IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) / O ^ .^ ^ # B /. /a 1.0 I.I 1.25 2:5 22 2.0 1.8 U III 1.6 V] / ?..> ^.'^^ '^F 7 ^^ iV «- \\ % V H ( CSHM/ICMH Microfiche Series. CIHM/ICMH Collection de microfiches. Canadian Institute for Historical Micror&productions Institut canadien de microreproductions historiques 1980 Technical Notes / Notes techniques The Institute has attempted to obtain the best original copy available for filming. Physical features of this copy which may alter any of the images in the reproduction are checked below. n Coloured covers/ Couvertures de couleur Coloured maps/ Cartes gdographiques en couleur L'Institut a microfilm^ le meilleur exemplaire qu'il lui a 6t6 possible de se procurer. Certains difauts susceptibles de nuire i la quality de la reproduction sont notds ci-dessous. 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Un des symboles suivants apparaftra sur la der- nidre image de rhaque microfiche, selon le cas: le symbols -^ sigr.5cliloe, Scl. . . 371 IOTBRIAtli« . 228 Hylt)philns, Temm. . 372 Icteriece . . , . 166 Laletes, S-luitr . 682 Icteria, Vieill . . 228 CycloihlH, Swains . 384 Granptollua, Dtibus . . 230 Vireolauius, thibus . 395 Teretrigieoe , . . 166 Ampeuid^ . . • . 400 •"tristis, Cab. . . 233 Duiiia^ . . 401 SaropiiAoiN.E . . 335 Duliis, Vieill. . . 401 Myiodiocte3, And. . 238 Ampblin^ . . . 403 Basileuterus, Cab. . . 241 Ampelis, Linn. . 403 Basileaterus, Cab . 241 Ptilog(«iatin« . 408 Idiotes, Bd. . . 247 Ptilogoiiys, Sw. . 410 Myiothlypis, Cab. . 251 Ptilogonys, Sw. . 412 Setc^haga, Sw. . . 253 Sphenot^'lus Bd. . 412 Setophaga, Sw. . 256 Phaenopepla, Scl. . 416 Myioboffus, Bd. . 257 Hyiadestina . .417 Euthlypia, Cab. . 2(32 Myiadestes, Sw. . 418 Cardellina, Duhus . 263 Cic)ilo]i8is, Cnh. . 433 Cardellina, Dubua . 263 Platycichla, Baird . 436 Ergaticns, Bd. . 264 LkHUVM . 437 HlRUNDINinS . 267 Collurio, Vig. . . 437 List of Species described . • . 451 Alphabetieal Index . , • . 465 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS. 181 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS IN THE MUSEUM OF THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION/ S. F. B AIRD, PART I. \ KORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. liVVT/i OSCINES. J.^ "; Family TURDID^.' The American liirdidsp, Saxicolidse, and Cmclidse are all closclj related to each other by the presence of common characters, which distinguish them from the other allied American families of Osciriea ' The present work is intended as a catalogue of the birds of Northern and Middle America in the Mu«euin of the Smithsonian Institution, with such critical notices of the same as appear to be called for, and a list of the speci- mens, or of such of them i s best show the geographical distribution of the species. Species not in the Smithsonian collection, but which I have had the opportunity of personally examining and comparing, are also included. Specijs mentioned oy authors, but which I have not seen, will be mentioned at the end of the genera or families to which they are supposed to belong. As understood in the present work, the term " North America" is intended to cover the region in and north of the valleys of the Rio Grande and Gila, or north of a line drawn from the raouth of the Rio Grande on the Gulf of Mexico, to that of the Yaqui, near Guaymas, on the east side of the Gulf of California, and embraces the peninsulas of Florida and of Lower California and Greenland. Middle America extends f"om the same line southward to the continental part of South America, including Mexico, Guatemala, San Salvador, Nicaraguii, Honduras, Costa Rica, the Isthmus of Panama and of Darien, and the whole of the West Indies, excepting Trinidad and perhaps Tobago. Any specimens which may nerve to extend the list of the species enumerated as belonging to the Institution, or furnish additional material for invistigation, will be thankfully received. ' For a synopsis of the American Tunlidx, See Sclater, Pr. Zool. Soc. 1859. 1 June, 1864. REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS, [I'AllT r. havinpj uncovered nostrils and with ten pr'niaries, tlie first, of vvliich is eitiior spurious or much shorter thiiii tlic second, agreeing in this respect with the Si/ltncoltdee having nine primaries only. The moat striking of these common characters is seen in the deeply cleft tt»es, of which the outer is united by the hasal joint alone to the middle toe, while the inner is separated almost to the very base of its first joint.* The frontal feathers extend, with rare exceptions, to the very nostrils. The bill is elongated and subulate, moderately slender, and usually notched at tip ; the culmen moderately curved from the base, and the mouth well provided with bristles, except in a few cases. Usually the sfutellie covering the front and sides of the tarsus are fused into o>ie continuous ]>late, or else scarcely appreciable, except on the inner edge oidy ; in the Mocking Thrushes they are, however, distinctly marked. The lateral toes are nearly equal, the outer rather the longer. With these as some of the prin- cipal characteristics, they may be distinguished from each other as follows : — m iiil A. Nostrils oval. Loral and frontal feathers with bristly points, or inter- spersed with bristles ; rictus with longer or shorter bristles. Bajclcolldaa. Wings very long and much pointed, reaching beyond the middle of the shirt bqiiare or eraarginated tail, and one and a half times or more the length of the latter. The spurious primary very short, the second quill longer than the fourth. In the closed wing tlie outer secondary reaches ouly about two-thirds the length of longest primary. Turdidae. Wings moj half the second. Tail firm, the feathers moderately broad: the ex- terior with outer web near the end, less than one-tl ■ 1 the inner. Bill lengthened ; sometimes much decurved ; no notch at tip ....... Ilarporhynchus. Bill notched, shorter than head ; straight. Bcutellse very distinct Scutellse more or less obsolete , . . Tail rather soft : the feathers broad ; the exterior with outer web near the tip rather more than one- third the inner (except in Donncobius), Rictus without any bristles whatever . . . Rictus with well developed bristles Divisions of tarsus mostly obsolete. Rictus well bristled. Lateral tail feathers scarcely more than half the central ; width of its outer web half the inner Donacobius. Mi mux. Galeoscoptes. ifelattoptila. Melanotis. • iclus. bcyx, lis at iers. Of the family Turdidm, as here given, the genera arc all peculiar to America, with the exception of Tardus; and even here our species belong to sections scarcely if at all represeute^d in the Old World, except by stragglers from the American Continent. The sexes are all similar in the American species, except in some divisions of I'urduH, in its most genijral sense. A very remarkable pecnliarity of form is observable in some of the species of Oreocincla, an Old AVorld genus of Turdidse, consisting in the possession of more than twelve tail feathers, a character quite unique, I believe, among the land birds.* Sundevall, in a communication on the subject to Cabanis' Journal fiir Ornithologie (1858, 159), gives 0. varia and malaynna as having fourteen tail feathers : the other species twelve. A specimen of O. varia, how- ever, in the Smith;^onian collection, received from the Philadelphia , Academy, and of uncertain locality, has fifteen tail feathers, and has probably lost a sixteenth. ' See also Cabanis' Museum Heineanum, I, 1850, 6. f REVIEW or AMERICAN BIRDS. [part I. Hi; ili; CATHARUS, Bon A p. t Catharus, Bonap. Conap. I, 1850, 278. (Type Catharus immaculatus, Bonap.) Malacocichla, Gould, Pr. Zool. Soo. 1854, 285. (Type M. dryas, Gould.) The genus Catharus has been made by Dr. Sclater to include two groups: Catharus proper, in which the species have a close re- semblance in coloration to the small American Thrushes, as T. fiis- cescens, etc., but without any spotting on the breast, and without crest; and Malacocichla of Gould, in which the upper parts, or at least the head, are black, and Avith the feathers of the head above and nape, moderately elongated, so as to form a bushy, rounded crest. The species of Catharus proper, as just stated, closely resemble such small ThrurJies as Tardus fuscescens, nanus, etc. in coloration and external appearance. The bill is very similar, both in shape and character of bristles, which are perhaps not quite so long in some, longer in others. The plumage is, however, softer and fuller ; the tarsi appreciably longer, the tail shorter, the feathers nar- rower. The principal difference is in the wings, which are short, rounded, and concave. The 1st quill in G. melpomene is nearly or quite half the 2d, which about equals the 8th quill. In C. occiden- talis the wings are more pointed, the 1st quill about one-third'-'the 2d, which is between the tth and 8th in size. Here the bristles are shorter ; while in C. frantzii they are unusually long. G. occidentalis forms the transition to the smaller spotted Turdi. In C. (AlalacO' cichla) maculatus the 1st primary is shoi'ter. . In all the skins I have seen the outstretched legs r^ach either very nearly to the tip of the tail or beyond it. In one specimen of C. melpomene, from Mr. Lawrence's collec- tion, the divisions of the tarsal scutellce are distinctly definable on the anterior face, while they are confluent on the sides. It is possible that at one stage of development the tarsi, which are covered with a " boot," or a continuous plate, are distinctly scutellate — the scutellsB meliing subsequently into a single plate. The occasional persistence of this immature feature in an adult bird may thus be explained without invalidating the importance of the character as Kaup has endeavored to do in the case of Turdus migratorius. As Dr. Sclater has furnished an excellent synopsis of the species of American Turdidae (Pr. Zool. Soc. 1859), it will not be necessary here to do the same. CATHARUS. T i Caf.harus. Catliarus melpomene. Turdus melpomene, Cab. Mus. Hein. I, 1850, 5 (Xalapa). — Cntharua melpomene, Scl. P. Z. S. 1859, 323.— Ib. Cat. Am. Birds, 1861, 1, No. 1.— Cabams, Jour. 1860, 322.— Salvin, Ibis, 1^60, 29. Cathurus aurantiirostris, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1856, 294 (not of Uartlaub). Hab. Mexico (Cordova, Orizaba, Oaxaca) ; Quatemala ; Costt^ Rica. Specimens vary somewhat in the shade of colorfttion and the in- tensity of the rufescence of tail and wings. The bill is generally (in the dried skin) bright yellow, sometimes orange, a little dusky towards the tip above ; sometimes this latter shade encropches on the culmen ; in one specimen (No, 22,3G2) the whole upper mandible is light brownish, and in No. 2 of Mr. Lawrence's Collection it is nearly as black as in C. occidentalis. Some specimens have a shade of grayish in the feathers of the chin ; but in none is there any in- dication of the yellowish-brown of the jugulura of occidentalis. The legs are always yellowish, though varying in the shade of this color. The rump and tail are always more rufous than tlife back, as in Turdus pallasii and its allies, ihough the contrast is not so striking. A specimen (30,484) from Costa Rica, in imperfect plumage, differs in the prevalence of a grayish olive shade in +he back, ai.d a less intense shade of rufous on the rump and tail.* It is not im- probable that this may be the true C. aurantiirostris of Ilartlaub, which is said to differ in the more olive buck. Although Ilartlaub describes the whole upper parts as uniformly olivaceous, including the wings and tail, his figure represents the latter as being more rufous. If the species of Hartlaub and Cabanis should hereafter prove to be the same, it is somewhat of a question to which of their names the priority should be assigned. The date of the aurantiirostris is March, 1850, exactly coeval with Bonaparte's "inwiaculatus." The name " melpomene^^ appears on page 5, of sig. 1, of Museum Heineanum, but without any signature date affixed — this practice not having been introduced until the appearance of the fourteenth signature, where the date of Jan, 1851 is printed at the bottom of page 107. There is nothing whatever to show tl/^t even if the first signature was published in 1850, it appeared as e^ as March. ' Tardus aurantiirostris, Hartlaub, Rev. Zool. March, 1850, 158 (Vene- zuela) ; Ib. Jard. Cent. Orn. 1851, 80, pi. Ixxii. Catharua aurantiiroHris, S( LATKR, P. Z, S. 1859, 323. Catharua immaculatua, Bun. Co^». March, 1850, 276 (Caraccas). 8 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [part I. u ii' t m Note. — Additional specimens received from Costa Rica — none in very perfect plumage — agree in being all rather grayer, with less con- trast of back and tail coverts than Mexican and (j. uatemalan. They, however, vary considerably among themselves — some being quite decidedly olivaceous on tho back. Tie most olivaceous specimens have the most brightly orange-foloreu bills. In some of the others the bill above is light horn color. No. 33,259 has an unusually large first primar)' — more than half t longest. List op Specimens. Sm(th- Collec- Sex When Hiininn tor's Hnd Locality. Received from Collected by No. No. Agf. 22,3ii2 .3.1,122 .. Cordova, Mex. VorroHux. l(i.84l , , , , Moxit'o. . . > J. Ooiilil. 