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THE

SPHAGNACE^ OR PEAT-MOSSES

OF

EUROPE AND NORTH AMERICA.

mmmm

f

THE SPHAGNACE^

OR

PEAT- MOSSES

OF

'a

EUROPE AND NORTH AMERICA.

BY

R. BRAITHWAITE, M.D., F.L.S., Etc.,

SOC. CORRISP. DELLA SQCIETi^ CRITTOGAMOLOGICA ITALIANA.

I

" Muscus hie nuUi ex terrestribus similis est, sed faciem habet propriam, nee alibi
quam in udis et paludosis naseitur." — Dillen.

'' ..,-i'ii i"

LONDON:

HARDWICKE & BOGUE, 192, PICCADILLY, W.

1878.

TO

THE ROYAL MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY

THIS WORK

IS RESPECTFULLY DEDICATED,

BY THEIR OBFDIENT SERVANT,

THE AUTHOR.

PREFACE,

The papers on which this work is founded were originally com-
municated to the Royal Microscopical Society, at the request
of one of my friends on the Council ; and it is, therefore, with
peculiar pleasure I dedicate it to them, since without the instru-
ment which they have done so much to bring to perfection, no
satisfactory investigation of the subject would be possible.

As I have been only able to prosecute it as a relaxation
from active professional work, I am aware it must exhibit many
deficiencies and shortcomings ; yet the dissections and observa-
tions required, have proved to me lessons of the highest value in
imparting a knowledge of these interesting plants, which I trust
may to some extent be shared in by all who make use of this
record of them.

The drawings of the plants are all of the natural size, and
taken from specimens in a moist or expanded state ; the dissec-
tions have as far as possible been copied by means of the camera
lucida and Messrs. Beck's large instrument with 3 - inch and
f-inch objectives, and represent the structural peculiarities which
are characteristic of the different species.

To Professor Lindberg, of Helsingfors, I am deeply indebted
for rare specimens and critical observations, and to him and the
various correspondents whose names are recorded under each
species, I beg to offer my warmest thanks.

Clapham Rise, London,
September, 1878.

THE SPHAGNACEvE OR PEAT-MOSSES

OF

EUROPE AND NORTH AMERICA.

CHAPTER I.

LITERATURE OF THE GENUS SPHAGNUM.

The name (T(f)ayuo<i was first used by the ancient botanists, Theo-
phrastus, Dioscorides, and Pliny, to ind":ate certain species of
Salvia and Lichen; but as a genus of mosses Sphagnum was
established by Dillenius in his first work, Caiclogiis Plavtarum
sponte circa Gissam nasccntium (1719), though not in the restricted
sense as now understood, since he included in it various other
mosses which had no evident pedicels, as Grimmia apocarpa,
Hedvjigia ciliata, Cryphcea, &c.

Before his time, however, Lobel had figured a true species —
6". acutifolium — in his Icones Stirpium, ii, p. 242 (1591), under the
name of Muscus terrestris vulgaris ; and a century later Plukenet
figured 6*. cymbi/olium, in his Phytographia, as Muscus palustris
in ericetis nascens floridtis, and Vaillant, in his Dotanicon Parisiense
(1727), also gives figures of the same.

Dillenius, in the third edition of Ray's Synopsis Stirpium
Britatmicarum (1724), adopts the genus, with the observation,
" This moss is like none of the terrestrial, but has a peculiar aspect,
nor is it produced anywhere else but in bogs and marshes." In
his celebrated Historia Muscorum (1741) he introduced sixteen
species of Sphajnnm, but the only o-enuine are 6^. palustre molle
de/lexum, squamis cymbiformibus = S. cymbi/olium, and S. paluf'ye
molle dejlcxum, squamis capillaceis with a var. ^Jluitans = 6". acuti-
folitcm + cuspidatum.

LiNN^us, in his Species Plantarmn (1753), still retained
Cryphcea heteromalla as Sphagnum arborctcm, and recognized only

THE SPHAGNACE^ OR PEAT-MOSSES OF

I \

one other species, which he named 6". palustre, with a var. ^, and
under this he included all the true species of the family.

EnRiiART clearly defined the genus, and established as species
6". cymbifolium, aaiti/olitcm, and cttspidatum, in the Hannoverisches
Magazin (1780), and Planta Crypt. Exsicc. (1785).

Hedwig, in his Fundamenta Muscoruni (1782), characterized
the genus, and gave most beautiful figures of the fruit and
antheridia, the latter being then made known for the first time.

B RIDEL described several species in the Muscologia Recentiorum
(1797), and in his Mantissa (1819) extends the number to fourteen,
six being European.

ScHWAEGRiCHEN, in Suppl. I. to Hedwig's Species Mtiscoruui^
figures Sph. cuspidattim, compactiim, and squarrostim.

P. DE Beauvois gives a good natural character of the genus
in a paper on Muscology, in Mdmoires de la Societe Linnecnne, Paris,
1822, and notices the peculiar areolation of the leaves as serving
to distinguish them from all other mosses.

N. VON Esenbeck and Hornschuch, in the Bryologia Ger-
manica, vol. i. (1823), describe nine species of Sphagnum, but
two of these are only varieties ; and figures are given of thirteen
species and varieties.

Bridel, in his last work, Bryologia Universa (1826), added
the natural characters of the genus to the description he had
previously given, and pointed out its distinctness from all others.

J. Hegetschweiler contributed a paper, Revision des Genus
Sphagmint, to the Denkschriften der ScJnveizer Gesells. fur gesam.
Naturwiss., Zurich, 1829, in which he looks upon the species of
Sphagnum as so variable, that he refers all the forms to a broad-
leaved and a narrow-leaved species, just as they were originally
placed by Dillenius.

FiJRNRGiiix, in the Regensburg Botanische Zeitnng for 1833, gave
a paper, Verstich einer Lebens- und Formgeschichte der Gattung
Sphagnum., but it is only a resume of the work of previous writers.

C. MuLLER, in his valuable Synopsis Muscorum Frondosorum
(1846), formed a tribe Sphagnacece, and gives full descriptions of
seventeen species, but speaks of the leaves having mtercelhdar
ducts ; he also describes the cells as inanes or repletce, according
to the presence o'- absence of spiral threads, and uses this as an
important character in the distinction of species, though we now
know that really little stress can be laid upon it ; yet that this

EUROPE AND NORTH AMERICA.

f
■■:*

learned author thinks otherwise, is evident by his description of
new sp'^cies in a recent number of Linnea, where the same form
of diagnosis is followed.

Wilson, in the Bryologia Britannica (1855), gives an excellent
outline of the characters peculiar to the Sphagna^ and describes
nine species as British.

SuLLivANT, in his Mtisci and Hepaticce of the United States
(1856), describes sixteen species and indicates four others as
European ; several of these, however, are only varieties.

MoLDENHAWER, in his Beitrdge zur Anatomie der PJlanzen
(1812), first pointed out the dimorphous character of the cells
composing the leaves of the Sphagnaceae, and Von Mohl investi-
gated and confirmed these views in a valuable paper, Anatomise he
Untsrsuchnngen iiber die porosen Zellen von Spliagnuni (1854);
while C. Nageli minutely studied the process of development of
the stem and leaves, and published the result in Zeitschrift fiir
wissenscha/tliche Botanik, Heft 2 (1845).

Dozy gives an exact account of the anatomy of the Sphagna,
in his Bijdragen tot de Anatomie en Phytographie van de Sphagna
(1854), with good drawings of their structure.

HoFMEiSTER has ably investigated the minute development
of the Sphagna, and especially the structure of the female organ
and first formation of the fruit. See his Vergleichende Unter-
suchungen, &c. (1851).

SciiiMPER, in 1858, gave to the world his grand treatise on
this subject, Versuch einer Entwickelungs-geschichte der Torf-
moose, a work most complete in details of structure both descrip-
tive and pictorial, and leaving hardly anything to be desired. In
it he advocates the elevation of the Sphagna to the dignity of
a class, equal to those of Mosses and Hepaticae, but in the new
edition of his Synopsis Muscorum he ranks them as anomalous
mosses. His descriptions of species are a model for all authors;
the habit of the plant, the external form and internal structure
of the stem, and of the leaves of the stem, branches, and peri-
chaetium, all find a place in the diagnostic characters.

LiNDBERG, in vol. xix. of Ofvers. K. Vetensk. Akad. Forhandl.
(1862), published a paper, Torfmossornas byggnad Utbredning och
systematiska Uppstdllning, in which will be found some valuable
observations on the family, and a mode of grouping the species
nearly the same as that adopted in the present work.

B 2

THE SPHAGNACE^ OR FEAT-MOSSES OF

Russow, in 1865, gave us his Beitrdge zur Kenntniss der
Torfmoose, containing some excellent observations on their histo-
logy, and notes on the various species and varieties, which display
an intimate practical acquaintance with these plants. He insists
on the inconstancy of the monoicous or dioicous character of the
inflorescence, and hence reduces the number of species.

ScHLiFPiiACKE, in Vcrhandl. Zool. Bot. Gesells. Wien, vol. xv.
p. 383 (1865), has also a good paper on the subject, Beitrdge zur
Kenntniss der SpJiagnn,, with clear and valuable notes on distinc-
tion of species, and their variations.

M. PiRE, in Bull, de la Soc. royale de Bot. de Belgique, t. vi.
n. 3 (1868), gives a short paper, Les Sphaignes de la Flore de
Belgique^ in which the result of his investigation of the Belgian
species is recorded, accompanied by a very beautiful plate illus-
trating the structure of their leaves.

Klinggp \ff has an article on the Prussian species, in Schriften
der K'on. Physikalisch-CEkon. Gesells. zu Konigsberg, vol. xiii. p. i
(1872), in which several generally accepted varieties are raised
to the rank of species, as he acts on the opposite view to
that advocated by Russow, and insists on the stability of the
characters founded on the monoicous or dioicous position of the
inflorescence.

M. E. RozE, in Bull, de la Soc. Botan. de France, xix. p. 91
(1872), gives an elaborate paper, De la F4condation chez les Crypto-
games stip^rieures, et en particulier chez les Sphaignes, in which
he dissents from the opinion of Hofmeister that the canal in the
neck of the archegonium is formed by dissolution of the central
string of cells, and states that it pre-exists as a cavity in common
with that of the body of the archegonium. Further observations
are also given, detailing the actual mode of contact between the
antherozoids and the germinative cell of the archegone.

Dedecek, in Verhandl. der k. k. Zool. Bot. Gesells. Wien,
vol. xxvi. p. 601 (1876), has an article. Die bohmischen Sphagna
und ihre Gesellscha/ter, giving a list of the species, but principally
interesting in enumerating all the mosses and Hepaticce which are
found growing associated with the Sphagna.

The above named are all the more important works or papers
bearing on the subject, but numerous other articles or descriptions
of species find a place in general works on mosses, or in the
periodical literature of the day ; these will be found quoted in the

EUROPE AND NORTH AMERICA.

synonymy of each species, and all have been consulted as far as
possible.

Various Exsiccata have also been published, in which the
Sphagna are more or less completely represented, but the speci-
mens are not in all cases correctly named ; my Sphagnacea
BritanniccB Exsiccata will, I hope, remedy this, so far as the
British s.^ecies are concerned, as well as more effectually illustrate
the forms described in the present work, though in this also a few
errors have been detected, which will be corrected under each
species described in the monograph,

A work to comprise all the Belgian forms — Sphagnotheca
Belgica, by M. Gravet — is now in course of publication, but I
have not had the opportunity of consulting it ; neither have
I been able to inspect the various continental herbaria, and thus
place on record a more complete list of foreign localities ; I have,
however, made full use of the valuable papers published by
Professor Lindberg, and gathered together stray notes met with
in journals, in order as far as possible to extend our knowledge
of the distribution of these plants.

IKi

THE SPHAGNACE^ OR FEAT-MOSSES OF

CHAPTER II.

. GENERAT, OBSERVATIONS.

The plants constituting th'^ family Sphagnacece, and known as
Peat-mosses or Bog-mosses ' ave long attracted notice from the
ordinary observer by their pc^.aliar aspect and habit, and have
equally interested the microscopist by the beauty of their tissues,
and exercised the botanist by the difficulty which attends their
correct determination ; the latter perhaps increased by the great
variability of some species, and the uncertainty of the characters
relied upon by various authors for the purpose of specific distinction.

No group of plants is more clearly defined in structure, in
general family likeness, and in the localities in which they are
found, for all are essentially Bog-mosses ; yet as various true mosses
are equally inhabitants of bogs, e. g. various Hypna, Aulacomnium
palustre, Paludella, Meesea, &c., I prefer to term them more
definitely Peat-mosses, since on them alone the first formation of
peat largely depends, and the name accords with that long recog-
nized by the Germans, whose Laubmoose or frondose mosses,
Torfmoose or Peat -mosses, and Lebermoose, Livermosses or
Hepaticae, thus form one great Muscal alliance.

Few persons can have traversed our moorlands without having
had their attention attracted to the great masses of Sphagnum
which adorn their surface — now in dense cushions of lively red —
now covering some shallow pool with a Vi st sheet of light green,
inviting it may be by its bright colour, but woe betide the inex-
perienced collector who sets foot thereon, for the spongy mass
may be many feet in depth, and he may run the chance of never
reaching terra firma again.

The plants always grow in this aggregated fashion, for the
stems are weak and fragile, and they thus afford each other
mutual support ; and this fragility requires us to deal gently with
our collections if we would have good herbarium specimens ; the
immense quantity of water they retain must be squeezed out
carefully, and not by roughly grasping the tufts in the hand, other-

EUROPE AND NORTH AMERICA.

wise the stems are sure to be broken ; quick transference to the
press, and a frequent change of drying paper, will usually ensure a
satisfactory result.

We may point out to the tyro a few other characters by which
our plants are distinguished from the true mosses. !f we examine
a single stem we find that the branches are in fascicles or clusters,
i. e. spring several together from one point, and at the top are
closely packed in a roundish head or coma ; if we look at the
leaves of one of these branches under the microscope, we find they
consist of a network of large empty cells which contain threads
winding spirally round on the interior of the membrane, and are
bounded by a dark line of narrow cells filled with chlorophyl ; the
capsule also is sessile on the dilated end of a naked branch. For
the determination of species, however, a more minute examination
is necessary, as besides the form of the various leaves we also
require a knowledge of their internal structure, as well as that of
the stem ; this is obtained by transverse sections of them, suffi-
ciently thin to allow the light to be transmitted, and these are
best examined in water and uncovered.

The simplest mode of making the sections is to enclose the
wet stem or branches in a split vial cork and tie them tight, then
with a razor to make very thin slices of the whole, placing them
in a few drops of water on a slide, when they will immediately
expand and the cork may be picked out with a needle. Russow
recommends that the whole plant be soaked in thick mucilage and
allowed to dry, and then cut with a razor into water. Certain
reagents are also of use in the examination of cell structure, as
iodine and sulphuric acid, or a solution of biniodide of zinc, by the
action of which the Sphagnum leaf is coloured blue or reddish,
and all its details of structure sharply defined. Heating the leaves
on a slide in a little liquor sodse is of value in enabling us to obtain
a clear view of the outline and condition of the walls of cells.

For those who have time and the necessary skill, the various
parts may be mounted permanently on slides in glycerine, or other
fluid suitable for vegetable tissues, and they then form very useful
objects for comparison with any specimens which may be the
subject of examination.* For the herbarium, it is better to
separate the tufts into thin layers before submitting them to

* The Rev. Mr. Vize, of Forden Vicarage, Welshpool, has put up sets of the
British Sphagna mounted in this manner.

■■•H!

8

THE SPHAGNACE^ OR PEATMOSSES OF

pressure, as the form and direction of the branches and leaves
can thus be better seen.

Between fifty and sixty species of SpJiagmim are known, of
which about one-third are tropical ; but they are most abundant
in the north and south temperate zones, in the higher latitudes
of which they cover a large expanse of surface.

Among the exotic species we may mention S. sericeum,
C. MiJLL., S. Holleanum, S. yunghuhnii, and S. Gecieanum, Do^y
et MoLK., peculiar to the Eastern Archipelago, the two former only
known in a barren state, but lemarkable in having the stem leaves
precisely like the branch leaves in form and structure, their hyaline
cells being without fibres, but with a single apical pore.

Brazil is rich in forms, comprising S. erythrocalyx, perichatiale
subrigidum, sparstim, and gracilescens of Hampe, Caldense and pul-
chricoma, C, Mull. ; and in Central America we find S. Negrense,
limbatum, Mexicanum, and Peruvianum of Mitten, Meridense,
C. Mull., longifolium, Mandon, subcuspidahiin, Schimp. From
Guadaloupe, ^. Antillartcm, C. Mull., Guadalupense, Herminieri,
and Husnoii, Schimp. ; and from Australia and New Zealand,
S. Mossmajini and cymbifolioides of C. Mull., Australe, molli-
achim, antarcticum, conferttim, and Novo-Zealandicnm of Mitten.
The only species from Tropical Africa is S. A/ricamim, Duby.
It would be desirable that all the exotic species should be sub-
mitted to a careful investigation and figured, although it would
J. robably result in reducing their number, for each author appears
to have set up a different standard in the characters regarded as
specific.

With respect to the great variability in some species of
Sphagnum, it is difficult to decide on any determining cause : soil
certainly does not appear to exert any controlling influence, for
we may often see several varieties growing together in the same
locality, but each preserving its proper character. The difference
in the seasons, as regards moisture or drought, is probably an
important factor in the question of development, size, or density ;
but the colour must be the result of vital action, since it depends
on the colour of the chlorophyl deposited in the narrow cells of
the leaves, which, shining through the transparent hyaline cells
while moist, gives the beautiful and varied tints to the Sphagnum
tufts while growing in their native habitats, and so imperfectly
retained in dried specimens. Probably in all Sphagna we find
a tendency to vary in two directions ; the first and most marked

EUROPE AND NORTH AMERICA.

of these is to form a compact or dense variety, by the shortening of
the internodes, and consequent close approximation of the branch
fascicles ; this is well seen in such states as S. Austint var. imbri-
catum, S. papillosum var. co7i/ertum, S. cymbifolhim var. congesUitn,
S. rigidum var. compactnm, and 6*. acufi folium var. irctum. The
second is that in which the leaves of the branches which are
normally straight ant' imbricated, exhibit a greater or less inclina-
tion to become squarrose ; this does not render the plants so
conspicuous as the last state, and is sometimes so slight as not
to require indication by a special name ; and even in cases where
it may be quite evident, as in 6*. cymbifolium var. sqnarrosulnm,
we find intermediate forms which completely connect it with the
type ; nay, sometimes in the same tuft we may observe the leaves
on plants at the circumference distinctly tending to squarrose,
while those in the centre of the patch do not exhibit it at all ;
in this way it is quite possible to pick out the links that join
S. teres to S. squarrosvm.

In none do we find the range of variability so extensive as
in S. acuti/olium, and considerable experience is needed to iden-
tify satisfactorily all the forms of this protean plant. On this
account we must, I think, rely on histological distinctions for the
essential character of species, as size, colour, direction of leaves,
habit, and presence or absence of fibres in the hyaline cells of the
stem leaves, aliKe fail in this species to afford any stable grounds
for the establishment of new ones, and the same considerations
must guide us in dealing with the rest ; they will thus stand on
firm ground, and be more satisfactory to the true botanist than
the most extensive series of phantom species.

The structures we must look upon as of most importance in
affording specific distinctions are —

1. The number of cell strata composing the cuticle which

invests the stem of the plant.

2. The stem leaves, with respect to their form, relation of the

two kinds of cells, and structure of the apex.

3. The branch leaves, as to form, involution of margin, apex,

relative position of the hyaline and chlorophyllose cells,
and presence or absence of papillae on their internal
lateral walls, and also the presence and size of the fora-
mina. The number ai.l direction of the branches in
each fascicle, and nature of the retort cells of their
cuticle, are also to be taken notice of.

lO

THE SPHAGNACE^ OR FEAT-MOSSES OF

In following Professor Schimper in the separation of the
Sphagnincc as a sub-class from the Bryince or true frondose
mosses, I can simply record my conviction that this is by far the
most satisfactory mode of dealing with them, since they possess
in their structure various peculiarities, which are not shared in
by other mo.sses. It is to be regretted that this great bryologist
has changed his views on this point, for in the second edition of
his Synopsis he brings together the Archidiaccce, Andrcccaceee,
and Sphagnacece^ as Bryince anomalce, without supplying any
character for the same, though it is clear that the only common
bond of union is the large saccate calyptra, tearing open irre-
gularly, and they thus correspond to Hampe's section Saccomitria.

The sub-class Sphagnince may be defined as follows : —

" Plants densely aggregated, without roots except in the young
state. Stem with the axile cells soft, becoming indurated at the
surface, clothed with a cuticle of one or several layers of large
lax cells. Leaves nerveless, of a single stratum of dimorphous
cells, the small utricular ones conveying sap and chlorophyl,
enclosing the large, empty hyaline ones, which generally contain
spiral fibres and have their walls perforated by large or small
foiamlna. Inflorescence axillar, the male amentiform, antheridia
globose, with very fine, branched paraphyses. Capsule globose,
sessile on the apex of an elongated vaginula ; calyptra saccate.
Branches in lateral fascicles, aggregated at summit into a dense
coma." This will comprise only a single family and a single
genus — Sphagmim.

In no genus of frondose mosses do the brancnes occur in
lateral fascicles springing from one point ; nor do we find in any
the peculiar dimorphous areolation of the leaves ; the nearest to
them in this respect as well as in external appearance is the
family of Leucobryaccce, but in their true structure they are totally
different, and they equally stand apart by their antheridia and
extraordinary paraphyses, and the loose cuticle investing their
trunks.

As to the economic uses of the Sphagnacece, they are but small,
except as a source of easily procured fuel ; and in this respect
indeed they are of immense importance, for no substitute cbuld
be found in the thinly populated and barren districts of the north,
where trees become an insignificant object in the scenery, or cease
to grow at all ; yet nature, by the very means which produce

EUROPE AND NORTH AMERICA.

II

these widely extended solitudes, supplies one of the first require-
ments of those who occupy them, and everywhere is peat annually
cut, dried, and stored.

With regard to the function of these plants in the formation
of peat, I cannot do better than quote Professor Schimper's
words. He says : — " Unless there were peat-mosses, many a bare
r ountain rid^^e, many a high valley of the temperate zone, and
large tracts of the northern plains, would present an uniform
watery flat, instead of a covering of flowering plants or shady
woods. For just as the Sphagna suck up the atmospheric mois-
ture and convey it to the earth do they also contribute to it by
pumping up to the surface of the tufts formed by them, the
standing water which was their cradle, diminish it by promoting
evaporation, and finally also by their own detritus, and by that
of the numerous other bog-plants to which they serve as a support,
remov- it entirely, and thus bring about their own destruction.
Then, as soon as the plant-detritus formed in this manner has
elevated itself above the surface water, it is familiar to us by the
name of peat, becomes material for fuel, and all Sphagnum vegeta-
tion ceases "

Their power of retaining moisture renders them useful to the
gardener in the cultivation of orchids, ferns, and other delicate
plants, and for their package and transport in a fres'.i state.

But to the inquiring mind the study of the structure of these
plants must prove an unfailing source of instruction, for in no
members of the vegetable kingdom do we find means so well
adapted to the ends they serve, as in the beautiful and varied
tissues which build up a single stem of Sphagnum.

12

THE SPHAGNACE^ OR PEAT-MOSSES OF

CHAPTER III.

THE VEGETATIVE SYSTEM.

i

Germination of t:'e Spore.

To the investigations of Niigeli and Hofmeister are we principally
indebted for our knowledge of the development of the plant, and
Professor Schimper further observed them under cultivation, and
found that on damp earth the spores germinated in two to three
months, and that the proembryonal cell rarely broke through the
exospore or outer coat in less than five weeks.

The development proceeds under one of two forms, according
to the local conditions in which the spores may happen to be
placed at the time ; thus, if they be immersed in water, the ger-
minating proembryo assumes the form of a confervoid protonema,
somewhat akin to that of true mosses, but more elongated and
less branched ; from one end of this the young plant arises by a
tuberculoid aggregation of cells, while the other extremity becomes
a root, or one of the middle cells becomes the mother cell of the
new plant. But if the spore germinate on the damp ground, the
proembryonal cell goes on subdividing in a horizontal plane, and
the result is a lobed green prothallium like that of Equisetum, con-
sisting of a single layer of cells ; this hepaticine frond throws out
radicles from the under surface and margins of the lobes, and
quite resembles a plant of Blasia or Anthoceros. After a while,
cells aggregate here and there at the margins of the lobes and form
rudimentary plants, which support themselves partly from the
prothallium, partly by radicles ; in the plants growing in water
also, the radicles attach themselves to any fixed body, and thus
securely anchor the plants until they are in a condition to take care
of themselves.

The roots in the young plants of SpJiagnum precisely resemble
those of frondose mosses, consisting of slender elongated cells with
oblique transverse septa, and their functions are also similar, for
they serve both for support and nutrition ; as soon, however, as
the branches are produced, a portion of them become pendent and

EUROPE AND NORTH AMERICA,

13

appresscd to the stem, and these with the spongy cuticle of the
stem are far more effective than the roots for the transmission of
fluid, while the dense masses formed by the aggregation of stems
equally supersede the necessity for roots as fixing organs ; these,
therefore, being no longer needed, wither away and completely
disappear.

The Stem.

The young stem appears from tlie under side of the prothallium
by a change in the cell formation, some of the cells developing
downwards into hair-like radicles, while the upper cell elongates
and subdivides to form the young stemlet, some of the cells also
becoming free laterally to form the rudimentary leaves ; it is at
first transparent, but soon acquires chlorophyl granules, and a dif-
ferentiation into its cell layers is distinguishable at a very early
stage.

When the young stem has attained a height of 5 mm. it throws
off at the sides simple flagellar branches, which arise laterally to
the uppermost leaves, and are at first crowded in the coma and
separate by elongation of the internodes. The branches come off
at every fourth leaf as an obtuse bud, on which, when it has
attained a height of three cells, leaves also form and division into
branches takes place.

The growing point of the stem is conical, its terminal cell
apparently subdividing in five direction , and thus continually
elongating the stem ; by longitudinal division and transverse exten-
sion of newly formed cells, the terminal cone thickens from above
downward, and the base constantly forming anew attains the
diameter of the already completed stem.

The trunk or perfectly developed stem consists of a simple
primary axis with numerous terminal shoots enclosing the central
terminal bud, and also of several secondary axes ; for each year a
lateral shoot is formed beneath the grc- -ing point, which is an
exact repetition of the original main stem, with which it keeps a
perfectly parallel advance in growth and development ; in fact, it
is nothing else but one of the fascicled lateral branches transformed
into an ascending axis, and this again repeats the process the
following season, so that we thus obtain not only the dense dicho-
tomous ramification, but the fastigiate surface so characteristic of a
cushion of Sphagnum plants.

Professor Schimper in his great work described the stem as

H

THE SPHAGNACE/E OR PEAT-MOSSES OF

constituted of three distinct cell formations, viz. a central pith,
an intermediate woody cylinder, and an external bark, t'lou^h,
of course, these cannot correspond to the parts so named in higher
plants ; it seeYns, however, more appropriate to regard the stem
of Spha^^num as consisting of a cylinder, the cells of which are
soft and succulent in the centre, but become indurated and
coloured as they approach the exterior, and an investing cuticle
composed of one to four strata of large, thin, empty cells, not
inaptly compared by Lnidberg to the vclamcn or spongy cuticle
investing the roots of epiphytal orchids, which also consists of
large aeriferous cells.

The cells of the axis are long and cylind-ic, with thin col
less walls, and allow t'le sap to pass freely up to the grov.i ,,
point ; those of the periphery are narrower, prismatic, and more
or less lignified by internal deposit on their walls ; their colour
also varies according to the species, and we thus observe them
in a transverse section of the stem, forming a yellow, brown, red,
or blackish ring lying immediately under the cuticle ; and it is to
the colour of these cells appearing through the transparent cuticle
that the tint of the fresh Sphagnum stem is due.

The cuticular cells are the largest, and instead of receiving
any deposit they become thinner by age ; they are also empty,
and in some species contain fine spiral threads on their internal
wall ; they are also frequently perforated by foramina, by which
they readily communicate with each other.

i

The Branches.

The branches spring from the growing cone immediately after
the leaves, in the form of a little obtuse bud at the side of every
fourth leaf; and when this has attained a height of three cells,
the rudiments of the branch leaves also protrude themselves at
the outer side.

The distinction between the central and peripheral cells of
the branches is much less complete than in the stem, and the
cuticular cells only fo/m a single stratum, which is continuous
with the innermost layor of the stem cuticle when this consists
of more than one stratum. The cuticular cells of the branches
are of two forms, as may be readily seen if we strip off the leaves,
viz. large transparent parenchym cells like those of the stem
cuticle, and still larger flask-shaped or retort cells, more or less

1

EUROPE AND NORTH AMERICA.

'5

ventricosfi at base, and gradually contracted upward into a more
or less d ;inct, somewhat arched neck, which is perforated by a
foramen at apex ; they are very distinct in Sphagnum tencllum,
but in some species the neck is scarcely evident ; one of these
retort cells always falls at a leaf insertion, and they never contain
spiral threads, even when these are present in the ordinary cells
of the branch cuticle.

In most species of Sphagnum the branches which constitute
each fascicle are of two forms ; part of them stouter and directed
outwards from their insertion, become arched at the middle ard
gently curve downward at the extremity, and these may be called
the divergent branches ; the rest are longer and more attenuated,
with longer and narrower leaves, hang straight down, and are
often closely appressed to the stem ; these we term the pendent
branches, and the number and direction of each of these in a
fascicle is pretty constant in each species.

The branches always stand close to a leaf, at the end of its
line of insertion on the stem, and at every fourth leaf a branch
fascicle is found, their arrangement being in five straight rows, with
the formula \, i. e. three complete turns of a spiral contain five
fascicles.

Some of the uppermost divergent branches become condensed
and clavate, and form the amenti.la of male inflorescence.

It is by means of the pendent branches and cuticle of the stem
that the wonderful hydraulic property of the Sphagna is main-
tained, and this is readily seen if we place an uninjured stem in a
glass of water and allow the top to hang over the margin, for the
water rises by this channel, and soon begins to drip from the
drooping end, until, like a syphon, it has drawn off all the contents.
Not only do the Sphagna thus give off water to the atmosphere,
but they can on the other hand also absorb moisture from it and
transmit it downward ; in this way a constant interchange goes on
between the stagnant pools and the atmosphere, by which means
no doubt the former are prevented from becoming putrid.

The Leaves.

Hofmeister admirably describes the development of the leaves
of Sphagnum ; they arise from the outer cell layer of the growing
point, the first leaf cell appearing from the second, third, or fourth
cell below the terminal one, and this dividing repeatedly by alter-

r

i6

THE SPHAGNACE^ OR PEAT-MOSSES OF

nate, obliquely inclined septa, a leaflet is produced composed of a few
large quadrate parenchym cells filled with a slimy fluid containing
chlorophyl granules ; but with <•'* ' appearance of the fifth leaflet
begins t'le differentiation into two kinds of cells so characteristic of
the Sphagnacecc.

The leaf becomes marked out into a system of square cells,
each of which is surrounded by four oblong cells ; in the latter
chlorophyl granules rapidly increase in number and size, while the
former lose all colouring matter from their contents and keep
enlarging at the expense of their protoplasm ; then the fibres are
deposited on their internal walls, first as fragmentary rings which
afterwards coalesce into complete rings or spirals ; and lastly,
small scattered rings appear on the internal surface, the membrane
enclosed by which becoming resorbed, there result the well-known
pores or foramina so generally present in the branch leaves of these
plants, through which it is not uncommon to find infusoria have
passed, for we may see them sporting about in the interior of the
cell.

