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SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION.'^

UNITED STATES NATIONAL Ml'SEUM.

[Serial Number 45. J

BULLETIN

OK THE

UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

. »

:N^o. 84.

THE BATliArillA OF XOKTII AMERICA.

' i^

BY

A

^

Nir^^

E. D.^ COPE.

\VA8HTXGT0N:

rJOVEHNMKKT PKTNTINr; OFFICE.

1S8;>.

I

ADVEKTISEMENT.

IS

The present ].iiblicatiou (Bulletin >\.. M) is tl.e tortylitth ut a «ones
of papers intended to illustrate the eolleetions belon-ing to the Initnl
States, and eonstitutinj,' the National Museum, of which the Smithsonian
Institution was placed in charge by the act of ("on-ress of August 10,

1810.

The publications of the National Museum consists ot two series— tli.'
Bulletins, of which this is No. 34 in continuous series, and the I'roeecd.
ings, of which the eleventh volume is now in press.

The volumes of Proceedings are printed, signature by signature, earli
issue having its own date, and a small edition of each signature is dis-
tributed to libraries promptly after its publication.

Full lists of the publications of the Museum may be found in the cur-
rent catalogues of the jmblications of the SmithsoJiian Institution.

Tapers intended tor publication in the Proceedings and r>ulletins of
the National Museum are referred to the Committee on Publication,
consisting of the following members: T. II. IJean, A. Howard Clark
(editor), Otis T. Mason, John Murdoch, Leonhard Stejneger, Frederick"
W. True, ami Lester F. Ward.

S. P. Langlev,
Secretary of the Smithsindan Institution.

Washington, April l>, 188'J.

/ 1

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THE

BATEACHIA

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NOETII AMERICA.

If'^

BY

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WASHINGTON:

GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE.

1889.

A

LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL.

■4

1

4

rHiLADELi'HiA, 'February 18, 1887.

Dear Sir : I have the honor to present to you for publication among
the Bulletins of the United States National Museum the manuscript of
a general work on the Batrachia of North America. It embraces the
results of a thorough study of the characters of the species, with their
variations, which has been rendered effective by the very full collection
contained in the National Museum, and which this work thus illustrates.
Besides this descriptive part, I have i»resented the results of a thorough
study of the osteology of the class, based on the material contained in
various museums of the United States and Euri)pe. I have expressed
these results largely in systematic form, in the belief that descriptive
zoiilogy will never be complete until the structure is exhausted in fur-
nishing definitions. Wherever practicable, reference is made to the
relations between the extinct and living forms.

I have been greatly indebted to you for the use of the manuscript
l)re])ared by yourself and Dr. Girard many years ago with such a pub-
lication as the present one in view. Of the descriptions of the fifty- three
Urodela, nineteen are from your pen, and of the forty-seven Salientia,
twenty-t)ne are the work of yourself and Dr. Girard. This has materally
lightened my labor, the only additional work necessary to these descrip-
tions being such as increase of material has recpiired. In the same way
the figures of the external characters of the Urodela of which your de-
scriptions appear in the text, were prei)ared under your direction, and
the drawings of the crania of the same Urodela were partially prepared
at the same time, and have been completed by myself, now appearing
for the first time. The other drawings were made by myself, excepting
some which are credited to others at the proper places.

Besides the collection of specimens in alcohol, the collection of skele-
tons prepared by yourself, and now part of the National Museum, has
been of the greatest service in the preparation of this work and of the
various papers by myself which have preceded it.
I am, with much respect, yours, truly,

Prof. S. F. Baird,

Secretary of the Sniithsonian Institution.

E. D. Cope.

CONTENTS.

Page.

Lettor.if trausmittal

JSatracbia 1

General chaiaetcrs '_

(Jeiieral auatmny '

Larval eliaracters '

Class! ticatiou . , '

AffiuititM

Pbylogeiiy ■ ^\

Exiilaiiation of teims "'

Noiiieuulatiire ami history 1''

Proteida

Urodela '■*

Tracliystoiiiata

Salieiitia '^'■^~

Recaiiitnlatioii '^'"^

Addenda ^''■'

Bildiojiraphy 't'l

Addendum to liiljlioj|;rapliy ^'■'

List of cuts ^-'

Exjilanation of letterin-,' on [iJate^ 4'j;!

Exiilauatiou of platen "I'J'

Index 51*

I

THE BATRACHIA OF NORTH AMERICA.

!

BATRACHIA.

Bonguiart, IdOO. Amphibia Latreille, 1825 (not of Linnsens 176G).
OKNEllAL CHARACTERS.

Vertebrata witb a ilistinct coracoid eleuu'iit of the scapular arch and
with an os quadratutn. The limbs consist of a single proximal element,
two propodials (sometimes united), a carpus and tarsus, metapodials,
and phalanges. The cartilage of the basis-crauii unossified (except some-
times a basioccipital ossilication), but supported by the single mem-
brane bone, the parasphenoid ; vertebral column consisting entirely or
in part of intercentra. Stapes present.

Brain with the cerebelhun small, and the mesencephalon smaller than
the prosencephalon ("hemispheres"); the latter with the ventricles on
the inner si<le of their principal mass.

Heart with three chambers, two auricles, and a ventricle. Three or
four aorta bows on each side. Lungs always present.

Gall-bladder and urinary bladder present; oviducts entirely distinct,
and opening by Ibntanelles into the abdominal cavity at a distance from
the ovaries. Reproductive, renal, and digestive products discharged
into a cloaca. Male without distinct intromittent organ.

In development the embryonic life is prolonged during a period of
freedom subsequent to leaving the egg, constituting a larval stage.
J)uring this period the young is branchiferous and generally aciuatic in
its habits. No amnion nor allantois. Segmentation of the yolk complete
or holoblastic.

GENERAL ANATOMY.

The auditory organs resemble those of other terrestrial vertebrata,
and (litter from those of fishes, in the presence of a fenestra ovalis of
the internal ear, which is closed by a stapes. The other ear bones or
their equivalents are fused at an early stage of growth with the sus-
ponsorial cartilage of the lower Jaw (Parker). There are three semi-
circular canals, but the helix is represented only by a diverticulum of
the sacculus.

The hyoid apparatus is less complicated than that of the I'isces, and
more so than that of the vertebrate classes above them in the series.

8

urLLF.TiN :m, uniteu states xational Ml-.-ElM.

There are always a .listiuet so-oalle.l ceratohyal ; one ov moroaxia ele-
ments or basibranchials, aiul lateral pieces, or oeniiol.rancliials. liere
is no glossohyal. Further than this nothing can be said of the class,
as the orders' dilVer anion^' themselves in the details.

In the carpus and tarsus there is always an os ccntrale, except in the,
tarsus of the Salientia. In the extinct Carboniferous yenera Evyops'
an.l Archcgosaurus.- there are two centralia in each foot (/>c.v ot Eryops
unknown). The intermedium is either present or fused with one of the
adjacent bones of the tirst row. There is a series of carpalia and of
tarsalia, pviny attachment to tlie met.'podials. whose nund)erand con-
dition ditfer in the dilVerent families, im' number of di-its is -onerally
not more than four in front and live behind. There is very often a rndi-
mental thumb on the anterior foot in the Salientia, and in the extinct
rhaehitomous jienus Eryoi)s there are live \vell-devcl(.i)ed dijiits on the
mauus. (Plate 1'). tiy'. 1.) In the .Salientia there is often a rudimental
sixth toe internal to the liallux. ( Plate 07-Si.)

The shoulder-f,nrdle is not connected with the skull in the P.atrachia,
excepting in the genus Ilemisns. There is a large suprascapula. The
osseous coracoid is of various proportions, and it has various cartilagi-
nous extensions, as epicoracoid and procoraconl. These are ossilied in
some of the extinct forms. There is much variety in the pieces which
occupy the middle line of the scapular arcii. The (uders may be ar-
ranged as follows on this basis :

An t'liisti'niuin amino sternum: UnnonphnUt. HhiuJutnuii
An oniosternnni and stenmni ; no ciiistfrniiin. SaVuntm. N-
Triichjintohuita, I'vote'ula, rrodtla (fxcejit TniiKitiiditui).

The pelvis is always fiu'iiished with an ilium, but the pubis is want-
ing or represented by rudiments, except in the extinct forms, where it
is present. The ischium is i)riniitively an undivided cartilaginous plate.
Xo obturator foramen. There are some characters which are common
to all or nearly all Ijatrachia. but which may be found on further knowl-
edge of the extinct forms not ro have been always present. One of
these is the continuity or fixed articulation of tlie quadrate cartilage
or bone with the skull. The proximal part of this bone is intercalated
between the squamosal aii:l exoccipital. and the i»terygoid when present,
so as to i)resent only its distal extremity free. In the Salientia it is an
insignifleant element, being generally cartilaginous.

The vomeroi)alatine bones are always double, except where wanting,
which is only the case in the Trachystomata. They are nearly always
deutigerous.

The orbitosphenoid bone is always well developed.

In the existing orders the atlas is undivided. I have put forth the
hypothesis^ that the vertebral bodies in the existing and most of the

' Cope, American N'arurali>t, l-'T, ]). -136. ~"

-Baiir, Carims u. Tarsus ,\nv Vcrrel)iatcn. 1--T. I5atnicliia. ]<\k <;-13.
'On the Intercfntnini >{ th.' Terrestrial Vertebrata. Transac. Anier Philosoi.li.
Soc, I^Sf), p. 34:!.

'iiiilitihiiiu ri. StiijiHipiiali.
an sternal elements :

1

I

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4

THE HATRACllIA OF NOliTH AMERICA.

k

extinct onlcrsot' Uatnicliia are not th« centra of the higher vertebrata,
but are intercentra, w hidi are occasionally seen in the higher vertebrates
in a rudiniental condition. This is especially the case in the remark-
able saurian of New Zealand, the Si)henodon, and in the extinct order
of the Theroniora. Owen has shown that the mtcrcentra exist also in
the mole. I have given the following reasons for this view:

1. The intercentra are very large in the Ganocephala and KhacUi-
tonii.

, They support the neural arch in the Enibolomeri.

J. They are not rndimental in existing Batrachia.

4. The chevron bones, which originate from the intercentra of Kep-
tilia, are continua with the caudal vertebral bodies in Iiatrachia,

.J. Tlie ribs, which originate from the intercentral cartilages in Kep
tilia, originate from the vertebral bodies of Batrachia.

Tiie paleontology of the Batrachia and Beptilia shows that the order
Enibolomeri is tlie only one with complete vertebral bodies, and so
probably gave origin to the reptiles; while the intercentra in some
Batrachians become so connected with the neural arches as to lead to the
belief that they become the vertebral bodies of later forms of the class
whii'h JMve <lescended from them.

In a'- the orders, genera with well-developed antericu' limbs display
well-developed distal condyles of the liumeru: . They are better de-
veloped than ill any order of reptiles, with the exception of the Thero-
niora.

With regard to the cranial nerves, it is to be remarked that the latera-
lis brancii of the vagus is present, as in fisiies; also that the glossopha-
ryngeal is united with tlie vagus. In the Urodehi the nervus facialis is
distinct from the trigeminus (Fig. 1), but in the Salientia they are
united. (Plate 4.S.)

r. iiufj.

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glphscvcuj.

\ rkit.fnup. r.inWst

rJaLinK

FUi. 1. Dia-iraii ui olKHulrooraiiiuiii ami cranial nerri's of Salainaii.lra, side ^iew (from 'Wiedersheim).

In the museular system the Batrachia diifer from the fishes in the
niodifu'atious which partially take the place of the myocommata, and
the development of the muscles of the limbs and their extension on
the dorsal and vei tral surfaces of the body. Myocommata persist in

0 m-LLETIX 31, l-MTKL. STATES NATIONAL MU8EUM.

,s of all tlH- tailed orders, and are transient in the

the caudal regioi

tails of the larva- of the Salieiitia

Ki-niainsof tliesaiiieare seen in the
segmented dorsal uniscles of the Uro-
dela. and the segmented median ven-
tral, or pnbosternal muscles of the
tailed and tailless orders. Between
these median series of muscles extend
two layers, which suitport the sides
of the body cavity, the external and
internal oblique. Jn the Urodela the
oxteiiial oblique is divided up at the
superior border into separate heads,
each of which arises from the extrem-
ity of a rib. Between the ribs is a
band of narrow longitu linal inus-
oU'.s—theintercostal.s— which are par-
allel to the doisal muscles. Owing
to the modilieation of the skeleton
the dor.sU niu.><cles in the Salientia
are much nioditied, and form chev-
rons with the apex posterior. The
limb mu.scles are much like those of
higher vertebrata. _
The heart of the IJatrachia pos-
sesses three chambers, two auricles and one ventricle, and there is a
sinus venosus at tlie entrance of ::he vena ca\ a. The bull)us arteriosus
is not uuiscular, and has a longitudinal valve or partial septum, or is
completely divided into two in the Proteida. In the Urodela there are
four aortic branches on each side, whieh are in the larval state branchial
arteries. As many veins return from the branchia' and unite above the
heart to form the aorta. In develo])inent to matr.rity the arteries be-
come connected with the veins by longitudinal vessels, the tluctxs hotaUi,
which complete the ''aorta bows" where the oranchial system disap-
pears. The first and last of these arches become subordinate, and
the intermediate on each .side function as "aorta roots," who.se union
forms the aorta. The carotitl artery is a coritinuation of the (hii'tui^
hotaltl «onnecting the first and .second bows, and the last bow is modi-
fied into the imlmonary vein. In the Proteida and Trachystoniata
three aorta bows remain on each side, and the branchial arteries and
veins jiersist. In the Salientia three aorta bows remain, but the second
on each side only form the aoita, the first and last forming the carotitl
artery and pulmomiry vein.

The venous system consists primitively, as in other vertebrata. of
two anterior and two posterittr cardinal Aeins, which unite on eacii side
into a single transverse vessel, the Diicfus '.'uvieri. which empties into
the sinus venosus. Subsequently two otlier pairs of longitudinal veins

Fir,. 2. Diacrani »*' clinnrtrncranium and oranial
nervca of Salamaiidia, from litlow (from Wii
der8lie:ni).

THE HATRACHIA OF NORTH AMERICA.

11

^

I

arise parallel to the cardinal veins, and empty into the anterior cardi-
nals on each side, in front of the JJtictus cuvicri. These are the verte-
bral veins. The portion of the posterior cardinals between the Ductus
cuvieri and the kidnej' disapi)ears, so that what remains of the pos-
terior cardinals are only renalen advehentes. The anterior cardinals
become the jugulars. The i)rincipal posterior vein is the vena cava pos-
terior^ which is median, and consists originally of the renales rerehentes
from the kidney. It receives the hepatic vein before emptying into the
sin us veuosus. The iliac veins pass directly into the kidney after re-
ceiving the V. catidalis.

Till' lymph cavities of the body in the Batrachia are extensive. This
is especially tlie case witli the Salientia, where the skin is loosely at-
tached, and incloses large spaces immediately below it. The lymphatic
vessels from the digestive system open into these cavities. The ves-
sels also empty into the veins, and present at such points enlargements
which contract rhythmically, and are known as " lymph- hearts." They
are situated in the sacral region, one on each side, in the tailed forms,
while an additional jiair is present in the sciapular region in the Sali-
entia.

The reproductive and urinary systems are closely connected in the
Batrachia, and must be treated of together. Both discharge their con-
tents into the alimentary canal, forming a cloaca. Their structure is
best understood by reference to that of the sharks. In these fishes a
primitive longitudinal vessel on each side of the dorsum of the abdom
inal cavity sends branches to the outer side, which there form convo-
luted lobules, the primitive kidney. In the Batrachia this longitudinal
or archinephric duct divides longitudinally, and the inner portion re-
mains as the Miillerian duct. This becomes the oviduct of the female.
The external half with its series of branches becomes the urogenital
duct. The testes and ovaries are developed independently external to
the kidneys, and the former send their efferent ducts directly into the
latter. The ovaries discharge the eggs into the abdominal cavity,
whence they pass into the oviducts by the free open extremities of the
latter, and are thence ejected by the anus, after receiving a covering
of albumen. The male organ homologous with the Miillerian duct is
of reduced size in all tiie Salientia except the Kana' and allies, where it
is aborted. It has been shown, however, to persist in our Bana rirens.
In the Urodela the vasa deferentia pass through the kidney and enter
the genitoiirinary duct, and so into the cloaca ; but in the Salientia the
efferent ducts of the kidney collect themselves into a separate tube or
ureter, \vhi"jh, however, joins the single vas deferens before entering
the cloaca. But the Discoglossid* agree with the Urodela in this, as
in several other resjiects. A urinary bladder is always present in the
r>atrachia. The testes are single on each side in the Salientia; there
are several in the Urodela, esi)ecially in the Ca.'ciliidre. The penis is
wanting. Impregnation is accomplished by copulation in the Urodela,

I!

12 Bl'I-LETIN 31, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

but iu the Salientia the sperinatozoiii.ls are dischar-e.l o.i the ova after
leaving the bodv pf the female. (Plate.s IS, ll>, ;W. 4J.)

The aliinentarv canal iu the Batraehia is .simple, since it is not highly
specialized into distinct parts. The liver is larse and is <livided into a
varying number of lobes, which are esi)ecially numerous, and arranged
like a roll of coins in the Ca'.-iliida>. The gall-bladder and pancreas
are present. The teeth are not implanted in alveola-, and are iu the
recent forms more or less pleiirodoiit.

LAKVAL CHARACTEKS.

In the course of the growth of a batracjhian there is always a period
which follows the freedom of the embryo, in which there are structures
tor securing respiration in the water. These gills difler from those of
fishes, in that the fringes in which the blood is aerated .stand on lieshy
processes of the branchial arches, and not directly on the arches them-
selves. Similar structures are found in the preliminary stages of
some tishes. During this stage the tail is more or less modified as a
swimming organ, and the condition of the skull differs materially in
character from that of the adult. In the tailless or anurous Batraehia
the limbs do not appear until this period has nearly closed, while in
the tailed or urodele order the liml)s api)ear almost immediately after
the gills. Besides these transitional characters, the Urodela possess in
their early larval condition a long process in front of the first gill on
each side, which is termed a balancer. This remains in a few abnormal
cases in salamanders, but is permanent in the suborder of the ea'cil-
iaiis or worm-like >>atrachia. A similar process exists in the larva of
the frogs of the genus Xennpu.s: whi'-h resembles superficially a siluroid
fish ; but in the Salientia generally tnc balancers are wanting.

Tlie gills in the Salifiitia (frogs, toads, etc.) are soon concealed by a
growth of the skin, which leaves a small orifice for the di.sciiarge of
water from the i)haryngeal cavity. In one group of these animals this
opening is on the middle line l)elow, but in the great majority it is
single and is situated on the left side.

The changes undergone by the skull in the metamorphosis are much
more important in the Salientia than in any other order, and are treated
of under the head of that order.

The eggs of Batraehia are always deposited in the water or in damp
places. In a few instances the young do not seek the water, and iu
one species (Salamandra atra) they are born free from the egg.

Under the head of the Salientia will be found a table of the various
modes in which the eggs and larv.-e of those animals are deposited and
cared for prior to maturity.

Under the respective orders the descriptions of their characteristic
peculiarities of development will be found. (IMates 30, 11, 78.)

I

THE BATRACHIA OF NORTH AMERICA. 13

CLASSIFICATION.

There are several orders of Jiatrachia, and they disi)lay remarkable
diversities of skeletal structure. For the better understaudiug of these
I give the following table of their principal definitions:'

I. Basioccipital, supraoccipital, iutercalaiy,- and supratemporal lioues present. Pro-

poilial boues rlistiuct.
a. One cotyloid occipit.al condyle,

Vertebral centra reidaced by one basal and two lateral elements

witli one nenral arcli GimoceiihaUi.

aa. Two occipital condyles.

Vertebral Viodies, including atlas, segmented, one set of segments

togt*lier suppcrting one arch L'hachitomi.

Vcrtebr.T segni< nted, the superior and inferior segments each

complete, forniini; two centra to each arch Emholumeri.

Vertebral bodies, including atlas, not segmented: one to each
arch Sttgocephdli.

II. Basioccipital, suiiraocciiiital, and supratempi>"al bones wanting. Frontal and

propodial bones distinct.
a. Au OS intercalare.

A palatine arch and separate caudal vertebra? Prottida.

aa. No OS intercalare.

A maxillary arch and vomers; palatine arch present, imperfect;

nasals, iiremaxillaries and caudal vertebne distinct Vrodtla,

No niBxillary or palatine arches; no vomers: .lasals and pre-

maxillary. also caudal vertebra*, distinct. Trachi/'stumata.

III. Basioccipital, su])raocci))ital, intercalare. and supratemjioral boues wanting-

Frontals and ]>arietals connate: proi)odial bones and lumbosacral vertebra^
each continent.
Palatines distinct from vomers; a palatine arch : a.stragalus and
calcaneum eloiiy,ate, forminu a distinct segment of the limb Salientia.

The animals of the liivision I are all extinct. Division II includes the
Salamanders and their allies, witii the worm-like C<ecilians (Aj>oda),
while the third division embraces the frogs, toads, etc.

AFFINITIES.

The Batrachia are, tlien, intermediate in characters, and therefore iu
position, between the tish-like forms and the reptiles. Among the
former the Dipnoi ai)pi'oacii tliem most nearly, while the extinct reptiles
of the oldest order, the Theromora,^ are the nearest allies on the rep-
tilian side. It belongs to the series of vertebrates which have a dis-
tinct coracoid bone in tiie shoulder-girdle, ami a distinct quadrate bone
in the skull. The greater part of the basicranial axis is cartilaginous,
but it is protected below by the membrane bone, the parasplienoid. In
all these respects, and in the absence of an amnion of the embryo, the
Batrachia agree with the fishes. They differ from tiiischissin the jtres-
ence of legs and absence of fins, and in the absence of various bones
whi(!h belong to the l)rauchial and opercular .systems, and to tin- sus-
])en,sor of the lower Jaw.

'This is partly derived from the talde which I have given iu Vol, if. Paheontology
of the Geological Survey of Ohio, l-iTI, p. ;!,";). See also Americau Naturalist, 1-84.
'Of Cnvier : Kpiotic of Iluxloy, according to Vrolik.
^ Thcromor2)ha Cope olim; name preoccupied.

14 BULLETIN Ml, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Thii ('liariicters display-'d l).v tin? three divisions in question indicate
their rehitionship to l)i'. iis Ibllows: The orders of JJivision I ])resent in
their cranial structure a greater resembhiuce to the limblinned or
cro8soi)ter.> siiHi iishes tlian do either of the others. The third division
is the most divergent from tiie t.vi»y, and is in various respects tlie most
speciaHzed. This si>ecialization consists not only in a departure from
the i)rimitive Batrachia, but also from all other forms of vertebrata.
Its specialization is seen in the loss and cocissification of various parts
of the skeleton. The ITnulehi display chara(;ters interme<liate between
the extremes of the class. Near them the Trachystomata (SirenidaO are
still more inferior by loss oi' parts of the skull ami of the pelvic arch.
The Prnteida have lost the maxillary arch of the Stegocei)haIi, but re-
tain their OS iiitercalare.

IMIVLOGENV.

The class IJatrachia holds an imi)()rtant position in the history of the
vertebrata, as tlie first meudter of that kin;;dom which occupied the
land on the advent of the conditions suitable for air-i)reatbiny types.
It thus stands in ance.stral relation to the lines of the Sauropsida and
^lammalia, and as the immediate descendants of the fishes. As rej^ards
the extinct orders, the primitive type is evidently the (ranocephala.
whose vertebral column displays an arrest of (diaracters which are
transitional in the hij^aer vertebrata. From this group the orders
ithachitomi, Fauboloi'ieri,and Ste.nocephali have been evidently derived.
We may then present the followinj,' fjenealogical table of the class
liatrachia :

Salieutia.

Tracbystoinata.

Embolonieri.

Rhachitomi.

Ganocephala.

I

I

/

N

1

I

THE BATliACHlA OF NUKTII AMERICA.

15

As regards the connection of the class, as a whole, with other classes
of vertebrata, it 's very probable that the extinct orders, as the Gano-
ceiihala, were denveri ♦roiu some extinct form of Dipnoau fishes, more
or less related to the group of which the genus Ceratodus is a represent-
ative. In this type we have a persistent chorda dorsalis, fins which
present the type from which ambulatory limbs were derived, a pelvis,
and a cranium nearer that of the batrachians than most other fishes
pre.-^ent. The Crossopterygia are a little on one side of the parental
stem, since they have no pelvi.^*, and their limbs begin to show a begin-
ning of that reduction and specialization which is carried to such an
extent in the Actinopterygia, or typical H.shes.

From the Ganocepiiala we derive the remaining orders, all of which
possess two occipital condyles. The intercentra, which are small in tlie
prepel vie vertebral axis of the Ganocephala, assume a large development
in the Embolomeri, wbich thus have two bodies to each neural arch
throughout the series. It is probable that the reptiles took their origin
from this grouj) by the gradual reduction of the intercentra, and the
continued dominance of the centra. It is possible also that the Em-
bdloi eri possess but one occipital condyle, which, uniting with an in-
tercentrum, formed the single occipital condyle of the Reptilia.

In the direction of the lihachitomi there is reason to believe that the
intercentra became predominant in the vertebral axis, and that th^
centra soon disappeared. This order gave origin to the Stegocephala,
in which the centra are wanting; and this order was the .source of the
Proteida on one hand, and the Salientia on the other. The formei', of
all the existing orders is the only one which retains the os intercalare
of the Pahvozoic types. From the Proteida we get the Urodela, and
from the latter the Trachystomata, as will be more especially shown
under that order.

The Ganocephala (Trimerorhachis) and the Rhachitomi (Zatrachys)
had a well developed columella auris, which extended from the lieuestra
ovale and turned upwards and backwards to the notch of the posterior
outline of the skull between the os intercalare and the base of the quad-
rate. It is highly probable that this notch was occupied by a tympanic
drum.' In the Proteida, Urodela, and Trachystomata, there is no col-
umella. In the Salientia there is a chain cousistiug of one bone and
two cartilages extending between the stapes and the memhranum tym-
imni. Thus the LTrodela in this resi)ect have undergone degeneration,
while the Salientia have undergone specialization. With regard to
other parts of the skeleton all the later and recent orders must be re-
garded as having undergone degeneration, in view of the extensive loss
of parts. (See Origin of the Fittest, by E. D. Cope, On the Evolution
of the Vertebrata, progressive and retrogressive.)

'See Cope On tbe ossicula iiuditns of the Batracbia, Aiuer. Naturalist, 1888, p. 464;
Journal of Morphology, November, 1?88.

16 BULLETIN- ;^^l, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

EXl'LAXATIOX OF TERMS.

The Canthns rostralis i.s the ridge more or les.s defliied which marks
the Hue of separation anterior to tiie eyes, between the toi) and side of
the head. The outer uarcs or crtenml )iost)-ils are situated in or a little
below this angular line, and between the eye and tip of suout. The
Cauthtis orhitalis is the corner of the eye, either anterior or posterior.
By ramus of jaw is meant either of the two branches, one on each side.
The rictus is the point of junction between the upper and lower Jaws.
The eomniissure is the line along which the two jaws meet when closed.
The internal nans or ehoana' are in the roof of the month a little ante-
rior to the eyes. The Eustachian apertures, or ostia pharyngea, are sit-
uated very far back in the roof of the ntoutli near the end of the jaw, one
on each side. The angle of the jaw is just behind the point of articula-
tion of the two jaws. The concealed surfaces of the body are those which
are internal and j)ressed against each other when the limbs are tiexed.
The teeth in the roof of the month are vomerine or vomeropalatine when
they are within or near the inner nares, and on the bone of same name;
and they are parasphenoid, or \oo%e\y, palatine, "hen considerably be-
hind the level of the inner nares and placed on the i)arasphenoid bone.
The enumeration of the fingers and toescommences with the inner ones,
the fourth finger and the fifth toe being the external. The term finger
always belongs to the anterior extremities, and toe to the posterior.
The phalanges are numbered from the metapodial bone. By articula-
tion is understood the hinge between two adjacent bones, which them-
selves are called segments. The tympanum or membranum tynii)ani
is the circular disk seen on each side the head, posteriorly and just
back of the eye, in the Salientia.

fl

i

NOMENCLATURE AND HISTORY.

By Linnaus, in the tenth edition of the Systema Natunv (1760), in the
twelfth (17GG), and in the thirteenth (1788) reptiles and batrachians are
included in a class "Amphibia." The two classes were not recognized
even as subordinate divisions of the Amphibia. These divisions were
the Reptiles, Serpentes, and Nantes. The last named included only
fishes. Four genera were included in the reptiles, one of which was
Rana, which embraced all the Batrachia Salientia. The Urodela were
enumerated as species of the genus Lacerta. The genus Cecilia was
placed among the berpeutes.

Laurenti, in the Tentamen Systema Reptilium, 17G8, first used the
class name Reptilia for a combination of the two classes, Rei)tilia and
Batrachia, as at present recognized. Ue proposed three orders of
Reptilia, the Salientia ( = Batrachia Anura), the Gradientia (= lizards
and Batrachia Urodela), and the Serpentes, in which he included the
Ccecilias.

ifla^«/t',178S-'-J0,didnot distinguish Reptiles from Batrachia, and

««

Till': JJATIiACIlIA (»!• N<>in'll AMKIilCA.

17

f

(lid iit»t fiivi' ilistiiictive naiiiL'S I'or tliu groups which he luoposed, which
wt'ic very iirliliciiil.

!>ion(/iii(tr( published lii.s system iu I80()-'()3, in the Meiuoire.s de.s
SiiViUis lOtraiijfc'i'sde I'liistitiit. lie did not distiuyuisli the Ijiitrachiii
as a chiss IVoiu the JJeptilia, but h(^ distinj;uished it lirst as a natural
jjfroiip and named it. Ih; divided the lieptilia into the (bur irders, Che-
Ionia, Sauria, Ophidia, and IJatraehia. lie placed the salanmnt'ers in
tlni IJatiachia Ibrthetirst tinu'.

LntrciUe published a system of Keptilia in tho Nouveau Dictionaire
d' llistoire Naturelle in ISOi, Vol. xxiv, paj^'e (Jl. lie adoi)ts the sys-
tem of Ilrongniart. The Batrachia are divided into two sections: I
/>. (vurcurs, aiul 1 1 li. pisciforuics. The secoiul section included the gei;-
era Proteus and Siren; section I, all other Batrachia known to the
anihoi'. In l.S2r> Latreille published another classification iu the bro-
chure "Les Families Natunlles du Hegne Animal." lie divides the
vertebiata into warm-blooded (llaemathermes) and cold-blooded (llae-
maerymes). The latter include Pulmonees antl Solibranches. Tiie lat-
ter includes the lishes. The Ibrmer division has two subdivisions, Wep-
tiles and Am|)hibia or Batrachia. We here find the system of Do
IJlainville adoi)ted in the reco;;nition of the Batrachia as distinct from
the Keptilia, and the na!;ie Amphii)ia is used for it for the first time.

Daudin in l.SO'.'-Hl.'i ])ublished his Trait6 (ienerale. He adopted the
classifu'ation of Brongniart.

Dnnieril, in ISOt, in the Traite elementaire d'histoire naturelle, also
adopted the system of Bron<;'niart. He placed the Cu'ciliidie among
(he Ophidia. In his ZoiUogie Analyti(pu', published in 1807, he followed
I he same arrangeuuMit, and divided the Batrachia into Auura and Uro-
dela. The latter included four genera: Triton, Salamaiulra, Proteus,
and Siren.

lAtnitirck, in 1S()!>, published a Distribution (ien«''rale des Auimaux, as
I he (chapter viil of the Philosophie Zoiilogique. He did not distinguish
the Batrachia from the Keptilia as a class, bat recognized the four
orders of Kejjtilia already proposed by P>rougniart. The Batrachia are
divided into two divisions: Urodelii and Anura. (Jcecilia is placed in
the serpents.

CkvIck, in the Le(M)ns d'Anatomie Comparee, in 1801), and in the
Kegiie Animal, in 1817, adopteil the system of Jirongniart. In the
si'cond edition of tlie lattei', pul»lished in 182!) he divides the Batrachia
into live genera, vi/ : C(ecilia, Kana, Salamaiulra, Proteus, and Siren.

Opjxl published his "Ordnungen Familien u. Gattungen der Kep-
liiien" in 1811 (Munich). lie adopts the class name llei)tilia, and
divides it into three orders : Testudinata, S(piainata (snakes and lizaids),
and Xiida or Batrachia. The Batrachia are divided into three families ;
the Apoda (('(cciliida), ICcaudata or Aniira, and the I'rodela.

!>(■ lUdinriUe published in ISKI in the Xoiiveau liulletin des Sciences
<Ie la Soctiete Pliilomathicpit^ of Paris a Prodrome d'une uouv. distribu-
1U521— Bull. .'51 '1

:h

i 1

IS lUJLLKTlN ;il, I'NITKI) STATEH NATIONAL MF-SKUM.

ti.Mi svslciniiti'i.ic (111 IN-^iu' AniniMl. Ho Ihst proposed to H-j,Mnl tlio
IJitra'cliia :.s lulistinct class of viTlcl.n.ta, (lii' IV of Ins scnrs, uimUt
the name '^Xiulipollilc'ios, Ics Ainpliybiens." On a subscpicnt pa-o
hcdividos tlic dass K('i)tilia into two .sni.classcs, "Ics IJeplilcs" ami
Ics It'ldli.voidc's. The latter are snl.div ided into four divisions, viz:
lJiitracioiis((Jren()uilies); l',sendosanriens(Salaniandres) ; Anipliibiens
(les Trotirs et les Sirenes) ; J'.sendopliidiens (Co-eilies). Wo liero lind
the 15atracl)ia tor the (Irst time set oil" from tlie h'eplilia as a division
of oipial rank with it.

Mcrrciii, Tontamen Sjistenne Amphibiarnni, ISL'O, reverts to tlio
F.inna'an name Ampliil)ia for tlie c()nd)ined reptiles and batraeliians,
l)iit recoyni/es the two as subordinate divisions. Ho oalls these IMio-
lidota and IJatraehia. The J'.utraehia he divided into the Apoda (Cce-
cilia), Salientia, and (Iradientia. The (Inidientia or Salamandres aro
divided into Mntal)ilia (Sahunandra, etc.) and Ainphi!)nonsta, or the
forms with permanent branehia-.

(hai/ pid)lished in ISl'o, in the Annals of IMiilosopli.v of riiiladelpliia,
a synopsis of the genera of Kei»tilia and IJatrachia of North America.
He separates the two classes distinctly as such under the names Ui'\h
tilia and Amphibia. The former iire divided into the orders Kniydo.
sanria (crocodiles and extinct marine reptiles), Sauria, Sauroplijdia,,
Ophidia, andChelonia. The Amphibia were divided into Mutabilia and
Amphipnei'3ta. The latter division iiKiluded the brancliiate fornis, with
the Cryptobranchida' and the ('(cciliida'. The Mutabilia embraced
all otber IJatrachia.

7/rtW(r»also, in 1825, published (ienera and Synopsis of iSpecies of Kep-
tiles of America in the donrnal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of
I'hiladelphia. He adopts the system of Brongniart, and divides the lia-
trachia into tliree divisions, dei)endent on the characters of llieexterinil
respiratory organs. Jn the lirst there is an external ilssuroonly; in
the second, external branehia' and lissuies; and in the third, neither tliu
one nor the other.

F(7c//(r/e>-,XeueClassilication der Reptilien (lSL'G),adopttj the nainesof
Leuckart for the prinniry divisions of the IJeptilia, the Monojmoa cor-
responding to the Keptilia ami the Dipnoa to the IJatrachia. He places
Ccecilia among the ."\Ionopnoa. The Dipnoa are divided into .Mutabilia
and Imnuitabilia. The latter includes the lamilies Cryjjtobranchoida
and IMianerobraiichoida. The Mutabilia inelmle all other r.atraciiia.

Duineril and Bibrou, iw the " Erpetologie denerale," published be-
tween 18;U and 1841, adopt the system of IJrongniart. The fourth order
of reptiles, the I5atrachia, is divided into three suborders, viz : the
IVromela (Co'ciliidie), Anura, and Urodela. The Urodeia are divided
into Atretodera (Salamandres) ami Trematodera, which end)ra(;es tlio
rryptobranchida- and forms with pernmnent branchiae

Johannes Miilkr, in Ktininius' JIandbuch der Zoiitomie (18.50), uses
the Lniniean name Amphibia for the combined lieptilia and IJatrii-

1.

TIIK 1JATKA(;HIA ol' NOKTll AMKUICA.

19

ii's, ihmUt

U'llt I'll J- 11

liU's'' iiiul
ions, viz:
iil)liil>ioiis
; liero lind
ii (liviision

ts to the
tiiicliiaiis,
ht'sc, riio-
podii (C(i>-
mdirs iivo
sta, or tlio

ilii(leli)hiiij

ainos \W\tr
IS Emydo.
uiropliidia,,
tabilia and
Ibnns, witli
einbraci'd

k'sol!{«'i)-
Sciences of
les the Ba-
le t'xternal
V only ; in
neither the

le names of
lopnoa col-
lie places
) Mntaliilia
hiaiichoida
IJatrachia.
blished be-
ourth onler
x'vA : till'
are divided
ibraces the

(ISotJ), uses
and IJatni-

cilia. The hitler two divisions be rej^ards as subclasses, under the
names Monopnoa and i)ipiio:i. The Dipiioa (liatrachia) are divided
into IJrodelaand JJatracliia (=:Anura). Tlie Urodelaiii tiirnaredivided
into l'ereniiil»ranclii;ita, Derotremata (Trematodera pt. of Dumeril and
llibron), and Mycitoder.i (sala:iiandeis in .nenenil).

Haiclid i)iiblislied in lS(J(j iiis (}eiii'rel!e ]\Iorpiiolo;:;ie. lie then dis-
tin;;iiished the IJatrachia not only as a class from the Ilei>tilia, but
placed it in a separate };roiip of the vertebrafa, which he called the
Aiiamnia, from the absence of the amnion, alonj;' with tln^ lishes. He
uses iiidis(!iiiiiiiiiitely the names Uatrachia and Amphibia for the (tlass.
lie divides it into two primary divisions, the IMiractamphibia and Lis-
samphibia. The former are the extiiuit forms, tojicther with the Ca'ci-
liida'. The Lissainpliibia are divided into three divisions: Sozobran-
cliia ' '.'ereiinibraiiclisV Soznra (IJrodela), and Aniira.

( '(il>L', iu ii "Synopsis of the Kxtinct Ijatrachia «)f North America,"
lS(».S(l*r(>ceedin^'s of the Ac idemy IMiiladelpliia), re('o.i;iiiziMl the Uatra-
«-hia as a class distinct from the Ivcptili.i, and divided it into six orders,
as follows: Tiacliystiniiata (Hiiens), i'mt. ida, Urodela, (Jyniiioi)liidia
(the ('o^(!iliida'), 8tL'<,M)cepliali (extinct forms), and Annra. In a paper on
the IJatraidiia of the Permian I'eriod of Noitli America, bSSt( American
N itiiralist), two orders were added, tiie Kliachitomi and Kmbolomeii,
linth extinct. In the "Origin of tiie Fitti'st" (Philadelphia, ISSO) still
another order is added to the IJatraiiliia, the (Janoiu'phala of Owen, and
t 111 (iymnopliiona((J(et;iliida')are united with the IJrodela, makiiij'- eight
oi'ders in all. Tliis systiMii is adopted in tiie iiicsent work. In 18(15, in
•I paper on the Primary J)ivisioiis of the liatrachia Salientia (Natural
History Ileview) the .Vniira were divided into Ajjlossa, |{iifonitbriiiia,
AKtifera, and Itaniformia. These divisions arc here adopte«l, except-
i:i,u the Ibifoniformia.

Ilii.tlcj/, AnatDiny of Veitebratcd .\niinals, 1871, «livides the vertL!-
Iir.ilainto hditliyopsida, Sauropsida, and Mammalia. The Ichthyopsida
correspond to the Anamniaof Ilaeckel, plus the Leptocardii and Mar-
sip(»hiancliii. This division is divided into two classes, the Pisces ami
AaiphiUia (Hatrachia). The Keptilia and Aves form the Sauropsida.
The An;pliibia emlnace, according; to Iliixley, four orders, viz : Uro-
dcl.i, lialiyrinthodonta, Gymiiopliiona, and liatrachia or Aniira. The
trodela are divided into J'roteida and 8alaniandrida, which corro-
spmid to the Trematodera and Vitretodera of Dumeril and iJibron.
Professor Ilnxley j,'ave the (irst (dear osteoIoj;ical delinition of the class.

<ie(jcnh((in\ in the Elementsof t!omparative Anatomy, 1872, follows the
system of Ilaeckel so far as rcf^ards the higher groups of vertebrata.
The Uatrachia are called Amphibia, and have the three divisions pro-
liosed by Merrem, but under the names Urodela, Annra, and Gynino-
pliiona.

Ill tho preceding review no attempt has been made to |)rcsent tho
views of all naturalists who have written on the vcitebrata, but I have

20 mii.i,i;tin 111, rMn:i» statls na.ional mi'skum.

.....I.avuml toiMrlmh-all tin' works in wl.id. the liatrad.ia a:nl their
j,„,,,,,,, „Ml .•Mrn.i.l .Tlali.His l,:.v,. lu-n. rxpirssly ronsuhTcl iin.l new
virus iiiln.Iiir.Ml. Tlu' s.vst.'in Nvhicli app.Mrs to tlic wriUT Lirxprnss

., |,,iiv(l,.. ni.tiiiMl r.-h.tioiis..r the. •oiilfiitsc.r the class IS pri'soulnl

i„ ,,„, ,„n„„.i„.- pat,M.s. I!..t I d.v-W " IV-w words to n(...uM.dMt.nv.

TlH- earliest name lor a -iven eoii(ri)tion derived from individnais is
,,I„pi,(l Species must bo deliiicd or li<;'m<'d; Hi'>'<'''ii i>"<l "" '"M'km-
nnuips iimst be deline.l, since (i.univs cannot express the neuerali/a
Tlmis snch names are inteinled t.. represent. As tlie conception oCtlie
rxtcnt of a -enns varies witli discovery, it is impossible to reciiiire that
,1„, .iHlniti.m accoMipanvin-' its earliest name shall be necessarily exact,

s„ (iiiita 1 a tide delinition is all that is oblijjalory, according' to the

inlcs. Ill the case c!" the lii.uher ;;r(.nps the case is dillereiit. It has
been ciisloinaiv to rcipiire that the delinition acconipanyiiifr the name
adopted shall coiTesi.ond with the thing adopted. 11" the deliiiition
does not so correspond, tiie name has generally reinained nniisctl. Such
names are the Mntabilia and Immiitabilia, ("adneibranchiata and IVreii
iiibranchiata, which have been applied to systi'nnitic ideas not in corre
spondence with the true rehitionships of the members of the riatraehii.
They have fallen accordingly into disuse. Sach are also the so called
orders Kmydosanria and Sanrophidia. The division then receives the
name which was first aiM'lied to it, and not to something more or less
corresponding to it on ommissioii or addition of contents, The rank as-
s'gned to such division is immaterial; the idea of the division itself is
everything.

Applying these principles to the vertebrates which form the subject
of this book, I lind the following to be the names to be adopted. I find
that Ihongiiiart first perceived the correct limitation of the iJatratdiia,
and that in 1S(M) he gave it that name. In this he was followed by La
treillein ISOt: by I)audin,in ISOL*-.'); by Dnineril, in ISIU ; by Lamarck,
in 18l»l>; by ('avier, in 1801) and in 1817; by .Merrein,in bSliO; by ilarlaii,
in 1825; hy Dumeril and Hibron, in 1811; and by various modern writers
since that date. The name Amphibia I find first used by Dc r.lainvllle
in 181(5 as intcn^hangeable with the name Xiidipellifcri, and also as a
siibili vision of itself eipial to the I'eiennibranchiates of somk; later au-
thors. The name is first definitely adopted by liatreillein ISL'o, a^jnar-
ter of a century after the introduction of the name IhUrachia. lie is
followed after a long interval by Ilacckel in 18(!(!, who, howexcr. uses
the name Amphibia as interchangeable witli IJafracliia. It is ex(du
sively used by Ilnxley and by (legenbaur, and by a number of modern
naturalists, chiefly anatomists. From the ab:)ve record it is (inite evi-
dent that the proper name for this class is Matrachia.

The true classification of the (contents of the (dasa wa.s of much later
discovery. The tailless division was recognized, it is true, by the earlier
authors: and, first of all, in 17(!8 by Laureuti. who called it the Salient ia
audgaveitadeUuition. This naniL' must be therefore retained. The di vis-

I

TIIR HATUACIIIA OI' NOUTll AMF-RICA.

21

i!i(l their
iiml iH'W
» express
)ieseiileil
atiire.
iiliiiils is
II lii^'lier
Mieializa
oil (»(■ llie
|uir(> tlial
ily exact,
i<i to the
\. It has
tlie name
ileliiiilidii
('(I. Such
h1 Pereii
ill eoire
iatrachi 1.
so ealh'il
•civcs the
(le or less
e rank as-
II itself is

10 siihjeet

1 Iiml

tati'a(;hia,

-d by La

liainarek,

V ilailaii,

II writers

tiaiiiville

also as a

later an-

jr>, acinar-

ia. lie is

l'\ t'T, IISI'S

is fx(rln

r inodeni

(jiiite cvi-

uieh later

he earlier

Salient ia

The divis-

ion of true Siilaniaiiders was not properly (list in.uuisheil before the pub-
lication of the system of De IJlaiiiville, in 1S1(5, who eillcd fiieiii the
Pseiidosaiiriii. lie, however, omitted from them the Ca'i;iliida'. In this
:)iiiissioM ho was followed by rll siibse(|iieiit authors, except Cope, who
called the entire order, iiicliidin.!;' tlie(%ec.iliida', the IJrodela, a(loi»tiiij{ ii
name already proi>osed by Dumeril, in IHOt, for a division of wider
scope. On this a(!(!ount the name irrodola is ailopted in the present
work. The iiaiiu' (irradientia was (irst used to iiniliide only Uatiachia,
without lizards, by Merrem, in ISUO. The two branchiate or.lers, I'ro-
4ei<laandTiMehyst()mata, wereinduded in the IJrodela or (liailieiitia by
all authors except the followinjf: J)e IJlaiiiville combined them in one
(uder, the Amphibia; Gr.iv, Iliirlan, and Fitziiiger followed, but com
billed them with uiirelat'd foriiH; Dumeril and IJibron kept them to
{^ether with t!ie Crypt )branchida' in a division, Trematoderos, follow-
ill};' Fitziii}"er (ISLMi); Haeckel follows De IJIainville, but renames the
I'seudosaiiria of that author Sozobranchia, and includes in his Am-
phibia the noil related Axolotls, In ISIJIJ* Cope lirst distinjjjuisIuMl tiic^
'rrachystomata and I'roteida as orders, and pureed them of the Axolotls,
which he i»laced in the Crodola.

PUOTEIDA.

()s ii'ilenialare present ; no supra or basioiunpitals; (>. mixillare and
inrfi'onlalia wautiii}'-; vomero-i)alatiuiim and pteryfjoideiim luesent,
(Mniliiiiioiis; oibitosi>heuoid eloiifjate, not forming part of palate; eera-
tohyals connate.

This order aji'rees j^fenerally with the Urodela, but i)roscuts one most
important feature of dilVereiKU', in the presence of theOs intercalare. It
is this point that yives the Troreida its position between the Stejjo-
cephali and the Urodela, and which indicates the line of conneetion
betw( ". the extiiKtl forms of the Carbon iferou.< period and the mod-
ern t^> pes.

The hyoid apiiaratus dillers from that of adult Urodela, and resembles
their larva; in liaviii;;' three e[iibranehials, instead of one only. The
second basibraiicliial is also eonneeted with the first, which is not the
(rase with the Uroilela. Thi' centrale is present iii both carpus and
tarsus.

No extinct <;euei'a are certainly known to belong to this order, but
there is one that n'sembles it nearly, and may belong here. This is tiie
('ocytinust (Cope), which has been found in the coal measures of eastern
Ohio. If it be not a larval Stegocephal, it belongs to this order. It
would not enter the same family as the recent forms, as it has a small
maxillary bone. Another extinct type from the Wealdoii of IJelgium
has been suspected to belong to the Troteida, but the cranium is not

•Oil tlic Arcirt'ioiis Aiiiir.i, Joiirniil Acadoiiiy I'liilaili'lpliia, l-iliti, p. 102.
t (ieo!o;;iciU Survey of Oliio, ii, r.iii'dntolojiy.

22 I.CLLKTIV :il. IMTHl) SI'ATKS VATIONAL MtfSKltM

sullid.i.tlv NvHl P.VM..V.. I to:.ll..w,.IM positive .I.trnninalion. This is
,1... ll,,I.Mn,rl,»s n-oiiii of Dullo.* It .Hilars IVo... any ..t the known
KemM;i..|-thoonh-riiihaviii-nv.".ii-its..:.iillth.-lr.'t.

Tiic'iv is bill on., rxistin- family of I'lotei.l;., whirl, is dohnnl as lol-
lows :

i>H()Ti;ii).K.

No iiMMliMM stcniiil ('l.'MUMits. Vcit chrii' aini.hico'loiis. Carpus aii.l
tarsus (•artilaj:iiioMs. Iiiii.t wall <»f vcstil.iih- osseous. Nasalia waut-
iiij;. 'IVrlh oil all tlu" usual lioiics cNcept the uiaxillarit's, which aro
wanting'. Tlic s.roii.l c.'ratobrancliial is present, as in IJrodehi gen-
erally, ''stapes (lireclly eoi eted with the siispensoriuin. ^

Of this family hut two ;^euera are known. They are the followin;; :

IMi'iiiMl l.niiichiM'; (limits 4-1; i-yrs exposed \r<liin,^.

Kxt.TiKil l.iaiicliiM' ; (limits, ;!--^ ; cvi's hid.l.n. I'rohns.

Of tliesi' Xecturus is Xi)rth Amerie.ia ami Proteus is ICuropMii. The
hitter is represented by three or foar spuiies, which live in subterr.inean
waters in the southern parts of Austria.

These genera dilVer soaiewhat in the hyoid apparatus. The hypo-
hyal is present in NVeturns, but is, aecordin.i;- to Wiedersheiui, wantin;-'
in Proteus, in the fornuT the second cer.itobrani^hial is much smaller
than in the latter, and is not onnected with the b.isibranchials.

The connections between the inferior arjlie-s and the skull iU'o inter-
esting. In Necturus the columella is osseous and is bent abruptly for-
wards, and articulates with a short p )sterior process of tiie sifiiauiosal
bone. The ceratohyal is free fr.)m the skull, luit is cDuni'ded with it
by tlie two ligaments, the hyosusi)enso/ial to the middle of the (]uudral»»,
and the niandibuhdiyoid, to the angle of the I'.andible. (IMale IS, fig.
1.) la Proteus (Pig. 2) the arr,iii.,'einiMit is similar, cixcepr that the
processes of the stapes and s(iiiamasil do not meet, bat are connected
by a strong ligament.

The intermedium of the carpus and of the tarsus is eonlluent with
the adjacent external element, tlu^ uluare and the libulare. Tliere are
three carpalia and three tirsalia, the internal on the inner side !" the
carpus and tarsus. Tlie carpus and tarsus are thus very nuieh alike.
(Plate45, fig. 2.)

The procoracoid cartilages are distinguished fro'u the coracoids, but
are continuous at the point of junction with them. Tiiey ar.', uuwM
jiroduced forwards in Necturus. The coracoids nu'et on the middle line.
No sternum. Tiie ilium is the only ossified i»art of the pelvis. It is(!on-
uectod with the single sacral vertebra l)y a true rib, which is rather laiger
than the others. The inferior eleaients of the pelvis are continuous car-
tilage. Til Necturus the ischiadic portion is siibiiuadr.ite, wliile tlu!
public portion forms a triangle, well produced forwards to an acute-
angled apex. Femur with a trochanter in Necturus,

* HulU'tin dii Miisce Jk'oyiil du lU'if^iiine, l.-'<), p. K'>,

1

i

i

This is
' known

I iis lol-

pus illlll

ill wiint-
hicli iiit)
I'lii },M'n-

1 wins':

. S'lilinii^.
. . I'rolnis.

II. Tlir
'rr.ini'.ni

lie hypo-
wanting-
1 sinalltT
Is.

iuo intiT-

iptly lor-

(ijiiinKsiil

witli it

uailralr,

IH, Wii.

tliat (lie

)nni'(:tc'(l

•nl witli
ii'ie arc
!" llic
;h alike.

loids, but
niucli
ildle line.
It is (bon-
ier lar;;er
nous c;ir-
r'.iilo the
an acute-

Tin; IIA'I'I:.\('1IIA or NOI.'TII AMKUICA.

NKCTUKUS l{alines(|ue

23

Do Uliiiuville'M.Ioiiriiiil I'liyMUjiii', i.xxxvm, Hl'.t, )i. 117 ; \Vii;;l. Nat. Syni. Aiii-
pliili., IHliK, p. 'ill); (!iay, Ciital. Mi it. Miis., cd, I, |). (1;1 ; Honlonjjcr, Catal.
Hal, (irail. Hiil. MMH.,tMl. ii, lHHt>, p. rt;i.
rhaiirrohiaiiiliiiM, imrt., I.riickait, Isis, 18il, p. 'J(»0. I'it/iii^f., Xciic. (Massif. Kept.,

p. (is, IS.'C.
MiiiohniiiiliiiH, Ilailan, Ami Lyi'. \. V., i, H]r>, p. 'J.'l ; Tsi^hiuli, Katr., p. '.(7 ; Dimi.
iV IJilir., IX, p. ls;t.

External {(Ills persistent. I''in^ers and toes, I'oiir; voineropalatine
teeth in a single series. I'^yes exposed.

This yenus is distriliuteil throii;;li()ut the eastern district of North
Ainerieii only, whore it is represented Uy two speeies. These are distin-
;,niished ainonj; other characters by the ibllowiii}* :

.Miiz/lf loiijfiT, more tlcprrssiMl ; liiimilii;i' Mlunlrr; Irclli, prcinaxillarii'M ll-ir>; vnm-
criiii's IvJ-lll; Itiowii, tiaikcr spotted ; lar;;i'i' X mariiliitiis,

Mii//.le slioi'tcr, loss (li'iirossed ; liran(dii;r li)ii;;i'r; Icclli, prciiiax illarics ll-H ; viun
criiics ■•'-It: pale, iinspotti'd ; smaller .V. piiiictalii^.

MXTIIRI'S MACI'LATl'.S RaC.

Plates i-iii.

S'lrliiniH mnciildliin, h'lijin., I. cr.; llolitr., N. A. Herp., V, p. 1Il,pl. ;!7; iSoiileiif^or, CatT

|!;itr. <irad. lillt. Mils., ed. II. 1SH.», p. nl.
Tritdii lidirdlis, .Say, in Ldiij^'s Kspi-d. ItoeUy Mis., i, \t, ,"i.
I'liiiiiirohrnnrhim It Iraildrli/his, Leiud^ai't, I.e.
Miiiohritiicliiis lalintlis, Ilailaii, 1. c; Tseliiidi, natr.,p. 'J7 : llollir.,!. <'.,ii. ll'i, pi. ;!.-^;

Dekay, N. V. rami., K'ept., \>. S7, pi. is, f. I,", ; Dum. A: |5il,r., p. ls:t ; Wied, Nova

Aeta I.eop. -Carol xxxii. )). IIW, pi, 7, 1'. 1.
Mciiiihiiiiichns liliadachiliiK, Harlan, .lomii, Ac, Plila., i\', ji. li'JI; (iray.Ami, I'liilos.,

X, 1 >-,':., p. 'JIC.
Miitohniinhiis siiyi, (ii'ay, 1, e.

yivtitrus mavitlimiiK, Gray, Cat. Hatr, Orad, Hiit. Miis.,ed, i, p. C>i\.
/')()/c((i iiittciihtliiK. Hariies, Aincr. .loiirn., xi, ji. y.")S.
,]h'iioliraiii Jilts laripcilii, Ciray, in (Jrill'. ,\, i<.,ix, ji, l(l~.
I'littnn'ohrniirhiiH hirijuilii, l''it/.., 1. c.
.\trliinin latiriilin. \Vai;l,, 1, c.
iSinthiii liiiimalin Kiicelaiid I'rocecds, Hoslon Soc. Nat, Hist., vol, vi, p, L'rJ, l;*.")(i; p,

'JlH (ls^»7).
Muiiolniincluis hiiiiiKilis KiKM'iaiid, I, c., p, 'J,~lt, ls,")7.

In this si»ecies the body is only moderately elongate, measuring, with
the head, four and a li;iU' to live times the f-reatest width of the latter.
The body is deiiressed, though not so much .so as that of thi> known
sju'cies of Cryptobranchus. The section of the tail at the ba.se is a ver-
lical oval ; beyond this point it is more compressed, so that the distal
half is Hat and oai'-like, with a wide dermal border above Jiud below.
The length of the tail varies somewhat. It usually enters twi(!e into the
lenjith from its base to a point posterior to the eye, but .sometimes this
point is anterior to the eye, and even rarely as far as the end of the
muzzle.

The head is a Hat oval, and the nuiz/.le is Hat, rather short, and some-
what truncate in outline. The eye is situated anterior to the middle of
the head and is quite small, itslont!,er diameter enteringr the interorbital

r:

ill

If

si>;ur live times

TlH. Mostiils :uv sm:ill, ;n.il are situato.l "wir U.c

mills from thrco- lift lis

bonl.r ol ll.c lip. 1 in <• -■ ' j ^j^^,. ,.„„ .„„j

t'o ..a ...nl.nvdn, it at the e.nthns. sineo ,t .s attacliod w.l n,

. „ ; .vl.ieh iMMUuls it below. The lower lip .s decnrved, ami the

l^r . ,rt is .leeper, or ...ore eoi.vex aownwar.ls, thai, the Dostenor

i;';;;';;;;,;:: s.;.r,..e.l IV..,.. n.e ......respo,..lin, part of the opposite SHle

by a' e,oi.si.le.able interspaee, which is without groove.

^'':-'iA'

I'm. ;.. 1-7, Xfctiirujtmneiilatiix lliif., Xo FS1.1, Sfi)nnt Caniicl, III.; 8, Slriihm iiurifnninii Wiii;!., l;irv:t.
lii'ivil ; ft, ClinmU-nliix liiiihrdxiDiW. S: (I., liirvii, licild. All ii;itiii';il Wv/.i\

The hranehial;u()(!esst'.s lire undivided, and form vertical plates, whicih
thin out dowiiward.s. Tiie exteriiiil iiiid ii.tei-nal faces, Ihi^ inferior
iiiiii',i;ii., iiiid the free exticniit.v are frinjied with lather short linibria'.
The Miiterior jiroeesses ai'e shorter Hum Ihi' two olliei's, whi<'li are sub-
e»ju;il. The longest about ecpiids the length oi" the iimzzle from the eye;

I

1

tllK HATRACIIIA Or NORTH AMERICA. 25

ficjlr the they are frequently shorter. In two specimens from Kinj^ston, lTp[»er

ireoliftlis Caniula, tlu'y exceed the length of the mnzzle, but this is very seldom

V fall and the ease.

posteiior The tunj;ue does not reach the symphysis of the lower jaw, and is

3d wilinn obtusely rounded in front. It is considerably free anteriorly. The in-

1, and the ternal nostrils are an oblique slit on each side, which lies oblicjuely and

posterior ojjposite to the interval between thevomeiine and pteryj^'oid teeth,

oslte side Tiie i)remaxili.iiy teeth are in two straight divergent series, which unite

at a rounded angle in front, which would be, if completed, a little less

than a right angle. Each side usually contains eleven teeth, but there

h are sometimes thiiteen and in one huge specimen (No. S'AH)) lllteen

M teeth. The vomerine series is parallel within the premaxillaiy, forming,

f like them, an obtuse angle anteriorly. There are twelve or thirteen

teeth on each side, but sixteen in the large specimen (No. H.ICJO). Imme-
diately posterior to the>e and at a short interval, the pterygoid series
!7) commences. It is slightly convex outwards, and embraces usually six

if tei'h, rarely live, and in llie large^Xo. .Si.(I())ten teeth. Thedentary boiK>,

' supi)orts twelve or thirteen tec tli, which are dire(!ted obliquely inwards

at a slight angle. The si)lonian)oae siipi)orts tour and sometiaies live

" teeth, which form a short series posterior to those of the dentary l»<>ne,

' whose base ascends gently backwards. In two specimens from (Jr.tss

Iiiver, N. Y.(Xo. 7()o8) the teeth are rather fewer in number, viz: I'rc-

maxillaries, eleven; vomeropalatines, eleven; jjterygoids, four.

The limbs are well developed, but short and weak, as in salamanders
generally. The two external lingers are subicpial in length, and siiorter
than the two middle ones, which are also subeipu'' There are no dis-
tinct palmar or su bdigital warts. The phalanges are, beginning on
the inner side, l-.'S-IJ-L'. The toes are all unequal. The innei' is the
shortest; then follow in order the fourth, the second, and the third.
There are no solar or subdigital tubercles. The phalanges number
l-L'-'J-L*. The limbs are of about enual length, and are ecpial to the
width of the head just in front of the brancliia'. Tressed to the side,
they are separated bv a distaiu!e equal to one length and a half of
either of tlKin.

The skill is entirely s.nooth, and has no longitudinal later.d fold.
There are fourteen transverse folds — very rarely lifteen— which are not
visible on the belly nor on the median dorsal region. A fold crosses
the throat, connecting the branchial fissures; it is not very profound,
and be(;omes obscure in specimens which have not been well preserved.
I Wii-i.,iiirv:t. There are two branchial lissures only, there being none behind the pos

terior branchial arch. The vent presents two short obtuse i)rocesses

, „.,■ , inwards and backwards at the i)osterior i)art of its lateral borders. An-

tes, \\ liicli ' '

■ ,. „; „ terior tc these there are three short processes, one on each side and oiu^

le inU'rioi ' '

,j (i,,,!,,.;,,. 'd the anterior angle, which are principally composed of fine papi»ilhe.

h are sub- Uesidcs these, the entire walls are i)api)illose. These are especially

., prominent at the breeding season,

111 I'lli'tAvj

'^i ■

26 BULLETIN ;il, rMTIll) STATHS NATIONAL MUSEUM.

MiKaunminlfi of Xo. 'J897.

Total l..n«tl. "-if

Li'iiyth li> c'liil <)1' vent -"'^

Loii^jtli to opiKisilc j^roiii. '-'~^

L('ii;;tli to ojipo^ilc axilla ""•'

Length to oiipositc aiitciioi' lirancliia "•'•>

Length to opposite eye '"•'

Wiillhofheadat eyes "^i"'

Width ofliead lietweeii eyes "-'•!

Greatest widlli ofliead •"<>

Length ot'anteii.)!- I i nil is "Ill

Length of )iosteiior linilis ''I-'

iK'ptli of tail at middle ":>•''

The ground coloi' is ii lio]it cliocoliito brown, wliidi is .soinctiint's
(iiio'od witii piiiic, and which i.s nsiially rcndorcd liyiitcr in tint It.v ;iii
iiilinitiido ol' wliitis'i s[K'('ks and small spots, which ivduce llu' j^iitiii.d
to a iiiinute reticulate jiattern. On this j>round are distributed several
rows of spots ofMark l)rowii, which are (piineuncially arranged, not very
close together, in from four to eight or nine iricgiilar longitudinal rows.
These are w:tiiting on the belly, but are continued on the tail. The in-
ferior surfaces are dirty white, clouded with the color of the hack, but
they are sometimes colored like the l)ack, iiielnding the dark spots.
The soles and judms are yellowish. A dark brown band passes along
the canthus roslrtdis through ih(> eye, ;ind extends some distance pos-
terior to it, Jii young s|)('cimeiis this band extends to the end of llie
tail, involving the greater part of the sides. It is bordered above by an
ochreous yellow band, which also extends from tlie end of (ho muzzle to
the end of the tail. The median line of (lie head and back is dark
brown, this color ceasing above (he vent.

An entirely :Jack variety litis been sent me by J)r. ,T. (1. Carnier of
Luckiiow, Ontario, which he hits obtained from the Maitlandiind laick-
now Jlivers. The only variation in the color consists of two obscure
baud-like aggregates of yellowish brown specks tilong the inferior and
suiierior borders of the muscular part of the tail.

Hahih.—Uv. Samuel Kneeland, of IJoston, gives an aceoniit of the
habits of (wo iiidividtiiils of this species which he kept several moiidis
in coiiliiiemeut. They were very hardy, having been frozen tind thawed
several tim,.s during the winter. They were (piite rapacious, eating
worms and (Islies. They Mere niost active at night, t.ud <l,Ming (he .lav
'•votd.'d tl.c light. They cleaned their branchiu. by stroking (h,.m witii
JiH'.r aiKetior feet. The librilhe Mere ttlternately expanded tmd con-
tractcd by pmssuie of blood and its absence.

As may l»e seen from the following list, this species ranges through-

o.. H. tr iHitanes of (he (Ireat l.kes and the Aiississippi, as M-elfas

' ." s that How tnto tiie (Jiilf of Mexico and (he Atlantic Ocean, a.s

. ..stieraH.ve, Xorti.^ '"— ' ^<'< ' "'--l

in either the Ihiridaa or! he Texan .list rids,

M.

....o,:U)0

2M

',"20

(),-((

o.v.

()i:>

o:!i;

02:!

(ik;

010

di;?

ii:;:.

THE 15ATUACHIA OF NORTH AMERICA.
IIESKUVE SKRIES.

27

CatiiloKiio No.of

Ulliubul'. H])L'C.

8348

n

78U7

h;150

2

8r>«0

88ir>

!t20:!

!t2ll7

791)7

] 08110

1()8!»7

45;il)

7(141

7011"

;«i(i7

n^:.!)

7(1(18

7(i;t8

7(i(;i

7(1:"

7(112

7(1 ir>

12(171

4(I')S

127f.l

i;i:i'.i(i

49

Locality.

K'ii.ston. N. C

(iiaiiil KcdisK, Midi

Whon
vuUectod.

Oct'— ; 1875

JUIH!— , 187.''>

From wlioiii recoivtd.

^lasoii & Welsher

J. W. MiliuT

<;iarkHt()!;, Jlicli

do

M. Hanks

Moiiiit Caiincl, HI

(irt'jiT: Lakes

Saimiel Turner

(Jrand Ecoisc, Mich

do

(ieiu'va Lake, Wis

do

.Ji'i'lv'2bir88l'
...do

CM. Clark

(J. Clark

If. W. Wcl-.' er

do

ltiii'lin<'toii, \'t

I'rof. 8. Kliaird

Dr. K. Owen

1). (iiinn

Tyicc S|irini;s,Tiiiti

I.akc Sii|u'rior

(.'ook Coiiiily. Ill

Ill' ■ '—] VwiV

1{. Iveiinieott

Dr. Ticnildev

I'oita;;!' Lake

AViii. Dirkiiisoii

(Iiaws Kiv( r, ^1 ad rid, N. Y

('levcland. Oliici

Dr ,J V Kiillaiiil

T)(tii)it, Mich

'riis<'iiinl>ia, Ala

(Japlain (iiiiiiii.sori, r. S. A..

'L'ailidid, N. (;

— , I^.-^l

1882
1882

.1. t. liriduer

MdiiMt ('ainicl. 111

Arkansas Ivivcr, mai' Foi I

.Smith.
Miilchoiisc Palish, La . ..
M(iiitf;iiiiiciv, Ala

I,. .M 'I'liriier

C. Sliiiiiiard

I!. II. liroadnnx

T. S. Doian

Nature ol'
siicciiuen.

Alcolielie.
Do.
Do
I'o.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.

Do.
Do.

(iEN'KUAI, SEUIES.

12079
70.')9
:ill(i7
70(1(1
7(111
70".7
7o."iJ
70(l(i .
7058
40.58

7(I5'I ':

7111
7(l(il
7(1 III

:i9so
I44(;(i

Mich

Mount Caniiel. Ill

Saint l.oins, Mo

Conk CoiMily, 111

Hoot KiM'i.'ltacino, \Vi
'I'vri'e S|irui:;s. Tenn...
Detroit. Mich
I.ako Michigan, ',

Isle Koyiil

('oliiiiilills, ()liii>
Arkansas liivei-,

Meadville, I'a

(.')...'.

Cleveland, Ohio ..
(^iliiriiliiis. Ohio. ...

(.'I

Detroit, Mich

Nov.

l.e«l

Ark

L. M. 'i'linu'r

Dr. ( ieor;;e Kn;;leinann

It. Ki'iinicotl

I'rof. .S. K Haiid

I'rot. J{. Ow.n

Caplain (iiinnison, 1'. S. .\ .

I!ev. .•\. C. liarrv

Ma,ior Whittle.sJ'V

Dr. Worniley. .-

Dr. li. !■'. Shinnnrd

Dr..). I'. Kutland...
I'rof. L. I.esi|iiereiix.

(0

(!)

Alcehel ,

Do.
Do.
Do.
Do,
Do,
Do.
Do
Do,
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.

NKCTITKITS ITNCTATl'S (iil.bos.
Jotinijil of tlic licmton Sdiioty of Naliiiiil Histoiy, IH'.:!, vi, ]k '.WJ

Fin. 4. Xirftinin ptDictnti's. Xo II,':];!, Cliinlc'-ti 11, S. C, tiatnial .'~ize.

The j,n'iu'r;il iippciiiiiiicc ol ilii,'^ species is (|iiit(' (linerciil (roiii tliaf of
the K. macuhilus, aiidtlius is snpiiorted h.v Hcveriil strueturiil characters.

4

28 lUJLLKTlX ol, rXITKI) STATES NATIONAL MUSKUM.

H

The animal is not coinnK
National ."Museum.

)ii ill <"olloctions, and tlit'io are but four in tlio

on
Ic

Tiic j-cncial form is mncli like that of the X muculatus, but the muz-
is (IHlerent. I nsteail (tf bein^' depressed or even coucavc above, iunl
ratiier wide, it is itinclicd at the si(b's,soas to be ratherelevated at the
-nd,an(l tohave atnincate jirolile. 'J he head is wide in proportion to its
enytii, tlic two measurements hein;;- about e(iual. The length of the
taiNs the same as in S. nKicnlaliis, twice its length marking a point pos-
terior to tluM'.ve. The limbs an' not quite so hing as in the N. maciilatiis,
the spaee between them, when they are ai)pressed to the sides, oquabug
twice the extent of the antciior leg, wliich is little longer than the pos-
terior, in the specimens in the IMnseum the body is decidedly com-
pressed, and (here is a distinct median doisal groove. These char-
a(!ters aie less marked in the .V. muniUiliis.

The upper li^) is more iieiidulous than in X maciiJatuN, or perhaps
sueh an appearancto may bo ascribed to an elevation of thepremaxillary
liorder, in accord with the more elevated muz/.le T!:e nostrils are
a little closer together than in the larger species, the distah ,'e between
them e(pialing half the interorbital spa(;e, nistead of two thirds. How-
ever, in one of the four specimens this space measures two-thirds that
l)etweeu the orbits. The brancthial processses are relatively considei ■
ably longer than in X inncuhitKs in all the specinuMis, and they aic
more a(!umiuate in form. Tiieir length (tonsitlerably exceeds that of
the muzzle in fr(»nt of the eye. In .V. maoulntuH they are usually
shorter than this length ; in two or three specimens, however, they arc
as long as in the X7>HHr/r(/H.s'. There are but two branirhial lissur.'s.
The width of the head enters .").() times the length of the head and body
together.

The numbers of the teeth furnish distinctive characters foi' this
sjiecies. They are: Premaxillaiies, 0-S; vomeropalatiues, 8-!> ; i)tery-
goids, (J. Thus while the pterygoids are as numerous as in X maciddhis,
the numbers of the other teeth are reduced. There are eleven <Ienta
ries and three spleuials in the lower Jaw. The j)o>!terior uares aie a
longitudinal slit opposite the space between the vomeropalatine teeth
and the pterygoids. The tongue is short ami roumled,and extensively
fr.ein front. The phalanges of the anterior foot are, L'-L'-I-'J. The
metacarpals are connected by a slight web to their distal ends. The
middle toes are equal, and the external and internal ones are e(pial.
The posterior phalanges number 2-2-3 -L', and the digits are all unequal,
and are very slightly webbed at the base.

The skin is entirely smooth. The lateral tblds number fourteen, as i n .V.
inneulalus. The muscidar part of the tail has a wide, free, dermal border
above and lielow, The fonner is more slender than in most specimens
of the .V. Dutciihitiis; but this charac^ter does not always hidd good.
There are five cloacal papilla-, with the three anteri.u' iinelv fringed,
as in N. Maciilatus.

THE HATIiA(;ill.V OK NOllTII AMlMilCA. 29

Mi'ttiiirviiuiiln oJWu. l\fi\'.t (tvpe).

M.

Total leiiytli -• 171

!., -Viitli to end of vent I'JO

l,ciiK.'-'i to <iiiiioHil<!gi'<)iii Olt'J

I.t'iifitli to oiipoMitc, axilla .0:55

Lciifftli to ojiposito anterior brancliia 021$

l.('n;;tli to opposito cyo 00(J

Width of head atojes 015

W id til of head between eyes 010

(Ireatest width of li<!ad 017

I.enfith of anterior limb 019

l,enj;tli of poHterior linil) OIH

|)eptli of tail at middle 014

III life the colors are very indistinct aiid admirably adapted for coii-
cialiiieut ill water. In alcohol tliey fade tolij^lit brown or slate color;
till' lower snrfaces i)al('r. Tlieie are no spots or darker iiiiirkinfjs of any
kind, but in life there are iimnerons ininiite white pnneta' scattered on
tlie siiles and upper surfaces.

As may be seen from the atjcompanyinji list of specimens, the range
of this species is (jnite limited. It has not been found ontof the rivers
{){' North and South ('aroliiia.

i'lltillii^;!!!'
lllllljli.'l'.

|j:)iit

7(111

spiM'.

I.diMlity.

I S. Siiiiti'c Ilivcr, S. C
'J Wiliiiinntoii, N. (;..
1 (;iiail(sl.in, s. i;

When
ciillcclcil.

Kriiin w liiiin rcciivcil.

— — , iHr>i) i)f. r,. K. (liiitii's ..

Mar. — , IcK.' Ddiialil Milt.ir

-- i C)

i

Nature of
HIK-ciiiiei).

A]f. typo.

AI(i>lioliu.

Oo.

UKODELA.

Dnm^^ril jit. 1>0I ; Cope, 1.<'7 : J'.niulosaiirhi pt. De IJlainville, l^lfi.

No intercalary, snpraoccipital, nor basiocciiiital bones. (). maxillaro
present ; prefrontale present (with one exception); vomero palatina pres-
ent, not ai)proximated to usually present pteryyoidea ; orbitosphenoid
lar;i;e, not reacliinj; palatal surface; mandible with teeth on the deiitale.

IJody of proatlascoiissilied, with the atlas forminj;' theodontoid proi;-
ess of the latter. Cervi(;al vertebra' without verteb'-arterial canal.
No rutlimental (centra or intercentra. Kibs with two, fre(iuently closely
approximated, heads.

No median sternal elemer.ts. Ooracoid bone rudimeiital. Sacral
ril» well developed. Tubes represented by a sinjjic cartilaginous plate,
which sometimes contains a median osseous (;enter. Iscliia in mutual
«'ontact throughout their length. No obturator foramen. Femur with
distinct great trochanter.

The stapes has no coiinectiiui with the susjiensorinm in the adult ex-
cept in the Cryptobranchida' and Ampliiiimida'. It is connected with
the suspensory (iartilagi', w!ii"'!i is (•;)'itiniiiHis with the (piadrate carti-
lage, in the latter families, and in the young of other Urodela. The

■50 iUILLKTIN lil, KMTKU .STATKS NATIONAL MIJSKUM

(xTiitoli.val iscitlier lice ;il its posterior I'-xticiiiilv, iis in IIh^ Proteidii,
or in tlic more tvpiciil lonns it Joins tlic (iniulralc ('artiIaf,'o Ity «lirect
ai-tii'iilation or by li-ainiiit.

TIicIi.vomI a]>|i,tiaiiis lias a very uniform cliaractiT in tlic various
fiiNiilics. ('.\ci'ptiM,u- in tlic CrvptolnMiu'liiida', Aniphiurnida', and Co'cil-
iidif, wlifrt' it is (piite ditlVrtMit. In tiie typical forms it is constructed
as follows: lis si:si)(iisor is, as usual, tiie eeratoliyal, wliicli is undi-
vided. This is eoiiiiected witii a median hasal piecte, the i'lvat Uasi-
branchial, i»y a sej-ineiit, i^enerally slendei', the hypobyal. Soinelinies
tins piece docs not touch the cciatoliyal. Imoui the posterior lateral
border of the basibraiu-hial there orii^'inatcs on each side a rod, the lirst,
cerafobranclnal, which is continued after a Joint, as the first eidhran-
chial. From a i)roccss which orij^inates between the bases of these, on
flic siijicrior side of the Iiasibranchial, there oii,!4inates on each si<le of
its postciior extremity another rod, shorter than (he first, the second
ceiatoiiranchial. In some {(cncra (Ilyuobiida-) tlieie is attaciu'd to the
(b'stal cxticmity of this lod a second one, continuous witli it, the secoiu!
eiiibraiicliial. The second basibranchial is separated from tl: > iirst,
and is situated far posterior to it, not far in advance of the corac(tid
bones. It is better ossilied than iiutst of the rest of the liyoidx, and was
called the thyroid bone by Ciivicr. Thatitis the distal extremity (d'
the second basibranchial is shown by the fact that it is continuous with
the first by a median rod in the larva-. (Plates l.l, l',">, I'O, ;}(», ,'{7.)

The important differences disi)layed by the different forms of the
liyoid ill the Urodcla may be tabulated as follows.

I. Mi'<liiiii 1111(1 l;itfi;il clciiicnls ilistiiic't.

((. Two ('('liltdlllMllcllinl puii's.

CVi'iitDliyals mi(li\ idcil ; ciiilirjiiicliiiils, lir.sl mid laroly sfcond iircsciit. I'siudu

Kuitriu lilv.
CVr;it<>liy:ils(livi(l(<l; t'liiliriimliials, •,>,:!, and l [ncHi'iit. TrcmiitotUni Umii.

aa. Oiii' i)iiir oftcratoluaiicliials.
Coratoliyalsiiiidividrd; ciiibiaiRdiials, ',>, ;), and 4 prctsi'iit. tmiihiiinwidm
C'opi'.
II. Lateral f' 'MciiIs conliniKnis across middle line.

Xom-UiaiMlnmnls (/w?a OppH.'

The Trematodcr.i, Ampliiiimonlra, ami Ai)odii contain one family
each, viz: the Cryiilobriiiichida', .VinpliijiMiibe, and ('(elciiidic. The
value of the differences scpnratiii- them is diininislied by the fact that
in the larva' of the I'.scndosauria the 1, 1', .!, and J epi'biMiichials arc
present, and the eeratoliyal is lrc(pieiitly divided (c. 7, VJunubotits tauhro-
sits, Plate LT), fi- 1).

The subordinate diiniviices presented by {\w families and genera
are indicated under their rcs]icctive heads.

The Trodela. excepting the Apo.la. have limbs. The toos number
from two in both IW1 to five in flic posterior foot, and four in the anteri.ir
foot.^ No r,ro.h-lc a-rces with theextiiKtt .oe„„s Tlryops (Cope), from the
*0(.p''l, 1,^11, n„i ./y,,W,.,of L.mia'as(i„ lidiesj; r.vahpkitiiaD^liL, Irtlti.

^s*

TIIK nATIv'ACIIIA t»l" KOKi'll AMIMIICA.

31

Protciilii,
by direct

(' various
1(1 Cd'cil-
iistnic'tcd

JH iiiidi-
inst l»asi-
onu'liiiics
II' latciiil
I, the lit St

eplln'an-

tlK'SC, »)I1

;li sido ol"
i(* second
led to tlie
he second
11: ' ilrst,
coracoid
, and was
(I'eniit.vot
loiis with
, .'57.)
IIS of the

lit. I'kcikIo-
mU va Diiiii,
Hthiunwuku

0(hi Ointfl."

le family
da'. Tlie
fact that
I'liials arc
(n tcii'hro-

id genera

s iiuiiiber
e anterior
, from the

Perinian beds of North America, where there are (iv(i toes in the anterior
foot. In the cari)ns there is at least one iiiterniediiim, e.\cei)t in soau'
Salamandrida' and JMeurodelidie,* where it is united with the uli ar. .
(Jenlr.ile always present. The carpaliii are live in Cryi)tobranchns and
Aiiddystoma. and tlirei^ in Pletliodon and Dieniyctylus. In the tarsus
then; are three bones in the lirst row, a lar^e tibnlare and intermedium,
and ii sniiill tibiale. There is one centrale, as in the (!aii)us. The tarsa-
liii nund)er live, except that there are four in tlie Salamandrida' and
rieiirodelic'a', where the carjialia are on]/ three. Tiie internal or lirst
tibiale is not distal, but lateral in Amblystonia and IMethodoii. It is
<listal in Ciyptobranchus. (I'lati s -l."), 40).

Jkrchpmciit. — The ejj-^s of rrodehi are laid in tli(! water nr on land.
In the former (rase tlieyaie attached singly or in small numbers to the
leaves of aijuatic plants. In the latter ca.se they are laid in little con-
cavities beneath stones or hark. In Desmojiiiathus the albumen con-
necting them dries into threads, which hold the eggs together. One of
the parents lies by and watches them. In the Atnphiumoideat and tlie
Apodal the female coils herself in a cinde over the eggs.

In the growth of the larva- the branchia' and balancers are lirst devel-
oiied, and afterwards the anterior limbs. The posterior limbs follow.
Those s[)iracles or iManchial lissuies between the epibranchial bones
which support the gills give passage for water from the ]»haryn.\. Then>
are no internal gills such as are found in Anura. The branchial pro-
♦•es.ses vary in lonii, but all terminate in IViiiges, in each of which is a
va.scular loop. The varieties displayed by larva; of IJrodela as coni-
pared with tho.se of genera with permanent branchiie are as follows:
(i'latel'.)

1. .'^t'|it;i witii l)i|iiiiiiiitc liiiiii.

liaiiii willi iiiuiiy tlirciid like liiiiliri;!- Siren.

II. .Si'iita witli iiiiiiiimiatc rami.

A riKliiiiciital inner row of rami ; liiiiliria' tliicad-liko I'lottua.

III. Scpla with .siinpli' rami.

.(. Ifami Ion;;, comim'.'^scd ; liiiiliriai (Iciii'iKlcnt from lower cil^ro.

Fimliria- tliicad-Iike, cxtt'iHliii;; on liotb ()iit( r and inner I'aee of proeecN.

N(i.(uruH.
riuiliria' Hal, loii^, dnelly conliiied lo tlie lower niaiMriu of iiroee.s«. Lar-
va- of Sprlrrinn nilur; S. hilinivliis, and (lyriiiojihihis porpliijrilinis.

Fimbria- few, isiilielavate ruilmlou viiinriis.

AA. liaiiii loii^:, narrow ; lu-arin;,' liiiiliria' only on the side next tlie liody.

Fimbria- .simple, Hat, snl)e(|iial AmhIjMoma.

AAA. h'iinii very .short; liiiibria- extendin^r ,iii ihe vertical nepta.

Fimbria- in uniiierous rowson tlieed^c ollhe .septa ; .slender, iinlmuK-hed.

,.,.,, .,, , . /.<irv<i of CIiotidioiKH IcinhroHiiti.

IV . bepta wit lion t rami.

'St-pta bearing; flat, thread-like fimbria-, wliieli ariso posteriorly, and arc
often divided. T,arv;i frem Simiahmoo, Wa.s)iin;;toii Territory, prob-
ably of a Choiidriilifi.

* /'.'. (/. Mohjv. nili/nris (Dii^es), IHvuuirliihix viridcscius.
to. 1'. !|;iy, Ainericjiii Natiirali.st, 1^^-K
t Sju-a.sin, EnibryidoKy of tin- Co-eiliidie.

;> m

1^

:ii

r.ri.M.iiN :;i,

IMTKI) STATI.S NATIO.NAI. MISI I'M.

1

,.l..vdo,.:n...l oltl.r vnlrl.n.allaiv li.^t bic.....^lv<^^.■lisl,.|iU^
„.,.,.,„,„,,„,,, ,,,,,ih„. ossilifs later, m.hI attacLrs Uscll to tl.o

r,?

ill tii«-

'!;;,,,,,, ,,,s,..nor -oil, funning' an o,.isll>onrlous art.cilat.mi. J lu-ro

'",,.. ,,,, „, liist siinpl.. a. tlH- ..Miriiiily (IMatc L'O, h;.. 0), Imt s ,

,,,,„,„, ,„•„,,„.. (l.'i,. .-,), nr .itii two dibits. Tins was iirst ol.smxMl
bv IMMM.iii ill ISL'l ill 111.' Knn.i.rai. UcmisnUminuhit cnshita. I ro-
Ic'.ssm' IMiid* lii'st ..hscivnl tills in tlic .l;H/>///,s7«"Hf iH<«c/.///n« iii larvir

„,• , , i„ i,,iinti, Tlio saiiu- lias since lurn obscrvi'il by myself in

ISIi'l't ui.l later l.v (iiittef in liis essiiy on tlic .leveloinnent and re-
..eii'eration of tl.e" Inotskeleton in Hx" tiitoii; also l.y Strasser and
hv Ilov ill \>iihliJxto)ii(( jHinctittiim tlie nninhers ot dif^its succeed
.;,,I, oilier as follows: First sta-e, li before, hind limb none; second,
;. i„.,„,,. i.iiHl Imibnoiie; lliird, ;J before, liind limb 2; Ibiutli, ;5 l.o-
f,„,' hind limb :>. Sometimes the anterior dif-its are complete in nnni
l„,,.'l„.|„re the jK-sterior foot appears, and we have cunibinations of
,„„„l„.rs from 1-0 to l_;i, and t— Ito the fall nnmber, l_r,, which is
found in alt specimens of I'.o and npwards.

As already observed, the Uatrachia are supposed to have been de-
rived from t'lie Dipnoi. Spicimens ;;f L,-pi<l()siren annertais have been
,1, scribed s which have the extremity of tl;e limbs abnormably bifur-
cate, but the iibiioriiiaiity is perhaiis in the direction of the evolution of
diiiits. Dr. (i. I'.nnr believes that the third, fourth, and fifth di;;its have
<;rown or sprouted successively in time from theexternal <listal allele of
Mie ulna and fibula, while' the first and second are represented by the
two orii;iiial branches. :|

in the cranium a j;()od iiiaiiy important clian;;es occur before the bcnes
iippcar.'l Anion};- the first of these is the division of the live simple
tr.insverse branchial cartilaj^es ■'•, > t wo se<;iiieiits each, epibranehials
and ceratobranchials, or, in the c.ise of the anterior arch, into cerato-
liya' and hypohyal. Ho the maiidibiilar cartilaj^e immediately uiitciior
to the ceratoliyal, divides into the superior (iiiadiatc, and the inferior
iiiccUelian or mandibnlar. A snbseipient cliaii;j(! is the fusion of the
(piiidrate cartiiafic at its superior end with the trnbeculiiin of its side-,
and with the pterygopalatine arch with the inferior end. (.See IMate l>^,
fijis. 7-',* ) At this time the cluudadorsalis bus retreated till it is only
present lietwceii theexoccii»ital cai'tila.uel>elow. Whenossiticatioii com-
mences, the vomers, palatines, and ptervudidsare nil distinct. Towards
the end of the metaiiioridiosis the former two. unite, and tlu^ piery.uoid
separates from the palatine. Iloth these elemeiits contract away from
each othenintil they are widely seiiarated, and the pteryj;-oids are niiieh

" Icoiidnrniiliit; lOiicyclopii'di'i, \H,)\.
t I'nicccdiiiiis I'liilii. Acail., ]>. !••').

I l^T'.l.

v\ liy StciiuliicliMcl'.

II [4eilriii;c /iir M()i|ih();;cnic d. Cnrims ii. 'I'ai.siis ilcr Vci tflMalcii, l-^T, p. I'lT.
liTlic fads as to I lie llrst sta';(s of tin- ?,liull of t lie ia.va of Aiiiblystoiim arc duiivud

from JJr. W. K. I'aikcr, l'liilnso|ili. rraii>ar l-^;7, p. .Vi',1.

'd. I'ro-
ill liirvic

4

THK nATKACIIlA OF NORTH AMERICA. 33

''■"^I'l'''"'' rc«Iiici'(l ill si/c. In some fiuiiilii's the ptcryfj^oids iiover ossil'v, iiiitl (lis-

••" !•• t''^' apitoiir. All illiistiation of the late persistence of the osseous ptei'yjjo

• There palatine arch is seen in the larva of Cliondrotus IcnfbronUN. (See Plate

21.)
l>ut soon 'j'lie tiyntcmatic urmixjemcnt of the Urodela may be represented us

Dl.served follows:

1. Iviili'ial jiiid iiicdiaii li.yoid ck-iiiciis (li.stiiiet.

A. 'I'wo imirsdl' ciMJitoljriincl'.al Ixmcs; Htiipiis coimcctod with <|iiudi'titc arcli ;

tiysell in no (lnnldc liyp()iio|di.vs('n. 'rrcmaloiUra.

; and re- No lirst cpiliraiicliial ; no dimldt! lij i)oii()i)li\is('.s of vfrtidiiM' ; vrrtclna' aiii-

SSer and jiliicirloiis; (■(.■riitdliyal comieutcd witli (|iiadrutt! by li^ainciil oiily;

^ ^ ^ 1 voiiici()]>alat iiu! l)oiH'H witli teeth on tlie anterior margin; vcslilnihs

witli nicnihranotis inner wall ; no iiaraHplienoid teetli.

1 «l'<:'>"«') Cruiilohniiichiiln:

'th, 3 be- ]{. One iiiiirolceratohrancliial bones; .stapeHconnccted \vitli<inadrate iircli; liypo

ill iiiun liophysc's (h)uble. Aiiijiliinmoidai.

'itions of No tiral epibranehial, several otiicr.s jircsent ; vertebra' aniidii(.(Ldoii.s ; an elli-

• . ^1 ■ moid; scapular an<l pelvie arelies present; (•I'i'atoiiyai eoniieeled witli

^ (inadrato by lifi;anient only ; liver little Hiib divided Iniphiiimidw.

'^ C. Two pairs of eeratobraneliials; wtapes not conneeted with (luadrato arch in

been de- ailult; only tlio lirsl and rarely second ei)ibraneliials iirrsent; verlc-

iive been '"'"' without double hypoi)opliyses. I'ttriidosaiiria.

»l\' biftir- ^" ^ L'lebra' aniphieielous.

," ,. ,. VoMieropalatine bones with teeth on the iiosttirior niarjiin; eeratolival

)lltttOIIOl ri J ,'

connected with (inadrate by cartila^;e; no ])arasplienoid teetli ; vesii-
l^lts nave Ij,,!^ with osseous walls; carpus and tarsus ossiliiid; an otoyiossal

allele of eartila^io ; no second epibranchial ideiiient Imbli/nlomidti:

(1 i)V the Vouieropala-tine bones with teeth on tlie posterior iiiarj;in ; no itaiasjdie-

noid tetJtli; no otoj^Iossal cartilage; a second c]iibranehial.

(1,1,, Uijnohiidiv

^ Vonieropalatinc bones with teeth on the posterior inarj;ins ; pariisplienoid

I' siiiiple teeth; vestibule with osseous walls; ceratohyal eonueeted wilh

raiichiais (piadrate by eartilaj^e ; no ototjlossal cartiiaj^e ; no second epibranch-

|(, ccrato '"'; carpusand tarsuscartihif^iuous; no pteryjjoid I'hthodontiUv-

■ ^,,^\^>^\^^■ 2. Vertebr.e opisthoc(elous.

. Voinero|iaIatinc bones not sendinf^ processes over paraspheiioid bone;

\ ceratohyal eonnccteri with (piadrate by cartilajre; paraspheiioid

^'" "' 'he teeth; no ])()stfrontos(|uani()sal arch; carpus and tarsus cartila;;i-

f lis si(l(-, nous iJcsmoyiiulhidtr.

l>l;l(,. js, Voineropalatino bones not produced posteriorly ; paraspheiioid teeth; no

j( j . ,,,,i> liostfroiitosi|uaiuosal arch ; carjiiis and tarsus osseous Thoriidw.

\ tiueropalatine bones extended over parasplieiioids in two dontii;erous

processes; no paraspheiioid teeth; no osseous postfrontosqiiatiiosMl

Towards arch; ccrat(diyal only connected with quadrate by linanieut , carpus

[)tcr,V.i;(»id and tarsus osseous Salumuiidrida:

Wav from N'oincropalatinc bones extended over parasi)lieii(»id in two dentij;erous

are much processes; no itaras|dicii{)id teeth; an osseous postfroiitos(|uainosai

1 '. arch; ceratohyal only coiiiiccte<t willKiuadrate by lii^'anient ; carpus

and tarsus osseous riviirodclido'.

II. Tlyoid cleincnts continuous across middle line. No distinct median (dements,
.Stapes connected with (|uadral(^ hone. Aptidd.
» Vertehne with ihmblc hypojiophyses ; an ethmoid bone ^ scapular and pelvic

II. ti7. •'"' arches wantiii",' ; liver greatly subdivided Caciliida:

are derived 1U51— iJuU 3i 3

MB

m\

IJ

34 lUILLlCTIN :il, UNUKI) STATIvS NATIONAL Mi:SKUM.

'|'lK^('iiriliiiln-:nv t:('iifiiillv i.-iiitlcd :is U'|>it'.sciitiii;; ;Mli>t iiicl <»i(l«T,
wliidi twar.s tlif i>;iiiirs AimmIii or (;.viiiii<.i.lii(.ii;i. Tlit' .U'liiiilii)ii «ivcii
(.•lliisonlciln Mr. I'.oiilcii-t'r* is: "Noliiiibs; t;iil ni.liiii.'iilitr.v. MaU's
witiiiiii iiiliomilH'iil cnpiiliilorv «>r;;aii. Adiiplnl lor hm rowing;.'' Of
tlifS(.<I('liiiitiuiis none is of (.nliiial value. The tail in some 8|M'ci*\s is
•listiiict. The iiitniiiiitti'til eopiilatory (Uj^aii in Ihriiiopliis me.ncanHs,
(li/miioiiis i)r(>.riniiisy,\ui\ llcrpdc iwhrturjihuJa is not an espeeial oryaii,
but isiiicn'I.v the evoti-d eloaca. The hard pai»ilhe observed by (liiii-
therf ill i\\o Ichthijophin (jUttinniiVs are \vaIltill^' in tln^ above speeies.
The protnisioii of tiie cloaca is eirceted by two espe(!ial inns(des, wliieli
are waiitiiii;- in Ainphiiiniida'. Asia limbs, their extremely rndimeut-
ary character in Aiiiphinma is well known. To rej^ard tlieir condi-
tion as indi('atiii,n' ordinal separation from tlieCariliida' is not in aecord-
aiice with our practice in similar cases in tlie l{ei>tilia, as in the oriler
Laceitilia.

1 have endeavored tosnstain the order Gymnophiona by the cliui'acter
of the fusion of the nasal and premaxillary bones found in the majorit;*
of tlie gonora.J lint Stannius§ shows that these bones are, distinct in
Ichthyojilns. Huxley states (Anatomy of Vertcdtrato Animals, p. l")."))
that in Jrlifhiiopliis nliidnosKs a distinct bone neaily eneindes the orbit.
This he compares to the supra and postorbital i)ones found in the Stej^'o-
cepliali. Uur in ("hthon;rpeton, Ca-iiilia, Dermophis, and other genera,
this bone forms part of the maxillary, so that it is not (diaraeteristicof the
family, and may not be homol(\iions with the bones wliieli occnjty the
same position in Stcfioceidmli. Wieder.slieim calls it maxillary.

With these fact in view I liave united || the Ca'ciT'da' with the L'rodela,
a i»roposition which I fully believe to be sustained by the evidence. The
Ca'cili'uhv is nfamiUj of I'rnihUt, cniiiiertnl with the typical forms throiiyli
the Ampkiiimida'.

ihwjrophical (listiHiution.''nni distribution of the families of the
Urodela and their contents is as follows : None exist in the Australian
realm and, exeeptiiij;- some Ca'ciliida', in the Kthioi»ian realm. In tlie
Neotropical they are restricted to the Central American ami Mexican
districts, with a few species in the northern Andes, and one reputed to
be from the West Indian island, Santo Domingo.

The Ca'ciliida' are more widely distributed, belonging especially to
tropical regions.

•(■al:il(>j,'ii(; of tin- Jh'itisli Miiscuiii, \ri-^, \t. dS.
I Kcplilcsof Biiiish India (Kay Society), p. 4!1.
! American Natiiralisr, 18>l, ji. 'JC.
v^ Zooloniie (lev Amijliiliicn, lii:A), p. 41.

il American Naturalist, l^d5, p, ;il4, note, an.l l',ocee,l«. Auut. l-hllu8. Soc, Feb.
leoo p. 44'.i,

ill

M.

liiict »>r«l»'r,
itiun ;;iv('ii
11 V. MiiU's
w'ini;." or
I', HjU'cios is

me~vic<inHH,
Hiial orj^^aii,
ul by (liiii-
ivo species.
i(!k's, wliieli
: nulinuMit-

lii'ir cuiiiii-
it in iU'.eonl-
n the onltT

le cliai.u'tcr
he majorit;*
^ (listiiiet ill
iials, !•. 1").'))
L's tlie orltit.
1) theHle^,M»-
ther genera,
ovistieortlie
oeeiipy the
llary.

lie L'nulehi,

deuce. Thr

)rms ihroiujU

ilies t)f the
Australian
ilin. In the

1(1 Mexican
li reputed to

especially to

%

liw. tjoc., I'eb.

TlIK rtATKACIIlA Ol' NOUTII AMKKKJA.

86

I'^lllliliCN.

l'"'"- In.lian. '•:"'!"

iili'tli'.

liiaii.

I 'i \ |itiiliiarii'lilil
AiiililS'-'t'Miiiil.i'

II.M illil' ..

I'IrllliMl'illllila'
ni'.iiiio^iiatliiihi
'I'lioi iiil^r

S.lllllllMlllll'illn' .

l'lrin;ilrli.l;r ..
Ainithitiiiiida' . -
Caciliiila'

1 '
1

H .
I .

Nfllic Neil ,|

lir.

lU

•-'11

llii|iii'al

r.>tai

'n.lal

51

'J I

;!i

. :i

U(l
H

III!

:i
I

I J

in

1

;i:

us

The temperate rej-ions of the New World is, then, the home of the
jiieatest niimher of species of Urodela, after which the temperate re-
jiions of the Old World follow.

The distribution of the families and their spe(!ies in Xorth Ameriiia
is as follows:

I'liinilivti.

Ka.sliMii.

o

;i

1

AuHlni-
lijiaiiaii.

Ki'jiiiniN.
Cciilral.

i'vy pitiliraiu'liidii'

?(iiiiiraii.

PatMfir.

(i

1
1
1

1

1

H

11

I'li'iiiudrlicia'

i

L'(i

17

1

1

■JO

The details of distribution are given under the family and generic
heads.

riij/loycuy — This order is probably of considerable antiquity, but no
siteeies positively referable to it is known from any pretertiary forma-
tion. In tertiary beds we have re])resentativesof ditferent types. The
.utniis Chelotriton I'omel from the Miocene of Allier, France, has opis-
llioiMcclous vertcbrie like most of the e.\istin{>' sjiecies of Euro])e, and
has in addition an expansion of the neural spine of each vertebra, to
which tlie epideiniis was closely adherent, yiviiiya row of roujih plates
down the middle line of the back. Jleliarchon and I'olysemia of Von
.Meyer are known fronj specimens from the Miocene beds of (Jermany.
They have apparently the cartilaginous carpus and tarsus of the Amer-
ican genera. The .Miocene of Switzerland has liirnished the renuiins of
a species, i»robably of Cryptobranchida', which has been referred to the
genus Aiidrias by Tschiidi. It is very nnu^h like Cryptobranchus.

In older foimations we have in the North Aniericau Laramie the
genus Scauherpeton Cope, which may well belong to the Urodela, but
the skull is unknown. In the Wealden of Belgium the genus Ilyheoba-
tnichus Dollo may belong to this order, but the skull is not yet well
kuowu.

30

miLl.KTIN :il, I'MIKI* STATKN NAIIoNAh MISKUM.

The most priiiiitivf roiiii of tlic cxisliiij,' CnMh'lii is !i|ti»;ir('iitl.v Ciyp-
|()l)i'aii>'liiis.

\Vit'(l( tsIk ill) ' (/. <:, p. !>.■») Ims iitti'iniiU'd to tnici; tin* aiuH'stry of llio
("n'ciliidii- to the St(';,n)i!i'itliiili of the (-'.iil»:)iiilV'r()iis pi'iiod, from \vlii(;li
Iio supposes tln'iii to liiivf arisen by a process of (IcjfciiciMtioii. lie re-
marks that ill order to (h'liioiistiafe this piopDsitioa if is only necessary
to discover a type witli rudimeiital iimlH wliichsiiali coiii!ecf the two.

Th.it the Ca-ci iida' is a type which lias resulted from a (Iciiciieratioii,
I have also proposed,! Imt I have derived liiem from the t'rodela rather
than from tiie Stef;oeepl;ali direct. They have, lii<e Amphiiiiiia, essen
tiallylliesaaiecraiiial structure as tlie L'roilela, wh'w.h is widely dilVereiit
from tiiat of the Stc;,'()cepliali, in tlie absence of the intercalare, supra
temporal, basioccipit il and pnstorbital b mics. And these cliiiracter.s
are fully Miaiiitained in various <;enera ol' Ste;;dcepliali wiiich have I'udi
mciita' liadis. Amjdnnma then is the annectant type with iiidinicntal
limbs \liich Dr. Wiedersheim s(»n<;lit for. The cir(!iiiiistaiice that his
eyes weie turned toward the Hteyocephali iiidisp(»sed liim to recognize
this fact.

Tlicalliiiitiesof the re(;cnt families, which may be re.narded as phylo
genetic, may be reiircsented as follows:

Circiliiilii'.

I
Anipliiiiiiii(hi'.

' I'lcllllMUIillM'.

Ilcsiiio^iialliid,!'.

I'iftliulmiti.hc. Salam.oidiida'.

Aiiililvstdiiiiihi'.

'J'lioriiili '

\

t'i;v|iti)l)raiiflii(l:i

i

cuYrTor.iiANciiiDj:.

Vertebra' aiiipliico'lous, without anterior double Iivpopophysis Tail
deveh.ped. Parietal and prefrontal bones embracing froi.tals, ami
n.eefing above orbits. Vestibule with internal wall membranous. No
ethmoid bone. Carpus and tarsus cartilaginous. Voineropalatine teeth
on anterior border of bone of that name. Pterygoi<l bone present.
•Auutoiuie der Gymuoi-Uioucu, Jcua, 167'J. tAm.ricau Naturalist, iSSo, p. '^4.1.

1

TlIK IUTI{A(MIFA C)V NORTH AMIMilCA.

87

itl.v Cryp-

itry ot'llu'
oiii wliicli
1. lie re-

necessiuy
the two.
I'licratioii,
U'la ratln'i'
ma, t'ssi'ii-
y (lillVri'iil
ire, supra

('li;\r.lcti'IS

liave nidi
iii(liiiici)tal
,'e that liis
) reeognize

(l us pliylc

•liysis. Tail
iDiitals, aii<l
)iain)U.s. No
»alatiiK' toetli
resent.

Of' this family but two existiii;? fieiicra are known, altli()ii;;li it is
i,ajte probable that a third has lett remains in the MioiHMie lacMistriiu^
beds at Oeninjjen, in (iernniny, which is known under the name of An-
drias. The existinj,' genera ^liller as Ibllow s :

liriincliial lissiirr pri'sciit CriiplnhranrliKs-

Nil liiiincliial lissiiit' McyaltihiilrarliiiH.

The Mcijidolxttrachtis lua.rimus is foiMul in Japan and eastern Asia as
I'ar southwest as eastern Thibet. It exceeds in <liniension.s Ihe species
of Cryptobranchus, which are exclusively North American, but has a
j^rtat gtMieral rescmbliin(!e lo them.

The nearest iipproach lo this I'amily anion}? other llrodehi is nmde by
Ihe family of Amblyst(»mida'. The 8tru(!tural dillerences are, however,
imporlant.

CliYrTOl'.lJANCllllS Leuekarl.

Isis, lSv>I, J), -jet). It()iilcn;r,.r, Caliil. Hair. (irad. liiitr. Mii.s., 1H,+J, p. HI.
.thtiiii(liii». Marian, Annals, l-yci iini Nat. Hist. New York, IHJ.'), I, p. 'J'jl.
MiiiDiiiinia. llarlan, /. c, [t. •JTC; 'rsclinili, Kalr., !Mi ; Dinii. Miltr., Kop. (ic^n., ix, p. 'JOr>.
S,il,im,niilroiix. Wa^i., N'al. Syst. Anipliili., l-^;ill, p. !>(l'.».
luii-iinn. Ivaliiii'siiiH' (ti'sti- Hainl), Allantii- .Fournal, HIW, p. I'il.
rvKiiHiiip^is. " Marlon ", CJiay, Catal. Uatr. Orad. liril. Mns., I'd. i, \\.Wi.

Ill tliis ;;('iiiis the voinc riiie leelh form a re<;iilarly arched series, eon-
«'eiilric with the maxillary seiies. Tliir lon};ue is but little free, and
that only round the edges. The coliiMiella of Ihe stapes is eartilaf-inous,
and is connected by a close articular contact with the quadrate carti-
l.i.neand with the under sideof the siiiiamosal bone. The ceratohyal
is connected by a ligament with the posterior sideof the quadrate, with
the intervention of an oval cartilage, which has the position of the sty-
lohyal bone of fishes. The posterior extremity of the ceratohyal is not
in(Mirved, and is free from the skull. (Plate IS, lig. 3.)

Tiie hyoid apparatus is«piit(^ characteristic. They have been already
desciibedso far as they <lellno the suborder Trematodera. They re
senible the Pseudosauria in having twoceratobrauchials, but differ from
them and resemble the Amphiumoidea in having no first epibranchial.
This element may, howevei', be continent with the first ceratobranchial,
but no suture appears in very young specimens. The ceratohyals ar«^
divided transversely and the hypohyals are large. They are not m
contact with each other or with the first basibranchial, as in other or-
ders and suborders, but are separated by u pair of transverse elements,
which are i)robably true basihyals. The first basibranchial appears to
lie interrupted at its middle, the anterior part remaining attached to
the basihyals. No second basibranchial.

A broad cartilaginous plate rises from the basibranchial and supports
the tongue. It resembles a good deal the otoglossal cartilage of the
Amblystomida>, with which it is prolyably homologous.* Tlie second,

"Tlii.s suffffCKtion I nui' to Dr. (iait.

!BP

BULLION :!l, UNITKl) STATES NATIONAL MirSKlTM.

third aiul rum-Ill oi-iLranchials arc present, between the bases ..f thr
socoii'l and third is a radiiiieutal third coratobrauchial. (IMat^^ U,

''ilie cirims in Crviitol-raiichus is vsomewhat variable in the typieal
siu'cies. The cent rale carpi always separates the intermedium from
(li.Mdnarc, thnsreaehinji- tiio ulna, while the eontrale tarsi is always
shut oll'Croiii the libala l)y the intermedium. (Plate 15, iig. 3.) TIktc
iiMy 1)0 tuocentralia tirsi (i'late-tO, li-. :{), as hasl)een shown by Wic-
,1,'rsheini. Ther.' are h>ar carpalia and live tarsalia, but the tonrth and
liirh tarsalia may be Cnsi'd. (IMat." K>, li,i;'- '•>■)

The hoii.s ol the oxtninities arc simple, the I'cnuir beinj? without the
l.(K'|i;i:it T Ibuiid in tlic Psendosauria, a'.id the humerus bciuj;- withont
tlie condyles. The scapular arch is entirely eartila;iiin(»ns, oxcopliuo-
the scapula, which is small. There is a larj,^'. cartiIaj;iuons coracoid
])late whirh overlaps that of the opposite side, and is deeply lissured
transveis;' oMiiiaely in iVont l;om the interior b<»rder, euttiuf-- oil' u
iinrrow i.i ) 'onicoid. There is a cartilaj;inous sternum posterior to tin-
eoiacoids. The pelvic arch has an osseous ilium, which is in contart
with an osseiMis ischuim on eaea side, which does not meet its fellow on
the middle line below. The i»ubic region is represented by a lai'j>e sim
l»le eartilajje, which is pr.xluced into a style on the middle line anti'ri-
orly, as in the Pseudosauria.

In its visceral anatomy this genus resembles the Pseu(bisauria. The
stomach is distiuct, and there i.s a [tyloric llexurc. (IMates 0 and ."iD,

lip;, i-)

Ther,' is one widely-ilistriittited species of this geuus, and i)robably
a se(;ond, U!U)wn only as yet from the upper waters ol' the Tennessee
liiver, but the latter rMpiires further investigation, as I have seen but
a single specimen of it^. Tiie distinguishing features are the following;:

I'lislciior (linils IVcc; Ionium- fni' in IVoiit, its siipt'iior .surface thrown into jilica';

iiiti'iiial Mines oiii'U (,'. iillnihriiiniKlK.

Post t'lior (lij; its wi'hlicd, tlic i'\ti'ni;il to llioll|i; ton^nu' not free, covt-rcd willi lur^'c

cliisi l\-pl,i(('(l |i,i|i|iillii> ; intcriiKl iiiircs valviiliir ('. I'iihiiih.

CUVrTOliHANCms ALI.i:(iIIi:NIi:NSISDiimliii.

(riiiit'H.vH.')

('.niplnhntHchtiH 'tUciilKiiiciinin, Vaudcr Homcn, 'I'ijilsclicr, v. Nat. He

IV, i>. :W), I'l. V A, f. :!-!, i\: V. !!; lio'ikiiKcr, (';if. Hatr. Grad.

II. l-^^-i |>. SI.
Siihiiiutiiilfit alliiihiiiiiiiisis, Daiid., Ii('|)t., viii, j). •>'M,
SiihimnHih-ti ijUiaulcd, liarlmi, On Sinn Imntiua.
Moh/r iiiijdiilv.i, Mi'ir. Tent., )i. IS7.
I'riiiiiohrdiirltiin Huhimniiihiihlis. Leuckart, /. r.
.Hiiiiiirhii.f iillr;ihiiiiUii^i>i, llarlaii. I. c.
Mnioimniii ((//, //((niir/iviv, Harlan. /. ., : |[,,lhr., X. A. Ilt'ip , v, ]i. !».'>,

N. V.,]-ann. i;,.|,t., p. si, p|. |v, c. ||. i,,,^, ^^ I'.il,,'.,-,',. -JOT, pi'.

Nov.i Ada i.iMip.-C'aiol, \\\ii, p. i;;;!, |'|..;,

sell. ('
IJlit,

II I'liy.siol.
Mils'., .<!.

PI
IM, f.

•I: iti'ljav,
1 ; Willi.,

Ml .

I.

SOS of the

I'iat^ ir>,

ic typical

limn i'roiii

is always

J.) TIUTC

11 by Wi(^-
onitli and

itiiont tlio
j;- witliont
excoplinj,'
s ("oracoid
y lissurcd
tinj;- otV a
run- to the
in contact
^ follow on
lar^c si in
inc anti'ii-

nria. Tlio

s 0 and r):J,

1 jtvohably
Tennessee

,«' seen hnt
following:

n 'iito jilici';
ullaihoiiciixis.
■d will) l:ir;;i'

(.'. fllHIIIK.

li. (Ml riiysidl.
irit. Mils., <il.

1. :V2; i)('li!>.v,
I, C. 1 ; Wicil.,

I

I

THE MATUACHIA OF NORTH AMERICA.

Snhimuiidrojinf/i'iuiilia, Wuyl., /, c.

Enrijcvo muvvoiiulu, h'aliii., /. c.

M( iioimiiKi t/ii/<(ii(i'(l, 'I'scliiidi, I.e.

Vrolonoiinin horr'ula, Giuy, Cat. liatr. Grud. Brit. Miih., cd. i, p, 53.

39

I

l''lii. r>. Criijilnl, r(i)if!iii>i nlli'ijlii'iili-iixiii DiXuA.; \o. 9752. IVntisylvaiiia; ii.itiiral sizo.

Body moderately elonjj;atc and depressed ; tlio liiidts qnite short. Tlic
tail nuicli CDiiiitressed, ahinit onelialf the lenj^th of tiiehoad and body.
Tlie neck wide; liie head a little wider, plane above, llat and much <le-
pressed, with very sh(n't, wide, ami ronnded mnzzje.

The nostrils are near tlie labial b »r.ler, and look forwards. The space
separatinsjr them is n bout lialf tlie iiiteroibit il w idtii. Tlie eyes areqnito
«mall, and are covered with a ratlii'r thin cornea, bnt are without dis-

^im

^

v

Hi

40 I!i:llktin hi, i:mted statkr natkixal mtskum.

tiiict i-yoliils. TIr'.v art' (»v;il in niilliiic, the l()ii,i,' (liiiiiictcr antt'i'opos.
ti'iior." Tlu'.v are widely sepiir.itc.i IV(»iii eai;ii otiier and are not far Iroin
t!ie labial bonier. Tlie Jaws are eiiiial in front, and the niuzzle is \wv-
fectly tiat. The n!)i)er lip is not I'endnlus except a", its i)0.sterior end,
where it is also tinck. The free lower lip is deciirved, and extends only
about one third tlie distance round the lower Jaw.

The mouth is wide, and the rietus falls below the posterior eanthns
of the eye. The luaxillopreuiaxillary arc of teeth extends to a ixtint a
little posterior to a line dropped from the posterior edge of the eye.
The voMiei()j>alatin(' seri;s is (juite close to the niaxillopreuiaxillary, and
extend al)out one half way as far posteriorly as the external row. At
the middle of the arc it sometimes presents a (ionvexity l)aekwards for a
short distance. At each ol ilsextri niitiesissitnat.'d the posterioi'nnslril,
which is an oval nu)re or less open, and never a slit, as in the C./iiscus.
Its position dilfcrs from that seen in .1 mphhnna menus and XcctKnis in its
beiuj;iit the end of the row, and not external to it. The roof of the mouth
is everywhere Hat. The ton;;ue is wide and is considerably free in Ironl,
the free border iiarrowinj,' laterally and jjosteriorly. It nearly fills the
floor of the mouth, leaving;' but a narrow space between it and the man-
dibular arc. Its surface is thrown into numerous elevated folds, which
are thin, and generally anteroposterior in direction. They inter(!oni-
municate by lesser (»bli(iue folds, which with other delicate ridges form
anet \vo>k between the principal ones. In old specimens or badlypre-
serv'.i ones the plica' may be tlattcned or lowered.

The legs are (piite short ; when pressed to the side they are separated
Ity a space equal to l.'J.j the length of the anterior limb. The lingers
are short and rather free, and the external one is considerably shortej'
than the internal one. The others are subsequal. An extensive fold
of the skin extends from the axilla to near the extremity of the external
finger, forming the posterior expanded border of the limb. It is mo>t
prominent at the h)wer part of the ui)i>cr arm. The posterior t(»es aie
rather short, ami are free from web as to the phalanges. The first is
the shortest, and the second a little exceeds the fifth. The third ami
fourth are subetjual, and, with the fifth, are somewhat depressed. Ibis
appearance is produced by adeimal wing on the external border, which
increases in width from the third to the fifth, becoming veiy wide on
the latter. It continues from the fifih toe on the hinder border of the
leg to the base of the thigh, (iorrespouding with the similar fold on the
fore leg. The ei>idermis is not hardened into ungues in this species.

The skin is perfectly smooth, but is thrown into a longitudinal iindir
lating fold on the sides betwten the fore and hind legs. Th s fold i^
obsolete in some specimens, apparently on account of the distension of
the luHly with food or eggs. There are a shallow median dorsal groov.'
and lourteen costal grooves. The latter are not distinct on the back or
belly, and are best seen on tlu- sides (.f the latter. The tail has a fre.'
dermal border oi: its superior edge, but none on the inferior edge, thus

If .]
I- „ I

^

SI.

mtoropos-
jtrarrrom
v/Aii is pei-
torior I'lid,
toiids only

)!■ ciintlms
I ii point :i
:)f tlu^ c.vc.
:illaiv,an<l
1 row. At
wards for a
rior nostril,
e C.fiiscu.s.
!tiinis ill its
ftlK' month
•CO in Ironl,
rly tills tlio
\d theinan-
ohls, wliicli
f intercom -
I'idgos form

• badlypro-

e si'parati'd
The linf-crs
ihly shorter
tensive fold
Iheextennd
It is mo>t
'lor toes arc
The lirst is
K> third ami
3ssed. litis
)rder, which
ciy wide on
)nler of the

• fold on tin-
is species,
ndinal nnvlir

Th s fold i«!
distension of
(H'sal <;roove
I the back or
lil has ii free
)r edge, thns

Tin-: HATUACIIIA OF NOimi AMKRICA. 41

dilleriri},' from the siiecies of Necturus. A groove along the side of the
tail divides it into ii snperior and infeiior portion, and a lateral wedge-
shaped mass, covered with longitndinallyfoldetl skin, intervenes between
the two for abont one third the length of the member. J)ermal mncons
pores arc especially abnndant on the head of this species. They generally
appear in the middle of a low, elongate, dermal papilla, dividing it into
two pai>illa'. These are closely placed in a triangnlar patch, of which the
maxillary border forms the hypotennse, a line extending backwards from
the nostril i»arallel to the middle line, another side ; and the other bf)rder
transverse, pussing abont its own diameter poir^terior to the eye. Ibit
there are nnmerons other similar papilhe posterior to this patch, and
on the siih's of the anterior half of the neck. A series of donble i)a-
pilhe extends ronnd near the border of the lower Jaw, becoming obso-
lete on the symphyseal region. A <!onsi)icnous an^hcd row of the sanu'
extends ronnd opposite the inferior edge of the lower jaw ; and between
it and the snperior row are niinu'rons other pores and papilhe. A row of
1 ori's passes ronnd within ea<;h arm on the sides of the thorax ; and there
are t wo r(» ws on the sides, one above and the other l)elow, the lat( ral Ibid.
The ni)per row is continued on the wedge like portion of integnnuMit,
forming tlie middle of the basal third of the side of the tail.

The branchial (issnre is half-way between the angle of the lower Jaw
and theshonlder. The vent is small.

Midfiiirdiiculx of A'o. It'iVi. if-

Total \o\\'^t\\ 't-ll

r.(Mi<j;<li from end of iiiii//.lc to I'lid of vent :51'.)

I^ciifil'ii from ('Mil of nuiz/.ld to line of };roin vi7.">

I.i'n^tli from end of iiui/zlt' to line of axilla 100

Width between nostrils Oi;{

Width hetween eves O-J'.t

(ireatest width of head O'lO

Width hetween axilhe 015

Width at base of tail OHO

neplh of tail at middle 0 !.'').">

Len;;tli of for(^ linih from axilla OM

I-enjfth of fore foot !)il

Length of hind limb U\'l

I,en.;;th of hind foot O'iO

Len;:;lh of lower lej; O'ili

Width between internal nostrils i>'2\'*

Tin- largest spe(!innMi (No. 10(113) measures i>l') '""".

The usual color is rather light lead-colored above iind a still paler
shade of the same below. Tliert' are indistiintt darker spots on the sur-
face above, only visible when the animal is in fluid. Sometimes these
shiides are represented by very distinct ilark-brown spots (Xos. I'i'.U,
7(101). Soiin^ specimens have the ground color brown of a lighter hue
(No. TOO,")), the dark spots being present or absent. Tiiroe s|)ecimens
(No. 0L'0.">) are abnost entiri'ly black.

This speckles is distrilmfed from western New York and IVitnsyl-
vaiiia and the (Ireat Lakes to Iowa, and soiitli t!> (leorgia, N«nth Caro-

■M

42 i-.cLM-nx r.i, uxitkd states national miiskum.

linn, :un\ Louisia:.;.. It is not vet known from Florulaor Texas. A sin-
o-lc .siu'cinu'ii in tlio Nalional Mnscnni was taken in tlieSnsqnelianna
JJiver, IVnns.Nlvania.

The "Iieilben.h r" is entirely aquatic in its liabits, and is frequently
taken by lisliernien on tlieir liooks. It is very tenacious of life, and is
pcricctly Iiaiinlcss. Its larval pcriotl ninst be of brief duration, since
it has not been yet observed. Tlie e<i{>s are rather large, and are at-
tac'hed l)y two strong suspensors at opposite j)oles.

UKSKKVK SKIMICS.

llllllilli'l'. -^IMl'.

I.liCllilV.

Wliiii

iillccl.'d.

ioiii;i

1 Sii-(|iirliMiin;i Kivcf

!iin i;

I

1 All.!.M"vCcllllll\. X. V

I Kv;iii-;viili'. Iiiil

:i (ii.at I. likes,

OT.V.'
7(lli:i
"IIVi
-OC'.t

4.'i:il

51)17

;is7!i

7IIII4

i:i!t."j

0310

1 rflllls\1\Mlli:l

:; Aiihcxillr.s. c

1 r.iliinil.Olii"

1 Tvii'i' Spiiiii;'*. 'rnin

1 HilUlmniii'.'li. N. C

1 MiMdvillr. I'a

1 C.ni-ia

■J I'laini' Mcr It'iilL'!', l/l

■J Niiiirliurk.v, K. 'rniii

1 Di's Miiirii's, l()Wii

I ('.>

:!i

•J mil' l,lK7ft

ICBI

Fkmm wliuiii n ccivcil.

Xiituip (if
s|ii'('iiiii'ii.

Al<iiliiili(

Aariiiilliiial Di'piiiliiicnt. .. On.

1)1-. Slrvrlis I'l'.

Id..

!»(..

l)o
1M>.
111'.
Ilii
10
111'
1)1'
V.'<
D".

I MI-
DI'.

II. I!. Wiiulit

Dr. .1. 1;. lianiill ..
I'li't. S. K. n.iiiil ..

I'liil 1;. Ortiii

i;iv. M. A. Ciiili.s.

.1. !■'. 'riiirKslcii

Dr. W. I,. .Ii'tiis ..
.laiiii s Faiiir

U. ElUwiiilli Call
(0

(IKXKUAl, SEIIIKS.

7000 I 'I'mi'i' S|iiiim«, Ti'im

711OI 1 Niilii'liiirkv liiviT, Trim.
;i:ilii 11 (?) '

I'li.f. It. Owt

Alri'lii'lir
Do.
Do.

Hi

There is .some variation in specimens in the relative distance of one
nostril from the other and from the eye. In some specimens these dis-
tances are identic^il ; in others the former is somewliat less than the
latter, and the same measurement, usually one half the w idth between
the eyes, may enter it L'.'_'."i times.

A local variety is .seen in three .specimens (No, 7()(>r») from Abbeville.
S. C. These aie a li.yht brown, much resembling the G. /'iisviis, but are
spotted with a darker brown. The double papilhe are not vi.sililc on
the superior surface of the head, and are faintly marked on the inferior
aspect. The rows of pores are, however, as in C. (iIletilicniciiKis, as are
the tongue and internal nares. The digits are all iikhc .slender, and the
dirmal ala 011 the extei iial toe and that of the elbow are niiieli reduced.

IJesides the generic character, the following dirfereiices may be ob-
served on comitarison of this .siiecies with the Mcnidiihiitfaclnis ina.rimus-
of Asia. In the latti r the tongue is not free, luit is sessile, and with-
out plica'; head with rows ofoltu.se tubercles; sidcy and limbs williont
dermal folds.

THE BATRACIIIA OF NOliTlI AMERICA.

43

s. A sin-
(inchanna

requently
ife, and is
ion, since
lul are at-

CUYPTOUKAXCIIL'S FII8CUS Holbrook.
Minopoina fuDCiim llolbiook, N. Am. Ilorpetoloj^y, 184^, \', p. tit).

Niitinp (i{
siii'ciimii.

Alcoliiilii'

Do.
Do.
I)o.
l)o.
110.

IJO.
1)0.

n».

l)o.
l)o.
1»«..
«■'.
1)0.
DO-

Al<<(li()lii'
Do.
Do.

mce of one
; these dis-
;s than the
th between

AhbeviMe,
•Its, hnt ai»^

vi.sil)le on
the inferior
H.s'(',v, as are
ler, and tlie
'li redneed.
may be ob-
l^s■ iiKi.iimus
. and witli-
d>s withont

Vi:.C,.—Cr;ii.l:i'iniiii'liii:i/iiiriin, Ivnowlili', 'I'lMinnssn' : iiiiliir:il si:c

Besides the character-^ aheady assi^nx'd t) tills spceies, the single
s|K'iriinen on whieh it r(^sts (blf.-r.-i fr,):a nio-it of those »»f tlie C.'alhykc-

#

■■M

44

lU

LLETIN :)l, IINITKI) RTATKS NATIOXAI. Ml'SHUM.

SU if:-

nicnuis in tlic absence of the loii^Mtiuliiiiil .lernial fold on the si.h", aa.l of
the papilla' on tlie, ni»per surlac' of the hea 1. lii botii tiiesi- icspcets
ita;^ive.s with some siH'i:iiii>Mis fi'^ai Abbeville, S, C. (No. 7()0.">), already
refiM ivd to. I do not attacii niaeh importance to the abstMiee of tiie lat-
eral folds, as distension of the alidomen from any oMiise would be apt to
canse it to disappear. These two characters, however, with the brown
color, supplement the three important ones f-iven in the dia,unosis, and
c(»iifiim the propriety of recoj^iiizinj,' the species. Nevertheles-^. tiu' ob-
servaion of other specimens prescntin;;' the same features will be neces-
sary befoie the siiecies can be rejiarded as fully estalilislied.

Tiieheiid hasthewi.lc, (1 ir form of t lie other species, with the very slim-
and broadly rounded mu/zle, but these characters are e\ ij>j;erated.
Thus the Icnjith from the end of the muzzle to the lines c.oiinecMii.j; the
anj^lcs orcauthusof the mouth entt'rs the greatest width of the head
loar times and a fraction ; while in the ('. ((Ilriihciiini.sis it is one-half tlir
liwuo. measurement of the width of the lu>ad, or even a little Ioii;^rr.
The sliortness of the <;ape as compared with its width is also indicated
by the fact that the canthus oris is below a j)oint anterior to the anterinr
canthusof the eye in the C./iihciih, while in the (\ (tllnilicnifiisis i\w nu<^\v
is below the posterior canthusof the latt /r. The eye is smaller than is
usual iu the C aUc(jhcntci}.sis, its lonj^ diameter entei'inj; the iidcroeulai'
Bpace a little over seven tiniL's; while in the more abundant species it en
ters five times to nearly six tiiru's. The extremity of the maxillary series
of teeth corresponds with the canthus of the month. TIm^ vonu-rincs
have only half us much length. The int.rnal nostril is a slit, nearly
closed, in line with the series of vomerine teeth at tiieir extremity. I
have not found it closed in tiiis way in any specimens of tlu^ ('. nlhulir-
nicii.sis. The characteristics of the toii,i;ue form one of tlu^ slroiij^cst
character* of this species, Its superior surface is covered with lai',n-e
truncate papilhe, so closely placed us to be everywliero in cont;icl.
Tliey are only distinguished, as in the human tongue, by Ixuiding the
surface. Xotliing like this is known in the other si)ecies. Here tlu^
surface of the t')ngue is murked with longitudinal plica', separated by
considerable intervals, .wliich are tluunselves subdivided by smaller ami
lower plica', the general result being an appearance somethiMglike tripe.
The width between the external nares is half of that between the orbits
or the posterior nares.

Thecrtptsof the skin of the superior surfaces are coarser than in
the r. aUcghcnicnsis, especially on the posterior half of the head. The
anteri(U- half of the latter is smooth. X.. trace of the double papilla'
is to be found on t'u', sii'iir.or surfaces, but they exi^t iu tlie arched
series rouiul the lower jaw below the lip, as in the other specie's, bnt
with thisdiflVrence: the papilhe one above the other ai'c net round,
but short longitmlinal keels, so as to be parallel to each other.

The fingers are entirely free, ami the phalanges are, begM„ning^ on the
ninerside,'J, 2, ;5, -. The ala on the posten.u- edge of the n|.pcrann is

* I 1

M.

idi', ii;nl of

'»), alrciul.v
oftlinliit-

I bi' iipt to
the hiowii
gnosis, and
■s-!, tin' o'»-

II he iicccs-

' very si Kir

iicctii.^' till'
>t' the lifinl
iiu'-iialftlir
tie loiij^fv,
;(> iiidicatcil
Llio antcrini-
/.•.■thii aii,ult'
lUrr than is
iiitcroi'iilar
pccii's itcii-
illary srri<'s

> VOIIlClilK'S

slit, luariy
•itrcmity. I
c, r. oilculir-
ho. sti'()iij;('st
I witli lar;;(^
) in coiitiict.
l»(Ui(liii,n' tlic
;. Here tli»>-
H'i)aratiMl by

smaller and
unlike tripi'.
CM the orbits

I'scr than in
' head. The
'iblc, iiapilla'
1 tiii^ archrd

species, but
■(> not round,
ther.
inninjjf on the

upper arm is

T

Till': llATliAClllA OF NOliTll AMKKlCA. 45

well developed, iiiul terminates Just below the elbow. The toes eonie
in the order of length as follows, beginnin";- witli the short inner, 1, 5,
!',;>, 4; and the phalanjies, in the same order, are 2, 2, 3,3, 2. The
three external are ribbed from the tips ; the notch between the third
and fourth reachinj,' the end of the lirst phalange, but between the
fourth and filth extending from tip to tip, with a very slight notch
(easily enlarged by tearing) ; the legs are about as long as in C. allajhc-
nicn>iis. \\'hen they are pressed to the side they are separated by ii
distance equal to one and a (luarter times the length of the hinder leg.
This measurenuMit must betaken with some allowance, as the S[)ecimen
has been coiled in strong alcohol, and its true form is not easily restored.
It is impossible to distinguish the true lateral folds. An estimate
nuikes them equal those of the other si)eeies, tburteen. The tail has
the usual form. Its superior outline rises from the base, and is convex,
and consists partly of a thin dermal border. Tlu^ extremity is thin, as
is also the distal fourth of the inferior edge.

Mciiniircmoils,

M.

Ti>t;il Icii^rtli (I. Ill)

Lcnj^tli (ot'iiilol' vent 'Jltf)

Lciiiilli to gri)in •iUt

l.cii;,'lliti) axilla 11)0

Li'iij;tli to line of oaiitlnis (iri.s 015

l.i'iij^th of anterior Ic^i; OIW

Lciij^tli of anterior foot 015

L'.'iij^tli of jioHterior h'j; 05:i

Lcii^rtli of jtosterior foot {))>\'i

Witltli l)et\vi'i'ii external nares Ol'i

Width lie t ween orbits Oi,')

Wi.Uli of liead or)l

Kciitliof tail at middle 042

'I'lie color of this si»ecimen is a rich chocolate brown; the inferior sur
faces rather paler tlian the superior. No spots.

(j'aliilii^Mi' iiiiTiiliiT. Nil. spcciiri. Li)cality.

Knoxville, Tcnii . .

1

Donor.

I'lofcNsiir Milclull.

AMlJLYiSrOMIDJC.

This family is of particular interest among the Urodela, us furnishing
«'onnecting forms between the ordinary types of the order and those
larger species which we suppose t(> be more characteristic of former
periods of the earth's history. It also furnishes us with transitional
coiutitions of characters which have been regarded as indicating very
diverse origin and nature. The species are mostly of large size, and
are probably confined to Xorth America; perhaps a species exists iu
Farther India.

40

iirij.KTiN :;i, r.Niri:!' si.\ri;s national mi;skum.

li

TIh- i'li;inictrr.s wliicli icstiiH Hit' li""''l.v '"■«' "'^ i<»Il"«'<:

Nnclhmoi.l I'.ilatiiicl.oiM'siH.l piolon-oil over piinispliciioids, In-ar-
,„;,. ,,,.,1, „i. the'ir postiTior iii:ii-iiis. Orhitosplieiioi.! scpiirati-d IVoiii
p,oMiirl.vii).'i,ihi;n,uiis\v:ills. liiU-niiil wall of vt'sliluih' osseous, (lar-
,,„s iii.l" t usiis i.ssili,'(l. Vcrlchra", aiiii.Inco'Ious. I'refroiitals and
,,t,.n....i.ls pivsciit. I'lciiiaxiUani's I'liUy (h-vclopo.l. I'arasplicnoi.l
witluMit dciiti-i'n.iis plates. An otojilossal caitila-v; only oiio, tlic lirst
(•piliiMMcliial ; srcoiiit hasiltiaiicliial i:<i)lati'd.