20,201 68 , , OrizHba, Mex. . • • Prof. Suinlchrast. Prof. Suioicbnist. 32,4.')1 322 , , t( ■ • • n ii S2,4r.3 68 , , (< • . . l( 4* 7,9.")1 Juv. Guatemala. • • • J. Gould. 13,661 , , , , ti • . • Dr. Sclater. soerio 30 , , BuenHKf Qiiat. Sept. 1862. 0. .Snlviii. Salvin & riodmao. 30,482 11 , , San J()8e, Costa . . . l)r. KruiitziiiH. J Caruiol. , , 1 , , Moxioi). [Uica. ... Cub. ofG.N. Law- D'Oca. , , 2 , , Ouaceraala. ■ . > " [reace. 33.2/>8 10!) .t ti . . . Dr. Franwius. 3.3,2-)6 110 . , K . . . 1, *J.2r>i> , , 1( J. Carniol. 83,25.-. , , , , U ... 4i S3,2.'i7 •• •* 1( ... (t 16,841. Upper mand. black ; rufouH oi' wlags very iatense. — 29,201. Bill orange red, iu yellowUb. — 3.3,259. lat primary very large. (kia Catharus occidentalism Catharua occidentalis, Sclatkr, P. Z. S. 1859, 323, 370.— Ib. Cat. Am. Birds, 1861, 1 (No. 2). Hab. Mexico (Oaxaca and Totontepec (Sclater) ; Orizaba). This species may readily be distinguished from C. melpomene by several characters. The general color above is much the same ; but while the rump, tail and wings are little, if at all more rufous than the back, the head above and nape are decidedly so. There is an indication of streaks on the jugulum and throat, the feathers being pale buff at base, broadly streaked centrally, and tipped with plum- beous ; while in melpomene there is no indication of the buff, nor of streaks, the feathers being pure plumbeous, except where the whitish basal portion shows on the chin and throat. The legs are darker and more olivaceous. The bill is dark brown, almost black, except the yellowish basal portion of lower jaw. The wings are longer and more pointed, the longest primary exceeding the 10th by .65 of an inch, instead of .35 to .40. The spurious primary is smaller and narrower, its raposed portion reaching over scarcely more than one^ CATHAUU8. i ^m. tin ng ra- of ish ier ept ind an md ne- third of that of the 2d quill, instead of nearly or quite one-half. The bill is shorter and more slender (.3(> or lens from tip to nostril, instead of .42). The tarsi and toes are absolutely and relatively about the same length as in nwlpomene (tarsus 1.25, middle too and claw .85 iu No. 22,3(;i ; a little less in 29,202). It will be seen from the speeimens indicated as from Orizaba, that this species is not confined to the west coast, as supposed. List of Specimens. 1 ; Smlth-'Collno- Bex When Collectod. soaiao tor's i aod Locality. R'»tolved from Collected by No. No. i Age. 22,.1»il 40,700 Mexico. Verreanx. 29,202 202 Orizaba, Mex. Prof. Sumichra&t. Prof. StimlcbraHt. 3i,ir>i 202 '* " 32Ar>r> 202 (( It 32.4)6 202 ■ <( ti 32,4o7 202 It II 32,4,08 399 II 11 22,361. Not exactly like type. Cathariis frantzii. Catharns frantzii, Cab. Jour. Orn. for Sept. 1860 (pub. Jan. 1861), 323 (Costa Rica). nab, Costa Rica. No. 30,482. First primary about half the 2d. Above rufescent olive, a little more rufous on the rump and tail, still more so on ihe head above and nape ; the outer edge of primaries a little grayer than the back. Beneath plumbeous gray, darkest on the front and sides of the breast, under wing covers, and thighs. Edges of tliroat feathers perhaps a little lighter. Sides of head grayish. Flanks, middle of belly and anal regions white ; under tail coverts pale rusty, some of the feaihers faintly edged with plumbeous. Upper mandible black ; lower yellow, but rather brownish at tip ; legs pale brown. Length, 7.60; wing, 3.30; tail, 3.20; bill, from nostril to tip, .41; tarsus, 1.3(5; middle toe and claw, 1.00; 5th or longest primary, .47, longer than the tenth. Another specimen (No. 30,483), although quite different, appears to be a more immature stage of the same si)ecies. The upper parts are darker and tinged with a more brownish rufous ; the breast anu sides are also strongly marked with the same. The Calharus frantzii is intermediate between C melpomene and occidentalis. The back is more olivaceous and darker than in the latter, the head of much the same color. Different frt>m either, the outer webs of the primaries are grayer than the back, instead of m UEVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [part I. more rufous. There are no streaks on the throat as in occidentalis, or else t' ey r.re very faintly indicated ; and the plunilx ous of the under parts is much darker than in melpomene. Tlie bill and feet are colored as in occidentalis, the feet still darker than in the latter species. The bill is proportionally as large as in melpome.ne ; the bristles apparently very long. u List op Specihenb. Smith- RODiaii No. 30.482 33,2.H 30,483 Collec- Sex tor's aod No. Age. 89 Ad. SO 148 Juv. Locality. Costa Uicu. When Collected. Received from Dr. Fraatzlus. Collected by Dr. Fraalziuti. Malacocichla. Catharus dryas. Malacocichla dryas, Gould, P. Z. 8. 1854, 285, pi. 79 (Gnateraala). — ScLATBR & Salvin, Ibis, 1859, 7.— ScLATER, P. Z. S. 1859, 324. Hab. Guatemala. Above slaty olive-green ; the top and sides of the head, including lower ^.aw, continuous and deep black; beneath light ochry yellow, becoming yellowish-white on the belly and anal region ; crissum tinged with brown ; sides of body and inside of wings somewhat like the back ; small indistinct spots of olivaceous on the chin and throat, which become larger and more rounded on jugulum and breast. Bill and legs yellow. Length, 6.00 ; wing, 3.fi0 ; 1st primary, .96 ; tail, 2.*r5 ; bill from nostril, .40, from gape, .92; tarsus, 1.40; middle toe and claw, .96. This species is easily distinguished from G. maculatus^ of Ecua- dor, by the much more olive back (not dark ash) and ochry yellow breast. The wings are longer and the tail shorter in proportion (in maculatus measuring respectively 3.50 and 3.00). I am indebted to Mr. Salvin for the opportunity of examining his cabinet specimen of this species, lent me for the purpose. (No. 31, Salvin coll. Tileman, Rio Potochic, Guatemala, Jan. 1861.) It does ' A sjwiiiinen of Malacocichla, in Mr. Lawrence's collection, from the Napo, with a general resemblance to a type Napo skin of M. maculatus received from Mr. Verreaux, is in some respects more like M. dryas. Thus the uj)per parts instead of being grayish sooty, are more olive, the under parts more ochrace- ous yellow. The crissum, however, instead of being yellowish-white, like the anal region, is v.'^ a .snuflfy brown. The tail is much longer (3.30). ^ii.^^f] TURDtJ8. \\ not agree exactly with Mr. Gould's dujcrlption, but is probably ihe saiue species. ,j-;av * Catharus mexicanas. Malacocichla mexicona, Bon. Comptea Renuas, XLIII, Nov. 1856, 998 (Xalapa). — Catharun inextcmun, Sclatkb, P. Z. S. 1859, 324. — Ib. Catal. i:-Gl, 1, uo. 4. Hab. S. Mexico ; Guatemala. Above yellowish olive, with a tinge of rufous in the rump and base of tail. Top and sides of head black, this color not extending to sides of lower jaw, which are dark ash. Beneath ashy ; the chin and tliroat whitish ; middle of belly and crissum white ; breast and sides tinged with olive. Bill yellow ; dusl:y along culmcu ; tip brownish yellow or very pale corneous. Length, 6.00 ; wing, 3.55 ; 1st primary, .90; tail, 2.80 ; bill, from nostril, .40, from gape, .90; tarsus, 1.30; middle toe and claw, .88. Specimen examined, No. 32 of Mr. Salvin's collection, Rio Poto- chic, Tileman, Guatemala, Jan. 1801 (lent by Mr. Salvin). This species is easily distinguished by the combination of the yel- lowish olive back, black head, and absence of spots beneath. The olive has a more gamboge tinge than in dryas, and the black of the head does not extend over the lower jaw. There is nothing of the ochry yellow of the under parts, nor the spots of dryas. TURDUS, LisN. Turdus, Linn. Syst. Nat. ed. 10th, 1758, 1G8. (Type T. viscivorus of Europe.) The genus Turdus is an exceedingly cosmopolitan one, embracing species from nearly all parts of the world excepting Australia. There are many minor variations in external anatomy and style of coloration ; but the transition is so gradual from one form to another as to render it exceedingly difficult to separate them generically to any considerable extent. They agree in the conical subulate bill, shorter than the head ; the tip gently decurved and notched (except in Hexperocichla) ; the rictus with moderate bristles ; the wings rather long and pointed, with small 1st primary (less than one-fourth the second) ; considerably longer than the tail, which is firm, nearly even, with broad feathers. Tarsi variable, seldom as long as the skull, the scutellae fused into a continuous plate ; only in rare individual instances showing indications of the lines of separation. The following arrangement of the genus is proposed as expressing, with some accuracy, the characters of the American species : — ■^ 19 REVIEW OP AMERICAN BIRDS. 11 [part I. bires similtir, Hylocichla. Smalhnt Bpeoiea. Bill sliort, broad at ba? e : tnnch depressed. Tttfrti long and Hlender, Iciger than middlo tO') uiid olaw bv the additional lengtl) of the claw ; outslietched legs reaching nearly to tip of tail. • Body slendei. Color: above olivaceoua or redtlish, buueath whitish; brtast spotted ; throat without spota. Turdus. Bill atouter and higher. Tarsi short, scaroelj lonjjer than niiddK to" and claw. Bo.ither ainonj-; Merula, o" even assigned to a separate division. It agrees with Merula in the dissimilarity of color in the sexes ; but differs from all the American true Thrushes in a much more subulate and slenderly conical bill, without any notch at the tip. The claws are longer and straighter than in 2\ mifraturius, more like typical T. merula. In form it is perhaps nearer T. tor- quatuti than other species of Merula. It is somewhat of a question as to what name should be given to the section of Tardus, of which naevius is the type. Bonaparte, in his Notes on Delattre, state that Tardus nsevius, Gm., is the type of his new genua Ixoreus, and that it is not a Thrush at all, but a true Tseniopterien. Dr. Sclater, to whom Bonaparte exhibited his supposed species, T. nsevius, states (Pr Zool. Soc. 1859, 331) that it proved to be the Taeuioptera rufiventris, of South America, a bird of an entirely different order. Now, on the one hand, Turdus nsevius, Gm., is positively stated by Bonaparte to be the type of his genus Ixoreus. Dr. Sclater, however, explains Bonapar^^e's errone- ous ideas of its affinities by showing that he had in view an entirely different species, a fact which only accidentally comes to light. Under these circumstances, if Ixoreus is not to be applied to nsevius, must it not be assigned to Tsenioptera rufivenlris, in case that species should need a new generic appellation ; or should it be dropped altogether? On the whole I am inclined to adopt the latter view, and accordingly propose thr name Hesperocichla. It will be understood, of course, that the preceding arrangement of Turdus is only provisional, and merely intended to hint at the affinities of the American species. Without a full series of the Old World Thrushes, I can only base my notices on the species I have before me. _ , .1* Hylocichla. ,t ,, , Turdus mustelinus. •:.-;H.f Tardus mtistelimis, Gmelin, Syst. Nat. I, 1788, 817. — Aonnnoir, Orn. Biog. I, 1832, 372, pi. 73.— Ib. Birds Am. Ill, 1841, 24, pi. 144.— D'Orb. La Sagra'.s Cuba Ois. 1840, 49.— Baird, Birds N. Am. isr)8, 212.— Sclater, P. Z. S. 1856, 294, and 1859, 325.— Is. Catal. 1801, 2, No. 6. Turdus mdodus, WiM. Am. Orn. I, 1808, 35, pi. ii. Turdus densus, Bonap. Comptes Rendus, XXVIII, 1853, 2. — Ib. Notes Delattre, 1854, 2G (Tabasco). 1 22,3.-)B 7,947 20,392 *96 34,414 "s 377 ? Foi t Pierre. Neb. Iiidepeudeucc, Mo. Mexico. Guatemala. Coban, Vera Paz. MayS.lS.W. June 22, '67. Col. Vaucban. W. M Magraw. Verreaux. J. Gould. Cab. Lawrence. 0. Salvia. Dr. Hayden. Dr. J. 0. Cooper. Constancia. 8,390. Iris brown. Turdiis pallasii. Turdus pallasii, Cabani?, Wiegmann's Archiv, 1847 (i), 205. — In. Jour- nal f. Orn. 1855, 470 (Cuba).— Baird, Birds N. Am. 1858, 212.— Sclater, P. Z. S. 1859, 325.— Ib. Catal. 1861,. 2, No. 7. Turdus solitaritts, Wii.soN, Amer. Orn. V, 1812, 95 (not of Linn.«us). — Sclater, P. Z. 8. 1^57, 212. Turdus minor, Bon. Obs. Wilson, 1825, No. 72. Turdus guttatus, Cabanis, Tscliudi, Fauna Peruviana, 1844, 187 (not Muscicapa guttata of Pallas). M -4 TURDUS. yk Additional figures : Acd. Birdn Am. Ill, pi. oxlvi.