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Tous les autres exemplaires originaux sont film6s en commenpant par la premidre page qui comporte une empreinte d'impression ou d'illustration et en terminant par la dernidre page qui comporte une telle empreinte. Un des symboles suivants apparattra sur la dernidre image de cheque microfiche, selon le cas: le symbole — ^signifie "A SUIVRE", le symbole V signifie "FIN". Les cartes, planches, tableaux, etc., peuvent §tre filmds d des taux de reduction diffdrents. Lorsque le document est trop grand pour dtre reproduit en un seul cliche, il est film6 d partir de Tangle sup6rieur gauche, de gauche d droite, et de haut en bas, en prenant le nombre d'images n6cessaire. Les diagrammes suivants illustrent la m^thode. 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 ^ / ' f . ^( / FOREST PRESERVATION IN CANADA BY A. T. DKI'MMOXI). I'RINTKI) IN ADVANcr: OF TllK KKPOIJT OF THE AXN'UAL MFKTING AT I50STON' OF TlIK AMKItlCAN FcjUKSTPvY COXGIIK^S. MONTREAL: "Witness" Pri.\tin(; JIousk, St. James Stkkkt. 1885. /v >i{h:sT I'liHSHii I '. I riifx ix < \ i .v. i da . V:av\\ of tlic J'roviiiccs (•(iniiirisiii^ tin' I )iiiiiiiiinii ot' (/;iii;iil;i, cxcciil- 'wvj, Mauitiiliii, lias cuntrol of its own crown laiuls, and ln'ncr it is diliiciilt lo secure one uniform series of measures foi' llie protection of t he t imlier upon these crown lands. Cinnimstances are dill'erent, in each Province. In I'.ritish ('olumhia, the forests arc; lart.;('ly yet un- touched, exce|)tin,i,' alon,^- the I'acitie, ("oast, and there is thus the opportuint y still there of carefully conscrvinij; the forests, so that they iniiy he ii continued source (»f revenue, instead of nllowiiiL;' lires and the lumlicrman's axe to have, tuiresti'icted sway anion;^ them. I'etween the Rocky >r()untains and the boundaries of ( )ntarii> it is rather a ([Uestion of h(.tw far forests are to lie created, as th(> countiT is (diietly open prairie. In Ontario and (j)uel)ec, aloni;- the streams which fall into the (leor^dan i'ay, and at the sources of the Ottawa, St. Maurice and other i^n-eat rivers and their trihutarios, there is still a considcsrahle urea of White and Ked I'iiie, hut the trees are of diminished sizi' com- pared with the splendid trunks common on the < )ttawa twenty years a,!.;'o. The himbermen are fast approaehinif the northern limits of the growth of these trees. In Ontario, the prf»vincial linances are in ,L;'ood condition, and tlu^ (lovernment there, can, if it will, readily curtail its rovenu(!s from tini1)(!r and timber limits, in order to pn.ivent Avaste of its crown lands, and to ])reserve them in condition to yield revenues to the (lovernment and ])rolit to the lumbermen who may work them in years in tin; future. In tlie Province of (^)uel)e(; thei'e is more dillieulty in be jirovided for, and as a coiiseipience every jiussililc sdiii'cc (if I'cvriMic 1 as liccii made .nailalilf to the iitiiiost. Xt'W Uniiiswirk has still snuic t'uirsts nf I'inr and Spruce, l)ui tho area is, coinparcd with the Ontaiin and (^Juclici' fttrcsts, relatively sinali, wliilsl Xova Scotia has, dii the whole, hut little timher of ,i,'ood merchaiilahle size left, ami has con'es|)oiidiii,nly less interest in IIhs (piestion of forest preservation. The crown lamls are under l)oininion control only in Manitolia and the North- West Territories, ami some steps hav(; l)(!e;i takisn to preservi; what timher exists tlmre. As is well known, the system prevails in Canaila of leasing from year to year lari^e areas of crown lands under the name of timber berths or timber limits, at an annual iiuilal \)vr s(piar(; mile. ThoULjli the lease is from year to year, yet by custom it is understood that as long as tlu! rent is ])aid, the lessoe may continiui in possession indelinitely until he has cut oil' all the timber he desires. Sometimes the hold(!r is merely a .si)eculat(jr ; at other times he is a lumberman, w'h(t is keei)iiig the limits in reserve for future working, and thus, freijueiitly, large unworked areas are tied up fnjm year to year by parties who have a ([uasi right to continue this under the original lease. This makes it dillicult to a|tply new regulations to limits aln.'udy under lease. Sections of countiy not yet under lease — and consiilerable new tracts have in Ontario l)een rendered accessible by the Canadian Pacific Railway — arc; in a dii1(.'r(Mit position, and govern- ments can readily lay down rules for their future working as timber limits. Germany, France, Sweden and India have their forests cared for under more or less stringent regulations, and (!ven the small Province of Capo Colony in South Africa has its Forestry Department, under (loverinnent control, and is doing a good work that should put us to shame. TIk; forests there are l)eing arranged for scientitic working, the fundamental principle l)eing, tlu; consiu'vator says, that the cut- ting shall not exceed the growth. Why should we in America with a s[)lendid heritage in tlu^. pin(! forests of ]\[aine, (,)uebec, (Ontario, ^lichigan and Wisconsin have been so prodigal and reckless, and have shown so little farsightedness, as to hav(! gone on from year to year for half a century past allowing this heritage to be diminished gradually in value without even an attiunpt to prevent it! llow often are we blind to the future ! The Cape Colony Report for 1884 very well puts it that the policy slu)uld be pursued of setting our fact's ,'i,L,Miii.--t t'ni'rsl (l('>tnii'tinii as liimly ii> Htlirr mural .vils arc (■.