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Sk'tion IV., 1900 [ Bl 1 Trans. U. S. G.

III. — iN'bft.'.i on the North Amrricnn Speries of Dado.ri/lm). vith Special
Reference to Type Material in the CollecHons of ike I'eler lied-
palh Museum, McGill College.

By ritOFIiSSOH D. r. 1'EN HALLOW.

(Read May 29th, 1900.)

One or two years l)efore his death, the late Sir William Dawson
placed in my luiuds a large anioimt of material representing the various
species of J)adoxylon collected by him during a i)eriod of nearly half a
century, one typical S2)ecies from Eur()[)e, and several supposed species of
Cordaioxylon, Tylodendron and Cordaio-Sigillariia, with the request that
1 should revise the wliole in the light of our most recent knowledge
respecting this most interesting group of plants. In the interval, con-
siderable material has come to hand through Trof. C. S. Prosser, from
the Permian and Cretaceous of Kansas, and tiiis has been incorporated
in the revision, as it was found to embrace severiU well known fonus of
Dadoxyion, together with other interesting types.

Several considerations combined to <i"ive weight to the idea that a
revision was not only desiiul)le t nifessary. The /ronus Dadoxyion
has been known under a variety (jf names since Witiiam's ])ublication
in 1833.' it ha.s been investigated by all the leading paUeol)i)liiiiists
of Europe and America since that time, and the abundiince of material
in America, but more ixirticularly in France, where it^ remains are to
be found in great (juantity <and often most be<autifully j>re6eiTCHl, lias
led to its being one of the best known genera of fos.sil pkvnts. So
lample liaa been tlie mat/criid, and so perfectly lias it been jiresen-ed
ini all its parts, tliat we now have a fairly accurate knowledge of its
iiuternal structure, as also of its external characteristics including the
foliuge and fruit. Notwithstanding all tliis however, an examination
of the literav.ure of the subject discloses a remarkable degree of confu-
sion as to the plants which properly fall under this genus, their real
afRnities with existing fomxs, and their Ihnitations with respect to
geological time. This confusion is not only evident in the type
material from this piai-t of the world, but it appears in all the writings
of various authorities and does not disappear from the most recent

' The Internal Structure of Vegetable Fossils.

B2 KOYAL SOCIKTY OK CANADA

efforts to untangle tlie difliculty.* Kra.us- and Solras-LaiiUith,'' among
recent authorities, have done more than any others to give a clear and
systematic conception of the real nature and rchitions of these plants.
Knowlton has also summarised our knowledge of them in !-ucii a way
as to ailord a working basis of consich'rable value*

Looking at tlie various (k*crij)tions of tlio internal structure of
the stem, one is immediately imprei?sed with the inadeiiiuicy of the
diagnoses and the too often loose and unscientific way in which the
facts lare stated, giving no adequate ground for comparison and the
accurate differentiation of one species from another. Thus in D. New-
borryi, one of the most important structural facts is entirely neglected
in the description of the species, while in others, the mere stiitement
that a certain detail is more or less like that of anoilicr sjiecies in which
it is poorly or inaccurately described, conveys no accurate conception
of the real fact,s, and forms no jjrojjcr basis for comp'-arison.

Sudi looseness is a common fault and apju'ars even in the most
recent publications. The exphanation is no doubt to be found in the
fact that there has been no genertal revision of all the species on the
basis of the stem structure, but one author has copied from another
and in such copying there has been no direct reference to the original
types for purposes of verification.

The work of Sir William Dawson, extending over half a century,
hias resulted in the accumulation of a large amount of material from
various parts of North America, the greater portion of which formed the
basis of published desci-iptions, but there was also a considerable
amount of luaterial which iuul never been fully determined. This em-
braced species descril)ed only in his notes, as well as others which he
had not attempted to describe. There were thus some species without
names, and others to which he had assigned specific names. ^luch of
this material has been found to be identical with species iilready well
known, while other portions embraced new species, and in such cases
the names employed by Sir William have been retained and are now
published for the first time. The accumulation of a particularly valu-
able collection of type material, presented an opportunity for authorita-
tive revision of the genus, which was not to be neglected.

These considerations seemed to me sufficient to justify prosecution
of tlie work as promptly and as completely as possible, and (although it

■ Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1890, XII., 601.
= Schimper's Traitfi de Pal. Veg., II., 1870.
' Fossil Botany, 1891, 105.
* Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1890, XII., 601.

[i-KM!.M.i.n\v] NOHTII AMKIMC'AN Sl'KCIKS OF DADOXYLON B8

has now been broug-ht to a conehision, it is to be regretted that circiun-
suvnces so delayed it as to prevent mu from completing it (hiring the
life-time of Sir William Dawson, and tliivroby roceiving the co-operation
and advice of one who ha'' so closely identified himself with these plants.

In the oonrse of my work T liave endeavoured to take a complete
survey of the literature of the subject. This luus not been jwssible in
the fullest sense, since one or two of the more important works have not
been accessible. In nearly (all cases, however, statements have been
voriiied by direct reference to the original publiaition, and it tlius be-
comes possible lo give a more extended and complete l)il)liMgraphy of
the genus and of tlie individual species than has previously appeared.

A det'ailed historical summary in this connection is rendered uu-
necessar}' by the presentation given by Knowlton, who clearly states tne
historical Itasis on which our present views rest.* But a brief resiun6
of the principal phases in our knowledge relating to this interesting
group of plants, may sei-\e to bring out somewhat more clearly, the
bearings of the present discussion.

Our knowledge of those plants which have been variously known
among others, by the names of Da<loxy',on, Cordaites, C'ordaioxylon,
Araucarites, Araucarioxylon commenced in 1833 with a description of
several species of Pinites by Witham. In 1847, Endlicher descril>ed
fourteen s])ecies of these pUints under the name of Dadoxylon. A re-
cognition of the now well known Arauc.arian structure of the stem,
led I'resl to adopt the name of Araucarites, which \\iis subsequently
changed to Araucarioxylon i)y Kraus and in a restricted sense, is still
retained. In 1850, linger aj^liod the name Cordaites to certain leaves
from the Pala'ozoic formation, and a few yeai!s later Geinitz was able
to bring under the same designation, -vUrioiis parts of plants which had
hitherto been assigned to several separate genera, but which he recog-
nised as belonging to Cordaites. Grand Eur}''s investigations of the
Carboniferous of the Loire, led to most impori:ant results. The great
abundance of material which he was able to collect, and the often per-
fect state of its preservation, joined to the studies which Brongniart
had already made of tlie silicificd seeds from St. Etienne, pennitted
him to obtain a most conqdete history of Cordaites. Among otlier im-
portant restilts reached, he was able to prove that the Cordaitea* were
gymnospennous plants, and that tlie problematical Artisia or Stern-
bergia, which had for so long been a puzzle to pala'obotanists, was noth-
ing more nor less than the pith of Cordaites. In the meantime, how-
ever, Williamson in England had shown that Stembergia pith belonged

' Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1890, XII., 601.

B4 liOYAL SUCIITY OK CANADA

to |ilantK witli an Arawfiirian type of structure, while Dawson in Can.'ula,
lnul shown it to he likewise a IVature of the genus Dadoxylon, and
this led the way for (fraud Kiii'y to estaljlish the real connection be-
tween this genus and Coixlaites; and thiis we have come to employ this
last name for those woods with an undoid)trd Ai^uieariau struetuiv,
which have hwii slmwii to he related to the leaves and fruits for which
tJio name was lirst employed. l{angiug from the Devonian through
the l'pi)er Pala'ozoic, into the Misozoie and Tertiary, there tire many
plants known thi-ough their wood, which present many points of simi-
larity to — 'We may indeed sjiy of airinity with — the Arau<arian type,
hut there are many (■oiisidei^itioiis which lead to hesitancy in regarding
them as generically idcnticaJ, and among these we may consider the
distribution in point of geological time, 'i'hus while Corilaitea' range
from the Devonian ujiwards into the Mesozoic, jdants with la. well de-
fined Araucarian habit of growth and fructiiication, range from the
Tertiary down as far as the Jiifj^Nsic. l)elow which they are unknown.
In the Palax)zoic also, tJiere are a niunber of ]>lants known by their
wood only, the exact relations of which are matters of doid)t — they can-
not be referred to Cordaites m- with certainty to any other known genus.
Kraus^ has endeavoured to solve the difTiculty by referring all such to
the genera (Vxlro.xylon, Cupressoxylon, Pityoxylon, Araucarioxylon,
Pissadendron and Protopitys, and there are structural grounds for the
retention of certain elements of this claj^siiication, while admitting the
general dasirability of the jtrinciple of conden^ition. On the other
hand, Felix and others working on the lines of the present acknow-
ledged position of Cordaites, and having reference to the geological dis-
tribution of tliese varioiis plants, have suggested the propriety of con-
fining the Cordaitea> to Pahvozoic time, while Araucarioxylon is reserved
for ^lesozoic and Tertiary times. Under this ruling Dadoxylon be-
comes a provisional name reserved for all those fonns which have no
recognised alTinity. This idea has been recognised and ntilise<1 by
Knowlion,- and although there are obvious objections to it. it may
nevortheless l)e regarded as a good provisional basis for further studies.
It certainly has the merit of giving a definite line of demarcation be-
tween recent types and those of more ancient date, when mere struc-
tural resemblances would tend to identify the two. It will also do
much toward reducing that endless ivmfusion which comcf^ from a
useless midtiplication of names for jilants which, if not generically
identical, are nevertheless closely allietl, and as Knowdton very well

' Schimper's Pal. Veg., II., 1874, 369.
» Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1890, XII., 601.

