


Raceme. A flower cluster, composed of individual flowers on pedicels of 
equal length, attached to a common peduncle. 

Racemose. In racemes or raceme-like. 

Rachis. The axis of an inflorescence or of a compound leaf; the common 
petiole on which the leaflets of a compound leaf are borne. 


GLOSSARY OF TECHNICAL TERMS 307 


Radiate. Spreading from a common center. 

Receptacle. The axis of a flower bearing the floral organs, or the common 
axis or support of a flower cluster. 

Reflexed. Directed backwards or outwards. 

Regular. Said of all parts equal in shape or size. 

Reticulated. Netted, said of veins when they are arranged in a net-work 
fashion. 

Retrorse. Directed backward or downward. 

Retuse. The apex rounded and slightly indented. 

Revolute. Rolled backward. 

Rhachis. Same as rachis. 

Rostrate. Beaked. 

Rudimentary. Imperfectly developed. 

Rugose. Wrinkled. 


Sagittate. Shaped like the head of an arrow. 

Samara. An indehiscent winged fruit; for example, the key fruit of the 
maple. 

Scabrous. Rough and coarse to the touch. 

Scaly. Furnished with scales or scale-like. 

Seed. The fertilized and mature ovule. 

Semi-. Ina Latin compound, meaning half. 

Sepal. A division or leaf of the calyx. 

Sepaloid. Sepal-like. 

Septate. Divided by a partition. 

Septicidal. Splitting open through the partitions. 

Septum. A partition. 

Seriate. In rows. 

Sericeous. Silky. 

Serrate. The margin beset with teeth pointing forward. 

Serrulate. Serrate with fine teeth. 

Sessile. Without a stalk. 

Setose. Beset with bristles. 

Setulose. Provided with minute bristles. 

Shrub. A woody plant not over five m. high, and usually dividing into 
several small stems at the ground. 

Simple. Of one piece, in contrast to compound. 

Sinuate. Wavy margined. 


308 CHINESE ECONOMIC TREES 


Sinus. <A recess between the lobes. 

Spathe. The bract or leaf which surrounds or subtends an inflorescence. 

Spatuilate. Shaped like a spatula, with a spoon-like outline. 

Spicate. Resembling a spike. 

Spike. <A flower cluster similar to a raceme but with the flowers sessile. 

Spine. A thorn. 

Spinescent. Ending in a thorn or spine. 

Stamen. The male organ of a flower, composed of the filament and anther. 

Staminate. Furnished with stamens. ; 

Standard. The upper large petal of a papilionaceous flower. 

Stellate. Star-shaped. 

Sterile. Barren or infertile. 

Stigma. The part of the pistil which receives the pollen for fecundation. 

Stigmatic. Belonging to the stigma. 

Stipe. A stalk-like support. 

Stipel. A stipule of a leaflet. 

Stipitate. Furnished with a stipe. 

Stipules. The appendages of a leaf at the base of the insertion of the 
petiole. 

Striate. Marked with slender, shallow, longitudinal grooves or fissures. 

Stomata. Breathing pores in the epidermis of a leaf. 

Stomatiferous. Bearing stomata. 

Stone. The hard endocarp of a drupe. 

Strobile. A cone. 

Style. The stalk of the pistil between the stigma and the ovary. 

Sub-. A prefix, meaning slightly, somewhat. 

Subulate. Awl-shaped; tapering from a thickish base to a point. 

Succulent. Juicy. 

Sulcate. Grooved, with deep furrows. 

Superior. Growing or placed above, said of an ovary when the floral 
organs are inserted below it. 

Suture. <A line of junction, usually the place of dehiscence of a carpel. 

Sympetalous. <A corolla of united petals. 

Syncarp. A multiple fruit formed by the union of several carpels. 


Tawny. Dull yellowish-brown tinged. 
Tegmen. The inner coat of a seed. 
Terete. Round and long. 


GLOSSARY OF TECHNICAL TERMS 309 


Terminal. Borne at or near the extremity, or summit. 

Ternate. In threes. 