\c\>i\. Ftii'tlicr than this, with us hm', each Statt- and carh rinviinf has an inlcrcst, in the action which its nci,i;hh(Hirin,L; State or Province takes or n(\L,dccts to take on this (|uestion. < )ur i:,vvai rivers have often their fountain lieails, or the t'ountain heads of their t I'ilaitaries, in one or nioi'e Slates or Provinces, anil then course theii' way to the <;reiit lakes, or the sea, throii^Lfh otlier States or Provinces. Have not tlioso wliose lands alon^i,' the route are watereil hy these rivers, the cities, towns and villa;.;es wdiich are scatti'red alou'^' their l)anks, and the puhlic which makes ust; of Oie steanihoats and other craft which }tly upon their surface, an und(,'nial)le inlei'cst in seciu.L;' that these waterways arc not impaired hy tiie liurnin^Lf or cuttin,::; away of the forests at these fouutfiiu lunids 1 It is the province of every Slate to leL;is!ate, for itself, or to withhold lei^islation, hut in this case, ilu; iiei_L;hhourin,n' States have a clear right to ask that tiieir waterways and water sujiijlies shall not he imi>aired or cut oll'hy its ne;^lect to provi(h3 proper legislation or pro[)er oversight. The remedial measures which 1 would suggest with a view to the ])reservatiou and renewal of (mr foi'ests ai'c in some respects iMpially ai)plical)le to the Ignited States and to Canada. The leases of timl)cr areas T would restrict to detinite periods of fivi! or at most seven years, and when the lea.^e expired, the particular area covered Ijy it should have a rest of say twenty-live years, to allow of the young trees attaining merchantahle value. The dfect of this would be to largely check si)eculation in timber limits, and would give ample time to Inma jiioducti()n of st|uare timber should be discouraged, on account of the great waste of material in forming the scpiare log, and l)(!caust^ of the additional food fov forest tires which this waste material creates. 6 'I lie rllttillM- (III crriWII liiluls uf tlVC. Iliplcr t.Wi'Ivi' illrh,.., ;|t tin' stimi|) sliduM 1»(', i>uiii.slial)I(\ l)y n liciivy line, wliidi wniiM l.c .-asily C()ll('(!talil(! at, tin; mills when lli.- drives (if lo-s (•(.me dowii after tlie, .Spvilli; fresliets. This avoiiM have the, ellect of [tresei'viliLj the youie^'er trees until they attained a mer(:hantal)h! si/e. The, startiiiLT of forest lires should Im; made criminal. Xindeen- tweiitieths of th(! foi'est lires are ])r(5Ventil)le. Thisre is no reason why eamp lires should not Ik- i)ut out, and the kno\vled,n(! that to allow them to spread was ]>unished hy im[>risoiimeut, would tiuickly make cMinj) partii's careful, nion; (.'specially if every memlier of each party wcri! niiuh! responsil)le. Not only in tlu; forests which have l)(M'n cut over hy the lumlier- men, hut wherever tires hav(! swept throui^h ai'cas of crown lands not sjM'cially suitahle ^)v availalde for settlement, resowiiiL;- or rei»lantin,i; .should take place. Where hurned areas are left to themselves, trees of a less desiralde kind almost invariahly sprin<,Mip. How to (dice t this resowin^L,' and replantin,L; economically is a ((Uestion of some importance. It can Ui done in part hy the forest ran.ners hereafter referred to, hut, 1 thiidc, that as a (tondition of every leas(! of tindier limits, it sliouid lie made incumhent on the lessee (uther to pay a given sum {)er S([uare mile of territory included in his lease towards the expenses of the Forestry I)ei)artmeiit of the Government, or t,hat he should actually plant and (;are for a young tr(;e for ev(.'ry trunk he lells. This would not be an ex[)ensiv(! proceeding. It would involve the cultivation of one or perhaps two acres as a forest nursery, and the subsequent setting out of the young trees, and to this might be added the duty of collecting and sowing through tlui forest, of seeds t)f d(!siral)le kinds of trees. When it is remembered that each forester in Cape Colony is expected, Avithout assistance, to annually raise 40,000 young trees, and that his duties involve the transplanting of these to the burned and other distri(;ts within his section, it will lie observed that the task thus proi)osed to be imposed o.i the American lumberman is not fonnidable. Lastly, each Government, in the case of Provinces still possessing forest areas of importance, should organize a Forestry J )epartment in connection with the management of its crown lands. The objects of the Department would be : Fit-.-^t. The general preservation of the forests from lires, and fi'om deterioration Ijy improper working. ^^ 7 Si'coikI T1i(> rcplantiiii,^ of tlic crown forests where l.uriied or exlliiuste(l. Thinl. The eiic()iira,L,^eineiit of tree-pluntiiix by land owners <^v\\- erally, and tlie dissemination of information ah(jut trees and tree cultnro. There shouM lu! a Superintendent of Woods ane that small trees were not cut; to investiq;ate the cause of i-very lire hap- l)enin-' witlun their districts, and jiuinsh the .guilty ])arties, for which purpose they should have certain ma.uisterial powers; to raiscMU a small plantation youn,^ trees for rei)lantin^' the l)urned districts; and to collect and sow the seeds of .lesira])Ie kinds of tr(!es. Kach forester would probably re(piire tiie ai.l of an assistant. The adnunis- tration of the (h'partment need not bo expensive, and whilst the expense could b(> readily met by a small tax \k'X s(iuare nnle of tindx-r limits uiuh'r lease, or per thousand feet of lumber sawn, or cubic feet of S(piare timlxir produced, the savin.i;- annually of timber trees from forest lires would alone pay the cost of the department for many years. MoNTKHAI,, Oct., 18S5.