[ii.xiiMi(.«] NnliTII AMKIJICAN SPKCIKS (»r |».\|tn.\Vl-()N 68

points out, the iiiiiiic of l)ii(ln.\\ Ion doi'S not Loniinit nuc to a linal t\-
pn>ssion of opinion rt-spt'ctijig iillinitit*, hut ]ii'nnits li-ansfcr to siuli
group, and nt such time as ni'iiy be justified lpy niiire ampio i<iiowh'<l;,'e.
I shaJl tlifrefore foUow this division in the present ilis<.ussion, and en-
deavour to hfimionise the speeies ciia^'n<>se> with it, so far as they lire
Inised upon structural considerations, wiiich is our only jwint of view at
the present moment.

The genus Dadoxyhm, wiiicli is now to he discussed as Conhutes,
ha.s its type in ('. Urandiiufrii as exi)ressed hy lironjjniart/ who furtlier
says, "Ces cspeces ont, en etl'et, hi pluj>ait des cjiracteres esseutiels du
hois des Araucaria. C'est-a-dirc les poiicluatioiis des lil)res ligneuses
disposees en ])lusieurs sei-ies alternaiites entre elle, et prenant par pres-
sion la fornu; d'areoles hexagonales. Cependiiint il y a quelques dilfe-
rences asscz iniportantes pour <iu'on ne puisse pas atFirnier que ce sont
de vrais Artiucaria, surtout ({uand on voit que tant de Coniferes uctuelles
de genres ditlerentes ont, soils ce ra[»port, line structure si'tisiblement la
meme ; et par celle raison, je prefere le nom donue par M. Endlicher,
en reservant le noni d'Araiicarites uux [)lantes qui, par leurs organes
de fructification, se rap[iro(lieraient des Araucaria."

An examination of various authorities shows some diversity of
opinion as to the presence of growth rings in tliese plunts. Knowlton
tells us that these woods are "characterisetl hy faint lines of demarca-
tion between the annual rings of growth."- (.ioppert, in liis diagnosis of
C. Brandlingii distinctly says'' "ligni stratis concentricis obsolotis," but in
describing ('. ouangondianum of Dawson, he says *' ligni stratis con-
centricis distinctis," a .statement borrowed from Dawson. De-
fining the generic characters of Araucarioxylon, Kraus says* '' T^ignum
stratis concentricis vel oV)soletis.'" In looking through the varions
European species of which there are five according to Knowlton."' not
one description records the occun'ence of growth rings. (Iraud Kury*
biases a grouping of species upon

I Growth rings obscure or obsolete, and
11 Growth rings distinct.

}Ie thus agrees with Kraii(S. Into the latter group he brings C.
Stephanense and C. subrhodeamim, but the absence of figures of the

' Tab. des gen. de Veg. Foss., t849, 76.

' Am. Geol., III., t889, 106.

" Kennt. der conif. Holz. der Pal. Form., 1888, 9, 12.

• Schimper's Pal. Veg., II., 1874, 380.

» Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1890. XII., 606.

' Flor. Carb. de la Loire.

86 KOYAL SOCIKTY ol" I ANAKA

traiLsverso stt-tiou, renders it impossible to ascertain to wliat extent the
gTowtli rings ore (iihtinct, and reliance must, therefore, bo placed entirely
upon tho iiccuravy ol' the statement made. Iteferring more particularly
to the structure of C. lirandlingii, of which we fortuuatoly possess an
excellent specimen from St. Mtii-nne, and liicrefore typical, I lind tiiat
a v(M-y poorly dclined ring is ohservable, but it is to be uote<i tlmt such
rings (Fig. 1) are not of the nature of those conuiion to exogenous trees
of higher temperate or sub-arctic regions, but are more compar-
able witli those of sub-tropicial regions where there is a constant
tondentiy to continuous growth. Our ligure shows that the limits of
nnnual (?) growth are indicated l>y a very une(|iuil and narniw zone of
Iraclioids which dilTcr from tho.se on either side by their shorter ratliul
diameters. This feature is here of very uncertain vnliie. and in par-
ticular regions of the zone it becomes almost obliterated. The zone it-
self is not more than a few tracheids wide, and the triinsition into
oloincnts of the surrounding structure takes place so gradually, both in-
wardly and outwardly, that it would be quite impossible to determine
which is the inner or wdiich is the outer face, were it not for the general
disposition of the vascular olcnu'nts. Tfcfcn-ing now to the various
species described by Dawsion,* ] lind that in two of his earliest he rcfons
to the obscurity of the growth rings, M'hile in three other cases he men-
tions them as distinct, and actually founds a species npon their presence
(D. annulatum). But as appears from the specific diagnosis of this
species elsewhere in this paper, this statement is based upon a complete
misinterpretation of the stnu-tural features jiresented l)y the fossil, and
tJie sjinie is likewise tiue of 1). ouaugondianuni. In I), penneylvanicum,
which must be regarded as a true Cordnites according to our present
limitations, growth rings are present and of the general type common to
trees of high temperate regions. The summer wood is very narrow,
consisting of two to four rows of radially flattened, squarish, elements.
The termination, and consequent demarcation from the spring wood of
the following year, is quite abrupt, the whole appearance being much
like that which may be found in some of the living species of Cupressus
or Thuya. Tt is thus true that of all the species originally described by
Dawson, only one of them shows well defined growth rings. The others
all conform to that type of ol)soure rings displayed by C. Brandlingu
which finds its, parallel condition in the genus Araucaria. F'rom these
considerations it becomes apparent that the descriptions borrowed from
author to author without verification, and appearing in the most recent
revisions of the genus, are in great need of being recast with respect to a
' Fobs. PI. of the Dev. & U. Sil. of Can., 1871. 12. 13.

ti'E.MiAi.i.uw] Noin'll AMKKICAN Sl'KClKS or DAPOX YL< >N B7

most iiiiporliuit (liii^'iii)stie iVaturo. 01' tlie uiglilLnjii siK-cies uow en-
titled to reco^Miitioii, lliree slimv more or less cU-arly dcliiied growth
rings while in tlit' renniiniiig lit'teeii. they are ol>»ciire or obsolete. It
theirefore appears that there are lifteeu species of L'ordaites which con-
form to the general type oi' Araiicaria, while tluve cont'orm to the type
oi' JJanimara. Tliij is in strict harmony with t.iie generally accepted
view that these phints are oi' distinctly Araucarian alllnities but without
implying actual connoctioii. inasmuch, however, as the growth rings
are initiated by alternating growth and rest jKiriods wiiieh are in turn
determined ciiielly iiy tlimatic cnn<liliniis, such structural variations are
not necessarily indications oi relationsiiip, and their chici ini]»orlanre
imiy lie in their indication oi varying clinuitic conditions as o])erating
upon dilicrent species oi the same genus. lnier[)reiing these considera-
tions in the narrow sense, it would seem as if the genus L'ordaites must
Inivi! inchuleil species which tlourishcd under widely dilVcrent climatic
comlitions ; hut interpreted in the broader sense of the Araucarieie as
a whole, we are to conclude that the genus as uow constitulod, em]>races
in reality wliat must eventually prove to be distinct genera of the separ-
ate types oi Araucaria and Dammara as parallel examples among existing
Araucariea'.

All ol)servationi agree in the fact ol a comi)lete aljsence oi resin
canals such as occur in the AbietineiP on the one hand, and ot si>ecialiscd
resin cells such as occur in the (. upressinerj on the other hand, and in
this we observe further agreement with the modern Araueariea", but as
in the latter, all known species show undoultled evidence of the more
or less abundant occurrence oi resin in the medullary rays, and also in
the tracheids of the woody cylinder. The principal occuiTcnce of this
material, however, is in the pith, where it is deposited in cells (tig. S,
r. c.), or. in the bark where it is developed in connection with specialised
resin canals (tigs. 2, (>, 7, r. c.) or in .sjiecial cells. In these respect^s there
is a somewhat close resenddance to what may be notLti in Araucaria.