Testa. The outer seed coat. 

Tomentose. Densely clothed with matted wool. 

Torus. The receptacle of a flower. 

Tree. A woody plant usually more than five m. tall with a distinct trunk 
or main axis, 

Tri-. Prefix, meaning three. 

Trifid. Three cleft. 

Trifoliate. Of three leaflets. 

Truncate. Cut off at the end or top. 

Tubercle. A small tuber or excrescence. 

Tuberculate. With knobby excrescences. 

Tubular. Hollow, cylindrical or elongated in form. 

Turbinate. Obconical or inverted top-shaped. 


Valve. One of the parts of a dehiscent pod. 

Valvate. (In estivation) The arrangement of sepals or petals in the bud 
in which the edges touch but do not overlap. 

Ventral. The lower or inner side of an organ. 

Versatile. Attached by one point, enabling it to swing in several directions. 

Villose. With long, shaggy soft hairs. 

Viseid. Sticky. 

Volute. Rolled up in any manner. 


Wavy. The surface or margin alternatingly convex and concave. 
Whorled. The arrangement of branches or leaves in circles around the 
stem or axis. 


INDEX 


(Orders, Sections, Families, and Subfamilies in SMALL CAPITALS; admitted 


genera and species in roman type; synonyms in italics.) 


Abies ... Be 
Abies beissneriana... 
Abies chensiensis 

Abies delavayi 

Abies fargesii 

Abies faxoniana 

Abies recurvata 

Abies squamata 
ABIETINEAE .. 
Acanthopanax ay ee 
Acanthopanax ricinifolius 
Acer ... ane ber oe 
Acer cappadocicum 

Acer davidii... 

Acer henryi ... 

Acer laetum ... 

Acer oblongum 

Acer palmatum ... 

Acer pictum var. parviflorum 
Acer saccharum 

Acer trifidum 

ACERACEAE ... ies Bee 
Actinidia ... 

Adina... 

Adina cordifolia 

Adina racemosa 

Ausculus tee 
/Esculus chinensis ... 
JEsculus wilsonii 
Ailanthus 

Ailanthus altissima 
Ailanthus glandulosa 
Ailanthus vilmoriniana 
Albizzia uh! 
Albizzia julibrissin... 


PAGE | 


24 
30 


Albizzia lebbek is 
Aleurites... uN. ae 
Aleurites cordata ... 
Aleurites fordii 

Aleurites montana... 


| Alniphyllum 
| Alniphyllum fortunei 


Alnus... 


| Alnus cremastogyne 


Alnus lanata 


| Amelanchier 


Amelanchier asiatica 


Amelanchier asiatica var. sinica... 


Amelanchier sinica an 
AMYGDALUS ... 


| ANACARDIACEAE 
| ANGIOSPERMAE 


A phananthe... 
Aphananthe aspera 


| AQUIFOLIACEAE 


Aralia... 
Aralia chinensis 


| Aralia chinensis var. canescens 
Aralia chinensis var. glabrescens .. 


Aralia wilsonii 
ARALIACEAE... 


| Artocarpus integrefolia 


Aucuba 


Benthamia fragifera 
Benthamia japonica 


Benzoin ACP eee aes se 


Betula 
Betula alba 
Betula alba var, japonica... 


II 


Betula albo-sinensis 
Betula alnoides 
Betula davurica 
Betula japonica 
Betula luminifera ... 
Betula maximowiczti 


Betula utilis var. sinensis... 


BeETULACEAE... 
BIGNONIACEAE 
Billia ... 

Bischofia : 
Bischofia javanica ... 
Blumea 

Boehmeria nivea 
BoRAGINACEAE 
Broussonetia 


Broussonetia kaempferi ... 
Broussonetia papyrifera ... 


BURSERACEAE 


CAESALPINIOIDAE ... 
Camphora o ficinarum 
Campsis chinensis ... 
Cam psis fortunet 
Camptotheca 


Camptotheca acuminata ... 