— Is. Oro. Biog. I, pi. Iviii. Ilab. Eastern North America. Cuba, Cab. Mexico f , ; A large series of speeimens from the nortliern parts of the United States shows considerable variations in color, etc. In all, of course, the rump and tail are rufous, in decided contrast with the rest of tho upper ))arts. The shade of color here varies considerahly, however: generally it is of reddish olive, sonietimes as bright and of tlie same shade as in T.fuscescens (as in 7591, Washington), t5;ongh generally a little less intense. In two specimens only does the back have tho olive rather than reddish shade predominant (28,22.5, Washington ; 29,649, Maine), as in T. swm/ifionii and nanus. These s])ecimens are almost as small as nanus, but have the large bill and fulvous tinge of sides and crissum of pallasii. In many specimens there are vestiges of the lighter spots on the ends of the wing coverts. The under parts do not vary mr?h, although sometimes the tingo of pale buff across the breast is more decided ; sometimes nearly wanting. The size is pretty constant ; the wing rarely exceeds .3.75, ill one case only (2,092, Carlisle) measuring 3.85 ; in half the speci- mens it is about .20 less. The bill, too, is pretty constantly .40 from tip to nostril. The tarsi measure about 1.15. A young bird has all the feathers of the head, back, and wing coverts streaked centrally with drop-shaped spots of rusty yellowish. I have seen no specimen of this bird from south of the limits of the United States. Mr. Sclater quotes one from Orizaba ; but it may be the audubotv', as Prof. Sumichrast has sent a specimen referable rather to the latter variety. . .„ '_Z' ,^;i . '_ List op Specimens. }'■> Smlth- soniaQ No. 22,610 31,413 Collec- Sex tor's Hiid No. Age. 505 , , •• • • Locality. When Collected. Received from Fort Simpioii, R A. Sep. 6,1860. Kort, Poel'K River Ft. Rue, Slave Lake. Ft. Resulutiuo, " B. R. Ross. C. P. Oaudnt. L. Clark, .Jr. J. Lockhart. Collected by Turdus nanus. -rJ^r -^'^ s---- '■■ -' ■''■■' .^' ■= ;'^'- ■- ■■ Turdu.1 nanus, Ann. Orn. Biog. V, 1S39, 201, pi. coi. — Bairp, Birds N. A. 1858, 213.— Sclater, P. Z. S. 1859.— In. Catal. 1861. f Tnrdns aomilnschlca, Gmei.in, S. N. I, 1788, 808. if Muftcicapa guttata, r'ALLAS, Zoog. Rosso-Asiat. 11,1811,465. Hah. Western North America (south of Columbia R. ?) to Rocky Mountains, south to Cape St. Lucas. m If ¥ IlL i\ ■ I 16 RKVIEW OP AMERICAN 1HRD8. [I'AHT I. 1 have littlo to add to th« remarks on this Hpocios in tlio Birds of North Amuriua, except that the predoiniiiunt Khudo in the back is tlie olive of Hwaintionii ratiier than the reddish of /««<•(»«<•? n«, ns in T. paUasii. I have, however, not mentioned the difference in tiie bill, V, liieh, besides beinj^ sniallcr, is much more deprcHsed, as in AnthuH. The heij?ht of the bill ut the base juHt back of the nostrils in jiaUtiHn is from .17 to .15) of an inch, while in vanuts it is only .15. . The distance from tip of bill to nostril is .35 or .36 ; the lengtli of tarsus, 1.07 to 1.10; the win}?, 3.30 to ,S»48. The clear plumbeous east of the flanks and thijfhH, anil the white crissum of variua, con- trast characteriitically with the rufous tinge of the same jjarts in j)allanu. The legs are rather (hirker and considerably more slender. Pallas, in his Zoographia liosso-Asiatica, I, 1831 (?), 4<55, de- scribes a Muscicapa (jultata from Kodiak, an island of the Russian American Archipelago, collected by Billings. This was, in all pro- bability, a young Thrush in the inmiaturc spotted plumage, and if any described North American species, may, from its size and colora- tion, be referred to Turdun nanus, rather than to any other Thru.sh. Should this be substantiated, the name gutlatun must take prece- dence ; but as there is still some uncertainty on the subject, I prefer to make no change at present until young birds of the species can be procured. A youtig T. pallasii shows some rather marked differ- ences from Pallas' description. LiBT OP Specimens. gmith- Collec- Sex NnniHD tor'H and No. No. Age. 8,1B8 .. , , 1(!,1-1H 353 V 10,881 . , d 8.170 , , 32,16.5 10,781 n several other specimenH of the larj?e race of Turdut pnllaxii. The back is rather more olivaceous llian in pallaHii, the rump pulcr and h^ss rufous, and the colors jfi'iiorally much as in nanux. In the largest specimen (10,88fi, from Fort IJridgcr) the wing is 4. 18 inclicn ; tail, S.fiO ; bill, from tip to nostril, .45; tarauu, 1.2(5. Other specinienB from Mexico and Ouat'niala are a little pmaller, but all exceed pallaHii in size. This species or race np'Kars to belong to the high table lands of ^rth America; the skin coll«>cted by Mr. Drexler, at Fort liridgcr, •.hat from Cantonment IJurgwyn (both localities in the Rocky Aiouii ains), being however the only specimens recorded from the li.iited States. On the other hand, it seems to be rather common in Mexico and (juatemula. A specinien from Orizaba agrees with the others referred to in the grayer plumage above, although not larger than many of the true pallasii. It is probably the same variety that Dr. Selater refers to as T. pallasii from Orizaba. ^^'hether the present bird be specifically distinct from T. pnllasii or not, there is no doubt of its being a decidedly marked race, of larger size and grayer plumage above. While, as defined, the true T. pallasii is confined to eastern North America, possibly not mi- grating south of its limits, the 2\ aiiduboni belongs to the ct-ntral North American plateau, ranging from Fort Bridger to Orizaba. As the name of T. silens is pre-occupied in the genus by A'ieillot, I have ventured to affix the name of T. auduboni to the present bird, basing the name upon the largest specimen from Fort Bridger (10,886). LiBi' OF Spbcihers. Smith- Collec- Sex Roniiin tor's and No. No. Age. 10,8S6 483 (f 11,7.34 , , 7,9.i0 , , ^..-STfl i3,aso .32,459f 3dd Iiocitlity Fort Brldtferf Cantonment Bnr- Mezico. lgyiyu,H.lL. 0ii»ba. I When CoUected. May 28, '58. Received from C. Drexler. Dr. W W. Ander- J. Gould. [son. Prof. Sainl<)bra§t. Collected liy 10,886. Type. No. 11,734. 8; 11 28; 3.74. Turdus fiiscescens. Turdus mustelivus, Wilson, Am. Om. V, 1812, 98, pi. 43 (not of Cmrliit). Tardus fuscescens, Stephens, Shaw's Gen. Zool. Kirds, X, i, 1817, 182. Cab. Jour. 18.').'), 470 (Cuba).— Baird, Birds N. Am. 1858, 214.— ScLATER, P. Z. S. ?ri.')9, 32().— Ib. Catal. Am. Birds, 1861, 2, no. 10. Turdus silens, Vibill. Encyclop. M6th. II, 1823, 647 (based on T, muite- linns, WiLs.). 2 June, 1864. 18 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. Ik m [part r. Turdus wthonii, Bon. Obs. Wils. 182t), . a. 73. Turdus mhior, D'Orb. La Sagra's Cuba Ois. 1H40, 47, pi. v (Cuba). Hab, Easttfrn North America ; Cuba ; Panama (winter). There is not mnch variation in the color, and but little in the size of thJR species. The spots on the breast are sometimes more distinct than common, but less so than in 2\ udulatus, and they never extend so far back. It is a matter of some geographical interest that Mr. Drexler obtained the true T. fuscescens at Fort Bridger, in the Rocky Mountains, instead of T. ustulatua, its v/estern representative. The collections of the Smithsouiari Institution do not contain specimens of this species from any point north of Port Garry, ucr south of the limits of the United States, although Mr. Lawrence has a skin from the Isthmus of Panama I do not find it quoted as from beyond the United States by recent authors. List of Spbcimrws. 6mUh- Collec- Sex When Collected. Boaiaa No. tor's No. HDd Age. Locality. Received from Collected by 22.299 Halifax, N 3. W. 0. Wlntfp. "^ 18.683 ie , , Portsmouth. N. H. ... E Couen. 13.132 , , , , Red Kiv.or Settle- ... C. 8 Hubbard. 18, .122 23 ^' [ment.B..^ D Oiinn. 13,698 4.713 •• .BjinyLake. Mo7or Veriiiillon. May 29. U. Kenulcott. Lt. Wiiiren. Dr. Haydon. 10,881 ^ Fort Bridger, Utah. May 27, '98. C. Drexler. •• 8 Fauama. ... Cab. Lawrence. M'Lean. & Oalb. I !■ 13,132. No. 2,2S6. Eg|{8. No. 8. Cabinet of 0. N. Lawrence. ! - !5 till mm m ,? Turdus ustulatua. Turdus ustulatus, Ndttall, Man. 1, 1840, 400 (Columbia River).— Baird, Birds N. Am. 1858, 215, pi. Ixxxi, fig. 1.— Cooper & Sdckley, P. R. Rep. XII, II, 1860, 171. Additional specimens of this bird, received since the publication of the "Birds of North America," have satisfied me of the validity of this species. Of the diagnostic characters there enumerated, I find that of the fulvous or yellowish brown of the axillars (and to some extent of the tibine), as compared with their purer ash in fus- cescens to bo a constant one. The spots on the breast are much better defined, darker, and extend farther back on the breast. The sides are more of a yellowish-brown. The bill is much darker, being dark brown except at the base of the lower niniidil)le, which is yellowish, and m marked contrast to the remainder ; while in /usees- TURDU8. in cena the lower mandible is yellowish, only tinged with brownish (sonii'tiuH'S scarcely uppreciublc) lovvurds the end. This species hitherto has not been noted as found outside of tho limits of Washington Territory and Morthern Oregon^ nor as far east as the Rocky Mountains — tlie most eastern pc'''it being Chiloweyuek Depot, of the Northwes(ern Boundary Survey (as 15,931. July 3, 18.')9, Dr. Kennerly), where it was found breeding very abundantly. The eggs bear a close resemblance to those of T. swainsoni, being thickly spotted, instead of being plain blue, as in its u;>arest relative, T. t'uscescens. -Baird, t, P. R. [licatiou .validity rated, I l(and to lin /»s- re much The Idarker, ,'hieh is lyusces- Turdus svrainsonii. Turdua swainsonii, Cab. Tschudi, Fauna Peruana, 1844-46, 188. — ? Scla- TKR & Salvin, Ibia, 1859, 6 (Guatemala). — Bclatbk, P. Z. S. Ib58, 451 (Kouador) ; lb6P, 32(J.— In. Calal. 18ljl, 2, no. 11.— Baikd, Birds N. Am. 1868, 216.— Oundlaoii, Cab. Jour. 1801, 324 (Cuba). Tardus minor, Qmklin, Syst. Nat. I, 1788, 809 (in part). Tardus olivnceus, Giraud, Birds L. Island, 1843-44, 92 (not of Linn.). (?)7'i -^ • minimus, Lafrbsnayk, Rev. Zool. 1848,5. — Sclater, P. Z. 8. 1854, 111.— Bryant, Pr. Boat. Soo. VII, 18(50, 226 (Bogota).— Lawrence, Ann. N. Y. Lyo. 1863. (Birds Panama, IV, no. 384.) Ilab. Eastern North America ; westward to Ft. Bridger and Upper Columbia, north to Arctic Ocean, south to Ecuador. There is not much difference in the color and size of specimens of this species from different parts of the United States. There is a strong fulvous tinge on the throat, breast, and side of head and neck, a tawny yellowish ring round the eye, and a decided line of the same extending from the nostrils to the eye. The upper parts are of uni- form olivaceous, and pretty constant in shade ; sometimes a little grayer, sometimes with a faint tinge of rufous, though this is usually almost inappreciable. Sometimes the fulvous tinge of the breast is so slight as to induce a resemblance to " alicise ; but here the persistence of the yellowish ring rouhd the eye, and the line from eye to nostril, will generally determine the species. In a few instances the ring round the eye and loral line are very pale, but I have considered the distinct ex- istence of the latter as inclining the decision in favor of swainmnii. It is quite possible that some of these doubtful specimens may be hybrids of the two species, as they invariably come from the regions where both breed abundantly. The bill is generally rather small, on an average measuring .35 from front of bill to nostril ; in one or two specimens in the series, as 22,250, from Washington, it measures .40, or nearly as much as 20 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [part I. m I' 'I M llh !' I 1 aliciae. One specimen (5,657) from Kansas, has the bill oulj .30 from nostril to tip; thf i, .99; winj?, 3.80; tail, 2.88. In an average specimen from ? (2,639) the bill is .40 ; tarsus, 1.12 ; wing, 3.75; tail, 2.85. A specimen from Panama, belonging to Mr. Lawrence's collection, and which he refers to the Tardus minimus of Lafresnaye, is smaller than the average of northern specimens, with shorter bill. It is a" very little less than the Kansas specimen, with the bill a little longer ; but several Carlisle and other northern specimens have the wings und tail still shorter. I am, therefore, disinclined to consider the (Specimen as anything more than T. swainsonii, perhaps a short billed variety to which the Kansas specimen may also belong. If the Ikirdus minimus of Lafresnaye be properly described, it would appear to be ditierent from any of the varieties of T. swain- sonii. This species has been found to occur farther to the west than was formerly supposed. Mr. Drexler obtained specimens at Fort Bridger, Dr. Cooper in the Bitterroot Mountains, and Dr. Kennerlv of the N. W. Boundary Survey, found it in Washington Territory. ^ -r th- ward it reaches almost to the Arctic Ocean, along the Mat- jnzie, and across from there to Fort Yukon ; in fact it occurs throughout the whole northern heavily wooded region. I have seen no speci- mens from Labrador, where, however, T. aliciae seems abundant. Having had the opportunity of examining the specimen from Bo- gota, which Dr. Bryant referred to the species of Lafresnaye (no. 92 of Dr. Bryant's collection), I am able to corroborate the remarks of the former relative to its peculiarities. The spots are larger than common in the North American birds, and appear to extend farther back on the breast and sides, where, in fact, they are as dark as those on the jugulum, instead of being fainter and grayer of tint. The flanks are darker, and colored like the back, instead of being much lighter. The line from bill to eye, and probably the ring round the eye, are of a much more brownish-yellow. , I am, however, not ready to conclude that this specimen is specifi- cally distinct from Tardus swainsonii, as North American skins vary a good deal in their characters, some of them approaching it in one direction and some in another. The size is nearly equal to tl?e average of swainsonii, the skin being pressed up so as to seem shorter than it should be. It measures but 5.90, but should be at least 6.50; the wing is 3.80; the tail 2.95; bill to nostril, .36; tarsus, 1.04 ; all dimensions readily paralleled in the North American bird. The bill is fully as large. E;it! TURDL'S. SI The Tardus minimus of Mr. Lawrence, from Panama, is even more like typical North American birds. It is quite possible that neither of these specimens belongs to the trae T. viinimus of Lafresnaye, as this author speaks of his bird being of a smoky brown tinge above, "just as in Seiurus aquaticus (noveMracensia),^' a decidedly dififereut color. List of Specimens. Smlth- Collcc- Spx When Collected. KUDiaa ti)r"« and Locality. Received from Collected V No. No. Age. 21.622 , Moose Factoty, H. J. Mackeujie. 