The ]>ordered pits constitute one of the most prominent and char-
acteristic structural features of these plants. Some of the species under
exanumition show in a somewhat remarkable manner, the gradual trans-
formation of the scalarit'(n'ni ■structure into that oi the typically bordered
pit, and in no case is this exhibited with greater clearness than in C
Brandlingii (figs. 9, 10, 11), whore a properly selected radial section will
show all tlie gradations from one extreme to the other. This fact is by
no means a new one, since so long ago as 1840, Don pointed out that
tracheids of Cycas revoluta would exhibit scalaril'onn structure at one

88 ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA

end and bordered pits at the other.^ More reeently Williamsou has
sliown that a re<,nUar transition from one to the otiier form, occurs in
the wood of Dadoxyk)n and DietyoxyUm, and lie riglitly attaches im-
portance to tiiese facts as showing the derivation of pitted structure
from scalariforni.- At the same time, however, he falls into the error
of misinterpreting certain stnictural features, and is thus led to wrong
conclusions upon which he erects a new genus distinguished from
Dadoxylon l>y details of structure in the bordered pit. It is not my
j)urpose to discuss this aspect of the question at length on the present
occasion, but it must be pointed out tliat the simple pits "without a
central jiore," which he regards las the essential characteristic ol"
Dadoxylon, have without much doubt originated either in conditions of
extreme decny, or in mechanical treatment incident to preparation of
t;iie sections, one or both. My own studies have shown several instances
where a similar interpretation of appearance could be made, but in every
case a more searching examination lia.s always disclosed the true nature
of the appearance thus ])resented. Such structural transitions as have
ju6t been shown to occur, are of the greatest interest and importance
from a phylogenetic ]xiint of view. They are what one might reasonably
look for upon the hypothesis that these woods are the most primitive
Gymnospenns, and they sene to throw much light upon the origin and
relationships of the various vascular elements in the higher plants, both
Angiosperms and Gymnospenns.

The typical structure of the bordered pit Ln these plants is too well
known to require explanation or amplification lat this time, since it is
correctly given in all the diagnoses by leading authorities, but by way
of rc<?apitulation, it may be well to state that the pits are generally
hexagonal and ])rovided with an oblong or narrowly lenticular, diagonal
pore which is three-fourths the diameter of the pit, or more (tig. 11 and
18). When the number of rows diminishes to one, the pits commonly
assume a more oval form but remain more or less compressed ; and a
still further modification appears in the separation of the pits to such
an extent that tliey become round, as may be seen in ArUucaria where
such transitional forms occur. Kraus has employed these facts as the
l)asis of classification.'' distinguishing l)etween certain genera which
show on the one liand " Fori rotundi. vel contiguitate polygoni," and
on the other hand " Fori runipressi, nhlongi."

' Jn'l Lin. See, 1840.

• M. Mlc. Jn'l, 1869, 67-70.

' Schimper, Pal. Veg., 370.

[1'KNitAi.i.ou] NORTH A.MKKICAX Sl'KCIKS OF DADoXYLON 39

Tlio i)0fuliiir distribution of tlio bordered piks constitutes one of
the most prominent ami distin-uisliin- features of the genus, and dis-
tinctly alhes it to tlie .VI•aueclriea^ L'nger hiys down iis a genenc char-
a^-ter, "Vasa porosa, poris in series 1— i spiraliter dispositis,"' which is
simply a restatement of JJrongniarfs recognition that "les p..netuations
des libres hgneuses disposees en plu^sieurs series alternautes entre elle,
et prenant par pression la forme d'areoles hexagonales." All studies
show that the ],ils are distributed througlu.ut the length of the
tracheids, a< well as that they regularly occur on the radiafwalls of all
tracheids, thus presenting an iniportimt contrast to the law of distril.u-
tu)n which excludes them more or less fully from the tracheids of the
suntmer wood of the AbietiiKw.

\Vhile these laws of distribution are well recognised as ap|.lic;ible
in a generic sense, the various recognised species show great diversity
111 this respect, und such variations have l>een taken as an element in
diagnosis. The possible value of such data is fully exemplified in the
case of C. Xewberryi, where the pits occttr in well defined groups which
fall into radial rows. This feature ha.s ttnforttmately been neglected
entirely, by every writer exc<>pt Prof. Xewberry himself, but its im-
port'ance as a, diiferential character cannot be doubted (tig. U). It is
nevertheless a well recognised fact that the number of rows in wb.icli
pits occur is such an altogether variable factor within the same in-
dividual, as to render it untrustworthy as a differential character except
when employed with great caution.^' Under these circumstances we can
only consider such data as of senice in so far as they help to reinforce
other eh'aracters indicative of specific differences, while at the same time
they tend to enforce the idea that one should be very cautious in
creating new species unless such can be justified bv well defined
characters.

The medullary rays refpiire to be disctissed fro.n two points of
^-iew. The tangential exposure shows the cells to be disposed in one
row, becoming ;.^-soriate in ]iart, and Kraus h^is employed this feature
as a means of diiferentiation from those other genera in which multi-
seriate rays occur.'' In a radial section the rays are scnm to be C(nnp(">sed
of one kind of element oidy. with the exception of C. Clarkii, in which
definite tracheids are to be found in addition to the ordinary 'parenchy-
matous elements. This is the ""l^^species within my observation, which
' Gen. et Spec. PI. Foss., 1850, 378. " ~ ~~

V i"c?; T!^ ^°'''' ^°*- ^^'^•' ^^*'^' 22^= ^^"«' Wurzburger Naturwiss. Zeit.,
v., 1864, 385.

' Schimper, Pal. Veg., 379.

CO KOYAI. SOCIKTY OF CANADA

exhibits this feature, l)ut tli'at it does not necessarily indicate generic
divergence is fully established l)y tlie parallel case to be met with among
the liigher Oonifera^ in Abiins balsamcn.' In the parenchyma cells, the
upper, lower and terminal walls are thin land not pitted, while the latter
are also generally curved as in the Cupressineie and in Araucaria. The
lateral w'alls are always furnished witli l)()rdered pits which are dis-
tinguished from those of the adjacent or underlying wood tracheid by
their smaller size and somewhat diiTerent details of structure, as well as
by their peculiar relation to the ray element itself. These pits Bre
found to differ very materially as between one sjiecies and another, with
respect to their detailed structure, disposition in the cell and number
within the limits of a wood tracheid. That too much dependence can-
not be pl'aced upon the stability of these clement.s of structure as diag-
nostic characters, is shown in the case of the bard pines, in which
group they are utterly wortliless ; but on the other hand they a.re of
very definite value in the soft pines and other genera of the Abietinea;
a.s also in the C'u])ro«sinea^* It is therefore re«sonal)le to regard them
as of possible importance in the present case.

The structure of the bark has received very little consideration in
published descriptions. Two species in the present list — C. Brand-
lingii and C. hnmiltonense — embrace a thick l>ark which is well pre-
served, and in the latter the stnu'tural details are so well defined that
they will be discussed under the species.

CoKDAi'PES. Unger.

Bib. :— Dana, Man. of Geol., 1875, 349, 371; Nicholson, Man. of Pal., 1879, II.,
436. 437, 446, 448, 461, 462; Lesquereux, 2(1. Geol. Surv. of Pa., 1880,
419, 543; and 1884, 419, 543; Unger, Gen. et Spec. PI. Fos^ . Vienna,
1850, :f7s-381; Laeoe, Cat. of the Pal. Foss. PI. of N. A., 1884; Dawson,
Q. Jn'l Geol. Soc, 1883, 460; Carruthers, Geol. Mag., V., 1868, 8;
"Williamson, M. Mic. Jn'l, 1869, 66; Lesquereux, U. S. Geol. Surv., 1876,
1-16; Lesquereux, Proc. Am. Phil. Soc, 1878, 324; Dawson, Q. Jn'l
Geol. Soc., 1874, 215; Williamson, Mem. Manch. Lit. & Phil. Soc.,
X., 1885-1886, 190; Renault, Coum de Bot. Foss., 1881, Pis. 12 & 13;
Brongniart, Tab. des Gen. de Veg. Foss., 1849, 76, 97; Zittell, Schim-
per & Schenk, Handb. der Pal., 1890, 865. 870; Knowlton, Am. Geol.,
III., 1889, 106; Knowlton, U. S. Geol. Sui-v., 1889, 30, 50; Grand 'Eury,
Geol. et Pal. du Bass. Houil. du Gard, 1890, 316; Schimper, Pal. Veg.,
1869, II., 380; Dawson, Geol. Surv. Can., 1882, 124-125; Dawson, Geol.
Surv. Can., 1873, 15; Grand 'Eury, Flor. Garb, du Dept. de la Loire,

' Penhallow, Taxaceae and Coniferae, Trans. R. Soc., Can., 1896, II., iv.
= Trans. R. Soc. Can., 1896, II., iv., 33-54.

[I'ENHAi.i.cw] NORTH AMKHICAN SI'1X'1E.< (>K DADoXYLoN

(31

1877, 257, 260; Goppert, Die Foss. Flor. der Perm. Form. 1864-18C5,
249-2.39 ; Goppert, Die Flor. der Sil. Dev. und unt. Kohlenform.,
1859, 548-550; Goppert, Die verst. Walderi im nord. Iloheni. und
Schles., 1859, 7, Pis. 1. & II.; Goppert, Foss. Flor. des L'lxsrgangsg.,
1851, 252-256; Williamson, Org. of the Foss., PI. of the Coal Meas.,
Trans. R. Soc, 1872, IV., 377; Trans. R. Soc, 1876. VIII.. 222. Pis. &
Figs.; Goppert, Foss. Conif., ISoO, 230-236; Engler & Prantl. Gen.
Plant, II., 1, pp. 26, 116; Solms-Laubach, Foss. Bot, 1891, 104-122 &
80-84; Wlham, Int. Struct. Veg. Foss., 1833.