Canabis sativa 
Canarium 

Canarium album 
Canarium pimela 
Carpinus 

Carpinus cordata 
Carrierea ae 
Carrierea calycina ... 
Carya ... 

Carya cathayensis 
Cassythia 

Castanea 

Castanea crenata 
Castanea henryi 
Castanea mollissima 
Castanea seguinii ... 
Castanea vilmoriniana 
Castanopsis ... 


INDEX 
PAGE | 
78  Castanopsis fargesii 
78  Castanopsis henry? ... 
78 | Castanopsis hystrix 
76 Castanopsis schlerophylla 
78:|\Catalpa —... |x. 
78 | Catalpa bungei 
78 Catalpa duclouxii ... 
68  Catalpa fargesii 
291  Catalpa henry 
230 Catal pa kxem pferi 
212  Catalpa ovata 
212 Catal pa sutchuenensis 
154. Catalpa vestita 
127 | Cedrela 
286 | Cedrela odorata 
125 | Cedrela sinensis 
125 | Celtis ... 
125 | Celtis biondii 
200 | Celtis bungeana 
Celtis japonica 
176 | Celtis julianae 
151 | Celtis sinensis 
291 | Cephalanthus 
290 | Cephalotaxus 
258 | Cephalotaxus drupacea 
259 | Cephalotaxus fortunei 
120 | CreRrasus 
200 | CrERCIDIPHYLLACEAE 
200 | Cercidiphyllum : 
200 | Cercidiphyllum japonicum 
70 | Cercidiphyllum japonicum 
70 stinense 
204 | Cercis... 
256 | Cercis chinensis 
62 | Cercis racemosa 
62 | Chamaecyparis 
145 | Chamaecyparis obtusa 
82 | Chamaecyparis pisifera ... 
86 | Chionanthus 
86 | Chionanthus chinensis 
84 | Chionanthus retusus 
86 | Cinnamomum 
86 | Cinnamomum camphora ... 
86 | Cinnamomon cassia 


PAGE 


Cinnamomum zeylanicum 
Cipadessa ne 
Cipadessa baccifera 


Ci padessa baccifera var. sinensis 


Citrus 

Citrus grandis 
Citrus limonia 
Citrus medica 


Citrus medica var. ireedacteis 


Citrus nobilis var. deliciosa 
Citrus sinensis 

Citrus trifoliata 
Cladrastis 

Cladrastis amurensis 
Cladrastis sinensis ... 
CoRNACEAE ... 
Cornus 

Cornus capitata 
Cornus controversa 
Cornus kousa 

Cornus macrophylla 
Corylus es 
Corylus chinensis ... 
‘Corylus colurna 
Crataegus 

Crataegus Pinatifida 


Crataegus pinnatifida var. major 


Croton aoe 
Croton philip pense ... 
Croton tiglium 
Cryptomeria... 
Cryptomeria japonica 
Cudrania 

Cudrania javanensis 
Cudrania tricuspidata 
Cudrania triloba 
Cunninghamia eae 
Cunninghamia lanceolata 
CUPRESSINEAE Ses 
Cupressus... acc 
Cupressus funebris... 
Cupressus torulosa... 
Cyclobalanus... 
Dalbergia... ase 


INDEX 


PAGE 


155 
206 
206 


193 


| Dalbergia hupeana... 


206 


202 194 | 
194 | 
193 | 


193 


194 — 


194 
194 
187 
188 
188 
266 


s 
oS 


jet 
INN Na 
QO o>» WS bw 


bo 
HW 
—" 


e she 
es) CL) EO Oe 
nnn ain 


189 


Daphniphyllum 


Daphniphyllum maeeoeaenn 


Davidia ie 
Davidia involucrata 
Davidia 
moriniana... 
Debregeasia ... : 
Debregeasia edulis... 
Debregeasia longifolia 
Digitalis purpurea ... 
DILLENIACEAE 
Dimocar pus lichi 
Diospyros : 
Diospyros ebenun ... 
Diospyros kaki 


Diospyros lotus 
| DIPLOXYLON --. 


Dipteronia 
Dipteronia sinensis 
Dryobalanus... 