We may lu'ic obsoive the si-nilieaiice ol" the fVatuies doliniiif;- this
laiiiily. Twoof tliec,liara('tersassi;,nied an> what I have termed nioi'idiie;
that is, one lias not Ix'cii assnined after iiossession of the other, nor is
it identical with the ininiatnre sta.ye of the same. Such are the short-
ened form of the i»alatine bones, as coniitared with the posteriorly i)ro-
(hiecd lamina' of tin' Salamaudrida-. and the absence of deiitij?eious
plates on the paras]ilieiini(l in the IMetlKMlontida' is a character of the
same kind. Under sneh eirciunstanees we infer tliat the fanulies ex-
liiliit an ontojieny moditied by eienoj-eny.

The biconcave vertebra- constitute a ix-rsistence of a larval feature.

The preseuce of ptery.i;oids has the same siynilicancc with refereuce
toother families.

Theossilieatiou of the carpus and tarsus are characters in which this
•iKiiip develo])s beyond the larval condition which is permanent in the
family riethodontiihe.

Thus of eight characters fAo are iiKuphic and six developmental;
of the six, two are of advanced develoi»inent and four of reitrcssed
development, as compared with other fanulies.

The writer characterized this family nearly as above in the .lourual of
the lMiiladelj)hia Academy, lS(i(!, 105. J)r. Ilallowell proposed it in the
same worii, 1858, 337, but on iiisulllcient characters. iMany of the char-
acters of the i)riiicii)al {^enus Amblystoma had been already pointed
out by Professor ilaird. The .yenera imduded by Ilallowell were Am-
blystoma, Xijiltonura Tsch , and Onychodactylus Tschudi. Clray had
previously end)raced the same genera with llctvrotriton dray, in liis
first section of the IMethodontida', which corresponds with this family.
The writer in lS5',)embraeid Onychodactylus, Amblystoma, Camarata.iis
Cope, and 3Ie,ualol)atrachus Tschudi. in the above citetl essay of 1S(»<»
the {ieiiera are limited to the two first nuMitioned with Ihimtinn (Iray.

The wivestijiation of the subject which I j^'ave in my nujuograph of this
family, i.ul)lislied in IS!);), n'sulted in the followinj,' disposition of these
supposed jiencra, 15;iiid having- already shown the identity of Xiphn
num with Amblystoma. ^^ llcfcrotriton is identical with Amblystoma.
Megalobatrachus, the great salamaiuler of Japan, I have determined
to pertain to the Cryptobranchida'. The genus Camamtaxh, as will
appear further on, was established on a larval character, permanent
in some individuals it is true, but not permanent in any si)ecies. On
the other hand, there is some probability that onci or both of the species
of riynobius Tschudi from Japan enter the landly, but this I am not

"^

i

[luM\ nor is
' the sliort-

Tllli liATKACIIIA «>l' NOKTir AMKKICA. 47

ii'.ilc (t) t'sliiblisli.'' Till! latti'i- genus, to^ictlicr with lianitlcns, On^M'lio-

oids, bear- (lai't.vliis and 8alaiiiaii(irc'lUi (Voiii A.sia, have been sineo reft'ircd to I lie

ated iVoMi Aiiihl.vsluiiiida' by l!()idan<«er, but 1 now liiid the hyoid apparatus to bo

ous. Cuv- «|iiiti' (lillli rent in the two groups.

Mitals aud Tlirt'c genera of this lanilly are known to nie. Another has bi-i n

•aspiienoid (iisiiiignished on dental characters (Dieaniptodon), but whether iden-

le, the tirst tie.il with or distinct from those I have seen 1 do not yet know.

I. N'oiiicrdiinlatiiic tci'tli in a traiisvcrso lino, which is straight or angiiiatL'd ami not
'lining this nmch intcrniiitcd at tho iniddlo.

dniorphic; Otoglossal cartilage foriniiig a ring, attached posteriorly to the first liasiliraii-

chial cartilage ImbhjHtomn.

Ologldssal carlilage t'orniing a snhtriangnlar plate attached posteriorly to the

lirst hasilivanchial Clioiidruliif).

^riorly pro- H. Vomcropdlatine ti'cth in two scries, scjiaratcd by a wide interspace.

lentigerous Otoglossal cartilage not annular, free IVoni the hasibrancliial, on which it moves;

Cter of the '"'' '""'"^ lAityualaimnit.

... ^, Tail cominessed; dental series converging l)ackward niidwploiloii.

The species of these genera are all North American cxcei)ting the
I (■j.jitm.i.. AmbljjstomapcrsimiUs Gray of Siam.

\^ vGi'er^vcii AMIJLYSTOMA, Tschiuli.

I which this Tsclmdi, liatr., ).. '.i'2 ; liaird, Jonrn. Ac. I'liila.(-J), i, l>^',[), p. ',>81 ; Oray, Cat., p. IM ;

inent in the '"""• "^ ''''"'• '^' !'■ ^"^ ' ^'"l""' l''"*"'- ^^''- I'l'ilii-. l"'<i''> 1>- I'iti; «( ranch, Salam, p.

(1(1; lioulcnger, Cat. liatr. Grad. JJrit. Mus., !.M ed., ltir^2, p. :!-:.
.Mlil.ointm, Tschndi, /. c, p. '.).'>; Gray, /. c. ; Duni. <Sl Ijibr., p. Itil.
.'lopmental ; s,ii(tm<iiitln>i(hf<, I'it/ing., Syst. Kept., p. :?:$.

f rei>ressed iiri,vi>irium, Gray, /. c, p. :i:!.

Ciimiir.il.ixiii, Cope, Troe. Ac. Tlula., lfi'>[), p. I-JiJ.
e Journal of l'ir!„iilosm, Mivart, I'roc. ZoOl. Soe., 18()7, p. G08.

. . Lai val I'oiins :

sed It in the SUrdv,,, Wagl., Syst. Ami.h., IrtliO, p. :.'()•) ; Duni. & Bibr., p. 17(1.

of the char- .\.t„h,tv>^, (),ven, Ann. and Mag., X. II., xiv. p. 'ZW.

ady l>ointed IkKmiimlomu, Sagcr, renins. Joiir. Medic, LSoH, p. 4-Jt*.

II were Am- \'oiin'rine scries of teeth in the same line, though often interrui)ted.
• <^'''''y '"\'* (cMiadrateJugal bone wanting. Premaxillary bones distant from each
(Jray, in his othei', not embracting a fontanelle.

this family. T.uigiie attiehod l)y its whole base, but with a narrow free margin ou

Camarattuis all hut the postei ior portion, capable of but a moderate protrusion,

•ssay of ISdO The ot tglossal cartilage forms a ring, which pa.sses entirely round the

satiuaiUwy. nivAuniviviu'e of iho interior base of the tongue. It sends a i)r(>eesy

graph of this on each side near its base, which terminates above theccratohyals with-

tion of these out articulating with then).

ty of Xiphih liypohyal cartilages slender, of moderate length. (Plate 2U.)

Vmblystoma. CuMtohyal articulating by its abruptly rccurVed superior e.xtremity

) determined with tiie po.storior di.stal part of the quadrate. (Plate 18, (ig.s. <S-10.) "

taxis, as will Digits i-~), free, not (lonnected by natatory membrane.

■, permanent A stratum of crypts more or less thickened on the parotoid region

species. On and along the superior lateral region of the tail.

)f the species A series of mucous pores round the orbit and for some distance ante-

his I am not rior to it.

'I!

48

151

LLKTIN ;il, I'MTKK STATKS NATIONAl- MISKUM.

Tli»' Stroud iMsiliriiiicliiiil olcimMil is tiaiisvcisi-, ^ciu'rall.v aii;;iilii(nl
loiuiinls, and is wdl ossilit-d. Tlicotlu-r parts of llic li.yoid appaialiis
lliat are ossiliod are tlie proximal portion of tlie eeiatoliyal, tlie ante-
rior [Kirtof the first basibrancliial, and the free extremity of the linst

t'piivriinclMal.

Till' htrva' are eliaracterized hy the Ion;;, slender processes of the
three braiieliial lamina', which hrar tlie vasenlar limbria', rather than
tlie lamina' themselves, as in Cli(»ndn)tns. The internal nostrils are eon-
lined between the maxillary series ol teeth and the palatine arch, wlii(di
is concentrie with the former and near to it, and iseontinned backwards
on each side in line with a similar series on the pterypiid bones. A
relation of nostrils to palatine teeth similar to the above is permanent
in Ampliinma, and one intermediate between it and tlu' adult condition
of Amblystoina' of ;;roiips iii and iv ehaiaeti'i izes Cryptobianclins.

The tail and back have a tree dermal mai',uin, but there is none on
the lindts or dii,'its. The tail is short and deep.

The following' are some of the most readily observed characters which
are assumed by the And>lystoma' at the pi'riod of their transformation :
(1) The series of teeth on the splenial bone is shed ; (-) the caii)us and
tarsusossify; (."5) the tail narrows and leiijrthens; (4) the branchia' dis-
appear; (5) thetonyue enlarf;es and covers the lloor of the mouth; (0)
the pteryj^oimlatine series (»f teeth becomes more nearly transverse;
(7) brightly colored pij;;ment is deposited in the chromat(>i)hora' of tlie
derm. These changes are stated in the order of their occurrence. IJut
in some of the protean species this order is not exactly observed in all
individuals, and in conse(|ueiice of the assumption of one or the other
character of maturity in advance of another the number of s[>ecies has
been supposed to be greater than it is. The same irregulari!.\ in the
successional appearance of structures is well known in the earlier pe-
riods of embiyonic lite, as stated by Von I'.aer in the sdudia of his lOnt
wickelungs geschichite. In the chick, different poitions of the vertebra!
axis and the abdominal plates may or may not appear in the usual
Older of succession.

In Amblystoma the aiiproxiiiiation of the period of reproduction to
that of transformation varies with the species, and it is evident that
the closer this api)roximatioii, under tlie above i»rmciiile of variation,
the more protean will the species be. As we know from the exi>eri
meiits of Hogg, J)umeril, and others that inetamori>hosis i.s greatly has-
tened or delayed by the conditions of temperature and light, what would
mit be the elVect on individuals of such a protean si)ecies of a change
of toiiographical situation, such as the elevation or (lei»ression of the
land :' And I have no hesitation in saying that if the peculiarities of
series of individuals of .1. t'Kjr'nuini, in the respects above enumerated,
were permanent, they would characterize those series as species as
completely as any that zoiiiogists are accustomed to recognize. For
the evidences on this head, see the discussion of this species below.

tl! i

VI.

niijillliitrtl
ii|>l)iUiitus
, tlu' iintf-
f the lirst

ses of the
atlu'r tliiiii
•ilsiiri'foii-
ircli, \vlii<^h
bacUwiirtls
boiu's. A

piMllliUll'Ut

It coiulitioti
liiiiclius.
is UDiic (»U

icteis which
sfDriniitioii :
farpiis lunl
lauchiii' ilis-
niouth ; (0)
transverse ;
[)horie of the
rreiice. But
served in all
)r the other
■ si)eeies has
ilari;.\ in the
le earlier pe-
a of his Knt
the vertebral
in the nsnal

rodnetion to
evident that
of variation,
n the expel i
i greatly has-
t,\vhat wonld

of a ehangf
I'ssion of the
Hinliarities of

cnnnierated,
IS speeies as
;ogni/>e. For
lies below.

I

TlIK IIATUACMIIA (»l' N'OlM'll AMi:UU'A.

49

Tlie expeiinu'niH of lloi;^, above albided t*., are as ftdlows, as t,Mven
l»y him in the Annals and Ma;;azineof Natnral History.

llo placed a nnnd)er of inii>rej;nated ova of fro;,'s in vessels arran;;ed at
re;;ular distances from th(! li;,Hit in a cave. The lessenin;,' degi'ees of
lij^ht were of conrsi' acurompanied by a (!orres|»ondin};' bnt much less
rapid decline in temperatnre. The rcsullin;;' ellcclson the metamorpho-
sis may he tabnlat»'d as follows:

j^Ii'^ii. I'iiliri'iilii'il

111"

Kii

:i 11 K!:i;

■JO l.iiiva In i> '

■j."i ■ : li;ii \ ;t licr

;ii • . - '

1 111 I,iivj viTv liii';;i' !,:itv;i 1 n-'-

'11 Mi'l.iiniiiiiliiisi.i uoiii MrlMiiiiir|p|iii.-(i.i I'oiii

X 11

■IX

Ill :ii

.w

51 J

I0U« K'AK

I.iiiMi IriM' I.iii va I'lnv

l.ai va lai'}!i< Larva Miiiall.

Mrtiiin(ir|ili().si« fiiiii *

|il(|i'.

Mrtaiiiiii pliiLsin ciiiM

|.l...r.

Other experiments, whicli will not be (pioted now, aic ('(pially (ton-
elusive as tot lie effects of iinlit and heat on their process. The dis-
tinction between iiiatiirity, or adult aj;v, and complete devel()pinent
must be borne in mind. The former (Mtiiditioii is attaiiu'd when the ova
an; fitted for imprej^iiation and the spermatozodids are capable of accom-
plishing; that result. Development may or may not advance much
beyond this perioil. .Vs one or more periolsin the life of every species
is characterized by a i^reater rapidity of develoinnent (or metaiiKM'pho-
sis) than the remainder, so in proportion to the approximation of such
a period to tlm ei>ocli of maturity or reproduction is the olfspriny liable
to variation.

The j^reat dilVerence l)etween the dilfereiit speeies and between indi-
viduals of the same species in this res|(t'ct, may bi> illustrated by the
followinn' comparison between the siz,' of the ani inuls at the time of
losiiin' the biaiicliia-, so far as known, and that to which they nlti-
matelv attained :

Sprrii'H.

Aiiililyiliiiiia.iill'rrsDiiianm'
Aiiililystuiiii |iiiiirtatiiiii .. .
A iiiM.s stiiina i'iins|iri.Hiiiii . .

Aiiiltlysli'iiia opandii

Oliiiiiilriitiis li'\aiiuH

('Iiiiiiili'iitiis nili'msloiniis . .
Aiiihh .sloiiia talpiiiilcHiii . ..
CliiinilKitus paruticiis

Ainljlysloiiia tiiji iiuiiii

('Iiiiiiili'iitim li>iii'l>i'iiHiiH

Si/,r at

lu.Hs uT

M aiii-liia'.

A

\ 1*1
II .s

aur
i/.c.

/;i. I.iii

/»

I.ii:.

1 r.. 7.".

Ci

1 10

li

li

1 10,:.
• 1 '»

:i

I . ■>

II. :>

■-' i

1 ;i, ."i

1

;i 7. :>

•J. 5

y.\ 7t

H
i)

1 '> It

11

• I'll Imp** liMi lai ;;(■

i!>.")i— liuU ;u — 1

t Nut siiiallrsl.

hO

Itn.lJlTIN :il, |-NITi:i) STATMS NATlONAI. Ml'SKlIM.

P.I

1,1 (his Meet ion it is dcsiniltU' to asccitiiiii liow liir cliiiriicti'i-s »li«

tiii-;iii.siiiii^' iiii(l()iil)ti"<l species full into (lie line ol'sum'ssioiisil eliiuiyes
eomnion to iill the species, :is answer to this (luestion would solve an
important part ol the inciniiy as t.» tlieoiij,nn olspeeies. We can not no
into it exhaustively a( this time, i»ut direct attention to these char-
acters in Mie syuoi»lic tahle. The following,' are developmental char-
actera wlii(!h distinj,niish known species: (!) The direction of the pala-
tine series of teeth; (li) the length of the Itody and tail, as coini)ared
with the width of the head, is ;^Mcater in huj^c and old individuals of
.1, tiijrhiHin ; ('■',) tlie widening: of the nni/./.le and greater separation nl
the external nares ; (1) the spotted as distinguished iroin the uniform
coloration.

Cliaractei's to which no such relation can he assij,Mied: (1 ) Thenumber
(»f costal folds, whose iutersi»aces correspond with tlie vertebra- ; (L')the
number of phalan^^es.

IJaird, in the first synopsis of this genus published, enumerates eij;ht
species; (Jray in l.S.'d) eataloj;ues ten, after we exclude some species of
othei' jicnera erroneously included. Dumeril, likewise^ iiudndin;; species
of other j;cnera, gives live true And)lystoma'. llallowell, IS.'tS, increased
tlu! number to sixteen. In my monograph of this genus, ]»ublished in
1S(J7, the si)ecie8 described numbered eighteen, six new ones being
added. Dr. IJoulenger, in the Catalogiu- of the IJritish Museum, second
edition, published in 18815, gave the number as .seventeen, including a
Siamese species. In the present wmk thirteen species are admitted, one
of which is the Siamese species A. iicfsiiiiilis, after the subtraction of
nine species placed in the genera ('huniirntus and LhujiKvltipsUH. For
the stmly of this genus the collection of the Smithsonian Institution is
une(pialed. Probably the second best collection existing, that of the
Academy of Xatural S(Meiices of I'liiladelpnia, has al.so furnished its
numerous types, and several species mostly described by the late Dr.
JMnvard Llallowell.

SipiOjIlliH llf KpivivH.

I. .Sui'icM of tuL'tlii'XlLMiiliii'; iiliiii;; II

u' i'\|(iti;il li>s.sii'i' "f the iiitcriiiil iiiii't',-

I'll

of tongiu! ladiatiiij; lioiii its poMti'iior imriion. I'moloid <;l;iiiil
foriiiiii},' ail ovoid distinct mass. I'oiir idialaiiKcs in fomtli loc'

s llnl

A. ( 'ostal grooves, ton.
i(. Voiiicriiic scries, tint
Head lii'oad ; width :

■ 1 to frioiii ; Mni//h' coiitrac

ted :

•\t.

iial ii.'trc;

closer tlian iiitenial ; iiahiline scrii-s convex haekwards; tail mIioii.

coniiiressed ; hlackish-hrowii, .ura.v sjiucke I.
B. Costal 1,'rooves, eleven.
a Vomerine series three.
li No, or one iiidistinet plant.-ir liiUcrele,

J. itdiH

Middh- s.'

ru's transverse or concave to lieliind posterior inarj;ins of nan

width of lieail in specimens of :{ inel

ics, ureatertliaii one-fonrtli lenijll

to irroin : in adnlts, 1.7 tin

l)!ael.

k ahove, with urav <;r

OHs-nanil

.1.

o/iitciiiii.

Vhl,

!■ UU CMlllIlllll Mlicl( J .1 II.

JSl

Tin; IIATKACIIIA (»r NoKTII amkuioa.

51

tcrs «lis

solve an
,11 not no
•80 t'liai-
till I'liiu-
thi' i>nla-
oMipan'tl
iilnals «)!'
trillion ••!
\ uniroiin

u'lininbiT
!.•; (2)tlu-

iltt'S I'lJillt

spi'cii's ol'
n;;- specit's
, iucveast'tl
iblislii'd in
(iR's Uein;,'
iiin, seconil
iiicIiuliiiK a
iiitti!il,oni'
)trartit»n ot
ipsus. l"'oJ'
stilution is
I hat of till-
niislH'd its
hu late l>i.

liiiivs. t'lici
mill 1«'»"'"

ill iiiin> mm li
(Is: tail hIi'iH,
.A. tKlpuidiiiiii

iiriiiiis of iiuro'i
ic-foiirlli I'Miulli

JIV (MOSS-tlillllN-

,1. oiitiniiii-

i

i

I

'reel ii iiM III (he last; wiiltli of li<-a<l in small N|ii'(!iiiifim, ll.Ti to ^roiii ; in
ailiillM, I.Ti limes; a sli'oii;r iloisal ;;i'oovi' aail Ioii;;<m' tail ; lilackisli
iiUovi', Willi a M'l'ir.s of loiiiid vi'llow mjioIh on t'acli side ol' tlii' liack.

.1. iiiniclultnii.

Mnliiiii series of teetli convex, advam'in^' lievoml posteiior mar;;in miles ;

will 111 of head miieli less tliaii one-Ion il li ltMi<;tli lo irroin ; tail slioil,

no dorsal groove; lead-colon-d, willi an iiiferitn' lateral and usually

supi rior serii's ofsmull irrej;iilar yellowish ;;ray spots...!, coimiivniniii.

,i (Two dislinel ]ilantai' Inhereles;

.Median series of teeth Ntrai<;lil, nearly divided; external iiares iniicli
eloser tci^clher than inlenial ; width of head more than one-foiirlii
leii;;th lo j^roin ; miiz/.le very short ; tail iniieli i;iimi»reMsud ; lilack-
isli ahovt', with laiy;o, irrei;iilar, yellow spots, eonlliieiit on Ni<tes ; lie-
low yellow A. hkolitr.

I III N'omerinc si-ries four.

Teeth in four series, which I'orin an ohiiise an^^le directed forwards; width

of head, :t.l! limes in length to nniin; length from m(i//.Ie lo axilla

eijual length from axilla to <;roin ; tail nearly as long as head and

iioily ; dark Inowii, with a daiU hrowii hand on side ....(. rui>miiiim.

r. ('o,-.lal niooves, twelve;

i( l,.arH;erspe<'ies, with iwo distinct plantar, tuborclos and mucous poicson the

side of the mil//.le.
( \(p I'aiilhiis nistialis; tail sliortei' than head iiikI body ; chin not pr(ijeclin}f.

N'omeropalal ine tooth series with the median portion pre.sentin;f a very
tdilnse allele fiirwards, rarely straij;ht, somctiincs with the lateral
]ioi'lioiis separated; hrown, with larj;e yellow sjiots of larj;er or
smaller si/e I, (iijriiiiiiii.

Mn/./le Iiroad olitnse ; dark brown, with vertical yellow sjiots on sides;
teeth in four distinct series, in a nearly transverse line.

./. Irixriijiliiiii.
;1,< Canthns rostralis distinct ; chin jirojeeting.

I';xternal nares nearer lojfct her than internal ; mn/.zhM)l)tu.se ; headsmall,
width") times to };roin ; front convex; tail longer than head and
body; voineiine teeth in one series, si iglitly con v«'X forwards; yel-
low, Willi irregular brown baiiils above /. j-iphiai.

atcSmaller species ; the mncons pores not extending beyond the orbits; teeth
in three series; no, or one indistimtt jilaiitar tubercles.

External and internal nares eiiiiidistant ; vomerine series nearly trans-
verse; width of heail, 4..") to (i times in length to groin; length of
oyo, 1.7r> to 'J.,') limes in width lietween anttirior canthus of same ;
lead colored to brown or black, with or without jialu or distinct
lateral spots A. jiffcrnoiiianiim.

Nares c(|iiidistant ; width of head, •> times to groin ; niiizzlt) contracted ;
length of eye, entering l.(!(i times in width btstween canthus of same,
once to nostril; median dental smies angulated forwards; digits
long; blown mlead colored, usually a broad gray band on vertebral
line of tail and body expanding on occiput : sides, dark reddish-brown.

-/. mavvoilactijlum.

.Muzzle wide; width of head entining h^igtli to groin I times; tail long
as head and body to groi:> ; digits short ; black, upper surfaces bright
yellow A.t'inxnnthum.

These .si>eeies are distributed as iullows: One, the A. persimilc trray,
is said to be tin inhabitant of the mountain regions of Siain. Tlie others
are all North American. One sjtecics only, the A. (iyrinum, c-\teuds

52

lUJLLETlN ;;i, nNITi:i» STAIKS national MTSKIiM.

soiitliwiuds oil tlMi Mi'xiciiii pliitvHU as lar as the Cit.v o( Me.\ic(». Tlio
reiiiiiiuiny species are distiibiited as lollows:

Eastkun Kkcion.— -i. oixiriim : A. piiiiclahim : .1. vun.-<ii<r'iiiiii : .1. hintUir : A. ruin:
aiiiim (.').• J. I i<j rill It III ; A. jiphiat ; A.Jvffirxiiiiiiiiiiiiii.

AisriioKirAKiAN Ki;(ii(i.\.— ./. luliioiilvnm.

Ckntkai- liiaiioN.— ./. I ill fill II in: A. trixniiiliiiii.

Tacii-'iu liKiiloN.— .1 I'ljriiiim : A. mnci-mUiilijliiin : A. iiiijuiilliiiin.

As but one speciineii of the A. co^icanKiii is Uiiowii, lit lie can be said
of its distribiitioij.

AMHLVSTOMA TAl.l'OlDKIM llollin.cik.

Giiiy. Cital. liiitr. (iiiul. IJiil. Mils., isr.d, \>. lit;; Diiiiicnl A I'.iliniii, Kip.
(Jen., VIII, p. lU'.l; Cope, I'liKct;!!,-.. Acini. l'liil:i.. l-liT, p. 17-J; SI niiicli,
(S:il;iiii..fi:i: ISimlnigcr, Cutal. liatr.lJrad. I'.rit. Mils., ii eil.,l"<.i:.', p. 10.
iSalaiiiiimlia laljinidm IhiHuook, N. Aiiicr. lltiip., \, 7;i, I'l. ','1.

Siiortest, stoutest, and most cluiiisilv furiiu'd of all the tenestiial
Ambli/fifiiiiialu. Character of skin as to },'laiids pits, etc., much as in
A. punvtiitiim and (iiHUum. A row of lar^'e |»ores on the head, interior
to the eye and nostrils, extending;' anterior to the; latter. This i>asses
behind and beneath the eye, reachinjjf forward nearly to the nostril: a
patch on the cheeks above the lateral j^roove and another below it,
probably oxtendinj;' lorwai'd aloiifi; the lower Jaw.

The head is very broad, and laifj^e, and is wider than the body anterior
to the constriction at the neck. Its width is about eipial to the distance
from snout to gular fold (thus wider than Ion;;;, and is contained about
;3.] times to the j^'roin. The eyes are sujierior and ratln^r small, separated
anteriorly by nearly tlii'ee len;4ths of the orltit; about oik^ orbit froi!i
the nostrils, which are separated about 1.] orbits. The mu/zle is rather
an^'ular. The ui»per Jaw is visible beyond the lower when viewed from
below.

The body is short, siiurtt, and depre.s.sed. There are 10 costal i^ioov «'s
on the side.

The tail is contained about 1.] times in the rest of the animal. It is
much as in .1. oixtcum, but hi^ij^her, thou;-!! witiiout a crest.

The dij-its are rather Iou{,' and slender, .scarcely dilVerent from those
of A. opftcum.

The i)alatine teeth are in a transver.se series of three sections. The
middle .section is not interriii»(ed alon;;' the median line. In the type
it is slightly concave anteriorly, .scarcely ivachiiijn to the inner line of
the inner n arcs, and behind the rani^c of the lateral sections, which
beyin a little interior to the outer line of the nostrils. The middle and
lateral sections are separated by the width of the inner nostril. In
another specimen the middle patch is nearly strai,i,Mit ; in another, com
po.sed of two ares concave anteriorly.

The tongue is thick, fleshy, and adherent, though the edges are free
at the sides; le.sssoat the tip. Its width is not niT-lhun half that of
the head. The papillo.se i»ortion is separated itosteriorly by the exten-

1

N'li. Ill
liiii'.

TIIH HATRACITIA OK NORTH AMKIJIOA

53

I

Hion forward oftlie plain basal portion oftlie tongue, altlionji'h tliorcis
no }ifro(>ve, and exhibiting two prominent cornuii to tlie tongue i)roper.
The papillose ridges are longitudinal and nearly parallel.

In alcohol this spe(;ies is a light brown above, paler beneath, irregu-
larly spriidvled, blotched, and marbled with silvery or jduinbeous gray,
oC a li(;hon-like character. Specinu'ns when alive show the ground color
to be a dark brownish or liver black, more livid on the sides, and per-
haps lighter beiu'ath ; everywhere spriidded with the silvery-gray dots
of larger size on the back. The ;ii)per part of the tail is of a purer
brown than elsewhere, and is bordered by a series of obscure blackish
spots ; seen also near the lower maigin. A few similar dusky s])ots ap-
pear .scattered on the back. The iris appears to be a dark brown with-
out nu'tallic luster.

A. series of speciiiuMis from Prairie Mer Rouge, Louisiana, is quite
similar. ^Souu^ of them appear to have just completed the change from
IIh' tadpole state, and the tail is higher, more compressed, and .somewhat
crested; the toes, shorter, Hatter; the papillo.se folds of the tongue
more indistinct.

Mi'axin(,:>i'iils.

Iiiolios.

Loiigtli from snout to tiMusvoi ■!' lint' of month '.W

liCn^^tli from snont to ;;;ulin' folil .'i.'i

Jjt-nj^di from snout to ^jroin l.'.XI

l,('nH;tli from snout to licliiuil aruis y. .{((

I.('Ml;I|i from snout to cntl of tiiil It. HO

l.i'ny;tli of t.iil l..'.(l

Widtii of liciid :>•>

Li'Utttli of forc-.nrm -Ki

l.cnf^tli of liind Icjj; fr<nn knee .''•(i

'Ixtcnt of In ml lo^s l.Td

(iri'iitost loimtli of till 1 .;$!

(Ircatost witltli iit km mo |ilaci" l.^

I found this species abundant in the high valley in southwestern
Noitli Carolina in whi(^h the I'reiich I'road Ixiver takes its origin from
mountain streams. Thence it extends through the .southern Atlantic and
(lulf States to ami including liouisiaiia, west of which it lias not yet been
foiiiKl. It is not aquatic, but lives in damp i)laces below logs and stones.

VUi.l.—Aiiil'histiiiiintaliiniiti'iini No :iH7!i I'rario Mi't Knnco. Im.

No III

lillr.

Ciil^ilii^ii.
IiiiiiiIm'I .

■.\<M'.i\
:i>T'.l
;i'.l7L'

N.I. Ill

M|H'<'.

I,0(:i1ilv.

Ijlii'ily CiiMMlv i

l'l:lil ic Mi-1 l.'.ill'J

Ni;m Caiiii. Ill ..

I,:l

Kiiiiii wlioiii ri'ccivcd.

Or. .tonc'M.

I. Kllilir.

i: K. Ill .lit.

vf.

m

i i

: It. '

. 1,

:l:i

;|

I

hi

ri

i

r

' i

'i

I i

54 BULLETIN ;!l, ITXITHI) STATKS NATIONAL MFSKUM.

AMIJLVSroMA (d'ACI'M (inivciilioisl.
(I'liilcs UI-'Jl.)

A»ihlii>'fnmno]mrn, I?nin1, .lonrn. Ac. Pliila. (v!) i, !-'"><•, p. '>-*.\: Orny, Cut. I?ii1r. (irn.1.

I?rit. Mils., I'll. I, p. ;!/>, H.'iO; ILillowi'll, Jdihii.. I'iiili. .V'Mil., iv, :!r>l.
Salaiiiandiitopara, fJi'avoiih., UcluTd. Ziuil. Sy.st., p.liU, .•iml Dclic, ]>. T.'>, I'l. H': l»iiin.

»t nilir., |>. <>(!.
Siildiiiniiilrd fiiHciitta, (Jivon, Jniirii. Ac. Pliila. I, 1-!1H, p. li.'.il: llollir. N. A. II. -rp,. \,

1). 71. I'l. will ; ll.'lviiy, N. Y., F.in'i , IJ'pi-. !>■ *7. I''- '*. li;:- •"•
Arnhhisloiiiitl'iitridhim. Ddiii. ife 1511)1.. p. Ml, I'l. 101, ijm-, .">.
.Imhhisloma oimnim, Copf, I'roc Ac. I'liila. 1H17, l>. \r.\; Sf raiirli, S.ilain )).(;:!; lioii-

loii-,'cr, Cat. Mitr. (Jrail. Miit. Miis 1. ii. issj. p. Id.

Body swollen, tliick, c.vliiidritiiil, (U'prcs.scd: skin pcrrcctly sniontli,
altlioiijjh under a lens ev(M'y wiicrc sliowin^' niiniitc .simple pores or ])i(s
connected with the ylands, whieii lire seen everyw hei'e on the Wody and
tail, except, perhaps, on the lower part of sides, belly, and beneath the
liead ; on the tail, however, they are most developed on the npper hall".
There are no rejjiilar patches of more conspieiions pores on the liead
and parotoids, as seen in A. puuctatiim.

Head rather broad, depressed, its {greatest width about •,' the length
from snout to jjnlar fold, and about f, the distance to insertion of hind
lefjs. Axial leiifjth of mouth half that to ji'ular fold, which is iiiter-
rnpted on the nape; a constriction behind the aiif-lc of the month, with
a lateral {jroove (or ridj^e) connecting;' the two as in ^1. piiiirtdfiiin. Ins-
tance from snout to {jnlar fold not (piite 3A times in that to insertion of
himl lefj. The eyes are moderate; the pupil (arcular. The jicneral r»'-
lation much as in .1. piinrtdtiim.

r.ody nearly cylindrical, but decidedly depressed. No indication of
a dor.sal furrow. Eleven well marked costal furrow.s inciudiii;: flic in-
guinal. There are about four pelvic; furrow.s; those on the ba.se of the
tail aredistiiHit anteriorly, but "rradually become fainter.

The tail is oval or subellii»tical in cross .section, thou<;h williont any
indication of a keel. It is nearly cylindrical at ba.se, lhou;;li sb<;|itly
(ioi.ipressed, becoinitifj more and more so to the pointed tip. It is
thi<!ker above than below, and measured from beliiixl llie anus is con
tained U times in rest of the leiif;th. The lateral {rroove on the tail is
less distinct than in A. punctatiiiH.

Tjic digits are linear, depre.s.sed, fuit without any indication of web
or marfrin. The third or longest linger is one-third the distance from
its tip to the elbow ((contained three times). The lateral ones are ipiite
short. The fourth toe is longest, and contained L'^ times in the distance
from its tip to the knee; the .{, ."., L', I are suci-e.ssively shorter, or the
tilth and .second are about eipial. The distance between the outstretched
toes is contained about once and two-sevenths in the length from .snout
to behind anus.

The tongue is thick and lleshy, as in .1. punclahim. though larger in
])roportion, and tilling the mouth more. TIm' teeth aivinoiie transverse

*•

M<

TnK nATRAniiA or noutit amkrica.

55

lino, ill tliroc soiics, iimcli as in A. jnoicfatiim. The (H'litral is a tloiililo
an;. Tlic. lateral seiics an* not so lar tor\var<l, or [lass more obliquely
backwards, so tliat their extreiiie end is even behind the eonvexity of
the central series, not anteriiu' to it. The lateral series is abont half the
lenjith of the central, with a decided interval.

In alcohol the {general color is a livid black. There is a dorsal series
of transvi'rso lijjfht slate-i^olored bantls, which widen at ea<*,li end into a
V <>M the back, but are more liiu^ar on the tail. These vary in number;
about seven on the body and as many on the tail; sometimes more or
less; sometimes (continent with those before and behind them; soine-
tiiiies interrupted in the middle. They do not tlescend one tliird the.
depth on the sides, beiiij;' eonlined abruptly and well delined ti» the
dorsal region. There is a similar patch on the snout.

Mitixiiri mcntn.

Inrlii's. Ini'lioM.

Tiifjtl lonirtll li.HI L.'iintli to t:iil -J.:!.'.

I,«iij;fli «.(■ iiioiitli lid l,('ii>;tli of tail I.r.l)

I,i'ii;rlli to liiil.nl'iilil '.:! Will til of )i(':i<l 1.".

L(Ml;;tli to I'ori^ U'<i till Li'li;;lli I'rom dliow 'l.'i

I..i'ii<;tli to hi ml U'n 1. ;l(i liCiiy-th from kiici" ;">

mi

The principal dill'ereiice in I'orm and strnctnre between this species
and A. pumfatum aresec^i in the abseiuie of any dorsal furrow, and a less
proiniiien(u> of that on the side of the tail. The limbs are more feeble,
the head narrower, the tail shorter, et(t.

Iv specimens from Prairie .Mei Konm', t().'>.'> .' the body is thicker and
more ('Iniiisy, tlie lej^s weaker, the toes shorter than in Pennsylvania
spj'cimens. The te«'th, too, api>ear more transverse, and there is little
or ni> interval l»etweeii tin' midtlle and lateral combs.

This species is found in drier jiroiiiid than is conociiial to most sal
amanders. I have taki'ii it in tiu' sandy ri'^ions of New Jersey and
Delaware.

e:'/ !5

fo)

]•']•;. fi A iiihlii!.t4iiiin nponiiti (inivi'iilmr- 1 ('ildniTstrr, Vfi.

f

III

1

i

of. lin.LKTIN ;.l, TNITKI) STATKS NATIONAL MirSKUM.

KICSKKVK SKUIKS.

I

l.iicalilv.

" = y-u

Wli.ii col.

llCKMl.

I''iiiiri wliiirn irccivril.

:V2(i«

3

Ann

!ll!»l

llL'Hit

mill

■uis;

II wit:;

i-ji:)i

1(1

■fllS"!

WITH

■MM

tilJll

:i:ir.i

iLTillS

;inii

y.tr,-,:>

:i!i:):i

4111'^

:i(t:i-j

1.1

;inin

iiniii

;i!i.'.s

:v.m

lii.clininiiuli, (l:i Dr W. I.. .Ion.'

Ni>il

. _ IS

A;.r.
Ni)V

1S>:|
I SSI

— , IST.'I

Hin.»tiMi, N (1

Moiilliin, Aln

Siiiill.crii llliiioi.t

I'rairii- Mi'i- l;iiiii;i', I.a . .

Wlii'iilliirid. lull

Mdiiiil Canii.l. Ill

I.aiiraslci-. Ohio

Kinslnn. N. ('

N,.w Vciik

Kloriila

Texas

St..l('i(>inc CivcU. M(l Krii. — . Ii^s-J

AMirvilli'. S.(!

Ni>« r.i'iiriMci. ^Ia^^s I

'I'vi'i'i' Spiiiiu.;. ri.|Mi I

New (Irlrans, I, a '

('arli,.^lc.. Pa

Ki-rnpi'i- ('iiiiiilv. Mis.s

liai-ini'. Wis

.\iix Plains Itivcr, III

Saliiii. N.<:

.1. W.Miliir.

i; Kcmili <itt

JaiiM's |.'airii«

KiiliiMt Kiil^wiiv ..
I,. M TiiiTiii ..'....

I'ntf. L. l.rM|U).lrU\

.1. \V..Milliii

T (llciv.r

l'l..r. Iv I!. An.li. »s

Is. N. WalKi'i

.1. II. lianatl

\V Nv.'.ji

I'lcir.'.Msiic (hvi II

N.(i .\riil. Nal Sri
i'li.r. -i. I'' liaiiil . .

It.C l.li.vil

I 'I

I.' Ki'iiiiiriitl

.l.'lM,iiiil.ai-li . ...

Nal MIT of
s|ii'riiiirli

Ali'iiliiilli
III)
Do.
!'...
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do
Do.
D...
Do.
Do.
Do.
D..
Do
Do.
Do.
Dii.
Do.

.

c.KNKi.'Ai, sr.i!ii:s

'J

■ .

a:tl7 1 Kiiiston. N.C

It",'.l I Cliiiin sli'i', Va

•Ills; K> I'laiiir. MiT K'niinr, f.a

;in.'K 2 .\niliTsoii. S. (•

liil !l :i Criii;;!.!

;i!MS I 'raili'io. N.C.

;!!I'J7 S (;iiiiin'sli'r, Va . ..

-, l.-T.I .I.W. MiltPM ....

«' Mann

.[lis. I''aiii..

Daniel ...

.r.I.eCMiile

r. I-. liii.ljiei-

liiii.s i; ('tiliinil)iis, Ca '.'.. Dr (iesnei- !!!.

141S1 1 (jo ,|„

;i!li:i I MeaiUillc. I'a .1. K. Tliielislon

:«l-l >i lleiii-ia Di..r I,eC.,nle

:i!lll- 1 Kiplev (lliio ||a\

111

.Aleoliolii'
Do.
Do
Do.
Do
Do
Do.
Do
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do

AMIil.VSTOMA ITXirrATI'M Linn.

(I'llltPS 1 1-1,-i, •jr.. Iii;.s. I, ;-.; |'!:,|,. |>, Dm, III.)

y/m/Ji/.v/omrt /i»»r/((/»i/i, ('i)|)('.. I'liic. Ac. I'liila., I-ilT, |i. 17.'); Sir.inrli, Siil.iiii , |i.<>:!;

Itiiili'lijii r. ('.It. liatr. (iiaii. I!ril. .Miis.,<m1. n, 1 -*J, p. .11.
Lninid iiinirlaiii. I, inn., S. \., i, ]i. liTO.
I.niirln mdiuiliito, SIimw, Znol., ni, p.lidl,

S,ih,m>ni<h;i rniriiD^a (Hurt.), I >;iU(l. h'rpt., \iir, p. ■.'•J;i ; llnll.l-., N. A. Ilrlp., v. p (i7,

I '1. •,'■,'.
I.iirirld sHliVHiliiria. H;irt(iii. Aiiii'i. riiil. 'rriins., \ i., p. lii.-', I'j. J (ij;. C,
Sain 111(1 iidni ■■^nhriiilitrni. Il;iil,in, .loiini. Ai. I'liihi.. \, p. ;!|T ; Itrkay, N. V, I'aiiii.

li'i'pl., p. 71.1'l.-.'. Iln. lit;.
.tmhliiKliima siilii-inliKt iiw, 'I'scliiuli, I!iir.. p. '.I','.
Amhliislonia n,rnli,„i . (iiM.v. I'Mt. liatr. (iriid. liiit. Mii.s., ni. i. p. ;;,V (U:\\ rinr ZiWil

Sor. l.s-.;!, p. 11. ■ '

.imhhisloiiKi innirtdld. I',,iinl, .Imiiii. Ac riiil.i. (•.'), i. p.-JSl; Ij.ill.nvill / .• iv H>

|.. X.i. ' ' '

Amhhinlnmii aiijiix, \hm\.\ llil.r.,viii, p. lli;!.

No. .{!»;-.(► ;. l!<)(lys\vnII(Mi. stout. .'.vliiMliiciil. I[o;i<Mcpross(Ml. Skin
eiitiivli smooth, tli(Mi«.|i piit.-d with i.on's, whi.-l, ;,,c most niimnoiis on

0'

TlIK r.ATRAf'IlIA OF NOliTll AMKl.'ICA

iU

tlie tail, or tli(!S(! tluTc is a piitcli of laif^er <)lu^s on the i>aiot<)i«l rcjiioii,
and aiiotiier on the top of the head inside of tlie orbits and extendirij;'
antei'ioily in a straijiht line towards thc^ nostrils and passing;' bactkwards
seMiiciniuhirly behind tlie e.ve. A doable row around the edjje of the
lower Jaw ; a jiaii' on ea(;h outer (postal space alonu' tlie side of the body,
and a row on each side of the top of the tail ; the latter indicated {jen-
erally by a whitish dot.

Head broad ; depressed ; width nearly (Mpial to distance from snout to
K'nlar fold, and nearly one Ibuith the distance to insertion of hind le^s.
licn^th of mouth alonj^' axis of body half distance from snout to liular
fold, which is nearly continuous a<'ross the nape. There is a constiic'tion
behind the ar-yle of the Jaws, interrupted above and below, and a fur-
row eonnectinj;" the two alonji' the jjaiotoid re.i^ion and extended in a
lateral line to the oibit. Distance troni snout to jiular fold <'outained .'U
times in distance to insertion of hind legs (four tinu's in another speca-
nien).

Theeyes are moderately laru'e; the longlh of the orbit contained t.l times
in distan(!e from snout to <iulai' fold; about once in distance from the nos-
trils, and about on(H' in the distance between the two nostrils : nearly
twi<!C in distance between the anterior extremities ol'the orbits.

Uody nearly cyliudri(!al, perhaps slightly depressed, and swollen a
little in the middle; on each side are t'leveu costal <rro.)ves, iiuiludinc: in-,
guinal and axillary ones ; all strongly marked an<l nearly continuous
above and below; the axillary is, however, usually (juite inconspicuous;
four more of these furrows to behind the anus, wlnu'c the last is (ronlln-
ent with the tirst caudal furrow; these become less and less distin(;t to
near the middle of the tail. There is a slight groove down the middle
of the back.

The tail is oval in se(!tion, the larger end of the oval below ; becMnn-
ing more and more comi»resscd to the tip, without indication of any
ridge. There is a lat«Mal indentation along the whole length. wlii(Oi is
about e.jual to the distan(!e from the base to the sn()ut. In alcoholic
specamens the tail is bent or curved, sometimes upwards, sometimes
down, sometimes lateially.

The digits are nearly (cylindrical, or slightly depressed, without web
or nnirgin. Th(> third or longest linger is contaiiu'il al>out 2\ tinu's in
the distancic to the elbow. The second linger reaches to the last artic-
ulaticMi ; the fourth to the |)enultimate.

The fourth toe is longest, (contained L*;\ times in the (listan(!e to the
knetc; the third, second, lifth, and first succ(vssively shorter. The dis-
tance between the outstretciu'd hind toes is rather more than L', the
length to behind anus.

The tongue is thi(!k, lleshy, and attached, although free at the (^Iges
except behind; it is about two thirds the width of the upper jaw, tu'arly
orbicular, though the outline of the papillose i)oiliou is a little emar-
ginate behind. Italmost seems as if the tongue wei-e capalile of closing
round an obi(M;t in its c(>ntt>r. as in th(> hollow of the li;ind.

ilH

'•■^

■p.

..-■^* >

.58

lUTr.LETIN :!l, rXITKH STATKS NATfONAT. MUSKITM.

II'

Tlio triinsvorsoliiM^ (.Itoctli is in tlircc piirts ()r(M)inl)s; ii (U'lifnil about
two-liniis the. widtli of the lieud, uiul scpaiiilcl IVom llic liitcriil by ii
sli-ilit interval. Tiio central patch is nearly strai-ht in its middle, but,
tluM-nds enrve a little, torwards, and continuously with the lateral i>i)r-
fion of the line which forma a curve concave l)ackwards, itonndinfi- the
orbit. The inner edj^e of the imsterior nares marks the extent of the
central row of teeth. The lateral comb of teeth is about half the length
of the central.

The color of the spe(!imen described is, in alcohol, of a dark liver brown
above, abruptly light olivaceous beneath. On each side of the back is a
series of nearly circular rounded spots about the size of the (U-bit, about
three on each side of the head, eijiiit or nims on the body, and as many
on the tail, where they are sonu'tinu's conlliuMit. These spots are white,
in alcohol, but yellow in life. Alon.y the sides and nnuv sparin.i;ly be-
neath are some scattered, (piite small whitish spots,not very c(Mispicuous.
The lejisareof the color of the under parts, not of the U|)per; I hey show
some of the small lij^lit spots seen on the sides.

4

\n

■I i

11

Ii

ft
a

3

Total IciiKtli of :VM)

Li'iijjlli (if itiiiiitli

Leiiu'lli to ,i;'nl;ii' lolil

Loinith to uroin

McnKiircmiiilK.

Iiulios. niclics.

('(.'id Ii('ny;tli oftiiil licliiiiil ;iiins :!.!(•

Id \Vi(Uii ol'licad i'.."i

.-'•J Arm I'roiii i'IIkiw (ill

.. . vi.Sd Hind It'" IVoiii kni'o "^a

Loiifjtli to bcliind aims :t.l(l |

In the preceding paragraph I have described a specimen from Abbe-
ville, S. C, as a lo(!idity nearest to that whence the original of liinna-iis's
des(!ri|)tion was obtained. An exaiuinatiou of a large sei'ies of speci-
mens from different localities shows certain differences, whicii, however,
arc not of a character to indiiNite specific separation.

The external appearaiKte of the skin varies consideral)ly with llie
.strength of the alcohol used far lueservation, and probably with the
season when capturt'd. The animal, when alive, is perfectly smooth and
lustrous, and readily exudes a large (piaiitify of a white milky Juice fVoin
the upper half of head, body, and tail, or from the dark-cohu'ed portion.
This is due to the presence of glands closely implanted in the skin, the
])ores of whicli are sometiiiu>s (piite iiieonspi(Mious ; sometimes very dis-
tinct. On the tail they are much largest and di'cpest, and the lateral
groove marks their inferior boundary, being there implanted verti(!ally.
When these pores are very full of their milky juice and the alcohol is
very sfrtuig the contraction of the skin betwciui the mouths of Wwsv,
pores gives imue or less the appearance of roundtMl, thick-set granules,
of rather large size. This also gives rise to an ai)parent deiuession (tf
the digits, the skin forming quite a margin

The proportions of the body vary slightly. The tail is generally not

'■

80 long as the rest of the animal, tli

le groin IxMiig more iisuallv in^ariu"

TIIR I5ATRACIT1A OF NOUTII AMFUIOA.

59

the middle point oftlic axis. Yonnjier specimens appear to liave sliorter
tails.

Tliei'c is considerate diviMsity in tiic cniv*', of the tiansverse series
of palatine teeth. In ncnirly all more northern specimens the central
row is formed of two arcs, concave anteriorly, more or less continuous
with the lateral, which are anterior and convex anteriorly. The two
central arcs arc continuous at their inner ends, forminj;' an inveited
an^ie on the axial line. Sometimc^s, however, as in mosr of the
sptuMmens from Prairie Mer lioujje, tins central anslc is wantiu}?, and
there is only a sinjjle arc or curve, (loncave anteriorly. In tlui type
spiMMmi'u described this central row of tiietli is nearly or (piite strai};ht
(which is quite apt to ho the case in v(M'y large ones), while in one
specimen of No. U'tSi it is convex anteri(>rly. The transverse extent
of this middle line of teeth varies. Sometimes there is «;(iite an interval
hetwi'cn it and the lateral, while in 31).'>(>, from New Yo k, they are con-
tinuous without ai>pre('ial>le interruption.

There are no very great variations in the pattern of coloration. (Gen-
erally the outer surface of the limbs is colored like the back, in which
cas(^ there are one or mon*, large, rounded light spots. The under parts
aie generally dark bluish; the sprinkling of small whito specks on the
sides and beneath varies considerably in prominence. Tlie large dorsal
spots are always nearly circular, and vary in number, generally only one
series «)n ea(th sidt*.

In living specimens from Carlish', Pa., the iris is dark brown, without
metallic color, scarcely distinguishable from the jiupil. The color of
the animal above is adeep anthracite black; beneath, dull livid. On
ea(!h side the <lorsal line is a series of large, nearly circular, gamboge-
yellow spots, somewhat symmetrically disposed. These vary from !(► to
L'(» from head to tail, and sometimes are laiger than the eye ; usually
about its size. On tiie sides and beneath are sparingly scattered small
bluish-white si)e(^ks. The spots, both yellow and bluish-white, are some-
times found on the legs.

In youngei' individuals tiie yellow sfiots are brighter and the black
ground deeper. — 8. F. I>.

Professor IJaird (I(M>nographic Etn-ycloiia'dia, 1S,51,) thus describes
the reproduction of this spcM'ies :

' ICarly in April, or towards the (Mid of Miirch, large masses of gelati-
nous matter may be observed in ditches, jiools of water, or mountain
streamlets, which on closer inspection will be found to consist of a num-
ber of hollow spheres, about a quarter of an inch in diameter,embedded
in or combined together l>y a perfectly transparent .jelly. Within each
sphere is a, dark obje(!t, a sph iindal yolk, which in the course of some
days becomes (considerably elongated and exhibits signs of animation.
Omitting, as unsiiited to our pages at present, any ac(^ount of the em-
bryonic development of tin^ animal, we resume its history at the time
when its struggles have freed it from the shell of the sphere in which it

I! t

:n

■J

m

i' }

bi ? ■ _i

'ffi

m

i
♦

if

60

iM'LMrriN :!i, r.N'ri'Kh statks naiionai- mi'skiim.

ii

\v;is inclosed. At (liis Ii'iik- it is alioiit liaH';ili iiicli in It'lifjtli, iilld con-
sists siMi|)i,v (»r Ih'ihI, ImxI.v ;ni<l liiil, the liilli'i willi a well (Icvrlopcd lin,
rxtcndinji Ironi the liciid and anus to tin cxticniit.v of tlicbod.v. R«'s
|)irati(»n is pcrroiincd l»y means (»f tliicc {>ills projecting: (Voni ca(!li sido
of (lie neck, of very siniple construction, liowcNcr, and willi Init t'vw
Inanclies. 'I'lie alis<'iice of limits is compensated It.v tlie existence of .,
ciiilt shaped appenda^^c on each side of (lie head, proceedin;: froMi tlic
an.nle of the month, and representing the eini (dtserved in some ixliilf
salamanders. I!.v means of lliese appendafjes flie voinif,' salamanders
are enalded to anchor tliemsei\('s securely to (dtjects in the wafer. In
the coarse of a few days a tnltercle is seen to form on «>acli side, just
hehind tlit^Iicad and niidei' the i;ills. wliieli eloiinafes, and tinally ftuivs
at each end. lirsl into two. tiien three, and at last into four brandies,
tlins exliil»itin<,' tlu' anterior extiemilies. with t lie tour linijers, which
lattei', in the larva, are V(>ry h)n<::. I'.efore the foi-e Ipj^s I>ec<»me (M)ni-
plelely foniied tiiose heliind sjtront ont in a similar manner, witli first
three, then four, and finally live toes. During' this time the yiils iiave
increased in (he nnmher of brandies, and tinally exhibit a i)oaiitif'iiI
arboreseeiil aitpearance. in wliidi the circulation (»l the blood can i»e
distinctly seen by means of a simjile lens. (See plate Hi.)

Pi

^ 7

Kn; '■! ~.\iiihl:i.it<unii I, iiiiliit.nn n.iiii|>li>ii V:i,

.i'.i'j

tha
it n

Ilia

IIO.'>

reii

IIk'

ml

i,r>|

.i^iiii
antl
lasf
(;ai|
sit<|

TIIK HATKACIIIA ttK NolvTII A.MIiKlCA.
UKsi;i!vi; SKUiKs.

61

'■J

y, '■

\-,:w

1

:.27ii

1

ti-,m

:i

lllhS

1

ij'.i'.)

1

iiii'j

1

'.ll'.KI

'1

IIIKIKI

1

ll'.fJH

i;

:t!i.'iii

;i

;i!i.'7

r

;i!):i(i

•J

WW

10

4(IS4

o

4077

-

4(ISll

1

;i:i:;,s

f.

:i'.ii7

f*

:i'.m:.

111

:niMi

1

r.Mr>4

1

iitiiii

:t

:i!i;i4

11

4KI«li

1

.mil

1

:tiMi:i

:,

111) III

.Ml

1 I4^r.

1

1411)1

1

lI'Mi

1

;i!i;iii

1

iiiij,".

•J

;i!iij

;i

;i!i-.".i

.1

:i7S(;

T

;i'jo5

Ci.'

I.IM ItlitV

Wlini

nilli'i'li'il.

riuin wImmm ivi.iv.a. N.ilHi'c.l Mp.Ti

IIII'II.

WliitliilcIC I\, ti.i \.(ii'|iliinl

Kit cliiiriMmli, <ia . IM. \V. I,. Jiiiic.t

li.ll.nilir. Ill S.'lil. -,1H7I 111. .\. l;<iis.s,

Cliirii^ii. Ill SwciiiN

Iti'twiTii lijiliaiiiil.i itiid \'.\ ('iil..I.'l).«ii:'.liaiii, I'.S.

I'li.icp, '\\-\. .\ir-.iv.

Iliililii\, \iiv:i Scotia Di.dillinl

Wli.allanil. Iiiil Aiii. --, 1«K1 Udli.it Itiilnwav

I'ailisl,. I'a I'lol', .S. I'Mialiil

.MilMuillr. S. »'. ... Dr. .1. II. lianall

I ilitiiri'Mlrf. Va. . . . . .

.\lliL;anv t'liillilv. N. V Dl . Sli'vciis

CuiiU (NiiMilv. ill I'r. K. Kiiiiiiriill

tJiaiul ('iitiMii, l.a ). Vanliii

I'liit Dawson, Knl Kivi'i, ' Dr. I,. A. Kdwanls. I'

AiU. [ S. .AiPii.v.

Viii;iiiia '..

Hai iiic>, Win I'lor. S. K. i;alril

failisli., I'a .1.1

I'lMii ill Mel Uiiii::.', I, a il ami's I'aiiii'

t'lfM laiiil, tlliii) I 1)1. ,1. I'. Kiiilaiiil

Mi.iiiil(',iiini.| III Niiv. —,!.•-.■- 1 I,.M.'rmiirf

.Sum 11 ill. I, N. Y 1 (?)

(Villi, I,.. I'.i i I'liif. S. K I'lainl

Miiiial .Iiiv, r.i

CimI II ('iiiiiil V. I'a.

Mr.iilvill.., I'a'

• ■.ulM.', I'a

Ililil'.ix, Niiva Si. ill
\Vi.>l|i.iil, N. Y

I. SlaiitVii'

S iiiii;;i;. T

- ■•• (')

I'r.if. S 1'. r.iiiil ..

Dr. (iil{iiii

I.^.'<.-. Mis. !■'. I,. I...' ... .

('ll■^^■l,lll.l. Olilii 1)1. Kiillaml

(>)u.1hm' I i;. Niiiii'

Saiiii l.iiiiis Mil Dr. ll. i;ii:;li'maiiii

Kii.iw ill.'. T.iiM .. I'l.iri-^.siiiMll.lii-M

W.vsiiiiiil, N. Y ' (i. W. I'.iii.l

{■Irvil.iiiil. Ilhi ' I)i. liallaii.l

I'r.iuii' .M.i IJiiii.;'' I„i i .lam.M I'.iiiic

Al.-oli.ilic.
D.I.
Dii.
I)i>.
D.I.

|)i>
Dii.
D.I.

Dii.
Dii.
Do.

D.I.

Dii

Di-.

Dii

Dii
Dii.
D.I.
D'l

Di.

Dii.

Dii

D.I

Dii.

D.I.
Y.Hlnu
.\|i .ill.ilic

D.I

D.I

Dii

D'l
D.I
D'l

Dii
Dm
Dii

Jit

AMI'.LV.sTOMA ('( (NSlMlKSl'M ('..ii.

I'l.it.'i'il

. A(;i.l. N.U. Si'i. I'liilii., l-."i'.», I'.';;; i«i7, ITT: .S| rancli, Saluiii., \>.
Itiiiilciincr, (';il. 1!. (i. I'.ril. Mils., I'll. ii, H-.', p, I.'.

'I'liis ill Dill- ol' tilt' siiiiillcst spt'cii'sor the .m'liiis. ami tlioiii;!! li'ss stout
tliaii lilt' two pifci'iliii^, is iiioiv so tliaii tlic .1. jf(l'crsi>iii(inuin, which
it I'csiMiilth's ill ;;i'iu'ral I'catun's.

Skill cYcrywhiTi' siiiootii. in soiik' spci-iiiu'iis only a si'rics of poivs

'Jt' ■ may l»i' (raced alonu the superciliary rej-ioii ami in a line to near the

nostrils; sevi'ial arc on the parotoid rci^ion. The skin ol" the Uody is

remarkably free from YisiMe pores. wImIc, as usual, the supeii(*r part ol

the tail is thickly studded with them.

'I'hc head is a broad oval, its width making the len.uth to the L;roin
1..") tiiiu's or a little more, and is a little over three-louiths distance to
i^iilar fold. Kye tissuii' equal length to nostril, and 1.7."> limes between
anterior angles, and a little more than ilistaiu-e between nostrils. The
last distance is a little less than that between inner iiares. Posti'rior
can til IIS of e\ »' a little anterior to caiithiis oiris ; anterior cant bus oppo-
site middle of upper lip from iUiterior |>oint. Muzzle loiijier than cliiu.

Furrows bi'hind llieorl»it iiic.)iispieuoiis,biit presiMii. C(»stal .ijrooves

i

()2 IIIII.LKTIN ;il, IJMTKU STATKS NATIO.NAI- MIKSKIIM.

cli'vuii. Tiiil slioil, cvt'iywhoiT coiiiidcssi'd, iiicasiiriiii; IVoiii its ori<jiii
(at cud vent) to axilla or to ^^iilar Ibltl. No niarkod dorsal ;;iitovi'.

Till'. limbs aie short; till' di-its loii^- and siciidor. Wlu'ii ai»|)ri'ssed
tli(^ Hiij;i'rs rt'ach to tin' lii'd, or l»i'.voiid bast's of Iocs. Dijiiits siibcy-
liiidrical; anteriorly, third longest, (hen li, 1, 1 ; posteriorly, I, M, L', r», I.
Two small tubercles on edyes of sole. Expanse of outer toes e(|ual fiom
end muzzle to posterior <!antlius of eye.

Teeth in three patches, the median lonj^est, commen(!in.n opposite
inner marj^iu of luires, and convex to between nares, or nearly sit, in one
specimen. Ton^'ne lonf,'er than broad, the laminar portion prolonj;ed
in two lateral l)antls posteriorly.

Miii'^iireiiii iit.i. I.iiit'N

Lonytli iViiiii .siimit td f^iilMi- Cold 1. ilii

li('iiij;lli IVom siioiit to j,'i()iri U> •j:,

1j(^iij;(Ii IVoiii siiont to end iiriiis I'.l. '.t

Loiijjtli from snout to I'lid lail ai. ',i

lii'niftli ofiiioMlii on liicdiiui line ;i

I,('nj;tli 1)1' I'on'-iirni and hand IVoiii dliow 'A

Ii('n;;tli of It'K ami foot from knuc r>

Width of In'ad if. 7

(leiieral color above leaden, below pale leaden, the latter usually
bounded by the line of tho liini)s, but in one s[)ecim(Mi rising' as hij*!! as
the line of the eye. Lower parts of sides and sides of tail more or loss
varied with small whitish spots, the former often in a re^oilar line. A
similar line on the uiipi-r part of the sides is present in saiiu! specimens ;
in others wantino;. The end of the muzzle is sometimes pale marbled.

Eiyht specimens of this species before me conlirm its validity in every
respect. Specimens of the developed yoiiiio of both A. (>i>nvnin and .1,
l>UHt't<itiim are of considerably sinaUer size, and maintain their i>eculiar
colorations and a o-ivater width of the head, etc.

From the api>ended localities from which it has been scut the raiiy-e
is seen to be extensive.

iir,

I i
I

,:l

.SZi ff tf

, _ a e r - 3

l''lo. h>.—Alllbl!lStullltll•lll^^■|llrl|lllll. N'u. ;)1);;|. Caili.slr, I'.i.
I'. S. NATIONAL MISKIM

No. No. spt^c.

Loi'iilitv.

I

:)ii;ii :i Cailisli', I'n
li'jih I ; (Ill

Diiiiur.

S. K. liiiiiil.
Do.

I'I1II,AI)I:I.IMII.\ ACAIIKMV .M ISKC.M.

1 i (;ii;iilt'»liiii, s. c

'.; ' I.ilxii.v Coiiiitx. (in*
1 ' Cliislrl- <!imilt V. I'ill

! l>r. Ilalldwi'll.

I 'I'lllll l.rCullto.

E. I). ( !o|H).

' Spi:ciiiii!ii ilo.tciibcil.

I Tjpo.

>

7

>/'

IIIK IIATKACIIIA Ol' NOU'i'll AMKKICA.

G3

AMIJLYSTOMA (.'OrKANTM I lay.
l'i(i(!t)o«liii|;s U, S, Natioiuil Musoiiiii, lri."*r), \i. 'M*, I'l. xi\'.

The lu';i(l is lar^'f, somewhat wider than tlie body, and Ualdiiu'd; the
body short, and tiio tail h)ii^ and coiiipitissed. Tiiesi^in is tor tiic most
part smooth, bnt rvcrywiit'iv, as seen nnch-r a Kmis, is pitted with the
openin};s of the entaneous follicles. Of tliese, there area fewenlargeil
ones in a band snrronndin;;: tiie orbit and extending; forward to tlu;
iKKstril. Others are fonnd alK)ve the angle of the Jaw, and a few still
lariier ones on the posterior border of the i arotoid n'gion. The promi-
nent keel and the whole tip of the tail aie so riehly provided with
eidarjjed pores as to present a Ki'iiniilated appearan(;e.

The width of the head is somewhat greater than that of the body. It
is possible that the breadth and llatness of the head havi^ been exag-
gcu'ated somewhat l>y the injnries that it has recu-ived; but this can Ix'
trne only to a very slight (vxtent. The breadth is abont the same at the
angle of the Jaw and the corner of the month. From the former point
the head tapers backward, the ontline being coiutave to its posteiior
border, where it is snddenly constricted into the necik. From the cor-
ners of the month tlie head tapers forward to nearly opi>osite the nostrils,
beyond which it is rapidly rounded to form the snont. The width of
the head is a little less than the distance from the snout to the gnlar
fold, and is (contained in tlu' distanei^ from the snont to the groin .5.0
times. Tlie distance to the gnlar fold iscontained in the distance to the
groin 3.1i tinu's. The depth of the head, on a line Joining the angles
of the Jaws, is a little less than one half its width. The gnlar fold does
not overlap, as it tloes in some s[n'cies. It may have done so in lile,
bnt manipnialion of the skin fails to restore an ()verlai)ping fold. Tlu;
npperjaw projects beyond the lower. Fyes of moderate size. Externiil
naies small; their distance apart somewhat less than the width of the
interorbital space.

The tongne is not notably dill'erent from that of .1. fitfriiium. The
teeth are arranged in four series, which together form an inverteil V?
the angle of which is very obtnse. The limbs of the V? 'i'"* •'^^•^"' ^^''•''' tlie
nnaided eye, ai>pear nearly straight, and are .seen to extend beyond the
internal nares along their external lissnre. Examination with a lens
pnnes that the inner seriesare each slightly /-^/shaped, ami .so disposed
as to make the angle of the V r«)iinded oil". Th(M>nter series on each side
is nearly as long as the corresponding inner series ; is plaiidy .separated
from it, and nearly straight or slightly concave on the pt)sterior side.
Inner nares more; distant than the exterinil. The body is sonn;what
dei>re.s,sed, but has not the swollen ai)pearan(!e |)resented by A.opacnm.
The distance from tlM^snontto the axilla isjnstetinal to that from the
axilla to th(> groin. There are eleven well-marked costal grooves. Then^
is a median fnrr<»w, not deep bnt distinct, beginning on the occipnt
ami riinnwigalitii ^ (hv^ b.ick, di'i-pening o.i the sacral ri'gion, and emling
over the middle of the vent, at the comnn'ncement of the caudal crest.

4:

\

If

wmmm

li

I'Jl

! I

r,4 i;ii,i,i;tin :!i, imtki* station national miiskitm.

The t loacal iv^ioii is r(»iisi(li-riilily swollen, and is liioad and loiiiidfd,
oisli'^lill.v fniar^iiialr lu'liind. i'lic distaiict' lioui the {,'ioiii IoIIu'ikks.
U'lior cud of the vent in tliis species is jircater pntportionall.v (liaii in
any other of the j^cnus so far as I liave I»cen aide to dctcrniiMc. It JM
contained in tlie distance from tlie snoni to the ;;n»iii Init .'{,', limes.

Tile tail is e(|nal in !en;^tli to llic distance from tlie snout to tlio be-
^iuniu;^ of the vent. It is niucli compressed and rather liinli. ItluiHU
well ileveloped keel or crest, which l)e;jfins luinitMlialeiy over the chmc-ii
and extends to the tii» of the tail. The keel is sharp above, and is
bounded below on each side liy a shallow <;ro(»ve. inferiorly the tail
is broadly rounded for its anterior third or nn)re, and is traversed by a
median longitudinal {rroove. The remaimler (»f its lower Ixuder is
compressetl t(» a sharp ed^^'. A tiansveise section of the tail, taken Just
behind the cloaca, would form approximately an isosceles triangle whose
base would be about one half ils heij^hf. One-third of the distance back
toward the tip the heijjfhtof the tail is three times its thickness.

The limbs aic well developed. The posterior aic a little loiij,'er, some-
what stouter, and the foot broader than the sanu^ limbs of a specimen
of A, tiiiriuinii that measures the same distance from the snout to the
end of the vent. They are also tally as lon^j as the same lindis of ji
specimen of A. punctdtinn that measures from snout to the end of the
vent tliieefourths of an inch moic than the specimen 1 am describin<;.
The t(»esare Hat, much like those of .1. titjtinniii. perhaps not so broad,
while they are not so slender as those of a specimen of .1. itiunlnliiin
now betbre nie. They are jjidvidcd with a narrow niar;4inal and basal
membrane. There are two distinct i>lanlar tubercles.

Li*'"K"i: IiuIiis. l.iii.H.

I'lliiii siKiiil t(i iiid (if t.iil .", ,s

l'"i(iiii .snout 1(1 i;iilar lold 0 H. ,'»

i'ldiri siiont to line jiiiiiiiiL; :i \ill,c I )_ ;,

From .si.oiit lo ;;idiii •^» ;{

I'ldiii snout tu cnil of vent ;; n

From end of vcnl to lip of tail -j H

I'rom axilla to j^roin 1 | ;,

I'rom j;T(iin to cml of vent 0 h. .''i

Width of head at anj;ic of j.iw 0 7 -

Ui.stanco lie! ween anterior can I hi 0 | (;

Inttrorliital space d ;;.);,

<i real est Iieii;ht of tlie tail 0 _r,

Thicknt-M.-j of tail at hi;;licsl puinl {) .>

I ''iijrth ol' wliiilo forc-Ici; 0 II

liowcr arm and hand H ■> -

ljeij,Hlli of third finecr 1, ., r

Hinder liinli, total Icn;;th I ,, ,,-

Ijower Icf^ and foot ,, ,,

Free portion fonrtli to • 0 •>

Hxpan.se (ifoutstretche.l md der Inn lis .. -

Distillici^ lietwecn external iia res I, ., ,;

IJi.slance hetwecn inner nare.> ,, ■[ ,•

ludii
low
half
othi
T
liist
has
limb
teeth
bodic
ill tlu

Ui(Jer.i
the di
appro
trace
has u
and h

A.
transv
less sj

a

Tin: KATKACIIIA Ol" NOKTIl AMKUICA. 65

I'rtipoilioiial dimeiiHions,

Miizxle to Kiilar foltl: Times.

In tlistiiiici" IVom snout Id ;{riiin , ;\,\i

In distuiici' to I'nil ol" vnit (iiciirly) <1,'«J

Foro-iirm iiml ('m't :

In (list unci' tit ;;r()iii ;{. i;

In ili^liinci' to t'Mil ol" vent .1.7

LowtT li'y; lUid font :

In (list II HIT to ^jidin H

In (liNtiMiri- to I'hil of vent 4

Width ofli.ad:

lu tlistaiii'f to groin 3. G

'

Fin. II A iiilihintiimn ininitniiin Iliiy. iiiitinnl wi/r ; i'ii)iiiil frinii Hay.

Tlii^ coloi' is (liiik itrowii, almost liliicU, iiliovc, biowiii.sli vcllow below
JJet\v«'«'H tilt' lort' and liiii<l ii'^s the ijolit color ol ilu' In ilv iiioiint.s up
on tin' .><i<l('.s to a level wilii the npiier snrlace.s ol the I nih.s. The inid-
<lle of the Itellv i.s of a (hi.skiei' line than hs side.s. I'cctoial, iiio'iinal,
ami |nil)i(! leijion.s .sjjirlitly hiighter yellow tinin the sides of the Itelly.
Head aliove Hive the hack, l»eio\\ like the other lowei paits. .Inst
hehiinl the symphysis of the lowei' Jaw ate iiidieations of a l»ri<iht yel-
low s|)ot. The uitper halfof the tail is not sodark as the back, the lower
half diiskief than the lielly. The liiid>s below and in front yellowish, us
other lower parts. I-Vet, especially alxtve, dark.

This spe(!ies must be compared with .1. birolonuu} A. tinrhiuni. The
last belon;fs to the j^ronp wiii(;li has twelve costal ;j[rooves. .1. t'KjrUium
lias the interni nares no more widely separated than are the outer; the
limbs of the vomerine V are decidedly concave, and the inner series of
teotli are about twice the lenjitli of tlie outer. It is also a rather loujf.
bodied species, the distance from the snout to the axilla being' contained
in the distance from the snout to thej;roin nearly L'.t times, while in vl.
I'opt'KHKin the latter distamu? is but twice the former. Iiuleed, this form
dillers from all others, in the shortness of the body, or the equality of
the distances from snout to axilla and from axilla to j;-roiii. .1. bicolor
ai)proaches it most nearly, but this s|>e(ties dill'ers further in havinj; no
traces of the yellow spots so chara(!teristi(! of that form. .■I. copcanum
has also a broader and more depressed head, ii more compressed tail,
and lonp'r limbs.

A. bicolor is described as having the palatine teeth in three entirely
transverse series; as having a Vi'iy short muzzle, and as beiii},' more or
less spotted. A t'omparison of some of the dimensions of the two spe-
lySl— Bull U 5

N '■!

i

r

66

BULLETIN 34, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

cies is iiecessiiry. Tlie type of A.hkohr now in the niii.seiini of the
AcadoniY of tlic Xatuiil Scioneos of riiiliulelpliia fiiruisiios tlie mens-

urenients found in the first cohinin.

Mcasiiri'iiRiils.

A. liicolor. ■^- ';3'"'-

Lenpfli from snniit to cular fol 1..

Liii:;lli limn sunlit to axilla

Ll'IlL'tll In nil Hllllllt t" LTDill.

Liiiiilli I'liMii .-iiiMil KmimI (if vent .

Lc'iiiilli iiiiiii axillii tDt'idiii

Lrii"tli iiriiiwcr Ic^ 1111(1 1'diit

AVidtli (ifliciul

In

II
1

lit

F(irc-arm and foot into (tiKtiincc fioiii snout to uToili

I.(U\ IT li'u' anil fiKil into distaiico I'lmn snout to yi (liii .
\Vli(ilcai"tcii(ir liiiili into (lislanci' from Hiioiit to (.'roiu
Wliolo anterior liiiili into (Il8tan(e fioin snout to vent.

/,i/i
It.
J. fl
7.'J
•i. .)
4.5
H. H

8.:;

Tiiiien.
4.6

;i. .••4
H

4J

III.

0

1

/.in.

l.K

;i
(I

1. 15
II

7.5

Tiiiun.
:).fl

-11

Tlic above table of t'oniparative measuronients sliows that -1. hicnior
h.is. in comparison witli .4. vopeannm, a h)n{j('r and still broader head;
ii! spite of tliis. a distance from (lie axilla to the {iroiii ^Teater than that
Irom the .snon* to the axilla, a nuich shorter pelvic rejjion, and shorter
fore and hind limbs.

Found at Ir\ inyton, near Indianapolis, April 7, 1885, by Mr. George
II. Clarke.

The siiecimon on which the description is based was found dead an<l
somewjiiit mutilated. The injury that it has snllcreil does not, how-
ever, ill any way ob.sciire the eiiaiacters of the speci»'s, ainonntinj;-. as
it does, only to a loss of the entire left fore liiiil) and sli^jht I'racliires
of a few of the Itones of the anterior part of the head.

I have not seen this species, and know it only fro-ii the description
ami lijiiires of Professor May. ' have copied the ;;reater i>art of the
former in the jireccdinj,' para;;iaplis. It is evidently a distinct s|»eeies,
c'haracterized anion}; other tliin;;s by the shortness of its boily. In
coloration it is abont identical with the Amhlystoma jr(}'er.soiii((nHm
fiifivHm.

AMHLYSTOMA HirOLOK HallowPll.

Proc. Ac. I'liilii., l-,'.7, i>. Ui:.; Cii]w, cod. hn:, IrtiT, p. i7f; Straiirli, Salam., ji. ( :t;
lidiilnifrcr, Cat. Itatr. (irad. lirit. Miis., td. ii, l«vj. p. f.'.

In the type specimen of this sjtecies the nsnal snperorlvitivl and lat-
eral frontal serirs of larjic jiores are not di.scernible. In a second spe(!-
imeii they are well marked, in the former the skin is »|iiife smooth,
with eleven lateral ;;rooves, and the folds of the throat and sid«' of (he
head not stron<;Iy maiketl. The head is broad and obtn.se, enterinft-
the len^rth of the <;Toin ;i.T."» times. The front convex in protile, con-
taiiiinji' the len<,'th of the li.ssure of the eye in its width betwj'cn anterior
cantlms of .same 2.7") times. The sjirno measure is a tritle h'ss tiniii the

' y

>^

<

\f

THE BATRACHIA OF NORTH AMKRICA. 67

distance from same to nostril and one and a (juarter the distance between
the hitter. These are mueh ehiser together than the inner nares. Dis-
tance between outer margin of nares equal length from end muzzle to
midinterorbital space.

Dorsal line with a faint groove. Tail much compressed, equal f''om
end vent to eanthus oris. Body stout and heavy. The lin»bs are stout
and the digits not elongate or depressed. The appressed lind)s over-
lai) by the length of the toes. Two well-marked palmar tubercles.
Third and fourth toes nearly equal; fifth a little longer than first.

Tongue large, disciform, not emarginate behind. Palatine teeth in
three entirely transverse series, the interruption taking place considera-
bly inside the line of the nares. The teeth themselves are in numer-
ous rows on each of their bony crests, presenting a brush-like arrange-
ment. Median series notched behind.

Mtamtrcminta.

Inches. Lines.

Lfiifitli from cihI iiin/zl«' to (pillar iVld 0 !' 75

Lt'ii^illi from (Mill iiiuzzlc to jjroin 2 7. '2

Lriifjlli from end iiui/zlc to cml vnit . ',] 2. 3

l.niirtli from end iinizzli' to fiitl tail o 10.05

I.t'ii^tli of iiioulli (strai;;lit) 0 (3.1

L(n;;tli of fon-arin ami foot 0 G. 75

l-tMifjtli of lower Icj; and foot 0 H. H

AViiltli of h.'ad 0 8.75

Cohu' above, olive brown; below, yellowish, olive shaded in the mid-
dle. The inferior yellow risi's on the sides as short l)lotches; above
them are sevcnil ill-delined yellowish .spots. I'arotoid region yellow,
with a <listinct black vertical bar. Limbs brown, cross-banded; tail
yellow, with brown sjiots.

The above description is taken from the type from Heesley's Point,
N. .1., in the .Miisi'um Academy Phihulelpiiia. Another specimen
( Miirj) from the same locality, in the National .Museum, dilVers in two
important particulars: The palatine teeth iire not brush-like, but are
conliiH'd to the crest of tii<' lidge, and the tail is a little longer than the
head and body. The niuz/le is ratlu-r longer and tiie mucous pores
more numei'ous. It may belong to another species, as the .1. fifirinum,
which it much resendtles, l)ut its eleven costal folds are a notable pecu-
liaiily. Tlic A. hitolor, though nearest the .1. /(V/r/MKMj, appears dis-
tinct, after a <'aieful scrutiny of several individuals.

KESKUVK SKIJIES.

'». ■!

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ii

CiitalMum-

IIIIMllll'l.

N

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4

1

I.iM'iilily.

l!.-.s|,.\« I'.iiit, N.J ..
M.)i)tu.>ln.'l \ , .Mil-

When
culluuted.

l'"rom wlioiu lei'ilvfU.

I'nif. S V lliiinl

T. S. lliniiii

N'liliiw of apoo-
iliicn.

4fiI)'J
1U3!I|

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AU'oliolic.
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68 BULl.KTIN :U, UNITKD STATICS NATIONAL MUSKUM.

AMliLYSTOMA TIOK'INrM Grpcn.

I I'lati' -jr.. lij;. 7.)
Copo, Pioc. Ac. I'liihi., 1-117, p. 1T;>: Straiicli, Sahini., p. C3 ; Bouleiigcr, Cat.
IJatr. (irad. Jirit. Mils., l-t'v!. .d. ii, j.. i;!.
Salt! ni nil (ha liyriiiii, (iiiuii, Jduni. Ac I'liila., V., p. lltl.
iStiliiiiKiixIni iiii/aii (iivru, I. c, \\, ]>. •J.M,
SiihiiiKiii'lra hiiidii. S.ijiii', Aiinr. .((HUii. XXNVI, p. :W'J, 1~TO.

Triloii li,/riiiiix, HtiHir , N. A. lliip., v. p. 711, 1 'I. •,'(); Dc Kay, N. Y. Faiiu., p. K!, Tl. ir>, Ii. 32.
Triton iiKjiim. Hdllir,, /. c, p. Hf), I'l. ',".•.
JiiihilntuiiMtiijiiiKi, liainl, Joiirn. Ac. riiila. (ii;, I, p. iJt^-l ; Duiii. &, IJibr., p. 108; llal-

l(i\v , .loiirii. Ac. I'liila., C-M, III, p. :!.'i<i.
Anibntloma liiridii. liaini. /. r., Iliillow.. /. c. p. Xt'.\.
Jmhyslomn niiiiDrl'hi, Jiaiid, /. c, pp. •■i>'i, '^M ; Hallow., ). c, p. ;15'J.
AmhijxIuiiM iiiisciijiiis, ISjiiril, /. c, jip. •>■!, '■iW: Ilalhuv., /. r.. p. :i.")l.
Amhiisinmii jirnnirjiiiii', liainl. /. c , -J-J, ',';!!' : Hallow., /. c, p. :)")•!; U. S. Mox. Bomid.

Siirv., II ; Kept., I'l. :i.'>, lij;. 7-11.
Hettroti-iloh inijciin, Grav. Cai. Il.iir. (Iiatl., Brit. Mus., od. i, p. 33.
Xijiliiiiiitya ii{)'i r^iniidiKi. id., ihid., p. 31.
JiiilijI'-tiiiiKi tiijiiitiiiii, id., iliiil., \>. ■\').
.lHl^//•^^'(/l(/ iiuiriiftiinii. id., ibid.. \t. 37.
Amhi/sluhia inlifoyninisr, (U:\\. I'roc. '/.i.iW. Soc. 1^,")3, p. 11, PI. 7: Hallow., /. c, p.

:i.'..'. : I'.ainl, IJcp. I'. S. I:n)i1. Smv., xiii, I'lnt iv, PI. 30, Hjj. 1-3.
Amhji-'.tomii /line .niii. \ar.. Dmii. A liilir., ji. Iii7, J'l. lll.">, li;;'. 1.
Aiiihuxtiimii iiiliiiliiniiiii, Hiiljow.. /. I., ](. ;!.")'^.

Aiiihiiitoinii iiiiji ».•<. Hallow.. 1. c. \\. W'l'.V. Coopci,!'. S. ]!x]il. Siirw. Xll. Part il. IM. 31, tiy. 'i
Aiiihi/sliimii mm iihiliiiii, H;illo\\.. /. r., \>. X\'>, and Proc. Ac. Pliila., l-^."i7, p. 'Jlo.
Ciiiiuini toxin maiiiliila. Cope. Proc. .Ac. I'liila.. l-.">',(. p. I'jo.

Atiibl;i-liimii mavorliiim, f'oitc. /. c. : ."^Iraiicli. /. c. ; Coiic, in Y.irrow's Report, Zoill., ]>, ()31.
Aiiilihi--<l(iiiiii idi.scii I'll III (lialril). Colic. /. c., p. llfJ: Straiicli, /. c
Ambhjittoiiia ncinmaiiiii, Wcidcrsli., Zcit>clir. wiss. Zoiil., XXXII, p. 21ti, i'l. ll,l!».

/.iirriill'diiii.
Siredoii liihriioidii<, ]]:\\ri\, Proc( i -U. I'lijl;i. Acud., 1-.V,>, p. (W; Sfaii.sliiirv'N Report,

1KV,>, p.33(;, PI. i: h'cpl.r. S. I'.ic. IM>'.,cxp|. X. PI. Xi.iv.
Siredoii ijnirili.i, Uaird,!'. S. I'ac. U. Ii. I;, pi., \,\Villiaiii.'.oirs licpL.p. 13, PI. xi.iv, lig.2.
lUnmiii.'iloiiKt muiiilntiim, Sa^cr, Pciiiii-i. .(oiirii. Medic., l,"i.")f<, p. 4y'H, ti^ 1.
Sin lion pisrifoniiin, Dmiicril, .Journal dc la Soc, Accliiiifitatioii, l-'(i(>, liiry,
Sirtdoii liijrinus, Velasco, Natiiralcza, Mexico, i\-, leTf^, liys.

,.

Ml

„ 2 \ 7

Fl(i. l2.--AwM!i.sf,„„n ll.jii,,,,,,,. (in.n. \V, M NoHliflol.l, HI. \„. 4001.

THE IJATUACHIA OF NUHTII AMKRICA.

69

^1>

(ieiKMul form very thick ami iiiassivc, altliougli tlic lii'ad is propor.
tioiially small in mature specimens; not as broad as the hody. The
skin appears cpiite smooth when fresh, esjtecially when covered with
its epidermis. On removing this, however, the skin is seen every where
closely covered with shallow pits, interspersed with yranuh like pro-
jections of (he ylands. There is an indistinct line of i»ores on each side
of the head interior to the eye, but they can be scarcely traced else-
where.

The parotoid rejjion is innch swollen, w ider than the skull, and about
e(|ual to the <listance from snout to j;ular fold. The width of tin- Jaws
is contained about four and one-half times in the distance to the j;roin,
ii little more than the to the end of the anus. Tin* jiular fold is very
ilistinct, and even overlappinji'. The };ro(»ves behind the jaws and from
the eye, oblicjuely alonfj the side ol the head and neck, are also very
strongly marked.

The eyes are moderate; not prominent; the pupils circular. They are
distant from the nostrils one orbit lengtli and separated anteriorly '2k
oriiits; the nostrils art' separated one orbit. There is a decided con-
striction at tin; neck.

The body is swollen and Iar};e, a little di pressed; its circumferenco
at the wulest is nine li'Uths the distance from sui ut tn ;4rnin. There
are twelve well marked costal furrows from fore to hind Wy:, and live
pelvic: the foiiiih and tiftli unitin<;' just Itehind the anus.

The tail is about cMpial to the distaiu-e from snout to j^iitiu; it is sub-
quadrate at base; l.\ as higli as widt', but iiccomcs iMUiinliately oval in
sectittu, larjicr below, and more and more comprcsMMl to ilic tij'. The
<'d;;es arc, however, rounded to the terminal third, wheie tlie\ ;^radually
becomi' sharp.

The leys are stout, thickened, and lather sliort in proportion. The
di;fits are much depressed; short, tiiauiiiilar in sliaoc. tapcrini; from
the broad oase to tln' tips, which are lianbiu'd and soniewhal horny in
ajipearance. The tree porti( n of {\\v lou;.;cst is about one tliirtl the
total len;;th of the liml> from elliow »u' kut ( ; soiiu'tiuu's even les-;. In
the individuals whicli live on land the di;;its appear louder and more,
eyiiinlrical. The expanse of the ontstretchcil toes is aiioiit four tilths
the distance from snout to ;^roin.

The ton;iUe is lU'sliy, iuDad, altoul half the width ol the head, ami
with the outline of the papillose portion siiglitl\ eniar;;iinite behind.

Th(^ palatine teeth of this spech s e\ten<l aeioss :he palate very
neail\ from one side of the upju'r jaw to the othei-. The series is
tuny inleiiupted alony tlu' nu'dian line: sometimes scarcely so. TIh*
iini' is obtusely an;:ularly loumled aiiterinil\. the concavity behind
riMciiing' forward to alxuit (tpposite the middle of the iiifeiiial iiares.
The slij;hlly convex anterior luam-hes divei'^-e backwards regularly
nearly to the line of the inner narcs. where the aui^le of diverj^ence lie-
•!omes still yrealer, and the line l>ecomes lu-arly straiyhl or even eon-
cave uiiteriorly.

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70 UULLLTIN ;J), UMTKU STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

There is some vaiiatioii in the .specimens, of tlie pieci,-,e outline of
tbe onrve of palatiiu- teetn. Sometimes this is less an-ular anteriorly
iiud does not reach lie.voiul the posterior 1 order of the inner nares.

Ill life this species is of .- dark, livid blackishhrown above, oliva-
ceous on the sides, and from lijihl olive to dirty white beneath. On the
upper surface, ^uencrally on the side of tiie tail and limbs, are nearly
circular yellow spots about the size of the eye, and j^i nerally sharply
detined. These aie iiiucii liUe those .)f .1. piinvtatiim, though not (piite
so distinct, and althou-li a fi'.int indication of airan}>vmcnt in ten dorsal
rows may be traced, yd liiesc are less symmetrically disjiosed, and sin-
gle ones "are sc;ittercd lift wi en thcotiicrs alonji' the back. Similar scat-
tered spots are seen alon- the belly, wiiich af-ain is bordered, as on the
lower part (»f the sides, with larger, more (piadrate si>ots, which are
more or less conllnent. giving rise to elongated blotches, overpowerinpf
the "iduntl color. This is also sometimes the <'ase on the l)elly and
almost always on the chin or lu'iieath the head and neck.

The rounded spots above souietimes vary considerably in size, and
occasionally are almost wanting. Sometimes they are iiKue or le.ss c(Ui-
fluent, in which ca.se there is u.>ually a predominance of yellow <»n the
bellv. In a large series of specimens I have not observed any vertical
yellow bamls on the side of the tail.

In the young, jrst peifected from the larva, the upper parts are d:irk
bidwii; the under jtarts of a miifoim browiiishyellow. The yellow-
spots next make their apiiearance, liecoiiiing more and more prominent
to a certain age. In very old spcciiueiis the dorsal spots be.ome in-
distinct, but may generally be discovered when held under water or
alcohol.

IHiiH'iinioni of H'Ol.

Idi'Iich.

Fniiii snout aloii^; jixi.'il liiii' fo fiul of nuiiifli

J''nuii siioiit III >;iilni- Cold 1 1. 0(»

I'l'iilll riliolir to^loill t. .'it)

l-"niiii snout to ciicl of .III us 'I. -U)

Ftoiii snout to c-nd ol' tail .'^. 00

Widtli of licad w)

Foro-anii from <'llio\v >-t)

Hind Icjc froiu i<!icc 1. It I

The longest specimen before me nu'asures H) inches (KM).'? liacine). In
this the tail from behind anus is tis long as the rest of the animal. Do
Kay describes one ot 11 iiu'hes in length.

MKininoiKiilaofa liijiiiiil xpiciinvii of I lie nir. liyri'iitm (Itil*",').

LpiiKtli fi'oin snout to "nd of uioiitii ajcuij; uicdiaii lino 4',

I.cn^lli from siuiiit to unlai I'old <)(!

Ii('nf,'lli fi'oin snout to m-oin .{ m

I, en trill frotn sniuit to ludiind anus H. T'l

Li'iij^tli from snout to t ip of tail - -,r,

Liiij^lli of tail '\ r*0

■ r

\ :/

1

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I

THli HATUACUIA OF NOKl'lI AMKKICA. 71

Inrli H.

VVidtli of lu'iid 70

Foi't'-iinii tVoiii elbow 75

Hi ml It';^ (Voin knoc IK">

(tri'iitiint lifij;lit of tail (!;"»

Stretch of liiiul logs ±80

III this variety tlio nppreciable diflVTOiice in color consists in tlio teinl-
ency to transverse or vertical bars of yellowish on the side of the tail
more or less continent.

I tind no ditference in form between the two series, the snpposed A.
I'lmcopum now at iniiid (.{SiM) and 38S7) and young specimen oi A.luri-
(iitm (as .'{J)?!), Irom Marietta, Ohio. The color above is a light reddisii-
brown ; tln^ sides a sharply delined dusky l)rowii ; th<> belly of a lighter
shade of the color of the back. There are some very obsolete indica-
tions of whitish spots in tiie belly and sides.

Tiie following eximination of the nature of the variation to which
the Eastern foi-m of this species is subject and their <!auses may be
a«lded to the preceding diagnosis from liaird's manuscript.

The color varieties are as follows:

rr. Uniform brown above, yellow below, sides darker brown ; 3S87,
381)!); three specimens.

fi. Blackish-blown, with sniail scattered yellow spots above and large
ones on the sides, in the majority of tin* individuals; Nos. 4003, 4()!)7,
4(591, 3!)74, 38t)5, li'Mi, lim.i, 3!)70, ;{•.).">(), 1»{)71, 401)2, 47()(i, and eight in
in museum of the i'iiiladelphia Academy.

;'. Neaily e(pially and not coarsely marbled above, with blotches of
deep brown ami bright yellow ; 40.")!).

6. Entirely yellow, with brown linear patches irregularly arranged;
type of ^l. imjfus, from New Orleans ; one specimen.

The above <!oloration varieties, it will be observed, coincide in part
with those of Western individuals:

The conditions of preservation of immature stages in the dentition
are as follows :

a. Palatine series nearly entirely transverse behiinl the internal narcs;
eight specimens, all from New Jersey except two from Root liiver, Wis-
consin, (I0!)3(/), and cme from Louisiana, 470G. All are fully developed
and many ot the l.irgest size; one of 4()!)3 has the postnarial denial
series separated on om^ side. Of these the largest example of the sjie-
cies is frcMii Root River. With the other mentioned, the width of the
head enters the length tit the groin 4.5 times, and the tail is longer than
head and body. Tiie same relations are seen in two New Jeisey speci-
mens. Two from the latter State have the long tail, but the width of
tlu^ head is only one fourth length to groin, while one of the same has
the long«'r body (4.5 times), but the tail shorter than head and body: two
specMinens have both the short body and tail. The elongation of the
tail and body scarcely occurs in connection with any other ty|)e of deu-

•Hi

.*

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72

mi.LHTlN ;!l, INITKI) .STATES NATIOXAI- MI'SHUM.

titioii, iiiKl it is iiu-MlioiR'(l lioiv to sliow tin- -iriitn ■;ciicial coiiiplete-

iiess of (ii'vi'l(»i»iiiciil ill I Ih'sc- Eastern iiidiv itliials.
h. Si'iit'ssli^iiti.v air.lu'tl, not passing l.ctwrcii iiaivs. Two siK'ciiiiciis,

laij;L'. Ill No. .{!»!»;{ l>otli outer .se<4iiients are well .separated iVom llio

meriiaii: the tail is loiij^er than head and body, and width of J.iws \M

to line of yroin. Tliis individual is alieiranl.
V. Series aii.uiiiated, not exteiidinji- anterior to anterior inar«iiH»f inner

uarcs. Xos. ;5!i.')(;. L'!t71, .'J'.KJ, ;!S<».-), ;iS;i!t, rinhraeinjjf live speeiinens,
three laijic ones, in I'iiiladelphia Aeadein.v inuseuni, and type of A.
i)tf/rn.s (ireeii in same.

This latter s|>e('iinen is peculiar in some respeels, as already noted, in
coloration. 1 he head is relatively a little wider than in other speciinen.s
ol' the .same lar^e si/e, the width entering the leiij;tli to the ;4ioiii four
times, as in individuals of the smaller aveia;;*' size of the species. Tho
leii.uth of theeyc lissure enters L'..') times the interoiltital width, instead
of twice. thoii;^li in one ofcMpial si/e from Ifoot Ifiver it enters L.'.!.' times.
The nares are not more than usually separated; hence the muzzle is
more eoiitraitteil than usual. It is also depressed in prolile, but not more
than ill some other specimens. I l>elie\'e it not to he a distinct si)eeies,
hut a form dependent on causes similar to those prodiiein;: Dthers heie
enumerated, and not more pennaneiit than those, so loiiu as those causes
are not iinivcr.-al. In other words, it is a lar.uc specimen, with tcctii.
head, and tail of adult character, hut body and muzzle inoie larval. The
fold on the hind U"^ and outer toe, mentioned by (Irceii, is not marked,
or dilfeifiit I'kuii that seen in the species uciierally.

No. I(i!t7, sixteen specimens from westt'iii Illinois; two have the seiit s
divided into tour; KH>'{, two specimens; No. KliM. Cook County, III.,
thirtylbiii speciiiieiis; one has the three iiilcrruptions. and live, with
one (»f U)\y,i. a nicdian, makiii;^ two series of teeth.

Of theattove the tongue is of nor.mal size ami the braneliia' ab.soibed,
exeei)t in twelve spe<;imeiis (No. M't'M) of which live present stumps of
the braiichia'; and two (Kll»7) where both the loimiic is very small and
the ,uill stumps remain. The wi.lth ol the head is .'_'."» to j:roin, and the
tail never lonj;ertlian head and body.

(I. i\Icdian series arched, extemlinji' anterior to anteiitu' mar;;in of
inner nares, Oiiespeciiiieii (.ilMKi) is fully developed in all other points.
c. Palatine series an.unlated, extending; anterior to inner iiare.s' ante-
ri(U' border. Nos. KMT, .litT I, .'lUTd, tw(» ot lii'.»;{, .'is.ST, .is'.t'.i/*, four of
4(>!»7, nine of KI'.H. All ofthe.se have the sluut head and tail -iveii in
the pieliininary dia<;nosis, The small or lar\al t(mj;iii' Oi-ciirs in (Uie of

10!t;{. ;;()7(l. ;{!I7I, nine of Ki'tl. (woof |(>!I7; branchial iiidiiiieiils remain
in two ot Kl!»7 and nine of HUM. No. I(».")7 is remarkable in having ii
very small tonjiue, and short deep tail, no stumps of braiichia-, and
brilliant coloration, with lar;:e size and -eiici.il adult appearaii<-e. It
compaivs with certain specimens ( K;'!,".. ;!!IS I j of the form iiiiirortiKin
in this stroiij;- retention of .some larv.d characters, and, like them, is
from northern .Minnesota, a reyioii noted for its cold and late .seu.sons.

•'

T
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Tin: i',Aii;A('iii.v of noutii America.

7a

M VII nil If mi Ilia of .Wo. 'lOr)?.

Inchra.

Li'll};tll iVniil siKMIt Id end III' ;;Ml>r ol' iiioillll 'I'l

liCliiilll IVoiii siiiHil Id iiiilai' I'l "Id I. (Kt

I,('Iih;I1i I'ntin siioiil to jintiii ;(.'><•

Ia;ii<{IIi I'll Mil snout Id licliiiHl :iiiuh 4. ltd

Lcn^tli I'nim .sin ml lo cini nl iail (alxiiit) H. f>ri

Lciififli of lail (aid. II I) J.'i')

Drlilliof tail (al iMl.l veil I) 1. '.>.")

WiilMi of lua.l 1.00

I^i'iiy;lli (if roicanii riiiiii clliow 00

lA'ii^th (iC liiiiil li'if I'niiii kiu'ii 1. 10

Slfftcli til" hi ml U"^ ;{. 40

A spt'ciiiM'ii I'litirclv similar, j'xccpt in size and cnloiatioii, was round
l)v l>r. Horn near I'.ccsU'y's I'oint, N. .1., a well-known locality for the
,sji('(;i('s. Till' tail is rcinarUaldy tliick and deep at tlu^ hasc, and only
cqiial from its hasis to tlic cantlins of month; a ;ii'oovo in the <lorsal
linelM'liind; tail not ^jroovcd. The color is a dark It'adcn brown, sprin-
kli'd cvc'rywlu'ic willi small yellow spots: spots larj^'ci- on tail; belly
yellowish. I'otal leii;;tli,i) iiielies and ."» lines.

From iIh' preeediii;'' investijfation we j;allier that laival eliaraeters in
this speries are in part only eoiitempoiaiieiMis ; that the branehia' arc
lost (list; the toiiuiie develops next, and the te(!th last; that the de-
vel(»piiiei!t extends in older a^e to the leiij^lheiiiiin' ol' the i)ody and tail;
that the pro^^ress may be arrested at a time when any de^^i'et' of eom-
binatioii of these and other fealiires exists. That reprodnetioii may
take place at any of such dilVerent sta;;'es iseviileiit from the condition
(»f development of the ova ol' many ot' the various specimens, and it
is known to tak«' phn e in other species at earlier .slaves than any re-
eonled heie as juiiiit.

It is also to be noted that specimens from New Jersey are almost
always more liill\ developed than those from the Western rej;ioiis; the
former is a wan. lei district than the latter. 0| two specimens from
New Orleans, howexcr, one only exhibits the deiititiona! charattter.s of
the New .leisey indiviilnals. The characters coinmon to the Western
individuals iiave occasioned the opinion that it was another species,
which was called A. iiKiroiiiiiiii.

Of this l-rm i r*'maikedin my moiio;;rapli of the j-eims Amblystoina,
published in lSi7. already referred to, thai it "dilfers absolutely only
in the broader mii/,/le and wider separation of the: outer nares. The. I.
tiflfiniiiii i-etains in this case a feature characteristii^ of the larva of .1.
JHrirf*////^//* and of all other Siredon six'cii's. The ran^ie ol" color vari-
iitioii is only partly .' 'Vereiit in the two, but the majority of s|)eei-
mens ea(;li lielon;;' to iliifercnt color lypt s. lOach occupies a ditVerent
^'eon'iaphical area, both ol which are well marked in the distribution of
many other reptiles. Nevertheless, ultimately I think it tpiite possible
thai they will have to ln' viewed as develnpiiiental forms, like so many
other su[)i)osed species which are not siilliciently isolated from ouo

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74

BIJLLF.TIN HI, UNITliU SJATiS NATIONAL Ml'SKUM.

i,

i!!/

iiiiotlicial lli(^ pii'seiit time to warnuit tliiMii (listiiicf plaws and iianu\s
ill llic s.vst»'iii." Dr. (i. IJoiiii'iificr, in tlic last edition ol" tlie catalojjue
oC llii' sprcit's of .salaniaiidi'is in the Ijiitisli Mnseiini ISSi', has taken
tills view of tlie ease, and has redneed the name marortiinn to the posi-
tion of a synonym of iujrinum. In the present work I take the same
view of the irlalions of the l^istern and Western forms.
The fol lowing' is a desi;iiptioii of a specimen of tlie Western animal:
Talaline teeth in a transverse series, more or hvss aii;inlar anteriorly,
reaching"' to the posterior l)or(h'r of the inner iiares, or (»ne diameter be-
yond* (' anjjie sometimes tlattened or rounded. The series scarcely
or III- . . all interi-iipteil on the median line; never (:') on the limhs,
which are jicnerally a little iindnlalin^'.

Inner nostrils separated hy the same space as the outer; rarely a lit-
tle larther apart,

TonyiM' itioader than loiiji'; more than half the width of the head,
which Is llcsliy.

l>ody lu'a\y, wlili twelve costal furrows. Head vt-ry hroad, <!on-
taliied aitont three and one half tiiius in distance from snout to ^roin.
Tall about e(|iial to the same distance, iiinch compressed from tiie
base. .Males In breeding season with a distinct tin from near tin- base
of the tail above, and from beyond the middle itelow; tail more o\al
at other seasons. Chtacal re;;lon of male nnicli swollen, emar<;inate;
angular itcliliid.

Leo-s iiiuderate; dibits i -h depressed, v«'ry In-oad at base, tri-

aii;;nlar. and adapted for swiininiiiji. I''ree portion of di«iits about
one-third the distance Irom their tljis to elbow or knee.

Flu. Vi.-A,M,.U,ma H:,n,<„m (Ireen, No. 4nr.O. Nntiiral .size. Vmt Riplry. Minn.

(ieneral col,,, dark brown or blackish, h, aholnd, varied with blotches
ot 3eMow. 'Ihe.se are dispoM'd alon- the median line of the back and

:

won I
<listin
.solve!
Oik
ofthi.^
mens
will
other.'
I'emah
preela
ovarie
breedi
Inrthei
adhere
all pa
teeth I
parallt
and ex

'1

TIIK HATliACMIA OF NORTH AMERICA.

70

>,

tail, I'xtciHliiif; down on tlic sides as tiaiisverso ellipsoid bauds of
lai'j;e size, perhaps equal t(» the spaee between I wo costal {grooves; the
bIol(^hes of opposite sides scuuetiiues alternate, sonu'tinies are opi)osite,
and are I'nMpuMitl.v eonllneiil here ami there, which is ^'enerally the
case on the tail, where they form yellow eneirelinj; riujjs, interrupted
below. Alonj; the sides ol" belly and lower part of the sides is ii sinii-
lar series of yellow ellipses, but usually lariLM'r; those of the same side
usually somewhat eoiilluent, .soiuetiuu's entirely so, leaviufjf a du.sky
central Hue of the belly. The limbs are blot(!he<l black and yellow.

The yellow sometinu's predominates so as to abuost Ibrm the fj^rouud
color, encr()achinj>' lai'^'ely, too, on the yt'llow of the belly. In general,
however, there is little or uo tendency to an anastoim)sis or reticula-
tion of the dark intersi»aces, as in an allied sjx'cies. Smaller, rounded,
irregularly scattered spots of yi'llow are seldom, if ever, seeu as iu
Eastern form.

The ground C()lor is sonu'tiuu's uniforndy dusky above, although the
lighter transverse ellipses can be usually made out; perhaps they are
always apprecial)le in life.

Dunuh'il and IJibrou have given a good colored ligure of this form
under the nauu^ Amhi/stoinv <i' bdittUs. The green is, however, too bril-
liant.

In the pre(!e(liug general description I have endeavored to represent
the distinguishing features of what 1 believe to be a single species vary,
ing very much in shape of palatine teeth, proportions, color, etc. From
the synonymy it will be seen that 1 combine undej' the oldest luinie of
mai'ortium, pninrrpine and nrhiilnsitm also. Although the type speci-
mens of these supposed sjiecies dilfer sutlitnently among each other, yet
there are sullicient coniu'cting links in tlu' large series before lue, ami it
M()uld be no dillicult task to pick out a dozen more specimens each as
distinct from the other and the above as the latter are among them-
selves.

One great source of the diversity of character in diiVerent specimens
of this Protean species is to be found in the veiy dilferent sizes of speci-
mens in thesanu' stage of growth, while iu some the lull metamorphosis
will have been atu-omplished with a length of three or lour inches, in
others the braiichi;e are still visible at a miu-h greater size. In one
female specimen of 8 inches in length ( 1*>7S), the branchiae are still a[>-
piei'iable, the lissures in the neck not being closed up, although the
ovaries and oviduct would indicate that it was captured when in full
breeding (tonditiou. Thisembryonii' tendency isalmostalways indicated
further by shoiter gape of the mouth, the tongue smaller. Hatter, more
.idherent, not at all or very little free at the edges, ami little or not at
all papillose, but exhibiting a cartilaginous surface. The palatine
teeth in the embryonic stati' are more aiclied anteriorly, more or less
parallel with the maxillary seri»'s. less |uominent above the soft palate,
and extending a less distance laterally. T'he digits are more depresed,

f

I,

■■■ <■ 1

■'l

i

V ^

r

J I

t

7G iu;lletin 'm, tnited .states natk^nal Mrsr.UM.

tl.cir outlines more oval tlian triangular, the third and fonrtl. toes and
second and third lin-ers more nearly .M,nal. The develepn.ent ..( the
diin-rent embrvonic eonditit.ns mav be carried on ver.v nne(|nall.v in
dillcrent specimens, so that one cannot see the true specilie charac-
ters in small individuals, or even in lar-e ones in which tiiere is the
slij,'hfest indication of the brandiial slits or their tults.

The same adult individual ditrcrs, too, in dillerent seasons. While
somesi)ecies appear to reside almost entirely in water, others do so only
partially. Kven the same species may pass a more aquatic lite in one year
than in'anodier. A more i)ersisteiit residence in water is shown l»y tlio
broader and more depressed (li;,'its, Iiij;herand more compressed tail, and
more or less decided ridjre (sometimes even membranous). I have no
doubt that an animal while possessinj; these Ceatiires in marked decree
when in the water wmild lose tlieiii to a measurable extent after ii
Ienj;lhened residence on land. This aijuatic habit is j,aMierally greatest
(hiring the breeding season.

The preceding paragrajdi is taken from Professor liaird's maims«*ript.
I will further extend and illustrate the same, and add that the names. I.
calij'ornicnse and A. iiutvuhttum have iteeii applied by (Iray and llallowidl
to forms of this species.

Various changes of form during the late metamorphosis of this ani-
mal have been already enumerated in the prefatory remarks on the
genus. A feature of diifeitMice mentioned altove -the varying length
of the fourth <ligit— ai)peais to be ipiite independent of other devel(»p-
mental conditions. In a specimen in the Mnseuin of the Philadelphia
Academy from Kansas, thi.s digit has but three ithalanges on both feet ;
in another locality three on one, four on the other foot, and tiie same
occurs ill No. .'{!M»4, of the National .Mnseuin. In all the other specimens
at my disposal they are, as in this section of the genus, \-\.

The varieties of this species which may l)e distinguished by their
coloration are as follows :

a (Californieiise.) IJlackish, with slightly i)aler belly; a series of
large, oval, yellow spots on lower part of side and tail (in one specimen
a few on each side of dorsal line). System of nuieous por«'s well (h>vel-
oped, especially below ramus of the Jaw on each side. From California
only ; eight specimens; No. lO.Sl.

fi Brown, yellowish below; larger lateral and smaller dorsal yellow-
spots, irregularly arranged. Fewer miu-ous pores (»ii eaeii si<le the
gular region. Fourteen siiecimens ; mostly from Kansas and Nebraska,
one from Missouri, one from latitude ;>,So, two from New Mexico, and
two from Chihuahua; Nos. lOfJo, 4()i(», 3!t.o5«, 1(m;-J, |(l.S4, l!)(>S, ;5!)S|«.
The type of A. uehnhmnn belongs her*'. There is no material diUerencc
between this and the coloration of A. t'uirinum.

y Ground brown, crossed I)y transverse yellow bands, which inoscu-
late more or less ou the dorsal region, so as to obscure, sometimes almost

T

T

')

TIIK UArUACUIA OF NolMIl AMKIUCA.

77

^'U

i

onfiri'l.v, tlio Rroiiiid ; miUMiiis ,.ort's, as in tlio lasl ; lu'll.v with a median
(laiii or ItlacU l>aii(l; sumctinH's tin* yellow is sJiadiMl '.vitli olive: Nos.
Hii;{, no.'), .{!»!»(», I7(»;5, WM to Kl!»!l, ;;!r»r», lOlS, 407!>, KMKJ, ;J!»82, 53r)9,
•lOSJ, ;;!>1M. No. HL'O iiii;;iit he assij^iied to either (i or ;'.

()' (ii'oiiiid olive, with iiiiinei'oiis small hiowii spots; otherwise na
altoNc; No. UW>, and the t.vi»e ol'.l. iiiiwiiUthim.

I- Urowii al)ove, yellowish helow, otherwise as above; .'{U.St/>, -4702,
3902, .'{!).■>.■)/;, t'roiii most diverse loi;alities.

1' Color as in r, the yellow leaving; only inosculatin}; linos of brown;
no frontal, nasal, oi' mandibular series of mneoiis pores; on*' specimen,
No. i(H)S.

So much as to theprineiple of ornamental variation. The followitiff are
the tbrnis resnltin;;' IVom unetpial development of parts. The rea<ler will
observe by the numbers how little they eoiiieide with each other and
with the precediii;;.

Ti/i)c A. — Palatine teetii in a j^entle arch, convex (brwards, not extentl-
in;; between nares; the teeth (l»iit not the rid;;e) interrupted inside the
series behin<l the nares. No>. I'.tos and .").">iji» (J s|»ecimens); in all re-
spects fully ^rowM. the former nut more than half the size of the usual
ty|»e. Approacli distantly .1. Irisnijitinii Cope.

7'V/R' />. — Palatine teeth tormin;; a strai;;ht seiies on each side, meet-
ing at a more or less (»pen unfile between tln' nares. Most ()f the speci-
mens; Nos. ITOL'. ;;y!L'. iTtr.. i(;i;{, khm, loio. kids, .'jiMio. no.}, -lom,

to t(l!M>, lOSl. ;;<):».-). |(>7!>. <)f lliese, the an-ile of the tooth series
«loes not extend beyond liie anteiior mar;;in of the nares in twenty-
six si)ecimens. of which one exhiltits a small, undeveloped ton^^ue, and
none have the stumps j)f the braiichia' reiiiainin;:;. In eleven specimens
the an;;le extends beyond this point (in ."»'.»!)(), and another approaching;
anarch in Ioimii, :ind ol these the inn.uue is small and larval in six,
and inon*> of thcNC stumpsuf the luaiicliiM' remain; this last is of medium
Hize only, but Nos. UW, and 'M>\)\ arc lar;;e, the lirs very huj-e; they add
the larval character of a slnnt, det p t:iil. It is to i»e noted that the.so
Bja'cinu'us art' from Minnesota and the holders of Ibitish America — re-
jjions subject to ;;reat cold — to which ( ause we may with much proba-
bility assi^iu their characters. Two individuals lu'esentin;; the same
IH'culiaiities are desciil»ed under the hea<l of .1. tiifiiniini.

Of two speeinu'iis from Chihuahua, fully developed, the teeth are of
the two types; of ei;,'ht fr(»m Calitbrnia, one presents the second type
oidy; it is otherwise fully developed.

Tjipc C. — riie postnarial portion of the i)alatiue series has nearly or
quite assumed its transverse position, while the median series remains
in its larval arch, extendin;; more or less in advance of the nares.
K\'^\\\ specitnens, tour of the larji'est size; .".!».V>«, t07S, KML', K>S4; two
Mu.seum of IMiiladelphia Acaih'my, one type of .1. Hnfc»/f(/Hm Hall. Of
these, two have the small tonyue and traces of branchiae while four are
fidly develoiied in these ii'spects.

|!

th

i

i

nn.LKTiN :ii, i-nmti:i> statks national museum.

Tiipc />.— Piiliitiiio scrips fonniii;: n pMiiiltnlicjnvli iVoriKdM' cxtrcmiry
to the olhcr, ('xt(•ll<lill^' in iMlvaiic' ni the iiiiics. Tiim' s|MTimciis,
two of thciiior riill iHil not laru'i' ^^'Z''; '""' "• ••"' »''>i""'>' Inll.v .U.iil.le
tlif siz.' of otlifis from tJH' saiiM' lofiilii.v (Hm' IMiitlf Vallf.v), wliidi mv
ivf.'iT.Ml to tvprs (' and 15. vvitii larval ton^iiic ami luaiu'liial stumps.
TIk'oiIi.ts (HMiO), with larval toii^iiic l.iit the hraiicliia- iihsoilu-d.

Ilt'ivma.v ln' iiiciitiniifd a ri'inarkaltic spt'ciiiifii (.5!>Sl'), wliicli is in all
otlit'i ri'spt'cts fiiilv <lt'VfI(»pt'tl. wlicrc tlic larval aicli of ti'i'tli remains,
bnt has ht'coiiM" opt-n anil sli;;htly tiansvt'isc, cxti'mliii'; Itnt lilllc be-
yond the anlcrior mar;;iii of tin- narcs. It is iiiti'iinrdiatf iK'twccii
tvpt's 1) and A. and is tht-n'snlt of a retardation in development of tlM>
larval anh, \\liiie type i> is proil'iced Itya retardation h\ the presci Na-
tion of the oblitpie lateral series of the larva at the expense «)f the arch.

I add lieie a description of the var. ohseninm {AinhlyHtoiiid ohsritrinn
Haird, Proceeds. Acad. I'liila.,. IS(i!», p. 1!L').

The head is very l»road and the ;;ape nniisnally lar},'e. The internal
nostrils are veiy huj^i', their width half the diameter of tlioeye; the
distance between their inner borders is the same as that lu'tween the
oilier. The ton^Mie is Ia!j;e, broader than lony', its width about two
thirds that of the iipiicrjaw.

The palatine teeth are in I iiir series, eolleelively foiinin;'' a broad in-
verted V; the an;;les anterior, and would beqiiit<' sharp but that there
is an iiileriiiption aloii;: the median line. The blanches reach as far
forward as tlieanteriorl»oidcr of (lie inner nostrils. 'J'liey are decidedly
concave aiitero-e.xicrnally. The ten iiiiiei anterior sections of the pal-
atine scries are each about twice the lcii;;th of the external ones; they
fall short of the inner border of the inner nares by nearly a diameter of
the latter, which space separates them from the outer section, which,
iiiiiijcdiatcly lichiiid the inner nares, are about as loii^ as the latter are
wide, and do not pass exterior to their outer border.

There are twelve costal furrows. The tail is compressed, Init not
hijih.

The C!»1(U' ai)pears to have been of a uniform brown above and on tlio
sides, brownish yellow beneath. On the sides daiker vertical blotelies
can be detected in the sinjile specimen before me. Similarly indistinct
markiiij^s are visible on the tail.

The \ery convey, frontal re;;inii and the concave interrupted .m lies of
teeth alone distinjiuish this variety from the .1. t'Kjrininn of the West.

It dillers from -I. //7/»H»«n»f the Kast in much larjier inner nares
and more widely .separated nostrils, tiie inner borders of the two beinj^
at about the .same distance, instead of liavin;; the latter more approxi-
mated. The toii;jiie is wider, as well as the liea I. The teeth are more
V-slnipetl and roach farther forward. The outline of the limits of the V
is concave antero externally and is interrupted by spaces equal to the
wide nostrils, the outer section not extending' itcyoiid the nostrils.

The specimen which lepie.sents this variety is Irom l-ort Des.Moiue.s,
Iowa (No. auOi.)

^ ,.

TTTE IJATFtArHIA OI' NolMII AMI'.IMCA.

79

I

"''

The duiriU'tern of llui xiirii'tv (Mliforniciisii (Amhli/slDinn cnlifoi niennv
dray) aro as I'ollows:

The proportions ami j;«'H('ral (;liat'a(;trr of \\w f^lands, pits, etc., ajuxMr
liilicli lik«'! tlios<' of vl. //</»•/»»/» ; ill soiiKMt'spccits ol' .1. ;j»//{/ff/«;H. I
do not <h'to<!t any patches ot' lai}j;(' pon-s on the top of thi' head and
nock in one speciiiien, hnt in another a series of hir},'e whitish dots he-
neatli the epidermis seems to indicate their presence. Of these one
patch is phieed on top of the liead, within tlie orbit; another on thc^
parotid rej^ioii. Some pores, however, are distimitly visihh". behind tlie
aiifjle of the mouth, sending forward a seiies ah)!i;; the iiMrj^in of tlie
lower jaw under the tdiiii.

The head is broad, but also h)nj,', the width beiiiji" decidedly less than
the distance from snout t(» {^idar fohl. Tlie yape is very lai'ije, the
len}i;th nearly two-thirds the width. The width in seven spi'cimens is
contained \h tinn's in the distance (rom snout to fjroiii ; in one s[)eciineii
4 times only. The eyes are separated only by 'IK lengths of tlu^ (U'bit.

The t(Hi;.'ue is very larj,fe, nearly lillintj the whole lower jaw. It is
three fourths the widtii of the head.

There is quite a dill'erence in the character of the palatine teeth of
the ten specimens before nie. In both the central jtart of the series lb. ms
a decided V> ('>*' nii;;le siiarp, and reaching to tlie anterior margin ot
the inner nostrils. The limbs extend backwards, sli^'htly in an 3 shapi',
a slnu't distance behind the inner nostrils and in line with their inner
border, and then connect with the external sc^nieiils of the jialatine
series, which extend (iie.irly transversely, but a little obliipiely back
wards) to a line with the outer iiiarj;iii of the inner nostrils. In both
specimens the two sides (»f tliepalariiie seiies a;e lui synimetrical and
of niieqnal It'll j^tli. One specimen shows a distinct interval bet ween
the central V i"i<l <''<' hiteral sejiiiieiif. as well as at the an;;ie of the V;
ill the other the four elements are contiiiiioiis.

Then' appear to be twelve costal furrows. The tail is compressed, but
not lii;;h; in one specimen it isas loii;i as head and body; in another
»Ii(»rt»'r. Shows a slmrp rid^i'c above from near the base ;i!id for the
terminal half below in oii(> spetamcn; not so much in another.

The limbs are well developed, the di;;its depres.sed ami trianj^ular,
but le.ss so than in many atpiatic Anihlii-stnindfa,

The (M»lor of the sjiecies is blackish in alctihol ; rather i)aler below.
On each side i>\' the belly or lower part ol tin' sides of body and tail is
a series of brij;lit sulphur yellow spots, mostly nearly circular, .some-
times obloii;;, and varyiii}? in size, tlioiin;|| ^jcnerally lar<;er than the
orbit. The spots are few in number: live or six from h.ead to tail and
four or live on the side of tail.

In one of the specimens aresume smaller rounded spots on each side
of tlu^ diir.sal line, three or four in each series. These are not syui-
nuitrically dispo.sed, as in .1. pKiicfdlinn.

As Dr. Gray remarks, this variety lias a certain resemblance exter-

i-^lC

;>

F ^

J-WB-8

I

yi

IJIi;

80 un.i-KTix ;ii, itmtki) states national museitm.

nallv to .1. |nn,rl>lfll>n,^^■h\<•\\, liow.-v.T, iicvrr fxliil.its flic scru's of
spots oil 111.- si.l.- of l.clly iiii'l lower piirl of sides of bo.ly iiiid t;ul, tlio
spots liciii-' .'onliiKMl I., til.' vi.'iiiily ..f tli- ii.'.li.m linf iibow. In .1. /.
ctli/ornieiisc wUi'W .lorsal sp.Us ...•ciir lli.'V :nv l.'ss iv^-uliir. tli.ni^ii of
iiMicli the siiiiie si/..'. In Ivpi.-iil .1. rujrin>im tlie vcllow spots inc. iniirli
smaller. 111. >n' numerous, an. 1 iii.nv seatieicl: very i>i.>iiiiiieiil mi llic
lielly. Tli.'iv are ma:iy essential .litlerenees in foiiii iVoiii .1. innirtn-
tum—iis the re m i.l.'ly s.'para'e.l .'xtenial nostrils, t li.^ anterior an-
gle (»f the palatines, the tlepresse.l short (limits, more eoinpress*-.] and
sharply ridded tail. et.-.

A description of a specimen of var. r may al-o he usel'nl for refer-
ence.

The form is very heavy and clumsy : the head very broad : the f-apo
twice as wi.l.' as loii^-. The iiiii.'r nan-s are al).)ur as fai- ajtarl as the
outer. The gnlar tol.l is very (list In. t and ovci laiipiii^ ; the neck much
constricted. There is no dorsal .i;roove disliintlv cvi.leiit.

The tail is mii.'h .•oiiipr. sscd ai..l elevate.l. In the ly|»e selected
there is a sharp lidyf above and liel.iw ii.'ar tli.' tip.

The limbs are rat hei' short ; iIh- .ligils \i'i> broad at the base. lrian;;u-
lar, and mucii depressed. Then' is litll.- ai)prc<iable di'Vcreiicc in the
length t>l' the third and tbiii i h toes.

The toii^iiie is v.'iy br.ia.l, wi.l.r than Ion::. Illliii^ the lami anteriorly
and consi.leiably more than halt' the wi.llh .if the head.

The palatine I. '.'Ill rorm a nearly conlinii.tiis series; nearly slraij;lil,
but slightly obtuse antcri.trly wli.'!.' it reaches to the lin.'or Ihc p.iste-
rior bonier of the inner nares. Latcra"' <li.' scries c\ lends onedianieti'r
of till' inner nares iM-yoiid their oilier . ..;;in. The limbs of (lie \ery
obtuse V ar.' iiol straiuhl. but slightly b.iwsliapcd. There is a wliyiit
interriii»tioii alon;^ the median liii.'.

The ^nouii.l color is jmrplish black, with tiansvensely elonj^ated
blotches of yellow. These appear lobe ai I aii,L;.'il ill oiie .loisal series
on each side tint median I in.' ol the iia.k (.'omin,:; up l.t il am! the o|)|»>-
site (uies Komeiimes conllueiit), ; ml aiDthei on the side cf the belly, of
]iU';4'er size and as.'.Mi.lin;; lii;:li on the si.les. The latter arc soiiielinies
more or less conlluent on 1 1. ■ sam." si.le. The cential rc;;i.ni of the
belly is ;;-eiieralIy .)f the dark j^roiin.l .'olor. There may be six or ei^T;
of th'.'sc blotches from liea.l lo base of tail, and as many on the si.le of
the tail, wher.', in.lce.l, ih.'y ;;('iieially form y.'ll.iw liii^^s, interrupted
below. Till' limbs are bl.it.the.l bla.-k ami y.'Uow in ab.ml e.iiial pro-
jiortiiuis.

fr'-jiiirliiiriiil iliiidiisiDiis.

(Fp.^c. — !t',l."iril. Amliijxinma iiiiiiniiii, Foil liiiss, N, .Mi-x.)
n.'ii.l :

l,Cll;;lll c'";;.'!!!!' Ill' 111! HI til I'l il.S Willtll Oll.'-llillf.

Wiillli (il";;a|M' of iiKiinIi to ili.st;iiicc IVoni siio.il to ;;iil:ir ir:M. . . f«iilill.

Width .ir>,'a|)n ornmiitli to distaiicc (Voiii mm mI to j^ioin font aim d :!', tiiiicH.

Width of >{ajie <'fiuoutii to .Uslanci' tVom-uoia to bebiuil aims JJ uiiu'n.

V 1

I

T

•^

aaaasa^g^-

Tllli JtATUAClliA OF NORTH AMliUiCA.

«1

V i

I

Ucilil- ('otilililicd.

I''iiiiii .sMiiiii to ;{iilai' I'dIiI ciiiitiiiiicil in ilislani'i' IVoni siimit (<i ^roiii . 'M tiiiiL'8.

I''iiiiii siiiiiit It) ;r|iiai' I'liM (Miriluiiii'il in ilislaricc Ironi snout to licliiiid
anils ■\\ liincH

iJistaniu- aiitfliinl.v licl ween rvrs in lcii;itli (il'oiliit W (iliifs.

I >istaiifi' I'loin I'.Vf.s to noHiriis in Iciiiitli ol' orliit l-j- liiiu'.

Itistaiuf lu!t\v<'cii cxliTiial iio.stiil> in icniftli of orliit nearly 'i liiiu's.

|)iHlutii:t; Ih'I With internal nostrils in leM;;t li ol' ol liil .. v,'] tiineH.

Wiiltli of ton^jiie to widtli of lieail ratlicr more tlian .} time.

Iiiinlis:

Kne porlion ol" longest linger eonlaiiied in tllstanee from elliow to tip.. W times.

Free porlion ol' lonj;est toe conlained in ilistanee from Uiiee to
tip nearly ■• timi's.

Distance lietweeii onlstl'etelied toes in length from siioiit to j;ioin once.

'Tail: Lcnj;lli rroni iK-liind anus to rest ol animal nearly eijiial.

Uody : Niinilier ol' costal I'lirrows ( inuliidiiiii axill.sry and iiij;iiiiiiil) 12

, '■

Miii^iin nil nil, ill iiicliifi.

!,enj;lli, measured alon;; axis ol' liody: lie. id — (''ontiiincd :

l''roiii snout to u,ape til) Distance liel ween inner iiostiil.-i If)

I'min snout to ;;nlai told l.iHl Tail:

I'rom snoni to ;;roiii :!..Mi lleii^lit of tail wliere liij;lie8t 75

I'roui Niioiil to liehind anils t. .'ill lireadtli of tail where Iii^liest.. . 15

I'rom siioiit to end of tail l.nii l.imlis:

Head:

Width of head 1.(15

Width of t<iny;ne 55

l,eli;;tll of lon;;iie 15

l,eii;;th of oilii! , V!',!

Dislanic lietwceii eyes .inli'li-

oily *i5

Disl.ince liclwiin outer iiosliils . |(i

I'n e portion of loime.st liii^fer.. . ;{()
from elliow Id lip of loiif^esl

tinker 'J5

l''ice poi t ion of loiijie-t toe ;W

From knee to tip of lon-icst toe 1.15
Distance lietween oiilsl retched

toes. :l.50

4

r

'

) '

I'l HllllllllllKll llillllllnillllH.

fSpec. lii'.H'i. ('iiiiaridii Kiver. )
Head:

l<eli;;lli ol ;;ape of "iioiith to its w idt ii a lion I one half.

Widt h to di>tancc I'loiii snout to ;inlar told e(|iial.

W id III (o distance from snout lo j^Kiin t times.

I'rom snout to ;;iilar fold, contained in distance Irom snout to i^ioln .... | times.

from snout to uiil.ii fold, contained in distance frimi siioiii lo lichind
anus nearly 5 timt'H.

Distance anteriorly liet w cell lyes in length id' orliil ;! tiii-'s.

Distance Irom eyes to Host rils in leii^t h of oiliii I ', tj

Itistailce hetweeii cNlernal imsllils in len;;lli of orlut neaily \! Ii

Disl.'inee lint ween interii.il nostrils m leiinlli of orliit -J limes.

Will til ot' toiii;iic to w idth of head little over A time.

I.iimlis :

l''ree portion ol' longest linuer conlained in lUslaiicc I'loni dliovv to lip ;t| times.

I"'rec porlion of loimest toe ntaiiieil in distance t'loiii knee to tin

p '.i^ times.

Di>l:ince lietween outstretched Iocs in leii^^th from snout lo <;roiii .'ihoiit e(|ii;il.

liodv

Width com] la red with that o'" head eijiial

Niimlier of costal furrows ( indudin;^ axillary and in;;iiiiial) 12

rv:«:~r.iiii .n — c-

^li

■ii?

82 IIILI.M'IN M, lIMTi:!) STATIvS NATIONAL MIISKIIM.

.]tiiisiinm(iil, ill iiiiliix-

J...n..|l,,.m-M-s.imlal...,-axis..nH«l.v: , Ho.ly-Continur.l :

,',:,' Dintaiici' lii'twfcii aniipil aiMl

|'"|(.M1 MIOIII ttlHJ'l"' '

Kn.iii MMMil 1(1 fiiiliii- Colli I.""

I'roiii siiiiiit |ciaiin|iil I--''

|"iiiiii siiipiil III yriiiii

^'111111

Tail:

:t. no

From siKiiit Id liiliiiiil aiiiiM 1. T.'i

I'riiiii siioiil III t'lul '>*' '"'' ^' "•'

ilrail:

Wi.llli of lii'Mil '■""

Lcii;illi iiC iirliit -"

Distaiirr lirlwrcli i-Vi'.s aiiti'li-

(illy •"'•'

Pi-laiH'i' lii'lvMfii (iiiliT iiii>liils .'.i't
1 (islaiicc lirlwccii iiiiiiT iKisli'ils . lili

r>iiil\ :

CiKUIllti'lrlur of liiii.V :!.".">

llri;;lil "f lail wlicri- Iu-;licst .. 7(1
Unadlli of lail wlicn' lii^flifsl .. .In
Lliiilis :

Free portion of longest liiiifcr.. . ii?
From clIiDW to lip of loiii;cst

liiijirr 'X>

V'rvv portion of Ioiihi'sI toe ;t;^

I'rmii kiici' to lip of loiiy;('sl Ikc 1. •_'.')

nistalUT ln!t\V«'('ll OIllstlTlcllfll

I tics ;{. r)ii

I'lnimylKiiiiil diiiii iisiimn.
(Spec. 10""J. 'I\v.{.';;.at'. ..'. /tono/ohc, 'I'ainaiilipa^).

III. Ill:

l,( ii;;tli of >;aiM' of iiioiilli lo ils wiiltli iiioir lliaii lialf.

\\ iillli of ;;,ipr of iiiiiiilli to ilislami' lioiii siiiiiil In ;.'iilai fold . . . not i|i, ciiiial.

Wiiltli of ;;apr of inoiiili lo (listanci' fioiii siioiil to ;;iiiiii iirarlN tliiiii's.

Wiillli of ^ape of iiiiHitli to (listaiirc from simiil lo lii'liiml anils IJ, liml■^.

I'loiii siii/iil lo ;;iilai folil roiitaiiiril iii ili>lani r iVoiri snoiit lo i;niin ;>.( tinii's.

I'rom siioiil to ;,'iiiar foiil ronlai 1 in ilislancr from snout to liiliiml

anus I timt'N.

I )i si ami' anicnorly lift ween ryrs in li'in,'lli of oiliil I! I inics.

histanri' fioiii ryes lo nostrils in Irnntli of tiiliit 1 tiliic.

I (island' lirlw ii'ii I'xtiTiial nostrils in iriiul li of orliit iirarly 'i t iiiics,

Itislanii' lictwci'ii iiiti'inal nostiils in lcii;;i li nf mliii nraily ',' t inn-.s.

Width of lonum' to will 111 nf head nmir I lian half.

Liinlis:

I'l'i'i |i;ii'|iiin of liiii^ii'st lin^i'f I'linlaini'il in liislaiiri' fiom lilimv to tip :itinu\s.

Fire poriiiin uf Inn^isl toe containi'd in di.stani'i' fmni knii- tu iip :i liiiirN.

Tail : I, II Iii III In nil hcliind anus In irsl nf animal less.

l!nd\ : Niimliii of nistal fiiliou s ( inrlndin;f axillary and iii;;iiinal; I'J

Miiisiin iiiiiih, ill iiicliin.

Li'n;;lli, mcasiiri'd alonj; axis nf hndy : 'I'ail :

I'rom SI I lnj,'api' :!l llfinht nf tail w hciv lii;;hrst . .

Finm snout to oi,l;,r fnid tin liivadlh nf tail w lurr lii;;hiNl.

Fmm snout In armpit ;i(l |,imhs:

Flom slinill lni;rnin "J.dO

From snipiil to hchind anus o. Ill

From snout In iiid nf lail 1. 10

Iliad: I

Width of head W

Distance liclwi'i'ti cvfs antcri- i

'•'• '. :ti

Disi M'twiMMi outi'r nostrils .i2;i

Distance; liotwccn inni'i nostrils .'il ,

Fill' pni I ion nf inii;;i'sl liii'^cr . .

I'rom illmw In lip oi' liili;;c.sl

tiiifii'r

I'lir pnilinn nf inii^fsl Inr

I'lom km r In I ip nf lnnt;i'st Inc.

I)istanrc lii'twi'i'ii niilsln'tihcd

I lies

. I-,'

•,'ll

.till
. Ill
.III

I.Tf)

r

t

M

r

,,

iiii; i;.\ rii'AciiiA or noktii A.MKuifA. 83

I'lDflDI lillllllt llillll IflllllH.