Trausvvixe. — Pith of the Sternbergia type: the cells large, thin-walled, often
re-sinoiis. Growth rings when present obscure, rarely somewhat
conspicuous. Specialised resin cells and canals wholly wanting
except in the bark where they take the form of tubular, branching
canals without epithelium, extending in the general direction of the
stem axis. Tracheids in regular, radial rows, conspicuously squarish.

Radkil. — Elements of the protoxylem spiral and scalariform, and often show-
ing a graduated transition into tracheids with bordered pits.
Tracheids with hexagonal, bordered pits throughout, on their radial
walls only, in 1-5 rows. Ray cells usually oi one kind only ; the
upper and lower walls thin and not pitted; the terminal walls thin,
not pitted, generally curved; the lateral walls with bordered pits.

Tangent ial. — Medullary rays rather numerous, 1-seriate or often 2-seriate in
part.

Synopsis of Species.

The following sjoiopsis is given provisionally as an aid to identifica-
tion of the various species, without implying the absolute value of the
differential characters.

I. — Groicth rings present.

1. C. pennsylvanicum.
II. — (Jrotcth rings obscure or obsolete.

A. Ray elements of two kinds, tracheids and parenchyma.
Bordered pits in 2-3, rarely four rows.

Ray cells Itang.) oval or oblong, often narrow.

2. C. Clarkii.

B. Ray elements of one kind only.
Bordered pits in groups of 6-13.

Pits on the lateral walls of the ray cells 3-6, chiefly 4 per tracheid.

3. C. Nowbcrryi.
Bordered pits in one row. compressed.

Ray cells (tang.) broad, round or squarish.

4. C. recentium.
Bordered pits in 1-3, chiefly 2 rows.

Ray cells ((ing.) broadly oval.

Ray cells about 31-57 mic. broad.

62 UOYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA

5. C. hamiltonense.
Ray cells about 28-37 mic. " ■•oad.

Pits on the lateral walls of the ray cells about 1-4 per tracheid.

6. C. illinoisensie.
Ray cells (tang.) oblong.

Pits on the lateral walls of the ray cells 1-3, chiefly 2 per tracheid.

7. C. Brandllngii.
Ray cells (tang.) oval or round.

Pits on the lateral walls of the ray colls 1-8, chiefly 2-3 per tracheid.

8. C. materioide.
Ray cells not determinable.

9. C. annulatum.
Bordered pits in 2-5 rows.

Ray cells (tang.) oval or oblong.

Pits on the lateral walls of the ray cells 2-4, chiefly 4 per tracheid.

10. C. ouangondianum.

Pits on the lateral walls of the ray cells 4-10, chiefly 6 per tracheid.

11. C. acadianuni.
Ray cells (tang.) broad or squarish.

Pits on the lateral walls of the ray cells 2 per tracheid.

12. C. ohioense.
Ray cells (tang.) oval or round.

Pits on the lateral walls of the ray cells 1-5, chiefly 1-2 per tracheid.

13. C. materiariura.
Bordered pits in 5 rows.

14. C. Hallli.

CoEDAiTKS JiRANDLiNGii, (Liiidl. and Iliitt., Giipp.).

Figs. 1, 9, 10, 11.

Bib. :— Dana, Man. Geol., 1875, 331; Zittell, Schimper ot Schenk. Handb. der
Pal., 1890, 242, 853, 865; Grand'Eury, Geol. et Pal. du Bass. Houil. du
Gard., 316; I'nger, Gen. et Spec. Plant, Foss., 1850, ; Kuowlton, Proc.
U. S. Nat. Mus., 1889, 52, & 1890, XII., 607; Witham, Int. Struct, of
Veg. Foss., 1833, 73; Grand'Eury Flor. Garb, du dept. de la Loire,
1877, 264; Goppert, Die Foss. Flor. der Perm. Form., 1864-1865, 255;
Goppert, Foss. Conif., 1850, 232; Endlicher, Synop. Conif., 1847, 299;
Goppert, Bronn. Gesellsch. d. Nat., III., 42 ; Felix, Sitzb., d. Natf.
Gesell., I^eipzig, 1882, IX., 6; Schimper, Pal. Veg., II., 328; Goppert,
Nachtr. z. Kennt. d. Conif. d. Pal. Form., 1888, 12.

Dist. — A widely distributed European species.

Although this .'i]>ecies is not enumerated among tJiose specially
described by Sir William Dawson, it is represented in his material, and
serve<l as his basis of comparison. Moreover, as stated by Brongniart,

[.'EM. ALLOW] NORTH AMKHirAX SI'KCIKS OF DADOXYLON 63

"Les espeees-type do ce geure sont les Dadoxylon J'.raiidlingu ct
J)adoxyl(>ii tchiliateholliiijiuin,"' and with respect to tht> fonuer at least,
tliJS view has been jreuerally ivco-iiised. It is therefore desirable that
the histological characters of tiiis species siiould be imstnl in review in
the present connection.

The niateriul in Jiand was derived from St, Etienne, France, and
may therefore bo regarded as typical. Excelleni iigure*5 of this plant,
with respect to its interniil structure, have alreudv been given by Zittell,
Schimper & Sclienk; by WitJiam tuid also by Uoppert, and willi these
our photographic figures iigree. But in the various descriptionii so far
given, certain details of importance are not taken into consideralion,
and these are now emiwdied in the diagnosis preseuted here. One of the
best descriptions of tiie plant as already recorded, is that given by Un"-er
to the following effect-: — °

" D. ligni strtitis conccntraticis obsoletis, vasis amplis Icptotichis,
poris bi-tri-qnadriserialibus contiguis, radiis medullaril)us simplicibui
aut rarius compositis e cellulis 1-1? superpositis formatis." Some of
these details properly belong to the description of the genus, for which
we resen-e them. To the others we add such as may serve to clearlv
differentiate this species from the others now under consideration, and
tit the same time preserve its typical character.

Transversc.-Pith cells about 62 mic. b, jad, the wails about 16 mic. thick
Tracheids somewhat elongated radially, about lo x 38 mic the walla
about 6 mic. thick.

Iiadial.-Ra.y cells more or less conspicuously contracted at the ends- short
equal to about 1-3 tracheids; the pits on the lateral walls oval or
round, narrowly or obscurely bordered, 1-3, chiefly 2 per tracheid

Bordered pits typically hexagonal, in 1-3, chiefly 2 rows through-
out the tracheid, and in the region of the protoxylem showing numer-
ous and striking transitional forms from scalariform vessels ; 12.5
mic. broad.

The pith shows characteristic Sternbergia structure, the cells
flattened vertically.

Tangent iaI.-R&ys low, narrow, 15.5 mic. broad; the oblong cells 1, or some-
times 2-seriate in part.

• Diet. univ. d'Hlst. nat., 1849, 97.

• Gen. et Spec. PI. Foss., 1850.

®'* i;(»YAL SOriKTY OF CANADA

C'oiiDAiTKs NKwuKuaYiK (Dn.) Knowlton.
Fig. 12.
mb. :-DawBon. Geol. Surv. Can.. 1871. 14; Knowlton, U. S. Geol. Surv., 1889.
iToc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XII., 607.

Dls.-Hamilton Group , Middle Devonian) of Ohio (Newberry); Carboniferous
or Onio (Claypole).

This species was originally described from nmterial collected by
i r. Aewberry, who ],as recorded its occiui-ence in the Huron Shales on
Huron Elver in Erie County, and about Delaware and at various places
m boathern Uhio.^ In the same yt^ar Prof. Knowlton recorded its
occurrence in the Carboniferon. of Ohio as reported by Prof. Claypole.^'
1 lie orjn,„,l description by Sir William iJawson is very inadequate/
more especially as the characters are compamtive with those of C
Hallu which IS preserved only as an opaque object, and from which,
thereloro, a correct diagnosis cannot be obtained. The ll-rures illustrat-
ing this species are also inadequate, particularly with reference to the
general distribution of the bordered pits and the tangential aspect of
the medullary ray,..^ In 1889 Dr. Xewberry undertook a revision of
the microscopical ch'aracters, and caJled to ids aid P. H (now J)r )
Dudlej-, who ma<le a very careful diagnosis of the structural characters.
Ills agrees m essential points with my own diagnosis, and requires but
little li any modification.^

In a rachai extent of 17 mm., this species shows no evidence of
growth rings. Hr. Dudley says the layers of growth .ixe wide but the
limits not conspicuous," Init this seems to us clearly one of those cases
m which the rings of growth are so poorly defined as to fall under the
designution of obscure or obsolete. The tracheids are conspicuously
squarish and somewhat unequal in their two diameters, but the walls
are un.iorndy of about the same widtli.^ In a radial ,section the ray cells
are seen to be of one kind only, resinous and starch be'ai-ing. The
lateral walls bear oval, bordered pits from 2-3 per tracheid, but chiefly

' Geol. Surv. Can., 1871, 14 ~ ~ ' "

= Jn'l Cincin. Soc. Nat. Hist, 1889, 48-56.

" Geol. Surv. Can., 1871, 14.