HEBENACEAE ... 
Ehretia 

Ehretia acuminata... 
Ehretia longiflora .. 
Ehretia aie aonglia 
Ehretia serrata 
BLEAGNACEAE 
Elzeagnus 

Elzeagnus aifperlats 


Emmenopterys 
| Emmenopterys henryi 


27 Englehardtia 


_ Englehardtia acerifolia 


Englehardtia chrysolepis... 


Englenardtia colebrookiana 
Englehardtia spicata 


Englehardtia wallichiana ... 


Eriobotrya ... 

Eriobotrya japonica 
Eucommia oe 
Eucommia ulmoides 
EucoMMIACEAE see 


involuerata var. 


vil- 


IV 


EUPHORBIACEAE 
Euphoria... nek See asi 
Euphoria longana ... 
Euphoria sinensis . 
Euptelea ae 
Euptelea davidiana... nee 
Euptelea franchetii 
Euptelea polyandra 
Euptelea pleiosperma 
Evodia 

Evodia glauca 


FAGACEAE 

Fagus ... : 

Fagus engleriana ... a nae 

Fagus longi petiolata 

Fagus lucida... 

Fagus sinensis 

Fagus sylvatica 

Fagus sylvatica var. longi pes 

Ficus carica .. 

Ficus elastica 

Ficus retusa ... 

Firmiana cat 

Firmiana platanifolia 

Firmiana simplex ... 

FLACOURTIACEAE 

Fokienia oe 

Fokienia hodginsii... 

Fokienia kawaii 

Forsythia 

Fraxinus 

Fraxinus bracteata ... 

Fraxinus bungeana 

Fraxinus chinensis en 

Fraxinus chinensis var. rhyncho- 
phylla i 

Fraxinus griffithil ... 

Fraxinus mandshurica 

Fraxinus mariesii ... 

Fraxinus paxiana ... 

Fraxinus platypoda 

Fraxinus retusa + a y 

Fraxinus retusa var. henryana ... 


= 
be 
Q 
& 


INDEX 
207. Gardenia 
237 Ginkgo 
237. Ginkgo biloba 
237  GINKGOACEAE 
129  Gleditsia Pea 
129. Gleditsia delavayi ... 
129 Gleditsia japonica ... 
129. Gleditsia macracantha 
129 Gleditsia officinalis... 
194  Gleditsia sinensis ... 
195 Glyptostrobus 
| Glytostrobus hoteran Fale 
79 Gordonia s! 
79 | Gordonia axillaris ... 
82 | Gordonia sinensis ... 
82. Gymnocladus 
82 | Gymnocladus chinensis 
80 | Gymnospermae 
80 | 
80 | Halesia 
120 Halesia fortunei 
120 | Halesia hispida 
122 | HAMAMELIDACEAE ... 
249 | HAPLOXYLON... 
249 | Hemiptelea ... 
249  Hemiptelea davidii 
251 Hibiscus simplex 
36 | Hickoria 
37 | Hickoria cathccren 
37. HippocASTANACEAE 
278 | Hippophae 
278  Hippophae rhamnoides 
283 Hippophae salicifolia 
281 Hisingera racemosa... 
279  Houstonia 
Hovenia 
279  Hovenia dulcis 
288 
281 Idesia... 
279 = Idesia polycarpa 
283 | Ilex 
281 Ilex pernyi ... 
283 | Itoa 


Itoa priate 


Jasminum ... Bs ee 
JUGLANDACEAE 
Juglans ce aes 


Juglans cathayensis 
Juglans mandshurica 
Juglans regia 
Juniperus = 
Juniperus chinensis 
Juniperus formosana 


Keteleeria Se 
Keteleeria davidiana 
Keteleeria evelyniana 
Keteleeria fortunei... 
Koelreuteria... 
Koelreuteria apiculata 
Koelreuteria bipinnata 
Koelreuteria paniculata . 


Marix ... : 

Larix dahurica 

Larix larix ... as 

Larix occidentalis ... 

Larix potaninii 

LAURACEAE ... 