20,616 79 , , '= [Bay. Julys, '60. C. Drexler. C. Dr<^xler. 20.614 483 , , Fort Oeorije. July 11, '60. 14 23,2S,S , , ^_8t."§te|.¥ei.g, W. B. . • * G. A. Boardman. 2,200 , , rT CarllKle, Far May3,184.->. 8 F. Baiid. 22.2.VI .'>44 WashliifitoQ. • • • D. W PreiitlHS. 27,180 86 ? Fort Yukon. June 20. Jkh. Lockliart. 27,1.S2 1,190 fT 14 it R, Keniiicott. 23.2-.n , , Fort Good Hope. • ■ ■ R W M'Fuilane. 27,188 9 F'>rt SimjiBon. • > • B R. Ro88. 22,612 649 Bi(f Island. 44 Jno. Reid. 19,479 , , Fort Rctiiilution. May 2. R. Kennicott. 17,380 «2 Siskatchpwau. l8of). *' ll,.58J , , Red River Sftt. « . . D. Gunn. 6,81S rf Black Hillg. • Sept. l.S. Lt Wnrien. Dr. Hayd<>D, 8,.30' Ifi Inde)ieiiileiice, Mo. Mir. 27,".')7. W. M. Magraw. Dr J. G. Cooper. e.Ofi.l , , 'rf St. Louis, Mo. May U, "37. Lt. Biyau. W. 8. Wood. 4, .124 , , CalcaKien, La. 18.54. 0. Wurdemann. 12,199 •• -• Red Fork of Arkan- xaH. ... Dr S. W. Wood- tiouse. 8 215 147 , , Fort Laramie. Sep. 10, '.'57. Dr. J. G. Cooper. 10,887 rf Fort Bridifor. May 27, '.'>S. C Prexler. 22,o;j7 93 .. Bitter Ko,.t V»lley. Sep. 3, '60. Dr. J. 0. Cooper. 21,916 S49 ow bill ; shorter and more rounded wings, etc. I have been thus detailed in showing the differences between what I consider characteristic specimens of assimilis and leucauchen, to introduce a series of specimens exactly intermediate between the two, all labelled assimilis: 18,564 from Orizaba, by Dr. Sclater; 30,648 from Guatemala, by Mr. Salvin ; 22,357, Mexico, by Mr. Verreaux. In 22,351, the size, proportion, and color are more like leucauchen ; the wings and tail are nearly as dark ; the back, however, is green- ish-olive; the under parts similar, but paler; the axillars with a little more fulvous; the bill is as yellow. In 18,564, the relation- ship to assimilis is shown by a still lighter tinge above, the axillars almost as fulvous as in assimilis. Some durk shaft spots and streaks in the feathers of the breast are indications of a certain degree of immaturity. The gradation of these specimens between assimilis, as described above, and leucauchen, is so perfect, that in coloration No. 18,564 would, I think, be referred to the former, and 22,357 to the latter. With this, No. 30,648, from Guatemala, recently received from Mr. Salvin, also agrees quite closely — the axillars only being rather more fulvous. It is quite possible that these specimens referred to as intermedi- ate forms may, as labelled, all belong to Turdus assimilis ; while 22,351 may be another species. In this case I must leave the 26 REVIKW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [pAr.r I. question to be decided hereafter. Mr. Selater evidently refers to this iutermediate form in P. Z. S. 1859, 370. SniKh- «uiimQ No. Culleo- Cur'8 No. Sex Hud Age. LocalUx. When Collected. ReceWed from Collected by 1 «,.•>!) 4 SO,«48 40,700 40,789 "12 6 9 Mexico. Oriiabu, Mex. DiieiiitH, Quut. Xalupa. 1860. VerieHux. 1 e. Scluter. 0. Hulvio. Cab. JLawreDce. Bottori. DOca! Turdus grayi. ? Merula tristis, Swains. Philos. Mag. 1827, 369. — Turdus tristis, Scilatkr, P. Z. S. ISSG, 2J)4; 1859, :«0. 2"urdus gniyi. Bon. P. Z. S. 1837, 118.— Ib. Conapectns, 1850, 272.— SciiATBK & Salvin, Ibis, I, 1859, 5 (eggs). — Sclater, Catal. 18G1,4, no. 22. — Cauanis, Jouni. for 18U0, 323. f Planesticus luridus, Bun. Coinptes Keudas, XXXVIII, 1854, 4 (New Grenada). Turdus canius, Bon. Comptes Ren ■ us, XLI, 1855, '".il — Turdus cnfsius, ScLATKR, P. Z. S. Ib59, 330.— Lawu. Ann N. Y. L^o. 181)1, 32(j (Panama). Hab. Mexico (Xalupa, Cordova, Oaxaca) ; Guatemala (Vera Paz) ; Costa Rica. In a rather large series of specimens I find some differences in individuals, which, however, do not appear of specific value, espe- cially as the separation in one character does not correspond with that based on another ; nor are there any appreciable geographical rela- tionships. The length of the wing, tarsus, and bill, as well as the color and width of the latter, vary in specimens from the same localities. In some the inner edges of the quills towards their bases are of the same light cinnamon as the inner coverts ; this color sometimes sharply defined as a margin. In others, again, this is less distinct ; while in some these edges are only of a paler gray, with the faintest trace only of cinnamon, and no margin is traceable. In most specimens of this bird the edges of the inner webs of the quills towards the base are light cinnamon, like the axillars, forming a conspicuous and well defined edging. In No. 30,646, however (a female bird), this character is almost inappreciable. No. 30,559, from Acajutla, differs in being larger (length, 10.00 ; wing, 5.15 ; tail, 4.80 ; bill to nostril, .60 ; tarsus, 1.25). The colors are paler, upper parts more olive, and the inner edges of the quills PAr.r I. gfers to icted by TURDU8, 21 jttorl. , SCLATEB, 50, 272.— 1. 18G1,4, [, 4 (New hs c.Tsiiw, 18G1, 32G z) ; Costa •ences in Lie, espe- Ivith that ical rela- Ithe color icalities. •e of the Imetimos istinct ; faintest |)s of the [forming lowever 10.00; le colors le quills only very slightly fulvous, without any well definca edging. This is also the case with Bome Costa Kiea skins. Mexican specimens seem to have shorter bills than Guatemalan. Ill all there is a decided bare space beJiind the eye, less marked, however, especially around the eye, than in T. (jijinnujihllialmutf. The latter species is otherwise somewhat similar, dillering mainly in the absence of the cinnamon tinge to the under parts of the body. Male and female specintens from I'anama, in Mr. Lawrence's col- lection, exhibit both extremes of coloration of the quills as referred to above. I do not consider the evidence l)efore me favorable to the scpara- ration of T. ceesius from the original grayi ; and therefore, for the present, prefer to unite the two species. Planesticus luriduH, Bon. Notes Orn. Delattre, 28, New Qrenada, probably, as suggested by Sclater, belongs here also. It is difficult to say to which of the Mexican Planestici the Tardus tristis of Swainson belongs. His description of "olive brown, be- neath whitish ; chin with black spots ; under wing coverts pale fer- ruginous ; bill and legs brown," really suits 1\ leucauvhvn better than grayi, to which it has generally been referred, but is too far from the truth to admit of being identified with either. Smith- CoUec- Sex When Collected. BOniHU N.). ti)r'a No. HDd Age. Locality. Received from Collected by 13,HH4 .. .. Xalapa, Mex. P, L. Sclater. D'Oca. 33..)70 18.'5 , , Mirador, Mpx. Nov. 186S. Dr, Sartorius. •2-i :ri!t 40,703 9 C'irddva? Mex. Verieaux, 32,686 14,080 ^ Mexico. Jalapa. [Onat. Tactic, Vera »a«. ... Cab Lawrence. t 2n,3'n4 1,449 , , Jan 1860. 0. Saivin. V 30,646 3,013 V Cobau, " [dor, 1861, " 30,S.'i9 (, ,. 11 V Pit nam a. . ■ ■ " I •• 10 d It ... " 1 13,604. 4,80; 1.2.-5; i.m. 33,.570. 22,3i59. 4 70; 1.30; 1.10. 9 4,70; 1 30; 1.13. 20.394, 4 60; 1,18; 1.1.1. .30,646 480; 1.25; l.l.V 30,8.>9, fil.'i, 1 30 1,17. 30,481, 4,7.'i; 1.20; 1 12. 8. 4..W; 1 22; 1 10. 11, 4.40; 1,20; 1 0.i. 10, 4,8) ; 1.20; 1,10. Inner edges of quilU cinnamon ; sharply defined. ti 44 44 '44 44 44 44 II Cinnamon ; not Hharply deflued. " sharply difluiHl. Paler, only a trace of cinnamon. Cinnamon; sharply defined. Paler, not ed^red with cinnamon. • T. casius, Lawr. w I! I'll ^jl ;.il 9S REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [I'ART L TurdiiA obfloletiis. Titriliii ohsuletii.i, Lawrencb, Ann. N. Y. Lye. VII, 18G2 ( % , Panama). Ilab. iHthiuui) of Panama. Male : Second quill botwoe-n 6th and Tth ; 4th and 5th longest. Color above dark browiiiish olive, deepest on the head; beneath show- ing a considerably paler shade of the same, but darkest on the wides ; throat similar, but with a grayish tinge, the centres of the feathers obsoletely darker. Region about the vent and under tail coverts pure white. Inner wing coverts, axillars, and inner edges of the quills cinnamon rufous. Greater coverts with a spot of cinnamon at tho end (an indication of immaturity ?). Bill and legs uniform brown. Length, 8.10; wing, 4.60; tail, 3.80; bill from gape, 1.15, from .nostril, .58; tarsus, 1.17 ; middle toe and claw, 1.15. I owe the opportunity of examining this species to tho kindness of Mr. Lawrence, the description being taken from his type speci- men No. 12, collected by Mr. M'Leaunan in 1862. Tho peculiar dark lines crossing the feathers on the back, described by Mr. Law- rence, are purely optical in character, being similar to tho watering of silks, etc. The under parts, too, are quite uniform, the edges of the feathers being possibly a little ferruginous. This species may be the female of one of the black species as suggested by Dr. Sclater, in a letter to Mr, Lawrence ; but I am unable to assign it to any of those described, and the bird is marked as a male by Mr. M'Leaunan. Turdus migratoriUB. Tardus miijratorius, Linn. S. N. 12th ed. 1766, 292.— Sclater, P. Z. S. 1856, 294 ; 1859, 331.— In. Catal. Am. Birds, 1861, 4.— Baird, Birds N. Am. 1858, 218.— Cooper & Suckley, P. R. R. R. XII, ii, 1859, 172. Figures: Vikillot, Ois. Am. S«pt. II, pi, Ix, Ixi. — Wilson, Am. Orn. I, 1H(.I8, pi. ii.— DoDoiiTY, Cab. N. H. I. 1830, pi. xii Addubon, Birds Am. Ill, pi. 142; Orn. Biog. II, pi. 131. Ilah. Tlie whole of North America ; Mexico (Oaxaca, Cordova) ; Cuba, very rare (Gundlach) ; Tob.ago (Kirk). In highly plumaged specimens from the east the feathers of the inter-scapular region are frequently, even generally, tinged with blackish in their centres, passing gradually into ash on the edges, and the blaclr of the head ceases to be sharply defined. There is also usually a well defined whitish tip, half au inch long, to the outer tail feathers. TURDUS. If In Rocky Mountain skins, tlie tail Is t- itiicr black except a very narrow whitish edge, or the white tips of eastern HpeeinienH are ro- placed by a dull gray. The black of the head, too, is better defined, the interscapulur feathers more uniformly ash, and the upper parts without the faint brownish wanh so frequently seen in eaHtcrn speei- mcns. There are, however, some exceptions to these features, in the 8eri«'s from each locality. The colors generally of western bird* appear to be pa)er. It may be pvoper to state that, while in spring adult specimens the bill is yellow with the extreme tip dusky, in immature, and per- hui).s winter dress, there is every gradation from this to a uniformly dusky bill. The entire culmen is frequently tinged with brown. In none of the specimens before me is the head entirely destitute of its brown or blackish color, although the edges of the feathers are fr('(iuently so much tinged with ash as greatly to obscure this character. The bills vary considerably in length — the shortest measuring ,50 from tip to nostrils, the average being barely .60. A specimen from Mirador, Mex. (No. 23.908), agrees generally with skins from the United States, but the throat anteriorly is so closely streaked with black as to exceed the white in amount, this color being restricted principally to the chin. This species is found throughout the whole of North America, north to the Arctic Ocean, wherever collections have been made, and as far south as the latitude of Vera Cruz. No species are more generally distributed in North America than this bird and Dendrceca sediva. I find no mention of its occurrence south of Mexico. I mention only the extra limital specimens of the many skins in the Smithsonian collection. Smlth- Hiiulau No. CoUec- tor'H No. Sex and Age. Locality. CoUected. ' Received from Collected by 7,949 13,.'JH1 23,908 •• ' • Mexico. Hlrador, Mex. ... J. Gould. 