Hedwig had noticed the beautiful structure of the SpJiagnum
leaf, for in his Fundamenta Hist. Nat. Muscorum, i. p. 25 (1782), he
mentions the large areolae, void of chlorophyl, traversed by very
fine vessels containing parenchyma, which he suggests may corre-
spond to the ducts of flowering plants,

Moldenhawer, however, detected the true nature of the areo-
lation, and the two kinds of cells of which it is composed, with the
presence of threads and pores in the vesicular cells, and Von
Mohl still further extended his researches.

The leaves of all Sphagna consist of a single stratum of cells
without any midrib, and these cells are of two distinct kinds
alternating with each other : ist, narrow chlorophyllose cells
{ductiis intercelhilares of C. Muller, inter stitia of Hampe), which
form a frame or network of somewhat bent hexagonal meshes,
and usually six of these cells enter more or less into forming the
boundary of each mesh, their colour being green, yellow, or red,
according to that of their contents ; these cells are really the most
important part of the leaf, since they carry on the vital functions,
and form the scaffold on which the hyaline cells are stretched :
2nd, large colourless vesicular cells dropped as it were into each
mesh of the network, and containing in nearly all species spiral
fibrils on their internal wall and perforated with foramina; for

'§■

EUROPE AND NORTH AMERICA.

17

these cells Mr. Mitten uses the term spatia or spaces. Tuis
description applies to the leaves of the branches, but in those of
the stem and perichaetium the two kinds of cells are not so distinct,
as the chlorophyl is wanting and the hyaline cells are often
extremely narrow, especially those at the margin, where they
generally form a more or less wide border.

The stem leaves in all the European Sphagna differ considerably
from the branch leaves both in form and structure ; they are
distant from each other, with a \ arrangement, or five leaves in two
spiral turns, and are generally reflexed against the stem, as if
pushed back by the descent of the pendent branches. Their form
is oblong, ovate, or Ungulate, and at their basal angles there
are generally present more or less evident auricles ; they, are also
very uniform on the same plant both in size and shape. The
areolation is laxer than that of the branch leaves, and spiral fibres
are rarely present in their hyaline cells ; the basal cells form one
or more rows of incrassate vesicular cells, more or less coloured,
but the greater part of the leaf is colourless from the absence of
chlorophyl in the narrow cells.

The branch leaves are small and closely imbricated, and differ
considerably on the two kinds of branches, and even on different
parts of the same branch ; on the divergent branches they are
small at base, becoming larger in the middle of the branch, and
narrower and more distant towards the point ; the three or four at
the extreme base of the branch are very small and have a peculiar
shape, being somewhat obliquely triangular in outline, and partly
resemble the stem leaf in areolation ; in fact, they convey the idea
of one half of a stem leaf which has been split down the middle, and
possibly may originate by being torn apart by the separation of the
branches forming the fascicle, at their first stage of development.

Russow attaches importance to these leaves, and names them
intermediate leaves, but they are not always alike in the same
species, nor do they offer much variety in different species, and
they have always a broad border of narrow cells ; the leaves of the
pendent branches are all longer and narrower, as are also their
component cells.

The relation of the two forms of cells to each other, in the
anatomy of the ramulire leaves, is a point of great importance,
since it originates in the fundamental formation of the leaf, and it
therefore takes part in the diagnosis of species ; to observe this

C

i8

THE SPHAGNACE^ OR PEAT-MOSSES OF

properly some care is requisite, for the transverse sections must be
very thin and examined in water by a good light. We thus find
four modifications of the position of the chlorophyllose cells : —
I St, They may lie midway between the anterior and posterior

surfaces of the leaf, being entirely enclosed by the hyaline

cells, and the section shows that they are lenticularly

compressed.
2nd. They may emerge between the hyaline on the anterior or

ventral surface of the leaf, their section being triangular,

so that they resemble a cushion or wedge pushed in

between each pair of hyaline cells.
3rd. They may occupy the same position on the posterior or

dorsal surface.
4th. They may emerge both in front and back — a condition

observed only in a few species, and in this case their

section is circular or oval.
The hyaline cells are more or less united by their adjacent walls,
and where they are applied to the chlorophyllose cells the walls of
the two become grown together ; in some species this combined
wall, as seen from the interior of a hyaline cell, is covered over
with minute deposits which take the form * lapillse, bars, or
crests, and by some authors have been errc jsly described as
remains of spiral fibres ; these are beautifully seen in our S. Austini
and papillosum, and in the foreign S, Portoricense and Herminieri,
The hyaline cells nearly always contain threads attached to
their internal walls, and these threads may form complete spirals
composed of one or several fibres, or they may be broken up into
rings, and fragments sometimes run across diagonally so as to unite
two spirals ; they are firmly and intimately united to the inner wall
of the cells, and often, e. g. in S. subseamdum, tightly lace up and
contract the cells at each turn of the thread, probably by contrac-
tion soon after its deposition.

The fibrils are not always present in all the leaves ; thus in
S. fimbriatum they are wanting in both the stem and perichaetial
leaves, and some have them in one half of a stem leaf, as 6".
cuspidatum, where they are found in the upper part, but in
6*. macrophyllum no threads are found in any part of the plant.

By some authors the presence or absence of threads in the cells
of the stem leaves has been looked upon as of specific value, but
a study of the varieties of the common species 6". acutifolium and

EUROPE AND NORTH AMERICA.

19

in

;tial

6".

in

ells
but
md

cynibifolmm will soon convince any one that it is a character on
which no reliance can be placed. As the purpose of the fibres
seems to be to preserve the shape of the vesicular cells and support
their delicate walls, we should naturally expect to see them most
abundant in the compact or denser forms, and such we find to be
the case, for in the short, close-branched forms of kS". amtifolinm the
cells of the stem leaves are fibrillose throughout, biit in the tall,
slender forms they are altogether absent.

The pores or foramina stand near the adjacent cell walls, and are
usually found on the posterior surface, but in S. tenellnvi they are on
the anterior, and in a few species both front and back are perforated,
as in S. rigidum. Their size varies in different species ; thus in
6". amtifolinm and cymbifolium they are veiy large, in S. subseaindnni
and aispidatum very small. Besides these, Russow calls attention
to larger apertures which become visible after treatment with iodine
and sulphuric acid, and indicate more extensive resorption of the
cell membrane ; thus in the lower part of a branch leaf of
S. Jiinbriatum so treated, these large openings reach across the
whole width of the cell. The word himen is applied by continental
authors to denote the clear space in the interior of a cell through
which light is transmitted, or the space bounded by the internal
lining of the cells.

In 6*. fimbriatnin, strictnm, Lindbergii, and others which have
stem leaves fringed at the apex, this appearance is due to resorp-
tion of the membrane of the marginal hyaline cells, and con-
sequent projection of the intermediate parenchym cells.

The bracts or leaves of the perichaetium which surround the
elongated receptacle of the fruit, are much larger than the other
leaves of the plant, and in areolation are intermediate between
those of the steia and branches, though coming nearest to the
loi.ner ; their chlorophyllose cells usually present deficiencies in the
thickening layers of their walls, and these standing opposite each
other resemble imperforate pits, not unlike the dotted pleurenchyma
of the wood of conifers, and a similar condition is observable in the
walls of young axile cells of the Sphagnum stem (Hofmeister's
' Higher Cryptogamia,' pi. xvii. fig. 9 b).

The bracts of the male inflorescence correspond with the branch
leaves in structure, though they are usually broader and shorter ;
but they frequently are adorned in addition with rich colours, which
vary according to the species.

c 2

20

THE SPHAGNA CE^ OR PEAT-MOSSES OP

CHAPTER IV.

THE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM.

The organs necessary for impregnation and subsequent fruit for-
mation are of two kinds, antheridia — male, and archegonia or
pistillidia — female ; they differ, however, from those of the frondose
mosses, and are arranged in a different manner. These two organs
have never been found together in one inflorescence (synoicous),
as is so frequently the case in mosses, but they occur separately on
lateral shoots either of the capitulum or of some of the fascicles
below it, and they may both be produced on one stem, or the
different organs are on separate plants ; thus all SpJiagna are either
monoicous or dioicous.

The Antheridia.

These are arranged in slender catkins or amentula, somewhat
resembling those found in the yungermanniacea, and occupy the
apical part of a certain number of the divergent branches, or by a
continued growth of the branch beyond the male inflorescence, the
latter not unfrequently appears confined to the centre of the
branch.

Each antheridium is attached to the branch singly at the end
of the insertion of its covering bract, to which it stands in the
same relation as the branch fascicles do to the stem leaves.

The antheridium originates in a cell derived from the outer
indurated stratum of the branch ; this cell divides by a transverse
septum into two, the lower one becoming the slender pedicel, the
upper the globose body containing the antherozoids ; the wall of
the antheridium consists of a single stratum of large, angular, clear
cells. The pedicel is long and of extreme tenuity, the sac globose
or ovate, and pale green, appearing as if encircled by a hyaline
ring ; this, however, is not the case, although Hedwig and some
recent bryologists have regarded it as such, and compared it to the
jointed annulus of the Ferns, but the appearance is due to the large
cells being so transparent that they are only seen distinctly when

i fl

EUROPE AND NORTH AMERICA.

31

we view them in profile, and also to the central aggregation of the
contents of the organ. The antheridium bursts at the apex, the
margins of the aperture rolling back, and a cloud of lenticular
vesicles escapes, each of which contains a spirally coiled an-
therozoid. The antherozoids are soon set free, and glide about
with great activity ; their form is that of a fine thread of 2\ coils,
clavately thickened at one end, and at the opposite attenuated
extremity provided with two long, extremely fine vibratile lashes.

Surrounding the antheridia are exceedingly fine web-like
paraphyses, which differ widely from those of mosses in being
branched and twisted ; they arise from the cuticular layer of the
branch, and no doubt convey moisture to sustain the vitality of
the antheridium, but they disappear as soon as fertilization of
the archegonium is completed.

The bracts or covering leaves of the male inflorescence resemble
the ordinary branch leaves in structure, but are shorter and more
closely imbricated, and also often richly coloured, being purple in
6". acutifolium^ fulvous in S. cynibifolium, ochraceous in 6". inter-
medium, 8ic.

The Archegonium.

The female inflorescence appears on a short lateral branch at
the side of the capitulum, and at first takes the form of a long,
attenuated, deep green bud of sheathing perigynial leaves, the
innermost of which are the longest. Within these, and surrounded
by the rudimentary perichoetial bracts, are one to four archegonia,
resembling those of true mosses, but having fine branched para-
physes like those of the male inflorescence. They have shorter
pedicels, and consist of an oblong ventral part which elongates
upward into a cylindric neck or stylidium, formed of six rows of
cells.

The first formation of the archegonia and progress of their
development are fully described in the respective treatises of
Hofmeister and Schimper. When arrived at maturity the apex of
the archegone awells up and bursts, and the margins roll back,
leaving a trumpet-shaped orifice ; this aperture extends down-
ward as a fine tube to the cavity of the archegonium, and forms
the channel down which the antherozoids pass to fertilize the
central cell.

M. Roze observed the mode of impregnation of the archegone
by placing some mature but still closed ones in water on a slide.

■^w^ttrt-^l

22

THE SPHAGNACEjE OR PEAT-MOSSES OF

when he found that dehiscence took place after about an hour's
immersion ; he then placed in water also some antheridia, which
on rupturing charged the fluid with abundance of antherozoids, and
some of this he added to the other preparation.

He found that the antherozoids did not seem to have any
tendency to direct themselves towards the entrance of the canal,
but reached it fortuitously, and then appeared to introduce them-
selves with difficulty; the cil;ated extremity which consists of an
amylaceous granule always goes first, and it is sometimes arrested
by the plasma in the canal, and then struggles to clear itself; this
accomplished, it moves on more briskly until it reaches the
germinative globule suspended in the fluid in the archegonial
cavity; on this it fixes itself, all movement ceases, and a direct
fusion of the two appears to take place.

Only one archegonium develops into fruit, and after impregna-
tion the apex and canal become coloured red or yellow; the pedicel
then enlarges, for the fertilized germinal cell passes down into it
to become the fruit, and bears the now hollow ventral portion with
the shrivelled stylidium on its apex. This germinal cell is pyriform
and contains a large nucleus, and as soon as impregnation takes
place, active cell multiplication is set up, and the single cell
becomes an oblong body filled with slimy fluid and minute granules,
and the pedicel is no longer defined from the ventral part ; through
the soft pedicel the embryo fruit forces its way down, and so into
the interior of the fruit receptacle, which has become elongated
and obtusely conical.

Next, the embedded pedicel of the embryo expands in width by
cell multiplication, and becomes a hemispherical protuberance
elevated above the dome-shaped receptacle. The cells lying at
the base of the pedicel alone continue to divide transversely, and
the pedicel itself becomes nearly spherical, and not being able to
penetrate farther downward, it with the cuticular and peripheral
layers covering it becomes elevated upward. During the rapid
extension of the lower part of the fruit, the inner cellular texture
of the lower portion of the archegone has disappeared, and the
rudimentary capsule has developed to a short cylinder, its outer coat
consisting of a single layer of very thin cells, which corresponds to
the calyptra, gradually stretches, becomes still thinner by the
swelling of the young capsule, until it bursts or tears into shreds ;
rapid cell multiplication goes on in the fruit, and a spherical capsule

■■J:??»

EUROPE AND NORTH AMERICA.

23

results, whose outer coat consists of two cell layers, beneath which

lies another series of three strata, the central of these consisting of

rather larger cells become parent cells of spores, while the stratum

on each side of it represents the inner and outer wall of the future

spore sac. The mother cells of the spores are globular, and their

contents divide transversely by cross walls into four pyramidal

spores ; or each of these again divides into four to form the rarer

microspores.

The perfect Fruit.

The capsule is normally placed in the capitulum, but it fre-
quently happens that a rapid extension of the internodes takes
place, and thus the fruits are left behind at various heights on the
stem ; this usually happens by some change in the local conditions,
as, for instance, a sudden submergence of the plants by a wet
season.

As the fruit receptacle elongates to a pseudopodium it draws
apart also the perichaetial bracts, which are larger than the leaves
and surround it at the base, and to. a greater or less extent above
it, according to its rapidity or slowness of growth.

The Sphagna were by all the early bryologists described as
being without a vaginula, and Bridel formed them into a separate
section termed Evaginulati, but Professor Schimper indicates as
the vaginula the turbinate swelling below the capsule, which
is the dilated apex of the receptacle. In the Ada Soc. Scient.
Fennicce, x. p. 264, Professor Lindberg points out that the
pseudopodium which carries the fruit differs from a branch in
having the same number of cuticular cell strata as the stem,
though not so well developed, and that this organ is truly nothing
else but an elongated vaginula. Up to the maturity of the capsule
it remains enclosed in the perichaetium, the receptacle then elon-
gates and elevates the capsule, which is inserted by its bulbiform
pedicel in the expanded apex.

The calyptra is the continuation upward of the outer cell layer
of the vaginula and fruit receptacle, and is very thin and colourless ;
it encloses the young capsule like a sac closely stretched over it,
and does not separate in any determinate way as in mosses, but is
ruptured irregularly by the enlargement of the capsule and splits
into shreds, a portion being generally left attached to the base of
the capsule.

The capsule is very uniform in all the species, being almost

24

THE SPHAGNACE^ OR PEAT-MOSSES OF

if

spherical, but when the lid is cast off it becomes urn-shaped or
cylindric, and the mouth never exhibits any trace of peristome ; the
walls are brittle and bear numerous stomata on the surface, and
when ripe are of a deep chestnut brown colour.

The operculum or lid is flattened or in form of an inverted
saucer, and is cast off by contraction of the capsule with a crackling
noise or slight explosion, and at the same time the spores are
driven forth by compression of the capsule walls. Not unfrequently
the lid remains attached by one margin, which acts as a hinge, and
the capsule is closed again when moistened. If the capsule remains
submerged or always wet, the lid does not open, but the capsule
falls away from the vaginula and a hole is left at the base, the
columella decays and the spores can escape in this way, or it
happens that they germinate while still enclosed in the capsule
and burst it by expansion, or the lid may be forced off and the
capsular wall only left with a hole at each pole, and such barrel-
shaped shells we frequently meet with in our examination of
Sphagnum tufts.

The spore sac differs in shape from that of the true mosses,
for it is in form of a hollow hemisphere, occupying the upper part
of the capsule and resting on the top of the rjolumella to which its
inner wall is united, while the outer wall coheres to the inner cell-
layer of the capsule wall. When mature, the columella breaks
away from the vaulted under side of the spore sac and shrivels
back to the base of the capsule, leaving an empty space, which is
probably concerned in the bursting of the capsule.

The two kinds of spores are found in the same capsule or
in different ones. The large spores vary between i\ and 4^
hundredths of a millimetre in diameter, and in colour present various
shades of yellow, ochraceous, or ferruginous brown ; the exospore
or external coat is covered with scattered papillae.

V:)

EUROPE AND NORTH AMERICA.

CHAPTER V.

ARRANGEMENT OF THE SPECIES.

It is always convenient to distribute the species of a genus into
groups or sections, especially when they happen to be numerous
and difficult of diagnosis ; this has been attempted with respect to
the Sphagna in various ways by different authors, and it may be
of advantage to present an outline of each of these.

Bridel, in his Bryologia Universa (1826) arranged his sixteen
species as follows, classing them as Musci Evaginulati Cladocarpi : —

1. Ramuli distinctly fasciculate.

a. Leaves broader, rather obtuse.

S. cymbifolhim tenellum,sgtiarrosum,contorttcin, subsecun-
dum, immersum, oblotigum, macrophyllutii, denticulaticm.

b. Leaves narrower, rather acute.

S. capillifolium, recurvum, cuspidatum.

2. Ramuli indistinctly fasciculate.

.S". compactum, cricetoriim, condensatum, subulatum.
C. MiJLLER, in his valuable Synopsis Muscorum (1848), made a
great advance on the writings of previous authors by introducing
the cell struct' .re of the leaves into the specific character of these
mosses. He points out the differences in the leaves of the stem,
branches, and peduncle, and the presence or absence of spiral
fibres in them.

1. Leaves without annular fibres.

S. sericetmi, niacrophylluni.

2. Leaves with annular fibres.

a. Leaves rounded at apex.

.S. cymbifolium, &c.

b. Leaves truncate.

* Peduncular leaves without spiral fibres.

S. molhiscum, squarrosum, aispidatum, acutifoliuni^ &c.
** Peduncular leaves with spiral fibres.

S. laxifolhim, compactum, molluscoides,siibseciindum, &c.
All the species are said erroneously to be dioicous.

26

THE SPHAGNA CE^ OR PEAT-MOSSES OF

I

Wilson, in Bryologia Brit. (185 5 J, arranged them somewhat
as Bridel.

1. Leaves obtuse, rounded, or elliptic.

S. cynibifoliuni, compactum, molluscum, rtibdlum.

2. Leaves acuminate, ovate or ovato-lanceolate.
a. Leaves erecto-patent.

S. actiii/olium, fimbriatum, aispidatum, contorium.
aa. Leaves squarrose.
S. sqtiarrosum.
SuLLivANT, in his Mosses of the United States (1856), forms
four groups, characterized by the relative position of the cells in
the branch leaves, as seen in transverse section — a valuable
distinction, no doubt, but far too minute and difficult of obser-
vation to be of practical utility.

1. Chlorophyllose cells entirely enclosed by the hyaline, and
not reaching either surface of leaf.

S. cymbifoliiim, compactum, contorium, Lescurii, tenerum,
humile, cyclophylhim, sedoides.

2. Chlorophyllose cells oval, reaching to both surfaces of leaf.

S. sguarrosum, macrophyllum.

3. Chlorophyllose cells triangular, placed between the hyaline
at the concave or inner surface of leaf.

S. acutifolium, fimbriattim, tabulare, molle.

4. Chlorophyllose cells triangular, placed between the hyaline
at the convex or outer surface of leaf.

S. cuspidatum, Torreyanum.

ScHiMPER, in his monograph, divides the species into two
groups — monoicous and dioicous — a plan of very little practical
help, since it is of no use with plants in a barren state. The same
arrangement is followed in the Synopsis Muse. Europ. ed. i
(i860).

C. Hartman, in the eighth edition of the Scandinaviaii Flora
(1861), uses the stem leaves for this purpose, thus : —

1. Apex of cauline leaf broad, strongly and distinctly fimbriate

in its whole margin.

6*. cymbifolium, Angstromii, Lindbergii, fimbriatum.

2. Apex indistinctly fimbriate or lacerate.

iS*. rigidiim^ sguarrosttm, subsecundum, teres.

3. Apex with a few distinct teeth, not fimbriate or lacerate.

S. acuti/olium, Miilleri.

EUROPE AND NORTH AMERICA.

27

4. Apex entire or indistinctly denticulate.

6". mollitscntn, riibelltim, rnspidatum.

This, it will be seen, is readily applicable, but it has the dis-
advantage of bringing together species not otherwise the least allied.

LiNDiiERG, in Ofvers. K. Vet. Ak. Forhar.^i,. for 1862, after
separating S. macrophyllum as a genus IsocladuSy arranges the
rest as follows : —

1. Homophylla. Plants glossy, shining; hyaline cells quite

free from spiral fibres.

S. sericenm, Holleanunt.

2. Heterophylla. Plants opake ; hyaline cells furnished with

spiral fibres.

A. S. cuspidata.

S. cuspidahon, Lindbergit, recurvum^ fimbriatuniy
acitii/olitim, teres, squarrosum.

B. S. rigida.

o

S. rigidjim, Miilleri, Angstromii.

C. S. subsecunda.

S. subseamdum, rubelhctn, tcnellum.

D. S. cymbifolia.

S. cymbi folium.

These groups are natural, have several characters in common,
and are also adopted by Russow and Milde, except that they alter
rigida to trnncata, a more appropriate term, since it is applicable
to all three species.

I have also followed this arrangement, but at Professor Lind-
berg's suggestion have reversed the order, so as to commence with
what we must consider the most highly developed species of the
genus.

ScHLiEniACKE, in the paper already referred to, proceeds on
the same plan, but increases the number of groups to seven, as
follows : —

1. acutifolia.

6*. rnbellurd, acuti/olium, finibriatum, Wulfiamim.

2. cuspidata.

iS". cuspidattcm, laxi/olium, Lindbergii.

3. squarrosa.

^. teres, squarrosum.

4. rigida.

o

6*. rigidmn, Mulleri, Angstromii.

28

THE SPHAGNACE^ OR FEA7 MOSSES OF

5. mollusca.

S. mollusctim,

6. subsecunda.

S, laricinum, sttbsecundum.

7. cymbifolia.

S. cymbifolium.

Some of these, however, appear to be ill-defined and unne-
cessary.

SciiiMi'ER, in the new edition of his ' Synopsis,' adopts this
arrangement, but alters rigida to mollia, and unites mollusca to
subsecunda. Klinggriiff also in his paper has the same six groups.

EUROPE AND NORTH AMERICA.

29

CLAVIS TO THE SPECIES HERE DESCRIBED.

SPHAGNUM.

Sect. I. — Eusi'iiAGNUM, Lindb.

Branches dimorphous, part divergent, part pendent ; their
leaves with spiral fibres. Capsule oblong, small-mouthed.

A. Cymbifolia. Cuticular cells fibrillose. Branch leaves cym-
biform-con ave, the apex cucuUate, squamoso-scabrous at
back.
Branch leaves with the lateral wall of the combined
hyaline and chlorophyllose cells covered with papillai.
Branch leaves minutely fringed all round the margin.

Portoricense.
Branch leaves not fringed.

Chlorophyllose cells trigonous, emerging on the con-
cave surface of leaf. Papilla; transverse, in a
single series. Austini.

Chlorophyllose cells lenticular, entirely enclosed by
the hyaline. Papillee wart-like, numerous, scattered.

papillosum.

Branch leaves with the lateral wall of the combined hyaline

and chlorophyllose cells smooth. cymbifolium.

B. Subseamda. Branch leaves more or less secund, ovate,

with rounded toothed points ; the margin involute in
the upper half.
Retort cells of branches large, curved outward at apex.
Hyaline cells of branch leaves large. tenelliim.

Retort cells of branches small, cylindric. Hyaline cells of
branch leaves small.

Cuticular cells of stem in a single layer, subscctmdnm.
Cuticular cells of stem in 2-3 layers. laricinnm.

C. Tnincata. Branch leaves oblong, the point truncate,

strongly toothed, margin involute for all its length.

Stem leaves very small, tongue-shaped ; branch leaves

ovate-oblong, toothed at apex. rigidtim.

Stem leaves truncate, many-toothed ; branch leaves

broadly ovate, acuminate, with 6-10 teeth.

O

Angshomii.

Stem leaves very large, ovato-lanceolate, 3-toothed ;

branch leaves ovate-oblong, 3-5 toothed. molle.

1

30 THE SPHAGNACE^ OR PEAT-MOSSES OF

D, Cuspidata. Branch leaves ovato-lanceolate or narrowly
lanceolate, with the points elongated, truncate, and
toothed ; margin strongly involute at point.
Branches 7-12 in a fascicle. Wtdfii.

Branches 3-6 in a fascicle.

Stem leaves narrower at base than above.

Stem leaves rounded at apex, fringed all round the

upper half fimbriatutn.

Stem leaves truncate, only fringed along the transverse

margin. Lindbergii.

Stem leaves not narrower at base.

Stem leaves not bordered ; branch leaves squarrose.

squarrostim.
Stem leaves broadly bordered with narrow cells ;
branch leaves erec to-patent.

Branch leaves with very large pores.

Stem leaves tongue - shaped, more or less
pointed. acutifolium.

Stem leaves as wide above as at base, truncate,
fringed at apex. stridum.

Branch leaves with very small pores.
Stem leaves triangular, cells of border rather short.
Pendent branches concealing stem. Cuticular
cells thin and indistinct. intermedium.

Stem leaves triangular, cells of border very narrow
and el ongated. Pendent branches not conceal-
ing stem. Cuticular cells distinct, cuspidahim.

Sect. II. — Hemitheca, Lindb.

Branches homomorphous, solitary or in pairs ; their leaves
with spiral fibres. Stem leaves and branch leaves alike, obtuse.
Capsule wide-mouthed, hemispherical. Pylaiei.

Sect. III. — IsocLADUS, Lindb.

Branches homomorphous, fascicled, all arcuato-divergent ; their
leaves lanceolate-subulate, without spiral fibres, but with a central
longitudinal row of pores. Capsule as in Sect. I. macrophylhim.

EUROPE AND NORTH AMERICA.

31

MONOGRAPH OF THE SPECIES FOUND IN
EUROPE AND NORTH AMERICA.

SPHAGNUM, DiLLEN.

Stems dichotomous, fastiglate, erect, renewed by an annual in-
novation at apex ; ramuli fascicled at base, flagelliform, partly
patulous, partly adpresso-reflexed ; the younger clavate, erect,
clustered in a dense capitulum at summit of stem. Cauline leaves
5-ranked, erecto - incumbent or reflexed, soft; ramuline leaves
imbricated, nerveless, pale and fragile when dry ; the areolation
composed of large vesicular, sigmoid, hyaline cells, containing
spiral fibres and perforated by pores, and separated by narrow
duct-like opake cells placed between their adjacent walls. In-
florescence monoicous or dioicous ; the male strobiliform on lateral
ramuli, antheridia very numerous, solitary at the side of each
involucral bract, pedicellate, subglobose ; female forming long
gemmules with 1-5 archegonia, and branched, thread-like para-
physes. Fruit solitary, concealed in the perichaetium, and at matu-
rity elevated on an elongated pseudopodium. Capsule globose,
sessile on the top of the^ vaginula, brown ; operculum minute,
hemispherical, without annulus or peristome ; columella elevated,
hemispheric, covered by the excavato-hemispheric sporangium ,
pericarpic membrane very thin, whitish, torn irregularly, adhering
partly to the capsule, partly to the top of the vaginula.

Plants dwelling in marshes and peat bogs, aggregated in dense
tufts or cushions, which consist all of one species or of an ad-
mixture of two or more ; absorbing water with great avidity and
retaining it like a sponge.

Sect. I. — EusPHAGNUM, Lindb.

Plants pale green, whitish, or ochraceous, occasionally more or
less tinged with purple. Branches of two forms, in distinct fascicles
of 3-12, part divergent or decurved, part attenuated, slender, and
pendulous. Branch leaves imbricated, ovate or ovato-lanceolate,
the cells rhomboidal, curved, containing fibres, and with marginal
pores. Perichaitial bracts much larger, broad, and convolute.
Capsule exserted, globose, with a shallow, convex lid.

(

3* THE SPHAGNACE^ OR FEAT-MOSSES OF

Group A.— CYMBIFOLIA.

Plants robust. Branches turgid, those of the coma rounded
and obtuse at apex, the cuticular cells fibril lose ; branch leaves im-
bricated, very broad, cymbiform-concave, ovate o: roundish, with
an involute rounded cucuUate apex.

I. Sphagnum Portoricense, Hampe.

Pl. II.

Dioicous ? tall, robust, fuscescent ; the stem with 2-3 layers of
cuticular cells. Stem leaves subquadrate-ovate, fimbriate all round
the margin. Divergent branches subclavate-fusiform, with closely
imbricated leaves, the cuticular cells spirally fibrillose, their trans-
verse walls geniculate downwards. Branch leaves orbiculate-ovate,
cucullate, squamose at back, minutely fimbriate all round the
margin ; chlorophyllose cells triangular in section, placed between
the hyaline on inner surface of leaf and crested with papillae
where united to them.

Synon. — Sph. Fortoricense, Hampe, Linnaea, 1852, p. 359. Sullivant, Ic.
Muse. p. 3, tab. 2 (1864). Austin, Muse. Appalach. No. i (1870).
Sph. Sullivantianutn, Austin, in Amer. Journ. Sei. 1863, p. 252.

Dioicous ? in large soft tufts, pale fuscous below, pale glaucous
green above. Stems 8-14 in. high, stout, simple or bipartite, firm,
pale brown ; cuticular cells in 2-3 layers, containing spiral fibres,
but few pores. Stem leaves erect or deflexed, auricled, sub-
quadrate-ovate, fringed round the entire margin ; upper cells
rhomboidal, lower elongated, all without fibres or pores.

Ramuli 4-5 in a fascicle, 2-3 divergent, arcuato-patent, sub-
clavate-fusiform, attenuated at base, the leaves julaceously im-
bricated ; pendent branches more slender, lax-leaved. Cuticular
cells spirally fibrillose, with few pores, the transverse walls geni-
culate downward into the subjacent cells, and usually having a pore
at the apex of the bend.

Leaves of the divergent branches small below, and widely
cordate or semicircular, becoming larger above, narrowed at base,
the median orbiculate-ovate, squamoso-scabrous at back of the
strongly cucullate apex, very narrowly bordered ; all minutely
fimbriate throughout} the fibrils of the fringe formed by the com-
missural walls of destroyed hyaline cells ; lower hyaline cells
elongato-rhomboidal, upper rhombic, with parallel linear papillae

EUROPE AND NORTH AMERICA.

33

ii

internally on the wall where united to the chlorophyllose cells, all
fibrillose, with several large pores at the margin ; chlorophyllose
cells triangular in section, interposed between the hyaline on the
concave surface of the leaf. Fruit unknown.

Hab. — Swamps in mountain districts. N. America: Manchester ponds, Ocean
County, New Jersey (Austin). First found by Schwanecke in Porto Rico.

This fine and rare species worthily heads the genus, and with
the two following and Sph. Herminieri, Schimp., from Guadaloupe,
constitute a small natural group having the internal lateral wall of
the hyaline cells variously covered with crests or papillae. The
present may be at once distinguished by the beautifully fringed
margin of the branch leaves, and by the curious downward pro-
longation of the transverse wall of the cuticular cells of the
branches, which may be readily observed in the series of cells at
each lateral margin.