' Ihid, PI. I., figs. 7. 8. 9.

» Jn'l Cincin. Soc. Nat. Hist., 1899, 54-55

" Ihid, 54.

bul siight " " ' ""*'"''' '" '""^^ "'^^ ^^^'^ ^'^^ ^^« -'"- -

[1-ENiuM.ow] XOKTH AMKKK'AN SPECIES OF DADOXYLON 68

only four. The slit-lilvc orifice is diagonal and nearly the full diameter
of tlie pit. The most charticU'ristic feature \f. to be found iu the
peculiar distribution of the Ijordered pit-s, which occur in well defined
groups of about 6-13, while the groups themselves fall into radial series.
These facts were correctly noted by Dudley,' but they have been entirely
unnoticed by Dawson- and also of Knowlton,^' whoso diagnosis of this
species is simply compiled from that of Dawson. The character is
nevertheless to important one (fig. 12), since it is tlie one feature which
alone, will differentiate this species from all others. In a tangential
section, the rays are seen to he numerous, 1-2, more rarely 2-seriate,
and varying from 24-55 mic. in width. The oval or roun,d cells are all
thin wiilled. From these facts the following diagnosis may be derived :
Transverse.— Tr^cheids about 44 x 55 mic, the walls about 12.5 mic. thick.
Radial.— Ray cells resinous and starch bearing, long and narrow, about equal

to 3-7 tracheids, the ends conspicuously narrower; the pits on the

lateral walls 3-6, chiefly 4 per tracheid, the slit-lilie orifice nearly the

full diameter of the pit.

Bordered pits numerous, round, about 9.3 r.iic. broad, distributed

in radially disposed groups of about 6-13; the orifice diagonal, nearly

the diameter of the pit.

Tan!;ential.—Ra.yB of medium height, 1-2, rarely 3-seriate in part; from 24-55
mic. broad, the oval or round cells all thin walled.

CORDAITKS C'LARKir, Dn.
Figs. 8, 16.

Bib. :— Dawson, Foss. PI. of the Dev. & U. Sil. Form, of Canada, 18S2, 125;

Knowlton, Proc. U. S. Nat. Miis., XII., 607.
Dist.— Hamilton Group, Ithaca, New York.

This sijecies was founded upon material obtained from the Genesee
shales at Lake Caiiflndaigua, Xew York, by Prof. II. M. Clarke, and was
first recorded by Sir William Dawson in 1882.*

The material in my hands shows a well developed pith composed
of large, thin-walled cells, many of which contain starch. There is
also evidence of an abundance of resin which is iappai-ently contained
in specialised cells, but this fact could not be ascertained satisfactorily.
In a transverse section the elements of the protoxylem are not specially
differentiated from those of the surrounding tracheids which show the

• Jn'l Cincin. Soc. Nat. Hist., 1889, 54-55.
' Geol. Surv. Can., 1871, 14.

' Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XII., 606. !

* Foss. PI. of the Dev. & U. Sil. of Can., 1882, 125. .j

S-c. IV., 1000. ,5.

6e KOYAL SoriKTY OF t'ANADA

characteristic features of form and distrilnitiun belonging to the genus.
In a radial distance of 15 nun., tliere is no evidence of growth
rings beyond tlie occurrence of tlirce vaguely ilotlned zones in which the
tntc'lu'ids appear to have a somewhat shorter radial diameter. There
is uo such distinction as commonly rehites t.(j the dilferentiation of
growth rings. A nuicr()scoi)ic examination of a hand specimen shows
that in a radial distance of 22 mm. eight api>arent growth rings appear.
These vary from 2-4 mm. in width, but their limits are poorly defined
and they do not have the sharp termimitions commonly met with in
properly developed growth r'ngs. A transparent section examined
under a low power hand lens, slu>ws no evidence of growth rin^s, from
which we nuiy infer that the appearances presented macroscopically, de-
pend upon features which simulate rings only when taken collectively.
This conforms exactly to what niiiy be observed in modern Araucarias.
The si>ecies thus agrees with the characters of the genus in the well de-
fined absence of growth rings.

In a radial section the elements of the proti>xylem are seen to be
narrow, spiral and scal'ariform structures which pass into tracheids with
bordered pits by a series of gradations. 'J'ho bordered pits on the radial
walls of the tracheids are in 2-4 rows throughout. The medullary rays
present the s:i)eciial ditl'erential feature of the species. The elements
are of two kinds, i)arenchyma cells aud tracheids. The parenchJ^na
cells are usually equal to about three tracheids in length, and their
latertd walls are too much decomposed to determine the number and
character of the pits. The tracheids are usually long and narrow, in-
terspei'sod; and on their lateral, upjier and lower walls boar numerous
crowdiMl and small ])or(lered pits. Tliis feature occurs in no other
species brought under my notice, and it servos to differentiate C.
Clarkii beyond aJl question. The further question arises as to whether
this cliaracter is sutficient to separate the plant from the genus Cor-
daites. All the other essential characters are tho.-e which belong to
Oordaites, and the deviation indicated by the occurrence of ray tracheids
is still such as may well come within the limits of the genus. This
N-iew finds its justification in the parallel case afforded by Abies, in
which A. balsamea stands as a ])arallel exception to the rule that only
parenchyma elements are present.

In a tangential section (fig. 16), the rays are seen to be very variable
in height as well as in their detailed structure. In some cases the rays
are relatively broad celled %nA low, and more or less 2-seriate in part.
In the higher rays the tracheids are at once distinguishable by their
contracted form, and often greater heiirht of the individual element.

[I'KNUAU.ow] NOUTII A^.KHICAN SI'KCIES oK I>AI)()XYLON 67

lliey also show bordered pita in section. One tangential section shows
very cltiarly, either a resin canal or a series of resin cell^? — probably the
latter. l-Yom these d aa the following diagnosis may ijo obtained : —

Transverse. — Growth i Ings obscure or entirely wanting. The trachelds about
41 X 49 mlc. broad, their walls 12.5 nilc. thick.

Radial. — Bordered pita numerous throughout the trachelds, In 2-3, more rarely
In 4 rows. The elements of the medullary rays of two kinds; the
parenchyma cells thln-walled and devoid of pits, about equal to 3
trachelds; the ray trachelds long. Interspersed and bearing on their
lateral, upper and lower walla, numerous crowded, bordered pits.

Tanyential.—Ra.ya very variable, commonly 1-serlate but sometimes 2 seriate
in part; the trachelds usually distinguished by their narrow form
and pitted walls.

(.'oifDAiTKs ()i-AN(;()Ni)iA\r.\r, Dn.

Bib. :— Proc. U. S. Nat. iviua., XII., 606; Brit. Mua., 1886, 237; Goppert, Nachtr.
z. Kennt. d. Conlf. d. Pal. Form., 1888, 9; Can. Nat., VI., 165; Jn'l Geol.
Soc, XVIII., 306; Acad. Geol., 3d ed., 1878, 534; Dana, Man. Geol.,
1875, 271; Pre-Carb. Fl. of N. D., Maine #nd E. Can., Can. Nat., 1861,
VI.. 165-166; Quart. Jn'l Geol. Soc. 1862. 306; Zittell. Schimper &
Schenk, Handb. der Pal., 1890, 865; Foss. PI. of the Dev. & U. Sll.
in Can., 1871. 12.

Dlst.— Middloi Devonian of New Brunswick.

The original description of this species, which has been copied by
subsequent authorities without (lucstion or verification, was contained in
the account of tlio Pro-('ari)oniferous Hora of New Brunswick, Maine
and Eastern Canada published in 18G1.* In the light of more recent
studies, this description is found to contain several marked errors whicli
probably resulted from the nature of the material employed. Our om\
studies show th'at the transverse section displays no essential divergence
from the characters common to the genus as a whole. There is no
evidence of growth rings suoli as form a prominent feature of the orig-
inal description. At intervals in the section, the structure which has
been neatly influenced by decay, has been so far 'altered by pressure as
to lorm irregular lines of ctmipressed traeheids which have been forced
over to one side in the process, as is not unconunon in fossil woods. Then'
has thus been developed a semblance of growth rings, and this is what
the original description refers to. A criticial examination of these areas,
however, does not fail to disclose the true condition which is also sug-
gested by the very iiTCgular disposition, as also by other features pre-
sented.

• Can. Nat., VI., 165-166.

68 ROYAL SOCIETY or CANADA

The radial section shows the bordered pits to be hexagonal in 3-4,
chiefly 3 rows. The elements of the medullary mys are all of one kind,
and their lateral walls bear from 2-4, chiefly about 4 pits i)er trachcid.
These pits are commonly disposed in radial series.

In tangential section the r'ays are seen to Ix^ 1-2 seriate.

Transverse. — Tracheids about 47 x 56 mic. broad, the walls 9.i> mlc. thick.
Growth rings none.

h'adiat. — Bordered pits numerous throughout the tracheids, In 2-4, chiefly 3
rows, about 12 mic. broad. Ray cells equal to about 3-4 tracheids;
the lateral walls with oval pits, 2-4, chiefly 4 per tracheid and dis-
posed in radial series.