(S|(rc, IH'I. Iiiili'i^hmiti h iiihniiti iiilil'i>riili iisi , I'ctatlllllii, miI'I mt.)
li.M.l

Will til III «lisl;iiiiT tVoiii HI Mill I I" pillar (olil I J liiiics.

Willi li III ilislaiiii- I'll III! sill Ml I 111 jj;ri>iii U liiin-s.

I'l'iiiii siiiiiil til ii^iilai I'lilil ciiiilaiiii'il ill ilislaiii'r tVniii siiiuil to i;i'iiin . . .. ',\', tiiiic.'i.

l-'niiii siiiiiil til I'lilai' I'lilil I'lHiiaiiii'd in ilislaiii-c IVuiii siiiiiit In licliiiiil
anus U t iiiu's.

l>istainT aiilfi iiirly lii'l wmi r\fs in 1imii;i1i iiforltit '.'A linirs.

I >islani'r I'll nil ryes to linsl lils in li'iinlli ut' inliit 1 ', times.

Dislancf lift vvccn cNli'inal iinstrils in lrii;;lli ut' mliil I i liiiirs.

1 Mslanci' lii't Willi iiitiTiial nnsiiils in Irnnlli ut' urliit not '2 liiiifs,

Willi li 111' ti>n;;iir Id will 111 III' lii'ail twn-tliirils.

Linilis .

I'l'i'i' iiiirl inn III' iiini;rsi liii^rr I'uiilaini'il in itistancc t'nini i-lliuw

to t i|i nut i|nitr :i t inirs.

ri'i><- portion of liiii;j;rsl tm- containi'il in dislaiin' I'riitn kiirr|iiti|i itiiincs.

Tall ; lii'iii^tli I'll nil ln-liiinl amis to ii'sl i it' animal less.

Midsiin nil Ills, ill ilichrs.
I,rn;;t li, inrasiinil aloiifi a\isi)t' liiiily ; ISoily: IHstancr lictwi'fii aini|iit

I'liiiii siiiinl III najii' In

Fioni siiuiit III Liiilar I'lilil ■■."i

From siiiiiit liiariii|.it I.V.'.'i

I'lom snout III ;;riiiii It.iMi

I'rum sunlit to luliinil anus .... ;!.7."i

I'linii siiiiiil III cml of i.iil (i. ','(1

lliail :

Willi li of licad TO

Willi li III' loiij^nr J."i

l,i'n;{lli of iii'liil !»

Ilistanri' lirlwi'in ryrs antrll-

orly Ill

Dislancf lictwcrn outer nostrils . ;tit
IHstanee lielwcen inner nostrils . :tn

anil ;;roin l.TTi

Tail:

lleis-lll of tail where lii^iliest .. :!it
lliiailtli of tail where !ii;;lies|.. 1-
Liinlis :

free inirl ion of loii;;est lin;;er.. . ','>
I'roiii elliow to ti|i of li)n;;esl

linger -^it

free port ion of liili;;()sl toe :!(!

I'l'inii knee to t ip of lon>:e>| toe .'.til
Distanee lietween oillst retelieil
toes '.i. -^t

Habits, etc, — The lai'vic of llii.s .spi'iMiss iiic t'xcuu'iliiioiy iilmmhmt in
all .still water in the ii'ocli.v Moiiiitaiii Kt'oioii and tlic I'laiiis. Tlii'v au'
rapaciDii.s, ratiii.o aiiiiiial I'ooil, anil taUinj^Mlic liook icadily. Late in
tin' sniiiiiici' llifv citiiipk'tt' their mctainofitlio.si.s and take to tiie lainl,
wIh'ic tlie.v hide in the In le.s iif niaiinots, l>ad.!ner,s, etc. l-'foin tliese (hey
eineio(' diiiiiiii' and al'tei' rains. The iarxa- ai'e iniieli less lVe(|iiently
seen in tlie Mast, wheic the species is less abundant, and tlu' opjun'tu-
iiities (tf eoneealtiieiit an' oi,.;it,.|'. .Market Fjake is a temporary Imdy
«)!" water c(»\('iiiio many stpiat'e niih's in eastern Idaho, it is forint'd
l>v the overllow oj' llieSiiaki' Kivei' in spiino. On its shores 1 have
loiind this species. On tiiv' shore of an adjacent pond of more perina
neiit character I have ohserved this species oeeiipyinj; vertical holes,
which were kept tilled with water by occasional waves, but from which
llieir heads eiiieri;-ed into the air. In this position their branchia' were
;iradiially absoibed. An adult I'roiii New .lerscy occupied a biiriow in
!lic soil III' my Icrncry for several weeks. The Inirrow had two oriliees,
III one or the ittlu'i nl which its head ciUild be o;(.n»'rally si'eii, observing
what wa> t;oiim on.

\

» I

H

»

^m^Sm^S^Sm

sssm

St

III I,M;TIN :i1. t'MTKI' MA IKS NAIIONAI, .MISi;";.M.

I'ltili'ssor iJiiinl lirsl iviK-luMl tlif roiicliisictii lli:i( llic ciiily stiiyo of
this species is a Siretloii, iiii<l lie siis|»e('te«l on lluK ;i<r«'()iiiil tliiit tlii'
Siriiloii iiir.ilriinns of llie valley ot' Mexico is the luiva of an niilviiown
species of Aim1>1\ sioina. I.oiijr al'leiwanls Pro!'. AM;;iiste Diiiiieril
ri!cei\c(l some laiva' ol'tlie .1. tifiriniim iVoin Mexico and ol»s(!ive<l their

III,. I: rphoscs in the reptih' honse of tlie .lanliii des IMantcs of I'aris.

lie siippttsed the species to Ix'the Sirnhm mcrini ii it in, hni I showi-d
that it was liie Ainhlijslitmii liiiriiiiiiii {'' iiiaforliiiin^'), alter an examina-
tion of sjiecimeiis sent l»y liim t(» me to riiiladelphia.* Since then
ridfessor .'\Iaish at New Haven, and .Madame Clianvin in Switzerland,
have observed the iiiclam Mjtliosis ol the same species. I'rofessor I)u-
meiil also showed that il can reprodncc while still hianchiferoiis.

JSiirilon iiic.rindiinii \\'a'^\. {Aiiihli/sfoiiiti iiiixintniim Cope) inhaltits
Lakes ("halco and .\ocliimilc<», in thexalleyof Mexico. Its metamor-
phosis has never iieeii oltserscd, l»nt il is asserted by I. iM. N'elasco to
lake place. It is readily distiiijiiiished from the larva of the Aiiihfi/
stoiiiii liiiiinuin by its color. Il is of a piiikisli tiiay, and is covered
with imiiK'roiis small ronnd, «liisky spots, rather closely placed. While
neaily related to the larva of the .1. tii/rlitinii, il is clearly a ditVereiit
form. Should il piove to be the case thai il does not niider.uo a mela
inoiphosis, the ^cniis Sired(»n, of which it is the type, niiisl be retained.
A second species, the .S'. iluiin'rili, has been described by l)ii;;<'\s from
Lake Tatzciiaor in the Stale of (inanajnalo. lis color is uniform.

r

■t-

.Imliliii^loiiiii hiininiiii (iiiiii.
i;ksi;i;vi: skuiks

;i

(':ilalci^in N

1 III

niiiiilM'i. s|

IIT.

:m7u

1

wm 1

1

insKii

1

lli'.IT

H

Iti'.H

III

UIH8

j

1IH)H2 '

1

UU.'O

1

Mm

I

3990

1

4U0M .

1

:i9ua 1

1

amw '

■J

40U7

a

IIXO.^

1

4U4U

2

4)!Ut

Ii

4iiu:i

Ii

:t't7i

fi

:!lit«i

1

'.»!•;>

ti

flMl

1

K!Ut

fi

SI.Vi

1

7h:i!)

I

OIMI

'

.mu

1

4l)7!l

1

lOH'J

;i

l.iii'.llll.V.

will II
ollnli'il

I'liini » liiiin II iri\ I il

N.iliiii 111 H|M ri
null.

S. II. l.Ullll

I'lias Al.liiili

1)1.. I. K llfiiil, Its. \.

Dclruit, Miili A. Sa;;ii

Viii;iiiiii .Si|i|. --. |!-7I

Wi li-li I (My liiw.i M;i\ Jl, |H7h I'lini Alilliili

Nnillinii lllihi.i- ■ ' i; K.iiiiirnll.

W,.-l Niiiihlh 1.1, III .. ill,

('Iiiiiii;ii. Ill Sept 7. 1X77 I Swiiiiv

KilL'iliilil. S. (■ Apr. — , 1^7l)

Wilwtii I'ily, Iiiw.i

I'dii Kipliv. Minn

Ni» Vi.rk'

Inilipriiilino'. Mil . . '

KiK-iilKilli', Ky

Mi»l.s-.i|i|ii

N'lillllrln IliillilH

Saint I is. Mo

I.akr Kiuiiiilo. < 'hi

Iiiialiiia.

Wi-l N.illlillrl.l. Ill

K.HHlr, W is

('nlilnilills. llliiii

Niw Mi\iiii

I'lPil I'liiiin. \. Mr\

Dr. .I.(i ( iiiiiiir

Ilr riiiiM. II.W.Iil.
Or. Ii. V. Sliiiiiiai'il ..
I! Ki'iiiiii'iiit

.1. I'litl.s

Ii Killllinilt

I'll. IS !•. r.aiiil

I'liil I.. I.I M|Mrli'll\

.' Ilr .1 I,. l.iCnlll.-

I'llrl I 'iinnrll

Null las, N. Ml v .. Hi i ' (1 Vrw In 1 1

liiMiilnCaiiiin, .\iiz liin.i.il W K M .\iii\

Aii/<piia , |8;i .1 M l;„i|,.r

l''orl Kcviiiilils A. ('li>iii;li

I.iiiil W'. r, Caijiriilii I

S. \ .

I'inl lili-s, N Mix .. ' Or.S W riav\ li.nl, r ■ \ '

I'liit liinlnn, Mil !(,. K V ||.,m|,.„ .

laniaiilipaN Mrs |i, i, A K.hvanls. f S A '

I'liiii iililio^ |'|lil,ii|rl|.|iiii .\. ;|(liiii\ , i-J.",>

Ali'iilii

Aln.lii

Ilii

III!

I III
1 1.1
I I.I
Oil.
III.
|)i.
1 1..
III.
Ii.i

Hi.
III.
I III

Mil

III.
I III

Alnilii
Al'i'li.

III..

111.

Hi.

III.

III.

III.
Id)
III.

i|n .

.Ill l\|H'.

.Ill

mm

TTwrr

Tin; I'.ATIJACIIIA or NOUIK AMKI.MfA.

85

:i

.Imlihislitiiiii liiiriniiiii (irccii— ('mil iiuic<l.
i;i;si:i;vi', sKiaKs-c.ntiinir.i.

f'.iiiilii^ni' Nii.oli
liiltnlirr . HfM'r.

|l',<ll

■iiiii:.
•inu7
iit77r.

1(177(1
111" 7
KIHHH

lOJIT
Mijlilll
Kl'.lill
:i:iHI
17"-'
.•.l.'.7
:.:i,'iii

IIX'.I

IIH'ii:

lii.'lT

l(!!i:i
l'ji>(i:i j

Hi:.7
'.tl^<7
I'.v.r.'

ll!f.'S

i'jiii:i
WM
Wi7.'i
I(I7S

I. •■.11

i:i:t<il

ii''ir.
it

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i.((ij:i
1 1 f.'7

Ul'.KI
47(i(i

;iKs7

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I I -.IS

llll'.ll

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nun

117.0

ii'.r.r,
Kwii:.

lOS'lll
HlKiM

:i>:iii
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iiifr.

11. '.Ill

iiLi;

•Kill
IIIKI

iili.*:)
ItllJ

I I I.e.

I I l-'T
.IIITI

I I I 111
lili.J

ItlHI
IIIKI
HlSIl
I IIH7

I alilv

MiMilli !•! CiiniMKiii
I'.iit i;ili'v . K.itiM

l.dHlT I'l.lllf

I'ml l,;iiiiiiiii' W'vii

ilo

. .In

S\(liii'v, Nrlir

Wlii'ii
lillr.lnl.

Mi'\iiii

M.iKiilii

rclrl.Mon, I'llll . ...
1. 11' ijiii |Kiil<', Minn
Kill I I'l.liiii. ('ill

I'nit liliili;,.!, \V\,i
NM.r;iHU;i

Kcli. Ill, lh7il

n.i' .\ IHTS

S:iiitii I'V CriiU

i U.u'kCiv.li

I M..\i.o

ll.ih l.iK..

Nr« .Mislru

: Siiiiili I'.iiK, Ciilii

SmiiIm I''i-. .\ Mi\

I l''iiil Sii'i'li', Wvii

I Niiilliriii I'lminliiiv
Sui\.-v.

' I'llll i;,Miii;iii n.iu ..

Ill's MnllM'M, IllWil

At i/.iiii;i

I'lii I riiiirii

I''iiit Sl.'.'li'. \V\ii
tll(.i»M,('.lll;lilj. ...
Ilii) Miiiilui'-i, N Mi'\

Silll l''.li'/;ll III, ri'\

Saiilii I'l', N. Mi'\

Siiiiiliiin llliiiiii.'< . .

1 ( iiii|i Sii|i|il\ . Iiiil. T

Al.llil. ri;l

Vi'lliiw Htiiiii' I.iiKi-

.\iiliiiiii. .Ml' .— - — , l.»x:i

l''llll \Vlll;;atl' N. Ml.'^. — , l,SK"l

tiiMii.l t. ill an l.a

Ann Ailiiii, Mlili

I'liiiii « liiini iiiViMil

.I.II.Claik

III. \V. A. llainiiiKnil, 1' S A

111 .1 ll.(iii|ii'i'

(lias. IJiiliv

. ill.....

. ill.

i.ii'iii s. \v. Ci'iw I'liiii, r.
s. .v.

("A. K

K llii.'-l

S 1!. UIl'i."*

Hi', s. \v. \Viii.iiiioii.'4i<

l.li'iiti'iiaiit IIi'MinliU ami
II.'. I'- V. llaMi, 11

1! II. U-aiii :

l.li'iil. 1''. T. r.iyan, 1' S A
.Mill. Nat Mi'xici.

— , 1.-KJ

.Iiiiii' -. is7:i

-—' -!'l.<7l

!lJ"'i;'iH7:,

- - -,'iV.-<i

.liiiilaii .\ ( iillii'il .

.lillill l>lltl.'4

Hi. .1 I' KiitliiiH'k

CliaH. Kiiliv

III. K Ciiiii -t

r S A IIii.';|iilal

(')

I.iiiiti'iiani r.riLilaiiil

Cipl lin rupi' .

Cii.iH. Unliv

Di. Kiil.i'ii Hill

Hi W. I.I.

M.ijiir r'.niiiiv

I ' I

II Kriiiiiriill

III. r i: Wiii'DN, I'.s A...

Pi'.Chai.C, Ni'al . .

I.ii'iili'iiani Ilavili'ii

i; I' M.'iiill

Hi l; \V. Slnilil.ll, T S. A
Saint Cli ail.'s ( 'ii|li'::i'
I'l'iif. S. K IJaiiil

Nat nil' i.r K|M'ri-
llli'll.

Alriillnlir
|l>..

hii.
III.

Do
Di.
Dii.

I If.
III.

Di..
Dm

Dii

Dm.
111.

D.i
Hi..

111!

III.

Do.

Do.
.Ml iiliiilii l\ |.it.
.Ml olmlir.

Do

Do.

Do

Do
Do
Do
Do
Ho.
Ho
Do
Do
Do.
Do
Do.
Do
Do.
Do
Do.
Do.
Do.

(IKNKl; \1. SKUIK.**.

Kiiisas Mroliolii.

Hill l''oil Colli. l'i'\ Dr K. I'.il I Do

r.iiilniiM l'a^.'<, \\\o I.ii'iil. 1'' 'I I'.ivaii 1' S A. Do.

Chi'M nil.' I'asH Dr. K.Sh ill, r'.S. .\ Do

I'oii l.aianiii-, W mi I.ii'iit S. Waiiiii, T S A Do

I'lalli' \alli'V. NiA .. ('. Hii'xlor Ho

I'liit I'.liss, N. Ml \ Hi. S.W.Ciawloi,!, (I.S A Ho

(': 1''.. In-i isiill Ho.

Katisa.'* .. Hi I') ralinrv ' Ho

I'l .. Ho.

H.'tiiiit. Mirli A.Sa-i-r Ho.

Wanlv.'i^aii, 111 i .IWMilnov Ho.

Noillii'Mi r.iiiiiiilai'V ' — , IsTl Hi. I'l Coiii's Ho.

SlIIM'V. '

(') ....'. i .. I'l Do

N'i'\vM,\i.o I i'; Ho.

I'l I S. I'". liaii'il Ho.

Snili r... N. M.'\ .. , (') ! Ho.

l;ii. U Islaiiil, 111 .. .1. It. Sai'!;i-'if, i Ho.

' 'liana , -,l,s.v^ (l.l'.IIa.x Ho

'onllii'iii Kaiisii.i I .. ilo ... Clias. Kiiliy i Ho

.. ill. '. j....ilo. ili> .. Ho

M.iiii'lli, (lliio I I'lol'i'Hsov Aiiili'i'vv Ho

tl I I'l Ho.

!'l I CI Ho.

Ni'« Mi-\ii'i> \. SMrCji llan Mi oliolir lv;ir.

(?) .; Ci Ali'oliolii'.

CI CI Ho

hi

H

..t.1

r

CI I Hi I'\ V, Iliivili-

1 I

Ho.

I

<@e

SSBSS

$

]*

Sd IMM.KTIN ::i. rMTHI" STATKS NATIoN.M. .Ml'SKUM.

.iiiililii»liiiii(i tiiiriiiinii Kill I'oniii list (ir,i,\

W'liiii ..I 1 Naliiii- iiT sill ri

riillrrli il. "" "■

CiilaliiL'iii' Nil 111

IHIImIm T. M|"T

l.iiialitv.

IIWI •-' I'.lMliiinii. ('ill K.Niinui'lM

II71II I K.iNiiiiCal -.IST'i (,11-it^n li^ni

Illiri 1 i;i I'iisii Ti<\ -,IKSI NrulMiiSii MM ....

.Mii.liiilii'
|ii>
Dm

AMIiLVSTOMA ri.'ISl.Tl'irM i\<\»\

I'riH (Is. Aciiil., riiila., Hti7, |.. I'.U.

Tlu' species is stout and lieav.v in ItniM; llie lieail \eiy liroad nnil
niiieli (lepresscd. Tlie sliin is },nannlated I).v citntraction of the alcolml.
but in respd't lit jilaiids, pits, etc., appears niiicli like otiiei species.
Tliere is, lidwever, a de(!ide(l realiin' in ccitain particles wiiicli eiinvd
tlie paiotoid re;:ion, and are seen also on tlie top of tin- head alonj^ the
inner inarjiin of the orbit, and perliaps below the ev«'. I liaxc not
noticed this character in aiiv otiiei' species east of the itocky Mourdains.
The head is bioad, ovate, ratiier ]>oiiited anteiiorl.v. The inner and
outer nostrils are nearly the same distance apart. The tonjiiie is broader
than loiifj', more than half the width of tlie head, lillin;; the intersi)ace
of the same anteriorly.

Tl»' teetli are in Ibnr very distinct patches, with d»'cided intervals.
Thoy form one tr.insveise series, nearly straij^ht (teiitraily (where they
are in a line with the posterior Ixtrder of the internal iiares), but ciirvin;;
slij,ditly backwards lateially. The two central patches aie wider than
the lateral, which vaiy a little in Icnutli and are separaled by iiii inlei-
val half the diameter of the inner nates. Their fjistance from the exte-
rior patches is al>oiit twice as j^reat, the center of the interval falliiii;
about ()pp(»site to the inner bolder of iiiiiei' iiares. The outer patches ex-
tend about half a diameter iteyond the outer border of inner iiares.

The remaining;' external cliaractti'is of the speciincn are not dill'eieiit
from those of .1. lifiriinnit.

The colors of the specimen are much obscured by bad preservation.
It appears to have b(>eii of a iiiiiforii) dark blackisli or bluish brow n, with
a sin;;!e sei'ics of lar^c transversely elliptical blotclics of yellow from
head to tip of tail, half on body and half on tail; the foremost one
rounded and ]>lac(Ml behind the eyes. Those of opposite sides nearly
meet on the back, and aic c(Uilliient on the iipi>er cdyv of tlu' tail.

This is the only species I have .seen of the ■;ioiip in which a strictly
transverse series of palatine tee.th behind the eye is divided into Ibnr
{ironjis.
The only known specimen is the Ibllowinji :
No. KKiS; 1 speciMicii ; ( )cate Click, New Mexico. 9.
()(!ate("reek ison the eastern side of the .S:ni;;re de ( iisjo .Moinilains,
the .southern |»ait of the eastern raii-e of the 1,'oeky .Mountains in New
Mexi(H).

■I-

s

tin; RArKACIIIA OF NOltTIl AMKIMCA. 87

l'll>lt(ll liilllill (/((»( (/.flO 11. S-.

(Spec. KKW. (I.Mlc Kivi T, New Mcxii'tt. 9.)

Ilrilil :

lii'iinlli of m:i|>i' dt' iiiiiiitli to its will ill I it 111' iiM>rc I tin 11 liiilf.

Willi li 111 (list iini'r (Villi I Ml 11 111 I III l;ii 1:11 Icilil mil ijiiili' I'lpuil.

Willi li 111 ilisi;iii('i' rriiiii SI I 111! I III "iiiiu 1 I imi's,

I'liiiii Miiiiit III n'llur I'lilil riiiil.'iiiii'il ill ilisliiiirr (ViiiM siiiiiil lii';riiiii -Jl linii-s.

Disl.iiiri' iiiili'iiiirly lirt with i'\ rs in liMi;^tli nf iiiliil it liiiii'N.

I (istiiiiiT riuiii i'\ I'M III iiiisti ils in li'iiiil li "I iU'liil 11 I iiiii'M.

nisliinri- lii'l wci'ii oxtcrn.'il iniMlrils in Ini^il li nf nrliil mil niiid' .' t iiiii'M.

I lislanri' lirt WITH 111 torn ill nostrilM in Icnj^tli nf miiit 'J I iini's.

Willi li III" li'iiiiMi' til Willi li of lii'iul iiviT iinr-lialf.

I^inilis :

{•'rt'i' piiiliiin nf 1iiiij;i'mI lin^iT iinif aiiii'il in ilisiMin r 1111111 rllmw

til I i|i lit 111' liver ;". I iiiirs.

I'rri' liiill inn 111' inli'^i'Ml I in' iiilll ai liril ill iliMl'llli'r 1111111 klli'i' In I l!i ... '.\\ I i nil's.

1 >is|:iiii-i' lii'l wi'i'ii iinlMlirtrlli'il tors in li'ii;;l ll Iriilii si nil I In "inin . . iiliniil i'(|iial.

Tail : I.i'ii'^lli I'll 1111 lii'liinil anus In ri-st of aiiiinal Itms.

I'nilv : Nniiilii r nl' I ii^ial rnri-nws (i ml ml in;; a\iilai> ami iiii^uiiial ) 1 - ( .').

Miiixiii) nil Ills, ill iiiiliiH.
i.rnu^lli, ini-asiii'iil alnii;; axi-^ ii("linil\ : | limlv : I H-iiaiii'i' lii'twi'i'H ai'iii|iil ami

I'lnlll slinlll lii^apr In

r'niiil sunlit 111 ;^iilai' I'nlil 'M>

I'll nil Slinlll 111 a I'll 1| lit 1. In

l''liilil Mlinill In ;;inin ;i. In

rinm Slinlll tn lii'Iliinl anils... :!. -^11

I'inm Slinlll In I'liil 111' tail I'l. •'Il

lliail :

Wlillll III' ili'ifil HI

Willi li III' lniiy;m' I.'i

LrliHl li III' nrliil 1>

nisiani'i' lii'iwi'iii I'vi's aiilrri

nlly ,Ml

IHstaiii'i' lirl WI'I'II iiiiliT iiiisirils . -J-J
Mislaiiii- lirlwrin iiimr iinsiiils .'M>

'4;inlii

Tail

I.HI
. II ;

lli'ifilil nf tail wlii'i'i' lii;;lii'st. .
lirrailtli 111" tail wlu-ri- liii;ln'st.. ','1
Liiiilis :

Kli'i' linrlinii lit' lnii;f|'sl liiiy;i'r..
I'liim I'lliiiw In tip (it' lim^fi'st

liii^"'"'

I'm- pniiiiin III" IniiMost till'

l''riilii kliri" 111 I ip III" liili;;rst tm

l>islani'i' lirtwi'i'M niilstli'tilli I

tlH'S

•Jl'l

III

AMItLVSToMA Ml'lllAS Cnpr.

I'm Is. .\i'ail. riiiia.. l-ilT, p, I'.l.'; .'<l lamli, Salaiii., p. <ll ; Itniili'ii^jiT,

Calal. I!ali-. (irail.. I'.iil. Miis., ml. ii, H--.>, p i:..

Tlic spcciiiii'M si'li'i'tcd as tlic type of the (Icscu'iptioii has tlii' skin
soiiicwliat alU'i't'il l»y alcDliol, s.) tliat an c.xai^t dosuriptioii <',iii iiol ho
iiiatlc (»!' tho <;hiii(ls, jiits, and p ires. Tlicr ' <1 );'.s not, howm't'i', appoiir
to lie any inatciial (lilViTciicc Iroin ,1. tii/riiiinii in tlu'so respects.

Th(^ head appeal's small in pidporlioii to the size of tlie animal, and
the cheeks nniisually swollen ; the width of t he head is contained about
I'oiii- and one half times in the distance to yioiii. The eyes are lathei'
small, distant three lenn;tlisof the oiliif : the iiiiier nostrils an* consider-
ably more distant than the «mter. The torf;'ne is larji'o and llesliy, tilling

m'':'n

\ I

ii
] \

M

8SSSS?

H« I'.ii.urnx :!i, rN'm;i> staths naiionai. miskim.

the rami iuit.Ti.»iI.v, ami moiv than lialf fix- widtli of Ww head. The

iiiiM'i' nostrils an- (|"'''' lii<«'''i>''

Tlir palatine K-ctli tonsi a very <>l>fns.' aii;;le aiiU-rioily, iracliin- l(.
i.lMMit cpposil.' tlir mi.l.llrnf thr iniuT iiaics aii<I oNtcii.liii^' lalcially
iM-ynml tl.ciii :.v alK.iit ..ih' <liamct."f. TIkmv is a sli-l.t intcmiptim.

iiloiii;' 111.' median line, imt no a|.i>fecial.l. e elsewhere. Tlie Iiml).s of

the V are not entirely strai-lit. l»iit l'»nn a double eiiive (seairely apim'-
eialde) .Ml .'a.di si.h-. Their an- Iw.-lv.' .-..stal Kn.ov.-s. The p(dvio
grooves aie n.>l appreeialde, and oidy tiio.se al lh»^ Wa.se ol the tail.

^ (5?.

^;

(T-

^^^

•%

Vli:. W- A iiil'liil'miii 11 i.lnru: Nil \\ 'S: . 'i.l I ,ii lin-< 'line

ii'i)

Til. 'tail is MTV lonu. iT>nsi(ler.ii)ly ese.'.'dini: the icst ol t he :iiiimal.
niiieh eomiti.'sse.l from the has.'. tlion;;li not .-hnaled ; o\al ill (Mosssec
lion, and only h.-eoininu sharp ii.-ar the tip, without any erest. No
fjrooves an- visiiile aloii;^ dorsal or ventral .mtline.

There »h> not ajipear l.» he any peeiiliarili.'s in Hie feet .lisliii<iiii,shiiij;
it from other a.piatie .\inl»lystoma.s.

The color ol' this species is a yellowisli olive ; Ini^-hler yellow l»o-
noath. with more or less ana s|.)iiiosin;i' or retieiilalin^ bands of wellde-
liiied brown on the back and si.les, aiid a f.'w rounded sjjoIs of tlie
same on the belly. TIk'sc ban. Is in width averaj^e, p.'ihaps, the diaiii(>-
ter of the .*ye, th.)ii;;h \aiiable in this respect. ( 'ompared with yl. ^/
(jritiiim, tlii.s species iias a i»r.>portionally smaller head, more prominent
'ower jaw, much l.)n<>-ei tail, and .lilVei.'iit c(»lor; yellow predominatiii.t;
in *lie (»ne and biown in the other. The r('lali.)nsliip. however, appears
to be very close. The .lij;ifs, p.'ihaps. are narrower, th.m<;li also triaii-
pillar and depressed.

The only specimen oi'Uw A-xiphias yet kiiowi< is from ('oluinl)ns, Ohio

(No. n ;•..".).

I

T

« ■ ■•

TIIK r.AI"l!A('IIIA or NOIJTII AMI'.l.'ICA 89

AMlU.YsroMA ,li:n'i;i{S(>MANrM (ii.ni

(I'liitc •,'.'>, li^'. 11.)

^Ut\u\ 1*11(1 Is, A'Mil. I'liila., 1^(17. p. Ilt.'>, Slr.iiirli, S.iliim.. p. f.l: lloii

IcnjitT, (!iit r.:itr., (ini.l. Ilrit. Miih., cd. ii, H"i, p. IC. I'l. n. fp^. •.',
Siihimnmlni Ji (yirKiiiiiiiiiii, <i\i'f\\,{'im\v. Miicliiri'.'in liVi'i'uiii, p. (; llollii.N A II Mp,

v.p. r.i, n. II.

\il>liiuiiini Jiffitsoiiiiniii, 'rsrlmili. I'.iitr., p. !•:!; l>iiin. iV llilti., p. Hil.

Trilnii iiifiir. Hi' Kav, N. V. I'liini.. III., p. ■<•">, I'l. |.'>, Ii;;. H.'i.

Siiliiiiiiuiilni iiniuiildhi, Di' K.iy, N. V., /. c, p. 7^<, 1*1. 'l\. liy;. t'.Ci ; llciiltr , N A Ilcip

V, p. (hi.
.tiiihiislomii /cll'irxoiiiiiini, I'liiiiil, .Imirii. Ar. I'liil.i. (vJ), i. p. •,'-;(
.tiiililjistiimii I'lisiiiiil, ll.'iilow., .Iiiii|-Il. .\r. I'llilil. ('.M. Ill, p. I!."i.'>, I-'Cp.'i.
.tiiihhisloiiiii ji (I'l rsiitiiiiinim, viir. I'lisiimi, (Jopc, Vvm-, Ar. I'liila., l-'w. p. I'.'T ; I'miilcM-

firr, Cut. li.itr. (Jrad. Iliil. Mum., ciI. ii, l.-i-^J. )>. li'.,

(!nst;il <;!oov('s twi'Ivc; miieoii.s pores on tMcli .side of I lie imi/zlc not
(^xtriidiii;;' lu'voiid tlic urliil.s. Tcctli Iniiisvcisf, or ikmiIv so. in lliict'
.si>i'io.s. No or oii<> iiKlistiiK-t plantiir ttiltcrclr. I']\t('i'ii;il iiiul in! ricil
iiiii'cs i>qiiiilist:iiit ; lead colored to lirowii and Itlack, witli or willioiit
jiale or distinet lateral spots.

Tliis deliiiitioii eovers a (•oiisideral»le riinye (»!' variation, wliic.li is ex,
pressed in the following: diagnoses of three snlispccMes :

Width iiflicaii I tci l..''i times in Irii^lli tr> urojii ; li'ii^^lli n\ rye ■.'.."> liiiii's in width of
hi'ad aliiivr , iiiiil'iiriii lead rnjiir to hrowii I. /. i( (I'lrsnniinnim.

Wit h of hi'.'id ."• tiiiH's in li'nj;tli to ijroin : iciiiiili ol' I'Vf nnc h.iir widili nC jicacj lu'-
t wren anti'iior lantlms nf cyi'.s ; hlaik williwhitr spots nn sides and hi'll\.

I. /. lull Villi .

Width cd' head .'i t imis to uroin : leimlli id' eve I .7.'i in widi ii of head as ,il>o\ c ; I oolh

:]

'

■'1

:1

sel h's sli

rlltl

slendef ; nniCorni h'ad eojoi' I. ;' iiluli

n

1'

Aiiihlifst<ima })(})is(»ii(iiiinn JclJ'rr.soiiifininn (Jreeii.

The synonymv oiven under tlie head ol this speeies in o».|i('ral is
applieahl(> to this siihspoeies only.

Ilody decidedly more slender and elonoated than in .1. puuctdtiim.
Skin exerywliere shio«»th. and sliouino liironoh the transpirent epi
ileiiiiis the ends of the ohmds wiiicli thickly stad the entire snrface.
Under a lens are seen nimierons small, rounded, shallow pits lielween
the glands, not on them. The contraetioii of the skin in stroiio alcohol
between these o;lands would readily impart a yrannlated a|)pearanee.
The glandules are acciimiilaled into a thin stratum altove the parotoid
j,'ro;)V<'.

'I'he head is elongated, with the miiz/.Ie obtuse, or trinuv.ite, the jire.at-
est width contained 1..~» times in thedistaiice to th(^ ^nilar fold, and frotn
four and a half to live times to the <;roin ; the distaiicc lo the <x\\\\\v fold
is contained ."(-J {iiiies in that to the ofioju. "I'li,' eyes are rather laroe
and situated far liehind. They are distant once the Icnotli '>f the orbit
from the nostrils (which are separated by iicirly twice this h ;th). The
anterior extremities of the orbit are distant more than twice their len.irtii.

iil^

90 i!i:i,i.i'.Ti\ ::i, rMTi:i» statks national MirsKr.M.

The ^Milin I'ol.l or \'myn\\ is disliiict, not vcr.v |tioiiiiiM'iit above; tl>at
Itcliiiid iIh' aii;;lL' oI llu'jiiws is im oiisitifuoiis, as is tlie lateral |»ai(»t«)i«l

J'liri'ow.

TIk'IV aro twclvo costal fmrows, iiiclmliii;; llic iii^'iiinal aii«l axillary.

The tail is a little slioitrr than the hoilv ami licati (iiicasiiriii^- IV<»m
postciior extrcinit.vol' vent). It is oval in cross section, widest, helow,
tlion^jli without any riil^je or crest. It is little liiylier tliiiii Itroad at the
anns, hut heconies more and more compressed to the tip, the upper and
under outlines remiiiniii;^ nearly parallel for a consideraldc^ distance.
The anal .slit is proloujjed into a }:roove, which extends heiieath the, tail
(o its very tip.

The limhs are lari^ely developed and the toes ver.v lonp-, Thedifjils
arc cylindiical, depressed, without any lateral or itasal weh. The third
linj^cr is longest, then the second, fourth, and tirst. It is one third the
Icn^jth of aim from elliow. The fourth toe is louj^est ; then flu^ third
(l)iit little sliorlci), second, tilth, and first ; it is contained altont two and
one-half times in (he length of leu from knee. The expanse of the out-
stretched toes is very nearly etpial to thedistance from snout tothe uroin.
The lenj;lh of the lindts vaijes a little ; when extended on the sides they
may scarcely meet or considerably overlap.

The toufi'ue is thick and Ihvshy. much as in .1. jtuurtutiim.

The teeth are in four patches; the two central in a nearly stiai^iht
line, or foiniiiij; in smallei- individuals a very obtu.se /\ , the aniile ante-
rior but not pn.ssiii}; the posterior l)orderof the interim I imr«'s. Thesi<les
of th(^ V are perhaps slijjhtly c(»nca\(' anteriorly. This patch or line
extends to the innei' nares. and is there continuous with the lateral
patches, which are slioit, nearly straij^ht, about one t'ouith tlu' cen-
tral patch, and form the iJOfjterior border of tlu- inner nares. These
are larye. far back, and widely separated.

In .il(M)h(»l, aftei' lon^' immersion, the specimen is nearly uniform fi^iht
liver brown, paler l)eneal4i, without any spots.

MvuKiinmiiita.

III! Ill's

l>('ii<;tli from siiniit to niiliir told , 7e

Ijcii;;! Ii 11(1111 siiciiU Id L;i(iiii -J ,"i."i

I.ciii;tli riiim snniif to nid cif muis ;!. 'JO

lii'iii^lli iVoiii siiiiiit til irimi.'iiit (if t;iil •,>. .''id

Width (d liciid -,(l

!ji'n};lli of inoutli iiloiit; iiicdian line :t-^

t'orc-Mi'iii from (dliow Cvj

Ijci; Iroiii Uiit'c H.">

The specimen from which the precedin;^- des.-riplioii has been taken
i.s, if not the orii^iiial U))on which Dr. (Jre^'ii's species was to. inded, at
least one collected in tiie same locality atid named i)y him. Iia\itiii
formed part of his collection auii presiMited m my yeat's a-i-o iiy its
owtier to the Smithsonian Institution. The "li.iiht-biue spots" .so con-
spicuotis in fresh si»ecimens have disappeared.

I'l.

■:]l

!

.,!»■.

f

nil: isArijAciiiA <ii' noimii AMruicA.

t)l

l>r. ll<>ll)r(M)lx-, ill (l»'scril>iii,i;' tliis spcrics, Ii;ih inixtMl willi it iliciu'.-
«!<niiit (H' till'. t(m;ju«i iitui tcflli nl" I'hllinilini (ihiliiumKs, wliictli i| sumc
what rcsciiilih's, Itiil wiiicii iiiay n-iulily he (listiii^iiisiicd cxtcriiiill.v l»v
tliii lijuiih'i' silvcn s|»i»t.s aiitl iiiiifli slmrlci' »li;;ils. 'I'iiis imliici'il Dr.
Iliillowcll critUKMiiisly to iiiakc I lie .s|K'ri«'s a .s.vikmi.vmi of /'. j/htlinnsns.
Tin' crntr liail itsori;;iii, luuloiilit, in tlic iicanT roscmlilaiKM' of tlu' var.
.I.,;, hilrrair to tin' lattrr spccirs.

I'l.. I'l .\,n>>!inUnir:

■!■ rsniiiiii'iiiii i< 'fi rKiiiiiiiiiinil. Nii 'l!U5R.

.■|.t (.

\V l'iiiliM\lviilii:i

A <'oiii|»aris(>ii of tlif spcciiiicii (li'xTilx'd witli tlic t.vjtf of He Kav's
SdhiDKiHiIra iinniiihini cxliiltits no apprcfiahlc (lilVcrnic*' except in llic
(larker coioi. lailicr nioic (l('pr<'ssf(| toes, ami perhaps inoro niassix e-
iookinj" jaws of (lie latter, the niii//,le a little more pointed — all iiiieer-
tain eliaracteis in r.leoholie speeiineiis. The palatine teeth are in hel
(er preseivation tiiaii in the si'eeimeii here described. The central
patch is interrupted aloii;; the median !ii>e, and does not extend quite
so far laterally. The le;;s and dl.:;its are inneli leiij;tliened, the tij;iire
and description of |[oll>r.)ok (see I)e Kay) (M)nveyiny- a very erroneous
iinprt'ssioii in this lespect. The ;;rannlatioii referred to is in pait the
<»l»tieal etVeet of tiic ^laiidsof the skin showing throiij;ii the transparent
(^Itidi^'inis, partly the result of iMintraction of the skin by ahrohol.

Ill the type sjx'ciineii then- are no symnietrically ariaii;;('d patches of
pores on the head. Their ab.sence may be owinj,' to the loii;^' contimied
preservation of the specaiiiens, or to ,M)nie a(!(!idental deticieii(\v. In the
typ*' of N. tjnniuldtd these are <piite visiide. They are very distinctly
shown ill N(). 4i»SS, where there is .seen a strai}j;ht .series interior to the
eye and nostril (not reachiiif;' to the latter), bendinj;' abruptly behind
the eye and passin^j; beneath it. On the jtarotoid rejiion above the lat-
eral {groove is a sli<j;litly curved line of .six or eiyht pores and a shorter
stiaij;ht one above it. I>cIow the <;roove is a crowded patch, which is
conliiiiied in a siiiipK- series aloiii; the inner edj^e of the lower jaw. One
or two are seen at the side of tlu' ba.se of the lower jaw, and others aloii;>'
the sides of bo.ly.

It has been stated that in the type no indication of lif;iit spots was
visible. In others, however, of more recent ])re.scrvati()n these ar«

I

k

!.»I

lUi

I

iHl

ii

:»

U

V

IMAGE EVALUATION
TEST TARGET (MT-3)

1.0

I.I

■50 ^^"

^ m

^ ifS. 12.0

|25

12.2

L25 114 II lA

Photographic

Sciences
Corporation

23 WEST MAIN STREET

WEBSTER, N.Y. 14SS0

(716) i>73-4503

L&

^ *

92

JtllLLKTIN :;i, rXITKn statics national MliSKUM.

(piitc ovidciil. In tlic sinnllcsf spcciiiuMi of ;5!»!»S iiro visible iniimToua
louiidcd, im-jiiiliiil.v disposed Ii,ylit snots on llic lower i»iiit olllic sides,
with some scattoml over on the bcli.v, :ivriaf'in}>- Iialf the, size of the e.vo,
Imtwitli faintly dt'rmcd niarj-ins, Somio scatteml ones are seen on tlie
side of the (ail. These iiiav he j)hindu'ons or l)]nish in life. In the lar;,'est
specimen of .">i»7!>, l{ii)le,v, Ohio, these l)lnish sjiots are (inite evi(h'nt,
on the side of Ixxly and tail.

(Jencrall.v the f,Monnd coloi of the alcoholic specimen is lead-colored
to olive brown and blackish; lijjht beneath. The coh»r of the livin}>'
animal is similar to that seen in alcoholic s]»ec,iinens. Specimens liave
been h>nn(l at locali(i<'s latlici' distant from each other of a dark brown
color, with a lateral shad<> of a still (hirker hue. Snch specimens are
of the stouter type of the species as to pi'ojtortions. Of two sj)e(M-
mens from ('lark Connty. Va., llie width of the head enters the leiifith
to the yroin 1.', times in one specimen, and the other but little over four
times. Other specimens aie from Saint Catheiine's, Ontario, in the
National Alnseum, and from southern Indiana in the riiiladel])hia
Academy. They have liecn referi'erl to as <listinet species and described
as Aiiihli/stouKi fiisciim by Ilallowell, but I cannot tind any characters
to distinfjnish them from ihv A. jcJJ'irNou in )i)(m ])roi)er. They ri'sem
ble almost exactly th<' .1. rojictnnDu in coloi', but diller entiicly in pro-
l)ortions. In that species the body is not Ioniser than the lenjitli ante-
rior to the axilla, while in this one the Ibi'iner dimension much exceeds
the latter,

>f-

^ i

\

i

6 ' 7 ^^IZ^ 4

Flii. 10. A iiil'hixloiiiri jijK rmniininiiii l\ )ic nl' \ in fii;<rinii. Nn. 'NOT Cliirkc Coiintv, V.I.

!i! ii

A specimen of A. ji f)) isdiiidiixm about L' inches Ion;: is !iot mate-
rially dilferetit from the ailnlt, althoii;;h the two inner palatine patches
are moi'e arched,

Amhli/stomo jr(r<'rsnui(iuum laleralv Hallow.

AmhlyHinmn Intirnlr, IImIIhw., /. c., ]>. li.'-j.

Amlihinloiiia Jitlirxoniniiiim, viir. hiliKili l'it\n' i ,■.. I',(inl(ii^r,.|.; c,.,!, I{,.,|). (Ini,!. i!rit.
iMiis., nl. ri, l-J-i'j. |,. 17.

This form is (juite distinct tVom the typical A. jcJ/o-NonininDn, -.uul
would rank as a spe<!ies were it not that its character and ihosv n\ iIk^
latter int(>rblend. In typical si)eeimeiis of ih,. ,l. j, la Irni Ir thi'\w:u\ is

Jiarrower and the body more slender. When the lind

IS are lani

the sides they frcfpiently do not meet by a short interval, while tl

ll(MI}>

io.se

'It

TIIK I$ATKACIIIA OF NORTH AMKUIOA.

1)3

oit\uiA.J.,i>[l)'('r.s<>ni<(iiumUnivA\ eacli otlicr iind even oveiiai) a little.
Tlie laediiiii portion of tlic<leiit;il series iisiiiiliy exhibits a slij^lit aiij;u-
lation anteriorly, while that of the typi(!al sul>si)e(',ies is straij^ht; bnt
this character is in some cases not retained. The color is j;enevally
easily recognized: black with light lateral sijots. It resembles in this
respect the rictluxlon ylut>nosus, and to a less degree the Amhlystoiud
microstomntn as pointed out by Ilallowell, and the unwary observer
may easily confound it with one or the other of these species. liut
lateral spots appear in some s|>ecimens of the typical variety, and tlie
ground color varies, as has been already described.

This form is altogether northern in its distril)Ution, l>eiiig especially
abuiulant in Canada.

i

Ambliintomn jcllrrsoniainim pldfincitm Co[»e.

Cluck-list, \>. •Jii; IJinilcii^cr, Cat. Matr. (Jiail. l>rit. Miis., I'd. II, 18rV, p.
17.
Amlili/Htoma iilitlhuiim, Cope, I. c.,\\. IIW ; Straiicli, S.ilaiii., ;>. (i.">.

This is a vi'ry (elongate form of the .1. Jcjlarxonianum.

The head is oval and the muzzle rounded. The lengtli (»f tlu' fissure
of the eye e<pials the distance of the nostril from the same ; is but little
less than the di.staii(!e between iiares, and half or a little ukuv, of the
distance between tlie anterior caiithus of the same. Inner and outer
nares the same distane*' apart (Ireatest width of head "».,") to six times
in K" gth from end muzzle to groin, live sevenths lejigtii from chin to
giilai i'old. Canthus of mouth behind canthus of eye. A series of
l»oies along the superciliary, which pass round the orbit Iteliiiul and
below; a scattered longitudinal .series on the parotoid region, and a
traiisver.se aggregation of the same on each side below parotoid groove :,
a single series of the same for a short distance inside tlie ramus of the
mandible. The parotoid i-egion i»ossesses a thin stratum of dermal
crypta'.

Costal folds twelve. The anterior is a little distance behind the axilla.
T\)es subeylindri(t, similar {o those of the A. j<'ll'<rN<>ni((nitm: in one
specimen (ty[>e) they arc separated by nearly an intercostal spa(!e when
lh(^ limbs are pres.sed to the sides; in another they me»'t. Tail rounded
above at base, liiially much compre.s.sed, but not elevated; iMpial in one
specimen to body and head to middle of orbit, measured from posterior
extremity of vent. In the type, however, it is much shorter, extending
from its basis <tiily t(» the eighth costal fold (from groin), but I suspect
that this is altnormal.

Color leaden ; in tyi>e paler below, with numerous indistinct whitish
blotches. I"]yelids yellowish margined. S[»ecinien 4(>.SS has the abdo
men darker and without spots.

The nar >wer head ami more elongate body will tlistinguish this
species from the typical A. Jr()'ersonitniKni. It is readily distinguishable

m

)

wm

wssesBB^mm

'■: I,

ii;:

"I

94 HULLKTIN ;il, I'NITKU STATHS NATIONAL MIISKIJM. .

iunoiiH iiiiin.v individuals. Nevcrtlu'Iess miiii.v «»!' tliosc of tiie siihsiu'-
cies A.J. hito-dk' approach it in (lie proportions of the jiarts ol" t'le hoad
to cadi other, indudiMj- the closer aiiproxiniatiou of the eyes and of tlie
nostrils. The body is, however, always shorter. The si/e of the A. j.
laUrah is considerably less. Those (tf the typicid varietv of the same
snbsi)ecies are invariably stouter, not cnly in i)ody, but especially in
the head.

Aiiilihi^tiimn i< (firxoiiiiuiiiiii i<'(l'<'rK(t)iiaiiiiiii (iiccii.
iii:si;i;vK skkims.

Cnlaliiyiiti No. of

iiiMiiIii'i'. spi't'. :

Local ily.

Wlicii
collniiMl.

I'loiii wluPiii iiM livn

llllliM
lillTli
;i!)ll7
4ll!Ki

■tXSI
IIS.SK

i(is;i(i

;1n77
::iis|

■ IIMIS

1 ' Wistciii IN'iiiisvlvaiiia ' Dr. .f. Oiitii

■I liiplcv, Oliiii ..' : Di. e. I{. Uoy

1 iiaciiif. Wi.M ill)

1 St. (.'atlitiiiic'.i, Can Dr. U W. IJiaiMo

aila. I

Miiiiiit .Joy, I'a J. Staiillii

liiirlin^to'ii, Vt ! I.. 'riniiup.iiiri

lairkiiDW, Ontariip July la, IhHl Dr. .J. U. (iai riii r . ...

1 ■ Ohio i ...'. Di'. J. S. New lirii \- ..

J Niw York ! '.....

:; I'll vilaiid. Ohi'i Dr.J e. Kirllaud. ...

1 I Wist Viryiiiia .loliii W .M. Ap|ililoii

I I I

Naliitc (■! sptci
iiii'ii.

Ali'oliolic type
All iiliolic.

Do.

Do.

Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do
Do.
Do.

Amhlijuliimii JiffcrsiiniiniiiDi /(t.iciiin ll.-illow.

C'alaloyuo No. of
iiiiiiilicr. H\i:r.

I.ocalilv

4ir.'u' L' St. (Jatliiliiir'.'<. ("ail

ail.i.

HH'.IT :; Clariii- (Joaiilv. Va ..

11171 •_' St. (Jalhi'iiiic'.H, Can-

aila.

))''";", Kroioul,o,„ur,,v..l N'alMfolsp.Ti

iilli'clc'il. mill.

... Dr 1) \V llrailli' Alri.holic

CI

Dr. D. \V. liiaiUr

Do.
Do.

AmhUjulimiii 'nffirxiuiuiiiiiiii jilnlim iiiu Vu\n\

Calalo^ilr
lllllllllrl.

Tll.'i

Xo. of

spii:.

1
1
1

Loialily.
Cli'Vi'laiid, Oliio

Wliiii

colll'l'tl'll

4(iH,S

5:iGK

.Moosi' i;jvii'. lirilisli
Aiiu'riia.

1

rioMi wlioiiil.r.Mvr.l. Nat III .■ ol sprri

lllrll.

I'liilrssiii ,1. 1'. Kirllaud ..

i'rolr.ssol .\^;issi/. I

(• Dr.Mir Alioholir.

Amlihislmnu jiffi isiiii'niiiiim liilrnilc Hallow.

(Jal iloi:iir No. of
imriilivr. .spir

I.oi alilv.

Wlini
rollri Icil.

Kioi wlioiii rrciiviil.

r)!)41 :i Near I.alir .Miiiil,,

j lliiiUiins lia\.

<'. DlcxllT

Nat mo ol .spici

IIK'II.

All oliolic.

i

Th
this r
soniu)
The
eonsti
two Ic
one or
<listan
Th(.
or foui
terval
form a
I>osi((' 1
outer n
Tiie I
(ail is I(
(lian in
on both
while (I
liin-fes a
The c(
HtrijK' ol
(lie liead
with anil
to (he en
of (hiik
onto the
.s(ri|H'. 'J
and pcrh;
1 wo S)
preceding
a litth? UK
however,
niori' (;on(
Imt ji colo
little in fn

If.'a.l :

l'''ii,i,'tli .
Widili t.

wi.idi t„

BEB

IIIK ItATKACIIlA <»!' NolM'll AMKUICA.

95

i

t

AMUI.YSroMA MACI.'ODACrVH'M Uiiinl.

(l'la(<"jr., li<;. (i.)

liiiiid, .loiiin. Ac. riiilii. (•.•) I, i>. 'Mi, and U. S. Kxi)!. KxiH'<Iili(>ii, xii, pail 'i,
ri. ;!1, li'-. :i; ('"I"', I'l'"'- Ac riiila., isr.r, p. I'.W; Stram-li, Salaiii.,
p. or.; I5oiiliMij;i'r, Cat. 15atr. (ira:l. Hiit. Mas., cd. ii, \^^>, \>. >■<.

This species is the shMidei'est ol' all our spceies of Ainblifstoina ; in
this respe'it, as well as leiijith or(lif>its, ex('eeirni,ii' the t,vi)ical A.jcffcr-
noniitnuin, but I'eseiiihliii};' the A.J. plutinciim.

The head is rather larye, <lepiesse(l, and eloiinated, with a iiiodeiate
eoiistrictioii at the neck. Tiie eyes are proniinent, and distant less than
two leiiju'ths of the orbit. The outer anil inner nostrils are each about
oint orbit distant. The width of the head is about three-cpuirters the
distance to j^nlar fold.

The lonj;ne is oval and longitudinal. The palatine teeth are in three
or four patches, the central largest, occasionally sei)arated by an in-
terval less than half the diameter of the inner nostrils. Together they
form a line slightly angular anteriorly where they reach to about op-
l)osite the (!enter of the inner nostrils; laterally they pass a little the
outer margin of thc^ inner nostrils.

The body is cylindrical, depressed, with twelve costal furrows. The
tail is long and is com[U'essi'd for its distal half. The digits are longer
than in any other spec", s of tlie genus, the interior being well developed
on both ext rem ties. On the forefoot it eipmls the extern id toe in length,
while (II the hind limb it is a little shorter than the lifth. The pha-
langes are : In front, 2, li, .{, 2; behind, 2, 2, 3, 4, 2.

The cnh)r in alcohol is leaden brown, with a well-defined broad dorsal
stripe of grayish-brown, which, involving the whole upper surface of
the head and neck, contracts on the nape, swelling again on the back,
with an average, breadth of the outer orbital space. This stripe extends
to the end of the tail. On each side of this dorsal strip(^ is a sulfusion
of dark brown, which gradually i>ales through the color of the sides
onto the belly. There are also a few s[»ots of the satne in the dorsal
stripe. There are a few grayish-white dots scattered along the sides,
and perhajis on the limbs.

Two specimens (Kt54) from I'ugi^t Sound agree in Ibrm with the
preceding speitiiiu'ii, the two central patches of i)aliitine teeth perhaps
a little more, angularly arranged. Instead of the grayish dorsal stripe,
however, there is a brownishicd one, and the sidi^s areof a darker and
inon' (!ontinnoiis brown. No. 1711 has a similar eharaitter of palatines,
but a coloration mort^dvc the type. The palatines, in fact, extend a
little in front of the anteriiu' border of the inner nostrils.

l'ri)jii>rlii)iinl iliiiitiitiiniN,

Spec. No. till',', (tvpf).
Itoa.l :

l.rii!;tli (if i.api' I if 1111)11 111 lt> ils width t wo-tliinlH.

Width tu ('islaiiio IViMii siiDiil to sjjiilar Cithl ahmii t hi'('f-(|iiartfrM,

W'idlh Id dislaiKM' iVoih mimhi Io •^^niin ', (imcM.

B

W

\ !■

1:1

mr^

!l(i

iti;hLi:ri.\ .ii, i'mi'ku .^tatk.s national mtskum.

ii^i

: t'!

I 'cud" ('iiiiliiiiicil.

I'iniii siKiul i(i.;iil;ii- l.)l.l (oijliiiii.'il ill (listiiiico from mmuM (o ;;n)iii lij (iiiiois

DisiMiiiraMiciioily l»M wren I'.v.'s ill lcii,i,'t li of orl)i t less than '^ (iiiics.

|)isi;iii((l>ftu(ciic\lciiiiil iiosdils ill lcii;;tli..lorl(it . omi oibil.

I>i.st:iii(c 1h'|>vci'ii iiitciiKil nostrils in Ici ^;lli of orliif oiio orliil

Liiiil>s:

Kdlioii of Idiots! Iiii;;i'r coiitiiiiii'il ill ilistiilicc IVoili clliow to

■ ri'f |)orl

111'

niton I 'J.l tiiiK'M.

I'n'v iiorlion of ionuisl loc coiitiiiicil in (list;inio from kiioi; to tip ■-'.' tiini'M.

Ulstiincc lii'twfcii .iiitslivlcliiil Iocs ill lcii;r||i (loiii siiDllt to j,'roiil.. alionl ('i|iial.
I.o.ly : Niimlii'r of costal furrows (inclnilin.;,' axillary anil iii^niinal) l\>

Midsiin wtlll'', ill inilii.^.

liCiiulli, iiu^asnivil aloiin a\is(if lioily : lioily: Distance Ijctwccii arinpit

I'l sMoiil to cape '-'I' and •,'roiii , llii

Fiipiii ■~iionl to unlar folil M I'ail: Hcicjit of tail wlicic lii^iicst . !■<

l''ioiii siHiiii to uiiu|iil lio Liiiilis:

I'loni s il to cKiiii 1,;.() Free iiorlion of loii;,'csl liiij,'cr.. . lo

Fidinsnoiil lo li(diind aims l..-^,; , I'roin clliow to tip of l(Mic;cst

I'roiii snout to end of tail., broken. ; liiicei- :(;)

Head: ' Free portion of loiij;c,st toi> "JO

Widlii of licad ''W I'roin knei! to I ip of loiiii;i'st toe .5(1

Widlli of loiij;ue 17 IMslanee lielweeii oiitstretcdied

l,clii;tll of orliil I-' toes l.oll

Uislaiicc belwecii eyes aiilcii- Tolal leii;;t li cd' a larger s|M'ei-

oily ','0 men I in. 1 liii.

Distance bctweeii oiiti'r nostrils . Iv' ,
Distance bclwccii inner nostrils. . FJ

TIii.s .spccii'.s is round in .stiilabU' localities tliroiiojioni Ore.yoii :iii(l
Wa.sliiiioioii, raii,i;iiij;' a.s far ca.sL a.s I''oi'( Walla Walla, and cvi'ii as Car
as Koit Custer, near (lie l»io Horn IIiv(M', Wyoniiiio', from wliiidi a
KlK'ciiiion was l»roiio!il by ('ai»t. C'lias. Iicndirc.

Niinu'ruiis si»etiim'ns IVoin Fort Walla Walla iiiid si.\ from Fort

.--i^

2 " -- 3 '

Klii. 17, .\iiihhixt<'iiiii iiiai-rinl(irhilii}ii. Nii, ((i)'.'. Asliiriii () retroii -

:t
I'ilaniatli dilVoi rroiii tlntsi' from more wi'stcrn regions in {\n\ al>scn(!0
of till' (lor.sal color stripe. In some of I lie former the width of the,
head enters the lenoth to the .i^roin '>\ times, showing a narrower
form than in the tyiiical form. In others of them the head lias the
usual width. Tli«> single specimen from Fort Custer has the dorsal
band. A salamander from the Flathead River, Montana, was deserilied
by I'rofe.ssiir Peters tinder the name of Ainhljfstoiuii hraiissii* There
is iiothin.ii- in the description to show that this si»eciiiieii does not beloiiR

'Sit/iiii-vlieiichic dcrtlcs, llschafi Xaluil'orsilM'ndc I'lviiiiile, I'.cijin, I-!-.', p. II.'..

i

11 '

TlIK UATRACIIIA OF NOKTII AMKKICA.

1)7

V i

to tho. A. mairiHlactiflnin. The width of tlie head, sa.ys IVters, enters
the length to the ^M'oiii 4;r; times. The <h)rsal l)aii(l is ocliraceou.s, whilo
in t.vi>ical .4. mavrodavlylmn it is j^laiicoiis or mauve color.

Amhlj/ntoma m(UriHUtclii!iim IJiiird.
KKSKKVK SKKlliS.

Caliilii^iu' (^1). Ill'
iiiiiiilii'r. s|H'('.

4054
4012

flS7S
HKOH

ijriui

IUUh

r«'.'48

r.';>H7
10UJ2

XUIiti

1 4V.H
4711

4o;).'i

L()i;llil V.

I'lijiot: Soiiiid, On'unii

Asloriu, On';;(iii

OliilowN urk l.aUc,

Wliuii »'<il-
K'cIimI.

Fkiiii uliiiiii re ciiviMl.

Ur. Geo. Siiclilc'V, V. S. A.

A.N. S., I'liila.'.

Dr. C. M. U. Kfiiudly

Fort Ivlainnlli. Oki'.mmi UcI. 'J, 1S7U

(iarii.sdiiCircli, W'iisli

Km I Wall I Walla,

Wanh.
ilo

On';;<tii

Koit Walla Walla, i

Wash. I

do

do

Kurt Klaiiiatli Drcuoii i

Koit Ciislcr. Moiii . . I

Willi-s Witlirli

('apt. ("lias. liiMidiro

.Imii' — , )(<H1 do

, IH<1

, II-81

, 1.><HI

, |S,sl

I.ii'litriiaiit Miilli'ii .
("apt. Cha.H. liLiidiro
do

do

ill.

II. M.KIdoiTv, M. I) ....
Capt. Clias. Itciidiri'

Si'iiiialii ). Wash .\. (;ainplprll

2 Wa.slilii;;toii I'c i ijloi \

Naliiic of sjHjci-
iiion.

Ii'idiidic
J>o,

1)0.

Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.

Do.
Do.
Do.

Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.

1)1-. J. (i. Cooper Ak'uhuliu liirva.

AMHLVSTOMA Kl'IXANTIIUM Coitc*
rnu'cc'il. Acjul. I'hiliul., ISK!, \i. U).

Nearly related to Ainhli/stoma mac roil net i/him IJaird, and to l»e placed
next to that species in any synopsis of the ju'enus. Costal folds twelve.
Nocanthiis rostralis. ir|)[n'r Jaw overlapping;- lower. Tail strongly
compressed, as loiij;' as head and body to <;roin. Head wide-oval ; its
{greatest width t.ne fourth in total lenj;th to theyroin. l)i<;its all rather
shiu't; four phalan.i;('s in fourth posterior dij;it. Internal nares as
widely si'.paratt'd as the external. Eye-tissure one half width between
the anti'rior canthus. Median dental series present in, i-' an an;j;le for-
wards. Tonj;ne lar«;e, deeply plicate, licnjjth, in. .(KS3; lenj'th to ax-
illa, .017; to j:;roin, .OH); lenjifth of anterior limb, .012; of anterior
foot, .001; of hind limb, .((14; of posterior foot, .0005.

Sides of body and tail and superior surfaces of limbs, sliiiiiiif>- black.
Dorsal region to end of tail and muzzle, j;amb()j;'e yellow. The yellow
expands on the head and forms two cross bands on the up[>er surfaces
of each of the limbs. The black of the sides is occasionally inter-
rupted by the yellow spots irrcfiularly jMaced. lU'low, dilute black,
dusted with minute white spetddes.

Th(^ strui!tural dilfcrcnces between this and the .1. noicrodadiilKm iuv,
not many, but are well marked. They are : (1) The j;i'eater width of
the head, whicii enters the length (without the tail) live times in the
latter, and finir times in tho. A. < pi. rant hum ; and is also setMi in the
greater iiiterorbital width; (2) in the short toes, which are very much
longer in the .1. mueroihictijlum. In color this species is the more bril-

il

. !(

,i;l

m

i

1951 liull. :u-

Tliitcii.-., Ii«. ».

:i.; (

i

i

1

' i

'■^

D.S

1!ILLi;tin-:u, unitkd .stativs national musioum.

lianf tl.c cast spock'S l.dnj;- (loscrilu'd as biowu witl. a «ia.v dorsal
stii...' iiistca.l of black with a yellow dorsal stripe. In it the limbs
a,v Ja banded, and the bellyis nnitbnnly i.ale, contrary to what holds
i„ the present species, which is the han.lson.est of the j;vnus. I ob-
tain.Ml fotir si.ecin.ens of this salamander, nnder lo-s, in a, swamp near
(I,c liea.l of (he S(.nth IJoise lliver, on the south side of the Sawtooth
Mountain ranjje, Idaho.

ff ^

35-

Flo. 18. Aiiihli/Kloma fpijcaulhinn. Atlanta, Miilio; |.

This species is in all respects more robust than the A.macrothu-ttfhm,
and is more brilliantly colored. Its tints are (hose of the Kun.pean
SaUmandnt ni<iculi»s(i,iuu\ are bri};hter than (Iiose of any other species
of the j-enus. Its hyoid apparatus is represented on IMate L';{, tij,'. 8.

CIIONDKOTUS Cope.

Aineiic'uii Niitiirali.st, iet<7, ]>. riS (Jamiiiry).

Otog'.ossal cartilajj:e trianj^fular, attached by a base to each side of the
Jiyi)obranehial cartila{;e.

in otlier respects this genus agrees with Anddystoma. The larva of
the type species {C. tcnchrosus), the only one I have ideiititicd, dillers
from tliose of AmbUiftoma in the absence of basal branchial processes,
and (tf spleiiial teeth. (Plates L'O-LM.)

1 have examined the hyoid apparatus of the sjiecies of this genus,
and 1 refer two others to it. One of these, (\ vhujuhttns, very probably
belongs here; the position of the otlier, C. tc.vanus, is altogether uncer-
tain as yet.

Considered with lespect to the forms of their otoglossal cartilages
tiiese species fall into three sections, as follows (see IMates LTj and L'(J):

(I) Tlie cartilage uninterrupted in front. C. (cntbrosus, C. aterriniKs.
and V. ilrvortiaitits. (Figs. 1, '1-5, 8-".».)

(•J) Tiie cartilage divided in front, and without median processe.s. (J.
2)<n-oticu>i. (Figs. 0-7.)

(.'{) The cartilage divided, each half with an internal and external proc-
ess in front. (Figs. 1-2, I'l, 2().) C. microstomits,

111 addition to tliese characters, it may be observed that in the C.
tenchrosus and C. dterrimus there is a sheet of strong librous tissue
extending antericrly from the otoglossal cartilage, and forming the
base of the tongue. A few similar fibers are found in the correspoiul-
ing position in the A. pary>tk'iim.

IJesides the characters of the otoglossal cartilage I have already
given, I may add thac in the species with entire anterior border, the crest
of the superior surface of the basibranchial appears to pass through a

foi-a
lissi
IM. 1

T!

A

r

temb
Th
tiori]
Texa.^
from
Th(

1. Vi

r

( k

r

i

rilK UArUACIIIA Ol' N'vtIiTII AMKIiU'A.

99

Ibriiiiidi ill the l»a.s(M)t tln' (tt()j;l<>.ssiil caitilajit'. Wlu'ro tlic latter is
lissuu'd tlm (!ivst appears to be deeurved tlir()ii.i>li it, as in C. inwoticus,
IM. i>5, Fiy;. (i.

Tlie speeics of tiiis jfciius are distributed as follows:

Al'sruoiMl'AKiAN lki',(ii()N. — ('. inivrn.sti)ni KK and (J. ritujulatus.

Pacikk! liiiiaoN. — a. iKirotiouH, C.deoorticatiis, C. ittvrriinus, and C
tenchrosus.

The (J. microstoinits is not coimnon in tlie eastern part of the Aus-
tioriparian re<:;i()ii, but is cliielly found in the Mississippi Valley and
Tt'xas. The Pacilic species are all northern, none beiiij; yet known
from the middle and southern [Kirts of California.

The speeies of Vltondrotus are eliai'aeterized as follows:

1. V()iiicr(>|iiiliitiiit', lootli scries cxtciulinj; fxtci-ior to (lit^ liiii! dC Ilm iiitcriiiil iiarcs;
liiiif|i;il plicir riidiatiii;; iVoiii iK^iiiul ; piirotoiils nut ilistiiict.
CI. Canlliim rostralisdistiiicl ; fail .sliorti'i- tliaii head and body.

Miiz/.1(! i'lini;:ati', Hat, iii't«liiccd lii-voiid nostrils; voint'ioiialat iiir toctli in
two latlicr short scrii's, wliicli prcsi'iit an open an;;l(' backwards; brown,

marl (led with darlicr brown spots f '. tviuhrosua,

IF. Series of (ccth f\ti'ndMn;to external tissnre of innernares; liiif;iial plica' radiat-

inj? from Ixdiind ; parotoid j^lands forming a distinct ovoid mass.

ex. Teeth in thr(!(^ series (no canthiis roslralis o'- plantar tnbcrch.'s) ; fourth too

with three phalanjj;es.

Mnz/le not i)rodncc<l ; median series of teeth forniin}? an open anglo forwards;

wi<ltli of head l") to j;roin ; legs stout; toes long ; tail longer than body ;

nniforn: brown C. jHtrotieim,

III. Series of teeth not extendin;. beyond inner lino of nares; lingual plica' radiat-
ing from behind ; no distinct parotoid mass (species large).
«. TwolviM'ostal folds ; no plantar tubercles; fourth toe with three j>lialanges.
Vomerine teeth in one transverse series behind i)osterii)r lino of choana' ; tail
nearly as long as head and liody ; inn/.zh! very obtuse ; nostrils terminal ;

light brown, with ret iculations of dark brown C. dvanlictilK.'i.

\'onierino teeth in t wo sigmoids, which converge and Join antorlorto elioana' ;
tail only as long as Imdy ; mu/.zle llat , produced beyond nostrils; unifortii

black ('. (itcrrhnitii.

(ill. Konrleen costal lolds; fourth toe with foui' phalanges.

Teetl* arched between inner narcs; head one-fourth to groin (in small sptici-
mens") ; ey(M)nr-half width bet ween canthus; mn/zh" br()at; outer nearer
together than inner nares; brown, with a series of lighter sjnits on upper
part of sides, below yellowish; ninzzli' and tail marbled with the same.

('. texaiiiiH,
\\. Series '>f teeth not ext<Miding Ik^voimI inner margin of nares; lingual i)lica' radi-
ating from a niiMlian longitudinal furrow of tin; tongue ; no distinct paro-
toid nniss (sjiecies small).
a. Two sci-ies of teeth; no canthus rostralis (fourth toe with four phalangoH).
,<. Tail comiires.sed, eijual to tlm body.

Ma-,idibh< shorter than muzzle; head elongate, width betwtu'u ^^yes behind
eiimil from sanui to narcs; width of head (i.o times in b iiglh to groin ;
limbs longer, .separated when a)ipress<'d, by t wo intercostal spaces ; black,

wi

111 numerous narrow gray aniiuli on bodv and tail.

.(.'. ciiiuiilutiin.

Mandible longer than miiz/le; head short, broad ; width between eyes behind
e(iiia\ from same to end muzzle; body stouter; width of head tJ.r) to 7
limes in length to groin ; limbsshort, separated by six costal spaces; lead-
colored, witli a few grav shades below (\ niicrostomm.

\}

F

1

'i'

,i> '

Hi

lUO JIULLKTIN ;;i, CMTKI) STATKS NATIONAI, MUSKUM.

CIIONIH.'OTI'S ('l.\(;ri, ATI'S CoiM'."

AmhUjHUwm vbxjnhihm Cnpr, Vvov. Ar. I'liila., 1-(17, |.. •.'(»:,: St,„,i,|,. Si.liiin., ).. (I.".;
lidiilni.iiiT, Cit. ItMtr. (ir.iil. liril. Miis., cd. ii, l>.--.', \k W.

This spt'cios ;ii»pr(tiidiL's the €. microstoiints in general, but iiiii.v be
mulily kiiowii b.\ its inori' cloiifiiito-ovoid head, with loiiff iniiz/.U', more
sleiidei' form of body, iiiid peculiar coloiiitioii.

iMiieous (!i'.vpl.s and pores aii' not miicii devcdoped iti this animal; a
fi'w only of the latter extend alonj-' the superciliary rei;ioii. The costal
folds are fourteen, and are visible across the abdomen.

The liead is clonijate, eonvex both transversely and loui^itudinally ;
the upper face of the muzzle is narrowed, and projects beyond (he
mandible. The width at the Jaws enters the lenjith to thi! «;roin (i\
times, and 1=1 to the edjje of the }>ular fold. The external nares are
(juite close top-ther, nearer than the lonj;' diameter of the eye, iiml
nearly l.o (his diameter in advance of (he eye. The au(erior anj-ies of
the latter are -'.3.') diameters ai»art. The folds on the side of tin; head
and neck sM'e as in other species. The distancie between tlie inner nares
is l.GO times the distance between the external.

The tongue is oval, (juite elon,nate, I)u( not tilling' the space between
the rami of the mandible; its median j;roove stronj-ly marked. 'J'he
palatine teeth are in a sinj;le row, sliifhtly eonvex forwards, cndrely
between the inner nares, their posterior margins of the cuds of (he
series and nares corresponding. The gape of the mouth isshorl, bu(
longer than in V. mirroNfomus; its external candius falls aiderior (o
the posterior canthus of the eye, while the anterior eanthusof (he same
measures the i)osterior third of the ga|)e, commencing at tins middh' of
the premaxillary region.

Costal grooves fourteen; a median dorsal groove strongly marked.
An unusually strong fold across Ix'twien angles of mandible, wliicli
sends a branch to tiie orbit; gular fold continued (»n neck, sending
ii parotoid groove forwards. Ijength to gular (old .l.T.") in length to
groin.

Length of tail nearly e«|ual from l»asis of same (o (he mental cross-
fold. It is of rather uniform depth, much compressed, keeled abov»5
and (or its distallialf below, (ieneral form of the body slender and
compressed, elevated at the scapular and pelvic regions.

Limbs stout; the lingers slender, bu( not veiy elongate. Ajipressed
to the sides they fail of meeting by the leiiglh of the sole and longest
toe; length from tip to tip when outstretched, .(»() length (o groin.
Length of lower leg and foot, scarcely .S from muzzle to gular fold. No
visible plantar tubercles. Fourth toe distinctly longer than third : then
2, 4, 1. Fingers 3, 2, 4, 1.

Color in alcohol black, (he under suilaces (hiekly speckled with gray.
A vertical narrow gray line passes between every |»air of costal folds
and meets its feUow on the dorsal line or bifurcates to meet a similar
bifurcation in like manner, end)r,icing ar. a-. These narrow annul! ex-

*'IV\t, iijr. 117.

F

tend
extre

Toljil

Widlh
Wi.lll

'J'he
Xo.

.Imhli/sti
/ilii/r

Amhljisln

ISiijil

Til is

and has

is veiy ;

than in

with sill

shows tl

probably

pores <»r

dent ill .v.

The h

t'oiislrict

limes ill ,

head is n

'I'lie lowe

the lattei

length ol

rated I»y

'I'iie aiitei

instead ol

gnlar fold

The 1)()(

incliidin^r

dorsal grc

Tiie (ail

dricalat b

to the (i|),

iire siiarp.

tlietiil. I

m

THE MATHAfMlIA OF NORTH AMKKICA.

101

tcinl nearly as far forwards as the orbils, and .siirrouiid the tail to its
y t'xtreinity. Muzzh; bhick.

MiKxiiydiicnln. '"• •''!"■

» I Totiil l('Mj;tli :! <>.

Li'iiitlli to <'iintliiis oris (strtiif;lil ) 2. ti'i

. LiMi^lli III ,i;iil.ir I'dld (I.

Lciijitli I" liniiii If*. 7

Wi.ltlM.rii.a.l :!.'^

"•■• Wiiltli iilmvc i'ciiiorii 'i.'2'i

'l'h(^ sliach's of cohuatioii in this creatiiri^ are those of the Amhbixtnmn
oiKiriiin, liiit arc dilVcrciitly arraii<;ed.

X(». .'>7S(;; 1 spec; (irahaiiiville, S. C. ; I»aih\v.

: (

CHONDKOTl'S MlCl>'OSrOMrS Cope*
Amciicaii N':i turn list, l"^"<7, |i. f^S.

.Imhiiisliimit piirjiliiiriliciim, Hallow., Vruv. \r. I'liila., I"*.'!!!, p. S (ore Sidhima iidrn por-

phijniivu, (iii'i'ii ).
.Imliliislniiiii niirnislDiiiinii ('(i|to I'roc. .\c. Pliila., I~ti7, |). 'JlHl; Str;iiU'li, Siilaiii., p. ti."i;

ISoiiicii^^ci', (.'at. I'.atr. (irail. liiit. Miis., cd. ii, Hsj, p. ,f)ii, I'l. ii. lii;-. I.

Tiiis species is amoii;^ the most shMKh'r <»f Aiiicricaii Ainblystoinida',

.•'r ■ , and lias other pecidiaritics l»y which it is readily rcco<>'nizal»le. The .skin

J is very smooth and slippery, with thi^ f>laiHls less evident in the skin

' than in A. ()i»i<'iim,j<[(}rrs(>ni<tiii(iu, vti;. The skin is eveiy where covered

with small shallow pits, oidy visible when the nincns is removed, whi(!h

shows the tail t(» be .sometimes cons|»i(!nonsly f;i"aniilated, the <>rannU's

probably corresponding to the ends of the {glands. Thei'c are no evi-

pores or pits of hir.i;i'r size than the others on the head and parotid, iis

dent in some Ambly.stoinata.

'i'lie In-ad is very small, narrower than tiie body, with little or no
const ri(!t ion at tin; iu>(;k. It is (^oidained about six and one-half to seven
tiim-sin the distance to the i:i(»in. Tlic muzzle i< short and wide. The.
head is much arched in every direi;tioii, the eyes far forward and latiM'al.
'i'lie lower Jaw jtrojectsa little beyond the border of thenpper, e;)neealin^'
the latter when viewed from above. The i-yes are distant h'ss than the
leiij^th of tln' orbit fiom the nostrils, their anterior extremities sepa-
rated by I J, times this nnil. The nostrils are one orbit lenjjth apart.
The anterior edye of the orbit falls opposite the middle of the j^apo
instead i»f in its posterior third, as in A)iihljfsltt)H(( JcJ}'<;r,s(mi<inHm. The
j;iilar fold is <listaiit from tin; snout one-lifth the distance to the yroin.

Tli(^ body is slender for the jfcniis. There are fonrteen costal fnrrow.s,
inclinlinj,' the iii;;iiinal and axilhtry. Tluu'e is a sli;«Iit indication of a
dorsal oroove jjosterioily.

The tail is about two thirds the head and body. It is nearly cylin-
drical at ba.se, and then becomes slightly (jompressed, jiiore and more so
to the tij), where it is quite flat, but without crest, allhoa.L^li the edjjjes
are sharp. Viewed IVoin the siih^s, there' is a constriction at th(\ base of
tli(^ t ill. it is one fourth higher in the mi(hlh^ than at the b.ise.

\\\

I 'la If ',>.-., lii-H. 1,

10:

lUIMJll'IN' :ll, r.VITi:i) SI'ATKS NATIONAL MUSEUM,

Tlio limbs arc wi-ak. Tlic tU</\is arc however vei-.v loii^', cyliiidrical,
«loi»it\«J.se(l, williaiit iiieiiil)raiie. Tlie |»ro])oi'tit)ii.s of llic dibits areas in
A. p'.invtiitiiiH. The loiij^vsl Mii;jeii.s but (»iie third the fore-anii; tlieh)n^'-
<'St toe isalitth' more tliaii one third the lej; iVoin knee. Tho out-
stret(!iied hind le^s are al)oiit two thirds the Iiead and body to j,'roin.
When (lie lore and hind leju's are extended and ai)i>resse(l to the sides
they an' separated by six of I lie inteicoslal spaces. This indi(!ates
thai the le<,'s arc shorter tlian in any otiiei' species of tlu^ ^eiiiis. The.
ton^nie is thick, lleshy, and attached, although sli;ihtly free at sides and
tip. There is a lonniliidinal uimovc in the toii;,nie, separatin,!,' tho two
papillose portions, ol' an oval sliajie, placted side by side, with the e(U;e
of the ton^^Mie projecting;' beyond tlieiii. The |/apilhe Ibini pai'allel st'ries
ill each oval obli(pie to the (H'litral f;roove. Tin's is not round in Amhli/-
stoma Jcjrrrsou itni II III .

There are only two patches or lines of palatine teeth. Tlu'se o(!eii|)y
the middle of the palate, forinin;i;aii Ai the aiif^leantiu'ior and reaehin;;'
as far forward as the aiderior border of the inner iiares. The postt'io-
external ends do not pass th(^ inner marj^inof those nares (in the soft
palate, the in'oportions beiii^' a little dilfereiit in the skull).

Sometimes these two patches form nearly a stiai;;lit line, or at least
the central portion is straight, the lateral beiidin.u sli<;htly backwards.

Fin. in. riiiDiilmtii.': i,ilfi;i>.liiiini/i. No. 39!t!». S.niiit I.oiiis, Mo. ; ',

The color in alcohol is a dark brownish-black, a very little paler be-
neath, and thickly anil irre;,'nlarly si>rinkled on the sides with plma-
beons spots about the size of the eye, of no delinite ontline. These are
less iinmerous above and below, sometimes nearly waiitin;,^; sometimes
they are larger than as described, and look not unlike patches of a <,'ray-
ish lichen growing on the sides.

Mmsiircmcnis. ^ ,

Iriclioa.

LL'n{,'fli .'ilonir axis of Imily rioin Hiioiit to aii>,'l(( of inontli oo

Lcn<;tli from snout to ^iilai' fold " ^r,

Lciif^tii from snout to M-roiii '>'>()

Leni^tlifromsnont lolicliind anus _ ij j^O

Lcnstli from snout to tip of tail \[[_ ^"I,^)

Lcnirth of tail .' rn

Widtli of head ..""" 'm

Lcnjrfli of foro-iirm from (dliow ",,)

Lenjjtliof !(■;,' from kni!(; .".'.".!.'.".'.!!".! .KJ

Expanse of hind leys ,' .r

i

!

HUM
■M'M
,'i!IS2

;iss 1

.'lillVJ

lo:;7

IIH7K
.•)!l»5

:iMl<) I

IIU.'XI

s:Mi(i

|-.'II.-,,K
S777

ii,v;i

III7-'
III71

iiiiii; I

llMII I
4(187

TIIK liATK'AOIlIA OK NORTH AMKRIf'A.

103

Tli»! total Icii^^tli of liir^icst s|«'('iiin'ii svvu (.">!).;!>, Saint Louis) is 0
iiiclit's, of wliicli tlio tail tbriiis 2M(). The smallest adult is li incliea
louj-'.

In the Just jxM'iVctcd younf;- is simmi a series of illy-dediied liylit spots,

lai't-er tiiau elsewlieie !ilon,u' eaeli side of the back. The belly is (|uito,
lij-ht (rolored.

'J'his speeies bears a close reseinblaiiee to I'hthotlon (ilutinosHS, from
\vlii(th the jjenene pcculiiirili' the lon^'er digits, etc., readily distinguish
it. The bluish spots, too, a. inneh less sharply delined and duller, less
silvery, and do not o(!eur on the l)aek to anythin<;- like the same extent
as in /'. {ilKfiiiosiis. From A. jfircnionidntiin it will be known by the
projectiii}; lower Jaw, much smaller and more arched head, j-reater
nund)er of costal furrows, more evident spots on the sides, etc., besides
the important peculiarities of t()n<;'ue and teeth.

This is one of the species whose metamorpiiosis is completed some-
tiuH' before il attains full si/,i^ A specimen in which minute stumps of
the branchiu' remain measures 2 in(;hes in len<,'th ; another without
traces of them, 2.1."* inches. The width of the head enters the len<;(h (o
the f>roin l.'J times, and tiie tail fall* short of the axilla from its base.
These measuremiMits may l»e compa/ed with those (jf the adult in illus
tration of the j;eneral jiriuciple that the relative lenji'ths ot body and
tail increases with iiutreased size.

Th(! well developed lateral procM'sses of the otoj;lossal cartilaj;e ai»-
proach the character of Amblystoma more than is seen in any other
sp«'cies of (Jhondrotus, its very lonji median processes are not found
in anv other species of this ueiius. AIthou<;]i they lie closely apju'essed
in tl ■ lonj;' axis of the tongue, (hey are homologous, each with a half
of the (iircle of And)lvstoma.

P4

1 1

1 1

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il

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ClionilvotiiK mkronlomim Copt'.
liKSia.'VK SKUIKS.

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Siiiiil l.iitiis, Mo

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I'liilrio Mcr i;iiu"c,

I.a.
Nrw Madiiil, M.i ....

Kurt Sinitli, Aik

NToiiiii <'aniii'l, III ...

Wlicallaiiil, Iiiil

('(iliiinliiiM. I Hijci

Niw Mailiid, Mo

Mount CariiiL'l, III . . .

OaKlrv, S.<;

Moiin't Caniiil, 111 ...

n.'Uinill.', Ill

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{'■)

Saint I.otils, Mci

Sollllll'Ill IllilloiM

I.aiiiaslcr, Olijn

(iiainl Coteaii, La

Wli.n
nillcctrll.

KicMii whom iri'riM'il.

Nov.
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Nov. -, 1HS1
.\lir. — , IhSI

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SaiiiiU'l rimii 1

Dr. (ico. I'lii^iU'niaiin. .

.la.s. Kiiiiic

N'alnio of siirci-
ini'ii.

Alcoliolir
I III.
Do.
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Do.

N'ov. — , l.-'SI
Apr. T), 1H87

It. Kciiiiicott ! Do.

Dr. H. !•". Sliniiiaiil Do.

I,. .M.'riiiiii r I Do.

ItoliiTt I!iil;;wa.v Do.

j I'riil. I.. I.i'siincicnx Two larvii'.

I U. Kriinicotl i'llUi.

! I/. M. 'rimicr ; Alroliolic.

— , 1«K1

I''. W. liaywaiil

I<. M. 'J'lmii'r

Dr. A. Kciis.s

V. W. llavdcn

{'■) -.

W'.r.T.'l. Ks

Dr (ii'o. KnCflinaiiti..

]{. Kciiiiiciitl

I.. I.rsiilliTclIX

Sl.(,'liailcs('i:l!f.;c ...

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' i J:

i !

104 lii'MJ-rriN :!i, unitkd srATKs national muskum.

t'llOXDKOTIS TEXANIIS Mattlics.

(I'latcr)!, lij,'. I!l,)

.%il„mtui(lin Ir.nnin. Mattings, All,!;i'iii. .hiilscii.- natnili. /.•iliiiiR, I, IH.Vi, p. 'ififi.
.tnihlHsloiiHi hj-ainin, liair.l. I". S. Mcx. ISdiiiMl. 8iirv., ii, I.Vi)f., -"■'. I'l. :<•"., fly;. If.;
Cope, Pn>c. Ac. I'liila.. ' \i).'.'(M: Sliaiicli, Salaiii., j). <m ; IJonlciigrr, Cat. Hat-r.
(irad. liril. Miis.,((l.ii. .'. ji. r>0.
The (U'seriptioii <»t' this spcc-ios is taken from si)eciiiuMis uliich iiro
not fully j^rowii. Tiic proportions iirc, liowcver, inucli llioso of llic (!.
viicnKstowus at tlic saiin' a^ijc. This, with the Iarj;c nunilu'r of costal
^Moovcs, ivndors it alMi(»st (joitain that the fiill-srown individuals are
imich like those of the latter species, and very probably of near the
same si/e.

Skin ever;s .. Iiere <piite smooth ; no traces of pores on the head or paro-
toid lejiion in many sjx'ciinens. Costal folds fonrteen, distinct ; head
folds slightly marked, the {,ndar sli<>]it. A mediali dorsal <rroove.

Mead oxal, rather tiattened ami broad; canthns rostralis somewhat
marked. Month lar<;e ; (ianthns behind eye, anterior canthns of latter
markiii;^' middU' of mar^^in. Nostril a little neai'cr eye fissnre than
length of latter, jtrobably eipial in older specimens. Width between
anterior canthns of eyi^ double len.yth of tissure; external separated
by one leng;th of same, which is less than the distance between inner
nares.

Ton.^ne small, as in other yoiui}.', l)ut not fissured or grooved, as in
tliose of the two jircceding species. Talatire teeth tbrming an arched
seiies between nares. extendinji' to their anterior border, and not bej'ond
the'r inner bordu' in the lateral direction. From their i-esemlance to
thrse of .1. mirrostomion of the same ajic 1 susj)ect they are similar
ir. old individuals.

Ijody rather slender ; width of head at Jaws four times in total length
to yroin. and .7."» len^tb to ynlar fold. Tail short, longer when older,
('(jual from its basis to axilla. Limbs moderately stout ; digits elongate;
third and fourth toes nearly e(pial then lifth, second, first, l-'ingera
3,2, 1,1.

Above, light brown, with a series of light spots along upp<'r part of
sides; these are small, ami one is between each pair of costal folds.
Sides and belly yellow.

Lcn
Lci.

liCII
LtMl

Tin; 15ATRAC1IIA OF XORTJI AMERICA. 105

Mcasitri mcnls.

In. Lin.

Li'iijjtli fiom (Mid imi/zlt; to caiitliiis oris 0 2.0

liCiifftli from cud imi/zlc to axillii 0 fi. .'>

Lt'ii^fdi from t'lid iiiii/./lii to fjroiii (• 11

Lciifjtli from end muz/lo fo I'lid tiiil 'i I?. 7.">

Ijfiijjth from (^lltow lo end finucr 0 ;>. I

Lciif^tli from knco to <Mid toe 0 ;i. 7

No. ton, el 0 vol I .spociiiuMis; locality, San Antonio, Te.\.; collector, J.
I). Ciraliani.

Tiie piano front and cantlms nostralis of this species form a resem-
blance to the (J. tenebt'osus, between which anil C. microstomus it is
natnrally placed.

CIIONDROTIS J'AKOTlCfS IJaird.*

Cope, .Vini^riciiii Niiliirali.st, IHS7, \t. >*».

Amhljintoma paroticnm Haird, Coih'. I'mc. Ac. I'liihi., IH(;7, p. 200 ; Strancli, Salam.,
p. (•).-.; noiil.'njj;t'r, Cat. Hatr. Grad. Hrit. Miis., cd. ii, IS-i, p. 1^ IM. ii, lij^. 3.

This salamander is of very i)ecnliar (iharacter. It is one of the stout-
bodied spe(!ies, in this respect about e(]nal to A. piincttitum, but with a
broa(b>r head.

In the type specimen (47(t8) the skin is remarkably free from pits,
pores, and milk olands. Tiiese are found on the parotoid region, both
above and below the horizontal furrow from eye to side of neck, which
is swollen in conseiiuence. There is also a small patcii on top of head
borderiii};- the orbit, a pat<-h on the s|)a<'es between the intercostal fur-
rows, on the ujyper pint of the sides, extending-, though faintly, nearly
to the belly. Along the ridge of the tail, bordered below by an in-
dented line, the glands are tliickly crowded. A few scattered glands
are seen along tlie back ; elsewhere the skin is perfectly smooth and
glandh'.ss, with the miisch^ directly beneath it, although probably when
fresh the usual shallow pits of tlu' group stud the skin thickly every-
where, as usuid. These are distinctly visible in a second si)ecimen
(I7(t!>). In this also the ghuuls an; more numerous on the back and
extend fart her <lowu the side of the tail.

The head is Itroad and depressed, considerably constricted at the
neck. The eyes are unusually large and prominent for the genus, sepa-
rated ant»Miorly by about twice the length of their orbits, distant from
the nostrils less than this lengtii. The outer ami inner nostrils are
respi'ctively about equidistant by little more than one length of the orbit.

The tongue is moderate, m-arly circular, tilling the rami only ante-
rioily and hanlly more than half the wi<lth of the head.

The teeth are in four patches, forming a transver.se series, slightly an-
gular anteriorly, where they extend to about opposite the centers of the
inner nostrils, 'i'ju' two central piit<!hes are rather the larger, with a
slight interval. Tlicy extend jxtsterolaterally nearly to the inner
margin of inner nostrils; then ai-e se|)arate() from the outer patches by
an interval nearly the widih of the inner nostrils. The lateral patches
extend a short (listance bevond the outer margin of the inner nostrils.

hn

4

I

i

I'latfJl. liijs. n.7.

i

I

lOG IMILLKTIN .SI, UNITHD STATICS NATIONAL MITSEUM.

The para spl.enoidal imrlion of tlio roof of the moiitli is imicli re-
stricted laterally and behiiul.

The body is full, rounded, anddei)ressed. Tiiere are eleven costal fur-
rows, including iu'juinal aiul axillary.

The tail is compressed, but oval in cross-section, with the lower edjio
rather sharp towards the end. Tiie upper outline is much rounded, it
is iu)t hi-ii, and not as long' as the rest of head and body; longer than
from sntmt to groin. In one specimen there is a distinct furrow along

the under side.

The limbs are large; the digits lengthened; more depressed than in
A. piinrtatum, but linear, not triangular in shape. Tlie lateral ones are
more lengthened than usual, and those of each limb ure more nearly of
a length? The free portion of longest linger is more than one-third
from tip to elbow; that of longest toe in the same proportion.

The gape of the head is wide; the length more than half the width.
The width of the head is contained four times in distance from snout to
groin.

I I H- II G

Fio. 21. Chondi-dtiiK iiarnliciin. No. 7021. Vi|i;t't'.s Soiiiiil. Orriidii. Xatiiriil si/.i\

The color in one specimen is everywhere a <lull reddish-olive ()»•
brown, paler beneath, and without the trace of any spots. Xo. I7(>7 is
inu<!li darker, nearly islack.

The AmhJustomn tri-sruptiim ('ope, from Ocate Creek, is similar to the
present species in the intervals between the four palatine patches and
the glands on the parotid region. The rest of the skin, however, as far
ascanbeas(!ertained,isglan(lulai', a^'i" A. pmirtdtuiii, /'////■//(»/«, etc. The
digits, too, are shorter, Hatter, more triangular, the lateral and central
more unequal. The eyes are much smaller ami farther apart. 'I'liei-e
are twelve costal furrows, not eleven, etc.

Chondrotim ppi'iiliciis Itairit.
UKSEltVl". SKKIKS.

CiitiiliVUliolN'o. ofl
niiriiliiT. •iprr.

Locality.

Wlicii
CoHi'cIimI.

4'OH 1 Cliildwy nek I.aUc.

Ori'doii.

711'Jl I I'liiict Sdiiiid, Oiv^dii

lllir> 1 N.ah r.iiy, (>ii'l:iiii ....

4711!) , - Xcai'SrijihiliniiMi, Oil'.

i;nn.

1 Cnal iiiiii('.< (if VaiH'ciii.

\VV l.'4lall4l.

FlKiii wliDMi irci'ivi'il

N'aliui' of ,t|ic(i
iiii'ii.

A. Ciiiiplicll Aliiili.ilic l\ |H

Dr. (". r.. 1!. K.iiihtIv Al. (iliolir.

.1. (i. Swan |i(i.

A. Cainplhll I),..

AUli'ii W. Iti^\v.s(in

Do.

I

T

H(

THE BATRACFIIA OF NORTH AMKRICA,

rroiiorlioiiitJ (limfiisioiifi.

107

47Ud. L'hilowyiick.
Head:

fifinj^th of jjtapo of iiiontli to its widtli inoro than half.

Width to disfiinct' from snout to giilar fold contained IJ tinies,

\Vid(h to distance from snout to j^roin 'l.J tinics.

\\ idtli to distance from snont to Ijehind aims -f fi tiniuH.

From snout to ^nlar fold contained in distance from snont to irroin '.ii times.

From HUO'.it to guhir foUl containud in distance from snout to hchind
aims +4 times.

Distance anteriorly Itctween eyes in huijjth of orbit 2 times.

Distance from eyes to nostrils in leiij;tli v f orbit little over 1 time.

Distance between external nostrils in huij^tli of orbit little ovtsr 1 time.

Distance between internal nostrils in lenj;th of orbit about 1 timo.

Width of toiif^nc to wiilth of head little over i time.

Liinl>s:

Free ))ortion of hnifiest finj^er contained in distance from elbow to tip 2ij ti'nes.

])istance between oiitstrctchi'd toes in len;i;lh from snont to jiroin e(|nal.

•i,

McdHircmctiln, in iiichcH.

» w »

Leiifjth (measured aloiifi axis of body):

From snout to^japc^ r>0

Fnnii snout to jjnlar fold '.•.">

From snont to armpit l.Tid

From snont to irroiii li. Id

From snout to l)(diind aims .

:$. sn

From snont to vui\

of ta

1...

7. t]0

lead:

Width of he.-id...

. . . .

. - -

.7.')

Width of ton"ne

to

Lenj^th of orbit ...

. 2.".

Distance between

eyes

ant<

M*i-

orly

.

. »r>

Distance between

outer

nost

rils

. 25

Head— Continued.

Distance b(!tween inner nostrils .24

Tail :

Height of tail where hij^hest.. . . 4.^>
I'.readlh of tail where hi-;hest.. .20

Limbs:

J'ree portion of l()iii;(>st (inj»or.. . !?0
I''roiu ell»o\v to tip of lon>;e.st

r"-f,'<'i- «5

Free portion of loni^est toe 'MIt

From knee to tip of lon^fest toe 1.00
Distance between ontstretehed
toes :? 05

CHONDUOTUS DIX'ORTICATUS Cope. *

American Naturalist, 18.-'7, p. i^-< (February).
Anihlnnlomn dccottiialiim Vo\w, I'roeeeds. Aiucr. I'hilosoph. Soc, l."^8f), p. r>S2.

Tlii.s species has a {jood deal of allinily in its character to the C.
paroticiis I>air<l, but it dilVeis in important points of structure, as well
as in its external appearajice.

Its oeii(>ial proportions are not slender; and the limb.s, especially the
posterior ones, are very stout. The tail is Ions', i>»<l •» coinpres.sedfroin
the base. It does not bear a fin at any i)art. lis length, in the sinj^le
spetuiuen before me, is eijual to that of the head and body (in(!ludingtho
vent), less the distance from the eye to the end of the muzzle. The
head is short and the muzzle is contracted, ami is steeply rounded in
profile. The distance from the muzzle to the axilla enters the length
from thea.Killa to the groin 1\ times. The width of the head enters

•riate24, li«H. 8,it.

■ * '' V'.A :

I I

i ll

iff 1 15:

108 liULLKTIN .-51, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

the total loii<;tIi to tlic^ioin I tiiiios. Thi' limbs when i>it'.s.s<'«l to the
side ovt'iiap l>v tlio loii^^tli of tlii' liiis^'i's.

There is no eantliiis lustralis, ami the lower jaw does not extend be-
yond the upiKT. The external iiares are almost terminal, and are as
far apart as the distance b.'twcLMi the inner bordiM'S of the choana'.
The latter are rather lar^e, and are transverse. The vonieropalatino
series of teeth form a short transverse line, which is entirely within the
internal borders of the inner nares and a considerable distance poste-
rior to them. The ton,-;ae is wider than Ion;;-, bnt docs not till the wide
floor of the mouth laterally. A dermal yroove extends posteriorly
from the eye to the side of the neck above the anterior border of the
liiunenis. A branch groove descends a short distance posterior to the
eye and turns forwards to the eanthns of the mouth. These grooves
divide masses of crypts, those on the inferior side of the {groove hi'.\u<r
most prominent. The tract above the groove resembles the parotoid
ftland of the Vliondrotm parotiviin, bnt is much less distinctly <lelined,
fading out upwards.

There are eleven well-defined lateral dermal folds, and sjtaee for a
twelfth, which will probably be found well defined in other specimens.
The back from the interscapular region posteriorly and the superior

e e 7

4. \ 3

Fin. 22. ChftDdnilKK (h-riiiilfntiin. No. Itl9:i. I'nrt Simpson, 1!. (!. Natiiiiil size.

part of the tail are thickly studded with cryi)ts. There is a slightly
defined gidar fold.

The fore limb is as long as from its anterior base to the anterior mar-
gin of the eye. The toes are quite short, and tiieir lengths, beginning
with the shortest, are .5-li-.")-t. Tiie posterior foot is (vspecsially robust,
and tliesole is wider than the length of the longest linger. There ar<'
im distinct tubercles on the sole. The lengths of the toes are, In^ginning
with the shortest, 1-5-2-1-3.

I

f

\\
\\
w
1)(

on

CO

eh
si/,
spi
tlu

Mfasinrmiiiln of Xo. lAWX

M.
171

Totiil l('ii;;(li.

lii'iintli Id 1)!isc 1)1' tail dill)

Ei'nj;lli to ffroin " 071

liPiijitli to iixilla OH I

liOiij;!!! fi> line (if eyes (!(),")

liiMif^tli (if i'lirc-lcjx O-ji;

liCiintli oC lurc-fodl 111(1

I.ciinlli Dfciilpitiis (II IH

IjtMij^lli of hi ml I<'<r ().2(j

I

I

(

rilK IJATUACIIIA OF NOUTII AMEKICA. 101)

M.

Loiij^tli of hind I'ciot OlOi)

Witllli iK'twcfii nostrils 00r>

Widtli bi'lwfcii (■.yes (I0(!

Width of liiiid OKi

Widtli ofKolo OtW

D.'pth of tail at miihllo W8

Till' iii;uiiu'r of (U'S('i-il)iiijf tlio color i)iitti'rn of this .species «li'(>eii(l,s
on wliiit we ii-oaitl as tlie j^rouiul. We can assume tliat the ground
color is represented by a dark chocolate-brown, and say that this is
closely studded with brownish-white spots of irrej;nlar forms and
sizes. On the back, limbs, and top and sides of the head the pale
spots are so close tojjether as to reduce the brown to a network. On
the l\nM-leos the p.ile spots arc lar<»er than anywhere else. The spots
are few on the tail, and those chielly near the base. The inferior sur-
tiUH's are dirty lif,ditbrown.

Tiie characters which separate this species from C. j;<no//VM.s' are:
The inu(;li shorter series of vomeropalaiine teeth, the shorter lin,ners
and toes, the less distinct psirot id jflands, the shorter and more ob-
tuse head, and the coloration.

No. IIUKJ; one specimen; Port Sinipsor Alaska, l.SSr>; Dr. T. II.
Streets, U. 8. Navy.

CiroNltKOTUS ATKKKIMUS Cope*

Ainericiin Niituriilist, 1887, \t. 88.

.tmhhistiiiiKi iilirriminii, Co]»(', I'rot,'. Ac. IMiihi., 1^(17, ]>. 'JOl ; .Stiaiitli, Sahiiii., p. (i.'>;
Honliii^. r, (at. Itatr. (Jiad. Hiit. Miis., cd. ii, ls,--,>, p. 4i».

This is a stout spe(^ies, haviiifj; a form of head intermediate between
that of tlu^ C. fenebrosus and .1. tiyrintim. The deidition is (piite pe-
(Miliar, and with the ensemble of its characters refers this species to the
immediate neiyldiorhood of the C. ienthiosus.

Head a broad oval, its ••reatest width a little over three-quarters the
leiijith from end of muzzle to {?ular fohl, and 4.2 in same to "roin. The
pupil marks three-sevenths the distance from canthus of mouth to ex-
ternal nostril. Fissure of orbit equal lenj;th from same to nostril and
enters l.OU times widtli between the latter; it is contained 2.L'5 times in
widtli between anterior canthi of eyes. Canthus rostralis marked at
orbit, terminatinjjf very obtu.sely at nostril. The i)rolile descends steejyly
from line of latter, imt being prolonjjed, as in C. tenebrosns. Thus from
the line connectin}»- middle of inner nares to lip is .To external interna-
rial distance and .0 between anterior canthus of eyes; in C. teiwhrosus,
same eipials ititernarial width and .75 the distance between eyes. The
distances between inner and outer nares are the same; the former are
round. The series of palatine teeth commence oidy ojjpositc the middle
of the posterior marfjin of the internal nares, and describe a slight curve

• Phitciit, li,KH. 4,5.

■^

'm

\

, ij

\

Z. 'i

'fU

I'i

;1

4 .

■

^'1

7

r

' 1

ii:M

110 IIULLIM'IN :{l, UNITKI) STATlvS NATIONAL MI'SKUM.

round their inner margins to a point Ju.st in advance of their anterior,
then turn abruptly inwards and slightly l)a(;k\var.ls, making a right
an-lo with their previous course. They converge, but do i-ot unite.

lo ue large ; as broad as long. CJular fold well n.arked ; parotoid

.rroovcMiot visible, perhaps accMdentally. It is dilllcult, as in the C. tent:
hrosus, to distinguish the costal folds. There are not more than twelve.

The tail is short and stout; its upper edge is much coini.ressed, as is
the i)osterior half; its glandular structures are much less developed
than in other species of Amblystoma, the erypts of the erest being
minute and globular. Length of tail e(pial from its origin (posterior
margin vent) to pcsterior outline of sternum.

Tlie extremities are very st()nt,.iust meeting when laid along the side.
The palms and soles are very wide, and the toes short and llattened.
They stand, as regards length, behind, 3, 4, 1>, 5, 1 ; before, 3, 2, 4, 1.

1 4 Q 6

Kii;. 2;t. Vhiiiiiliiildi- alcrriiiiiii.: No. W^i'2 ; raliiral size; Kinky MuiiiituiuH.

The color is black above, lead colored below.

Measinrmnitn.

Ill

Length from HiKiiit to "fapo (lint projection) 0

Lciigtli I'roiii snout to };iil:ir loltl 0

Len};tli iVoni .snout to axilla (•

LiMijith from snout to j;roin 0

Lcni^tli from siniut to end of vent 0

Lcnjjth from snout to muI of tail (i

Width of head 0

Width of tonyue ((

Width between eyes anteriorly t)

Width between nostrils 0

Width between inner nostrils (t

Width from eye to nor.tril 0

Circuniferenee of belly 0

Greatest lieijjht of tail 0

Greatest width of tail 0

Free portion of longest linger 0

From elbow to tip of linger 0

Free part of longest toe 0

Knoe to tip of longest too ... (I

E.xtcnt of outstretched toes 0

No. 5242; one specimen ; North Rocky Mountains; Lieutenant iNIallen.

Liii.

-.1
12.7.-.
I'.l. 1

■».-*
(i

1>. 75
f). 2
5
4

:s

2. ar>
y;j. (I

.'■>.4

•i.r,

y. r.

i>. 7r»

;{
11

<;. (i

I

(SI/

w

Sll

I

1

TIIK IfArKAClllA or NOl.TII AMKUICA. Ill

f IIONDliOirs IKNHI'.UU^r.S li«l. (linl.

Colli', Aiiicricuii Niitiirjilin(, l."^.'*/, p. 8H.

Amhhjxiiimii li inlinisiiiii, li:iinl and (iiranl, I'l-oc. Ac. riiilj'.., H.Vi, i>. 171, tiiiil U. S.

Kx|il. Siirv., xii.,|inrt ii., I'l. M, lij?. 1; (Jopt', rroo. Ac. I'liila , 18(17, p. i/CCJ;

Sliamli, .S;ilaiii., p. ti:>; Uimlmmcr, Oat. Hair. (Srail. Hrit. Miis., I'd. ii, IrtS'i, p. U).
.\ililiiiiiin-(( liiKlinixii, (iir., l'. S, Kxpl. Kxpcd., llcrp., )>. M, IM. i, lins. <J-17.

This .species is csiu'ciully cliaructcri/ed by its iniussive fVaiiie and huge
si/e among tn <> salamanders, as well as by other peculiarities, liereafter
to Itc mentioned.

The skin is less glandular than in A. pnnctatiim or ^(^r/«jn)i, although
scattered glands may be detected (closely and evenly distributed on the
wlioh' back ami sides and on tiie chin. The remaining under parts and
snout befiu'e the eyes are smooth.

The head is v«My massively built, large, broadest behind the eyes and
triangular, the sides being nearly straight to the narrow and roundt'd
tip. The eyes an; very large and prominent, se|>arated by less than
two lengtlis of the orbit, ami distant less than one length from the outer
nostrils, which arc separated by \\ orbits distance, and placed on the
side below the distinct eanthus rostralis. Tlie outer nostrils are much
more distant tiian the inner, which are very large, much excavated,
and iiave the external canal occupied by a soft, plaited membrane.

Tlie tongue is thick and tleshy, nearly orbicular, but angular anteri-
orly. It tills up the lower jaw pretty well, and is more than halt' the
width of the head.

Tlie palatine teeth are in two patches only; each very slightly convex
antericu'Iy, coming together at a slight angle, with the apex backward,
l)nt separated along the nu'dian line. Lateially the patches of teeth
form the p(»sterior margin of the inner nares, and do not extend beyond
their outer margin. The eidire .series is thus posterior to the nostril,
in younger specimens the series are more transverse, the inner extrem-
ities slightly incurved.

The width of the head is contained 1;^ times in distance to gidar fold
and 4 times to groin.

The l»ody is roumled and depressed. As nearly as can be ascertained
there are about twelve costal furrows.

Th(^ tail in the two specimens before me is considerably less than half
the total length. It is much compressed from near the base, and the
edges near the end are (jnite sharp. It is far short of being as deep at
the base as the body.

The lind)s are stout. The digits, the fingers especially, are short, con.
sii'erably depre.s.sed, but linear ami blunt at the tips. The under sur-
faces of these are souiewhat swollen into a kind of bulb, which in alcohol
contracts into something the appearance of a disk. The third finger is

I I

m

0m

V

P

\[2 lilLLiniN :;i, UNITKI) STATKS NATIONAL Ml'SKUM.

loii'-est l»iit is very littlo iiiarc! tliaii tlic scooiiil, iiu.l this than the first
■iiul'lou'itli Tlic tl.inl liii-cr is .iontiiiiuMl nearly four tiii.cs in tlio (lis-
iancc lion, elbow to tip. Ti.c lomtl. loc, is louf-vr than third in three
specimens; in one the second exceeds the fourth a little, ami the same
are nearly eipial in case of the lin-ers.

The color of this si.ecies in alcohol is a kind ot (hirk reddish-brown;
paler beneath, mottled and marbled above, and on the sides with darker
brownish; iuost distinct on the head, especially on the snout, where the
skin is i)erfectly sino'>f h. The head shows a tinye of f^rayish in the

«;ronnd color. . , ,t ■ i

(For fresh color see the ligure in (lir.ird's Ileri>etology ot the United

States Exploring Kxpedition.)

There are two varieties of this species: <f. Where the hnval rejjjion is
Hat and the muzzle narrower before the orbits, and the marblinj<;s con-
lined to the head; the body i»eiii«-of a nearly uniform brown. Repre-
sented bysi»eciinens 1710 and 4(l.*>3. fi. The loreal rc-iioii swollen in
front of orbits, ami hence the muzzle broader; tlu^ f,M(»und color {gray-
ish, with coarse brown marbiinji-, like larye hollow spots, distributed
over the whole upper surfaces of the body and tail. Hei)resented by
No. r»!»Sl and a larj>e specimen (leiijith S inches (J lines) in .Mus. Phil-
adelphia Academy of Natural Sciences, from I'.ody I'.ay, latitude .'i8^ 18'
north, on the coast of California, procured by (leor^e Davidson, of the
U. S. Coast Survey.

Clioiidrotiin Idnhromin lid. (iinl.

IJKSKKVK SKKIKS.

Cataliisiio No. u(.
luiiiibi'i-. spec.

I.iKiility.

Wlifii
cjllccti'il.

KlDin M liiilii irnivt'cl.

I

4710
4053

SD81

14182

mm

U5.-)U
13781

1 I OlPiIoii K\| lorini; c\|M-(li(iciM

] ■ Astoria, Oit'soii I I.iciit. W. 1'. Tii>\\ In itljic

I r. .S. Aiiiiy.

1 Cliilow .viirli I.aUc, Dr. ('. 11. K. KciiiKilv

(hfumi.

1 l'ii;;ct Sdiiiiil. Oic;;iiii "Ill

1 ! roillunil, Oii'Uo" l***^''' •!. I'i'visiiii

1 ! Slia.sia Cuuiit.v, Cal... I'^KH I.. W. ( liviii

7 do 18h.') (y'lia.s. Ti)W iiHiiiil ..

N'aliiii' »rHiicii-

IIICll.

Ali'iilicilic t.vpr.
.Miiiliiilic.

Do.

Do.
Do.
Do.
Ad. and larvii'.

rroportional dimcnuions.

Head:

Lenjitli "I" 'X'i\»' of iiioiitli to it.s width two-tliirils.

Width contained in distunce from siiont to fftihir I'ohl l\ times.

Width coiitiiincd in di.stancc fVoni snout to >;roin -I times.

Troni .snout to j;ular fold oontaiiu'd in di.staiu'c fioni unout to

jrroin lilt If over li tinii's.

Di.stancc anteriorly lii'twecn eyes in lent^th of orl)it not <|nite twice-

Ui.stancc from i^ycs to nostrils in lenj^th of orbit four-tiftli.s.

Distance between external nostrils in length of orbit H timt^s.

Distance between inte'iial nostrils in length of (ubit ionr-lifths.

Width of tnncnus to width of head one-half.

1

t

\

liimi

Tail:

F.engll
I'
1'
I'rl
I'rj

1 I.

ad:
Wi
Wi
Wi.
Dis
Disf
])isl
Disti

!!•

The lai

any other

1051-

THE lUTRACHIA 01' NORTH AMERICA.

113

< .

I

i r;

liiiiilm:

Eroo portion of lonj^ost linger t'oiitiiiiicd in distaiico fron» cl1)o\v

to tip nearly I tiiaos.

Freu portion of lon<j(.'Hl too containcil in distanco Irom knoo

to tip nrarlj lit tiini-s.

Distance betwei-nontsti-'trlioil toes in lenj^th from snout to groin one-third.

Tail:

Een^tli tVoni lieliind anus to rest of animal contained I '. limes.

Lenj;,lli from lieliind anns to total length twoli'ths.

Mtanitrtiniiitu in hidti/i.

I^iuiglii, measiiied along asisof liody : Iiody :

Erom .snout to gajie .*!()! CirLMimfereneo of holly -Ldt)

I'rom sMoiil to gular fold I..">(l| Distance lii ween armpit and..

Erom snout to armpit 'J. I(» ninin 'J. (i.">

T ■"

Ei'om HUoiit to groin 1. .'•.">

Erom snout to liehind anus r>. (i.">

Eromsiiont torn 1 of tail lt.:!U

Mead:

Widthof head 1.1.'.

Width of tongue (Id

Width of orbit :M

Di.stanee liet ween ryes anteriorly .."18
Distance between ouler nostrils .10
Distance bet ween inner nostrils . i!()
Distance from e^o to nostrils. .. .*2(J

Tail :

Height of tail where highest... .(15
Ibeadtli <if tail where higln'st.. .'M

Limbs:

Erei' ipoititin of longest linger.. .'JH
I'ldin elliow to tip of longest lin-

«cr 1.(1.-.

Eree portion of longest toe :!()

Erom KniM' to tip of longest toe. I.!i.-|
Distaiiee between oiltstntched
tous u. (ii;

Ah

\

Flo

Tlio larva of tlii.s .spiu-ii's l'ii'»iii('iitly cvcct'tls in (limcii.sioii.s thai ol
any other species, and (iiiite e<|iial.s theadtilt. It is a iiiiitbna lead coloi',
1951— Bull 31— S

H

)

114 ju'LLjyriN :u, iimtki) statks natioval muskum.

or soinctiiiii'.s bliirkisli, and tlic imiz/lc is latliiT iil)riii)tly sIioHcikmI.
The tiiil lias a liii at its oxtivinity, wliicli extends also wi'll aiiti'iiorly on
tho snpeiior t'd;;e. The dij^its arc Ihittcned, and their apices are pro-
tected in many specimens by a liorny cap of a blackish color. This
larva, however, dillers lioni that of other species of the ;;cnns in otlier
characters of more iniportance. First. There are no teeth on thesi»Ien-
nial bone. (I have not examined very small specimens.) Secondly. Tln^
branchia- have a peculiar shape.* There are no processes such as exist
in all other Urodcle larva-, but the linduia' arise from the edj^es of tlie
vertical lamina-, which separate the pliarynj,'eal lissnres (Fi.i;. 3, p. ,'{, No.
7). The superior ))art of the lamina is a little more produced than the
inferior, so as to form in some specimens, on the third lamina, a short
ju'ccess. This type of external branchia- do(-s not n-semble any of
those of the perennil)ranchiate types, where theie are always \mH',-
esses which are fre(piently furnished with more or less numerous rami.
Thirdly. The teeth of the larva are stronjicr than in the adult. They
are compressed, doubleedj^ed, and acute, liavinj,'' thus a da.y<;er shape.
They can iullict a severe bite.

As they approach maturity the marbled (-olois be^in to appear.
They can probably reproduce without under^oin^' a metamorphosis,
since I have found e;ij?s in the ovaries ready lor dc])osit.

I observed these larv.i.' in some tributaries of the ^IcCloud IJiver,
near Baird, Cal. They swam with .ureat rapidity, darting' about and
hiding tlemselves amonj;' the fallen leaves that covered the bottom, i
took from the stomach of one of them a larva of its own si)e(!ies (»f on«--
third its size. They are common in the mountain streams of northern
California-aud western Ore<;on. The skeleton of a lar^e sjtecimen friun
iSalenj, Oregon, is li^'ured on Plates L'O-L'l.* The hyoid apparatus of a
youuger larva is reprcscuted ou PI. 22, lijjs. L*-o.

1 /Ci

LIXGILELAPSUS Cope.

American Naturalist, I'^'y", p. S8.

Otoglossal cartilage free from the basibranchial, and capable of an-
teroposterior movement on it, and not forming a ring. Tail cylindric.

In other resi)ects this genus is identical with Amblystoma. The dif-
ference in the otoglossal cartilage is great, and is presented under mod-
ihcatious by two species. This cartilage is drawn backwards by two
pubohyal muscles, and forwards by two corres[)onding geniohvals.
(Plate 22, tigs. 10-13.)

The species of Lingua-lapsus resemble in the character of their tongui-
aud vomerine teeth the typo of C. microfitouius and the genus Chondro-

* Sec pafjo ;jl, aiitea.

• TIio fourth L-eratobraucbial was present iu thin speciuieii, but was overlooke.l by
the artist.

J^' h'pturu
l»etw(H'n t
of several
and .separ;
The ski I
«i<les are c

-■^y,

Tin; IJATKACIIIA OF NORTH AMKUICA.

115

tii:i. Tlioy iwe the only AiiiblyHtoiiiidiu witli cylimhii! tail. Tliey tliller

iiH follows:

I. Foldsol' till' toiij^iii' radiating IVoni a lon^jitiulimil furrow ; voiiifiiim Iccdi not ox-
tDiiiliii^ I'xiciiial til iiili riial iian-H; tail niuiKlol \n Hci'tion,
a t'linuia of iitii;;lii.sHal caftila^vi' liifiiril forwanls; 11HI//I0 very sliorl ; jaw8
i'i|iial; Ir;is .sliiirl, Mi'iiaiali'il finiii I'iU'li otliiT, wlii'ii aiipri'SMi'il, liy four iiitiT-
spacu's; lilai'Ui.sli, willi li;;lil ci'iiss-liaiiilsdii lu-ail, liotly.aiMl tail, /..aiiinilatng.
attConiiia, of iitiiu;liis.sal i'arlila;;o tiinn'il liai^kwanls; iiiii/./lo ('liiin;ati',iiro,icct-
iiijf lii'yiiiiil flii'i ; li';;s liiiij;i'r; si'|iarali'il, wlirii aiiprrsHi'il, by two iiiti'i'costal
spai'i's ; j^iayiNli-lirowii, with niiiiii'roiis palo tiausvrr.so lines, which form ii
If! iciiluti; pattern across the tail L. lii>turiiv.

;>T?»"

r

LIX(iU.i:LArSUS ANNULATITS Copo.*
American Naturalist, l^•'7, p.8H.
AmbUjHiomn (umiihditm Cope, I'roc. Aiiicr. I'hilos. Sue, H"^7, p. "('iri.

TIlis specii's ivsciiibU'S the ('liondrotii.s mii-rastoinns ratliei' than tlio
C. (iii(jiil((lu.s or this L. Irpdiriis, llowcvoi', it appi'oachcs Iho histtiuiiu'd
spt'cit's ill the form and leii^'th of its tail, and exceeds that and all the
other si»ecies of the lUiiiily in the lenyth of that part of the body.

'llie muzzle is very shorl, and the head is not distinoiiished from the
neek. The leos are short, and when apinessed to tlu^ sides are sepa-
rated by a space of three and parts of two other intercostal spaces,
e(pial to four spaces. The tail is in section cylindricat base, and widely
oval to near the extriMiiity, where it is more narrowly oval. It is not an-
{filiate, and has no dermal marj;in on the middle line above or below. Its
lenylh exceeds that of the head and body by the lenoth of the anterior
foot, iind it may have been loiicctii", sis the extremity is injured.

The head Is short, and the width enters the lenoth to the groin six
and a (luarter times. 1 he front i.> :oiivex to the upper lip or profile,
and transversely between the orbits. The parietal region is very con-
vex transversely. The width between the canthi ocnlorum behind ex-
ceeds the length from the same point to the end of the muzzle. The nos-
trils present anteriorly, aud they tiro not <iuite so close together as in the

4 ' 3 ■ " - ■ 5 • '• 2 e 7

Flir. Zi. LiiKjiiiilajiiiiK iiuiiiihitiix. No. 115C4; imtiinil .ii/o, I'xrcpt I'M^. 5.

Jj. lepturKN, as the distance between them measures two thirds the width
between the eyelids. The vomerine teeth form two transverse fasciculi,
of .several rows of teeth eaeli, between the t^hoana', (ionvex forwards,
and .sei)arat«'d on the middle line by a very .short interval.

The skin is perfectly smooth. There is ii postgnlar fold, and the
sides are cros.sed by thirteen folds, with space enough at the axilla for

[, ■
If

!'

fill

L''

';■'

:

I

»,

116 miLLKTiN :ti, i'Niri:it statks nationai. miisKUM.

ii Ibiirti'oiitli. The liiil is also very (listiiicll.v iiiimiliilc yioovcd. I
count lliiit.voiic ;;iim)V«'s heliiinl llii' rciiioi:;, mid llii' iiijiiicd cxlroiiiily
is not ;;ioovnl. indistinct aivows miv iippiircnt on the tiiils of sevt'ial
of the specii'sof Anibl.vstoniii. Tlicir iiiv no rows of nmcons poms on
tlio lioad 'I- l)ody of this species, nor accuninhitions of ciypts on the
head, body, or tail.

The palm is wide, and the (in;;ers not h»njj, thcaij-li of unequal U-n^t h.
The kMij-thsof tlie linj;eis, he;;innin^' witli the shortest, are, L', ."),.'{, I,
and their phahin<;t'S, 2,li, ."f, li. The toes of the Idnder foot are, in ordei'
of hni/;tli, 1, r>, li, ;{, I; and the phalan-^es, 2, 2, .{, I, L'.

This species is lar<,'er than tlie L. IcptKnis or tlio Chomlt'otus micro-
alumua.

MianKii miiiln.

M.

Total k'ii;.'(li '•'•''

Li'ii^lli (obiiMOof tji=l "'.»-

Lcii^jtli ti) ;;r()iii •'**

Lmjitli (oaxillii I'-'-!

Lciij;tli tt» caiitliiis oii.s i"i;i

Lt'ii^^th of fore liiiil> iVoiii iixiliii t'l'-.'

Loiij;lli (if lore- toot I'i'T

Lonjjtli of Iiiiul liiiil) from ;;roiii (i',''J

Li'ii-,'tli ofliiiul foot IIIV

Widtliof lu'iiil til-,'

lh>iAh of tail at iiiiddic (Ki'.t

The tyi)ieal and only specinien is preserved in ah-ohol. The color above
cverywliere is dark brown; below, very lij;lit brown. Tiie sides are
pak'r, perhaps pak' yeUow in life, and tlie color ascends at several
points, so as to form cross-bands of moderate width ami very well de
lined. One of these crosses at the occii»nt and one at the axilhr; be-
tween the latter and the ^'loin tliere are live, nearly e<|iiidistant.
There is an imperfect one at the sacriiiii, and there are seven on the
tail, one of them imi)ei'fect. Tln^ coloration of this species is «|uito
uni(pie in the j^enus in its rej;ularity.

The locality of the only specimen, \o. llatJI, is unknown.

LINGILELAI'.SU.S LKl'TUKUS Cope.*

Aiiierii.'aii Naturalist, 1SK7, p. 88.

Amhhjulomii Irptiinim Copi', I'roc;. Aiiicr, I'liilsoiili. Soc , ls-i(l, p. :,->.\,

This species resembles the Chondrotus riiufulatHs, but dilfer.s from it in
the entirely dillereut form and proportions of the tail. This i)art is very
slender in the L. kptunis, with round or vertical oval section, without
keel above, and lacking very little of beiii};' as loiij;' as the head and
body together. The legs are of the same proitortions as in tlu^ C. cin-
qulatiiH', that is, when aitpressed they are s(!parated by a space equal
to the length of the posterior foot, showing their greatly superior length
to those of the C. microstomus. The body is cylindrie. The head is

* Plate '24, fig8."ia, 13. "

._

t

T

an
low

of

act

'I

poii

mid

e\t(

tern

<'(|M;

liflh

is ei

The

len-t

to Ih

TIkI
gilte.

•i, I ;
himi I
The
is mar
linger^
linct p

/•
If)

f

TOK !»ATRA("IIIA OF NOKTII AMERICA.

117

an oviil, with prmliiccd iiiid ioiiiuUmI iiiii//1c, wliicli ])r()j«>(;ls Itcyoiul tlio
lovvi'i- Jiiw. 'I'lic iiiiitiial rcsi'iiiblt's ii rictliodoii nillicr than the .s{i(>cii'.s
ol' Anibl.y.stonia, bnt its vomcrino teeth and t()n};ne liave all the ehsu'-
a(',t«'rH of the ChovdrotitH mirrostomus,

TUv vomerine teeth form a (!onvex series, extondin^j forwards to ii
point between the ehoana-, where they are slifjfhtly interrnpted on the
middle lin(>. The ton<;iie is lar^'e, tilling' the tloor of the mouth, and is
extensively free at the sides oidy. The external nostrils aro nearly
lernunal and ai'o rather near to;^ether, the space between thcni beinjjj
e(|iial to jtist half that betwetMi the basesof the eyelids ami abontthreo-
lifths that between the ehoana-. The width between the eyes behind
is ecpnd to the axial len<,^th from the .sanu^ to the eml of the muz/.le.
The width of the head enters the len;;th to the jjroin seven times. The
lenjith from tlie muzzle to the axilla tMiters the distance from the latter
to the ji'roiu I v time,'.

The lateral di;;its are distinct and the median ones moderately elon-
gate. Their lenjjths, bcfjinniuf; with the shortest, are: Fore-foot, 2, .''»,
;5, 1 ; hin<l foot, 1, o, 2, ;j, 4. The phalanj-vs are: Forefoot, 2, 2, ,3, 2;
hind foot, 2, L', .'{, 4,2. No palmai or plantar tubercles.

The skin is pcil'ectly smooth, ami between the axilla and thejiroinit
is marked by foui'teen fjrooves. There uro. no <lermal nmr<j[ins to (ho
(in<,'eis or the tail. The cloaeal orillce is a simple slit. There is a dis-
tinct post^'ular fold.

Fl'i. 'JO. lAnrfiinlnpniii) Irptiinm. Niit. size, cxrrpt (ii;. Ti.

Midsiircmciili*,

M.

Total liMi,!,'fl *. lir.

I /('Until IVmii I'l, I of iniiz/lc In l)iisi' of tail O'J'2

l.ciijrtli I'll 111! end i»r iiiii//.li' Id ■^roiii (ir>ir»

Li'ii;itli 111 111! I'liil of 111 1 1 //I !■ lo axilla flvJO

l,cn;jlli iVdin end of iiiii/,/li! lo ran 111 us oris dlKt,')

r,('ii;;lii of I'orc-li'j; {)\;\

!,fni;tli of fore-foot Oli.^'t

Lnijitii of iiiiiii U"^ on;

li(Mijj;tli of liliid foot OOT.'i

Willi li of Iicail 007.'".

Depth of tail at iiiidille OO-^.

The color of the typical speiMinen in alcohol is ptirplish-brown above
an<l paler below. There are numerous not well-defined whitish spots
on the sides and a few on the belly, and there are some very faint and
deli<;ate j^ray lim>s am-oss the posterior part of the back. The tail is
densely si)eckle<l with gray on the sides, and delicate gray lines across

IM

V \ I

! ;i

>>':. y, I.

I »

■

i

J

k

i

n

' '1

,

1

h

*J

rn M

i

■WA

i!

Ii

lis I'.HF.LKTIN :ll, TTNITi:i) STATES NATIONAL MIJSKUM.

tlicuppor siiilacti of tlio tail in a ivliciilatc iiiamu'r. The limbs arc
palor than the back, and tiic di^iits art" cross barml with whitish.

The habitat of this sj.ccics is uiikiiowu. The only spocimon was
Ibiina in a Jar with a speciinoii o! lHoiiycti/his tomsxs and one of Ii<()m
toiqwraria; the former ('alifornian, the latter Pala-arctic.

])IC A M 1 'TODON St ranch.

Strand), Salmn., p. (i^; r.oiilongfir.C'at. ISatr. (irail. lirit. Afns., 2il cd., l.S8-,>. p. 38.

Tongne nearly entirely adherent. I'alatine teeth in two lonj,' trans-
verse arched series, convex forwards, con verj-inj; backwards, sit nated
behind the line of the (;hoana', si>parated from each other by a wide in-
terspace. Toes live, Tail compressed.

This genus I have not seen. Its characters and those of its only
species are copied from 15onlen;;er's work above (pioted.

DICAMPTOl^ON 1:NSATIIS Kscli.
Straiicli, /. c, p. r.'.1; HonU'iij^cr, Cat. liatr. (Jrad. Uiit. Mus./Jil nl., 1>-S2, p. .38.
Tiiloii oisaliis, Escliselioll/, /.(><'>1. Atlas, ]). ('<, I'l. 'J-J.

Ilealbroad. Snont rounded. I'.ody stout. Lind)S short. Toes free.
Tail Sivord-shaped, (curved upwards, as long as liead and body. Skin
nearly smooth; parotoids and costal grooves appai-ently absent. L'ed-
dishbrown; back marbled with brown. Total lenstli about four decim-
eters.

I liavc not seen this sjjecies, and know it only from the figures and
descriptions above cited. It is said to come from California.

IIYNOIillDJ:.

JTijtwh'ihlKC C(t])e, prno. Acatl. I'liila.. 1<)1>, p. l'2r>.

Otoglossal cartilage, none; a second ei)ilu'auchial. Second basi-
branchial not continuous with the first.

Vertebra' ami>hico'lous.

No parasphenoid teeth; vomerines on the posterior edge of the
vomeropalatine bone. Pterygoid bones distinct.

According to Wiedersheim* two genera of this family, llynobius
and Eanidens, jjossess a lachrymal bone in addition to the prefrontal.
Whether it is a characteristic of the other genera remains to be ascer-
tained. The same author shows (/. c.) that the hyi)ohyal caililages are
very elongate in the two genera named, and are not articidaled with
the basibranchial, thus permitting of inde[)endent m(>tion. (See IMate
25, figs. 10-11.) Jle also tigures a cartilaginous coune(!tion luitweeu tli*'
stapes and the cpradrate, as occurs in the Trematodeia, whicdi is a char-
acter of ninch importance.

•f '

Jl

Ii

St

in
(o

Das K(.|.fsk.li.t <liT rro«li>]

<MI, |.|

>. m-'].

-T*

r r 1

V /

THE IJATRACIIIA OF NORTH AMKRICA. 119

The latest work on tliis subject, tliat of Doulenj^tM', throws iiiuch
light on it, owiiig to the opportunities on.jcyed by its aiitlior for the
study of the forms of salainaiulers found in Asia. He gives the follow-
ing table of the genera of the family, but refers them all to the Anrblys-
(omida- :

I. Series oi'p.'ilatiuc tooth coiivorsinn; 1»a(;kv\ > .Is, forming a V-s'i-T*^'! figure.

Toes live Ifyiiohiiix.

Toes four .. Stihinutiidrclla.

11. Series of i)al;itiue teetli uniuferrupted, doubly arohod, forming a fY^"**'''iP<^*^
figure.

Kingers and toes with eitidorinic claws OinjrhodactyhiH.

III. Series of i)aIatiuo t(^oth iu two arehcs, convex forwards, separated l»,v a wido
interspace.

Talatinc series short, between the choanii:. Toes live, Haiiidciis.

Falatine series .short, between the choan;e. Toes four Halrdchypvriin.

Of those genera all are Asiatic. Tiie iiorny claws said to character-
i/.e Onychodactylus may not be confined to thiit genus or be constant
in it, as they develop by the hardening of the epidcrniis xv Amblystoma
and .some other genera on exposure to dry coiulitious.

Tiiere are twelve species of this family known, distributed as fol-
lows: ll^'iiobius 5; Salamendrella 2; Onychodaiitylus 1; Kanidetis .'};
l>atrachyi»erus 1. The hyoids of three of the.se genera have not been
examined.

rLETriODOXTID.E.

Gr.ay, Cat. I5i»tr. fJrad. Hrit. Mus., ISrut, ;n, exclusive of Anildystoma and Dos-
nioguathns,

riflhoiloiitidii i',o\)0, ,l()\\rt\. Ac. Nat. Sci., Pliila., tstiii, 10,">.

SpclcrpiiKr Cope, I'roc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Piiila., K,[), l',':i.

ricthodoutidd' l><iHloiitoKni(hin,\u\ Jfriiiidiutiiliidd' \l•,^\\^^^\\, .Tourn. Ac. Nat. Sc'., Pliila.,

I'll Ihodtniti nil 15()ulenger, Catal Uatr. (iriid. lirit. Mus. ed. II, 1.-^.-i:>.

Vertebra' amithico'loiis, simple below. Ethmoid wanting; no ptery-
goid.

Carpus and tarsus (^irtilaginous.

Vomeropfilatino bones not produced posteriorly over i)arasphenoid ;
dentigerous plates on the parasplienoid.

('eratohyal undivided, arti(Milating directly with the (piadrate bone
or cartilage; no otohyal. One only, the first epibraiichial in adults;
second basibranchial not connected witli the lirst.