2. Sphagnum Austini, Sullivant.

Pl. III.

Dioicous, green above, ochraceous or brown below, the stem
with four layers of cuticular cells. Stem leaves Ungulate, obtuse.
Divergent branches two, attenuated, the cuticular cells spirally
fibrillose. Branch leaves closely imbricated, ovate-oblong, some-
what cucullate, squamose at back ; chlorophylk .ie cells obtusely
trigonous, placed between the hyaline on inner surface of leaf, and
transversely crested with papillae where united to them.

Synon. — Sph. Austini, Sull. in Aust. Musci Appal, p. 3, n. 2 (1870), et Ic.
Muse. Suppl. t. I, p. 9 (1875). LiNDB. in Act. Soc. Sc. Fenn. x. p. 280, in addend.
(1872), in Bot. Not. 1873, p. 45, et in Not. ur Sallsk. pro Fn. et Fl. Fenn. Forh.
xiii. p. 391 (1874). Braithw. in Monthl. Micr. Joum. May 1873, p. 215, t. 17, et
Sphag. Brit. Exsic. n. i (1877). Cooke, Grevillea, ii. p. 61 (1873). Schimp.
Synops. ed. 2, p. 849 (1876).

Dioicous, in elevated densely-cushioned tufts ; soft, robust, pale
green above, fusco-ochraceous below. Stems 4-8 in. high, fre-
quently dichotomous, dark brown ; cells of the peripheral layers
strongly incrassate, red brown ; cuticular cells in four strata, the
outer quadrato-hexagonal, without fibres, the inner with very fine
fibres and large pores. Stem leaves erect. Ungulate, obtuse,
minutely fringed at apex ; the hyaline cells empty above, fibrose
and porose below. Branches closely placed, three in a fascicle,
two divergent, arcuate, attenuated towards point, one pendent,

34

THE SPHAGNACE^ OR PEAT-MOSSES OF

short, slender, appressed to stem ; cuticular cells quadrato-hex-
agonal, fibrose, and porose.

Leaves of divergent branches closely imbricated, ovate-oblong,
concave ; the margin inflexed and cucullate at apex, which is more
deeply coloured, less obtusely rounded, strongly squamoso-scabrous
at back. Cells large, flexuose, the hyaline filled with fibres and
having several large foramina ; the chlorophyllose obtusely tri-
gonous, projecting between the hyaline on the concave surface of
leaf; the internal wall of the hyaline cells, where united to the
chlorophyllose, densely crested with prominent transverse, linear,
parallel papillae.

Perichaetia few, placed in the coma ; bracts large, oblong, con-
volute, minutely fimbriate at the rounded apex ; cells of the lower
third empty, narrow, parenchymatous, above normal, more or less
fibrose, with large pores, the internal walls transversely striato-
papillose. Capsule moderately exserted, dark brown. Spores
ferruginous. Male inflorescence amentiform, on the subinflated
apex of the branches of the coma.

Hab. — Wet mountain heaths and peat-bogs, especially near the sea-coast.

Europe. — Sweden: Hunneberg Mountain, Westrogothia (Lindberg, 1859);
dstanfalla, Nerike (Zetterstedt, i86o), and at Villingsberg with fruit (C. Hartman,
1875); below Skiiralid, Riseberga, SkS,ne (Lindberg, 1875). E?igland : Lyth Moss,
Westmoreland (Barnes, 1876).

N. America. — Near Farrago and Manchester, Ocean County, New Jersey, with
fruit (Austin, 1862).

In Sph. Austini the papillae or crest-like elevations on the
internal lateral walls of the hyaline cells are transversely linear,
and when well developed give a pectinate appearance to the
chlorophyllose cells ; but in the Westmoreland plant these are less
distinct than usual, and it might thus be confounded with Sph. papil-
losum, from which, however, it may be known by a thin transverse
section of a branch leaf, in which it will be seen that the chloro-
phyllose cells emerge at the ventral surface of the leaf, instead of
being enclosed on both sides by the hyaline. Though resembling
Sph. papillosum much in habit and colour, it is altogether of softer
texture.

Var. /8. imbricatum (Hornsch.), Lindb.

Colour darker brown, growing in very dense tufts. Plants very
tumid from the crowded fascicles of branches, which are short,
tapering at points, with closely imbricated leaves.

EUROPE AND NORTH AMERICA.

35

Synon.— ^/5. imbrkatiim, Hornsch. Mss. Russ. Torfm. p. 21 (1865).

Sph. cymbifolium van /3. condensatinn, C. MOll. Synops. i. p. 92, p. p. (1848).

5//<. ////J//;// var. /3. imbricatum, Lindb. in Act. Soc. Sc. Fenn. x. p. 280, m
acklend. (1872), Bot. Not. 1873, p. 45. et Not ur Sallsk. pro Fn. et Fl. Fenn. Forh.
xiii. p. 392 (1874). Braithw. Sphag. Brit. Exsic. n. 2 (1877).

Hab.— Island of Lewis, Western Hebrides (Dr. Moore, 1868); Witherslack
Moss, Westmoreland (Barnes, 1875). Forming very dense tumid hassocks.

This variety was first found in Kamtschatka by Redowski,
and fertile specimens quite resembling the Hebridean plant were
collected in Chiloe by Captain King.

It is worthy of note that the climate of Lewis appears closely
to resemble that of some of the Antarctic islands, and I observed
in the grounds of the castle that the beautiful Escallonia macrantha
formed immense bushes, w Ich bloomed profusely. The bare
moorlands which compose almost the entire island, are dotted over
with innumerable great cushions of Rhacomitrium lanuginosnm
more hoary than usual, and with these between Stornoway and
Garynahine occur the great tussocks of our Sphagnum., so large,
indeed, that they attracted the attention of Dr. Moore while
driving along the road, and not more than three of these have yet
been met with. The stems of the moss are much intermixed with
very fine, branched, brown radicles, and in the plant from Wither-
slack is a large admixture of Odontoschisma sphagni, the filiform
radicles of which are interwoven with the stems of the Sphagnum.

very
>hort.

3. Sphagnum papillosum, Lindberg.

Pl. IV.

Dioicous ; more or less ochraceous, the stem with four layers
of cuticular cells. Stem leaves spathulate, rounded and minutely
fringed at apex. Branch leaves closely imbricated, cymbiform-
concave, cucuUate at apex, rounded ovate, broad, their chlorophyl-
lose cells central, enclosed by the hyaline, and densely and
minutely papillose where united to them. Perichaetial bracts
oblong, plicate, their cells of two forms ; in the lower half the
central part consists of narrow, empty, pleurenchymatous cells, the
margins and upper half of porose and fibrose cells.

Synon. — Sph. papillosum, Lindb. in Act. Soc. Sc. Fenn. x. p. 280, in addend.
(1872), in Bot. Not. 1873, p. 45, et in Not. Sallsk. pro Fn. et Fl. Fenn. Foih. 1874,
p. 392. Braithw. in Monthl. Micr. Journ. May 1873, p. 214, pl. 16, etSphag. Brit.
Exsic. n. 3, 4, et 8 ^ (1877).

Sph. obtusifolium, Aucx. p. p.

P 2

36

THE SPHAGNACE^ OR PEAT-MOSSES OF

% I

V Sph. cymbifolium, AucT. p. p. et var. y. ScHiMP. Synops. ed. 2, p. 848 (1876).

Sph. cymbifolium var, a. turgiduni, Martius, F1. Crypt. Erlang. p. 117 (1817).
Nees, in Bryol. Germ. i. p. 8, tab. i, fig. i. Brid. Bry. Univ. i. p. 4. (Sententid
Lindbergii hue pertinet.)

Sph. immersum, Cassebeer, Wetterauische Laubmoose, n. 8 (1832).

Sph. palustre, Brotherus, Musci Fenniae Exsic. n. 43 (187 1).

Dioicous ; in lax distinct tufts, or intermixed with other
species ; pale ochraceous or pale brownish green, never tinged
with purple.

Stems 4-10 in. high, simple or bipartite, stout, fragile, reddish
brown ; cells of the peripheral layers strongly incrassate, dark
brown ; cuticular cells in four strata, those of the innermost and
outermost layer being the smallest, the external without fibres, but
with several pores. Stem leaves reflexed and appressed to stem,
cucullate, spathulate-linguiform, rounded, obtuse and slightly fim-
briate at apex, somewhat auricled at base, margin plane, serrulate ;
lowest basal cells brownish, globose, incrassate, above rhombic,
faintly fibrose, and with a single foramen at back.

Ramuli 3-5 in a fascicle, two divergent, short, acute, the rest
dependent, attenuated, appressed to stem ; cuticular cells densely
fibrose, rectangular, with a large foramen at upper end.

Leaves of divergent branches dense, rigid, patent, slightly
auricled, coloured brown at apex ; lowest small, obliquely ovato-
triangular, with a broad hyaline border, median very broadly ovate,
cymbiform-concave, rounded obtuse at apex, deeply cucullate,
bordered with a single row of very narrow cells, margin densely
serrulate above.

Cells at base as in the stem leaves ; all the hyaline internally
where their walls are united with those of the chlorophyllose cells,
densely and minutely papillose ; median prosenchymatous with
dense spiral and annular fibres, and several large marginal
foramina on the under surface ; upper rhombic, with foramina also
on the upper surface, and in the apical the foramen at back is so
large that nearly all the membrane disappears, and thus the
tuberculate appearance is produced ; in section the chlorophyl-
lose cells are narrowly elliptical, central, and enclosed by the
hyaline.

Perichaetia several, placed in the coma ; bracts about eighteen,
large, accrescent, erect, oblong, rounded, truncate and cucullate at
apex, channelled-plicate ; cells in the middle of lower half of two
forms, very large and long, pleurenchymatous without papillae or

EUROPE AND NORTH AM EPJCA.

37

fibres, and chlorophyllcse ; in the upper ha ! ;>apilIose and fibrose
with foramina on both sides, as are also thi marginal nearly to
base.

Capsule subglobose, brown ; spores ferruginous.

Male plants in distinct tufts, resembling the female ; amentula
apical on divergent branches, ochraceous or brownish ; bracts round,
cochleari-concave, with the structure like that of the branch leaves ;
the barren branches of the coma few and short, as compared with
those of Sph. cymbifolium.

Hab. — The smaller peat-bogs in subalpine districts, and especially in drains and
cuttings filled with water. Fr. July.

Europe. — Finland : First found at Helsingfors by Lindberg, and since in various
other places and in the islands of Hogland and Aland. Sweden, Norway : Dovrefjeld,
Christiania, &c. (Blytt). Germany, Westjihalia, &c. England: Darnholm, Goathland,
Yorkshire (Braithwaite) ; Penzance (Curnow) ; Barrowfield, intermixed with Spk.
cymlnfolium, and Witherslack Moss, Westmoreland, in fine fruit (Barnes). Scotland:
Ben Lawers, Perthshire ; moors near Loch Achilty, Ross, and near Garynahine, Isl.
Lewis, Hebrides (Braithwaite) ; Dalfroo and Dalbrake bogs, Strachan, Kincardine,
and Reawick, Shetland (Sim). Ireland: Killarney, Brandon Mountains, &c. (Moore,
Lindberg).

N. America. — Has been found mixed with Sph. cymbifolium.

This elegant species has, no doubt, been always mistaken for
Sph. cymbifolium, but in the growing state it has quite a different
aspect, being a coarser and more rigid plant, and when removed
from the water the branches retain their position and do not fall
down and collapse against the stem, and they are much shorter
and less attenuated at points.

The plants are generally more or less tinged with ochraceous,
and this tint is most conspicuous on the apices of the branch leaves,
showing much more affinity to Sph. Auslini than to Sph. cymbi-
folitim. The papillae which cover the internal walls of the
combined hyaline and chlorophyllose cells are somewhat variable
in distinctness, but with a good illumination are seen to differ in
size and to be in form of a low obtusely-pointed cone. Professor
Schimper strangely regards these characters as of small impor-
tance, and not sufficient to constitute a species.

Var. /8. confertum, Lindb.

Plants much smaller, dense, frequently dichotomous. Branch
leaves round, deeply cochleari-concave and obtuse. Bracts of peri-
chsetium shorter.

-v->-

38

THE '- 'HAGNACEyE OR PEAT-MOSSES OF

SvNON. — LiNDB. Notis. ur Siillsk. pro Fn. et FI. Fenn. Forh. xiii. p. 400 (1874).
Braithw. Monthl. Micr. Journ. May 1873, p. 215, et Sphag. Brit. Exsic. n. 5
(1877).

Had. — In marshes on drier subalpine heaths.

Europe. — Finland: In Ostrobothnia (Lackstrom), Helsingfors (Lindberg),
Isl. Aland (Bomansson). Denmark : In Isl. Sjaelland (Lange), and Jylland (Jensen).
England: Penzance, Cornwall (Curnow) ; Yanaton Down, Devon, mixed with
Sph. cymbifolium (Holmes) ; Sutton Park, Warwick (Bagnall) ; Mardale, Westmore-
land, and Stockton Forest, York (Stabler) ; New Forest, Hants (George) ; Wheel-
dale, Goathland, York (Braithwaite). Scotland: Strath Carve, Ross, and Isl. Lewis,
Hebrides (Braithwaite). Ireland: Near Lough Bray, Wicklow, and Connor Hill,
Kerry (Lindberg) ; in Antrim (Moore).

Of this variety there are two forms, one denser and generally
much tinged with ochraceous, which in this country appears to be
the most widely distributed state of the species, the other laxer,
taller, and entirely green, appears to prefer more shady places, and
is well represented by the Sutton Park specimens. Lindberg
records that it has also been sent from Java by Teysmann, where
it grows among the roots of orchids, and that it is analogous to
var. congestum of Sph. cymbifolmm.

Var. y. stenophyllum, Lindb.

Plants more or less pale lurid green, short, dense, and irregu-
larly branched. Branch leaves ovate-oblong, less concave and
cucullate, and almost entire above.

Synon. — Lindb. Notis. ur Sallsk. pro Fn. et Fl. Fenn. Forh. xiii. p. 401 (1874).
Braithw. Monthl. Micr. Journ. May 1873, p. 215 ; et Sphag. Brit. Exsic. n. 6.

Hab. — In wet bogs and edges of pools.

Europe. — Finland : Isl. Hogland (Lindberg). England: Penzance, Cornwall
(Curnow); Staveley, Westmoreland (Barnes); Rowdsey Moss, Ulverston, Lanca-
shire (Miss Hodgson).

This is the rarest form with us, and has not yet been found
with fruit ; it corresponds to the var. squarrostilunt of Sph. cymbi-
folmm. The specimen n. 10 in most copies of my Exsiccata is
this plant.

4. Sphagnum cymbifolium (Ehrhart), Hedw.

Pl. v.

Dioicous, pale green, often tinged with purple, the stem with
three layers of cuticular cells. Stem leaves smaller, with smaller
cells. Branch leaves less rigid, more elongated, their hyaline cells

EUROPE AND NORTH AMERICA.

39

smaller, not papillose internally where united to the chlorophyllose
cells, which are rearer to the concave surface of leaf.

Perichaetial bracts more obtuse, the central cells much smaller
and shorter,

Synon. — Mitscus terrcstris vulgatissimus, Parkinson, Theatr. Botan. p. 1306
(1640).

Muscus paliistris terrestri similis, Ray, Cat PI. Angl. p. 208 (1670); Syn. ed. i,
p. 18, 9 (1690).

Muscus palustris in ericeiis nascem floridus, Plukenet, Phytogr. i. t. loi, f. i
(1691). Ray, Synops. ed. i, app. p. 241 (1690).

Muscus palustris albicans terrestri similis, capitulis erectis branbus, pedicuUs etiatn
brevissimis insidentibus, Ray, Syn. ed. 2, p. 37, 4 (1696).

Sphagnum cauliferuin et ramosum palustrc tnolle candicaus, reflexis rauiulis^foHolis
latioribus, Dillen. Cat. Giss. p. 219 (17 19), et in Ray, Syn. ed. 3, p. 104, i
(1724).

Sphagnum palustrc molle deflexum, squamis cymbiformibus, Dill. Hif ' Muse,
p. 240, t 32, f. I (1741), et Herbar. fol. 32, n. i.

Sph. palustrc a, L., Sp. PI. ii. p. 1106 (1753). Huds. F1. Angl. p. 395 (1762).
Fl. Danica, t. 474(1769). Weiss, Crypt. Getting, p. 263(1770). Wither. Bot.
Arr. Br. Veg. ed. i, p. 659 (1776). Relhan, Fl. Cantab, p. 394, n. 770 (1785).
SiBTH. Fl. Oxon. p. 273 (1794). Abbot, Fl. Bedf. p. 228, n. 743 (1798). Hull,
Brit. Fl. pt. 2, p. 245 (1799). LiNDB. Act. Sec. Scient. Fenn. x. p. 8 (1871).

Sph. palustrc cymbifolium, Ehrh. Hannov. Mag. 1780, p. 235.

Sph. cymbi/olium, Hedw. Fund. Muse, ii. p. 86, t. i, f. i (1782). Schrank,
Baierseh. Fl. ii. p. 434 (1789). Swartz, Muse. Suec. p. 19 (1798). Br' Muse.
Ree. ii. pt. i, p. 21 (1798); Sp. Muse. i. p. 12 (1816); Mant. Muse. p. . ^1819);
Bryol. Univ. i. p. 2 (1826). Rohl. Moosgeseh. Deutsehl. p. 28 (1800). Schultz,
Fl. Starg. p. 275 (1806). P. Beauv. Prodr. p. 87 (1805). N. Hsch. St, Bryol.
Germ. i. p. 6 (1823). C. Mull. Synops. i. p. 91 (1849). Wils. Bryol. Brit.
p. 17, t. 4(1855). Sull. Mosses of United States, p. 11, n. i (1856). Schimp.
Torf. p. 69, t. 19 (1858) ; Synops. Muse. Eur. p. 684 (i860) ; et ed. 2, p. 847 (1876).
LiNDB. in Ofv. K. Vet. Ak. Forh. xix. p. 143, n. 14 (1862). Schlieph. in Vtrh. Z. B.
Gesel. Wien, 1865, p. 412. Klingg. in Sehr. der K. Phys. OLk. Gesel. zu Konigs.
1872, p. 9. MiLDE, Bryol. Siles. p. 395 (1869). Hartm. Sk. Fl. ed. 6, p. 435. Hobk.
Syn. Br. Moss. p. 23 (1873). Braithw. Sphag. Brit. Exsic. n. 7 and 8 (1877).

Sph. obtusi/olium, Ehrh. PI. Crypt, n. 241 (1792). Roth, Fl. Germ. iii. p. 118
(1793). HoFFM. Deutsehl. Fl. ii. p. 21 (1795). Web. Mohr, Bot. Tasehen. p. 72
(1807). Schkuhr, Deut. Moose, p. 13, t. 5 (1810). Voit, Muse. Herbip. p. 10
(1812). Sturm, Deutsehl. Fl. ii. 12. Rohl. Deutsehl. Fl. iii. p. 35 (1813). Funck,
Samml. n. 229; Moos-taseh. t. 2 (1821). Hook. Tay. Muse. Br. p. 3, t. 4 (1818).
Mart. Fl. Cr. Erlang. p. 117 (1817). Gray, Nat. Arr. Brit. PI. i. p. 709 (1821).

Sph. latifolium, Hedw. Sp. Muse. p. 27 (1801). Turn. Muse. Hib. p. 5 (1804).
Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 1145 (1804); Eng. Bot. t. 1405 (1805). Schwag. Suppl. I. pt. r,
p. 12 (1811). Wahlen. Fl. Lapp, p, 300 (1812); Fl. Carpat. p. z^t, (1814).
Zenk. Dietr. Muse. Thuring. fasc. i, n. 19 (1821).

Sph. vulgare, MiCHX. Fl. Bor.-Amer. ii. p. 285 (1803).

Dioicous ; growing in large masses, usually unmixed with other
species, pale greenish white, frequently tinged with purple.

40

THE SPHAGNACE^ OR PEAT-MOSSES OF

I

Stems 6-12 in. high, simple or bipartite, robust, reddish
brown ; cells of the peripheral layers strongly incrassate, brownish
red ; cuticular cells in 3-4 strata, the innermost being the largest,
the external rectangular, fibrose, and with several foramina. Stem
leaves reflexcd, small, lingulate-spathulate, very slighdy fimbriate
at the rounded apex ; cells all smaller and narrower than in Sph.
papillosum, the basal hyaline ; fibres and pores usually absent.

Ramuli 4-5 in a fascicle, 2-3 divergent, arcuate, turgid, acute
and attenuated at apex, the others pendent, attenuated, appressed
to stem ; cuticular cells densely fibrose, rectangular, foraminate,
without any mixture of retort cells.

Leaves of divergent branches dense, soft, ovate, deeply concave,
more prolonged and a little recurved at apex, which does not differ
in colour from the rest of the leaf, and is also less cucullate, more
entire and less serrulate t'l.an in Sph. papillostim ; when dry the
margins are often distinctly undulated. Cells much smaller, the
hyaline internally never papillose on the periphery, the chloro-
phyllose subtrigono-ovate, and somewhat nearer to the concave
margin of the section.

Perichaetial bracts laxer, less cucullate and plicate, rounded
obtuse at apex; cells very small in centre of bract, all the lower
uniform prosenchymatico-rectangular, with several rows of normal
hyaline ones at margin, the upper part bordered by a series of
very long narrow cells.

Spores ochraceous. Male plants with short, ochraceous, purplish
or olivaceous amentula placed in the coma ; the bracts cochleari-
concave, resembling the branch leaves in structure.

Hab. — Deep bogs and turbaries in the lowlands. Frequent throughout Europe
and N. America. Fr. July.

This species is the type of Linnseus's Sph. pahistre, and
Lindberg retains the same appellation for it; but since Linnaeus
referred all the Sphagna to it, I prefer to use the name by which
it was first distinguished as a separate species.

This peat-moss is very variable in size and colour, and sometimes
forms beds of great extent, free from admixture with other species,
but occasionally it may be found growing intermixed with Sph.
papillosum, each retaining its distinctive characters. It may
generally be distinguished from the latter species by its softer and
more attenuated branches, with the leaves of thinner texture, with

'

EUROPE AND NORTH AMERICA.

41

longer and narrower points, and the chlorophyllose cells narrower
and quite smooth.

No. 8 ^ of my Exsiccata belongs to Sph. papillosum^ and if
contrasted with the male plant of Sph. cymbifolium it will be seen
that the inflorescence stands out almost free from barren comal
branches, while in Sph. cymbifolium they are long and closely sur-
round the male amentula ; the colour of the latter species also,
generally partakes somewhat of a bluish white tint.

Var. /8. congestum, Sciiimp.

Stems 2-5 in. high, densely tufted in large, compact cushions,
pale yellow, bluish red or brownish purple above, intermixed
with green, dirty brownish yellow below, somewhat rigid. Stem
leaves often fibrose in the upper part. Branches densely crowded,
ascending, short, thick, fusiform, their leaves very concave and
closely imbricated ; pendent ones very slender, often white.

Synon. — Sph. cymbifolium var. congestum, Schimp. Torfm. p. 69, t. xix. f. /3 i ;
Synops. p. 685, et ed. 2, p. 848. Braithw. Sphag. Brit. Exsic. n. 10.
Sph. compactutn, Brid. Bry. Univ. p. p. (sec. Schimper).
Sph. cymbifolium var. compactum, et var. purpurascms, Russow, Torfm. p. 80.

Hab. — In drier parts of extensive peat-moors, and places cleared of turf. Frequent,

This variety is remarkable for the various tints it assumes,
and these are not always preserved by drying, but often become
dull blue or brown. It also occurs under two forms ; one in ex-
tremely dense cushions of large size, as in specimens from Wither-
slack, Westmoreland, sent by Mr. Barnes ; the other laxer, and of a
more rosy tint above and pale below, very conspicuous by the
abundant heads of deep purple male inflorescence. In some copies
of my Exsicc. specimens of Sph. papillosum var. stenophyllum
have been placed under No. 10 by mistake.

Var. y. sqtiarrosultim, N. Hsch. St.

Plants slender, in loose dark -green tufts, often with a dingy
shade below ; divergent branches turgid, loose, their leaves more
pointed and patulous, somewhat squarrose, those of the comal
branches distinctly squarrose.

SvNON. — N. Hsch. St. Bryol. Germ. i. p. 8 (1823). Brid. Bry. Univ. i. p. 4.
Russow, Torfm. p. 80. Braithw. Sphag. Brit. Exsic. n. 9.

Sph. cymbifolioides, Breutel, in Regens. Flora, 1824, p. 435. Brid. Bry. Univ.
i. p. 749.

Hab. — In woods and shady banks of ditches.

lii,

M

i 4:

i ':l

.■.(

4*

THE SPHAGNACE^ OR PEAT-MOSSES OF

This variety is not so frequent as the typical form, into which
it gradually passes, and the stem leaves have usually their apical
cells fibrose, and with one or two large pores. It sometimes grows
intermixed with the true Sph. sgttarrosum, as in the specimens from
Sutton Park, issued in my Exsiccata.

Group B.— SUBSECUNDA.
Plants soft, slender. Branches terete, their cuticular cells empty ;
branch leaves erecto-patent or somewhat imbricated, usually sub-
secund, ovate, rather obtuse with the apex truncate, the margin
involute in the upper half.

5. Sphagnum tenellum, Ehrhart.

Pl. VI.

Dioicous, slender, e> tremely fragile, pale greenish yellow, the
stem with two layers of c'lcular cells. Stem leaves ovate-oblong,
with a broadish border of narrow cells. Branches with large
retort cells recurved at neck ; branch leaves ovato-lanceolate,
3-toothed at apex, with a broad border ; hyaline cells porose on the
upper surface, reticulate-fibrose ; chlorophyllose cells triangular,
interposed between the hyaline at back.

SyNON. — Sph, tmellum, Ehrh. in Herb. Petrop. (1795), teste Lindberg.
HoFFM. Deutschl. Fl. ii. p. 22, n. i, in obs. (1796). Persoon, Mss. in Herb.
Swartzii. Brid. Mant. MiuiC. p. i (1819), et Bryol. Univ. i. p. 4 (1826). Rohl.
Moosgesch. Deutschl. i. p. 42. Hartm. Skand. Fl. ed. 9, ii. p. 83 (1864). Lindb.
in 6fv. K. Vet. Ak. Forli. xix. p. 142, n. 13 (1862). Jensen, in Nat. For. Vid.
Medd. 1863, p. 238. Fl. Danica, t. 2755 (1867). Hobk. Syn. Br. Moss. p. 23
(1873). Braithw. Sphag. Brit. Exsic. n. 11 (1877). Non Nees, Hsch. St. Bryol.
Germ., nee Funck, Taschenh.

Sph. cymbifoliwn var. tenellum, Brid. Muse. Rec. ii. pt. i, p. 24 (1798).
SwARTZ, Adnot. Bot. p. 71.

Sph. obtusifolium var. tenellum, Web. Mohr, Bot. Tasch. p. 72 (1807).

Sph. mollusaim, Bruch, in Regens. Fl. 1825, ii. p. 633. Moug. Nestl. St.
Crypt. Vog.-Rhen. fasc. 9, n. 808 (1826), cum obs. " Testante ccl. Persoon in litt.
species a suo Sph. tcnello vix ac ne vix diversa." Brid. Bry. Univ. i. p. 753. HOben.
Muse. Germ. p. 26 (1833). C. MOll. Syn. Muse. i. p. 95 (1849); Deutschl. Moos,
p. 125 (1853). WiLS. Bry. Brit. p. 19, t. Ix. (1855). Hartm. Skand. Fl. ed. 7,
p. 398 (1858). ScHiMP. Torfm. p. 71, t. 21 (1858); Synops. p. 682 (i860), et
ed. 2, p. 846 (1876). Berkel. Handb. Br Moss, p. 306, t. 2, fig. 3 (1863). Milde,
Bryol. Siles. p. 394 (1869). Schlieph. in Verb. Z. B. Gesel. Wien, 1865, p. 406.
Klinggr. in Schr. der K. Phys. OLk. Gesel. zu Konigs. 1872, p. 9.

Dioicous ; in dense soft tufts, pale greenish yellow or tinged
with ochraceous above.

EUROPE AND NORTH AMERICA.

43

Stems 2-6 in. high, slender, extremely fragile, simple or bipar-
tite, straw-coloured ; cells of the peripheral layers yellowish ; cuticular
cells in two layers, small, without pores. Stem leaves large, erecto-
patent or reflexed, ovate-oblong, slightly narrowed toward the
point, which has several short, obtuse teeth, minutely auricled ;
margin incurved, broadly bordered with very narrow elongated
cells ; hyaline cells in the upper half densely fibrillose with few pores,
below narrow and empty.

Ramuli 2-3 in a fascicle, 1-2 divergent, short, rather obtuse,
pale red ; cuticular cells very unequal, smallest quadrate ; retort cells
large, numerous, recurved, and projecting at the attenuated apex,
which is perforated and of a yellow colour. •

Leaves of the divergent branches patent or laxly incumbent,
sometimes subsecund, broadly ovate or ovato-lanceolate, with 3-5
small teeth at apex, incurved at margin in the upper part ; border
of about four rows of extremely narrow elongated cells; hyaline
cells broadly rhombic above, three times longer than broad below,
all with numerous strong reticulose fibrils, and many small pores on
the upper surface ; in section the hyaline cells are prominent and
confluent on the inner surface, but separated at back by the inter-
posed triangular chlorophyllose cells.

Perichjetia placed in the coma and upper fascicles, the bracts
large, imbricated, outer oblongo-lanceolate, inner ligulate, densely
fibrillose in the upper half

Capsule globose, small, thin-walled, ochraceous brown ; spores
sulphur-coloured.

Male plants in distinct tufts, or rarely intermixed with the
female and resenbling them ; amentula small, orange-coloured ;
the bracts broadly ovate, resembling the branch leaves in structure,

Hab. — Spongy open heaths and wet hollows in hilly places. Fr. May and June.

Europe. — Scandinavia; /requent. Sporadically through Silesia, Westphalia,
the Black Forest, North Germany, the Vosges, Belgium, &c. England: Lancashire,
Yorkshire, Westmoreland, Sussex, Kent (very fine at Keston Common), and other
counties. Scotland: In Perthshire, Forfar, Ross, Kincardine, and other counties ;
Shetland at N. Maven (Sim). Ireland : Kerry and other counties (Dr. Moore).

N. America. — Sparingly in the northern States.

This delicate little Sphagnum, is a striking object when in fruit,
as this is produced in abundance, and renders it very conspicuous r
while in the barren state it has, no doubt, been frequently over-
looked. It is most readily known by the large, curved retort cells

r

44

THE SPHAGNACE^ OR PEAT-MOSSES OF

of the branches, beautiful yellow-green colour, and leptodermous
capsules ; and it also often grows intermixed with other species.
The name tenellum was first applied to this species, we are in-
formed by Professor Lindberg, by Ehrhart, as indicated by a spe-
cimen in the St. Petersburg herbarium, and the same species
received the same name from Persoon, as proved by a specimen
from him, preserved in Swartz's herbarium, and a description
is given by Bridel hi his Mantissa Muscorum (1819); but the
plant does not appear to have been well understood by the older
authors, as small forms of various species appear under the name
tenelhim in their herbaria ; that figured as tenellum in the Bryo-
logia Germanica evidently belongs to Sph. acutifolhim. Bridel also
admits Sph. nwlluscum into the Bryol. Universay but he only copied
the description of Bruch without having seen the plant.

Var. )8. longifolium, Lindb.