4( Dr. C. Sartorlus. J. Taylor. Turdiis coiifinis. Tr^dus cnnjinis, Baird, n. 8. Hah. Todo3 Santos, Cape St. Lucas. No. 2.3,789. Entire upper parts and sides of head and neck uni- form grnyish ash, with ])erhap8 a faint tinge of olivaceous, less than in eastern specimens of T. migratorius. The central portions of the 80 REVIEW OF AMERICAN HIUDS. [part I. feathers of the top ofhond nro rather darker than tho odpes, though almost inappreoiahly ho, and not imparting a general dusky apjiear- anco. Tho chin and tlnoat are white, streaked with ashy hrown. Tho jnguhim and breast are pale yellowish buflF; the axillurs, inner wing coverts and sides of the breast similarly, but rather more de- cidedly eolored. The belly and edges of tho erissal feathers are white, ihe hinder parts of the flanks ashy. Thure is a distinet whitish stripe from the lores over, and a (piarter of an inch behind the eye ; the lower eyelid is also white. The tail feathers are worn, but there is an indieation of a narrow white tip. The feathers of the jugulum, especially of the sides, arc tipped with ashy like the back, as in immature specimens of T. migralorius. The greater wing coverts are tipped with dull white. The bill is yellowish ; the upper mandible and the tip of lower tinged with dusky. The feet are pale brown. The length cannot be given accurately, as the skin is mnch drawn up. The wing, however, measures 5.10 inches, its tip reaching 1.40 beyond the longest secondary; tail, 4 10; tarsus, 1.20; middle toe and claw, 1.07 ; exposed portion of culraen, .92 ; from tip to open portion of nostrils, .60. The specimen with a general resemblance to ar immature T. migralorius (especially the western variety), in the white superciliary streak and general markings, is much lighter beneath than in any of the many skins of T. viigralorius before me ; there being none of the dark chestnut or cinnamon shade, but rather a light buflF; tho belly and flanks are much more purely white. The 8U])erciliary stripe extends farther behind the eye ; indeed in most specimens of viigratorius the white is nearly confined to the jyelids. The bill and v.ings are rather longer than usual in migra:orius ; the middle toe, on the other hand, appears shorter. The specimen lacks entirely the reddish-brown back of T. Jlavi- roatris, in which latter also the brea.st and sides are like those of viigratorius. The white of the belly is even more extended. It has a whitish superciliary streak, entirely wanting in Jlavirostris. The upper part of the jugulum is not streaked. The wings are longer and more pointed, and the primaries extend considerably farther beyond the secondaries. The bills are of the same size ; the tarsus is 1.20, or longer than the middle toe and claw ; while in Jlavi- rostris (although a larger bird) the tarsus is only 1.00, and shorter than the middle toe and claw (1.20). Upon the whole, it may be that the specimen before me represents an abnormal plumage of T. migratorius ; but its rather different lilillri;: I 1 TURDUS. 31 proportions, mnoh paler ground color boncath, proator extent of white on tin* l)«'ily, abHeni-c of bluclt or diislvy on tlic liciul, etc., leads me to consider it us dintiiict. Its beiiif? u suninier bird of (.'ape St. liUcurt is also an additional argninent for this view. It is decidedly not to be referred to T. Jlavirodris. Smllh- •oulitn No. CoHec- tor'i No Spx nod LooaMty. Wlinn Collected. Rocelved from Collected by 23,78» •• Tc1. " brown. 2{).3,W. " " ?fl,3J3. " " 29,3.14. Iris brown. 30,134. Length, 8./S0. 30.1.37. " 9.25. 31,818. Iris brown. Me7'ula. Turdiis infuacatus. Merula infuscata, Lafkes. Rev. Zool. 1844, 41. — Turdus infuscatuSf ScLATEK & Salvin, Ibis, I, 1859, 6.— ScLATEK, P. Z. S. 1859, 334, 362.— Ib. Catal. 1861, 5 (no. 33). Hub. Mexico (Xalapa, Oaxaca). Guatemala. 32 REVIEW OP AMERICAN BIRDS. * 3i '\ I: ; 'iiili ill I' !;ii [part I. Siiiitli No Collnc- lor'H No. Hex and Akb. Locality. When Colleoied. Received frum Collected by l;i.6.J7 30,8 »9 4,440 •• Xalapa. Vera Pax, Ouat. j I>r. P. L. Sclater. O. Salvin. noca Saivlu&Godinan. Turdus riifltorques. Tardus rujitorf/ues, Hahtlaub, Rev. Zool. 1844, 214. — Sclatrb, P. Z. S. 1859, 334 ; Ibis, II, 18C0, 29 ; Catal. IStil, tj, no. 35. Hab. Guatemala ; Duenas. Smith- Honiaa No. 20,391 Collec- tor'H No. Sex and A|;e. 401 d Locality. When Collected. DueiiaH, Ouat. I Au(f. 3, 1859. Received from O, Salvin. Collected by Hesperocichla. Turdug naeviuA. Turdu.i naevius, Gm. S. N. 1, 1788, 817.— Sclater, P. Z. S. 18.57, 4 ; 1859, 331.— Baird, Birds N. Am. 1858, 219.— Coopkb & Spckley, P. R. R. R. XII, n, 1859, 172. Orpheus meruloides, Rich. F. B. A. 11, 1831, 187, pi. xxxviil. Other figures : Vieillot, Ois. Am. Sept. II, 1807, pi. Ixvi. — Aud. Om. Biog. IV, 1838, pi. 369, and 433.— Ib. Birds Am. Ill, pi. 143. This species is not recorded as found elsewhere than on the north- west coast of America, from California northward to Russian America, Richardson obtained a single specimen on Great Bear Lake, described as Orpheus meruloides ; and Mr. Kennicott found another in the Rocky Mts., on Porcupine River (No. 27,221, August 28, 1861, col- lector's number 1,612). It is proper to state that the specimen collected by Mr. Kennicott (of which only the head and wing were preserved) exhibits a decided notch in the bill. Nothing approximating to this character, how- ever, could be discerned in over fifty other specimens examined ; in all of which, if any indication of notch existed, it was of the most obsolete character, and was, in most instances, not to be found at all. PLAT7CICHLA, Baird. Platycichia, Baird, n. g. (Type P. hrevtpes.') Among the South America!. Thrushes in the Museum of the Smitiisonian Institution is one (No. 23,954) for which I am unable ' PIntjjcinhIn hrrvipes, Bairii. The .ipper parts are greenish-olive, with an apiieurauue of darker edged tu the feathers of the head aud back. The under PLATYCICHLA — 8EMIMERULA. 33 to find a name generic or 8j)ecific, and which differs so very con- siderably from any other I have met with as to be well entitled to a new generic appellation. It was obtained by Dr. G R. Horner, U. S. N., during the cruise of the Delaware many years ago, on the coast of South America, probably in Brazil. Two specimens similar to it are in the Philadelphia Academy. This may possibly be the Cichlopsis leucoyenys, Cab. Mus. Hein. 1850, 54, or an allied species; but I cannot reconcile it with the description of either genus or species by Cabanis. With the general appearance of a Planesticus, it differs markedly in having a short and very broad deeply cleft bill, muf-h depressed at the base, and with moderate bristles. The diameter of the jaw across the base of lower mandible is .42, much greater than the length of gonys (.31), and at least equal to the distance from nostrils to end of bill, very different from what it is in Turdus migra- torius. The feet are weak. The tarsi are very short, being less than the middle toe and claw ; they are booted, or without transverse divisions. The wings and tail are much as in Turdus migratorivs. In external form this bird exhibits quite an approach to the Ampe- lidae, especially to Myadestes, although evidently a Thrush ; but its short broad bill and weak feet, with short tarsi, distinguish it from all others. SEMIMERX7LA, Sclater. Semimerula, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1859, 332. (Typo Turdus gigas.) Size large. Wings rather short and rounded, decidedly, but not considerably longer than the tail, which is slightly rounded. First quill in T. gigas nearly one-half the 2d, in aurantius two-fifths ; 2(1 about jqual to the 8th, or shorter than 7th ; 5th longest. Bill large, in some specimens as long as the head. Legs stout and strong. Tarsi decidedly longer than the head. Color dusky all over. Sexes similar. parts are jellowish-olive ; crissum palur , the middle of belly and anal region whitish aah ; the throat feathers witli shaft streaks and arrow spots of dusky, obscurely indicated on the jugnlum ; under wing coverts cinnamon ; middle coverts with an occasional cinnamon spot. Total length, o.40 ; wing, 4.45 ; tail, 3.80 ; exposed portion of first primary, .9r> ; of second, 3.05 ; of longest (fourth, measured from exposed base of first primary), 3.30; hill: length from forehead, .80; from nostril, .43; along gape, .95; width of gape, .55; Z'"'/''- tarsus, .95; middle toe and claw, 1.00; claw alone, .29; hind toe and claw, .()8; claw alone, .35. 3 July, 1864. ii; 34 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [part f. m Among the species of Tardus, of Dr. Sclator, I find in his section Semimerula a group which, in its characters, differs so widely from Tardus and Merula proper, that I cannot hc^Io considering it of generic rank. At one end of the section is Lr. Sclater's type, 1\ giyas of Ecuador, in which the wings dilfer most from Tardus in being broad and much rounded ; the 1st primary very large, and almost half the 2d, which about equals the 8th — the 6th quill longest. The bill is shaped like that of T. migratorius, but rather larger. The legs are stout and strong. In T. aurantius the wings are rather more pointed, but considerably less so than in T. migratorius. The lengthened tarsi, considerably longer than the head, form a conspicu- ous feature. The general appearance of aurantius is very like that of Mimocichla, the principal apparent difference being in the shorter and less rounded tail. The style of coloration, too, is much the same. Mr. George R. Gray places Cichlopsis, of Cabanis, among the Thrushes, with T. aurantius as the type. The true type, however, is Tardus leiicogenys, Licht. Berlin Mus., which is generically very diflFerent from the Tardus leucogenys, Latham {=^T. aurantius, Gr.). Semimerula aurantia. Tardus aurantius, Gm. Syst. Nat. I, 1788, 832.— Sclater, P. Z. S. 1859, 333. — Ib. Catal. Am. Birds, 1861, 6, no. 37. {Semimerula.) Turdus leucogeni/x, Latham, Ind, Orn. I, 341. — Gosse, Birds Jam. 1847, 136.— Ib. Illuat. no. 23. Hab, Jamaica. The sexes do not appear to differ in this species, although the bills vary greatly in size. Thus in 24,340, %, the bill measures .60 from tip to nostril; while in 22,142, 9, it measures .76, with the same width at base or even rather narrower. Thus, as in other large Thrushes, I find that the bill varies considerably in size, although the average in a large number of specimens may furnish good specific characters. A youngibird exhibits nothing of the spotted plumage of the im- mature North American Thrushes, differing from the adult merely in a wash of ferruginous on the under side, as well as on the top of head and back. Measurement of 24,340, % : Length, 10.00 ; wing, 4.80; tail, 4.3.5; bill from head, 1.00, from nostril, .60, from gape, 1.20 ; 1st primary, 1.10; 2d primary, 3.20; tarsus, 1.54; middle toe and claw, 1.28. ir MIMOCTCHLA. 35 Bmith- Colleo- Sex Kuiiian lor's aud No. No. AKe. 13,670 , , 2;}. 3(12 cf Jnv 22,140 (f 22,141 i 22.142 22,143 .. 24,340 28 iu space beneath the eye dusky. An indication of a white streak from the side of lower jaw, margined below by a rather continuous line of black. Wings black, with their upper exterior exposed surface abruptly like the back, but lighter. Tail black, with a terminal patch of white on the outer feather (about 1.20), becoming less on the others, the posterior edge nearly trans- verse ; the upper surface on the outer webs dark plumbeous. Bill and feet apparently bright yellow, perhaps faded from red. Bill from base of skull, 1.14; from nostril, .70; gape, 1.34; tarei, 1.55; middle toe and claw, 1.15 ; claw aloue, .31 ; wings, 5.20; tail, 5.25. Tlie only specimen I have seen of this species is in the museum of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, where it is labelled " T. plumbeus, South America." In form this species exhibits a close resemblance to M. plumbea ; but the colors are very different. The bill is yellow, not black, and in- stead of a uniform slaty gray over the whole body above and below, including the crissum, the middle of the belly, vent, and crissum are white. Instead of a uniform square black patch on the throat, this has white as its predominant color, with narrow central streaks of black. Vieillot figures and describes this bird quite accurately and un- mistakably, giving it as an inhabitant of the Antilles ; but his accounts are evidently based on the species as observed in St. Do- mingo, and to which it may possibly be confined. The specimen belonging to the Academy has no indication of locality other than " Amer.-Merid." Vieillot gives the bill and feet as red. Mm \m ■■ ■ RAMPHOCINCLUS — MAUGAR0P8. 