Stai)es not connected with the (juadrate by cartilage, iu adults.

\'estibnle, inner wall o.sseous.

The abovi^ characters define a very distinct and natural group of
genera, which arc all but one ((leotriton) coiilliied to America. Many
of the species are of small size, some of them indeed of very small
size. The largest species, Sprlcrpcs hcllii, rea(!hes the dimensions of
the Amhifisfoma tijin'num or Axolotl. Some of the species are hand-

fi

■:M!\

; I i ■
Ifif

hi

120

IJULl.ETIN

l^NITKO STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

sonielv coloiTcl. All arc (li><tingui.shea for tiieir poworof projoctingtlio
toiKMio. Some of H.e spocios of Spclerpes, ul.erc tl.is organ is free all
ronml, can i-r.^jcct it ontirely from the i.iontli, xvhilc the acotntonfuscm
has almost the power of the chameleon in this respect, projecting the
tongue for a .listance equal to one-half the entire length of the am-

mil *

Appropriately to this habit, the basibranchial bone and its pair of
short h.vi)olivarprocesses are free from the ceratohyals, thus admitting
of free' movement, and the epibraiiehials are very long. In all of the
genera the extremity o*" the eeratoliyal is attached to the quadrate, as
bi the Aml»lystomi(l'ie. sliowing that it is not tliis element which is pro-
ji'cted. Ibit in Geotnfon and Speler|)es sp. the epibranehial is greatly
elongate, extending to the side of the nape and interscapular region, a
structure necessaiy to projectility.

Jn tlie characters of the sca])ular and i)elvic arches this family does
not (IKfcr from the Amblystoniid;e and Salamandrida'. The foramen
which sei)arates the i)rocoracoid from the coracoiil is well marked and
interinarginal; in the Amblystomidie it is smaller, and .n the Sala-
maiulrida- marginal. The femur always i)resents a strong trochanter.
It is weak in Strrcochiln m<irfiinaiiiiii. In Trituriisand Diemyctylus it is
(piite weak, but in Salumandra stiong.

In most of the genera of tills family the enamel does not cover the
entire crown of the tooth. In Siwlcrprs ruhcr, lo)){i>cau(his, and hcJHij and
Pkthodon (fliidnosiis and cincrciis the external part of the crown termi-
nates in a transverse cutting edge, while the inner extremity is more
prolonged, leaving a transverse depression between the two. In Sp.
hcllii the inner apex is transverse and prolonged a little beyond the ex-
ternal, while in the other Spelei])es and the I'lcfhodon ghdinnNiis the
inner crown is more prolonged and is incurved conic. In 1*. chwrciis
it is a little more obtuse. In Desmognathiis and the Amblystoinida".
the twoai)i('esare of equal height and are both transverse cutting edges,
the outer narrowed in the former. In the larva- of IMethodontida' that
I have examined the crowns are sim])le. The teeth of Autodax are
more like those of Ccecilia, or of Ilylonoinusof the Coal Measures, and
distiiiguisli the genus from other IMethodontida'. t They are large,
com]>i'ess('d, and simple.

Tliis fiimily is more remote in its skeletal (iharacters from the Sala-
mandrida' and I'leurodelida' than is the Amblystomida'. Thus the
absence of parasphenoid brushes, the ossification of the tarsus and
cari)us, and (he persistence of the pterygoid bones aie characters eom-
nion to Die two latter and wanting in the present fiimily. On the other
hand, the nonprolongiition jiosteriorly of the vomers, the articulation
of the ccratohyal with the (piadrate, and the ampliic<e]ous vertebra',
belong to this family and the Amblystomida" only. The position of the

' liWiU

iKcr ill Sitziini'slicr. Akml, Wiss.. Miinicli, I.SrC

tSec I'roceed. Aca.l. Nat. Sci., I'liila., 18.V,I, '-Jl.

l>. iOlt.

rilK ISATllACHIA (iV NORTH AMERICA.

121

r-':

r?

latter liimily is, tlieieforo, between tlie Pletliodontidie and the Sala-
niandrida'. The AinhlyiStoniidie and Plethodondida^ may be tluis eoni-
pared with reference to tlie devehipmental character of the features

whidi distin^nish tlieni.

AMllLY.SrOMID.K.

Superior.

(.'iirpuH .'iiul tiirHua o.sspoiis.
rroiiinxilliiry foiitancllo closod.

Inferior.

O. i>tfr!if/oidi'um ppraistcnt.

I'l.ETIIODONTID.K.

Inferior.

Ciirpns and tarsus carfil!i<;innns.
rnMiiaxillary fonfanolle open.

Superior.

O. plrri/yoiilcuiii olilitisratod.

Tlie inferiority of some Piethodontidie is seen in tlie non distinction
of the di;;its ((Edii)ns), the tliinness of the ossiticatioii of the purietal
nioaihranc bones (Hatrachoseps), and in (Elii»ina the persistence of tiie
mcinbranons <;raninm by the limitation of llie i)arietal boiies to two
small oval lateral scales and the wide divarication of the pi)st(M'ior ex-
tremities of the frontals.

The <(enera embraced in this family are as follows:

Section I. Tlie toiij;iie attaclied from tlio central or |)nsterior pedii'el to IIk^ anterior
niari^in in narrower or wider liaiid. ( I'lelIioilitnt;i'.)
A. Two preniaxillary Ixnies.

Dij^its I,"); maxillary lione rej^nlar, willi niimerons small teetli: parietals

I'lilly osailiod Plclhodon.

Uij^its 1, I ; maxillary as al)ove, paritstals fully ossifuMl IlimidKcliilium.

AA. f)n(\ ]ireinaxillary.
(Y. Di<;it.s I, 4.

Maxillary rei^ular, with small teeth ; parietals not ossified .. . nntrachosepn.
itt* . i)i^its I, 'i.

Maxillary normal ; teeth Hiiiiill, very niiiner'^"s ; no preniaxillary fonta-
nel le SlervochihiK.

Maxillary edentulous jiosteriorly, decnrved, formin}:;aeiittinj^odij:e ; teeth

few, larpe, Iviiife-shapeil ; a iiremaxillary fontanello iuloilnjr.

Section II. The ton;;ne free all round; attached hy its central pedicel only. (Sjie-
leipes.)
A. Two preniaxillary bones (with fontanolle),

I)i};its 4, 5. closely united hy a broad palmar membrane Cenlriton.

I)ij.;its 4, r>, entirely fivf Gjiriiwjihilii.'i.

AA. Olio preniaxillary bone (with fontanelle).

(>•. ni^its 4. 4. '

Dijfits free ; parietal and palatine bones well ossified MiUiruhii^.

liiY. Dijiits 4, ;').

!>i^itsall free; craMal bones well ossified S/iclcrprs.

Dijiils little distinct: ]>ari<'tal and palatii'e cartila^jes not OHsilie<l.

(J'dipitiii.

I)i;;ils entirely confuundcd as an uinlividcd palm or sole ; cranial bones

wcl 1 ossi tied (I'dipus.

T\u\ {generic relationships of the above-named {jroi'ps are exceed-
inj^ly simi>le, ;uid the case with which the atiimalscan be analyzed ren-
ders the ciisc free from the donbts which constantly arise in discus-
sions of {generic relationships as to the probable omission of characters

:i ,\

i\

■yj

'r

fi V

rj I

IP '

!fni

iri

122 BULLETIN :U, UNITKD STATKS NATIONAL MUSEUM.

from the arj,nimeiit. Hero it can be safely asseitetl that, as far as tlie
skeletons are concerned, there exist no other generic distinctions than
those given above. If, now, any -ciples can be derived from consid-
eration of the osseons system, th. ch of all others ])res(Mits ns with

by far the greatest number of u\ .0 modifications of structure, the

same may be with considerable probability inferred for the other sys-
tems.

The primary groups are distinguished by the different degrees of at-
tachnuMit of the tongue. That form which is most attached rej)reseuts
and is i(h>,ntical with an imnmture stage of the species of section second,
where it is more extensively free, as any oneniay satisfy himself by the
examination of a larva of Spelerpes at a certain period. The tongue
will be found to be tlmt of Tlethodon.

The secondary groups are distinguished by the separation or cou-
Huence of the premaxillary bones. Those presenting the latter type
exhibit separate premaxillaries at the beginning of larval life, though
the union often takes place very early. The mimber of digits dis-
tinguishes groups of genera of less value; in some tiie hind limb has
five digits, in others four. In an early larval stage all possess l>ul four
digits, and in some of those with live the inner consists of one i)hal;nige
only even at maturity {Spdcrpes chiropfcrK.s ct. aff.) Not lli'.^ iug as c(mii-
plete a series of larvae of Spelerpes and IMethodon as uf Anihli/stDiiKi
imndatum, I describe the develoi)ment of the digits in the latter as iudi-
eating the meaning of variations in the same at maturity. At a leugth
of l.L"""' the fore limb only is projected, ami bears two digits only, as in
the genus Proteus. At 1.5""" sometinH\s the posterior limbs are devel-
oped, sometimes imt, and from this size to U.-'i"'"' the nund)er of digits
bears little relation to the size of the animal, an additional digit sonu'-
times appearing earlier, sometimes later. Their numl)ers aie then at
first 2-0; then always 3-0. With the hind foot divided, they ar(^ .'{-L».
and then ,'5-1. Sometimes the anterior digits are couiplete iu number
before the hind limb api)ears, and we liave coml)iuations of numbers
from 1-0 to 1-3, 4-t, and the full nund)er, 1-5, which is found in all
specimens of 2.5"'"' and upwards, denera which exhibit reduced digits
are in all other respects Spelerpes (/. e. ^Manculus) or Plethodon (lleiui-
dactylum), or riemidactylinm with uuossified parietal bones and eonsdli-
dated premaxillaries (Hatrachoseps). Api)lying the case of Anibly-
stoina to tiiese, we could not assert that Ilemidactylium, for instance,
is identical with the undeveloped stage of Plethodon, since when Ambly-
stonui exhibits digits l-t it is branch iferous. IJi.t making the more
legitimate eomi)arison with Plethodon itself, I find that the complete
number of i)osterior digits appears much later in life than in Ambly
stoma, while thebranchia' are absorbed much earlier; that development
in the first regard is retarded, while in respect to the gills it is a(!cel-
erated. Thus in riefhodon ciin'rcus the exterior digit is longer than
the interior; iu si)ecimensof 2.1""" the outer di.":it is the shorter; in those

^ A

!♦

.

\

TIIK I'.ATRACIIIA OF XORTII AMKUICA.

123

^ k

J

i

V 3>

of l.S' , \vlii(;h jiiv witlioiil j;ills, it is ;i very minute tubercle on tiie

outer inetiitarsiis. In ■'■. '■'tie eailier stiige it (t.iii not but be wantinj^,
tlioiijjli this I liiive not seen, and I have little doubt that it is then a
llernidaetylium, unless, indeed, the parietal bones be not ossified.

Another fu'tal condition rendered pernianent is seen in the generic
character of the <;enus (Hdipus, whi(!h dilfers from Spelerpes solely in
the f«etal non-separation of the dijifits which continues even after the
bones of the diffits have been developed. In the larva of Sp. ruber the
digits are early entirely distinct, so that so far as this species is con-
cerned (Edipus i)resents an inc.ract parallelism, but they are also
nu)redistin(!t than in the mature ISpclerpeH beJlii, where, as might besup-
I)osed, the fo'tal union is delayed to maturity in other respects, as ip a
speirinu'U from Orizaba, INIexico, of l(!.o lines in length. There the union
is about as extensive as in (Etlipm iiiorio. In the young of Tliorius
peniuttttluN, the digits are not distinguished in specimens of .GO of the
full size, and otherwise entirely mature. In the adult they are distinct
for half their length. The digits in the young larva of Gyrinnphilus
porphi/ritiruH are as distinct as in those of Spelerjtcs rubra. In one exam-
l)le 1 find the simple foot of earlier stages retained, resembling exactly
that of (Kdipus, excepting that there are emarginations for but three
toes instead of five, (lenera which have no ])remaxillary fontanelle
at maturity have it in the larval stage. Finally, closely allied genera,
whi<!h only dilfer in the degrees of ossi/ication of the parietal and pala
tine bones, represent simply the relation between undeveloped an<l
developed conditions of the same form.

The relations of the genera maybe expressed as follows: Those of
the first or Plethodontine se(!tion are related to those of the second or
Spelerpine by an incraet parallelism, excepting Autodax, whose pecul-
iarities exclude it from the comparison. Those in ea(!h section differing
in the union or separation of the premaxillary bones are ndated in
the same way to each otiier. The nearly allied genera in the IMethodon-
tine groui) are llernidaetylium and Plethodon, and liatrachoseps and
St<'re()chilus. In the first case we have only inexact parallelism, because
while Plethodon lias the four digits of llemida(!tylium, its parietal
bones are unossified, tliough an acceleration of development in these
respects would render the relations one of c.raef p((rallelis))i. This is
apparently the relation between l>atrachosei)s and Stereochilus, Ww
with the fcetal digits of the latter the former preserves also its fcetal
cranium. It only renniins to ascertain whether Stereochilus loses its
branchiae before or after aecpiiring the normal number of digits. From
the very small size of one at least of these the fcn-nu'rcase seems pro!)
able, but I have not yet been able to prove it by direct observation.
Should it be so, we would have a <!ase of crnet jmrrt//f/j.v»i.

In the Spelerpine group the relation between (leotriton and Gyri-
uophilus is again one of inentet parailelism, since when the digits of
the latter are only separated at the extremities, as in the former, the

1

124

miLLKTLV :!l, IT.VITKD STATICS XATIONAI, MITSKITM.

m

M

liii
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i '5

Ik

m

'' it]

i

$ $

iiniiriiil is still ln'.iiKrliifcioiis ;iiiil possesses tlic lai'Viil toiij;'U(', clc. Tlie
satiii' ociiis ill S[M'Ii'r|>('s wiicii (icidiiii of its species present l>iit loiii'
liiini toes, as in .Miiiic.iiliis ; tlierefoio the n'lation of these two is also of
inexact parallelism. The relation of Thorins is also one of iiicrart par-
tillcli.siii, for thoMiiii its eliaractters are fonnd in some .voiui^" Sjx'lerpesat
an immatjire a^ne snbseqnont to the absorption of the brancliiiu, it lias
opisthocu'Ins vertebra'. With (Edipns, if the condition be not that of
cvdcl iiiiniUfli.sui with some species of Spelerpes, the approach to it is
close, as above observed. It is chiefly pi'cvented by the fact that the
ossifK^ation of the parietal bones in most species of the latter takes
place after the extremities are fnlly developed. It is to be ol>served in
tliis connection that, as has been above pointe<l out, the separation of
the (li<,'i(s takes j)lace at very dilferent periods in the history of the dill'er-
<'iif species of the same ;;(Miiis. Thus in the Sjirlirjics nihcr {hoy are en-
tirely distinct at a very early period of larval life, while in S. (ritlialirus
iuid S. hrllii, which much more nearly resembh^ the speciies of (l<Mipu,s
ill the ilispositioii of tiie vomerine teotli iind eylindrie form of the tail,
this separation is miudi retarded.
Tlicse ,t;eiiera may i»e parallelized also in the followiii<,' manner in

illiistriition of the I;iw of heterolo^'y:

I'l.inilnDo.VT.i:.

.S'/c)'('i)(7m7«s.

.Uiloilar.

Hiifriirhoaeps,

/ftmiilinliiliiim.
I'lclliodou.

A. One iirciniixilijiry.
No fiiiit.'inellc.

A folltiUH'IIo.

Toes l-f).
Tcctli liirj^o.

Ti'.oth small.

Toosl-I.

AA. Two prciiiaxillarics.
T(i(\s (V-'o.

Toes iiiiitod.

Sri3LEUri58.

Spelerpen.
ManoHbiH.

dliriiinjihihii,
(linlritOH.

The minor relations may be nioie reailily expn'ssed thus

I'l.KI llODONr.K,

riilhodon.
Aiilndar.

ffrmiihirli/Uiim.
Iliilriirhonrps.

Di^MtHl-;").
a. I>i;;it.s (listiiict.

'I'wo prt'inaxillarics.

OiH' I'ri'iiiaxijjary.
^v. Diifitmiiiitcd.

Two priMiiaxiiiaricH.

One itrcMiiaxillary.

DifriLsJ-l.

Scr.l.KIJI'K '.

Hi/riiinitliHiis.
S/wlirpen.

<!rnlriln>}.
(KiliptiK.

Mmu'iihiK,

i

'See Oriij;in oC (Jcttcra, p. .>;{.

^Mtowr:»-u

X

i'llli IJAl'UALMllA OF NOKTll AMEUICA,

12r)

Or tliiis:

Two rU10.MA.\Il.LAKII':S.

(lijriHoiihiluH,
I'ltlhiidoii.
dvotritoii,
IhmidavhjUum.

Dif^itH 4-5,
a. Distinct.
Toiifjiiu IVnc.

Toni^iio iutiiclicd.

iX(X. United.

Dibits 4-4.

ONK PltlCMAXIl.LAKY.

Sjtvliriwu.

SUnvchiliin.

(Kiiipun.

(titculitn.
Ilalravhoscjin,

Some other chanicters found in tlii.s tiu lily are those of low develop-
ment nnd iiijproxiiniitions to the larvul condition. Thu.s three of the .spe-
eie.s exhibit at tinie.s a subnareal cirrhn.s, which occurs in some of the
Co'cilid! ', and Xenopus among Salientia. It is the persistence of that
long sulDcular tentacle characteristic of the early larval stage of Uro-
dehi generally (see Plate 10), and of a later larval stage of Xenopus
(cid. Wyman and (Jray), where they resemble the appendages of the
Siluridie. They have been called crochets by Itusconi, and homologized
with the cylimlric cephalic processes of the larval liana, with what cor-
rectness remains to be proven by ob.servations on other types.

I'ischscholtz correctly rei>resents 7><(/ra(7/f>.st7).s' attcnuatiis i\>i without
pretbntals. An elongate process of the frontal occupies only part of its
place, forming no suture w ith the maxillary. This is (juite ditUirent from
J)enK)gnathus, where the orbit is comi»leted by the union of frontal and
maxillary. In ^fan(^nlus ijiiadi'idi(iit(itun the prefrontal occuipics this
depression as an elongate vertical .scale.

In fSpclerpcs ruber the (luadratum presents a small internal anterior
ala, whi(;h has a superlicial resemblance to a pterygoid. In this species
there is ai)parently an a/.ygus bone behind the luemaxillaries. This is,
however, only the expo.sed extremity of their united spines, w hich are
nearly or (piite i.solated by the approximation of thi^ anterior parts of
the nasale. It does not occur in the Gyriuophilti.s porphyritkuti.

JJATUACIIOSEPS Donap.

Faiuia Italica; Oniy, Cat. Hrit. Mun., \H20, 4vJ ; Coiic, Piococil. Ac I'liila.,
1809, p. 1)8 ; Straucli, Salani., i>. 84; Houlen^cr, pt. Cat. Brit. Mns.,
Oil. n, lS8i, J). .V.>.

Tongue adherent anteriorly. Digits I, 4 ; a large parietal fontanelle.
i'remaxillary single, pierced by a fontanelle.

This genus embraces the tbrms which may be considered the lowest
in the family. It dill'ers from Ilemidactyliuni as Thorius does from
Si>elerpes, /. r., in the nonossitlcation of the parietal bones. This low
grade of development is liero «een in the extremities also, whi(;h are

f >

ft. i^m

i

120 JUILLiniN lil, IIMTKI) STATKS NATIONAL MUSKUM.

imich reduml, and the snake like form of one of the species. The speeies
are four, as follows :

I. Costal i)litu', ei),'Iitefii; (ho toes well dovclopixl, palmutt!.

Outer posterior toe woll (lov.'Ioi.ed ; liinil liriili extending' over 7.5 eostal Inter-
spaces, fore liiiil) toorl.it: tail e(|iial boily and liead to orliit, more slender than

tlu- body; belly yellowish II. i„u-iJic,iH.

II. Costal pliea'. nineteen to twenty-one : toes very nidiniental, little distinct.
a. Parasplienoid teeth in one patch.

Mind linibexlendinj; over six costal interspaces; fore limb nearly to orl>it ; tail
as Ion-,' as body ami head to orbit ; width of head seven times from nin/zlo to

jrn,in;"belly black J'- iiiynniilnn.

Hind limb extcndinj? over fonr costal interspaces; foro limb not to iiiiHiIe of
month; tail thick as body, .is loiij; as body and head plus the len>;tli from
mn/./.le to axilla; width of head vl'^ht times (mm nin/.zlc to ;;roin; belly

f,,.„^y,, Ji. atlvnuatun,

aa. rarasplu'noid te<'tli in two [patches.
Hind limb extendiii'; over lour costal spaces; tail uu)ri! than twici^ as lonj; as
head and body; sides dark /'. aiiiilalii'i.

l$ATlx'AClI().'<i:i'S CAUDATCS Cope.

(I'late i.xxxi, li^'. -.'.)

riead short, wide, iiiu/zle as lonj;- as eye, the nostril not (jiiite ter-
minal, li 'iij^th from end of muzzle t(t humerus euterinj;- 3..'53 limes in
lenjith froiu humerus to axilla. The.se pioportions are those of the-
li. attcnuatus. Tail excessively elonoate, l'.-' the len;.;th of the head
and body. In the 7>. (tttenitdtus the tail is !.(> the len^^th of the head
and body and less (measurements made from femur). Limbs about {»s
in B. attenuatKH, the anterior reachiiij;' the lirst dermal j^roove behind
tlie mouth, and the posterior eoverinj.;- four intercostal spaces when ex-
tended forwards. The inner dij,qts are rudimental, that of the anterior
foi)t possessing a metacarpus only. The costal fj;ro()ves number f went'
one; they extend across the abdomen, liut are not visible on the bacL.
The tongue is a longitudinal oval. The vomerine teeth form two con-
vergent brands directed inwards and posteriorly from within the choan;e.
They are better developed than in li. aftenuKtiis. The i>arasphenoid
teeth are in two distinct patches, thus ditfering from those of the Ji.
attenuattiHj where they form a single patch.

Mtasitrcinents.

M.

Total length Kid

Leuf^th to axilla Oll.'i

Lenj;tli to <froiu O.'il

Len,nth to base of tail (I.')7

Width of head OOtJ

Lonjfth of forelindi (KlOo

Leuf^th of bind limb 007

The general color is brown. It is deeper on the sides to a line on
each side of the back and on the anterior half of the abdomen and on
the superior surface of the distal part of the tail. (Jultir region ami
chin yellowish,

I

4

> 4''

ll

t|

(I
til

Tilt; IJATKACHIA OF NORTH AMKUICA.

127

Tliis is the most vormit'orm North Americiiin sahunaiitlor, reseinbliii}>;
the (KiUinna laiijonitis KoR'i'st. of Contral America in its proportions.
Its rehitioiis t;) the Jiatrocliosc/ni ultenuatus are close, but its dillerences
may be siimniarized as Ibllows: (1) The two patches of paras[>ljenoi«l
teeth; (li) tlie absence of dorsal grooves; (.{) tlie very elongate tail;
(I) the longer pat<!hes of voiueiinc teeth. The habitat of the H. vnntl-
(tins is much north of any from which tlie V>. aftcniuUuii has been ob-
tained.

cS

ti tl

6 7

I 3

Fi;;. 'J7. lliilnii-ldisejis rdinJiitvii, No. l;).'(il. H.i.sslri'.s Uaibor, AliisUa; ; except Via. '>=\.

(;iital(iL:iii- N'o. ol'j
miiiilier. , siiec.i

I.iieiilitv.

13JU1

I UasHler llailiiir, Alaska

From wli.an re.'eive.l. ^'''t'"" '''' «1»'^'-
i men.

Uelliy K. Xielmls i Aleoliolie.

.V

IJATK'ACHOSKPS ATTENUATUS Escli.

liniiiiii., rjiuii. H:il.; Ilullow., Joiini. Ac, I'liila., iv, 1,'<)8, p. IMS; Copo,
I'roc.'td. Ac. I'hilii., l,i(>'.t, p. "Jrt; Striiucli, Salaiii., p. !*:>; Gray, Cat.
I5iit;-. (Jrad. I'.rit. Mils., cil. i, p. ■«•>; IJoiilcnyicr, Cat. 15atr. GraJ. Brit
Mil • , I'.l. v., 1~.-^-,', p. til).

iS<(liini(iitiliii(ii iilliiiiKittt, Ksclisfli., Zool. Atlas, p. 1, 1*1. til, tii^. 1-14.

Tliis species is well cliaracteri/.ed by its slender form and its very
weak extremities. The costal folds are nineteen, more rarely twenty or
eighteen, and are well marked on the back and belly, and turned for-
wards toward tlie median line on the former, which is marked by a
delicate groove. There are tour latera\ folds in front of the fbie limb,
three of wliicli are crossed by a longitiullnal fold from tiie orbit. The
tail is longer than in any other North American salamander, except the
/.'. candatit.s, and is entirely cylindrical, and undistinguishable at the
origin from the Iiody ; it is marked by forty-seven distinct annuli to the
end of the vent. The toes are very small and obtuse, and free for the
length of only one plialange: below this a web connects them. The
inner toe on both feet is a mere knttb. The extended fore limb reaches
the transver.se Ibid behind the canthus oris; and the extended hind
limb covers four intercostal spaces.

The head is short, broad, and flat, and the muzzle is as long as the
diameter of the orbit. The lip is more or less luominent below and be-
Ibre the orbits. Tlie palatimj teeth do not extend to behind the nares;
they form two very oblique short series, which nearly meet posteriorly

If-

I hi

« )

f\

r ,

V\

.rn

128 nULLKTlN 34, IJNITKl* STATKS NATIONAL MII.SIUJM.

on the iiiiMliiui liiu',iiii(l are well .sepiiriited froiii ihesplieiioulal initchos.
The latter are not separate, ami fonii one wide oval brush.

Mcaitiiriinnitu i>f Xo. IIHOI.

M.

T.ital loiit!!!! ^^*

Total ImiKth oflii'iKl ami boily ^'"

Total Icii^'tli IVom inuzzle to ;,'roiii •'•'■'

Total Ifii^lli iVoiu iiiu/./lc to axilla. "H

Total luiijjili iVoiri inii//lc to cantlm.s oris OOl

Leiijith of loiv liiiil) 00»>

Lon^'tli oI'IiIikI liiiili <"*7

LiMijjth ot'liiiid loot ^•*'-

Width of hoa.l **05

f'll

vJ
.vrl
Til

I''l(J. 'J8. JIdlnichiiKijiK (illi iiiiiitnx. 11)!*!).'), ]; li;;. 0 — ■}.

The color of the lower surface is brown, with a few whitish points on
the },Milar reyion and tail, and fre(|uently over the whole abdomen. The
sides are darker, sometimes almost black. The upper surface is <,'ener.
ally a paler brown, with a lij^ht shade extending on each side from the
nape to the base of the tail. These bauds arc composed of numerous
short longitudinal streaks, which become separated on the base of the
tail, and cover its surface to the end, or to the middle, as the ease nii»y
be. This light color has generally a reddish hue, and in many speci-
mens exteml entirely across the dorsal region, forming'a band, not un-
like that of riethodon cincreus <ri/llir<mi>ti(s.

Habitat. — Tliis is an abundant species of the Pacilic coast region of
the continent, but it has not becui found to the eastward of the Coast
Kange of mountains. I have ^^\aulined eight specimens from near iSan
Francisco, in the ^Museum of the Philadelphia Academy, from William
M. Gabb, and one in tlie iMnseum of the Essex Institute from the sauio
locality, obtained by Mr. Samuels, and the following:

JtatraeliowpH atlinitatun Ksch.
KESERVE SKltlES.

Cataloiriio

No

(if

iiiiiiiIk'I'.

H|)l

;c.

0890

1

'.l«)l

10

■Kill!)

•>

w:oi

li

■1017

It

4114:1

■>

i:i!Mi:i

4

144-4

7!

Locality.

(;alifoiiiiii...
l''ii'mio, Ciil ,

Whpii

cdllcctdtl.

Kroin wlioin Nature of

ILTl'iVt'd. i HlK'fillU'Il.

187y

\)v. Win Stiiiip.siiii
(jurttavo ELsoii —

MoMliTe.v, (':il j CanlicUl ...

I'ctaluiiia.Cal I';. Saiimc'ls.

('alil'ornia...

('.('. liovlr

Siena Nevada Moiinlaili.s, Oil! . .. Jul.v, 1«84 : J{. IC. ('. StiariLS . ..

liallciia.s liav, (.^al

K. Ilciiipliill

Alcoliolic.
Do.
Do.
])o.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.

S^

\

,L

^ *

J

•■-.^,u..„;;;,!■''';:;::'•""■^■^■''-•'>■'■:N•'■«,« .,,,,,

» '111,1 if'i) t II 'N. i> ,

129

'J^"'s .s„.an species roso, , , «•'-'•". l«8o

'''"'■■il l.'n"(li f.v,"i",.' •

"" '''oCIi,.,,,!

;^''"^«!i „(•,;.,, ,(,;,-,; ;;;

tines.
-. 22
■■ 13.5
• 3.5
1.7
1.8
2

<^oIor above ,Ieei, In". ■-"'''-■■: ^-^

i«o .s])eciiueii.s of ih\ * ^^«

J''"rncho.,l>. >n,nra.M. Vo^,.

A«^.«.

^'I'l'alily.

H'l.cn

'••'Ili'ctcil.

""""■■"^^;!^^,^:r^^i-.

''"'■""1 wliiiiii re
•■'•ivcl.

N'Uiiro of
speciinon.

_ I ^'■^^•^•'^''^'"■"«- 1 Alcoholic.

'»"si""«"ai -im,,^,:; ;:'::'«■'*«; ''■'''■''""<io,.ron: h,!'''" "■ ""■

^" -:;;. '^.^1"" >:;::; lit:: -;-■ ^.4;:^,,^;^:;/: '-

fj

Jil

I

130 nrLLirriN :;i, unitkd wiatkh national muskum.

iiics. Fore limb to orbit, liiml limb .scinccly longi-r, roiUiliiii}? tlic oijjlitli
fold from bcbiiiil. Tlie iimcr di^it on both oxticmitics is .so short as to
render tlio members almost 3-3. Tail elongate, slender, sia)cylindrical.
Gnlar fold represented by a line.

Miasunmoiln, in iiirlun.

Length of head to angle of niontli

JJreailtli of licad licliind cyi'H ^

Kroni uinz/.lo to liiinKMiiH f»

Trom nnizzli) to groin IC. f)

Leiiglli of tail f

Length of posterior limb •{&

HalrachoscpH pnciJlvHS Cope.
KK.SKKVK SKUIKS.

IjilirN.

» r.

Catalnf;ii(' No of
niniibcr. Bpcc.

07.13
4000

1

LofiOity.

Santnlinrbnrn, Cnl

'i San Frnmisco, Ciil

When
collected. 1

!

1

1

Kroiii wliiim vcocivctl.

Nature of
Hpi'cinieii.

ni. llavH. .,

K. I). OlltlH .

Ale. tyiti'.
Alcoliulic.

IIEMIDAOTYLIUM T.scliiuli.

Classif. tier Batrachicr, Trans. Noudiatol, 183S, p. .'il-DI; IJonap., Fauna
Ital., n, llil,Nio. 10; Filzingor, Syst. l{cpt.,:i:{; Hainl, .Jonrn. Ac. Nat.
Si'i. rhihi., I, lidl, 1810; Hallowfll, /. c, IS.'.S, HCm; Gray, Cat. Hrit.
Mas., 1850, 41; Copi-, rroei-cd. Ata<l. I'liila., IHO'.t, p. 'Jl>.

Desmodactjilits, Dnni. &, Hibr., Krp. (Jen., ix, p. 117.

Tongue adherent anteriorly; digits t-4; parietal bones fully ossified,
without fontanelle; two i)renia.\illaries, with fontanelle; prefrontal
boue present.

This genus is oidy distinguished from Plethodon by the deticieney of
its bind foot in digits. Tho.se that remain are quite rudimental. It
differs from Batrachoseps in the i)resence of the prefrontal bono. There
is but one species known, and its habits are entirely terrestrial.

IIEMIDACTYLIUM SCUTATUM Tschiuli.

Batr.,p.94; ILillo\v.,.Ionrn. Ac. Pliila. {■>), in, p. :'.(!() ; Stranch, Salain., p.
7(J; Gray, Cat. Batr. Gratl. Brit. Mus., ed. i, p. 41.

Salamandm scutata, Schlcg., Faun. Japon., Amph., p. 119, •■iiitl Abbild., PI. 40, tigs. 4-6.

Salamaiidm melanostida, Gibbos, Best. .Jonrn. Nat. lILst., v, p. 89, I'l. 10.

Umnoddctyliis sciitatim, Dnin. Sc Bibr., p. 118.

DmnodactijlHs melaiiosticttis, Dnni. A liibr., p. 119.

llatmcho8cps sciiMus, Bonlongcr, Cat. Batr. Grad. Brit. Miis., ed. ii, 188',>, p. WX

Whole skin finely and beautifully granulated; viewed vertically, the
sides of head arc parallel, the eyes forming the anterior corners, and
not projecting beyond the line of head ; nuizzle not tapering, but .sides
nearly parallel, almo.st entirely truncate, and overhanging lower Jaw;
eyes nearer muzszlo than Plethodon enjthronotus (viewed from above) ;
outline contracted beh^ud tUo occiput, then expanding, taniiddJe of body

J

Total Jenj
I'ungtli to
Length to

I^l'ngtlito;

^"■"gth to
J-'f'iigth of

J-L'n(r(Il ofl

I-'L'ngdi of ]
Width of h

s

I'ect very weak- f<w>J . "'"'•»".> «l»oeimens. "*^ ^•'"'

I'eatli. Cent -.1 h... ''"''•'•'*''' ''''^"y «i<lc^s uultu 7 "' '''"'«''

^<^»ti.»l tmtt unspotted. '*' ^''^ "'"te of tail be-

P"i. 29. /A,

f>

f)

'f"<al Jeiigdi

1-on^th to j,,.oi„
, ''i'"«:tIi(oa.xill;,

;^'>"«n. off„,eii,„,... "■

^^™«:(I. ofliiiwlliml, ■"■

"Kltli of head

■•"••"-...

""'''"'■'."''■inn ,, ■„,„„„„
Mat

"'"'lllCKld, 111.. J

•1(1 L'

ir.s

ir.. (i

.•{. .{

2

•{. a
1.1

2.0

' tWWP

I

TT^

132 BULLiyriN ;u, unitkd states national museuxM.

IJesides spt'ciiiioihs from Cliestor County, Ta., from Iluntiiiftdoii
County, Pa., and from Chicago, 111., in the Museum of the rbiladelpliiji
Academy of Natural Science."*, the followinjr are in the National IMuseum.
Professor Verrill ,says it is abundant near New liaven, ami the Essex
Institute po-ssesses it from Gloucester and Beverly, Mass. Dr. J. E.
(Jray, ('atalos'ue oflJritish Museum, gives Niagara. Dr. II. AV. Gibbes
described it from Abbeville, S. C.

Idii !l

IlcmidavljiUnm nciilatiim Tscli.
KESEKVK SKKIKS.

Catiil(i"iii' No. of

nmiilier.

408:5

'Um
4":ii)

40!(:i

4(iy4

40H9

40:111

:i743
144r,U
4UU1
4724

HI)ec.

Loc.Tlity,

\Vhi«n
collected.

From whom received.

Ci.rli.s1e, Pa I'rof.S. F.Biurd.

.ill) 1 <1(>

St. Ciilliiiine'!), Ciinada ' Dr. D. W. IJeaclle

Itiplev, Oliid 1'. I!. Iloy

Nortlilicld, 111 U. Keiiiiicott

Moadville, I'a William.s

Hicelionni};)!, Gn (')

Anderson, S. C Mrs. Daniel

(') (')

W'a.sliinj'ton, D. U (?)

lioor;;ia Dr. .F. .Tones

Nature of
Hpecimon.

Alcoliolic.
D...
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.

4rp».

^;.- -,1;

I i

I' V

ri"

PLETITODON Tscbudi.

Systoiii (1. Batrachier, Trans. Neiicliiid'l, ISHH, .VJ-'J2; Uon.ip., r.iuii.-v
Ital., II, V.n. Uaird, Joiirii. Ac. Niit. Sui., Pliila., i, ii'J2: llailowell, ib.,
18.">8, :{4-,'; Cope, I'roc. Ac. N:it. Sci., Pliila., lf«(Jl», l',M ; l{oiileii<,'er,
("iit. 15;iti-. (irad. Hrit. Mils., 11 vd., 18,-^-,', p. M.

Jhredia Girait], Trocced. Acad., Pliila,, l*,i, ]>. t:!.".

To!igue attached by the median line below, from the glosshyal bouo
to near the anterior margin ; vomerine and parasphenold teeth present ;
a large fontanelle between the spines of the separate premaxillary bones.
Toes 1-5, normal. Anterior teeth not enlarged. Cranium well cssitlcd.
Prefrontal bone present.

This genus is highly characteristic of the lienio nearctica, where five
species represent it on the Pacilic slope and three in the eastern dis-
trict. A species from Japan, named P. pcrsimUis by Gray, is shown by
Mivart not to belong to this genus. The species are all terrestrial iij
their habit.s, and three which I have observed (/'. omjoncnuis, P. ffhiti-
nosns, P. eincreus) undergo their metamorphosis while quite small.
The last uanu'd, and probably P. (ilntinoNus, never enter the water, but
are hatched in damp places on land. The branchiie have therefore
no functional service. The species are as follows-

J

> '

-

' 1 *

TlIK HATKACIIIA OF NORTH AMERICA.

133

a. The i)araHi>lifiu>iil iiatches in coutiict throughout ; voineiiiio aeries well separated
iiKMlially.
(i. The tail cjliiulric.

Costal plit:i' 10 toll); form slender; tail c.vlintlric ; limbs weak; inner toes rii-
(limental ; vomerine scries not cxtcndinj;' hejond nares externally; belly
brown marbled ; above plumbeous, or with a red longitudinal band.

1'. viiiorns.

Costal pliea! II; I'orm stout; tail rounded; limbs short, stout; inner digits
distinct ; vouieriiu! series extending outside of inner uares; black, usually
with gray lateral blotches and smaller dorsal spots /'. (jIiiHiiosuh.

Costal jdicie i;i; form as in /'. ;/?i(/(»(>.si;.s; tail longer than liead and body;
<ligits truncate, the internal ones very ru-liiiieutal ; vomoriuc series very
obliiiue, not extending behind ehoana-; black, with yellow spots, which
are largest on the head, large on the back, and minute on the sides.

/'. (nteiiD.

"Cf/stal plicie i:?; form moderate, tail t^ylindric, shorter than head and body;
vomerint^ series very oblinue, not extending externally to ehoana* ; toes
more acute; black, with large yellowish spots; smaller on back, want-
ing on head'' /'. Jldvipiiticlatus.

fill The tail ccuupressed.

Costal idic:e ]."); form slender; tail well compressed; limbs weak; inner toes
rudinu-ntal ; vonu'rine series not extending outside of narcs; belly brown-
marbled ; above, with a red dorsal band /'. intermedhis.

Costal'pliea' 11; form stout ; head large ; limbs robust ; inner toes distinct ;
tail compressed from the base, shorter than length of head and body ;

tiniform dark brown above, ami lighter brown below I'. crdSsidiiH.

<va. I'arasjihenoid ])atchcs well separated,
/i. Tail rounded.

Costal plie.e i;!: form stout; head large, wide; lower Jaw wider than upper;
niu/zle broadly truncate; vomerine^ teeth approximated medially; tail
slender, snbcylitidrie : black, limb,", belly, and spots of back, orange.
/'. cvoccater.

Costal plie:e Ul-ll ; form stout ; head wide; maxillaries wider than mandible;
mu/./.le narrowly truncate ; vonu-riue teeth approximated mcilially ; tail
ttlcndcr, subeyliudrical ; ligh' brown jibovo; limbs an<l below yellow.
/'. orvjioni'iiHis.

\ '

TLKTIIODON CINEREl'S Circeu.*

Salamaiitlru c'lHcrca, Green, .lourn. Aciid., I'hila., i,)>. I].">G.

I'IcIIkkIoii linoriix, Tsehudi, liatr., p. 'J2; Cope, Check List N. Amer. Hatr. Rept.,

Saluiimiulni irijlhroniiUi, (ireen, .lourn. Ac. I'hila., 1, jt. IJ;")!!; Ilolbr., N. A. Herp., v, p.
«:!, IM. 11; l)e Kay, N. Y. Faun., Repl., ].. 7.-), I'l. 1(1, lig. :!H ; Wied., Nova Acta
Eeop.— ('and., WNii, \\. l','(i.
l"(tlioiliiii <i-!illinnioliis, liaird, .lourn. Ac. I'hila. (•.'), i, j). 'JS;'); IJnm. iV Hibr., IX, p.
sti; Cope, Troc. Ac. I'liil;!., ISf.'.l, p. 100; Strauch, Salam., p. T'J ; Houlengc ,
Cat. Uatr. tirad. Ibit. Mus., ed. ii,;i8S'i, p. .'.7.
Amhhisloma vii/lhioiioliini, dray. Cat. !!atr. (irail. Hrit. Mus., ed. i, p. ;?7.
SuliiiiiaiKlni (KjHix, Sagi'r, reninsular Jo'irnal of Medicine, 1."^,')^, p. 4'J'.>.

This species is iiiiu)ii<; the ino.st eloiiR'atetl .aiitl slcndor of American
saliiiiKUnltTs. It is almost lUM'Coctly cvliiidriital tliroitglioiit ; a very
sW^ld amount of oompressioii only beiiif;- visible towanls tlie end of
the conical tail, which is loufjer th;in tiie head and Ixxly. It is much

• Plate 111. iigM. l-t;.

il I

4

I

li'

f :\H

\U nULLETIN :!l, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

sloiKlorer aud more veniiitbrm, with much weaker le.i-.s than Rf/Iulinosus.
Tims in .specimens of the two, measuring l.HO from snout to groin, the
head and body of r.gUHinosu.s have the widtli onetliird greater.

There are eighteen well-marked costal furrows between tiie limbs,
excluding any in the axilla. The posterior are situated in +he groin,
bifurcating above. In a single specimen of var. Cinereus (No. 3805)
we reach a count of nineteen. This increase in the number of costal
furrows is coincident with the wide separation of the limbs, the distance
from head to axilla being contained about ^ times in that to the groin,
instead of 2i, as in 1'. ghitinosus. The tail is longer than head and body ;
sometimes considerably more so.

This species, including all varieties, has an extensive range, being
found throughout the United States east of the Mississippi JMver. It
appears to be more abundant in the Middle States; its northern range
is to the middle of Maine, Ontario, and Michigan.

Its habits are entirely terrestrial, as it is never, even in the larval
stage, found in the water. It is abundant under stones and logs in the
forests everywhere, and does not occur in open llelds. The eggs are
laid in a little package beneath a stone in a damp place. When the
young emerge they are provided with branchia', but these soon vanish,
and they are often found in this young stage apparently quite devel
oped.

ridhuhn vincrcus ciiurcu,, Green.

The color of the upper half of body and tail is a dark liver-brown :
beneath dirty whitish, linely vermiculated or mottled with brown in
about e(|ual i)roportions, giving rise to a ''pepper and salt" appear-
ance. There is sometimes a yellowish tinge towanls the head, and ii
phunbeous under the tail. On the sides the appearance is more that
of whitish specks in a dark ground. Sometimes the upper |>arts are
clear brown, at others more or less varied with very minute spots of
dull grayish-white. Sometimes the under parts are so much clouded with
'..fown iis to ajtpear principally of this color, only faintly mottled with
lighter (3805.)

This species is easily distinguished from /'. f/liitinoHUfi by much slen.
derer form, smaller limbs, more webbed digits, eighteen costal groov«'s
stead of fourteen, vermiculated under parts, which have not the black in-
ground, the absence of the appearance of i)ieces of lead foil on th(^
sides, etc. The limbs are very small and weak. The digits arc distinct,
though sliort. The basal web extends rather farther forward tlian in
i'. (/luiinosuif, the two terminal joints of the longest toes only being free,
instead of two and a half.

I can detect nothing in the characters of bead and tongue difl'ereut
from /'. glutinosus.

THE IJATRACIIIA OF NORTH AMERICA.

Miaauirmciiln, in iiivlivs.

135

LenRtb,nioasiirc(lal()ngiixi8of body:

From snout to tia\tii . ir>

From snout to gular fold :!'>

From snout to armpit 55

Fronis nout to ^roin 1. M(

From 8iu)ut to behind anus 2.00

From snout to ind of tail 4. 10

Tail 2.10

Head :

Width of head 23

Width of orbit Olt

Distance belwei-n t-ycs anteri-
orly 12

Distance between outer nostrils .08

IJody :

Circumfirence of belly 75

Distance between armpit and

f^roin 1.24

Tail:

Hoij^htof tail where Ligbeat 12

Limbs:

Free portion of longest linger .. .05
From elbow to tip of longest

linger 21

l're(! portion of longest toe 07

From knee to tip of longest toe. .25
Distance between outstretched
toes 8-3

rkthodon ciucicus cincvcus Green,
KESKUVE SEUIES.

H«5»».

> '

Cat uloanc No. of
iiuiiiltor. himh;.

Locility.

AVlipn

t'olli'Ctrd.

Fioni whom roceivcil.

Nature of speci-
men.

4885
4888
5063

4720 j

:noo ;

I'JOIO I

:i8i5

8:)7;t

IMI!)

r.'oi:.
:wiH
:ift0."i
:iK«7

■1788 I

47'jn

;iHj5
;t787 j
;i77o
13:110

3818 I

11708 I

31*07 I

47Jfl
3813
3H-J4
4721
4731
4U0U

10

1

i

13
I
1
3
4
I
1
1

ir.
11
1

18
1

4

1

Mipiiiit Joy, I'a J. StaiillVT

I!iookvilU>, IikI '

lliulson's l!ay Triri- 1 C. Drexlcr

lory. I

.St. C a I h .! r i II uV, Dr. 1>. W. lioadlo .

('aiiaila. '

Cailisl... I'a ,. I'rol'. S. R liaiid...

I'otmiiac liiviT, I). C..1 Apr. — , I8s.' i Kdwiii I'liiidlc

Carlisle, I'a S F. I'.aird

liaiiihiid^i'. Pa Doe. 8, ISTS J. K. (iarivtto

(,>

(')

Clark (y'lmiity, Va

Coliliiilms. Ohio

Ailiron.la.k, N. Y.

IJaciiir, Wis

(icoiiiia

Itoslon, Mass

KIplt'y, Ohio

(Nixsarkic. N. V

Drtroit, Mich

I'aiiTax Comity. Va .
Claik Coiiiilv, Va. .. '

(!l .' 1

Adiroiid.irk M o ii n-
fains.

IMiilad.lphia

llainpsliiri'Ccmiily, Va
'ryiroSpiiiijis, Ti'iiii..

(iroi'j;iii ....

Uctroit, Mich

Soiitlicni Illinois

(')

.1.11. Uichaid

C. It. It. ICciiiicrlv ,

^'■> '

K. Clarko

(.')

In-. William .loiics

T. Kooscvcldt

1'. K. IIov

I'lof. S. !•'. Baird

C.Sa^'iT

(ic(ir;;o Sliocmiikor

C. IS. 1!. Kciiiicrlv

C> '

K. Clarke

J. II. Uichaid

M. McDonald ....
Major It. (hvcii...
Dr.' W.C.Jcmes ..

Dr. A.Sa;!(^r

H. Kenuicolt

Alcoholio.
Do.
Do.

Do.
Do.

Do.
Do.
Do.

1)0.

Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.

Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.

riethodon cinnrns cri/thronotus Green.

(;i7(>ti, Clark County, Virginia.)

I have been uiiiiUle to detect any tlilt'croneo in striictnre, proportions,
and general character between tliis snppo.sed species and P. eincreus.
The only diil'erencc, if any there be, is to be found in the color of the
back, thatof tlie side and belly being very much the stmie. A broad,
light-reddish stripe coininences at the nape of the width of the inter-
orbital space, and continues to the tip of the t.iil, on which it dimin-
ishes gradtiidly in width. The central region of this stripe generally

\

f

if

11

13n HULLETIN P.I, rXlTED STATKS NATIONAL MFSEUM.

!^ I

%

'i ■ ., i -

hip

i::'H'

exhibits ii very line inoltliiiy ol" luowiiisli, scaicely ub.sciiriii<;' tlie t'lU-ct
of the ml jiTOund. The mottling i.s suiiR'tiiiios tMiiially ilistribiitcd—
sometimes concentniteil in some phices more than otliers. The sides of
tlie body are abruptly and continnously dark brown, but soon fades oil'
below into the pepper and salt of the lower sides and belly. There is
sometin)es the etfect of a broad dark stripe on each side the red, but
this is usually very illy delined below.

The color of the red stripe varies considerably. Sometimes it has a
shade of pink— sometimes of orange or yellowish. The close resem-

4 3

Fk;. 30. riethoihiii eliiciriis cr/ilhronolKg, 4(<2c

^ti

St. CaUiariius. Canada; ;.

blance in size and character with the l're(iuent association in the same
localities between the two species have given rise to the belief that tlu'y
were ditJereut sexes of the same species. That this supposition is in-
correct is i)roved by the fact that both males and females are found of
each kiiul, as was long ago noticed by llaldeman. As varieties they
are very permanent ones, as I have Ibund all the young of the same
brootl or set of eggs, whether in the eggs or Just escaped from them,
uniforndy with either dark backs or red ones. 1 have found adult red-
backed specimens watching eggs with red-backed endiryos, and biowii
backed in charge of brown-backed embryos. Tliere is also some dillci-
euce in geographical distribution. Thus, on the west side of Laki;
Champlain,in Essex County, New York', I'rol'essor Jiaird states that lu^
lias found the red-backed salamaiuler very common, and never saw there
the r. cinercus. Among a very great numlterof specimens which I hav(^
examined iu the collections of tlie Smithsonian Institution, the A(!ad-
emy of Natural Sciences, and Mssex Institute I have observed but four
specimens of the red-banded variety and four of the gray which could
be regarded as intermediate in cliaraiiter. This apjiears in a rufous
cast in the dorsal color of the latter and a slight obliteration of the
borders of the dorsal band in the former. Such coloration is, however,
very uuconimou in the living animal, which is everywhere exceedingly
abundant. The statement made by J. A. Allen that such are aliundant
in Massachusetts is not conlirmed by the siiecimens iu the museum of
the Essex Institute, ]\Iassaciiusetts.
An examination of

types

indra (ifiilis (.'5770)

shows them to belong to this subspecies. His variety with livid back
is the ricthodoH cincreus cbiereus.

T

^^.

\

l\

Tim 15ATRACIIIA OF NOIITII AMKUICA.

137

Miaaiiri'inoilfi, in hiclicx.

Length, nieastucd alonj; axis of body :

From snout to {Jjapc II

From snout to {jular fold :?l{

From snout to aiiuitit 'IH

From snout to j^roin 1. (iO

From snout to bcliind anus I.H2

From snout to ond of tail It. W

Tail 1.70

Iload :

Width of head 20

Length of orl>i t (!!•

Distaneo between eyes anteri-
orly Vi

Head— Continued

Distuuco between outer nos-
trils ?(.07)

Hody :

Circumference of belly (55

Distance between armpit and

groin L 10

iiimbs:

From elbow to tip of longest

linger 20

From kne(^ to tip of longest toe. .tJo
Distance; between outstretched
toes 7(!

ridhoilon rhinriia crjilhroiioittx Green.
ItKSEUVK SICKIES.

(lixtalosiio

Xo. of

iiiimliiT.

»])PC.

4H!W

;i

1S!»1

I

r,:if;i

a

SUTi

o

.liiT.'"

.l

71-18

1

-8i;;i

10

iKIIIO

•»

O'jrm

1

37(ir.

1

37.->rt

18

48-JH

2

4S:i!)

1

482!t

;:

;i78S

A

■17-.'X

r,

•i7(;n

•_'

ijtJii

1

Locality.

When
coUeitiil.

From wlioni received.

Wasliiiifjton, D. C Dr. William Sliiiip.son .

New Vork

Koit William, Lake ' K. Keniiicott .

Siijierinr.

Iiukc Superior do

South of lli;;lilaiidM ' ('. Drexli'r

Koek Cn.k, 1). (; I II. W. Klliott

WaHhiii;:toii, 1). C Dr. IC. Cooes, I'. S. A . ..

Norfolk, (Joim ; Seiit. IMi, 1S77 I A !■". Wooster

Wood's lloll. Mass 1S7I I U. S. V'lsli Commission

("l.irk Conntv, Va ... ! Dr. ('. I!. It. Kennerlj'. .

Westpcnl.N. Y | I'rof. S. K liaird

Sl.Calhariiie's.Canada | Dr. 1). W. lieadle

r.iciok villi', 1 11(1 ! Dr. 1!. llavmond

St.c^atliiiiines.Cumida Di'. D. W.'ltendli^

Uaeiio'. Wis —

West Norlhlield. Ill . , It. Kennieott

Alle;ianv<'ounlv. N. V 1). Stevens

I'otionae Itiver,' l>. ('. . Apr. —,1882 10. 1'rindlu

IIU

Nature of speci-
men.

Alcnliollc.
Do.
Do.

Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.

^1

u

(ilOXKUAL SKUIES.

;||

^

n

i

782S

.■ir.

;i7r.i

.'■)

!t9!U

:i

1.11 1»

11

:i78:i

1

rj7iij

;!

i;i."(i
i:i:iii

l;t.i8tl

:i7(!»
:)7(i.'>
;i7(!:i

HI.V2

:!77S

;t778

(;.

Washinuton, i

(iliiileestil', \'a

Miilillelowii, (Jonn ...

liiisliiM, Mass

Itiple.v, Ohio

I.oiikoiit Mountain

Tenn.
XorldlU, (.'onn

:i Washington, D. (J. . . ...

L- Itawliv, Va I ..

'J!» I Meadville, I'a ...

1 I Lancaster, Ohio ; I,. I,e!

J. W. Da^iins . .
Itev. (;. Mann. .
W. !I. Harnes..
T. Itoosevelilt .

I'rol. II. IV

W. I'.l'o'e

.')

(ieor;ji' Shoemaker .

nrnjaniin Miller

Williams

squeienx.

1 I .Mississippi ' Dr. Shnmard

1 I (')

in Oian^e, N. Y

(0-

Dr. .I.Cr.Cc

1 Ouenia Countv, N. Y 11. Da'js

Miper

Hi

1

•J7

,1

20

.1

70

:i

:.'. Carlisle, I'a

I'pper Darliy, I'a
I'hiladelphia, I'a

leoruia.

(

Detroit, Mieh I I Dr. Sa

S. Kliaird

Mr Smelt

J. II. Ituhard...
Dr. W. L..Ione».

AU'oliolic.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.

Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.

Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.

■ >\

138 IJULLETIN 31, UNITKI) STATKS NATIOXAL MIJSKUM,

riefliotloii cincrcHS (lorsalis ISaird.

Cope, Tror. Ac. I'liila.. l.-(!!), p. 100 (niiine only).

This snbspecios lias tlie sizciuul jjioportions of body ami limbs as in
P. cryllironotitft, but may be readily dif^Miij-iiislied by the smaller number
of costal furrows, shorter body, and (lillereiit character of the dorsal
stripe.

There are only sixteen costal furrows between tlie fore and hiiul legs,
instead of eighteen, as in /*. rn/tlinniotus. This indicates a shorter body,
and accordingly we lind that the distance from snout to armpit is con-
tained only three times in that from snout to groin, instead of 3^ or ;M,
as in tlie other.

I am unable to detect any difference in the mouth, tongue, teeth, or
limbs.

In alcohol there is a broad yellowish red dorsal stripe, which begins
Jit the uape and extends to the end of the tail. On the back it is otj an
average as broad as the interorbital space of the head. The outlines,
instead of being parallel or nearly so, are very irregular on the back,
exhibiting tour or live coarse dentations between shoulders and rump,
which in some specimens are nearly opposite each other (causing the
dorsal stripe to be twice as wide at some places than in others), or more
or less alternating. On the tail the outlines are straight, converging
slightly to the tip. The sides and beneath are dull brownish-yellow or
whitish, finely mottled, or vermiclated with dark reddish-brown, which
becomes more crowded to the dorsal stripe, and is sharply relieved
against it.

There is a distinct light line from the upper eyelid, passing internally
to the nostrils and meeting its fellow iu an angle in the middle of the
muzzle, then sending down a single line to the edge of the lip.

i

Mcasunmciiln, in inches.

LengtU, nioasiueil along axis of bodj

:

From .snoiit to gapo

.11

From 8nont to gnlar fold

.lit

From snout to armpit

.K)

From snout lo groin

1. :!G

From snout to Ijoliind anus

l.(i2

From snout to end of tail

2. 'M

Tail

l.:i2

Head :

Width of Lead

.'20
.12
.17

Width of tongue

Length of tongue

Length of orliit

.(111

Distance between eyes anteri-.

orly

.1:!

Head— Continue<l.

Distance; between outer nostrils .06

liody :

Circumference of belly GO

Distance between armitit and
groin IS(!

Tail : Height of tail where highest. . 10

Limbs :

Free portion of longest finger.. .O.'i
From elbow to tip of longest lin-
ger 23

Freo portion of longest toe Oti

From knee to tiji of Iongt?st toe .23
Distance Itetwoen outstretched
toes 7.'»

J

V I

t

THE BATRACIIIA OF NORTH AMEUICA.

139

I

TluH subspecios i.s iciidily distinguished IVoin P. erj/throHotus by tlui
din'oient relative position of the linibs> .iJid uiimber of costal furrows
already referred to. Tlic very jagged or irregular outlines of the dor-
sal stripe, the light line on the nose, and the lighter and more reddish
shade of the lateral and inferior mottling will at once distinguish it as
far as color is concerned. Tlio duskj* shade of the sides is not continuous
above, but shows distinctly minute mottling of lighter.

It is somewhat dillicult to assign to this form a definite status. I
should be disposed to regard it as a good species, but for the fact that
out of a great number of specimens of the i'. crythrnnotus var. cinercm
1 lind a single individual (Sm. No. 382.")) from Ohio which presents the
proportions of the present species, and the same number (sixteen) of
costal plicas For the present therefore I refer itas a subspecies. I have
seen live specimens, which agree in every particular ; one in the Museum
of the Kssex Institute in a bottle with the common varieties of the P.
crythronotm, the Spclerjics hilincatns, and Desmognathus, all from Es-
sex County, Mass., and four specimens in the Museum of the Smithson-
ian as follows:

I'hthodoii crulhronoliis dorwlii IJiunl.

(!iiliilo>;uc Xo. of
iiuiiilit'i'. spec,

377C

Locality.

WllPTl

colK'itiil.

From wlioin received.

Loiii.sville, Ky .

Nature of speci-
men.

Habits. — The Pkthodon cinorns is the most abundant salamander in
the northern and central eastern United States. It is of terrestrial
habits, and is easily found under logs and their bark, stones, etc. It
feetls, like other species, on insects and their larva', cai)turing them by
applying to their surface its Hat and projectile tongne and jerking
them (juickly into its mouth. It frequently climbs to the summit of
low vegetation, from which it springs by a sudden straightening or
curvature of the body, as the case may be, in the manner of a cater-
pillar.

PLKTHOUOX (JLUTINOSl'S Green.*

T.schiidi, IVitr., ]>. [)> ; (.'ope, I'roc. Ac. lMiil;i., ISlW, p. 100 ; Stiaiieli, .Salam.,
It. 70; nonlcnjjei', Cut. Hatf. Gratl. Hiit. Miis., ed. ii, 1882, p. ">(;.

SiilamaiKlid nhiliiiosa, (Jiccii, Joiini. Ac. Tliila., i, p. :i.'i7 ; ll((lltr,, N. A. Herp., v, p.

:W, I'l. 10; De Kay, X. V. I'aiin, Rcpt., p. Hi, l'|. 17, p. l-,>.
Stilamtitidra miiohiln, (iilliains, .rourn. Ai". I'liila., i, ji. 4ti(t.
Saliimttndrn riiUndnicai, llarlaii, .loiirn. Ac. I'liila., \', p. l.">(i.
I'Ictliodiiii <iliiliii(isiiin, (Ji'ay, Cat. Hatr. (irad. Urit. Miis.. cd. i, p. :?'.(.
Tiitoii iiorplijifiliciin, Dc Kay, N. V. I'aiiii., Rcpt., p. »',\, I'l. Iti, tij;. :{7.
Ci/lhiilro.toma filiitiiiomim, Dmn. «.V- Hibr., ix, ]». SO.

This spe(!ies is of a stout form, the body depres.se»l, the head, body,
and tail continuous, with very slight constriction at the neck; the tail

* IMatcs-ij;; :tl. lit'. •': •''•''• *'VA- '-': ••', '"},'• •: »•"'. "K- •">; ■!**. •'«• IJ-

^iil;

i 'I

■l

\v: 1

\'>.\

pM

Q

i-^^

i"-,.

i".a

!^

lii

'n

i

140 lU'LLKTIN :!l, UNITKD STATES NATIONAL MUSHUM.

(•.vliiiilriciil, vciy sli}?litl.v co^ .imsssed towiiids tlif pointed <-oiiicaI tip,

iiiid loiigcf than the body.
Theskin is evorywiicre closely lined with short perpendicular slnnds for

secreting a milky jiiico. Tliese are largest on the upper surface of the
tail and more scattered on Wh'. belly. The skin is also closely covered
with shallow pits. visii)le only when the mucus is removed and through
a lens. I have not observed any large pores in patches on the head.

The head is broad, the sides i)arallel to the eyes, then converging and
distinctly truncated at the cn<l. The eyes are largo and i)ronnnent,
separated anteriorly by one and one-half diameters of orbit ; the »lis-
tance to the nostrils and between them rather less than this amount.
The nostrils are lateral near the end of the muzzle. The upper jaw
overlaps the underconsiderably, especially anteriorly; where there is a
slight protuberance downwards of the lip on each side, the n.uzzle giving
a concave out'line when viewed both from before and laterally. There
is a slight groove down the side of the muzzle from the outer edge of
the nostrils to the swollen part of the lip.

The gular fold is entirely adnate, without any overlapping.

There are fourteen well-marked costal furrows, including tiie inguinal
and one close to the forelegs. They are distinct <mi thesides, but inter,
rupted on the back and belly; none are distinctly visible along the
pelvic region and the tail. There is a shallow fuirow along the back,
but not the least sign of ridge or compression on the cylindro-quadrate
tail, although this is rather higher than wide towards the end.

The limbs are moderately developed. The digits are short, broad,
linear, cylindrical, depressed, and slightly swollen into knobs at the ends,
where they expand very little, but without any appearance of a disk.
There is a short, thickened membrane connecting the basal joints of the
digits, leaving three phalanges free of the longer toes and two and one-
half of the lingers. This inend)rane has the etfe(!t to cause tlio bases of
the digits to stand out very free and separate from each other.

The second aiid third lingers are nearly e(pial, the latter rather longer;
the third toe longest; the fourth sometimes not shorter. The first
linger and toe are quite rudinuMitary, being a mere knob. The distance
from snout to axilla is contained less than three times in that to groin.

The tongue is very large, in alcoholic speiumens frequently l)rotnid-
ing beyond the Jaws all round. It is oval, longer than broad, lleshy,
and highly papillose, thin towards the margins. It is very slightly
emarginate behind, the notch bordered by a ridge on each side. It is
l)edicellate, free behind and on the sides, but ailixed to it anteriorly;
the point of adhesion visibl" externally, as a circular or lozenge-shaped
whitish spot just behind the jaw-bone, and about as large as the orbit
of the eye. The attachment is comi)lete anterior to tlie pedicel, which
again is free from its sheath only behind. Tlie tongue is thus evertile
and capabh of being thrown outwards. There is no free sjrace anterior
to the pedicel.

al

al

I'l

t(

al

tl

fr

I>i[

•U

.I'M

I

THK nATKACIlIA OF NOltni AMERICA.

141

The piilatiiie t«>i'tli iorin ii sciies on each side in the shape of a short
an!, tlio convexity anterointer'ov Tiiesc do not meet internally, but
are Heparatedby a short interval, as they are Ironi the two plates of
l)arasphenoidal teeth, beginninj-' a short distance behind them and ex-
tendin};- backwards, meeting along the median line. The inner nostrils
are rather small, i>laced anterior and interior to the commencement of
the palatine teeth. IJesidesthe broad, shallow, shortehannel proceeding
from the outer end of these nostrils past the exterinil extremity of the
palatine teeth, there is a deeper and very narrow one i>assing along the
upper edge of the broad channel and along the nuirgin of the ui)per
jaw to its posterior extremity.

6 7

Fir,. 'M. I'll tliinlon ;tUit!iii>imii. No. 378'.'. Alilmvillc, S. C; ',.

This species in alcohol is of a livid bluish black. The upper parts
and sides are nuukcd with well-detiued specks of a grayish-silvery
color, looking like torn i)ie(!es of foil. These vary with the specimen,
but are generally more numerous and larger along the sides. The
under parts are sometimes tinely dotted with whitish, but this isusually
the effect of the whitish glands seen through the integument. The
under i»art of the tail is of a pale bluish-gray. The light spot on the
chin, showing the attachment of the tongue, has already been referred
to. The soles of the feet are also whitish.

The back is sometimes destitute of spots, or they are very minute
and these when present are often duller than those on the sides. There
is occ^asioiialiy a yellowish tinge in the lateral spots- A few sjiots of
the same kind are sometimes found under the chin.

Young si»ecimens are marked like the adult, except in being whitish
beneath, and in freciuently having the white spots more i)uuctifornx
and s(!attered.

A number of young of eighteen lines in length from caves in Mont-
gomery County, Va., have ii series of small bright red spots on
each side; some others from the same locality do not exhibit them.
The variation is thus remotely similar to that in IhsmoifHathus/KNca.

I have not been able to discover any permanent dilference between
the southern specimens of this species and the northern. I have
thought tliere was a greater tendency to expansion of the light spots ou
the side, so as even to form a continuous band, and to a reduction in
size or disapi)earance of those on the back. I have, however, Ibuud

:1: iH

142

UlII

.LirriN ;!i, unitki) statks national muhkiim.

m

Un

ii

si)eciiiieii.s of precisely similar chanictor iVom iiortheni localities. Some
soutlu'iii speciiiieiia appeared to liiive tlie ai;;its less webbed than usual.
Ill certain 8i)ecimena from Sontli Carolina described by llallowell the
white sitots fail to exhibit themselves on the sides, the color being
everywhere a deep black, the gular region, lips, palms, and soles being
of a clear yellowish-brown. This (^institutes a well marked color vari-
ety, but no ditierences of a higher value can bo found. There are four
specimens of it in the iMusenm of the J'hiladelphia Academy.

The range of this species is from Texas to Maine. It is recorded by
Packard as from Okok, Labrador (.Mem. I'.oston Soc. Nat. Hist., 1808),
but I suspect that this animal will be found to be the Amhly-stomu
jefcrsonianum var. lateralc, which has, with the .1. ,;. platincum, the
highest northern lange. It appears to bo common in Massachusetts

and Maine.

This salamander is entirely terrestrial in its habits. It is found much
more abundantly in the mountainous districts, and haunts rocky locali-
ties as well as Ibre.st mold and fallen logs. 1 have found it mote
abundant in Tennsylvania and New York than in southwest Virginia.
1 believe that it prefers a cool climate; in the Hat and warmer tertiary
and cretaceous eastern coast region it is rare. In southern Pennsyl-
vania I have only Ibund it on the northern exposure of the south Ches-
ter Valley hill, never on the southern exposure or other part of the,
north hill. In southwest Virginia it is more common in caves than on
the surface.

MeaHurcmciitH, in inches.

liPiifjtli, iiicasiircd alonj^ axis of
body :

From Hiioiit to jjapo

From suoiit to y;ular fold

From snout to armpit

From snout to j;roin

From snout to beliindanus

From snout to end of tail

Tail

Head :

Width of bead

Widtb of toiigno

Lenyth'of orbit

Distance bet ween'eyesanteriorly

Distance between outer nostrils

Distance betwcou iuuer nostrils

.:tl

.()(;

. IKI

2. 5(1

3. (10
f). 1)0

2.1)0

.48
.10
.17
.■27
,17
,15

IJody :

Circumferoiico of Itelly l.Ciii

Dist.inco between armiiit ami
ffroiu 1.00

Tail:

Heij;Iit of tail wberc liij^bcst. .. .112
Hreadtli of tail where lii}j[liest .. .'.]'i

Limbs:

Free i)ortion of lonffcst lin<;er.. . KJ
From elbow to tip of longest

iingor I"»J

Free portion of longest tot! 10

From kneo to tip of longest toe. . 'm
Distance between outstretched
toes 1.85

T

•^JS"

TIIK liATKACIII-V (»!•' NOUTll AMKKICA.

J'lilhodoii (ilnliiiOHiiii tiri'iiii.
IlKSKUVE SKUIES.

143

('atiiloKiic
iuiiiiIm'I'.

Bl-Td
:i7,"<i

r)j(!7
;i:ri(i

:i7n7

7!10ri

;;77;)

'J'Jfi'.l

M\»

II'.'HH

;irr>(i
;i7ri!)

:i7Hi

;i7f;'j
;)7t«i
:;7r.i

■Ml'J
4 Sill

;i7x!)

(iSf'.t
:i775
lllMill

i;i:iir>
;)7ii7

No. of

HpOC.

I

;i

2

I
I
2

HI

ti
III
1
I
1
r>
<i

K

:i
r.

«

s

1
I

ltd

l.iiralil V.

MiiiHlcvillr, I.i.

<in>miii

.Ill

i T.vMM' S|iviii;.'!', 'I'l'iili.

Il'iivtnii, All

OclawiiiK (Nimilv, I'll

Cailisl... I'ii

Nalcliiz, Mi.i.H

Sllllllll'lll Illilllli.H —

MdiiltiMi, Ala

Siiiilli ('anilliia

'VIl.M
I'lllluvtt'll.

...iNiiv.— , 1K7!».

Tvicc S|M iiiy, 'ri'iiii
MCa.lvillc, I'a

('Ii nliMtnii, S. ('

Alilii'villr, S. C

Ilii rliiiliiMi;li, (ia

Caih^l.', I'a

New Uraiiiiri'l.t, Ti'x ...

From wlmiii rt'cuiviil.

N. (). Ariidt'iiiy ..
iii'.'w.Y, .r.iiitii!!
A. !■;. K(l;;i'\V()rlli

I'lof. S. l-\ liaiiil ...
Ci.l. «.(;. I.. Wail.H

U. KcMlliCKtt

Niitiii«()f Rpcri-
luun.

I'r.pf. K. Owen.
Williaiim

.1 I'li.f.S. !•'. Ilairil

. I Capt. S. VaiiVliet, L'. S.

I ! Army.

Clnilii- Ciiiiiit.v, \'ii 1 Dr. C. ii. It.Kciimily ..

NfwVoiU i.I.SIaiiHer

liaiiiii'. Wi.s i (

('Il.lllrsldll (.')

Wisl Niiiilili.Iil, III ..

Milton, Kla

\Vasliiiit;t(p|i, D.C

(•lanjje, N..I

K. Kcnniciitt

S.T. Walker

(icoruc' Sliiii'iiiakcr.
Dr. Coiipir

Alniliollc.

i)i>:
1)11.

Do.
Dii.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.

Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.

lili.NKKAL SKKIKS.

4ssn

;i7>'r)

;•.7^1

!I|HI

lollli)

llTlil

IJ

IHII

iKii;

ui,'-.:i

lll.'-.H

47i;'j

:)774

.")!lli7

.('

■I-

r.ailc

Nnifolk. Va
(!raliani\ llli', .'

Uii rlii)i(iiii;li, ( ia

Mcadvill., I'a ' Williams

W.sl N'.,illilirlil, HI Ii. KcimicDtt

Ncii 111 Caicil ilia I (;aiil. Wllliaiii lloldi'li ..

I'liioTi riiiinty. Mo i ! I*. I{. Hoy

UriiDkvilli', Iml Dr. Ilayiiionil ,

r.iiMiUvilli'. lull Dr. I!, ilayiiioml

Mi.'*sissi|i|ii ! Dr. Slmmaril

tliMisr Cn lOi, S. (" i {')

W'l stern Mi.ssimii I»r. Sluiniaril

i;> : c;

(iioryia Dr. W. I,. Jones

Kemiii'r ('ninit.v, Miss D. (". I.loyil

Soiilli Oariiliiia. (.') ."

fniDiitiiwii, Ala ; K. K. Sliowaller

I I

Aleiiliolli;.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.

AiiiiTicaii Niitiirali.si, ISSI, p. ST?*.

Proi)ortions as in P. f/htlinofiKN. Head oval, Haf, its width entering
lenj-tli of head and body to tliij^h si.x tiine.s. Tail <iuite slender, cylin-
dii(5 from base, and lonjior tlian leiifjtli of head and body by the widtii
of the head. Tlie limbs are well developed, and when appressed to the
si<les tliey overlap by the leii.uth of the distal phalaiifjes.

Tiie tonj;ue does not fill tlie floor of the mouth, especially anteriorly
The vomeroi)alatiiie teeth are in two straiglit series, which are directed
posteriorly from the internal borders of the choanu' at an angle of 45

1^

■ 1

;

'(

?

I

• 1

'l .! ■

144 niLi.KriN :ii, I'MTKi) siaths national miiskiim.

tlc'},Met's. Thc.v arc .si'i'iiiatod IVoin each otluT on the iiicMliaii lino by a
slMJit iiit('rsi>a(Taii(irn)iiilli(>|)arasi.liL-ii<)i(l.sl..valittU'l()iiKt'iM)iH'. This

fonii is (juilc dilVcivnt from tliat ciianictoiistic of tlio P. (/liitino.sHs.

There tlio series pass beliiiul tlie choatiie, soinet lines even beyoiul their

external border, and from (wo arched scries, not directed backwards in

any such dej;iee as seen in tiic i'. <niriis. The parasphenoid ])atehe8

are close toj-ether, bnt a iiotcii anteriorly and posteriorly indicates the

extremities of the line of separation.

The internal di-^its on both feet are indiniental and terminate in si
single small i»hahinj;'e, whicli does not extend beyond the extremity of
the second metapodial bone, and is connected with the latter directly
by the intej;ument. The terminal i)hahin;,'es of ihe other toes are trun-
cate and slightly ex|>anded at the tii)s, as in the /*. (jIutiiiosHs.

There are thirteen lateial dernnd folds and a gular fold. The skin is
smooth cNcry where.

AfeasunmtiitH.

M.

Totiil U'li^'th ll"^

LL'iij;tli oriieml and body ('•">-•">

Li'iif^lli to iffoin ••17

LeiiKtli to axilla 018r.

Leiiijlli to richisoiis 0(17

Lciifitli of forc-loi; from axilla ol.')"*

Leiijjtli of ('111 lit us (lO.")!}

Li'ii^tli ofl'oro-loot OOt;

Lenj^tli of hi lid 1('<; 017.')

Lcii}i;tli oflibia OO.W

Leii-illi of hind foot 0(l.<)

Width of head .. . 00.>^:{

Width bctwi'cn eves 003(!

t
s
tl
w

if ff

z

3 5 ' ' "

l''I(i. 3'J. J'titltddijii II iicim Cti\ti', R. Ti'iiiiossoo; }.

The coloration is peculiar. Instead of the black color, with or with-
out ])ale bluish dots, of tiie /'. fjUifutomiN, the sides and back arc thickly
spotted with large yellowisli-grecn blotches of irregular form, produc-
ing an etfect something like tlie coloration of the ."Mexican Spclcrjxs lep-
roNUS. The dorsal spots are much larger than the lateral, and are often
continent. On the head they almost exclude the ground color. The
s[)ots on the sides are (juite small, as are tho.se on the feet. The lower
sides of the tail ami belly are dusted with yellow, and the throat is also
dusted, and a little more coansely than the belly.

The characters which distinguish the.se species from the 1\ glutinosus
are theditlerent torm of the vonuM'oi»alatine series of teeth, the ab.sence
of a costal dermal fold, and the coloration. There is some reseiublanco

i

TIIK HATWACIIIA (tF N(»i;lli AMI:KI''A.

Ufi

to tlu' I'.jliiripiinrtatn.s ol' Stiiiiii!li, Iroiii C'uliloi ;iiii, to Judaic by tlio dc-
s(;ri|)tiuii ^ivcii l>.v lliat iiiitlior. Ih* stales llial llu* tail is sliortiT than
tlio liua<l and body, tliat tlic di<;ils iirc iiioru iiciih', and tliii spots arc
waiiliiijL? on llii^ lirad and sniallci' on tin- liack tlian on the sidos. In all
tlu'si' points it (lill'crs iVoni the /'. a twiis.

I ha\'(t s(M-n lint one s[)i'(;iiii(>n ol this species. I look it al llie nninlli
ol' the. Ni(;ka.jack (7ave, wliicli is in the nionnlains al the jnnetion ol
the bonndarie.s of the States of (leorjuia, Alabama, and Temu'ssee.

1

1
i

l'l,i;Tli(»l)()N FLAVIITNCTATIS Stiamli.
Siilaiii., |i. /I; Ifiiiilciinci-, ('ill. Ii:ilr. (liail. Mill. Miin., cii. ii. H-i-.*, p. ,'p."i.

Pahitiin- tcctii in two very oblitpic si'iics, (tonvci.uin.; ba«tk wards, scpa-
rated iVoni each other by a sli;;lit iiitersi»ace, not c.\tcndinj;(»nl wards
lu'yoinl (dioaiia", jtarasphcnoid Icclh in t wo elonjiate patcthes in ironlaitt
thron^lionl, widely separated IVoni the palatine teeth. Toii;;ne vciy
lar},'e; posterior border tree. Head ralhei loii^. with a median lonyi-
tndiiial juroove. IJody cylindrical, liiiiibs as in /'. (ihitiiinsiis, bnl the
lin^^ers nniro slender and more pointed, 'i'ail cylindric^al, a little shorter
than head and body. Skin smooth; thiit»'(Mi costal .nro(»ves. I'dack,
with larji'e, iire,i;nlar yellowish spots, more iiiimeidiis on the sides ami
(HI the npper part of thc! tail, smaller on the throat and bidly, absent
on thci npper snrlace ot the head and the lower sin face of the t;ul. To-
tal leiijith, I 17

I lia\e not seen this species, which is said by Dr. Stranch to have
been obtained at New Albion, (lal. Il iiiiist be rare or of local distri-
bution. 1 have c.«»pied tlu^ above dcscriptit*,! trom IJonlen^'cr's Cata-
loj;ne of the i»ritish .Mnseiim, pa.uc ,"».'>.

I'l.i;i'il()i)()\ IM'Kli'MKIUrs liaii.i.

rroiTi'il, .\c. Nat. Sci. i'liila.. l-.')7, -J'''.': Sliainli. Salrini., |i. *•.': lioiiliiii;('r,
Cat. lialr. (iiad. I'.iil. Mils., |--.>. p. ."w.

This species, in m'licr.il appearance, proportions of body, etc., is very
similar to /'. t-iii'iuns cfjitlirounlits, althon.^h aimndant dilVereiices arc
easily discoverable. The body, as in that species, is slender and de-
pressed, but tin' tail is sli;4htly compressed at the middle, and more
Klroii.niy at the extremity,

There are no a|»pareiit peculiarities aboii! the liciid. The tonj;ne i.s
eloiij;a ted, elliptical, withonl postei-im-emariii nation. There are l'onrl«'('n
costal fiinows, or pi'ihajis lirtccn, if we include one al)ove the axilla.
The distance I'roin siiont t(» axilla is cmitained latlier less than three
times in that to .uroin.

The dibits are well developed; more as in !'. (/liifihosns. There is
little, if any, indication of web at their bases, the three terminal plia-
lan.ues of the third and fourth toes beiim free. The third and loiirlh
toes are about e(pial. Tlu^ outer toe is not more than half the second;

i!ir»i— iJnii ;;i U)

< [ 1

HI

.»,

f

i.

:4

\ ' '

146 BULLKTIN III, INITKU STATES NATIONAL Ml .slU'M.

the liiist tiM,Ler ami too are almost riuliinciitaiy. The third linger is tie-
cidedly longer than the .second.

The dorsal .surface of this si)ecie.s is traversed by a broad brownisli.
red .stripe, extending from tiie nape to the end of the tail, the sides
regular and nearly parallel, though more .separated towanls the middle
oflhe back, where it is as wide as the inferorbital .s|»ace. The stripe is
sparsely dotte.l with dusky spots throughout its extent. Tiu) sides aro
abruptly blacki.sh brown on each side the dor.sal siriite; at Jirst con-
tinuou.s, but l»ecoming more and more interrupled by mottling. The
belly is light browni.sh-yellow, Ihickly mottletl >\Hii dark brown in
aboiite(iual proi)ortions; lightest under the chin. There is a du.sky lino
from the eye to the point of the mu/zle.

1 4 3 8 6 7

V\i:.:V,t. I'litliiiil'iK iiilrniir.liiis. Nil. 17:1-'. Kml Ti-.joii Cal.; j.

The general i»roportions and structure of (his sju'cies are luore tho.se
of I'. t/!utinosi(s than of /'. rinercini, althimgli slenderer of body. In
lM»th tlieie are about fourteen costal grot»v«'s. Tiie outer digit in /*. in-
(munVim is neaily rudifneiilary, in.slead of luominent, as in the other
spe(!ies.

A distinguishing feature, when «;ompared with /'.(•//(<■/•< «,v, i.s found
in the fourteen instead of «'i;;liteeii cost.d j;rooves, (lie f<»re ami hind
limits iM'ing thus le.ss widely separated piopoitionally. The legs are
stouter and the digits much less weldu'd (scarcely at all in WxcX). The
third ami fourth toes esi»ecially aie much longer.

liMlejiendently of the structural pccnliai ilics I liml ik, thing in {\w
color to distinguis'ii this species from /*. rlnrrriis < fijlhronotnx,

Mtioiiti I iimiln. ill imliix.

lit'ii;;tli, itH'a.siircil aliiii;.' axi.s nl'
liiidv :

I'roiii .siiiiiit to j;ii|it!

riniii MKiiil III pillar Itiiil

I'roiii .siiiiiit toaniipil

I'llllll SIKHIt to jivo'wi

I'iciiii Miiilll to lii'liiijil anus -J. i:.

I'toiii Niioiit to fiid (it' tail ...

Tail

If. ail:

Willi li of licail .j;,

Width <if toii;;iii; i.-,

lii'lijrtli of toti;;iU3 ■.>|

.It

. I.'.

. iiri
. -II

:!. ti.'i
t..-.(i

Lt'iiH;(li oforltii,,
Difst,

. (i;i

llicc liftwecii eves aiitti i-

orly,

Uody:

( 'irciiliifi'lrlici' of lulls fO

I >i.'^tall^l■ lirfvstrii aiiii|iil and
;;ioiii 1. :..'■»

■fail:

llri;;ll( of tail W line lii;;ln'.sl . . 17

lii'i'.'iddi ol'lail wIktc lii^lii'st . . Ili

l.ii.iU.-:

i'ri'c |Hii tion of l(Mi;;fst linp'r. . . l»/
|-"roin flliow to tip of loii;;i'Nt

lin-.T :il

I'liM' |ioition of lonj;r.sl toe 11

{''loni klirc to tijiof jont^i'hl (or . I!7

Distance lict ween oiitst rrtclicd
•Iocs 1. JU

THE r.ATKAl.'lllA OK NOUIIl AMKUICA.

I'll llioiluit iiiltriiiii.liiiti, liainl.

147

Cat-iliii;iii'
uiimlici.

Nil III

SJUT.

1
1

473-'
OKI-)

l.iir.ili'.y.

I'lnt 'rr.jou, ('ill

I'll il ininrH, Viiiniiiivri
M.inil.

Willi f. . . 1 1 Natl I' o n)M!Ci-

1, . , 1' 111 I \v II II II rvi I . '

CO U'cicil. iit'ii.

.r. Xiiiitiis

Aldrii W. Hcvv.sDU ,

1 'r.viii'ot'dim'riii-
liiiii.

I Iiiive also this spccit's IVoin iit-ai' SaliMii, in tin; Willamette Valley,
(>re;;(Hi, HO that it prohalily (ktui's tlii'(Hi,i;h(ml theeiitiie I'acilie rej;ioii.

rLi;rii(»!»()N ck-assi^uis Cik-.

l'l;ili' lAWI, li;;. 1.
riiirird. Aniil-, l'llil(isi)|ill. Siu-., l"''^<), |i. .VJl.

'I'his speci.s lias a siipci-rnial leseiiihlaiu'e to the /*. orctjoiuitsis, but
its iiiaiiiloltl (lilVeieiH-es are easily |)ei'i;eive(l.

Tiie Wnm is (|iiite lolmsl, ami the head is larye, its width Koii.g into
th»; len!;tli to the thijuhs only live times. The tail is very much com-
pressed tVum the base, and is also shallow ; its length ecpnds the dis-
tanci' iVom ils iiaseto the ;4nlar Ibid. The le;4s are robust, but not very
Idiiu ; when a|»pressed to the side they Tail to meet by the lenj-th of the
posterior loot.

The t(>n,i;ne is lar,i;e, tilliu";' the Moor ot the month. The vomeropala-
tine teeth aie in two short series, which eonver};e backwards, without
coinin:; into eontael, IVom behind the internal eye of theduKune. The
pirasphenoid teeth are in a single undivided patch, which commeuucs
well behind the vomeropalatiiu-s. The maxillary and uiandibular teeth
iii'e minute.

i|-i|i5

^n

1 ,: V

•»--•

> '

3 5

I'lii. ■.W.—l'llli;,!,.,, .•i-,/sM((ii,v. Nil. '.HIT. CiiliCi.riiia;

^itf

e 7

'I'he hcMtl \ lewed from above is oval; in profile the mu//Ie is thick
and Iriineale, ami prtijeels beyond the mouth. Theedneof the lip is
.>li,uh(ly an^iilal*' below the iiar»s. The eye is lather larj;e, its length
etpialin.-; that of lli»' niuzzle. The distance bet\vn'n the nostrils isecpia
lo that between the bases of the e\elidsat their middles. The toes
are sIkui and fiee, (Uie iihaiaii^t- of the first difiit tm eacdi foot |>roJect-
\\\%. The ends uf the tiu's aie obtus«' and bulbiform. A yular foUl.
liMteral folds foiirleeii.

il

lilfl 1 1

148 BULLETIN 34, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Metxnitremi'iits of So. "J 147.

M.

im:>

Total leiif^lli y.^^

Lt-iigtli ol' lu'iid iiiid body '

Length to groin ^'^^^^^

Longth toiixilhi - • ;

Length to lino of rictus oris

Length to line of oy^i '

Length ot »ore-U<g ^^^.^^^

Length of Corefoot ' '

Length of hind leg "'

Length of hind loot ^^

Width of hciid ""'^'

Width hetweon eyes "•'"'-'•'

Colorabovc, iiiiifonn diuk redtlislibrowii ; below, imifonii li{>lit brown.
I liiive seoii but one siteciiiR'ii of this si)ecies, as follows: No. 9147;
California; Ih: J. G. Cooper, collector.

PLETIIODON OKEGOXEXSIS (liriinl.

Cope, Proe. Ac. I'hila., 1809, p. 100; lioulenger, ("at. Hatr. Orad. Hrit.
Mns., eil. II, iSrJ, p. .>!.

i:nx(iliiiti v>irhxrhoIt:ii, Gray. Cat. I5atr. (irad. Urit. Miis., ed. i, p. 4S (iter Triton lunnliix.

Escli.sch.).
Uircdia onuoiieiish, (lirtuil, I'roc. Ac. I'hiia., If'M, p. '-iXt, and II. S. Expl. Exped..

Her]... I'l. I. lig. IH-','."); Ktraiich, Salani., p. "ti; Hallow., I'roc. Ac. I'liiia , IH.'.t;,

p. 'J:!;').
rivthodon ciisaliiK, Cope, I'roc. Ac. I'liila., HOT, \k l(i7.

This species may be readily known by its relatively short and slender
tail, its lono;, weU-develo[)ed liinl)s, and wide head, as well as by il.>
delicate coloration.

The form of the body is rather depresse<l, with distinct head and tail.
The width of the head enters the lenj^th to the j;roin in the larj^est in
dividuals ~>.'SS times; in th().se of medium size, 4.a times; in the youii},'
of 17.") lines in length it enteis ;i.."» times. Costal folds II, the an
terior indistinct or wanting, the po.sterior nunx! than usually obliiiue, the
inguinal extending forwaids and upwards one si)ace in advance «»f the
originof the femur. The limbs appre.s.setl overlap, sothat the lingers reach
the bases of the tot^s. There is no vertebral groove. The tail is slightly
compressed, more distinctly so towards the extremity, and, what is excep-
tional and (!liar;i(;teristic of this spe(!ies and the /'. rroaatcr, most so in-
ferioily, leaving the nppi'r outline Hat for the pr(»ximal two-thirds the
length. The postorlntal fold is well marked and (Mtntinnes into the
traiisver.se fold of the tliroat. The head is oval, and without <!anthns
rostialis; the mn/./.U\ rather thick, and with a suinnfeiior truncation,
which is not so imirked as in J\ cnx-ntter. The. nostril is terminal and
nearer the orbit than the diameter of the ey»' li.ssnre. The latter enters
the width between the anteiior (ianthi of the smne !..'?.'{ times.

The inner nares are very small. The voineriu(^ arcs curve backwards

I

UK

nu
di^

mil
Th

<!OII
ri

(lev
loll'
litt
rior
wlii
litt
1-2-
Til

1

I

THE HATllACiriA OF NOFiTII AMERICA.

149

medially, and iioarly or (luite in contact. Tho i)t<,Mygoi(l patcbes com-
mence at some distance behind these. They are of usual breadth, but
diver^ife more posteriorly than in the species of the lirst section of the
jrenus, resembling thus many species of Spelerpes. Tlie teeth are very
minute, and are arranged in series directed backwards and inwards.
The tongne is a little more free than in P. ffbitinnsus, as the lamina
connecting the anterior and nie<lian points of support is «piite thin.

The inner toe in both i)air of limbs is (juite snuill, but free and better
developed than in P. f/lutlnofim. In the anterior i)air the third is the
longest; the second is a little shorter than the latter, aiul the fourth a
little longer than the lirst or inner one. The longest toe in the poste-
rior limbs is the third likewise, the fourth being nearly equal to it,
whilst the second is a little longer than the fourth, which itself is a
little more develoju'd than the lirst or innermost. Phalanges 1-2-3-2;
l_2_;{-3-2.

The skin is perfectly smooth externally, but on being examined under
the microscope it exhibits a nuvsh-work of little stellated mucous pores,
similar to those of Auto(1a,v liignbi-is, but proi)ortion!illy larger.

According to a sketcth from life made by Mr. Drayton, of the United
States l"^\pl()ring I"]xpedition, the ground color is milky white, with
crowded dots of reddish brown. On the si)ecimens preserved in alcohol,
however, the b()dy, head, and limbs are of a unifornj dark brown, lighter
beneath. Under a low magnifying power minute dots may be observed
vsciittered all over the surface. The <rolor would appear to vary sonte-
what. A drawing in the Smithsonian re<!ords, <'()Iored fnun life by
Samnels, represents the sides of head and body with lower snrface of
t.iil and anterior faces of limbs of a bright orange. This is the color of
living specimens which I have tak» i myself.

Fki. its. - I'lithdiloii <iir;i('iin>iiiii. No. irSOlfi. Biikcloy, Cnl. ; \.
Miiimnrmctila, in inclivn.

In. I.iii.

Lciif^tli

I.i-Il<rtll

Lt-nolli

L<MI<r|||
liCllJftll

Lriijfth

lilMl^tll
I,OIIJ,'tll

from snout to ^^iipc 5

IVoiii siuMil lo fjiihir fold y. !<

from snout lo axilla 12

fr<im Hiioul to o;roin '2 4

from snout lo mil of vent "J St. 2

from snout to end of tail I 10.2

of for." limit 10

of fon-foof .I.f)

of liinil iiinh 10. r>

of III nil foot 4.5

E

,1

\')

it
: 1

r',

ffl

I- M

In

let

4' t

" if I

i Ijj; !

150 lUJLLlOTIN 34, IJNITICO STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

111. l.lii.

Will til ol'sdlc oChiml loot ~-^

Wiilthoftiiil :••'

Wi.lllioflMHly ^-'j

Willi h oC Iioad (j,nviitc,st) •'■''

Width lifiwocii fxti'iiiiil iiiiiVH

Widlli lict wccii iiitcniul iniri's '•''

Tlii.s liiiiKl.soiiic spccit's woiiltl iippiMi'to lu' nor micoinidnii in ()r«'<;on,
I Ibiiml it ;il)iimliiiitl,v in ihc it'dwood (oicst at Russian liivcr, (!ali-
fornia. It.s »\v('s arc pioiiiiiii'iit and hcantiliil in lili'.

(lirai'd refem'd tliis .spc(;ic.s to a .ycnn.s wliicli lie called IhMcdia, and
as it appears to ine without reason, as I can liiid no cliaracteis liy wliicli
to distin.i,niisli it IVoin I'lelhodon. \)v. Mivait inl'oinicd me that tliis
species was labeled as identical willi tiie Triton cnstdKs Kscli. in tlie
llrilisli Mii.seiiin, and i»resiiininj;' on lln^ accnrac.v of tlie det<'iinination
I called it /*. eusatxs. On examination of his (i<>iircs I find liiat ilsciis-
cholt/Zs animal is very dillerent, perhaps .ucnerically so, and i>rol»al>Iy
worthy of reference to a {jentis I'^nsatina, in accordance with Dr. (iray's
cataloiiue of tlie IJritish Mn.senm, a coarse followed I»y Dr. Uonleno'cr.

{{(•sides specimens in Mnsenmoflhe IMiiladelphia .Academy and l-'ssev
Insfitiite, and my own «!al>inet, the following have come nnder my ol»-
siM'vaMon :

I'lillitxUiu tirfijiiiii iisis (;ii<l.
lUCsr.uvK si:i;ii:>.

' r »

p

Ciitiilntno N'o. Ill

iiIm'I'.

H|iec.

XI II II I

1

•ICIIll

:i

7(L'.'

I

•IIIII4

.1

liis.'l

1

IlliMCiJ

•J ,

U7!t:i

2 ;

i

l.iiialil V.

WI..11

fdllciinl.

Kliplii wliiiiii iiTrivril.

Mdiitoirv. Cal CnilicM

I'llfli'l Sidinil. Oli';;iill .. . III. I ' 1;. Ki'llMi'liv

ilii (• I! l; K. I'M.ih

I'l-tiilimiii, (.'ill I M. SiiiiiiirU

(J;ilil'miii:i I''.»4 .1. S. .VihIk iin

Hcikilcv.Ciil
I'iif;('t Soiiiiil..

ls«t

I'LF/nioDON ('I{0('i:ati:i.' copr

U. Iv C. StraiMs

W. llia.vtiiii

Natiiii' (il'siH'cl-
null.

Alriiliiilii'
Do.

Ho.
ii.>
ii».
Ho.

Uo.

rror(>(>d. Ac. Xiit. Sci. I'liila.. iSiT, p. -Jlo, /. ,■.. HC'.i, p. |iH: Stniiicli,
Siiliim. ji./il ; lloiilnij;iT, Cat. l!atr. (Ir.id. Hril. Mils., nl. ii. Irts.', ji. .'>,',.

The largest sjteeies of the jicnus, and one of the ".lost oiiiamented of
the Aiiieri(^an salamanders.

In primary features this species is near the /'. ortfioyinisis (lirard
havinj;' the altachmeI^t of the toncne aloiin' the median line (piite nar-
row, and a very narrow free margin in front. 'Ihe jialatine teelli form
two lonjj transverse .separated ar(;s, which aic directed more poste-
riorly at their median than extcri(»r extremity, the latter e.xtendinj;' far-
ther ontside the outer mar},nn of Ihe inner nar(>s than the Iran.sverse
diameter of the same, Th(> tail is snltcvlindrical and slender: conr

THE nATRACniA OF NORTH AMERICA.

15i

■

' r »

pressed and narrowed in seiitiou below. No prominent glandular ag-
glomerations or pores. Only three jdialanges in the fourth toe.

Form of head peculiar. It is very broad, with straight converging
maxillary outlines and truncate muzzle; upper surface nuich narrowed
on nuizzle; loreal regions plane, very oblique; canthus rostralis not
miirked. Maxillary outline oblicpiely spread at and behind orbits,
where it is exceeded by the projecting margin of the mandible. Ante-
riorly, and at the end of the nui/.zle, it [>roje(!ts considerably beyon<l man-
dible. Muzzle truncate in i>rohU^; a slight euiarginaticni at middle of
premaxillary Ixu'der, and a groove on vm'.U side of it on inferior pro-
jecting ftice of lip. Nares terminal, some distance above the angulatioii
of the lii>, continued below in a groove, which bifurcates near lip mar-
gin ; the posterior line exti'iiding a short distance, the anterior to the
median ennirgination separating the anterior from the inferi.n* plane of
the muzzle. Kyo. large, not very prominent; its anterior canthus well
in front of ndddle of Jaw, and 8e|)arated one diameter from nostril and
1.5 from the other eye.

No f'^ld acaoss front angle to angle of mandible, but the gular, pnro-
toid, and postoibital grooves well marked. Costal grooves indistinct;
!.'{. Skin everywhere very smootii.

Tail longer than head and body by the length of the mouth. Width
at (Mirves of niiiiidible 4.0 times in length to groin. Extremities slen-
der and long; when pressed to the si<les the lingers extend to the heel.
Length of wliole fore lind» 2.7-j times in length to groin. Inner tinger
very sunill, half the length of the fourth; third longer than second.
Sole narrow ; longer than longest toes. Inner toe less than half the
tifth; third a tritl(> longer thiin fourth; s(>cond much longer than tiftii.
Lower leg .7"» thigh to groin.

Patches of parasphenoiibd teeth, two in conta<^t anteriorly, well
separated front palatines. All the teeth minute, mnnerous, acute
cylindro c(uii«'. Tongue with ratlu'r straight lateral and posterior out-
lines.

(\)1(M' tlu'oughout pitchy itbick, fading into bright red orange below ;
limbs orange, a blackish cross baiul below tlie knee. A large red-
orange si»ot on «>acli paroroid region, and tbursniiiller, irregular, similar
spots on the body to base of tail on each side of and near the vertebral
line. A pair of orange spots at base of tail and a distant seiies on the
upper face of the tail.

Ilesides the type, a specimen of this species was obtained at Cape St.
Lucas, in Lower CaIiforui;», and I have seen om^ from near San Diego, at
the northern end of that peninsula. As the typical specimen was
ifouiid at Fort Tejon, Cal., the range (»f the species is extensive.

HH

l-jl

I !■

t .

J

IfyJ ni]u.i:TiN .M, uNiTi:i> s'I'ati.s national mi skum.

Miaxiniiiii iil-^, ill iihliin.

III. Liu. In. Lin

Lci)i;tli: lli'iiil — (Jontiniitd.

M«!a.siire(liiIoii};iixisnflioil.v- .' 11 |j Dist.'uicf lift ween itiiicr ims-

Froiii Hiirtiit lo j;:i|if (on ' trils 'J

front.) •'■' '•'■•''I-'

From snout to j,nil;ii- l'<il<l "^ | lli'it;iit of tiiii wliiTc lii,nlic.st

From snout to !irnii>il 1 . "•'> lircinllli

From ."iuont to}j;roin - -^ IJinlis:

Free |iortiiHi of loners! (iii-

'J. 5

From .snout to center ot ;ni;il

slit

Heu.l:

Wi.ltiiorlieail

WiiltlioCtoii^riic

Leiifftli of orliit

Distance Itefvvcen eyes .'in-
teriorly

Di.stnnri^ lietweeii outer nos-
trils

1. ')

II. /.;
;!. 7."

From elliow to tip of loiij;est

'■'llifer 7. •.'."

I''iei' portion of loii;jest toe.. 'J. 7ri

From liiiee to tip of lon|!;est

1 1 le H. ,"i

nist.ince liet wi'cil ontslrtMeli-

I'll toes M '1.1

No. 4701 ; oii('.siu'(!iiiHMi : Kort Tcjoii, CmI.; .loliii Xaiitus,
;->TI';i;i:()CillLlIS Vn\n\

Churacicr. — Toiis'iic attaclicd alono- tin' mt'diaii line to \\\v aiilnior
iiiiir^tii; toes l-"*; prciiiaxillaiy l)()iit'.s (•iiiilliiciit, witli a .siiii|)|»> .spiiu',
witlioiit fontaiK'llt'.

Tliis oeims isreincsciitcd l).v Itiit one species ol llie aiistioripariaii «lis-
ti'ict of the iioarctic; i'(';iii)ii. It is cvidciilly oi'atpiatii! Iialtits, iiml is oi
larvaliko proportions and appcaiMiicc, but lias tiie craiiiiiiii (iill.v <!«'
veloped and in some respects more .solidly than its allies. In tin' only
skeleton I liave examined the prelrontal is jncsent on one side and
wantiii}? on the other. The premaxillary l)oneislike that ol nesmo<,Mia-
thn.s, while the toniiiie is slightly (Veer than in IMethodon. The species
exhibits weak extremities. It is Inmi southeast (Jeorj;ia, and is (piite
rare.

Costal ])lie:i', 17; i'liinL;;;te. Iieail narrow, wiiltli more tli;ii. .■-even times to
;;roin, iiioie tlian twiee to a\ill,i; no eantlins rosiiali--; l.iil conipre.sseil
from (lase, liiMie '. ; -.iiall; pale yellow, browti lineil S. iiianjiiiiiliis.

STKIJF.ncHILtl.S MAKCINATI'S Ilallowell.

rseiidolrilnii iuuriiiiintiix Hallow., Pr(>eeccl. Ae. N,it. Sei. I'liila.. Ifrifi, p. i:!(t.
.S/ic/iryx'.f mar<iiiintiis Slrancli, Salam., i), 8:{; I!oiileiij;er, Cat. Matr. (ir.iil. iSiil. Miis.
eil. II, I--,', p. (11.

This is a well-marked and peculiar species, tuid not iieariy allied to
any other. The head is more tlian usually clonfj^atc, Wsth piojectin^', Hat,
trniieate muzzle. The K^'t'eral dimensions o! the reail are small : the
interorbital space is narrow tind nearly plane, its wiiltli betwciMi tiie an-
terior cauthi of the orbits not <piite 1.5 the lony;itudiiinl diameter of tlio

eyi

liai

'J

pla

dist

tral

liiix

nos

side

The

free

a na

are

exte

mea.'>

Tin; batkaL'Iiia of noktii a.mhuica.

laa

eye. Both iii)per and lower pali»ebiie are transparent, a feature pecu.
liar to til is species.

Tlie pores of tiie skin are large and on all the upper surfaces closely
placod ; on the sides more distantly. The mucous p(U'es on the head are
distinct and larjie. They form a douhle seri«is along the canthus ros-
tralis, ami a snigle one ahove the orhir, which turns round the latter be-
hind, and is conf'inued b'dow it and along the side of the muzzle to the
nostril. A series of similar large i)ores extends along the middle of each
side, one a little in front of the median point of the intercostal spaces.
Tiie tail is compressed fnun the base, and not elevated ; it carries a strong
free dermal border along the median line aboveon the distal two thirds;
a narrower dermal margin exists on the inferior distal half. The limbs
are short and weak, but the digits are well developed. The posterior
extended forwards measures If) intercostal intervals; the anterior
measures backwards 4i of the same, counting the axillar. The jdia-
langes nuMd)er on the posterior feet \-2-',i-',i-2; on the anterior, 1-2-3-2;
the terminals are (piite acuminate, especially behind, where in one indi-
vidual they have a slightly corneous sheath. Tiiere are 17 costal folds
and an axillar space. The tail is not annulate.

The rictus of the mouth measures nearly the diameter of the eye
behind it. The tongue issmall and free all round, cxceptat the anterior
margin and along the median line to the glossohyal pedicel. The
vomeiine teeth exteiul behind the nares in two series, which are con-
vex posteriorly; they approach each other as though at an angle
directed anteriorly, and then suddenly curve backwards and form the
pterygoid series. These are more slender and more nearly approxi-
mated than in any other species, and consist ea(!h of but one row of
teeih to th(^ point where they begin to diverge; /. c, near the posterior
|)art of th(^ globe of the eye. They do not diverge widely and exhibit
but a few scries of teeth.

' H

1 i!-'.

^

V. !!

>'

^4

Pin. 36. Stfrrochilu* marginnhu. No. 3907. Goorgiiii J.

The color is a deli(Mte yellowish-brown, with numerous brown lines
interspersed, which form several dark bands along the side. A nar-
row dark line extends from the orbit to near the axilla. A narrow
yellow line, brown-bonlered above and below, extends from axilla to
groin. The tail, belly, and gnlar region are closely brown-8i)ecked;
similar specks occur on the sides of the hea<l behind. The ground color
of the belly is yellow.

.;

i^:

W-

t

m

164 HlII.M:TI>f :M, UXITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

.liidl mruHuremenU.

U.

From iii;i//;li- to iiiilciior (•Miilliiis t-yti ■ "<'-'

From mii/./lc to rii'liis oris '

Fr Ill II //Ic to II xi Mil

From iiiii//li' to ;,'ioiii '•''*;

From mn//lr to |io.s|rrior nijirfj;iii vent "j'lti

From imiz/lc to cml of (nil "''-I''

Lciij;lli foiv limli '"""_

I-iMi«tli foiv-toot "<'■-'"»

LtMijjIh himl liml. "'"^

[.ninth liiiiil foot "04

Width lift ween fxtcniiil niircs WOl

Wiiltli liffwccii iiiti'nial riarcs , "'•!

Will til lii'twccii caul li us oris <"•••

Willi li lii'twciMi I i-ri at axilla •''•■-'7

Width licrwi'cii ffiiiora at ;^i(iiii ""•'•'»

TIlis i)('(!iilijii' siil;miiiii(l('r is |>iol»iii>l.v aqimtiti in its liiil>its. Tliis is
iiidiciitcd In- tlu^ (!(>iiiinv>s('(l liii like tiiil and the transparent |»al|U'-
hviVi. It is (|nite ole},'iiiit in its coloration. Nothing is known of its
iiabits, as it is as yet very rare in colhH'tions. IJcsidos thi' type siuicn-
nicn of llallowcll in tlic .Miisenin of the Academy Natural Sciences, I
have only seen the I'ollowinji-:

No, 3!tt»r; two specimens ; (reurjjia; Dr. Joseph J<nie8.
(JYKINOPIIILUS Cope

Proicid. Arail. I'iiila., Hii'.l, i». I118.

Toiipfiie snpporttMl oidy hy the s'l*>ssoliyal |)edi(!el, holetoid ; craiiinni
tally ossified, the jiremaxillaiy hoiu's remaining; «listinc,t and enihracino;
a fontanelle. J)ij;ils entirely distinct, 4-.").

This geinis is distin},niislied from Spelerpesjin act;onnt oftlie marked
pe(!iiliarity of the premaxillary hone, in wliich it resembles IMetliodoii
rather than the first named. Uiit inie species is as yet known. It has
u siiperfi(!ial resemhlaiice to tin' Spclvrpcs ruber, hut dillers in .several
osteoloftical peeiiliarilies. Its misal bones iire well separated, and the
pi()(>ti(;s(piamosal crests are peculiar. Tho anterior or proiitii! crest is
short, distinct, and carved inwards und backwards; that on the proxi-
mal extremity of tlu^ squamosal curves towards it, but leavi's si consid
eraitle intersjiace. This is occnpi(>d by two os.seous processes, like two
teeth of a comb. In S. riihcr the anterior crest only is pn'sent, and
forms a rectaii«!,le, tln^ anterior liiidi beinjjf transverse and the anj-le in-
wards. Tiie nasal bones also are in conta<;t across the prennixillary
spines.

The type of the fienus remains for a more than usmilly long period in
the larval condition, and Just before its metamorphosis is jjenerally
identi(!al in its osteoloojical (iharacfi'rs with the jjonus Neeturns, except
in the absence of the intercilary bone, and tho number of posterior
digits.

X

»

Tri
.(-

Slirl
Sjii I,

TIIK IJATRACIIIA <)l>' NORTH AMERICA.

155

CoNtiil i)li(ii' Ki. Head wido, widlli li's!#tliiui seven tiiiu-H to uroiii, not over twico to
aNillii; » hIi'diij; etintliiis roMti'ali.s; tail roiiiideil at tlio liaso, not linncil; liir^o;
unifonn |inr|>Ie-j;r,i.v aliovo 0. porphjiyilicii'f.

i

(JYRIXOl'IIILUS I'OUI'IIYUITICUS Given.*
(^ope, Troceetl., Ae. I'liila., \^t\0, p. lo,-j.

Siiliniiamlra pnrphnritica, Green, Contr. Macliii. li.vc, i, l>*'27, ji. '.\, PI. 1, Cig. 2.
SdliiiiiiiiKlnt HHlmoiini (Storer), Ilollir., N. A. Ilerp., v, p. :i;{, I'l.H; De Kay, N. Y.

Faun., Kept., p. TC. I'l. HI, li;,'. :«•.
Tiiloii itiiriilijirilhiiH, llolln-,, /. c, \t. H:t, I'l. "Jf^.
I'l^tiiilonilDii HalnioiiniH, .Journ. Ae. I'liila. ("il, I, p

•JM7

Hallow., I.

IV, p

:m7

.liiihlijiliiiiKi snliiiDiiiiiin, Miiiii. i,V' l!ilir., |>. IK).
Sjii liviK's siilmniinis, SIraneli, Salam., p. h;!.

S/irlr

7"

niiiininifti,

(!ia\, Cat. Mafr. (irad. Miit. Mns., e.l. I, p. K!

.s'/i(7( )-y»( s .' iiDyiilijiiiliiii, ill., ihid.

.s'/)(7«i'/i(.'* tiitrphjiiiHrii'i, l>iiiilen;;er. Cat. liatr. (iiad. Mrit. Mils., ed. ii, IKSv', i>. (14.

Tlii.s \\\H\ sjM'cit's of .siiliiiiiaiKli'r li;is an cloitfiatt'd and .sU'iidcr body,
iiiiK'li depressed III roil jiiioiif-, witli very little eoiistiietioii at the neek,
and (he tail lapeiinj;' very inqH'r('e|>til)ly Croin the body. TIh' skin is
siii<M)th and vory slippery, tnery where under tlu^ lenssho\vin}«' appproxi
mated shallow pits, hut no indication of glands. As nearly ns can be
asju'itained the ixires of the head are as in Spfh'rjus nihrr.

The head is Hat, depressed, and rather wed}>«' shaped, the whole u|)per
part to the mn/./le bein<;^ nearly in one plane. The niM//.le is promi-
nently and bi'oadly lriiiu;ate, thon;;h a little roiindetl. The sides of tln^
head are aliniptly oltliipic and also ipiite piano, the <'aiithns rostralis
lieiny; very slron;^ly marked as an an<;ular rid^jfc e.vl i liiiij forward
outside the nostrils to the edj;*^ of the jaw, where it lorins a sli^^ht
and obtuse proJe<'tioii. This rid;;e is further indicated by a lioht line
(always present) I'rom the anteriiu- anj^ies of the eye aloii;; its summit
to the niar.uin of the jaw; the two nearly parallel. The nostrils .send a
narrow I'm row from their outer extremity down this rid^e.

The lower edoe of the upper jaw viewed from before is (loiicave, being
bounded on ea<di side by the rid^e Just mentioned. Tlu're is no well-
delined cirrus however. The side view of the lower ed.i!;e of the upper
jaw is also con<'ave. The upper Jaw pr»»jects larj;ely over the lower,
most so anteriorly.

The eyes are lar};'eand prominent, distant anteriorly about «)ne and a
half len^-lhs of the orl>it ; the external nostrils one orbit len.iilh apart;
the inner less than this. The latter are very minute. Tiie touffuo is
circular, entirely (ree, pedicellate, and j^n'atly protractile.

Theteelh are much as in Sprlcrpr.s riihrr; tho. parasphenoidal bauds
perhaps rather narrow.

The body is rather vermiform, beinj;' of equal si/,(^ throu*;ho(it, uuich
depres.scd, with a furrow fiom nap«' to above anus, where the tail risi ;
into a sharp rid^f, which continues to I he tip. There are sixteen distinct

l'late:tn, (ij^. t;; :f.t; :tl, li^rs. I-I; X., «};. (1; .«(», Ii;,'. :{; \>*, Ii

i:t.

^M

lij

'5

•J

t-t--.

PC

I 1

m

li

III '

IftG BULLETIN :U, HXITKI) SIATI'-S NATIONAL MUSKUM

costal fiiiTows, oxd^l(lin^' an axillary oiic, and livo pelvic. Similar fur-
rows ran In- traced to the tip of the tail. Tlie tail is (juadrate at the
base, with ronnded anj-les, broailer than hi-;'!!, but becomes more and
more compressed to the tip. The limbs are feeble and widely separated.
The di^'its all distinct, but small ; the lirst rather riidinicntary.

In alcohol mature individuals of smaller size are of a lij;hl brownish-
red on the baitU, the sides and itenealh pile reddish salmon t'olor. The
sides of body and tail, however, and to a less extent the back, are closely
covered by a coarse, indistinct reti(!uIation or network ol" rather dark
brown, showinj? the li;.jliter -iionnd color in tlu^ areola', and <!onvcyin<,'
the impression of rathei- oblon.i- lij;hl spots. Tlie under parts are
jjenerally immaculate, tliou.;;h larjic spiMtimens are sometimes fiindy
sprinkled with dusky. There is always a li<;ht line from the eye alonj^-
the can thus to thecdj-e of t!ie upper Jaw; those of opposite sides parallel.
With iiicreasin;;' aji'e liie icticulation of the. sides be(!onu's obscured
by theextension of the ^rouml color of tlu^ i)a('k over the sides and Jie
•fading (tut of tlu! dark markinjjs. Tlier<' is, however, j,M>nerally a dull
(iloudiuH' (»f darker and a. faint indiiiation (»f the light spots, especially
on the lower part of the sides.

This species dilfers from tSiKlrrpiH nihcr in many details of external
fiU'iii — the more vermifoiin and depresse<l body; inoi'e widely separateil
fore and hind legs; oiu> more costal furrctw ; the more depressed, nu)r(^
truncate, and broader head; larger eyes; prominent ridge iVoin eye eon-
tinned to margin of upper Jaw. etc., not to nuMition the diU'creniie in
coloration. To S. r. Jhirissiiii lis it is related l»y the |Motuberan(U's on
the upper jaw on each side the muzzle, iuit these are less pi-onnnent. The
tifteen costal groovesandsiiai'ply detined idaek sp(»ts without reticulation
on the sides distinguish the former.

A specimen from (Icoigia (I7l(i) dilfers in a more slender shape, and
in having dark, horny tips to the digits, as in tli<' afpiatic Audilystonue,
as if having lived in a drier region than usual. 'I'herc are only lifteen
costal grooves to be distinguished.

Flc;. :i7. thiriiKiiihlliix j,(irjili:irltifiiK No. :i:i74.

Miiixiifi nil }iin iif All. :!*ri(/, ill iiiiii(n.

LfiiiKtli, incMsiin'tl iiloii^r axis of l-iii;;ili, cic.— CoiiliniK-i).

'""'y ' I'nilii Mioiil lo;;i'iiiii

From HiioiK to ^rap,. lo . I''ioiii .snout (o ln'liin,! aiiiiH.

FroiiiHiioiil to,..,iil;ir Col.! h() i From .snout (d rii.l of tail . .

F"oni Hiiout to iirmpK L lo | 'I'iijl

.'< JO
4.10

y. '10

> »

J

THK IJATKAC'llIA OK NOUTII AMKRICA,

157

ra'

i

4 »

Ikutl : .

Wiiltliofli.-atl .")

Widdi (iftitiitriit) ','.">

litllKlll ol'olliit 'ii)

niNtiUict! butwcfii eyes aiitt'ri-

oily :io I

Pistanci) Iwtwt'cii outer nostrils. .'-'1
J)istaiicf iM'twfoii inner nostrils. . l'>

Body :

('ircninli'i't'iicc of liclly 1,8")

Dislanco between arinpil ami
Uroin ii. 'Jii

Tail :

lloi^lit of tail wliere hinhesl 40

Breadth of tail where hi)j;h(>st.. . :ir>

Linihs :

Fret) portion of ion;;est linger.. . 14
I'roni elhow *.<) tip of lon<rest

(in;;er 45

l'"ree portion of lonf^esl toe U>

l''roni kneo to tip of longest. to(<. , (iU
Distance hetween outstretelied

toes !.!»(»

lleijjht of body '>!

Wi.llh t,'»

TIkt' (^iiu he VitiW tloiiWt tliiit, its ISiiinl has sn;;'^est('(l, this is [Uv.
Stilinmnnlni lutrphnrith-n of (lii'eii. Tho aii^iihitioii and paUM;(>h>r of
(he. ••aiithiis rostralis is dcsca-iht'd acuaifati'ly as well as tlie cohn" (tC the
hody. Tlic hirj^o hirvii, \ iiicluis h>iij>', is only rt-fiTahle to this spcrics.
')^\\{}. Chonihotus iitkrontomuH, \\\\W\\ llolhrook inid IlaMowtdl have iiii-
ajjiiiiMl to he. (Irccii's species, is not iiiditrated hyGfeen's des(riiptioii.
It is not so hiij-c, lias not the eanthns r(»stral;.', thi^ hiiva is very small,
and the eoloiatioii is (piite dillerent. (lieeii's limine represents it well,
tlioii<rh \hi' AitihljisloiiKi j('())}:soniiini(mi>u I lie same plate is represented as
larirer — a relation of size tlui reverse of what nsnally holds in ntitiire.

Tliis is tlieoidy one of oiir I"]astern salamanders wliitrh ttttempts ^elf-
defense. It snaps liereely, hiil hai inlessly, and throws its body into (Con-
tortions //' tcrrontii. It prefers tlie (M)olest ioealities thron<4;lnmt the
Alle>;liaiiy mountain n',i;ion,from New Vork to Alahama. It isaipnitic,
bn' jirefers the still waters of swamjis or sprin,i;s to riinnin<^ streams.
Il is (tomnion in tlie region wlieinH' (Irecii procured it, while C. micro-
atomus is rare, if e.visliii;; at all.

ft •• I

m

W

Uiiriiiiipliiliin j>(ivi)hijni\('U8 (ircen.
liKsr.Kvio s!;i;ii:s.

> ; »

(,'.ll;llip-llc .Nil. el'
Iilllllbil. .-llcf.

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aritU
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l.erulily.

(^iirlisle, I'a

(1..

('iniiiiiiiMhiM uh, I'a
ruNliiM^li, I'a ...
M.M.Ivilli', I'a ....

Ciiliimlms, Olili)

Cailiilr, I'll

Wlini
•olIiTlid.

iMOM, whom .ocivoii. , ^""'i',;; ",'■"•"-'"'•

1S71 I'liii". S. t". r.aiiil MiiiliDJii-.

I'lixlilUUJI, I';

....III

.1 1)1. .1. (iiirii

, I'rivf. S V. liairil

. 1 I'liilcHsiir Williaiiis

. I'liil'. Il, 1,1'Wiiik'H'Iix

. i I'liil. S. 1'". liainl

1

|>|M

•lam

<lii

i;icflii)riiii'.;li, ( i

LiiiiUiiiit Moiiiilaiii.'l'LMiiii Mar. — , ISSl; : W. II. Vi

.Allium. iarli, .\. V

(Jiilaiiibia, S. 0

S. I'. liainl ,
K. Samiicl.-i.

Alilii

. S. C

1 !(

('arli-.!.', I'a.
0

1)1-. (iriirijH II. Miiraii,
r. S. A.

\M\ ItaiT.'tt

I'lof. S. !■'. liaird

(')

j Mi'rtilvillc, I'a I I'rofi'ssor Williaiiia

il<]

I

|J|)|iiT (iuor};i;i ...I Dr. W. L. JunvH.

Ill I.

Do.
l>o.
Do.
Do.
l)i>.
Do.
Dii.
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Do.

Do.
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l;j.S miLLi:HN :il, IIMTKD .SIATKS NATIUNAI. MII.SKHM.

i'n.riT.I. .\-. N.il. S,i. I'liilii., isil'.i, i>..-l(il; Itoiilciij;.-!', fat. IJalr. (iia.l.
Ill it. Mil .,.m1. II. I-^-.'. p. '■:

Ton-lie liri- iill iouimI, huli'K.i.l. To.-s l-l. Piiriclal bones o.s.siHc.I,
iind witlioul roi:tiiii«'ll<'. Piviiiii\ill:iiii'sc(Mi.s,sili(Ml.

This "iciiiis omIv (lilUTs ridiii S|H'U'riM.'.s in the nlrsi'iicc ol'ii ili;;it IVom
the ImimI loot, .sliiiulin- Ihiis in the .siiiiie ivlatioii (o it thiit lleiiiMliiet.v-
Ijiini does to rietho.h.ii. Its t.vpieal speeies was i'oniieil.v jelene.l to lla-
tiaelio.scps, l>iit, liesides tlie yreat dilVeieiiee in the tongue, the latter
lias a parietal I'.iitaiielle and laeks the prefrontal hone. The latter
piiiiit is iiidieated b.v lOseliselioltz in his atlas. In the pre.seiit jicnus that

bone is pre.sont.

The, two speeies as vet known have a limited distrilnition. Tliev are
the smallest Nnitli Ameiiran salamanders.

They are distiii;;iiislied as follows:

Tail Hliiiit, comiticsMMl; l.ody .slioilcr I'.V lin^'lli i>l' tcnmi ; lila.k, Niilrw ii;;ii(

M. n iiiil'tr.

rklnl

Tail .sii'inlcr, c.vliiKlrif; ImhIv Ioiujit ; iim/./lf lnnadfr; ullnwi'-Ii. ,i (Inisolalcial
luown l.aii.1 '^ <iii,i,lri<li;iil,tliix.

(

of

wh

l.t'll
l..'l
l..'ll

l.rll
l..'ll

l.cli.:

I..'li<

l.i'iU

l.ni

\Vi.

\Vi.

Wi.l

X

ill' l!

1 :

I

MAN'L'i:i.is i;i:Miri:i{ vo\n:

Ki'pt. I'falMiilN Ac.Sali'iii, l"^ i'.t, p. ~l ; li.)iil.iij;(M, Cat. I'.ali. (iiad. Brit.
MiiH., <(l. II. !"■'•,', p. 7il.

Ill this small salamaiKler the leii;>tli to tln' foie limlis Mitels that bi'-
tweeii the limbs but little over twice, iiidieatiiij;' a less slender lonii than
in the »S'. tiiKdlriilii/ittdiis of eipial size. The head is an eloii,i:ate oval,
its width enti'i'inj"' tin lenj;tli to tlu^ ;;ioiii nearly seven times. There
are si.xteeiM'ostal folds, ineliidiii;^ the axillar, and these are eontiniu'd
upwards to near a median <Ioisa1 ;>:roove. The tiill is deep anti Hat and
marketl with the liiteial intermitseiilar ;;i'ooves, besides a stionj; median
f;roov(! above. The latter j;ives way to a low fin on the distal half of
the tail.

The limbs aie slunt and weak. The posterior extends lorward o\ t'l'
si.x jii'ooves iind half an interspace, the anterior ov»'r live and one-half,
inclndin*;' the axillar. The tinkers an^ slender; tlu^ interior on both
limbs (;uite short, though (listiiicl.

The vomerine teeth are in the two usual series, which are more pos-
teriorly directed thiiii is iisiiai. The paraspheiioid patches cease far be-
hind the lirst iinntioned, and a' ■ in narrow, very convex biiishes,
\vlii(th are distinct from each othi'r thioiij;liont their leiij;tli. The ton;,Mie
is eloiif^ato oval.

The color is black above and dark brown below; the black extends
downwards iind nearly meets round tin; uw.k belov . The lower part

'^^km '^ .

~i

I

X

TIIK UATliACIIIA ol' NOKIII A.MKKH'A. 159

of tliii si«U>.s of tlic lit'utl, body, aiitl bii.sal tliinl of tail are <l(i8ted fliiu
wliitu (lots.

MiiiHiin mi nl».

M.

Li-ii^th, uxiiil, I'rniii cikI of iini/zlc lo rictus mis nn ;7ri

I. I'll >r III, axiiil, tVtiiii I'liil tit' iiiii//,lo III ii\illii iiii-<ii

I.i'iij;lli, iiNiiil, rniiii ('Mil III' III II /./.lo 111 j^ioiii (ivi7

l.i'ii|;lli, ii\iiii, I'l'iiiii criil til' iiiii/./.li< III I'liil lit' vi'iil II.!

l,i'li;jlli, lixiiil, r •' t'llil <it'iilil/./.li) In rml nl' lail (l.'iS

I.i'iifil li 111' riiid 1 1 mil (HiriT'i

Lili;;lli of I'liii' riinl {»)■'

l,rii},'lli 111' hi ml limli IK (7

I,ci|i,Mli iil'liiriil fiiol (M)'^H

Willi li iit'lii'iiil (MKii

Wiillli i.riiiiily (lOlJJ

Willi li i.l'lail UU.>

Only one. spt'ciiiicii of this Npocit's li:is (Miinr iiimI*t my olisiTvatioii.
It was I'oiiml liy C .1. Mayiianl, of Sali'iii, .Mass., at .lacksdiivillc,
Kla., in l"\'l»iiiaiy, l>ii;!>. || Is pit'scrvcil in tliii iiiiist'uni of liic Pea-
body Aradi'iiiy of Scii'iMM's, wliicii insiitiilion It-nl it to iiic lor dftcrini-
natioii.

l''roiii till* t'onn of tlit> lail it is piobalily a more aijiiatic animal than
its roiijLiriu'r M.^iKiiilriilifiiliilKs, .\\\tl W {\tv s|n'fniH'ii in- an avci'a;:^ ony
it is not ((iiitc s(» diminiit ivc.

MANCI'l-l'S (,it AI>i:il)|(;ii'At'fS III. ,1.1.*

('ii|M-, I'n.iiTil. \i\ I'liihi., I'll',!, |.. im , li..iilrii>;i r, CjI. It.ilr (Jiiiil
Itiit. Mils., 111. II, I--,', p. "■'..

.N'i(/(()ii(i»i//(i l//lll(//'i(^■.(/(^(/||, lli.llii., N. A. Ilrr|.., \, \i, li.".. I'l. '.M.

JlalriKlioniiis iiiiailriilii/iliilns, Hainl, .li.iini. .\c. I'liila. (•-'), I, |.. '.'-T , .si i:ii((li, Salaiii.
].. ».".; (irav, Cat. iSalr. (ir.nl. I'.iil. .Mils., nl. i, \>. \>.

This inli'i't'stin;;- s|u'(',i('s is amoii.i;' the least, if not tin* very smallest, of
Ameiieaii salamanders. It is mileh like .S'y>r/rcy>r,v /;/////( (f^(.s- in iieiienil
aiip<'iiranee, lint is still sleiideier, and with lunger di.s;its.

I can see nolhiiij;' distiuelive in the head. «'.Keept that the pedieel-
late tongue is veiy lar;;(', oval, elongated elliptieal, nearly twice as
loii.i;' as wide, and lilliiiuf the interspace of the lower J iw. The teeth
appear as in S. hilliittdiis. Tlie head is narrower than in tliis species.

The body is cylindrical, depre.s.scd, with liftccn costal furrows; a six
tcLMith would lie in the axilla, lint can mil be traced. The separation of
the liinlis varies consideralily ; in the lar^^cst specimen the distance from
snout to a.\illa is contained nearly three and one-half tiiiu's in that to
j;roiii ; in others hardly .'5 times.

The tail is slender, subqnadran;;iilar, and lon<,'er tiiaii the rest of tho
animal.

'J'he di,i;its are iein;tlieiied and slender; tho loiifjest to« <!Oiitained
about two and one half times in the distance from knee to tip. The inner

• riali"J7, liiis. .-.-7: :!."., li-. I'.>.

'i i\

1 •

«it;

Ill '

ri

IGO lUILI.KTIN 3i, IMTKI) STATKS NATIONAL VHSKl'M.

toe is eiitiivly wamiiiy, without a trace of it beiug lelt. Tliere are thus
but four (lif^its to each limb.

W^ ^ ' lA M //) 2 G y

< 4 3 6

Fio. 38. JliiiifiilKii iji(ii<tri(li:iil(itiiii. Ni>. 31HI4. AMiivillf, S. C. ; i, [.

TIk! coloration n'seml)U'.s that (tf S. hiliiicatti. Then^ is a broad red-
dish or brownisii yellow dorsal stripe from hea«l toeiid «)f tail, bounded
oil each side I».v a narrow (hirii line extending- from the eve, fadiii'''
jjiadiially olf below. The sides are closely dotted oi' mottled with
brownish dots, the dark line leferred to beiii;;- merely a closer ananye-
iiient of the <lots. The uii ler parts an- whitish in iilcohol, linely mot-
tled or dottccl like the sides, but less closely :iiid more indistin^Miishably.
Tlu^ median line of the belly is generally immaculate. Theie is almost
always a narrow lij^ht line on the sid*- from the fore to hind le,i;s.

The lifi'ht dorsal stripe is <;»'i:eially nioi«' or less dotted with brownish,
sometimes with a teinlency to a median strip '.

In one specimen the sides iirc distinctly ilottecl linely with white.

This siu'cies was referred to liatrachoseps of lioiiapaile l)y I'lofessor
r>aird, without probably having seen the ty|>e of the lattt-r, no do'il»t
on the faith of I5(»naj»aite"s erroneous description of the toiij^ne of the
same. It is evideid that tht^ two si»ecies oiijiht not to be re;;arded as
coiif>eneric, since the /»'. tUtniuiiins turns out to be more neai ly alliccl
to Ilemidactylium than to Spelerpcs.

The known raiij^c of this, one of the smallesl of land Vi-rtebratt's, is
from middle North Carolina to the border of Texas, includinj; I-'lorida.

Mni.fiiniiii Ills, ill iiihiK.

L('ii;^tli, iiii'ii.iiiiril ,'iliiij;; axis iil' ilrail (.'mil iiiiii'd :

'•<'<l\ : IHstiilicf lii'lwi'i'iii'Vt'.saiili'i'iiii l\ (i;(
t'lOlll hlKHlt IOKi<l"' " Mmlv : ('irilllllfrlTIK (Iicily (.1

from sunlit to ^riilail'itltl v'.'! I'ajl:

I'loiii ,si t to al'iiipit Ill llii;;lit of tail \\ licic liiulir.sl .. .1.".

I'roiii Mioilt lo Mioiii 1. IT liiiadlh "!' tail w li.ir lii:iln >| . . | |

!''.'i>iii MMiiil to licliiiii) anus . . . . 1. |ii l,iiiili>:

i'rulll sliolll lo (11(1 of till It. ISO I'nc |Hir| ioli o|' |oil^( SI llll;;cr.. .Il.'i

'liiil I.i>l> from clliow to tip (>r |oii;;( >|

"•'■■I'l: liii^'ci l,s

Widlh oDicad ]>; \,,i- |ioilioii of l,irii;cs| toe 0-

Widlli (if loii;,Mic Ill I 'mm km c to ti|i ol' loii;;( >l toe. .'S.\

l.cii^'th oftoii^ilc 1.1 , Iti.staiicc liclwccii oiit.stich lied

l.t'ii^'tli ofoiliit .(»;: ' ti>«H ;•,<

(Jiita
null

i

CataliidiH^' No. of

lllllllllUI'. H\)Vf.

Tin: HATIJACIIIA OF NORTH AMERICA.

AlanciihiH qiKnlridiijitiitnH llolhr.

IGl

I.ipcalitv.

When
I'ollucti'tU

l.-r<.>n who,,, r.HWve.l. Nat,.ro of spec

03;i7 I :i MninU'vilK', La Nov. 2,1870 (i. Kuhii

;isiit 7 Iticfhordiiyh, (ill (')

XSii7 U (!)

.■I!tu4 1 Al.hcvilh", .S.C, I'loC. S. K. Bairil ,

KiiiMtoi,, X. (J .f. W. Mihic,'

Alcdhuliv,
Do.
Do.
Do.

!

*,'

SrKLEIJPES Katinosque.

Atlantic Journal, i, p. 2i, 18^'i.

SinlciiicK (iiiiy, Cat. Hut. Mils. KM, l.l; Co\w, rritcui'tl. Ac. Thila., IdliO, p. 101;

Itoiilcmr, Cal. IJatr. (irail. Urit. Mns., cd. u, I-8-i, p. (lO.
Cjllindrosoma TMcliiKli, \at. Sy.sl. IJatracliitT Ncncliatcl, lH:iH.
('nHiKlroiiiiiiKi il llolitonlonsa pars Diiint^ril, Krp. (J(^n., ix.
Sptliriws il I'll iidolrilon IS.iinl, .lourn. Ac. Nat. .Sci., i ; Ilallowell, 1. c, iv.

The toiijiuc iVi'c, oxcopt at tho yios.soliyal .siii)[)ort. Pivlatino and
jiaiictal hones fully ossilicd; pronia.xillarics coiisolidatotl, and their
s|>ine.s enibracinf; a lonlanclli'. Toi'th small. Toes 4-5.