Plants shorter, more densely tufted, with crowded branches, and
of a lurid or dingy green colour. Stem leaves longer, the hyaline
cells fibrillose throughout. Branches more attenuated, with longer,
narrower, and more pointed leaves.

Synon. — Braithw. Sphag. Brit. Exsic. n. 12.

Hab. — Finland: Helsingfors (Lindberg). England: Stansfield Moor, Tod-
morden (Nowell, 1846); Cam Gr.lva Moor, Plymouth (Curnow, 18G1); Staveley,
Westmoreland (Barnes, 1878).

This has a different aspect from the typical state of the plant^
owing to its colour being usually of a dirty white ; it also appears
to be much rarer than the ordinary plant.

Var. y. Jluitans, Schimp.

Very long and slender, without any pendent branches, all the
leaves remote ; perichsetia scattered throughout the stem, pseudo-
podia very long.

Synon. — Schimp. Torfm. t. xii. f. 6, 7, 8 ; Synops. Muse. p. 682.

Sph. nwlluscum var. fi. immersum, Schimp. Synops. Muse. ed. 2, p. 846 (1876).

Hab. — In stagnant water of the Marais des Fonts in the Swiss Jura (Lesquereux).
6. Sphagnum laricinum, Spruce.

Pl. VII. AND VIII.

Dioicous, yellowish or pale brownish green ; the stem with
2-3 layers of cuticular cells. Stem leaves small, ovato-triangular,
minutely fimbriate at apex. Branch leaves subsecund, recurved
at point, ovate, pointed, 3-5 toothed at apex ; hyaline cells with

* "utimi

EUROPE AND NORTH AMERICA.

45

numerous minute pores, chlorophyllose cells central, enclosed by the
hyaline, compressed. Perichaetial bracts oblong, obtuse, emarginate.

Synon. — Sph. larichium, Spruce, Mss. 1847. Wils. Bryol. Brit. p. 23, ut
synon, (1855). Angstr. in Ofv. Vet. Ak. Forh. xxi. p. 197 (1864). Lindb. in
Act. Soc. Sc. Fenn. x. p. 263 in not. et p. 280(1872), et in Notis. ur Sallsk. Fn. Fl.
Fenn. Forh. xiii. p. 401 (1874). Sulliv. Icon. Muse. Suppl. p. 17, t. 8 (1875).
ScHLiEPH. in Verb. d. k. k. Zool. Bot. Gesells. in Wien, 1865, p. 408. Hobk.
Synop. Br. Moss. p. 186 (1873). Schimp. Synops. ed. 2, p. 845 (1876). Braithw.
Sphag. BriL Exsic. n. 13 (1877).

Sph. subseatndum, C. MtJLL. Syn. Muse. ii. ). 539 (1851) ; spec, bor.-amer.

Sph. contortu?n, Sull. Mosses Un. St. p. 11, i'. 3 (1856).

Sph. tiegkcium, Angstr. in Ofv. Vet. Ak. Forh. xxi. p. 201 (1864). Lindb. in
Journ. L. Soc. xi. p. 468 (1870). Hartm. Skand. Fi. ed. 10, ii. p. 124 (187 1).
AusT. Muse. Appal, p. 7, n. 26 (1870). Braithw. in Monthl. Micr. Journ. Oct.
1872, p. 157, t. 30.

Sph. airvifolium, Wils. Mss. Hunt, in Mem. Lit. Phil. Soc. Manch. 3rd ser.
iii. p. 233 (1867).

Dioicous ; in lax tufts, pale yellow green, sometimes tinged with
rufous above, sometimes olivaceous. Stems 4-8 in. high, simple or
bipartite, pale, the peripheral layers incrassate, rufous ; cuticular
cells in 2-3 layers, rectangular, without fibres or pores. Stem
leaves reflexed, broadly ovate-oblong, moderately auricled, con-
cave, narrowed upward, the apex obtuse and very minutely
fringed ; margin with a border of extremely narrow cells ; the
hyaline cells of the upper third of leaf fibrose, with a few minute
pores, the rest empty or with a few faintly fibrose at base.

Ramuli 3-4 in a fascicle, 1-2 divergent, arched downward at the
extremity, the others appressed to stem ; their cuticular cells large,
the retort cells cylindric, without any projecting neck.

Leaves of divergent branches when moist laxly imbricated, when
dry erecto - patent, subsecund and subfalcate, somewhat glossy,
ovate-oblong below, lanceolate-acuminate, the two sides somewhat
unequal, very concave, the margin involute in the upper third,
bordered by three rows of extremely narrow elongated cells ; apex
subacute, with 3-5 minute indistinct teeth ; hyaline cells serpentine,
elongated, spiralh fibrose, with very few s'.nall marginal pores ; chlo-
rophyllose cells narrowly elliptic, central, enclosed by the hyaline,
strongly compressed.

Fruit seated in the coma, moderately exserted, perichaetial
bracts oblong, obtuse, scarcely bordered, innermost large, con-
volute, emarginate, the hyaline cells rather small, lower narrow,
upper suboblong with few fibres.

Male amentula short, subclavate, greenish brown, the bracts

46

THE SPHAGNACEyE OR PEAT-MOSSES OF

I

slightly secund, oblong, truncate, with several obtuse teeth, the
areolation as in the branch leaves.

Hab. — In deep bogs. Fr. July and August.

Europe. — Finland: Petrosawodsk (Nylander, 1850); Asikkala, Tavastland
(Norrlin, 1864); Lafsbole, Aland Isl. c. fr. (Bomansson, 1864). Sweden: Skarp-
neck, above Kaia Berget, Stockholm, c. fr. (1858), by Lake Sandsjon (1853), and
at Grycksbo, c. fr. (1854, Lindberg) ; near Orebro, Neriks, c. fr. (i860), and Skoga-
holm (1869, C. Hartman) ; Poor in Skine (i860, Berggren). Norway: Vlrstien,
Dovrefjeld (1854, Zetterstedt). Livland: Near woods at Techelfer (Girgensohn).
Germany: Jungfernhaide, Berlin, c. fr. (No/dmann). England: Terrington Carr,
near Welburn, Yorkshire (1846, Sprucey; Vale Royal Park, Cheshire (1865), and
near Holyhead (Wilson) ; near Bowness and Barbon Fell, Westmoreland (Barnes).
Scotland: Loch Libo, Ayrshire ; near Doune, and Glen Falloch, Perthshire (McKinlay).

N. America. — Cranberry Marshes, Northern Ohio, c. fr. (1849, Sullivant) j
Closter, New Jersey, c. fr. (Austin) ; Sandlake, New York (Peck).

Closely as this species resembles Sph. stibsecundum, it may be
immediately distinguished from it by a section of the stem, which
in the latter species exhibits only a single layer of sharply defined
cuticular cells; in Sph. laricinum there are always two strata of these
cells, and not unfrequently a third more or less complete series of
smaller size is also present. The hyaline cells of the branch leaves
are larger and have fewer pores, and the inner perichaetial bracts
have the apex obtuse with a distinct notch ; the rarity of the fruit,
however, prevents the latter character being often available.
Angstrom seems to have confused the plant with Sph. intermedium,
as he describes the chlorophyllose cells as trigonous, and free on
the dorsal surface of leaf.

Var. /8. terctiusculum, Lindb.

Stems slender, with large oblong, obtuse leaves, somewhat
fringed or toothed at apex. Branches crowded, terete, incurved,
or more or less circinate ; branch leaves short, very broad, concave.

SvNON. — Sph. subsccundum var. ^. isophyUum, Russ. Torfm. p. 73, p. p.

Sph. neglectum var. Aust. Muse. Appal, p. 7, n. 27.

Sph. laricinum var. ;8. iereiiusculum, Lindb. in Notis. ur Siillsk. pro Fn. et Fl.
Fenn, Forh, xiii, p. 402.

Hab. — In marshy places in woods.

Europe. — Finland: Kroksniis, near BorgS, (1861, Saelan) ; Reivilii, Hollola
(1863, Norrlin); Varesjoki, Ostrobothnia (1872, Lackstrom). Swedeti : Loka,
Vestmanland (1854, Hamnstrom) ; between Skutijaur and Storavaviken, Lapland
(1856, Lindberg); and Nammats, Quickjokk (1867, Holmgren). Nonvay : Nystue-
dalen, Dovrefjeld (1865, Berggren). Livland: Techelfer, near Dorpat (Russow).

N. America.— Closter, New Jersey (Austin).

Professor Lindberg states that this corresponds to Sph. subse-
cundtim var. contortum.

f^mmmmmmmM

EUROPE AND NORTH AMERICA.

47

Var. y. platyphyllum (Sull.), Lindb.

Stems short, with Ungulate leaves which are distinctly auricled.
Branches short, rather obtuse, with imbricated leaves which are
rounded ovate, pointed, very broad and concave.

SvNON. — Sph. subseamdum var. /?. isophyllum, Russ. Torfm. p. 73, p. p.
Sph. platyphyllum^ n. sp. ? vel. var. Sph. neglecHl Sull. Mss. Dec. 1868.
Sph. cochlearifolium^ WiLS. Mss. in Herb, suo (Mus. Brit.).
Sph. laricinum var. platyphyllum, Lindb. in Notis. ur Sallsk. pro Fn. et Fl. Fenn.
Forh. xiii. p. 403 (1874). Braithw. Sphag. Brit. Exsic. n. 14 (1877),

Hab. — In peaty places, among short grass. Rare.

Europe. — Finland: Hardom, in Nyland (Arrhenius, 1868); Asikkala, in Tavast-
land (Norrlin, 1864); Sarvivaara, in Ostrobothnia (Lackstrom); Karesuanto, in
Lapland (Norrlin, 1867). Sweden: Olsbacka, in Gestrikland (R. Hartman, 1855) ;
Grycksbo, in Dalame (Lindberg, 1854) ; Norrlunda, Lapland (J. Angstrom, i860).
Nonvay : Ullensager, Romerige, c. fr. (Blytt) ; Sogndalsvand (Wulfsberg, 1867)5
Nystuhoe, Dovrefjeld (Berggren, 1865). Esthland : Seewald, Reval (Russow).
Scotland: Perthshire, shore of Loch Katrine (Mr. Lyle, 1852) ; Ben Ledi (Dr. Stirton).
Wales : Top of pass between Aber and Llanwrst (Professor Lawson, 1874).

N. America. — New Jersey (SuUivant).

This corresponds to var. auriculatum of Sph. subseamdum, and
is usually more stunted in growth than the other forms of the
species.

Var. 8. cyclophyllum (Sull. Lesq.), Lindb.

Stems short, turgid, 1-4 in. long, quite simple or with one or
more short solitary branches, pale and glaucous. Stem leaves very
large, widely orbicular-ovate, flaccid, deeply concave. Capsules
small, globose, immersed in a lateral bud-like perichsetium ; the
bracts oblong-ovate, concave, eroso-truncate at apex.

Synon. — Sph. obtusifolium var. 8. turgidum (non Brid.), Hk. Wils. in Drumm.
Muse. Bor.-Amer. sen 2, n. 17 (1841).

Sph. cyclophyllum, Sull. Lesq. Muse. Bor.-Amer. ed. i, n. 5 (1856). Sull.
Mosses of Un. St. p. 11, n. 7 (1856) ; Icon. Muse. p. 13, t. 6 (1864), ct id. Suppl.
p. 16, t. 7 (1874). Austin, Muse. Appal, p. 11, n. 25 (1870).

Sph. subsecundum var. y. simplicissimum, Milde, Bryol. Siles. p. 393 (1869)?

Sph. Drummondii, Wils. Mss. in Herb, suo (Mus. Brit).

Hab. — ^VVet mountain heaths.

o

Europe. — Finland: Eckero, in the Aland Islands (Renter and Elfving, 1871).
Silesia : Kuhplan, near Langwaltersdorf and Gorbersdorf (Milde) ?

N. America. — New Orleans (Drummond) ; mountains of Alabama (Lesquereux) ;
New Jersey (James) ; Southern New Jersey, c. fr. (Austin).

This variety corresponds to Sph. subsecujidmn var. obes7im,
and differs so completely in aspect from the typical state that few
botanists would refer them to the same species ; some of the

48

THE SPHAGNACE^ OR PEAT-MOSSES OF

\

Finland specimens, however, distinctly show the transition between
it and the var. platyphyllum, while the structure of the stem and
leaves agrees perfectly with that of the other forms, and thus con-
firms the accuracy of Professor Lindberg's diagnosis. Milde's
plant is doubtfully referred here by Lindberg, and it is very desirable
that original specimens should be examined, as Mr. Boswell sends
me a form of Sph. subsecundum, which is almost equally free from
branches ; this may possibly be a seedling condition, growing with
closely aggregated stems, and identical with Milde's specimen.

7. Sphagnum subsecundum, Nees, v. Esenb.

Pl. IX. AND X.

Dioicous, dull green, olivaceous or rufescent ; the stem dark
brown, with a single layer of cuticular cells. Stem leaves small,
broadly ovate, very minutely fimbriate at apex. Branch leaves
more or less subsecund, broadly acuminato-elliptic, 3-5 toothed at
apex ; hyaline cells very small, with numerous minute pores at
margins ; chlorophyllose cells central, enclosed by the hyaline,
compressed. Perichaetial bracts oblong, acutely pointed.

Synon. — Sph. subsecundum, Nees, in Sturm's Deutschl. Fl. Crypt, fasc. 17 (18 19).
FuNCK, Moos-Taschenherb. p. 4, t. 2 (182 1). Nees et Hornsch. Bryol. Germ. i. p.
17. t. 3, f. 7 (1823). Brid. Bryol. Univ. i. p. 8 (1826). HOben. Muse. Germ. p. 26
(1833). C. MtiLL. Synops. i. p. loo (1849). Schimp. Torfm. p. 74, t. 22 (1858) ;
Synops. p. 682 (i860), et ed. 2, p. 843 (1876). Lindb. in Ofv. K. Vet. Ak. Forh.
xix. p. 141. n. II (1862). Hartm. Skand. Fl. ed. 9, ii. p. 82 (1864). Russow,
Torfm. p. 71 (1865). ScHUEPH. in Verb. Z. B. Gesel. Wien, 1865, p. 406. Fl.
Danica, t. 2754, excl. f. 6 et v. (1867). Klingg. in Schr. der K. Phys. CEk. Gesel.
zu Konigs. 1872, p. 8. Milde, Bryol. Siles. p. 392 (1869). Braithw. Sphag. Brit.
Exsic. n. 15 (1877). HoBK. Syn. Br. Moss. p. 25 (1873).

Sph. contortum var. /3. subsecmidum, Wils. Bry. Brit. p. 22, t. Ix. (1855).

Dioicous ; tall, slender, in soft tufts of various colours, glaucous
green, yellowish green, brownish or ochraceous. Stem solid, brown
or blackish, somewhat glossy, with a single thin layer of cuticular
cells without pores ; those of the peripheral layers deep brown.
Stem leaves small, from a broad base, broadly ovate, minutely
auricled, cucuUate at apex, but finally flattened, and very minutely
fringed ; bordered by four rows of extremely narrow cells ; upper
hyaline cells broader, densely fibrose and porose, the lower longer
and narrower without fibres and pores, or sometimes furnished with
them to the base.

Ramuli. about four in a fascicle, 2-3 arcuato-patulous, 1-2

EUROPE AND NORTH AMERICA.

49

pendent, less elongated, not appressed to stem, the retort cells
perforated at the slightly recurved apex. Leaves of the divergent
branches laxly incumbent or patent, more or less secund and
subfalcat:e at apex, broadly elliptic, acuminate, very concave, with
the margin involute in the upper half, narrowly bordered, the point
with 3-5 small teeth ; hyaline cells very small, flexuose, elongated,
with annular and spiral fibres, and numerous minute pores in a row
at each margin ; chlorophyllose cells enclosed by the hyaline,
central, strongly compressed.

Fruit usually seated in the capitulum ; perichsetial bracts laxly
imbricated, elongate oblong, acuminate, fibrose, and with a few
pores in the upper part. Spores ferruginous.

Male plants more slender, in istinct tufts ; the amentula short,
olive green or rufescent ; the bracts broadly ovate, acute, with
incurved bordered margins.

Hab. — Wet heaths and ditches. Fr. July.

Europe. — Generally dijiributed, but not very frequent ; Scandinavia, Germany,
Silesia, Belgium ; Westmoreland, Skeggles Water (Barnes), Bowness (Hunt), Devon-
shire (Holmes)

N. America. — Not common.

Sph. subsecundtim grows in loose tufts, which are often of great
size, and is chiefly remarkable for the multiplicity of forms under
which it presents itself as well as for the variety of hues with which
these are tinted, embracing deep green, every shade of yellow,
ochraceous or brownish green, and various tints of claret colour.
The typical form of the species appears to be the most uncommon,
and is also rare in fruit.

Protean as this plant undoubtedly is, there need never be any
difficulty in its determination, for it is the only European species
with a single layer of cuticular cells to the stem ; the latter is
generally of a very dark brown or black colour, and shines con-
spicuously through the branches when in a moist state.

Var. /3. contorttcm (Schultz), Schimp.

Robust, more or less immersed, yellowish green, tinged
generally with claret colour, ferruginous, ochraceous, or oliva-
ceous. Ramuli crowded, terete, the upper usually more or less
circinate.

Stem leaves large, fibrose. Branch leaves very large and
broad, closely imbricated, not secund, or slightly so when dry,

50

THE SPHAGNACEyE OR FEAT-MOSSES OF

somewhat glossy, the chlorophyllose cells less compressed, the
apex with five or six larger teeth.

Synon. — Sph. contorium, Schultz, Suppl. FI. Starg. p. 64 (1819). Nees, Hsch.
St. Bry. Germ. i. p. 15, t. 2, f. 6 (1823). Brid. Bry. Un. i. p. 7 (1826). WiLS. Bry.
Br. p. 22, pi. 60 (1855). SuLL. Moss. Un. St. p. n, n. 3 (1856). Berkel. Handb.
p. 308 (1863). Klingg. in Schr. der K. Phys. CEk. Gesel. zu Konigs. 1872, p. 8.

Sph. Lesatrii, Sull. Muse. Bor.-Amer. n. 6 (1856) ; Mosses of Un. St. p. 1 1, n. 4.

Sph. subsecundinn var. contoriutn, Schimp. Torfm. p. 75, t. xxii. ^ et xxiii. /3;
Synops. p. 683, et ed. 2, p. 844. Milde, Bry. Siles. p. 393. Braithw. Sphag. Brit.
Exsic. n. 16, 17.

Sph. latifolium var. ^.fluitans, Turn. Muse. Hibern. p. 5 (1804).

Sph. siibsccunduin var. nifescens, N. H. St. Bry. Germ. i. p. i6, t. 2, f. 6*. Brid.
Bry. Un. i. p. 8. Huben. Muse. Germ. p. 26.

Sph. siibsccundtim var. isophyllum, Russow, Torf. p. 73, p.p.

Had. — Ditches in peat-bogs and at margin of pools; frequent throughout
Europe and N. America.

This variety is perhaps the most polymorphous of all the
Sphagna, and in some form or other may generally be met with.
Occasionally it is very large, and presents an intermediate stage to
the var. obesnm; in others the branches are not contorted or but
slightly so in those of the capitulum, or they may be short, ascending,
and of equal length throughout.

Mr. Boswell sends a curious form, which he found floating in a
spring on Mitcheldean Meend, Gloucester: in this the upper branches
are abbreviated, and the rufescent leaves clustered upon them into
a rosette shape. Another, collected by Rev. Aug. Ley, at Trelleck
Bog, Monmouth, has the stems quite simple or with a few solitary
branches, and very long lax leaves : this he regards as probably the
var. simplicissimMm, Milde.

Var. y. aiirimlahim (Schimp.), Lindb.

Plants glaucous green above, pale below ; the stems pale brown
or green. Cauline leaves large. Ungulate-acuminate, subhastate at
base, with large auricles composed of large fibrose utricular cells,
free and perforated at the apex.

Sph. auriailaium, Schimp. Torfm. p. 77, t. xxiv. (1858); Synops. p. 687 (i860),
et ed. 2, p. 844 (1876).

Sph. cy7nbifolium var. y. tenellum, Hartm. Skand. Fl. ed. 7, p. 398 (1858).

Sph. snbsecundum var. aiinculahim, Lindb. in Ofv. K. Vet. Ak. Forh. xix. p. 141
(1862), in obs. sub. n. 11. Schliep. in Verb. Z. B. Gesel. Wien, 1865, p. 411.
Bkaithw. Sphag. Brit. Exsic. n. 19, 20.

Had. — At the margins of pools on heaths.

Europe. — England: Hayward's Heath, Sussex (Mitten) ; Sutton Park, Birming-
ham (Bagnall) ; Witherslack Moss, Westmoreland (Barnes); Lindow Common,

i

\L

m

EUROPE AND NORTH AMERICA.

51

\

Mobberley, Cheshire (Whitehead, 1876) j Eskdale old alum works, Whitby, Yorkshire
(Anderson). Lapland: At Lycksele (Angstrom), and Pitea (Sffilan). Finland: Mt.
Hunneberg, and at Loka, in Westmanland (Hamnstrom) ; at Olsbacka (Hartman) ;
Grycksbo, in Dalarne (Angstrom) ; Isl. Fyen, at Hofmansgave (Hofman-Bang).

Although this plant is still retained as a species by Professor
Schimper, there cannot be the slightest doubt that it belongs to the
series of forms referable to Sph. subsemndum. The stipules or
auricles are most variable in size and structure, and in this species
no two forms possess them in the same degree of development.
Besides the ordinary state, an immersec ibrm occurs which some-
times grows to a large size, and differs in its deep green colour and
weak flabby branches, which collapse when removed from the water.

Var. S. obesum, Wils.

Plants very robust, pale green, tinged with reddish brown.
Branches swollen, obtuse ; branch leaves large, very broad, truncate
at apex and 5-toothed, closely imbricated. Stem leaves very
large, ovate, fibrose in upper part, or sometimes throughout.

Synon. — Sph. contortum var. y. obestim, Wils. Bry. Brit. p. 22 (1855).

Sph. subsecundum var.y. obesum, Schimp. Synops. ed. 2, p. 844 (1876). Braithw.
Sphag. Brit. Exsic. n. 18.

Sph. subsecundum var. turgidum, C. Mull. Synops. i. p. loi. ScHLitPH. 1. c.

Sph. denticttlaUim (MouG. Nestl.), Bridel, Bry. Univ. i. p. 10.

Hab. — In deep pools and ditches. Not common.

Europe. — England: Alderley, Cheshire (Wilson) ; Cam Galva Moor, Penzance,
Cornwall (Curnow) ; Darnholm, Goathland, Yorkshire (Anderson). Scotland: Glen
Prosen, Forfar (Rev. J. Fergusson). Germany: Pegnitz, in Franconia (Arnold);
Kiebitz Bog, near Halle (Schliephacke).

The most robust of all the forms, and in deep water attaining

a great length. It is generally of a dirty reddish-brown colour,

and the fruit is rare and usually produced about the middle of the

stem.

Group C— TRUNCATA.

Plants densely ramulose, forming compact cushion-like tufts.

Branch leaves erecto-patent, broadly oblong-lanceolate, with the

apex truncate and toothed ; the margin involute for nearly all its

length.

8. Sphagnum Angstromii, C. Hartm.

Pl. XL

Dioicous ; robust, pale green. Stem pale, with three layers of

cuticular cells, densely ramulose. Stem leaves obovate-lingulate,

the apex truncate, and slightly fimbriate. Branch leaves broadly

li 2

If

52

THE SPHAGNACE^ OR FEAT-MOSSES OF

I

"I i

ovate-acuminate, truncate, with 6-10 minute teeth ; the chloro-
phyllose cells central, compressed. Perichaetial bracts ovate-
oblong.

o

Synon. — Sph. Angstromii, C. Hartm. Skand. Fl. ed. 7, p. ,399 (1858). Lindb.
in Ofv. K. Vet. Ak. Forh. xix. p. 140, n. 10 (1862). Scuimp. Synops. ed. 2,
p. 842 (1876). Braithw. in Monthl. Micr. Journ. July, 1873, P- ^4> P'- '"'"•

Sph. cymbifotium var. yS. cordifoliutn, Hartm. op. cit. ed. 3-6 p. p.

Sph. insulosum, Angstr. Mss. Schpr. Synops. p. 683 (i860). Milde, Bryol.
Siles. p. 390 (1869). ScHLiEPH. in Verb. Z. B. Gesel. Wien, 1865, p. 405.

DIoicous ; in large, soft, dense, pale green tufts, light brownish-
yellow below. Stems simple or dichotomous, 6-10 in. high,
whitish, with three layers of thin cuticular cells, free from fibres
and pores ; cells of the peripheral layers yellowish white. Cauline
leaves broadly obovate-lingulate, minutely auricled, the apex trun-
cate and slightly eroso-fimbriate ; hyaline cells in upper half
rhomboid, at middle base flexuose-rhomboid, thence to margins
very narrow, flexuose-Hnear, free from pores and fibres, or with a
few faint fibres in the upper part.

Branches crowded, 3-5 in a fascicle, 1-2 patulous, arcuato-
decurved, the rest slender, greatly elongated, appressed to stem;
the retort cells small, cylindric, perforated at the scarcely projecting
apex.

Ramuline leaves densely crowded, indistinctly 5-ranked, when
moist turgidly imbricate, when dry erecto-patent, opake, concave,
widely ovate-acuminate; the apex broadly truncate, with 6-io
minute, unequal, obtuse teeth; the margin incurved in the upper
two-thirds, and with a faint border of two rows of extremely
narrow cells; the hyaline cells annulate-fibrose, minutely and
Sparingly porose, the chlorophyllose cells enclosed by the hyaline,
much compressed ; leaves of the pendent branches with the apex
rounded and indistinctly toothed. Capsules seated in the coma or
upper fascicles, on a thickish white peduncle ; the perichcetium
inflated, oblong, whitish; lower bracts ovate-acuminate, muticous,
middle broadly ovate-oblong, innermost broadly oblong, deeply
concave and often cucullate at apex, all with very narrow linear
areolation, quite free from fibres and pores. Spores ferruginous.
Male plants growing in the same tufts with the female, more
slender, the amentula short, ovate, closely imbricated, pale
green, crowded in the coma ; bracts roundish ovate, in the lower
part of lax widt curved non-porose cells, often free from fibres,

'

\'ri

\

EUROPE AND NORTH AMERICA.

53

becoming denser, fibrose, and porose toward the broadly truncate
toothed apex.

Hab. — Deep marshes In the north of Europe, forming great tufts in the water,
like islands. Fr. July.

Europe. — Karesuando, in Tornean Lapland (Lrestadius, 1825); Lycksele, in
Lulea Lappmark (Angstrom, 1858) ; also in Pilean Lapland, between Lakes
Skutijaur and Storavavikcn, and in many places in Umean Lapland (Angstrom).
Finland: At Kajana (Malmgren) ; Ruovesi (Simming), and Sarvivaara, in Ostro-
bothnia (Brotherus). Norway : Drivstuen, in the Dovrefjeld (Berggren),

This fine species has not much affinity with either of those with
which it ia grouped, nor indeed with any others ; in aspect it most
reminds us of S/>/i. cymbifoliiim, from which it is at once distinguished
by its toothed branch leaves and non-fibrose cuticular cells.

It has not yet been found in America.

9. Sphagnum molle, Sullivant.

Pl. XIL

Monoicous ; in very soft, dense tufts, whitish green above, pale
brown below. Stem with 2-3 strata of cuticular cells. Stem
leaves large, obovato-spathulate, 3-toothed at apex, very narrowly
bordered ; the hyaline cells fibrose and porose in the upper part.
Leaves of divergent branches oblong-ovate, convolute above, the
apex truncate, with 5-6 irregular teeth ; hyaline cells prominent
and confluent at back, the chlorophyllose triangular, projecting
between the hyaline at the concave surface of leaf.

Synon. — Sph. molle, Sull. Musci AUegh. n. 205 (1845) ; Mosses of Un. St.
p. 13, n. 14 (1856); Ic. Muse. p. 7, t. 4 (1864).

Sph. tabulare, Sull. Muse. Allegh. n. 204 ; Mosses of Un. St. p. 12, n. 13.
Sph. compactum 8. ramulosum, C. Mtii.L. Syn. Muse. ii. p. 539 (1851).

Monoicous or dioicous ? growing in soft, densely cushioned tufts ;
yellowish green or whitish green above, pale brown below. Stem
3-5 in. high, pale green, slender, with 2-3 layers of non-porose
cuticular cells, those of the peripheral layers pale yellowish. Stem
leaves large, closely set, obovate-spathulate, minutely auricled,
patent and deflexed ; the margin involute above, very narrowly
bordered ; apex with three teeth and a few smaller ones below ;
hyaline cells weakly fibrose in the upper third.

Ramuli crowded, 3-4 in a fascicle, nearly alike, short, slender,
divergent or ascending ; the retort cells elongated, a litde recurved
at apex. Branch leaves divergent or subsquarrose, oblong-ovate,

54

THE SPHAGNACEyE OR PEAT-MOSSES OF

concave, convolute above, very narrowly margined ; the apex
truncate, and with 5-6 irregular teeth ; the hyaline cells angulato-
fusiform, very prominent and confluent at the back, with annular
and spiral fibres, and a few large pores; chlorophyllose cells
slender, triangular, projecting between the hyaline at the concave
surface of leaf Capsules in the capitulum or upper fascicles, peri-
chcetium not separating, the upper bracts broadly oblong-ovate,
convolute, with 2-3 irregular teeth at apex, the lower cells
elongate hexagono-rhomboid, the upper normal, free from fibres
and pores.

Male amentula short, thick, purple, placed in the coma ; the
bracts oblong, obtuse.

Hab.— By moorland streams and sandy springs.

N. America. — Mountains of N. Carolina (Gray) ; Tallulah Falls, Georgia
(Lesquereux).

Professor Lindberg was the first to identify Sph. Millleri with
the American Sph. molle, and undoubtedly they only constitute a
single species, yet, as certain differences exist between them, I
have deemed it best still to maintain Sph. Miilleri as a variety.

Taking the original plant issued in the Mnsci Alleghanienses as
the type, it presents a different aspect to Sph. Miilleri in that its
branch leaves are shorter, broader, more divergent, and slightly
squarrose, the stem leaves without fibres in the lower half, and the
plants more rigid and of a greener colour. The specimens are
without fruit, but, according to SuUivant's figure, the apex of the
perichsetial bracts is truncate and not acutely acuminate. As to
the dioicous position of the inflorescence, it is probable that some
error exists, as in Sph. Miilleri the male amentula are certainly very
rare, and appear to be of short duration ; I have observed them in
specimens received from Mr. Sim, and in these they were very
short, and of a rich purple colour.

That Sullivant did not clearly understand his plant is evident,
as, in his two Exsiccata, forms of Sph. molle are referred to four
different species.

Var. ^. Muelleri (Schimp.), Braithw.

Pale whitish green, soft. Branches longer, patulous or ascend-
ing, the pendent branches slender, short. Stem leaves more
elongated, the hyaline cells strongly fibrose and porose except near

■

[..

m\

EUROPE AND NORTH AMERICA.

55

the base. Branch leaves longer, oblong-lanceolate. PcrichcCtial
bracts lanceolate, acuminate, the apex with 4-5 irregular teeth,
hyaline cells fibrose.

Synon. — Sph. tnolluscoUes, C. MDll. Synops. i. p. 99 (1849).

Sp/i. Mi'kri, ScHiMP. Torfm. p. 73, t. 26 (1858); Synops. p. 686 (i86o),ct
ed. 2, p. 841 (1876). LiNDB. in Ofv. K. Vet. Ak. Forh. xix. p. 140, n. 9 (1862).
SuLLiv. Ic. Muse. p. 9, t. 5 (1864). Russow, Beitr. zur Kennt. Torfm. p. 78 (1865).
ScHLiEPH. in Verh. Z. B. Gesel. VVien, 1865, p. 403.