7'anj/fHn«/.— Rays of medium height, 1-2 seriate in part, the oval cells chiefly
about 25-37 mic. broad.

CORDAITES ANNULATUM, Dn.

Bib. :— Quart. Jn'l Geol. Soc, 1886. 146; Knowlton, Foss. Woods & Lig. of the
Pot. Form., 1889, 52, and Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XII., 1890, 610; Can.
Nat, VIII., 1863, 433i«

Dist. :— Middle Carb. of the Joggins. N. S.

The original description of this i>\)cdes in 18()3, wns derived from
a specimen six inches in diameter, whidi is described as having about
fourteen to sixteen growth rings ami a i)yritised pith about one incn in
diameter.*

A critical examination of the original specimen shows that there is
nothing of the nature of growtli rings, but as the description states,
there are "layers of structureless coal rei)resenting cellular tissue or
very dense wood." These layers run diagonally to the rtidial lines in
which the tracheids fall, and therefore diagonally to the medullary rays,
buit sooner or later they cur\-e in such a manner as to often become more
or less parallel with them. It will thus be observed tliat it is quite im-
l>ossible for them to represent growth rings. The alternating layers of
badly preserved wood have been taken for the summer wood of the
gi-owth rings, but in following out one of these for a long distance
radially, no evidence of growth rings appears. It would thus seem that
the statement of the first diagnosis was based upon a misinterpretation
of the features resulting from decay localised along diagonal or radial
lines. The confusion resulting from this has led recent observers to
question if this plant has any real affinity with Cord'aites,* but although

' Can. Nat., VIII., 1863, 433.

' Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XII., 1890. 410.

[I'KVHAMXJwJ NOHTII A.MKKICAN SI'KCIKH OK DADOXYLON 69

badly preserved, wo may siiy without hosiUition, that enough cliaractera
are recognisable to eliminate ull rea.sonable doubt on this point.

Trannverae. — Structure much altered by decay, extensive areas !)elng com-
pletely carbonised and eonsoildated to coal. The Iraihelds are
about 34 X 44 mic. broad, the walls much attenuated by decay.

/fndfo/.— Structure of the rays not determinable.

Bordered pits hexagonal, 9.5 mIc. broad, in 2-3, chiefly 2 rows.

Tangential.— The structure Is too much altered by decay and pressure to
make the i.etails obvious.

('OTIOATTE.S M.VTKRI.VnilM, Dn.

Figs. 13, 14, 17.

Bib. :— DawLion, Kept, on the Oeol. Struct, of P. E. Island, 1871, 42; Can. Nat.,
VlII., 1863, 433; Acad. Geol. ed. 3, 1878, 473; Quart. Jn'l Oeol. Soc.,
XXII., 1866, 96, 127, 128, 141, 145; Quart. Jn'l Geol. Soc, 1874, 215,
216; Can. Rec. Sc, I.. 1885, 158; Grand'Eury, Geol. et Pal. du Bass.
Houil. du Gard., 1890, 316; Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XII.. 1890, 608.

Dist. :— Holmes Co., Ohio (Newberry); Upper Coal Measures of Malagash,
Plctou, Joggins, Belen and Cambon, N. S.; St. Georges Bay, New-
foundland; Mirlmichl, N. B.; Glace Bay. C. B.; Marion Co.. Illinois.

The original description of this species, basetl upon material from
tJie middle and upper coal measures of the Maritime Provinces, was pub-
lished in 1863.* It compares the structure of the wood to that of C.
Brandlingii, notes the occurrence of 'a Stenibergia pith, and records the
occurrence of the plant in the sandstones of the upper coal formation,
where it is represented by va.st niumbers of trunks.

The only notable feature of this species appears in the character
of the pits on the lateral walls of the ray cells. These structures show a
very narrow border as in the Sequoias, but in many cases this element
is so reduced as to become obscure, when the pit is reduced to the con-
dition of a simple, open {>ore, such as occurs so commonly in many of
the soft pines. At lirst this was attributed to loss of materiial by grind-
inig, but a very searching examination proved it to be a normal feature.
In C. materioides, the border is always more prominent, but the pore is
nevertheless very wide, and the whole pit bears a marked resemblance
to those found in Sequoia.

Transverse. — Tracheids 45 x 75 mic. broad, the walls 7.8 mlc. thick.* Scatter-
ing trachelds show resinous matter.

' Can. Nat., VIII., 1863, 433.

' The normal thickness of the walla In this genus may be taken as 12.5
mlc. Anything less indicates the operation of decay.

70 HOYAL SOCIKTY (»1" CANAliA

Hiidiul.—Ra.y cells straight, somewhat i.niTowed at the ends, equal to about
2-6 traehelils ; the pits on the lateral walls large, oval, round or
oblong, narrowly or even obscurely bordered, 1-5, chiefly 1-2 per
tracheid.

Bordered pits numerous throughout the trachelds, chiefly In two,
sometimes In 3-4 rows, hexagonal or when more distant, oval, about
12.5 mlc. broad.

TiiiiijinlUil.— Rays iinlsertate or 2-8erlate in part, upwards of 40 cells high,
the oval or round cells 17-35 mlc. broad.

CoHDAITK.S ACADIAMM, Dll.

Fig. 18.

Bib. :— Can. Nat.. 18G3, Vlll.. 433 ; Aiad. Geol., ed. 3, 1878, 473 ; Quart. Jn'l
Geol. Soc, 1SC6, XXII., 145; Schlniper, Pal. Veg., III., 577; Can. Rec.
Sc, I., 1885, 155; Knowlton, Foss. Woods & Lig. of the Pot. Form.,
1889, 52; Grand'Eury, Flor. Carb. du Dept. de la Loire, 1877, 205;
Knowlton, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XII., 608.

Dist. :— Middle Coal Measures, Joggius, N. S.; Port Hood. Mira and Glace
Bay, C.B.; Dorchester, N.B.; St. Georges Bay, Newfoundland.

This specii's \vii.s urigiiially descrihed in 18t)3 from material ob-
tainwl from the Joggins, Nova Scotia, where it was found in the form
of large trees, usually silicified or calcified. > It presents no notewortliy
features beyond the unusual size of the trachcids in transverse section.

Sir Wiliiaiii Dawsoir.-; nutes inilude llio (lescription of an unpub-
lished species tuuk-r tlie name of V. acudiotk's. A very careful examina-
tion of the material shows that tliis does not present enough deviation
from C. ac^adianuMi to justify its recognition as a separate species.

Largo trees, usually silicified or calcified.

Transirrso. — The large trachelds are about 62 x 62 mic. broad, the walls 9.5

mlc. thick. ■Scattering trachelds show resinous contents.
Kddidl. — Ray cells often somewhat abruptly contracted at the ends, equal to

2-5 trachelds; tne lateral walls with numerous round or oval pits,

from 4-10 per tracheid, chiefly about 6, the border often very narrow,

the oblong orifice % the diameter of the pit.

Bordered pits numerous, hexagonal, 12.5 to 16 mlc. broad, crowded

in 2-5 rows.
Tuiiynilial. — Rays very variable, ranging upwards of 60 cells high, resinous,

more or less 2-seriate throughout, the oval or oblong cells from

17-31 mic. broad.

Can. Nat., 1863, VIII., 433.

[i'ENiui.i.<>«] NOHTII AM',i;i('A.\ SI'KCIKS OF I)ArM»XYU)N 71

CoaUAITKS OIUOKNSE. Dn., n. ^p.
Fig. 15.

All undescribed species from New Lisbon, Ohio.

7'raHsiTm'.— Trachelds 47 x 56 mlc. broad, the walls 12.5 mic. thick.

I{(ulial.~Ray cells chiefly short, about equal to two trachelds, straight or
somewhat abruptly contracted at the ends; the pits on the lateral
walls oval, with a prominent border, apparently 2 per tnicheid, but
not exactly determinable on account of extended decay.

Bordered pits In 3-4 rows, sometimes 2 rows throughout the
tracheld, hexagonal, about 12.5 mlc. broad.

Tangrntial.—Raya numerous, upwards of 25 cells high; broad, about 41 mlc,
conspicuously squarish, 1 or often 2-3 seriate in part.

CoitDAITKS MATHiniDi;, Dn., li. sp.

Dlst. :~Doug]as Miie, Grand Lake, and Mirimichl, W.B.; Port Hood and
Mabon, C.B.; Jogglns, N.S.

This is an unpublislied species onibodietl in .Sir William Dawson's
notes. The description there giv.'n places particidar stress u])on the
thinner walls of the tracheids — a condition in reality residting from »ul-
vanced decay— and the greater number of rows of bordered pits. This
latter, together with the nunil)er of pits on the lateral walls of the ray
cells, really constitutes tlie point of differentiation from C. muteriaritmi,
and seems to constitute this a valid species.

rransffrsc— Trachelds about 56x56 mlc. broad, the walls 12.5 mic. thick.
Scattering tracheids contain resin.

Radial. —Ray cells straight or somewhat contracted at the ends; the pits on
the lateral walls oval, narrowly bordered. 1-8, chiefly 2-3 per
tracheld; the lenticular or oblong orifice nearly equal to the dia-
meter of the pit.