Tliis i.s a natural ^cnu.s, and i.s abundantly represented by individ-
nal.s in the eastern di.stiiet of the nearetie realm, and the Mexican of
the neotropie.tl. Its di;;ital characters oidy distinsnish it from !\raii-
eidns, and some of the .Mexican species approach that genus in the
great reduction of the inner digit, which ri'snlts from a diminution in
the nundter of phalanges. The cdiisolidation of the premaxillarie.s — a
marked t'liaracter — appears very early in the developmental history of
such of the species as I hav*' i)een able to study {S. niba; S. bilincatus).
The .Mexican siiecies pass their me(amori>ho.ses soonest; then such us
S. hilin(atii.s, and the S. ruber remains longest a larva.

The characte.s of lune species of Spelerpes are given in the follow-
ing table. 1 know of none otliers, tliinUing that the genera (Ediims,
(I'Mipina, and (leotriton should l»e maintained as distinct. Of these
species four only inhabit the ju'arc^tic realm, and five are found in the
Tieira Teinplada of Mexico, on the eastern .side of the plateau. The
nearcti(! specii s are all conlined to the ei'.steru region, the genus differ-
ing in its range from IMethodon in not extending to the Pacific region.

The largest species of the Spelerpes is the S. bcUii of Mexico, which
among salaman 'ers is only exceeded in dimensions by the Ckonilrotiis
ttiirbro.sits. The largest species of North America is the -S'. ruber. The
species of this genus display more brilliant colors than any other of the
family, yellow and red l>eing the usual ones.

I. \'()iii( line tcctli nut conl iiiiicd liatk to itarasplicniiid jiatchct, cxtouded outwardly
l>i'yoi,d nail's,
ri. Costal t'olils I l-l'i; tail cylimliic ; inner toes rndiincntal.

riii'a> I','; cxlrcinilii's of inner toes free ; ot hers short, thick, suhociiial ; a
eanilins lostralis; iiiii/./.le triiiKMie; vomerine series in (umtact ; lead-col-
or<t(l, iiHu.illy with I wo dorsal series of red spots; larj^est S. hiUii.

iu:)i— I'.iiii. 34 — 11

I I

1G2 BULLETIN 31, UNITED STATES NATIONAL Ml'SEUM.

riicii* I'i ; imiov tao and Joint distinct, otlior toes well developed, cylindric;
width head 5 to(> times, and h-nj^th liead to axilhi, "2.5 to 3 limes, to gri>in ;
tail yeneially more eloufjato ; bhiek ; sides, tail, and often back, gray

varied; larger *'• lepioaiix.

PlicH) 11 ; inner too not distinct; otiier toes very sliort, margined ; width of
liead li, to axilla, 1.3 to groin ; tail short; black, unspotted ; medium.

S. repliulicHg.
II. Vomerine teeth not continued posteriorly to the psirasphenoid patches, uor exte-
riorly to beyond the nares.
rt. Tail round; costal grooves 11-1-'; inner toes rudimental.

Plieie 11 (without ingiiiual) ; width of head 1..'>; length to axilla 'if' times in
length to groin ; tail rather short ; toes very short ; upper lip more or lees

truncate ,um1 angulate S. chiropltrnfi.

an. Tail siibronud; costa' grooves -il ; inner toes minute.

Width of head near one-seventh, length to axilla .M of length to groin ; limbs
short ; tail thick at base; brown, with a dark lateral baml on each side;

small *'■ inHlt'q>licntiig.

txim. Tail compressed ; costal grooves 13-lJ ; inner toes distinct.

Plica- usually 14; width of head less than one-sixth to groin ; head to axilla
well over .33 (d'tlie same; body longer, tail not keeled above jiroxinially,
comparatively short ; \omerine series turned iddi<inely biickwards; yel-
low, with two latero-dorsal black bands; tail dark laterally ; belly yel-
low, immaculate ; small .v. liUiiicaliii*,

Plica', 13; width of hcail eipial one-sixth length to groin; muzzle to axilla
more than one-third the same; t.'iil long-keeled above; yellow, nides
many black-spotted, a median dorsal aeries of spots; tail yellow, black-

barred; belly innnacniate; larger a. l<ni;ii<(iii(liis.

Plica- 13; width of head gn-ater than (uie-sixth length to groin; from
muzzle to axilla considerably ni(U(- than .33 h-nglh to groin : tail buig-
keeled abr>v<-; yellow, with three black b.iuds; tail black, yellow-barred ;

belly motth'tl ; larger .s', (iiilli>liiiialii».

III. Vomtu'ine series of teeth <'ontiiinoMs posteriorly with the parasphenoid brnshi-s,
and original ing behind n.ires.

Costal i)licie 1.'>-1(I; head widi-, not more than seven times to groin, not
more than twice to axilla : no canthns rostralis; t.iii :■■—:;, h-d at l»ase,
not tinned; laige ; v(-rmili<ui red, black or brown spotted *', ruber.

SPELERPE.S Ml'LTIPLICATCS Cope.

Proc. Ac. Phila., IHOD, p. KK!; Houlenger, Cat. 13atr. (Jrad. Hrit. .Mus., ed.
II, l-'H-i, p. r.r.

Tins siiiiill .spo(;i»'.s resembles in general i>io|»ortion.s Unnitlarti/lium
scntdfnm. It is well eliafatteiized in tlii.s ifvum by its imineroii.s co.stal
plica- and tliittkeiuMl, .siMiecly coiiipre.ssed tail.

The width of the head enters the lenj^th to the jjroin (I.Tfj times; the
length to axilla enters thiice. The hind limb, extended, pa8.se.s six iu-
terval.s from the gioin ; the foot is wide and tlio toes short, especially
the inner and outer; the inner has .i one minute Joint free. The
.same iiiiiy be said of the anterior di',.,s. 'I'he tail is tiompro.s.sed a little
and eonsiderably tliiekened; in the smidlest specimen the terminal .75
above and ..'W below are keeled; in others the superior keel is more
distal.

^ i

i

\

^ .

1

TlIK IJATUACIIIA OF NOKTIF AMEUICA.

1G3

Upper lip inodtTiitrly tniiiciiti', with iiilVauiiroal iuiglos, and in one,
rmliniental (5ini. The innz/le is rather thiek and slioit, the head Hat;
in one snniUer spt'cinien the former is a litth^ loiifrer than in the others
ami the width of the iiead rehitivcly less. Tiio vomerine teeth form
sliort series, each rather suchlenly bent haekwards; the pterygoid two
narrow patches not approaching the vomerines, the rehitions in this
respect being as in »V. hiliiwdtus.

Tiie eoh)r in ftmr specimens is an nnspotted brown, the inferior sur-
faces paler, especially the gnlar region. In the smaller specimen above
mentioned, which seems to constitute a variety, the brown color forms
a broa«l dorsal band with dark j)oints; the sides are of u i)inkish gray,
aiul the uuder surfaces light yellow.

6 7

4 3 5

VUi. :;0. Sjirlrriirs iiiiiUifliidtiiK. Xo. JOIIS. V\vt\ llivcr. Alk. ; f, t-

Miii-iiiniiiriils of tin htvijvxl xjnr'iiniH on the rM'iv of llu: body.

Inches.

Lfiiy;tli fioiii mii/./lc to (iiliil O.'i

l/cMijj;lli from mii//.li' to riitiis }•>

l..'iij;tli iVtiiii iimz/li- t(i axilla l','."!

l^fii;{th I'll (111 iiiil//l(' III j;roill I. ;">:{

I.i'iij^lli riiim 111 II //li' to CI 1(1 (if tail ;\.'-i\

ij'iijilli 111" Ion; iiiiili M.V.i

l.fiij;tli of I'oK -loot OS

I. distil of liiiul liiiili *,';»

l,iii}r)ii of iiiiid loot i:{:j

Width of licail at aiiti'iior aii;;I(' orliits. 1

Willi h of Ilea. I at rictus -22

Width of liody at- .sacriiiii i.^

The form of this species woidd iiidi<;ate it to be terrestrial in its hab-
its. Of its geograi»Iiical range we have as yet little information, except
that it belongs to tiie southern central region of the <!ontineiit. Profes-
sor Cragin sent me a specimen which was taken in southern Kansas,
and tlie types wei«' fcuind as below stated.

No, |(K5S; ."» specimens; Ked Hiver, Arkansas; Dr. L. A. Edwards.

SI'KM'.Kl'KS i'.ii.INKArrs (iiccii.*

Hiiiiil, .foiiiM. Ac. riiila.CJ), i, p. 'J-T : ('ope. I'roc. Ac. I'liila., l^ii'.», p. 107;
Siiaiic!\, Saiam., p. ^J ; Cope. .Viiicr. Nat. i\, p. I(tl ; (i ray, Cat. ISalr.
»iiad. Urit. Mils., cd. I. p. II : il.iilow.di. .lomn. Ac. IMiila. ('.'), IV,
p. :!lii: Koiili ii'^i r, C.il. It.ilr. (iraij. ISrii. Mils., cd. II, l-SJ, \>. Ci!!.

SuliiiiiiiiKlra hiliiicditi (Jrccii, .foiirii. Ac. IMiila.. I. p. '.'Wi; Molhr., \. A. Itcip., v, p. r>5,
I'i. 1(1 •, lie Ka.v, N. V. I'aiiii. l.'-pl . p. 7'.t, I'l. -J;!, li-, C.T.

• riaic 'i'*, !!;;«. I-C..

^f

-

' ,

i

m

V

1G4 HULLliTIN :il, I'NITKI) .STATIvS NATIONAL MUSIiUM.

Salamandid Jitirhslmu Ilarlaii, Aiiii'V. .lourii., lf''i<l, p. 'JS(;.

Sitlanuindm \irri<jmi (Jivoii, J.miii. Ac. I'liilii., iv, p. 'iM; Holbr., /. c, p. 5:J, PI, 15.

Spvkrpes ciniijous Bainl, /. c. ; Stiiiucli, /. r. ; Ciiay, fat. Jlatr. Gnul. Brit. Miis., cd.

I, p. 41.
IloUtoijIomi bilhuata Diiiii. &. IJibr., p. 1)1.

In desciibinj,' this species I have selected specimens IVoni New Jersey
as inostliivc the type of Dr. (Jreeii from the same State. These are
before nie, but are in rather indilVerent preservation.

The general characters of the gronp as described under ^'. huyicauda
apply equally here. The chief differences of form appear (o consist in
SI rather narrower head, a more elongate body, and perhaps i»ropor-
tionally more slender digits. There are usually fourteen costal furrows
between the limbs; a lifteentli falling over the in.sertion of the forelegs,
and in some specimens possibly in the axilla. The distance from snout
to axilla is contained about 2n times in that to the groin.

There is only a slight obtuseness of the lip on each side of the muzzle
to represent the cirrous ai)pendage of the larva, which is sometimes
persistent, thus presenting the characters of the suppo.sed species tS.
eirriijcra.

This s])ecies is of a clear yellow; the back with a tinge of brown on
it, and this bordered on each side by ;i dark-brown line; sometimes
very continuous, sometimes slightly broken here and there, beginning
at the eye ; sometimes at the muzzle and running through the eye.

The space between the lines is finely spriidiled with brown or black,
sometimes only appreciable under a lens, sometimes more distinct. In
most specimens the larger spots are aggregated into a narrow nie«lian
or dorsal scries extending to the tail; the spots on the line sometimes
partially or entirely continent. The under parts are always entirely
immaculate citron yellow. The sides aie very minutely dotted with
blackish below the lateral stripe; in nearly all the si>ecimens from
Orange only distinguishable under the lens, and impaiting a slight
dusky shade. The amount of dotting here on the side is scarcely
greater than that on the back.

'ii perhaps the greater nund>erof specimens the mottling of the sides
is „reater than as described, making a broad lateial band, .sometimes
fading giadnally out of the dorsal surface, ami fading out along the
belly, sometimes leaving the lower edge of the dorsal stripe well
marked; occasiomdiy the whole sides are almost as dark as the lateral
stripe. There is a row of pores on the upper part of the sides, one to
each intersitace between the costal furrows. The.se show in the «lusky
sides as a line of whitish spots, as tliey «lo in *S'. (jutlolincnta. This may
be owing in both either to the transparency of the epider«nis or to the
actual presence of spots of white around these pores.

This species bears a cIo.se resemblancse to ncsm<>(fn<Ulius orlnophaa in
some of its conditions of coloration. Tiie latter may be always «lis-
tinguished independently of the generic characters, by the broad light,

J
I

oi!
oil

fri

otl

I){

ail

si(|

ml

ar4

dill
nal

f

./•^,

i

\

Till': HATUAClllA OK NORTH AMKUICA.

165

fjoiierally thirk bonU'rcd lino wliich p.i.sses iVoin the eye posteriorly
obliquely tobeliiiul the iuigle of the jaws; iiiul by the absence of yellow
on the belly.

In the large series of specimens before mo are some specimens (4735)
from the vicinity of Lake Oqnassa, which ajipear distinct from any
others in the collection. They have more the general appearance of
Desmognathns, though truly Spelerpes. The muzzle is rather longer
and considerably higher at the end; the protuberance of the lip on the
side of muzzle larger. The side of the head anterior to the eyes is
much pitted with pores, scarcely appreciable in the others. The colors
are darker; the dorsal stripe browner; and the mottling of the sides en-
croaches on the belly. The chin is quite consi)icuously mottled. Tiiese
<liirerent;es mark a variety which Baird reconls in his MS. under the
name of /S'. h. borealis.

A few specimens have but thirteen costal folds, and one from Georgia
(4737) has that number on one side and fourteen on the other. Those with
the fewer plic;e have usually shorter bodies. This is particularly the
case with three specimens (374S) from (leorgia, where the width of the
head enters the length to the groin but little over five times. The sides
are in this variety dusky, with a series of white puncta below the lat-
eral band. The dorsiil region and top of the head are abundantly punc-
tate; sides of tail uniform black; belly immaculate. This variety con-
nects with the S. bilinvnt<i,\\ni Sahxmnndracirrifiet'a of Green. The fol-
lowing description is taken from Green's type in the Museum of the
Smithsonian Institution (No. 4743).

The head is depressed and anterior to the eyes. The sides, instead
of tapering to a truncated muzzle, are nearly parallel to the truncate but
rounded muzzle. This squareness is produced by the development of
the protuberances of the upper lips on each side the muzzle, which, al-
though partially indicated in other species, here attain their maximum
of growth, becoming cirri, which are cylindrical and a little knobbed
at the ends, extending downwards past the lower jaw. They are about
as long as the outer linger, or .05 of an inch in length. The appearance
presentiMl is not uidike that of tlie muzzle of a walrus or morse. The
narrow groove extending from the outer edge of the external nares
passes all the way down the antero «'xternal surface of the cirri.

There are but thirteen costal grooves, including an indistinct one in the
groin. A fourteenth, if present, would fall above the insertion of the
fore leg. The «listan(!e from muzzle to axilla is contained oidy about
two and a half tinu>s in that to the groin.

The tail, as in other species, is slender and compressed, longer than
the rest of the animal.

The digits an; unusually long and very slender, considerably longer
than in var. S. h. hilini'dtiis. Tlu' limbs are also well developed.

Tliecohu' is \\\\u:\i the same as in s. h. hiliticatns — yellowish, with a well,
detlned line of bla(;k on each side the back, tlu; intermediate si)ace

i;^ii^

! I

I p

16(i IM'UJ'.TIN :!l, l\ITi:i> STATKS NATIONAL MISKUM.

(lotted with nitlu'r hw^v iiiid distinct spots of bliicUisli witlioiit dolinito
arniii^'i'iiK'iit. Tlio sidi-s iiic ohsciiici.v iniirblcd with dusky. The uii.
der parts iii)pL'ar to be iiiimacidalo, oxcepl some indistinct nuubling on

the cliin.

Althon^di tlie form wiiidi presents this sin^^idar eliaraeter is not typ-
ical of the species, 1 do not consider it to lie referable to any other.

IJesides the original two specimens of (Ireeii, I have seen threeothers
bearinff cirri, which 1 took with two noncirrigerous ones on the slope of
tlie IMack Mountiiins of Nortli Carolina. These specimens are otherwise
of typicid ciiaracter.

Tlie cirrus is a larval character retained, which, were it peinianenr,
wouhl be of ;>eneric value; but it is not so, and in this case an individ-
ual feature only. The same peculiarity I have observe<l in two speci-
men; of S. chirnplcrKs sent by Sumichrast from Mexico, and in speei-
nuMis of S. lotiijicnwUis and S. (jiiltolinv(itiis I'roni the I'nited States.
The other charai^ters of this variety, thonjih marked, are nn)ddied in
various intermediate dejjrees in individuals from various, especially
southern, localities. The form of the tail is Just as in the typii-al variety,
though Ilolbrook has stat«-d them to diller.

This species is very al)undant in Tennsylvania, and exteinls its range^
with decreasing nund)ers, to iMaine. It differs in its habits from the
.V. Umgicnndus in being to a great extent a water animal, and less fre-
quently found under bark and stones. It is oidy in shallow, stony
brooks that it occurs, however, and ciin not be called a<piatic in the
serse in which the Tritons are. It is very active, and wriggles and
runs from the jiursuer in thesanienninner as, and generally in company
with, the Ih'smognathm fiisca. It is one of those species whose meta-
morphoses arc prolonged and which remains in the larval state until
nearly grown.

This species appears to be the one to which must be referred the

T

i

Ik

II<

^•v t\

Fii;.40. Spdi-rjicghiUinatiiiiCiTc^'n. No. tl.W. (ilinicistiT, Mit. Twiin natural kIzo.

Specimens named by IIoll)rook, S(ihiman<hali((l(l(m(iiii,\\\nrh came from
Pennsylvania. The yellow-belly and distributed dorsal spots resemble
varieties of this species rather than an v other.

*% 4

m\

'^'^

I

T T

*% s

TIIK IJATRACHIA OF NORTH AMKUICA.

McatiitrvHU'HiH of Xo. HD'JI, in invhrg.

167

Litn^tli, iiiciiHiireil aloii^jaxlHof body :

Fritiii .snout to^api* I'i

From Hiioiit to ^iiliir t'uld !ill

From Hiioiit to ai'iii]>it 47

From snout to unun l.W

From snout to IxOiiiMl anus l.r)U

From snout to t-nil of tail :<. ID

Tail I.(i0

I lead-

Width olli.'ad

Lfn<;tli oCorliil

Distance bi'twot'uc.vi's ant fiiculy
Distance lu'twecii outer nostrils

Hody :

Cireuniferencu of belly

'JO
10
1-.'
l'.>

IJody — Continued.

Distance between armitit and

groin

Tail:

Heij;ht of tail where highest...
Breadth of tail wln-re highest..
Limbs :

Free portion of longest tiiigor..
From elbow to tip of longest

liiifier

Free jiortion of longest too

From knee to tip of longest too.

Distance between outstretched

toes

,88

,12

,05

7fi 1

MiiiHinvmeiits of Xo. 47;M, hi iiwhen.

Length, measured alongaxisof liody :

From snout to gape Iv!

From snout to giilar fold 'i'J

From snout to armpit '!'>

From snout to groin 1. ttH

From snout to behind anus .... 1

','7

Fr(un snout to end of tail 'i

'.t7

Tail 1

70

Head :

Width <.f bead

20

Length of orbit

00

Distance bet ween eves anterior! V

10

Hoily : Circumference! of belly

Tail : Height of tail where highest.
Limbs :

Free portion of longest linger..

Fioni elbow to tip of longest
linger

Free portion of longest toe

From knee to tip of longest toe.

Distance between outstr«'tched
toes

.08
,20

.79

.00
,15

.07

. 25
,11
,27

.87

SpeUrjtfs bilhieatiiii (Jreen,

l^iUalii^m"
iiiMiilirr.

Nil. ol

Mpt't'.

T

1

7

!:

1!
10

I

r>
1

10

17

I

•1

T
1

1
I

1

17
4

1

1
!

I.ciralil.v.

Wli.-i.

t'llllHUtcd.

t'liiiii wlioin lecoivoil.

Nature of Hpcci-
uieii.

37:i8

Hs:i:i

WcsliTII 1'fMIlS> IViUliil. .

( 'iiii'iiiiiati. Oliio

ill)

Dr. .1. <irfi'ii

.1. X. 11. Sc.iiliiiniiiKli . ..

AIi'oli(ili,i type,
Alcolutlio.
Do.

.'17 IS
4T.M

M.M.lvilli', I'a

Williaiiis

Dr.r. II. Ilraii

.1. ll.Damll

I'icil. S. 1'. Uainl

ill)

Do.
Do.

47,17
:<74U

lltiiiMiila

\V(st|niil, N. V

iCssc^ Cninily, \. V

('uliLiiiliiis. I'a

Ki('rlHMoii;:li. (la

Do.
Do.
Do.

3744

<|ii

Do.

;i74H

Do,

a7i»

Mcadvlll,,, I'a

Mi<aiiii|(V. I''la

Milli'il;;rvilln, (ia

Cuili^lr, I'a

(Nixiarlvic, N. V

(,'iiHiiuiali. Ohio

(iaii isoii'«, N. V

Aulilll 11, Me

.Id

.i"iui«'', "info

is,><:i

ISn!
IKs;i
is-i:!
l«s:i

ibKl'

Williiiiiis. .............

Do.

47;i.'i

0(1!.!

:<7itt
:i7;t7

Dr.T. Il.n.an

Kuiiilii'ii \ ISraii

I'r.il. .S. K. liaiiil

,1,1

Do.
D,..
Do,
Do.

1.I42.">

.1, X. 15. Si'aili,ii'iiii;;li . ..

Do.
D,>.

i:>7l(i

ti.l'. Mfirill

.. . ,1,1

Do.
D,i.

i:i7ii

ilo

,Ii>

Do.

I.i7i:i

lid

,1,1

Do.

i:t7i:i

,\«

.M.lM'vill.. S. (•

Waxjiiii^tiin. I). (;

Ma.lii.l. \. V

( itlMK'r.^tt'r, Mil

,|„

Do.

:i70S

IJIIJO

:i7;i(!

.r. It. Hairatt

( tfiii );,< Sli,ifiiiakcr

(.')

(b

(?>

1)1. Ua^lll^

Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.

I4».'-.7
;!T."J

Allllrvillc. .s. »:

\Viliiiiii"l(.ii, l>tl

Do.
Do.

ill

k

r

I :

1: » 'I

! ']

mi

|;

':.t

^

KIS m'MJiTiN :!i, i:niti:i) statks national mcsimm.

SjuhriKx bUiiiinliiH (irccii— t'oiiliiim<I.

Catitli>i:iii'

IIIIMllll'l'.

X.I. of
Itpi'V.

Locality.

Wliiii

C.lll.llCll.

l''rciiii wlmiii ifci'ivi'il.

3702

1

3763

1

3751

0

3717

5

3741

1

3720

lU

3721

uo

3742

1

3726

o

4710

7

37L'H

o

a7l7

o

Ni.liolH. X. V

Mrmlilli l!ricl;;<', N'- H..

Gloncivsirr. Va —

Clarkr (,'oiiiitv, Va

('lllllIllllllS. dlli"

Salriii, N.C

t'|i)Mi JaiiH'S Kivi
Aiiilcisdii. S. (' —
Alilirvillr. S. C ...

\a

Clivclaiiil.Oluii...
Kaciiic, ^Vi^^

I!. TIi.wMl

S. V. r.airil

l!rv. r. Mann

{'. I!. IJ. Krniw'ily.

I,. I.ciijnricnx

.1. '!'. I.ini'liaik

S. 1'. iiaitd

Mm. l>ani<l

Itr. ,1. P.. llanall..
Dr. \V. I, Jcinc.s ..

I)r. Kiillanil

K. Ki nnicolt

Natiiir <it'.s|it«'i-
nirn.

Alroliolir.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.

Var.BoREALls.— No. tT.Tj; nincsiK'. • .'ii.s Kviii-ha^ro Lak(',Uqii:i.ssa,
Mo., 185L'; Dr. C. (Jirard; alcoliolic.

Form CiRUlflEKA.— No. 47.34; twosiH'cinuMi.s; Soiitlioni States (La.f);
Br. F. Baclio; alcoliolic.

.Sl'KLKUrivS LONGlCAUnrS Grooii.

(I'lati ■lr;\\'^^. l-;t; \\\ lij;. 11.)

Baird, .lourn. Ar. I'liila. (J) i, p. '2-^7: ('^^\,w, I'mc. Ac I'liila,, IHii'.t, p. 107;
StriUicli, .Siilaiii., p. ri-,>; dray, Cat. Ualr. (Irail. Hiil. .Mum., t-d. i, p. i:?;
JIallowi'll, .Journ. Ac. I'liila., IV, p. :tir.; I{i>iik'iio,.r, Cat. ISatr. (iiad.
Ihit. MllH.,t>tl. II, l■^^\.^ II. liJ.

Salamamha loiigiraiKht (irccii. Jmirii. Ac. I'liila.. i. p. ;!.'il : li.illir., N. A. Ilcrp., v, p.

Cil, ri. lit: iv Kay, N. V. Kami.. Kept.. 1>. T-. I'l. 17, li;;. 11.
Spcln-jwn liinfmjn Kaliii., Atlaiit. .I.iiini. i. 1-:W, p. ti (liile Hainl).
Ci/Undrosiimd loiiijiciiii(lii 'I'scliiidi, Mali'., |i. 'Xi.
CyliiKh-osoma hniijiiitiuhxtiim Dmii. iV liilir., p. 7>.

This .species i.s .sU'iKlt'r and i'loii};ato(l; (lie head llalteiied and iiiiudi
depressed; the body depies.sed; the tail compressed troni the hase, and
considerably loii{;er than the rest of the animal.

The surface of the skin, thoii^di smooth, shows everywhere shallow
pits under the niicro.scope, and closely a;;<;lomeratcd granules, the ends
of glands, which probably secrete a milky Juice. 1 have not made out
any satisfactory indications of itatclies of pores on (op of the head,
althoiijjh (hen^ are .some on the chin.

The head is liattened, tlioii;;li not wedj;e-sliaped, qiiile jdaiie above, and
twice as wide as dee]). It is longer (liaii wide, the n|»i>er Jaw overlapping
the lower, especially anteriorly; the ninz/le is triangular, broadly trim,
cated anteriorly. There is a slij^ht swellin;,^ in the upper lip on each .sitlo
of the muzzle, impar(iii}j^ an eniar^finated or (loncavc appear.ince (o the
front view of the month, and a concavity to (he lateral outline, wliicdi
liosteriorly i»as.scs into a conve.K curv«'. There is a sli}.;ht narrowing; of
the lower jaw (o (it into the eiiiar<;ination Just referred (o.

The ton;;iie is elliptical, rather lonj;-er (ban wide, inserted on tho up-
perpartof thee.\(remity of a jirotractile pedecil; it has no other attacli-
meut whatever. The palatine teeth form a short arc which bejfins bo-

\

\ I

Inn
wai
beg
how
T
timt

'0

^-.

INK HATK'ACIIIA (H' NOUTII AMIM.MCA.

1 (JJ)

T*-.

I

« t

hind iiiid on a line with the innor boitU'r of inner naivs, and cnrxcs in-
WiU'ds and bactkwards for a short tlistanci'. The parasplionoid ti'cth
begin ashort distance bohind their termination (witii a decided interval,
ho\V(r\er), and lorni in patdies, in contact aloii<j the median line.

The body is eh)n;,'ated, the distance from snout to axillacontaincd L'ij
times in that to the groin. There arc twelve lateral costal grooves; the
posterior biliir(!ated above and anterior to the groin. I C the fin row here
be counted there would be thirteen grooves. The anterior is one inter-
s])aee distant from the axilla.

The tail is very long, generally \\ times longer than the rest of the
animal. It is much compressed from the base to the much-attenuated
tip, but IS nowhere as high as the body.

Tiie liud)s are nui(;h developed; the digits lengthened, narrow, linear,
cylindrical, tlepressed, and swollen slightly into bulbs at the ends.
There is no basal connecrting membraiu'. The third and fourth toes are
longest, the latter perha|>s longer of the two; the second and lifth are
nearly ecpial. Tin? first linger and toe arc very short, though not rudi-
mentary.

tl

4 5

Tir.. 41 f!j„irriii:i liniiiirn'idin. Xii, luS.'i

Lanoaslrr, Oliio; J.

The ground color of this species is of a clear bright yellow, paler bc-
iH'atii, the ba<!k an«l sides irregidarly spiiidded with black specrks look-
ing like grains of rather coarse gun|)()wder. These are generally (but
not always) more lliickly crowded along the sides, sonu'times almost
forming a distinct spotted band on the sides of the tail; these black
si)ots are generally aggregated into a series of vertical baiuls. In
younger sjK'cimens, an<l many older ones, the sjwts above are arranged
in three rather irregular lim's, one me<lian and two lateral larger ones.
TIh' muzzle and entire under parts are immactulate.

In old individuals there is sonu'times a suHuslon of reddish-brown
among tlu', spots on the sides, obsc-nring their outlines. The shade of
yellow varies sometimes to a reddish tinge. Sometimes the black s^iots
on the siib's are arranged in a Komewhat reticulated manner.

This beautil!!! animal is not very active in its habits, and is almost
always found h\ rocky ground ami in lissures and caves in clitl's. I
have lu'ver seen it in the water. It was di'scribed by Katlnesipie from
a specimen from a cavern in Kentucky. Its distribution is thnuighout
the middle latitudes, rather rei>resenting the IS. ynttoUneatus of the far
Scmthern States.

1 have recorded a specinu'ii of this speciies from Tennessee (Anierican
Naturalist, IS71, p. KM), in which the b;dancers were persistent, as in
the cirrigera form of ISi>dcrpvs hilin(ahi.s.

. ;'

170 lU'M.KTlN :M, UNITKI) SI'ATKS national Ml/SKIIM.

'< 4

Lenj{tli,iiii'!iNiiii'tl aloii}; axis of Ixidy :

Fitmi snout t<i ni\\»'

Kniiii Niioitt to pillar fold

l-'roMi Niioiit to ariiijiit

From snout to ^loin

From NMout to lirhiinl anus

From bnout to end ol' tail

Tail

Head:

Widthofheud '•^■^

Width of tongnc

Lcn^lli of ton^Mc

Ii<'n;;th of orbit

Di.sfancebetweciU'ycHiintcricrly
Distance ln-f wei-n onter nostrils
Distauco liotvvucn inner nostrils

MftiHiiirinoiil'i of \o. :I7H'', (" iiirhix,
Modv :

(inunifcri'ncr of lirlly I. 10

l)istatir(^ lii'twt'cii arnijiit and
;;i(>in !.;(.'>

T.iil:

j|ii;;lil (if tail wlirrr Iii;;lifst .. . . 'J.'i
Itiradtli of tail wliiTi' lii;;lit'st .. . I!»

Linilis:

Fret' jiortion of lon<;f'st linp'r .. .11
From elliiiw to li|» of lon^jrst

linger W

I'rrr port ion of loily;i'st tof l,"t

I'rom kni'c to tip of loiiy;cHl toe .U\
Instance lii'twi'cn oiitstrt'trjn'd

toes 1. (iri

V.

:i((

7.")

'>

II.-I

II

;!.-.

r..

(If)

•>_

TO

i:.

i:.

•JO

i:>

10

SjuUriua loHtjlvtiiiiliin (irccn.

ClllalO)!!!!'

No. (if

uuiiiIkt.

HIICC.

2

8«42

:i7:ir)

1

8s4«

1

882 1

1

hS();i

I

882(i

1

;iMUi

•1

4118')

3 1

lHlf,

1

14117

1

:i7i()

r.

:i7:i()

1

;i7;ii

3

3739

3

Lixalitv.

Wlicn

Colll'ltKl.

FmMivvlM.n.tv.nvul. Ni't'";'' «'/ .-I'fci

(Miuiimnli, Oliio i .1. N. H S. nilMiii.iiyli. .

CiiliiMiliiis. Oliiii --

Mfii.lvillf. I'a : Williams

»'iiiiliiiiali,()liiii ! ■!. N H Siatli(pn>iif;li. .

I'niciii ('iiiiiitj', Tciiii . .

Aii^iisla. (tit

l''iaiil<liii ('iiiintv, 'i'l'lili

I'ltlHltiiruli. I'a '

I.uni'astcr. Uliici

Cailisl.'. I'a

W.vllifvilli-, Va

(-'arliili', I'a

Ili^lilaiid roiiiil.v, Oliiii

.. llo

William l'liill'|iH

.1. N. I'l. Si ailMiH)ii;;li

I'liiC'tscir l.iMiinciciix .

I>h.'i Cnl M. Mil) till.

1H1!» 1 S. I". I'.aliil

' Malllii'ws

Wi'.Mt Noillillilil, III ...I K. Krmilciill

Sciiitlii'iii lllimiis ! ilii

Wanliiiintoii, 1>. <; I Dr. K. K. (iiUt

Uroliullc.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
D.>.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Uo.

SrF.LKKrKS CSFTTOLINKATITS lT(d1.rool».

Biiird, .Tonrn. Ar. Pliila. (2), I, p. l-W ; Coiie, I'ror. Ac I'liila., ISC,;), p.
107; Straiicli, Salani., j). S-,»; (iray, Cat. M.ilr. (Jr.id. Itril. Mas., rd. i,
p. 45; Hallow., .Fonrn. Ac IMiila., iv, Itlli; ll'inli iigi r. Cat. Katr.
Orad. Urit. Mas., t-d. ir, 1S8-J, p. 115.

SalamnndraijidloIiiiKita llollir,, N. A. ]l<rp., v, i>. '2!t, 1*1. 7.
CiiliiKhonoma iiiitloHiicaliim Dum. iV liilir., p. 7'.i.

This si)ecio.s in its gouoral proportions, sliiipc, vlv., is vriy similar to
S. lonf/icitiiihis. It appears to be latiu'r stout*'!', and tin; licad ii little
l>roatk'r. The eyes tire hirfjcr, tiie tocsshortei', 4'tc. Tiic protnbcranreH
of the upper lip are ratlier hirf,'er, whi(;h }j;i\es a more einarfiinated out-
line to t lie Jaw when viewed from before.

There tire thirteen well-marked costal ;,Mooves, a fomteeiith falliiifj
just iibove the insertion of the arm. The most posterior falls in tho
groin.

This species is of a brownish-yellow above, bejiinniii',' id the muzzle,
includiiif; the upper eyelids and e.xtendin;,' to the tip of the tail. On
the back it occupies nearly one-third the circumference of the body. It

I

IS,

I

« k

l

T "^ '

-

i''

TlIK MATKACMIIA OK N(»UTII AMKUICA.

171

is (lividtMl (H'liti'iill.v l).v a loii^Mtuiliiial ilark lirowii line, b('<;iiiniti<; as a
few (luts, oil the t(ii> of tlu> licai], tlit-ii uniting; into a (Mtntiiiiioiis stripe,
which vxtciids to the riitni>, and is a littk; iiairower than, or about e(|iial
to, the two li}>ht stiipos into wliich it diviihs tliu color of the back.
Tim lij^ht dorsal stripe is bordered on each side by a continuous dark
stripe well delined on the upper ed}je. The under parts are .vellowisli
in alcohol, distinctly mottled or veriiiiculated with brown in about
e(|ual proportions. In tlu^ present specimen there is no distinct li^ht
line below the brown of the sides, which breaks up gradually below,
passiii}^ into the reticulation described. There is a sinjjle light spot in
the darkest part of the sides, one to each intercostal section. The sides
of the tail are dark brown, with vertical light bars analogous with the
white spots just described.

In other spe«'iniens the dark brown which bonlers the yellowish of
tli(^ back is sharply defituMi on its lower margin, also forming a con-
tinuous line of variable diameter, with a series of white spots, one to
eacth space, between tli(> costal furrows. ISelow this iigaiii is another
contimious, quite well-delined light stripe, after which succeeds the
inottling descriiietl. In this casii then' are three black stripes, om>
median dorsal, and two lateral; and four light stri|u>s, two mtMlJan,of a
brownish-yellow color, and two lateral, whitish in alcohol.

The comparison of form has already been made with «S'. loiifiictiuthis.
The color dilfers essentially in tlic vi'riiiiciilation, with l»rown beneath,
instead of being p«'rfec(ly immaculate. If the varieties ofN. Iinii/icainhtu
having Ihrei^ series <»f (basal dots hail these united iut«» eonliniiouH
stripes there would W some resemblamu' to the present species. Such
is, however, never the case. The tail, instead of being yellow, with
narrow vertical dark lines, is dark, witli narrow verti«!al light ones.

1 have found a cirrigerous form of this species in North Carolina.

^r— -

(^g^

<( if

e

Fni. I'J. RinUiiim iiiilli.liiiiiilni). Ni). :i7'j:i. Kiilinv, Ala. ; }
Mnf'ini nil iil.-i lit \o. 'M'2'.i, in iiirluH.
lA'Uf^th, nifiisiiri'il iiliiii;; a\iM nf Hody :

l)()(l.v :

I'rom snout to f;:!]"'

I'loin . snout to ;;nlar I'lilil

I'roin snout to :irni|iil

I'nnii snout to •;niin

l''i'oiu snout to lit'liinil iinus

Ki'oiu suoMi lo rnil of tiiil

Tail

lloail:

Wnltlioriicail ;'..'

I.cu<jtli ofoiliil 1.')

Itislanrclict wcruryi'saulrrioi l_v . !.'

('iicuuifiTcncc of liclly

.-1 IHstancf lii'lvvofii armpit and

.■"■•' nfoiu

.7.') Tail : H(j;;lil of tail where lii<;lieNt.
I.Di) Liuilis:

','. ','."1 free iiortioii of lon;;est liny;er..

Troui eiliow (() tip of lon«{est

''|'«<T

I'l'ee portion (if loii<;est toe

From knee to tip of lon^^esl toe..

Distance lietween oiilstreteln'il

t oes

.00

1. |H

."Jll

t (Ml

. :«»
.l:{
. to

l.:t.->

f

:^1

1

172 III LMTiN ;ii, rMir.i' ^<rvTi:« notional mi skum.

>'^((7«ry/( I ijiiiUtintintii^ Ijtillir.

Infill'
niiiii'
Im'I.

37'j:i

S7L'7
S7»9

47;i:i
n7:i»

f.7'.MI

37:t:i

N'ii.»r

Si'\

H|M'('.

:lllilll|;r.

4

I.ui'va.

I.iir.ility.

Kiilaw. Alii

Siil.iii.N. <•......

Alilii'vill.'.S. ('....

MiS'<is(ti|l|li

AlllllT^lllM, S. ('

New Mailiiil. M"

■Wlirii oo]-

Icilnl.

Kroiii wliiiiincci'lvrtl.

I'rofrMKiir Wliiclii'll-

I. T. I,iiic'liai'!i

|)r. ilmiiH

Dr. Maiialt

CciliiiM'l Waili'H

Mrs. Daiiii'U

It. Krllllil'litt

Nat II IK of
Hpri'iliicll.

TIlis specii's was lonnd abiindaiid.v by tlic writer in llie upper valley
oClIu' Krench Hioad Hivcr, in North Carolina, at an elevation orL',r)(M>
r.'t't al.ovc the sea. Dr. A. K. Tislier, of the IJ. S. A;-iicnltnial hniean,
also lonnd this species in Virginia, only eight miles soulli of Washing,
ton, 1). <'., a most lemarkalde extension of its range.

The specimen reconle-,1 in Dr. Yarrow's checklist as from Lan-
caster, Ohio, belongs to the S. linKjimudns.

SPKLKKrKS KMIiKK Danrlin.
(1'1mi.h-.".i,:!0, iijis. 1-:.: :ii. li.i,-^. i-:.; :!-', lijix. i-:': ■>■'< ^'H'*- 7-">; '»". "««• '.'-'; ■'•'•■ '•«•

ti; 4-', li;j. II''. >

Cope, rnicrnl. Ac, riiil.i , l-dH, 1>. H'T : Slr.iiicli, 8al,iiii., p. Kt ; Hou-
l.'iiiicr, Cat. IJalr. (iiail. Hiit. Mils., «iI. ii, ]-'*•>, p.tW.

Siilamaiidm nihni Daiiil , i:.).!., viii, ii. 'J'.'T, I'l. Hv', li^'. 'J ; llollir., N. A. llc-rii., v,

1.. :tr., I'l.K; ]h' Kay, N. V. I'ami. l{i'|it., |'. -'I, I'l, i:, Ih^. lit.
Sdhimaiiilni minntntn (irceii, .Imirii. Ac. I'liila., I, j). It.'iO.
Sdliimaiiilni ^iih/iixca (Irci'ii, /. c, ]•. I!''l.
SalmiKiiKlnt nihriroilris (Jifcii, /. c, \>. :!,'>;! {iirc. Daml.).
l'si:i<liiliili>ii x/i^/'dscdn Tsclimli, IJati., ]>. 'X>.

I'miidiilritiiii riilnr ISainl, .loiini. Ac. I'lii i. (v!), i, ]!. 'Xi ; Hallowdl, /. c, IV., p. :!47.
.s'y)(7( i/x ••< riilini (iiJiv, Cat. I'atf. (ii.i(i. IWil. Mils., cil. I, \t. |.'>.
Udliliiijltiss.i iiihi-a Diiiii. iV Itilir., ]>. -^It, I'l. l':t, Ii;;. 'J.
I'MCiiilolriloii Jltivhximiis Hallow., I'nic. Ac, I'liila., iS'ti, ]>. i:i(l.

I.arva":
Sinn op(i(iil(i(<i I'al. ilc licaiiv., Aiiier. I'liil. Trans., iv, [>. ','<;•, I'l. — , li^. ;i.
I'liitiim i/(iii((.-((/C(<()nr'- (iiL'iii, /. c, \t. It.'>8.

The form of this species vaiies with its age, the v<'ry old ones being
neaily as stont as Amhiistomn itinicttiliim ; more so than A.opacKm. The
more immature, however, are rather slender.

The skin is perfe<!tly smooth and lustrous. There are noindicatiouH of
glands .secreting a milky Juice, as in Amblystoma, but the skin is every-
wliere beset with shallow ])its, clo.sely set. The eyt^ is »'ncir(ded by a
.series of pores. These extend anterior to those on the side of the head
to the nostrils, and are nuire crowded. The lower edge of tlio lower
jaw is encircled by a single seiie , <»f j)ores, and there are two other
series, nearly straight, which start, from the point of the chin and diverge
backwards.

« i

J

Th

erall
is pr
end
low.

yiii

• i

I

Tin: IlATUAClllA Ol' NORTH AMDIJICA.

17;{

Tlio lioatl JH (U'pn'ssnl, triiuiRulur, iiliiiost \v«'(Ij,m' slinpcd viewed hit-
orally, ami rather pointed; more triiiieate in llieyoiin;;'. The iippi'ijaw
is |>r(»jeetin}( and overhips th«^ h)\ver. Tliejjape isal»nnt .strai;,dit. Th*-
end ol' the iipiterjaw is llatlened oliliqnel.v a little, visilde oiilv IVoni lie-
low. The nostrils aie very saiall, placed more laterally than snperioily,
andalittlu below the anterior end ol the ronnded eanthiis lostralis.
Theey«'sarc directed antero laterally, so that the lines of the upper eye-
lids would intersect before leachinj; the lip of the nose.

There is oidy a sli<>ht constriction at the neck, the entire animal from
head to rump hviu^ nearly of the same diameter, and the body passes
insensibly into the tail. This is ipiadrate or nearly stpiai'e at the base
(with riMinded corners), but becomes more and more compressed to the
pointed tip. The dorsal surface of llu^ tail rises into an acute rid;;(> for
the posterior twothiids, the ventral for one-third. There are liftcen
costal ;;roovcs, including one in th(>. ;4:i'(>ii>. If cdiitiuned to the axilla
there would be sixteen, but theic is no distinct axillary one. The verti-
cal ;^roove.Hof the tail are distinct at the base of the tail, but so«»n bectome
indistinct.

A.S stated, old specimens havu a prop(U'tioiially larger body than
yoiin;;c'r.

The lindts are all very weak ; the dibits feeble. The third linj-er is
lou^M'st, then the .second, fourth, and first. The third and fourth toes
are nearly equal, then the second. The first dibits an* (piite rudiment-
ary, especially the first toe. The youiijicr spei'imeiis appear to hav(*
proportionally lonj^er diyits and more slender liiiib>.

The toii;;iu^ is a nearly circular disk, entirely free, supportc'd on a
slemler pedicel like a mushroom, and capable of beiiijn <'xtended beyond
the mouth. The palatine teeth are transverse. Just beliiml the nostrils
(by one diameter), and form an abrupt rectan;;le with each of the .series
oil the parasphenoid bone, which widen behind and leave a free chan-
nel down the median line. This free space ant«'iiorly is as wide as the
diameter of the inner nares, but like the patches ol' teeth widens a lit-
tle behind. The space is encroached upon by the plates of parasphe-
noid teeth with aj;e.

The inner nostrils are minute, about transversely elleptical and con-
tinuous, with a well-delined narrow -groove runninjiout to the maryiii
of the jaw. They are situated about opposite the center of the trans-
verse portion of the teeth, the lenjj;t!i of which may be about three times
as ;;reat as the major axis of the nostrils.

The colors of the younjjfer specimens of this species in alcohol are a
pale salmou-yellow, lighter beneath; the back and upjter part of the
sides sprinkled irn'fjularly and thickly with sharply-deliued blackish
spots, lookinjj like };rains of c()arse <junpowder. These s[>ots vary in
si/e with the specimen, and are jiciierally lar<;cr towards the dorsal line.
With aj;e, and sometimes in yoiiiincr specimens, the borders of these
spots are less distinctly delined, and the };round «'olor between them

" -*"

^IP

1

J 1 •

i ^(1

il

i; i

. ^

I r

i

174 humj:tin :(i, umtku .srATi::s nati(»nal mlsku.m.

bo(!Oines sufliisetl with ii Uiri«l of jmiplisli-biown. The lu-lly is goner-
ally immacuhitc until tho animal iscniito ohl, whfii it is lluely sprinkled
with (lots iilie grains of line powder.

Tlie color of a fresh specimen is as follows. It is fully grown, and was
taken April 7, 184S

I''l(i. i;!. Sjiilirinf ri'l'i,: No. TOu:!. ('iuli.slf, I'a. ; ].

Pupil small, illiptical, major axis horizontal, hrassy, with horizontal
dark line. General color dark salmon r<'d. Whole upper |»arts marked
with rounded si)ots, largest along back, about size of the eye and less,
of black or dark. Iletwcen these spots is a clouding of dark red
dish-brown, as if the black of ui)per parts had run after being tirst
put on. ]''re(piently, however, there is an obscure areola of the ground

color around the sjtofs; on sides of body iwid t.iil, external poili. f

limbs, less of the interstitial dark reddish-brown. Wliole under surface
sprinkled with minute black dots, larger towards the chin. Ivxtreme
edge of snout blackish, as also of lower Jaw to a Ii'ss degree.

Individuals vary somewhat in coloration; sometimes the dots on the
belly are more aggregated towards the center, sonu'times the interstitial
color on back purer, so as to dcliiie spots better, while agein, on theot
hand, the whole upper parts aic so much shaded with the reddish-brow u
as to nearly obscure the black spots.

The eye can be retracted or protiuded as in the ligures, and also con-
cealed by the approximation of the lids. The transparent lower li*i
can be brought up and over lower half of the eyeball.

in yoiing individuals the colors aie much purer; the whole body
being of orange, of ditVerent shades in <!ilVerent individuals: darker
above, with spots of black on upper half of body, larger ahuig back,
irregularly distributed, beneath geneially unspotted. Tlu^ lower jaw
with a row of spots around its margin.

Oh.scrnitioiis. — This is an abundant species throughout t!ie Unite .1
States east of the Mississippi IJiver as far noith as Maine, and (!orre-
si)on(ling latitudes in Canada, and .south into Texas and Khu-ida. 't
chietly abounds ii! the hilly and mountainous .sections. It is especially
atpiatic in its habits, and i.- found on the ground only alt( trains. It is
not unfre<iiu'ntly found under b.irk of fallen trees in damp situafioiis,
but its ciii.'f haunts are cold springs. Here, beneath st(MR'S, it may
be always found, occupying, if possible, the tissure from which the lim-
pid water rises, aiul disi»laying its beautiful hues through the trau.s-

« »

i

i

pare
palh
The,
othe
and
thosi
have
to bi
Va
grayi
New

TlIK IJATRACIIIA OK NoKTU AMKIilCA.

175

4 *

,t5

i

imrcnt nuMliiiin witli tlie brilliiiiicy of.i straiifjo i'xolic, ratlier tbivu tlio
piillor ot iv ilweller iu the cliill.v (k'|)tlKs iiiid dark recesses of ii cavo.
Tlioy walk delilu'riitcly, ami swim with snmo activity, moving, as do
other sahunaiiders, with the limits pr«'ssed to the sides and the body
and tail undulating laterally. Their movements are not so active as
tiioso of some other species. They arc vei-y harndess and, though I
have handled a great niiiidter of them, have never seen them attempt
to bite. Their food consists of insects.

r«r/f7/<'.v.— Occasionally a spei^imen is found which is of a uniform
grayish-brown. Dr. IC. K. Gait sent me snch a one front Staten Island,
Xew York. Two forms have been distin,i;nished by Trofessor llaird
which may rank as sid)species : tlie S. riihcr slirticcpH and the »S'. ruhir
mtnitaniis. They are described below.

The manner in which the characters which »listinguish these sub-
species are found singly in variojis individuals illustrates wt^ll the con-
dition of a protean species. Thus of the si>ecimens with sixteen costal
l>lica'. refciable to S. r. monfunus, where t!ie width of the head may
be one-sixth the length to the j;roiu, two specimens measure thesame,
Oft and (t'i{ iu the same, ami another (i|, and another (.'{S4S) 7 times. In
one the posterior part of the par^sphenoidal patch is widened, as in the
Msual form. Ii; two specimens (.WTO-TO.'M) tlie sixteenth pli(!a falls over
the femur and does not descend before it; the vomerine series of both
are angulated. In Td.'ihf, from the same locality as TOM, all the char-
acters are those typical of S. r. ininitainis.

In two specimens having the head and coloration of var. IJuber, from
Miitaw, Ala., one has lifteen plicie and angnlat«' teeth, the other sixteen
plica' and curved series of tet'th. In a number of >S'. r. nihcr from Ab-
Iteville, S. (!., one has sixteen plica-. In this variety the width of the
head enters the, length to gn»in usually tivv times, but varies to i}.\, r)!|,
and in 7(L'.{, ii\ times.

In the typ»' of I'.JhtrissimiiN, this relation is 1 to (iA, with but lifteen
plica-; the truncation of the muzzle is less than described, and there
are no cirri. In var. Sti(!ticeps a trace <d" the same is visible. The
peculiar (U)arsc and sparst; spotting in this var. ami in »S'. r. moiiUinus
is seen in Ruber No. 7b7."5 (half giown).

The uniform <rolor of S. r. stirtircps is nearly equaled by Xo, 7()L*;J. and
the white i)uni iulation of the iiits by 7b7.'> (large), though nonti are siuu-
lar in the puiu',tulatiou of the front ; in IStO, from Eutaw, Ala., the ab-
domen and gular region are sindlarly punctulate.

As regards the size of the eyes in r.j!<ti'ist<iini(s, their longitudinal
diameter measures l.o the width between their anterior caiithi. These
sjiecimens are both small. In several small var. Ruber the measurement
is thesai.u', and in the smaller of the »V. r. }ftlcficcp,s ; in the larger of the
latter and of Ruber this measurement is as 1 : Li. NevTtheless, iu a nuni'
ber of var. Ruber which have just completed their metau'orpliosis the
proportion of front to eye is also li : 1 (Xo, oSt!)).

■'-\

17(j uri/r.riN ui, umtkd siaiks nationai, .mi-.si;ijm.

Tliese variclios iin', however, not dilliciilt to ireo^jiiize, csiu'ciiilly as I
have observed, the S. r. viontaiius.

I'iDlioiliiiiKil (liiin unions of yo.:^f''.i7.

Ili'iiil:

Lcn^-tli of },Miic oliiHiiitli In ilH widlli alioiit lialf.

WiilMi l.Miisliiii.- Iiniii sii.mMi.^'iiliirroia idiiliiiii.Ml II (iiiioH.

Wiillli toilisliiiicc liimi siioiit to M;ioiii alMiiit C tiiiu-H.

yi. m snmit to ^'iiliir foM coiiliiiiH'd in ilmtaiico IVom smiiit to ;;ioiii 1} ti ,s.

Distaiicf aiili'iiorl.v lnl wmi ryts in I«'ii},'lli of oiliit 'i orliits.

Di.staiicf from cyrs to nostrils in icii;,'lli of orl)it 1 orliil.

Distunci' liclwc.'ii fxtrrniil noslriis in ]cii;,'th of orUit abont 1 orl>it.

Distantf IntwiTii internal nostrils in !i-nj;lli of orliit ii'ss tlian 1 orliit.

Limits:

Fri'c portion of Ioi»<;ost liii;;i'r contairnMl in ilistanci! from cIIhiw to tip. I times.

Fri'e portion of loiif;ewt toe toiitained in distaiiee from knee to tip l! times.

Distance lielwei n oiitslrel<lieil toes in hni;tli from snoni to ;;roin oih'-lialf.

Tail:

Length iVotn lieliind anns to rest of animal I ■; tnnes.

I,enf;lli from lieliind .inns to total leii^'tli I wo-liftlis.

IJod.v :

Width compared with that of head rather liroader.

Nnmlier of costal furrows (including' inj^ninal) 1'..

M<(inii)'( iiii'iit.i of .\<>. I!"^!!", ill iiiilim,

L('n;,'lli, measured alon;;: axisof liody : Itody :

I'roni siioiii to >;ape "JH j ('ircnmferer.ee td' lielly 'J. ir»

From snont to <;nlar fold 70 > |)ist:ince lietwivn armpit and

From snoiiMo ainiiiil 1.0(1 i;roin •,'. Ill

From snout lo j;roin If.OK Tail:

From smiiil to Ixdiind anns. ... It. .'id llei;;lit of tail where lii;;he.st .. . .15

From .snout to end of tail -t.W l!re;nltli of tail where |ii;;Iiesl . . .10

Head: Limits:

Width of he.id rt.'i i I'ni! portion of lon;;est linj;er.. .10

Width of lonjiiu' ti'2 \ From 4'lliiiw to tip of louf^est

Lenj;lh of nrliil .11 lin;;er 10

Dislaiice lietween eyes ante- Free port ion of lon;;eHl lot- 1.^

riciily 'Jt'i From kiu-o to tip of lon<{est toe. ..'if

DistaiM'c lielweeii outer nostrils. . l.'i 1 Distain'e lietween onlstreteh<'d

IMstanee lietween in rnostril.H. . I'i I toes l.I'iO

Spilcrpcs ruber Jia vinxiin us 1 1 allow.

I'unidotritini lliiriKfiimiis Hallow., Proceed. Ac, Nat. Sci, I'hila., l-'.'iO, i:(0.

Tlie I'urm and pro[)ortioiis, e.xeeptinfjr about the head, are so .simi-
lar to those of IS. ruber, that it i.s uimeeessary to repeat these eharae-
ters. The tli},'it8 are rather lowg, as usual in yoiinj; .S'. ruber. The outer
ones, hv)wever, appear proiMtrtionall.v l()n<;cr tha!i in the lattei'. The
head, viewed from above, is narrower and more triineaie. It is arched
imt not wedo:e-shaped, depre.ssed, the mnz/.ie bein^ much hiolier than

in S. ruber. lOaeh side of the tri' »ted snout is bordered by a vertical

ridof, which is a little exterior tt ; outer nostrils, and descends a

I ' .

/

Mead:

J'eil,:;lll,

I'roM

I'loiii

iw'on:
l''i'oni
I'roin
I'riirn
'fail..
lie.id:

Wi.lth

i

Tin: IIATKA'.MIIA OF NOIJTH AMKIMCA.

177

iittli! lu'low tlio lovol of tlio J;i\v, lookin^j; liken fiinj'' wIkmi vicwetl latt'r

illv

Viewed from in front, tlio lower outline, of the muzzle is stron«:lv

» oneave, boniered on eaeli side by the downward extension of this
lidfic Tlieni is a slijfht indentation of the side of the jaw behind this
\'u\iir, and there is a line linear channel leadin;;- down the back of this
rid"i^ IV(»m the outer maryiii of the external nostrils. A similar chan-

nel, but no ridi^e, issei'u in J*. /

nbcr.

Tiie outline of the upper jaw, as viewed from below, is decidedly an-
fiular anteriorly instead of rounded.

The eyes arc unusually larye and prominent for this section of sala-
mainlers, and are sei)arated anteriorly by little more than one oibit's
l("ii;:fh. The two parasphenoidal ranj;«'s of teeth are in contattt ante-
riculy, as in S. r. montaniis, without the interval of S. r, nilnr.

There are llftei'ii costal furrows, excluding' an axiliary one. The tai|
is a little more than half the rest of the body.

in alcohol the color is li};ht brownish red, paler beneath; tlu' upper
parts and sides thinly but (piite uniformly spriidiled with small,
roiindcti, well delined, Itlackish dots; very few of them on the head.

As stali'd, this variety is distini,Miished from >'. rubir, as well as
N /'. niinttdiiiis and sticticrps, by the shape ot the head, the anji'ulation
ul tl'" uppei' lip, the much larger and more approximated eyes. The
scaiilinessof the black specks is more as in S. r. moiituints, from which
aiiain it is distinL'uished bv lifteen instead of sixteen costal ijtrooves.

■!i'

^

ih

.t

11. ail:

rropovlionnl iliiiu nsinux.

Willi li to ilistaiKT fpun snout to ^'loin al'oiif (I tiiiios,

I'loiii Mioiil to ;;iila>' lolil roiitaiiii'il ill ilistaiiri' rroiii snout to

fjiiiiii alioni I J tiiiU'M,

hiMtaiiif aiitrriorlv lirtwci'ii eyes in ii'n;;lli of orltit... srarirly more than onrf,

l)i>,tanc.' Iroin cyi'N to nostrils in li'n;;lli oforl)!! a limit once,

liislaiK'o lit'twmi cxtfrnal nostiils in ii-n^lli ol'orliil aoout one linir

Pistanci' 111"! WITH ontslri-tilu'il tin

II llMl^tll tVoiu

snoiil to ^loin ralliiT nioro than halt.

IJiiilv : Nniiilirr of coital t'linou s (incluiiin;; inuninal ) 1,')

Miii'^iin nil Ills, ill iiirli(s.

hrn^tii, niraHiiicil alon;^ as is of lioily

lli'ail- Continiiril .

I'rom hiiont to jiapo

I'l'OIII SllOl.t to irlilar I'oM .

i' roll: snout to aniipil . . .

I list a

nil' hi'twi'iMi inner iiosiiilH .<•.-(

\:

Uistanrr iVoin eve to noMtriis.. . lU

I

Mini .>n>iui to •'nun . -

l''roin Miiiiit to lichinil aii's

I'loin . snout to mil of tail It. :to Liiiili:

, ti,') Koily: nislaiH'i' lift wren ai'iii|iil
I.S-.
'J. Ill T:

iiiil uroin I. n

llri;rlil of tail wlii'ii- liiy-Jii'st

•JO

Ta
ll.ail:

Wiilthof head

Li>ii^;lli III' iiiliil

Pi-itanri' liftwcrii I'M's aiiti'ii-

l.'Jd , l''i('i' iioition of lon;r,.s| (inyirr.. .(W

1 . ,-. f^

j I' Idlll I'lllOW to ti|i of liiiip'.st

liiiniT :U)

I'li'r iiiirl ion of loii";i-st lOf It

:tn
II

orlv

l>islaiiri« lii'lwriMi until' noNlrils . II

i'.»r.i— p.uii M — iL*

I'luin klirr to tip of lniii^i'.sl tor . I!.")
Ilista""!' Iii'iwi'rii oulstn-lchi'il

toi'.s 1.0.')

*i^i»

17.S lUILLKTIN :;i, rMIKl. states national MlISKl'M.

ISpclcriHS ruber .sticticeps IJaii'tl.
Proceed. Ai'. Fliilii., l-^f'''.», ]). 1(H. (Name only.)

This varit'fy in all it.s details of sliaitc, proiMMtioiis an<l ;;i'iK'raI
otriu!tino resembles /'. ridxr. Tlie limhs, iiowever, are coiisiderahly
smaller and weaker, and (lie external nostrils seem tolte I'lrtlier apart.
There are lifteen costal furrow.s, e.\cludin«;' the axillary.

The color in alcohol is a daik reddi.shbrown or Itrownishred above;
lif-hter red beneath. The color of the niiper parts is very uniform and
continuous, thou;;h a careful examination shows .some very obs'olete
rounded spots ot darker on the sides. The sides and beneath an',
evervwhere sprinkled with minute blackish dots. The head is uni-
formly colored like the back, without dark spots, but its sides and an-
terior portion are closely spriidiled with whitish specks, which are very
distinct and characteristic.

This variety ditfors .somewhat in form from S. ruber, as slated. It
can be separated from tln^ latter by the small whitish specks on the
mu/zlo in the uniform j^round color, typical S. ruber always havinj^'
lar{,'er black sjiots, without any white. The color above is deeper and
more continuous than in »S'. rubir without the distinct doisal spots
always distinj,'uishable in it. I'he ground color appears to be of a
much deeper red than in .S'. ruber.

riiiiiorHiiitul ilimi iixiuiin.

llOild

I.oiif^tli of K"P'' "f """"li to it.s will 111 llireci-foiirtliM.

Width to distil nee IVoni snout lo jfioin tieiiily li limes.

From snout to j;u!ar I'old eoiitained in distance from siiont to ;;roiii . . . . H limes.

Distance anterioilv liet ween eyes in lc!i;;tli ot'oiliit t« ice.

Distanct! l)etwceii external nostrils in lenjilliof orMt I < times.

Limits :

l''rec port ion of lonj{est lin;fer eoniained in distance from clliow to tip.. ."■> times.

Free portion of Imi^jest toe contained in dist;incc from knet> to

lip nearly I ti'iies.

Distance between oulstretclicd toes in len;;tli from snout to^jroin iieailv t wice.

Distance between ontstictdii'il toes in Icni^lli from snout to

belli lid anus iiiipie tliai, twice.

Body : Number of costal furrows (inclndiii}; :iii;ninal) 15

Mviixiin iiK r'n, ill iiiiliis.
LeiiHtli. measured aloiif^ axis of body : Umly :

.1111

From snout to ^ape

From snout to ;jular fold . .

From snout to ai nipit . .

From snout to jjroiii

l-'roni snout to behind anus .
I''roiii snout to end of tail . . .

Tail

Head:

Width of head f.t

licnj^th of orbit II

Distance bet ween eyes anteriorly .'-'-'
Distance between ou'.er nostrils . Ill
Distance between inner nostrils , Itt

'■>. f'>

l.lKt
■J. ().")

CiliiimlerelKHl of belly 1 .''(O

Dist.'iiiee between armpit and

;iroin l.ri.'i

'fail: llei;;lit of tail where lii;;hest

est M)

I.imbs :

I'ree poi'liiiu cil' loiij;e,st lillj^er .07
From elbow lo tip ol' lolij^est

lin;;er Xi

Free port ion of loii;;est toe \\i

l'"rom knee to lip of lonj;est toe .I"!
Distance between onlslretrlied
Iocs I . ;ii)

T\u>

I

I

-. i

TIIK IJATKACHIA 01' NOUTII A.MKUICA

SpcleriKs ntlnr ninntttinis llainl.

179

r.-iiinhlriloii moiiliiiiiis Itainl, .loiini. I'liilaililpliia Ai;a<U'iii.\ , (.•.'■^7-v.",»:i; (iia.v. I.v.,\). \C,.

TUo cxtiTiial cliiUMrtcis of this subspcfit's air miicli as in /'. riilxr as
ti) pits, siiiootliiicss, etc.

Till' ronii of this aiiiinal is more like that of (Jipiiiojiliihis inniiliifriticus
ill Ikmii;; ('l(>ii<;at('i|, cyliinlrit'al, aial with the tail nearly I'qiial tothedis-
Miice IVotii the liea<l to the ;;r(>iii,

TIm' head is rather small an*l iiarri>\v. The proportion of eyes, eU\,
iiiiKih as in S. ruUvr. The snout is, howevei', more ainiiptly truneatetl,
sliowin^" the nostrils on eaeh side at the eorner formed with the side «»f
the head, and with an indistinet rid<{(> riiiinin;;' down to the Jaw as in
a. in>ri>liifriti<us, hut less marketl. Tin' top of the head is more convex,
and not llattened between the eyes. The toii;;ue is a eiicular pediin
eulatetl disk. Tiie teeth curve j;ently fiv.ni behind the inner nares to
the paraspheiioid bone, not at an an;L;le, and the two lou;4itudind series
are so close colli iniUMisly as to c.\liil>it no furrow (»f sepaiatiun. and very
little of on(M)e!iiiid. Tlie palatine portion does not extend outwards
licyond the outer border of the inner nostrils.

[•idfessor l»aird described this species in ISI!> from a siiijile adult
>p(-ciiueii can^iht in the South Mountain, near Carlisle, I'a. Siiicti
tlii'ii several others iVoin tlillerent localities have been oiitaiiied, and
after the renewed examinali(ui of many speciineiis of S. nilnr I am
silislied of its distinction as a subspecies. The cohMMti'Ui is always
appr«'ciably dillerent in the very . sk iris without loiiLjitudinal bar of
.Moiitaims, compared with the brassy yellow iris with longitudinal dark
bind' Jtulter. The ;iioiiiid color above is iiuiforinly and continuously
Uiiiwnishsalmon, much as in (i. jxirjiliifrilicHs, with a few well defined
circular spots. In IJuin'r where the ground cohu" has become dark I'cmI-
dish brown, it is alw.iys mottled with Milliter, ami the larger and more
iiiim -rors dark spots are iikuc obsolete in their outline.

Tiie Iliad of Moiitaiius isnarrower and much more arched tr.iiisv'Msely.
The snout is more truncate. The two series of teeth on each side the
jtai.isphenoid bone come closer, .so as to be almost in contact, without
I lie interval of S. ndnr.

Till' body and tail are more slender and elon<;ated; the latter propor-
,icn.i!ly consiih'rably lon-'er. Thereare 1»» costal tiirrows, exdudiii:.; an
axillir one, instead of lo, as in iS'. riilnr.

Tliere are Iti distinct costal j;roo\('s, excludin;;' any in the axilla.
The tail shows similar furrows at lirst, but they soiui become indistinct.
It is (piadrate at the base, then jjiadiially becomes more and more com-
press,-d, with a sharp ridj-e towards the end, as in S. ndirr. lis len.i;th
is n.'aily equal to the distance from the s • it to the ;;roiii.

Tlie limbs are not appreciably ditVi'ient from what has been destaibed

ni S.

ntlnr

\ \

^ !■

M

The color of the type specimens, as presorvod iu alcohol, i. a iiiiifoi'i

»

1«() ItlLMMI.N :!l, UN;TKU STATKS national Ml'SKUM.

roiitiimoiislnowiiisli salmon !il»()Vt',iiH!lii(liiijj:(lu' limbs; tlu' iiiHU'iparts,
iVom the middli' ttf tlii' .sides, latlu'r altniptly pale salmon. The dark
|M»itions are marked with eirenlar, thinly scattered, w( lldeliiied ilaik
brown or black spots. The belly is immaculate.

In life this .same .specimen had the ^'roiind c »lor reddish-brown; bei-
neath, deep .salmon. The iris dark reddish brown, almost black, with
faint mottli!ifj;s of bron/.e on the inner bonier, and without any hori-
zontal dark bar.

The difference of form and color are appreciable in younj,' as well as
old specimens.

The distribution of this toiin is in the Alle^h.ny .Mountains fnini
Tennsvlvania to South Carolina.

j:

i

rriiiiiirlidiiiil (liiiii iiniinin.

Ili'iiil:

I,cli;;lll (ir;;;i|H' of iiioiilli to ilH will III illiiillt t liri'i'-I'mil I lis.

Width to (IinIjiiut iVo.ii .snout to f;iilai lolil iiUoiii \\ limes.

Width to distance lidiii .snout to ^loin Jiliont 'i.^ I iiiii's.

I'l'oni .snout tii;:iil;ir I'olil eiuitained iiidisiaine iVoni snout lo^ioin. a I ion t 1 1 t lines.

|)ist;ill<e .•intelioll\ liet Ween eyes in li'lli;' h ol' orliit I.i limes.

Di.stance IVoiii i\ves to nostrils ill jell j; til of oilii I I t inie.

I Mstaiiee lietweeii exleinal nostrils in length of oiliil I time.

I >i stance lict wi'e'i internal nostrils in leii^rth of orliit less than I time.

Liiulis:

i'ree poitioii of loii^re>| li!i<;c|- cotitatni;il in ilislaiiee from elliow
to tip nearly I times.

Free port 1(111 of loii;reiit toe contained in ilistance from knee to tip. . alimit :t| times.

Itistance Iielweeii oatstretelied toes In leii;;tli from snout to ;,'roin . .•iltiiut i;i t imes.
Tail :

l.('ii;;tli from lieliind aniiH to rest of animal I ^ I imes.

I.eii;;tli iVom lieliiiid anus to total !eiii;tli three .sevenths.

I5ody :

Widi h I'ompaied with III at of head rather hss.

.Nuuiher (d'costal liiirows, iiielndiiii; axillary and ini;ni!ril Id.

r^.

Miiixiin imiiln. ill iiirluH.

Lcii;;'tli, ineasnrcd alonj; axisol liudy : liody :

rroin .snout to<^.ipe I'.ii CireMinl'erem'e of lielly '..'.((I

from snout to ;;ul,'ir fold )'i."> histance lielwcen armpit and

I'rom Hiioiit to armpit '.(I ;;idiii !.'/."»

I'rom snimt to ;{roin ','. K"i Tail:

!''roni .snout to heliind anus ;!.■,','> ilei'^hl of tail w here highest . . . ,:;

I'roin snout to end of tail .">. 7.'i Hreadlh of t.iil w here liii;liesi . . . :!J

Of tail 2..'i(» Limits:

Head : I Free pmtion of loni;est tiiiuer . 1(1

Width of liejiM \Ci !• rom elhow to tip <d' lon;;esl

Lcii;,'th (d'luliit 1.-, Iin;r|.| \\■,^,

Distanee l.etween eyes ailteri- I 'lee poi t Ion of hni^esl toe . j.'i

"I'l.V "Jo l''rcmi knee to tip of |oli;;est toe ..">(•

Mistanci'lictweeii outer nostrils .1' l>isiiiice lietweeii ontst retched

JJi.stance lift ween inner iio.strilM. . ■".) toe; l.T.'i

* j'

.1

I

TIIK HATRArniA OF NORTH AMKKICA.

Spelii-pcH fiihrr fiibrr Daiidin.
KESEUVK Si:UIES

('atillnglic

No. or

tiiiiiilH r.

mii'f.

hKII

,

r.iK'j

1

7'HM

III

;i.-tri

•_'

Th-jii

;i

hSIl

r>

yxih

1

HCIII

1

!l 1 ill

1

U'lUi

ri

:iH;i7

«

UAVI

3815

ri

M31

:i

:iai8

1)

vm

•J

0A5t

'J

»031

4

nHiKi

•1

40Jt

T

lH4n

1

l:i.ii:i

1

ami

;i

ItOOl

•t

ftOlM

i

IIM3

1

mill

1

aiKi?

i

38n:i

4

LiH'allty.

Wli.ii

rolli'ctrtl.

l"irim wliimi ii'ceiM'ii.

rilli'iiiliiili, Oliii)

ruililsvillf, N. .1

r.iilislr, I'a

llrlllWlllo CllillllV. I'.l ■■

\V:i<liiliuliiii. h.'C

t'lilimiliiii. S. ('

Ilainilliiii CiMiiily, Ohio
l!i>lilHliiiriiiii2li. S. V, . ...

TuMilnii. N. .1

>\ii\ ri.iiiiH Uivvr, III ...
Carlisle, I'.i

•1. \. It SiuiliiiiitiiKli. ■

N. II ItiMllop

I'iKl. S. I'. Ilaiid

Dr. v.. (N.ius. r S. .\
Dr. (irnmi' ,N'. .Moiaii.
.1. .v. I!. .Siailiiiriiii;;!! .

II. W. W.UIi.r

Dr. ('. (• Alilioll

K. Ki'iiiiii'iilt

I'riil. S. r. Ilaiiil

(',iili.ili, I'.i I'liit. S. K r.iii.l

Aitcii'iMciii. s. (;

('iiliiiiiliim. (ill
i'liit llrnliiii, Mci .
WaHliiiiiltMli. I>. (< .

( illlllrCMllT, Vi» ....

Millon, Kla

Ilcauli.rt. N. ('.

liiillaii l\i>v. I' la . .
Iiirl Tiivis.iii, .\rU
rr.iMic Mrr Ki>iii:i', I,:

DiT.-JO, \HM

Mr«. M. i;. iMiii.l .

|)r.(;,..iirr ,

Di.r.V. llaMl.ii...

(iro, Slloi-lliaUrr . ..

Ki'V. (;. M.mii

S. 'l'. \Vall,,r

Dr. Will. Siinipsciii

(')

Dr. Kilw.iiil.s

.Ian. Kail ir

Tyn 1' S|iriiiK«, Tiiiii I'ml. K. Owcii

181

1ci\1miii;1i, I'a rrcf, S. K. I'>.iliil

Mcaihill.', I'a ' Williaiin

.Milicvillr, S. C j Dr..l. li Itarialt i

Miii;.'iiit<i\vii, N. (; Dr. (Ii'cii;;!' N. Mman

Nature of ,s|i('i'
inii'ii

.MlKJlolil

Do.

D<i.

D.I.

Do.

Do

Do.

Do.

Do.

Do.

Do.

Do.

Do.

Do.

Do.

Do.

Do.

Do.

Do.

Do.

Do.

Do.

Do.

Do.

Do.

Do.

Do.

Do.

Do.

('

i

f,

V

t.i'.NKK.M. si;i;ii;s.

7019

1

:ih:a

'J

0;i3ri

>>

o.iaii

\

|IIM)8

1

2IW3

:i7

:t)ct.')

III

i;t.5«i

1

:i8iti

!l

1170.-.

■'

;i8mi

■>

Mit

'1

Uf.'O

1

7il7:i

:).H,-,ii

111..-.

UliiT
IIITt!

iii;h
ll.-li
:i.><;i7
;iKi:.

4711

;is7>.
:ts7:i
:)s.-.i

(')

M.'ailvill.-. P.i W'illlaiiis

riiiiloi!, N. ,1 Dr. C.C. .U. lull I

Viiuiiiia I I'Vli.'Jlt, 1N77 I'". F. Tall.ol

I I

( 'arli.iU-. I'a I'lol.S. K ISainl. .

. . .ilo Dr. .Sirvi'im

Iliwloy. Va S.'pt., iS:>:\ 11,11 Millrr

I'lixliiiiyli, I'a .S. I' .ri.iiiil

.lo ,1

I'l.irki' Oiiiiiil V, Va ('. It. I;. Kiiiiii'ily .

l''.iiii|tiiir Ciiiiit V, Va (". \V .Slum nianii .

Wvlliivill... V.i! IH-,-i Col. M. Ml Diiiialil

.MilMvill.. S. C Cl

C.uli.slr. I'.l I'lol. S I'. It.lilll .

('i ('I

(') (;»

'I

Ill

I'l

SiMiinii'i'villi , .S (J

r.iili^lr. I'a

Cinirr ( 'oiiiiU. r,i
l'illsliiiri;li. I'a ...

I'olllMlllll-.. Olli'l . .

.Vllcli'isiiii. S. (' . .
.Sal.iii N.C

Cl

mx

('I

I. W Nair

S. K Itaii.l

S. I!. Itiiiu'-.r ...
Mr. l''aliiii-»loik . ,
I.. I,rs(|iii|rau\ ..
Mr-. M K Daiii.-I
.1. r. I.iii.li.i.k ....

Uiiiliolj.'
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.

SnrlrviH's nihff flarinsimiis IIjillnw.

47i:i

^ll'l.llll■l K II

\. C.

.r C.Ma.N.iir

?PI

1H2 I!i:lm:ti\ iu, rxiT::!) statks national Mrsi;ir>f.

Sjitlrriiri nihir uliilirijin. Itail'il.

(■jliilipiiiic Nil 'if
niintlM-i'. H|H-f. '

Mm

l.iicalilv.

i:i;sKiivj': skuik.s.

Willi I' ■ I Nil III')' lit MIH'I''

,1.1 lliilll ulliilli II irlMll. '

ni iilril. lllirll

lUT.'i :.' (ii'iiiijiii...

Dr. W. I.. iloiii'H .Mroliiilir.

iV/xVccyx'i nilnr iiiinilniiiix llaii'il.

riiil'.S. Kll.tinl Alioliiilii (t\|i)')

;iHiH

«l

•171.'.

;iHT(i

MUX

7n:il

I'M;!!

Siiiilli Miiiiiilaiii. Cat- IH4H ....
li'^li'. l-a. I

S.iliiii. N. »' I .r. T. I.iii. liai'k

.Mii.i'villi. .>>. (• i l»i..r, II. Ilaiialt

I'Mri' .S|ii iii;;H. Trim .. I'liil. I!. (iHi'ii

Iliaiiroit. .\ '! Will ,Siiiii|iiiiii

IlilUliiiiiiiiiili, N. <: I M. A CiiilH

I'liiiin (.'iiiiiitv, 'J'i'iiii I •!. N. It. Siai liiiii>ii;ili .

Do
ill..

III!

I III.
III).

I

AUTODAX r.oiilciificr.

Ami. iiiid Ma;;. Na(. Ili.st. H>7, p. O*.

.Itniitht liainl, Icmid^i. Mnc.vcl., ii, Hl'.l, p. '2''t'>; (iiiaril, 1'. S. Kxpl. F.xpiil., l>'ri>.,
p. H; Cdpf, I'ldcud. Ac. I'liila., IM'.I, p. IC.I; Sliaiu'li, S.ilaiii.. p. M ;
Itiiiilciigi'i', Cal. lialr. (iiatl. ISiit. Miih., ( d. li, Itif'M, p. fi'.'; iiom. pi'a'occiip.'i-
tiiiii.

Toiijjue iittaclu'd IVoiii ^ilo.s.soliyal to aiitoiior marjiin on the nu'diaii
lino; coiLsidt'ialily free. One picinaxillai'.v bone. V»)MU'rin(» tcclli on a
rid^c, wlii(;li is conf iimoii.s lii'twt'cii the interior iiaics. Maxillary teetli*
confined to (lie anterior part of the areli, eonipre.ssed, knil'e shaped, with
entire enamel; inandibniar teeth of similar Ibrm and Iar;;edevelo|>nieiit,
few in nnml>er, and confined to the anterior half of the ranins. Toes l-.'t.

This (Mirions ^enns is fninished with l)v far the most powerful den-
tition of any of e.\istin;jr salamamh'rs, and lesmiivles in this respect
the dfciieniof theCoal .Measures, Ibaeh.vdeetes, llylerpeton, and II.\Iono-
mus. In other points there is little difference between it and IMethodnn.
Oin; marked feature brin<;s it in-arer Desmo.unathus than any other
fjenus of IMethodontiche. The e.xoccipitoinoiHics are each furnished
with a hij;h lonj;iludinal crest, ov«'r which fhe temporal muscle i)as.scs
from its oiij^in on tlie atlas. It has, however, the usual ori;;in from fhe
nH"lian line of the jiarietrds, which scarcely exists in Desmo^xniithus.
This line is marked in A. lujiuhris by an elevated crest. The j-nd of the
nnizzle in that spccMcs bears evidences |r> ;i habit similar to that which
accompanies the sin^Milar structures of l)esnn>;;natliiis, viz, that of bui'
rowing; or rootinj;' ainoufj stones or of her resist in;; objects. The derm is
similarly adherent to the bone , and the latter is exosfosed and ru;,M)Us.
The prefrontal bones are well d(^veloped.

* (iiiiinl, /. <\, (icscrilii's llio ti-i'lli a.s not lixixl to Hie Jiiw. and capalilr " of .'i depres-
sion liai'U wards." Tlii.s is only trnt' of .sncci'.ssion.'il tcrfli or foetli aliniil to lie slicd ;
till' I'linrtidnal li'clli ,irc. lirniiv anrliv'o.scd.

l***-

sides
axilla

TIIK MATK/iCHIA OK NORTH AMKRICA. 183

No species liii.s yet beeii roimd east, of llie I'.u'il'K! coast region.

or. Distal liaH'ot tuil ioiiikIciI or oval.

haij;<', (itoiit ; tliiiinlttlt'Vfloiii'd; liiiy;(is slioit ; i>aiasiiluiioi(l snics tianow, vom.
^I <TiiH!8 8t;oiiBly ciirvfil l)iukwar(ln; widlli of lit-ad l-.'i |«> j,Mi)in; li;;lit liiowii

iil>(>vi>, with yellow si»i)t.s I. liitjnliris.

SiiiulliT, HlutitliM", tliinil) not (liHtiiu't, liii;;ci-s loiii;, Nltnili r; iiaiasplicnoiil sciics
J wiilur; voiiii'liiio KiTicsNcaicfly rccnivcil ; wiiltli o|' Inad li.;i;i iIiikh in lcii!;lli

to i^roiii ; aliovf lilacU, sidi.s ;;ia.v t. I'lrims.

■^^ not. DiMtal liair ol tail stroii;;lv lonipriNsi'd.

Woliiisl ; mii/zlc Willi'; |)aras|diciioid tooth patch wid" ; difjitsMhoit, th'- liim r
not I'H'v; width of head 'i-.'i tiiiicM in lni;;lh lo i^iom: Idack, spiinkh'il
with small liliiish spots aliovc I. Uraiiun.

I

I

i

% "^ 1

1

AITODAX I-rtUrHRIS Hallow.
(I'latoa?. Ii>;s. I-I; :i.".. li;.. :i; |H, liu. 1.-,.)

.Inaiilix Uiqubr'tH HaJid, Icoiio;;!'. I'.ncycl., II, Hl'.t, p. 'A'iti ; Ihiird Ar fiirard, I'loc.
Ac. I'hila., H.'.:i, p. :iic,>: Maird, V. S. Kxpl. K.\pcd., Ilcip., I'l. i, li«s. •>(i-:i;i, and
Rcpt. U. S. Kxpl. Suiv., .Mil, ]). IV, 1*1. :ii». li;,'. I: (Jopc, I'loc. Ac IMiila., isllt,
|i. I<i<): SIrancli, S.ilani., ]>. 7.'> : Itonlcn^rcr, Cat. Hatr. (iiad. Itrit. Mils., cd. ii,
ICHJ, p. Wi.

Siihimiiiiiird liiiiiiliriH llaliow., .lonni. Ac. IMiila., I'^H, p. I'JIi.

Tmiiliii .' hiiiiihrin (ir.iy, (-'at. Matr, (irad. Mrit. Mas., cd. I, p. v'(i.

.tmliljiMliiiiKt iiinicldliim tiray, ihiil.. p. 117.

The head is eh)ii;;ate(l, vcf.v iniieh depressed, liatteiied, and when
viewed IVoin above is miieli swoUeii posterioil.v. Tlie stioiit is very
proiiiiiieiit, protnidin;,' beyond tlic lower Jaw. Tlie nostrils are ele
vated, lateral, siibtcrininal, and far apart. The eyes very prominent ;
their diameter enters only once in the distance between their anterior
j'im and the extremity of the snout. The cleft of the month is larj:e
and imdiilafinj,'. The maxillary teeth are proi)ortionally lar<;e, espe-
cially on the lower jaw. They are lanceolate in shape, very acute ami
thill. The palatine teeth are iiicoiispieiioiis, rather blunt, dispo.sed in
an open V«haped lij;ure, the sninmit of which is directed ba(!kward,
whilst its branches extend to the internal and posterior margin of the in
tier nostrils. There are two elongated patches (»f miiinte teeth on the
parasphenoid, clo.seiy appro.ximateil anteriorly and diverging slightly
posteriorly, where they are rounder and broadesi. The cordiform or pel-
tall tongue tills the whole space of the inferior lloor of the mouth. It
is alt ii'lied along its meitial line, whilst its sides are perfectly free, as is
also slightly its tapi-ring tif) and its posterior bilobed expansion.

The neck is elongated and slightly (!ontracted; a distinct ami well-
iiiarked gnlar fold may be observed. It no doubt exists during life,
tliongh its|)resence has been contested by some writers.

Tlie body is siibfiisifoim, diminishing towards both extremities. The
siih's of the abdomen are transversely folded thirteen times between
axilla and groin. Tlie tail is almost as long as the head and body to-

m

, 1 1

I I

V

i I

; 1

r

i il

184 nULLKTIN 111, I'NITKI) RTATKS NATIOXAL MI'SKir.Nf.

ijcllicr. It is siilM'.vIiiKlrical, soiiu'wliiit coiniu-essed, and tiuu'iiii;,' at
Iho 011(1. Il;i iippci- and Imuci eddies art' roiiiidcd.

Tlic limbs aiv sleiidor, tiif posti-rior oiu's a liltk- loiiijor aiitl stoiiu-r
tliaii the ante rior. Wla'U tlii' loriiicrare liroiijilit Ibrvvanl and tlicl.itli r
backward al(.ii;,'sid.' tlu' body tlio toes of citber sliKbtl.v ovi'ilap (lie
(ttluT. The toes tlicmsrlvcsarc sIcikUt, oiiliicly froo, niid t«Mininalcd
by a callous, disk-like cxpansi.m, resembling' in that respect some Annr.i.
Tile anterior inner toe is (jiiite small; the third is the loiifresl ; tlie sec-
ond nearly e(pial in si/e to the lonrlh ; the second and lourth are nearly

e(|nal.

The skin appears quite smooth; when examined under the micro,
scope, however, il is found to contain a net work of minute irregular
stelliform i)ores, each stella havin;; a Indlow or clear center or mouth.

The enlor, as preserved on specimens in alcohol, is of n uniform li;;lil
brown aiiove anil li^ht ycHow beneath. The sides, and frei|Ueiitly the
upjier surfaces, are markeil with small irre{,ndar yellow spots.

• ' * lA r^ KS 1 '3

5
Kill. 1 1. Aiil'^liir hfiiihrls-. No. |ii|7. I'rlaliliiiil, Cll. ; |.

Miiltlircilli lllx, ill ilirliis.

llH'llll.

I,fii;;tli, axi.'i!, rioiii snout tn oiliit 'J

IjrMj,'tli, ii\ial, I'll nil Hill 111 ( In 1 ictus oris .">

I.fiij;l!i, axial, Cioiii hikmi; to axilla 1. IS

I.rli;,'tll, axial. IVhiii mioiiI In ;;r(iiii •,' Ci'.\

iiiM^lli, axial, iVoiii siimit to riid of vent '. )i. la

L(Mi;;tli, axiiil, from snout to niil of tail 'J. (11!

Li'li;;tll of foil'- li Mill -Ti

I. I'll;; til of III ml liiiili i

I.i'll;;tli of foic-fool 'JM

I.i'ii;;fli of liiiiil foot I

Will ill o( iiiiiii-foot soli" :i:i

Willi li of licail at liiliis oris 1

Wiiltli of liody at iniddlt' .V.I

Width of lioily at s.icnini . II

The raii^'e of this species is limited. embra(Mii;;(>nly middle California,
It is, however, not rare in that rej^ion.

1

I

TIIK HArHACHIA 4)1' NOinil AMKUICA.

.iiiliiilii.r liiijiihris Kiilliiw.

i:i:si;i!Vi-: skimks.

185

('iilalii;^!!!' No. Ill'
iiiiiiiIm'I'. n|M'V.

I.CM'illilV.

Willi,
rollocti'il.

K.uM, «l„.m ivniv.'.l. N'»""«' '"■ "l-'l

iiii'ii.

4017

in

4ii:io

.1

iiiJi

H

lii:i(i

I

lii:in

• I

•lli'.M

:i

ii:.7ii

I'l

tiinl

1!

miit;

1

imn

1

i:i!ii7

:i

i:itii:i

1

irHii

1

HIT.-.

li

rcliiliima, Tftl K. SrtimifN Al.nli.ili.-.

raiiilloiiis, Cal l.ii'iil \V. 1'. 'liiiw 1»M.

I I liliiljir, I'.S. A.

Ciilil'iiniiii (?) lUi.

Sail l''nuiri.'<i'<), C'lil , , Mnil. \V. I*. Triiw- llii.

I liriiluK, I'.S. A.

<1ii I ill) III).

Mniili'ii'y.Ciil. I A.S. 'I'a.Uiir I»ii.

Shi l'"iaiifl<rii, Cal '. Do.

ri'iiiltiiiiii, ('ill K. Siimiiii'Ik I><>.

r.i;l r.juii.Cal Auk.— , iHT.'i H. \Vlliii»lia« |ti>.

San I'raiiiUc II. < 'al I,ii'iit<'ii:iiil Waiicii . .. Itii.

r.cikcli'V.C.'al ... I'-MI |{. i:. ('.SiiaiiiH Ito.

ilo' IK^I ilii .. . I»ll.

Mniii.ii-v.t'al Hi. r.iiii|illi'lil I Mi.

f'aliliiiiiia (') 1)11.

^ '■

■■I

i

This is one of tin' inost iiiaiUcd siu'cics ul Norili Aiiit'iiciiii salainati
lU'i's. Tlio lai';;:t' tciiiporiil iiiiisclcs <x\\t' tin* litMtl a sudlli-ii oiitliii«> be-
liiiid, ami s(>|tarat(> tin* ilt'iiiia IVoiii tli*' craiiiiiiii. Tiii' latt<-r adlicrcs to
tiu' top of tli<> proiiiinctit iiiii/./.lc. 'IMic tissint' ol° llit' iiioiitli is siiiiialt',
iiiosi stroii;;ly so in adult spt'ciincns. On the wlntlt'. the |>li,vsio;,'noin.v
is not nnlik(4 that of the siiappini: toitoisf. 1 have little tlonhl that it
is Mioi'<> capaldi- ot' inllictin;; a liitc than anv other of the Aineriean
I'lodela. Its t'ood does not appt ar to dilVer nnieli IVoni that of other
salainainlers; in the stomaeli of one I I'onnd ants, in anithet* three tn
fonr species of lieetles, annni;.; them an entire Coeeinella.

.MIuD.W l'KI{ICi;f.S <.'(.|.c.

. I »i(ii/ci /(•)•; r/M ('ii|ii'. I'niri'cil. /,(•. Pliil.i.. l-.;.t. p. lii'.it IJoiilrii;;!'!', Cat. Italr. (iiatl.
liiit. Mii-^., «•.!. II, 1<-.', |.. .■,:;.

This is a smaller and more slender spei'ies than the last, not hein^'
very iiill'eieiit in proit trlions froMi I'Ullnnliui Inlrniir Hits, \n\\ with a
inoatler and more llatteiied head.

The head is an elon;;ate oval, sli;;litly trniieat'' in front. The nostiils
an' antero lateral, and with a delicate ;;roove coiiiiectinn' with the com-
misstire of the month. ( 'anthiis lostralis not marked. The mn//.le is
as lon.ii as the iissnre of the eye, while the len;;tii t»f the c:)minissiire of
liie month (diagonal line) is ei|nal to the width of the head at the
rictus. The tonjj;iie is largely free, the posterioi' pcntitm rather
narrowly. The inner nari's are nearer lo;;('ther than the outer. The
vomerine teeth commence heliind the nares, and form a siiifi'le series of
einht on a rid^e, which is ;;;ently arilied hackwa ds on the median line.
Tlie parasphenoid patch does not extend »|iiile foiward to tlie mid-
tile of the orbits; it is minh Hatter and wider anteriorly than in
.1. httiithris, and con tains opposite the posterior margin of the orbits ten
ion^itudinal series of teeth, those oj' adjaceiil rows aiternatin;^'.

• ?

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IMAGE EVALUATION
TEST TARGET (MT-3)

1.0

I.I

I£4|2j8 12.5

w 1^ mm

lit

1^

11.25 nil 1.4

Photographic

Sciences
Corporation

23 WIST MAIN STUET

WEBSTER, N.Y. MSSO

(716)872-4503

V

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to

p

X

186 DIILLKTIN :U, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

t )

Giilar fold well niarkcd; costal folds foiirfecii, not contiiinod on back
or abdomen. The limbs, and especially the digits, are .slender; appressed
to the side, they fail to meet by the length of the lin«ers. The form of
the body is .slender and cylindric, and the width of the head enters the
total length to the groin seven times. The tail is, as in .1. liifjuhns,
eqnal to the head and body in length, cylindrical, slender, and .slightly
compres.scd at tip.

The thnmb po.ssesses a short phalange, but no part of it is free, as in
A. iKfjiihris; on the other liand, all the phalanges of the other toes of
both feet are more slender than the .1. luguhris, and the distal ones
distinctly truncate and .slightly emarginate, with dermal thickening
below tip. All are qnite free. Number o'' phalanges, 1-2-3-2, l-2-;}-3-2.

Coloration.— Hides and nape greenish-gray; toj) of hea<I and dors;i|
region behind in the form of a serrate band, with the tail, black; below
yellowi.shbrown; limbs black above, brown below; inferior regions un-
spotted.

1 4 3 5

Fid. 45. Aiitoilaxferrciin. Xo. (JTOJ. Kort riupi|ii,i, 1, j.

Miaxitivmctils, in inches.

Iiiolu ...

Loiifjtli, .axial, from .snout to rictus oris ;-J

Leiigtli. iixial, IVoiii sii;)iit to axilla TO

l.cn^rtli, axial, from snout to <rroin l.T.'>

L(Mi};tli, axial, I'rom snout to end of vent ',*.

Lenf^tli, axiiil, from .snout to end of tail :i. (i.")

Lt'iifrtli of forc-limh i")

Length of fore-foot 'J

Li'iigth of liiud liml) 'i.'i

Lt'i);;tli of 111 ml foot *J<i

Widtli of hind-foot sole 11

Width of head at rictus oris 'JH

Width ofhodyat middle )>\

Width of body at sacrum 2

The maxillary bone displays the same sudden deeurvatnre anterior to
and below the orbit which the A. hif/uhris does, but it is less marked;
in consecpience, the commissure of the mouth is less sinuate. The long
mandibidar and maxillary teeth, while of similar structure, are le.ss de-
veloj^ed. IVf]iai».s larger specimens of this spi cies may be fuiiinl where
they may be larger, as in small specimens of .1. Iiif/iihri.s they are nearly
sinn'lar in proportions.

Thoiigli nearly allied to the A. Iminhrh, the presefit species will never
be confounded with it. It is a much weaker Ibrin.an i does not disp|:i.\
the characters of llic g(Miiis in .so .striking a degre'. The form of the

>\ \

iO(l

1

THK HATRACIIIA OK NORTH AMERICA.

187

t ,

»* ;

h

■

:

\

tail is that of A. luffuhris, ami not tliat of ^l. iivdnus. lUit one speci-
nu'ii has come under my oUservalion, as follows:
No. 071>4i 1 si»ecimen ; Fort IJmpiiUii, Orcfjon ; Dr. Vollen.

AUTODAX liiCANL'.S C.ipc.

I'h'hodini ii'caiiHs Copo, Proccod. Ac. Pliila. 188!}, p. 21.

.Iiniidct ii'ii'iiis Cit\K', I'rocciMl. Aiiicr. I'liilosoph. Sdc, 188!), p. ^viC).

A I'liily f^rown imlividtial of tins speeics i)resents the followiuf;' char-
acters: The form is ratlier robust, and the head is distiii<;nished from
the neck by tiie swollen temporal mnscles. The muzzle is short and
wiile, with roiiuded border, and is not so contracted as in the.l. liiiia-
/>//v. The len<;th from the end of the muzzle to the axilla enters that
IVom the latter to the t-ioin one and a half times. The tail isof moderate
Icnjith, equiilin,n' tlmt of the body (includinf? vent) nearly to the thora(!ic
fbhl. TIh! width of the head enters the lenj>th from end of muzzh? to
j;ioin live and one half times— a proportion intermediate between tho.se
exhibited by the two other species of the fi'enus. The limbs are rather
robust, and when ai)pressed to t!,.; .sides leave an interval of three
iMler<;ostal spa(;es.

The top of the head is flat, and the least interorbital width is ecpial
to the lenj^tii from the eye to th(^ end of the muzzle and to the space
inclo.si'd between the external borders of the external nares. The
commissure of the mouth rises behiml the line of the orbit as in the.l.
Iii(/iihri^. The muzzle does not project lieyond the mouth, as it does in
.1. luiftthris. The internal nares are very small. The tongue is lar<>e
and antero posteriorly oval, and is t'xtensively free at the sides. The
vomero palatine teeth are in two short rows of three or four teeth each,
which (M)mnK'nce behind the internal nares, ou a liiu' with their inter-
nal borders, and converge, with slij;hi posterior inclination, without
meetinfj. The patch of parasphenoid teeth is wide and subtruneate in
front, and is undivided except towards the i)osterior ])ortion. The
larjxe teeth of the Jaws are not so well developed as in the .1. int/Kbris^
ar(^ nH)re sleinler in form, and not so numerous. They <!onstitut«', the
entire arnniture of the dentary bone, occupying; only the anteri(U' half.
1 <!ount only four of then), and they are movable; that is, iiunniture.
1 find no fixed oiu>s of the larji'cr size in the uppi'i- jaw. Three or four
of the posterior imixillary teeth are like those (»f the dentary bone, but
Ihey ;4iadiiate anteriorly into teeth of the usual type. An examina-
tion of otherspeciuuinswill be necessai'y toascertain whether these teeth
i»econu5 permanent or not, or whether they are developments of the
lireedin<>' season. The larj;e temi)oral muscles, curved coi: nissure of
the Mn)Uth, etc., so re.send)l(^ the correspondiiiii' parts in the .1. liiijiihriii,
that I suppose their i)ermanentdtMital characters to be alike. Thennix-
ill-ry bone projects abruptly downwards behind th(^ last nmxillary
lOoth, formiuff a snn)(>th eil;i'e. as in A. hifiKhris.

-l

\v >

T

188 BULLETIN :!l, UMTEI) STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

The skill ol" the A. iiranm is smootli. Tliere are tliirteeii hiteral
IbUls between axilla aiid yroiii, and a stroiij; pectoro jiiilartbld. The hit-
ter rises on each side in front of the shoulder, and then turns upwards
and forwards. It is soon changed into a narrow dermal ridge or rib,
whieh is (Irst eonvex iii)wards and then eonvex downwards, and then
terminates in line with the e.ve a diameter of the latter behind it.

The feet are short, i.nd the diyits are tlattened and are obtuse at the
tips. The pollex is only free by a slight notch, and the hallux by a
rather deei>er one. The phalanges are: Anterior, l-2-.'5-2; jmsleiior,
l-L'-:5-3-2. The third and (iflli anterior digits ar<' equal, while the
l)osteriors run l-2-i"i-;i-l, beginning with the shortest. The third and
fourth are nearly equal.

The tail is somewhat depress(>d at the base, and beeonics round in see-
tion to the end of the jtroxima] two -fifths. It then becomes giadually
more compressed, until ic is quite Hat for the distal third.

2 V / ^^afi/ III m \\\ ^ 7

1 3 4 6

T\r..W). AiitmJax iVcaniin. No. U'lOC. Slmst.i County, ('alifuniiii ; \.

The color is black, relieved by a yellowish-brown shade of the ehin.
and of the i)alms and soles, and half the inferior side of tiie fore aim-
A line of the same (!olor passes from the nostril to the upper lip, and lln'
lower eyelid has the same color. The sui)erior surfaces and sides ot
the hea I, body, and tail are dusted rather thickly with small suiH'(pial
bluish-white spots, much as are seen in Plethodon (jlKtinosus.

M(<isiii('ni( Ills III' Xo. 1 l,r)l)(i.

M

r,('ii{i;lli from end of iiin/zlc to ciul of tail I'.'vJ

Li'iif^tli from (Mid of inii/./.lc to end of vont (IT I

l,('iij;lli from (Mid of muzzle to jfroin (l.V.t

li(Mi;;tli from end of innzzle to axilla (I'.M

licnj^tli from end of inuzzli^ to cantlins oris dlt)

I-iMiji;|]i of for(! 11 ml) diri

l>enj;tli of hind limb (117

lieiiniii of Iiind foot (t(W

Width between orbitH (least) niKti;

Width of head (;j;reat(>Ht) Oil

The typical adidt specimen displays the anomaly of the suppression
of the fourth posterior digit of the left side.

This salamander resembles tiie rkthmhn glntinosus in various re-
spects, especially in coloration. It lias, however, a compresscMl tail, like
tiie /'. intarmeiliiin, and short series of vomerine teeth. The reeurviMl
commissure of the mouth gives it the smiling expression ehjiraeteristie

I

«i

t'.ii.

;f'ffq»'i

THE ISATKACIIIA OF NORTH AMERICA. 181)

of the other species of Autoilox, which is quite (litlereiit from that seen
ill ricthodoii.

TUii Aiitodnx ii'canns was originally established on a half grown speci-
men found by myself in Shasta County, Cal. A second specimen of
the same size was sent to the National i\[useu.n by Mr. Charles Town-
send from the same locality. The young specimens do not display the
physiognomy of the genus, but have the usual want of character as
coMipared with the adult. The vomerine series of teeth are, however,
rather better developed. The typical specimen has the following char-
acters :

The vomerine series are straight, and do not quite meet on ihe mid-
dle line. They are entirely behind the nares, and do not extend exteri,)r
to them. Tiie paras[>henoid patches are united into one, and are well
separated from the vomerines.

Form rather stout, and the tail short, etpiiding (from vent) the length
of the body (with vent) to the gular fold. Costal folds, 1'}. IIea<l a
longitudinal oval, with rather narro\.ed and not truncate niuzzK' ; its
length (to occii)nt) contained o'-J times in length from muzzle to groin.

Limbs short; wlu-n pressed along the side they aresei)arate(l hy three
intercostal spaces. The digits are short and the internal ones are rudi-
mental.

The color is black everywhere, and the superior surfaces are dusted
over with minute light specks.

Mc.tmirciiii Ills.

3T.

Tt)tal U'li^th OK?

Li'i)i;(h IVoiii iiHi/.y.lo (o axilla (iIOo

Lciii^tli fnnii n\\i/./.U', to {;r()ii> O'JTf)

Willi li of Lead at e-aiitlms oris 0(Hi

l.i'iinlli of anterior limb , ()();l

Lciifitli of anterior f.)ot (102

Len<;tli of ))(i.s(erior limb OOV.")

l.fn;;th of jKLsterior foot OUlVi

This species is to be compared with the Vkthcdon inteniwilinn of
western Oregon. It is shorter ami more robust in form, having only
thirteen costal plica* instead of fifteen. The color is very diBerent.

I'al. Nil. Xo. spcr.

I:i71ll
I I.V.Ki

I.ociilily. (;()llrcliir.

Mil i III, Sli;isl:i Cuuiil.v, Ciil <!. U. Towiiscml.

lid r.ivin^filim Slmii'.

' 't!

1

• 4

I

1

1

1

H

V ■ I

y\

^';

■k

I I' 2

\

Tliis species is named from the aboriginal name li'ka, of the grand
peak of northern ('alif(>i'nia, .Mn:int Sliasta. From the same name the
town of Yrekii d<'riv«'s its name. So I am inlbi'med by Judge liose-
bor(Uigh, of that place, to wlioin I am under great ol>!igations I'or many
facilities and much inl'ormation.

190 liULLKTIN HI, L'MTKI) STATES NATIONAL Ml'SlOUM.

i)i<:sM(XJNATinj)Ji;.

Copt', Joiiiii. Ac. Nat. Sim. IMiihi., ISCUi, 107.

Ptor.vgoids wantiiij;-. Oibitospliciioid sc'i)iiiiite<l by inemluane Croiii
I-iootic!. Vestibiik', iiitt'inal wall o.sscumis. Jh'iitij-i'roii.s plates on tlio
paraspbt'iioid. Ceratoliyal articulatiiij;- with (niailratc. ('ar])iis and
iar.siis cartilaginous. Vortebiin opistliocd'loii.s. Jlyoid apparatus an
ill the IMethodoiitida".

The peculiarity of the vertebne distiiij>uishes this laiiiily eliielly from
the last. Ill the only genus wliicli represents it, there are iiiiiiientus
peculiarities, which are not found elsewhere. Should other j,'eiiera b(^
found which do not possess tliciii, the above diaj-nosis would probably
be the proi)er test of their family allinities.

The distribution is continod to the eastern district of the nearctic
realm so far as yet known.

The Thoriida' only dill'er lioiii the DesnioKiiathida' in the o.sseons
carpus and tarsus. The single genus Thorius Cope is included by
iJoulenger in the Desmognathida'. Thorius has a boletoid tongue like
Spelerpes, and the parietal region mostly membranoiis. Toes, 1-5. One
species, T.pcitnatulus Cope, of small size, from E. Mexico.

DES:\IO(JNATnUS Baird.

.JoiiMi. Ac. .Nut. Sci., I. •JSj.-J-jr. : Gray, Cut. I?rit. Mas., isr.ii, iii ; (.'ope,
I'loccfd. Ac. Pliila., l-^Oll ll'i : Straiicli, Salam., j). 72 : 15(iiilcnj,'cr.
Cat.Hatr. Sal. IJiit. Miis. -(Lii, \^S>, p. 77.

Premaxillaries united, embracing a fontanelle ; parii'tal bones o.ssi-
lied. rretVontsil bones wanting. ()ccii»ital condyles on cylindric i>ed-
estals. Temporal muscle arising only from the atlas, with ii tendinous
external margin and insertion, i)assing freely over the parietal and
I)rootic bones. Tonguti attached, except by its lateral and posterior
margins. V^oinerine and sphenoidal teeth present. J)igits distinct, l-"*.

The absence of o. prefrontale does not ai)iiear to be the result of its
confluence at any late [)eriod with thenasale; its ordinary position is
traversed by the frontal suture. Tiie frontal bone is decurVed, and
closes the preorbital aspect of the super[)alatal vacuity, usually opsii.

This marked genus, so aliundantly represented by individuals in the
eaMtern district of Xorth America, is not admitted by either Diimeiil
(u- Ilallowell, probably becaii.se it dojs not dill'er in external characters
from riethodon. It is anexcellent illustration of the error of adhering to
external characters only, iii tlieexitlanatioii of the relations and allinities
of organized beings, except for a liiniteil range. Tlie examination of
the .skeleton of six'cies of this genus utterly changes tho imi)ressions
produced by a consideration of tlie extcrnil cliara(!ters. It may bo
stated aschar.icteristic of the Ijatr.uihia in general that their iiflinities
can not be determined without study of the skeleton.

i: if'^^fi

J

Till-: IIATUACIIIA OF NORTH AMlUilCA.

191

There arc no (loriniil appeiulages developed in tbis genus at tbe
hreedin}^" season.

1. Mali^s witli posterior liii'f of the mandible coiiciivo and edentnlons.

Infciior liiteriil scries of poros iniperfoct or wanting, HnjH'riar nono ; no luln'iclc
ill cantiiiis ocnii ; tail mostly roundi-d ; fourtiu'ii costal plica'; a jiillowisli

(lorsiil band ; belly immacnlato ; size small If. ocliroiilidK,

II. Males with mandibnlar alveolar mari^in continnons and completely tootb(!d.

Iiil'crior lateral series of pores well dc^vcloptid, snpciioi' irregular or wantiii,^; a
tubercle in caiitluis ocnli ; tail compressed, keeled, and linned; fourtetiii costal
plica'; above dark spotted, below niarbb^d ; size medium 1). fnncd.

I'w o well-develo|)ed lateral seric s of pores ; a marked tubercle in the cantliiis of
the eye; tail llattened, linned above, attcMiuate; twelve costal folds.; black
above and below ; sizi! larjft; I), nigra.

DIvSMOGXATHUS OCIIROPILKA Cope.
I'roceed. Ac. N'at. Sci. I'liila., ISV.t, l','-2.

This small species bears a strong reseniblaniie to the Spclerjx.s hi-
line(ttu.s Vtvaaw, and, apart from generic characters, may be known from
it by the rounded tail, the paler-colored abd()men, and the light bar
iVom the eye to the angle of tiie mouth. Its proportions are stouter
tiian in Plethodon cincrciis crijtliyonotnH, to which it also bears some re-
.send)lanee.

Tiie costal folds are thirteen, but fourteen if that which is immedi-
ately above the groin be counted. The hrst falls immediately into the
axilla. This is the chaia(!teristic an-angement in I>.fnsc<i also, while in
/>. itiiiru the fold above the groin usually extends to it, and is the twelfth,
vviiilc; that which corresponds to the first of the species before named
I aiisjust in ailvaiuie of the axilla. Though this is typical of />. ni(;i<i
occasionally another i)!ica appears above the groin, and the twelfth is
.-lightly in front of it.

The pores in I>. ochroi>h(va are very difUcult to observe. In a few
specimens I have seen a few of those of the lov.er .series ; the upper I bc-
lii've to be wanting. The gnlar fold is distinct, and another vertical fold
coiiiinences behind its extremity, and turning longitudinally, extends
more or less distin(!tly to the orbit. As in other species, the derm a<l-
lieres closely to the frontal bones and is more or less rugulo.se. The
head is oval, with rounded depressed muzzle; its greatest width en-
ters the length to the groin .~»'rj times. The commissure of the mouth is
.--lightly llexuose.

The appressed limbs fail to nu-et by four intercostal spaces. The
inner «ligits of both feet are short but free, longer than in IMethodon
species of similar size; the othei- digits are also longer and more dis-
tinct; proi)orfions, l-l-2-.'5, l-r»-L*-l-;i; only three phalanges in longest
t.:es. The tail is quite slender, and oidy compressed at tip; in sonu^
there is a keel above on the distal third, but never any dermal lln.

The vomerine teeth are very few and small when present ; they are
often wanting. Their basal line is on a ridge, which is convex back-

■

ih

r

M

%\\

' r

II);

lUJLLKTlN ;{l, IJNITlil) STATK-S NATIONAL MIJ.SKIJM

wards, nearly coiitiimous medially. Tlie panisplieiioid (eetli staml on

two narrow plates, wbicli arc well separated, especialjy behind, and are

shortened; anteriorly they only reach to near the niiTldlc oftlic orbits.

Tiie mandibular teeth present pecularitics in the male, by which it may

l)e readily distinguished from the female. In a large number of speei-

mens the oral commissure is but little undulate, and the mandibular

teeth though longer medially, arc continued to near the basis of the

coronoid i)rocess. The nuilcs exhibit a strongly flexuous commissure,

and the alveolar margin of the mandible is dee])Iy concave below the

front of the (ubit, an<l is edentulous. The distal portion is abruptly

convex and is armed with long teeth. The margin is slightly concave,

anterior to this point, ami finally rises again at the symphysis, Miiicli is

l»roiiiin('iit and protected externally by a pad of crypts as in />. /kscun.

The structure of the males is in the luaudibular dentition (juite that

of the genus Autodax ; the A. fcrrcits presenting the characters but

little more stiongly. No such sexual dil!ereiu;e can be found in the

I), /'itsrd, though the commissure only may be sometimes more (Icxu-

ous in uuiles. The Jaws antl dentition in the 7>. iiifjra do not dilfer in

t!i(! two sexes. I have observed that two of the many males of />. ovhro-

^>//fm possess the female denition. The tongue in I). ochviq)hnt( is an

elongate oval, cousideiably free behind.

The color of females is a bright brownish yellow, fading to dirty white
below, with a dark brown shade on each side from the eye to liie end
»)f the tail, which is daikest above ami gives the dorsal space the char-
acter of a band. There is an irregular scries of brown dots along the
vertebral line. .Males are rather larger and usually darker in color ;
thus the dorsal baml is brownish, the lateral band blackish, and tlu^
dorsal spots more distinct. In most speciuu'us of both sexes there is a
light band from the eye to the rictus oris, and the belly is idways im
maculate ; the gular region nearly always. The testes and v is deferens
are covere<l with black i»igment ; no i)igment on the peritonu'um ol the
female.

'^^?^

143 5

I''|ii. 47. D('Siiiiiijiiathiiii<irliriipI((r(t, No. (i,«Ul. .Miailvillr, Ta. ; .], ;. Ki;;. -, c/ ; 2(1, 9 .

This species attains scarcely half the size of the D./iisni, as indi(;ated
by the numerous females with develo))ed eggs in our colli ctions. As
the eggs are ((puil in size to those of />. fitscn when roady to be dis-
charged, and as the species is only half the size of the same, the eggs
in the oviduct of a gravid fenuUe atone tinu', are oidy half as nnnu-rous.
I have oidy found from (5 to 10 in />. ovhrophmt, in each oviduct, while
from 18 to 30 may be counli d on one side in D. fifscd.

('aljl(,
iiiiimImI

"n

I

THE IJATRAcnilA OF NOUTIf AMERICA 193

MiaiiivniuHls of Xo. (WJl, iii hiihiH.

ItlcllI'M

Li'iigtli, iixial, from Niioiit to rictus oris j

Li'ii;;tli, fixiiil, from snout to iixiliii 4(;

I,('i);;tii, axial, from snout to j^roiii l.«2;)

Li'ii;;tii, iixijil, from snout to end of vent l.f)!

I,('ii;;tli, axial, from snout to end of tail ;i. (II

l,rn.i;tli of fori! liuil) ;{

1 -I'll:; til of for(! foot (W

hi'nj;tli of hind linil> ;{(j

Li'n;;tli of Iiind foot 17

W'idtll of liind-foot sole ^

Will III of head at lictns oris <j

Width of liody at miildlc •'•^

Habitat, ('t(!. This suliiinaiHlcr is chlt'Hy iibmidiiiit in flic chain of
llio Alli'shiiiiios and thoir ontlyiiiy spurs. I liave never sci'ii it in th(^
liill <u)iiiitry (if Pennsylvania or tiio lower ])hiins of New Jersey ami
.Maryland, nnr have I observed it in the Alle^lianies of sonthwesterii
Vir,i;inia. 1 have taken it abundantly in the IJIack Moiitains of North
Carolina. The riiiladelphia Academy possesses nninerou.s speeimeiis
IVotn the IJroad-Top iMonntain, in southern Pennsylvania, from Dr.
I.i'idy, It has others from Warren County, Pa., from Dr. Mainlall. In
northern Peiin.sylvania and the Adirondacks it is very abundant.

The habits of this iiniinal tire terrestrial. It occurs under the bark
of every fallen lo^ of headock [Abiefi canadensis) and in the debris of
tiie dark divmp forests of the North. I never saw one in the water of
.streams and river baidvs, the habitat of the other species of the ;,'enus.

Professor Baird was familiar with this si>ecies befor.', I described it.
I published his su^'^festion, expressed in ii letter, tlnit. it was tiie S.
Iialdnnani of Ilolbrook. Ilolbrook's fiojure does not represent tlii.s
species in any deoree, nor is his description more conclusive as to the
reference of this species to it rather than some others. JJe says it is
marked with spots on the upper surfaces, which are "disposed without
much regularity," but the largest arc on the iiaidvs. There are but few
sjjots above in this animal, and they are in a regular mediiin series.
The sides iire banded. He also describes and ligures the belly as yel-
low, which it is not in JJcHmof/nathns oohropluva. The ISalamandra hat-
dvman'i ai)pears to me to have been proposed on an unusually s[)otted
Spclcrpes bilineafus.

PvsmofjiKtthHn ochrophwu Cope.

(!atiiln(jiii'

Xo. of

IIUIlllllT.

.SJIOC.

3017

10

4U11

;i

■-'0

4530

5

Locality.

Alli'Kiiiiv (!i)iuitv, X. Y
liiaiUiinl Cipinil'v, I'a...
.Mciiilvillc, l>a

Wlu'iii'ii anil liipw
ubtaiuL'il.

Or. Stevens.
C.C Martin.
l'r()re.s,sor Wllliani.s.

Siis(iiieliaiuia Comity, I'a j I'rofew.sor Coiic.

u

I M

I "h>

J

11)51— Bull 31-

■13

,

194

nULLKTlN 'M, lJXI'"-'i:0 STATlvS NATIONAL MirSKUM.

„

! *

'i:

If

.'

Varictji. A spi-ciiiK'n with Hii' ik'iitition, colonitioii, aiid pioporiicMis
of body iiiid tail of this spi'dos wa.s sent to the Sinitlisoiiiiin Institiilioii
Worn iiortlieni (Iforgia by Dr. .loius. It iipinoaclics tUv. IK fnsca in
having a snnill tuhvrvuUm cunthuK oaiU, and a woll-devt'loiied infericM'
series of niucoi s pores.

DliSMOGNATIIUS FU.SCA Kill.

(riati's:it,lij;s. ."),(;; :i(l, lif?. 1 ; ir>, li^'.7.)
(var. fiinva.)

Baird, Jonni. Ac. riiila. (■.'), i. i>.'^-.'>; Cope, I'loccil. Ac. riiilii,, i. lf^(V.»,
p. 11.'); Sfraiicli, Saliiin., p. T»; (irav. Cat. Hatr. (iiail. IJrit. Miis.,
c(l I, p. 10: nonlci),>;cr, Cat. ISatr. (iiail. Hiit. Mii.s.,c(l. ii, \S-*'2, p. 77.

Triliirut fiiariiH Raliii,, Annals of Nature, \&i\> (jUh IJainl).

SaUimandra iiitirmi.rta('<vvot\, Coiit. Macl. Lye. i, p. H-J",

SaliimaiKlrctpidd Harlan, .Tdiumi. Ac. IMiila., v, p. llix.

Salttmaiidra qnadrhnaciildla llollir., X. A. Ilerp. v, p. ID, IN. I",'.

riilhoduiifiiscii))! Duin. & IJibr., p. 85, IM. 101, li^. :«.

rietliodoit nUjcr Hallow., pi., .lonrii. Ac. Pliila. (li), IS.")^^, p. liJJ.et var. (tiiriciilnid,

Saidiiiaiidraaiiniiildlii HoUir., N. A. Hcrp., v. p. 17, IM. Vi.

Dcamognathns aiiricitlatns Mainl, Joiirii. .\c. IMiila. ('2), i, p. 'iH'r, Strancli, .Salam., p.

71; Gray, Cat. IJatr. fJrail. Brit. Miis., cd. i, p. U.
CjlHudroHomd (iiii'uiildliiiii D'liii. & ]5il)r., l>. HI.
J)esinogiiathH8 J'nsvd var. aiiricitlata Cope Proc. Ac. Pliila., lHi;i» ,)). lltl; l{oulen>;er,

Cat. Hatr. Grad. Hrit. Mns., ed. in, l-^Si, p. 7H.

This, perhaps the most abundant salamander in North America, is
(luito variable in coloration, but not in proportions and struettiral jte
culiarities. Tiio.so of the latter which characterize it are the presence oi'
fourteen costal plicae; one well, and one little developed lateral se-
ries of mucous pores; the equal and regular distribution of teeth on
the mandible of males ; the compressed tail keeled above and tinned
distally ; the presence of a tubercle in the anterior canthus of the e.ve ;
the marbled color of the belly. In many quarts of specimens I lind
four specimens from southern localities; two in tlie I'hiladelpliia AiMd
eniy from Charleston, two in the Smithsonian from IJiloxi, .Miss., whicli
have fifteen plica', but one of the latter has fourteen on one side. In
specimens which have been preserved in too strong spirit th(5 pores
are rendered invisible; the same occurs when the spirit is impure or
weak. In soft specimens, the canthal tubercle sometimes disappears,
and in many young si)ecimens and some sidult females it does not ap-
peal' to exist.

The head is more depressed and the muzzle prolonged than in species
of other genera. The eyes arc piominent; llic plica' behind them
strongly marked. These consist of one on each sitle the head and nape,
which convei'ge posteriorly and then turn abruptly outwai'd, to be
continued into the gular plica. A secLMid plica extends from the man-
dible across the rictus oris to the upper plica. A second longitudinal

-i A

A I

Tf
of \\
<leV(
is, 11

THE BATIIACIIIA OF NOUTll AMERICA.

lOf)

pliiM t'xleiuls from this to tlio guhir, iiiclosiii{( an ovate tMilargcd area,
Mini a sln)rt one to the orbit incloses a postorbital siibroiind and smaller
ai'iM.

'riiciMnnniissureof the mouth is more undulate in males than in lemales,
liiit both present a slight elongation of the symphysis, produced exter-
II illy by a pad of crypts. The M'idth of the head enters the length
.").(>(! times. The vomerine teeth are often wanting, and when present
iiie minute and few. Their basis is a ridge, whi(!h extends from behind
(lie middle of the posterior nares Jicross the palate with a posterior con-
vexity. The parasplienoid patches are small and not in contact; they
do not extend to opposite the middle of the orbits.

The median toes are elongate, and as in I). orliroplKva ; they fail to
meet by four interspaces when pressed to the side. The tail has a char-
acteristic form, which is invariable at all periods; near the base the sec-
tion is trigonal ; the dorsal keel increases in elevation and becomes a
narrow tin i»osteriorly ; the extremity is attenuated. Its length is just
ecpial to that of the remainder of the animal.

^/

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i

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; 1

11

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VVi.ix. Demiwfjnathtis /iinyjt fituca. No. 40. (^arli.sle, Pa. -, f.

i i

There are two color varieties, which blend together so as to indicate
that no higher value can be attached to them ; one of these is the Sala-
iiKtniIra aKricidata of llolbrook.

AImim- Itiown, Willi ^r.iy an<l iiinksliiuh'S ; widcs iiiid belly iiiiirblcd, the pale predoiii-
iiiatinjf ; no red .sjiots on sides xur.fnsca.

Aliove and Hides black; llit^ latter with a .series of .small fed wpoLs; a red spot IVoin
eye to eantliiis of mouth, present or absent ; belly marbled, the dark itredominat-
iu'^ var. aiiriciilata.

The latter variety occurs only in the Southern States; the tubercle
of the angle of the eye and the upper lateral i)ores are often better
developed in it than in var. Fiisca, therefore api»roachiiig I), nigra. It
is, however, easily distinguished from the latter. Sundry si)ecimeus

ti

r

V'\

: xaaux^assuzra

19G

lUII.LKTlN ;il, IINH'KU STATKS NA'lloNAL MTSKIM.

1

M '?,

lack the red si»(»ts, aixl ollieis liavo palor hi'Ilies, itvsoniUliiig tiius tlio
darker Fiusciu. Tlii' si/e is the siune.

Fill. -to. Pcuviiipniithiin/iifCti (firiculdta. Xo. — . ; J.

Ill tlie youii^' of IK/Ksca tlicie is ii .sciies of piiikisli iiKioiiiplelt I.v
sejiiinited alternating spots, in two series, eoverin;,' ilie wliole, dorsal
re>;i()n; tliey are rarely so well distinjjiiislied or so brijjjlit as in tlic
specimen of the same which furnished the type of IFollirook's S. (juatl-
rimaviildtd. The pink fades to oraiif^e brown or oclii r, and to pale lirowii,
with a^'e, and at the fnllest maturity all are lost in a uniform blackisli

Mvasiinminln of Xo. (W.)2, in incites.

IllCllt'H.

Lciiji,'(li axial, from siioiit to rictus oris :i

Leiij,'!!!, axial, tVoiii snout ti> axilla 71

Lt'iij,'tli, axial, I'loin Niiont to ^roiii l.;t:,

Lciijjtli, axial, from snout to end of vent '2.'.i

Lcn!^;li. axial, from snout to end of tail 4.(i

Len<;t!i of fore limli Iv!

Length of fore foot I">

Lengtli of hind limb (i-J

l,eiij,'th of hind foot "Jii

Width of sole foot 1(1

AVidtli of head at rictus oris. :i7.")

Width of body at miildle .'if)

Habitat, etc. — This si)ecies lives chiefly JUiionj; the stones in the many
shallow rivulets iind springs of the hilly and monntainons regions
of the country. It is not so partial to deeper iind stiller waters as tlie
Spclcriirs ruber, hut prefers the rapid and shallow streamlets; here it
may be found under every stone, or its delicate larva may be ob.served
darting rapidly from jdacy to place, seeking concealment among mud
and leaves. The />. fusat is one of the most active and vigorous of our
species. The i)eciiliiir structure of tlu^ temporal muscle and its ten-
dons, and of the occipital condyles, with the siriiigth of the bones of
the front, enable it to bnri'ow among stones and in earth more readily
than the species of other genera. When pursued, it runs ami wriggles
out of sight with the gretitest rapidity, and is (piickly concealed by as-
sistance of its dusky c(dors.

Professor Baird originally noticed the enritais disi)osition of the eggs
iu this species, which I have verified on a lew occasions. As in the

J

M
17

47
fi8
OH

rw^

THE nATRACiriA OV NOUTlI AMKRICA.

197

)

I

iiiiiii'ou.s genua Alytes, tlni psK'^j '^" I'lnissioii, uro comu'C'ted by an iilbu-

iiiiiioiis tlirt'iul, which soon coiitr.Kst.s iiiul hanliMis. One of the soxes

protects this rosary by wr.ippiii;; it sevenil times roiiiul the body iiiiil

reiiiiiiiiiii}f cuuceiiled in a (ionipiiratively dry spot. How \ou{i this

;;niird continnes is not known.

Tiie most lOastern specimen I luiveseen is from Kssex (!onnty, Mass.

ISesiiU's a {^reat nnmber of spe<!imens in tiie Mnsenm of the PhihuU'l-

pliia Ac''':Mny, the foHowin;;' form llie Smithsonian basis of the exanii-

niition :

DeamoijiuitliiiH fiiura J'liMca Kalincs«iue.

KKSKUVE SKUnCS.

('litil1ii;:ili'
iiiiiiiIm'I'.

7!H)I
hf74

h:i:iJ
riiiHi

:i!iii4 ,
;mi:. I

IIH'.Hi

Ni>. of

Npt'L'.

21!

[^(loiilily.

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4717

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1

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diirlisli'. I'll

M:iliilfvilli>, I.:i

Kinsldii, N. i;

.Mrailvillr, IM

(^'iiiliilc, Vii

Siilcm, \.(;

N;ishvillc, da

Alilicvilli', S. C

Wc.sl|i(irl, N. V

'I'l IlllfSSt'i'

CI kImiiiiii Ciiillit v. I'oilli

WllCIl

(MiUi'cled.

From whom icceivod.

N..V.-, IS78

Aiij:. 5, IKSU

Vin{. S. V. Iliiinl

N. (). Ai'aclnniv

W.'lshtM' A MiliiiT

I'ldl'i'MHcir WillianiK . .,

I'lof. S. K Itairil

.1 T. Miwliack ,

\V. .1. Tavliir

Pn.l. S. [■: ltair.1

j . . <1(>

lK7fl .r. N. It. SiarlMMKiiKh...
. lid

:-8 :i

.'■.

:iii|4

:i

:i»(i8

3

:i8!)l

&

:i7i;o

:i

11. -.la

1

4K4:i

1

aui2

4

u:iot

•1 '

1*477

>l

:iii25

:!

UIIUI

10

(wai

-

1«51

r.iliiniliiis, Uliiii ' I'ldl. I,. I.i's(|iii'HMix.

itiaiii;!'. N. .1 Dr .J. (i()<in|)i r .

ritl>liiiii;li, I'a

Ilii;lilaiiil Ciiiiiity, Oliiii

Km aw, Ml

Mi'<Hissi|i|ii

I'liil.iili'i|ilii I. I'lV

U.ick Cii'.k. D.C

lliiiiiU\ i:li', Iml

All n.mlai k, N. Y

N'lii I'll k. (.'oiiii

(ilouii'slrr, Mil

(ilip'ircslur, Vii

Kii rlM>ri>iiL:li, (ia

H.I„\i, Mis.H

NiitillK of
H|irrimi ii.

A!

1H7

(:,<]. IJ I.. ('. Wiiili^s I

J. Itlcliaril I

I'. I,. JdUV I I.

III. K. Ilaviiiiiiiil {

K.CIaikii' !

A. V. Wiioslor j

(!) !

lir w.'i.'.JiVnVH "!!!;.'.'.'!

(;. Itilliuau !

riiliiilic.
Oil.
Do.
Dii.
Do.
I>i>.
I o.
l)i>.
Oil.
1)11.
1)11.
I III.
Do.
Do.
Do.

Do.
niva.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.

UKNEUAI. SKUlIiS.

I

•JO
1

1

Hi

*J7
.'I
I

I!
2

•I

\

I

I 'JO

Sali«m,N.(;

Illj.'lilaii(l CoHiily.Oliio J

Mivicl villi', I 'a , Williams

Aujjiisla, (!.i ; Win. I'liil i|n

(•> I (.')

Kraiiklio Coiiiitv, Ti nil 1 .1. N. Ii. S iiiltoinoKli

WiisliiiiL'loi, D. (; ' (.'»

<'oliipil)ia,.s. C I Dr. (i>o. A. Moraii,!'. S. A

U'a-ililii;;lOM, D (! I Dr. 10. (!oUrs

fliuki'Coiihlv, Va ' [ (". It. K. Kciinrrly

Sal.iii N.(; ; ' .1. T. Liiiiliaik .:

Amli'iMiiii. S. C

(^iiiriiinati, Oliio.
(Iliiiilnrtloii. S C
Wvlhi'villr, Vii .

fa'rlisli", I'll

.il<i

Miss I'ailK^

(f)

.1. N. It. Sraibormijjii.

.. ' (.')

1HK.'> Col. M. Mi'Domilil ...
I Prof. .S. K liain;

.III!

MI.H.sis<l|i|ii Dr. .Sliiiiiiiiaril

Dayton, Ala i Kil^ffwortli

I'"aii(iiiii'r (Joniity, Va [ (;. \V. Sliciirinanii

SnimiiiMv.llc^, N. (,' I .1. McN'air

1 >
2

.ilo

Knoxvillo, TiMin

Columlila (^iiiiiity, I'li

(ioorjiiu 1

ilo

ilo

... ilo

ilo

■ ! (.'1

.1 I'lolM. It. Mililii-ll

Dr. Ilinclc'isoii

I Di . W. L .1 m:n ....

.; .... ilo

llll

Ilo
ilo

Aliviliolir.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Ilo.
Do.
Do.
Do
Do.
Do.
Do.
D.i.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.

IfU

I---!

198 BULLETIN ;il, UNITKD STATES NATIONAL MUSEITM.

DcsmoijiialhuH fimca tiiiricnlala IloHtrook.
KESKUVK SEKIliS.

Ontnlii'iiic

No. of

iiiiij

spec.

Rno«

8

HHII)

Id

:in(ii

1 ;

(m:io

5

»8C0

3

Locnlily

Oakloy, S. ('

('iiiciiiiiiiti, Oliio ...
1 ■ Itiifbinoii^li, (jii . . .

(.'»

Knoxvillc, Ti'iiM —

When

I'olU'l'tcll.

Apiil ."i, IH77

Kioiii whom iTi'i'ivi'd,

K. \V. Hay ward

.1. N. 1!. Sr:iiI)i>ioii};li.
Dr. \V. L. .lolifs

(.')

I'rof.J.Jl. Milcli.ll ..

Nature of

!4|IVI'illlrII.

A!( iiliolic
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.

I

DESMOCiNATHUS NIGRA (irc.n.*

Baird, .Iimrii. Acad, riiila. (•,') i, \^.'2di> ; Copo, rroecc.l. Ac, Pliilji., IHd'.t,
J). 117; .Straiuli, Salam., p. "li ; (iray, Cat. liatr. (irail. Brit. Miis.,
0(1. 1, p. -10; Boiilengcr, Cat. liatr. (iia<l. Brit. iMiis., «m1. ii, I*,--.', j.. 7'.».

Salamaitilra nigra Grcoii, Jouni. Ac. I'liila, i, p. Ii.")'.'.

TiiloH nii/ff Ilolbr., N. A. Hcrp., ami )>. HI, I'l.'i?.

AmhUjHioma n'Kjnim Diiiii.A; Bibr., ]>. 10.'>.

J'hthodon n'Kjvr IIalli)\v.. Jour. Ac. Pliila. (2), in, p. :M4, partim.

Tliis i.s the most robust SiilaiiiaiHlor of tlie oastorn ro;;i(>n.s oC our
zoological roalin; it i.s not so sIimkUm' as the (ii/rinophilusporphi/riticns,
and isainudi stronger animal. AscompanMl with the P./usca it isiinnli
larger, tlie tail ismoreconii)rosse(l and extensively finned, and the color
is uniibrmly different. Mesides the ciiaracters already pointed out in
the table, it differs from ]>.fuscii as follows: The parasfdienoid i)atcli(s
of teeth are prolonged more anteriorly, and approach very near the
vomerines in most instances; tliey are always i)rol(niged beyond tlie
middle of the orbits ; their prolongation is at the same time nsirrowed,
and in most the patches are not distinguished at this point. Tlie v(»m-
erine series are better distinguished (though not always), being obli<ine,
sepiirate, and not extending beyond nares. Tlie tongue is in ( ight sped
mens examined nearly round, while it is always a long oval in the two
other Desmognathi ; tinally, tlie only male does not po:-.sess the black
pigment coat of the testes always present in the others, though, as in
them, the vas deferens is black. The body is stouter, and the width of
the head enters the length to the groin les.s than five times — in the
others always more; this is also expressed by the existence of only
twelve costal plica', and the fact that the appressed limbs are only s"p-
aratt'd by 2}r intercostal s])accs.