Laurus camphora 

Laurus nobilis 

LEGUMINOSAE 

Libocedrus 

Libocedrus macrolépis 

Ligustrum 

Ligustrum amurense 

Ligustrum ibota 

Ligustrum lucidum 

Ligustrum sinense ... 

Lindera a 

Lindera megaphylla 

Liquidambar 

Liquidambar orientalis... 

Liquidambar formosana ... 

Liquidambar 
monticola ... 

Liriodendron 

Liriodendron chinense 


formosana var. 


INDEX 
PAGE | 
Fe) i olaitehi. 


57 | Litchi chinensis 

59 | Litchi lichi ... 

61 | Lithocarpus ... : 

6l | Lithocarpus cleistocarpa .. 

59 | Lithocarpus henryi se & 
40 | Lithocarpus megalophylla 

40 | Lithocarpus mupinensis ... 

41 | Lithocarpus spicata 

| Lithocarpus spicata "var. 
23 | ensis es 

24 | Lithocarpus spicata var, yunnan- 
24 ensis one eos 

24 | Lithocarpus viridis 


mupin- 


238 | Litsea 

938 | Litsea citrata 
238 | Litsea faberi... 
238 | Litsea sericea 


5 | Maackia 

8 | Maackia amurensis 
6 | Maackia hupehensis 
6 | Machilus Z 
6 | Machilus bournei ... 


145 | Machilus chinensis... 
151 | Machilus ichangensis 
147 | Machilus macrophylla 
176 | Machilus nanmu 


34 | Machilus sheareri 
34 | Machilus thunbergii 


285 | Machilus velutina ... 
286 Maclura tricuspidata 
286 | Magnolia ; 
285 | Magnolia aulacosperma 
286 | Magnolia biondii 
161 | Magnolia coco 
161 | Magnolia conspicua 
142 | Magnolia dawsoniana 
142 | Magnolia delavayi ... 
142 Magnolia denudata 

| Magnolia globosa var. sinensis -.. 
144 | Magnolia henryi 
137 | Magnolia hypoleuca 
137 | Magnolia liliflora ... 


160 
161 
161 
166 


188 
188 
189 
158 


160 
159 
158 
156 
156 
149 
160 
127 
137 
141 
141 

141 
139 
141 
139 
139 
141 
141 

141 
141 


VI 


Magnolia nicholsoniana ... 


Magnolia officinalis 
Magnolia wilsonii ... 
Magnolia yulan 
MAGNOLIACEAE 
Mallotus 


Mallotus Snisaiantia 


Mallotus tenuifolius 
Malus... 

Malus baceata 
Malus halliana 
Malus malus 

Malus sylvestin 
Malus theifera 
Melia ... 

Melia azederach 
MELIACEAE ... 
MELIANTHACEAE 
Michelia sk 
Michelia lougifolen! 
Michella es = 
MIMosorDAet ... one 
MoraAcEAE 

Morus... 

Morus acidosa 
Morus alba ... 
Morus papyrifera 
Myrica 

Myrica rubra 
MYRICACEAE.., 


Nephelium longana... 
Nothofagus ... 
Nyssa ... 

Nyssa sinensis 
NYSSACEAE ... 


Olea fragrans 
OLEACEAE 

Ormosia 

Ormosia henryi 
Ormosia hosiei 
Osmanthus ... 
Osmanthus armata... 


INDEX 


PAGE 


141 


141 
139 
136 
210 


t 
par 
=) 


tf Sp 


© Or co co 


| ee oe ee oe 
ss] J Ss] = 
5 


9 02 & 


ee Got 


jor) 


- Osmanthus fragrans 
141 | 


Osmanthus marginatus 


Osmanthus serrulata 
Osmanthus venosa ... 
Ostrya... 


| Ostrya japonica 
a11 | 


Ostryopsis 4 
Ostryopsis caviaane 


PAaDvs... 