Sph, molle, Lindb. in Ofv. K. Vet. Ak. Forh. xx. p. 414 (1863). Milde, Bryol.
Siles. p. 391 (1869). Braithw. Sphag. Brit. Exsic. n. 21 (1877)

Hab. — By moorland streams, forming small dense hassocks. Fr. August.

Europe. — Near Jever, in Oldenburg, and at Detmold (C. Muller) ; Estrup, in
Jylland, Denmark (Lange, 1853); Hofmansgave, in Fuen (Hofman-Bang, 1861);
Hoor, in Scania (Berggren) ; Mt. Hunneberg, in Westergothland (Lindberg) ; Silesia ;
Holland ; heaths near Dellbriick and Hoxter, in Westphalia ; Aurich, in Friesland ;
near Baireuth (Arnold). England: Darnholm, Goathland, Yorkshire (Anderson,
1853) ; Brickhill Heath, Bucks (Rev. J. F. Crouch) ; Rowdsey Moss, Ulverston,
Lancashire (Miss Hodgson). Scotland; Ben Lawers (MacKinlay) ; about Straclian
and Banchory (Sim). Shetland : At N. Maven and in Unst (Sim).

N. America. — Mobile (SuUivant).

This plant is probably not uncommon with us, but has doubtless
been passed over as a form of Sph. acuti/olium, from which it may
be at once distinguished by its large fibrose stem leaves, which
want the wide border of narrow cells, so well marked in that
species ; but the barren specimens in some copies of my Exsiccata
are truly Sph. amtifolium.

Var. y. teneruni (Sull. Lesq.), Braitiiw.

Stems 1-2 in. high, densely caespitose, of a dirty white or
yellowish colour. Branches closely crowded, erecto-patent, their
leaves acuminate, somewhat undulate at margin. Perichretial
bracts lanceolate, acuminate, broadly bordered above, fibrillose
in the middle, irregularly 4-5 toothed at apex.

Synon. — Sph. acutlfolium var. ? Sull. Muse. Allegh. n. 203 (1845).
Sph. tenerum, Sull. Lesq. Muse. Bor.-Amer. n. 1 1 ; Mosses of Un. St. p. 1 1, n. 5.
Sph. tabulare, Sull. Lesq. Muse. Bor.-Amer. n. 15 (1856) ; Mosses of Un. St.
p. 12, n. 13 (1856).

Sph. molle var. arctiim, Braithw. Sphag. Brit. Exsic. n. 21V.

Hab. — In drier places among decayed peat.

N. America. — Table Mountain, N. Carolina ; Mobile, Alabama.

Europe. — England : Darnholm, Goathland, Yorkshire (Braithwaite). Scotland :
Dalfroo Bog, Strachan, Kincardine, in fine fruit, growing with Sph. rigidum var.
cotnpactum (Sim, Aug. 1878).

W

56

THE SPHAGNACE^ OR PEAT-MOSSES OF

This is the compact form of the species, and is always of small
size and dingy hue. It strangely got mixed in my Exsiccata with
Sph. acutifolhim var. arctnni, from which it may be readily dis-
tinguished by the structure of the stem leaves.

I

it
■ Xi-

■i

10. Sphagnum rigidum (N. v. Esenb.), Sciipr.

Pl. XIII.

Monoicous ; in dense whitish tufts, tinged with glaucous green
or rufous. Stem with 2-3 strata of cuticular cells. Stem leaves
very small, broadly ovate, the apex rounded, erose. Leaves of
divergent branches, ovate-oblong, very concave; ; the margin in-
flexed ; the apex truncate and toothed ; hyaline cells reticulose
fibred, the chlorophyllose central, compressed.

SvNON. — Sph. compactuin ^. rigUum, Nees, Hsch. St. Bryol. Germ. i. p. 14,
t. 2, f. 5* (1823). Brid. Bryol. Univ. i. p. 17 (1826). C. Mull. Synops. i. p. 99

(1849.

Sph. immersum, Nees, Hsch. St. Bry. Germ. i. p. 11, t. 2, f. 4. Brid. Bry.
Univ. i. p. 9.

Sph. ambiguum, HOben. Muse. Germ. p. 25 (1833).

Sph. rigidum, Schimp. Torfm. p. 65, t. 18 (1858); Synops. p. 678 (i860), et
ed. 2, p. 839 (1876). LiNDB. in Ofv. K. Vet. Ak. Forh. xix. p. 139, n. 8 (1862).
Russow, Torfm. p. 77 (1865). Milde, Bryol. Siles. p. 390 (1869). Hartm.
Skand. Fl. Schlieph. in Verb. Z. B. Gesel. Wien, 1865, p. 401. Klingg. in
Schr. der K. Phys. CEk. Gesel. zu Konigs. 1872, p. 9. Braithw. Sphag. Bi.'t. Exs.
n. 23 (1877).

Monoicous ; in dense, rather rigid tufts, glaucous green above,
whitish below. Stems erect, dark brown or blackish, 4-10 in. high,
densely ramulose, usually 2, sometimes 3-4 partite ; cuticular
cells small, non-porose, in 2-3 strata ; cells of the peripheral
layers dark reddish brown. Stem leaves minute, erect, inserted
obliquely, from a broad base, ovate, or obtusely triangular, with a
rounded erose apex, minutely auricled ; areolation ^ax and rhom-
boidal in the middle, with a broad border of thin narrow cells,
all without fibres or pores, or with the apical cells fibrose and
porose, and a few fibres in the basal cells.

Ramuli 3-4 in a fascicle, short, 1-2 erecto-patent, obtuse, the
others flagelliform, slender, lax -leaved ; cuticular cells larger, the
porose scarcely distinct from the rest. Leaves of the divergent
branches quinquefarious, from an ascending base, erecto-patent,
rigid when dry, ovate-oblong, very concave, somewhat cucullate
at apex, but when flattened out, more or less truncate and obtusely

m

EUROPE AND NORTH AMERICA.

57

toothed ; margi.: inflexed ; hyaline cells wide, rcticulose fibred, with
many unequal pores, the marginal narrow, in two rows, the outer-
most having a longitudinal furrow at the edge ; chlorophyllose
cells enclosed by the hyaline, central, compressed ; leaves of the
pendent branches elongated, narrower, more distant, and imbri-
cated.

Perichretia gemmiform, som'^what curved, not expanding ; the
bracts ovate and oblongo-lanceolate, subfalcate above ; apex with
two teeth, cells with fibres and minute pores as in the branch
leaves.

Capsule rather small, immersed, or moderately exserted.
Spores ochraceous.

Male inflorescence not amentaceous, but with the antheridia
scattered on the pendent branches ; not numerous, yellowish.

Hab. — Marshy heaths and moorlands, and wet mountain slopes. Generally
distributed in Europe and North America, but not frequent. Fr. July.

Rare in Lapland, but very fine and fertile, attaining a height of one foot or more
(Lindberg). Near Arlary, Kinross, Scotland (Dr. (Ireville). Linwood Warren,
Lincolnshire (F. A. Lees) ; Canford Heath, Poole, Dorset (Boswell).

The tall highly-developed state of the plant is very wisely
selected by Schimper to stand as the type of this species, and the
name compactum retained for the short dense form more or less
represented in every species of SpJiagnum ; between the extreme
states we have a gradual series of transition forms which imper-
ceptibly connect one with the other. A remarkable peculiarity is
presented by this species in its perichsetial leaves, the areolation of
which accords with that of the branch leaves, instead of wit): that
of the stem leaves as is almost always the case. The fruit is rare
with us, but Dr. Greville's specimens from Arlary bear it in
abundance.

Var. /3. compactum (De Cand.), Sciiimp.

Plants short, 1-3 in. high, in very dense cushioned tufts ;
branches densely crowded, erect, short, thick and compressed,
their leaves rounded at apex. Colour pale rufescent, dirty white
or pale green, variegated with rufous. Capsules immersed.

Synon. — Sph. compactum, De Cand. F1. Franc, ii. p. 443 (1805). Brid. Sp.
Muse. p. 18 (i8o6); Mantis, p. 3 (1819); Bryol. Univ. i. p. 16 (1826). Schwagr.
Supp. L pt. I, p. 12, t. 3 (181 1). Funck, Moos-tasch. p. 4, t. 2 (182 1). C. Mul:..
Synops. i. p. 98 (1849). Wils. Bryol. Brit. p. 18, t. 61 (1855). Sull. Mosses of

<i

11

58

THE SPHAGNA CEy-E OR PEAT-MOSSES OF

Un. St. p. II, n. 2 (1856). Berkel. Handb. Br. Moss. p. 306, t. 2, f. 2 (1863).
HOBKIRK, Syn. Br. Moss. p. 23 (1873).

Sph, condcnsatum, Sohleich. PI. Crypt. Helv. cent. 2, n. 5 (1804).

Sph. ohtusifolium p.cojidensatttm, Web. Mohr, Bot. Tasch. p. 73(1807). Rohling,
Deutschl. Fl. iii. p. 35 (1813).

Sph. helvctiaim, Schkuhr, Deutsch. Moos. p. 12, t. 3 (1810).

Sph. obtusifoUum y8. fninus. Hook. Tayl. Muse. Br. p. 3(1818). Gray, Nat. Arr.
Brit. Plants, p. 710 (1821).

Sph. pramorsum, Zenker, Dietr. Mujc. Thuring. fasc. i, n. 18 (182 1). Brid.
Bry. Univ. i. p. 17 (ut van S. compacti).

Sph. rigidum var. compadum, Schimp. Torfm. p. 66 (1858) j Synops. p. 678.
Russow, Torfm. p. 77. Milde, Bryol. Siles. p. 391. Klinggraff, 1. c. Braithw.
Sphag. Brit. Exsic. n. 25.

Had. — On drier heaths and moors. Frequent throughout Europe and N.
America. Not uncommon in the south of England, as on the Sussex Downs, and on
Oxshot Common, Surrey.

This form of the species is much the commonest with us, and
varies greatly in colour, being sometimes almost entirely rufous
brown ; the fruit is also not unfrequent in some seasons. As is
usually the case in the dense growing varieties of the Sphagna, the
stem leaves have the hyaline cells frequently fibrose.

Var. y. sqnarrostim, Russow,

Plants pale green, in loose tufts, 3-6 in. high. Branches more
distant, spreading horizontally or decurved ; their leaves loose and
squarrose. Perichaetial bracts shorter.

SvNON. — Sph. sirictum, Sull. Muse. Allegh. n. 201 (1845). C. MOll. Synops. i.
p. 104.

Sph. humile, Schimp. Sull. Muse. Bor.-Amer. n. 14; Mosses of Un. St. p. n,
n. 6 (1856).

Sph. rigidum var. squarrosutn, Russow, Torfm. p. 77. Milde, Bry. Siles. p. 391.
Braithw. Sphag. Brit. Exsic. n. 24.

Hab. — Shady parts of subalpine heaths.

Europe. — Techelfer Woods, near Dorpat (Russow) ; Bunzlau (Limpricht) ;
Weissenfels, in Thuringia (Schliephacke). England : Langdale, Westmoreland
(Barnes) ; Darnholm, Goathland, Yorkshire (Anderson).

N. America. — Tallahassee, Florida (Regel) ; Look-out Mountains, Alabama
(Lesquereux) ; Carolina (Sullivant).

A very beautiful plant, of softer texture than the type, but
connected with it by intermediate states which vary in the degree
of squarrosity in the branch leaves.

GROUP D.— CUSPIDATA.
Plants rather rigid, loosely tufted. Branch leaves erecto-patent,
lanceolate, acute or acuminate, truncate and toothed at apex ;
margin more or less bordered, involute at point.

:J w

i

EUROPE AND NORTH AMERICA.

59

II. Sphagnum squarrosum, Persoon.

Pl. XIV.

Monoicons or diolcous ; green, the stem reddish, with two
strata of cuticular cells. Stem leaves lingulate, not bordered ; the
apex rounded and slightly fimbriate. Branch leaves squarrose,
broadly ovate below, suddenly lanceolate ; the apex minutely 3-4
toothed ; bordered with very narrow cells ; chlorophyllose cells
compressed, enclosed by the hyaline. Perichaitial bracts obovate,
emarginate.

Synon. — Sph. squarrosum, Pers. Mss. Crome, Samml. Deutsch. Laubm. i.
p. 24, n. 3 (1803). Web. Mohr, Katurh. Reise durch Schweden, p. 29, t. 2, f. i a
et b (1804), et Bot. Tasch. p. 73 (1807). Smith, Eng. Bot. t. 1498 (1804). P. de
Beauv. Prodr. p. 88 (1805). La Marck et Cand. F1. Franc, i. p. 443 (1805).
ScHULTZ, FI. Stargard. p. 276 (1806). Brid. Sp. Muse. i. p. 14 (1806) ; Mantissa,
p. 2 (18 1 9), et Bry. Univ. i. p. 5 (1826). Rohl. Ann. Wetter. Gesells. i. p. 197
(1809), et Deutschl. Fl. iii. p. 36 (1813). Schkuhr, Deutschl. Moose, p. 14, t. 6
(1810). Fi. Danica, t. 1415 (1810). Schwagr. Suppl. I. pt. i, p. 13, t. 4 (181 1).
VoiT, Muse. Herbip. p. 12 (1812). Hook. Tayl. Muse. Brit. p. 4, t. 4 (1818).
FuNCK, Tasehenh. t. 2 (1821). Gray, Nat. Arr. Br. PI. i. p. 710, 2 (1821). Zenk.
DiETR. Muse. Thuring. n. 21 (1821). Nees, Hsch. St. Bry. Germ. i. p. 9, t. i, f. 3
(1823). HOben. Muse. Germ. p. 23 (1833). De Not. Syll. Muse. Ital. p. 295 (1838).
C. Mt^LL. Synops. i. p. 94 (1849). Wils. Bry. Brit. p. 23, t. 4 (1855). Hartm. Skand.
Fl. ed. 6, p. 435 (1854). SuLL. Mosses of Un. St. p. 12, n. 9 (1856). Schimp.
Torfm. p. 63, t. 22 (1858). Synops. p. 677 (i860), et ed. 2, p. 835 (1876). Lindb.
in 6fv. K. Vet. Ak. Fiirh. xix. p. 139, n. 7 (1862). Berkel. Handb. Br. Mosses,
p. 308, t. 2, f. 4 (1863). Russ. Torfm. p. 62 (1865). Schlieph. in Verb. Z. B.
Gesel. Wien, 1865, p. 400. Klingg. in Schr. der K. Phys. CEk. Gesel. zu Konigs.
1872, p. 7. MiLDE, Bryol. Siles. p. 387 (1869). Hobk. Synops. p. 26 (1873).
Braithw. Sphag. Brit. Exsie. n. 26 (1877).

Sph, Aconicnse, De Not. Mss.

Sph.patulum, Mitten, Mss.

Sph. oblongu.ri, P. Beauv. Prodr. p. 15. Brid. Bryol. Univ. i. p. 6.

Sph. crassisetum, Bridel, Mantis. Muse. p. 2, et Sp. Muse. i. p. 15.

Monoicous, or sometimes dioicous ; in loose, deep glaucous-
green tufts. Stems robust, decumbent at base, 6-15 in. high,
generally dichotomous, rigid, reddish brown ; cuticular cells small,
non-porose, in two strata ; the peripheral cells incrassate, rufous
brown. Stem leaves large, lingulate, very narrowly bordered,
minutely auricled at base ; apex rounded, slightly fimbriate ; hyaline
cells elongated, hexagono-rhomboid below, rhombic above, without
fibres or pores, but here and there with a transverse partition.

Ramuli 4-5 in a fascicle, of which 2-3 are divergent, tumid,
attenuated toward the points, with the leaves on the lower two-

!

6o

THE SPHAGNACE^ OR PEAT-MOSSES OF

thirds squarrose and recurved from the middle, those of the upper
third imbricated and elongated ; the other branches pendent and
appressed to stem, slender, terete, with all the leaves imbricated ;
cuticular cells elongated, the retort cells perforated but scarcely
prominent at apex. Branch leaves from a very concave base,
broadly ovate, suddenly becoming lanceolate above ; the margin
involute in the upper third, the apex minutely 3-4 toothed,
bordered by 2-3 rows of very narrow cells ; hyaline cells with
numerous annular fibres and two rows of large pores ; chlorophyl-
lose cells compressed, entirely enclosed by the hyaline, but comir-g
close to both surfaces in the lower part of leaf

Fruit placed in the coma or in the upper fascicles, moderately
elevated ; bracts somewhat distant, concave-convolute, the lower
oblongo-elliptic, the upper very broad, obovate, emarginate and
slightly fimbriate at apex, laxly areolate, without fibres or pores.
Spores yellow. Male amentula terete, clavate, yellowish green ;
the bracts slightly squarrose, oblong-lanceolate, the basal cells with-
out fibres and pores, the upper shorter, with annular fibres and
small pores.

Hab. — About boggy springs and the shady sides of moorland streams and in
woods. Fr. August.

Not uncommon throughout Europe and the middle and northern states of North
America.

This fine species varies much in size and robustness, but in its
ordinary state is readily known by its strongly squarrose branch
leaves. The stem leaves also have scarcely any border, and their
hyaline cells are almost uniform throughout the whole extent of
the leaf.

Var. /3. squarrosulum (Lesq.), Schimp.

Plants small, slender, in large soft tufts, deep green above,
whitish below. Leaves resembling those of the type, but only half
the size.

Synon. — Sph. squarrosulum, Lesquereux, Mss. Klinggr. in Schr. der K. Phys.
QLk. Gesel. zu Konigs. 1872, p. 8.

Sph. squarrosum /3. squarrosu/um, Schimp. Torfm. p. 7 1 ; Synops. p. 677. Milde,
Bryol. Siles. p. 388. Russow, Torfm. p. 64. Braithw. Sphag. Brit. Exsic. n. 27.

Hab. — In ditches on subalpine heaths, and at edges of bogs. Not common.

Europe. — Marais des Fonts, Swiss Jura (Lesquereux). Sweden and Finland
(Lindberg). In the Riesengebirge, Prussia, Brandenburg, Mecklenburg, and Baden
(Milde). England: Darnholm, Goathland, Yorkshire (Braithwaite). Scotland:
Scotstown Moor, Old Machar, Aberdeen (Sim).

EUROPE AND NORTH AMERICA. 6 1

This form is regarded by Lindberg as a young or imperfectly
developed state of Sph. sqjiarroswn, and has never been found in
fruit. It is generally of a more dingy green colour.

Van y. imbricatum, Schimp.

Plants robust. Branch leaves imbricated throughout their
length, or with the apex only recurved.

Synon. — Schimp. Synops. ed. 2, p. 836 (1876).

Hab. — Near Gefle, Sweden (C. Hartman).

This variety I only know by the brief description given in Schimper's Synopsis.

Var. 8. laxtim, Braithw.

Plants loosely tufted, pale whitish green, soft, 6-10 in. high.
Stems slender, fragile ; the leaves short, broad, quadrate, laxly
areolate, deeply fimbriate at the truncate apex ; the sides with a
border of narrow cells, which is widest at base. Branches in
distant fascicles, dependent, very long, attenuated ; the leaves laxly
incumbent, divergent, not squarrose, or only slightly recurved at
points, broadly ovate, acute.

SvNON. — Sj>k. fimbriatum van robustum, Braithw. Sphag. Brit. Exsic. n. 44

(1877).

Hab. — In ditches in the old alum works at Eskdale, near Whitby, Yorkshire
(Anderson).

This form is very peculiar, from its soft texture, straight leaves,
and long pendent branches, which with the broad fimbriate stem
leaves appear to connect it directly with Sph. fimbriatum.

The plants are generally stained of an ochraceous or rusty
colour in the lower part, by the iron set free from the roasted alum
rock.

Var. c. stibteres, Lindb.

Plants very slender, elongated, 5-10 in. high, bright green.
Branches elongated, slender ; the leaves imbricated, with the upper
half recurved and attenuated toward apex.

SvNON. — Braithw. Sphag. Brit. Exsic. n. 28.
Hab. — Subalpine bogs. Not common.

Europe. — Finland (Lindberg). Skeggles, Westmoreland (Barnes); Saltersgate
Moor, Yorkshire (Anderson).

A very pretty variety, having much greater resemblance to
Sph. intcrmeduim than to Sph. squarrostim, the stem leaves are,
however, quite normal.

I

62

TUE SPHAGNA CE^ OR FEAT-MOSSES OF

11

»

Var. t,. teres (Angstr.), Schimp. PI, XV.

Dioicous ; more slender, pale yellowish green or pale ferru-
ginous. Stems slender, 5-8 in. high, pale rufous red. Ramuli
attenuated, their leaves closely imbricated, recurved at points.
Male inflorescence turgid, fuscescent, seated in the middle of the
upper divergent branches, ending in a paler, elongated, sterile
point.

Synon.— .§!'/;. teres, Angstrom, in Hartm. Skand. Fl. ed. 8, p. 417 (1861).
LiNDB. in dfv. K. Vet. Ak. Forh. xix. p. 138, n, 6. Milde, Bryol. Siles. p. 388.
ScHLiEPHACKE, in Veih. Z. B. Gesel. Wien, 1865, p. 399. Klinggr. in Schr. der
K. Phys. CEk. Gesel. zu Konigs. 1872, p. 7. Braithw. in Monthl. Micr. Journ.
July, 1874, p. 12, t. 68. SuLLiv. Icon. Muse. Suppl. p. 13, t. 4 (1875). Schimp.
Synops. ed. 2, p. 836.

S^/i. porosum, Lindb. Mss. olim.

Sph. squarrostnn var. y. teres, Schimp. Torfm. p. 64, et Synops. ed. i, p. 677.
Russow, Beitr. Torfm. p. 64. Braithw. Sphag. Brit. Exsic. n. 29, 30.

Hab. — Marshy heaths in subalpine districts. Not rare.

Europe. — Lapland: At Lycksele (Angstrom), and many other places. Sweden,
Norway, Finland, Holland, Westphalia, Silesia, Brandenburg, Prussia. England :
Knutsford Moor, Wybunbury Bog, and Newchurch Bog, Cheshire (Wilson) ; Staveley,
Westmoreland (Stabler); Dent, Yorkshire (Barnes). Scotland: Doune, Perthshire
(McKinlay) ; Ben Ledi (Stirton) ; Sidlaw Hills (Gardiner).

N. America. — Closter and Southern New Jersey (Austin).

Although in external appearance, colour, and habit, this plant
looks very different from Sph. sqtiarrosum, and is so regarded by
most of the leading bryologists, it will be found on careful examina-
tion to present not a single point of structural distinction, by which
they can be separated.

The plants are shorter and of denser habit, but the perichaetial
and stem leaves, although a little narrower, agree precisely in areo-
lation ; the branch leaves indeed are ordinarily not squarrose, but
we constantly meet with stems which have the lower branches
more or less squarrose-leaved, while the upper retain their normal
direction, and if we examine growing tufts of the plant, it is quite
common to find the central stems normal, while those at the cir-
cumference of the patch have all their branches squarrose-leaved.
The dioicous inflorescence and the elongated sterile termination to
the antheridial branches are the sole differential characters.

It also resembles the robust forms of Sph. aciitifolium, but has
stouter and more closely imbricated branch leaves, and the stem
leaves are quite distinct.

Professor Lindberg has pointed out that, like squarrosnm, the

EUROPE AND NORTH AMERICA. 63

branch leaves have very minute papillce on the internal wall of the
hyaline cells, where united to the chlorophyllose.

12. Sphagnum fimbriatum, Wilson,

Pl. XVI.
Monoicous ; slender, pale whitish green ; cuticular cells of stem
in 2-3 strata. Stem leaves large, broadly obovate-spathulate ; the
margin in the rounded upper half laciniate-fimbriate ; border of
narrow cells one-third the width of leaf at base, disappearing half-
way up the leaf. Branch leaves ovato-lanceolate, the chlorophyllose
cells compressed, enclosed, but nearest upper surface of leaf.
Perichaetial bracts obovate-oblong, obtuse, emarginate. Male
amentula fusiform.

SvNON.— .S/)//. fimbriatum, VfihS. in Hook. F1. Antarct. ii. p. 398 (1847) > Bryol.
Brit . 21, t. 60 (1855). SuLL. Mosses of Un. St. p. 12, n. 12 (1856). Schimp.
Torifn. p. 59, t. 15 (1858) ; Synops. p. 674 (i860), et ed. 2, p. 829 (1876). Lmon. in
6fv. K. Vet. Ak. Forh. xix. p. 137, n. 4(1862). HARTM.Skand. Flora. Berkel. Handb.
Br. Moss. p. 307 (1863). Russow, Beitr. Torfm. p. 51 (1865). Schlieph. in Verh.
Z. B. Gesel. Wien, 1865, p. 391. Klingg. in Schr. der K. Phys. CEk. Gesel. zu
Konigs. 1872, p. 4. MiLDE, Bryol. Siles. p. 386 (1869). Hobk. Synops. Br. Moss,
p. 24 (1873). Braithw. Sphag. Brit. Exsic. n. 43 (1877).

Sph. acutifolitim, p. p. Hook. Tayl. C. Mull. &c.

Sph. capillifolium, Dozy, Molk. F1. Batav. p. 78 (1851).

Monoicous ; in loose, pale whitish-green or glaucous-green tufts.
Stem very slender, 6-14 in. long, pale green, with 2-3 layers of
rectangular, porose, cuticular cells, those of the peripheral layers not
coloured. Stem leaves large, erect, broadly obovate or obovato-
spathulate, the margin in the rounded upper half laciniate-fimbriate ;
hyaline cells of the middle and upper part rhombic, with one
or more partitions, and without fibres or pores ; chlorophyllose
cells long, linear, forming a bordci which occupies one-third the
width of base, but rapidly narrows and disappears half-way up the
margin.

Ramuli 3-4 in a fascicle, very long, attenuated, two arcuate,
decurved, the others pendulous, filiform. Lower ramuline leaves
broadly ovato-lanceolate, upper elongate, lanceolate, acute, with a
narrow border ; hyaline cells with annular and spiral fibres, and a
row of large pores on each side ; chlorophyllose cells compressed,
enclosed by the hyaline, but nearest the upper surface of leaf. fj

Capsules at first immersed in the large imbricated perichcetium,
afterwards becoming moderately exserted ; lower bracts obovate-

» '

f

64

THE SPHAGNACE^ OR PEAT-MOSSES OF

oblong, upper very broad, convolute, cucullate when young, obtuse
or emarginate or with a small central apiculus, rather laxly areolate,
without fibres or pores. Spores ferruginous.

Male amentula elongated, fusiform, yellowish green ; the bracts
ovate, acute.

Hab.— Bogs and marshy hollows. Fr. June and July.

Europe. — Not uncommon in the north. Scandinavia, Silesia, Prussia, Thuringia,
Brandenburg, Holland, Belgium. England: Frequent in Lancashire and Yorkshire.
Scotland : Sporadically as far north as Shetland.

N. America. — Not common.

This species is readily distinguished by its pale green colour,
and large obovate stem leaves, iaxly areolate and fringed all round
the upper half. It does not appear to be subject to much varia-
tion, except in the length of the stem or depth of colour, which is
never tinged with purple.

13. Sphagnum strictum, Lindberg.

Pl. XVII.
Dioicous ; yellowish green. Cuticular cells of stem in 3-4
strata. Stem leaves lingulate-spathulate, truncate and laciniate-
fimbriate at apex, but not below the rounded apical angles ;
broadly bordered with narrow cells. Branch leaves ovato-lanceo-
late, the chlorophyllose cells trigonous, nearest the upper surface
of leaf. Perichaetial bracts obovate-oblong, pointed. Male
amentula elongated, clavate.

Synon. — Sph. strictum, Lindb. Mss. et in Ofv. K. Vet. Ak. Forh. xix. p. 138 (1862),
(ut forma Sph. fimbriati). Hartm. Skand. Fl. ed. 10 (1871). Braithw. in Monthl.
Micr. Journ. June, 1874, p. 256, t. 66, et Sphag. Brit. Exsic. n. 42 (1877).

Sph. Girgejisohnii, Russow, Beitr. Torf. p. 46 (1865). Milde, Bry. Siles. p. 387
(1869). Klingg. in Schr. der K. Phys. (Ek. Gesel. zu Konigs. 1872, p. 3. Sulliv.
Icon. Muse. Suppl. t. 5, p. 14 (1875). Schimp. Synops. ed. 2, p. 827 (1876).

Sph. fimbriatum var. ?najus, Aucx.

Dioicous ; resembling Sph. fimbriatum, but more robust,
yellowish or pale brownish green, in lax tufts. Stem straight,
pale, 6-10 in. high, with 3-4 layers of porose cuticular cells, those
of the peripheral layers pale green. Stem leaves erect, appressed
to stem, ligulate-spathulate, truncate and laciniate-fimbriate at
apex, but not below the rounded apical angles ; hyaline cells of
upper part rhombic, of middle base rhomboidal, free from fibres
and pores, lateral of base very narrow, and with the chlorophyllose
cells forming a very broad border extending up to apex.

EUROPE AND NORTH AMERICA. 65

Ramuli 3-4 in a fascicle, of which 2-3 are arcuato-clivergent,
flageUiform, the others deflexed, filiform, appressed to stem ; retort
cells elongated, perforated, scarcely recurved. Ramuline leaves
erecto-patent, ovato-lanceolate and lanceolate, bidentate and
sometimes recurved at apex ; hyaline cells with annular and spiral
fibres and numerous large pores ; chlorophyllose cells trigono-com-
pressed, nearest the upper surface of leaf

Capsules in the capitulum or upper fascicles, bracts pale green,
the lower ovato-acuminate, upper obovate-oblong, convolute,
obtusely pointed, rather densely areolate, without fibres or pores.

Male plants resembling the female, amentula numerous,
elongated, thickish, clavate, ochraceous or brown, the antheridia
confined to the terminal portion ; bracts broadly ovate, acuminate.

Hab. — Shallow bogs on subalpine heaths. Fr. July.

Europe. — Scandinavia and North Germany, frequent; Black Forest, Thuringia,
Styria, and the Alps ; Weissenburg, in tlie Jura, and near Eichstiitt ; Bohemia, at
Iserwiese and Elbwiese (Miide). Scotland: Ben Ledi (Dr. Stirton), Ben Lawers,
Killin, Stroneuch Rocks in Glen Lyon, Banchory, and Clova (Hunt), near Loch
Maree (Boswell). England: Skegglesmere and Dent, Yorkshire (Barnes).

N. America. — Northern New Jersey to Canada.

This species stands intermediate between Sph. aciitifolium and
Sph. fimbriattim, and has, no doubt, been mistaken for both ; it is a
stouter plant than Sph. fimbriatum, with shorter and thicker
branches, and the male plant is conspicuous by its clavate in-
florescence ; the form of the stem leaf is, however, the distinctive
character by which they may always be separated ; this is truncate
and fringed only at the apex in Sph. strictum, but in Sph. fim-
briatum it is rounded and the fringe runs half-way down the
lateral margin.

From Sph. acutifoliiim in its ordinary state it is also readily
known by never having the slightest tinge of red, but a form of
that species occurs with the apex of the stem leaves more or less
lacerate-toothed ; here the numerous purple male amentula which
are generally present suffice to indicate its true place ; it was,
however, issued in the Sphag. Brit. Exsic. as Sph. sin'ctum, under
42 <5, and appears worthy to rank as a separate variety, which
may be named subfinibriatnm.

The fruit is very rare, and for the specimens figured I am in-
debted to the kindness of my friend Professor Lindberg ; Russow
states that he has it richly fruiting from Isl. Sagchalin, in Japan.