Tlie postorbilal plicae are not strongly marked. The mucous pores
are well de\eloped, and the two lateral series are often distinct in alco-
holic specimens by their white color; when they become dry they ar.'
(liflicnlt to observe. There are two rather distant gularseiies within
the mandibular rami on each side, and one on eacdi side exlending in
wards and forwards from the gular jdica. The superior lateral series
extends from the orbit to near the end of tlie tail ; the inferior round
the humeri to each side the pectoral region.

• IMatc ID, lig. 1.

l.r

I .CM

I,
I.

\Vi
\Vi
Wi
\Vi
Wi

/i(.s
coi
W;l

spr
am
wit
to I
n'tic
spri
it fi
fan I

:l ni(

Jl

r

iiii: iJATRAcir.v or north amurica.

199

TIjo idopoitioiis oftlie fingers are as in iKJ'usea; they are entirely free.
Tiie eyes are prominent, witli tliieli oi>a(iiie paljtebrue. A tubercle oeeu-
pies tlie iinterior angle, wliicli, after an exiuninatioti of tliat in D./usca,
is i)roven to be a disMienibernient of the superior eyelid.

The coloration is uniform in about twenty specimens examined. It
is simple, viz: Uniform blaclc above and below, except the muzzle from
between the eyes, the lower Jaw, the end of the tail, and the soles of
the feet, which are brown.

Fi<i

4 3

.Irt. DfHinoijnrithiii' iii'i/rn

Ni». 39'.':i. Ahbovill.', S. O.; }, f.

MiiiaiiirmciilH (»/ No. '.V,^>'.\, in inches.

Indies.

I,i'n;;tli, ;ixi,il, from ciul of iiiii/zlc to oiliit 2'.)

I,('ii«;tli, axial, from t'lid of iiiii/./'i^ to cuntliiis oris !'>rt

l,('ii,;;lli, ;i\i.ii, from cud of iiiiiz/l(> to ax II In l.'J'J

l.i'M;;lii, iixial, fiom ciui ol iiiii/zU^ to }iroiii ;t. i»;$

1/iijilli, axial, fioiM I'lul of muzzle to cml (.f voiit, I?. 7()

l.c'ii^lli, axial, from t'lid of mtizzlt> to cud of tail (i. i)G

I, CM Hill ol' fore liiiili (i!>

l.eili;tll of fore foot i!(5

l.cii^lli of liiiid liml) l.O'i

I.eiiu'lli of liiiid fool 47

Willi li of hind -fool sole 27

Willi li lici wccii cyc.s ill front :iO

Width at can 111 us oris Cm

Will 111 of hoily 7't

Will 111 of liody ;il sacriiiu ,')4

ll(ihil>!, cIc.—TUis creature is aquatic; but iifter the fashion of the 7).
fiisca it occurs only in slmllow stony brooks. It is, so far its known,
conrincd to the AUeohiiny mountain ranges from Pennsylvania south-
w;»rds. It is abundant in the streams of the rocky ravines and cold
springs in the remotest depths of the forest, where its retreat is cool
and dark. It seeks .'.onceaime.it uiuler loose stones and sliibs of slate
with great activity, and is not easily caught. Its habitat does not seem
to be shared by any species but the D./tiRcn; the fijirinophilKH porpliji-
riticiis, the other characteristic Alleghany species, haunting standing
springs and bogs, where stones are not so numerous. Green described
it from Pennsylvania, but IJaird, who i.s familiar with the Alleghany
fauuiiof our State, says he has not observed it near Carlisle; nor have
:\ met with it north of Virginin, where it is common. Besides Green's

I .'

1 1

4

■ui

! 'i

?'

'I' '

ii

20;) lillLLETIN ;VI, CKITKD STATKS NATIONAL MUSEUM.

{yim and .specimuiis iVoiii near tlie Kanawha River, in soiitliwcstoni
Virginia, in the iMiihi(U'l|>hia Academy Museum, the Smithsonhm con-
tains tlie following:

Di'smtii/iialliiiH iiiyni Green.

eiit..l()^iio NiuiiIh'v

lllllllllUI'. j of M|IUC.

Locality.

WluMico aiiil liow
olilaiijril.

3880
392:1

14U0

0 I (;i.(>i"ia , Dr. W. Ii. "'iiiirs.

4 AhlM'villi'.S. (• ■ 1>1-.''- r-. liaiiiilt.

•> (iilcs Cimiitv, Vi\ K. D.Odiii'.

1 I Wyllio (.'oiiiitv, V;i <"'>1. M..Mil)(Piialcl.

SALA.MANDKIJJ.K.*

Oiiiy PioccL'd. Zool. Soc. London, 18.")H, p. 142. Cope, Jouni. Ac. Phil.,

iscr), p. 107.

Noethinoid bone. Palatine.s with i)o.sterior separate processes e\.
tending over tlie parasphenoid, bearinjj; teeth on their inner margins.
Prel'rontals and pterygoids present. Parietal entirely separated from
jtrefroiitals by broad frontals. Orbitosphenoid continent with prootie.
No d(Mitigeroiis plates on the paraspheuoid. No postfronto s(piamosal
ar:'.h. The ceratohyal free, connected with the (piadrate by liganienf.
Carpus and tarsus osseous. Vertebne opisthoctelous. No otoglossal
cartilage.

The hyoid apparatus in this family is like that of the IMethodontidie.
There is a hyi)ohyal on each side, of the anterior extremity of the basi
branchial which does not irticul.itc! with the ceratohyal. In Triturus,
Salainandra, and IlemisalamaiidiM, it is short 'Mate 30, (ig. S) : while
in Chioglossa it is recurved posteriorly, passing under the ceratohyal
of each side, and almost reaching tlu basibranchial again near the point
of origin of the ceratol)ranchi;il (Plate 30, fig. 9). It thus forms a nearly
complete ci'ch', suj)i)orting the circumference of the tongue. This
circle has the same function as that in Amblystoma, but is of diiVerciil
homologicjal value. Api)ropriately to this functional resemblance to
the American forms, the proximate extremity of the ceratohyal is at
tached to the distal extremity of the suspeihsoriiim, but by ligament.
In ITemisalamandra, on the other hand, it is attached to the pwri nal
l)artof the same by ligament, thus furnishing a condition intermediatei
between the types of (Miioglossa and of Dieinyctylus.

This family is condned to tlie Old World. It embraces the following
genera:

L Miixillary and pti'rv},'()id Ijones .scpaiiite, the fornier not rearliinj; iiiiadratc.
<f. No liKUUientoiiH postfronto Hiiuaniosal areli.

Tonj;U(^ Im^jc, fii'c. except 011 tlic .anterior lialf of Hie nit'dijin line; fcclli in
two loniritiidinal t iirved Hcrii-H <'htoiihni>«i,

Ton^iU! lari^e, scarcely free, at edfre.s ; (cetli in two ionj{iti»dinal cnrveiU;e-
ries Saldiiiaiitlni.

Ton^^ue .small, not fr(!e; teetli in two stiaij^lit, p trallel Heries.. Iliminalanuiiidva.

r

II.

IK

Joi

1

I

*^ f

TITK HATRACniA OF NORTH AMI'^RICA. 201

(\(X. A lij;;iiii('ii(()ns iiostfroiito-siiUiUiiosiil arch.

Toiij^iit' siiiiill ; voiiicnipiiliitinc. Iciali in loiii^iliiiliiiiil Mcrii;s, wliiuli convoi'j^u

and join anteriorly, fDnniii^^ a /^ TrilitniH.

II. IMi'ryyoid united broadly with nia::illary bon?.

I'oHt('lonto-.s(|naniosal arch partly lif^atiiontons ; tongue littlo fri'c ; teeth
rorniinj; a A Piichyliilon

The si)(>(;ies of this family let'onled in IJonleiigor'.s CatiUogue of the
l)iitish >[usouiii an' the following:

Chio(jhtsf<a hmitaniea IJoeago, Portugal, and northwest Sjtain ; Sala-
niaiithti uiacnlosd L., central andsouthern Europe, Algiers, Syria; IS.dtt'a,
Laur., the Alps, 2,r)(>() to 12,000feet; »S'. caucnsica Waga, Caucasus; Hon-
isdlanntndm cr'tstata Laur., Europe; Trifunis blunii De I'lsle, north-
west France; T. marmoratun Latr., France, Spain, Portugal; T. alpcs-
/;/.v Liitir., central Europe; T. ntlfjaris Linn., Europe, except southern
France, Spain, ami Poitiigal; temperate Asia; T. vrocntm ('oi)e, Syria ;
7'. 7)innt(inus Savi, CorsicM ; I'lfchytriton hrccipes Sauvage, South Kiansi,
China.

PLEUIJODELID.E.

('ope, .Jonrii. Acad. I'hila., 18-*li. p. lUS.
J'lnir<i(kU(Iir and SinntoliiJir <lray, I'loeeed. Zool. ,Soe. Lonilon, l.rri"*, p. M".'.

No ethmoid bone. Vomeropalatine bones, witli posterior separate
processes, «'xtending over the i»arasphenoid, and having teeth on their
inner margins. Prefrontals and pterygoids present. Parietals not
entbraiting the broad frontals. No dentigerous plates on the parasphe-
noid bone. An osseous pcstfrontosquamosal arch. Ceratohyal iree,
(M)nne<!ted with quadrate by ligament. Carpus and tarsas osseous. Ver-
tebra', opisthoccelous. No otoglossal caitilage. (Plate 34, ligs. 2-7).

This family differs from the Salamandrida) oJily in its post fronto-
squamosal arch. Kiuliments of it already appear in some members of
the latter.

The geneni of this family are all found in the Old World. One of
them is represented by two species in North America. They are dis-
tinguished as follows :

I. Maxillary bone not reachinjj; quadrate.
(X, Ribs not pertoratinj; the skin.

Toe.s, ■! SalainniiilriiKi.*

Toes, .") Itii'mjiiiiihiii.

iY(X. Rib.s perforating the skin; vonicropalatiiK^ teeth in a /\.

'i'oe.s r> I'leiiroih'lin.

II. Maxillary bono reaching quadrate.

Toes .') (1 lossoIcgaA

The species of the above genera arc as follows : SalamandriHa pcr-
)itillata Savi, Ftalv; Dioniirtiilus vittatua Gray, Asia Minor, Syria;

fipt

/>. pxbuafus St'hneid., central an.d western Euroi)e; ]>. ^nontanihniii
IJoul., aMohlavia; />. hnsrw Latasti', Spain, Portugal; J). 2>!l>'rho(faslcr

!?

Scirniiold ltarM<-s.

t Tyhlrilon Anders.

^02 niTLLETIX :M, TTNITKU STATKS national MUSKUJi.

IJoio, Japan, Cliiiia; P. sinensis Gray, Cliiiiii , !>. lorosus Escli., Cali-
Ibriiia, Orej,'oii ; />. riridcsccns Hal", Nortli Ainciica, oastcni and aus-
trofipariau rt'-iitns ; />. r«.sxY>«// (l(''ii(', Saidiiiia ; />. asper Dngvs, I'.vr-
oiiee:-*, Spain ; PIrnrotlclcs irallli Miclia'.i., Spain and Portugal, Tan-
{"•iers; aioss()lc!/(t itnircli V,i^vvii\>i, Al.-^icis; GJidf/cnmnellcri hutiista, Al-

ff'

ors; W. .'YVTHtusvr Anderson, Eastern Himalayas, Yunuan.

DIKMVCTVLUS Kaf.

Annals of Xiit lire, Marcli, l-'-JO, X... '22, p. ">: jrallowcll Jonrn. A-\ Pliiln.
(\. s.).iM,|>. :!i'>;i: ('|>1H>, rroiM'cd. Ac. IMiila., Irt.V.t, p. V>il

Xoloplillmhinis ]:ni\\\r:<iint\ I. (;.[>.:>: M.iinl, Jonrn. Ai'. I'liila., (.v. .s.) i.p.'iHI.
.V»/.v<; Mcin:::,Tcntaincn, Syst. Ain|iliiliiarnni, l-^Jit. p. K> ; Honlcnjii-r, Cat.Malr.

(iiad. lirit. Mns., ii, C, H-i-J, jciik.
/•;»;)w/H.v (MMi<^,.^.vn. l{.'plil..SMnIinia, p.'-'S: Itonap., I'anna Ilalit-M ; Ciipf. /. c,

).. 1','7.
('liuojix 'I'sclindi, I'.afr., |s:!>, p. '.H.
Tiiyirlid (li;iy, Cat. li.itr. (irad. IJrit. Mns,, ISJ,",, p. ',>,"),

The liyoid api>aratns in this fjenns is inn(^li as in thi- IMcthoilontidai
and tii(! Salaniandrida'. Tiiere is a small liypoliyal, which does not
aiticnlate with the ceratoliyal. In Dil'itii/riiilHs forosiis there is a .second
lirocess on earh side posterior to tiie hyoohyal,* which nniy he honinln
jions with tlie sinular second lateral cartilajje in Jjin(iii(il(ii>siis ttniiii
hitns, or even with the oto^^lossal cartdajic. The ceratoliyal is divided.
lliei)roximal half o.ssoons. Tlie first ceratol)rancliial ami epibianehi.il
are osseons. The second ceratobranchiais ori<"inatc from a hi{j;li nic
median longitn<linal crest of the hasibranchial. The free extremity o!
the ceratoliyal i.s elongate, and in 7>. vitiiU'scciis it extends all the way
to tlie inferior .snrfaee of the exterior jmocc^s of tin; oxocciptal l»one.+
with which it is in close contact. In the />. toyoNns it <loe,s not extend
so far. In both species the extremity carries with it the hyosnspeiisorial
ligament which (ionnects it with the (piadrate bone, which thus becomes
much longer than in other genera. (Plate 4(!, figs. .'5, I.)

What name should be applied to this genus is nnceitain, and may
jterhaps ever remain so. The circumstances are a.s follows: In 1SI!>, in
the Journal de Pliysi(pu', | Lxxxvill, p. IIS, KafiiM'scpu' proposed to
rei>lace the name Triton of Lanrenti by his own name, Triturns. In
18.-0, in the Annals of Xatiire^ for March, p. i, he says: "My genus
Triturns is the same as the Triton of Dumeril, there being already
another genus of animals called Triton. It differs from the Salamandra

* I'-ir.st indicated tiy Wicdcrslicini in Dcr KopCslitdct dcr ITniddcn, I'l. vi, i\'^. HI.

tTliis was (irst shown inc liy Dr. I'".. IL (ialt in one ol'Iicr disscclioM.s.

t I'rodromo do soixantc-dix nonvcanx jrcnn'.H d'aninianx dcco;! verts dans I'intc^rieiir
desfilats Unis d'Anu'ri(|tn', dnrant I'aniUMi H18.

(iiAiinals of Xatnn; or Annual Synopsis of n<'\v Genera of Animals, I'lanls, etc., Dis-
covered in Xortli America, by C. .S. lialhie.stiuc, Transylvania University, Le.\iiijj;ton,.
Ky., Id-JO.

* f

\\

th
I"

ti(

W(
M;
lis

ill I

li<

on
do
seh

1

THE llATRACIIFA OF NORTH AMERICA.

203

iiiliaviiigacomprt'ssed tiiil." UiMk'rtlu.sgoiiii.slieiiiclu(k'<l fivcsiiocit'.s:
T. Iiijpoxanthits, T fnnch , 7' rlndcNcciiN, T. ncbnlosici, am] T. minidtiis.
The T.fnsciiti is the Iksimxjn'itlmn fuscn of IJaiid ; the T. riritlcticcns aiul
T. miniatUH are iiiehuled under tlie present j^eniis, while the application
of the other two names is unknown. Under the head of the T. riri-
ihsi'cnx (p. 5), he reniarks: " it must form a peculiar subgenus Diemyc-
tjlus, distinguished by the forefeet semipalmate, with four ecpial toes,
the i)osterior with only tliree toes and two lateral knobs; Jaws nearly
ecpial, eyes elliptic," etc. Immediiitely following on the same page the
author proposes tiie subgeneric name Notophthalmus for the T. miniatiis,
in the following language: "It has almost tli(^ chariu-tors of tlic^ sub-
genus J)iemyctylus, but differs yet iVom it by having the toes of the
fore leet free and unecpial, the lateral ones much shorter, whence it may
form another subgenus Notoi»hthaImus."

The lirst jtublication of the name Triturns makes it synonymous
with the Triton of Laurenti, and all subse(iuent uses of the name, even
l>y tiie same author, nnist yield to this one. Now Ijaurenti does not in-
cludi^ a single species of J)iemyctylu8 in his Triton, so that the name
is not applicable to the i)resent genus. It must be applied to a genus
of Salamandrida; whose sjjecies are i>laced by Uoulenger in the section
i' ' / of his genus Molge, which is without i»ostfronto scpiamosid arch.

One year later than IJallnesqne, IMerrem (ISiMi) proposed the name
Molge for a series of species wnich euibraced, with tliose of Triturus,
one species of Dii'myctylus, iKpalnidtits {MoJ<ir pdlnxtld Sclnicid.). The
Trituri being abstracted by (he jtrior name, Molge should remain for
(lie last-named species. Hut it was in tiie same year that Kaliiiesipie
proposed Dii-myctylus for the same g<Mins, and it now liecomcs a »]ues-
tion as to the day of the year on which the works of these two authors
were respectively issued. As IJaiini'sipie's bears the early date of
March, I retain it un(il it is shown (hat Merrem's Tentaujcn was pub-
lished i)reviously. On this point 1 Inae not as yet obtained delinite
infoimation.

The two North American species of this genus ditferas follows:

llciid wider, lint, witlioiit keels; middle rm;iers :ind toes sliorler ; ('(dois nnifdi'in, nn-
s|ti)tted ; liiiyi^r I>, Ioi'h.^k.i.

I lend narrow, more, eluviiteil, ami with two lon^itiidiiial keels; middle" (iiij;eis and
toes lon^rer ; spotted more or less tliiikly : smaller If. riridrficciin.

r.otli of these sjtecies are aquatic iJi their habits, and they are the
only si)e(;ies found in North America which are truly so; that is, they
do not live on the bottom or under stones, but swim or suspend tliem-
selves in comparatively deep water.

I'l

'I

■i

■ ; ■

'

" ' ?i

m

ii

I

s

I

i!'! I I

r I

nil

¥

201 miLi.KTix :ii, unitkd stati;s natioxai. MUsiarM.

1)IKMV( TVMJS TOKOSUS Escli.

(I'latis :i<i, liy. '2; :W, lijis. 1-4 ; ■{->, fi{j. d ; 4y, lig. 3.)

Copp, Cb(>ck-Li.st Hatr., Kept. N. Amcr., 15iill. U. S. Nat. Mils., i, p.
2,-1, 187").
Tiiloii loro^iiH Escli., Zool. Atlas, p. 12, PI. 21, (if,'. T) ; Straucli, Salain., p. f!().
S(i lama 11(1 ra heechcyi Oray, in fJrill'. A. K., i., p. 107, and Zool. BcccIh'.v'.s Voy., PI. :!l,

Triton crmani Wioyin.,iii Erman'M Kois(' niii dio E.df, p. 21.

Salamatidra (Triton) tjranuUmi Skilton, Amcr. .Toiini. (2). vii, p. 2(»2.

yotoplhalmiii^ torosiiH Uaird. .loiirii. Ac. Pliila. (2), i, p. 2^4.

Tariilia torosa (Jray. Cat., p.2.">: (i Irani, T. S. Kxpl. Expcd., Hcrp., p.."., PI. 1, (i. l-H.

Tmivhu hn-ix IJuird & (Jirard, Proc. Ac. Pliila., 18.'):i, p. mi.

Triton Iivrin Straiu'li, I.e.

Moli/c lorom Hoiilciijrcr, Cat. 13atr. Grad. Brit. Miis., second cd., 1882, p. 20.

TIlis fine species i.s of mtlier robust proportions. Tiio hoail is wiiU'
iiiid distinct from the neck, tlirough tiie protuberance of a postcrini'
superior angle on eacli side. It is also perfectly tlat and smooth above,
e.\ce|)ting a f>entle slope from a line connecting the orbits ' ) the end
of the muzzle. The body is .slightly compressed, atid its length from
a.xilhi to groin is just equal to the length from the axilla to the end of
th(^ muzzle. The tail is long, exceeding the length of the head and
body by the depth of the latter. It is very much compressed, and has
a wide dermal border both on the inferior and the superior edges.

Viewed from abo> e, the head is contracted t(twar<ls tlie muzzle with
curved lateral outlines, and the end of the muzzle is truncate. It al.so
juojects considerably beyond the lower Jaw. The iu)strils appear to be
terminal, but directed laterally, and tiie spacte between them equals
two thirds that between the bases of the eyelids, and exceeds by one-
qmu ter the space between the internal nares. It also equals the h'ligth
from tlioeye to the nostril, and exceeds by a very little the length of
the eye-lissure.

The upper lip begins to descend posteriorly at a point halfway be-
tween the nostril and the e.\e, and does not ri".e again, but conceals the
lower Jaw. Tlui rictus is Just behind the jiosterior angle of the eye.
Anterior to this point it is Joined on its internal side by a short lamina,
which represents the lower lip of the perennil)ranchiate species of
lialrachia. This lip is entire) concealed, and there is iu) fold in front
of it, on the lower Jaw.

The tongue is oval, and very small. It is only free at the sides, and
that but slightly. The vomeropalatine teeth are in two straight series,
which converge forwards and Join directly between the choana'.

The limbs are robust, the posteriiu- ones the nu)reso. Applied to the
side, tiiey overlap by the lengtli of the postericu' foot with tarsus. The
digits ditfer much Irom each other in length, but not so much so as in
the 1>. riridcsccus. The second (first) finger is very short, and the fifth
is a little longer, while the third and fourth are of usual length, the
third the shorter. 1 iie phalanges are l-L'-;{-'-'. The toes are arranged
iniicli as the tlnger.s, the hmger ones of m.'dinm length, and the lirst

#

Tot
/-(■

l-cn

Lcn

Lcnj
Lcn

tiitc
Grcji
Dcpi

TIIK HATKACniA OF NOKTII AMKKICA.

20;")

\\

11
h

st

very short. Tlie lengths are, bogimiiiiy witli the shortest, l-.i-L*-!-."}.
The imiiiber of i»hahiiige.s (aken in order is: l-U-JJ-.i-L'. Thi' epider-
mis oil the extreinitii's of all the digits is horny. Tiiere are no distinet
palmar or phinlar tnbereles. 1 iiave not diseovered any horny phites
on the inner sides of tlio posteiior legs, sueh as occur in the 1). rifitJcs-
cvns (hiring the breeding season.

The cliaraeter of the surface of the skin varies aceording to the sea-
son and h)eaiity. In a majority of specimens the upper siiifaces are
sinootli, but wrinkled more or less closely. In si)eeimeiis which have
been exposed to drought, the surface becomes rough, with small liaid
pnijections. The lower surfaces are always studded with minute lioniy
points so as to behisi)id. These become more numerousand prominent
in specimens where the dorsal integument is roughened. Lateral folds
are very obscure in this species, and can only be traced on the superior
part of the sides. Twelve such grooves may be (tounted, the first and last
being opposite the humerus and femur respectively. There is a dis-
tin(;t transverse postgular fold. The digits have thin dermal margins
towards the base. The genitalia are very prominent during the breed-
ing season, and the orifice is longitudinal, and its edges are marked
with transverse wrinkles. Internally there is a large promiiient papilla,
simulating an intromittent organ, which rests in a fossa, whose jmste-
lior wall is comjtosed of a series of columnar papilhe, which radiate
backwards and downwards. The free membrane of the edges of the
tail is much reduced, or is even wanting, in the specimens with rough-
ened skin.

2

6 ■' ' f 4

Via. 51 . Dii'mv'''.'/'"" ' irDKim

No. 11407. S;iii Francisco; J, f.
McanKremcnts of Xo. llf)"?.

M.

Tdliil length 170

Li'iiglli ol' liL'ail iiiid Itmly 078

Li'iigth to groin OCtl

Lnigdi to axilla O^C.

Length to can thus oris Ol'i

L(!ngth to anterior cantluiH oeuli 005

Length of Core-leg 027

Length of eiibitiis Oil

I.iengtii of niiinuH 0115

Length of hind leg (KW

Length of tibia 0085

Length of pes Oi;!(i

Interorhital width 075

Greatest width of head 0175

Depth of tail at iniddlu, with flu 014

'.m

4

R 1

t

W-'-f

I

1' i

jm

i

1'

20(J KiJLLirnx lii, i;mti;i» statks national muskum.

The iimcoiis poivs oC tliis species liavi'. tlio tullowiiij;' »listiiliiilioii:
Tht'.v Ibniiii band on ciu-Ii sido of \\w inn/zlc, nliicii passes witliin the
c.Vflul to Just behind tlie eve, where it divi(h's. One line extends back-
wards and turns lowaids tlie nii(hlle line without joininj;- its fellow of
I he opi)osite side. The other branch iiasses behind aiul below the e.ve,
and Ibrnis a patch on the Io:eal rej;i()M. On the body the system con
sistf *■ a series of pores alonj? the lower part of each side.

The coloration of this species is simple. The sides and superior sur-
faces of the head, body, and limbs are brown, and the inferior surfaces
are yellow. In rouj;h sjiecimens the brown becomes almost black, and
the yellow is correspondin;;ly deep, in smooth specimens the brown is
])ale, and has an olive tinj-'e. The upper membrane of tbo tail is yel-
lokvi.sh-brown ; the lower yellow.

This species has the widest I'anjie ol' any Pacific salamander, since it
extends from San Die^o on the south to southern Alaska on the iiorth.
It is very abundant in some parts of California, and may be seen swim-
ming in the streams and [)onds in numbers.

l)iciinicl!jliiH Idiosiih Kscli.
UKSKIiVK SKKIKS.

(JMtaliiiriic No. of

llllllllii'l'. nlMT.

Lociililv.

uo."i;

47
1070
■lO-Jri
4tJt(i
ilL'M
O-'ir.
1111)7

1 1 r)77

11701

405J

!);">■(!

uri>i."i

lll'idO
14107

i:iit4o
i:i!i4ii
i:t!i,')2

llCifl
14170
1 I4MI
ItlOU

i:i02s
n.Mi;

11704
4U14

Wlicn (ril-
loiU'tl.

Fkiim wIkoi) received.

U. S Kxpl. Kxpcil.

IMmi't Sound, Otufjoii .

Call lorn hi

i'oit Stcilacooni, Wasli Dr. liro, Smklcy. t'. S. A

Kii^foo (,'it.v, On iicin Di. (,'.(i, Ncwln'iiy

Foil Vanroiivcr, \\anli.. l)i. J. (i.Coiipir

Koit Sttilarooii], Wash

San Kianci.tco, ("al I'. S. lOxpl. K\|i<il

.do I 1H79 (iiistav ICUiii (;>

Fresno, Cal | \>il'J liiistav I'.iscn

Asto:ia, Oregon ' liii lit. W. I'. Tio« bridge,

U.S.A.

(Jalirornia Dr. Win Stiiiii>.-Miii

Monterey, Cal ' Dr. ( aiilield

lIuHsler's Ilailior. Ala.sUa
Lako Coiiiitv, Cal

lierkelev, Cal ,

do:

Jlinvcdl Mountains, Cal.. I

San Diejio. ('al ..

I'cirl, (,'lirslcr, Alaska

Ni.'<(iiially. ( IrcLioii

ltevillajii;i(l') liar., .Mas.

r.aird, i'al

niiniliijlill Coiiiily, Cal ..

Ficsno, (;al

San Kianeiseu. C.il

U.K. Nieiioks

18K-) U. W.Turner

1K«I U.K.C. Stearn.s

18*1 I do

1«K4 . do

I.hk:! Clias. It.Oieiilt

188J 1,1. II. !•;. NielKds, U. S. \ .
Kxpl. Kxped

\)<k:> Dr. T. U.Stieets. C.S. N..

KS.-5 Clias. ll.TiJWnsend

ilo i

(liiHtav Ki.-ien :

Dr. J. L. Leeontii*

Nature (d'
Hiieeinieii.

Aleidiirlie
Do.
Ho.
Do.
Ho.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Ho.
Do.
Ho.

Do.
Ho.
Do.
Ho.
Do.
Do.
Ho.
Di.
Do.
Ho.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
J)o.

ilKNKItAr, SKKMCS.

40J7
40 LI
4011

Uh.V.'
11701

rj7:ii
i-.;i.''p;i

40.-,l
11471
lliOlO

401).')
144.">0
14401
144i;.'i
14400

1 : Kl Dorado County, Cal Dr.C.C. I!o\le

1 San I'lani iseo, C il II. D (iitts ..

1 do Hr. .1, I,. I.eecHiti' . ..

•J Sin (,iiieiiliii, Cal April - , lh71 Capt. Win. Hidden ..

10 l''ri'.sno, Cal .. U;7'.) liii.slav Kisen

:! liallina^ l'.av. C,il Il.nipliill

1 Oakland, C.il 1'. L. .)ouy

1 I'etalinna. Cal K. Sainueis

1 l'ii;jet, Sound, Orejion . . I (.')

4 Fori I'lnpipia, Ori'^on.. .1 I.ieutenant MielikM'.

(.').

(?)

1 Oregon I (')

1 ; KeLseyville, Cal. "

187:! I<. Stone

1 ' Orei^ou 1 1 K.xpl. lixped.

Aleoliolie
Do.
Do.
Ho.
H(i.
Ho.
Ho.
Ho.
Ho.
Do.
Du.
Do.
Ho.
Ho.
J)o.

Typo ol' T. Ui-vU.

mil
sIk
^lli
!lic
ji'w

Cl-.i

l.'lill

'I

era
Til,
an(|

■nil'; IIA'I KAI'lll A <M' Noii'li AMlinCA.

207

1?

V

1)1i:my(;tvm s viimdksckns n.it:

(I'liilcs ;!(•,, li,ns.:i-l; :i'.i; tit, li'is. .VJ ; n, li-s. :i-J; CJ, li,^'. :i ; •».'., li^;. ;> ; l.», lij;. 1)

lliillow., Jimrii. Ai'. riiila. (N.s.) ill, ji. :M:{ ; Co\n; I'ldtcfd y\i'. I'liila.,
lrr>i», i>, 1-J(1.

Iriliini^ (IHemjutiiliiK) ririilcKcciix Waliii., Annals of Naturr, l-'^O, Xo. 'J'J.

irdiinis {Xoti)jililltiiliiiii><) iiiiiiiithin Kalin., I.e., Xii. 'JI,

SiiliUiiiiiKlni xtvlliii Say, Anicr, .lonrn., i, j). '.'(ll.

S((liiiii(tiitlrti (loiHnlix Harlan, Juiirn. Ac. I'liila., v, |>. I'Jl ; Wit'd., Xova Ada Leop.,

(•ami , xxxil, i>. l:!l.
Siildiniiiidnt niimmrlrlcn Harlan, l.r..\K laT; Hollir., X. A. Hfrp., v, p. fiT, 1'!. x\ii;

Dc Kay, N. Y. Tann , l.'rptil., p. 7:?, I'l. xv, ti-;. X! : Winl., /. c, p. l",'.'..
S<il(iiiii>ii<lr<t mill('ini'i(t(tlii Slorcr Host. .lonrn. X. H., ii, jt. (id.
Siil(tmini(tm t/nciiii (ii'ay, (JrKV. A. K., ix, Syn., p. 1((7.
Trillin ((()r.s((/is Holltr., I.e., )>. 77, I i. xx\'; i'mn. iV IJilir., p. 1.").').
Trillin niiUcpiiiirliiliis I)c Kay, /.<■,, ji. -'I, I'l, x\', liy;. ISI.
\iiiojililliiitmii>i miiiidliiH liaird, .lonrn. Ac. I'liila ('J), i, p. 'i"'! ; Gray, Cat, Hatr. Grad.

IJrit. Mns., cd. i, p. •,»•,'.
yotoiihtlialiHHH riri(h'8rciiH liaird, /. c. ; Gray, /. c. y. iilJ.
Trilini piiiictulinHimiit Dnm. iV- Bilir., i». 1,") I,
Tritini Kunnittlririin Dnm. A- Hihr., p. l.')l ; IM. 107, fig. 2.
l)ii mjivtijltiH mhualiin Hallow., /. c,
Tiiloii ririthnrriix Strancli, Salani,, p, .'>().
.!/(////(■ riridaiciiH liinilcn.!;(<r, ('at.l5atr. (Jrad, Mrit. Mu.s., od. ii, 188-J, p. til.

Tlii.s vuriiiblt' .species is the aquatic salainander of the ea.steni legioii
;)! Xortli America. Its (li.stiiictive characters iiave licen ah'ea«ly re-
Ii nt(l 1') (pa {;e 20.')), and will hemoie fully detailed under its api)r()[>riato
siilispe(Mes. These are two, as foUow.s:

]]\iiriial linjicr half as long as fonrtli or .shorter ; ha-.k with small hlack-cdged red
spots I), r. riridimriiH.

K\tcrnal linger more than half as long as I'onrth ; no red spots on hack, hut largo
black ones, wliicli are present also on the tail D. r. iinri<lioiiali)i,

DicDil/cii/lKN riridesccnN virUlesccm Kaf.

There are two forms of this subspecies, which htive received the
names of viride.scens and niiniatus respectively. These havinj"' been
shown to be st aj^cs of one <ind the same Jininial, they are not dislin-
l^nishi'd otlierwise than as .seasonal forms, which may be by reason of
!iu' i'livironment lendered iternninent for a longer or shorter time. I
l^ive, however, the ciiaracters that distinj^uish them.

Cr.ini.il carin.i' more iirominent, and longer; tongue freer laterally; skin rough;

cheek-pits inoro freiiuently wanting; color red form ininiiiliin.

Cranial carina' le.s.s prominent, especially at the ends; tongue less fiee ; skin smooth;

check [>it.s rarely wanting ; ground color olivaceous form ririihxiriin-

Tlie form niiniatus never has a caudal fin-membraiie, while it is }>eu-
craliy present in the form Viride.scens; but this is a seasonal character.
Tiie characiters ab()vc mentioned are not always combined as described,
atid one (ir another may be wanting while the others are present.

) !i

20S miLLKTIN :U, ITNITKI» HTATKS NATIONAI. Ml'SKl'M.

Tiny will 1»L! rcforml to latiT in lliis iiiticU'. Mfuiiwliili^ I (U'scillij ;.,
typii'al sin'ciineii of the form Viiidi'.sccii.s.

/

2 \ I 4

3 5

rill. 5'J. Dininietllliin nriili'KCi'ii:i rlriilcg'rnii. No. I«lfi3. Aiki'll, S. ('.; jj.

TlK'oiitliru' of till! Iiciul si'oii from above is an oval, wliirli conliiutts
anteriorly and posteriorly, and is not distinj;iiislied from tlic neck liy
tlie abrnpt contraction of the latter. The back is r(»ol'sha[»ed, and I lie
section of the body a vertical oval. The leiijjth from the axilla to llie
end of tho muzzle is Just a little less than the di.staii(!e between the ax-
ila and the "roin. The tail is niiich compresseil tliroii<;h(int, and is as
Ion;; as the head and body (vent iiududed).

The muzzle, viewed from above, is triii.cateromided, and it projeitts
a little beyond tho month. The two ridj^es o»' the top of tl.i^ head in-
close a long lenticular open {jroove which is closed in front on the muz-
zle, bur open behind on the occiput. (Jii their external sides is a
shallow jjroove. There is a distinct but obtuse eant'nis lostralis, and
the lorea' region is slightly concave. Thi^ protlle i-i slightly dt'c rved
at the muzzle. The eye is rather large; is length exceeds a litlle the
length from its anterior canthns to tlii' end of the muzzle, and is a.
little less than the interorbit 1 'vidth. The nostrils are close together,
and look upwards as well as outwards. The distance between them
enters the interorbital space two and a half times. The eyes do not.
project ujiwards, so that the eyelids avi' nearly plane with the front.
The lower Jaw is only partly overlapped by the posterior paitof the
upper lip, and there is no distinct lower lip or groove. On the side of
the head posterior to the eye is a straight row of four jiits, the tiist of
which is near the eye and the last is in the position of the first branchial
lissnre. Those pits are shojtly linear and curved, as tlmugh made by
the pressure of an instrument with a short curved edge. The tlistancis
between them are equal to each other and to half the diameter of tin's
eye. At the position of the posterior iiit are traces of three branchial
lissiires in three vertical short rows of minute pits; but these are not
always present. The (theek-pits, moreover, are fre(iiiently wanting. I
give the results of the examination of seventy individuals of the forms
\'iiidescous and Miniatus:

riyidvbceiis. I

fossil' prt'st'iit y8 ' Fosnic pri'HCMit

M'uiialiiK,

10

l-'oSSill WiUltillLC

1

dssM' waiitini;

The pits are g<'iierally syninietri(!al, but in :; Miniatus there is but one
pore on one side, and in a Virid(!scens there are no pores on one side
and three on the other.

4

^1

11)

*

TIM': IJATUACIIIA OF NOUTII AMKUICA. "JUD

Tlu' t(Hi;;iU' ofdipii's hut little ,s|)ii(;e <»ii tlio lloor (»!' the iiioiilli. It ia
Mli;;litl,v I'l'cc. at tlic. sides, hut not, at the anterior or posteiioi' cutis, wliicli
pais.s insensihly into the a(l.ja(;ent tissue, lis t'onu is oval auleroposte-
I'iorl.v. Tiie voineropahitiue teeth aie in t\v()lou;>'itu(liiuil series, wliieh
converj-e anteriorly, and J(»in after iiinMiu;^- <*Iose toj;ethei' hetween the
internal nai'es. The latter are ahout as t'arajtart as the external nares.

When applied to Wus side the tore lindioverliips the hind lind) by the
len^'th of the hiiul loot. While of nearly tln^ same leii<;th, the foro
limbs are not more that hall' as thick as the hin<l lind)s. Their len^'th
is just e<|ual to tint distance I'roiu the axilla to the end of the mu//,le.
The scitond (first) lin;ier is very small, with but a rudiment free. The
third lin};('r is Ion*;', ainl the fouitli still longer, while the iifth is lon;;er
than the second (lirst), but <;('ncrally less than half as lonj-as the fourth.
The phalanges ar<' I -!,'-."•-'_'.

The lirst and tilth Iocs are mere obtuse rudiments and of e(|ual length.
The other toes ai'c not iclalivcly so Ion;;' as the tiuji'crs, standin,n 2-\-'.i
in order of lenj;th, bejiinninj;' with the shoitest. The phalaujues are
1 -'_'-,'>-; i-1. In nudes in the breedin;^-season the hindlejusare thickened,
especially the inte;;iiment of the inner side. It is then divided by tiaiis-
verse folds, and the portions between them become corneous oi' chit-
inous. There are thus Irom ten to twelve transv»^rse jdales on the in-
side of the thij^lis, and an irregular nuinbi'r on the inside of the tibiii
and tarsus. The iiidimcntal external and internal toes have a (!ap of
the same substance. These bodies aid the male in maintaining- his hold
on the female during copulation.

The skin in the form Viridcscens is smooth on all the surfa(;es, but
ralln-r closely wriidilcd. The tail has a free dermal margin or tin (of
about etpial width and length) on both the superior and the inferior
edges. The genitalia arc very prominent at the breeding season, and
in the male t orilicu' is oval. It is very papillose, especially within
till' anterior liorder. (See Plates '6\i and 11, tig. .'{.) There is i.o trans-
verse postgular fold, and there arc no transverse lateral grooves.

Miiisiin mi'iil-i of So. liTiri.

M.

Tot ill Icilf^tll dlKI

l.cii;;tli (iriioad aii<l IxHly , (IK)

I, I'll Hill 1(1 lil'oiii ().{()

I. fill;! 'i to axilla OKi

l,('iiif|li 1(1 taiitliiisoiis ()(l(Ki

LciiHlli iirCiiic-lc;,' (»M5

L('li;;lli ol'cilliitiis (JOf)

Lclij;lli (if I'lHi'-ltKit OOd,")

Lcii.u;lli of 111 11(1 l<'.i!; 017."i

Lcn^tli of liliia (I0.">:{

Lcnirtli of 111 11(1 foot ()0H«

Widlliof licad 008

Width lictwocii orliits 004()

Depth of tail at niiddlo 0075

I!).")! iJuii ;m — u

'■'. I

r I i

i^i

: i

I

i

m

i

210 lUJLLKTIN :tl, IINIIKK STATKS NATIONAL MTSKIIM.

Tlie ct>l(M' of Mic roriii Niiitli'sct'iis is ii lii^li* iHowiiisliolivo aliovc,
Nvliicli is or is not iiiiukcd olVtlistiiicH.v IVoiii tlir piiici' troloi- of the lower
siiiliKH'S iiioiiji: IJK^ sitlc. TIm' iiil'ciior smfiuu's avo stiaw rolor or ilirt.v
while. On I'iM-h sidoollhc .crlt'liriil lint' is a row of IVoin three to six
small ronnd reil spols, each with a hiaelv border. The rest of the snr-
liK^e is marked with small lila<;k points, whiehare smaller Init more dis-
tinet on the lower sintiuu's. On the Ie;;s they are huf^cr and more <lis-
tini't, and on the tiiil tiie.v appear to have! run like iidv spots on paper
placed in water. In specinn-ns wilhonl tins they sometimes form two
rows on each sid(^ of the tail and a liiu' alon;; the side from the axilla t<»
the ;j;roin. There is a faint daik line from the »'ye to the last ciMH'kpil.
Chin and throat j,'enerally nnspott«'d.

In the form IMiniatus the tail is narrow, Iwiw^ without deitnal borders,
The color <d" the su|>erior surfaces is vernnliou red and the lowt'r sur-
faiH'S eitron-yellow. The red spots an- present as in the other foi'iu, but
the small black sp()ts are rart'ly pr.'sent on the back. They are present
on the sides, belly, lindts, ami tail, and lU'ver run to^'etlier into liiu's.
In this form the skin of all the upper surfaces is rou^h, with numei'ous
minute, semitrausparent horny points of the skin. These are not chn'el-
oped on the ird'erior surfaces.

These characters would be likely to follow the exposure of an aquat it;

1. I>ii iiiili'lillii" iiiiiiliiliiK iiiiiiiiitiin Kill'. :iKOL'. Tttirc iLitiiial Hi/i«. Itmit Kivrr, Wis.

animal with soft skin to the coin|>arativ<^ drou^^lit of the atmosphere.
The f^reatei' a<!Uteiiess and prominence of the (rrauial <aests displayed
by tlu^ Miiiiatus fcn-m is proliably caused by the closer atlhenuiceof the
thinner inte;^unuMits under these ciriuimstauces. Direct observations
as to these points, however, exist. Dr. llalhnvell was the first to express
his belief that the so called distimtt species were the same. I afterwards
remarked, " the nominal />. miniatus is a state of />. r/r/V/cvcf/fv,'' and that
1 have had itchan^'e to the latter in confinement. Dr. Howard A. Kelly,
in an article in the American Naturalist, states, he " broii^'ht home a
number of />. iniiiidtu.s (Kaf.), or little red li/ard, or red eft, and after
keeping them in a daik box filled with saturatiMl moss, they (diaufjed
their color from a brijfht vermilion to the olive state characteristic of the
/>. I'iridrstxn.s,'''' and he keiit them all winter. (3oi. Nicholas I'ike says in
tliesamejourual (.January, 188(5): "I have j^radually come to the conclu-
sion that the two are identical. Some years aj^o I captured (piite a nam-
berof red ones in theCatskill Moiintair.s, brou^^htthemhonu'!, and kept
them in a box with other salaiiuuiders, where they could resort to water

}■

r

i

rilK ISATKACIIIA Ol" NORTH AMKlilCA.

211

if tlu'.v ••liosi'. Koi- sitiiMi jlays tlii-y rciiiiiiiit'd liidiiij,' iiiHlcr llu-. wt-t
moss iiiid stones, hut liiially crept out at iii;'lit and wi^nt into the water.
I iinxi', lliein some inseets and worms, widcli tlit'.v I'eadil.v devonied. In
.ilxMit three moid lis rliey lost their lii'i;>ht red, and in less than a year
tlie.v weieof the usual oliv«: of the N'irideseens. Another laet, still more
decidedly iteariii;,' on the, case, is, tiiat some two-y<'ar-old N'iridescens
taken Irom the ponds and (uit in earth and dead wet leaves in a tub in
my {garden, wiilniut water, in a month or so beyan to lose their ;;reen
tint and assume a din<;y, hrownish hue.*'

I'rolessor IJaird thus descrrihcs the breeding; habits of this sahi-
iiiander :*

"In the spriii;; of the year a broad tin be(;«)mes developed alon^i' the
tail and back of tiie male, and the feet (^iilar;;'e, with the addition ol' a
Idaek «Mrtila<;iiious mass on the toes and inside of the thighs, for the
|iurpose of enabling' it to hold on to the female. This it does by elasp-
\u<i her around the throat with the hind W'^s and retaining' the hohl for
some hours or loiij^'cr, jerkin.!;' her around in the water most unmerci-
fully diiriii;;' the whole time. A i|uantity of seminal matter is linally
(liscliarj;ed, whicii becomes ditViised in the water, and lecuudates the ovji
whiUi still in the lower part of the oviduct. Tln^ ej;us ;i\v laid siiifjly,
of an ellipsoidal shape, and invested by a very glutinous coat, by whicli
it is attached to the middle of an immersed leaf, wliiith is then donbUul
over it Ity the exertions of the female. The ejiji's, after remainiiij;' for
soii>e time in this way, linally j;ive birth to small larva', the };«'neral
cluuaeter of wlmse metaiiiorphosis is inneli the same as that of the
species already desi lihed." 1 have found the habits of specimens of
this si)e(riea in conlinemciit <piit«^ as tlescribed by Hair.l. 1 found the
axils of the leaves of I'Iriciihnia to be used as plaeeH for the de|>osit
of e.i!:f;s i)y the lemalc. (See .loiiriial Philadelphia Ac^ademy, lS(i(>, p. (JS.)

/>/('m//(7///((.v rin'ilesccns )nei'i(lioit(ili>i Cope.

Itiillctin f. S. N;it .Miis., No. •Jii, lH-(i, i>, :!(i. Mohji: iiivridioiKiliH Vi>[>i';
I'xiuliimcr, Ann. Mm^m/. Nut. Hist., iSriH, Junnary.

This subspecies has tiie lon,i;er di{>itsof the form Miiiiatus, and low
«aanial crests of the Viride.scens, with which it also ayrees in color,
{'rom both Ibrms it ililVers in the absence of red spots from the dorsal
rej^ioii, which is instead covered with rather large bhudi spots, which
(joiitinue on the tail. The j;roiiud above is olive; below it is yellow,
which is marlvcd with numerous small l»lack spots. A characttr wliicli
appears to be of importance is seen in the tore foot. The outer toe is
more than half as lonj^ as the penultimate, while in the varieties Viri-
des(;ens and Miniatus it is less than half as loiij;.

The lirst specimen of this form whi(;h 1 met with was sent to the
Smithsonian Institution froai .Mataiuoros, Mexico. G. W. Marnock

"Jcoiidj;!'. l^inyil., vol. ii, j). 5>ri4, ISfil.

*— •; ';^r

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212 lUILLETIN ^1, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

finds it in tiic tributaries of the Medina River and southward, and Will-
iam Taylor has obtained a good many specimens from San Diego, in
soutliwestern Texas, it lias not been found east of that region. I did
not see it in the plateau country.

Dr. lioulenger thinks that this form should be regarded as a distinct
species. Uesides the (-haracteis I have cited he says the head is more
depressed and the lores less vertical and the gular fold more distinct,
than in the J). I'iridenccus.

3 ' 2

Fii;. 51. Oieiiiiiclijliiii riridixcciiii iin'riilioiiiilif:. Sun I>ii'i;o, Tux.;
Diimyctyhis rirulcsann miiiiiiliis li'ul'.
KESEUVE SEKIES.

Ciit;il(>j;no

Xo.

ot

iiiitnlii'i'.

spe

<■.

;!8()2

:i

:i«l!)

li

;iMii

(i

wiriK

1

hX'J4

1

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1'

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1

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r,

!i;i'):!

:)

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1

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1

i)lh9

(!

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1

11411.')

;i

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1

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1

\;m:,

2

Loi'iilitv.

Wlicii <'i)l-
hitcil.

I'liiiii wlioiii icciivid.

Nimiic ol'

spi'cilllCII.

]!(ii)l Uivpr. Wis I I'ldt. S. I', liaiii'

(Iiiolc ('iiniitv, 111 U Kcniiicdlt

Mi;i(lvillr. I'ii rKilr-siii- Williams ..

Kinstoii, N. C I. W. Miliin

( 'i lie ill Tint i, I lliii) I. N. r.. Seal I'liinnyli..

Wasliiiiytoii, |). C 1)1'. 10. ('iMii> r. S. A

Xdi tiilk, Coiiii Si)it. 'Jli, l.'^77 A. 1'. Wddslci

Wc.^t rtiiiit. N. V i .-■■. S. K. liainl

I'lipi'f Mi.Hs. Vallrv

A1

Urazds Uivor, Te.\ Mr. H. I'. Shiiniaid.

(;) (0

(0 ''>

t!) (') .

Aiix I'laiii.-i KiviT, III ('. I'.. K. Ki'iiiiicott

\Vnsliiii;rti'li. I> «' (let., IH8i 10 II. Haw ley ....

Hinlscm Hay (^ linxlrr

Itawli'V. Va lien. Mi Hit

'(iliiilic

Do.

Do.

Do.

Do.

Do.

Do.

Do.

ixi.

Do

Do.

Do.

Do.

Ho.

Ho.

Ho.

Do.

l>o.

iJii'inyfljihtu ririihwrns rirhUsa iis Kat'.

lUOSIOKVK SlOlillOS.

(I.ilaloyiU'

No

of

niiinli 'I'.

spi

i;.

3402

7

;i.-i(iK

4

7!UI'J

10

,'11142

2

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li

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10

:)H2ii

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KH4'J

10

!f.i!)0

4

]2U5:t

4

:i8ii:i

(i

95,-i7

li

TU.W

1

Locality.

Wlii'ii col-
kHtfil.

KloMi wlioiii irci'ivr'l.

N.iIiih' of

Npl'CilllCII.

Aiix I'laiim UiviT, Ml \l Ktiiiiicott Alroliolir.

TioL'a Count v, N. Y 10. 10. Uow.ll

Carlisle, I'a '. I'lof.S. [■'. i'.ainl.

... ilo ilo

(ii'iHKia i Dr. W. I,. . I ones.,

Illinois (.') 11. Kcnniiolt

Aliliovillc, S. (• Ui..l. II. Itaiiatt

New Voik I'rot. S. F. liainl

I,rNiiij;toii, Va : .. I'iril. .Matlirr

Moiilloii, Ala

Mount Oaiincl, 111 Nov. — , 1.<8I I.. M. Tiiinpr ....

.Iirs.v City, N..T .

I If. I>. W. lloa.llo ...
SI. Cliiuk's CoUefjo.

St. Calliariiif's, ('anada.
tiiaud Coloau, La

Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Ilo.
ho.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Di>.

F|

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ill-
ill
lid

\vX

)1C

ct,

?

THE liATRACHIA OF NORTH AMERICA

Diviiiycljiliia riridenccim riridvHceiin Raf.
CENEKAL SKItlES.

213

('iit:»lo;;ii(* No. of
iimiiiIh'I-. spec.

TilOJ
.•)7!).'.
nilK

!i:i:u
:isii
;t7!i:t

111)21

i;m-j4 I

HHUI

i44n.'i I

1440.1 I

I Froiii wlioni ifccivcil.

(Jiiilislr, I I'lcl. S. r. llainl.

.Ill ' ili>

Siiiilli Cipiintv, Viv I A.I,. Kiiiiilicii ..

Viisiiiiiii --.'- I Miiv •-•«. li'Tf!

■liiiiifs IJivci, Vii^iiiiia. .' Krli. 1!0, IH"

Wi.m oiisiii

Ni.iri)lli, Ciimi fiil.v, \Hr.i

<iarii»iin s, N. V Nov. IS)<4

<;o(ik <:()iiiilv. Ill lH7(i

Cl

.\ikcn, S.V.

Kiid. 1'. Tallxil

S. K. ISainl

. ilo

Or. Will. II. .Iipiu's

'I'. I!iiiisi'v(ililt

U Kciiiilrott

(?)

V)

Nature of

H|MM'illl('ll.

Ui'oIkiI
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.

Calalo^iii' No. of
iiiinilirr. .sprc.

I)ii iiiiiiljiliis ririthxiiiis inrri<litniiilis

Wlirll ('111-

Locality.

llXtlll.

riiiiii whom It idiviil.

Xatiiii' of
.-tlii'i'inii'n.

2 Miitaiiioia.H, 'raiiiaulipsis I.iciilcnaiit Coin li Alcoimlic.

;i San Dii';;o, Tin \V. lavlor Do.

AMriurMiDj:,

i-itliinoid bono proscnt ; vi'stibiilc os.si'ons intoriiiilly. No iiialiir or
(|ii;i(liatoJiif:;iii bones. Vertebra' ampliicteloii.s, witii two aiitoriorl.v di-
reeted li.vpapopli.vses at the anterior extremity. Se.apidar and i)elvi(!
aielies and limbs jtresent. N'tnnerine teeth on anterior mv external
l»oi'der of vomer, which does not bound tlie clioame p(>sterlt)rly. No
paiasphenoid teeth. Liver not linely divided. Cloaca withont pro-
jet;! ile nuisdes. Tail tleveloped. No external frills. There is but one
eciatobiainthial bone, antl but one basibranchial. There are three
epibranchials. I'.esiiles liypohyals there are basihyals. No ott)j>lossal.
The stapes is tliiectly connccteil with the tpiadrate by c.artilajje.

r.y all antliors the j;-enns Amphinma liatl been incliuletl in the same
family ilivision with I'rottintipsis aiitl iMefialobatrachns until 18(5(5. At
that time the writer pi'opt).setl to separate it fnun the latter genera as
the type of a family .Vmpliiniiiiihe, wiiilc the ttther .uenera were platsed
in ant)ther family with the iiamt^ I'rotoiiopsithe. This course has not
been followed by later writers; in the catalogue of the Uritish Museum
by Dr. i'>oulenjii'r (ISSL*), for instance, the three j-enera are intihitled in
one family, the Ampliiumida'.

The reasons for keepin,n the Amphiumiila' tlistinet from the Protonop-
sida' were statetl to be the Ibllowing:*

AMiMliiMin.i; : "An axial t^ranial bone (? vtymer) in front of orbito
sphenoitls, anil one lormiiifi' palatal surface in front of ]>arasphenoitl.
* * * rarietals jM'tylonjietl laterally, not reaching P>'t'f»'ontals. Vesti-

'.I.iiini. Ac, I'liila., HCC. p. IDI.

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214 BULLETIN :fl, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

bale, wall osseous internally. Preniaxillaries consolidated. Occipital
condyles on cylindrical pedestals."

ruoTONOPSiD.i;: ">"o anterior axial cranial bone. * * * Parietals
and pref'ontals prolonjjed, meeting aiid enibraciniLj IVontals. Wall of
vestibule membranous internally, rremaxillaries separated. Occipital
condyles sessile."

The following observations were made on tlu^ Ampliiumid:e: "Tlie
(>ccipital condyles and temporocervical tendon are quite i>s in Desmojjfua
thus; they have not been previously described.* In Amphlnnut iiiians
there is a minute non-articulated bone on the suture between the o. o.
froutalia and piefontalia in the situation of tlie lachrymal. There are
some a])proximations to Ca-cilia in Amphiumida-. It does not appear
to have been noti(!ed that the * * * free nuuf'in of the frontal seems
to foreshadow the overroolinj^ of the oibit and temporal fossa seen in
Ca'cilia. Theic is also a v»'ry iar,i;e foramen or canal i)assinjf throii.uh
the o. maxillare from lu'ai' its middle to the orbit, foreshadowiii};- the
(■(DKilis trntdciili/crus of C.vv.lVux : a narrow one occurs in (he same situa-
tion in Protonopsis. rurther, the jjrominent horizontal anterior inle
lior pro(^esses of the vertebral centra are the same in Ami»hiuma and
Ca'cilia."

The characters assigned as above to the two families Amidiiumida-
and Cryptobraiu'liida- are abundantly suHifient for retaininj;' them as dis-
tinct, t The form of the occi[>ital <H)ndyles mij;ht I»e ('xcepted from this
estimate, and the axial bone in front of tiu' parasphenoid proves to be
abnormally cut otf in the sj)ecimen then examined. The Protonopsida-
a^ree with other I'rodela in all of the characters p:iven, ex(!ept in the
exclusion of the fnudals from the supraorbital border, and in the mem-
branous characteristic of the internal wall of the vestibule. The Am
phiumida' ditfer from other I'rodela in the presence of a huj^'e ethmoid
bone (the one referred to .is ? vomer in the diajjuosis above (jiioted), in
the presence of temjtoral ridjj^es, and of two anteriorly directeil liypapo-
j)liyses of the precaudal vertebra-.

It is interestinj;' to notice that three of the four eharaeters Just cited
are shared by the Ca'ciliidie. The jiresence of the ethmoid is ofi'special
importaiu;e, as it is an element constantly wanting in the I'rodela. I
have not found it in Desmoifuathus, Anaides, Spelerpes, Aiiiblystonia,
H;damandra, nor Cryptobranchus, nor is it present in Xecturus or in
Siren. It is, on tlMi contraiy, always present in rjeciliida't (see Plate
IX, .'5). The double anterior hyi)apophyses ar«' otherwise conlined to the
same family.

The characrters of the hyoid an^hes also distinj^uish this family from
the Cryptobranchida', and they ditler from thos(M)f the Pseiidosauria

" 'I'licy wcni (Icscrilicd liy l>r. .1, (i. I'isclii'r, Aiiiiloiiiiscli. Ahliiintll. iil>. I'ciciiiii-
lir.incli. II. Dcrotrt'iii., lirslcs Ilcfr, p. fit, ixil.
t I'rocct'd. AliiiT. I'liilosopli. Sdc, IS.-ii;, p. | |-J.
IWu'dcrslicini, Aiiiilniiiii' ilcr (iyiiiiMipliidiirn. .Fcnii. I"'7'.l.

,K^

'M,

THE BATRACIIIA OF NORTH AMERICA.

215

as well. Tlioy arc unique in the i)resen<;e of only one ceratobranchial,
Necturus only a[)i)roa(niin};' it in this respect. In the absence of the
second basibranchial it aj;rees with Cryptobrauchus, aiul approaches
the rsemlosiiuria, wliere a part of it <MiIy remains. It also agrees with
( 'ryptobranchus in the absence or confluence of the first epibranchial
and in the i)resence of the three succeeding epibranchials.

This family is only known from Is'oith AnuMica.

There is but one genus of this family, which is defined :..? follows:

A itli!ir,vii;;t'iil slit on the sidcof tlio iii'dv ; voiiu'viiio tcclli in aiitcro-iiostrrior series ;
IK) scalt's; limits iinicli reduced; di<;its, f wo or tliree on eaidi tool ; prefrontal and
nasal liones present; a t<-niporal erest ; palatine hone not inelosin^ choana- pos-
teriorly; preniaxillary hones eoi'Msilied 'mpliiitma.

AMPIIIUMA (larden.

Smith's Corres)>nndenee ol" Unna-ns, i. )>. fill'.* ; Waf^ler, Systenia Am-
phih., IKin, p. •j:i;t; Tschndi, Itutr.. )-^>'.K p. tlT ; (Jray, Cat. Hatr.
Grail. I?rit. Mns., .V.; Diim., Mihr., ix, p )>0\ ; Honlenjjer, Cat.
IJatr. (Jrad. IJril. Mus., ed. II, p. "^J ; h'yder, I'roeeeds. Aead.
I'hila., 187'.), p. II; (.'ope, I'roeeeds. Anier. I'hilo.soph. >Soc.
ISSC), p. Wi.

Chnjtiodnnia Milchill, Medical Keeorder, l^JH-J, p. :>2d.
Siriiioiih^ Kit/. , Syst. K'eittil. 18','(!, ]). M.
^fll|■|lH0|lxi1 l'"ilz., /. c. ; Gray, /. r.

The only portion of the shoidder girdle of this genus which is o.ssified
is the scapula. The <'ora<'oid (iartilages of oi)i)osite sides are distinct
fnun each othei-, and there is a produ(!tion of the precoracoid region
The hunuMiis i.s truncate at both extremities, making its articulations
with cartilage only. The carpus is cartilaginous. The osscus ilium
is quite short and slendei'; it has a long supcricu" cartilaginous portion,
which is attached to an cipially long cartilaginous sacral rib. The
iid'erior element is an undivided plale, which is wider than long, and
pn'sents an obtuse angle anteriorly. The posterior portion of eacih
is occupied by a rouml <liscoid ctssificalion. which forms the posteri(»r
border, but docs not reach either the acetabulum or its fellow. The
femur is rather long and has a distinc;! trochanti-r, but no head or con-
<lyles. The arti(Mdations are (tarlilaginous, as is the tarsus, whi(th is
also undivided. The tiliia and fibula are about one-sixth the length of
the femur, and the fibula is a little shorter and more slender than the
tibia. The i>lialanges in both feet are well ossified.

The general character of these parts are desi^rilu'd in Stannius' [Tand-
bu(rh (h'r Zoiilogie, but only as included in ihed<>linitions of the (uder
to which Amphiuma is ref'erre<l.

I'rofessor li'yder demonslrat<'d the identity of this genus and Munrn-
njniis.

The range of this genus is the Austnuiparian region. It has not been
found west of Louisiana, nor in the Mississippi valley north of Ar-
kansas. It oc(!urs in the Floridau district.

I '

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216 lUIl.l-KTIN :!l, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

AMI'lIIUiMA MEANS Gank-n.

■•lat'isO, tig. 7; 10; 11, li«.s. 1-!'; Ui; lii, li;;-. •'..)

llolb., N. A. Ilcip., V. i>. ^'.K ri., :!() ; Dmn. A Uiln., )>. -M'r, (iray, Cat. IJatr.
Grad. Hiit. Miis., cil. i, ii. .">.'.: I!(.iil(;i,ii<T, Cut. Matr. (irad. Miit.Miis.,
0(1. II, IS'-i-i, i>. ■"<:!; ('"1"'. Ulic'ck List liatr. lii'itt. N. Am.. 1^7;"), \t. 2:>;
rrocccd.H. Aiiicr. I'liilns. Soc, l.SSti, p. ;V,'il.

ChrijKOthnln ]<iinr/ormis Mitcli,, /. <:

Amvhtuma mcaihi h. (VuUutiila Cm ., Mom. .Mils., xi v, p. t, I'l. 1, li;,'. 1-;t.

Amphtiima (liiliirliila W.i^l., Sysl. Aiiipli., p. viOK.

Sirciiiiidtn diihr liiliiiii Fit/., /. <■■

AmphhniKi tiUhuliOii Ciiv., Mt'iii. Miis., \n , ji. 7, PI. 1, li;;. I-C; Ilollir., N. A. llcrp., V, p.
•»:!, ri.:!l; Tsclmdl, liatr., p. ;I7 : Dmn. iV liiln.. p. 'JIKi; K'yiliT Pnic. Ac. I'liila.,
Irt71»,ii. II; lioiilciniiT. fat. liatr. (iiad. lirit. Miis..»'<l.ii.lS->>,p.H-i.

Miirwiwpxin Inihiclijld Fit/.. Sy.st. IJrptil. p. :{l ; (iiay, Cat. liat. (ir.id. lirit. Mns., cd.
I, p.r..") : C(ip(",Cln'(k-Eist Hair. K'cplil. Ncarclic Hc.alm, l,-^7.'>, p. 'J.',

'^i':

1 !

fl

fl

Kic. ri"). Ami'liiiifihi iiuiitis. Nil. Iiififl."). ('iihiintiiis, Mi^<H ; ].

Ill this spocit'.s (he liciiciiil form i.s j'loiijfiUo, and iiiucli like (liat of
an 0(.-l. or this h'ii<;th tlic tail occiiitics a piopoftion which varies I'lom
u little loss than oni't'onith to a little less than one-lifth. This proijor-
tioii (lepeiMls on aye, the lai:L;(> adtilts havinfjf shorter tails than the,
Hiiiall and yotiiijjf ones. 'I'lie Ixxly is depicsscd e\ lindrie. in t'orm. Tiie
I'oriii ol' the tail ditlers in dilTerent individuals Croin a verticral ovalin
section, to a triaiiijle in section, with theanjile upwards. Its extremity
is always strongly compressed, and is slender, and th(^ superior snrfacie
maybe rounded or anj^nlate. There is no distiiuit contraction repre-
senting a nock. The head is an oval, and is narrowed verv j^rad-

^^m

THE HATKACIIIA OF NORTH AMERICA.

217

■

I

imlly to the extremity of the roninled muzzle. It is much depressed
iilso, so liiat ■ha ranfje of vision is verticsil. The end of the muzzle pro-
jects beyond the mouth, but the sides do not project. The number of
lateral dermal {jrooves is about sixty.

The eyes are quite small, and are separated by an interspace of five
times their transverse diameter. They have no lids, so that the cornea
is continuous with the cephalic epidermis. The external nostrils are
minute, and are separated by an interval a little less than half the in-
terorbital space. The lips are larjje and full, th(Kse of the upper jaw
()verhan<jinjj, and concealing those of the lower except at the end of the
muzzle. The lower lips commence on each side of the symphysis, and
are decurved over the integument of the ramus, from which they are
separated by a deep longitudinal groove.

In the premaxillo -maxillary series there are thirty-one teeth. The
series terminates below a point posterior to the eye, and a little in front
of the rictus oris. The vomerine series form a /\ with the apex forwards.
Tiieir posterior end is nearly but not Jiuite so far jmsterior as the ex-
tremity of the maxillary row. All the teeth are comi)ressed, and their
anterior edge is abruptly recurved towards the apex, so that the apex
looks partly posterioily. The posterior nares have a valvular ojjening,
which looks ba<!k wards and outwards a little in advance of the ex-
tremity of the vomerine series, and nearer to them than to the maxil-
laries. The tongue is represented by a muscular mass, which occupies
the floor of the mouth. It is only free laterally, being separated by a
deep groove from the mandil)ular ramus. This groove is vertically
divided by a membranous lamina for its entire length.

The skin is everywhere smooth. The segmental grooves are onlj' dis-
tinct on the sides; on the belly they are indistinct, and on the dorsal
region they are entirely wanting. There are numerous nuicous pores
on the head. There are three rows on the maxillary region, the superior
of which ceases below the eye, in front of a line falling perpendicularly
(Vom it. Tiie median row terminates in one or two large pores a little
behind below the eye. The inferior row extends farther and then be-
i'omes transverse, and joins (he superior branch of the sui>ercili; -y row
three diameters of the eye behind an<l within it. There is a row on each
side of (he muzzle, which terminates in front of a line co;inecting the
fronts of the eyes. Its place is taken by a superciliary row, which forks
behind (he eye. The inferior half ceases behind the eye two diameters,
while thei superior one joins the transverse continuation from theinf(!rior
maxillary, and is continued a short distance over each temporal muscle.
There are no distinct rows of pores on the body. The head pores may
dilfer somewhat from those described above from a large specimen
(No, 0.'J(>0). Thus there may be only two maxillary series, and the
su])erciliary row may not be distinctly divided. There are two rows
along the superior part and two rows along the inferior part of the
lower jaw.

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' VI

218 mjLLETTN :?l, UNITKD STATES NATIONAL MUSKUM.

Tlie bnuicliial fissiuv. is sitiiatiMl iieiiily as far posteiior to the caii-
tliius oris as the latter is posterior to tlie end of the lower jaw. It is in
the anterior part of a fossa, and is bordered anteriorly and posteriorly
hy a narrow free nienibranons lamina. A short distanec beiiind and be-
low this is situated the anterior limb. The len«ilh of the linib is eqnal
to the intero(!nlar space; in some spetinensa little less. The hnnierns
nuikes an anj^ie with tiio rest of the Imib, but the foot is eontinnons
witli the cubitns; it is divided into either two or three toes. The jjos-
terior limb is huj^er than the anterior, nieasnrinj;- nearly half as lonjj
aijitin. Its jjosterior bonier orijfinates a very short distancj'; in front of
the anterioi'extremity of the vent. It is compressed, and }?ently enrved
inwards at the knee Joint. It is <lirecte«l posteriorly, not quite reach-
in}; the i)()steri()r extremity of the vent. It is divided into two or tliret^
di}>its. The vent is a lon.uitudinal slit, with a jirominent margin. Its
internal face is densely i)appilloso within the marj-inal border.

Measiirrmnils nf So. (>;!()(>.

31.

'l"(.(iil Iciifith f^Hi

L(Mi<;tli(il'tiiil l-'-.i

J^i'iij^tli to ciintliiis oris 017

Lei)<;tli to ln'ainlii;il lissiire 077

Lcnjjth to I'oriOiiiiU OHi)

Li'iifitli of torn limit 0175

Leii<;tli ot'liind liiiil) (»'-»l

Wiillh l.ct\V(!(Mi nostrils ()(H

Width hc.twccii cy.'s OlS

Width ofh(';id at can thus oris til.')

In specimens in alcohol the color is a dark slaty brown above ami
slate colored below. Its (tolors in life are said by Dr. Ilolbrook to be
the same.

I have united int(> a sin<>le sj»ecies the Amphhtmu mcnnn and A. iriilac-
ti/la ill the above account. The dest^iption was made from a specimen
(No. (I.'KIO) in which there, are two toes on the anterior and three toes
on the pD-teiior limb. In two specimens of the National collvction on
the toes are .'5-1 ami 2-1 in front. In the niimeron.i spe<!iiin'iis (No.
70i;>) from Mississippi the toes are variable also. Mr. ifyder* has
l>ointed out that one specimen displays the di<;its H ij ; a second H il ; ii
third I in front ; others have the characters of the .Means type, H r;, and
others the Tridactyle <;haracler, ij ji. All areyonii;;' and from the same
locality. ]\Ir. Ilyder concludes from these facts that the two sii|»itos<'d
jjenera must be united. In this 1 aj;roe with him ; and after a study of
the specimens in tln^ National Miiseiiin and in my own collection, I be-
lieve that the two species on which these supposed j^enera rest are not
distiiijjiiisiiabl(\ I find no characters ])e(;uliar to any set of individuals.

Development. — I'rof. O. P. Hay has observed the habit of this spe-

* I'lmced. I'liiia. Ac!. 187!», i,. 14.

I

THK BATRACIIIA OF NOUTH AMERICA.

210

cies at the porioil of «leveloi)mtMit of the yoiinjj; iiiul describes them in
the following hinjjnaye :*

" At the close of Angust, 18(S7, 1 spent a few days in Little Kock,
Ark., in theeinploy of Dr. IJranner, of the Arkansas {jeologicial snrvey.
On September 1 1 visited a cypress swunip in the vicinity of the city
Cor the purpose of colectiiig some reptiles. During the severe summer
drought this swamp had been almost completely dried up, and there
was little chance to get anything except by turn'.ig over pieces of fallen
tiiiil)er. IJeneath a log of i;onsiderabIe size I found to my surprise a
I, irge animal (ioiled up, which b^- its smooth glistening skin I immedi-
ately saw could not be a snake: but, having never before seen a living
Aiiiphiuma, it took me some tinu^ to realize that I had before me one of
these animals. After making due preparation to prevent its escai»e T
gave the animal a i)ush with a stout stick, aiul then, no attempt at re-
treat being made, I lifted it out of the slight depression in which it was
lying and let it straighten itself out. Meanwhile I ha«l observed, lying-
in the midst of the coils, a mass of moist-looking matter, nearly as large
as one's fist. Picking this up, 1 disirovered it to be a nniss of eggs.
This was put into a Jar of alcohol, and innnediately the young within
(lie egg «',onld be seen writhing about, thus showing that they were in
ail advanced stage of di^velopment. The mother offered no resistance
on l)cing handled, and was put into a small school satchel and car-
ried to the State geologist's oflice, a mile away, with two em|»ty fruit-
jars lying on her. That night she was kept in an empty boat box.
This wass(Miie eighteen inches in height, and from it she made efforts to
es<!a[»e. Slie would er<'(!t herself in oru' corner until her head was on a.
level with the edge of the box, but she could get no farther. Once in
falling down she uttered a shrill sound somewhat like a whistle or the
peeping of a .\onng chicken. A cry like that of a young duck has been
attributed l.y some observer to the Siren, but IJarton in some of his
writings denies the stat<'ment that such a sound is made.

"The limbs of theses animals are very small. For instance, of this
one, havinga length of ;>1 inches, tlu^ hinder limbs are oidy tlireefbuidis
of an iiKih long, tln^ anterior only one half an inch. Yet, when it was
moving over the ground or the floor, it was amusing to observe that its
feet were put forward and drawn back, as if they really could l)e of some
use

"On initating this Ampiiiuuje by pushing herwitha stick she would
snap at it viciously, and on further irritation would seize it in her Jaws
and, springing from tin? Www in the form of a spiral, would turn rapidly
round and round, thus twisting the stick in one's hand. Any enemy
thus attacked would certainly find his interest in the affair fully
aroused.

"There an^ two points in the structure of tlie adult to which I wish
fo call attention ; although no doubt they have already been observed

*Amfric;iii N:it nnili.st, April, 1888.

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220 miM.ETIN :il, VNITKI) STATKS NATIOKAL Ml'SKITM.

by anatoiiiisrs. The first is tliiit tlii'ie is ii little lobe of skin forming
tlic anterior bonn(bir.v of the gill opening and ajiother forming the pos-
terior bonier. Tliese can be very eh)sel.v a|>plie(l to eaeli otlier, and seem
to form a very etlicient valvnlarappariitiis, b.v means of whicli tiiisnse-
less relic of its larval life may be (•lose<l np. The other striKitnre is con-
ne<!ted with the month. The lower lip is foiined of a fold of skin that
is separated from the skin of the throat by a deep groove that rnns
from the corner of the month to near the symidiysis. This fold has a
thin sharp edge, ami is directed downward anil ontward. The upper
lip also has a sharp edge, which, when the month is (closed, widely and
closely overlaps the lower lip. Tliis arrangement of the lips and that
of the gill opening seems to me to have relation to the burrowing habits
of these animals, and are designated to pre\ent the mouth andidiarynx
from being filled with mud.

The eggs of the Amphinme an^ the most remarkable that I know of
as occurring anu)ng the Amphibians. 'I'ln^ young, which now constitute
the whole contents of the eggs, are sui rounded by a transparent <'ai)sule
about as thic^k as writing paper, and these capsules are coniu'cfed by a
slender cord of similar substance. It is as if the gelatinous mass sur-
rounding the «!ggs of tlie toad simuld become ('ondensed into a solid
covering and a connecting cord. Mow many strings there are of these
eggs 1 <!an not determine with certainty, on account of their being in-
extricably intertwined ; l>nt, since there are four ends visible, there are
probably two strings, one for each oviduct. For the same reason \ have
not been able to count the <'ggs. A careful estimate makes at fewest
]')() of them.

"The eggs in their present state an^ near' globular, and average
about 0""" in diameter. Their distance ai)art .wi the string varies from
.'itol-'"'"; fourteen of them vere counted on a i»ie<H> of the string 1>
inches long. At this rate the whole mass would lorm a string altout S
feet long. The connecting (uird varies from 1..")""" to one-half that di-
ameter. The eggs greatly resemble a string of large beads.

"The young are coiled within the ca]»sMlcs in a spiral form. On re-
moving tiiem and straightening them they measure about 45""" in length.
The (iolor is dusky above, with indicationsof a darker dorj^al stripe, and
on each side a similar darker band. I'.clow the color is ))ale. The body
is proj)ortionaIly stouter than in the adult and tiie head broader. The
fore and the hind feet have <'acli three toes.

"The young possess conspicuous gills ; and, since they are evidently
near the period <»f hatching, it is l)ut fair to suppose that they would
continue to retain these gills for some time after exclusion. The gills
are three in nundx'r on ea(!li side, and are simply pinnate in form. The
median gill is longest, measuring some (("'"' in length. I'rom its maiii
axis theie arise about ten delicate twigs. Tiie other gills aic somewhat
shorter, and give origin to about eiglit lateral twigs each. In all these
filaments may be seen thebloodvesscis lilled with the large blood-cor-

1

Nalin

-'W':r._.

^1\

i

THK IJATKACIIIA OF NORTH AMKUICA.

221

l>iis(!l('.s for wliicli AMii>liiiimii is iioted. Tlireo {;illslitH are open, of
wliicli tim two posterior UocoriH^ closed in thu adult. The eyes appear
to belter advantage tliaii later in lii'e.

"The liiidiiifi'of these, yuiiii;; nearly ready for active life in siieli nn
iinex|»ected situation suj-f^ests some interestinjj; proltlenis. At what
l»eriod of their development are thee ejjj^s deposited!? If at an early
period, the mother must inenltate tnem for a considerable time. If at
a late period, why sIkmiIcI they be placed in such a situation '! In either
case it appears to be quite i)robable that they are fertilized before they
are deposited. Aji'ain, how aie the ejijjs in su(!li a dry situation saved
from beinji' thoroujjhiy desiccated '! They are, I think, kept moist by
the body of the mother as she lies (M)iled around tliem. My remem-
brance of her as she lay when first exposed is that she was much
plumper than she now appears in alcohol; and when she was laid down
on the olliire tlocu- (>very spot she toiu^lied was made wet. The source of
(his water I <b» not know; but it appears probable that it came from the
numerous ;>-|ands that till the skin, and that the mother makes nucturnal
visits to the water to lay in supplies."

I'li;. .Mi. A III nil ill mil iihiiiit^.
NaliniilisI, IHSS.

Till

l;s, Willi ciiiliiio.s ill tlid'on'iit po.titioii.t. Froiii Iliiy, Ainoiicau

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The Amphiiima presents towards the salamanders the nearest atlinity
to the Desmo^natliida'. The i)edunculate ()ccii)ital condyle and atlan-
tal insertion of the temporal muscle are the same in both, and are re-
lated to a similar form and probably similar use of the muzzle. IJy
this arranycmeut the temporal muscle lifts the entire head bj- its inser-
tion in the lower jaw, thus takiu}^ the place of cervical muscles. It can
thus use the muz/leas alever to burrow in mud and stones. Amphiuma
incaiiN i'.lso resend)les the species of Desmojjnathus in the possession of
a chirrui) or whistle. I do not know of another American sahunander
whicl. possesses a voice. The ej-jus in both genera arc laid in a rosary.
I suspect that Amphiuma is a type which has de,<,'enerated from a sala-
mander like J)csnu)gnathus, but which possessed an ethmoid bone.

M

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if22 UULLKTIN :U, IJNITKI) MTATKS NATIONAL MUSIUJM.

.tllipliiilniit iiiiiiiiH <iiiril.

Calalo'^tir

No. 0

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c.kciliidj:.

Jpoda 0]i\n'} ; I'uriiilnpliid'Ki DriJI,

N'c'itt'bra'i iimpliicji^loii.s, with iinterior doiiblc li.vpopopliy.se.s. Vo.sti-
biilo with iiitcnial wall o koou.s. lOtliinoid well (Icvcloitcd. !S(|iiain()-
salami parietal more or les.s c.xteiKlcd over tcmporaMb.s.sa. 8<!apiilar
and polvii! arclit'.s waiitiii}^. ()rl)it smrouiuU'd by tlu> ina.\ Ilar.y bone.
Liver iiiii(!ii .subdivided. Teste.s, several 01 eaeli side. Two protractile
niiisides of llic male rectum, wliieli project a port on of it as an iiitroiiiil-
teiit or^aii.

This family lias been usually rejjarded as rei>reseutiiiy a distinct order
of l>atra(;liia. I have di.scus.sed this ques'. ion under the head of tli*^ or
der Urodehi, within which I have placed it as a suborder, which should
bear JJe iJlainville's name Pseudophidia. Hesides the structural pecu-
liarities already pointed out, I'eters and Sarasin have shown the
brauciiial apparatus of (he larva to be peculiar. Inst ad of form in jj
loops ill fibrilhe of jir. cesses of the branchial arches, the branchial vein
and artery ramify on t lie surface of membianous bladder-like expan-
sions of the arches.

The numerous species of this family are distributed throu<;h(Uit all
tropical rej;ious except those of the Australian realm. They are most
abundant in tropical America. Their liabits ai-e subterranean, their
lives beinji" mostly spent in the nests (»f ants, wliicii they eat. Al tiie
proper .season tliey repair to thc^ water and dejtosit their ejJTfjs. The
larva; pass thronj;h their metamorphosis early in life. All of the spe-
cies are nearly blind.

This family appears to me to have been derived from the ley-bearinj^-
Urodela throuji'li the Amphiimida', by a jiroeess of de<feneration. Addi-
tional evidence in favor of this view is found in the discovery by Stras-
ser, of small cartilages in the position of the inferior elements by the
scapular arch. This degeneration may be regarded as the result of the

TIIK IJATUACIIIA OF NORTM AMEllICA.

22;j

inactive lite (MHisoqiicnt on imriiNili(! liabitH. Tim waine result lias l)o-
rallcn till; Ijace'itiliaii lainily Aiiipliisbiciiiila': and the, Opiiidian t'atiiily
ol T.vpliIopiUa!. Iloth of tlK'.so art', like the Ca'ciliida', paiaisltlc in ants'
nests, and holli have become nearly blind and have lost their or}j;ans of
l>ro;>ression, whether limbs or abdominal scales. To aid them in \\\i\'n
darlv habitat ;i pecidiar tentacle has been developed in tiiis tamily,
which issues from ii canal of the maxillary bone. This canal passes
from the orbit, and the tt>ntacle which oe(ri)pi<>s it is fnrnishe<l with a
iniisclu and nerve (Weidersheiin). It is ])robably homologous with the
" l)aiancer" of the urodelous larva, which sometinu'S j)ersists as a non-
retractile tentacle in s»'veral «»f the species of the salamandiine yenns
Speleipes.

The t'a'ciliida^ have been divided into a nnnd)er of jjenera by IVters.
The presence or absence of minute scales defines some of these, and
tlie form and position of the tenta(!ular openinj,' others, 8onu! of the
latter do not appt'ar to the writ<?r to be well founded.

No species of the Ca'ciliida* enters the ycof^iaphical boundaries of the
nearctic realm.

(Mate* 11 represents the skull and sonu> vertebne of the Clitlnnurpcton
iiiidstinctnm, 11. »>V^ L., si representative of the family from IJrazil.

TIIA( IIVSroM.VTA.

Vomeropalatiiu^ bones wantin;;. Supraoccipitals, intercalaria, ami
liasioc(tipitals wantinjf. Maxillary ijones wantin,i,^ I'ropodial bones not
foiissilied; cau<lal vertebra' distinct.

This order, which was projiosed by Miiller, has but few liviny; repre-
sentatives, nor has paleontolo^'y disclosed with certainty any extinct
ones. The liinf^e of its variation beinjif thus unknown, I conline my-
self chieliy to a discussion of the characters of the only family which
it contains, the Sirenida'. The order is distinjiuislied, as above indi-
(Mted, by the absence of many bones of tins skull usual in veitebrata
ami IJatrachia — a result which is apparently dui! to a. lon{,' process of
dejieneracy.

SIKKIs'in.K.

I

4

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If

Vertebrae amphiccelous; pteryj;<)idea wanting:; premaxillary and den-
tary boiu's toothless: patches on the parasphenoid : two pairs of cera-
tobrauchials; a secoiul basibranchial continuous with the first ; several
epibrauchials; no otoj^lossal ; the stapes not directly (!onnecti'«l with
the (puulrate; mandibular articulation by a baIlandso(^ket joint, the
ball on the inaudible, the cotylus in the quadrate.

In the known j^enera of tlie family the nasal bones are embraced by
the spines of the premaxillary bone; the vomeropalato-i)terygoid sirch

I i

224 IJULLETIN :«l, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MIKSEKM.

is pii'st'iit as ii ciirtiliij,'! HOIKS baiul ; the prefrontal boiios arc waiitiiifr;
tlu'orbitosplu'iioids are lar^'e ami e.\i»aii(li'<l laterally in front, iso as to
form iiart of tiie palatal surface. The earpns is eartila;;inons, anil tlieie
are no hind le^s or pelvic arch. There are external branchia', which
consist of branchinjr processes of the inte^ninient of the epibranchial
elements. The latter are separated by branchial lissnres of the walls
of the j)harynx.

In the jjenns Siren the cranial extremity of thoceratohyal is free from
the cranium, but is connected with the stapes by a stronj^ lijiament. In
this resi)ect this };enus resembles the adults of the true salamanders, oi'
rsendosauria, rather th an the other perennibranchiate forms, <»i- the Tre
motodera and Amphiumoidea. In its four epibranchial ('intilaj^es, how-
ever, if resembles the larva* of the Psendosauria, as also in the presence
of a second basibranchial, connected with i\n', first anteriorly, and ex-
pandiiif; posteriorly Tins mixture of charatiters of the adults and (»f
the larva' of pseiulo'aurian urodela has asi^nilicance which I will fur-
ther illustrate.

1 have already pointed out (American Naturalist, 188,1, p. 215) that
l»ala'oiitolo}jfy shows that the order of Trachystomata is a de;;i'iicrate
type, if the structure of its skull, limb-arches, and limbs be I'onsidcrcd.
1 have also reason to believe that there are indications of a retrojiiade
metainorphosis to be found in the history of its branchial apparatus. I
was for a long time at a loss to account for the i'lirioiis condition which
1 had observed in the branchia' of the sirens. The fringes are freipiently
in a state of apparent partial atrophy and inclosed in a common dermal
investment of the branchial ramus, or all the rami are covered l»y a
common investment, so as to be absolutely functionless and immovabU^
This character observed in the Pucudohnnnltus striutiis, iiiiva orifjin to
its separation from the {jeniis Siren. The character is, however, comnioii
to the Siren lacertina at a certain age, and the real diH'erence betwt'cn
the genera depeinls on thedilferent number of the digits and pharyn-
geal tissnres in the two.

1 have also observed that the liinctionless condition of the branchia'
is universal in young individuals of the tSiren lacertina of live ami six
inches in length, and that in a specimen of a little over three inches
they are entirely rudimentary and subepidermal. 1 have, in fact, no-
ticed that it is only in large adult specimens that the branchia' are fiiby
developed in structure and function. The inference from the specimens
certainly is that the branchia' are in the sirens not a larval character,
as in other perennibranchiate Batrachia, but a character of maturity.
Of ct)urse only direct observation can show whether sirens have
branchia' on exclusion from the egg; but it is not probable that they
dili'er so much from other members of their (ilass as to be without them.
Nevertheless, it is evident that the branchia' soon become functionless,
so that the animal is almost if not exclusively an air breather, and that
functional activity is not resumed till a more advance<l age. That Sirens

1

TIIK MATUAOIItA fH' NOltTIf AMKHIf'A.

225

may lu' «'X('lii.siv('I.v air ln'ciitluTs I have sIkiwii l»y tibsei'vations on a
spcciiiKMi in an aqnatinni wliicli, I'oi' two nioiilis, prohalily from tlui at-
taclvH of n«hes, had no lirancliia' at all. (Sco .lourn. Ac, I'liila., 180(},
p. OS).

In explanation of tliis tact, it may ho romarkoil that this atrophy can
not bu a<;roiinto*l lor on th(> .snp|)osition that it is S(>as(nial anil due to
the drying; np ol the a(|nati('. habitat of the sir(>ns. The tionntiies thoy
inliabit arehnmid, rec«'ivin<;,Mhe heaviest rain-fall of oni' ICastern States,
and there is no dron<;ht. The only explanation appears to me to be that
the present Sirens iuv t\w descendants of a terrestrial type of Hatraehia,
which passed thron^h a metamorphosis lik(>. other nu>mbers of their
class, lint that more recently tlu-y have ailopted i permanently aqnatic
life, and have resnmed their branchia- by reveision.

This hypothesis is (^onlirmed by the relations of the stapes to the
suspensor of the lower jaw. It is not coniu'cted with the quadrate
cartilafje, as is the case with the I'rotiida', Cryptobranchida', Amiddn-
mida', and the larva- (»f salamanders, bat is distinct and is connected
posteriorly v/ith a stapedius muscle as in adult salamandeis.* (See
I'l. 1(5, ti-. .-..)

There are but two known {jenera of this family, whicdi dilVer as fol-
lows :

i>ij;ils run I ; Itriiiii'liiiil I'lMsiircs nininally lliii'c Siren.

Dijiils (liicr ; liiuiiilii:il lissiiit'soiii' I'stnilohraiichiin.

SlIvl'iN liinna'us.

Anin'iiiliiti'M A<'!i(U'iiiic;c, \ii, ITCi.'i, p. lUl (tcsli' lldlliiook) : Systoma
NatiiiM' !•,', cd. I, p. :i71, I7(;(i: (»iM'it. l:!, cd. i, Addenda, 17<i7; iliid.,
'riuton's I'd., l-^ti-.*, I, p. (iTl ; 'i'scliiidi. Italiai liia, p. its ; (iray Cat.
Itril. Mns., p. (i-*; Dnni. A I'liUr. I",rp. (icii.. ix, p. lit! ; HoiiltMij^or,
Cat. (irad. Ilrit. Miis., cd. ii. p. Mi, l-i+J.

I'liaiKnihraiicliiis, pt. l,i'ii(d<ail Isis von Okcn, If^Jl, p. 'Jiid.

Difiits four; Jaws with horny sheath; tnnyiu^ larj;e, free in front;
eyes distinct; external branchia' three. A patch of teeth on eac^h side
of the palate standinj; on tlii'cc^ plati's, wliicii an^ attached to the para-
sphenoid bone. Three branchial lissures on each side in the adult.

In this ficnns tiiere are narrow (!artila,t;es on the ai>proximated ex-
tremities of the tiist basibranchial and the ceratohyals, in the i)osition
of a basihyal and hypohyals respectively.

The transverse jjroces.ses of the vertebral are very much expanded
horizontally at the ba.se, but they terminate in a i)ointed ajiex.

I ,!

^ ;-l'

)

i

If

1951— Bull :\i-

' AnuM-ican Xatnralist, l88-<, p. Jtll.
-1.J

22(1 I'.ULLKTIN :il, r.MTKl) STATKS NATIONAL MI'SFJM.

,;< I;

1!

Sll.'KN l,A('i:i>riNA I. inn.'

AiiKi'niliiU's Ac'inU'iiiic'ii', vii,p.;!ll, ltd..: Svslciiiii Natiiiii', cd. 1:5,1 Ail-
(Iciidji; C:iiv. ill llmnl). ()l>s. Z<mi., i, p. -J-^, I'l. !l-ll; DaiKl., Kt'iitil.,
VIII, ])/i:L>, ri.l'.t, li.ii.-i: lli'll)., N.A.Hcrp., v. p. HH, I'1.:M: TsdiMtli,
/.(■.: Diiin.iV liilir., p. UKHlnii t) : linnlciincr, Cat. lialr. (irad. Hrit.
Mils., vt\. ii, ISS-J, p. -7.
riiancrohraiKJiiifi (?/^)»,v Li'iickarl, I.e.

Siren intermedia Lcconti", Aim. Lvc N. Y.. isjs, p. l:!:!, I'l. 1; llollir. /. c, )). 107, PI.
:i."); id, ibid, p.C.il.

•)7i

Flfl. .IT. fiimi lacirlinn. No. \"y\\. WiliniiiLitnn, X. (\ [. Xn. 7, .yi'iiin; with nlmvtivc litniirliiiv.

" J'lad'M l>, liyK. l-:{ ; l:i, 11«. (i; 4:J; 41; 4(i, 11^'. r. ; 111, ll.r. u.

I

TlIF, IIATHACIIIA OP NORTH AMKRIC'A.

227

PI.

In ijonenil form llils iiniiniil is quite, I'loiif^uti', ;iii(l tlic t.iii is coiisid-
enibly shorter tliiin tlic body, inoasiiriii};- one half of the h.-ngth of the
head and body together. The head is a h)nger or shorter oval in out-
line, and the end of the ninzzle is rounded, truncate, and projects be-
yond the lower Jaw to a moderate degree. In prolile it is depressed, and
the line of the front gradually descends from behind. The fore limb is
short, measuring Just half the distance between its anterior base and
the end of the muzzle.

The eyes are very small, ami are covered by a thin epidermis or
cornea. They are situated just one-third the distance between the end
of the muzzle and the base of the anterior external branchin. The
ui>per lip is pcndidous at the sides of thi; mouth, overlap])ing the lower
lip. The latter is free and pendulous at the sides, and is bounded be-
low at the base by a deep groove, which mayor may not be continuous
round the entire chin. Thus it is comi)lete in seven specimens and in-
complete in eighteen. liotii conditions are seen in specimens from the
same locality, as, for instance, those from Kiceborongh, (ra., and ^lata-
moros, in Tamanlipas, The external nares are well separated from
each other, and are short transverse slits.

The superior horny sheath is quite short, covering only the prcmax-
illarybone. It has a sharp edge, and is black in <!olor. The lower
sheath is much longer, covering the entire edge of the dentary bone.
It is also sliari) edged and black. The tooth patches vary in propor-
tions in dilferent individuals. Tiiey are distinct from each other, but
are in contact anterioi ly ami diverge i)osteriorly. The teeth are small
and acute, ami are arranged in numerous transverse rows in each patch.
In adult individuals the patehes have an oval outline, but their width
varies, and in some others and in immature examples they are more or
It ss linear. Thus in one specimen from Matamoros the vomerine teeth
arc reduced t(. a line on each side, the two forming a A. In one from
(Icorgia the same arrangement occurs, but in a second from the same
locality, and in every other respect similar to it, the teeth are in a wide
patch. In two others the patch is intermediate in characters. The
surface of the tongue is smooth, not displaying plica' or large pappilhe.
It occui)ies nearly the entire tloor of the mouth. The interrial nostrils
are eaitha hole at the exterior side of the parasphenoid patches of teeth,
at tiie point marking the posterior third of their length.

The fingers are moderately elongate, and are perfectly free from
dermal web or border. Tiieir lengths are in order, commencing with
the sliortest, 5-l*-4-.'{. The third and fourth are sometimes of equal
length.

The brancliia', when fully developed, form a bipinnate frame-work,
to which tlie ultimate librilla' are attached : timt is, the primary stem
sends a row of secondary branches downwards on each side, and these
again ternary braiuihes on each side. To the under side of these the
fibrillar are attached. Tiiey are (juite short. Tiie entire brantdiia is
short and not produced at the extremity, as is the case with Nccfiwiis

:V.

In

.1

"la
I

.iV'A

1^1

228 mii.LiyriN :!i, unitki) stater national mtseum.

punctaiiis iiiul larva' ol' Aiiibl.vst(Hiia, In I'lotuiis the sccoiidiiry
branches are also present. The librilla" in Siren present dillerent con-
ditions, perhaps dependent on the character of their environment as to
the abundance of water, etc., and indicating dillerent dejjrees of func-
tional elBciency. I have discussed this question under the head of the
family Sirenida*.

The body is rounded, snbquadrate in section, and disi)lays an indis-
tinct median <lorsal groove. The transverse j>'rooves are distinct on the
sides and nearly meet on the belly, but are not distinct on the back.
They vary from thirty-one to thirty-seven in number. The larfjer speci-
mens generally have thirty-six and thirty-seven grooves, while smaller
ones fre(iuently have only thirty-one and thirty-two. The specimens
with thirty-three, thirty-four, and thirty-live arc of medium size ; but a
full sized one IVom (Je()rfiia(No.4r);{5) has t]iirty-tw(),and a small one from
South Carolina (No. lO.")!!) has thirtv-four. It was on specimens jjresent-
iufj- the eharactersof the sujaller indivichmls above mentioned that the.V.
iiifeniicdid of Leconte was proposed. I can not distin<:;uish it from the
ordinary form. The skin is everywhere i)erfeetly smooth. The tail is
comi)ressed from the base to the extremity, and for its distal half is
(juite thin. It has a stron,n' dermal liii above and below. It commences
above opposite to the anterior extremity of the vent, and below about
0!ie-fourth the length of the tail posterior to the vent.

The branchial fissures, .as remarked in the discussion of the supposed
retrograde metamori)liosis of Siren, may be one, two, or three, on one or
both sides. In a series of small specimens from South Carolina (No.
Mill) the fissures are as follows: L»-l, .'5-2, L»-2, 2-2. In a similar
series from CJeorgia (No. b"*,'},")) they are 2-2, 3-3, 2-2 larger than last;
2-3 same size as last, and .'5-3 fully grown.

Measiircmcnls of No. KVll).

jr.

Total l.ii-tli 7U

l,('ii}itli (if licad and lidily 170

Lcii^'lli to axilla 082

Liiiiiffli to first l)iaiicliia 0'C>

\ivun\h to liiu> of caiitlius of nioiilli ()li>

IiClij;lli to liiu; of cyi' 01 1

L(!iij»lli of fore-lcfj; from axilla O'Ari'i

L('iii;tli of ImiiKM'iis from axilla _ 01'.)

li •iifitli of ciiliitiis (IK)

Will til hctwcoii nostrils OKi't

Width lictwt'cii eyes , i}-2:\

Width of head ()4ri

ICxpanso of fore limh.s cxtondnd Ill

Dt'ptli of tail at middhi (Km

The general (tolor is a dark lead-color, usually darker above than be-
low. There is in sonu' sj)ecimens a yellow band, with irregular or badly
delined outline, extending around tln^ miizzh^aiid upper lip lo Ihe base
of the antei i(M' braiushia. In some specimens t his band includes tlii' chin ;

!

Till-: IJATKACIIIA OF NOUTll AMERICA.

22\)

ill others it is present on the cheeks only. In ii fully grown specimen
from iMatanioros, Taniiiulipiis, this band is continued along the side for
one-half the length, beyond which point it is represented by scattered
yellow dots. A second similar badly delined band originates at the
lower edge of the axilla, and extends along the inferior part of the side
for two-thirds the length of the superior band. These bands have the
position of those seen in the PsciidobraHchus Hfriatiis. In a, second
ocpially large si)eeimen from Matainoros these bands are wanting.

The geographical range of the Siren laccrtiiia is the best measure of
the extent of the austroriparian region of North America. It appears
in the middle of eastern North Carolina, and extends thence throughout
the southern Atlantic and CJulf States tiirough Texas to the west side
of the Kio CJrande, where it ceases. Northwards it ascends the ^Missis-
sii>pi N'alley proper as high as Alton, 11!., and eastward in the AVabash
basin, in Indiana, to Lafayette (Coulter), and the White lliver (Jordan).

Sinn lidirliiiK Liiiii.
UKSHUVK SKltlKS.

('il;ilci;;in' Xo. Ill
imiiibri'. s]i('C.

Locality.

Whrii
t'olKic'tiil.

Fioiii wliDiii received.

Xiit live ol'
speciineii.

Ha4!)
M5»7
OIO'J

»;ii7

01U3
10514
10H53
1085:i

7007

m\n
4.'>:i.-.

.V.'Ol
4048

lo:ii:i

5000
125(13
7048

I

1 Xeiise Kiver, X.C ' !I. W. Wclsliet Alcoliolii

1 Cciluiiiliiii.S. (' Mill'. — , IKTii !•;. i;. .racksMii

1 Miiiiiil Caiiiicl, ni i J uli '.':', 1877 I Unlicrt liiili^wav

1 ! ;....■ '

1 Oalde.v.S.c; Ma.v 1,1,-77 K. W. Ilayward

1 Ciiliiiiiliiii. S. (; I 1S7."< !•;. l';..Jack8(iii

1 I'lLSoM, ■l"c\as ISSU Allicit Tuipe

1 do ! 18^0 ilo

1 Cliaili'stoii, S. (J Cliaili'stoii Aeadeinv

•J (icoi;;ia Keli. 1, IHiil Dr. W. L. .limes . ..'

( Uicclii>i(>ii;;li. (ia do i

1 Craiid Ciitcaii, l.a Keli. 4, I.Mil SI. Cliailes (jolle;.'!!

I .Malaiiioios, .Mexico I.ieiit. 1!. Couch, t'. S. A. ..

1 OaKley.S.C MayIl,l,S7i) K. W.llaywaid

1 Matamnids, Mexico I Lieuteiiiiiit Couch

1 Wihiiiiiy:toii, N. (' Donald .MiiKaii

! (iiiir Stale ' C. li. .\daiiis

- Sail Dii'Ko, Te.i. Juno — , lSt>.-< W. Taylor

Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.

.1

I

)

GENKKAI, SKUIi;.S.

7(101

45;t5 !

IIIIK

70 1. s

7iHi!t I

7142

1087.'V I

10855 i

10858 I

10850

IDHOC

i0!<57 I

10860

108111

108.H

I08,5tl

108112

10874

I0H71 ]

1080U

10872

10873

mwn I

10313
108TII
10428 j
0500
10808

1 (?)

2 } Kice\ioriiiii:h, (ill | Dr. W. I., .loiie.s.

2 i MataiiioroM, .Mex

(?l.

< leor^etown, S. ('

I'raii ie .Mei- Itou^o, I.a ,
(l.iUlev.S. ('

1 {')■■■'■

1 (')

I (.')

1 O.iklev, S. t;

I (.'»

1 {!)

Lieut. 15. Couch, I' S. A ..
Chestoii

' Mai'. 11!, l,-7s K W.llaywaid..

1

1

V).

1 Oakley, S.C

-do.

.do

.do '

.do

■ In M.'ii'. I'.l. 'HTH K W. llavwaid.

.do Mav ,18,1) do.!

.ilo '.

■ do .Mav -.1.-811 1''. W. llavwaid.

.do Mai. -.1878 do

.do .Mai. l;i, 1878 do

Aleolinlic.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.

2'6i) lUJLLEllN ;JI, UiNlTKD STATKS NATIONAL MUSEUM.

i'Si:ui)onnAN'ciirs (imy.

All" I'liilos., l-i'J."), l>. •■iW; Cut. Hatr. Uiad. liiit. Miis.,()l»; Boulcnj,'er,
( at. Miitr. ISrit. Mus., cil. ii, H--,', p. W/.

Digits rliive. Jaws wi Ii Iioni.v slu'iitli. Tongue froo in fnuit; eyes
distinct. Hxternal Inanciiiii' tlncc Parasi>!RMioi(l teeth in two rows,
united in fiont, forming a iongitndinid A- <^)"e brancliial llssuro on
each side.

The reduced number of digits and of l>raiu;liial fissures are tlie char-
acters which sei»arate this genus from Siren. The jK'culiarities found
in the branchia' arc shared by tlie hitter genus, liiit one species of
Pseudobrauchus is luiowu.

, .:

PSIUJDOHKANCIIUS STRIATUS L.coiit.-.

eiray, Aiii'- I'liilos., I-,'.'), i>.-Jli; ; (1 ray, Cat. 15a tr, (irail. IJril.Miis., ud. i, p.
(i'.t; Ji()iilonj;cr, Cat. I!:itr. (irail. Hiit. Mus., cd. ii, l^-^l, y. S7.

Siirii Kliiiitd licconto Ann. l.yi., N. V., l&i\, \>. ;')•.', I'l. I; Tscliiidi, IWitr., i>. IW.
llolbi'., X. A. lliii>., V. 1), Mil, ri. iiii; 1)11111. iV r.iln-., IM. W, W'^. 1.

Tliis s[)ccies is iiuicli smaller than the >Sircn hurrl'uw, and dilfers from
it in a good many characters. The body iscylindric, and the tail meas-
ures two-thirds the lengtli of the head and body and a little more. The
liead viewed from above has a rather narrow oval outline, and its ex-
tremity is rounded without truncation, or sometimes acuminate. In
profile the front descends regularly to the end of the muzzle, which
overhangs the mouth ly a little. The ey«'s are <|uite (listin(!t, though
small, and are on the border of the head when \ ieweil from above, but
have moreui)ward than lateral <lir»'ction. Tlie mouth is veiy small and
does not extend so far posteriorly as the anterior border of the eye.
The upi»er lip is pendulous, <»verlappiiig the lower, so as to reduce the
mouth when closed to a small aperture on the middle line in front.
The !ip of the lower Jaw is not recurved, and there is no groovt^ pass-
ing around the chin. The external iio.^trils aie in the upper lip, not
very near its edge, but they are not visible from above. The distance
between them is three <|iiarters the length of that between the eyes.

The parasphenoid series of teeth ai'c but little in contact in front, and
each one consists of two or thre(^ row.s. They extend anteriorly near
to the i)remaxillary and jiostericuly to oi)posite the rictus oris. The
choanal are round, and are at the external side of the parasphenoid
series, one-fifth the distance anterior to their posterior extremity. The
tongue is narrowed and acuminate in front, and its free portion is rela-
tively longer than in the Siren Idccrtind.

The branchia' have not the .same character as those of the Hhrn laccr-
tina, being trii>innate on the external side only. The first is much
shorter than the seconil, which is shorter than the third. The single
lissure is below the ba.se of the second. I have not found a second
fissure in this species, nor have I found this one closed in individuals with

I'l

}

Tin; liATKAClllA OF .\ OK I'll AMEltlCA.

231

aborted brancliiii;, as (xjciirs in the case oF the other two in Siren laver-
thia. The limbs are short and weak, and their length enters that from
their base to the end of the nuiz/!e two and a half times. The hiteral
toes are st'iierally of e(iiial lenj;th, and the median one is a little longer.
All areacnte at the extremity.

The skin is entirely smooth, and there are thirty -fonr transverse grooves
betwe^'n the axilhe and the vent. The crosi^-grooves are continued on
the tail, so as to be distinct for two-thirds of its length. The tail is but
little compressed for the proximal three fonrths of its length, the ver-
tical section being vertically oval or lenticular posteriorly. A narrow
dermal free border commenc^es at the end of the proximal tilth of its
length and increases in width to the til), but is never as wide as in the
Siren laccrtiiui and in the Xei;tniiis and Ciyptobianchns. The inferior
deinial bonier is less extensive, existing only on the terminal fifth of
tiie tail. The tail is relatively longer th.'n in the ISi-ren laccrtiiui. The
Ibllittles of the skin are large, and so close together as to give the sur-
face a reticulated a[)pearanee. There are no distinct mucou« pores of
a dee[)er character.

a ^-^ 0 / 6

I'l'.. .'iS I',, iiiliiliiinirhiiy .■'lriiif<'!< : No 7010: twii'c iiatiirnl Ni/.o ; (ij:. 5, xix.

Miusiirrwviift ol' ."id.")!.

M.

Total icnjilii 152

l.r :|;,'lli lo .•:i(t ul' vclll 087

I. .11^ 111 lo axilhi oi:{

l.cii^itli to liiM liiiiiicliia 010

I.iiijrii, to eye 00'^')

Lcllfrlll to lilt us Oli-i 002

I.niKlli of rou-l.';; ... 004

I, flint !i of lor,' loot 0015

Width of head ij;rcalc.st ) 006

Willi h bclwccii i\cs OO:?

Will 111 ol' ('xtfiiiicil fore liiiilis 01;')

The general cofor is (thocolate brown, more or le.ss tinged with lead-
(!olor. especially when the epidermis is fn sli. A rather wide yellow
band commeiuies at the last branehia and extends along the side to
lU'ar the end ()f the tail. It is continued, but less distinctly, from the
branehia' forwards to the end of the muz/.le. A narrower band com-

i

1 1

i

i

f "I

y

■i^

I

I-. I

11

232 HULLETIN :il, UNITKD STATICS NATIONAL MUSEUM.

iiieiices jiist below tlie braiicliitc and extends aloii^j the side of the ab-
domen parallel with the superior band, to nearly opposite the vent. In
some specimens a similar band extends from the viuit alonj; the me-
dian line below to the end of the tail, but this is frequently wanting-
More frecpiently the dermal keel and border on the superior edge of the
tall is .yellow, and this color is sometimes prolonged on the median lino
of the back for the posterior half or more of its length. The belly lias
rather large, more or less longitudinal yellow spots; and the ground
color between the lateral bands is similarly but less coarsely spotted,
except oil the tail, where the spots are dense. The fore limbs are yel-
low, wilh a brown tinge.

The braiieliia' of this species display partial or entire abortion in a
larger i)r()port ion of individuals than in the ISlrcn laccrtina. An ei»i-
dermal sheath may inclose the tibrilla' on the external side only, or on
the external and internal sides. In ten specimens live have the epi-
dermal covering on both sides, three have the tibrilhe free at the lower
edge of thebranchia, and iii two the fimbria' are free on the entire pos
tcrior face. Sometimes the first brancliia is ihclo.sed in a distinct sheath
from the other two, and sometimes all are distinct. The insheatliing
mend)rane may l»e (continuous at the inferior edge of the branchia with
the epidermis of the throat. In this ca.se a small fissure remains, cor-
responding with the one on the pharyngeal wall.

This sitecies is .so far only known from Georgia ami Florida. From
the latter State 1 have received it from Volusia.

rsciidohrintchus fhialiis Lccoiitt'.
]!K.SE1!VI'; SKKIKS.

*«'

Ililllllii'l. ^<]>t■l•.

7010
rid.jl
7o:o

10

L.i.jlity.

t li('iii)4hi .

Wli..|i
oll.'i'tnl.

Kidiii hImhii n ii'ivtil.

Natiirr 111'
spiiiiiirll.

I

ISV. Mcoliiili.'

Iili. 1, li-r.1 Dr. W. L. .IdiK.s l)(i.

I Do.

I

.tiunit Dmn(!^ril, IfcOI.

salii:ntia.

I.iiiirciili, 17(1"'.

. osTKoi.oav.

Supraoccipital, basioccipital, intercalary, supratemporal, and post-
frontal bones wanting. Fiontals and parietals connate; prefrontals
present; nasals wanting or rudiniental. \'omers and palatines pres-
ent, distinct from each other, the latter inclosing the internal nares and
joining the pterygoids. IMaxillaries, ])r(Mnaxillaries, and ethmoid pres-
ent.

^

f[

TIIK HATUACllIA Ol' NOlii'H AMKUICA.

23;j

Vertebral bodies mulividod, separate proatlas wantiii};. Vertubne
very lew, on account of the anterior attaclnnent of the pelvis and the
disappearance of some and fusion into a sin^^le styloid bone (the uro-
style) of others of the vertebne posterior to the point of iittachment.
Ribs very short or ^vantiIl{,^

Coracoid, clavicle, and scupula osseous, well developed ; procoracoid,
epicoracoid, and suprascapula cartilaginous. Sternum present, entirely
posterior to the coracoids. No iMiesternuni nor interclavicle, but fro-
(luently a median element anterior to the clavicles called the omoster
num.

I'elvis consisting' of the usual three elements, the inferior pairs closely
united, forminjjf a compressed body witliout obturator foramina. Ilium
subcylindric, very elonj^ate.

Humerus without distinct head proxinuilly, but with an epipbysis.
Distally a globular condyle. Other long bones with epiphyses at both
extremities. Astragalus and calcanenm elongate, forming a limb seg-
ment. Carpal bones well developed, some of them, es[>ecially of the
distal series, contiuent. Tarsals of tlie distal series much reduced in
size and numl)ers. (I'hites 47, aK, etc.)

Tlie auditory appendnges dill'er from those of the Urodela, Proteida,
and Trachystomata in tiieir greater (-omplexity. There is a cavum
tymi)ani or external ear and a series of ossicles and cartihiges extend-
ing througli it, structures all wanting to tlie orders nu^ntioned. The
stapes is, lilie tliat of thos(^ orders, an oval disk, which has no continu
ous process, but gives origin at its middle to the stapedius muscle.
Immediately in front of it tliere arises an osseous rod, the interstapedial
bone. Its base is cartilaginous, and is expanded with concave surface
lilting the convex surface of the skull. This rod terminates at tiie su-
perior interrujition of a Hat annular carlilage {Annidus tijmptoiicus),
which lies on the (piadrate cai'lilage and over the comjavity formed by
its forwards tiexure. The mesostapedial cartilage is attached by a point
on its interior face to the apex of the interstapedial, somewhat as an
anther of a llower is attached to its tilament. Its superior portion is
shorter, and is c(Minected with the «iiiadrate above by the mesostapedial
liganu'iit. Its inferior portion is more or less ex[)anded distally. Its
external face is Hat, and is applied to the inner side of the disciform
e[tistai>edial. The latter is api»lied like a lid to the annular cartilage
already mentioned. The mesostapedial then occupies a i)lace between
the annular and (he epistapedial cartilages. The niembranum tympani
tits closely over the latter. ( Plates 49-50.)

The hyoid apparatus dilfers materially from that of the orders men-
tioned. It can only be understood by reference to its developnu'iit
from the larval stages. There are jiresent in the larva a ceratohyal
on each side and a first basibranchi il, as in Urodela. The hypohyal is
connate with the former. Posterior to the basibrancbial, two lateral
eartilagiuous plates, the " hyobranchials," meet on the middle line.

: i

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2.')4 'ULLliTIN ^1, UNITKU STATICS NATIONAL MTSEl'M.

Kioiii the cxtcniiil (m1,!;o oI' eacli of tlicso lour (,'iirtiIii};os tlui (rnito-
biaiK'liiiils nuliiito. The foiirtli or postrriur is fmiuently coiilliiciit
with its h.vobranchial. (I'liite r.l, li->'. 1.) Witii tiie coiiiplolioii of the
iiietanioiphosis tlie basi- and hyobraiu-hials fuse into a siii<;Io i>it'C(',
and tho ('('latobraucliials iiniti' with tho same phite, ex(;ei)tiii.i;- the
fourth, wliieli, be(!oiniu,s,' ossilied, forms the only true bone of tiie le-
li'iou. In some tyix'S the ossilicalion becomes more extensive, as in
Cychtrliamphus; (Plate 7(1, li,ir. l'>.) Sometimes the third eeratobran-
chial is ossilied, as in Alytes {I. c, lij;'. 2) and Ileniisns (/. c, liy. IS;.

Tiie dij;its of the Salientia are apparently four anteriorly and live pos-
teriorly ; there is <;enerally a rudimental diji'it, in adilition, on the inner
side of each foot. Tlu^ thundt is especially well developed in tlie llylid
frenus, Ilyi)siboas ^Va^l.; (Plate 72, 11 f>'. I'd.) The inner di^it of the pos-
terior foot, or the internal hallux, as it is called, lias three elements in
.some of the lianas (see Plate (»">, li((ii(( ntlchcmuKt), while in other forms
the diyit is principally represented by a lar<>e Hat i)halan,;;e. This is
called the spur or metatarsal tubercle in works on the subject, and it is
sometimes incorrectly referred to the tarsus.

The carpus of the Salientii has but two i)roximal elements, the inter-
medium not bcinji' distii^-t. There is alar}.-!! centrale, which forms part
of the inner border (»f the i)alm. Tin; order is further characteri/ed (ex-
cept in the I)iscoi;lossida' ami the Aj^iossa, 7, v.) by the fusici of tiie
iburth and (ifth (tarpalia into a single element, the unciforme. The
other three earpalia are distinct, and the tiist is frecpiently displaced
to form the base for the metacarpus of the thumb. The larj^c si/eof the
astraj^alus and calcaneum have been already referred to. The tarsus is
further peculiar in the absence of iiiterniedium and centrale and the
absence of tarsalia, except a rudiment or two near the inner part of
their usual position. (Plate 7.'5.)*

INTECUMENT.

Th(^ slij^ht attaiihment of the intej^umeiit to the nius(des is a well-
known feature of the IJatradiia Salientia. The manner of their attach-
ment presenis many varieties in the ditferent {(roups. It is as follows :
A transverse partition of connective tissue holds the inte^iument alonji'
the a(;romials and another aloiij;' the coracoids; a lon<;itudinal band on
each side of the back (IVecjucntly marked externally by a glandular fold)
and one below it on each side of the abdomen; a band or line aloiiiLrthe
hinder inferior face of the thij^hs, extending;' nearly to the popliteal re-
{•ion, i'ud a delicate one aloiij;' the upiier hinder face of the same, from
the groove between the superior and posterior muscles.

'Tlm«o result. swore sent in totlioSocretiiry of tlioSiiiitliHoui.'ni Institution Feln-iiiiiy,
IHf^T. Tliroiij^h till' (Itday ill publication tlnn- have been auliciiiati'il by an a<lniiral)li;
l)iil)i>i' on tlic carpus and tur.sus of Salieutia l)y Mr. (i. B. Howes, Proceeds. Zool. Soc.
London, IS-'-', p. HI (Muicb).

I

THE iJATKACIIIA OF NORTH AMKKICA.

235

The Jittachineuts aiv similar to the last in the Dciulrobatida', in I'iU-
peiiipliix, and in IJracliyccplialns. In h'liffi/sOnnti nnilo tlio laterovrntral
lino is broad, orconiposod of several series of fibers and lamina^, and in
IJ. mroUncnse it is eoinposed of two sept.i. In P.seiulo]»lirvn(! (lie dor-
solateral septum, as well as tlie last mentioned, is wideiu'd ; IMirynis-
ens is similar, exeei>t that the dorsolateral is narr.)wer posteriorly, but,
rapidly wiilening, meets its mate on the nape, foiinin,i>a broad transverse
attachment. In Atdoptin hvris the inti',i;nment between tin; dorso- and
ventndateral septa is ivttaehed, forminj;' a broad lateral aillierent band.
In lihinoiihrjiniis dorsali.s this lateral attaidiment is carried so far as to
leave only narrow free dorsal and ventral regions, while it is further
peculiar in wantin<jr the eoracoid sei)tum, as in l)is(!o,i;iossus and Xeiio-
pus. lOpidalea, I>ufo, and LVlta[>hryue, in their numerous species, add
to the raniform structure the attachment of the whole dorsal integu-
ment. The following table exhibits the other attachments.

IJi'lly liroailly tVi'L", very iiariDw liitL'nivi'iiti'iil attiieliiiiciit: Hafo liamdlilidi^, Utihc-

luinUii.
IJclIy liroiiilly fri-c, broad latiTovciilral atljii-liiiiciit : />. (vnir'mnins, It iiliijiuoniin. i'0(j-

iKiliis, cliilciisis^ ri)l II nihil iiKtx. riih/iirix, iiiirinix, nilliiiji.i,
Hi'lly liKiadly fret", post urioi' I'oiirtli or lifili altdoiiicii aKat'liud: <iriivili'i,ciimjiintili'<

paiillii riiiiix.
Latcidvciitial attacliiiicnt very liroail, Icavinj; liiit narrow iVi'i' iiljdoiiiiiial spar'e: I!.

iituifiriiK, iiiun'uHK, iiilrnnidiii-i, iiiDirtiiliix, iiiviiriiiK, dijitiirliiin,
Voiitral inti'^mnuiit atttatdu'd : J!, viircifir, iimiiliin-, viridix, l.tliiarlii (posU'i'ior Iialf
attaclii'd).

A considerable variety is exhibited by the families of the Arcifera.
In the genera of Discoglossida' examined (Discoglossus and IJombiiui-
tor) the attachments are as in Itanida', except the absence of the eora-
coid septum, as in Xenopus. On the contrary, in the Seaphioi)odida',
the integument is more or less entirely adherent above ami below.
The greater luimber, including the typical tbrms of llylida', add to
the ranid arrangement a close areolar attachment of the abdominal
skill, while it is characteristic of many species of Cystignathidic to
possess one. or two transverse simple posterior abdominal septa. For
tile many variations and exceptions, see under the respective families.

Of the Aglossa, Xenopus lacks the coratioid and inferior femoral
atlacliments; there is a «loublo or treble, but not wide, lateral adhesion
low down, which nniy be a combined dorsolateral and dorsoveutral, or
broad dorsoveutral only. In IMi)a all the attachments are wanting, ex-
cejit two closely api>roxnnated lateral lines and a sui)erior posterior
aud anterior inferior femoral.

VISCERA.

With regard to the dilferenccs in the arrangement and structure of
the internal organs a great ileal remains to l»e oliserved. Ilenle (Ana-
tomic des Kehlkopfes) i>oiiits out some in(u)nsiderable dilferences in

! 'I

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yi

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23') lU'l.I.KTlN :tl, UNITED STATES NATIONAL Ml'SElM.

the form of tlio cnrlilagos of tlio larjiix. Tlie size iiiid niiiiilHT of (lie
pulmonary cells vuiy coiisidoraltly. Amoiif; Ilylida', o.siK-cially tiioso
speck's with a loiiil voicf, tlicy are fewer and larger than in Discogloa.si-
die and Scaphiopida'. The forms of the sinus, auricles, venlricile, and
bulbus arteriosus, the throe aorta bows, of which the median foruj the
aorta roots, etc., appear (piite identical externally in the Discoglossus,
Scapliioi)us, and rhyllomediisa. Internally the two former present the
known characters of the Annra, /. e., the union of the distinct ducts of
the first (i)nlmonary) and second (aortic) aorta bows thro'ighont much
of their length, the separate union of the two former and (tontinuance
on the left side of a high free septum of tlu» bulbus, till they are finally
turned over the riglit division toward the right, and have a common
issue from the ventricle. A conic pocket valve is at the origin of the
bifurcation of the ductus communis of tlie second and third aorta bows,
but none in any part of the course of the pulmonary.

The general characters of the venous system have iteen (b'scribed on
page 10. The researches of Ifochstetter * and HowesI Inive shown that
the cardinal veins do not disapi)ear in all of the Salientia. Ilochstet-
ter in fact believes "that the vena cava inferior, instead of being
throughout its whole extent a i>rimarily independent vessel, is a com-
pound structure, the product of a fusion between a late-formed hepatic
vessel and one or both of the posterior cardinal veins" (Howes). In
IJatrachia the postrenal portions only of the (iardinals go to form the
vena cava i)osterior, and the prerenal p(»rtions disappear or remain I's
azygos or hemiazygos veins. Their persistence is shown to hi' fre
quent in theDiscoglossida', in l>ombinator (llochstetter Howes), Alytes
(Howes), and Discog'ossus (Howes). It is wanting in other Salientia,
incbuUng the Aglossa, L'ehtdytida', and IVlobatidai (Howes).

The general character of the brain in the Salientia may be gathered
from Plate o(!. As I omitted, by an oversight, to refer to the charac-
ters of this region in my anatomical introduction (pp. 1-12), I introduce
here some rennirksoii its peculiarities in the I'roteida, IJrodela, etcr., as
well. In the Proteida (Necturus, (Ig. 1) the tlialamencephalon is ex-
posed by the nonprodiuition posteriorly of the prosencephalon. In
Urodela generally (Plate U)) and in Salientia it is moderately exposed :
in Ca'ciliida- (Plate 5(», tig. ;j) it is generally concealed. In all the tailed
forms there is a large vascular "supraplexus" protiuding from between
the hemispheres. Posterior to this the ei)iphysis appears; it is small
in all the orders. The hypoi»hysis is on the other hand large. The cere-
bellum (epencephalon) is a mere commissure in the entire class. The
diaccelia, niesoco'lia, and metaccelia are only .sei)arated by slight con-
.strictions of their walls. The metac(elia is covered in the Salientia by
a triangular choroid plexus (Plate '>{> p. c). In Protei<la, Urodela, and
Trachystomata the olfactory lobes (rliiniMicephala) are distinct; but

*Mori)li:)liiv;isoIiCH Jahrbiicli, IH^r, p, 1l'.>; AiiiitDiiiiselicr Aiizoiger, IHd*, 517.
tProceel. Zoiil. .Soe. London, ISS-*, p. l>>.

(

.#

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* * '

TlIK r.ATKACHIA OF NOKTII AMKIilCA.

-2;]7

ill tlie Siiliciitiii tlu'y an^ coiilliu'iil witli oarli otiicr. In Xoiioims (IMiUo
r»l, (ij;. IS) tli(.> tliiiljiiiii'ii(!C'i>liiili)n is more entonsively exposed tliaii in
other Saiieiitia.*

Tlio f'oiin of tlie livoi- docs not (lillcr from tlic usnal typo in any
of the various spoeies examined, exeept in th« Finnisteniia. Whihi
most Salieiitiii have this or^an divided into three lobes, tlierc are but
two ill tiio J>i'evicii)itidie, l']ii;;ystomida', and some of the Pliryniscid;e,
III tlie aliinentaiy canal there appears to be little variety in important
points. Tlie stomach has <feneraily a more loii;;;itiidiiial position than
amoiijL;' Uiifoiiiforinia, excei)t ainoii;^ Scapliiopidie and in Ceratophrys,
where it is e.pially transverse, Xo intestinal valves were observed in
I'elobates, llyla, riiyllomediisa. Ceialophrys, but a stronj;' pyloric mns-
cnlar coiistri(!tion in IMeiirodeina, and oik^ at the extremity of the small
intestine in Cifsti(in(itliit>; parlii/inis. (IMates n,")-.")/;.)

The testes are sin;;le in e\'iiin|)les of all tli > types evamincd, and not
stri(!tly symmetrical ; they are variously situated with rel'ereiic*' to the
kidneys. Thus in h'tiiioiilni aiircii, and Tntclii/crplKilii.s licliciiiitii.s they
are eloii;;ate and at tin' middle of the leiijuth of the kidneys, while in
Ili/jiishixts hofdis and tSci/lojtis romlosiis they are oval, and one or both at
the aiitcri(n' extremity of the latter. In rin/llitmcdiisa srlrnnlcrma they
are more than half the length of the broad kidneys, the rij^lit ori;;iiiatinj;
at the anterior extremity of the latter, tlu^ left but little behind it. JJotU
have their jnysterior a[)ices in close contacit at lie posteri(U' fourth of
the leiifilh of the kidneys, which are in close connection for their poste-
ri(n' third. In lMsco_!;lossns the testes i\n> oviform, well separated, and
anterior, and diiriiiij; the breodiii.i,' season attain a remarkaltly lar{>e
size. Dnriiij-' the same in Vi/stiffntitlitts lutchi/pitsthoy are not materially
eiilarjjed, are elon;;ate, and only in contact with the kidneys for a
small postcrioi' part of their lenjith.

The ovaries and oviducts do not essentially vary among the Salientia
When the latter are fnlly occn[)ied l)y eggs in an advanced stag(^ they
arc folded, but ditVerentlv in the same species. The ovidnctts are I'e-
inarkably slender in Ili/hi iiKsuta (Litoria (liinther), and in Scj/ 1 njti.s tha
foiitanclle is on ca(;!i side behind the partial diaphragm, at the superior
anterior outer angles of the liver. In several young female si>ccimens
of linnoulva aurcn of the size of Hana Nilrd^'iat, in which the frontop-
arietal Ibntanelle is not closed, the oviducts do not extend farther an-
terior than the ovaries; in adults, with the cranium complete, they
have the usual extent. In ('iistifinntlius ocellatus the ''uterine" sacs at
the exit of th(M)viducts are of greiit size, and at oertain seasons dis
tended with an albuniiiious gelatine, when they present several coiivo
liUions. In spirits they occasion the ])resence of a large convoluted
mass of coagnlnm.

• For (It'scriiit ions iiml li^inri's oC ln-.iiiis oC IJrodcIa, I'roteiilii, ami Tracrliysloiiiaiii,
sii' (Islioni ; (Aiii|iliiiiuia), rrocci'ds. i'liila. Acad., 1S8:?, p. 177; (Cryptobraiicliiis and
l>:iiia), '. ''., IH.-^I, |). 'Jil-J; ('orjiii^ ciilloxiiiii, Mi)r|ili()I(iL!;is(;lu'n .lahrltiicli, IS-^li, pp. 'JJll,
• I'.'iO; ais ) W'indrr.slii'iiii. .\ii:ilii!nic dcr ( I vm:ii)|iliiii;ii'ii. .Icii.'t. 1>'7'.I.

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2;'.s iin.i.r.riN :;i. imikk siaiks nai'ionai, muskim.

lan'KoiuM "HON.

Till' Siilii'utiiiliiive', ill tomiKTiiti' rliiiialos at k'a.st,iiii animal pcruxl of
ropiddiu'liitii, wliifli occurs ill (lie spiiiij;'. Tlic iiialo is without iiitro-
mitti'iit or^faii, and rcrtili/ifioii is accoiiiplisJH'd I»y the discliarj,'!^ ol'tlu'
sponiiii.ic lliiiil of tilt' male on liic c^'^'s as tlicy ioavc the hod.v of tlic
foinalo. Ill oi'dor to accoiiiplisli lliis I'llccliially tlic iiialo attaclit's Iiiiii-
self to tilt' fi'iiialc by sci/iii;; Iicr with his aiitiM'ior limbs. In (li(>
•iiralcriiuiiibcr of the .Salicntia llio ciiibracc is round the axilla', but in
tlu' J)is('o;ilossi(lii', whifli ai)pi'oac'h nearest the salamanders in their
anatomy, the embrace is, as in those animals, round the loins. In the
salaiiianders it is, however, the hinder feet that sei/t* the female, and
not the arms. Amoiiu' other families the {,'enera Ciiltripes, I'eloliates,
and Pelodytes also sei/.e the female around the waist. It is jirobable
that this will be found to be the ease in some other jjencra not yet
observed.*

The sjxM'ies of Arcifera exhibit i>eeuliar structures durin.^' the breed-
ing- season; either an exiension of the natatory membrane, or tiie
developnii'iit of cornioiis plates or spujs, as aids 1(» prehension. Tlu'ie
is much variety and ellieiency displayed in this jjoiiit (except in IJiifo-
nida'), in es[)eeia] contrast to the a])i)arent absence of all but the weakest
modifications amoii^' the iJanida'. This is in eompeiisatioii lor the
structure of the sternum, whose lateral halves, beiii^' movable on each
other, olVer a sli;.!;liter basis of resistance for the llcxor and extensor
muscles of the fore limbs.

Ill the I)isco,<i!ossi(lii-, r>ombiiiator extends the natatory membrane
in the male, but does not develoj) horny plates. In Diseoglossiis two
lilelike oval plates cover the superior surface of the short second diyit
and tile tiiberelelike lirst or thumb, which is here developed as in no
other anurous ])atiacliiaii. Dermal ruf-osities on the upper and under
surfaces, iiiclii'linj;- the j;ular ref,Mon, are armed with corneous tips, as in
Teiiuatoliiits. Xo peculiarity has been noticed in Alyt'.'S. The Aste-
I'ophrydida' are unknown as to this point.

In I'elodytes file-like jilates are developed one on the se(!ond and one
on the third dij;it, one much lar<;eron the fort^arm, one sli<;htly smaller
oil tlie inside of t lie humerus, and a small one on each side of the breast.

Aiiioiif'' S('aphioi)ida' the Anierieaii speiaes dexelop eloii.i;at(! lamina'
on I lie superior inner face of the inner (second), third, and even fourth
dibits. No peculiarities are recorded as appearinii' in the IOnroi>eaii
species. Many Ilylida- — Aj:alyehnis, Traehyeephalus — develop a cor-
neous shield on the inner sui)erior aspect of the inner metacarpal, which
is proloii^cd on the dij^it.

While no appendaj^es of the season have been observed in some
Oysli^natliida', in several {genera two acute spurs appear on the suiierior

MM. 'riidiiiiis and Dcli.sic Ii.im' pioiiosi'd to dividt'
till' Aiiiiia into Iwo .uroii|is. iiiiiiiiiii; llii'iii llic AlamidfXi'.s and Iiijj;iiiiiiiiii|ik'.\OH. Sen

On aci-iiiiiit of Iliis dillcii
Ai

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,1.

II.

.Toiiinal dc Zocilduio, \i. Is77, ]>. 4T',*.

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Ml.

rilK MArifACIlIA ol' NOIM'II AMI'.ltK'A.

iisiKTl »>r the tliuiiilt :iiitl iiion' r.iicl.N .s|)iii' lilu* till>t'r«'l<'i on llic hit-asl ;
tlui IkmI.v is .sHiiu'tiiiii'ssliicldcl with Iiartlciicd points nii liic i'ii,nosili('s, or
till) lip smi'oiiii(k'(l liy iiii iii.-licd scrii's ol' coiiicoiis nij;;i'. in tin' l.cp-
foddcli/hts pniUolttcfiilKs L;iur. ii lui^f acute processor tlie in. t icarpiil
of llie timnil), Plate 7.') (lij;'. .'{L!), jtrojecls inwards, its apex is cov-
ered l>y a lioiM.v cap? '""^ '^ is a lorniidahle j;rapplins'liaok to aid llio
male ill retainiii;? liis hold. There is added to this in the smiie specties
a honi.v plate on each side of the thorax of the male, from wliiiih project
three acute p(»iiits. With these lixed in her back and thethnml) spiUe.s
ill her breast the leiiiali's cm not escape. Structures like this do not
appear in the l^irmisternia. Here the inferior cleineiits of the scapular
arch abut a;;ainst each other, so that the thoracic cavity does not (^oii-
tract on pressure, and the possibility of the male retainiii}:: a (inn jiiip
on the female is thereby j^reatly increased. In tiie Cj/slitpiallnis ixtrln/
/<».stiie males exhibit a permaiient eiilar^cineiit of the brachiiim, depend-
ent on lar/i'ely developed antciioi' and iiosterlor ahe of the humerus.
( l'/f/c(Jiinther, Ann. Ma^'. X. II., lS.-)!».)

The various ways in which the ef;'j;s arc deposited by the female are
expressed in the followiii;^ table from IJouleiificr. I add the iieciilliar
habit of the ;;ciins Dciidrobates, as observed l»y II. II. Smith in Ibazil.