Bordered pits hexagonal, in 1-3, chiefly 2 rows.

Tangential.— Rays uniseriate or sometimes 2-8eriate in part, upwards of 35
cells high; the oval or round cells 25-31 mlc. broad.

CORDAITES ILLTNOISEXSE, Dn., n. .sp.

An unpublished species from the coal measures of Rock Island,
Illinois, and from the coal measures of Boonsboro, Iowa (?), the latter
being designated in the collection of Sir William Dawson under the pro-
visional name of D. . missouriense. A third specimen appears in the

72 KOYAL SOCIETY ()F CANADA

collection from Prof. Prosser, as derived from the Chase formation
(Pennian) of Chase County, Kansas.

Transverse. — Tracheids 47 x 47 mlc. broad, the walls 9.3 mic. thick.

Radial. — Ray cells straight or abruptly narrowed at the ends, equal to 3-4

tracheids; the lateral walls show no recognisable structure.

Bordered pits in 1-3, chiefly 2 rows, hexagonal, 12.5 mic. broad.
Taiujeiitial. — Rays numerous, 1-seriate or 2-seriate in part, the broadly oval,

thin-walled tells 28 mic. broad.

COKDAITKS HAMir.TOXKNSi;, H. sp. •

Figs. 2-7.

An iindescribed species from tlie (ienesee sliales (Hamilton Group)
of Ontario Co., X.Y. Collected by Prof. J. :M. Clarke. Material in the
collection of Sir William Pawson.

Tills speeiinen shov-. many interesting details of bark structure,
which serve to enlarge our knowledge of the general structure of these
plants. For the purposes of this description, and as represented by the
fossil, bnt without strict reference to the proper subdivisions of that
structiu'e, the bark may be divided into three zones, the inner, middle
and outer. In a transverse section the following details appear : —

The inner zone (llg. 2) is composed of isodiametric, thin-walled
parenchyma elements. Scattered through this region, but chietiy fonn-
ing a limiting layer on the outer face, there are niunerous resin bearing
elements which in the latter situation assume much greater dimensions,
but the details of structure of which cannot be satisfactorily determined
owing to the alteration of parts. The. middle zone (tig. 3) consists of
radially elongated, thin-walled elements which simulate cork in their
tendency to disposition in radial series. Its radial extent is about equal
to or somewhat in excess of the inner zone. Throughout its entire
extent, rc.-^in canals of simple structure and of variable size, are distri-
buted in large numbers, and in some cases at least, they appear to be
derived from the main system of canals forming the outer limit of the
first, and the inner limits of the second zone. The outer bark is repre-
sented by a broad zone of structure in process of disintegration. This
is shown in part in fig. 4, which also includes the outer part of the
middle zone.

The outer bark is represented by a broad zone of structure in pro-
cess of disintegration. This is shown in part in fig. 4, which also in-
cludes the outer part of the middle zone.

[pENHALLow] NORTH AMERICAN SPECIKS OF DADOXYLON 78

In a radinlly longitudinal section, the inner bark consists of verti-
cally elongated pa>roncliynia elements, and it is penetrated throughoat
by narrow rosin cells which accumulate en its outer face, become in-
dividually l)r()a(k'r and form a zone 2-3 layers thick (fig. 5 and 6).
The resin canals ai)pear to be devoid of transverse septa, and are always
full of resinous matter in a more or less granular form.

In ihe middle l>ark the piirenchyma elements are radially elongated
as in the transverse section, and the structure is penehuted by numerous
resin canals which traverse the tissue in a direction chiefly coinciding
with tlie axis of growth, but ^.is they branch, they often become trans-
verse or partially so. (Fig. 7).

TransrtTsc— Tracheids very variable, growth rings obscure.
liadial. — Structure of the medullary rays rcc determinable.

Bordered pits hexagonal, in two rows throughout.
Tangc7itial.— Ray a numerous and variable, 31-57 mic. broad; the cells very

variable in form and size, thin walled, often broader than high.

chiefly 1-seriate, often more or less 2-seriate.

CoRDAiTES ncNxsYLVAXici-M, Dn., n. sp.

An unrecorded species collected by, Dr. Newberry from the Car-
boniferous at Pittsville, Pa.

7Va«sm-sc.— Tracheids 44 x 44 mic. broad, the walls 6.7 mic. thick. Growth
rings present, the summer wood about S tracueids thick, the
tracheids about 12.5 mic. radially, the walls 3.1 mic. thick. Resin
passages and resin cells wanting.

Radial.— Ray cells all of one kind, conspicu isly but gradually narrower
toward the ends, equal to about 3 tracheids; the lateral walls with
round or oval pits, about 2-3 per tracheid.

Tangential— Rays medium, broad, the cells round or transversely oval, vari-
able, 25-31 mic. broad.

COHDAITES niX'KNTirM, Du., n. ,<[).

An undescribed species from the Permian or Permo-Carboniferous
of Prince Fxlward Island. This was regarded by Sir William Dawson
las being closely related to V. materiarium, if not identical with it. The
characters, however, are such as to nuirk it off as a distinct species.

r;ansr(7-6T.— Tracheids 47 x 5? mic. broad, the walls much reduced by decay.
liadiaL— Ray cells all of c e kind, about equal to 2 tracheids; the lateral

walls with round pits about 1 (?) per tracheid; the cells conspicuously

narrower at the ends.

74 I

HOVAL SOCIHTY OF CANADA

Tanonitiul -nZT < ^ ' ^'^ '"""'^ ^^'^ smaller.

:a„er^„:rrs„'„!,r"''' "- "^ ^-^^ -- « -- -»-

specie" ta!"";!' '",.""■ """"■"" ""•' '■"'■ "^■■'^•'■"«'. «"-■« »- --«!

C'OHDAITKS IIalli, JJn.
Bib. .--Quart. Jn'l Geol. Soc 186" "Qs -ior- r.„

U. Sil. Form, of Car.da lllf 14 P;oc "s "v."; '''• °' ''^ °^" ^
Middle Devonian of Ontario County New Ck ^'■' ''''' ''"•' '''■

nosis IS repeated here tentatively. original diag-

areoi^" Me:^:;L:rra "^::^;!^r^t;;^ """^"°"^- ^'^^^^^^^ ^-^--^

superimposed." ^ ' """^ '^''^ '''" ""^"^^ '-^^ thirty rows of cells

DaIioXVI.OX ANTK^llM. 1)]).

Bib. .-—Quart. Jn'l Geol. Soc istiR vvii i .,- r.

Wood, i L,g. o, the P„,, !,■„,.„,• ,„ ^^* ,', ; ^°''""°°' *°=«-

Du. -r^r: "■■■ "'^ ^'»''' °-' - ' "-r L"" "°'- '■ '■ ^•"-

i^ist. .~u Coal Measures, Horton, N.S.

eMslMig r, n,i, 11 „ „„,„„. ,|K. «„-li..st of this pm,,,, .l.sorik,! kv .Sir

s:i:::,:^':vL";;r;'"-v;ir:'-; '■"""■;"■• '^- ■ "•■ -■• '"=

mon Co,cl,„los, ,ts ,.|,„i ,,„,, .„_, ,i^,, j„ „,_, „,„„.,^,,..,j^. medullary

' Int. Struct, of Foss. Veg., 1833 72 "
• Schimper, Pal. Veg., 370 & 384.

fi'KMiAM.owl NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES OF DAHOXYLON 7S

yn;/isr(T.«'\— Tracheids in regular, radial rows, rather uniform, 44x47 mic.
broad, the walls 9 mic. thick. Medullary rays numerous, 1— several
cells wide.

}{adi(il. —Ray cells all of one kind, short, equal to 2-3 tracheids; conspicu-
ously and gradually narrower at the ends; the upper and lower walls
thin, not pitted; the terminal walls thin, not pitted, usually curved;
the lateral walls with bordered pits about G per tracheid, obscure,
the slit-like oriflc« diagonal.

Bordered pits in one row, round and as broad as the tracheid;
the orifice lenticular. These structures are for the most part want-
ing, and when present are very poorly defined.

T(iniH>itiaL~Ra.ys numerous, large, multiseriate, 2-4 cells wide, high; the
cells hexagonal and all very thin-walled.

DaDOXYLOX riiOSSERI, 11. sp.

This specimen from tlie upper part of the Chase Fornmtion (Per-
mian), was obtained by Prof. Prosscr from })otween sections 11 and l-o,
Cottonwood Township,, Cha^^e Co., Kansas, in 1897. The material is
very badly preserved, but as it seem.s to dilfer from the otliers of the
same fonnation, it is assigned a provisional name.

/'/•«/(«(fv.sc.— Tracheids in regular radial rows, rathei rounded, 47x47 mic.

broad, the walls 12.5 thick. Resin passages and special resin cells

wanting. Growth rings none.
h'<i<li„l.-Ray cells all of one kind, equal to 3-4 tracheids; the upper and

lower walls thin and not pitted; the terminal walls thin, not pitted,

generally curved; the lateral walls with small, round bordered pits,'

about 2-4 per tracheid.