Paliurus 
Paliurus hirsutus 


| Paliurus orientalis... 
| Paliurus ramosissimus 


PAPILIONATAE 
Passania 

Paulownia a 
Paulownia duclouxii 
PauJownia fargesii ... 
Paulownia fortunei... 
Paulownia glabrata 
Paulownia tmperialis 
Paulownia recurvata 
Paulownia silvestrii 
Paulownia thyrsoidea 
Paulownia tomentosa 
Persea gratissime 
Persea nanmu 
Phellodendron 


Phellodendron amurense... 
Phellodendron chinense ... 
Phellodendron sachalinense 


Phoebe 

Phoebe chinensis 
Phoebe macrophylla 
Phoebe nanmu 
Phoebe neurantha ... 
Phoebe sheareri 
JENEEEY, coe 

Picea abies 

Picea ascendens 
Picea asperata 


Picea as perata var, notabilis 
_ Picea asperata var. ponderosa 


Picea aurantiaca 

Picea balfouriana 

Picea brachytyla 

Picea complanata ... 
Picea gemmata 

Picea glehnii 

Picea heterolepis 

Picea hirtella 

Picea likiangensis ... Ss 
Picea meyeri 

Picea montigena 

Picea neoveitchii 
‘Picea purpurea 

Picea retroflexa 

Picea sargentiana ... 

Picea schrenkiana ... 
Picea watsoniana 

Picea wilsonii 

Picrasma as 
Picrasma sal nenoides 
Picrasma quassiodes 
PINACEAE 

Pinus ... 

Pinus armandi 

Pinus bungeana 

Pinus densata 

Pinus densiflora 

Pinus koraiensis 

Pinus masgsoniana ... ee 
Pinus sinensis 
Pinus sinensis var. 
Pinus sinensis var. 
Pinus thunbergii 
Pinus yunnanensis ... 
Pistacia Bs 
Pistacia chinensis ... 
Pistacia vera... 
Planera davidii 
Platycarya - 
Platycarya Srabilaces 
PopocARPINEAE 
Podocarpus ... 
Podocarpus neriifolius 
Poliothyrsis ... 


densata 


yunnanensis... 


INDEX 
PAGE 
18 | Poliothyrsis sinensis 
20 | Poncirus ae 
18 | Poncirus trifoliata ... 
20 | Populus 
20 | Populus alba 
19 | Populus deltoidea ... 
20 | Populus lasiocarpa ... 
20 | Populus nigra ; 4 
19 | Populus rotundifolia var. aula: 
20 xiana 
18 | Populus sieboldii 
18 | Populus silvestrii 
19 Populus simonii 
18 | Populus suaveolens 
20 | Populus tomentosa 
19 | Populus tremula is 
19 | Populus tremula var. davidiana... 
20 | Populus tremuloides 
199 | PrunoPpHoRA... 
199 | Prunus 
199 | Prunus mira 
3 | Prunus mume 
10 | Prunus padus 
11 Prunus persica 
13 | Prunus triflora 
15 | Pseudolarix ... 
11 | Pseudolarix amabilis 
11 | Pseudolarix kaempferi 
14 | Pseudosassafras teumu 
15 | Pseudotsuga... 
15 | Pseudotsuga mucronata ... 
15 | Pseudotsuga sinensis 
11 | Pterocarya f 
15 | Pterocarya hupehensis 
216 | Pterocarya paliurus 
216 | Pterocarya stenoptera 
219 | Pteroceltis 
120 | Pteroceltis tartarinowii 
67 | Pterostyrax ... 
67 | Pterostyrax corymbosum... 
42 | Pterostyrax hispidum 
45 | Pterostyrax micranthum ... 
46 | Pyrus... ss 
253 | Pyrus malus ... 