I. 'I'lii' ovum in Miiiili ami tlic I.irva leaves it in a cdiniiarati vdy curly I'mliiymiic cini-

(iil ion.
.\. 'flic DVii arc laid in the water.

I'mliaMy ilic majnriiy ( f jialracliiaiis ; all Kiiroiiean forms cxci'])! .(/(//c;.
U. 'I'iie ova are ili'posileil mil of the water.

((. In lioles on the liaiiks of pools, which ltc<'omc filled with water after
heavy rain, thus liheratin;i the l.irva'.
I.rplodKftyliin occllaliis K. ; A. musliniiim ISiirm.; Pdliidicola
(jrncUi^ I>lfir •'
/'. On leaves aliovc the water, the larva' droppinif down when leaving the

Chivdiitnnlix ri(J\>cciis (ithr, ;t I'htilhtmviliii^a ilirriiign Itljjr.

II. The yolk-sac i.s very lar^e, and the yonn;;- iindcrjjoc.s the whole or part of the

metamorphosis within the. c<;e; ; al any rate the larva does
not assume an independent existence until after tlii^ loss (d'
the external '^UU.
A. The ov.T are deposited in damp situations nv on leaves, and the embryo leaves
thi> {■>i<x in the jxMl'cct airhrcathinj; form.
h'liiiii i)iiixlli(i(tiiii l$ljj;r. ; t UiihiJct iiKirliiiicciisin Dnm. iV liihi'.isS
H. The ova .are carried liy the parent.
((. l$y the male.

((. K'onnd the lce;s ; the youiij; leaves thecnu.- in tlu- tadpole slate.
■ I '.'/''>■!!

' llcnstd, .Vrch. f. Xatiirj,'. l-i'T, pp. V2i, V-i'J. i:!s.

t nucUlnd/,, Mon. Ilerl. Ac 1,'7.'>, ii.'.2ei, and IHTtl, p. Til, I'l.ii.

I ISonleiifier, Trans, /no!. Soc., xii, HSii. p. ,'j1.

iji liclloy Ksjiinosa, Zooi. (iart., l-'TI, (i. :!.'il : I5avay, Ann. .Sc. Nat. (.">), xvii, 187:?, .irt.
1(1 : retcrs \- (i'.iiullach, Mon. I'lcrl. Ac. l,--7(i, p. 7(lit.

IIDcnionrs, .Mem. Ac. Sc. Paris, 1711, p. Ki : I)c I'lslc dii Drenenf, Ann. .Sc. Nat. ((J),
III, IH7t!. art.7.

I •

.8

I. i

11

\

(I '
> f

■f t

240

lUILLETJN' :'.l, r.MTKI) STATKS NATIONAL MUSKUM.

il In ii yuliir (till' votal) .sac ; tlio youiix if exiielletl in the jiori'ect
stiilo.
L'liiiwdiniKi."
b. Uy tlio ioiiialf,
u. Attai'lifil to Iho lu-lly.

llhticophonts irtiniliitits (illir.t
ji. Attached to tho back; tho youny coinpletos its inetamorphosiH within
Ihooj?','.
riim.t
y. In a dorsal ponch.

an. Theyounj^ loavos tlip jionch in (he tadpole sfato.

Xotolfdiiti iiKirKiipiitliiiii Diini. A: r>il)r.\\
lib. Tiio yoniij; leave the poneli in the iierl'ect state. XnlDlrcmn
l(ntii<U)Hiim Ksp. :|| OjuxthiiihlphjiK iirifi'ia Weinl.lt

The specios oC Deiidrohatos liiivc tlio pi'ciiliiir liabit of carry i iif>: tlu'
young from place to plaee in search of water. The tadiioles reseiiihle
those of liana or IJiU'o, and attacli tlieniselves by the month lo tlie back
of the parent. Whether the ejJti's are car.ieil in this position is not
known.ll

The huvie of Salientiaiiave been (livided into two {ironps by liataste,
(he .Mediogyrini and tlie Laevogyrini.** In (he former (he external
branchial orifice is on the median line of tlie inferior surface; in the
otlier it is on (he left side. To the former division belong the Disco-
giossida'; (o (he latter all remaining Salienda, except Aglossa, wheie
there are two spiracida, one on each sid«' (Amphigyrini Heronlfoyer).

In the stage which immediately follows (he separa(ion from the o\;{!;
the tadpoles of Salientia possess one or two pecidiar siu,.»lng disks on
the under side of the head behind the i)osition of (he moudi. Their
form differs (Plate 78) widely in dilferent g«'nera of Annra, and will
alford a valuable means of identifying the larvic. I n />/.vcf*///r».v.\».v pirtiis,
the adhesive organ behind (he moulh, is hemispherical, wi(h a V-shaped
groove on its surfatie, the V opening forward. In Prlohufca J'uscus the
adhesive organ is V-shaped, with a V-shajx'd giomt' on i(s surface, and
the limbs of the whole organ extending furwaid (o eiiilirace (he angles
of the mouth. In lUifo vnUjark the organ is V-shapt-d, wi(h a V shaped
groove, and the limbs of the V come into «'on(act wi(li (he angles of tlu^
mouth. In Bufo riridis (he organ iNcrescentshaped, nut in contact wi(h
the mouth, but a li(tle behind i(, as in Dis'-cglossus, and wi(h a widely
open V-shaped groove. In I>ombina(or, l{ana,and Ilyla (here are (wo dis-

'.Jimenez do l.i Kspada, Anii.Soe. lisp. Ilisl.Xat., i, l-^r-J, p. I'VJ: Spen;,'el, /.eilseiir.
wiss. Zool. X X 1 X , H77, p. lit.") ; Howes l'ii)(<'e(ls. Zuol. Sue. London, l-iS-', p. •>:!!.

t Glintlier, Ann. iVr Ma>;. Nat. Ili.st.(l). xvii, 1H7(!, p. ;tT'.>; IVrjinsnn, «»/». cil., xviii,
187(!, p. :r.7.

t I'enniii, l)('velo[)peinent ii.iifait <ln niyslire de la <;<<n('r,ilion <1n faineux Craiiand
deSnvinani ; Maestriclil, I't'.,".

j: Honlen^rer, Cat. llatr. Keand., \t-&>, p. 117.

II Weiiiland, Areh. f. Anat. Physiol., IS.Vl, p. U'.».

•i Kajipler, Das Ansland, I"'-'.'), p. ,<."><; .Sniilli, Ani. ric.iu Nalnralist, IHS-', p. l-^-i.

" The faniily li'rniinations ''i(he'" j;iven lo tlii-<e divisions l>y jiiitasle an- innv,-
propriate, (,s they do not lepre.sent t'aniilies.

r

TllF- HATRACIMA OF N'OUTIF AMKItlCA.

241

II,

ml

tinct oval iuUiL'sivi' oij^aiis on citluT .side of tlic iiKuli.iii line, with traces
of a Vsliaped >;roove eounectinji' lliciii, and both are behind the month.
In Ix'diKi <ujilis tlu'ii! are two separate adhesive orj;iins, one on eaeh side,
behind the month, and eaeh has a slij^ht depression on its posterioi' bor-
der. In Jlyld arluntii th«'re an' two eircudar adhesive organs close to
the angles of the month at either side. In liomhiaator if/ncus there are
two oval adhesive organs behind the month, whicn are in close (iontact,
and latei'on fuse into a single organ, both having an oval dei)ression in
the center. The follow ing oliscrvations have been made on them by
Professor H.vder (American Natnralist, ISSS, p. 2(»;j). (See Plate 7(».)

These organs are clearly for the purpose of enabling the yonng larvae
to attach themselves to varions hxed bodi(>s in the water, snch as
weeds, the gelatinous egg strings and masses from which they have
been hatcluMl, etc. They are thns allbrded snpport and [»revented from
sinking into the ooze to smother, and their enemies thus also donbtless
find them a less icady prey. Th(>se disks are also shown ItyThiele not
to l)e of the natnre of . factorial organs, bat are glandnlar, being formed
wholly of thickened cpideiiiiis, which is elevated, its cells be<'oming
lengtlicned or colnmnar. Tiu'ic is no mascidar sectorial apparatus de-
veloped in c((nnecti«»n with them, and they are secretory, secreting a
sticky mniMis or slime, wiiidi serves to fasten the young tadpole to its
restingjilace. That an aclaal sccietion is formed is proved by the fact
that a slimy thread of secreted matter is drawn out from the disk if the
ytaing tadpole lie forcilily withdrawn fr»»m its support. They aie spe-
cihcally larval organs, and persist only foi'onc! to two weeks after hatch-
ing. They may be compari'd to the " balancers" found behiml the
month in the larva of Andif^ stoma. In Tritons stalked suckers are said
to be present, which l'>aIfonr comiuircs to the sessile'' suckers" of larval
toads and frogs. Itydcr observes that he cannot see how it is ]iossible
to liomologize the sucking «lisk of larval gar-pikes with the adhesive
organs in larval Uatrachians, because in the fornu'r the disk is in front
of the mouth and in the latter it is usually <|uite beidiid the mouth;
only in one ease (llyla) are the suckers found near the angle of the
mouth. The larva of Xcnopus has two hmg barbels at the side of the
head from tlu' sides of the uppi'r lip. J»ut in this last case even it is
doubtful if thcr*', is .my homology with the " suckers" of other larval
Anura. There certaiidy «Mn not be any homology between the organ
of the gar pike's larva and that of young toads and frogs, though it is
proltabie that these organs in thelatttr ar.' truly homohtgons with the
'• iialancers" ol' the larva' of salamanders of the type of Andtlystoma
and Triturus.

Thit'h' Inrtlier shows that, inasmuch as these structures are glatulu-
lar, with no muscidar apparatus, tlu' terms "sucker" or "sucking-
disk" are misnomers as applied to these organs. A belter term nnght
he proposed for these sliuelurcs in young tadpoles, and llyder suggests
that lluy be called ciiiilcnnal (I'lltisiiT orfjaHs.
11»*)1 Hull ;m 10

h
\ii

h

L

m

» If

li I

?f

I m

I ■!

242 iMiLLirriN ;u, umtki) stati:s national muskim.

In later st!i;,fo.s tlu' stnictiiir of tlu' jmrts about tlie iiioutli of tlie tatl-
poles of tlui iSalieiitia furiiislR's otlu'i- cliaiactoiistic lu'ciiliaritics. I'liil
little has been done towanls llie (lesciiption of tlie.se parts, tlie Norfli
American* anil European t species bein,n thus far tlie only ones studied.
These stinlies have shown that the ll.vlidic, liufonida', and Uaiiida' have
certain characters in tin' re.uions mentioned. Uelow the horny jaws
there is a detlexed lower lip, which displays a wide surface anteriorly.
This surface is traversed l>y transverse seiies of short more or less hctoU
like bristles. Similar series may or may not extend across above tiie
upper Jaw, or on the dro()|>in>;- upper lip at each side of lln- Jaw. Tlie
lower lii)and part of tlie uppei' lip is surrounded by short obtuse papiihe
in one or more series.

Now in the Ilylida', in the rej^ions mentioueil, no seri«'s ol' bristles
extend across above the uiper Jaw except a very sliort one whi<th
hangs over the Jaw itself; and the upper lip Ibid on tacli sidi^ of it
bears a row of pai)illai. The papiihe form a complete boi(U'r ritund
the lips, except the interruption at the ninldle above. In tiie Mufonida'
there is a row of bristles entirely across the up[)er Jaw, and another
below the lirst, interrupted at the middle re;;ion i»y the horny jaw.
The papiihe do not extend on the upper lip-border, and art^ uninter-
rupted at the middle of the inar;;in of the lower lip. The papillary
border presents an anj'le iuwaids at the line of jun(;tion of the iippci'
and lower lips. The K'anida' resemble the liufonidii-, with one excep
tion in the airangement oi the papillary border. The latter is continu
ous all aroiiinl below. 'J'he upiier Jaw is imrrower than in tiic liufonida'.

JJoulenf>er describes the larva of the h'tnio alficola of northeast India
as possessing three |)ar:)toid glands, two on the .scapular and one on the
coccygeal region, which are not ret.iined in the ailult. Also a larva ol
u tree frog from -lava, probably a Jtliac(H»h(»rus, which pos.sesses a ven-
tral suct'W'ial <lisk in the position of that of a tish of the Cobii'soeida'.

The external gills are suppressed on the right side before they are on
the left. In th * liana rIaiiKita this suppression takes place on tlu; third
day after leaving the egg, while tln^ left gill renniins until the eighth
day. When the internal gills arc in functional use the water of respi-
ration issjies, in most of tlie families, from a single lountled orilice on
the left side, the siibcMitaiu'inis branchial chamber (tf the right .side
communicating with that of the left side by way ol the gular region, be-
neath the sublingual and geiii(»hvoid muscles and the integument. (S

>ee

('
Plate r)I,(igs. L'-J-T-S.) The fore legs deveh»p within these siiIk ufane-

ous spaces behind the internal gills, and iciiiain conce;iled up toa consid-
erable relative si;«e, and alter the hind legs ha\i' ae(|iiiied si/e enough
for some funcitional elliciency. Tln^ left fore-leg then issues through the
branchial orifice, and the right leg forces a pas.sage thi-ough the integ-
ument at a corresponding position on the light side. For a time alter

r

4-.

I

'.StMiMiss.M. Iliiiikirv. I'r

il. liiisliMi Sdi'. Xiil, |li>t., {•'•'•2, \>. :I07

t IIiToii lio.vtTct Villi I5,iiiil)i'kc, Hull. .Siir, Zoi'il. Vr

inci', A|iiil, issl.

e\(l

ai ti(

fn

e\tl(

iiig

larv;

toiiu
repi(
two <
fonii
The
earti
wan
<|iiail
entir
lage
slapt
Jii'

rill-: ISATRACFUA OF NORTH AMERICA.

243

^

w

,\\

t

the lorc'-K'j;.s arc thus external the hraiiehial chainbers reniiiiii iii free
eoiniiiuiiii'atioii witli the external niediinn by tlie .slit around the base
ol" eacli loK'-U'j;-. Tlicse soon elo.sc, however, and (lu^ skin of the fore-
h><i, is cut oir from that of the body adjacent by a distinct .scam, whicli
disai)|)ears hiter. This part of tlie (k'velopment of tiie iSalienlia is one
of the most remarliabk'i histories in the zooh)<iy of the vertebrata.

The skin wliicli covers the fore limb of the advanced tadpole is not
a part of the true skin wliitih invests the body, sincte the branchial cav-
ity is inclosed lonj; bcfon^ the le;;' apjtears; but it ari.ses beneath the
mucous nuMnbrane which lint's the branchial chainbers. This anomaly
is perliai)s a case of rcvi-rsion. The. fore-lcj;s of primitive llatraehia
wen' no doubt external, as in salamanders, and they became iniilo.sed
by the growth of the opcrculuni like intej-unient in the larval Salientia.
A prolonjiation of tin; tadpole staj^e would result in a retardation of the
•jfrowth of the foreleg an<l an acceleration of that of the opereulum.
The urowtli of the trueskin of the inclosed rej>ion would bethus retarded
in the Ie;4' and atrophied in the wall of the chamber. (IMate 51, tij^s. 4-(»,)

The shoulder yii'dle appears .separated from other parts of the skele-
ton, bctwei-n tlu' muscU's. The coraeoid and procoraeoid form a loop,
directe«l downwards and inwards, farremoved from that of the opposite
side, and present at this time an arciferous type in all forms of the order
.Salientia, (See (i;;. ."i!>.)

The characu'is of the eartilajiinous skull of the larva' of the Salien-
tia are peculiar and veiy dillV-rent from those of the adult. The sus-
liensurium of the lower jaw is excee<linj;ly elongated forwards, so that
lor the purpose »»f securinj;' a lixed point for the lower jaw (represented
now by Meckt-rs carlilaf-e) it scuds upwards a proci'.ss near its anterior
extremity t(» tl. external an>;lesol the cartilaj^inous ethmoid, formingaii
;u licnlation. It lli« ;i descends aj,'ain, and Meckel's cartilaj^e anicidates
freely with its extremity. Ti>ere is a curved (larlila^ic attache<l to the
extremity of each .Meckel's cartila.u:e (the t wti formin;;a half circle, oi>en-
inji foi wards), which t'orni the support of the lunctional lower lip in the
lar\a. These are the lower labial »ii sympli_\seid cai tilaj;es, ai>d are rep-
resented in the adult l»y a paii' of short bones of the same nanu' (men-
loiMcckcii.ins of Parker). Tlu' premaxillaiy bones are in like manner
rei»reM'nted by two carlila;:«'s, which are loosely uttached above to the
two ciurcspondin.ii' processes or i'oiinni of the trabecular cartilajjje, which
form the roof of the mu/zle in front (»f the etlnnoid. (Plate "»(►, fij>-. 2.)
The eeratoliyai is a robust bone, which articulates with the quailrate
cartila^ic Itclow tiu' orbit, contractinji' in diameter as it extends down-
wards and forwards. In the jtroce.ss of ji'rowth its articulation with the
• luadratc be«!omes more and more posterior, until it leaves that element
entirely, and comes in contaci. and in sonu' cases fuses, with the carti-
lai;e <»f the b;ise of the skull in front of the stapes and near the inter-
stapedial. (Plate .~»(l, fiLf. .i.)

Jiesidcs the structuics (tf the larval hyoid apparatus already do-

^li

k

ip.

r

I

1 1

244 lULLKTIN :!l, rMTKI) STATKS NATIONAL MISKIIM.

sciilu'd (<(iilcti) tlicni aro four (!iiililaf;in(»iis iirclics hclow the cerato-
bniiicliials, wliicli beloii-; to the tleniial system, and wiiich are ealU-d ex
trahram-hials, IMoxiinally tlic lirst of these is artieiihded witli the an-
terior exterior aiiyle of till' livohraneliial pli'.te. Dislally the four are
nnited to<,H'lher. Tliese arclies snpjMtrt a system of branchial frinj^es,
wlneh are internal in position, and are eontradistinjiiiished from the ex-
ternal braneliia' which the Salient ia exhibit when lirst hateiieil, and
which are the<»nly branchi;e of the I'rodele and oth«'i' tailed types. They
are thought by llnxley and Tarker to lu^ hom(>h»^'<»ns with the branchial
strnctnres of the Marsipobranchii or lampreys. ([Mat(^ r»l, ti^-. 1.)

The di've!(»pment of the anditory ossicles and c;ii tila.i;es exhibits the
followinj;' facts. Tiie epistapedial disk appears in its noiinal posititm,
eoverinj-- the tiexure of the (pmdiate cartiiajne, 'I'lie inlcrstapedial ap-
l»ears as a bad in lioid of and distinct trctin the stapes, and the nii so-
Hta]>edial appears as a small menduane on its apex. At a period «d' its
growth the intcrstapcdial caitilage c(»iiiiccts the stapes with the (piad-
rate cartilajut', as in Tiematodcra and larval i'scinlosanrian I'rodela. At
the same time th(^ ceratt)hyal aiticnlates with the quadrate more dis-
tally, so that at this stage a liana presents the characters of a transi-
tional stage seen in (he salamandrine gt-nera Hiieleipcs and I'lethotlon.
The inteistapedial then elongates nntil it reaches theannnlns tympani-
cus. These liuts go (o show that the intcrslapt'dial and iiu sustajiedial
are not segmerited t'rom the ceiatohyal (>i' meckelian ar<;hes, and are
therefore not homologons with the <>ssi<'iil(i 'f»'//7*rs of mammalia, unless,
imUrd, Mie end)ryonic lei^trd has iiccn greatly falsilied i»y ca'iiogeny.
(Plates 1J», .".().)

oiiKJiN AM) i:v(>i.i'i'i<).\ OF 'I'lii; sm,ii;ntia.

The oldest Salientia of which we ha\e any knowb'dge were obtained
from the .hirassic iieds ot' the iiottky .Mountains by i*M)fcss(»r Marsh.*
Tliey occur in lower iM>cene beds in North America ((Ireen lJi\er
shales)! and in Middle .Miocene (»f Switzerland ( l'lppel.'«hc;m)| and (ler-
maiiy (Ibaiinkohle of the Kliinc).^ They are not rare in the (pper Mio-
cene of North America (liOup l'oik,of Kansas). || Fitrms which by their
8tru(!ture would c( unect this onb'i' directly with the extinct onb-rs
are uidaiown. It is, Ihtwevei', entirely probable that, as already |»ointed
out (p. II), the Salientia were derived from the K'lnK^hilomi, but whether
the Stegocephali enter the hue or not is uncertain. The compacted in
lerior j)'. Ivicelenu'nts without(d)turator foramen otthe Salientia is much
like the sanu' condition in the IMiachitomi, and to produ(!(^ an almost

* I'rofcf,!. liiiti^li Ac. Sci., 1"-T, MhiiIi'ch ; dm llic cn iiliiici' riinii.-ilMMl liy l>|-. Olio
M.-ycr.

t('oi>t', l\'i'i»l. i;. S. (ii'ol. Siirv. 'rcns., Ml, l--:., \). 100.
tTNuliiiili, (Miissil. <l. iSiiiiiiilii.T, 1^;;h.
^ \im MryiT, l';il;i'iiiiliiirniiilii(ii, IHiid, )>. I\>;{.
l|{'oi»f, .Viiici'iiiiii .Naliiralist, issd, p, i|l.

t-

ca.*
siii

K'ii

is
lira

OS
full I

lion
bh-
dis
resti
T

to 11

bac
war
cart

•A
", I-

u

,~ t

ll

l(>

TIIH HATRACIIIA OF NORTH AMIUIICA.

245

identity between tlie two types it would only bo necessary to elongate
the ilia of the latter. The developed sternal apparatus and sliouhba'
fiirdle of th»', Salieutia is only found anionj; IJatrachian orders in the
JJhachitoMii anil Ste,uo(rei)ha!i. Thus in I'.ryops of the former there aic
clavicles, coraeoids, and episternuni (the last icdueed as in Trodela),
and iu Ai-tinodou there is also an epicdavicle ((iaudry). The ]>osterior
direction of the suspensoriuni of the lower Jaw of the Salieutia is also
oidy found in tiu' extinct orders named, pointinji- aj;ain to this origin.
In other recent orders these bones are directed forwards.

Tlu^ in(»ditications ellected iu the Ilhaciiitonioiis skeleton to produce
the Saiientian, have been jiartly llu' same as those which have produced
the other existing orders, Tlius the triuMcrtebral centra have been re-
l)Iaced by complete iutercentra, and several ])osterior cranial bones have
been lost. The ilia have been greatly elongated, and in so doing have
embraced vertebra' siu-cessively niori^ and mor«' anteriorly, so that tlM^
luinibcr bet w(-eu tiu ilia and the cranium has been greatly redutted, and
tlif vertebra' posterior to the i)oiid of attachment become atrophied iu
part and coiicrcsccnt iu i»ait. This jtro{!ess has been carried to the
greatest degree iu the extinct family of the raheobatraehida-. Here
thi^ ilia extend to two verrebra- in advance of the ninth or usual sacral,
tiiiis inclosing three vertebra' in the sacrum, and leaving only .s/.i' for
the remainder of the column. The coracoid is probably that of the
Stegoceplialons order, as it is better developed than iu the Uhachitomi.
The second row of the tarsus has also become icd need from these primi-
tiv«' types i»y atrophy, while the lirst low has been I'educcd to two boues.
as iu the M ammalia, w lii<'h have been greatly elongated. A jtarallel
caseoccuis in the Mammalia in somn lemurs, particularly in tiie Tar-
siida-.

I have discovered that th«^ (lanocephala (Trimerorhachis), ami the
IMiachitoiiii (Tatrachys) possessed an <'Ioiigate coluau'lla auris, wiii(;h
is directed outwaids. backwards, and upwards to a- possible iiieiii-
Imniitin tjimpaiii, which may have occ.u|tied the notch external to the
OS inh rniliin .* ( Plate ,")(», tigs. 1-7.)

The subdivision of this rod may have given origin to three of the
f.iur distiiu't cl«'iiiciitsexliil»ited by tin' Salieutia. (I'lates P.KoO.) The
homologies of these with the thr«'e j>rincipal osxicKht ^nitliliis \t^ \)nH>,\-
ble. Tile history of these parts shows tliat tlie biek of auditory <»ssieles
displayeil l»y some Salieutia and by all Urodela (IMates 4.S, 1!>) is the
residt of deg<'Ueracy.

The cause of some of the modifications of the skeleton can Ite traced
tcMise. 'J'hus the coustaiil muscular stress on liie ilia iu humping the
back previous to leaping must have had a tenden(ry to draw it for-
wards not only on itself, but on its verteiiral atfaciinu'Uts, whi(!h are
(iartilaginons and yielding. 'I'he elongation of the lirst row of taisal

•AiMcric.'iti Niitiinilist, l-'>s, !>. lCi."> : AiiictIchi .limriiiif of Moriiliolojry. Vnl. ii, I't.
11, l—s.

!i

•1

ill

!l

] I

'3\

if

I

r

m

nil
[f

246 miLLKTiN :ri, united states national museim.

bonos may be tracod to a similar causo, t'spccially the stixvssupoii tlioni
at tlie moiiuMit of starting a leap and alij;iitiiiy from it. The .survival
of tlie elonf^ate eoracoid bone may be trat'ed to use b,\ pressure alonj;
its lonftitudiual axis in the a<'t of seizinj;' tlie female, and possibly by
stress in tlie opposite direction wlien en{ia{;ed in pusliin,v: objj'cts out-
wards with the fore-feet, iirodncinfi' the etVeet of elon<iati(»n. It is not
easy to assij^u a cause for the loss of the ])ra'sternuni and of vai ions
cranial bones. It has been, i)eihaps, in these comparatively uniistd
parts that one etfect of the jicnoral leduction in size and vioor which
has occurred during; -geological time since the Carboniferous and Trias-
sic periods, is to be seen. The loss of auditory organs is probably du(^
to disuse, the i<'sult <»f subterranean life.*

The larval life of tlie Salientia has probably undergone iniportanf
modifications during the couise of geologic lime. The characters as-
sum«'(l by tad|)oles at dilfereiit stages of their growth are not parallels
with known or piobably to be discovered lower forms of life, luit indi
<'ate that tlu' larva, likt^ that (»f the Insecta, and like the mammalian
fo'tus, has had a developmental history of its own. In support of this
view I cite the anterior jtrodu tioii of the quadrate cartilage, which
carries with it the eeratohyal arcth from its piimitive attachment, and
the idfimate shortening of the same, and the return of (he cerat(»Iiyal
to nearly its piimitive connection with the skull. I-'uiiher, ilie grad
md iiurlosure ol the (ore leg in the external branchial ehainber is to be
cited, the original position of the limb having been external. To these
maybe added the development of the epidermal stickers, of the labi;d
dermal comb, ami of ])eculiar dermal glands in some tadpoh's. None
of these peculiarities of larval life are found in the Trodelii, and (hey
have been gradually assumed by the lirva- of the Salientia in the comse
of their existence, as though (lie\ were adult animals, and ]>i(»i>ably
in obedience to the same kinil of laws. These aie (he interaction of
the animal and its environment.

CLASSII'IGATION.
The natural divisions of the ISalieiitia are the following:

I. N(i toii^iK' : ont' |)liar,\ ii;;<';il opi'iihi;; ol' tin' lliisl.'ii'liiaii tulic

|>ti.| VMoiii lioiit's inc'io.sjriv; IjinIiicIiIiiIi t iiIm's Itdciw ; rmaiuiils and iii'Dcdracoids
(livcifiriif, ('"iilirclrd liy a ( ai I ila;;c wlii<li does md ovi'ilap I lial uC llii' t>|i-

piLsili' side \iihinxii.

IF. 'I'diijjiic |i?f.sciil ; (WMdstia ]di,ir\ iiL:i'a.

('Ia\ i(df and t'liraciiid <>!' cacli ^idi' ruiiiirrlrd l>y a loii^il iidlii.il anlicd carti-
lage, wliicli (iMTlaps lliat oC tlic i>p|ii>-itf sidf : sciimla (Vic iVom llit^ ^l^llll.
//■(■(/( /((.

(Ilaviidi'S and coracoids id' ln>tli sidi's ciiiniiTtril I'V a .sin;;li' nairow rnidiaii lai-
1 ilagt' ; si'a|)nli) artinilatrd with a siicci.ii londvli' id' - xnrciiiil.il ilnsirrilniiin.

{'Ia\ iidi's and inraroids id" Iml li sidi's rimnrctid liy ;i MMLfio ini'diaii r;irlil.ii;(' ;
sraiml.i ilistinrt from nUwW I'iniiisi, nihi.

•Seo Farts and OpiniidiM ndatin^ (i> tlir Ural, Uv .\!- \. (J. I!. II, (.nndiiii. I — . p. >',•.

u

>.'^

da
pii

S(
ass

i:u

tin

u

TIIK nATUACHIA OF NORTH AMERICA.

247

^iT'

The presence or absciutc of maxillary teeth was formerly regarded by
the author, after Diimeril and l>il»roii, as of primary value in the defini-
tion of the suborders. On aeeount of tiie absence of teeth, a division
Ibilbniformia was distin<;nishe<l from tiie Ai'eifera; and the tooth-bear-
injij Fermisternia weri^ called Uaniformia. I, however, now follow Bou-
lenger in droppinjj thes(^ divisions, since the absen<;e of teeth is some
times of little systematica sijiiiilicance.

In the ar(!ilerous type (»f scapidai' arch the opjiosite halves are capable
of movements wliiiili contract or expand the capacity of tin' thorax; in
the Firmisternia the opposite halves abut afj;ainst ea<;h other soas to be
incapable: ot movement, thus preservinj; the siz(^ of the thora(!ic cavity.
This arran<j;enu-nt has an important bearin<:°on the comtbrt, and perha|is
health, of the female wiiile in connection witli the male. The embrj'.i;eof
the foreleji'sof the lattt'r behind t be axilla* of tiM^fbrtner is very energetic,
and is maintained by various structural aids. Thus in man.v spc-.;ies the
inaU's develop rough and even spinous horny plates on the inm?r sujte-
ricu' side of the tiiumb, which presses against the thorax of the female.

Th(t iirmisternial stru<-ture is a mo<iilication of the arciferous, which
comes later in the iiistoiy of growth, and probably in geological time.
During the eaily stages the Firinistcinia have the movabl(> shoidder
girdhi which cliaracteri/es those of tiie arcilerous di\ isicui, the consoli-
dation constituting a niodiliciition superadded in attaining maturity.
Furthermore, young Salientia are toothless, :ind (uie section of the spe-
cies (»f Arcifera never ac(|iiire t«'elli. In these (the Ibitonida-) we have
a group which is imperfect in two points instead of one.

!i

i •,'

m

}

iicili-iniis I.\1M' {Si-iiiihidiiiiK li"lhi'ii''ki\. V\)l. h. Uniiit li'Oi,
. ilii , iiili.ll. Iiiiiiist<ini:il l.vpi . I'"ii;s. h iiiiil c 1111111 I'liiUi r.

SliMiililir ,i;irilli-i nl' Aiiiir.i, I'i:;, a iilllii
liiiiiiriii, lailpuli' "illi liiiililini; liiiilih. I'ij;.

As primitive I'latiachia aic toothed, it is evident that the toothless
condition of the Ibilonida' aiitl s(»m«' other fandlies is due to retar-
dation or degeneracy. The aiciterous st«'rnum is, on the other hand, a
primitive coiulilion, siiu'c it prevails in the Trodcla, and also in the
S|»'gocephali and Kachitond uf tln^ ('ai Iwuiifcroiis Age, in the latter
associated with mt'diau sternal t'lcnu'uts. The roofing in of the
Fustachian Inites seen in the Aglossa is also a character sup»'radded to

tl

le primitive coi

idilion, as the loss of tongnt; is a case of subtraction.

I i

'i

i ?

I i

m

L'-' >-\

248 Hri.LirriN :!i, iimtmi) statks national mi'skiim.

The Discoylossiilii' must be ivfiiudcd as tlio most inimitivc fiimil.v of the,
Amira, as it shows none of Ihcso peculiar modilicatioiis, and presents
tlio greatest resemhhinee to the sahiinaiiders in its riUs and opistlioe(el
vertebiii', and to other itriniitive tyix's in its split steninni. In the
aceompan.vinj,' diajirism these allinities are expressed, and a possilde
ph.vlogeny is indieati'd. That tlie hitter will prove lar;;el.v correct is
shown by the presence of I)isc(.-;h)ssidie in tiie Miocene beds of I'rnssia,
]>articnhirly lu'ar P.onn. The paU'ontoh»},'y of the Salientia is, however,
very imperlectly known.

i;;iiiiil:i'. CysliytiMlliiil.i'. S( :ii>liio|ii(l;i'.

/
KiiK,v«t<>niiil:i', ('ciiiliiUMiiMcliiil.i'. Il.vlid.i'. ' IWifoiiitlii-,

\ • !

riir.viiiNciil,!'. I

I / /
IVliMlvli.lii'.

AstcropliryiliilM'.

Disco" l()ssi(l:i',

XtMioiiidii'. Pipidiiv

The Arciferaand I>'irniisternia each exhil)it parallel inodili<',ations of
structure, wiiich may Ite represented as follows in tabular foi in :

AiHii r.ii\. I'liiAiisn i!\i.\.

I. \\ ith.iiit ticili.

(1. Willi >:i(r;il <liiipii|ili,\ sis dilatt'd.

t lirf\ ii'ipitidM-.

lillfDIlid.'i' •? I'-llK.V-'<t'>lllid:i'.

' l'Iir.viiiscid:i'.
fill. Siiii:il ili;ipn|dl,\ MS ex liiidlic.
iJfiidniplir.v nisrid.r Itciidndtiitidii'.

II. Willi piriii:i\ill:ir.v and lii:iNiil:il',v tci'tll only.
(i. W'itii s:i( lal diapiipliysi's dilaUd.
IVdodytidj' »

P.dnl,atid.f M'>'"'«M'l'i'l="-

llylida.... S M'ophylida..

(1(1. Willi sacral diapopli.ssrs cn liiidiir.

Cysti^nalliida'

( Kanula .
III. Tt'clli ill Imtli jaws.

(V. Sacral diapii|diyscs iiiit> dilated.

Aiiip1ii''riatli(id(iiiti(1a' } ti . t \ i t ■ ^

,, ' " , Cerafol)atraeIiula\

IltMiiipuractidir' )

'^ ,1 '

V

THK MATUACHIA OF NOKTH AMERICA.

249

The fjunilies of Arcifera with opi.sthoc^i'louK vt'itebitB are omitted
from tiie table as having no eounterpart amonj; tlie Firmisternin.

Tiiese two series are what I liave (^iiMed " homoloj^ous };'i'onp8," and
the eoirespondiiiy genera " heteroh){j;ons terms. 1 have also supposed
that one sucii series may have been derived from the other, in evohi-
tion, by a ehange in the one eharaeter which <listinguish<'s the two
series. In the ease <tf some homoh)gous series it is not iinliJiely tliat
this may have taken phuie, but it is neeessary, in order to be snre tliat
sueh has been tlie i)rocess of evohition, to distinguish between two dif-
ferent kinds of homohigoiis gronjjs. In one kind the parallel eharac-
teraof theone group may have been derived from those of the other by
descent, according to the priiH'iple called by Laidcester " homogeny."
In the other case, like modifications of structure have arisen in differ-
ent series of animals as a result of the operation of similar energies, as
that <>f the animal an«l itsenvironnaMit. This is the principle of "homo-
l)lassy." To the latter kind belong the imitations fonn«l to exist be-
twtuMi tlu^ placental and didelphian mammalia. The relation between
the aiciferous and lirmisternial Amira may be one of homogeny. We
may then parallelize tht^ families which may exhibit true cases of de-
scent as follows :

FlIiMISTKKNIA.

I'liryiiiscid;!'.

])('iHli'(>li:itiilii\

])y)-<-<>|i)ii<l;r.

RaiiiiiM'.

CiT.idiliatracliidio.

Ahcikkra.

Hiif(ini<l:i>.

DiMnlropIiiyiiisiidif.

lVl<nl,vti(lii'.

(\VStifr|lUtllill!l'.

]|<'ini|ilir:i(;ti<l;c.

It is, however, |)robal)le that the I'elodytida' is the generalized form
from wlii<'h most of the arciferons families have been deiive<l ; and it was
itself probably a descendant of the families with opisthoco'lous verte-
bra', as already indi<'ated.

The Kaiiida' embracu's many genera which imitate in details many
genera of Arcifera. The metropolis of the former, as of the LacvrtUia
acrodontHy is the rifi'n* VnUcotropiva, while tin' latter liav*' but tew
representatives out of tin' A*. /»'. Svolrophut and Aiistralis, where but one
or two spi'cies of the foi'mer o(;enr. In both \\v can trace a series in
which the outer metatarsal is gradually liberated from thi^ penultimate,
to afl'onl greater extension for the web in the most a<piatic tyjx's, and
among those where these boiu's are bound, from wi'bless to webbed
types. In both we have burrowing and arboreal genera.

''liFt

! ,

I

' I

nil

■lail

r

mi

i

E!

;ii

1 1

r

2.0O 15ULli:ti.n :!i, united «tati:s national musiujm.

In .strict ivlLMviice to the extension of the webs the following parallels
may be drawn :

AltCIIKItl.

liana.
ll(>[iloliah!icliiiH.

I'.vxi<!<'i>lialuH.
Lo|)li)|i(>lis.
llyperoliMN.
Hrtt'ri);;lo8.sa.

CasHina.
Ilciiiiiiiantis.

Psciidis.

MjM>l>ll.V('M.

Ci'iatoiilir.vN.
Il.vla.
Ilyli^lla.
A<!ri«.

C.VHti!;naflms.
I'aliiilii'ola.

IvANIH.i;.

External motatarsal free:

A(|iiati('.

."^iilitossoiial.
Extdiiial iiii'talarsal attuclicil :
I'Vct \vt'l>lit'(l —

niiirowiiifj.

Arliorral (voin. tfctli).

Arl»)it'al (ill) voiii. Ii'ctli)

Ai|iiatif.
I'''"('f not \v('ltl)('(l —

'I'ciTi'.stri.'il.

TciTL'Htiial, spmrcd.

It i.s, however, remarkable that the ranirorni treefio^s nearly always
have the external metatarsal bone free; the ai'ciferoiis always bound.
The terminal i)halanfies ot the latter are eonslrn<'ted on a ball and daw
type. In the former they are X shaped or biliii(!ate, except in (he single
West AlViean {{enns Leptopelis. where the Sonth Ameiiean tyi»e is re-
l»eated.

I have also diseovered another series of parallels wliieh the {ji-nera
of most of the families of the Salientia present, in (he de;,'ree of ossi(i-~
(nation of the sn|>eiior (iranial walls,* In the least-ossilicd crania wc
llnd the snperior pari of the ethmoid still cartilaginous, (he snperior
wall of the brain-ca.se meml)ranons, and the prefrontals represented by
narrow lateral splints of bone. In jj^encra of slijihtly advanced type
the roof of the eihmoid is ossified, and the prefronta's aie witter. In
better developed ^eneia the frontoparit-tal bones ossify and close tln^
Ibutanelle. Tlu> lii;;lier ossilication shows itself in an exostosis of the
snperior cranial walls, which, in further sfajics, involves the sUin, so
that it is no lonf;er free fiom the craninm. The next stafje roofs over
the temporal mn.scht with bone, and the hi<;hest stajje, known only in
a ^icnusof Unfonida' (Otaspis ('<»pe), inclo.ses the membrannm (ympani
l)eliind. TIh^ following;" table expresses tln'se facts.

These series };ive an excellent illnstiation of the developmeiM of a
single chara(;ter independently of othei- characters, and show how the
generic eharactt'rs ori;;inat»^ (piile inilependently of all others.

'.S'eNal. Ilisf. h'fv., l-li:.; I'niiictl, Ac riiiia., l-ilW (on llio <>iiM;in of Cciiciii);
Orij^in of tin; I'itlest, IS-^r, p. •Jl^', I'lati^j iv ami v.

11

it

u

§

Tin; !!AriiA(;iiiA or north amkrica.

ChiHsitliMliiiii,

A . Mlliiuiiitl mil nsHilii-il . . .

A A. Klllllliiiil (issilli'il illliivi':
I. A riiiiitii{i:ii ii'tal Inn
liiniiUr —
(1. I'rcfioiiliils iiiimnv.

nit. I'l'i'li'iiiilals Willi' . . . .
II. No rniiliiiii'lli' : sKiii

riTI': lUM'MIMlllsis—
(1. I't'l'I'lDlltlllM lllll'IOW. .

na. I'iI'IViiIiImIs Willi' . ..

111. Nil riiiiliinrlli' ; sKiii
I'li'r; c.Mi.NlimiH -
a. I'lcI'miilMlH li.mnvv. .

liiil'iiiiiiUi'. Sra|)liiii|)iilii'.

Myoliatfii-
clius.

I'!|iiilali'a

I'llll'll so

\\t\fn s|i. . . .

1 1'l'llaiilirviii
< !■ ... .. .. ..I.

nri. I'll I'liililal.'* \\ iiii' . .
nil. Nil liiiitaiii III-: iiil<'i:ii

ini'iit ImviiIm'iI In '.t' ra ii it |i li

I'Mistiisis. S ryiii'.

mil. .SKiill I xiimIiimi'iI. ill

vnUini.' iiili'i;!!

Mil III : |rni|iiiial

liiMsa iciiiri'il

mill. .\s lail. lint nii'iiiliia

iiiiiM t\iii|>aiii III-

( li.M'il lii'liiiiil . . (tla.ipis . ..

Diiliinis
S|ir;i

l>:jl

(".VHtl^natl.l. j,^,i,,„, ,.„„i,,,,

Kii.siiiilni.s I Tliiiriipii .... Uaniilii.

liiii liiiriicii'. I|\ |Hiliiiati .

ll'H.

(f '\rliiiliaii|.|

\ pliiiH. II.\la (sp.) .

fllx iMMilia .1

Kliwiii, I'tr . I Uaiia (oxy-

rliyni'lial.

Ilylmlcs, I'tf. Si'vtiipi.s Itanii (Inxa-

ilai^tvla).

Srapliiiipiis 1
I'll.ilial.y '

CllllliprH

Onli'occplia
Ills.

riiiarliips . . Trai liMCpli- Pnlypi'ilati's.

. aliis.

Calypliiicpli
alii.s.

4

%

l"'i;;iii('.s «»r (Iicsc jiiid iiilfniH'tllntc ty]»i'.s of ci'ijiii;! will 1m> roiiiid in
l'liit»'S (is tn 7."").

The adiiptivc ic-^iilt iitlniiUMl In these eliaii;;('.s in the ciaiiiiii Dssilieii-
tioii iii'e two. Kolli ill hiirrowiii^ in the eaith iinii in incsetitin;:' n <h--
I'ensi' a;.;ain.>it eiit'iiiie.<, llie litp of the head i.s presented to tiie I'e.sistin;;'
oltjeet. On Iti'in.u atacked, a S.ilientian Matrachian always depi'esse.*^
tlu^ nin/./.le and presents the top oC the iit-ad to the em-niy. Tiie typ«'s
with well o.s.silird ciaiiia have a ;,M('at advantage over tho.se in whi(di
the front is nietnlManoii.s or eartila^inons, t'speeially in tiie ea.se ol' at-
tack I'roin venomous snakes, stin^iny' in.s«M'ls, etc;. There is, liowevei',
no deliiiite distiihntion for the I'espeetive types, t'ither in tinu' or space,
e.Kce|>t that the jjtMiera wifli nnossiCied elhinoid all belonj; to the. South-
ern lleniisj»here. Also, types with nnossili(>d froiito|)arletal hones pre-
dominate in the .\nstr,ilian and Neotropical realms, an^ nnkiiown in
tht^ I'ithiopiaii, and raie in the I'ah'otiopical. Tyjx's with exosio.scd
frontopariclals chicily altonnd in the. Neotropical realm, and (xunir
in the Ncarctic and ralaarctic. I'alcontolo^^icaily, lioth e.xostosed
(Latonia) and memhraiions frontoparietals (.Mytes) a|)pear to<;'etiier in
the Miocene lirown I'oal of Uonn, in h'hine-l'russia.

As re;;anls tin' distriltntion of Salienlia in North America, the follow-
inji" general remarks may l»e nnide. The eastern district, with its com-
paratively linmid climate and almndant water <!ouises, is the Innne of
the jjenns Ifana. For similar climatic reasons the middle and northern
parts of the Pacitic rejiion have several species of Raiia. Tiio eastern
re;;ion,th(^ land of forests, posses.ses nearly all the species of Ilyla. The
Tacific coast lias hiit one, a fact due, jierliaps, to its long dry .season

1' *

li

:iti1

\\V:

[C

LI »

'i

^i:

2r>2 miLLKTIN :tt, IINITKI) STATKH NATIONAL MUSKUM.

Tliemid n'j;ioii.s of (lie Soiitliwrst I'liniisli llie nivali-r \iirii'l.v of spocJeH
of IJiilo, Imt one spi-cics iiiliabitiiii; tlii' i-iisti'iii H';;i(m. Tin', Aii.strori-
psniaii royioii is the lioiiic of scvcriil small Ibriiis of ll^lida- aiul Ilii
foiiida'. The (iistiibiitioii of tlic Srapliiopida- is cliiclly in tlio drvt'r
rcyioiiH of llio West; \\\\vo species are fomiil in the Soiioraii, while Iml
one occurs in th<^ I'acitie, and one in the eastern and Anstroriparian
regions. Tiie distiiltution may Ite lalnilaled as (bliows:

(ii'iii'ia.

All-IIM

I'iliiiliitii l{.

K.isli'in Criiliiil. S(iii(p|;iii. i'acillc.

Unto

Sra|iliiii|>iiH .

('llMIOIlllilllS .

llvlii

All is

IIvIikIi'm

Svirliii|iliiiH .
K'liiia

1

5
3

1

1

1

1

I

Tiitals

L'l

H
III

A(1L<)S"^A.

The few members «d" this snboich'V have the vertebra' opisthocodous
and deprive<l of ribs; tiie diapophyses of the third antltburtli verteltra'
are extremely elongate, and those of the sacral are stron.uly dilated and
continent with the nrost\le. The third ct'iatolnanchials are ;ireatly
elonjxated.

lii I'ipti there are only seven presacral veitebrn'.

The frontopaiietals are entirely ossilied, and there art* tr(M' ossa
nasalia.

The sternal apparatus belon.us to the arciterons type, thonj>h tiio
epicorai^oid cartila,ues do n(»t oveilap.

The larva' are provided witii two spiracnla, one on each side of the
body. (IJotilenjier).

There are two recent ami one extinct families of this snlxtrder, which
are <lelined as tbilows:

IMIMD.i:.

No ribs; vertebra' opisthoco'lons; iirostyle simple, attached to a
siiifjle condyle. Coracoid and epicoiaroid divei;;ent, their connecting
ar<!'.u's not overlappin*;. No mannlninm. Teeth none; sacral dia-
pophyses <lilated.

The neotr(;^)ical genns Pipa has the atlas continent with the .second
vertebra, so tiiat there are bnt seven anterior to the saciiim. There are
distinct nasal bones, and tln^ median septnin of the ethmoid is partially
ossilied. The prefrontals ariM-ompIetely in contact with each other and
with the frontopari«'tal. Fror.toi)arietal completely ossilied. Terminal
])lialan}jes ac,nt»s sitnide. I-Ixternal m.'tatarsals separated by a web.
(Plate 01), tigs. 1-L'.)

»

Tin: UATKAClllA OK NolM II AMKUICA.

XKNOIMD.K.

253

No rilis; viTtelMii' o|>istlio('<i'lt)its ; oh ilium atlaclKMl to tlu^ ninth
vci'tcluii only. Conicoids and i'|>i(UM'a<'oi(ls uell scpaiati'd I'roni tlittsc of
the opposite side. Trt'tli present ; siicial <liapopli,vse.s dilated.

Oiu' j;enns, Xeiiopns, with three spe«'ie.s in the re;,no .ICthiopica. In
this the interorltital ellunoiil plate, tliou;;li Ion;;', is not inodnced ante-
riorly, and is entirely eoneealed hy the tVontopaiietal. l<'rontoparietal
stron^^ly ossilied, oveihan}'iny the i-onlliient prelVontals. The prefrontal
does not always extend to it. The first two vertelua' are separate, but
tint sa(*ral and eoeeyx eonllnent. There are ossa nasalia above the
nares. Terminal plialan;;(>s acnte, simple. l'iXt«>rn,d metatarsals 8ep-
arated by a web. (Plates 41>, lij;. lo ami (Jl>, fi},'. li.)

l'AL.K()l'..\TU.VUIlIi).l<:.

No ribs; os ilinm attaehed to iliediapophyses of tiKM'oiitliient ninth,
eighth, and seventh vertebra', whith form a disk; nioslyle attached by
a doable ;>lenoid eavity. l-'rttntopariefal strongly ossilied, m»t proiliiced
farther than the separate inefrontals. l-)\ternal metatarsals |>robably
separated by a web.

The j;enns J'tthrohafntrlms, Tsch., represeided by several species in
the ."Miocene ( f (ieiinany. The sn|»eritn' plate of the ethmoid was (ron-
cealed, and the atlas eonllnent with the first vertebra, leaving but six
between the oceipnl and sacrum.*

\'on .Meyer descril>es the vertebra' of /*. ijiiiantvidnxs pvoc(e1otts, while
some of them are li^nred as o|iisthoco'loiis. Woltersdorllt states that
they artt pro<'(eloiis. .\ specimen in the IJritisli .Miisenm which 1
examined has opistlioc<eloiis vertebra'. It remains, therefoie,a question
of interest whether this family beloii;;s in the .V^lossa. Wcdtersdoilf,
who has stinlied it very carefully, refers it to the Arcifera,and to the
nei,i;liboi'liood of the T'elodytida*, although admitting various points of
resemblance {o Xeiiopiis. lie describes nine si»eeies from various parts
of central Kiirope.

AliCIFKK.V.

In this tiibe the extremes of the .series are more diver.se than in the
others, and depend on the following features:

(1) In that nearest the A.ylossa the vertebra' are, like those of the
latter and of the ►Salamanders, concave posteriorly and convex ante-
riorly ; in the other extreme the reverse. These features are not as ir-
reconcilable as ini;;ht at tirstsi^Lt ai)|)ear, as the intervertebral spheres
do not be<;ome lirmly attac^hed to either (teiitrum at maturity in .some
individuals of lUn-horocutcs pcronil, I'dolxtics fiisciis (Stannius), and
CultrqH's prorincialis (Dujjes). (Ij) Tho.se with opisthoc<elous vertebne

' I'alii'initojiiiiitliii'it. Ill, ]>. MT.

t L'cluT rossiio Fiii^the instn's. das ;;. I'lilii'olcitiiieLiis, MagtlobiU}!, 18d<3.

;

i(

254

luii.LiynN :m, imtki) statks national MnsKUM.

■;

i' li:

iifiive witli the bulk ol" the tribi' in posst'ssiiij; tlilnU'd sacMiil dijipopliy-
sfs, whilst those ;it tlic other cxtieiiie e.\!iil>il tlieiii c.n liiidi ie;il. (■>) A
few of the rormer possess siiiaU iil»s, ami (J) the iiiostvh' approaeh«'s
the iioi'inal eonditioii of vertehnc in possessinji' one pair of trans
verse proeesses ; (5) most of these, with tiie adjoininj;' less extienie
forms, hav(^ a vertical or eat-like pnpil. ()>) Many of the same j;ronp
exhibit a dej^raded or obliterated aiiditoiy apparatus; lint this li-atnit-
is n(tt unil'oiiidy ("oineident with the preecdinu ones. (7) Tlie \ipiii-
sternum is tbrnu'd of divergent lindis; in the bulk of tlie liilu' it is an
emarjjinate eartila^^inous plate, and in the opposite i-xticMU' an osseous
style, as in the Itanida'.

t)f these features" the lirst, thiid, tbnrlli. and sixth are ajireements
with or approximations to tin* structures (if the same elements of liir
Salamanders; the resenddanees are Itorne out in the physiology of the
same types.

In the ol»ser\cd examples of the aimvc l.\ pes that is, (»t' th*' l>isco-
{ilossiihe, Pi'h.ilytithe, and Scaphiopttdida, the e.uus are deposited in
small clusters (i'ehnlytes). a sli(»it thick loop (l'eloi>ales), or in a st-iics
with a slender, touj^h, thri'id like atlachnu-ni (AI.vlcsi. in the family
fbM(»w inn' that of the Teloliates. that is the New Wdrld tree toads, the
ejuj^s are, in the Old World species ( /////(/ <o7/o>7'(() deposited in ,i;lolui-
lar masses, as amon^' the lianida-, luit much smaller, while in out
/////(( i>icLrriiifiii the m.isses include hut fnun foui' to ten e^iiis. In the
first nientioned forms the male sci/es the female in trout ot tlu' thi^^lis,
while in the iemainin;i; ami major numlicr of species, as well as in the
ol)served rirmisternia, she is seized around the axilhe.

Additional i»ei;uliarities in the dexclopment of Alytes, IV-Iodxtes,
Cultripes, and I'elobates are, that they spawn at two seasons iiisiead
of oiu>, and that their larva' attain a lar;^* si/e than those of other
Anura before eompletin;^ their metamorphosis. 'I'hi> latter l«-ature is,
however, repeated near the other end of the s«'ries — amoiii; those with
cylindrical pelvic supports, in the jicuiis I'seudis.

Theoccuireneeof a xiphisternal style >imdarto iii;!l <'f the K'anida' niay
be regarded as an indication oi" supcriorits not «uily in consideration
of this allinily, bui as a ;;reater dt';;ree ot speciali/ation and ossilica-
tion of the part. It appears, however, noi merely anions the most
raiiiform Arcil"eia, and anion;; some with proco'Ious vertebia-, which
have the salamander-like mode ot' re|U'oductioii, but also ainoii^ some
of the opistli()C(elous spe(;ies.

The only family features as above ;iiven which seem to have a func-
tional sijiiiilieaiice, are the struetuie of the terminal plialan>;-es as an
adaptation to arb-.ireal life in the llylida- and the increase of raptorial
power by the addition of another set of teeth in th»' llemiphractida'.
Vet for the Mist-mentioiied function other arranj-ements are employed
in other families.

1

^"^Jj^

rili: MATRACIIIA OK NORTH AMKIIICA.

•255

ynr

Tin- riiiiiilit'S oj' tliis sii1)oi(U'r .lillrr as follows:

1. In'ilis iiicst'iil ( |)isi'iii:l(>s.siiitli-:i (iill).

\'ci U'lii.'i' ii|iistli(>('n'l : HMi-ral <liii|i(i|)li,vst'.s dilatcil ; stt'i'iiiiiii lill'iiiritd'.

- Dimiiiiliinnitld .

II. iiil's iilisciit (.siri'iiiiiii mil il<'4'|ilv liit'iii'iMti' ). ( liiil'iiniiiilcii (iill).
\. No li'clli ( Vfilflu;!' |irinir! >.

I (iM|i(i|ilivsfS (if .siiciiiiii (lil:ili'<l Iliit'iiilHlii .

I >i;i|ic>lili\ xcH (>(' .s:icniiii not ilil.'ilfil Ih inlniiiliriiiiincidfi ,

AA. .M:i\ill:ir.v liTllioiily.

Ni'l'ti'lii;!' opisllioi III : sarnil iliai)l>|ill\ scs ilihitril ; im'i>n|\ Ir iliNliiii't.

txli iiiiilir/idiilii .

NcrlcliiM' |iiociil: r-Miial iliaiPoiilivscN (lilalcil ; iiioslvli' disijiici : niinnal

lill.llaiiurs cniiic I'l liiliiliitii .

\'i' I trIiiM' iMiMii'l ; .-.ai'ial iliaini|ilivs<'-* ililalcil ; iiioslxic coiilliii'iii with

>acnim ; iiiiiiiial |)li;ilaiinrs cinilc Sitijihinjiidii .

\'rl Icliia' pidio'l: .sacral (li;i|ii>|ilivsts ililalnl ; in iisly Ic tlisi iiirl ; iiliuiial

|iliahii|i;i's a ciiivril rlaw wil li yloliiilar liaNc Iljiliiln .

N'crli'lira' pi'iM ii'l : s.-inal ilia|io|i|iy.si'.s iiol illlatcil : iiiost\lt' iVcc ; initial

jilialaiiys runic, .sometimes tiaiis\cisc at apc\ ('iislnjiuilli'iitii .

A.\A. .Ma\illar.v and mandilinlar tcctli picsciil.

Sacral diapnplis scs dilated liiiiiliiiiiiiilliiiiliiiiHilii .

Sacra I diapopli\ scs not dilated //( mililind lidn .

Of tlic ahovt' families, four arc foiiml williiii tiir l)oiiii«lari«'.s of tli*^
Ncaii'titt ivcaliii. Tlu'.sc art^ llu' iliifoiiitla', Scapliiopida', llvlidtc, and
ill a vciv I'i'W it'picst'iitativi's. the ( ".vstijiiiatliida-. 'riii»'«'of the famiiii's
ait' coiiliiM'd to tlu' Neotropical Ikcaltii — the i>i'iidroplirviii.s<-ida-, tlie
Aiiipiii^iiatliodontida-, and the llcinipliraclida-. Tlic ll,vli*la- Itclono-
to tins fauna iiiitl the Aii.stralian, w itii a lai i^c icprcscntalioii in tlic
Xcartie and a very small (»ii«' in tlif Palaarctii' Utaltiis. It is totally
wantino- from tin* lOtliiopian, Tlu^ I)i.sco.i;l(»ssida' is lOnropcan, with on«i
jit'iins in New Zfaland. it is the only lamily well icprcscntcd by {vr-
liary forms. The small family of the Astcroplirydida' art' I'ala'otiopical
and Australian, ami the f«'w I'dodytitla-, l'ahcotro|>ical and PahcaKr-
tic. The lar;;*' family of the ('ystii^natliidn' arc Ncoiiopical and Aus-
tralian only. The r>t)fonida' art; cosmopolitan, and the Scaphiopida'
Nt'arclic and i'ala'arctic. Hut the nrcat«'r nnmln'r of the .\rcif«'ra arc
N»'otn»i>ical.

\Vc arc at present ac(|iniintcd with oOl species of this siii»(»rdcr,
which represent S| ocneiic types. They re|)re.sent the families in tiie
followino' proportions and re;;ions:

<!rllil';l. Spriii'tt.

Iljsl I iliiilliiii.

! *iHci)j;lti'.t'*itl;e
A.sli rii|ilir\iliil;e

I'.lllllMlllM-

Si ii|iliiii|iiit.i'

Ihlhhe

.\lll|illii:il:lllli>(|ii|itii|ic

lli'liiipliiarliilM'

CvHti^IiKitliiila'

Itiiriiliiilj'

.I K i;. I':il,i an lii;i ( .\ iirtlf. Ilsl.

I r> i; I'alj >iliii|iir.i. .\ iisii.ilis.

:i I i; I'al Iii<|>ii'.i. I'al.e iirti( a

4 7 I; I'.il.iaii'lKM. N'l .III In .1

III I IMi ii:. I'al.i "iiiipiiai II I'.ila.intii .1, N'l' iii'lJiM, .N'i'ii.
I llii|iir 1. .\ii.-.ll,il>?<.

t I l;. N.'iitri>|>|ia.

:i ^ It. N'l'iiiiiipii !i.

.Ti 174 It. Niiiliopiia, .\ ii.-l rails.

14 lO-J : Ciisiiiiipiillli'.

i

iql

: 'S:

2.')G HIILI.KTIN 31, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

The generic form.s lue all poeiiliar to their zoolojjical regions, except
Hyla, lound wherever its family occurs, jind IJorboroco'tes, coinnion to
Anstraliii and the southern jiortion of South America.

The number of species so far known to inhabit these regions is as
follows :

Roftio AiistniliH
K. Ncotriipica ..
K.NeiUcticii....

:{•;:{

w

Total «H1

In two ifiiioiiH .. 1

H. ruliiiirlirii...
H. .Kthiopica...
Ik. l*.il:i'()tr<i|ii('a

44r>

Vi

it

Total ....
Ill two rcjiioiiN

.1;

The small proportion «)f species occurring in the Old World, exclu-
sive of Australia, is evident, though the.v represent six families, while
those of the Mew Worhl represent but six also.

The tribe Arcifera was lirst delinetl audits extent and distribution
indicated by the author in the Natural History Keview, 18(!r», thouj;h
explaiiu'd a year previ<uisly at a meeting of the Zoological Hoeiety of
liiiiidon. The sternal feature i-haracteri/ing it was noti«red by Stei-t-
/.(•u, Cuvier, and others in isolated cases, but its geiu-ral signiticance
not perceived. Dug' (Hecherches, 01) attiiluites it to the tree toads,
the toads, and the llombinator, Alytes, and I'eloltales. In iStannius's
Zootoude <ler Amphibien (7.'{) it is assigned to the Aglossa and I'.id'o,
as distinguished from liana and ("ystignatlius. The chaiacters »»f llu^
last genus must have been talu'ii from the Old World Cassina (formerly
called ('ystignatlius). as the structure in C'ystignathus and its allies is
that of the true Arcifera.

J)lSCO<i'LOSSIl).K.*

Cope, Nat. Hist. Rev., If'd.^C.Ian.) : Joiirii. I'liila. Ac. ISiil. p. 71 : I.ata.sto,
,\(ti'Milt' la Soc. Mini, ill' IJortli'aii.x, l."'7'.t, p.ii77; Hoiiltiififi, Cifl. Hair.
Sal. IJrit. Mils., l-^-.'.tll.

Vertebra' opistliocu'l.+ Diapophyses of sacrum dilated. I'rostyle
with ii basal diapoi>liysis. Ribs pri'seiit.| IJones of distal carpal series
all distinct. Sternum of two slender iu)stero-e\teiiorly ilivcrgiiig libro-
cartilaginous or cartilaginous styles.

In the known genera tiuigiie is round, entire, and little or not at all
free beliiml. Males without vocal vesicle.

A marked peculiarity characterizes tin' larva- of (his family. The
spiracle or branchial opening is situated on the median line below,
while in all of- • tongiied Aniira it is situated on the left side.

If we commenei^ the series of the Arcifera wi'li the great family of
the Cystiginithidie, we will end it with the families Asteiophiytlida'
and Discoglossida*, which are perhaps ei|ii:illy connected with that
which precedes them — the Scaphiopoditbe, The former leads to \«'n-
opiis through Paheobatrachiis; the latter, as far as our present kiiowl-

•l':at<-7H.

t olisprvril liy Diijit'M ami (icrvais in Alytes.

{<JI»sfrvi'(l liy l>ii;>csin Al\ tcs and Moinli iialor, ,iinl liy Daim'iil in l>isc(i;;lo.ssii.s.

:4l*<

Tin: I'.ATKAC'lllA OF NOUTM AMHKICA.

2.-) 7

lie
[v,

lot

I.

lidj;*^ iiidicati's, liiuls its comjilotost (levelopiiieiit in the oxtinct j»omi.s
Latonia, i-stablislRMl by Von i\Ieyor on the L. scif/rietli IVoni the Miocene
olOeninj^en. A species also occnra in tlie fresh-water deposits of San-
van (//. riifiosK], whose sahnnandei-like vertebra' have been noticed
l»y (lervais.* Tliese animals. were nearly related to Discofjlossns, and
iiad, like it, short posteriorly directed processes on the ribs, as in the
ncnns Salaniandra. They were, however, inncli larger, had the I'ronto-
piirietal Itoiics completely ossified, and the whole of tlu^ craninm
roijilicncd externally by a dermo-ossilication. On this acconnt the
jit'Mus has been compared with Ceratophrys, which belonj;s to the
family of Cysti.unathida".

In the reniainiiij^' and recent jnenera the strncture of the sternum is
worthy of noli'. In old individuals of Disco^lossus it is sometimes tibro-
cartilaulMoiis, as in IMpii. The sternum, hoinolo;;(»ns with the sternum of
the i^act'rlilia. rcscndih's the united ha'mapopliysial cartila.i;es of ihe an-
tciior ribs. In tin' ucnera in (piestion + this part is divided nearly up
tt» the i»oint of attachment to that precedinj;", each moiety beiiij;' directed
outwards ami backwards, and tapering into a lateral linea semiluuiiris.
iJelwecM tlu'Nc and the pnlu's there arc in Discojilossns the usual thice
pairs of linca- semilunares, connected on the median line by a stronj;
I'uca alba

In Disco^lossus the prefrontalia are strongly developetl, bcinj; in
contact tor most of thcii' length, soiuctimes touching; the fronto-
parictaiia. In Alylcs tlicy are also in contact throuj;hout, but ai»'
transvcise and do not reach the frontoparietals; the fontanelle is
lar;;cr. and llic ril»s withtmt processes; the whole animal is weaker.
In this !^i ntis, as well as the preceding'', tin' i)upii is a vi'rtical slit;
cIscwIk rr found in Ilylorhiiui, I'latyplcctrum, Limnomediisa, i'elody-
tida' and Ilic Scaphi<»pida'. A species (.1. friisclicni)^ has left its re-
mains ill tiie Miocene Ibauidcohle along with I'ala'obatrachus. Mom-
liinaloi is similar to Alytcs in its osseous structure, except that the
prclVoiiialia are in contact anteriorly only, and that the sacrum i>i'<s
scnts liiil one condyle for the articulation of the coccyx, as is typical
of the Astcropliiydida' ami Aglossa. Along with Alyt«'s and Xen-
opus it has true ossa nasalia, which bound the external nares exte-
riorly, iliiis explaining their anonndous jiosition in llreviceps. where
they aie iiifeiioi. In ISombinator there is no caviim tympani ov auricu-
lar ossicles, and the tuba' Kustachii are rudiim'utary or wanting. This
character is said l»y Tschudi and llruch not to be exceptionless in
adiilis, and that the tiil)ic and tympanum are always present in Ihe
\ouiig ol bdtli iliis genus ami I'elobates. All European, except Lio-

' r:iiii'iiiili)iit;:i<' I'laiivaisi', p. I'.H.

t ihinr^ li:is i;i\ •11 it liu;Mri' "f it ill />'iii/i//iH((/ii)'. I'l. li, lij;. '.'I.

I (!<i|>i', .loiini. Ai'.iil. I'liihi., I'i'iii, )•. T.'i. Ii'iiiiii ini^i-liilii ^ Von Meyer, r;iIii'i)iito,i;i'iiii!i-
I .ii, Ml. i>. l:i' ',

}

i

it

t 5

V

itt.-)!— I'.iill. ;;i

■i:

-r i

258 i!Ii.li;tin -i, initkm statics national muskum.

IH'liiiii, wiiicli is froiii New Zcaliiiid. Tlie toes are webbed in all the
},'t'!U'ra, and tlio cxtonial iiictataisals are separated.

L'l'iiliiilif iiilf;iiiiii(iil involved in ciiiiii.il oHsiliciition, wliicb (•oniplotostlii'o. o. fronto-
liaritlalia : two (((ccyj^cal eotyli ami iliapoidijsos ; film witli ponterior ]iro(!-
(■ss Liiliniin Noll Meyer.

Ceplialic iiitei;uiiieiit free; a miiall tVoiitoiiaiietal foiitaiiellt! (.sometimes ait}Mfinlhi
closed liv tlie I'llimoijl): ini'lronlialia larj^ely in coiitaet ; two coeey^ieal eo-
lyli ; lilts with posterior proeess; piiitil roiiml ; caviim tyiiipani pnisent. No
parol oid j^laiiils ■■ Dixaxilossim Oltli.

Ceplialic iiitefiiiiiiint tVei': a iVontoparietal foiitaiiollc; vomerine teeth present; two
eoceyneal eotyli; [mpil trianj;nhir; no tyini>anum or Eustachian tnlics (lioii-
Icn^er) Lioiidmii Steiiidachiii-r.

C'eplialie inte;;nnienl tree; a IVontoparietal tontanelle. I'relbntalia in eontaet
thron;ihont ; two eoeey^^eal eotyli; no mdimeiital di^^it ; typaniim and eaviim
tynijiani distinel : pupil eri'et : parotoitl inlands present J/l/^■'< Wagl.

Cephalie inti'^nment lire I'rom eianinm ; a frontoparietal fontaiielle; ]irt;l'ontalia in
eontaet .iiiteiiiirly : one eoeey;ieal eofyliis; no inner di^it developed; no tj'ni-
panuni or ea\ iim t.Ninpaiii; Knstiichian tnbe rndiniental or wantin<;; paro-
loid glands none Iliniihiiialur Merrem.

Ail tlie cliaiaeters oi tliis laiiiily j;(» to show that it is the nearest of
the iSalieiitiii to the oriojnal and now extinct tyju' which formerly con-
nected that order with the Siilainanders. These arc, the presence of
ribs, the (tpislhncdl vcitehne, the distinctness of the carpal bones (d
the <listal low ; the injiiiinal ;;rasp of the male in copula, and the fre-
(jnent presence of the cardinjil veins.

uufonidj:.*

This is the only cosnioi»olitan family of Annra. It is chielly repre-
sented by tile nciins Unto, which exists in :dl the /oolooical realms ex-
eepliiio the Anstiiiliaii. The variations in strntifiire are not so o|,.j(t
as in some otlu'r families. They are thus summarily reviewed i»y
r.onlen^er:

"The omosterntim is o,>ii(.iijiiy absent; if present, it is reduced to a
mirrow cartilage. Tlie sternum is usindly a cartilaginous |date, whiirji
in a lew eases is ossilied alono Its center; in Hnoystomops there is a
wcll-delined itony style siij)portin};' a cartilaginous tlisk.

"The vertebra' are i»roe<i'lous :ind without ribs. The diai»opli\ ses of
the .sacial vertebra- are more or less tlilated, but never to such a de;;ree
as in the I'elobatida'. The urostyle is attached to two condyles.

"A frontoparietal Ibntanalleis pieseni in .Myoltatraclius Kuj-yslomops
P.seiulophrviie and lOpidalea; t and in a few species of liufo the derm is
completely involved in the cranial ossilication.

" In two ;,'enera tin; pupil is i .ect.

"The distal |)lialan;i('s art' .•^•.;mi)ly obtuse or T-shaped.

"The IJufonida' include tenestrial, burrowing,', thorou^^lily ai|uatic
(Ne(!tes) and apparently arboit'al (Necttophryiu') types. lihinophrynus
is a tiiie ant eater, as are several Ibrms of IOn;;ystonnda'."J

• Plate T-^. ~

) This U< nils is not admltli'd Itv Itoiilcii'^ri-i'.

, t'.ttalojiiie llalr. Sal. lint. Mu.^,., n. .d. I-- '. p. •.■< 1.

r

li

Ton

(eli,

III ll

■- I

T

IS

in-
ns

TIIK I5ATKACIIIA OF NORTH AMKKICA.

251)

Otlioi' cliariUitors arc: siiiuTior plato of the t'tliinoid (UJiiipli'ti-'ly ossi-
(ii'il ; very rarely pioloiijicd anteriorly; usually eovereil by the eoiu-
pletely ossified frontoparietals, or by these and the prefontals toyeHier,
No |»tery^oi(k'uni. Tonj;ue IVee, not retractile i»osteriorly.

In Otiloplins and l*hryiM)idis* there are but eij,Mit vertebra", the atlas
and second bein<?<;onlhu'iit. InNectes there are reseinbhuK-esto the As-
teroplirydida'. The prefontals are narrow, divergent, in contact only
anteriorly; the superior i)late of the ethmoid is small, tranverse, not
entirely covered by the fronloparii'tals, which are but weakly ossilled
medially, althouji'h embracinj- no fontanelle. In the otiier <;enera the
jnefontals are in contact with each other and with the frontoparietals
tlirou<;hoiit.

In none ol the genera Avj^jrw tobelonji;' to the family is there a manu-
brium sterni. The xiphisternuin is a slender weak cartilage in Pseudo-
phryne and I'hryniscus and lUiJ'o hvUtuftli. In the other species the style
snpportiiiu the terminal disk is stronijer, sometimes libro cartilaiiinoiis:
in livj'o ndi/iiris and />'. mchoiosdctUN it is broader and nearly bony, and
in Xirtcs siilxisiwr stnmin.'i^t and broadest.

In Hii/'ii Lcliiitrtii the terminal phalanges have a slight terminal trans-
vei'sf I'xtriisjon.

MyoUatrai'lius. Xotaden, and rseudophryne the weakest and least
developed forms, are Australian; I'^upenipliix, IMiiynoidis, (bifo, I'elta-
lihiync, Otaspis. Ollotis, ('repidophryne,Cranophryiie and Uhinoi)hryne
are Neotropical; liiito and Ncctopiirynt', I'lhiopiaii ; IWifo, ITearctic;
IJufo and llpidalea, Paheaiclic; and Scutiger, llufo, Nectes, and Necto-
phryiie, Tala-otropical.

The characters are the follov.ing:

I. i'l'i iiiiiial |>lial.'in,!;;i's*siiri|ili>.

A. 'I'wci 1 (iii(l.\ li's for llic iiiKstylo.
I!, 'rntiiiilr liDlllid ill front, tVi'i- lirliiml.
A rioiiloiiiirielal fdiitioulli'.

Mthiiioid lioiic iii<'iiiii)ili'tt> aliDVf ; strniniu ossII'ilmI on (lie iiiiddlt-
liri<' ; rar ini rntly dcvidoiu'd ; piiiiil cri'i't.

Mnulxiliidliiis Sclil.
F.tliiiioid liiiiir i'i)iii|di'tr ; (iii^ciH jiiiil tin's (Vfc ; slrriniin a Wfak

cart ilajir /'m inhiphriiiif I'itz,

Etliinoiil lioiii' (.•oiiiidcti' ; toes wcldu'd . .stt'riiiiiii distiiicl.

i'li'iilith It (Jopc.
""No rroiito|iai'i<'lal (oiitaiiolli'.
(V. No voiiiiiiiif lirili.
/<. 'I'yiniiaiiic (liaiiilii'r iufsciit.

Toes Crci' : tviiiiiMiiic th'iim not inclosed; stcinnni j.n osscons
st.vic /^iijii iiijilii.r Stciml.

'The raised orliitai lid^cs id' liiis ^cnns do not constitute its essent iai ciiaracter, as
foi'inerl.v suppohed, lint lather llie division ol" the mural spines and the widi' separa-
(loiiof tlie lateral portions ( iliev stand aliovetlie /yuapoidiyses) lliron,i;hont the vcr-
t el II a I eidnnin. Perhaps t he I'nsion <d' t he atlas with the si'cond vertelii'a is important
in the same connection. There is hnl one species at present known, /'. ((■•-yx c.

-1

I'

ii

2(J0 m Li,i:riN :;:;, i'MTHD statks naiionai, muski'm.

\J

Toes wclilifd ; lyiii|i,'inir (Iniiii iiol incluM'd 1)\ Itimr ; Htt'rtiiiiii ii

pliid' /'"./'» Liiiir.

Toes wclilx'il ; ( yiniiiillic <||-Iliii ilicloscil willi i)s.-<iliL';ll iitu.

Olllx/lii ('«I|IC.

Tiii'.s wrblii'il ; noslril.s dirccti'il ii|i\v:ii'iIn \ii Its IlK-rki r.

li.i. ■ryiii|iiiiiii- cliaMilui' \viiiiliii.i;.

Cranial ilcnii IVcc ; dinils wcldinl Ollnlis ('o|pi'.

('raniiil dciin iVci' ; diL;its nut dlsiiml, iMilu-id in a coinniiin in-

tt'iTUMKMir ' 'n ;'hI(ij lirillir '('(i|M'.

Criuiial dfi'ni dssilifd ; toes wcldicd < inuKjilniini tCii|ir.

(ta. Vtinifiinr Ifi'lli iircstMil.

Slcrnuni niiliniiMilary : tucs wrlilicd Xal-df u M iiinili.

IUj. 'I'linj^iii' Ii lUid iir i.'tractili' postfrioily ; slightly frt'c anti'iim ly.

SicrniiiM iiidiinrntai'v ; |>ii|iil ciccl . . li'li'mi ihriiiiii-^ iKim. \ liilir.
A A. One condyle lor tlic nrostylc.

l'n|iil vertical; lui \oniirint: licth ; tot ^ rue; a sicinal ^lylc,

Siiiliiii r 'I'lu'cdi.
II, Ti'riiiiiia! plialan^t's J-^iiaiu'd.

l'il';;ils alid trcN ii'dlc <ii 1( .-> \\( lilii d : I lie I i|i-dilalt'il iiilndiNks ;
stfrniini carl ilaninmiH \t i luiiliniiit' I'iMcIi. A I'clcrM.

Tlie distjiltiitioii of these {"I'lK'ni is ;is lullnws :

a

1

•r,

a

M.vipli.iliailiin.

l'Mrllll<>|illlMli'.

Kii|H'iii|ilii\

K|iiilalcM

Iliif..

<)ta.s|iii«

Ncitc

Ollolis

(;rc|iiilii|ilir

l'iaiMi|ilir,>
Kliiiiiiiiln \ mis.
\..la.l.ii.'.

Siiili;;i'|-

Nr(lii|ilir.\m'

1

III

Total .

Ill

III

c
■"3

:i

II.

IlUro l.ainTiiti.

Syii. I{t"itl.,l>- -•">: \Vay:l.,Syst. Ainpli., p. •iiM): Tsclindi, Italr., p. >h ; |)

\ itilir.. viil.p. ilii'.' ; fliiiitli., Cat., p. .Vi ; Nat. Hist, h'cv., i-r.."i, p. lii.>.

Onirhiiiiihii'- Spis, Spec. N'ii\ . Test. IJan.. p. I'.l : I'.sp.ida, Niaj. I'ai if., \'(Mt., p. 17(1.
0/,////)/(;is Ciiv.. R. A. : 'rsilindi, Matr., p. f*'.t : (Hiiilli., C.ii., p. tl.i; «'ope, /. <

llilliilihsiii sp. Itoie, Isis, 1-"J7, p. Vj'.ll.
( hitiDiiis sp. Waj;!., I.si.s., l-X'"'. p. 711.
/7i(7/»(r (Oki'ii) I'itz. Sysl. Keptil., I. p. :i-.'.

rliilnliliiillii I'it/. I.I-. : Cope, I'liie. Ac. I'llila., l-l'i'.'. p. Il."i7.

riiriiiiiiiilix I'it/.. /. c. : Cope, /. <., ami Nat. Hist. K'ev., |-ii."i. p. |ii-.', pars.

./)i((.»7/C((f 'rscliiidi, I'aim. I'd'.. Ileip., p. 7-^.

Sihisiiiiiilnniii Smiili, III. .s;. Mr., |{ept., .\pp., p. 'i-'; (iiiiilli., / .., p. 1:!-: Cope, /.

'<'ri jiiiliiin ( 'ope preoccupied.

I ( '/•('» •1/1 M~ ( 'ope lireoci'llpled.

This ucniis may lia\ e a ic.iiiial loniaih l|r, Ihe sK nil li i> u.il lieen i' \a nniied

t,

^3ia^ "^

ii

i

T

TilK HATUACIIIA Or NOKTII AMKIJICA. 2fil

l(/(//.i/i/(( . ('ii|if, I'liic. Ac. I'liilii., If^i'iH, |i. :'u I.

/,'/l.(/i« «'<i|ii', iii<l.li>r., |-(ij, p. ;!.')/, illlil N.lt. Hist. KlV., I-Ti."), p. l(i-j.
.l»Ni/»i(( .Sliilic/.k!!, ridc. Ah. Sdc, l-i/d, p. l.VJ.
IhitmitjilirlniH Ciiiiu'raiio, Atti. Ai'f. Tor., \i\ , HT'.I, p. ■'■'•J.

Viipil Iiorizoiitiil. T(Hi<;iio elliptic or pyiilonii, ciitiro aixl lVo<' hcliind.
Vomcriiu! teeth none. Tyiiiimmim di.stinct or liidden. Finjit-is iVee;
toe.s more or le.s.s wchhed, the tip.s simple or «li!;ite(l into small disk.s.
Outer metatiirsais united. Omo.sternum j^enerally mi.s.sin};; if present,
earlila<;inous; sternum, a eartila<;inons plate, sometimes more or less
ossilied alon;^ the meilian line. Diapophyses of .sacral vertebra more
or less dilated. Teiininal phalan;,M's obtuse or tri.injiular.

In the l'roeeedin;;s(»r the Philadelphia Ac^ademy Ibi' l.S.")l Dr. ('harles
(iirard };ave a .synopsis of the North Am«'riean species of this ;i('nus,
which t'mbraces thirteen specilic names. ICiyht of these are recojiiiizetl
in the jjresent work, and two others as subspecies. In ISSIJ the writer
L;ave a synopsis of tiie species in the Proceedings of the American
l'hih).sophical Society, the result of the study of which has been iucor-
|)orated into the present volume.

I. Ili'iiil willidiil liotiy cicsls jilMivr.

a. Iiitcnirliilal space w idrr lli;iii cvclitl.

ranitoiii ;; I anils small, as wide as Imi;;, not wiiicr than licail : li'<rs lon^tT,
(>n<1 of tarsus it-acliini.; to i'l'oni I'lont oroiliit tii rml of inn/./.l<> ; iiicta-

tarsal tiilirnlfs insi^^iiilicant /)'. iniiirtahiH.

raiotoiil ;; I a lids la !';;<', loii<r, sprrailin;; posti'iioil v. iiiiicli wider than liead :
lees -.holt, end oC tarsus to tviiipaniiin : met.at.iisal Inliereles insij;-

niliealit //. ticbilis,

(Xi\. Inleroi'liital space nanower than eyelid.

I'arotoiil ;;land oval : metatarsal tnliercles insi<r|iilicitnt ; a lai';;e e^hmd

on tihia ; si/e lafejcT /;. i iiliii,iliit nsin.

Tarotold j;land oval : liotli metatarsal (iiliereies with <;ntf iii^ edijes, the
internal very lar;;< , mn/./le very short; no lai'Lje jil.-ind oniiliia;

si/e smaller />'. loiiijinrlilin.

It. lii'.'ld w ith liony ( Ti'sts i-liove.

I. Iiiterorlpit.il spaci' wi'hr than eyelid.

.\ stroll;; post frontal crest ; siiperciliaries diver^i'iit liackwaids; parotoiil
eland narrow and e|on;;ate, descendin;; towaids axilla : lai L;e inlands
on ilii;;h and on tihi.'i : lie:id loiir times in the leni;th : metatarsal liili-

ercles small />'. iilrui inn.

•J. Iiiterorhital space narrower tlian ey<did.
It. No postorliiial "id;;es.

Superciliary eii'sts parallel ; tyni|iamim distinit ; two enttine; metatarsal
tiiliercles : femur larirclv free /.'. Iiniiimil iiii<.

til .

Ill '

^il

i

m.

fl

2(52

lUTLLKTIN :U, UMTKIi STATKS NATIONAL Ml'SKHM.

(H' llu' spfcics above (Icliiu'd, I lie /.'. ci>himhinisls ami ilic //. Iinliiji
uomtti an' IIk' imiI.v (Hics wliicli displa.v aiiv ^ical \ analulil.N , tl:r hitler
liiiviiiK" lour well (leliiied siihspecies. Tiiev are also naturally tlic
species wliicli present allinitles to otiier species. Tims tlie /.'. hiifit/i-
vnsiis sometin)es approximates, witliont hecominii' eonl'iised with, the /.'.
coffnatiis, and tiie latter in tarn varies towards the /;. coiiipdctiliN.

IM'i'o I'l'NCTATls li. A (J.

Proceed. Ac. I'l' i., IsV.', ]i, IT;!: Uaini, f. S. Mrs. Ilniiiiil. Smv.. vul, n,
Ih'pi. i>. late \xxix : li;;.s. Ti-T (imiI ;;iiih1>, Is'i'.t.

Ilii/o IkIiHiiiiH Varn.w, I'mceed. f. S. Nat. Mils.. I'--,'. |i. 111.

The head is wide and Hat, and t'nters the total len;;th three and a third
times. The width at the |>()sterior borders of the tympana exeteds the
lenjith by the diameter of the eyelid. The latter is aitoiit I'onrlilths
tln^ very Hat interorbital rej^ion. Tin* only eianial rid;;*' is the vertical
one which extends I'rom between the eyelid and the paidioid j^land
along the front of the tymi>anic nuMnbrane. The lattei' is very distinct
and is nearly round, and is Jnst half the long diametci' o*' the eye. Tlu'
prefrontal bones are rather prominent at thecanthiis rostralis. and are
roughened with raised points. Theendof tlu' mn/zle is strongly convex
in protile, its extremity oveilapping the premaxiilary border. The
nostril is nearer the extremity than it is to the orbit. The gianidar
i-onghciiing is present on the extremity of the nose, on the posterior
part of the vertex, on the eyelid, the prelym panic ridge, and on the par-
otoid gland. The tongue is narrow and subcylindrical, and tlie <;hoana>
are large and anterior.

The parotoid glands are sul)triangular to round in outline, and are as
wide as or wider than long. Tiie warts of the dorsal integunnMil are
quit*' snnill, and stand nearer together on the sides than on the median
region. The derm of the inferior surfaces is not roughened nor granu-
lar, oxeei)t for a shoit space on the gulai' regi(Ui. but is more or lessdis-
tiiu'tly areolate. The external surface of the arm and of the tarsus and
hind foot and of the entire sole isspinulo.se; on the superioi' surface
of the tibia the spinulose tul)ercles are mingled with larger tubercles.
When the jjosterior liiid>is extended the end of tin' tarsus r«'aches the
anterior border of the oibil, and from that point in a few instances to
the end of the niuz/lc. The first llngeiis longei' than the second. The
jiosterior foot is lallier small, and the web is deeply emaiginate to
opposite the middle of the lirst (fotiith) plalange of the fourth toe. All
the toes have a narrow «lerinal margin to their (extremities. Suhdigital
tubercles not large, single. The two metatarsal tubcicles are distinct,
the internal (piite narrow, and with piominent obtuse extiemity ; the
external rounded, and not presenting a free vd<xv.

In large speciiiKMis from Lowei' ('.ilifornia the tnlteiclcs ar. coarser,
and the granular rugositi(;s of the heati smootlie(| otV. There is a trace

T

th

■^*sW -^

TlIK nATRACIIIA Or NO|{TII AMKRIfA.

Jill*

r

of I'liiscil lionh'i' to as Ciir as alutvi^ atid licliiiid tlic lyiiipaiii*- iiit'inluaiu-,
tim.s imitatiiij;' faintly llu5 li. lciili(jiiiosi(.s ((inciicantts.

T

T

I

Flii.fiO Itiil'ii /luiii'tnliiii. \i>. Klliri. (':i|n> Saint I.in'iiH ; |.
Ml ilxlilinii lih (</ .V((. "JUl"*.

Jir.

Lcii;-!!! of lii-iiil mill liody (l.VJ

I,i'li;;lll of liriiil In |Mislcli(ir «'ily;i' of lyili|>:itKl dliri

Willi ll 111' iii'ilil itt liiislrfiiir rilj^c of I viii|i;ilia 01 '.I

l.i'iij^lh III' I'orr liii'li {\->7

Lrli^tll of iMistcnul' lilllli (IliO

I-iii;:tli ofliliiii (ll'.t

l-inj^tli iiriarsiiH Oil

lifii^tli of ri-iiiaiiiili'i' III" I'm i| OH

This sjn'cics is ofratlicr variahlt' cdltnatioii. 'i'lic tyjic (No. LMUS) Is
a nniloiiii li;;Iit brown above and yt'llowisli-wliih" iiclow. In two otlici'
siu'fiiiiciis li'oni the same locality the dorsal tiihercles are p ile, with a
daik liiifjat the base. The latter is the prevalent eoloralion. I'oi' whili^
tlu'ie iiie six specimens which show if, there is only one other ol t'lie
nnit'oiin brown tint. Specimens from Cape St. Lucas have red wans,
with a black rin^' at the base, and have the };ronnd cohn- of the sides
black besides. TheHiinder extremities hav(^ larjic blackish blotches, in-
closin;;' Inberclcs which are pink. There is also a idack spot on the
eyidid, one below the canthns rostralis running longitudinally, and one
which extends below and sometimes behind the tympaimm.

This is oiH' of our best marked species. Its distrilmtion exti'iidsfiom
western Tt^xas from as far north as Kort(3oncho, and nhn\'^ both sides of
the boundary line between the United States ami I\Iexi«'o, to the Pacific
ocean. It is found as far south as San Antonio, in Texas (Marnoek),
and in Lower California to the extremity of the ju'iiinsiila ^ Xaiitus). and
in Mexico to (Juanajiiato (Dnjjes).

The paired },dantllike rid}j,ef< '>'< the back, represented in tiie li.:;iire of
this species in the Heport of the Cnited States and Mexican Iloiindary
Siirvc_,-, are merely the projections caused by the dorsal and sacral dia-
pophyses, somewhat exa.ujjferated

. I

,.(

--1^

t

■ 1
i

J :

1

2i>\ lUTIJJ'TIN :(|, I'MTKI) STATKH NATIO.NAI, MISKI'M

Hiijii jiinitliihi'i li.iiid.

( "iitaliicm' Nn. of
liiiinlii'i'. N|iiM, I

Locality.

Wlini
I ollrrlcil.

2018
31)17

3(m

201.1
HIOH
2014

4io:i

13001
12000
13070
10100
12000
B30S

I'roin » lioiii ri'i'i'ivi'il.

a Sail I'cilro, Ti'\

1 r.islaniicla^, Mi'xiro I l.iiiil. IS. roncli, f. S. A.

2 laiiyjidlil IJaii.M Uh, 'I'ux A.Siliiitt

I Siinipiii do

1 liiciSanrfilrii, N. Mrx Dr. S. \V. Woodlioiis.- ..

1 Aii/ciiia IWl I'MllM.liolt

7 New .Mi'xiio A..'<rlMill

L' r|i|ii'i' ('.iiir>>iiii.i iii'^iun

II I,a I'll/., L.ral I

:i do I

,'. do '

1 Wlilli' IJivi'i ('armli, Alb

:i l.al'a/, !,.<'al

II. I!. Molll MM

IhHJ { I, Jirldili;; .

IKH.i do

1H8.' . .. do

IH7!l Kf. 1! T. r.iiir.
IR»:' I„ I'm Mill',' ...

('a)io Saint I.nra.i, I,.<'al : John .X.miiis .

Naliiii' of
xpi'i iiiii'ii.

All'oliolii'.
l>o.
I to.
Do
Do
Do.
Do
Do
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do
Do.
Do.

UITO Iti:iMI-IS Ciiai-.l.

Proi'fiMl, Ac. 1'liila., l"")l, ~7; IimIkI. l'. S. Mcx. IShimhI. .^ihv.. ii. I{('|iiil., p.
•iT: l!c)iilciioi.|. Cat. Half. Sal. ISrit. Mils , •.»! .1., I'H-.', p.-J-'.t.

lliifii iiis'iiliui (iiraiil, I'idci'il. Ai'. riiila., IrJI,"-; IJaiid. I'.S. Mrs. Itmiiiil. Siirv., ii,
Uciil il,,l>. •.'!•., IM.M.I, W'^x. l;!-l-.

W

Tin. 111. I!i,i„,l,hitls. No. •J(Wi. Cliiliiialiiia. M».\.. ].

Tlii.s .species ol' timd is nearly reliitetl to the />'. piiiirhiliis and agrees
Avilli it in most respects. The fonn of the liead ami the ehaiacleis of
tlie skill are (jiiite the same; ho is the Ibrm of the posterior fo(»t. Tiie
(lillereiKH's are well marked, and are as follows : The leii;,'tii of the head
is (;oiitained in the total more than I'oiir times. Tiie lirst liii^^cr is shorter
tliaii tilt second. The liiml le;;' is shorter, the end oC the tarsus onl.v
reachin;;' the jiosterior border ot'the tympanum when the U'<s, isexleiided.
The Ibrin and dimensions oC the parotoid <;laiid are very dilVereiit. The
ylaiid is very lar<;'e, extending;' posteriorly to an aeiiiiiinate exfremiiy
which is a little beyond above tlie axilla. The superior iMirdeis oftlie
jilaiids are divoiv^enl. so that the total width at their apices is one and
oiie-liall" times the width of the head at the tympana. The iiircri»»i out-
line presents the apex of a very obtuse angle downwards at a point
posterior to the tympanic, drum and on a level with its interior border.
The inferior surfaces are more distinctly granubw than in the Ii. pinic-
t((lns. .Metatarsal tubercles insi;;nilicaiit ; the internal, siilxonic.

ri

\ :m

Till", ItATItACIIIA OF NORTIf AMERICA. 2(15

Ml iisiin nil iil>' III All. '.'(i'j;!.

.1/.

l.<MI)rtll 1)1' linlll ilMll lltllly 1*111

l,i'n<;lli i>r lifiiil III |)(islri'i(ii' ciljjfs of tyiii|iaiia tMiS

Witllli <>r Im'.kI III poftli riiir cil^^csor lym|iiina dill

l,iii;;lli "I" lorn liinli from iixijlii ()•.»(»

I.cnulli of poMlcrior from uroin (i|()

LcriHili of I i Ilia dl'J

l,i'ii;;lli of tarsus (l(ii»

I. r II l; III of riMliaillilri' of foot 01 t

'riic ;iv('i'a},'«i size is less tliaii that ol'tlm It. pnnrtatits.

Tilt' color of the, liii/o ihbilis is a lif^iit asli, Tlic small tuluM'cU's i'.n^
jit'iu'iaiiy black, and arc witlioiil tlio red or yellow ct'iitcrs wen in tlir
/.*. ininrliitiis. The limbs have narrow black cross-bands, or rather
wide incomiilefc black bands, with the pale center so larjje as to leave
only the bla<-k bor.lers. The eyelids and parotoids are (crossed by simi-
lar black lines. I»eh)W and ('omtealed surfaces iinspottetl.

The range of this sp»'cies is much like that of the />. jutncttitHs, but.
it extends further <'ast. Mr. Isaai; found if on the upper Wichita in
Texas, and Mr. \N'. Taylor at San Diego in southwest Texas. lto(H!urs
westward through noithern ;\l«'xico and the southwest territories to
(liiayinas, on the (iidf of California. It has not yet been found in
Lower ("alifoniia. It was originally brought from the valh-y of Mexico,
and the Smithsonian Institution siibs(M|iieiitly re(;eived it from ^Mazat-
iiiii. Itaiiil reports it from the lower Kio Grande. It is probably diag-
nostic (»l'the Sonoian region.

lliij'ii (tihilii liiranl.
UKSKIIVI': SKKIKS.

< '.il;ilni;llr No. i»l

nilllllll'l'. MJHC.

l.n..lUl.V.

Wl„.n

I'olll'I'tl'll'

I'miiii wIkiim n iiin'cl

N;iliiri' el'
s|ii'('iiii<'ii.

"I

•-'li.'l
•JiiJil
•-■liM
L'li-'7
.'lilhl
'JOIU

I IMnw.ii.' I'triK I Aliiiliolir.

■J I 'liiliii;iliii;i, Mrvlrii .. Dr 'riiiiniiis Wi'lili Ilii.

• 1 M.ila 11H, Mi'Mto .. ; I.iriil. I!. Ciiiirli, r. S. A . i)ii.

I M.il.iiiiiiiii-i, Mcxjt'ii .. I.ii 111. I! ( '.nil li. r. S. A i)o.

1 I'l If<iil i: KiTiiinid i)ii

7 r.i;i/i>-< l;iM 1. 'l'i'\;n ....I It. 1!. !■'. Sliiiiii;iiil | itii.

mi'O AlAAKirsliiiard.
r.,iiiil'.s K'ljitilia \'. S. Mrs. Hi iiiiil. Siirv., ii, |i. -Jtl, PI. xvi, li;;.s. 1-f!.

This very distinct species is as yet known from a single specimen,
whirii is picsei ved in the National .Museum. It has a general relation-
ship to the /.'. iiiinrlitliis, and also to tin* Cid)an Pcltitiiln-nnv^ultavvphnlti
of ("iil»a. In its larg*^ size it eipials the II. marhiKs.

Head slicnt and wide; nui/.zle obtuse and vertical in prolile, not pro.
.jecling beyond upper lip; naics terminal lateral, the c.-jnthus rostralis
Ibrming a convex line from nares to Ihi' orbit, l-'ront wide, superciliary
ridges ob.solete at anterior third t»f orbit, moderately elevated behind

lit

: ■*.

i

1

r-

t

I

MT

^i

it«

i W

2(10 lur-MvriN ;i;«, uxited htati:s national mi'skum.

(Iiis |)oiiit, iiiHl rormiiij; a iryular curve witli tin- poslm hiial ri. !;;••. N..
biaiitli cnsts. A vcr.v slioit robust sii|»iat.vm|taiii('«'H'st, a sIkuI iiairow
picdhital crest. Tviiipaiii<! disk laiK*', rouml, its (liaiiicter tlirc«'loiirllis
tlu'lcnfitlioltluM'yctlssiiiT. ToiifjmM'loiijiateoltovalc: tniiicalr posic
linily. r.onhT of I'.vt'lids tliidvciiiMl, prosontiii},' an aiiwlt' iit I'lu-li ex
treiiiity, aiitei'i«»r and postciit»r.

Fij;. (V_'. Hii/it alrariiit. No. 2.")72. Fort Yilina, Cnl. ; j.

MvtmHrniuiilx.

M.

[>cn;;tli of head itiid liixly Hl't

Lcii^^tli (if licail iiK'liKlin;^ t,\ iii|iaiiii <i:'.<i

Widlli i>f licad, including; lyiiipaiia imKi

Length of fore liiiili from axilla fCH

Jj('ii;;tli of fore-foot 0;t.|

licnjjtli of hind Icj; (i.'il

l-i'ii^'tli of tii.ia o:.:!

I.rn<;th of tarsiiH (titl!

LfiifjtliofrcHtof fool (»."■:!

Parotoid jjland a loiij? oval, with parallel sides, deseeiidiiij; IVoiii tlie
usual eomuieiiceiiient abov*' tlie tynipauuni to a position above the pos-
terior edjje of the hurnenis, and nearly on a level with the posteiior
l)order of the mniihnnnim ti/minnn. Dorsal inteo;uineiit with rather
sjiarse small tuln'r(;les. A huye oval jiland on the superior lace of the

T

X

I

THK ItATRArillA <»;' NOIJTI! AMKUIfA.

207

llii;;li, iiihl iiiiollifi' liU'^M'i' oiH' «>\ tend ill;; aliiittsi tlit- riitiic l('ti;;'tli of IIm^
.sii|M'riur cil^;!! ol' |Ik>, til'iii. A pnimiiii'iit< lomitl \v:ii'l diriMttly iMtstctioi'
lo the rictus oris, prt'rcdcil l»_v two or tlii'co sniallcr ones. Inroiiot'sin-
l'at!rs iircnlati', iintst closely posteriorly.

I'lii^^crs short, liist iiiid third e<|uul, ioiirlli shortest. Second (first)
liii<; r with :i very l:irp' tubercle at (he liaseol'tlK^ proximal endot'thi^
second plialaiip* ; a smaller one in the saim^ position on the second.
The nsnal two larixe palmar tnliercles; distal to which the entin^ palm
is covered with closely placed tnl>ei'<'les. Toes wehhed to tho extremi-
ties, hnt the weh scall(»pe*l, so that the (>d;;e lietween the third iind
Ibiirth toes is opposite the extremity of the lirst phalan;>;e (from meta-
tarsal). Solo with a pavement of rather small warts, a sin;;le rather
lar,t;er one Itelow the proximal extremity of each phalan;;c excepting;
the distal ones. iCxIernal metatarsal tuWercle lar;;e, little delined ; the
internal small, oval, and with free <'i)ni(^d extremity, its inner ed<;e is
close to a lice dermal margin, which extends from the edj^e of the lirst
toe and turns tor w aids on the tarsus and is lost distad to its middle.
When the hind lej; is extended the heel rtwhes the middle of the tym-
paunui ami the end «>f the tarsus rea(;hes tiu> extreanty of tliu mn//le.

The lcu;;th «»f tli<' lieail is considerably less than its width, atid enters
the total len;:lli nearly four tinu's; oi'. measnrin;;' fron> the snpraoccip-
ilal line, lunr and a half times.

The color of the speeimcM is probably somewhar |>aler than normal
from theetVect of the alcohol, (liiai'd states thet'resh color to have
been '• uniforndy dark jirecu." .\t present it is li^iht brown, and below
wliiiish, with a few pale spots on the thoratac and j^idar re;;ions.
Thi;;:hs nnitorm li;>ht brown behind.

Thci linuic of this speci«'s ;;i\cn by r>aird, as abov«' (Mted, is {^orwl,
except thai lue jiarotoid inland is repiesented as too wide. This ;;lan«l
in this species is tpiite peculiai' in its t'orm and ])osition.

No. !.'."» 71' ; one spec; l-'ort Vuma, Cal.: A. Schott.

I'.iro COl.t MJIIKNSIS i;.!. A (iinl.

ftiil'ii rohiiiihii iisis K.'ilril iV (Jir;ii'<l, I'nic. Ac. I'liilM., I"^.'!;!, p. :>7S ; <iii','ii'il, I. <■. p. 7T,

I'l. .">. W'A. t-'.t; ('"iH'. (lurk List Hull. i;.pt. N. Aiiicr., IST.",, p. '».).
Iliil,, hnii.is |'.:iii<l A i;ii:nil. I'mc. Ac. I'liihi., |s.V.', p. 171; (iiianl, I". S. I',\pl. I'.xpcd.,

II. Mp.. p. 71. I'l. •;, li;;. l-'.t; ItiMiliMiii. T, Ci't. lijtir. Siil. Itiil. .Mils., ji. •JIM'., li};.
Hiil'ii hiiliiiihilii liiiirtl »V <iir;iiil. I'l'ic. .\c. I'liil.i.. is.'ilf. p. :till ; (iiranl. Pioc. Ac.

I'liilii.. |s.'>l.p.-7. jiimI I'. S. M,\. lioiiiiiI.Siiiv., II, p. -J'!, ri. II. (i;;. 7-fJ; IJoiilm-

^;<T, Cat. P.ili. Sal. I'.rit. .Mils., l-i-,'. \>. '2'X\ li-;.
Itiij'o iliiliiixiH, pail, (iiiiilli , Cat. Ilatr. Sal. !5iit. Mils.. lsr,,-i. p. .'i7.
/.'«/'.» (/(i(i iiM(i/)/iii s- Ciipc, I'lDcrfil. .\c. I'liiia., IS'ili, p. ;!lll ; Keport U. S. ( i. (i. lOxpl. W.

of imilli Ml T.. (J. M. Wlii'.'Ici. V. )i. .'>•.'•.>.
/.'»/'.i/ii/ /((< Ciipc. Ik'i'port r. S.IJ.O. i;\p|. W.dfliHMli .Mcr.. v.. p. .Vi-J, I'l. XXV tij;. !-.'>.

This is a variables species, so much so as to present the appearanceof
iucliidin;;' a number of subspcries. I?nt these inter^^rade in so many
specimens that I can not maintain them as distinct, and I shall iist^
the l«'rm vari«'ty as uhuv applit^ible to their case.

:)

I

i

i

r
1.

208

liriJ-KTIN :U, rXITKI) states national MlTSKl'M.

'I'lif licad is slioit aiitl wide, iiiid its It'll",'!!! varies so as to ciih'r from

four to foiir and a liuir tiiiio.s in tlic toliil leii;^lli. 'i'lie cxtciidrd hind

h"^ lniii;;s the lied ♦^o tlic posterior lower or middle of (lie orbit. The

iiin/zic viewed from above is rounded, and in prolile is trmieate, and

not |>r()je(;tiiiji beyond the premaxiliarv border. It is shorter than the

Ienj;tli of tlie orbit, and the nostrils are terminal. The tonjjne is flat

and thill, and is a loiifj oval in outline. The mrmhiiinnm tympanl is

(jiiite distinct, and is siibroiind. Its diameter is a iitt!«> less than half

lilt' l('ii;!tli of the eye slit. The parotoid yland vaiies in form from

nearly round to a moderately i 'on,nate oval ; in either <!ase it has an

anterior |troloni,'atioii to the border of the orbit. The <;laiids of the in-

tciiMiiiciit of the upper siiifaces vary from moderate to laifje si/e.

Tlicy arc smaller on the sides and on the limbs, exceptinjj a larj^e

oval one on the superior face of the tibia. The interior snrfaees are

(!oarscly arcolaled, with a few more distinct tiibeicles posteriorly.

There is an intbldcd ridn'e on the inner ed^e of the tarsus. The |>os-

tcrior foot varies in i-clative width in diU'erent individuals and hxrali-

ties. Ill iioiilicrn specimens tlM> sole is wider, and the jialmatioii

extends to the ends of the toes. It is emar-iinated, so that the edge in

Vf^.ra-7iii/,iri,i„„ihiri,K!trt,tiiiiihi,„yi.',. \,, ii.Md. KiWiiKin Viiiiiv w r. : !■

Ml ii/iiiri .III III'' III' All. it'JS.

.V.

I, I'll ^ 111 111' lirii'l Mini lioily 1','|

l.ili;;lll III' 111 Ml! Id lioslciidf rd;;!' of Ilirliilir.llllllil I \ lil|iMlli H'.'l

WidilMil'lii'Mil ill )M).slriiiir ciljj,!' urini'iiiliraiiiini Iviiip iiii '>'.>\

L('ii;;lli of liMi' liiiiU ,iii|

l-<'ii,;,'lli of |)ii>l(iii)r II lull I ii'i

l.r '^'lli III' liiii.i . .(!::;(

I.flli^tll 111' 1 MINUS (hjl

I.rii;;lli lit' iciiiMiiHliT III' i'liiil (Ij.'i

X

f

■> T^ r

-:*J»* —

fo

II.

tin
III.

I ■ I

Illi: liATKACMIA OF NOKTII AMKIJICA.

.Ml!)

opposite tlic iniddlcof tiu; tliiiil |)liiil;iii;:«'! of tli*- t'oiirlli toe, coinitiii;;
tiom the cud. In tlic cxtrt'iiie soiUlieni Innu tin- wi-h dcu's not extend
to tlic cxtreniitics of the diyits, Itiit Kiives tliire i)lnihinj;os of the foiutli
toe iibsohitel.v free. It is notched to a point a little pi(»xinial to tlie
distal end of the fourtii (lirst) plialan};e. Iletween t' esi^ eNtreniesof
pidination (represented by spi'ciniens .'Jl'Sand UriSl) all the inteiniediatt'
conditions may be found. Th(> internal metatarsal tulu'reie is sniidl
and narrow, with snbeonieal extremity; the external is a low lint rather
wide tuberosity. The liist linjicr is lon}j;er than the se«'ond.

The northern forms are sometimes of a uniform (»li\e-l)rown above,
with a pale vertebral line, and with the abdomen indistinctly spotted.
Sometimes the uniform brown extends for a short distance on each side
(»f the |>ale vertebral line, exterior to which the surface has larjje brown
spots on a li^ht olive ground. In the southern forms the ground color
is lij-ht brown or olive, or evi'U clay color, with an irre.y:nlar brown band
on each side of the liiiht vertebral line. On each side ar«' larifiMlark
lirown spots with a reddish wait for a center. Spots on the posterior
leys like those on the back. IJelow unspotted.

11

)

t;,^

■2>

4 7

Kii;. ^)^. -Hlll^l C'l/in/ifci. /IMS hiil'iihihm (Iroiii llairil, ". S. anil Mrxicaii I'lOiiinl Siiimvi ].

The northern and southern varieties nniy be thus delined in extrcMe
forms :

lliail l."> tiiius ill Iciinlli; wcli cxlcndiiij; to tips ol' Icics, liii* dci'iily ciiiar^^iiiiilc ;

imroliiid ulaiiil iiiidc I'loiinalc ; roldrs dark ; si/" lai;;c' II. r iiiliniiliii iisis.

Head I limes in i(iii;tli; \v(d)s iikiic dft'idy iiolclncl, ami Iraxiiii; tliicf plialaiifics cil'

liMiitli toe I'll I' : jiaiDtiiid sliortcr ; < 'iius lij^lit : si /r smaller 11. c Imloiihiliia.

Theiearo, however, as niai'^speta in ens which are iidernu'diate between
these extremes as there are spiciniens uf (he hitter. Tliese represent
llie Unfit iiiiinisi ((jiliHs ("ope. Tiie Npeeiiiiens of the middle and south
• n L'ocUn M .aiitain region are rel'eialile to il, as uell as inaiiv from

•Tit

l'^

■^^

l<

i j

i

1

i ♦

i !

I ■

\J '. f

n

270 liriJ.KTiN :ii, r:siTi:i» statks national mikskum.

(>i('j:(»ii tiii<) < ';ilir«)iiiiii. I tliiiik Jl. i>i(iiis is (In/ .yoiiiij'- of (his Conn. To
tiK' (.vpical /;. <i>liinihi<)ts!s bi'loii};' Nos. .{liS, li.J77, 'jr>7M, I!)?."), 1>!)5(), 1(»!»l'0,
aiKl llaK;. To (lie iiitcriiu'diiKe (.vpo Ik-Ioiij,' %.{(», .Sl»!).5, 11500, llOl'l',
and IIJL'.'.. To (lie li;iloi)liilns typr Miii.v lu' relonctl Nos. liOS!, OKm,
i I.l.!."*, llOlM, Mild llOl'L'. No. Ilw05 is in(i'inu'dia(u in (he (biin oC (he.
paio{oids,iind (he \\t'l> is dci'ply cxnivaU'd, bnt tho (iw |ior(ion of (he
tot's arc widely margini-d. A (•oiiipl('(c st'iii's of (lu' lornis oj' (he paro-
toid may Ik* traced, iiejiinniii.y \\i(li (Ini shoit (ype of lialophiliis, No.
LTjSI, (lii(Hi;,di I.'idOS, lloO."), Il."»:i.~», to IIDU J of the elon,ya(e f'oini.

In Nos. I!»7"» and WM tliereaic distinet (races of superciliaiy cranial
rid^ics. 'I'liey aic pcileedy strai^yht, and (here is no indicadon of post-
(>rbi(al ri l^n-s. There are lour >iH'ciniens inuh-r 11>7.">, and (hey are Crtnn
Chilowynck, Wash. Tcr. The locality of the «)ther .-ipeciinien is nnfordi-
iia(cly unknown, The same character is seen in the type of />'. micro-
K<-iii)liiis, according,' to my description, which is{,'iven below. The speci-
men is nnfortnnately inaccessible to me at present.

" Ipper smiace ul' head nearly plane upon its middle rc,uion; orbits
bordered by a low and ronnded o(V ridjie; its skin beinji' (hin and ad-
heriuii (o theskall. l'aro(oid.s well devidoped and snbreiiiform. lOyes
and (ympanum radier larjje.^ Ton«,Mie elon^^ated, broadest posterioily.
I'pper Jaw emar^iiiiated. Tw;; larjjje carpal callosides. A miMnbra-
lions fold at (he inner lower edj;e of (he tarsus. Toes palinaied; (wo
nietataisal tubercles, i'alms and S(»les (toarsely granular. I'pper sur-
face of body exhibit iii<>' numerous glandular tuberchs; lar;;'e pus(ular
swelliii;;- upon (he thi^^hs. Color unilorndy dark green."

I alsiiaild a copy of my description of the yoiinj;, under tlii' nanu' of
Jl. pictiis, as it embraces some peculiar cluiiacters, probably <lue. (o im-
maturity :

'• I'almar and solar tuoeicles well developed, the hnj^er or inner one
of the latter not bearing a cutlini; edj;e. Cranium plane al)ove : the
mn/./le prodiiceil, rather narrowed, and vertically (riincate. Mt iiihnininn
t;/iiiji<iiii very small, externally invisible; osda pharyiijica exceedingly
miniile. Ton;;iie lar^^e, o'val, extensively free. I'arotoids superior,
broadly oval in foiin, I'pper surfaces coveii'd with lar;^(' (ubercles;
inferior siirlaces areolate. Limbs stout, especially (he tarsus, which
liears a lonj^itudiiial fold. The heel reaches to the middle of the par-
otoid ;ilaiid, and (he toes aie only webbed at the Itase." The palmar
and solar tiiltercles are yellow, and the war(s of the body (ipped widi
red ; si/e small.

There is a dire('( relation be( ween (lieclima(ic coiididoiisof the rej^ions
and the tonus of (Ins spe(;ies which inhabit them. It is well known that
(iuMU'jii'ce oi humidity of the I'acilic rej;ion increases rapidly as we pass
fi'om south to north. Tiie soiidiern pari of (h(> region inliabi(ed by

(his (oati is (| ' id, and the oppoit4iniiy Ibi' ai|iialic life must be

limited. Accoro.. ..\ the natatory web of the himler foot is reduced.
In the specimens trom the rainy north (he ..ebis much larger and the
colors are, darker. This increa.se of pigmeiit is coiiliruatory of .1. A.

I

I hi: itATKAcm.v of nouth amkuica.

271

Allen's li,v|K)tlK>.sis, Itiised on oliservation.s inadooii nianiiiialia aii<l Inrils,
that tiai'k pi<;iii(>iit incivastvs with iiicrcaiso of hiiinitlity.

in its t'iistt'in (listi'ilintion this speiMos is not known to pass the limits
ill' tlic KofUy Mountains. (Japt. Charles lU'ndirc, IT. S. Army, has sent
it I'roin Kort Walla Walla, Wash. Tcr., and I took it at Atlanta, Idaho,
the most eastern locality known, it is abundant throu};;hoiit thu entire
lake region of Orejjon.

It is especially numerous at Klamath Lake, where it covers the ha
sallic blocks whic'h lie partially in the water, concealed by theTypha^,
which ^row from the bottom. They accumulate there in larj^e piles,
sometimes as]ar<;e asabushel measure,and atl'ord abundant food for the
lOuta'iiia-, which are scarcely less abundant. I saw one spej^men of this
toad as lai'jie as the avera^je Iliif'o iii(trinit.s of Ilrazil, and a specimen
seen at Warnei's Lake, Orejjon, was but little smaller.

l!

f

m

(•;ltalci;:iic' No. nf
liiiinliri. M|n<'.

/.'((/(( iiihniihiriisix Haii'il.
KKSKKVK SKIUKS.

[.ixalitv.

Whin

ciiIKmIi'iI.

'"1(1111 uliiiiii rtM'rivid.

Nut lire lit'
sliiiiiiirii.

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hti7X
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I iiliiiiiliiii UJM'i, I )ii'^ ..
( liiliivvv ink l.;il>i'. Oii'tf
l''iii t riii|ii|iij. Oni;
Siinjilitmto Hay. \V'a.'*i.-..
Sli(ial«.ilii Hav. < lii'i; • ■
(■■'aiM' ll.illiiv," Wa>li ..

M.iiil' i.y. Cai

.S.iii llii'mi. Cai

ili>

I'.i'iiiiia. ("al

.San l»i.'-i«. Cai

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II. I!. Miillliaiixi 11 ...
III'. ('. r>. i;. Ki'iiiK'ilv .
l»l. v.. VnlhiMi. r.S. .\.
1)1. ('. It. l:. Kniiii'ily .
Ki.'J. (i. t'iiii|M r

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Saiila 11.11 liaia. C.il

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I.ak.' TalMii'. < '.il ...

Vii .;iiiia I'il . , N.'V

l..iK,' TaliM.'.C.il

His ( 'liuli's Uiv.r, Oii'i.

.'^all Hi.';;'., r.il

Sliiisliiiiii' l,aki«

.Iiilv-, IS7.-1

.liih — , IKT.'i

|.«7ii

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Any.—, IKTll

A. S. 'I'iinIhi-

Ilr.r. 1/1,1' ('..111,.

I»i. rii..|iias Willi.

I)l..l. I.. I.I' ('..III.'

I»r. I'll. .mas Wi nl.

I.i.'iil. W. I'. Tidw liri(li;t',
r.S. .\.

,1 Xaiitii.s

II. W. Il.iisliaw

.... i!.i

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Ninlli.'i 11 1. iiiiiilaiy

( li.'jii.ii ...
Siiiialiiiiiiii li IV. Wa.Mli

I'.. 1 1 1. ii.ii. 1,1

I'm I U'.ill.i Walla, Wash.

Siiiiili I'.iiK. I '.•1..

Nun linn l..iiin.lar.\ . ..

I.iwii

K.'wakili Valli'V.

I'..il Wall.i Walla, Wanli

riali

('.mill I'.i.lw.ll. ("al

rplirl' lliiiiil.iil.il Vall.-y

Ci lll.n. It'll, .\ri/

Siiiialwati'i' liav, Wanli .

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I ml I'l |.. II, Cal

I'l.il ItiiiUi r, I'tali

I'>.iii.l. Sli.i.sta Ciiiiiitv,
Cd.

ilo

|K7.'<

William Si'.k.ls

II. W. Il.nsliaw

..II.

('. li.diinll

Or.'Jiiili.s

(')

.Iiinlaii

Dr. K. < 'iiiii'.s

II. W. Iliiisli.iw ..

('. li. K. K.ninily

.I.iliii Xaiilns

Caiil. Cliail.". K.inliiii ...

.I.T. Ki.lliii.. K

lir. K. Ciiiii'.s

U. K.'iiiiii'.itl

II. W. ll.iisliaH ...

(',i|it. Cliai II". I!.nilln' . . .

III. lie. Vaii.iw

II. W. Il.iisliaw

Iliil.iit l\'l.lu'«av

.1. M. Knll.r

Hr. ,1. (1. ( 'ii.i|»'r

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Du.

Dii.

-v3
\ ■"
I
\ i

i

1

272

lU'LLKTIN ;;i, I'MTKI) STATKS :^ATI(»NAL Ml'SKCM.

I (

Itl'I'O (OMI'AC TIMS \Vi.;,Mii.

Isis, !>:•:!. p. (iC.I ; r.-li'is, Moil. ISii-l. Af., iSilt, p. -:», mill 1^7:!, p. (;•.'!;
Itoiilfiii;.'!-, (,';if. M.itr. S;il. Krit Mum., p. ltd'.'.

/•'»/■» fijiiiiiiHiis (iinml, I'liiccrd. Ac. I'liila., \<i\. jt. -li. mikI l'. .•<. .Mrs. liuiiinl. Siii v. ti,

p. v'li, I'l. Id, li^'. .')-!(».
liiij'ii ininiiiiihix (iiiuxh., C.-il. I>:ilr. Sill. Itril. Mils., I»i;-, p. ,"i7.
Iliifii lififiiiif* liiMMiiirl, r.ull. Sue. I'liilciiii (7), r, p. 1-7.
lliiiiiKij)!! ilni" ini(iiiiiilii-< V;\]\\r\n\\i>, Alii. Xrr. Tor.. \l\'. p. '^"'v'.

Iloiitl iiioderati'; its upper .smraci' smootli iiiid even, t-lsc sliowin;;
sli;ili( (races or.supcrciliaiv ritl.ncs. Snout iiiiicli slioitcr tliaii Icii^itli oi'
orltit, sulitroncaifil aiitl nMiiidi'il ; no.stiil.s .siilttiTiiiinal. Moulli lari^c;
uppi'r Jaw .sli^litl.v ('i!iar;;iiiat«'<l. Toufiut' iiioi'i' widely oval tliaii ii.siial
ill tiie jieiiii.s: Hat ; lii't' po.sti'iiorly for llie foiii'tli of its Iciif'tli, A siih-
^iilai' vocal l)ladder in tlie male sex. Tyiiipaniiin distinct, of niedidni
size. I'arotoids oiieliaif lenfitli of e,v«!li.ssni(', rather siiiall, oval, not
reacliiiiiu (>rl>it. liiinlts of moderate development, end of tarsus reach
in;;' t.viiipaiiiim. I'irst lin;;'er niiich lon^^er than the .second, which is
eipial to the fourth. A lar;;e snhcinMilar carpal disk. Toes semipal-
mated, leavin;.; t wo and a half phalan^res of the fourth toe free. Two
metatarsal spade shaped proces.ses, the innermost Weinn miicli the
lar;j;est, both furnished with a l)laclv ciittin;^ (Mljic. Inner lower edy*' of
the tansiis acute, not incurved. SUiii aliovecovered with numerous and
(•losely placed papilhe of moderate development, and iiiili.>tinctly ;iic
olated beneath; no lar^c ^laiid on tiltia. i'olor above greenish brown,
with or without a few l»rown spots; no dorsal li^^liter villa or slreali.
iteneath ;;i'i'enish or yellowish white, nnicolor.

^VV^:^;

^ 7

Kij;. li.'i. Ullfii i-'iini^iirtili^. Nil '.'(lllh l!ill;;'.iiilil li.ll l:u Km, 'l'r\. , |.

,)/( ((M(/'( »/( »/i 11/ .\i(, ■Jti-7.

U

I.,cii;;tli of liciiil and Imily "7".'

!.iOli;;lli of licaii to piolrrinl iil'^cs iif :i;riiiliraMiliii l.\ iiipaiii dh;

Willi li 111' lioail a I iiiisiiTior ril;;is of iiiriiiliraiiiiiii I viiiiiaiii "-.M

I.,!' II ;; III ul' aiitcriiir liiiili riiiiii axilla d:;-

l<(ii;;lli of piislci iiii liiiili I'll nil ;r|-,,iii dtn;

].,cii!j;lli III' ti Ilia d-.'.'>

[.ii'iiijtli (if tarsus . dl.'i

I.i'ii"tli III' list 111' 1111)1 <'■■-'•■'>

ni

Tin; IJATRACHIA CV NOKTIf AMERICA.

273

I'Im^ above nu'asiu'oinontsof tlio postorior lo;? show tliat tlio grCtitor
part «)r tlio fomiir is eiuln'aocd in tin; iiit(';niiiin'iit of the body.

Thi.s toad iias vory much the appearamu* of one of the Scaphiopida',
and it i.s not unlikely that its habits are, like tlieirs, subterranean.

TIk^ specimen fif^ured as Bii/o .spcciosns by IJaird in the Uejjortof the
Alexiean boundary Survey (No. 1'<)11), frouj JVs(|iiiera, in Ntu^vo Leon
is not tyi»i(*al of the />. vDmpuctili.s. it has feeble traces of the crania
crests of the Hiifo nuinatus, and some lar;;o brown dorsal spots not found
in other specimens. Three spectimens from Kansas (.V.iDi) possess similar
iiidimeMtal crests, and a fifth specimen of the sanu^ character was sent
me from the Wichita River, in central northern Texas, by Jacob IJoll.
These specimens Ibreshadow the characrters of the liii/o viKjnatns; while
not aitproachin;,' it in the devcloinneiit of the cianial crests. In the
Dallas specimen the dorsal spots are of medium size, while in those
iVom Kansas they are vi'ry small or waMtin.n'. I suspect that the cranial
cliaracteis bi-loiii;- to a race whiiih ranines farther north than the true
liiifii coin ii((cl ills, which may at some time be ic^arded as a subspecies,
under the name of Jl, voiiiitdctili.s njuriosus. The true />'. comiKictilis
occurs ill southwestern Texas, and ranjjes as far south in 3iexico as
the Isilimiis (»f Teliuantei»cc.

Hiifii iiiiiiiinilitix AVic^^iii.
i;i:si;i;\K skiiiks.

<\ii.it..-ii. x.i.iii'!

Illlllllil'l H|l('l'. I

l.nr.lllIX

Wll.ri
nil.'. Ir<l.

r

■jti:>j
•-'»•,:, 1

•.'HI J

.'(iii'j

•.•nil

Jlilll

.•r,(i>
lil'.H
'JIJJT
I'.i'.M
l:>i>l

•J Iiiiliaiicil.i.ri'X

:'■ KlHIIlrlll

1 llllui'.ll Sal, I. In JiiMT

I anil ' 'aiiian.'ii.

:i I'l.iiil l>alii I

I l'..ii nil--, N. M.x

I I'l-ciiiii 1 i.i (ii.imli', N
I l.r.m.

I Hi.i« M-viiii'. 'I'l X

I Uiniiunl'l 11,11 IMrli.-i, Tix

1 I'.xas

I Malaiiiniiis, Mcxini

•-' Ivans, IS

I I'l 1 us llivir, Tfxus ...

l''iciiii \\ liiiiM II 1 ilvnl.

(;a|it. .Iiiliii I'n|ii', I'. S A .

Or, •riii.Mia-i Wilili

A.Sihntl

ti. W'lirili'iiiaiin

Or. S. W.Ciawloiil, V. S

A.
Liilil. I!, Cciiuli, r S. A.

Capt.Sliwait Van Vli.l,

I' S. A.
A.S.Iiuii

lirlil^i' 11. Srnililt

I.lrlll. It.Ciillill, r. S. A

U. KlIMlil oil

t ajil. •!. I'lijiii

NaliMi- uf

S|M(iM|C||.

Alriiliiilic.
Do
Do.

Do.
Do.

D.I.

I .

Do
')...
I III.
D.I.
Do.

•1!

n

v-i

i (

»

lUl'O IIF.MlOl'IIIOS CoiM..
I'rocccil. Aiii.'i. l'liilii.--.i|ili. .S.ii'. I-^-T, \>. .'il.'i.

Superciliary crests not disliiict on the mii//le, parallel, iie;iriy straight,
tcniiiiialiii,u' abruptly posteriorly in a traiisveiseelevatioii. The latter
iiiict on a middle lb; , form in,:; a transverse ridi^e, with an abrupt destu'ut
to the nape. lOxternally they extend but a short distance, leaviiijjf no
r 'presentations of the postorltital ridges c.vccot a few ''licrclcs in one
or two of the specimens, .\ small • 'ii>ra1y!iipaiiic tnlierosity. Xo pre-
orbital I idnc Mn//.le \ eilical at end; nostrils t(i'miiial. .Membraniim
tympani a vertical o\al. two thirds the diameter of the eye. Farotoid

it»;;i_r,uii ui — bs

VM

T^

274 iJi'Mj-riN ;ii, hnitim) statkh nationai. mcskum.

•jliiiid II iiiinow oval. Dermal tiiltcrcU's distiii.miislnMl l»y tlioir sni.ill
size aii<l iniMiiiiu'iicc. Tlicy loriii several rows on the l>aek and exter-
nal I'aee of the til>ia. At all other points the skin is closely ari'olated,
the areola- lre<ineiitly acuitely proininent, especially on tiie snperictr
face of the til>ia and on the sides. The heel ol the extended hind le^
reaches to tlie postciior bolder of the orltit. Thepostei ior loot is wider
than ill the //. Icntiijlini.stis, tlioiij;li not relatively shorter. Tlu^ web is
e\<!avated to the line of the middle oftlie t'onrth (llrst) plialanj,'e. The
metatarsal tubercles are especially larj;e. The internal is Vi'iy wideand
pntiiiiiH'iit, and has an exti'iisive acnti^ <'<line; the external is miirh
smalh'i', bat il also has a free ciittin;; ed;;«' transverse to the leii;;th of
till! tarsus. The len.uth oftlie head to the position of the postorbifal
crests ciit» IS the total (to the vent) four and a half times.

The color is brown, marked on the back with a median yelh»wisli
line, and twoor threi; rows of brown spots of median size on each side
of it. These spots have one or two tnbeicles for their center iiicces,
which are more reddish than the rest of the spot. There are two brown
spots t)ii the upper lip and one l>elow the tym|»aniim. .\ lar;;'e spot ex-
tends lioiM Itelow the parotoid j;Iaiid to iieartlu! front of the hnmeriis.
Posterior to this, with a li:,dit interval, there extends a loii;,Mtiidiiial
deep brown baml, wliii-h extends, with iiiterrni)lioiis, to tliej;roiii. I5e
low tills on the sides areothei'dark brown bands, whit'Ii forma nnne or
less rclicniate pattern. The limbs and postei'ior feet have dark brown
crossliaiids, and tlieu' is a very coarst! «lark brown icticiilatioii ot'
brown or brownish yellow on the posterior I'uva' of the feninr. The belly
i.s mor(! or less black siiolttd; tlii'(»at iiiiiiia(;nlate.

Fli. <iti. f.iihiliiiiiiiiiiUfiiii. Nil. ll'.rjV Niirlliriii Miiiilaiia : [,

Ml il^ilii nil iil'< oj .\ii. li'.l,'".

it.

I.<'li;;lli ((!' linid Mini ImhIv (I.V.I

l,fii;;lli 111' In ad III iiosli'iior ('il;^(i III" iiii'inliiaiiiiiii I.Miipaiii dl.'i

Willi II dl' li'Mil at |"p.sliiiiir rilL;i'.i ul' iiiiiMUiaiiiiiii l_\ iii|i:iiii (I'j:t

l.i'ii;;! li III aiili'i ior limli (Ktl

l.iii;^lli III' aiitiiiiir I'liiil 01 1

i.iimth III' iiii^li'iiiii' liiiil) ml,"',

l-(iij;ili III' liiiia •••.'i»

l.cii'^lli III" laisiis iijii

I,"' ml; ill III' lr>| 111' I'.iui , , U'.Ti

■*ll^-

t

TIIK UATKACIIIA or NulM'll A.MKl.lv A.

I'Tf)

■ri

^

lM'si<U\s llu* pcniliiiiilics ul' tlic lu ad crests and iiictatai'sal shovels,
this species dilil'eis tVoiii most ol' tliu iither North Aiiiericau species in
having' th(^ belly spotted.

No. ir.'LJT; 7 speciiiu'iis; northern bonndary United States, .Mon-
tana; 1.S71 ; Dr. 10. Cones.

Of the above specimens Ibni' are adult or nearly so, and three are
hair ,i;ro\vn.

lU'l'O COC.VATIS S;iy.

liOii^'s l'',\)ii-iliti<iii III till' li'orkv Moiiiiiaiii.s, II. !>''.':!, p. I'.iii; llullir,
N. A. Ilii|... \ . I'l-.', -i. ..'I. I'l. \. : l!ii., iV <;iiil., Miirr.v's l;i|M.ii,
I-."i;:, |i. -M-.'. I'l. II; l.'.'iiuil f.S. i'ar. I.'. KV Sm \ ., .\, Wliiitpji'.',

ll'lpDI I, |l. 1 1. I'l. \\\ I.

//H/if (///)/(7'/i(i.N Ciipr, .\iiH'i iiMii Natiiiali-*!, Mil, p. HIT: l!iiiili'iij;rr, ( at. liiil.
Mm-*., l-^','. p. :'.(i-.

Head short, one liHli the total, measured over the dorsal convexity ;
wide, and with mii/,/le descendin;:; sli'cply. 'I'lie descent commences
between the anlerioi' part of the orbits, sloping;' to op|iosit«' ihe narcs,
behiw which it rcticats a little within the pcipciidiciilar to (he iippei'
lip. Tiie entire prclroiital i(';;ion toa point whicii iiieaMU'cs t he aiite-
lior thiitl oT Ihe orbit |>roJecis as a Mat Itoss or protnberaMce. The
siipci'ciliary rid;;'es of the frontoparietal bones ori;iiiiate iVom tlicposte.
riorsideof this, and divcr/^c iai)idly, passing b.\ a lejriilar curve or a
\('iy (tpeii aii>;le into tiie postl'iontal rid;;e. At the jioiiit (d junction
there is on the inner side an angular tnlici(tsity, which lepreseiits the
coiitimiation of the superciliary rid^c. There is no disj>ositi<m t(» the
connection of these an;"les across the niiiitllc line or tin' lillin^iiip of the
incliidcil groove, as is seen in /»'. Iiiiii'mjilnjis. /.'. Icnliiiinnsiis iiDDillntH.si,
eir. The pretuiilal i)uss loiiiis aiiciex atioii aloii^ I lie fioiit of the orbit,
but not a <iistincl ciol. Siipiatvinpaiiic crest rcpicseiitctliiy an an>ilc
only. Meinbiannin lyiiipaiii a \i-rliral o\al, <piilc distinct, its lonv
<lia meter one half that of I he oibil, suinctiiiies one I hi id. (>w in.u to tli<
clr\'ated fiiriii of Ihe iiiii/./.le, the nosliil iiiaiksa point iialf way lietwi'cn
its sniiimit and the ed^^c of the upper lip. and the eye-lissnre runs ob-
lii|in'l\ downwards and lorwards.

The jiarotoid glands are short and wide, ^icneially a short oval in
form, at other times siilitria nj;'iilar. The dorsal inlt^iimciit is cincicd
w ilh very numeioiis <'li>sely placed small tniicii'les. w liich contiiiiu', with
diminished dimensions, on the sides and lower suil'ae«'S everywh»'re.
No laijj;*' glands intermixed. I'iisi linjici' a little loii.mi than second.
Toes wt'bbcd, the web reachilii;' Ihe middle of the foiiith (first) pha-
lan;;e. .Sole wide, width at secoml toe inclusive, one half of lcii;;lh
from betuteii melataisal tubercles. The latter are lar^ic, tin' infernal
cxleiisiv I'ly fice and preseiil in;^ a wide ciil I iiii;- eil^e. The evlernal is
larger Ihan nsiial and w ide, w ilh a free <"iiltiii.u cd^e. Tiie siii»,iiticiilar
tubercles are small. On llie foiirlh toe thcv are stmietimes doiiide.

^^■k:

y

■ ^^

\

Ur^

27(j lULLKTlN :il, IMIKI) SIAIKS NATIONAL MllJSElJM.

Maixiilt nil III-' (1/ .\o. lir>7H,

.1/.