F

1'

66

THE SPHAGNACE^ OR PEATMOSSES OF

Var. )S. sqnarrosulnm, Russow.

Plants very small, branch leaves recurved at apex ; branches
shorter, scarcely curved.

Synon. — Sph. Girgciiso/mii \a.r. squarrosulum, Russow, Torfm. p. 47. Schimp.
Synop. ed. 2, p. 828.

Had. — Wet grassy places, at Appelsec and Ziegelskoppel, near Dorpat.

14. Sphagnum acutifolium, Eiiriiart.
Pl. xviii.-xxi.

Moncicous or dioicous ; pale green, usually tinged with purple.
Cuticular cells in 3-4 strata. Stem leaves ovate, acute, 5-toothed
at apex, broadly bordered with narrow cells. Branches 3-5 in a
fascicle, their leaves ovato-lanceolate, toothed at the slightly
truncate apex, margin involute in the upper third ; chlorophyllosc
cells obtusely trigonous, placed between the hyaline at concave
surface of leaf.

Synon. — Muscus crectus palustris albus^foliis capillacds, Doody, Ray, Syn. ed. 2,
^W- 338 (1696).

Sphagiiuw caulijenim d ramosuiii pahistre vwlle caiidicaiis, rcfltwis raiiiii/is,folioIis
angustioritiis, Dill. Cat. Giss. 229 (1719), et in Ray, Syn. ed. 3, p. 104, 2 (1724).

Sph. pahistre, molle dcflcxum, squamis capillacds, Dill. Hist. Muse. p. 243, t. 32,
f. 2A (1741), ct Herbar. n. 2, two spec, on left hand.

Sp/i. paliis/re, (i. L. Sp. PI. p. 1569 (1753). Hues. Fl. Angl. p. 465 (1762).
Hedw. Fund. Muse. i. t. 3, f. 13-15 (1781). Ruth, Wither. Weiss, Hull, &c.

Sp/i. aaiti/oliiiin, Ehrh. PI. Crypt. Exsic. n. 72 (1786). Schrad. Spic. Fl. Germ,
p. 58 (1794). SciiULTZ, Fl. Starg. p. 275 (1806). Wi:i3. MoiiR, 15ot. Tasch. p. 73
(1807). ScHKUHR, Deutschl. Moose, p. 15, t. 6 (1810). Schwaegr. Su])!)!. I. pt. i,
p. 15, t. 5 (181 1). RoHLiNG, Deutschl. Fl. iii. p. 36 (1813). Fl. Danica, t. 1531
(1816). Hook. Tayl. Muse. Brit. p. 4, t. 4 (1818). Funck, Taschenh. p. 5, t. 3
(1821). Gray, Nat. Arr. IJrit. Plants, i. p. 710, 3 (1821). Zenk. Dietk. Muse.
Thuring. fasc. i, n. 20 (1821). Nees, Hsch. St. Bryol. Germ. i. p. 19, t. 3, f. 8,
et 8*» (1823). HtJDEN. Muse. Germ. p. 28 (1833). De Not. Syll. Muse. Ital.
p. 297 (1838). C. Mull. Synops. i. p. 96 (1849). Dozy, Molkenb. Prodr. Fl.
Batav. p. 78 (1851). WiLS. Bryol. Brit. p. 20, t. 4 (1855). Sull. Mosses of Un.
St. p. 12, n. II (1856). Hartm. Skand. Fl. Schimp. Torfm. p. 56, t. 13 (1858);
Synops. p. 672 (18O0), et eti. 2, p. 825 (1876). Lindh. in Ofv. K. Vet. Ak. Forh.
xix. p. 138, n. 5 (1862). Berkel. Handb. Br. Moss. p. 307, t. 2, f. 4 (1863).
Russow, Torfm. p. 37 (1865). Schlieph. in Verh. Z. B. Gesel. Wien, 1865, p. 389.
Klingur. in Schr. der K. Phys. Cl'^k. Gesel. zu Konigs. 1872, p. 2. Mii.de, Bryol.
Siles. p. 381 (1869). HoBK. Syn. Br. Mos. p. 24 (1873). Braitiiw. Sphag. Brit.
Exsic. n. 31 et 42 b (1877).

Sp/t. capillifoliuin, Ehrh. Hann. Mag. 1780, p. 35. Schrank, Baiersch. Fl. ii.
p. 434 (1789). McENCH, PI. Marburg, p. 727 (1794)- Swtz. Act. Holm. 1795,
p. 281. Brid. Muse. Rec. ii. pt. i, p. 24 (1798); Sp. Muse. i. p. 16 (1806);
Mantissa, p. i (1819); Bryol. Univ. i. p. n (1826). Hedw. Sp. Muse. p. 28 (1801).

f

IB I

I

EUROPE AND NORTH AMERICA. 67

Smith, FI. Brit. p. 1146 (1804); Eng. Bot. t. 1406 (1815). Turner, Muse. Hib.
p. 6 (1804). P. Beauv. Prodr. p. 87 (1805). Lamarck ct Cand. FI. Franc, i.
p. 445 (1805).

Spli. capillaaiim, Swartz, fuse. Suec. j). 18 (1798). Waiileni!. FI. Lapp. p.
302 (181 2), et FI. Carpat. p. 333 (1814).

Sph. pentastichiim, Brid. Sp. Muse. i. p. 16 (1S06); Mant. Muse. p. 2 (i8ig).

Sph. capillifolioides, Breutee, Bot. Zeit. 1S24, p. 438. Brid. Bry. Univ. i. p. 751.

Sp/i. asc/ierbacfiiatitiin, Breutel, 1. c. p. 439.

Sph. subulatum, Brid. Sp. Muse. i. p. 19; Mant. Muse. p. 3, et Bry. Univ.
i. p. 18. ScHWAGR. Suppl. L pt. I, p. 18.

Monoicous or sometimes dioicous ; in soft tufts, pale green,
usually more or less tinged with purple. Stems slender, dichoto-
mous, pale ; cuticular cells gene-ally without pores, in 3-4 strata ;
cells of the peripheral layers incrassate, purple. Stem leaves
erect, ovato-acuminate, concave, with the margin incurved, minutely
auricled at base, 5-toothed at apex ; hyaline cells of the middle
base hexagono-rhomboid, with one or two oblique partitions,
without fibres or pores, the upper also divided, and often slightly
fibrillose, lateral very narrow and forming a broad border,
gradually decreasing in width toward apex.

Ramuli 3-5 in a fascicle, 2-3 arcuato-divergent, 1-2 pendent,
filiform, all more or less attenuated at points ; their retort cells
flask-shaped, subcylindric, perforated and slightly recurved at apex.

Ramuline leaves minute and ovate at base, median ovato-
lanceolate, erecto-patent, deeply concave, uppermost narrowly
lanceolate, all toothed at the slightly truncate apex, and with the
margin involute in the upper third ; hyaline cells confluent at back,
with a few large pores and annular fibres, those of the upper half
of leaf much smaller, more densely fibrose, and with smaller pores ;
border extremely narrow, of two rows of long thin cells ; chloro-
phyllose cells obtusely trigonous, interposed between the hyaline
at the concave surface of leaf.

Capsules numerous, usually clustered in the capitulum ; pe-
duncle moderately elongated, the bracts numerous, straw-coloured
or reddish, lowest broadly ovate, acuminate, concave, median
oblong, narrowed at apex, uppermost elongated, convolute ; the
hyaline cells narrower and more solid than in the cauline leaves,
with 2-3 partitions, but no fibres or pores. Spores ferruginous.
Male inflorescence purple, in clavate acute amentula ; the bracts in
five rows, ovate, acute.

Hab. — Heaths and bogs, forming loose cushions. Common throughout Europe
and North America. Fr. July.

F 2

68

THE SPITAGNACE^. OR PEAT-MOSSES OF

t

The typical state of Sph. acntifolimn is that termed rohistmn by
Blandow and Nees and Hornschuch, in which the stems are stout
and often tall, the branches rather short, thick, and glossy, with
leaves more or less tinted with red. Sd much, however, does the
plant vary in size, colour, and density, and in the form of both the
stem leaves and branch leaves, that an endless scries of forms
result, the transitions between which are so gradual that it becomes
difficult to keep the varieties within definite bounds. Schliephacke
pointed out an important character in the structure of the branch
leaves, viz, that the divergent branches bear up to the middle,
leaves whose lower wider cells have single large p^-res, these cells
becoming towards the point very small, closely and equally small-
pored ; but as the leaves rise higher on the branches, they gradually
pass to a lanceolate or lanceolate-subulate form, and the areolation
then becomes uniform throughout the leaf, wider, laxer, and pro-
vided with equal large pores.

The apex of the stem leaves In the robust form is often some-
what truncate and slightly fringed, and thus may be easily mistaken
for Sph. strictum, as was the case in my Exsiccata, under n. 42 b
(var. subfimbriatimi) ; but Sph. acutifoliiim may be known from
that species by its red amentula, and softer, laxer branch leaves ;
in other forms the point is obtusely rounded, with small imperfect
teeth, or again the teeth may be distinct and well defined.

The stem leaves also vary considerably in form and size ; occa-
sionally we find them very long and ligulate-lanceolate in outline,
or they may pass to the opposite extreme and be short and broadly
ovate, but unfortunately these differences are not always asso-
ciated with the same conditions of habit and colour, and thus a
sharply defined limit to the numerous varieties of this species
appears to be impossible.

Var. /8. deflextim, Sciiimp.

Plants densely tufted, short, with closely placed fascicles.
Branches long, flagelllform, all deflexed, their leaves closely imbri-
cated, longer and narrower, pale green and red. Stem leaves
ovate, pointed, mostly fibrillose. Branch leaves lanceolate,
acuminate.

Synon. — Sph. acutifolitim var. ^. deflexum, Schimp. Torfm. p. 57, t. xiii. /3;
Synops. p. 673, et cd. 2, p. 826. Russow, Beitr. p. 39 (including also his var.
laxtim). MiLDE, Bry. Siles. p. 381. Klinggr. in Schr. der K. Phys. CEk. Gesel.
zu Konigs. 1872, p. 3. Braithw. Sphag. Brit. Exsic. n. 32.

EUROPE AND NORTH AMERICA. 69

Hab. — Margins of bogs and about the edges of woods, chiefly in alpine dis-
tricts.

Lapland, Ali)s of Switzerland, Dovrefjeld. Scotland: Gelan Hog and Dalfroo
liog, Strachan, Kincardine (Sim); Garynaliine, Isl. Lewis, Hcbriiles (Hraithwaite).
England : Darnholin, Goathland, Yorkshire (Anderson).

This variety stands nearest the typical form, into which it
passes imperceptibly ; the branches are generally rosy red, with
pale points, or a mixture of green and red, and the texture softer.
Russow's var. y. laxiim appears to be only a tall, loose-leaved form
of the same variety, and Spruce's lilacinuni is intsrmediate between
this and the next.

Var. y. ptcrpureum, Sciiimp.

In dense cushioned tufts, almost entirely purple, short, densely
ramulose, the capitulum dense. Stem leaves ovate, usually fibrose,
sometimes slightly truncate, and fringed at point. Branch leaves
ovato-lanceolate, closely imbricated.

Synon. — Sph. acutifoUuin vxx. purpureum, Schimp. Torfm. p. 57, t. xiii. 8;
Synops. p. 673, ed. 2, p. 826. Russow, Beitr. p. 40. Milde, Bry. Silcs. p. 381.
Klingg. in Schr. der K. Phys. Oik. Gesel. zu Konigs. 1872, p. 3. Bkaithw. Sphag.
Brit. Exsic. n. 33.

Hab. — Marshes and moorlands ; not unfrequent in mountain districts.

This comes close to the last variety, but has shorter and more
spreading branches, with shorter branch leaves ; the colour is also
a deeper purple, but pale at the lower part of the stems.

Var. 8. rubellu7n (Wils.), Russow.

Dioicous ; plants slender, laxly tufted, purple, 2-6 in. high.
Stem leaves large and broad, obtuse, their cells bipartite, but rarely
fibrose. Branch leaves subsecund, oblong-ovate, rather obtuse,
3-toothed at apex. Male amentula deep purple, clavate, obtuse.

Synon. — Sph. ruhdlum, Wils. Bryol. Brit. p. 19, t. Ix.- (1855). Schimp.
Torfm. p. 70, t. XX.; Synops. p. 680, et ed. 2, p. S26. Linub. in Ofv. K. Vet. Ak.
Forh. xix. p. 142, n. 12. Berkel. Handb. p. 306. Hartm. Sk. Fl. ed. 9, ii. p. 83
(1864). Fl. Danica, t, 2753 (1867). Milde, Bry. Siles. p. 383. Schlieph. in Verh.
Z. B. Gesel. Wien, 1865, p. 388. Braithw. in Monthl. Micr. Journ. July, 1872,
pi. xxii. HoBK. Synop. Br. Moss. p. 24.

Sph. acutifoUiitn var. rubcllum, Russ. Torfm. p. 41. Braithw. Sphag. Brit. Exsic.
n. 36.

Sph. tcnellum var. /3. rubellum, Klinggr. in Schr. der K. Phys. CEk. Gesel.
zu Konigs. 1872, p. 4.

Hab. — In marshes at the edges of small pools ; rare in fruit. Often growing
intermixed with Sph. tendlum.

Europe. — In Sweden, Norway, Finland, and Denmark ; not unfrequent. Bavaria,

70

THE SPHAGNACEA^. OR PEATMOSSES OF

lii'

1.1

Silesia, Thuringia, Prussia, Salzburg, Holland. Engliunl ; Frequent in Lancashire,
Yorkshire, and Westmoreland ; found also in other counties and in Scotland and
Ireland.

N. America. — Has been found occasionally.

After the examination of many specimei's from Wilson himself,

and from all parts of the kingdom, I feel compelled reluctantly to

follow Russow in reducing Sph. rubclhim to one of the long

chain of varieties which constitute the polymorphous Sph. acnti-

folium.

We may briefly consider the various points of distinction referred
to by Wilson and Schimper.

1. The small size and delicacy of the plants. — This condition

is only relative, as specimens of rnbclhim 6 inches high
are not unfrequent, while other varieties o{ acntifolitini are
found of even smaller size than ordinary rnbclhim.

2. The dioicous inflorescence. — This is the strongest point for

the specific character of Sph. rtibcllmn, but other varieties
of acnti/oliufu are also dioicous, nay, I believe at times
its typical form is so.

3. The larger non-fibrose stem leaves. — A reference to the

plates will suffice to show that stem leaves of rubellnm
are not larger than those of typical actitifolinm ; and again
in rnbcllum, threads are frequently present, and sometimes
they are quite wanting in the cells of the stem leaves of
acutifoliwn.
. 4. The broader elliptical branch leaves. — The lowest leaves of
the divergent branches are very broad and obtuse, and
those from the middle moderately so; in no case have I seen
them truly elliptical, and often on the same plant others
will be found moderately pointed, while other varieties,
e. g. tcnue, arc turn, fit sewn, &c., have them quite as
obtuse, neither is their subsecund direction constant.

Sufficient, I think, has therefore been advanced to show that
Sph. rubellnm possesses no character of sufficient weight to entitle it
to specific distinction ; the upper branches are usually twisted, but
this is by no means constant, and occasionally we find specimens
with very little admixture of red, being either dull green or a pale
brown with only the comal branches purple, and for this form I
have used the name ambiguum.

w

TP

1

EUROPE AND NORTU AMERICA. 71

Var. c. tcnuCy Bkaithw.

Stems elongated, slender, laxly tufted ; the branches arcuate,
dccurvcd, very slender, rather short.

Stem leaves very broadly bordered, large, ovate, truncate,
lacerate at rounded apex, rarely fibrose.

Branch leaves sn\all, short, green, and purple, less densely
imbricated, ovate with a rounded point. Plants dioicous,

Synon. — Sph. acutifolium var. y. tcndluw, SciiiMP. Torfm. p. 57, t. xiii. y ; Synops.
p. 673, et C(l. 2, p. 826. Russuw, Beitr. Torfm. p. 44. Milue, 13ry. Siles. p. 381.

Sph. Uncllnni, KliNGGR. in Schr. der K. I'liys. CEk. Gcscl. zu Konigs. 1872,
p. 4.

Sp/i. acutifolium var, tenue, Braithw. Sphag. Brit. Exsic. n. 37.

HAn. — In deep bogs in mountain districts.

Europe. — Silesia, Bunzlau (Limpriclit) ; Hochwald, near Waldcnburg (Zim-
merman) ; Lajjland, Lyckscle (Angstrom) ; Prussia (KlmggnilT). Westmoreland,
Skegglcs (Dames) ; Yorkshire, Bleabcrry Gill, Goatliland (Anderson).

In form of leaf this comes very close to ritbcliuiii, and would
have to be transferred to it, if that is to continue a species.

Var. t,. giiingjtc/arinm, Lindb.

Plants slender, 4-6 in. high, with a hemispherical dense capltulum ;
pale green above, pale yellowish green below, more or less inter-
mixed with light purple.

Stem leaves with a broad base, deltoid, obtusely pointed, and
with five teeth at apex ; the cells without fibres.

Divergent branches spreading, flexuose ; the leaves when dry
distinctly 5-ranked, divergent or somewhat recurved, small, obtuse,
5-toothed.

Synon. — Braithw. Sphag. Brit. Exsic. n. 37 (5 (sub var. tenue).

Had. — Subalpine bogs in woods.

EuROi'E. — Finland (Lindberg). Irclaiitl : In a damp pine-wood at Glenfarne,
Leitrim (Dr. Moore, May, 1S75).

This beautiful plant stands near to var. tome, but is much
more robust and of softer texture, and is beautifully variegated with
pale yellow-green and rose colour ; the most distinctive character,
however, is that of the 5-ranked, widely divergent leaves, most
conspicuous in the dry state, which are also larger and more
acuminate.

Var. t). gracile, Russow.

Stems slender, firm and rigid, 4-6 in. high, pale red and green
above, reddish brown below. Stem leaves obtuse, 5-toothed,

72

THE SPIIAGNACEyE OR PEAT-MOSSES OF

faintly fibrlllose in the upper part. Fascicles distant above, closer
below, the branches spreading, arcuato-decurved, unequal in length,
some being attenuated at point, others not ; the leaves short,
obtuse, toothed, their hyaline cells very small in the upper half,
with very small pores bordered by stout rings.
Synon.— Russow, Beitr. Torfin. p. 44.

Hab. — Bogs at borders of moorlands. Freqi,jnt about Dorpat (Russow).
Kardis (Bruttan).

In some respects this approaches to the van rubcllnniy with
which it quite agrees in the form and structure of the stem leaf ;
the branch leaves differ in structure, though similar in form, and
the habit is altogether more lax.

Var. 6. elegmis, Braitiiw.

Stems slender, dichotomous, 4-8 in. high, fastigiate, in very
densely cushioned tufts, rosy purple above, dirty white below.
Stem leaves very long, oblong, suddenly contracted at apex into an
obtuse 5-toothed point, fibrillose in the upper half, with a few
pores.

Branches in densely placed fascicles, and forming a small, dense,
hemispherical capitulum ; divergent ones short, slender, often
white at points, arcuato-decurved; the leaves small, closely imbri-
cated, rather obtuse, 5-toothed.

Synon. — Braithw. Sphag. Brit. Exsic. n. 35.

Hab. — Elevated peat-moors.

Scotland: ^loss-shire at edge of ravines on Little Wyvis, Strath Garve, and
moors near Loch Acliilty (Braituwaite, July, 1876) ; Hebrides, Isl. of Lewis,
intermixed with .S". Aiisiini, fi. (forma namtni).

This beautiful peat-moss must, I think, have been confounded
with some of the other red forms, as it is plentiful in the localities
noted. The Hebridean plant does not exceed 2 inches in height,
and has the branches ascending, but structurally agrees with the
larger form.

Vai'. L./iisaiu:, Sciiimp.

Jn very dense, fastigiate, cushioned tufts, cinnamon brcwn above,
fuscous below. Stems very long and slender, the cells cf the peri-
pheral layers dark brown, densely and uniformly ramulose ; raniuli
short, pale at apex, the pendent ones ofteii whitish. Stem leaves
without fibres, ovate, truncate and lacerate at pomt. Branch

)

EUROPE AND NORTH AMERICA.

n

'■

leaves ovate, narrowed at middle, and ending in a rounded toothed
point.

Synon. — Sph, acutifolhnn van c. ftiscum, Schimp. Torf. p. 57, t. xiii. e; Synops.
p. 673, et ed. 2, p. 826. Russow, Beitr. p. 40. Milu^; Bry. Siles. p. 382. Braithw.
Sphag. Brit. Exsic. n. 39.

Sph. fuscuin, Klinggraff, in Schr. der K. Phys. OLk. Gesel. zu Konigs. 1872,
p. 4.

Hab. — On extensive moors, forming vast and dense sods.

Europe.— Silesia, Prussia, Thuringia, Lapland ; about Dorpat, abundant (Rus-
sow). England: Witherslack Moss, Westmoreland (Barnes). Scotland: Morvan,
Kincardine, at 2500 feet (Sim).

Plainly coloured as this variety is, nothing can exceed the
beauty of a great bed of it, when freshly moistened by a shower,
resembling, as it does, a surface of snuff-coloured velvet, and it is
almost with regret that we cannot follow Klinggraff in elevating it
to the rank of a species ; histologically, however, it does not pre-
sent any distinctive characters.

Var. K. arctumy Braithw.

Plants in very densely cushioned tufts, 2-3 in. high, pale yellow
green above, brownish white below. Stem leaves ovate, aurlcled,
obtuse ; the margin involute at apex, which has five obtuse
teeth ; cells of the upper half fibrillose. Branches m very
close fascicles, short, ascending, arcuate below ; the leaves obtuse,
5-toothed.

Synon. — Sph. aciitifoliuvi var. ardum, Braithw. in Month], Micr. Joum. April,
1874, p. 157.

Sph. mollc var. arctutn, Braithw. Sphag. Brit. Exsic. n. 21* a et b.

Had. — On eAtensive peat-moors in the north. Ireland: Connemara, Gahvay
(Dr. Moore). England: Witherslack Moss, Westmoreland (Barnes). Scotland:
Shetland Islands, Unst, and Reawick (Sim).

This is the compact variety of the species, and has a very
peculiar aspect from its dwarf size and dense tufts, which form
close cushions. A faint tinge of purple may generally be observed
on some of the branches.

Var. X. luridwn, Hueben.

Plants 4-5 in. high, in dense t'jfts of a dull green colour
above, fuscous below. Branches densely crowded, erecto-patent, of
equal length, their leaves closely imbricated, acuminate, strongly
involute at points. Stem leaves large, elongated, linear-oblong,

>

iT;>t ;^.- vv^ '^ ^.-r IT' -■ r : ■? i *'

74

r^iS SPJIAGNACEyE OR PEATMOSSES OF

attenuated suddenly into a narrow minutely -toothed point, free
from fibres.

Synon — Sph. acutifolium van 8. luridum, Hueben. Muse. Germ. p. 28. Braithw.
Sphag. Brit. Exsic. n. 40.

Hab. — Deep peat-bogs.

Europe. — Barmbeck, near Hamburg (Huebener). Ben Lawers, Perthshire (Braith-
waite) ; Darnholm, Goathland, Yorkshire (Rev. Mr. Crouch); Witherslack Moss
(Barnes) ; near Llanberis (Boswell).

I have referred this plant to Huebener's variety, as it closely
accords with his description. The plants have a dirty brownish
tinge, and their closely placed fascicles with the branches of equal
length give it rather a peculiar appearance, not usual in any forms
of Sph. aaitifolmm.

Var. /A. Icete-virens, Braithw.

Growing in small dense tufts, bright green above, light or
ochraceous brown below. Stem leaves ovate, short, or elongated ;
the apex obtuse, obscurely 5-toothed ; the cells without fibres.
Branches in rather remote fascicles, elongated, ascending and
divergent ; the leaves loosely imbricated, large, broadly ovate at
base, suddenly narrowed into a longish, truncate, 5-toothed point.

Hab. — By the margin of moorland streams.

At Darnholm and Kazebeck, Goathland, Yorkshire (Braithwaite). Reawick,
Shetland (Sim).

This may possibly be a form of the next variety, but as I have
no authentic types of the latter it may for the present stand apart.
The small dense cushions, of a beautiful bright green colour while
growing, are very unusual in this species, from which some shade
of red is hardly ever absent. At Darnholm it grows with
Sph. molle, )8, and thus got accidentally introduced into the
Sphag. Brit. Exsic. with that plant ; at Kazebeck it is found
intermixed with Sph. cymbifolium var. cotigestuni.

Var. V. patuhim, Sciiimp.

Plants more robust, pale green. Branches lax, elongated,
flexuose, spreading ; their leaves longer, patent, la:dy incumbent,
broadly ovate, loosely areolate. Stem leaves large, the apex
obtuse, lacerate, or fimbriate.

SvNON. — 3ph. acutifolium var. ^. patulitm, Schimp. Synops. p. 674, et ed. 2,
p. 826. Braithw. Sphag. Brit. Exsic. n. 41.

EUROPE AND NORTH AMERICA.

75

Hab. — Among grass, by the shady sides of streams.

England : Darnhohii, Goathland, Yorkshire (Braithwaite) ; about Ulverston,
Lancashire (Miss Hodgson) ; Barbon Fell, Westmoreland (Barnes) ; Penzance,
Cornwall (Curnow).

What I assume to be this variety grows in loose tufts, having
large flexuose branches, and large somewhat divergent leaves with
a slight gloss.

15. Sphagnum Wulfii, Girgensoiin.

Pl. XXII.

Monoicous ; robust, more or less '"ascent, the stem with two
layers ol" cuticular cells. Stem leaves small, dilated at base,
Ungulate, rather acute, without fibres or pores. Branches 7-12 in
a fascicle, their leaves ovato-lanceolate, erecto-patent, with three
minute teeth ; chlorophyllose cells central, oval or rectangular in
section.

Synon.— ^//. Wulfianuvi, GiRGENy. Archiv fiir Naturkimde Liv-, Est- und
Kurlands, ser. 2, band ii. p. 173 (i860). Bot. Zeit. 1862, p. 247. Russow, Beitr.
zur Kennt. Torfm. p. 66 (1864). Milde, Bry. Silcs. j). 385 (1869). Austin, Muse.
Appal, n. 32 (1S70). Braithw. in Monthl. Micr. Jouni. Oct. 1S74, p. 169, t. 77.
SuLLiv. Icon. Muse. Suppl. p. 18, t. 9 (1875). Schimp. Synops. ed. 2, p. 838 (1876).

Sph. pyawcladnm. Angstrom, in Ofv. Vet. Ak. Forh. xxi. p. 202 (i 864). Raisenh.
Bryoth. Eur. fsc. xv. n. 709 (1864). Schliephacke, in Verb. Z. B. Gesel. Wicn,
1865, p. 392.

Monoicous ; robust, yellowish or brownish green, or soinetimes
deep green, in loosely cohering tufts.

Stems 5-12 in. high, simple or sometimes divided, blackish
brown, solid, densely ramulose ; cells of the peripheral zone purple,
in 5-6 layers, strongly incrassate; cuticular cells in two strata,
small, non-porose. Stem leaves small, from a broad base, liiigul *"e-
triangular, reflexed, rather acute, eroso-subdenticulate at apex ; the
hyaline cells repeatedly divided, without fibres or pores, those in
the middle rhomboidal, becoming narrower towards the margin,
where they form a border of 3-6 rows.

Ramuli 7-12 in a fascicle, 3-5 divergent, short, slightly arched,
becoming clavate upward and then suddenly pointed ; the rest
deflcxed and closely appressed to stem, very long, slender and
filiform, lax-leaved, often of a pale rose colour ; the porose cuti-
cular cells short and scarcely differing from the rest. Branches
of the coma short, thick, and numerous, forming a large dense
capitulum.

^i|

76

THE SPHAGNACEM OR PEAT-MOSSES OF

Leaves of the divergent branches quinquefarious, imbricated,
erecto-patent, recurved in their upper half, or subsquarrose, all
with a border of two rows of very narrow cells ; the basal minute
ovato-lanceolate, the median ovate, elongato-lanceolate, with the
margin involute, and 3-4 minute teeth at apex, the uppermost
narrowly lanceolate, scarcely toothed. Hyaline cells with annular
fibres, the upper with numerous small pores on each side of cell,
lower lateral with large pores, which become fewer towards
the middle of leaf. Chlorophyllose cells very slender, com-
pressed, enclosed by the hyaline in the upper part of leaf, but
coming to both surfaces in the lower part, oval or rectangular in
section.

Perichaetia clustered in the capitulum, straw-coloured or pink,
lower bracts ovate, acuminate, concave, recurved at apex, upper
elongate oblong, slightly emarginate and somewhat recurved at
point, convolute, without fibres or pores, often subsecund.

Capsules but slightly exserted, small, globose, blackish brown.
Spores pale yellow.

Male inflorescence purple, at the apex of subclavate branches
in the coma or upper fascicles ; the antheridia pale green.

Hab. — Wet pine-woods ; rare. Fr. July.

Europe. — Techelfer Woods, near Dorpat, frequent (Girgensohn, 1847); Kaddak
near Reval, AUentacken, and Appelsee (Russow) ; Jamni-Les, near Permeskiill

o

(Gruner); Berglunda, near Lycksele, and Wilhelmma Kyrka, Lapland (J. Ang-
strom, 1864); Kajana and other places in Finland (Brotherus)j Medelpad, Stode
(Seth).

N. America. — Belleville, Canada (Macoun, Fowler) ; near New York (Howe,
Peck, Austin).

This beautiful species may be readily known by its clavate
divergent branches, and the large number of them in each fascicle,
as well as by the small stem leaves, and the dense globose capitulum ;
in all other points its affinity is clearly with Spli. acnti/oliwn, from
which, however, it is abundantly distinct. The delicate rose colour
which sometimes suffuses this plant, adds very much to its elegance.

Var. /3. squarrosuluMf Russow.

Divergent branches longer, their leaves squarrose, with more
numerous pores.

Synon.— Russow, Beitr. Torf. p. 68. Schimp. Synops. ed. 2, p. 839.

Hab. — South Angerniannland (Fristedt) ; birch woods near Ilmazal and Dorpat,
and at Techelfer and Appelsee (Russow).

EUROPE AND NORTH AMERICA.

n

1 6. Sphagnum Lindbergii, Sciiimper.

Pl. XXIII.

Monoicous ; glossy yellowish green tinged with reddish brown,
the stem with 3-4 layers of cuticular cells. Stem leaves auricled,
broadly Ungulate ; the apex broadly truncate and fringed.

Branch leaves in five rows, not undulated, ovato-lanceolate,
toothed at apex ; the chlorophyllose cells elliptic, enclosed by the
hyaline, but nearest the back of leaf. Perichsetia large, inflated ;
bracts oblong, truncate and fimbriate at apex.

Synon. — Sph. Lintfberoii, Schimp. Torfm. p. 67, f. 25 (1858); Synops. p. 679
(i860), et ed. 2, p. 832 (1876). LiNDB. in Ofv. K. Vet. Ak. Forh. xix. p. 136, n. 2
(1862). Hartm. Skand. FI. ed. 9, p. 81 (1864). Russow, Beitr. zur Kennt. Torfm.
p. 54 (1864). ScHLiEPH. in Verh. Z. B. Gesel. Wien, 1865, p. 398. Mii.de, Bry.
Siles. p. 389 (1869). Austin, Muse. Appal, n. 40 (1870). Braithw. Sphag. Brit.
Exsic. n. 45 (exot.).

Sp/i. cuspidatinn, Lindr. in Bot. Notiser, 1856, p. 122.