41 RAMPHOCINCLUS, Laprbsnatb. liamphocinclun, Lafr. R. Z. 1843, 6G. (Type Turdus brachyurm, Vieill.) Uill longer than the ht^ad, notched ; culiuen and oommiHBure considerably (Ifcurved from the baae ; gonya Hlightly ho. HiotUH with uhort bristles. Tarsus lengthened, longer than the bead or the middle toe ; the soutellce fused into one }ilate, or faintly indicated. Wings rather pointed, longer than the tail ; 1st primary more than half the longest ; 2d about equal to the 9th. Tail rounded, the lateral feather graduated ; the feathers generally rather narrow, with quite narrow outer web. ^ Tills interesting genus is well marked among its fellows, and will readily be recognized The single species in pattern of coloration (closely resembles Melanotis Jiypoleucits, and should perhaps be l)laced very near it, having sooty brown where the other has blue. It differs, however, in much more curved, and longer bill ; shorter, narrower, and less rounded tail, with narrower outer webs, etc. Ramphocinclus lira city iiriis. Turdus brachyurus, Vikill. Nouv. Diet. XX, 255. — Ib. Encycl. M6th. 1821, GSf). — Ramphocynclas brachyurun, Lafr. R. Z. 1843, 6i). — ScLATBR, P. Z. S. 1859, 338.— Ib. Catal. 18(il, 7, no. 4A.— Cinclo- certhia brarhyurn, Sclater, P. Z. 8. Ib55, 213. „ Zoothera cinclops, Bp. Consp. 259. Total length, 8.00; wing, 4.00; tail, 3,50; graduation, .4.'5 ; outer web of lateral feathers one-fourth the inn«#; exposed portion of Ist primary, 1.60; of 2d, 2.50; of longest (measured from exposed base of 1st primary), 3.00; length of bill from forehead, 1.15, from nostril, .70 ; along gape, 1.34 ; tarsus, ' 1.20; middle toe and claw, 1.00; claw alone, .30; hiud toe and claw, .72; claw alone, .37. Smlth- Kuuiau No, Conec- toi 'b No. Sox »nd A^e. Locality. When Collected. Received from Collected by 32,690 46,887 d Martiniqae. Ed. Verreaujt. MARQAROPS, Sclater. Marf)arops, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1859, 335. (Type Turdus /uscntun, Vieill.) Cichlalopia, Bon. R. Z. 1857, 205, not of C. R. 1854, XXXVIII, 1 (which was based on Turdus vufpinus, Hart. =-: Rhodinocincla rosea). Bill very large and stout, with a distinct notch ; longer than the head ; culmen curving gently from base, and more abruptly towards tip ; commis- sural edge of upper jaw also much curved, so that the whole lower jaw, except at the base, falls inside of the chord connecting the two ends of the arc. Rictal bristles short, and scant ; more so than in Mimocichla. 49 BEVIEW OP AMERICAN BIRDS. [PAHT I. tr Mil Wings rounded ; the inner secondary quillx apparently unooinmonly long ; 4tli <|ui>l longest, next 3d and 5tli ; 2d between the 6th and 7th ; Ist iiuill more tliau lialf the 2d, broad and rather falcate ; 2d quill .70 Hhorter than 4th. Tail rather Hliorter than wings, rounded ; the lateral feathers half an inch shorter than the central ones. Legs short and stout ; tarsus barely longer than middle toe and claw ; dis- tinctly scutellate over anterior half of circumference, the plates well defined, and six or seven in number ; claws all very stout and much curved, almost like those of a Woodpecker; hind toe and claw decidedly longer than the lateral. Margarops fuscatiis. Tardus fuscutus, Vikillot, Ois m. Sept. II, 1806, 1, pi. Ivii, hh. — Ib. Enoyclop. Meth. 11,1823,639. — Civhlertitiniaf'uscala, Nkwton, Ibis, 1859, 141, eggs, pi. xii, fig. 8 (Sta Cruz).— Cashin, I'r. A. N. S. 1860, 376 (St. Thomas). — Manjaropi fuscutus, Sclatkk, Pr. Z. S. 1859, 335.— In. Catal. 1861, 6, no. 38. Colluricinilafusca, Gould, P. Z. S. 1^36, 6 (see Newton, Ibis, 1859, 142). Hub. St. Domingo and Porto Kico (Vieill.) ; St. Thomas ; Santa Cruz (Newton). Length (of 30,405), 11.40; wing, 5.20; bill from head, 1.30; nostril, .78; gape, 1.50; tarsus, 1.41 ; middle toe and claw, 1.30; claw alone (chord), .35 ; hind toe and claw, .95. Iris pearly white ; bills varying much in size ; eggs blue (Newton). Sinith- KUUiHU No. CoIIbc- tiir's No. Sex Hiid Age. Locality. 1 C.Tfe«ed. Kecelved from Collected by 30,40.1 30,4U6 i4 8c. Thoiaai. Acad, Nut. ScieDcex. Cab. Lawrence. K. Swift. tl OREOSCOFTES, Baird. Oreoscoptes, Baird, Birds N. Am. 1858, 346. (Type Orpheus montanus, Towns.) Bill shorter than the head, without distinct notch. Bristles prominent, their tips reaching beyond the nostrils. Wings pointed, equal to, or a little longer than the tail. First quill not half the second, about two-fifths the longest ; 3d, 4th, and 5th quills equal and longest ; 2d between 6th and 7th. Tail but slightly graduated ; the feathers narrow. Tarsus longer than middle toe and claw by an additional claw ; scutellse distinct an'teriorly. Only one species is at present known of this genus. Oi'eoscoptes montanus. Orpheus montanus, Townsknd, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. VII, ii, 1837, 192.— AuD. Birds Amer. II, 1841, 194, pi. 139.— Tardus moutanm, Ann. Orn. Biog. IV, 1838, 437, pi. 369, fig. l.—Mimus montanus. HARPORHYN0IIU8. iS BosAP. Consp. 1850, 27<). — Onotropieit montnnut, Baird, Birds N. Aiiier. 1858, 347.— Solatek, P. Z. S. 185i>, 340.— lu. fatal. 18U1, 8, no. 30. Jlab, Rocky MtH. of Duited Status, west to Paciflo, south to Cap« St. Luoas. Specimens from Capo St. Lucas, as usual, are smaller than muro nortluTii ones. A young bird from Ft. Bridger is precisely like the adult, differ- ing only in having the edges of the dorsal feathers lighter, causing a streaked appearance. The wings aud tail are considerably darker than in au 'dult. Smltli- Tollec- Sex ■uniiiii ti)i'» and N.I. N... AKe. 8,2.'il 213 8,821 , , V 11,070 d 19,2 J 21 lfl,347 , , , , V.K.m 39 ^ 13,.10S 30 0 12.44*! , , ^ 11,. '.;u 68 fT u.r>:ii 48 rf 8,i4:i , , V 8.129 , , d 2j,7ni 3,348 cf 82,104 2,429 cT LocaHty. Flirt Iiaiiimle. niack IlillH. Kort Bridger. KattlexUHke Uills. Willow SpriuijH. K.'ho Valli'y, (Uah 8. F(irk of Hiim- Zuui Mt^. [holdt. Lower Colorado. Fort Yuma. LoM AogeleH. Cape St. Luoas. When Collected. Sept. 28, 'm. April 18, '58. Mny 10. May 14 May 22, 'f>fi. May HI, '.'i!». Sept 26, '57. Nov. ."S, '59. Nov. 11, '69. Received from Dr. J. O. Cooper. Lt. Warren. C. Drexler. Capt. lii-ynoldB. Capt. SinipHuu. Capt. Sltgreavea. Lt. J. C. Ives. Lt. Williainsou. John Xantus. Collected by Dr. Haydim. Dr Hayden. 0. 11. Trook. (J. S MCarlhy. Dr. WoodliouHe. MolllmiiKoa. Dr. Heeriuaun. 11,531. Irig yellow. 32,164. Leugtb, 8 60. IrU orange. HARPORHTNCHUS, Cabanis. Toxogtoma, Wagler, Isis, 1831, 528. (Type T. vetula, Waol., not Toxostoma, Raf. 181 G.) Harpes, Gambel, Pr. A. N. S. Phila. II, 1845, 264. (Type Ilarpea redi- vivus, Gahb., not of Goldfuss, 1839.) Uarporh/jnchus, Cabanis, Archiv f. Naturg. 1848, f, 98. (Type Ilarpes redivivus, Gahb.) Bill from forehead as long as, or much longer than the head ; hecoming more and wore decurved in both jaws as lengthened. No indication of a notch. Rictus with the bristles extending beyond the nostrils. Tarsus long and stout, appreciably exceeding the middle toe and claw, strongly scutellate anteriorly. Wings- considerably shorter than tail, much rounded ; the 1st quill more than half the 2d ; 4th or 5th longest. Tail large, much graduated ; the feathers lirm. There are few genera in Ornithology where the difference in the comparative length and shape of the bill is so great in the different species ; and yet the transition from the short straight form in H. rufus to the very long aud much decurved one in H, redivivus is 44 REVIEW OP AMERICAN RIRDS. [part I. li ' ■ . BO pontln that few porsons would ever think of sopnrntinj? thcin geniTically. Even in individual spccinionH of th« lonf? I)ilii' • Cape St. Lucas. ISiJO. It Oct. 31, '69. W. const AD3orica. . . t El Mirador, Mex. • • • " Nov. 1863. Received from Nat. Institute, J. H. Clark. ti P. Duffy. Lt. J C. Ives. John XantUH. it Nat. Institute. Dr. C. Sartorlus. Collected by Dr. G. Leib, J. F. Ciillan. C. S. M'Carthy. MoUbausen. 19,089. Unusual amount of white on wlngii aaJ. Sc. 1853, 304. Tardus sp. 2, Bkownb, Nat. Hist. Jam. 1756, 469 (Jamaica). Tardus cinereus minor, Edwaeds, Av. II, tab. Ixxviii (Jamaica). — Selio- MANN, IV, pi. li. f Turdus dominicus, Linn. Syst. Nat. 12th ed. I, 1766, 295 (based on Merula dominicensis, Brisson, St. Domingo). Bab. Jamaica; St. Domingo? (No. 22,159. ) In form, size, and coloration this species is exceedingly similar to M. polyglottm ; the only marked difference in shape being an api> "ntly more graduated tail than in the eastern specimens of the latter — the uffer- ences between the lateral and central feathers amounting to from one inch to one and a quarter. The differences in coloration between the two are much as if an additional tail feather entirely white had been provided for M. orpheus, the 2d, 3d, and 4th feathers being marked as the 1st, 2d, and 3d in M. poly- glottus. There are the same variations in markings in the corresponding feathers of these two series in both species. The two outer feathers are usu- ally entirely white ; the 2d sometimes a little streaked ; the .3d sometimes entirely white, always so on the inner web, generally partially so on the outer. The 4th has sometimes the whole inner web white ; sometimes this is restricted to a patch towards its end. There is a very small spot of white on the end of the fifth feather. The under parts are of a purer white than in polyglottus, and the ash of the breast is less distinct. The loral region also is conspicuously whiter. The two species can, however, at once be distinguished by the dusky outer web of the second tail feather in polyglottus, which is entirely white in orpheus. Length, 9.90; wing, 4.35 ; tail, 5.20; bill from nostril, 1.00; tarsus, 1.25. This species can hardly be considered as less in size than poly- glottus; indeed, the measurements of the specimen selected fcr de- scription are larger than those of the type of my description of the eastern variety of polyglottus. I have, in fact, not met with a s'iin so small as that described by Dr. Sclater. I have never seen a specimen of M. dominicus, from St. Domingo, and can express no opinion as to its relationships to M. orpheus. It is described as having the outer three tail feathers white as in orpheus. Smlih- Collec- Sex SDDiaa tor's and No. No. Age. 22,1.16 22,1,')7 , , d 22,lfl,S . , 2t,.S71 30 ? 24,378 30 Locality. Spanlshtown, Jam. When Collected. Oct. 10, '61. Received from W. T. March. Collected by I r , :ii '^ti 62 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [part I, Mimiis bahamensis, Bryakt. Mimus hahamensis, Bbyamt, Pr. Host. Soc. VII, Sept. 1859, 114. Bill shorter than head. Rictal bristles reaching rather Imyond the nostrils. Curvature of oommissure gentle from baae to near the notclied tip, where it ia increased. First primary large, rather falcate, just half the 2d ; 4th quill longest ; 3d and tlien 5th but little shorter ; 2d intermediate between 7th and 8th, half an iuch less than the longest. Tarsi distinctly scutellate ; plates seven. Tail moderately graduated (.70). Color above brownish-gray, each feather showing a brown centre, and gray- ish or asliy edges less distinct and more soiled on the lower part of the back. Beneath soiled grayish-white, the breast more gray, the feathers being ashy with lighter tips. The feathers of under parts with brown shaft-streaks, want- ing on the throat and middle of the belly, partially concealed across the breast, more evident on the sides of belly, and broad and conspicuous ntidur the wings, where the axillars are similarly streaked. Wing feathers brown, all margined with pale ashy ; the greater and middle coverts with white, forming two bands. Tail feathers ashy above, suffused with brownish towards the borders, and edged with whitish. All have a whitish patch at end, ou the inner web, and on the extreme tip of outer. This white is about half au inch long on the outer feather, a little less on the rest. Bill and legs black. There is an obscure dusky line on each side of the throat ; the ear coverts are dusky ; the space between bill and eye is grayish-white. The whitish feathers of the cheeks are edged with dusky at the tips. Length, 11.00 ; wing, 4.80 ; tail, 5.70 ; graduation, .70 ; Ist quill, 1.70 ; 2d, 3.28; bill above, 1.10; from nostril, .72; tarsus, 1.50; middle toe and claw, 1.34 ; claw, .35 ; hind toe and claw, .85 ; claw alone, .50. Smith- soulau No. Colleu- tor's No. Sex and A«e. Locality. When Collected. Kecelvfld from Collected by 13,.i0.-. •• Bahama Key. 18J9. Dr. H. Biyaut. 