or or or ct Gti GI Cr 
wor W FON 


275 
276 
276 
276 
171 
173 


VIII 


Quercus os 
Quercus acrodonta ... ae ad 
Quercus aliena 
Quercus aliena var, acuteserrata ... 
Quercus aquifolioides 
Quercus bambusifolia 
Quercus baronii 
Quercus chinensis 
Quercus crispula 
Quercus delavayi 
Quercus dentata 
Quercus engleriana 
Quercus fabri 
Quercus gilliana 
Quercus glandulifera 
Quercus glauca 
Quercus griffithii 
Quercus grosseserrata 
Quercus liaotungensis 
Quercus mongolica... 
Quercus mongolica var. grosses- 
errata non 
Quercus myrsinzefolia 
Quercus oxyodon 
Quercus phillyrzoides 
Quercus schottkyana 
Quercus semicarpifolia 
Quercus serrata 
Quercus spathulata... 
Quercus spicata 
Quercus spinosa 
Quercus suber 
Quercus variabilis ... 
Quercus vestita 


Reevesia ae 

Reevesia pubescens... 
RHAMNACEAE 

Rhamnus ae 

Rhamnus cathartica = 
Rhamnus cathartica var, dahurica 
Rhamnus crenatus... 

Rhamnus dayuricus 

Rhamnus frangula... 


INDEX 
PAGE 

90 Rhamnus utilis 
105 Rhus... 

97 | Rhus javanica 

97 Rhus semialata ja ae ays 
100 | Rhus succedanea 
105 Rhus vernicifera ox 
105 Rhus verniciflua 

91 RosacEAE 

91 | RuBracEAE 
105 | RUTACEAE ... one 

97 | 
104 SALicACEAE ... 4 

93 Salisburia adiantifolia 
1035 (Salixs--- 

93 Salix alba 
100 Salix babylonica 
105 Salix daphnoides 

91 Salix fragilis... 

93 Salix matsudana 

91 | Salix purpurea 

Salix viminalis 

91 SAPINDACEAE 
104. Sapindus 
103 Sapindus mukorossi 
104. Sapium Bes 
105 | Sapium sebiferum ... 
105 Sassafras 

3 Sassafras tzumu 
1¢4_— Sagssafris variifolium 

88  ScROPHULARIACEAE... 
104 Shepherdia 

90 | SrmARUBACEAE 

91 | Sophora 
105 Sophora japonica 

Sorbus 

249 Sorbus alnifolia 
249 Spondias 
239 Spondias axillaris . 2 
239 Spondias axillaris var. pubinervis 
239  Staphylea ... = = 
240 Staphylea bumalda 
240 Staphylea holocarpa 
240 STAPHYLEACEAE 
240 Sterculia ae Re sud ne 


253 
235 
235 
212 
212 
145 
149 
149 
287 
256 
196 
184 
185 
171 
171 
215 
216 
216 
224 
224 
224 
223 
248 


Starculia lanceaefolia 
Sterculia platanifolia 
STERCULIACEAE 
Stewartia 

Stewartia sinensis .. 
Stillingia sebifera 
STYRACEAE 

Styrax 

Styrax benzoin 
Styrax japonicus 
Swietenia mahogani 
Synaedrys 

Syringa 


Tapiscia 

Tapiscia sinensis 
TAXACEAE 

TAXINEAE 

TAXODINEAE... ate 
Taxodium heterophyllum ... 
Taxus... : 

Taxus baccata 

Taxus chinensis 

Taxus cuspidata 


Taxus cus pidata var. chinensis ... 


TERNSTROEMIACEAE 
Tetracentron 
Tetracentron sinense 
Thea sinensis 
Theaceae 

Thuja... 

Thuja orientalis 
Thuja sutchuensis ... 
Tilia 

Tilia chinensis 

Tilia henryana ee ane 
Tilia intonsa 

Tilia laetevirens 
Tilia mandshurica ... 
Tilia mongolica 

Tilia nobilis ... 

Tilia oliveri ... 