Sph. cuspidatim li.fulviaii, and Sp/i./it/vum, Sendtner, Mss.

Monoicous ; growing in large dense tufts, glossy yellowish
green, tinged with ferruginous or purplish brown.

Stems 6-12 in. high, solid, dark brown; the peripheral cells
rufous red, not much thickened ; the cuticular cells irregular in
size, without pores, forming 3-4 strata. Stem leaves crowded,
reflexed, broadly Ungulate, auricled ; the apex broad, transversely
truncate and fringed ; basal cells hexagonal, in four rows, pale
brown, then becoming narrow and elongated, with a few imperfect
fibres in the lateral cells, these narrow cells bound a central
triangle, the base of which is formed by the apical margin, and
this space is occupied by large, loose, rhombic cells, broader and
2-3 partite at the apex of leaf; without fibres and pores, both of
which occur sparingly in the auricles.

Ramuli 4-5 in a fascicle, 2-3 arcuate, divergent, the others
pendent, elongated, and closely appressed to the stem ; retort cells
of the branches larger, recurved at apex.

Leaves of divergent branches numerous, in five ranks, firm, not
undulated, rather glossy, brownish or ferruginous green, ovate at
base, becoming lanceolate above, toothed and involute at ?pex ;
hyaline cells elongated, with numerous annular and spiral fibics,
and many minute pores at margin ; chlorophyllose cells narrow,
elliptic in section, quite enclosed but nearest to back of leaf; border
widest at base, formed of 3-4 rows of very narrow cells.

TI'^W|IWWP;i™W'!TW?"ni»'''rW*'?|R'f'^^^

78

THE SPHAGNACE^E OR PEAT-MOSSES OF

1

Capsules numerous, seated in the capitulum, moderately elevated.
Pericha;tia large, inflated ; the bracts yellowish green, lower elon-
gated oblong, upper broadly obovate-oblong, convolute, truncate
and fimbriate at apex, transversely undulate at base, without fibres
or pores. Spores yellow.

Male inflorescence consisting of few antheridia, which are borne
on the pendent branches.

Had. — Deep bogs in the north. Fr. July.

Europe. — Near Lakes Betsctjaur, Skatijaur, and Storavaviken, in Pitean Lapland
(Lindberg, 1856); pretty generally distributed in other parts of Lapland, as well as
in Finland and the north of Sweden; Dovrefjeld, Norway (Bcrggren); in the
Riesengebirge, Silesia; Wcisse Wiese (Sendtner, 1838); Kleiner Teich, Pantsche
Fall ; Elbwiesen ; Gr.' and Kl. Schneegrube (Milde) ; Alps of Salzburg (Sauter).
Ben Wyvis, in Ross-shire, Scotland (McKinlay, 1867); north end of island of
Unst, Shetland (Sim, 1878).

N. America. — Newfoundland; Canada (Drunimond), and also in Greenland.

This fine species closely resembles Sph. intermedium in ap-
pearance, but is easily distinguished by the very different stem
leaves, and the non-undulatcd branch leaves, unaltered by drying,
as well as by the glossy ferruginous tint ; it is also much more
robust, and by the areolation comes near the subsection acntifolia.
It does not appear to be subject to any variation except in the
shades of colouring ; but the Scotch specimens are very small in
comparison with those from Lapland.

17. Sphagnum intermedium, Hoffmann.

Pl. XXIV. AND XXV.

Dioicous ; robust. Cuticular cells in 2-3 strata, small, thin,
and indistinct. Stem leaves ovato-triangular, without fibres or
pores, broadly bordered with narrow elliptic cells. Pendent branches
closely appressed to stem and concealing it. Branch leaves densely
imbricated, broadly lanceolate ; the margins undulate and points
recurved when dry. Spores yellow.

SvNON. — Sph. palustre, molle, dcflexuin, squamis capillaceis. Dill. Hist. Muse,
p. r?43, t. 32, f. 2 A (1741), et Herbar. fol. 32, middle specimen on the left.

Sph. inttrmcdium, Hoffm. Deutsch. Fl. ii. p. 22 (1796); excl. syn. Dillenii et
van ^. Crome, Samml. Deutsch. Laubm. fasc. i, p. 25, n. 4 (1803). Braithw.
Sphag. Brit. Exsic. n. 47 (1877).

Sph. reairvum, P. Beauv. Prodr. p. 88 (1805). BRin. Sp. Muse. i. p. 16 (1806),
et Bry. Univ. i. p. i? (1826). Lindb. in Ofv. K. Vet. Ak. Forh. xix. p. 136, n. 3
(1862). Bf,rk. Handb. Br. Moss. p. 308 (1863). Klinggr. in Schr. der K. Phys.
CEk. Gesel. zu Konigs. 1872, p. 5. Hobk. Syn. Br. Moss. p. 25 (1873). Schimp.
Synops. ed. 2, p. 830 (1876).

laiMMHHab..-

EUROPE AND NORTH AMERICA.

79

Sph. acntifolium var. a. rccurvtttii, Weh. Moiir, Bot. Tascli. p. 74 (1807).
SwARTZ, Atlnot. Bot. p. 74 (1829),

Sp/i. cuspidatnm a. Nees, Hsch. St. Bryol. Cerm. i. p. 23, t. 4, f. g (1823).
C. MOll. Synops. i. p. 96 (1849), et Deutschl. Moose, p. 125 (1853). Jensen,
Biy. Danica, p. 47 (1856). Sull. Mosses of Un. .St. p. 13, n. 15 (1856). Schimp.
Torfm. p. 60, t. 16, f. I (1858), et Synops. p. 675 (i860). Russow, Beitr. p. 55
(1865). Hartm. Skand. Fl.ed. 7, p. 399 (1858). Schliep. in Verh. Z. B. (Jesel.
Wien, 1865, p. 393. Mh.de, Bry. Siles. p. 383 (1869), et p. p. Auct.

Sp/i. ciispidatiforme, Breutel, Bot. Zeit. 1824, p. 407. Brid. Bry. Univ. i. p. 752.

Sph. albescens, HOb. Deutsch. Leberm. fasc. 3, n. 73 (1837),

Sph.fiexiwsum, Dozy, Molk. Protlr. Fl. Batav. p. 76, t. 3 (1851).

Sph. cuspidatnm et var. /3. rcciimum, WiLS. Bry. JJrit. p. 21 (1855).

Sph. Mougcotii, Schimp. in Moug. Nestl. St. Crypt. Vog.-Rhen. fasc. 14, n. 1306
(1854).

Sph. dubiuin, WiLS. Mss. in Herb. suo.

DIoIcous ; plants robust, straight, in larq^c dense or la.K tufts ;
yellow green, pale green or sometimes pale ferruginous above, pale
brown or whitish below. Stems 6-12 in. high, greenish white,
fragile ; cuticular cells in 2-3 strata, small, thin, not porose, hardly
distinct from the subjacent pale peripheral cells of stem. Stem
leaves reflexcd, rather small, ovato-triangular, minutely auricled,
without fibres or pores, broadly bordered with narrow elliptic cells ;
the apex somewhat obtuse with 3-5 small teeth, not involute at

margm.

Branches 4-5 in a fascicle, two divergent and arched downward,
the rest pendent, attenuated, closely appressed to the stem and
concealing it ; those of the coma numerous, short, obtuse, squarrose-
leaved, forming a large dense capitulum ; retort cells elongated,
perforated, and slightly recurved at apex. Branch leaves densely
imbricated, erecto-patent, broadly lanceolate, involute toward apex
which has 2-3 minute teeth, when dry rather glossy, with the
margins undulate and points recurved. Border of 2-4 rows of
extremely narrow elongated cells ; hyaline cells of the upper half
elongated, filled with annular and spiral fibres, and with a iaw
small pores ; of the lower half very long, with annular fibres only
and no pores ; chlorophyllose cells free on the posterior surface,
trigono-compressed in section.

Capsules numerous in the capitulum, exserted, and also in the
upper fascicles. Perichcetium yellow green, the bracts broadly
oval, pointed, concave ; the hyaline cells small, without fibres or
pores, lower ovate, acuminate, recurved at apex, upper elliptic
oblong, emarginate. Spores yellow.

, on ut t,;._^

^ Ccntm,

Expfiriirnt.:;' .,

•f

'/;

ppill.|IV|l|l| IHIJ

80

THE SPHAGNACE^ OR PEAT-MOSSES OF

Male amcntula fusiform, subclavate, ochraceous; the bracts
ovate, acuminate.

Had. — Open moorlands, wet heaths, and spongy mountain bogs. Fr. July.
Europe and North America from the plains to the mountain region ; frequent.

Professor Lindbcrg has satisfactorily settled the nomenclature
of both Sph. cuspidatnm, Eiirii. and Sph. intcr-medimn, Hoffm.,
from an examination of original specimens of both authors preserved
at St. Petersburg ; Hoffmann's description is otherwise far too brief
for correct determination, and his var. /S is to be referred to Sph.
amtifolinm, Eiiuii.

Professor Schimper at first united his plant with the following
species, as Sph. aispidatnm, Eiirii., regarding the present as the
type and the other as a submersed variety, and moreover described
them as monoicr js. The habit, texture, and general facies of the
two are so dissimilar, that they may generally be distinguished
without difficulty. The chief characters to be noted in Sph. inter-
incdinm are the pendent branches quite concealing the stem, the
indistinct cuticular cells, the branch leaves undulated and more or
less squarroso- recurved at point when dry, the broadly oblong,
apiculate, more densely areolate perichcetial bracts, the much
shorter cells in the border of the stem leaves, and the pale yellow
spores.

The plant varies greatly in height and stoutness, as well as in
colour ; the latter is sometimes pale green above and white below,
but in the majority of cases it is yellowish green and often with
more or less of a golden yellow or fulvous tint, especially in the
comal branches, and in this form it may possibly be mistaken for
Sph. Lindbcrgii, while the green state is on the other hand quite as
likely to be taken for Sph. strictiim.

Var. ^. riparium (Angstr.), Lixdb.

Plants robust, 9-18 in. high, deep dull green. Capitulum large,
with numerous very long drooping branches, all gradually attenu-
ated from the middle. Stem with the cuticular cells very in-
distinct. Stem leaves large, elongato-triangular, the apex obtuse
and toothed, or lacerate, or rounded and more or less fimbriate.

Branch leaves closely imbricate, ovato-lanceolate, recurved at
apex when dry, the point elongated, consisting of flexuose chloro-
phyllose cells alone without any fibrillose.

EUROPE AND NORTH AMERICA. 8 1

o

Synon. — Sph. ripaiium, Anostr. Ofv. Vet. Ak. Fiirh. xxi. p. 19S (1864).
Klingg. in Schr. der K. I'hys. (Ek. Gesel. zu Koniys. 1872, p. 6.

Sph. ciispidatum van majits et var. spcciosnm, Russow, Bcitr. Kennt. Torfm.
p. 57 (1865). MiLDE, Bryol. Siles. p. 384.

Sph. spedosiim, Klinggraff, in Sciir. dcr K. Pliys. CEk. Gesel. zu Konigs.
1872, p. 5.

Sp/t. cuspidatum var. h.fallax, Klingg. 1. c. p. 7.

Sp/i. spcdabilc, Schimp. Synops. ed. 2, p. 834 (1876).

Sph. obtusiim, Warnstorf, in Botan. Zeit. 1877, p. 478.

Sph. intermedium var. riparium, Lindb. Braitiiw. .Sphag. Brit. Exsic. n. 49.

Hab.^ — Deep moorland ditches, more or less immersed.

Europe. — Scandinavia: In Upland and Westrobotlmia ; Grycsbo, in nalecarlia
(Lindberg) ; Ostergotiiland, in Sweden (Dusen) ; Finland, Jurva (Simming), and
Kajana (Hrolhcrus) ; Snasen Vatten, in Norway (Hartman). Germany : Labiau ;
Iserwiese, in the Ricsengebirge (Limpricht); Heiligcn-Geist-See, near Arnswalde,
in Neumark (Warnstorf) ; Stuhm and Ibenhorst, in Prussia (Klinggriiff) ; Silesia
(Milde); sparingly in Livland, Estland, and Courland (Russow). England: Wool-
ston Moss, Cheshire (Wilson) ; Old Trafford Moor, Manchester (Hunt).

This fine plant has several peculiarities which almost entitle it
to rank as a sub-species, notably the areolation of the point of the
branch leaves, free from hyaline cells. When fully developed, it
is one of the noblest of the genus, and the long drooping branches
are very pretty ; the stem leaves vary somewhat in their points,
being occasionally deeply lacerated, at other times nearly entire.
It is to be feared the Manchester locality has now been planted
with bricks and mortar.

Var. y. pulchrum, Lindb.

Plants robust, densely tufted, with crowded fascicles, yellow
green often with a golden fulvous tinge. Stem more rigid, with
the cuticular cells more distinct ; stem leaves acute and usually
contracted suddenly at apex into a minute recurved apiculus, the
hyaline cells more or less fibrillose in the upper third of leaf.
Ramuli short, ascending or divergent, dense-leaved.

SvNON.— Braithw. Sphag. Brit. Exsic. n. 48.

Hab. — In deep bogs on the northern peat-moors.

Europe. — Carrington Moss, Cheshire (Hunt, 1863); Wheeldale Moor, Goath-
land, Yorkshire (Anderson) ; Fowlshaw Moss and Broad Gate Bog, Staveley, West-
moreland (Stabler). Sweden : Hunneberg Mountain (Lindberg).

This beautiful plant when growing in large masses has a fine
effect, and the strong dense-leaved branches present a marked
contrast to the laxer forms of the species. It may be at once
known by the fibrils in the upper part of the stem leaves, and the
mode in which they terminate in a little contracted hollow point.

G

I

83

THE SPIIAGNACE^ OR PEAT-UOSSES OF

1 8. Sphagnum cuspidatum, Eiiriiart.
pl. xxvr. AND XXVII.

Dioicous ; very soft, in loose submersed or floatintjf tufts, pale
or deep screen. Stems slender, pale green; the cuticular cells in
2-3 strata. Stem leaves ovate- oblong, broadly bordered with very
narrow elongated cells, hyaline cells of the upper half with
numerous spiral fibres. Branches divergent, not concealing the
stem ; the leaves narrowly lanceolate, laxly imbricated, llexuose
when dry. Spores ferruginous.

SvNON. — Sp/i, palustris mollis dcflcxi, squamis capillaccis var. ^./luitans, Dill.
Hist. Muse. t. 32, fig. 2, n (1741), et Herbar. fol. 32, specimen on the right.

Spli. cuspidatum, Ehrh. Dec. Crypt, n. 251 (1791). Roth. F1. (^icrm. iii. p. 120
(t793). HoFFM. Deut.schl. Fl. ii. p. 22 (179^)). Smith, Fi. Jirit. p. 1147 (1804);
Eng. Bot. t. 2092 (1819). Turn. Muse. Hib. p. 6 (1804). ISrid. Sp. Muse. i.
p. 17 (t8o6) ; Mant. Muse. p. 2 (1819), et Bry. Univ. i. p. 14 (1826). AVun. Mohr,
Bot. Taschcnb. p. 74, t. 6, f. 2 (1807). Schkuhr, Deutschl. Moose, p. 16, t. 7 (1810).
ScHWAGR. Suppl. I. pt. I, p. 16, t. 6 (181 1). RoHLiNG, Deutschl. Fi. iii. p. 35
(1813). SCHULTZ, Suppl. Fl. Starg. p. 65 (1819). Fl. Danica, t. 1712 (1821).
Gray, Nat. Arr. Br. Plants, i. p. 710, 4 (182 1). Swartz, Adnot. Bot. p. 74 (1829).
HuBEN. Muse. Germ. p. 29 (1833). Dozy, Molk. Prodr. Fl. Batav. p. 79 (185 1).
Berkel. Handb. Br. Moss. p. 307 (1863). LiNun. in Ofv. K. Vet. Ak. Forh. xix.
p. 135, n. I (1862). ScHiMP. Synops, ed. 2, p. 831 (1876). Hartm. Skand. Fl. ed.
3-6, et 8. Klinogr. in Schr. K. Phys. fEk. Gesel. zu Konigs. 1872, p. 6. Hobk-
Syn. Br. Moss. p. 24 (1873). 15raith\v. Sphag. Brit. Exsie. n. 50 (1877).

Sph. capillaccum var. \i. cuspidatum, Waul. Fl. Lapp. p. 301 (1812); Fl. Suee.
ed. 2, p. 807 (f833).

Spit, laxifolium, C. MiJLL. Synops. i. p. 97 (1849), ct Deutsclil. Moose, p. 126
(1853). Jf.nsen, Bryol. Dan. p. 48, t. ii. fig. 9 (1856). Hartm. op. eit. ed. 7,
p. 399. LiNDi!. in Bot. Notis. 1S56, p. 121. Schlieph. in Verb. Z. B. Gesel. Wien,
1865, p. 396. MiLDE, Bry. Siles. p. 385 (1869).

Sph. cuspidatum var. y. Wir.s. Bry. Brit. t. 4 (1855).

Sph. cuspidatum Ii. submerstim, Schimp. Torfm. p. 61, t. xvi. fig. i ^ (1858), et
Synops. p. 676 (i860).

Dioicous ; in loose submersed or floating tufts ; plants very
soft, light green, deep green, or more or less tinged with yellow or
brown.

Stems slender, flaccid, pale green, 6-18 in. or sometimes several
feet in length ; cuticular cells not porose, larger, well defined, in
2-3 strata ; those of the peripheral layers pale yellowish. Stem
leaves ovate-oblong, pointed, with the margins involute at apex,
broadly bordered with very narrow elongated cells, the hyaline
cells of the upper half with numerous spiral fibres.

Branches 3-5 in a fascicle, longer, often turned to one side and

I

EUROPE AND NORTH AMERICA.

83

falcate at points ; all divergent, cuspidate with the convolute
terminal leaves, or 1-2 pendent, but not concealln<jj the stem, those
of the coma few and more lax ; retort cells elongated.

Branch leaves laxly imbricated, narrowly lanceolate, flexuose
when dry, often somewhat falcato-secund, 3-6 toothed, and with a
broader border of narrow cells ; hyaline cells elongated, with
annular and spiral fibres and few pores, chlorophyllose cells free
on the posterior surface, trigono-elliptic in section.

Capsules in the capitulum, or scattered on the stem, the pedun-
cles being often much elongated. Perichrttial bracts distant from
each other, very broadly oval, involute at apex, laxly areolate,
with fibres in the upper cells. Spores ferruginous.

Male plants more slender, amentula fusiform, yellowish brown ;
the bracts ovato-lanceolate.

Had. — Stagnant pools in moorlands ; frequent. Fr. July.
Europe and N. Av.icrica generally distributed.

The chief points of distinction between this species and the
last are as follows : in SpJt. aispidaiiiiii the plants are more slender,
the pendent branches not closely appresscd to stem, the cuticular
cells of the stem well defined from the thicker peripheral layer;
the longer branch leaves not recurved when dry, but slightly
flexuose ; the stem leaves with larger cells, fibrillose in the upper
part, and narrower more elongated ones at the margin ; the more
obtuse pericha^tial bracts, and lastly the brown spores. It must
also be borne in mind that the two plants not unfrequently grow
together, yet each retaining its special features.

Var. ^.falcatum, Russow.

More or less submersed, deep green or brownish green.
Branches nearly equal, and especially in the capitulum subsccund,
arcuate at apex. Branch leaves narrowly lanceolate, the terminal
ones falcate.

Synon. — Sph. cuspidatum var. t. falcatum, Russ. Beitr. zur Kennt. Torf. p. 59
(1865). ScHiMP. Synops. ed. 2, p. 832. IjRaitiiw. Sphag. Brit. Exsic. n. 51.

Sph. hypnoidcs, Bkaun, in Bot. Zeit. 1825, No. 40. Briu. Bry. Univ. i. p. 752
(a young undeveloped state of the plant).

Sph. cuspidatum var. hypnoidcs, Schimp. Torfm. p. 61, t. 16, f. t.

Hab. — In deep pools. Not unfrequent.

In its extreme form this constitutes a well-marked variety, but
transition states exist which gradually connect it with the type.

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84

THE SPHAGNA CE^E OR FEAT-MOSSES OF

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Var. y. ptumostim, Nees, Hscii.

Submersed, slender, flaccid, elongated ; branches decurved, all
uniform and divergfint, with long, lanceolato-subulate, soft leaves.
Perichaetia elongated with distant leaves.

Synon. — Sj>/i. aispidatttm van plumosum, Nees, Hsch. St. Bry. Germ. p. 24,
t. iv. f. 9*. Brid. Bry. Univ. i. p. 15. Schimp. Torfm. p. 61, pi. xvi. 8; Synops.
p. 676, et ed. 2, p. 832. Russow, Beitr. p. 60.

Sj>/t. cuspidatum \a.r. mollissimutK, Russow, Beitr. p. 61 (a dense, yellowish form).

Sph. laxifolium var. serrulatittn, Schliep. in Verb. Z. B. Gesel. Wien, 1865,
p. 396 (a form with the margins of leaf serrulate).

Hab. — In deeper water, rarely bearing fruit.

Plants wholly submersed, elongated sometimes to a length of
two feet, at others with the fascicles closely approximated and then
resembling a tuft of confervae ; the latter form has been found
near Todmorden by the late J. Nowell, and is Russow's var.
molltsshmtm.

Var. S. brevifolium, Lindb.

Stems firm, 5-6 in. high, pale yellowish green ; stem leaves
short, ovate, obtuse, with a few irregular teeth at apex ; cells
fibrillose in the apical part, the marginal cells very narrow and
elongated. Branches in close-set fascicles, short, ascending and
divergent, arcuato-decurved from the middle, attenuated toward
the points ; the leaves subsecund when dry, spreading and imbri-
cated when moist, short, ovate, somewhat oblique and unequal-sided,
the apex truncate, 5-toothed.

SvNON. — Sph, curvifolium, Hunt, in Herb. suo.

Sph. lariciiium, Schimp. Synops. ed. 2, p. 845 (the Loch Kandor specimens).

Sph. cuspidatum var. branfoUum, Lindb. in lit. Braithw. Sphag. Brit. Exs. n. 53.

Hab. — Deep bogs.

England: Carrington Moss, Cheshire (Hunt). Scotland: Near Loch .".andor,
Aberdeenshire (Hunt).

This plant at first sight very much resembles a pale form of
Sph. laricmmn, but a microscopic examination soon shows us that
it differs in structure from that species, and constitutes a very
peculiar variety of S. cuspidatum, having both the stem leaves and
branch leaves shorter than usual. The plant figured in Sullivant's
Icones Muse. Suppl. t. 2, as 6". cuspidatum var. appears to stand
midway between the present plant and the normal form of the
species.

I \

!

I

EUROPE AND NORTH AMERICA.

8S

Van €. Torreyi (Sulliv.), Braitiiw.

Robust, in lax float-ing tufts, rigid, 8-16 in. high, of a reddish
brown colour. Branches 4-5, attenuated, their leaves very larcre,
elongato-lanceolate, tubulose and toothed at apex, the hyaline cells
with numerous minute pores. Stem leaves large, deltoid, without
fibres.

SvNON. — Sph. Torreyanum, Sulmv. Mem. Amer. Acad. n. s. iv. p. 175 (1849);
Mosses of Un. St. p. 13, n. 16 (1856); Muse. Bor.-Amer. n. 9 (1856).

Sph, aiiriculatiim, Lesq. in Mem. Calif. Ac. Sc. i. pt. i, p. 4 (1867). Sull. Lesq.
Muse. Amer. Exsic. n. 23.

Sph. Mendocinum, Sull. Lesq. Icon. Muse, Suppl. p. 12, t. 3 (1874).

Sph. cuspidaium var. 8. Torreyi, Braithw, in M. Mier. Journ. Feb. 1875, p. 64.

Hab. — N. America : Ponds in pine barrens of New Jersey (Torrey) ; California,
in great bogs at 8000-9000 feet, near King's River (Brewer); Swamps near Mendo-
cino City (Bolander).

Sect. II. — Hemitheca, Lindb.
Plants of peculiar habit, somewhat resembling that of Hypmim
sarme7ttostim or stramineum, firm, slender, and elongated. Branches
lateral, solitary or sometimes in pairs, short, distant, slender, sub-
clavate, obtuse, arcuato-decurved. Leaves and perichaetial bracts
alike, ovate-oblong, obtuse, with very large chlorophyllose cells, and
densely annulate, non-porose hyaline cells. Capsule very small,
after the fall of the large operculum, hemispherical, wide-mouthed,
resembling that of a Physcomitr'mm.

19. Sphagnum Pylaiei, Bridel.

Tl. XXVIII.
Dioicous ; stem simple, with a single layer of cuticular cells ;
branches solitary, or si-metimes two or three together, slender,
uniform, deflexed. Stem leaves and branch leaves alike ; oblong-
ovate, very concave, entire, obtuse ; chlorophyllose cells oval in
section, free both in front and back. Capsule immersed, on short
lateral branches, hemispherical when empty.

Synon. — Sph. Fylaesii, Bridel, Bryol. Univ. i. p. 749 (1826). Sullivant,
Icon. Muse. p. 12, t. 6 (1864), et Suppl. p. 15, t. 6 (1875). Austin, Muse. Appal.
No. 23 (1870).

Sph. sedoides var. Sull. Lesqx. Muse. Bor.-Amer. No. 4 (1856). Sull.
Mosses of Un. St. p. 12 (1856).

Sph. cymbifoUum, forma juvenilis, C. MOll. Synops. i. p. 92 (1849).

Dioicous; olive green, fuscous or blackish. Stem erect, slender,
undivided, 3-6 in. high, with a single layer of small cuticular cells,
and a narrow reddish-brown peripheral layer.

86

THE SPHAGNACE^ OR PEAT-MOSSES OF

Stem leaves numerous, resembling the branch leaves, erect,
ovate-oblong, concave, rounded and minutely erose at apex, the
hyaline cells fibrillose.

Branches solitary, or 2-3 in a fascicle at the lower )art of stem,
short, terete, obtuse, arcuato-decurved, the cuiicular cells small,
the retort cells few, narrowly cylindric, not recurved at apex.

Branch leaves laxly imbricated, very small, ovate, obtuse, the
margin incurved in the upper third, entire at apex ; hyaline cells
with strong annular fibres, and without pores, in section circular,
separated both in front and back by the chlorophyllose cells, which
are very thick and oval or obtusely trigonous in section.

Capsules immersed on shorter lateral branches on the upper
third of stem, small, globose ; perich.netial brads rather lax, similar
to the leaves, but longer.

Male plants more slender, amentula somewhat inflated, on the
upper branches, the bracts resembling the branch leaves.

Had. — Peat-bogs and stagnant pools.

N. America. — Newfoundland (La Pylaie) ; Table Rock, S. Carolina (Les-
qucieux) ; Willey Mountain, New Hampshire (James) ; A.dirondack Mountvins, New
York (Peck) ; New Jersey (Austin).

Var. )8. sedoides (Brid.), Lindb.

Synon. — Sph. sedoides, Brid. Bry. Univ. i. p. 750, et var. prostra*inn (1826).
SuLL. Muse. Allegh. n. 208 (1845). Sull. Lesq. Muse. Bi^r.-Amer. n. 3 (1856).
SuLL. Mosses of Un. St. p. 12, n. 8 (1856), et Ic. Muse. p. 11, t. 6 (1864). Austin,
Muse. Appal, n. 24 (1870).

Stem procumbent at base, ascending, 3-5 in, high, simple or
with a few short scattered branches, fragile, flaccid, dull pale green,
the upper part vinous red. Leaves large, very densely imbricated,
oblong-ovate, concave, obtuse, entire or eroso-denticulate, with a
border of two rows of extremely narrow cells ; hyaline cells elon-
gated, with annular fibres, and a very few minute pores. Branch
leaves similar, but smaller.

Had. — Peat-bogs. Newfoundland (La Pylaie) ; wet margins of Table Rock,
S. Carolina (Gray and Lesquereux) ; Mount Marey, New York (Torrey) j Adirondack
Mountains, New York (Peck).

Sph. Pylaici and its variety have been regarded by most
authors as doubtful species, but the form and position of the fruit,
and the structure of the leaves and stem are so distinct, that there
can be no hesitation in maintaining its right not only to specific

EUROPE AND NCRTH AMERICA.

87

rank, but also to that of a separate section in the tjenus, as indicated
by Professor Lindberg under the appropriate title of Hcfiiiihcca.

The var. scdoidcs bears the same relation to the type as the var.
cyclophyllum does to SpJi. laricimtm. Perhaps the most singular
feature of the plant is the very small capsule, which appears to
have been overlooked until collected by Austin, and even when
present, some care is required before it can be detected, so com-
pletely is it concealed by the perichcetial bracts.

Sect. III. — IsocLADus, Lindb.

Plants whitish, glossy, resembling some species of Laicobryitm,
rigid, fragile. Branches acute in distant fascicles of 2-5, all
arcuato-divergent, subclavate. Branch leaves very large, accrescent,
distant, spre .ding, lanceolate; the cells very narrow, serpentine,
without fibres, but with a central longitudinal series of pores.
Perichffitial bracts divergent, resembling the leaves in structure.

20. Sphagnum macrophyllum, Berniiardi.

Pl. XXIX.

Diolcous ; pale olive green, glossy, shining. Branches uniform,
divergent, lax-leaved. Stem leaves minute, ovate-oblong, obtuse.
Branch leaves narrowly lanceolate-subulate, toothed at apex ;
hyaline cells narrow, elongated, without fibres, and with 6-10 pores
in a longitudinal median line ; chlorophyllose cells circular, separating
the hyaline both in front and back.

Synon. — Sph. macrophyllntn, Bernh. Brid. Bryol. Univ. i. p. 10 (1826). Drumm.
Muse. Atr-er. Coll. 2, n. 18 (1841). Sulliv. Muse. AUegh. n. 207 (1845) ; Mosses
of Un. St. p. 12, n. 10 (1856), et Ic. Muse. p. i, t. i (1864). C. Mull. Synops. i.
p. 91 (1849). SuLL. Lesq. Muse. Bor.-Amer. n. i (1856). Austin, Muse. Appal.
n. 41 (1870).

Tsodadus macrophyllus, Lindb. Ofv. af K. Vet. Ak. Forh. xix. p. 133 (1862).

Dioicous, pale olive green, fuscescent below; when dry, glossy
and shining.

Stems 6-10 in. high, rather rigid, very fragile, fuscous, simple
or dichotomous by innovation, with 2-3 layers of cuticular cells,
and small, yellowish peripheral cells.

Stem leaves minute, very broad at base, ovate-oblong, obtuse,
entire; the hyaline cells rhomboid, without fibres, but with 1-3
central pores.

Branches crowded in a spinose capitulum, 3-4 in a fascicle,

U

;' ,'

J

b ;| I

88 THE SPHAGNACE^ OR PEAT-MOSSES OF EUROPE, ETC.

uniform and simil.i.r, divergent, dependent, straight, subflabellate,
lax-leaved, the cuticular cells short, uniform, with few pores.

Branch leaves rather rigid, subdistichous, small at base of
branch, soon becoming elongated, narrowly lanceolate and lanceo-
late-subulate, involute-concave, bordered by 1-2 rows of extremely
narrow cells ; apex somewhat truncate, with 7-8 teeth. Hyaline
cells elongated, flexuoso-fusiform, with 6-10 pores in a longitudinal
median line, free from fibres ; chlorophyllose cells circular in
section, separating the hyaline both in front and back.

Fruit in the upper fascicles or in the coma, divergent ; peri-
chcetial bracts 6-9, lax oblong-ovate, uppermost convolute, truncate
and toothed at apex, the areolation resembling that of the branch
leaves. Capsule small, on a shortish slender peduncle. Spores
sulphur-coloured.