13,30j. Type. Mimus hillii. Mimus hilUi, March, Pr. A. N. Sc. Nov. 18C3, 291 (Jamaica). Mimus urpheus, Hill, Pr. A. N. Sc. 18tJ3, 304. (No. 24,376.) General form and characters as in M. hahamensis. Fifth quill longet>t ; 4th and 6th a little shorter, then 3d; 2d shorter than 8th, about equal to the 9th, .65 shorter than the longest. Tail considerably graduated. In some specimens the 3d quill is a little longer than the 8th ; in all it is shorter than the 7th. The colors are as described in M. hahamensis. The only appreciable differ- ence is in the purer white of the under parts, and especially across the breast, where the feathers are of the same soiled white to their plumbeous bases, or for half the length, instead of being ashy to the scarcely appreciable lighter edges. There are no faint dusky shaft streaks on the feathers in front of the MIMUB. fi8 Collected by h ; in all it is jngnlum, the shafts heing wliite ; on its sides alone are there indications of theae, which on tlie sides of the breast and belly become more distinct than in M. bakamensis, owing to tlie purer white of the under parts. There is rather more white on tiie end of the tail feathers, this covering .70 in the outer one. An immature specimen (26,802) is similar to the adults, but has a little more white on the end of the tail, and the feathers of the breast and jugulum show triangular spots of brown at the ends. Length (of 24,37(3), 11.75; wing, 4.90; tail, 6.30; graduation, 1.00; Ist quill, 1.50; 2d quill, 3.00; bill from nostril, .70; tarsus, 1.51; middle toe and claw, 1.22; claw, .35. This Species is very closely related to the M. bahamensis, hut appears to diflFer in some appreciable features. The distinction in coloration has already been adverted to. It is a larger species, and the tail is more graduated — the difference in length between the lateral and middle feathers being 1.00 instead of .70. The wings are more rounded ; the 5th quill longest instead of the 4th ; the 2d shorter than the 8th, instead of longer. A larger series of specimens of M. hahamensis will perhaps be necessary fully to ascertain the relationships between the Bahaman and Jamaican birds, and prove whether they be really distinct or not. How they stand in reference to M. gundlachi, of Cuba, it is even more difficult to determine, as our only guide is the brief comparison by Cabanis of his species with M. safurninus of Brazil. To this, however, there is very little resemblance on the part of the Jamaican and Bahaman birds, as shown by comparing them with a specimen presented by the Berlin Museum. Cabanis speaks of the white tip of the tail feathers being but 3-4 lines long in gundlachi ; in the others it is from one-half to three-quarters of an inch. Of the South American Minii in the museum of the Smithsonian Institution, the relationship is closest to M. thenca, of Chile, much more than to satiirninus. Mr. Hill thinks that this species is the Titrdus orpheus of Linnaeus. A careful examination, however, of the descriptions of Brown and Edwards, upon which the species was founded, will, I think, show conclusively that both authors had in view the small Mocking bird of Jamaica, rather than the large one. Smlth- «oniaa No. dollfic- toi's No. Sex and ARe. Locality. When Collected. Received from Collected by 24,376 24,377 2li,804 211.8(12 26,s(t3 2.1 2!) 29 29 i Juv.? Port Heuderson. •' [.lam. a. Salt Poad, Jam. Nov. 20, '61. Oct. 1862. Nov. 1. '«2. Oct. 31, '62. W. T. March. U tt tl I" 1'^- iJi"' -4 Um 54 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PAKT I. M' uus gracilis. Mimua gracilis, Cabams, Mus. Hein. 1850, 83 (Honduras). — Sclatke & Salvik, Ibis, 1859, 5.— Sclatkk, P. Z. S. 1859, 343.— 1b. Catal. 1861, 9, no. 68.— Cab. Jour. 18G0, 410 (Costa Rica;.— Taylok, Ibis, 1860, 110 (Comayagua). Hub. Honduras, Quatemala ; Costa Rioa. Bmith- (•oiiian No. S0,6j1 I Col lee-: Sex tor'8 No. 43 and Ako. Locality. Saa Gerouimo, Ouat. When Collected. Dec. 18o9. Received from 0. Salvln. Collected by OALEOSCOFTEB, Cabams. Galeoscoptes, Cabams, Mus. Hein. 1, 1850, 82. (Type Muscicapa carolinensis, L.) Bill shorter than the head, rather broad at base. Rictal bristles moderately developed, reaching to the nostrils. Wings a little shorter than the tail, rounded ; secondaries well developed ; 4th and 5th quills longest ; 3d and 6th little shorter ; 1st and 9th about equal, and about the length of secondaries ; 1st quill more than half the second, about half the 3d. Tail graduated ; lateral feather about .70 shorter than the middle. Tarsi longer than middle toe and claw by about an additional half claw ; scutellate anteriorly, more or less distinctly in different specimens ; scutellse about seven. The conspicuous naked membranous border round the eye of some Thrushes, with the bare space behind it, not appreciable. I find little difference in form between the single species of Galeo- scoptes and Mimus polyglottus, beyond the less degree of definition of the tarsal plates; and but for the difiFerence in coloration (uniform plumbeous instead of gray above and white beneath), would hardly be inclined to distinguish the two generically. Galeoscoptes carolinensis. , Muscicapa carolinensis, Linn. Syst. Nat. I, 1766, 328 Turdus caro- linensis, LiciiT. Verz. 1823, 38.— D'Okbioxy, La Sagra'a Cuba Ois. 1840, 51. — Mimus carolinensis. Gray, Baird, Birds N. Am. 1859, 346. — Galeoscoptes carolinensis, Cab. Mus. Hein. I, 1850, 82 (type of genus). — Ib. Jour. Orn. 1855, 470 (Cuba).— Sclater, Catal. Birds, 1861, 6, no. 39. Figures : Aod. B. A. II, pi. 140.— Ib. Orn. Biog. II, pi. 28.— Vieillot, Ois. Am. Sept. II, pi. Ixvii. — Wilson, Am. Orn. II, pi. xiv, f. 3. Hab. United States, north to Lake Winnipeg, west to bead of Columbia, south to Panama R. R. ; Cuba. In some specimens there is a tendency to obsolete narrow trans- verse bars at the ends of the uter tail feathers. The shade of colora- OALEOSCOPTES — MELANOPTILA. 55 Collected by tion varies somewhat. Ilocky Mountain specimens appear a little larger tlian others. The emallest is 29,222, from Orizaba; in this the wing measures 3.40, the tail 3.80. A female, 10,352, from Florida, is also very small. There is considerable difference in tho length and thickness of the bill in dilferent specimens. In somo specimens the tarsal scutella) are perfectly well defined, in others indistinct on the sides of the tarsus. Smith- CoUec- Sex Wben Collot'ted. loniun tor's and Locality. Received from Collflcted by No. No. Age. 1,123 ^ CarliHle, Pa. July l.'i, '43. 8. F Baird. S. F. Balrd. 10,3i2 , , 9 lodlan Kpv, Fla. Jail. 12. 0. WiirdiMnann. 11,883 , , ^ TorlUKaM, Fla. "... Capt. Woodbury. 13,137 6 rf Fort Oarry, K«d Ulv. C. A. Hubbard. 18,.'M)6 32 " July \'o. Douaid Guuu. 13,306 , , , , Leavoii worth, Mo. May 16. Capt. J 11. Simp- ft. 285 , rf Kt Lookout. Mo. Kiv. Juue t, '30. Lt. Warreu. [.sou. Dr. Hayden. v 22,04.'> 120 Cceiir il'Alene iMIh'u. Dr. J. G. Cooper. 2l,9tf0 481 (f Siayakwuteeu Ue- p.it, W. T. I June 27, '60. A. CampbeU. Dr. Keunorly. 21.961 fiOfl cf CauipouKootonayR. July 28, '60. ** 21,002 667 ** li 3.), 170 11 NaHNau, N. P. April 22, '64 L*. Fltzjjerald. 2n.631 Cuba. C. Wri^jht. .30,868 76 El Mirador, Mex. Dr. C. Sartoriug. 2:>,222 300 Orizaba, Mex. [iole. Prof. SuuiicbraMt. 16,838 is Panama R. R. Frl- Guatemala. J M'Lt'auiinn. Cab. Lawreuce. (1,12.1.) 9; 11.00; 3.50. (10,3.02.) 8.25. (11,683.) 8.00. (13,137.) With egija, 2,208. (»,280.) Eyes brown. MELANOPTILA, Sclatek. Melanoptila, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1857, 275. (Type M. glabrirostris.) As there is but % single known species of this genus, I give the generic characters with the specific. ' Columbia, melanoptila glabrirostris. Melanoptila glabrirostris, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1857, 276 (Omoa, Hondura.9, with figure of head and wing). — In. 1859, 337.— Ib. Catal. Am. Birds, 18(J1, 7, no. 41.— Sclater & Salvin, Ibis, I, 1859, 7. Hab. Honduras. Bill shorter than the head ; quite similar in shape to that of Mimus caro- liiiensi:!, but apparently without any trace of rictal bri.stle8 (the specimen before me has the tip broken so tliat I am unable to speak as to the notch). Tarsi rather longer than the middle toe and claw, scutellate on the 'anterior half, though not very distinctly ; claws rather weak. Wings broad, much roumled, a little shorter than the tail ; secondaries elongated, longer than the 2d quill ; 5th and tith quills longest, forming the middle of a gentle curve with the 3d and 4th on one side; the 7th and 8th on the other; 2d quill shorter than the 9th, and rather less than secondurie.-t ; 1 i * If ! : 1 ' 1 t 1. 1 r* ',■*'■ i, r ■ i ' ■ m REVIEW OF AMERrCAN BIRDS. [part I. lat quill rAtlier more than half the 2d. Tail rather broad, graduated ; the lateral feather .60 shorter than the central ; the feathers rather soft and broader than usual on the outer webs. Color gloHsy black ; winga and tail with a greenish lustre ; rest of bodj glossed with steel blue. Bih and legs black. Length, 7.60; wing, 3.55; tall, 3.90; gape, .87; tarsus, 1.05 ; middle toe and claw, .92. Bmlth- ■ouiau No. Collec- tor's No. Sex nod Locality. When Collected. Received rrom Collected by 30,652 33 .. i Half Moon Koy, Br. 1 [HoiiJuraH. May 10, '62. O. Salvia. Halviu k Godman. MELANOTIS, Bonap. Melanotis, Bonap. Conspectus, 1, 1850, 276. (Type Orpheus caerulfscens, Sw.) Bill elongated, rather slender, compressed, as long as the head. Commissure nearly straight to the decurved, notched tip. Rictal feathers moderate, reaching to the nostrils. Wings decidedly shorter than the tail ; 4th and .'')th quills longest ; 6th and 7th a little shorter than the 3d ; 2d shorter than the secondaries ; nearly as much shorter than the 4th as it is longer than the 1st ; Ist quill two-thirds the 2d, half as long as the longest. Tail long, broad, and graduated ; the ft^athers soft, with outer webs unusually broad, as in Mtlanoptila ; lateral feathers 1.25 less than the central. Leg.s rather weak, but the tarsus longer than middle toe ; distinctly scutel- late on anterior half, with seven broad scutellse. Claws strong, and well curved. The type of the genus is the Orpheus ceerulescens of Swainson. The second assigned species, M. hypoleitcus, dififers somewhat in form. The bill is shorter and less attenuated ; the wing apparently- shorter and more concave ; the legs and the claws are stouter, and the tarsus is but little longer than the middle toe and claw. Both species are slaty blue, with the side of the head black. In caerulescens the blue extends over the inferior surface, which in hypoleucus is white with the exception of the blue crissum. Melanotis caerulescens. Orpheus caorulescens, Swainson, Phil. Mag. 1827, 369 (Mexico). — Mimus cxiulescens, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1856, 294. — Melanotis cxrulescens, Bonap. Consp. 1850, 276.— Sclateu, P. Z. S. 1859, 337 (Cordova, 370; Oaxaca).— Ib. Catal. 1861, 7, no. 42. ? Turdus eryihrophthalmus, Light. Preis- Verzeich. 1830, no. 83. Turdus melanotis, Temm. PI. Col. 498. Hab. Mexico generally. MELANOTia P0NAC0B1U8. b1 MeaRurement (2B,374). Length, 10.75; wing, 4.80; tall, 5.40; bill from gape, 1.35 ; noHtril, .70 ; tarsus, 1.1b ; middle tot) and claw, 1.10 j oiaw tiluiie, .30. Bmlth- Col lee- Sex Whfln kuiiian lor'ii nud LocHltty. ReoAlved from Collected by No. No. Age. 2i\.Vi .. Xulapa. ■ • ■ Jolin Krider. DOca. 2!t..W4 4,282 ,, Mexico. ... Berlin MiiNeum. 2n.7in J , ,, " . . . De SaUKBiiie. 2S.031 3A , , Mlmdor, Mex. Dr. C. Sartorlu*. '2f.KX>-'> 99 ff Cullmti, MeK. Jan. 18«J. J. Xantui. :m).ix> UX i " Feb. Ihfl3. it •••••• M4.i>i;) 183 Mazatlaa. June, 1802. A. J. OrajTRon. 31,014 184 rf '* ti ■ I •• 17 Xalapa. ... Cab. Lawrence, D'Oca. (29,3^3.) Length, 10. Iris brown. (30,13A.) Length, lO.fiO. Irlt brown. nielanotis hypoleiictis. Melanotic hypoleur.us, HARTLAun, R. Z. Oct. 1852, 400. — Ib. Jour. f. Ornith. 1853, 30.— Sclatkh & Salvix, Ibis, I, 1850, 7 (eggs).— In. II, 1860, 29.— ScLATKK, P. Z. S. 1851), 337.— Ib. Catal. 1861, 7, uo. 43. Ilab. Guatemala. Total length, 10.00 ; wing, 4.00 ; tail, 4.90 ; difference of tail feathers, 1.25 ; exposed portion of 1st primary, 1.50 ; of 2d, 2.40 ; length of bill from forehead, 1.15, from nostril, .68; along gape, 1.32; tarsus, 1.2(); middle toe and claw, 1.10; claw alone, .30; bind toe and claw, .75 ; claw alone, .37. Bmith- sotilan No. Collec- tor's No. Sex and ARe. Locality. tVhPn Collected. Received from Collected by 20.39.5 10,813 373 is • • Cuban, Vera Paz. Ouateuiala. ... 0. Salvlu. J. Oonld. Cab. Lawrence. DONACOBIUS, SwAiNSOK. : . ,- -;^,i Donacohins, Swainson, Class. Birds, II, 1831, 236. (Type D. vociferans, Sw. = Tardus atricapillus, L.) Bill as long as head, notched. Bristles distinct, reaching to nostrils. Nasal groove broad, filled by a plane, tense, naked, thin edged membrane ; the nostrils pervious, occupying the anterior extremity of the groove, bordered behind only by membrane ; broadly oval, the axis rather oblique. A large, bare naked space on each side the neck. Wings shorter than the much graduated tail. First primary about half the longest (fifth) ; 2d shorter than the secondaries. Tail feathers broad ; outer webs of lateral feathers having their outer webs half as wide as the inner. Graduation excet^sive ; outer feather about half the middle. Tarsi little longer than middle toe and claw, with six scntellie anteriorly fused into a continuous nngrooved plate on the outer side. Claws lengthened, moderately curved. Inner toe cleft to base. w 58 BEVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [part I. ri. I i.^ ' 1 .! .'