Bordered pits round, 12.5 mic. broad, in 1-2, chiefly 2 rows.
Ta„<,n,li,il.-Rays numerous, l-seriato or .somewhat 2-seriate in part, the

round cells thin-walled, about 2.3 mic. broad.

Dadoxyi.ox I■l)VAl!l)IA^■^^r, ])n.

This species from the Lr.wer Tria.s at Indian Kiver, Prince Edward
Island,* is represented by badly preserved material from which the
original diagnosis was olitained. The material will not admit of any
exact confinnation of the diagnosi.s, which is here repeated provisionally.
" Trunks without distinct rings of growth, and with a central pith not
observed to have transverse laminae. Wood cells with one, or rarely two
rows of contiguous, hexagonal areoles. Medullary rays simple, infrequent'
with two to ten rows of cells superimposed.'"

' Rept. on the Geol. Struct, and Min. Res. of P. E. Island, 1871 45
' Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XIL, 1890, 615.

■76 KOYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA

PiTYOXYLON CIIASEXSE, 11. Sp.

This material was obtained by Prof. Prosser from the Cliase Forma-
tion (Permian) at Coon Creek, Chase Co., Kansas, in 1897. The
structure is fairly well presen-ed. Its cliief feature is to be found
in the occurrence of broad rays which bear a small, central resin canal.
This feiature is exhibited by my sections in tangential section only, pro-
bably in consequence of the special condition of preservation. It
nevertheless sen-es to definitely separate the plant from Cordaites, and
its aliinities are rather with tlio Pityoxylon of Kraus.^

Transverse. — Tracheids chiefly in regular radial rows, very variable in size,

squarish, about 44x44 mic. broad; the walls 12.5 mic. thick.

Medullary rays numerous, chiefly one cell wide, occasionally 2-3

seriate. Growth rings wholly wanting. Resin cells and resin

canals not represented.
Ra(Ji(iI.~Ra.y cells all of one kind; straight, equal to 2-4 tracheids; the upper

and lower walls thin and not pitted; the terminal walls thin, not

pitted, straight or (jurved; the structure of the lateral walls not

determinable, but the pits are probably round.

Bordered pits in 1-3 rows, chiefly 2 rows, round or hexagonal,

12.5 mic. broad, the orifice probably round.
Tangential.— Ra.y3 of two kinds.

(1) Uniseriate rays, the cells oblong, 25 mic. broad, often 2-seriate
in part.

(2) Fusiform rays, the terminals linear and of the structure of
the uniseriate rays; the central tract very broad, nearly round; the
cells large, thin-walled, irregular and enclosing a small, central
resin passage with large epithelium cells.

CUPRESSIXOXYLON CHEYEXXENSE, n. sp.

A specimen of the Prosser collection obtained from the Cheyenne
(Comanche Cretaceous), east of Stokes Hill, Kiowa and Baker Co. line,
Kansas, 1897.

7'/((//,s(«/-.sc.— Tracheids in regular, radial rows, rather uniform, roundish,

about G2x62 mic. broad; the walls 15.5 mic. thick.

Resin passages and special resin cells wanting.

Growth rings apparent, very broad, in a radial extent of 20 mm.,

two growth rings of an equal thickness of 10 mm. are represented.

The summer wood conspicuous, about 3-4 cells thick, the tracheids

about 29 X 38 mic. broad, the tangential walls about 15.5 mic. thick.

Radial— Ra.y cells all of one kind, straight; the upper and lower walls thin

and not pitted; the terminal walls thin and not pitted, straight or

' Schimper, Pal. Veg., 370.

[i-ii.Nii allow] NoKTII AMKRICAN Sl'lOCJKS OF DADOXYLON 77

curved ; the lateral walls showing no structure which has been
obliterated by decay; the cells 3-5 Lracheids long.
Tangential.— Rays numerous, medium, 1-3 seriate; the cells round, thin-
walled, 47 mic. broad.

Cll'UKSSINOXYLOX COM ANCUKN'SK, .11. sp.

CollockHl by I'rof. Prosper from the Comanche Cret^ieeous (?) N. W.
of Ashland, Clark Co., Kansas, LS'jr. The material is badly preserved
and some of the details cannot be inixde out satisfactorily, especially if
the pits are 1 or a seriate. It bears a very striking resemblance to
some of the Cupressineie.

Transverse— Tracheids in regular, radial rows, rounded, very uniform, 44 x 44
broad, the walls 12.5 mic. thick. Resin passages and special resin cells

Growth rings prominent, about 10 in a radial extent of 22 mm.;
the summer wood thin, composed of 2-4 rows of tracheids, the latter
about 22 mic. wide, th« walls 12.5 mic. thick.

Resin passages and resin cells wholly wanting.

Worm borrows are frequent and show copious exudation of
resin which has often preserved the adjacent structure from decay.
/i'ffdi«?.— Ray cells of one kind only, straight; the upper and lower walls thin
and not pitted; the terminal walls thin, not pitted, chiefly curved;
the lateral walls with oval, bordered pits about 1-2 per tracheid, the
oblong or broadly lenticular orifice nearly as long as the pit; the
cells equal to about 4 tracheids.

Bordered pits round, large, 19 mic. broad; in one or sometimes
2 rows, the orifice round.
Tangential— Rsiys uniseriate, the cells thin-walled, round, 19 mic. broad.

Araucarioxylon Prosserf, n. sp.

One of the Prosser collection from the Cheyenne (Comanche
Cretaceous), of the Blulf west of Sun City, Medicine Lodge Kiver,
Baker Co., Jvansas, 1897.

7Va«sm-sr.— Tracheids in regular radial rows, squarish, 39x42 mic. broad;

the walls 6.2 mic. thick.

Resin cells and special resin passages wholly wanting. No

evidence of growth rings in a radial extent of 22 mm.
Radial— Ray cells all of one kind, straight or narrower at the ends, equal to

3-9 tracheids; the upper and lower walls thin, and devoid of pits;

the terminal walls thin, not pitted, curved; the lateral walls show

no structure through extreme alteration.

Bordered pits not clearly determinable, but probably round and

in one row.

Tangential— Rays numerous, chiefly low; the cells broad, round, about 31
mic. wide.

ti-ENUAi.i.ou] .NORTH AMKJilCAN Sl'KClKS OF DADoX VL( )N 79

DES(,'RIPTI0N3 OP^ THE FIGURES.

Fig. 1.— Cordaitfcs Brandlingll. Transverse section showing extent of devel-
opment in the growth rings. S.W.=Summer wood, x 48.

Fig. 2.— Cordaites hamiitoneuse. Transverse section of the inner bark,
showing (c) the cambium region, (pr.) ti^e ordinary parenchyma
and bast structure, (r.c.) the resin canais forming the outer
limit. X 48.

^'^- ^■~ Transverse section of the middle bark

in continuation of Fig. 2, showing (r.c.) resin canals, (pr.) ordin-
ary parenchyma tissue, x 48.

^^" ■*"" Transverse section of the middle bark

(m.b.) and the outer bark (o.b.) which is in process of decom-
position, X 48.

^^^' ^~ Radial longitudinal section of the inner

bark showing (m.r.) medullary rays at their entrance from the
wood, (c.) the cambium region and (pr.) the ordinary structure
of the parenchyma, x 48.

'^' ^~ Radial longitudinal section of the inner

and middle bark in continuation of Fig. 5. showing (r.c.) the
^ resin canals and (pr.) ordinary parenchyma structure, x 48.

^" '~ Radial longitudinal section of the outer

middle bark, showing (pr.) ordinary parenchyma structure and
(r.c.) resin canals, x 48.
Fig. 8.-Cordaites Clarkii. Transverse section of the stem showing (re)
resin cells in the pith, vascular elements of the protoxylem (v.)
and the ordinary tracheids (tr.) x 48
Fig. 9.-Cordaites Brandlingii. Radial section showing the structural details
in the vascular elements of the protoxylem. x ISO.

'^" '~ Radial section m continuation of Fig 9

Fi 11 _ ^''"'^'"^ passage of spiral into scalariform structure, x 180.

^ Radial section in continuation of Fig 10

showing transformation of scalariform structure into bordered
pits of transversly elongated form, and finally into pits of the
hexagonal type, x 180.
Fig. 12.-Cordaites Newberryi. Radial section showing disposition of the

bordered pits, x 180.
Fig. 13.-Cordaites materiarium. Tangential section showing the general

Fi 14- ^^'■^''*^'" °^ ^^^ '"^'^""^^y '•ays of the uniseriate type. X 48.
'^ Tangential section from the same speci-
men showing the rays 2-seriate in part, x 48

Fig. 15.-Cordaites ohioense. Tangential section showing the character of
the medullary rays. ;. 48.

Fig. 16.-Cordaites Clarkii. Tangential section showing the nature of the
rays with parenchyma cells and tracheids, which latter appear
chiefly in the contracted portions, x 61

Fig. 17.-Cordaites materiarium. Radial section showing typical character
of the bordered pits in two rows, x 180

Fig. 18.-Cordaites acadianum. Radial section showing typical character of
the bordered pits in 2-4 rows, x 180

[I'KMIMInul NUIMII AMI.I.'h \\ -I'll II -(l| h\|Mi\NI.(l\

81

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