Male plant and prothallium unknown.

Hab. — Sandy bogs. Rare.

N. America. — Near Philadelphia (Bernhardi) ; Swamps in Louisiana (Drum-
mond) ; Raccoon Mountains, Alabama (Lesquereux) ; Green County (Mississippi
(Tice) ; New Jersey (Austin) ; Wilmington, N. Carolina (Sullivant).

Quite peculiar among the Sphagna, by the uniform branches,
the slender pendent ones, ordinarily present, being wanting, and
also by the central position of the pores, and total absence of fibrils.

In general aspect it resembles ths plumose state of Sph. aispi-
datnm, or even some forms of Hypnum fiiiUans, to which also the
areolation at first sight somewhat approximates.

• ADDENDA.

Sph. tenellum var. lougifolium.

Snowdon, near Llanberis (Bos well, 1874).

Sph. magtiifoUufn, Wils. Mss. in Her])ar. suo, probably also Sph. Kinlayanum,
WiLS. in schedis.

Ben Wyvis, Ross (McKinlay).

I can see in this only a form of Sph. subsccuiidiim var. contortum, having very
large stem leaves, evident!}- developed at the expense of the branches, which are few
and distant or nearly absent ; the comal branches are, however, quite normal.

INDEX.

[T/ie Synonyms are in Roman Type.]

PACE

Antheridia 20

Anthcrozoids 21

Archegonium > .. 21

Arcolation 16

Arrangement of species 25

Bracts 19> 21

Branches 14

Calyp.ra 23

Capsule 23

Chlorophyllose cells 16,18

Clavis to species 29

Cuspidata 58

Cuticle 14

Cymbifolia 32

Eusphagnum 31

Examination 7

Exospore 12, 24

Exotic species 8

General observations 6

Germinal cell 22

Germination 12

Hemitlieca 85

Hyaline or vesicular cells .. .. 16,18

Intermediate leaves 17

Isocladus 87

Leaves 15

Literature of the subject i

Lumen 19

Operculum 24

Papillae 18

Paraphyses 21

Pores 16, 19

Prothallium 12

Reproductive system 20

FAOI

Retort cells 14

Roots 12

Sphagnina; 10

Sphagnum " , 31

Sphagnum acut!foliHm,Y}M\\ 66

„ „ var. arctnm .. 73

„ „ „ dcflcxum .. 68

„ „ „ e/egans .. 72

„ „ „ fuscum ,. 72

„ „ „ gracile .. 71

„ „ „ Icete-virens 74

„ „ „ laxum .. 73

„ „ „ lur ilium .. 73

„ „ „ patulum .. 74

„ „ „ purpureum 69
„ „ „ qtiinquc-

farium ., 71

„ „ „ rubellum .. 69
„ „ „ snbfimbria-

tum .. 65, 68

„ „ „ tenellum .. 71

„ „ „ tmue .. 71

Sphagnum Aconiense, De Not 59

„ albescens, Hiib 79

„ ambiguum, Hiib. .. ..56

o

Sp/iagnum Angsfromii, Ha.rtm 51

Sphagnum Ascherbachianuni, Breut. .. 67

„ auriculatum, Schimp 50

Sphagnum Austini, SnW 33

„ „ var. imbricatum .. 34

Sphagnum capillaceum, Swtz 67

„ capillifolioides, Breut. .. .. 67

„ capir.ifoliuni, Ehrh 66

„ cochlearifolium, Wils 47

H

90

INDEX,

i

41 ■

rACB

Sphagnum rompactum, De C. .. 41, 57

„ „ var. ramulosum 53

„ „ „ rigidum .. 56

„ condensatum, Schleich. .. 58

„ contortum, Schultz .. .. 50

„ „ var. obesum .. 51

„ „ „ subsecundum 48

„ crassisctum, Brid 59

„ curvifolium, Wils 45

„ cuspidatifornic, Breut 79

Sphagnum cuspidatiim,Y\\x\\ 82

„ „ var. brcvifolium 84

„ „ ,. falcatum . . 83

„ „ „ fallax .. 81

„ „ „ hypnoides 83

„ „ „ majus .. 81

„ „ „ moUissimum 84

„ „ „ plumosHin 84

„ „ „ riparium 80

„ „ „ speciosum 81

„ „ „ Torreyi .. 85

Sphagnum cyclophyllum, Sull 47

„ cymbifolioides, Breut 41

Sphagnum cymbifolium, Ehrh 38

„ „ var. compactum 41

„ „ „ congesttim 40

„ „ „ cordifoHum 52

„ „ „ purpurascens 40

„ „ „sguarrosHlum\i

„ „ „ tenelluni 47, 50

„ „ „ turgiaum 36, 47

Sphagnum dcnticulatum, Brid 50

„ Drummondii, Wils 47

„ dubium, Wils 79

Sphagnum fimbriatnm, Wils 63

y, „ var. majus .. 64

„ „ „ robustum .. 61

Sphajmum flexuosum, Dozy 79

„ fulvum, Sendt 77

„ fuscum, Klingg 73

„ Girgensohnii, Russ. ,. .. 64

„ „ var. squarrosulum 66

„ helveticum, Schk 58

„ humile, Schp 58

„ hypnoides, Braun .. ..83

„ imbricatum, Hornsch. .. 35

„ immersum, Nees 56

„ „ Casseb 36

o

„ insulosum, Angst 52

Sphagnum intermedium, Hoffm 78

„ „ var. pulchrum 8i

PACB

Sphagnum intermedium^ var. riparium 80

Sphagnum Kinlayanum, Wils 88

Sphagnum laricinum, Spruce .. .. 44

„ „ var. cyclophyllum 47

„ „ „ platyphyllum 47

„ „ „ teretiusculum 46

Sphagnum latifolium, Hedw 39

„ „ var. fluitans .. 50

„ laxifolium, C. Miill 82

„ „ var. serrulatum .. 84

„ Lescurii, Sull 50

Sphagnum Lindbergii, Sch^p 77

„ macrophyllum, Brid 87

Sphagnum magnifolium, Wils 88

„ mcndociaum, Sull 85

Sphagnum ntolle, Sull 53

„ „ var. arctum ., .. 55

„ „ „ Miilleri .. .. 54

„ „ „ tencrum .. .. 55

Sphagnum molluscoides, C. Miill. .. 55

„ molluscum, Bruch 42

„ „ var. immersum 44

„ Mougeotii, Schimp 79

„ Miilleri, Schimp 55

o

„ neglectum, Angst 45

„ oblongurn, P. B 59

„ obtusifolium, Ehrh 39

„ „ var. minus .. 58

„ obtusum, Warnst 81

„ palustre, L 39» 66

Sphagnum papillosum, Lindb 35

„ „ var. confertum 37
„ „ „ stenophyllum 38

Sphagnum patulum, Mitt 59

„ pentastichum, Brid 67

„ platyphyllum, Sull 47

„ porosum, Lind 62

Sphagnum Portorictuse, Hampe .. .. 32

Sphagnum pritmorsum, Zenk. Diet. .. 58

o

„ pycnocladum, Angst 75

Sphagnum Pylaiei, Brid 85

„ „ var. sedoides .. .. 86

Sphagnum recurvum, P. B 78

Sphagnum rigidui/i, iiees 56

„ „ var. compactum .. 57

„ „ „ squarrosum ., 58

Sphagnum riparium, Angst 81

„ rubellum, Wils 69

„ sedoides, Brid 86

„ speciosum, Klingg 81

„ spectabile, Schimp 81

INDEX.

91

FACE

Sphagnum squarrosulum, Lesq 60

Sphagnum strictum, Lindb 64

» „ var. squarrosulum 66

Sphagnum strictum, SuU 58

Sphagnum sqnarrosum, Pers 59

» » var. imbricatum 61
» » „ laxum .. 61
» )i „ squarrosulum 60
M II II subteres .. 61
>» II II /^^^J .. 62
„ subsecuwf tm, Nccs .. .. 48
t> II var. auriculatum 50
fi II II contortum 49
»» II II isophyllum 46, 50
>» II II obesum .. 51
»> II I, rufescens jo
» „ II turgidum 51
Sphagnum subulatum, Brid 67

I'AOK

Sphagnum Sullivantianum, Aust 3.

„ tabulare, Sull 53i 55

SphagHum tcnellu>n, Ehrh 42

II II vox. /lui tans .. 44

1. I. II longi/olium ., 44

11 II II rubellum .. 69

Sphagnum tcncUum, Khngg 71

„ tencrum, Sull cc

„ teres, Angst 62

„ Torreyanum, Sull 85

„ vulgare, Mich 39

Sphagnum Wul/ii, Girgen 75

II II var. squarrosulum 76

Spore 24

Subsccunda 42

Truncata 51

Vegetative System 12

•

LONDON : PRINTED BY WM. CLOWES AND SONS, STAMFORD STREET AND CHARING CROSS.

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I

PLATE r.

PLATE I.

i^Fig. I from a Specimen lent by Mr. Ifowse, the rest from Schimper''s work.)

Fig. I. — Prothallium with young plant.
„ 2. — Sph. cymbijolittvt. Vertic.-xl ction of stem, passing also through two leaves

and the base of a branch fascicle.
„ 3. — Ditto. Transverse section showing the pith or axile cells, the indurated pcri-
phcnil layer, and the four strata of cuticular cells.
-Cells of pith. Fig. 5.— Ditto of woody layer. FiG. 6.— Ditto of cuticle.
-Cells of a branch leaf of Sph. cymbifo '"in.
— Transverse section of a leaf of Sph. squarrosum.
-Cells of a branch leaf of Sph. acutifolium seen from the back.
— Transverse section of same.

-Male inflorescence of Sph. cymbifolium. FiG. 10. — Ripe anthcridium with
paraphyses.
II. — Vertical section of a capsule still enclosed in the calyptra. c, calyptra ; J, cavity

of spore sac ; p, pedicel of capsule.
12. — Macrospores. Fig. 13. — Microspores.

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Genex^al strixcture.

PLATE II.

:ir^

PLATE II.

Sphagnum Portoricense, Hampe.

Fig. a. — From a plant in Austin's collection.
„ I. — Part of stem with a branch fascicle.
„ 5. — Stem leaves. FiG. 5 a a. — Areolation of apex of same.
„ 6. — Leaf from middle of a divergent branch. Fig. 6x. — Section of same.

FiG. 6£'. — Cell from middle x 200. Fig. 6d. — Leaves from base of the

same branch. FiG. 8. — Leaf from a pendent branch.
„ gx. — Part of section of stem.
„ 10. — Part of a branch denuded of leaves. FiG. 10a. — Cuticular cells of same.

Fig. 10^. — The same seen laterally. Fig. lor. — Transverse section of a

branch.

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PLATE III.

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PLATE III.

Sphagnum Austini, Sull.

Fig

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Female plant from Austin'"? collection.

Bar'-f'T plant from Hunneberg.

Part of stem and branch fascicle.

Perichictium and fruit. Fig. 4. — Perichaetial bract.
— Cell from middle of same X 400.

-Stem leaves. FiG. 6. — Leaves from a divergent branch.
— Point of same. FiG. 6 a a.— The same expanded under pressure. FiG. 6x. —

Transverse section.
— Cell from middle X 200.
/.—Hyaline cell seen from the side in adhesion to the wall of the chlorophyllose

cell (Lindberg).
-Basal intermediate leaves. Fig. 8. — Leaf from a pendent branch.
— Part of section of stem.

—Outer cuticular cells of stem. gc'. — Inner ditto X 100.
-P.irt of a branch denuded of leaves.
— Cuticular cells of same.

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PLATE IV.

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PLATE IV.

Sphagnum papillosum, Lindb.

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Fig. rt.— Female plant. Fig. a g .—Part of male plant.
,) I. — Part of stem with a branch fascicle.
„ 2. — Male inflorescence. FiG. 26. — Bract from same.

-Fruit with its perichactium. FiG. 4. — Bract from same.
> rt. — Areolation of basal wing of same.
-Stem leaf.

-Branch leaf. FiG. 6/>. — Point of same. Fig. 6x. — Transverse section.
Fig. 6 a a. — Areolation of half of apex, expanded under pressure. FiG. 6c. —
Cell X 200.
/. — Hyaline cell seen from the side in adhesion to the wall of the chlorophyllose
cell (Lindberg).
'. — Branch leaf of var. stenophyllum.

-Basal intermediate leaves.
■. — Part of section of stem. FiG. ^c. — Outer cuticular cells of same.

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PLATE y.

:

PLATE V.

Sphagnum cymbifolium, Ehrh.

Fig. a. — Female plant. Fig. aS. — Upper part of male plant.

„ /3. — Var. squarrosnlum. FiG. y. — Var. congestum,

„ I. — Part of stem with a branch fascicle.

„ 2.— Male inflorescence. FiG. 2(5. — Bract froi. ..iie.

„ 3. — Fruit and pericha^tium. FiG. 4. — Bract from same.

„ 5. — Stem leaf. FiG. 5 a a. — Areolation of apex.

„ $ a b. — Areolation of base.

„ 6. — Leaf from middle of a divergent branch.

„ tp. — Point of same. FiG. dx. — Transverse section.

„ dc. — Areolation at middle.

„ 7. — Basal intermediate leaves.

„ 8. — Leaf from apex of a branch.

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PLATE VI.
Sphagnum tenellum, Ehrh.

-Female plant. Fig. a $ .—Male plant.

-Part of stem with branch fascicle.

-Male inflorescence. Fig. 2(5.— Bract from same.

-Fruit and pericha^tium. FiG. 4.— Bract from same.

-Stem leaves. FiG. i,aa. Areolation of apex. Fig. j a (5.- Arcolation of base.

-Leaves from middle of a divergent branch. FiG. 6^-.— Transverse section.

Fig. 6/.— Point of same. Fig. 6 a a:.- Areolation of upper part. Fig. 6c.~

Cell from middle x 200.
•Basal intermediate leaves.
--Part of section of stem. Fig. 10.— Branch denuded of leaves. Fig. iox—

Transverse section of same,
and 6 /3,— Stem and branch leaves of var, longifolium.

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PLATE VII.

Fig

a.

»

I.

»

2.

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3-

))

5-

6.—

7-

Sphagnum laricinum, Spruce.

Female plant. FiG. a $ .—Male plant.

Part of stem with a branch fascicle.

Male inflorescence. Fig. 26.— Bract from same.

•Capsule and perichaetium. Fig. 4.— Bract from same.

■Stem leaves. FiG. 5 « a.— Areolation of apex. Fig. 5 a <!>.— Areolation of base

of same.
Leaves from middle of a divergent branch. FiG. 6 a «.— Areolation of apex.

Fig. 6 a ^. ~ Areolation of base of same. Fig. 6/. — Point of same.

FiG. 6c.— Cell from middle x 200. Fig. 6x— Section of same.
■Basal Intermediate leaves.
—Part of section of stem. Fig. 10.— Branch denuded of leaves.

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PLATE VI I L

PLATE VIII.
Sphagnum laricinum Vars.

O

Fig. a. — Fertile female plant of the typical form, from the Aland Islands ; communicated

by Professor Lindberg,

„ ^. — Var. teretiuscidum. Fig. 5. — Stem le f. Fig. 6. — Leaves from a divergent

branch.

„ y. — Var. plalyphyllum. Fig. 5. — Stem leaf. FiG. 6. — Leaves from a divergent

branch.

„ d. — Var. cydophyllum. Fig. 5. — Stem leaves. Fig. 6. — Branch leaf.

PI VIII.

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PLATE IX.
Sphagnum subsecundum, Nees v. Esenb.

Fig. a.— Female plant. Fig. i $ .—Male plant.
„ I.— Part of stem with a branch fascicle.
„ 2.— Male inflorescence. Fig. 2^.— Bract from same.
» 3-— Fruit and perichaetium. Fig. 4.— Bract from same.

„ J.— Stem leaf. Fig. 5 a a.— Areolation of apex. Fig. 5 a ^.— Areolation of base.
„ 6.— Leaf from middle of a divergent branch. Fig. 6x— Transverse section.

Fig. 6/.— Point of same. Fig. 6 a a.— Areolation of apex, Fig. 6 a ^.— Ditto

of base. Fig. 6<r.— Cell from middle x 200.
„ 7-— Basal intermediate leaves. Fig. gr.— Part of section of stem. f

PI . IX.

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PLATE X.

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PLATE X.

Sphagnum subsecundum Vars.

Fig. /3.— Var. contortum. Fig. 5.— Stem leaf. Fig. 6.— Branch leaf.
„ y. — Var. auriculatum. Fig. 5. — Stem leaf. Fig. '^ab. — Basal wing of same x 200.

Fig. 6. — Branch leaf.
„ d.— Var. obesutn. Fig. 6. — Branch leaf.

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PLATE XL

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PLATE XI.

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Sphagnum Anostromii, Harttn.

Fig. a.— Female plant. FiG. a S .—Male plant.

„ I. — Part of stem and branch fascicle.

„ 2. — Male inflorescence.

„ 3. — Fruit and perich<Etium. FiG. 4. — Bract from same.

„ 4/. — Point of an inner bract.

„ 5. — Stem leaves. Fig. 5 a a.— Areolation of apex of same.

„ 6. — Leaves from a divergent branch. FiG. 6fi. — Point of same.

„ 6 a a. — Areolation of same. FiG. 6x — Section.

„ 6c. — Cell from middle x 200.

„ 7. — Basal intermediate leaves.

„ 8. — Leaf from a pendent branch.

„ gx. — Transverse section of stem.

„ 10. — Part of a branch denuded of leaves.

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PLATE XI L

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PLATE XII.

Sphagnum molle, Var. /s.

Fig. a. — Fertiii plant from Darnholm.
„ I. — Part of stem with branch fascicle and fruit.

„ 2.— Male inflorescence. FiG. 4'.— Perichaetial bract of type from Sullivant's figure.
,y 4- — Perichaetial bract from British plant. FiG. 4/. — Point of same.
,. S.~Stem leaves. Fig. sua. — Areolation of apex of same. Fig. ^ad. — Ditto of

basal wing.
„ 6. — Leaf from middle of a divergent branch. FiG. 6fi, — Point of same.

Fig. 6x— Transverse section. FiG. 6c— Cell from middle x 200.
„ 7.— Basal intermediate leaf. Fig. gx— Part of section of stem. FiG. 10.— Part of a

branch denuded of leaves.

II

PI XII

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PLATE XI I L

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PLATE XIII.

Sphagnum rigidum, Nees v. Esenb.

Fig

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-Fertile plant. Fig. i. — Part of stem with a branch fascicle.

-Fruit and perichaetium. Fig. 4. — Bract from same.

-Stem leaves. Fig. s a a. — Areolation of apex of same.

-Leaves from middle of a divergent branch.

a. — Areolation of apex of same expanded. FiG. 6x. — Transverse section.

Fig. 6p. — Point of same. FiG. 6c. — Cell from miJdle x 200. FiG. 6r. —

Reticulation at back x 400.
-Basal intermediate leaf.

-Leaf from a pendent branch with an antheridium.
— Part of section of stem. Fig. 10. — Part of a branch denuded of leaves.
-Var. conipactutn.
-Var. sguarrosum. .

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PLATE XIV.

Sphagnum squarrosum, Persoon.

Fig. a. — Fertile plant.
„ I.— Part of stena with a branch fascicle and male inflorescence.
„ 3.— Perichaetium and fruit. Fig. 4.— Upper bract from same.
„ 5.— Stem leaves. Fig. 5 a fl.— Areolation of apex of same.
„ 6.— Leaves from a divergent branch. Fig. 6.r.— Section.
„ 6/.— Point of same. Fig. 6f,— Cells from middle x 200.
„ 7.— Basal intermediate leaf. FiG. g^.-Part of section of stem.
„ 10.— Part of a branch denuded of leaves.

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PLATE XV.

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PLATE XV.

Sphagnum squarrosum, var. teres.

Fig. a, — Female plant. Fig. a $ . — Male plant.
„ I.— Part of stem and a branch fascicle.

„ 2. — Male inflorescence. Fig. 26. — Bract from same with an antheridium.
„ 3. — Perichaetium and fruit. Fig. 4. — Upper bract from same.
„ 5. — Stem leaf. Fig. 5 a a. — Areolation of apex of same.
„ 6. — Leaves from a divergent branch. Fig. 6x, — Section. Fig. 6/. — Point of same.

Fig. 6c. — Cells from middle x 200.
„ 7. — Basal intermediate leaf. Fig. 8. — Leaf from a pendent branch. Fig. Qi*-.— Part

of section of stem.
„ 10. — Part of a branch denuded of leaves.

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PLATE Xyi.

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PLATE XVI.

Sphagnum fimbriatum, Wilson.

Fig. a. — Fertile plant. Fig. i. — Part of stem with a branch fascicle.
„ 2. — Male inflorescence. FiG. 26. — Bract from same.
„ 3. — Fruit and pericha^tium. Fig. 4. — Upper bract from same.
„ 5. — Stem leaf. Fig. 5 a a. — Areolation of part of apex of same.
„ 6. — Leaf from middle of a divergent branch. Fig. 6/. — Point of same.

Cells from middle x 200. Fig. 6x. — Transverse section.
„ 7. — Basal intermediate leaves.
„ 8. — Leaf from a pendent branch. FiG. <)x. — Part of section of stem.

Outer cuticular cells.
„ 10.— Part of a branch denuded of leaves.

Fig. 6c.—

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PLATE XFII.

PLATE XVII.

Sphagnum strictum, Lindb.

Fig. a. — Female plant. Fig. $ . — Male plant.

„ I. — Part of stem with a branch fascicle.

„ 2b. — Bract from male inflorescence with antheridiuni.

„ 3. — Fruit and pericha:tium. ^IG. 4. — Bract from same.

„ 4rt. — Apex of same expanded. Fig. 5, — Stem leaves.

„ s a a. — Areolation of apex of same.

„ 6. — Leaves from a divergent branch. Fig. 6/. — Point of same.

„ 6c. — Cells from middle x 200.

„ 6x — Transverse section.

„ 7. — Basal intermediate leaf.

„ 9X — Part of section of stem.

„ 10. — Part of a branch denuded of leaves.

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PLATE XVIII.
Sphagnum acutifolium, Ehrhart.

Fig. a. — Plant of the typical form.
„ I. — Part of stem with a branch fascicle.

„ 2. — Male inflorescence. FiG. 26. — Bract and antheridium from same.
„ 3. — Fruit and pericha;tium. FiG. 4. — Bract from same.
„ 5. — Stem leaves. Fig. 5 a a. — Areolation of apex of same.
„ 6. — Leaves from middle of a divergent branch.
„ 6 a 6, — Areolation of base. Fig. 6^. — Transverse section.
„ 6p. — Point of same. Fig. 6c. — Cell from middle x 200.
„ 7- — Basal intermediate leaves. Fig. 8. — Leaf from a pendent branch.
„ gx. — Part of section of stem.
„ 10.— Part of a branch denuded of leaves.

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PLATE XIX.

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PLATE XIX.

Sphagnum acutifolium, var. rubelluni.

Fio. a. — Female plant. Fig. a $ . — Male plant.

„ I. — Part of stem with a branch fascicle.

„ 2. — Male inflorescence. FiG. 2d, — Bract from same.

„ 3. — Fruit and pcricha^tium. FiG. 4. — Bract from same.

„ 5. — Stem leaves. FiG. S^rt. — Areolation of apex. FiG. Sfl^. — Ditto of base.

„ 6. — Leaves from middle of a divergent branch. FiG. 6x. — Transverse sectijn.
Fig. 6p. — Point of same. Fig. 6 a a. — Areolation of apex. Fig. 6 a c. —
Areolation of base. FiG. 6c. — Single cell from middle X 200.

„ 7. — Basal intermediate leaves.

„ 8. — Leaf from a pendent branch.

„ gx. — Part of section of stem.

„ 10. — Branch denuded of It J vto.

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PI. XIX.

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PLATE XX.

PLATE XX.

Sphagnum acutifolium Vars.

Fig. 0. — Var. dcjlexutn.
„ y. — „ purpuretim.
„ €. — „ teH7(e.
„ '•— » fusctim.
„ \. — „ luridum.
„ 5.— Stem leaves. Fig. 6.— Branch leaves.

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PLATE XXI.

Sphagnum acuti folium Vars.

Fig. C — Var. quinquefarium.
„ 9. — „ clegans,
„ K. — „ ardum.
„ fi. — „ Iccte-viretis.
„ 5.— Stem leaves. FiG. 6.— Branch leaves.

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(716) 872-4503

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PLATE XXII.

Sphagnum Wulfii, Girgens.

Fig. a.— Fertile plant. Fig. i.— Part of stem and branch fascicle. j

» 3.— Fruit and perichretium. Fig. 4.— Bract from same.

„ ;.— Stem leaves. Fig. 5 a a.— Areolation of apex. Fig. 5 a b. — Ditto of basal wing.
„ 6.— Leaves from middle of a divergent branch. Fig. 6/. — Point of same.
Fig. 6<r.— Cell from middle x 200. Fig. 6x— Transverse section, ' from
upper part, " from lower part.
„ 7. — Basal intermediate leaf. '

n 8. — Leaf from a pendent branch. >\

„ 9x — Part of section of stem. /

„ lo. — Part of a branch denuded of leaves. ' )'

PI. XXLl.

r BiaUn«i,« dal -ad lui .

ww.rtikColitK

ppii V'v^uTl'i:.

PLATE XXI I L

IJl

■> ■ PLATE XXIII. '

Sphagnum Lindbekgii, Schimp.

Fig. a. — Fertile plant. Fig. i. — Part of stem ajid branch fascicle.
„ 3. — Fruit and perichaetium. Fig. 4. — Bract from same.
„ 5. — Stem leaves. Fig. 5 a a. — Areolation of apex x 60. FiG. $ a b. — Ditto of basal

wing.
„ 6. — Leaves from middle of a divergent branch. Fig. 6p. — Point of same.

FiG. 6x. — Transverse section. Fig, 6c. — Cell from middle X 200.
„ 7. — Basal intermediate leaf. FlG. <)x. — P.irt of section of stem. FiG. 10. — Part of a

branch denuded of leaves.

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lil;

I > <

PI - XXLll.

H Hraithwaite atelsui tia.t

V,- ?■'..« y.Z°'.-ik

Sj,u Lindbet^ii.

1(-

i ■
1

I

m

PLATE XXIV.

Fig

a.

w

I.-

»

2.-

»

3.-

))

5--

6.—:

7-
9;r,

PLATE XXIV. ^

Sphagnum intermedium, Hoffm.

•Female plant. FiG. .i ^ .—Part of male plant.

Part of stem with branch fascicle.

Male inflorescence. FiG. 2b, — Bract with antheridium.

Perichaetium and fruit. FiG. 4. — Bract from same.

Stem leaf. Fig. S a a. — Areolation of apex of same. FiG. j3s. — Stem leaf of
var. riparium.

Leaf of divergent branch. FiG. 6'.— Same in a dry state. FiG. dx, — Section.

FiG. dp. — Point of same. Fig. dc. — Cell from middle x 200.
-Basal intermediate leaves. FiG. 8. — Leaf from a pendent branch.
— Part of section of stem. FiG, 10. — Part of a branch denuded of leaves.

R.Br

P\ XXIV.

6.r , If^

H.Braiihwftiu dslsuX-nKt

W.Weet & Co, imp.

Sph. i nterme diitim.

i

1

1

i

1

PLATE XXV.

i'i! I

PLATE XXV.
Sphagnum intermedium Vars.

Fig. ^.— Var. ripariwn {specioswn), from Russow. Fig. 5.— Stem leaf. Fig. 6.— Branch

leaf and apical cells.
„ 3*.— Ditto from Old Trafford Moor (Hunt, in Kew Herb.). Fig. 5.— Stem leaf

Fig. 6. — Branch leaf.
„ y. — Var. pulchrum.

„ 5.— Stem leaf with its point and a hyaline cell. i

„ 6. — Branch leaf. FiG. dp. — Point of same.

^11

Kl

6. — Branch
-Stem leaf.

m

v: XXV

■ hi UtliwUltf. vfc'. .l.i lUl

vr>fc->i'>, iin.

opli.inljei'mediuni !<ir'

tawi.>ii,iBwi|i,i»^'w.|j<i!i'wiB^wwil

lil

PLATE XXVI.

Sphagnum cuspidatum, Ehrhart.

IG

. a.-

JJ

i-

»J

26.-

))

4-

jy

5--

»

6.-

jt

6c.-

»

7--

jf

9.V.

)t

^.-

»

y.-

11

68

-Female plant. Fig. rt^.— Male plant.

-Part of stem with branch fascicle.

—Bract with antheridium,

-Perichastial bract.

-Stem leaves. Fig. $aa. — Arcolation of apex.

-Branch leaves. Fig. 6x. — Section. Fig. 6/.— Point of same.

— Cell from middle x 200.

-Basal intermediate leaf.

— Part of section of stem. [

-Var._/a/crt/«;w, form hypnoides.

-Var. pluviosnin. FiG. 7 6.— Branch leaf of same.

. — Branch leaf of var. Torreyi.

K fi

PI XXVI.

I a!

it Hfa tiwajte ci«'. ad nfct.

WNa.tSi.1...

>Vlf

Spli. c uspiola-tu-kn

m

ii

PLATE XXVII.

h '

PLATE XXVII.

Sphagnum cuspidatum Vars.

Fig. S. — Var. brevifolinm.
„ 5. — Stem leaves. FiG. 5a.— Apex of same.
„ 6. — Branch leaves. FiG. dp. — Point of same.
„ f. — Var. Torreyi.
„ 5. — Stem leaf.
„ 6.— Branch leaf. Fig. 6/. — Point of same.

KS<!ai!>

RB

m

P! XXVI

SpVi cuspidatuTii Mai

PLATE XXVIII.

1

J

^M

*f-

hH

1

^^^■J

EyiM.'i

i

};|

1

n

I

:

!i

;

S'-

ii

PLATE XXVIII.

Sphagnum Pylaiei, Bride).

m

Fig

. rt.—

»

I.—

ti

3.-

1}

3c.-

}f

$■—

11

6.-

j»

bc-

»

9x-

)»

lO.—

f»

^.-

»

^s-

-From a specimen in Austin's collection.

■Part of stem with a divergent branch.

Perichaetium with the immersed operculate capsule

-Empty capsule. FiG. 4. — Perichaetial bract.

Stem leaves. FiG. 5 a a.— Areolation of apex of same

Branch leaves. FiG. 6x— Section. Fig. 6/. — Point o) sjimo.

-Cell from middle x 200.

—Part of section of stem. >

■Part of a branch denuded of leaves.

■Van sedoides, from Sullivant and Lesquereux's collection.

—Stem leaves. FiG. ^ ^x. — Section of same.

1 ►

IiJjTaj

\

PI XXVI II,

1 »

( kZHLJik '* *'*''

^^i: .j|- V 1 i^.iO

SJjTMthwaile aA liuat

iph P>-1

■WV"t«tiC'"llG

a.ici .

^

?S'

PLATE XXIX.

PLATE XXIX.

Sphagnum macrophvllum, Bemh.

Fig. a.— Fertile plant, from Drummond's collection.
,, 4.-Perichaetial bract. Fig. 4/.-Point of same.
„ S--Stem leaves. Fig. 5 a a.—Areolation of apex of samp

" '■~'"r6':°"cdw'°''HT'' ^^^-^^-P-' --. FIG. 6..-Section.
branch " ^ '°'' ^''- ''-^ '' '^""^ ""''' '' '^^ -"^e

„ 9*-.-- Part of section of stem.
„ 10.— Part of a branch denuded of leaves.

&I

H

ill

ns,

PI XXIX.

-H^natorwcm* Mt aid >i«.fr

wyruthCi.-ur<f,.

.

Spli

pii. m.a,oropti.yiliiiTi

kylh