Tilia paucicostata ... 
Tilia tuan 


INDEX 
PAGE 
248 | TILIACEAE 
249 | Torreya 
248 | Torreya grandis 
250 | Torreya nucifera 
250 | TRocHODENDRACEAE 
212 | Trochodendron 
275 | Trema... 
276 | Trema virgata 
277 | Tsuga ... 
277 Tsuga chinensis 
202  Tsuga heterophylla 
88  Tsuga sieboldii 
278 Tsuga yunnanensis 
224 | ULMACEAE 
224 | Ulmus ie 
41 Ulinus campestris var. japonica ... 
42  Ulmus campestris var. major 
4  Ulmus cavaleriet 
34  Ulmus japonica 
42 Ulmus laciniata 
43 Ulmus macrocarpa... 
43 Ulmus parvifolia 
43 Ulmus pumila 
43 | URTICACEAE... 
250 
132 | Xylosma 
132 Xylosma racemosum 
250 | 
250 | Zanthoxylum 
34 Zanthoxylum bungei 
35 Zanthoxylum micranthum 
36 | Zanthoxylum piperitum ... 
243 Zelkova 
247 | Zelkova acuminata .. 
247 | Zelkova davidii 
247 | Zelkova hirta... 
247 | Zelkova keaki... 
247 Zelkova serrata 
244 | Zelkova sinica 
247 | Zizyphus | 
244 | Zizyphus jujuba_... 
247 | Zizyphus sativa... 
244 | Zizyphus vulgaris 


PAGE 


243 


128 
128 
120 


we 


as 


7 an, ; 
Wy - 
va 
: 7 ‘ yi Aer 
oa Py (eat Boa rua Tar 


Ak whe - 
meu ' j A}: 


neta 
ai Parse Saye 


als f) ES ) 3 Lena iter tberctarece 
TA ioelat gins ” Ms em eben et ar coe Me 
hpi gn Backs aren vad nah tek viet 
baie d. ; M, wither tg bee 


ety ie ‘ secon: Phd A Sias tar 
1 De Por te 
teat 
Sheertepees beh & 
Cre Soe 
a o 


Ta She ‘e gi 

7 POOR eRe re 
Fee melons 
# St dahein ¢ 
ty te bets Hah) 
hab parnyey wie ee htar a, b8 Y 
bed ole ad ade Ova) 
fab 


Pee tte 
Web nk ie 
avs dt + 


ora a 7 ad eDan gp eee 
Wee Be cad athe Bd Cited SBOE, 
Fed bab edyeatich tory hahatien d tch be 
ae re 


hmverigy 

Nets tabbed du dady tomes ie Ded 
EPP D bel CMT AL DTK 
ipdabaay bad Pes et bd ons 


i od Reeds bed hte erate ae 
Pe Te 4 fi bch thal Fab b aie Fadi Bye 
ateedehsroteppir ty ‘abs 
bevat eh elod 4 Raghiide twit 

ad bed st ath one 


Hele 


Gh H 
PULA Mile Bebe ts te: 
Sted Pod hc a te 


aera 


oth he 


Vind, RE head 
Fh Ok akg 


yes 


nrg eter tit tice 


apie 


fate A2, Seae gree tay 
tad phate 
7 


oayoye eee Hy 
eee 
ate i 
Sige Gry erase ry) coy 
Hes : 
MPS NNR EY 
Sd teh The en: Ce eect ur on) 


PUA hie tery 
Sue ea ears 
Leu yry 
‘ ratte yer pres ay giarets fie 
ei vitss . tortely 
Srretres tba ris? 
easy ubasnecd 
Fy Ber eeny 
ernie 


re as 
Hoe a 


t 
Or uty by ALY 
PREV SYS" uh gies 


ised oe 
Ves acstileta fe 
ror! 
Pea azote ryeesyres 
ae « sel heres 
cer mraeac) 
pre ea a eh it 
Cnr e hehe aa Ler a4 vervtolane 
Lsuryr Pye uF titi aray yoy 14 ern 
tee a hor urirers: St 
Sertt arr ynenste ys bs 
eitreary) 


esretuses 
eran wte ty ee ee 
Arte aa 
es peralest ss Wee eae 
snes at 


Ne chu 
“eye a 
rt Af u cfates ‘ Ex Sat ten 
aN) Sra erp sve way eke ete i (phe ae eg 
'. Sure 7 
te ; ve Pie 
rors 
73 
bhatt Ja he rl Od Dk