■■It Total length, 8.00; wing, 3.30; tail, 4.20 ; graduation, 2.00 ; exposed por- tion of Int primary, 1.27, of 2(1, 1.90, of longest (meaHored from exported baHe of Idt primary), 2.45 ; length of bill from forehead, LOfi, from noHtril, .63; along gupe, 1.20; turHUH, 1.32; middle toe and olaw, I.IU; olaw aloue, .37; Liud toe and ulaw, .00; olaw aloue, .43. Tho genua Donacobius lias been variously placed by authors, by some among the Thruslies, by others among tho WrenH. Tho notched bill, the bristled rictus, and above all the deeply parted toes, with the general coloration, appear however decidedly opposed to tho latter view of its affinities ; and I have accordingly instM'ted it here. It is a very strongly marked genus, and the only one of the family without any representatives iu >b. Fort Mam. N. M. When Collected. Dec. 10, '62 Mar. 18A8. Jau.'i.'OO. Received from J. Lockliart. A. Campbell. C«pt. RaynoldH. Capl. Bowman. Collected bjr Mr. Brass. Dr. Konnorly. Dr. Ilaydea, 12th edition as the starting point, instead of the 10th, though without any apparent good reason. As Moehring is not a Linnman binomialist, only adopting the generic or uni* nomial idea, and not the binomial, I do not consider liis names as tenaMe, iind consequently do not find that his use of the name Cinclus, in 1752, for another genus, is a pre-occupation, as rigidly understood. SAXICOLA. 61 , Family SAXICOLID^E. SAXICOLA, Becubt. jaxicola, Bechstkin, "Oemein. Naturg. 1802." (Typo Motacilla cenanthefL.") 8axicola «enanthe. Motacilla aenanthe, Linn. Syat. Nat. I, 1758, 186. — Saxicola ananthe, Bechst. "Gsniein. Naturg. 1802," and of European authors. — HoLBiiLL, Orn. Grain. (Paulsen ed.), 1846, 23 (Greenland). — Baird, Birds N. Am. 1858, 220 (Europe).— Jonks, Nat. Bermuda, 1859, 28 (Bermuda).— CouES, Pr. A. N. S. 1861, 218 (Labrador).— Rein- , HAKijT, Ibia, 1861, 5 (Greenland). f Saxicola ananthoides, Vigoks, Zool. Blossom, 1839, 19 (N. W. Ame- rica).— Cassin, 111. I, 1854, 208, pi. xxxiv (Nova Scotia). . ;..r. Hah. A European bird abundant in Greenland, found as an autumnal mi- grant in Labrador, Canada, Nova Scotia, Bermuda, etc. Occurs also in Behriug V Straits. I have not seen any from the United States. • This species of late years has been frequently detected in the eastern portions of North America, and may be legitimately con- sidered as belonging to our Fauna. The specimens collected all appear to belong to the Greenland race (see Couea as above), which is considerably larger than that of central Europe, and it is most probable that they have reached North America by the Greenland route. I have never seen a full plumaged spring specimen, all being in autumnal livery, and it is not at all in^probable that those hitherto detected in America are merely winter visitors from Greenland (where it is abundant), and to which they return to breed. The bird may, however, nest in Newfoundland and Labrador. The specimen described by Vigors, from the N. "W. coast of America, is considerably smaller even than skins from central Europe, aid may be distinct, as suggested by Mr. Coues. Smith- HuaiKU No. CoUeo- Sex tor's 1 and No. 1 Age. Locality. When CoUected. Received from Collected by 18,074 !J(),331 208 43 y .. I Selkirk Settlement. (f I Loiip Fork of Platte. cf i St. .losoph'R, Mo. . . I Fort Riley, Kaasag. .. I Carlisle, Pa. Prairie Mer Roui;e L. July 3. Mar. 9, '44. Donnld Onnn. Lt. Warren. Lt. Mnllan. Dr. W. A Ham- S. F. Balrd.[mond. Jaa. Falrie. Dr. Hayden. J. Pearsall. It;' i ■ If?-* Sialia azurea. Sialia azurea, Swainson, Phil. Mag. I, 1827, 369. Sialia wilsonii, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1856, 293 (Cordova).— In. 1858, 299 (Oaxaca — high lands). — Ib. 1^59, 362 (Xalapa). — Sclater, Ibis, 1859, 8 (Guatemala).— Ib. Catal. 1861, 11, no. 65.— Taylor, Ibis, 1860, 110 (Honduras).— Owen, Ibis, 1861, 60 (Guatemala), nest. Hab. Eastern Mexico and Guatemala. SIALIA. 65 (28,021.) Similar to S. sinlis, but diflering in shade of blue, which is greenish, not purplish. Whole upper parts, with sides of head and lower jaw, greenish-blue ; beneath brownish-red, except abdomen to orissum, which are white. Female with the plumage duller, the outer web of second primary abruptly edged with white. Total length, 6.70; wing, 4.00; tail, 3.20; bill from nostril, .35; along gape, .80 ; tarsus, .80 ; middle toe and claw, .84. I was not a little surprised, on comparing a series of four Mexican and Guatemalan Blu«» Birds with about fifty from the United States^ to find certain uniform differences in coloration and form, warranting the specific separation that Swainson hints at in the reference cited above. The shade of blue is appreciably different : instead of being of the rich dark purplish pure blue of S. sialis, it is of almost the very shade of greenish-blue scm in S. arctica, without the ]»urplish lustre of the latter. The abrupt white margin of the outer primary in female (?) specimens I have not noticed in the North American bird. Of about the same length of body and wing, the tail is decidedly longer, measuring in the type specimen 3.20, instead of 2.75 or 2.80, the usual length in S. sialis. Although Swainson did not describe this species in such manner as to entitle him to it, I have preferred to adopt his name rather than present a new one. ' ■•■J;;'"' ■ -X ii . V,; ii:ii-.'i Smith-, CoUec- soaian 1 tor's No. j No. Sex A|;e. Locality. When Collected. Received from Collected by 28,021 28,022 28.02.3 30,661 11 11 11 .■ Mlrador, Mex. Tactic, Vera Paz, [(iiiat. Nov." 5, '59. Dr. C. Sartorias. it 0. Salvia. Sialia incxicana. Sialia mexicana, Sw. P. B. Am. II, 18.31, 202.— Sclater, P. Z. S. 1856, 293 (Cordova) ; 18.57, 126 (California) ; 1859, 362 (Xalapa).— In. Catal. 1861, 11, no. 66.— Baird, Birds N. Am. 1858, 223.— Cooper & SncKLEY, P. R. R. XII, II, 1859, 173. Sinlia occidentalis, Towns., Aud. ; .'^ialia cieruleocolli.i, Vioors. ~ Figures: Add. B. A. II, pi. 135.— Ib. Orn. Biog. V, pi. 393.— Vigors, Zool. Beechy Voy. 1839, pi. iii. Hah. Western United States, from the Rocky Mountains to Pacific. Not noticed on the Missouri plains, Brit sh America, or Cape St. Lucaa. Found at Xalapa and Cordova, Mex. (Sclater). 64 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PAKT I. I m urn Smith- Collec- Sex sonian tor's aud No. No. Age. 7,617 266 1,930 , , ? 4,903 ., 7,833 , . 1S,313 766 '(f 13,282 rf a,0.jl , , 4,020 •• •• Looalttjr. Fort Stfillacdom. Columbia Kiv. San Die)(o, Cul. Oila River. HellKalP, Idaho. Sweet Wator. Fi.rtKillm >ro, N. M. SaltiUo, Mex. When Collected. Mar. 18d<. Dec 30, '34. 1S60. Aug. 19, '68. May, 18.")3. Received from Dr. Sucklejr. 8. F. Balrd. Lt. Parke. Major Emory. Li. Mullan. Capt. J. H. Sirap- Ciipt Pope. [son. lit. ('oiicli. Collected by J K. Town«end, Dr. Heermann. A. Schott. J. PeaiHiili. C. S. M'Carthy. Sialia arctica. Ertjthraca (Sialia) arctica, Swaihs. F. B. A. II, 1831, 209, pi. 39.— Sialia arctica, Ncttall, Man. II, 1832, 573. — Baird, Bird.s N. Am. 1858, 224.— ScLATER, Catal. 1861, 11, no. 67. Sialia macroptera, Baibd, Stanabury'a Rept. 1852, 314 (larger race with longer wings). Bab. Central table lands of North America, east to month of Yellowstone. One individual collected at Fort Franklin, Great Bear Lake. Not common on the Pacific slope ; the only specimens received coming from Simiahmoo, Fort Crook, and San Diego. Not recorded as found in Mexico. Bmith- Collec- Sex sonlan tor's and No. No. Age. 1.87.5 ^ 3,700 . , cf 21,918 487 27.428 , , , , 17,999 406 28,131 207 cf 4,423 •• Locality. When Collected. Received from Fort Union, Neb. Salt Lake City. KodtenayRiv. W.T. Simiahmoo, W. T. Fort Crook, ChI. San Diego, Cal. July 1, '4.1. Mar. 21, 'SI. Mar 10, '62. April, ISo.'J. S K. Baird. Capt. Staiisbury. A. Campbell. .John Keilner. D. F. ParkiiLson. Lt. Trowbridge. Collected by J. J. Audubon. Dr. Kennerly. (3,706.) Type of S. rmwroptenu. Family SYLVIID.iE. 1:1 • ir' Bill slender, broad and depressed at the base, distinctly notched and de- curved at the tip. Culmen sharp-ridged at base. Frontal feathers reaching to the nostrils, which are oval, with membrane above, and overhung — not concealed — by a few bristles or by a feather. Rictal bristles extending beyond nostrils. Tarsi booted or scutellate. Basal joint of middle toe attached its whole length externally, half-way internally. Primaries ten • spurious primary about half the 2d, which is shorter than the 7th. Lateral toes equal. The birds of this family are readily distinguished from the Paridse, liv the slender bill, notched and decurved at tip; much bristled gape, sharp-ridged culmeu, exposed oval nostrils, less adherent toes, [part t. lected by REOULUS. 66 l. TownHPnd. Hftermann. jchotl. 'earwiU. i. M'Carlhy. ), pi. 39.— rds N. Am. iT race with ellowstone. common on klimoo, Fort ullected by J. Audubon. Kennerly. )d and de- 3 reaching hung — not extending niddle toe aries ton • Lateral Paridae, bristled i-eat toes, etc. They are much smaller tlinn thn Tiirdidse and SaxicoUdse, with inuth more slnidnr, depressed bill, longer rictal bristles, etc. The short outer primary, with the primaries ten in number, distin- gui.sh tiiem from the HyloiecAidse. Of the two subfamilies, Jiegulinse are more nearly related to the Saxicolidse, and Pulioptilime to the Paridse ; and have, by many authors, been respectively thus assigned. I agree with Cabanis, however, in uniting them into one family. They may thus be dis- tinguished : — Regulinas. Wings longer than the eraarginate tail. Tarsi booted or with- out scutellar divisions. Folioptilinae. Wings about equal to the graduated tail. Tarsi with dis- tinct tiuutellie. REGULUS, Cut. Regtihs, Cnv. "Lemons d'Anat. Comp. 1799-1800." (Type Motacilla rccjulus, Linn.) RegaUiides, Blyth. 1847. (Typo "R, proreijulus, Pall.," Gray.) Phyllohasileus, Cab. Mus. Hein. I, 1850, 33. (Type Motacilla calen- data, Linn.) Reguliis satrapa. Retjulux salrupa, Light. Verz. 1823, no. 410. — Raird, Birds N. Am. 1859, 227.— ScLATER, p. Z. S. 1857, 212 (Orizaba).— B^deker, Cab. Jour. ' IV, 33, pL 1, fig. 8 (eggs, from Labrador). — Pr. Max. Cab. Jour. 1858, 111.— Cooper & Suckley, P. R. R. R. XII, ii,. 1859, 174 (winters in W. Territory). Sylvia regulus, Wils. ; Regulm cristotus, ViEiLi. ; R. tricolor, Nutt., Aud. Figures: Aud. B. A. II, pi. 132.— Ib. Orn. Biog. II, pL 183.— Vieill. Ois. Am. Sept. II, pi. cvi. Eab. United States aBd the Eastern Provinces. ■ '• This species is found throughout the entire region of the United States and the Provinces, though hitherto not noticed in the fur countries. On the Pacific slope it is abundant from the Paget Sound country (where it is found in winter), south to Fort Crook ; but no specimens are in the collection from more southern points, not even Fort Tejon, nor any from the middle table land or Rocky Mountain region anywhere. The western specimens are much brighter and more olivaceous al)ove, especially on rump and tail, than the eastern, and may possibly constitute a different race, or variety olivaceus. Sciater records it as found at Orizaba, Mex. This may, however, prove to he a different species. Young bird?, as with R. calendula, are without the colored crown* 6 July, 1864. 68 REVIEW OP AMERICAN HIRDS. [part I. emlth- BOuiuU No. 10,237 82S 32 224 11,801 7,176 16,151 Colloc- till '8 No. 200 130 244 Sex Hud Ak6. Juv. Localltj. Sherburn, Ma88. CarliHit), i'a. Liberty Co., Oa. Simlahinoo, W. T. Steilacoora. Fort Crook, Cal. When Collected. Oct. 22, '42. Nov.' 23. Received from O. 8 Babcock. 8. F. Balrd. Prof. Lecotlte. A. Campbell. Dr Huckley. Capt. J. Fellner. Collected by Dr. Kennerly. I ' ' Regulus cuTieri. Reguhis cuvieri, Add. Ora. Biog. I, 1832, 288, pi. 55, etc. — Bairo, Birds N. Am. 1859, 228. Hab. "Banks of Schuylkill River, Penn. June, 1812." Aud. This species continues to be unknown, except from the description of Mr. Audubon, as quoted above.- II "' ■f iCijl . Regulus calendula. Motacilla calendula, Linn. Syst. Nat. I, 1766, 337. — Regulus calendula, Light. Verz. 1823, no. 408.— Baird, Birds N. Amer. 185S, 226 ficLATER, P. Z. S. 1857, 202.— Ib. 1858, 300 (mountains of Oaxaoa). — Ib. 1859, 362 (Xalapa). — Ib. Has, I, 1859, 8 (Guatemala).— Cooper & Scckley, P. R. R. XII, ii, 1859, 174. — Reinhaedt, Ibis, 1861, 5 (Greenland). Regulus rubineus, Vieill. Ois. Am. Sept. II, 1807, 49, pi. civ, ov. •Other figures ; Wils. Am. Orn. 1, 1808, pi. v, fig. 3.— Dopohty, Cab. II, pi. vi.— Aud. Orn. Biog. II, pi. 195.— Ib. Birds Am. II, pi. 133. Hab. Greenland ; whole of North America, and south to Guatemala. This species of Regulus appears to lack the small feather which, in satrapa, overlies and conceals the nostrils,, which was probably the reason with Cabanis & Blyth for placing it in a different genus. There is no other very apparent difference of form, however, although this furnishes a good character for distinguishing between young gpeciraeiis of the two species. Smlth- ' — 1 Collec- e« When Collected. BOnlan No. tor's No. and Age. Locality. Received from Collected by 18,063 157 ? OroKvater Bay, Lab. Aug. 6, '60. Elliot C.)ue8. a).62i 486 rf Fort GeoTfte, H. B. July 11, '60. C Drexler. 19.482 4.')9 rf Fort ReHolution. May 17. R. Kennicott. 27.222 1,339 ti S R RoHs. 1,343 .. '