Lci.Klli of lnii«l ami liiidy (t-l

l.i'iijilli <>l hc.-iil (<» |Histrii(ii- cd-ii's til' Iviiiiniiia i>l-i

Widlh (il mail to iiipslciitir r(l;;is iif l\Mi|iiiiia (i:W

I,. li;;lli 1.1' Ion- 1.;; HI I

Ltli;;lli (if (oir-l'iiiil 0\»1

I. I'll;;! h of III ml t'lMil I'niiii ;{iiiiii (I'.tl

l.i'ii-ilh 111" (iliia OltO

l.iMulli 111 laisiis ic,>(l

l-i li;;lll 111 ivsl III' rniil (CM

The alinvc iiKMsiiU'iiK'iits of llic liiii*! loot hsivc niily 1»>""". Utv tlui
rctiiiir, iiK'iisiircd I'loiii tlic ;;r()iii. This is due to tlic I'iu^t thai that s«>;;-
iiu'iit is almost ciitirclv iiichidcd in the ititfi^miM'iil of tlic body, anil
iiiiK'li iiioic ('xtcnsiscly than in any nlhcr North Aiiii'i icaii spn-irs. Thr
tai'soiiu'tatarsal .joint rrachcs to the oi iiit when Hit' hind Ic^ is i'.\lc'lid«:d.

<■■•;' — <''Wr "' '."-O

n- ,\ 1 \0 ' v/r.- •,•;''- o.

'1', 1 I ^^~"— — -—l" ''::'(■*'

I I

flf

Tin. 07. tlii/ii ff;iiiiiliiii. I'liiiii ll.iinl, r S. Mi\. MmiiihIm v Siiivr\ ,

The liody is dusky lirowii aitoNc. and is coxcrcd with stiiall hlack
warts, uhicli arc must miiiicrons and inominciit ncai' liu' sides. A
y('lh)wisli lirowii \('rtcl»ial line i-xtciids iVoni llic head to the iiiiiip, tVoni
wliicli proceed ol)li(iuc lateral lines of | lie same color. The tirst oblitpn)
lateral line l)e<;iiisat the head and runs to tin; sid4> licliiiid the shoiildet-;
Hie second lie;;iiis near the middh' oC the hack ity two lnanches, wliicli
soon iiniieaiid run tolhe;;roiu; a lliird line licyins still lai tlier back,
and e.\leiids to the lii|)s.

Till! ab(U)ineii is diiiiiN Ncllowisii while. TI.e aiitt-rior e.xt remit ies aro

W

i.

w

C-

TIIK IIATIJACIIIA or NdlM'II AMKKICA.

277

diisk.N Imowii iiliovc and tlin^'.s wliiU' Itrlow. Tlir po.slt'iitir rxlicmirM's
iin- coloiril, like llic back altovr, willi bars of .vrllow isli brow ii, anil arc
tliiifj.v white below.

Alter a study of tlie numerous specinuMis in tlie <'olIc(;tiou of tlic Na-
tional Musenui, I am convinced that this spe('ies is entitled to lull lecoi;'
nil ion. The dilVciences from the /.'. hiitlijiiinsus, its nearest ally, are
innncroiis. These inclinle the form of the cranial crests, the shape of the
paidloid <,'lands, and the develoi>ment of the metatarsal spurs. It is also
easily recojunizabh^ by the coloiation.

What I l>ehev»' to be a lar;;e younjjf sjieciinen of this species served
as th(> type of my />'///<« diptrrnus. AlthoUKh i\n inch ami a half lon<r,
this individual had not developed a trace of the cranial crests. The
dorsal spots also are smaller than in any specimen I have seen. I ob-
taiiieil two other specimens of about th(^ size of the type and three
smaller ones near the .Indith K'iver. Montana.

This is chielly a species of the i)laius; but it extends into the li0(d<y
Mountains also.

I'lifi) iiifimiliis Say.
i:i:si;i;vi'. si;i!ii:s.

('al.llouilr

llllllllll 1.

4Ih:i
4:uHi
a.0.1

2IKI.'>

•rifl"

M:it
'i'liti

85(17
4(l.>6

0I2II
UI.'K

017(1

•11 so
li:.7>
iii.'id

\ I

spec.

I.IXMlil V.

Wln'ii
ntilrrtcti.

I'liim « liiiin li'crivi'il.

Nat me (>r
^lll'l•ilm'n.

CoIhi.iiIo U

Mollliaiisin Alriilidlic

Or W.M. V y

M

I'dir ('tvrk, AiK Fuly 11, ls:.7 W.S. W.whI

IJc.l l:iv. I, Aik .■ Cain, l; r... Many

l''iii( I'iiiii'. Nclir Or. Ilvaiis .

Sail IMaiMt I.II.I'laik

Knil Itili'V. Kalis Ul. W. .\ Ilaiiiiiiciiiil, r

S. A .

Kansas . ...

U llrlllliriilt

i.ii 111. r.. Ciiiiiii, r S. A . .

Dt. I'. \' MmmI. II .

1 'iKiliiiil 1. Mcxirii

s.111,1 Hills

l.s.-,:!

I'm 1 llailaiiil. 1 'nlo

Nrliiaska

I'oit liailaiiil.Cnl.i

Jiilv 'j:!, I.st:i

II. W. Il.nsliaw

( 'a|i(. .r. 11. si.ii|isiiii, r. s.

Mull' llliK' Klvi'i, Kails

I>l..l.(i ('lli>|ll'l'

II.llsliill. .\l 1/

NiMi I 'hImi ailn j.'ivcr

i)r.(' (;. Nrwlicn-v

iin :

W.S. W 1

I^T7

Alroliiilir.

Do.

I I.I

Dm

Ho.

Do.
I)i>.
D.I.
II. >
Do

Do.
Do.
D...
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.

r.llO LKM KilNO.^rs Sliaw.

Znnlo-y, l-i'l!. 111. 1. \>. IT:'., tiili. I. Ill: (iiiiitli. Cat. li.itr. S.il. I'liil. MiiH.,
l-^fi-, p. »i'.!: ('ii|if Clicck List ll.iii'. |,'r|)i. N. Am. l-7.'i, |t. '.".», iiar((>
inaj.: riiiiilriio,.|-. •,>,! i,].. Ciiial. It.itr. Sal. liiiK Miis.,1— 'J, ii. ;!(!-*.

<'raninm with distinct os.seous crests, ',vhi(;h form straij-ht lines, (»ne
over each orltit, which is continued jtoslerior to it for a short distance.
A postorbilal cre.sl extends at rij;ht aiijjies to the supiaorbila!. and pre-
sents an obtii.se allele or a short iid;;'e posteriorly at the siiix'ii .(order
of the tympanic disk. No considi>ral»le crest directed inwards bom tlie

!1

l

■i!

I r

til

i

n

8

11

if

w^

1

J 27X m'LLKTiN ;)i. r\iTi;i> statks nationai, miiskkm

rxlrcniiiy <»rilH' sii|»iintil»il;il. T.\ nipaiiic <lisli disliiict ; \ filirall.v oval
in ronii; its liiiiji; (liaiiu-lrr Iwotliiitls tli;it ul tlic oiliil. i'.iioloiil ^^laiul
i'loii;;iit(', Willi (»\;il rxticiiiilics; not aii.unliilt' nor (IcscciKliii;^ on lln*
sitlcs of lilt' ImmI.v. Dorsal dciiii stiidilcd willi lallicr small round warts.
Smlan's of limbs and lower pails cvci \ \\ lu'ic siioii;;l_v ;;iaiinlar. l''irsl,
liiiKt'i' :i little lon;;er than s(u;ond. Toes weldted, tlie meinltrane eiiiai'ni-

me e(»l(lhlo()(le(l vertehrates (
several slroii>ily marked <;eo^fra|diieal siihspeeies wliieli have lieeii le-
.uarded as species. That the latter view can not he niaiiitaineil is <'vi-
dent IVoni the exist<Miee of a small minority of individuals in wliieh the
featiii'es of the resjieetive types are tniiinl to Ite wanting; or miiiLileil,
The peisisteiiee of these forms is. however, so evident, that tlies should
take distinct rank in our system. Their detiiiitions aic as follows:

Frontopjirii'lal iTi'sts :iii|ii<i\iiii,iiril, |i:ir,illii, iidI ini'diiriMl : |iii>i(iiliii;il cn-i- Idmi,' ;

nil Mi|iiat.viMiijiMic (ivnI : IkmiI | in I.:, liim.s Jn |rii;,'lli .'■'. /. l.-uUri.

l-'niiit(>|i:iiiclal irois jciiall.'l. m.i well ili>l iiiL;iii,>lM il |>iisli lioily on aridiini iCllic

aliriipt clcvalioii III' tlic iMii|iiil ; |)i.>l()iliilal> Inn;; ; no sii)tial vni|»aiiir ; luaij I..'.

t" •"> I i nil's /;. /. irnodlinllsli.

l'r(Hit(>|iariclal nrsts ilivi'r;;.'iil. iml nimli inoilm ril, ami wril ili>l inuniNlii d In liinil :
|>i)sti)rliiials sliDit: .sii|iial\ ni|iaiiii- wauling m -liml : luatl I li> I.'. Iiimin m

'''"K' n /.'./. (I nil ril illiin:.

Fn.nliiliaiiiial ni'sls (livir;,riii|, ptiKlnrril intn aKimli 'ii'liinii tlic .sIkhI iupsIdi iiilals ;
Hii)iial.\ 111 panic w ril ili'\ ilopnl : hrail :!..'» to I liiiii's in liiii;!!! . . . /.'. '. /. ///i'/Moisi/s.

The /;, /. (ihicriciiiiii.sis the cent lal form from which the olhers radiate.
The />'. /. Iciitiiiiiiosiis, as Ihe characteristic type of the Aiist roriparian
rej^ioii, has ehaiaeters ni(»st divei';;ent IVmiii (lie others. The peculiar
form /,'. I. Jhirlrri of Ihe Norlheasl is coiiliecled with the olliei types hy
tho n. I. iroixllHHisii (>[ \\\i' L'ocky .Moiiiitains. Thr l.iller is ihf most
dillicnlt to separate IVoni Hi,, eastern ,'.'. /. niiirrindiiis, thoii-h its lyp-
ieal represent ;iiives are (piiie iljstiiicl.

1-

c

i:

c

riiF, iiATRAf'iiiA or Noirnr amkimca. 270

ISii/'o Inilij/inosiis Jnirlcri l*iitii:iiii.
MSS., ('(ipc, Cliuck l.inl N. Aiiici. Iliilr. iiml U'i'|ilil. Ih;,'., |.. •,>:». (iiiimc only).

This iiiiiiiiiil, like tlu' /»'. /. irnntlhoiisri, is (listiii^iiiislicd h.v the liiadiial
iitxl st('(>|> ch'Viil ion of its rniiiial tresis iiinl hiek dI' sii|iiMt,\ iiipanie
ri(1;;o. It (lilVers IVoni it in thea|tpi'o\iiiiatit>ii anil posleiior einilltienec
ol'llu'so ri(l;;(>s, the ;;reat«'i' breadth (if the parotoids, and in (■(iloration.
Snpianrltital iid;,M's elt'vated, fisiiif; posteiinrly close tofietlier. paridiel
or (■onvei';.;i'nl behind, inelosin;; a IVontoparietal ;;iilter; postorltllal
rid;;es <'tiive<l hacknard; no |Kii'ietal tubercle, but a cross lidyeornie
dian elevation; no supiatynipanic, rjd;;e. Caiithus rostialis Vi-ry ob-
tuse, aiHMitral ;,M'ooveon topol'inu/,/-le ; preniaxillary niai';iin reliealinH;.
A pi'eoibital rid;;(^; supnioibitals lii;;h, thin, siunetinies diver^^cnt a
liltlc! ill the middle; then eonvei-o'eiit a;;ain, prolon^'cd a little l)e,vond
postoibital, and 'connected by a lower traiisveisc ri(lj;e. Postoibital
curved backwards to meet the parotoid ; latter eh)n;;ate()val, as Ion;;
as vertical ;;roove to nares. Nostrils etiuidistant tVoin eye slit and la-
bial margin ; hitter iiowher(> produced. Tympanum distinct, half orliit.
Muzzle to middle of e.\t«'iided lore-arm; heel beyond muzzle; meta-
tarsal .shovel strong', narrow; outer tubercle minute. Toes hull' webbed,
width ol' soloat Kccond tooonethird leii;;th IVom outertubercle. Clioana'
andostiaphaiyn^eae(iual. Color grayish (»live, somelimes(|uile l»ri;;ht,
with a yellowish vertebral lim^ from the end of the muzzle. Six spots of
six pairson each side of this; two pairs superciliary, oneiiiK lial and three
dorsal, all elon^'ate, deep brown, yellow mai<;iiied. Three fidiii orliit ;
one below, two bidiiud, tlu' superior abovi^ tympanum, deep brown, yel-
low ed^ed. Melow, dirty wliitt?; throat of male in sprin;^' Idack ; sides
iiehind and femora marbled with yellow on blackish i^rrouiid. licn^th
of head to postorbital cresi 4j| in total leii^jth ; latter e(|ual L' iiuthes (I
lines. I'Jevatioii of cranium (».7 lilies. Fore limb 1 inch S lines; hind
limb :\ inches ') lines, femur half included.

This subspecit's is so far known only as a native of a lew ixuids in
northeastern Massachusetts near the town of Danvers. Such a limited
distribution for a land vertebrate is remarkable, as is als(» the fact of
its having so loti^' remained without introduction to science. It has
been known and noticed by .scientilic men of the neinhborlnxtd, it sei'ins,
for twenty years. 1 aitpend a letter of its only historian, S. P. Fowler,
to my friend F. \V. Putnam, who.se name the latter has«'onferred on it.

Ainonjjf eighteen si)ecimeiis of this subspecies forwarded to me by
the lOssex Institute of Salem, one female exhibits witlely .separated sii-
l>erciliary rid^res; in a iiiiieteeiith, from New Harmony, Iiid., the rid;;('s
are a little more dii"<'ro;cMit and less aseendin^i, with scarce a trace of
the median supra|>arietal elevati<ui. A specimen of the var. America-
nils from Nebraska approximates sulliciently closely to the last sjjeci
men to indicates that the l-'owleri can not be regarded as under all .cir-
cumstances .separate or be accorded full specilli; rank.

r

s-

I

't

' . I

IMAGE EVALUATION
TEST TARGET (MT-3)

1.0

If 1^ 1^

£ US 1^ 1122

I.I

^ U£ 12.0

i^

1.25

IM-^ III 1-6

^

V

w

^1?-^

^:^*'

>

.**

Photographic

Sciences

Corporation

23 WEST I^AAIN STREET

WEBSTER, N.Y. MSSO

^716) •72-4503

•^

\

iV

\\

4

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p

s

280 JUILLKTIN :!l, TNITKl) STATKS NATIOXAL MIISKUM.

linj'o Unliijlnosnx fowhri riitiiaiii.
lUCSKUVK SKIUES.

CiitnlniiuK
iiiiniliiT.

lOKHt'i

No. of

!<]1CC.

Looaliti".

1 I Daiivcis. Muss ,

1 •• (Ill ,

1 do

Wlirn
roUt^i'lfil.

From wliom rcrcivcil.

Xiiluro nl
Hlli'lMllirn.

I'rof. K. \V. I'littmiii ' Al.oliolic.

do l»o.

do Do.

Fli;. (1^. Ihifi, litiliiilnniius /(nihil, VnU\. lOSSS. Daiivrrs, Mass.: ].

IMr. »S, P. Fowior, of Danvors, Mass., after wlioin tliisintcrcsdiiii- toad
was iianu'd, iiiakos tlie Collowiuj;" .statcaient in rejianl to tlic lialtits oC
/». UiitiginofiusfoH'lcri, iiialctter to I'rof. F. W. Putnam, who has kindly
alh)\vod nic to inst c the following extra(!t from it:

"In rofi'ard to its hahits I wouhl say 1 have never been abh' as yet to
discover it excei»t in warm summer evenings when the thermometer is
not below (K)'^, In cool evenings they arc not to be seen at all and are.
Iterfeetly silent. When lirst observed in the cKrli/ part of the evening
they may be seen making their way through the grass and over the
grounds adjacent to the pond, and when it is reacluHJ, which is usually
about dark, they commence their singular note, which the laU^ Dr.
Kichols thought was amatory, and which he described as a shrill mon-
otone, continued a secoiul or more in a high falsetto voice, thrice as
long and more trilling thi;!i the voice of Pickering's Hyla, I agree
with I)i. Nichols in regard to the croak of this toad, excepting the trill,
there being no trill to this reptile's note, such as we notice in the common
toad, frciiuently long contiinuMl, and which seems to mark this species.
J would here say I have heard the note of one loaf' in the grass some
distance from the pond. To my ear this cioak is a sharp, disagreeable,
uneav'thly Hcrecich. dillicult to describe, as it is uidike any sound I hav(^
ever heard uttered. I have heard people who live near this pond (.Fudge
Putinim's) say that Ihey thought it resembled in a warm siMumer's night
(when they are most active and numerous) the whoop of a i)arty of
Indians, and that they have heard their screeching <luring the whoh^
night. That their note is amatory I have at present some <loubt, as il
is continued through the warm season of the year. 1 first noticted these
toads the pi-esent season at Judg(! Putnam's pond, in tlu' evening of
LJUth of May, when I took several of them. 1 have not as yet been able

^

TFIl'] ISATRACIll/. OF NORTH AMKHIf'A.

281

;^-'i

(»» liiid wliat I (!OIl^sitlcl• (Ikmi- spiiwii, nor liavu I seoii any copulation
ainoiii; these toads, so often noticed anion^" tiie common species. 1 have
seen them in tliis pond as late in the season as the last of August.
Tliere are several ponds in the vicinity of the .jud<;e's pond, but they
are not visited by these toads, but I have seen them in small numbers
inclayi)its. I have a pond in my grounds that swarms in May with
the common to.id, but is never visited by the one under consideration.
1 have not noticed the common toad around this pond, but I now intend
to make a search for it. In answer to your <iuestion, ' What length of
time have thesis toads been observed in this i)ond?' I would say I have
noticed them in this pond thirty-five years. In regard to their food, 1
think it is dill'erent from that of the common toad, as they will not eat
earth-worms, but feed readily upon Hies. This habit I have noticed, as
well as my Itrother Augustus, ho having ke|»t them for some months for
<he purpr)se, of painting them, and who has furnished me with several
figures of this reptile in diilerent attitudes. I have noti(!ed when these
toads are held in the hand they make a chirping noise, and when a
dozen or moi'c are (ronfined together they make considerable noise.
Terhaps the same may be noticed in thc(!ommon toad during the breed-
ing season. It is very singular that those I sent you were all iiudes ;
they were all croakers, that is certain, for by their note 1 was led to
know wlicre to take them in the dark. I have always been pu/zled to
know why these toads visit this ]tond during the whole warm season.
So far as I have l)een able to judge it is for the sole purpose of croak-
ing, for they do nothing else, or to wet their skins. The common
toad is found everywhere, and breeds in all the still and (luiet waters
in the countiy, whereas this supposed new specties is discovered in a
very lew ponds, and is comparatively scarce. I have thought that
tiiis toad was of a more spare hattit, if 1 may so speak — not so heavy or
corpulent as the common toad, more active, as nnich so as tlu; frog, and
full as dillicult to eatcOi. 1 think then^ is more nuifoiinily of si/e and
color than we see in the (!omnion toads. I do not recollect in thi^ great
numlxMs I ha\e examined to have seen a small one or i)ne dilVcring in
color from another. Tiie dillereiice in size and (iolor is very great
amongst oui- common toads. I have said in the vicinity i»f this ixtnd I
have iVetpieiitly liear<l their note sonie distan(!e from the water at the
same timi' others were croaking in the ])ond. 1 have never observed
this anywheii^ else in my walks in the evening."

i^M

I I

h .

L

IliiJ'o lentifiinosHS woodhoiist'i 15. & (1.

/;»/<( iiiiiiill,i)iisiH;\v:H,\. I'rococd. Ac. I'liiln., ls"il, Sil; Jiainl, I'. S. Piir. IMi. l?('pts.

|.. 11, I'l. \xv, lij;. 1.
Iliifo/rniilii lis ('iipc, I'mcoeil. Ac, I'liila., ISCiii, )>. I'.ill ; IJcpt. I'.xpl. 1'. S. Smv. W. of
Kill MiT., (jl. M. Wlicclcr, 1877, v, p. iVJO, r>>7.
This suhspecies may be readily distinguished by its short head with
thickened crests elevated j»osteriorly. It readies a. larger size timii
eithei' u\' the other sul»species of tlie linfi) Icuiiiiiiinmis.

I ft

''. if

^

2.S2 nrLLirriN :u, iinitkd states national miskiim.

Tlio (siiitliiis losliiili.s not iiiiirkcd, the mnzzh' (lesct'iidiii^- very steeply
from the anterior iin^lcs of the orbits, sliorler than tln^ elevnted perpen-
(licuhir extremity. Frontal ridges thickened, frecpiei.tly jmrtially iillin<'-
the median groove, higher than eyelids, and rising steeply backwards,
where they terminate in two short convergent tuberosities, with inte
rior crenations. Occiput generally raised above the nape; postocular
ridge e<pially developed, sending a small angle to the anterior aeumi
nate extremity of the ])arotoids. Elevation of cranium at parietal tuber-
cle equal to length of same from the same point. Eyes large; tympa-
num distinct; half eye; parotoid narrow, long,acuminate at both ends.
Elbow to anterior margin of orbit ; heel to end of muzzle. Skin every-
where with numerous small tubercles ; soles rough; toes half webbed,
as in the other subspecies. The internal metatarsal tubeicle is dis-
tincitly larger, /. c, wider, than in the other subsjx'cies, almost ecpialing
that of the II. vognatim. The external tuber<!le is also larger than in
the other forms, but it never posset^^ses a free cutting edge as it does in
the />'. coipKitus. T!ie relative shortness of the head is expressed by the
measurenuMit, one-tilth the length (f the head an«l body. This (-harac-
ter is, however, not constant. Thus in the typical si)e('imens of the spe-
cies (No. 2032, Canadian River) the head enters t.GfJ times into the length.
The same is true of Nos. 14.'">2G a.jd 10195. In Nos. 4185 and 2(!t(> the
head enters the length 4.5 times. In young si)ecimens, as is usual, the
s;:ecific characters are not well marked, and the head is one-foiiith the
length. This peculiarity is retained in a specimen, (No. 14,5.{S) from
Saint Thomas, Nev., which is 3 inches in length. An excei)tional state
of affairs is seen in two large specimens (No. 2(;.JI) from tlui head of the
Loup F"'ork liiver, Nebraska. The head is one lifth thc^ total length,
and the supraorbital crests are parallel, as in typi<;al specinu^ns; but
the crests are well separated by a deep gutter behind, whose bottom is
not raised above the nape in the usual manner.

Brown above, with pale vertebral line and three pairs of deep-brown
medium-sized si)ots, with paler centers. Sides and lii)s witii small
brown spots. Femur and tibia with one iiulistin(!t brown crossbar
each. r>elow uuilbrm yellow. The thoracic region is sometimes black
speckled.

This is tlie lloclcy Mountain species, as />. cixjnafus is the si)ecies of
the plains. Its range does not appear to extend beyond the boundaries
of the United States. Its transition to the It. I. amcricanns is easily
perceived in seven specimens collected at Pike's Peak by John Yarrow.
One of these is a true li. L woodhousei, while the other six vau not be
separated from the B. I. amcriatnus. Dr. Ilallowell described a toad
under the name of Ji. (hr.saUs in S'tgreaves' report on the expedition to
Ziini and the Colorado liiver, p. 142, IM. !!>. There is nothing in the de-
S(;ription nor in the tlgure to enable ns to ascertain what species or sub-
si>ecies is represented. The evidence is as much in favor of the speci-
men having been a H. I. amrrii'<i)ins as a />. /. woodhoiiHci,, and no lo-

^^^

THE BATRACIIIA 01' NORTH AMERICA,

283

^^

liiilif.v is j^ivcii to assist in voacliinj'- a ('onclnsion. Tlie (ypc spocimtMi
can not ho round. The name />.>V«H/<).s'«.s'Copt^ applies tolliissi)eeie.s; a
(Inplication which resulted from the fact that the original specimen is
iiair grown and not typical of the species, and that the original descrip-
tion does not allude to its true characters.

7

Flii. (iO. liiii'n liiili'jiiinmin vmiiihiiiixi-i. From Uaiid. T. S. ^Irx. Bonml. Survey; }.

MaimtrciiH'uts of Xo. ovJKi.

ST.

Emo-tli nriicud luid li.Hly O'.W

Wiiltli (if iicad at iiosicrior fdi^cH of mciiiliraismii tyiii|)aiii (•:?'>

l,('iiij;Hi of head to |iostrri()r I'dfjjcs of iiii'iiiltiaiiiMii tyiii|iaiii O'iO

Li'ii^tli of fore liiiili ()r)4

Lcii^rlli of fore-foot O'J:!

Li'nj;tli of liind liiiili to jfroiii l(i;>

Lci.,i;lli of tilii.i (W7

L('n;;tli of larsiis 0!2:$

L(!ii<i;tb of icuiiiiiulcr of foot •i..«.»<...it..ii.>><..*«i..ti>tf«t '040

X

2.S4 lUJLLF.TIN ;il, UNITKD KTATE^ XATIONAL MUSKUM.

Hull) Iniliiiiiiiisiin iVKinlhoitsii I'xl. iV (Jiiil.

CiitnloKUi'

No. of

imnilicr.

HIH'C.

1

8504

8085

,'1

8161

')

850S

2

8548

1

8186

3

60l«

1

027K

2

07 111

1

loiur,

1

2535

2

41H5

1

52 C)

3

41!t->

1

25;! 1

1

2(!l«

1

2(132

1

K'l)?

1

I4r,2(!

1

MWH

1

2t);)I

o

7012

1

4184

o

'>-,.-,0

'»

1,01'iility.

(!iil(>rn to S|iiin};s, ("olo .

lOaslt'iTi I'lali

Kaiiliild, Ulali

Ciiiiii> Apaclits Ariz ....

lid

Utah ....

Kansas.

Wliiii
cuIIcc'IchI.

l-'iom wliniii loccivi'il.

I NalunM.I'
spi'iMincn.

Jiilv — , 1874 !

1H72 '

1S71 ]

Aug. -, lf7;i

All),'.-, l>74l

1K72

.Tolin Van ()»•

Dr. JI.C. Yarrow

.. do ...

II. W. lU'ii.sliaw

J.M. Ktitti'r

Kxpeil. W. of lOOth Mcr...

Yclldwsloni' Uivor

?s'i\v Mcxiro

Wliitr Itivcr Ca fioii ,

Ariz.

YcllDwstonoUivor

I'c.itDcllaiicc, X. Mi'X..
L'aiitoiirniiit r)iir';\vvii,

N. Mi'X.

I'latl.' Valley

Calil. McmiilaiiisMi'xico

Ni'ar Aiili'lopo 1 1 ills

Canailiaii Kivcr

Ni'w iloxico

FortCiistcr, Mont

Saint Tlinnia,'*, X(!V

S«aiii]i.>< ou Loup Fork,
Nclir.

Atlialiasca Kivcr

Tlplicr (lolorailii rrnion .
Fort Laraiiiii', Ni'iir

Sept. 10, 18V3

187')

H. "\V. Ill ii.sliaw
Dr. Burr

Dr. Ilavilon

II. ». .^lolllla^l,sl'Il

('aptaiii .Viuli'i.-toii

—,1885

Dr C. Dioxlcr

Dr. S. W. Wooillioiisi"

II. I!. MolUiaiisiii

ilo

Dr.O. I.ocw ..

Capt. Charles Hfiiiliri', V.
S.A.

Dr. K. I'alimr

]>r.IIavilrn

K. KiMiniiiitt

II. li. .MoUliaiisiii ....
F. W. lla.viUMi

Alroholir.
Do.
Do.
J)o.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.

Do.
Do.
Do.

Do.
Do.

Do.
Air. typo.
Ahoholii'.

Do.

Do.
i)o.

Do.
Do.
Do.

liufo JcntiginosHs aniericaniis Lee*

Copo, Check-List N. Aiiirr. l?;ilr, and Kcptil., IH/.'i, p. \i[); ]$(iiili'iir;(>r,
Ciital. Batr. Sal. Hrit. Miih., 188>>, p. :«)<», i\'^.

Hiifd (iiiicriciiini.-^ (Lecoiitc) Ilollir., N. A. llorp. v, v. IM. 4: Diiin. A- ISihr., i>. (ill.");

Hallow., rroccod. Ac. Pliila., 1H.">(!, j). 'J.")l ; Giraid, IJ. S. Mc.\. Honnil. Siirv., ii, p.

'J."> ; Wicil., Xova Acta, xxxii, ji. l"-'l,
/;/(/■(* copei Yarrow & IIoiLshaw, Kcj). Utptll. Hair., Kxpl. W. lOOIli Mcr., isTH, p, |.

L<'ii;>tli of lioad to posterior end of criiiiiiil cre.sts oiiteriiifj l('ii.i;tli to
vent four ami a half tiiu'js; eraiiial ridj^os narrow, well marked, iiotiinit-
iiifj in a prefrontal callosity, nnitinj'- with the iiostorbitals at si rij^lit
aii<>lc and projeeting Imt little behind them.

Snprat.Yini)anic ridge wanting;' or rarely very short. Pieorbital not
strong-. Parotoids (inite elongate, varying a little in breadlli. I'rolile
a gradual descent fioin behind, depressed behind prefrontal bones;
muzzle slightly deenrved, not projecting; nostril a little nearer orbit
than labial margin. Skin everywhere pustular; a few larger warts on
each side the vertebral line. Tympanum distinct, half orbit. Middle of
foi'(>-arm to muzzle; heel to front of orbit. Metalnrsal tubercle promi-
nent, usually narrow; its horny sheath largely blackened ; outer tubercle
small. No tarsal fold.

Yellowish or darker brown above, with three or four pairs of deeper,
small, yellow-edged spots on the dorsal region, separated by a light ver-
teliral line which extends from the end of the muzzle; one or two yel-
lowi.sh streaks e.\t(md from the ]>arotoid jiosteriorly on the sides. The
latter and femora behind are hiuily yellowish marbled on bhu^kish
ground. Uelow dirty yellow; breast fre<piently black spotted. Length

"i'latcs .-.^.V.t.

i.

Tf

T

THE HATKACIIIA OF NOIiTII AMKWK'A.

•J S3

of nil avi'i'iij^e spc'ciiiiL'ii iioiii 8o»tli CJaroliiia, 13 iiidios 10 liiu's; ciul of
iiiii/zie to postorbital ridge, 9. 'J lines ; of paroloid, 7 lines; fore, limb, I
inch 9.5 lines; hind limb, 3 inches 5 lines ; femnr one half included.

l''l(i. 70. Iliifii Initi'jiiiiiKUii ainencanus I' ion; Hil. Gild., IT. S. Pac. 11. It. Suiv., vol. x; ].

In this, as in other IJiifones, the females are larger than the males;
and the latter are usually less variegated in colors.

The li. /. <('Heric(iiiush,\'i been regarded by some authors as a species
distinct from the li.UciititfinosHs; but the examiiiationof a largenuinber
of specimens of both shows that all of the distinctive characters arc
evanescent in some individuals. Thus the supeixiiliary crests rise pos-
teriorly in No. 2197 from Minnesota, so as to ai)proximate the typical
lientiginosiis. In some of the spe(!iinens of No. 1*521, from Charleston,
8. C, the extremities of tlie crests are not more developed than in No.
2534, from the IMatte liiver, Nebraska. The sui>ratyinpanic crest is
represented by an angle of the i)ostorbital in the great majority of spec-
iiiKMis, but in seventeen specimens tiie fanner is quite as distiiuit as in
nnmenuis specimens of the />. L lenfifjimtnifi. These belong to Nos. 2181,
2193, 2172, 2174, 2197, 2557, 5372, and 19900. Nevertheless, it is true
that the subspecies B! I. amcricdniis maintains its characters entirely
within the range of the />. /. lentiniiiosiis, as is evidenced by specimens
from Prairie Mer Rouge, La. (2557), Milledgevilie, C.a. (9139), Monti-
cello, Miss., and elsewhere.

As already deserilu'd, the par.>toid ghiiids of this species are long and
rather narrow. A vaiietal form has them wider and renifonn in out-
line. The live individuals which display this character are from north-

I If

J

2cS(;

lUrLLHTIX ;!l, UMTKl) STATK.S NATIONAL MI'SKI'M.

t'l'ii localities, vi/ : No. 2'){)r> from Uiicine, Wis., and U.">(>7 IVom Essex
County, N. Y. They arc also (iliaracterizcd by the presence of a supra-
tympanic crest and by the coarseness of their tuberculation. They
have no distinct dorsal spots, a dark line round the bases of .sonic of
the tubercles representing" them in sonu^ individuals.

There are also several color varieties of this subspecies. They are not
unfrequently met witli entirely black (var. A), as, for example, from Penn-
sylvania and ]\richi<;an. In two or three from the latter rejj^ion the foot
is as short as in short -footed var. woodhousei ; in one the superciliary
iid,nvs are continent in acurveil transverse rid^e. A singular abnor-
mality (Xo. 2r»l-t)(var. P.), fi'om Moose River, IJritish America, isdistin-
j;uished by its yellow, orange, or i)iidcish j^round color, with thedorsji!
and lateral spots conlluent into lonjjitudinal bands more or less broken ;
warts pink tipped; average size below tyi)ical ; skin smoother. On
this variety was i)roiiosed the liii/o vopci of Varrow and Ilenshaw.

Var. C — A yellow ground with broad brown bands, having only yel-
low lines running outwardly and ]»osteriorly ; on top of these the usual
brown sjtots are well distinguished. The cranial ridges are highei',
thicker, and more nearly i)arallel than usual. Specimens are of large
siy.e; they are from South Fork of the Yellowstone, Nebraska. Total
length, t inches 1 hue; length from end of muzzle to postorbital ridge,
1 1..") lines.

Habitat. — Southeastern Labrador, htckard, Proceed. Post. Soc. Nat.
Hist., 1800; Moose Itiver, IJritish America, Ihcvlrr; South Fork Yel-
lowstone, i/«//(/t'H ; Kansas, JIaUonrU, Proceed. Ac. Nat. Sci., l^hila.,
l.sr>0, L'51, and the Eastern and Austroriparian rej,Mons of North Amer-
ica generally.

Dwellers in the country are familiar with the voice of this species
in the early spring", which is the season of the deposit of eggs. These
are laid imtlosed in a long, thick-walled tube of tianspai'cnl albumen,
secreted by the walls of the oviducts. These, tubes lie in long spiral
strings on the bottoms of the ponds where they are dei)osited. The
young hatch out early, aiul are of a darker color than those of others of
our Salientia. They retain the dark color till near the time of the com-
pletion of the metamorphosis. This takes t)lace at an earlier date than
that of the Jvana', and the completed young are scarcely as large as
tho.se of the Hyhe or of the Scaphiopus. The voice of this si)ecies
may be heard well into the summer. It is a sonorous ur r-r-r-r r, which
may be readily imitated by whistling whih^ one utters a deep-toned
vocal sound expressed in the: above letters. Iinlividuals dilfer in tin;
pitch of their notes, but a chorus of them has a weird sound well belit-
ting the generally remote spots where they congregate, and the dark-
ness of the hour. When not thus engaged, they often take uj) their
abode beneath the doorstep of the farmer's house, and issue in the even-
ing to secure t..eii' insect food. Tlu'y progress by hops, ami only walk
on very rare occasions.

^>-

TllK I5ATUACHIA OK NORTH AMIMilCA.

287

^

-->-—

4-

IliiiiiliiM'.

24S2

2505

257

2M0

217!»

7si;t

2-|l.".

s:i(i7

24!!.!
2170
24H7
25 IS

2r)r.7
2r).'.4

24titi

24o:i

24H;t
2521
2471)
2474

2.'(i:i
2ti:;ii

2.VJ7
25111
25:)5
25.'i(<
24H.">
24li:i
2Ki8
2504
24S5
2H»S
2512

25."i(;
2iiv:i

2507
21!U
47K2
2481

2401)

•jr.i7

5;i7J ;

8.'io:i

25T) I
25 III I
25;U !

oi:'o

24M(
2').').'
!IIL'.'.
2172
4011)

4si;i
047:1

S!I71
OJSO

ojw.s

1

10
:i
1

HiiJ'o IcntiyiiiOHiiH aiiivriraiiiiH Lo C.
RESEUVK SERIES.

TiOcality.

Itont RiviT, AVi.s

liarliic, Wis

I'liii liaimnii', \V\i).
Siilcni, X.C .....'...
Kiiwtdii, N. (!

Wlicn col-
lectod.

From whom rocelvcil.

I'lof-Sl'MUird
Dr. v. I!, llov ...
Dr. .1. (!. ('i)iiin'i'
.J. T l^iiifliatk ..

.ImcUhipu t'lMintv, N C Fit/.iii'iiilil '

\Vii.-<|iiiij.r|oii, D'.c; Dr. !•;. Couch, U. .S. A

<l..

do A|iiil:i, 1875. .1. Pidiniv

do

Alil.cvilli'.S.C : Dr..l. li. liairatl 1

AiidiT.soii. S. r Mis. M. E. Daiiit'ls 1

Cliaili'sliiii, S. C I •.' I

1853

Ja.^. Faiiio ,

N.O. Acailoiiiv..
I'rof. .S. E.Iiainl .
Dr. r.U. Hoy ...

I'lairiii Mrr ltou};i», Liv..:.

.\c'W Orlcaii.s, I,a 1.

Kniiniii^liani, Mans I.

I'liion Coiiiily, .Mo '.

Mis.souri

Saint I.iMiis, Mo .

Mai icita, Ohio

('oliiiiiliiis, Ohio

Ili^hliiiid County, Ohio.'.

.Mllnlil■(^llo, MisH SUhm llidcn Tuiii.suu

Mis^issip])!

.Mount llcdly, N.J I»rof..S. K.Balid

Ma i\ hi ml .' Sta;;^

Foil Siiiith. .XrU Dr. 15. F. Shiimaid.. .

Tyiri' Spriu'.'.s, Ti un I'rof. K. Owen

Foxhiirv, I'a

Dr. (icorKi' Enj;leniaiiii.
I'rot'. E. li. Audri'W.s —
I'lol'. E. I.cs{|uiirciix

J. ir. Ki.hard

I'hilad.'lphia, I'a ..

do I '

Caili.sh', Fa j 1 Frof. S. F. Haird ....

.Mi'advlllc, Fa | j J. F. 'riiickstoii

rarlislc, I'a

:i
{)
1
1
:i
1
li

■JOll

1
1
1
1
(>
I
1

4

liradl'oid Count v, Fa \ C. (;. Martin

South Flattc ..' I '

l)sHnx Count v,N. V I Frof. S. F. I'.aird.

Oiuiila County, N. V ! II. Davis

Klizaliithtown, N. V ' ,

A UN Plains, III | , K. Ivi'liuicolt

Southern Illinois [ I do

Wistcin Mississippi. . . .

Minnesota

SiMitli ol' Hi::hlani|s

riiizadid Alralil,., N. M
!,iltli- IJluc Kivcr, Kans .

llulaw, Al.i

Soiiili I'lattc Kivcr, Xi'lir

Millrd^fvilli', (ia

Carlisle. Fa

Fort Eiiiaiuie, N'ohr

Eastpcut. Me

KilssclU illr, Ky

Fcarl Uivcr, Miss

Xchraska

do

July 14, 18.-.C
Juni) 4, 1871)

A. E. Ui^'Ks

(;. Dri'xlrr

Dr. II.('. Yairow .

W.S. Wood

Frof. A. WiiuhiU

W. S. Wood

Kunilic'U .V Iicaii..
Fr(d'. S. F. r.aird...

1872

Woods Moll, Mass ....
Ilavir di' (iiiu'i', Md . . .

.Vol I'olk, Couu

I'tah

. F.S.F.C

.1 (IiMUfic Uilih

i Miss II. Tunnisiui

. j Dr.lii.(U);<>Su(kli'y,F.S.A.

Juno 14, 1870

Sipt.2(i,l877.

1872.

Dr. 'I". II. IliMii ...
A. E. Kiinilicn ...
A. F. Wooster ...
Dr. II.C. VaiTow.

GENERAE SERIES.

2510

11

8

1
I
1
1
1
:t

1

2

South I'latto

Dr.W.A.IIaininoii.l.F.S.A

2.'iOJ
1)174

Washinetdii Co., Miss. . .
(.')

Col. It.E.C. Wailes

!M:i7

(Ji

Ul5t

Fort Mohave, Ariz

(!)

Aprill,5, 18t>2

i)r. .1. 0.(!ooper '

ori;i

!ii:i4

(?)

01,15

1870.

:;;::;:::::::::::;::i

Oi:t(i

Ct'iitral Fark

OuUti

(0

2.VI8

I'lalte River

July 1,1857.

\y S \Vood

254U

South Flatto Kivcr

Df.W.A.lIaumioud, U.S.A.

Nature of
Hpeciineii,

Alooholic.

Do,

Do,

Do,

Do.

Do.

Do,

Do.

Do.

Do,

Do.

Do.

Do.

Do.

Du.

Do.

Do.

Do.

Do.

Do.

Do,

Do.

Do.

Do,

Do.

Do.

Do.

Do.

Do,

Do.

Do,
Earva,
Alcoholic.

Do.

Do.

Do.

Do.

Do.

Do.

Do.

Do.

Do.

Do.

Do.

Do.

Do.

Do.

Do.

Do.

Earva.

AIcoImIic.

Earva.

Do.

Do.

Do.

Do.

Do.

Alcoholic.

Iio.
'I'y (le.

Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do

I

I^

2.SH

nuLLivriN :fi, iimti:!) statks national museum.

\ ^;r

liiijh IfiiliiihiosiiK aimritiiiiHn T,c ('.— Condr.iM'd.
(IKNKIiAL SKI!Ii;S-(,(iiiliiiii(il.

C'ativlii({iii' Nil. Ill"
iiiiinlc.r. 8|i(('.

SKiT
•-•177
:i7iiu
111)1
4,1 i;i

■UtTO

wir>,">

Kilo
iKIII
KUl

i;,'ii)7
i;)Hi7

lUHf)

1 litis

lOUlHi

ur.iK

i4"i-'«

5:iti7

L'l-'J

iiii:..'

R'lHI

ui7r.
i;i;L'7
iir.:;o
lir.if)

11077

4r>ii

11. -.01.
•J.'iOli

'.'r>ii7
•j.im

4K42
1148

:.i

Locality.

Mi.tsiMsi|i|ii liivrr

'.jiiiivi T.s, .Ma«s

(I/iittr roiinty, I'a

VcllllWsldlKl

l''(ii t liiU'.v, K.iiis

New Orli'iniM, I, a

Iviu.Hliiii, N. (!

(idliUliciniii;;)!, N.(J

I'liilti! Vallry

Kin.ilciii, N. C

I'lHsrx (/'oiinly, N. V

Iliiilsim s liav

W'a.sliiiinliin, 1) <!

WhiallaiHl, liiil

Saint .laiiiis I'aiisli, La.

(iaiMi-S\ illc, '['uK

.. ilo

Mdiisi' l;iv( r, III it. Am..

Sdlltlll I'll lllilllliH

,Siiiitliaiii|it()ii(-'()Miity, Va
('iiliiradii Spriiii;.'*, Col. . .

Oln.y, 111 '.

DJHtrii't of (.'(iliiMiliia ...

(JInila, Va

\Va.sliiiii;ti)ii, !).(.'

When col.
l(M;t('(l.

Fioiii whom rcci'iviil.

(•.il..r. n. Vaii;;liail...

I'liif. S. 1'". llailil

lil iiL'L'i'r

.\. .Scllcitt

II. Iliaii.lt

18T!>

IhK'i.

ihsr)

1S74
1S71

I.S7!)

(i i'.).

1

1

(Iraiiil ('(itcaii, La .

(lalil'oniia

Saint LouiH, Mn ..

MiHsis.>ii|i|ii

IMiilailolpliia, I'a ..

Hrookvillr, (ia

I'ousacola, Kla

■r. W'.Miliirr

11. W. \V,l...li.r

Iir.W..\.llaiiiiii(iiiil.r.S..\

,). \V. Milnn-

rnif. S. \V. I'.aiiil

K. Walloii llaviloii

Dr. T. II. Ilcaii

linlHit l;icl;;\vay

(). (liila I'ciiliardirin

C. II. l{a;;.x(lalc

.. .1..

('. Dicxltr

K. Kciiiiit Kit

L. Kiiiiilii'ii

Jiiliii Vaniiw

.loliii ami Cliailcs WalUiT

(irol;;() Slim iiiaUcr

K. II. Ciisliiiin

S. F. liaiiil .

('■) .-•

L. Kiiiiilii'ii

Cii'iii;;!' I'limrliiiaiiii

!).(". I.lovil

.1. Kicliaiil

K. Maymiiiiil

Jutliirs

Nat 11 I'll of

NlUcilMC'll.

.Mcdlldlic.

Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Du.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.

Dip.

Do.

A well-niiukod varitity ot'tliis subspecies, or perlmps a distiiiet sub-
species, i.s reiueseuled by two specimens IVoiii ^licanopy, l''la., wiiicli
were obtained by ])r. JJean. Tlio distinguisliiiif;' i>eculiaiity consists
ill the conversion of tlie- superciliary ridyes into llattened thickeninj;.s
of tlio craniuin, wliieli meet or nearly meet on tlie, middle line ol' the
fronto-parietiil re,i;ioii. They unite, leaving"' a faint line to mark the
juuction in the larger female, while in the smaller inah^ they form two
beveled surfaces, wlilcli unite on the middle liiit^ at an obtuse angle,
Pcstcriorly they, with the postorbital ridj;es, have a straij^ht trans-
verse boundary. The metatarsal internal <liyital spur is as well de-
veloped as in many of the typical specimens, but the [tlantar tu-
bercle is small. The web of the foot is well developed, lea chin {j^ the
end of the fust (i>roximal) phalange. It only reaches to tht^ mitUUo of
the proximal plialaiij;e in the ]>. /. ((iiicricanu.s. The color is somewhat
peculiar, having a general clouded a])pearaiice above, without the well-
defined si)ots of the tyi)ical subspet^ies Americanus. There is a pahs
band from one i»ali)ebial binder to the otlier across the front. The me-
dian dorsal line is indistinct. iSi/e that of fully grown H. 1. nmericamis.
This form may bo called liufo IcntUjimmiH imclnjceithalm.

-J^

-..

THE HATKACIIIA OF NOKTll AMKKICA.

289

J_

Bufo loitiyiiiDsiis l('ntitiino,su.s Shiiw.

Copt', ClicrU-hisI N. Aiiicr. Miitr. IJcplil., 187'), p. 'M.

JliiJ'o UiiHijinosiis «liaw, Zoill., in, p. I7;{, l^ti:>; Giranl, rmccMHl. Ac. Pliila., 18ri4, p. 80.

Cliihililiryiic liiiti;iiiioHit Cope, rriuccd. Ac. I'liila., lf^(i:t, i>. I).')?.

/;»/() iiuixiiiii Liitr, Kept-. ", !'• 1-7; Djiiid., Kniii., p. '.>, IM. :?'.{, tig.;}, and Ucptil., Viil,
p. I'.tfl; Mcir. Tent,, p. Id'); Oravcnh., J)elic., p. ")'.», llolhiook, N. Amur, llt'i'i)*''!,
V, ri. 1; J)niii. IWbr. Krp. Oimi. VIII, p.(i-"J; Lccoiito, Trocecds. Acad., I'liilada.,

ih:;:?, p. :i.')7.

rieatl large; snout obtiiso ; .superciliary riilge.s greatly elevated and
terminating posteriorly in a knob; upper jaw eniarginate, lower fur-
ni.slied with a hook in front; parotoid large, renitbrni, and reaching from
below the tymp;inum to near the shoulder; tyujpanum large; vocal
vesicle internal; body above warty, ben«'ath granulated.

The head is large, and without warts, except a few small ones on Ihe
eyelids, and the mouth is large. The snout is obtu.se, and from its tip
runs an elevated bony crest, subdividing at the nostrils, and forming (he
superciliary ridges. These diverge and increase in elevation ,as they
reach the posteiior part of the orbit, where they terminate in a rounded
knob or tubercle. Their greatest height gives to the upper surface of
the head a »;analiculated appearance; a second or postorbital ridge de-
scends from eiich of these and completes the posterior border of the
orbit. In consecpiemie of the divergence of the superciliary ridges the
postorbitals are short. There is always present a short but distinct
ridg<^ above the tympanum at right angles to the postorbital — the supra-
tympanic. The upper Jaw is deeply emarginate in front; the lower is
furnished at its anterior part with a distinct hook, which is received in
the notch of the upper jaw.

Tlie nostrils an^ small and round, placed near the point of the snout.
Tiie eyes are large, prominent, and very beautiful; the ])upil is black,
the iris reticulated with gold and black, and has an inner margin of
yellow. The tympanum is large and du.sky, with a minute spot of
a lighter shade in the center. The parotoid glands are large and
reniform.

The back ami sides are dusky, and covered with warts of different
sizes; a pale vertebral lino extends from the head to the vent, on each
side of which are found the largest warts; an irregular row of spots of
yellowish-white exists on the think, having somewhat the appearance
of an indistinct band, extending from the inferior and posterior i)art of
Ihe parotoid gland to within a short distance of the thighs. The whole
inferior surface of the animal is dirty white, with a strong tinge of
yellow.

Th(! anterior extremities have tiie upper surface dusky, with blotches
and bars of dark brown; the lower surface dirty white, tinged with yel-
low. Tilt! posterior extremities are dusky brown above, marked with
blotches and ( r.msver.se bars of darker brown, and dingy white beneath.

Tills species attains to the same size as the typical form of 7>. /. (imcr-
icatiKs. A specimen (fiOl) from Florida exhibits remarkably elevated

iy.ji Bull ;m it>

m

.(

iM

I [

l:^

290

UULKKTIN ;il, rMTi:i) STATlvS NATloNAI, MISKIJM.

T

i

crests iiiid broad parotoul yliinds; tlio coloration is iiuiform ciimauiou-
brown; apparently a slight variety.

,i i.

1"'IG. l\.—Iiii/o li'uli'jiiKititin hiili<jno8tts ; \. (Kioiii Hiiinl & Oiriird.)

Besides the presenci! of tuberosities of the frontoiiurietal crests and
of a siipratympanic crest, this subspecies is well marked by the rela-
tively elongated head. It enters the length to the vent three and a half
times in typical examples. In some s[)e(!imens it enters the length .'J. 7."
times, and in others four times, quite as in 7i. /. atnericanus.

The B. h lentiginosu.s is confined to the austroriparian region east of
Tiixas, and all statements to the contrary are based on error. It does
not ascend the 31ississippi Valley, so far as is known.

lliifo hnliyinumit ItnliijiiwuuH Shaw.
KKSKUVK SKKIKS.

Ciital();riio Xo. of
iiiiinber. HI)C(^

Lociility.

Wbon

cnlli'ctrd.

'jr)25
5902
2.">:'U

2520
2519
K0U2

2521
2522
2553
Ot2(i
9052
9705
2528
2527
9472
745
9»;i8 I

ass;) 1

11502

]i;i97

11915

10 ' Kii'i'l>ori>ii);li, (In ...
1 Slit'lli.v Coiiiily, (ill
H rensiicola, l''la

Imliaii Kivor, Fluiiila. . .

(iHOlfll'tOWll, S. ("

l,iiko Moiiroo, Kloi iiln . .

Clmrlcston, S. ('

«lo

Alabama

Liberty Coiiiitv, (ia.

Hcauldit, S. C

liiltlu Sarasota I'.ay, l'"la

Arlington, Kla .....

Aiiilcr.soii, S. ('

Mis-sisHipiii

(.')

Mlcaimpy, I'la

j\]>v. — , 1K77

1 lom whom rccciviil.

rnil. S. V. Haiiil

Maj. .1. liO Coil I II

Dr." W, A. Jlaminoiiil,
U. S. A.

t!. Wiirdemanii

W(!»t<m

I'rof. S. F. Jlairil

N'atiiio (if NjicL-
imcii.

l«5:i

Dr. C. iriranl

I'n.f. A. WiiiclicU
Dr. W. I,. .lounH ..

1875

I87rt

July

1875

I'rol'. V. J{. Mcik
(i. Lirowii Oo()il(i.
Misn (". I'aiun ...

U.V. I-I(pva

I'. I,. .l.iiiV

Dr. .r. Jl.'J'.eaii ..

('liarli'Hton

NaHbvillo. Cia
.Mill.m. Fla...,
NaHhvillr, (ia.

18SU William J. Tavlor
1881 S. T. Wallicr .....
18-iU William J. Tayl.ir

Ali'iibolir
Do.
D...

Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
D...
Do.
Do.
l>o.

T

THE HATKACIIIA OF NOUTll AMKKICA.
lUJKO (il'KRL'ICUS ll(.ll)iook.

291

North AiinT. llfi'it., V, HI, If'W, TiiW. in, Copt', riocecds. Aiiier. IMiiloNoph. Soc.
1880, 1). f)!'").

CUUoiihnjnvi^Ktloiiha Cope, rrocfcd. Ac. Nat. .Sci. I'liila., IH(W, :ill (crroneoiiH locality).
Jliijo di(iloiilni.i l{'Hilcn>,MT, Cat. Matr. Sal. IJrit. Miis., cd. ii, IH-^-.', p. :ill>.

Head biojid; imixsiK! jnoiniin'iit, conic. Cranium stronj;l,v lidfjed.
rieoinilar and postocnlar, suju'atynjpaiiic, and suptMciliarj rid^ics well
developed, the ' 1 nialiiny a very open anyle with that of the eanthuss
ro.stralis, and s .idiii},'' oil" pcsteriorly a parietal, whicli first converges
toward that oi»po.site, and then runs tran.sver.sely on the occiput to
meet it, failiii}^' in thi.s by a very 8li}>ht interval. A small nuchal i)it.
Tymiianum in contact with jjostorbital ridj>e, only one fourth tlu; size
of the oibit. Tongue small, narrow, half free; a strong symphyseal
tubercle lilting a premaxillary pit. I'arotoids large, short, descending
on sides to opi)osite lower edge of tymi»anum. Skin everywhere rigidly
rugose, subspinous on the tarsus. The Joints of the extremities are
pale and appear swollen. Fingers slendev; lirst shorter than* second,
which equals the third. One metacarpal tubercle only. Toes short,
one third webbed ; two acute metatarsal tubercles, the internal large,
incurved, like a (lattered spur, jellow, brown tii)ped. Length of. head
iiiid body, 10 lines; of hinder extremity, 12 lines.

The head above is dusky, with a yellowish central longitudinal line;
(lie superciliary ridges are gray, with a white mark in the center. On
ea(;h si<le of this longitudinal line is an oblong black spot, extending
from it to include most of the posterior part of the orbit of the eye; a
.small part only of the orbit in front of this is light colored ; the upper
jaw is light brown.

Krc. 72. Uti/o rjurrcieiin IIoUn'.. 1K!94, ii.itiir.nl size; Milton, Fin.

The back of the animal is dusky brown, with a vertebral line of palo
yellow, marked with a few scattered small warts of reddish-brown co'or.
On each side of this line are irregular black blotches, with here and
there a slight tinge of reddish brown. The back is covered with in-
numerable warts and granulations of variable size and color, generally
bhick, but the smaller ones of dusky red. On each tiank, and extend-
ing Irom the axilla downwards toward the posterior extremity^ is an
oblong black blotch bounded with white both above and below.

The throat is dusky; the abdomen silvery-gray, yellowish at the.
groin, and with a pale tinge of yellow around the vent. The anterior
extremities, as well as the posterior, are dusky brown above, marked
with black transverse bars or spots. Their inferior surface is colored
like the abdomen, except the tiugers and toes, which are reddish-browu.

tr jl

i

f 1
•1

:1

" - 71

i

■ i

W'l

|;!

i ' i

! if

■ Ik

21)2 HULLETiN ;)i, uMri:i) siatios naiional museum.

ri):s is tlio siiiJillost known spccios-of the jjenus Bulb. The measure-
ments of iin lulult are as follows;

H.

LiMij?tli of lii'iul iiiid body 027

Lciif^tli of liead to posterior edges of tympana 007

Widlli of head at posterior edjjes of tyiiii»aiia OOHtl

Leiiytli of anterior ic 01 KJ

Length of anterior t. OOG

Length of posterior Kg from groin 0:i;i7

Length of tibia 00c(i

Length of tarsus 005

Length of rest of foot 00,s:>

In some .specimens the transverse posterior partw)f the frontoparietal
crest is broken up. It then resembles the youny of the lUi/o lenllijino-
sus, with which it has been supposed to be identical by various authors.
It, however, ditfers from tliis species in (he ditferently shapttl parotoid
glands, the thickened posterior parts of tlni mandibles, and from all
the subspecies, excei)t the />'. /. iroodliousri, in the shorter head. Tiiere
is no doubt but that Dr. Ilolbrook was correct in rejfardiiij; this as a
distinct species of very snutU size. The redescription of the specii-s by
myself was due to the omission of its characteristic peculiarities from
extant writings. Tlie erroneous locality (Sandwich Islands) is one of
several such errors, based on the incorrect«labeling of the collections of
J. II. Townsend, to which tlKsspecimen belonged.

The geograidiical distribution of this s|)ecies is icstricted io tiie
region extending from Kiiiston, N. C, to Middle Georgia and Florida,
inclusive.

Jhifo qiurckun Holbrook.
ItESEUVE SKKIKS.

-L

'T'

(^iitalii;;iu

N'o. .,1

jiuimIxt.

«|)(C.

___., .

._•'

noil

n

S:i4.'!

1

iHwn

1

uai:.

1

L'U2t!

It

2625

:i

113U4

.1

Local itv.

Ooorgia ,

KiiiHton, N. (' ,

Atliii;;lim, I'lii

Litlli'Siirii.siita lia.v, Kla

(ii'orjiia '.

(Miaiipston, S. C

Milton, I'lii

Wlicii

<'olli'('t(^ll.

Krotii wliom i(>( rived.

May

1. l.'iTH

1881

Mai. .1. I.i> (.'oiitc
.1. W. Miliiir. ...

(i. Itl'OU II (idlMJi'

I'lof. K. 1!. M.rk
Mai. •'. ■-<' ('oiiti'
Or. S. !!. liaiK.T.
S. T. Walker

Nature or.s|iee
inieii.

Ali'olii
D.I.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.

liUIX) VALLICLr.S Wiegni.

Iliifo r((//(((7w Wiegin., Isis, LS?:!, ]). (;,")7 ; I'cters, Moii. liei',. Ac., IHli;!, p. SI; limi-

lengcr. Cat. lialr. S;il. Hrit. Mils., 'M ed., ]t. :U;».
Jiitjo iirantiloxii.^ Haird tV (iiiard, I'roeec'd. Ac. I'liila., l."'.VJ, p. 17:!.
Iliifo iKbiilifir (i\i;ni\, Proceed. Ac. IMiila., ISM, ji. .-i7 ; Hallow., Ihid., l-,"i(;, p. :!(is;

Girard, U.S. Mex. Umind. Snrv., ii, p. '2'>, IM. 10, tig. 1-1; (iiliKli., Cat. Hrit.Miis.,

p. (ill.
ChUophrtjnv iiehulifo-o Cope, rroeced, Ac. Pliihj., l»^0'i. p. :i.')7.

Postorl tal ridge forming an open angle with the supraorbital ; pre-
orbital distinct; supraorbital strong, nearly plane, 1',' the strong supra-

J-

THE BATRACIIIA OF XORTII AMHKICA.

293

lyiiipaiiK.'. JiUlgcs of Ccinthus coiiciivc, piirullcl on t-iitl of muzzle; latter
truiieate in [)rorile. Strong- niaxilliiry ridge tVoni inferior niargin of
orbit to posterior extremity of the bone. Loreal region coneave, nos-
trils subvertical; tympanum balf orbit. Two strong convergent parie-
tal ridges from supraorbital, eacli longer than supratympanic of its
side. Length of head from end muzzle to posterior border tympanum
e(|uals breadth l)elo\v at eanthus oris in specimens 1.5 inches long; rel-
itiively less in larger specimens, till in one .'5.7.1 inches long it is scarcely
oser two thirds the breadth. Eyelids nearly horizontal ; tongue ordi-
uary obpyriform; choana'- larger than ostia pharyngca. Length of
head, as above, three to three and a <piarter times from end of muzzle to
end of urostyle. Parotoid glands n)easured longitudinally equal supra-
orbital ridge, longer obliquely ; acuminate posteriorly and continuous
with a lateral series of acute tubercles (sometimes on a jdica), which ex-
lend downwards to groin. Skin above with scattered rounded, on sides
with close acuminate, tubercles; below with c!.'»se small rounded tu-
bercdes.

Second .linger short— iless than fourth; a keeled palmar and elongate
pollicary tubercle; palms aiul soles rough with tubercles. A small
acuminate and insignilic^nit extcrn-il metatarsal tubercle. No inner tar-
sal fold. Toes half webbed and margined. The carpus of the extended
arm reaches beyond the muzzle; the heel attains fiom the hinder to
the front margin of the orbit.

Dimensions of an adult (San Antonio) : From end muzzle to end
urostyle, .) inches 9 lines; from same to jiosterior nuiigin tymi)anuin
(obli<pu'), 2 inches LM lines; anteiior extremity, 1 inch 1.5 lines to carpus
+ .S lines to end longest linger, femur, 1 inch 0 lines; tibia, 1 inch 3
lines; foot from heel, 2 inches; tarsus, 10 lines.

Coloration: Above a chestnut brown, with a dark cross-band be-
tween orbits. A dark lateral band from behind orbit along the side to
groin, Ibilowing below the lateral fold, which is light-bordered above;
a more or less distinct liglit vertebral line; ui)per lip yellow-bordered,
r.reast and gular regions more or less slate shaded. Limbs brown,
cross-barred.

Varieties: Of these I am acquainted with three, which are quite < is-
tiiigulshable. First. The tyi>ical has a strong parietal ridge, is scarcely
varied with darker below, and is light brown above ; sides very tuber-
culous; specimens from Texas, Tanuiulii»as, and Vera Cruz — Emory
andSartoriiis. Second. Sides with smaller granulations; colors black-
ish, spotting and varying the whole inferior regions. Three specimens
from Y^icatan (Nos. 721), 778, 771))— Schott. Third. Ridges weaker,
especially the parietal; cinnamon-brown, below brown varied and
spotted ; sides giauular. Two specimens from Belize — Dr. Parsous.

f 'i(

^

,_

294 BULLivriN :!i, rMTi:i) statks xationa!. museum.
Speciuieiis in National Museiiin Iroiii tlie Uuiteil States:

1.

Fic. 73. l}u/ii valll<'rp:< Wiog. (From Bainl, V. S. ^•c■x. nniinil. Siirv.)

Iliifo vnlliifpa Wiogni.inn.

IIE.SF.UVE SEUIES.

Catalogue

No. of

iiuiubur.

spec.

2663

10

2605

7

2rm

1

2">!)K

1

'ZMH

1

'J(i02

'»

saoa

2

2592

1

2.-i01

2

2600

2

2601

1

1150

3

Loralit.v.

Wlicn
collcctod.

Calcasidn Pass, La

Fi'O!., wlioiii n cpivi'd.

(i. Wiirili'iiiaiin. .

Texas 1. ll.Claik

I!rowii.svill(>. Tux ' I'lol'. H.V. Haiiil .

Fdit IiifTc, Ti'X

New liraiiiit'i'l.s, Tex

Santa Ciituniia, Xih'vo
Leon.

Sun I'cilro. Tex ,

Matanioro-t. Mi'X

Uctwewi Laredo anil f !a-

Sau Antonio. Tex

('»

New Ui loans, La

Dr. V. H. H. Keniieily..
I'lol'. S. 1'. Kail (1 . .". . .
Lieut. ll.(;oiieli, T.S. .\ .

nr. C. 15. n. KeiMieilv.
Lieut. It.Coueli, l'. S. A
A.SeJHilt

C.R. K. Kennel I V

(t) '■

Ur. I{. W. Seliulchlt ..

Xatnrenf Hpee-
inien.

Aleoliolie
Do.
l»o.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.

Do.
Do.
Do.

Do.
Do.
Do.

This species is also common in Louisiana, numerous specimens hav-
ing been sent from New Orleans by Dr. Shufeldt, and by Prof. IVn.
King from Baton Kougc. Its sontliern range extends as far as Nica-
ragua, inclusive.

"T

^„»^uiiiiiiai

r

THE HATRACIIIA or NOUTII AMI•:^ICA.

295

DENDUOl'UltYMSCIDE.

This f.iinily is said by Boulenger to (litter from the Cystipfnathidrt"!,
only in the absence of the preinaxillary and niaxillary teeth.
Tliere are bnt two genera, as follows:

No vomerine teotli. Tonj^iic ciitin^ly iiillieront; no tyiiipiimiiii nor Kiist.icliiiin tnlios;

toes webbed, external met lit iirsals united ; omosternumandMternum cartilaginous;

terminal pliaiaiifft's siinjdi' /ItilrachophrijiiiiH Peters.

No vomerine teetb ; toMj;u(! IVei; posteriorly; ling<!rs and toes sliglilly \vel)bcd ; the

tips dilated; no omosternuin ; .slernnin with osseous style.

IkndroiihryninvKH Espatla.

There are but two species of IJatrachophrynus, whi(!h are from Pern.
The single species of Deudrophryni.scus was fonnd near Kiode Janeiro.

/ ..

ASTEKOPITRYDID.E.*

Vertebra' opisthoccrlous. Oiapophysis of sacrum dilated, of urostyle
wanting; the latter attached by but one cotyloid cavity (except in one
genus), liibs none. Sternum undivided.

In the known genera the external nietatarsi not separated for a web;
terminal i)halanges continuous, simple. O. frontoparietalia no> strongly
ossified medially, but without fontanelle. Superior plate of the ethmoid
well developed anteriorly. Ear perfectly developed.

Genera: Cryptotis, Gthr. ; Asterophrys, Tsch. ; Megalophrys, Knhl.

Tlio Pala'obatrachidii,' ditt'er from tliis fanuly in the conversion oi
tlieir seventh, eighth, and nintli vertebral centra and diapophyses into
a-sacrum, instead of the ninth oidy. The supposed osseous covering ot
the cavuni tympain and tuba Eustachii, is not contlrmed l)y the re-
searches of Walterstorrt".

Cryptotis, the oidy Australian genus of the family, possesses two
sacral condyles for the ai ticidatioii of the coc^cyx ; it has a long tooth,
like process on the os dentale, similnr to that seen in Rano. macroiloii
f iid /»*. laihUi.

The other genera belong to the Malayan Islands. There are no arbo-
real or aquidic forms embraced in this fauiily. The whole number of
species known is five.

a. Toes free.

Two itostsacral (■(in<lyles; o, dentale with a dentiform process; vomerine teeth;

no parotoids ; sliM'niim a eartila;;inous plate t ('rjiploiiH.

Ono [lostsaeral eondyle. No dentiform process, llrad lar;;e, an;;ular; upper
palpebral border with culancousappi'ndages. Vomeiiiie teeth. Ton^juo en-
tirely adherent. 'I'ymiianum hidden, perl'e(;t Islvrophrnf.

an. Toes partially wcblicd.

One i)ostsacr;(l eonilyle; vomerine teeth little (levcl<)]ied ; sternum with u bony
style; tonjriK! luo.'id, free behind (tyni|)anniM concealed) Mctjalophriin,

\

rinteOS.

t Teste Honlenger.

I !

:h

H:

0h'.

m^

1

I

r

i

111

i -■ !
\ ^

Hi!

!i)'

^4

US

il

290

lUJLLHTIX :!l, L'MIEIJ STATHS NATIONAL MfSKlM.

PELODVTIDJ'L*

Vertebra' proooilous ; no libs or diiipoitliysos of coccyx. Sacrum
united witli tlie coccyx by condyle, its diajujpiiyses dilated.

The species of tliis family are of weak organization; the fronto
l)ariet€al bones are undeveloped in one of the four genera embra(!ed iiy
it, and they are very weak in the others. Their atlinities are altogetli' r
between the Asterophiydida-, and Scai)liioi)odida'. Their vertebra' only
distinguish them from the former and their distinct bicondyloid coccyx
from the latter. In the known genera tiie auditory apparatus is dev«'l
oped, and the cephalic integument is tree; in noiu! is there a metatar-
sal shovel.

a. Sfcrimiii with an osseous stylo.

\() (liMitary aiiopliysis : no vomciiiic torlli; tonji;n(i broad, liiil littlo frt'c ; tyin-

paiiiiiii distinct ; one postsacral condyle W-iiophrns.

Frontoparietal bones complete; no vomerine teetli : one (.aeral condyle for nro-

style; tonj^ue partially free /.rplohrdildinii,

Frontoparietal bones enibraein;; a lar;;(' Ibntanelle ; vomerine teetli: twosnerai
condyles f'ortlic coccyx ; a weak parotoid inland ; pnidl elliptic, erect : tongue

partially IVee ; atlas and ••sis coiilliient I'cloiljilis.

na. Sternnin without osseous style.

Frontoparietal bones complete ; vomerine tt'ctli ; two postsacral . ondyles.

Iliilnichojisin.

In the species of Leptobrachium and Pelodytes tlie external meta
tarsi are bound together ; in the only known spei:ies of P.atrachopsis
they are, according to IJoulenger, slightly separated.

This family lias a pectdiar distribution. Pelodytes i.s European,
Xenophrys and Leptobrachium are i'aheotropical, Jind Ijalrachopsis,
Australian (New Guinea).

■^ *

scArnropiDJ-:

Cope, Journ. Ac. Phila., 18ti(i, ]>. CO; Nat. Hist. K'ev., l-Ti,', p. 11, pars.

Pchhal\(hv Lalaste, Actes Soc. Linn., liordeanx, XNX, :iHll, pars; I5onlen^er Catal.
Batr. Sal. IJrit. Mus. Fd. ii, ISS-J, p. X.Vi, pars.

Vertebra' proco'lian ; no costal elements or coccygeal diai)opliyses;
diapophyses of ninth vertebra much dilated, thin, and triangular; nro
style without condyloid articidation, its axial portion rcstiicting that
of the sacrum and connate with it: external metatarsi bound; distal
phalanges continuous, simple. Manubrium cartilaginous. Tongue
rounded, nearly entire.

The small number of species embraced in this family are of stout
toad-like habit, and furnished with a sli jvel-like develojinient of the
cuneiform bone and a coriaceous posterior digital palmation, \o aid
them in removing earth while making their subteiranean abodes.
Many of them very seldom come to the surface of the earth, and then
only in darkness; for this lialtit the vertical (iatlike pupil is an adapta
tioii, a peculiarity not exhibited by the toads, which are crepuscular.

»riateU^. ^

1

/

1

',m

(:

' ,!

±

tUE ISATRACniA OF NORTH AMKRICA. 207

I. Caviiiu tympaiii and tympaiiiiin waiitinj;. Xiiiliistciiiiiiii with an ossiiiiMl inoxi-

nial Nlylc. Ciincilonii Ixino and .slu-atli well (Icvi'luiii'd. I'upil iri'cl. Toes

\Vld)luMl.

Derm involvt'd in cranial ossilication. Temporal fossa with a stn.ii}? roof.
V(nn(!rinc teuth : no parotoid glands Cnllriiw^.

Derm involved in cranial ossilication. No roof over the temporal fossa, or par-
otoid glands. Vomcrint' Iccth I'vhthnlvH,

Derm distinct from cranium, which is nndcvclopcd ahovc, two lateral iVonto-
paiietal l)ars inclosing a median fontanelle. Vomerine^ teeth. No jiaro-

loids I)i<li)ciis.

Cnneilbrm hono and sheath well developed. Toes more or less wehlied.

II. Cavui!' tympani and tymiiannni present. Xipliisternum entirely cartiln^inoiis.

IMipil ellii>tic erect.
Derm involved in the cephaMc ossilication, which is coinplelc. I'.irotoid j;lands

and vomerine teeth s'tdf/u'oyiH.v.

Derm distinct from cranium, which is usually only ossilied superiorly in two

sujierciliary bars. I'jirotoid glands and vomerine teeth Siwu.

Tlio oxtroiuo of diverj^ciice of the sorie.s of tlii.s family is, tluMi, that
represent i II j;' its type in a pre einiiient dejiree. This is seen in the j^cmi.s
C(»ltrii>es wliere liie ossilieation of tlie siii>erior eranial walls is esjje-
eially lhi<;kene(l, obliterates the sagittal suture, anil is e.vtentled in an
arch over the tempoial fossa. The anterior ossifieation of theeo(!c.yx is
applie<l by its axial portion beneath the axis or eentrnin of .the sacral
vertebra, and beeoines consolidated with it sh(utly after its eoininence-
Mient, fnrnishing a structure not rare among bnrrowing Aniira. Tliis
character is maiiitiiined in the descendiii!, scale by Peh)bates, Diihxnis,
S<;aphiopus, and Si)ea, Ihotigh "none of these have the temporal fos.sai
overarched. Cnltripes, with Pelobates and Didocns, exhibit an ossified
basal xiphisternal piece, while in all below it is cartilaginous, as in most
Ar.;ifera; the extreme position of the former is also maintained by the
obliteration of many portions of the auditory apparatus. The siuiceed-
ing form.s — Scaphiopns and Si)ea — resend)lethe first group in the toad-
like form and in the strong cuneiform shovel and webbed feet.

The distiibution of the .species of the family is as follows:

|K.

Ncotrop.

0
0
(1
0
0

u.

N-

L'arctica.

U

eal:i>:U(t.

0
0
0
2

O

(?)1
1

1

0

0

1

0

1

4

1

a

("Mltri|>(>,s ..
I'l'lolialtis .

Oiilorii.s

.Scajiliiopiis
Sp<'a

The inferior dermal attachments of seven species of this family arc as
I0II0W.S :

liiiloviiH calcdrulii'i, Uelly more than tialf attached.

I'cIoIhiIch/uhchh. P'roni half to two-thirdsattached ; same in larva, with long tail ; fe-
mur one line lielow.

Srniihiopiis holhroohii. Free only opjiosite sternum: thi;;h attachi'd only uelow on
Itasal half.

>Sc((j»/iio^)i(.s roiirhii. Triangular free area to middle ahdomen.

, I- <

'*ti

298 nULLKTIN :!l, UXrTKD STATIvS NATIONAL MIJSKUM.

f^jiia lianmoiidii. Vury wiili; liiteriil i:il' .l- .itliU'Iiiiieiits, whidi do imt moot till

folllOI'il.

Sjwa homhifroun. liolly with it free iiiodiaii baiiil ; foiiioijil liiioH liolow niidatiovo bo-

liind.
Si>va muUipUcata. A (Voo dornal lino, very narrow in front, lint wido as ilia liohind;

abdominal aroa witli a broador froo Hpace.

SCAPIIIOPITS Ilolbrook.

N. Amcr. Horp., ii, p. 8."); Tsdindi, Itatr., p. KJ ; Dum, A: Hibr, viii, p.
471; GiinlIi.,Cat., p. :!H ; Copo., Nat. Hist. Rev., 18(15, p. lOH, and
Jonrn. Ac. Pliila. ('i), vi, p. HI ; IJonlenyor, Cat. Batr. fJal. Brit.
MnM., aded., 188->, p. 43:5.

Cavum tympani and tympanic inonibrane present; sternuiii a carti-
laginous plate; pupil erect; toes webbed ; internal cuneiform bone of
tarsus well developed.

This genus embraces si)ecies of robust form and of burrowing liabit.-^,
The greater part of their lives is spent beneath the surface of tln'
ground, but in sjuing lliey emerge and proceed to deposit their eggs in
the nearest body of watei'. This is usually of a temporary character,
and in adaptation to this circumstance the metamorphosis is corre
spondingly rapid. They are very irregular as to the period of its com-
pletion, in dry regions losing their larval ap|)endages while very small,
while iu other and well-watered regions they retain them until fully
grown. During the season of reproduction llicy are very noi.sy, but
after that time disappear, and arc neither seen nor heard. They are r f'
jdain colors. Their general fort. is are like those of their allies of the
Old World, the species of Pelobates, or somewhat like that of toads.

There are two well-marked species of this genns^ which differ as fol-
lows :

a. Collections of glandular crypts on the pnst-tympa;iic and pectoral roi^ions.

Front wide; interorbital width onterinj; length of tibia •2..') times; vomer-
ine teeth a little behind choanie; color dark, with or without two pale

longitndinal stripes S. holhrookii.

na. No glandnlar enlargements on post-tympanic or pectoral regions

Front wide ; interorbital width entering length of tibia three times; vcnner-
ine teeth a little behind nares; color lignt, with a net-work of brown
bands S. coiivhii.

SCAPIIIOPUS IIOLBROOKIT TIarlan.

(Plates 57, fig. 2; G8, fig. 3; 7:5, tig. 30.)
Baird, Report U. S. Pac. R. R. Surv., iv, Rcptil., 1859, PI. xxvii, fig. I.
1 ; Cope, Proceed. Ac. Pliila., 18(J3, p. 54.

linHd holbroohii Harlan, Med. Pliys. Researches, 1835, p. 105.

SraphiopiiH nolilariim UoUmutU, N. Am. Herp., 1^3(1, Vol. I, \\. e5, PI. Xit, iliiii. (edit, .lit.),

Irt4'2, IV, iu:t, PI. xxvii; 'IVlmdi, M6in. Nciichatel, i, ISis, p. fA; Dnm.A. Bibr.,

Frp. (Jen., l-^ll, VIII, 473; \,n Conte, Proceed. Ac. Nat. .Sii.Phila., 1K'>5, 4-Jit;

(iilnth., Cat. Batr. Sul. Brit. Mns., IH.'.S, p. 3M; Boiilenger. Cat. I$atr. Sal. Brit.

Mns., 2ded., 1HS2, p. 434.

■?■!

TIIK HATRACHIA OK XOIITII AMKHICA.

209

I

Head iargc; maxillary outline romuled. Profile of front a rather steep
descent from the swollen occiimt, where the skin is thin, closely adhe-
rent, and penetrated by osseous granules. Eyes jn'ominent. Tympa-
num distinct, half its extent larger thanosfia pharyngea. Vomerine
teeth in two fasiculi between and behind the posterior borders of the
latter. Parotoids sn>all, rounded, prominent. No gland on the tibia ;
oiin on each side of the thorax near the axilla. Skin of back minutely
tuberculous, of sides more coarsely; below nearly smooth. Cuneiform
process longer than in any other species of the genus, but not more
prominent. Ileel of extended hind leg reaching posterior edge of tym-
panuMi.

The inner nostrils are large, open, rather elongated transversely, and
wider apart than are the external nares. The vonierine teeth are in
two patches, situated within the inner nares, and on aline with their
posterior borders. The teeth in the margin of the jaw are continuous,
tliough not much developed. The tongue is longitudinally oval, not
emarginate behiiul in the specimen examined, where it is free for nearly
half its length.

The skin above and on the sides is covered pretty uniformly with
tubercles or pustules, with smaller hard black ones interspersed. The
lirst mentioned are wanting on the head and outer surfaces of the lii:ibs,
wiiere the others, however, may be observed. A few pustules about
the anus on the buttocks which show little signs of granulation. There
is a short parotid gland Just above and behind the tympanum.

The arm is well developed ; the hand much shorter than theforearni.
The outer finger is very short; then the second; the iburtii is a little
shorter than the third, or longest. All are subtruucate, or thickened
at the tips. A thickened web may be traced between the bases of the
lingers, although such palmation is not very evident. On the inner
and upper faces of the two inner fingers is a black, callous thickening
of the epidermis. The tibia is uuu;h shorter than the femur, and not
one third the total length of body; the foot and femur about equal.
The metatarsal bones are firmly united nearly to the end by inter-
mediate muscle, and a web exteiuls between the tii)S of the sluut toes.
The outer toe is very short, but little exceeding the third, and the wel)
between it and the fourth toe is proportioiuilly reduced.

All the toes .are much depressed, and invested by the thickened skin.
At the base of the inner toe is an elongated, compressed, and well-de-
veloped spade like process, with a sharp horny edge, of a black color;
a trace of the same is seen on the inner edge of the tip of the inner
toe. The sole is perfectly smooth, and there is no tubercle of any kind
except the spade-like process.

Color above, in spirits, either earth-brown, fulvous-brown, or ashy-
brown, with a pale ashy band from each orbit; these converge again
on the coccyx. These bands are rarely unbioken, and are sonu^times
exceedingly indistinct; they sojuetinies inclose a pale area. Sides

IM

m'i

300 unLLETIN 31, I'NITKO STAIKS NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Bometinies inarblod with ]iiiU' asli, soinctiincs uniform. Sonu'timcs a
pale iiterorbital cross-band, s')mL'tiiiics two longitudinal bands on muz-
zle. A vertical lirtht line on end of muzzle.

"~T~ ^-^2 4 6

Flo. 74. flrniihiojnis hoUtronkii. Xo. 10004. Florida Ki'.vs ; }.

Miiimiremiiiln of So. llHltJ.

M.

Lcnfjtli of bead and body (MW

L('ii<;tli of head, iiiL']iidin<; tyiiijiaua ()•.':>

Width of head, iiicliidiiij; tyiii liana O'JT.'i

Lcnytli of fore-ley from axilla OIC)

Lenjjtli of hind leg from groin O'i]

Length of liitia OvilT

Length of tarsus . OIJ

Length of rest of foot OJT

The wide front and peculiar glands of t'.iis sjjecies readily distingiii.sli
thent from all others mendjers of the genus. Its range, liUe tliat of sd
many other North American Batrachia and rei)tiles, is confnicd 1<» llif
eastern region. It is found in every part of this, including tiic I'lon-
dan and Texan districts.

t

-T^

i\ ■«■

Cilt.ilo;'!!!' No ,pf
unrulier, s'luo.

!t:;no
'.Kd.i

ItTlil

;iii!iii
4r..Mt
;i70(i
;i7ii;
4.'iu;i

ScaphiopiiH holhroolii Harlan.
KESKUVE SEU:ES.

Locality.

Whon ! w™„. ,..i.„.., ..„„„i..„.i Xaliirt' olHiirr
oolloctod. I I'romwliomroc-ohe.l. j.^,.,,^ '

I.ilicTly (Niuiity, (la '

M.i.j. J. I.o ("onto
Ih7fl Kiiiiilioii it Hciiii

MillcllKlHlllc. (Jil

Caiiiliridnc, ilas.t

do ; 1 ,1. H. Uicliiiid.

I'cnil Kivor, Mis.H i • Misa Ili'lcii Tiini.soii

I Iiidinn Jiivor, Kliv | <i. Wiirdciiiann

do ] .| I'idl'. I.. AjiiiMsiz

Saint Simun'M ImIi', (Ja ..; J. li. I'ustoTl

Alcnliolii'
Do.
Do.
l>o.
Ilo.
Do.
Do.
Do.

Specimens from Cambridge, Mass., are nearly nnicolor, while Floii
dan forms are lightest and most variegated ; the head seems to be a
little broader and more obtuse. These forms graduate into the inter
mediate and most common type. ]\rr. C. W. Uargitt (see America ii
Naturalist, June, 1.S88) has found it on the Island of Martha' Vine
yard, a fact which indi(!a,t«'S the compaiatively late separation of tliat
island from the main land of Massachusetts.

" Ub ■

Tllli nATUACIilA OK NORTH AMKKICA.

301

II((hUs. — This species, tliou<;li no widely distiibiited, is seldom .seen.
After rains in sprinjj: and suinnier its cries may bo heard at ni}^ht, pro-
ceeding' always, so I'ur as my experience yoes, IVom temporary pools.
I have observed it twice in Pennsylvania, twice in New Jersey, and
once in Massachusetts on the main land oi>i)ositc Martha's Vii>eyard.
Specimens IVom the latter lo(!ality which I kept in a vivarium burietl
themselves in the earth by day, but issued at nightl'all and indus-
triously explored tlieir surroundinj^s. Tiieir burrows were concealed
l»y th(5 loose earth whi(!h fell into and (illed them, but below this the
bony top of the head could be always found. Frecpiently one eye i)ro
je<'ted from the debris, presentiu};' with its brassy-colored iris a most
siiijiuhir appt'aiaiu;e. On beins irritated with a hard object they utter
a clattering" note entirely unlike that of the breeding' season.

SCAl'HIOl'US L'OIICIIII IJainl.

(Plate (W, lig. a.)

I'iocccmI. Ac. I'liilii., vii, K."), (i. (!•.', iiiid U. S. Mox. Ittiiiiid. Siiiv., ii, |.-<5i),
l.'i'lit., |). ^.H, I'l. :!.'). Ii;;s. l-C; Coi"', I'rocccd. Ac. IMiilii., iSl.i, p. W;
ISiocclii, Miss. Sc. Mfx.Jiiitr., p. '.»(; ; 15(mlL'n-;t'r, (Jal. liatr. Sal. Hrit.
SI IIS., -J.l ..(1., IsS'i, p. 454.

Scapliiiipii.'i viniiis Cope, /. c, ji. r>'i ; IJrocclil, /. c, p. 'J7.

Smiiliitiiiux fcclifrcnin Cojif, I'l'dcft'd. Ac. Pliila., Irti:?, p. ;'):{; iirocclii, Miss. .Sc. Mcx.,
I?atr., p. ','7: lioiilcii;fcr, Cat. Hrit. Mii.s.,','d cd.. IKS-J, 4:i.").

Form stout; head more elongate, acuminate oval; width of frontal
iegi(Mi greater than from lip to iiares, on(!-thiid the length of the tibia.
Prolile gradually descending; front plane, nuizzle projecting, rounded.
Anterior border of tympanum scarcely distinguishable, Eyes very
prominent. V'onu'rine teeth opposite middle of choana', which ecpial
ostia pharyngea. Tongue round, slightly emarginate. Parotoid gland
llat, descending on the side. Skin tuberculous, es[»ecially on tln^ sides;
sonu'times a slightcryptiferous thickening of integument of tibia ; none
Oil the sides of the pectoral region. A i>osttympanic antl an ante-
pi'(!toral fold. Abdomen slightly rugose; gular region smooth. Cunei-
form i)rocess elongate. Toes fully palmate.

~1 ^ ^^^2^4 6

Fio. T-l. f^fa/ihinpiis iTiiicliil nxriii.t. <'it]ti\ 5S!)I! ; nut. .'"izc. Capo St. Lucas, Cal.

Color above yellowish, with irn-gnlar brown bands, which converge
between and behind t lie orbits; otliei's diverge on the Hanks, beginning
at th(> or'.)its; one IVom same point lo hip and one; on cantlius rostralis.
There is a (•(uilliicnce of dor.^al bands near the sai'rum, A light band
on outer face of tarsiis and toe; hand yellowish,

i \

I t

302

lUJLLKTlN ;!l, 1:MTI;1) STATKS NATU)NAIi MIISKIJM.

L(Mi;{(li of lifiul ami body

L(iif{tli of lujiid, iiiL'liiiliiij; tyiiiimiiii ...
Width of lu'iid at lionlcis of tyinpaiia.

Lt'iijftli of fore limb

I.i'iilftli of bind limb.

Mntniirciiii Ills of So. liMi'iK.

M.

(Uil

(>\iO

(f-i?

o:!ir)

ocidd

r.cnjith of tll)iii •••■il

l..t'ii{;tli of tiirHiiM Oil

Lciij^tli of rest of postorior foot 0'J4

This spc(!ies is iiiteriiicdiiite in its cliiiriU!tois bctwccii tlui *S'. holhroohii
Jiiid th(i otlier species of the {,U'ims. Tlie IVoiitoparietal inteiorWitiii
space is wider than in tiie liitter, but not so wide as in tlie former. Tlic
tibia is very sliort, Jiivinjn' the animal ii more squat appearance than llie
iS\ liaiinunnilii.

In tlie typical specimen the labial border projected beyond the line
of the mn/zle, so that the prolile sl()])ed to it downwards and forwar<ls,
I have seen no second specimen like it, but specimens which ayree with
it in every other respect occur in the siime zooloffic.d district. I am in-
clined to think that this peculiarity of the tyi»e spetMmeii (which is not
represented in JJaird's ]>Iate, /. c) is only an individual one. The other
tbims pass directly into each other.

The range of this species is the southern part of the Sonoran district
and the corresi)onding part of the Lower Californian. Within the
limits of the United States it has b;en found oidy in southwest Texas.

t;

Scaphioiius couchii lid.

UESKKVK SICUIES.

m

CiitalogiiB
iiiiiiilivr.

12Cr)7

No. of
Hpcr.

Locality.

Matnmoios, Mi x

("iiiiK Saint Liica.s, (-'al .

r,al'az, Cal

UclotcM, Hcxar Coll lit V,

Tox.
(!)

Wlicii
lollcctt'd.

Kroiii «lioiii iT.oiv.Ml. ^'"'"iV,;,!"'" ""

I""

I,it!iitcnaiitConcli (ISor-

laiidii'i- collcctioii).

Illllll .\lllltllH

Ih82 I., litliliiiu

(i. \V. Maiiiock

0).

Alrolidlic.
Do.
Oo.

IJo.

SPEA Cope.

.ronrnal Academy I'hiiadclpliia (2), vi, ISSti, ji. SI.

Cranial derm free from cranium ; the latter generally with a fronto-
l>arietal fontauellc; vomerine teeth present; toes webbed ; cuneitbrni
process large.

In this genus we have perntanently preserved characters which de-
flno an immature stage of Scaphiopus. In one of the subsjjecies of
the 8. hanunondii the ossilieation of the cranium litis progres.sed so far
as to close the frontopiirietal fMulanelle, but not so as to penetrate the

;

TIIK IIATKACIIIA OF NoKTII AMKliKIA.

;'»o;;

cranial iiitc;;iiaieiit. Tho speck's Ik'Ioiij;' to the wi'stcni anil sontli-
westciii parts of the iicarctic realm. Tliey arc distingnislied as follows:

a. Tympiiiiic (UnU diHtinct; no ^IiukI on tibia.

Intororbitiil width inirrow, ont(uin;; li'n<;lli of tiltia foui' tinum; vonicrinii
tcolh between choanii- ; color j;<'nei'iilly daik, witb or witliout [lalo Htripcs.

•S. hammoiidii.
(XiX. Tynipiinic disk concoalfd ; a larj;"' j^landoii tho ii|>im'I' nidi^ of (be tibia.

Intei'orbital widlli narrow, entcrin;; tiliia tbicc tinicH; vonirriiK^ tet^tli a lilllc
])osterior to narcs; colorM piilo .S'. miilliplhald.

Sl'EA IIAMMONDII Haird.
(.'oiM', Journ. Ac. I'liila. Ci), vi, ISCC, p. hi.

Svupliioinin hainminidii Haird, Ut-pt. Kxpl. Surv., iv, Ivt'iitil., IM.V.), IM. '^f*, lij;. •_'; Copf,

I'rocood. Ac. I'liiia., l"<(r.t, p. .Ml; IJonlenjjcr, Cat. Hatr. Sal. ISrit. Mm., lHH-2, p. t:{.'i.
ScdjiliiitpuH liomhi/roita Copi', I'nicccd, Ac. I'bila., iHtiH, p. .^;i; Koiilcn^cr, Cat. Hatr.

Sal. IJrit. .Mas., ls«-,>, p. >;!.-,.
Simibomhi/rotin Cojie, .lourn. Ar. i'liila. C-i) vi, iHtilJ, p. 81.
Sped Hlaiinalix Coiic, l'. S. (1. (1. Siirv. \V. of ItKttli Mcrid., v, Zool., p. .V,',"), IM. •^."•,

li-,'.s. (i-H.
S(\nilii>jiHn aliKjnaliH ltoul(Mi;r<!r, Cat. Hatr., Sal. lirit. Mas., IS&2, p. VM't.
^^laiihioiiun tliiijiHii KriK'clii, Hull. Soc. I'liiloni. (7), ill, lH7i», p. '2U, and Miss. Sci.

.Mcx., ISatr., p. HI, I'l. ".>, li.;. t ; Hoiilcii>,'cr, Cat. Hatr. Sal. Hrit. Mns., 18-X', p. J;'.!).

This is a widely distributed and variable s[)ecies, presenting sncli
diversity in some res|)ects as to be interesting as an example of the
appearance of important (tharacters in the conrse of descent. It is in-
teresting also from its habits, adapted as they are to the exigencies ol
a dry climate, in which the o[)pi)rtnnity for aquatic life is i)recarions,
and the metamorphosis corresi)ondingly liable to inodilication.

I include three subspecies under thecommo:i head, which are delined
as follows : ,

(»i'M"rally no frontopar' '-il fontanclli' ; head piano above; a liuij^itudinal pale ban.l
on eaeli side of IkI' .; larj^er; skin tnbercnlar S. Ii. iiitennuittaiin.

.\ frontoparietal fontanelle; head plane or convex above ; no lonj^itudinal li;.v'it
bainls ; .skin smoother ; snia]|<>r *'. /i. hdmmoiiilil.

A frontoparietal fontanelle; head very convex at tlie, interurbital rej^ion ; skin nearl,'
smooth ; color.s palo ; si/.c least S. It. hoiitbij'roiis.

I had first placed the S. h. hitcnnontana in the genus Scaphiopus,
while the two other subspecies were placed with the S. utHltipUcafa
in a distinct genus, Spea, which was characterized by the presence of
a frontoparietal fontanelle. This character is generally constant, al-
though its inconstancy as a s;>eci(lc character is t> be expected some
where. The genus Spea is the seat of the failure of this generic char
acter to coincide with the other detinitions of a species. In one of the
four specimens of the subspecies Intermontanus 1 find the fontanelle
present, while in three it is absent. In a fifth specimen it is rei)re-
sented by a fissure between the frontoparietal bones.

The S. h. bombifronn appears to be, at first examination, a well de-
lined species, The interorbital protuberance is a striking character.

i-Hj

!P I

301

lirLI-KTIN ;il, I'MTKI) STATKS NAIIitNAI, MISKIM.

Tin- lil»ia is iilso .slioiirr in l.vpiciil cxainiili's, mcasiiiiii;;- oiil,v lliivo
times tli(> iiitcrorbital widlli. Tiiis iiM'asiin'iiu'iit is ])artl,v due to tlic
iiilcrorbital «'iiIar;;('iiK'iit. Tlu' siuii is less tulu'rciilar and tlic coitus air
|»ahr. Tlio f«»rm lias aiu'siu'cial j^coyiiaidiical raiip'. 15iit I liiid sprci-
iiK'iis from (lilleriMit parts of tlio West which (;<)iiiR'(!t this form with tlu-
tnit! S. iKiinmoiulii. Such are specimens collected l>y Dr. Ifaydeii in the.
valley of the (Jreat Colorado, in eastern I'tah, and others (d)tained l»y
myself at Santc Fe, N. Mex. In some of the former the interorbilal
wi«ltli enters the ieii^-th of the tibia three and a half times.

The Sjua nt<njiutJh is known as yet fi'om yonnj;- spccimens-oniy, which
hav(^ but recently passed their metamorphosis. The principal peculi-
arity which characterizes them is tie minute si/e of the ostia phar.\n-
^i'ca of the Eustachian tubes. I suspect this to be a character of imum-
turity, as I find a similar state of affairs in some of the younj,' speci-
mens of Scapldopiis coiicltii in the collection.

Spia hammondil inlennontann C(tpe.

rn.cccil. Ac. I'liilii., l-sii, i>. 11,

I took a specimen of this si)ecies within the limits of Salt liake City,
and subseipiently obtaiiu'd tiiree or f(Uir sju'cimeus from Pyramid Lake,
Nevada. The sides and much of thiMbusal re<;ionarecovered with rather
larnc lidu'rcles closely jdaccd. The frontoparietal bones, though ossi-
fied, ate not ronjiliencd, as in the species of Scaphiopus. It is nearest
the S. coH('/(// (from near San Antonio, Tex), in that si)ecies the vo
luerine teeth are entiiely posterior to the internal nares; in this (uie
they are between the fiosterior bordi'rs of the same. The lips arc^ not
cross barred, as in the A', couch ii ; and the superior rejiion has two
pale lines on each side. In *S'. coiicliil these lines are replaced by a
coarse, uuirblinf;'. As compared with the Sj)(<( IkdiuiioikIH, this froj;
differs in its lar';er size, lighter colors, and the presence of the superior
pair of light lines.

1 2

Fill. 70. Sjiid liiiiiiiiiiiiulii iiilcriii'iiitiiiiti. No. l(i:ijii. I'l. Walla Wnllii; [.

It represents the .S. Iinmiiiontli in more uortherii regions, and the com-
plete cranial ossification and larger size mark it as a more fully devel
o2)ed form.

I found it associated with Biifo coUonbicitsis in a pond near tlu^ shore
of Pyramid Lake. Like other allied s[»ecies, it was very noisy, almost
obscuring' the voice of the less vociferous liido.

TIIK UAIKAflllA OF NOliTII AMHKICA.

MvanurniiciilH.

•M)f)

M.

Li'ii^tl' iiriii'.Hl iiml lioily m'i'i

L('ii;;lli iil'lifail, incluiliii;; tymi)iiiiii OKJ

Witltli of lu'ud, iiiiliidiiif; f.vininiiiii O.'H

l,cii;;tli tif Ikic Urn It I'loiii iixillii IKK)

Krii;;tli III' hi ml 1 1 in It fiom groin IITII

l.iiiKlli i»r tiliiii ().':i

Lciij^lli oflarMiiM (11 -J

Lciijflli of ri'inaiiHlur of foot UJd

Sjifa liummoiidii iiilcrmoiilanu Cope.

C.ilaliiiiiit'i No. of

IIMIIllll'l'. H|ll'l'.

I.iM':iIllv.

,l!:;i;!.i. >^' > -•-"• ''""^;;:;[.^"""

8IIIU

mm

1 , Trovn, I'liili 1 Dr. Il.r. Varniw

1 I l'\.H\Viillii\Vallu,\VaHli C.pl.C. IS.inliro .

Spat liumiiioiKlii hnmmontJ'ii IJainl.

(I'lato xi.vi, fij;. -I; xi.ix, li;;. I-'; i.xvi, li;^. 1.)

Cope, .loiirn. Ac. I'liila. (•.»), VI, 1H()I), p. Hi ; Proc'CPd. Ac I'liihi., l-'l!, p. II.

Scnithioinin l.iimiiiomlii IJaiid, h'cpt. Expl. .Siiiv.,lV., Ucptil, 1S,',',», I'j. v!-, li;;. "J; (^opc,
I'roc. Ai'. riiila.. ]-l!:i, p. .':! ; lionlfiigi r, Cat. liatr. .Sal. IJrit. Mas., '..M fd., l-s^i,

p. v.\->.

Sjim nliiijiHiliH Copo, YaiTow'.s IJi-pt., v, Zool., p. rrj.'i, I'l, 'J.">, lig. (J-"^.
S((ijiliii>pii>i .iliijiKilin l!oiilt'ii{i;('r, /. c, p. lltli,

^C(i It hi op lis 'liiijixi litdi'clii, Hull. ,Soc. I'liilom. (7), in, IrtiD, p. •,';!, and Miss. Sc. Mcx.,
Uatr., i.'l>4, i'l. t), lij;. l ; Boiik'ii>,'t'r, /. c, p. 4;Jti.

Fli:. 77. S/ii-d hnmiiioiiilli liiiiiniiiitii.li!. No. U^jH. K. I'tali; |.

Maxillary outline aciiiiiiiiatc oval; niiizzlo .somewhat tniiKiate, po.
peniliciilar in prolile. Keyioii of (;aiitliu.s rostralis concave ; front itlaiie
or a little concave, \vitli a weak ridj^e on eacili side, wliiidi is nio.st dis-
tinct i)(»steriorly ; tlie width one-fourth length of tihia, and less from
nostril to lii>. I'lyis prominent; tyinpanmn distinct, one fourth thee.K-
tent of the former. A fold behind angle of mouth. Tarotoids ihil,
small; no gland on tibia or pectus. Tongue very large, entire. Cho-
ana' large; vomerine teeth in tiansverse series between them. Skin
roughly tuberctdons, especially on the sides; thick on the occiput; be-
low nearly smooth. Cuneiform process i)rodnei'd.

Color above stone-brown in alcohol, with traces of two paler dorsal
bands. Tubercles I'ulvous tipped; extremities shaded with the same.
13elo\v whitish, immaculate.
1951— Bull 31 20

1

fa

1

^

'SC|

i

•1 i

I ? I

i !

■ oji

30G HULLETIX :J1, UMTEU STATliS NATIONAL MUSIiUM.

Mvasurcmiiilti of So. WiJ'Jo.

M.

LfUf;! Ii (if Iic'iitl iiiiil body Of)!

Luii<;tli ol'lifiul, iiK'lii(liM<j;' tyiiipaiia <>t.'>4

Widtli of Luad, iiicludiii;^ tyiiiitana 0",':{

Lciigtb of ibie-lt'j,' from axilla O'Jd.'t

Leiijjfth of hind ley from yroiii O'lri

Leiij^tli of tibia 0H>

Length of tarsus UOi*

Length of rest of foot 022

The range of this species is extensive. It was originally obtained
near lledding in noithern California. .My friend, James S. Lipi)iiic()tt,
has sent it to nie from the extreme sonth of California, San Diego. The
Smithsonian Institntion has a slightly ditterentiated variety from Chi-
huahna, and specimens from my frieinl, Dr. Dng(5s, from (Inanajiiato,
IMexico, are the same. I snsjject that the SraphiopuH (hu/cNi Uroechi
from that locality is the same species.

Abnndant in Jnly and August, when it deposits its eggs in the pools
of rain-water. It is very noisy at such times, and the open lots in thi^
city of Santa Fe resound with its cries. These are much like those of
the Scaphio})^ holbrookii

Sjua hammoiKtii hdinmoiidii Haird.
RESERVE SERIES.

Ciitiilof;uc
nuiiibur.

8tir>a

yti'Ja

^'"•"'' Loialilv. jy'",'", Fio>n«lio,Mror,.iv.Ml. ^■■'""- '•'1»''=-

H|»5C. ' Colll'ltfll. lllllll.

1

1 I Cnlifoiniii ; Pr. .T. Cr. CoDpor Alc<,' ulic.

I) I Altn(l()8 Utiis, N.Mex.., Sept.— , 1H74 I'lur. E. IJ. (;<i|m' Ale. tvjir.

1 ! t'tali I IST'J Or. !:. (\ Vimow Alcoiriilii .

1 ('alilbriiia Aii^. — , 187.') 'li) Do.

1 i'ort Rcililiui.'. Cal ' Dr. .1. !•'. Ilaiiiinonil, Do.

V. S. A,

S2)ca hammontUi hombifn>n.s Cope.

(Plates .')!, lig. 17; (Js, fig. la.)
Cope, Joiiin. Ac. Phihi. (--i), vi, lAStl, p. 81.

Svaphiopiis homhifroim Cope, Prnc. Ac. Pliila., IHO!!, p. r>'.\; Hoiilcnger, Cat. liatr. Sal.
Brit. Mu8., 'Jd ed., lHrf2, p. VX).

Outline of inaxilhe acuminate oval ; muzzle truncate, elevated, thit^k-
ened transversely ; profile or vertex arched, of front concave ; canthus
rostral is replaced b^' a concavity. Tympanum concealed or .scart:ely
visible; parotoid Hat, small. No gland on tibia or pectus. Tongue en-
tire. Vomerine teeth in oblique fasicidi or short series between choana' ;
these e(inal ostia pharyngea. Skin nearly si looth, roughest on the sides.
Cuneiform process jiroduced. ralmation of toes deeply repand.

Color in spirits p:ile ashen or brown, with luinieroiis plumbeous ver-
miculations, which are aggregated into a blotch on the scapular region,
which has a pale space below it. Limbs vermiculated ; outer border
tf tarsus and foot light. A dark spot on canthus rostralis.

" ■'1

THE HATRACHIA OF NORTH AMERICA.

307

This s[»ecic8 has the most iioitherii raujfc of those foiuul west of the
Mississippi, ami is especially cliaraeteristic of the elevated plains. It
nuijies from northern Texas to Montana. It resembles very closely
halfji'rown specimens of liuj'o coytiatmo^ the same region, sous tocon-
stituie it II mimetic analogue.

Fui. 7S. ,s'y/i'(( haiiimiiiidii liouih!/iiii)s Oopp. OOW, iiat. size. Camp Tliorno, Yellowstone K.

Meaaitremeiits of \o, :!5*i0.

M.

Li'iij;lli (if head ami body 0415

Li'iiiftli of head, iiich.i'iiif; tympana 0V2

\Vidtli of Ill-ad, iiicliidiiijj tyiiqiaiia OK!

Li'ii;;tli of foit'-lt'ii from axill.i 0*^0

L<'ii;;tli of Iiiiid Icj; from <;r(iiii 0445

l.cii;;tli of tarsus 007

[.(■njithof tibia 014

l.fiiglli of rrstdf foot 017

The specimen 9943, from the Yellowstone Kiver, is an excellent illus-
tration of the mode of origin of corneous ei)idermis. The end of the
muzzle and the frontal convexi*^y are covered with a layer of black
horn, each forming an oval shield, wliicli meets the other on the top of
the snout. This is probably a result of the constant jiressure anl fric-
tion of the earth when the animal is burrowing in it. Althoii„(i the
aninial burrows with the hinder limbs, the muzzle is naturally used in
keeping the passageway open to the surface. Tlie character is not con-
stant.

This species is characteristic of the northern parts of the plains and
Great Basin. I found it especially common in tiie region north of the
Missouri Kiver and eastward of Fort Benton. Before my arrival there
rain had fallen, and the ruts of the wagon-trails were tilled with water.
These ditches contained numerous examples of this species, together
with Cliorophiliis Irisrriatus, Ilufo coiinatHs, and AmbUjHtoma tigrlmtm.
Their metainor|)hosis was completed by that time (August 20), although
some of the specimens were small.

In Idaho, near latitude 4.5^ 30', is situated a body of water known as
Market Lake. Its extent is variable, for it is said to be dependent for
its water supi)ly on the overflows of the Snake Kiver, which is a few
miles distant to the eastward. An old channel leads from the river to
the lake, giving probability to the statement. , At the time of my pas-
sage through the region the water was unusually high, for a portion of
the stage road, with parts of numerous telegraph poles, was submerged.
The lake appeared to be about ten miles long by six in width. The
country surrounding it is arid, and the sand, which represents soil, rests

m\

r

308 BULLETIN lil, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

ou a basis of lava. The stage halted for a short time to enable me to
examine the shore of the lake. I found it to be lined with a windrow
of sri^sahoitiK'vs (Culoptcnus mmtus) wliieh had fallen into the water
and been washed up, some living, others dead. Among them 1 found
numerous large fat larvie of S2)ea bombiJ'ronn oecupjing small spaces
whieh they had cleared, quite out of the reach of the water. Their
limbs were nearly fully grown, while their tails hadsuflered no absorp-
tion, and their jaws were toothless and cartilaginous ; some quite larval
in form, others with wider gape. They were engaged in eating the
grasshopper., and I detected several specimens with the entire insects
in their mo.Uhs. In some instances the grasshoppers' bodies were too
large and projected from their mouths. These precocious larva- were
evidently nir-breathers, and hopi)ed about, presenting a curious ap-
l)eaiance as they dragged their large tails after them. 1 found some
adult si>ecimens of AmbUjstonui mavortinm also along the water's edge.
These observations were made on the llth of August, 1870.

Spia haiumoinllihomhifroiis C'o|k .

Ciitilln«lli' Xo.of T.inlitv
uuinber. spt'c. l^ocalit.\.

Wlir-.i
collected.

I'"riiiii wliDiii nicivcil.

Nature iiIsik'C-
iiia'ii.

3704

1 HIiickfiiot KorU, Moiit..

K. V IIjivili'ii

1 Km t I'liidii, D.ik

3520

1 I'liitlf Itivcr. 'JiKl riiiliH
west 111' Fort Ki'ann'.v.

1 I.1;1I1I» K<4t:ll'lll)ll . _'_

W.S. WiMiil

3703

Cmit. J. I'liiic

0013 i 1 l!:iliili 'riiiil'iiH Vi'iliin'.

( ')

stlillr.
1 I'ult ISi'Htnll Mont

I'j. I), C(ll><5

SPEA MILTIPLICATA Cope.

,'<ji<a iiiultiplicala Vo\>r, .loiini. Ac I'liilii. (•,'), vi, l>(il'i, \<. Si.

.Sidjiliiopiia miillipliiiiliis Coiic, I'mcccd. Ac. I'liila., IHIi!!, p. ."rj ; I'lioci!!;, Mis. Sci.
Mex. IJiitr., |). -J.'.; IJoiileiigor, Cat. IJatr. Sal. liiit. Mils., -Jdid., ISI.', ).. VMi.

Fi;;. 71). !<iiiii iiiiillliilifata. No. .'1091. Valloy of Mexico; 1.

Foiiu broad, s()uat. Head very short ; profile rapidly descending;
niaxillaiy outlines acuminate, oval ; muzzle thiiik, rounded. An open
frontoparietal fontauelle. Vomerine fascicles just posterior to the line

■■riML,»i»>iM»<ii

X

THE BATRACIIIA OF NORTH AMERICA. 309

coiiuecting the posterior narcs. Eyes very i>roiniiiont. From these a
strong foUl passes the posterior to the angle of the mouth and across
tlie guhir re:,;ioi. , tympanum covered by a portion of the parotoid
ghmd anteri'/r to this. Parotoid pro])er very hirge, extending beyond
Ncapuli), ben. upon the side; bounded interiorly by a strong fold, wliicli
extends from the one .above mentioned to the groin. IJelow this, on
the sides, are two or more other folds. Skin of upper surfaces coarsely
tuberculous; that of the crown thick, of the extremities nearly suiootii.
A large gland occupies most of length of tibia. Abdomen n.inutely,
pubic region (toarsel^', rugose. Cuneiform process rather short, very
prominent. Choanal smaller than ostia pharyngea. Tongue entire,
with a narrow free anterior border, one-third tree posteriorly. Ex-
tended heel reaching fiont of humerus; tibia three times as long as in-
terorbital width. Three phalanges of fourth toe tree from web. Color
ill spirits; above ashy l»rown, below yellowish ash.

MramircmeiilK of Xo. I{ii94.

Li'M^itli of lit'iid and Ixxly Or>r>

Lciintli (if liciid to parotoid fold ()l,"i

U'idlli of head at ciintliiiH oris , OJIJ

L iiUlli of fore 11 nil) fmui axilla 0'2',\

1,1'n.nlli of 111 lid 11 nil I from >;r )iii (I.Vi

l,iii;;lli of tiliia (1175

Lcnutli of taiMiis 0()i>:,'

l.«'ni,'tli of rest of hi ml foot O'JOJ

The cliaractei's which distinguish this sjx'cies are numerous. In its
general appearance it has a great rcsembliinee to the Tiii/o conipacfilis
of tli(^ s;;me country. Hut one specimen is known.

No. .'UJJK; one spe(!imen ; V^alley of Mexico ; J. l*otts : alcoholic;.

I

I

CYSTKlNATinDJ:.*

Hiiiiidir, part., ('jisliiiiHilliiihi , jiarl., lilnco'ilun'iiitii', jiart., Ahilhhv, part., ('pcniliiilir,
ni>iiihiiniloriilii , iiarl., /////(»(/((/((■, ]»arl., Giintlicr. Cat. i>atr. Sal.

('Hxliiiiiiilhidir lUt\>f, Nal. Hist. Ifcv., l-^Ci."), \t\ns Sittjiliinjiodido'. part.

f 7/.s/((/H((//n(/(r Copr ; .loiini. .Vc. I'liiia. (','), ^ '■ iH.iti; |{>nili'ny;cr. Cat. Hatr, Sai., l$iit.
Mils., ii cd. |S,<-J.

llomhiiKiloriilii , jiarl., PhclvnmnHlidir, AhilUliv,\\\\v\., I'ohijHdiitldir, jtart., /iVniiV/d, jiail.,
DixiojIoKnithi , part., Mivart, I'rocrcd. Zool. .Soc, \riC>\).

Vertebra^ proccelons; no ribs ; sacral <iiapophyses (tyliinlrical, obtii
hedral or slightly depressed distally, inclined upwards. IJrostyle sei)a-
rate, iittached to twoeoinlyles, without diapophyses. Teiminal phalan-
ges conti tn)us, either uniforndy conic, or with divergent teiminal procs
esses or their rudiments. Sternum distinct. \o teeth on the mandible.

Tliis, after the Ilylidai the most extensive family of the Arcifera, em
braces one liundre<l and lifty-six species, whicrh represent t hit ty-.seven
generic types.

Th ; most c nnpletely develojx'd geniiH exhil»iti a cranitiMi without

• l'lal«'s7(l,T1.

a I

'*tt

] ' I,

1 i

1«^

in

ii

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310 BULLETIN 34, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

fontanelle and with complete ethmoid arcli, and a styloid osseous xiplii-
sternum, with termina' "irtilagiuous disk ; tlie auditory organs perfectly
developed; the lowes 'eveloped ethmoid arch and frontoparietal

roof, and disciform c. ginous xii)histerimm without style, with
Eustachian tubes ami memhrauum tympani wanting. Accompanying
this succession, we have four modiOcations of the family structure to
adapt to as many modes of life: the aquatic, the terrestrial, the arbo-
real, ami the subterranean. As the earth's surface is the common
ntediiim between the above extiemes, so the s])ecies of terrestrial habits
furnish us with none of the adaptive extremes of structure, but reujiiin
an intermediate grouj), from which the succession of structures, inter
rupted, it is true, passes towards the divergent types. Develojuneiiral
structures accompany and confirm the adaptive, but by no means al-
ways coincide.

The aquatic habit is attained when the digits behind iirc not only
webbed, but when the external metiitarsi are separated by Mu'inbiane
also; the arboreal, when the terminal phalanges are furnished witli a
terminal transverse limb, which supi)orts an adhesive disk. Tlse sub
terranean is shortened, and furnished with a great development of tin'
lirst digit or prepollex of the tarsus, which is covered by a corneous
sheath, and serves as a si)ade. The lirst type may be combined with
the third, as in Mixophyes and Chiroleptes, or either may be furnished
with a bony overioohng of the temporal muscles, and pciietration of its
integuments by the hyperossilication of the cranium.

The fossorial spur is weak in lleliopoius and Paludicola, weaker in
Mitrolysis, and just represented in Ceratophiys. The palmate foot is
<liminished in Calyi)tocei>iialus, reduced in Mixophyes and Chirolei»tes,
and represented by a trace in ll^loriiiiia and Limnoinedusa. The un-
developed ear is seen in Telmatobius and in Alsodcs.

Tiie variations in tiie develtti»inent of the tliumb are not so striking
as in the llylida'. In (inatiiophysa, Cystignathus, and Ceratophrys
the trapezium sui»ports an osseous metacarpal and obtuse phalange,
whi(di are concealed ill a large tiiln'icle. In Mixophyes, on the otiier
hand, the inetacai|)al is slender, cut irely caitiiagiiious, and does not
support a phalange. Tiiere is no where a spur, as in Ilypsiboas.

With regard to the deiinal attaciiments, the following inii)ortant
varieties o(!cur; in the family generally, but especially among Ilylodes
and ('ystignathi, the dorsolateral septum is placed esi»ecially high up:

I'seudea. — Se[)ta in Pseiidis as in Ifaiia; in Lysajuis tlu^ laterovenlral
line is a little widened. In Mi.ropln/cs ftisriohifus the lateroventrals
are very wide, and leave the ventral free space very narrow behind the
middle.

(Jemtophryiks. — In Ceratophrys the lateral septa nvo narrow, and
there are two posterior abdominal transverse septa, similar <o tliost*
altiiched to the sternum. In Crrdtophri/s urntUa these are wanting, luit
the dorsolateral line is veiv broad.

TTTTT'PP

THE IJATUACHZA OF NORTH AMERICA. 311

Crinkv. — Among these animals I have examined species of IIeliopo«
rus, Phityph'ctrum, Crinia, IJorboroca'tes, Eiisophus, and IJyperolia,
and in none cau I lind ni )i'e than lateral traces of the epicoracoid and
coiacoid septa, excei)t in the Uyperoliti marmorata, where they are coin-
l)Iete. Tlie posterior abdominal is well developed in JJmso/jZ/us nchu-
losus.

i'/eio-orfcmfC.— Ventrolateral low down, and posterior abdominal well
developed in Vkurodema hihronii.

i/^iorfcs.— Dorsolateral and ventrolateral far apart; the transverse
posterior abdominal septum in the species of Lithodytes, in Ephirejcis
longipes, in Enhydrohms vomerinns (Elosia Girard) and HypotUetj/on ri-
dens. I hiive not found it in Lithodytes ams2>ivillatus Gthr., Enhydvohim
parvus., and Limnocharis/uscus Bell {Elosia Mrt.sM.s' Girard).

Vystignnthi. — In all the species the structure is similar to that of
JJana, except in the approximation of the dorsolateral lines, aiul the
l)resence of the postabdominal septum, which is continuous with the
latoroventrals, and is indicated externally in several of the species by
a fold in its line of attachment.

The accompanying table exhibits the allinities of the genera and the
groups into which they naturally fall.

This family was first characterized by the autlior in Proceedings Acad-
emy Natural Sciences, 1803, 1(J; excluding, however, the genera Cera-
tophrys and Tomopterna; and subsequently more exactly in the Nat-
ural History lleview, 1805, Several changes, approximations to nature,
were proposed by me in 1800. lioulenger adopted this family as I dc-
dedned it (Cat. IJrit. Mas., 1882), but modiiied the extent and definitions
of the genera materially.

firoiip I. I'sKTOKS. — rrontoparictiil bones fully (iL'vt'ltii)e(l ; toes webbed, extenial
iiictiitarsi iVce; teriiiiiial i)halaiij;e.s acute; .sternum a cartilaginous plate; ear
perfectly develoijcd ; ton;;ne broail, euiire, adhrrenl.

Cephalic derm distinct: vomerine teetli ; no cuneiform shovel or
lumbar j;land ; prefrontals closely united; pupilliori/ontal ; no
di;;ital dilatations J'xcikUh Wa^fler.

Cephalic derm distinct; vomerine teetli; no cuneiform shovel or
lumbar {flaiul ; prefrontals widely separated from each other and
frontoparietals ; ends of digits dilated /.ymipxiin v'ope.

Cephalic derm distinct ; vomeriue teeth; lingers iincl toes webbed;
terminal jthalanges bifurcate; supporting disks.. Oii^roJcdc Ksp.

Cephalic derm distinct; vcuneriue teeth; a cuneiform shovel; no
lumbar glaud ; prefrontals not closely united; pupil vertical
MUophjiiH (!ihr.

Cephalic derm distinct; vomerine teeth; no cuneiform sliovel ; a
lumbar gland; i)refrontals well united, transverse.
('jiclorhamphiis Tsch,

Cephalic derm involved in a rugose cranial ossilication, temporal
fossa overarched, completing |)ostorbital arch ; vomerine teeth ;
no cuneif(M'ni slutvel or lumbar gland; prefrontals extensively
unitedaml prolonged posteriorly CdliiptoccphaluH U. A- B.

if

i ;

11

ti

i .1

hi

n

':h:

312 nuLLETiN :m, umtki) statks national museum.

(jiniili II. CliiUKJiMiiiYKKs.— Frdiitdpaiiftiil Iioiics fully tlcveloiu'd ; toes ficd or
sli^'litly wcljbe<l; (ho i-xlcnial iiicliUarsi Itoiind ; terminal i>lialaii<;<'» Hiinplo ;
stciiimn a cartilnyinoii.s i)lal(' (so Car known, finarj»iiiato) ; ear perfectly Uevol-
(ijii'd ; fonf^ue entire, liltle free.
a. Ceplialie derm distinct; no iio.stortdtal aicli.

]'ni)il vertical; iirefrontals well separated; vonicrino teeth; toes

weblicd ; inner finger opposable MilvoljiKin' Cope

Pupil horizontal; prefrontals more or Jess united; vonu^rine teeth :
toes webbed; inner linger not oi)pos:>')le; abdominal derm areo-

late ; a strong cunciforni shovel Odontopln-ynuH IJ. & L.

Prefrontals widely separated; eyelids with dermal prolongation;
vomerine teeth; toes nearly free ; cranium elevated ; form toad-
like; inner finger not opposable IStomhua^ Hoio.

Prefrontals in close contact; eyelids not prolonged; vomerine teeth
on palatine arch; toes free; cranium broad; pupil luuizontal;

form squat ; abdomen smooth Zachwnua Cope.

aa. Cranial derm involved in ossilication; uo postorbital arch.

Pupil vertical; thumb opposed ; toes webbed ; vonioriuo teeth ; pre-

fontals separated ; nodorsal shield VMfoh'i)tiH\ tUlir.

aaa. Cephalic derm involved in cranial ossilication; a postorbital bony arch.

Similar to Ceratophrys as below, but without dorsal dermal osseous
shield I'hri/noccnis Tsch.

Prefrontals wholly or in part separated ; eyelids with a dermal pro-
longatu)u ; vomerine tecith; toes more or less palmate ; cranium
elevated; form toad-liko; inner linger not opposable; jtupil

transverse; a dorsal dermal osseous shield CtratitphrjiH Hole.

Group III. Crisi.E.— Frontoparietal bones einbracing a large fontanelle; cei)halie
derm free; external metatarsi bound; terminal phalanges simi)le; prefrontals
never clos(dy united, rarely in contact; ntfrniun not distingiiinhablc into style and
(Jhk, broad, eniarginate, cartilaginous.
a. Ethmoid bono with superior arch complete; toes webbed,

Pupil erect; vomerine teeth Ilelioponin Gray.

Auditory apparatus minute ; vonu'rine teeth ; pu])il horizontal; ster-
num with a proximal semiossitied portion <'oph<niH^ Cope.

aa. Ethmoid arch complete, or nearly SI) ; digits fret' ; no cuneiform shovel.
Largo parotoid glands; no vomerine teeth; pui)il horizontal.

Ifjjpcrolia ( I ray.

No parotoid glands; vonu'rinc teeth in transverse series; xipliister-

num broad; pupil horizontal nnrhnroriilvs \\ Hell.

No parotoid glands; pujiil erect; hternum a jdate I'lrialiti (<ray.

No parotoid glands; pupil horizontal; vomerine teeth wanting or in
minute fasciculi ; sternum slender, without bony deposit • bdo-

ininal integument usually areolato Cihi'ni 'i'scli.

aaa. Ethmoid arch cartilaginous al)ove ; digits free ; no shovel.

No i)arotoi<ls ; vonu'iine teeth; pupil round; auditory organs ruili^

mental EnsopliiiH ('oiie.

aaan. Ethmoid arch? No metatarsal shovel; "auditory organs wanting;" toes
slightly webbed.

Vomerine teeth : no parotoids thiuhn Hell.

* Typo Chiroleptrn aUwguttatuH Gthr.

t TyiH! Ciralophri/n Imici Wied.

t I'hracfopn Peters.

? Trlmatoliiiix Honlenger, not of Wiegmann.

II Includes Liiini(i<hiiinHltn Vi\7... Glintber.

I .

T»

r

TIIK BATRACIIIA OF NORTH AMERICA.

313

^1

r

Group IV. rLia'KODKM.i;.— Froiitoparictiil Imhh'h fiiilniiciiiH :i foi't'i'iL'llf ; iuulilory

appiii-iitus (levi'lopml ; ilif^its free, or slij;lilly wdibed ; oxttniiiil iiictatarsiils

bound; tt'nniiiiil pliiiliiiiyi's Niiiiple; wtfiiiuni an ossuons styli', with one (ii inoro

distinct terminal cartilage di^ks; tonj^uc entirt;; cephalic derm free.

a. Injjninal ghmds; pupil horizontal; sternal cartilage emargiuate or bifurcate.

Vomerine teeth; prefrontals well separated; metatarsal tiiberehis

minute; terminal phalanges short I'kiiroihmii 'I'seli.

un. No inguinal glands; pup 1 horizontal.

No vomerine teeth; prefrontals entirely separated; terminal pha-
langes short LiiipcrtiH 1). & 1'.

aim. No inguinal glands; sternal cartilage entire; pupil erect.

Vomerine teeth ; prefrontals widely separated by the osseous ethmoid ;

terminal phalanges elongate; limbs elongate ITiilorhinti I?ell.

Group V. Hylodks. — Digits IVee, or nearly so; external metatarsi bonnil ; tirnihiiil
phiilanijcH with a traiinn'iHc Ihnb, which supports dermal disks; sternum wit'.iout
style, scutiform, emargiuate or bilobed, osseous or cartilaginous.

1. A frontoparietal fontamdle.

No vomerine teeth or tarsal spurs; prefrontal bones wide, uniting on
th(! nsidille line Udhichi/loilrs Cope.

2. No frontoparietal fontandle.

a. I'refrontals well separated, rarely the convexities of the inner Itorders in
contact.
b. Manubrium earti1a;;.'ui)us.

Muzzle andcantlius rostralis angulated, projecting; vomerine teeUi;

digital dilatation ssmall Juiln/drohiiis Wagl.

Muzzle and canthus rostralis contracted, little marked; vomerine

teeth; digital dilatations large Epirh<xin Cope.

hh. Manubrium osseous, styloid.

Muzzle and canthus rostralis angulated ; no vomerine teeth

I.imnocharis IJell.

aa. Prefrontals united throughout by close suture, and usually in contact with
frontoparietals.

No vomerine teeth Siirrliophits Copo.

Vomerine teeth; abdomen smooth I.ithodytcs Cope.

No vomerine teeth ; belly areolato lljumdivfjitiii Cope.

Vomerine teeth ; abdomen areolate llijlodt'8 Fitz.

Group VI, CvsTKiNATiii.— Frontoparietals and auditory apparatus fully developed;
cephalic derm free; external metatarsi boiiiul, digits free, terminal phalanges
simple; sternum a distinctly delined slender osseous style, with distal cartilagi-
nous disk ; toes free,

a. .Xiphisternal style emargiuate, and with two distal cartilaginous disks.
Vomerine teeth wanting; no tarsal spurs ; inguinal glands

niihoiiias Cope.

Vomerine teeth prestMit; no tarsal si)urs ; inguinal glands

EdaloiliiiKi Fsp.

No parotoid or vomerine teeth ; isolated ingu'inal glands ; two acute

metatarsal spurs; i)upil horizontal Pahidicohi Wagl.

an. Xii>histerual style and distal disk undivideil.

No inguinal glands; pui)il horizontal Lvi)todacl!ihi>< Fitz.

Glandular aggregations on the loins ; i)upil horizontal

Cjintijinthiin Wagl.

No glands; pu])il erect l.imiKimidiisa Cope.

No glands; pupil horizontal; ainlitory ap|)aratns atroi)liit'd.
Tclmuloh'nix Wiegm.

! *f

\

• (

:S|!i

314 BULLETIN :M, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

(Ivslimiallii . . .
Ilvloilcs . . . ..
• iiiiliiplii.vdi's

r.tinilcs

rit'iiioiliMii;!' ..
Criiiiir

AtlHti'uli.s.

0
0
7
1

(I

lU>glo Kfotroplca.

Cliili iiiiil S.
of I.ii I'hitu.

0
4

:t

5

10

C'viitnil.

Muxiunu.

20

n

24

'.'« ■

0

0

3

0

3

1

o

u

WuHt

Imlinii.

There are then known twenty one Australian species, of whith all
but two possess an incomplete eranium and none a bony xiphisternal
style. In the ratagonian snbieyion twenty- four species, of wbieli ten
exhibit an incomplete cranium, and live a complete bony xiphisternal
style; in the l>razilian subre-iion sixty-seven species, of which only six
have an incomplete brain case, and twenty-four the osseous xiphister-
nal style; .Mexico, thirty-two species with complete cranium, and one of
these with stylo; the West Indies with twelve, none having' the fonta-
nelle, and three the style.

All

11.

itrn

lis.

s. n. rata-

c'lioiiicii.

s. u.

lirazil
■ill

S.R.

j Mexic.

4

s

III!

. i:

.(I.e.

Toliil

2")

11

•vrl

iipcil .

I'ic'IVoiiImIh I'iiIIv iI

(1
1
fi
s
7

4

1

2

»

*22

(1

15

0

2

27

(1

' 7

1 0

i "

1

10

K;ir iinin'rlf ct • - .

II

u

0

Ko.-ssoi'ial slmvi'l _

0

* Approxiinatf.

In regard to tlie cranial development, the West Indi. region is |)rc-
eminent in this family, as in the Il.vlid;c; the lirazilian inferior, and the
.Australian vastly below all; the degradation appearing in a certain
degree regular. In the lack of vomerine teeth (a feature of immatur-
ity) South Hrazilian and Argentine forms predominate. In possession
of the raniform xiphisternum the West Indian and Mexican subregions
show fewer rej)resentatives ihan the Brazilian. There are none in the
Australian.

One si)ecie.s — hilhtnhitcs ricortUi — wanders from the 11, Neotroi»ica
into the southern projection — Florida— of North America, and two
others, lAthodytcH lufrans and Sijrrlinjilius maruocliii, have a distribu-
tion in Southwest Texas; no others are known to o(!cur beyond tlit*
borders already state«l. No species is connnon to the R. K. Australis
and Xeotropica, and but one genus — IJorboroca-tes. Two Hrazilian
spe(!ies occur in the Southern West Indies and two in Southern Mex-
ico ; probably three of the same country must be included in the iWu'iios
Ayrean list.

As yet we are accjuainted with the fo.ssil remains of but one specnes
of Cystignathidic— a Ceratophrys, from a Ijrazilian cave. It has Iteen

-k

r ax

T

THK HATUACIIIA Ol' NORTH AMKRICA.

315

7^^

regai'doil :i.h id iitical with tho C.dursata by Giiiither ^Ann. Mag. Nat.
Hist., 185!), IM. \v).

C.VRtigliiitlii,

';i!» .s|>.

PhoikIos,
Trip.

l'"rinito|).iiii'tal liKiir.t (li'VL'liiiKul.

Am iisHiHiiiK xi|ihi.4lDi'iial Htylo.

(■Tcliimtdblim

/ (y'ysti^imllius niilinniitx

■j 'LfpiiiiliiciNliis Kilali)rliiiiii

( I'aliuliciilii

Xi|ihislciiiiini a o.\ililn)jiuou8(lisU

! IIvli>i1<'», I
i r,liH|..

l'.-l(111lli8

Mixdpliyps
CycluiliaiiipliiH

IJmiinclnris
ITyldilcn
fiitlioclyti'H
KtihyilinbiiH
K|)irli{'xiM
SynliopliuM
SIiilachylodL's

CiTntnpI.rydes,
17 Hp.

riiMiiDilciiia',

U Hp.

('riiiin<.

'_'.') up.

Fioiitopaiictal linnos umli'vildpiMl, rinbraci ug
a rniitaiii'll)'.

Xipliistuiimiii Willi ail osscnim atvlo.
<i I'liMiridlrnia Hylorlii "a

I l.iiipirii.s

Coratopbiys
Sloiiilm.s
(Jliiroli'ptcs
/aclia'iiiis
Uiliiutui>lii'ynU8 '

/

Xipliisti'ruiima(ailila;;in()iisplatc. \

\

CnpliiPiis
Almidos

I5[)iboro('a-'tt3«

('riiiia

Ilypui'olia

llclioponis
MiliDlvsis

KroiitdpariL'tals ami (■tbnioid anii iindevcldped.
KiHophiis

L1TII01)YTI-:S Cope.

Proceed. Ac. Pliil;i., l-Ci'i, p. l.")!?; Joiirii. Ac. Pliil;!. (2), VI, p., l>7.
HylodeK pars, aiirtonmi.

Terminal phalanges T-shapt'd; fingers and toes Iiee; no enh'rged
metatarsal tnbercle. Omosterniiin (tiirlilaginou.s. Sternmn a cartiliigi-
nous plate. TrelVontal bones uniting on the median line of the muzzle.
iJelly smooth.

This genus dillVvs f'ro?n Hylodes only in the smooth, as di.stinguished
from the granular, «)r arcolated, belly of the latter, its species are nu-
merous and inhal)it prineipally the e(piatorial and northern parts of
the ><'eotroi»i(!al realm. IJnt two are Ibund in the Tnited States: tho
L. latnius at the southwestern border, and the L. ricortliiiXt the extreme
southeast. Tiie latter is a West Indian species; the former probably
occurs in Mexico, but its existence there has not yet l>een ascertained
l»ositively.

•

(\t. VoiricriiKi in two sliort patches Itctwecii tlic iiiircs.

I'linii roliiist; muzzle .short, wide; iipjier siirt'iices witli iirown spots.. ..L. Inlraim.
(\<t. Vomerine leetli in two h)n^ triinsverse enrved series posterior to tll(^ internal
nares.
Form elongate ; muzzle acnto ; spotted above. L. rkordii.

i''3\

\

■I

310 lUILLKTIN :U, rMTKl) STATKS NATIONAL MIJSKUM.

MTIIODVTKS LATKANH O-lif.

(I'latcsr.l, liy. 1.'.; Tl, <i^'. a-J.)
AiiuT. Niit., Irt78, p. ISli; Itiill. T. S. Nat. Mils, No. 17, l^sO, p 'J.-..

Size riitlier lar^'c : frontoinirietal region lint, it.s width (M|iial to the
V(!rticiil (liaiiK'tcr ol'tliemeiiibniimin tyini)aiii. SUin smooth, tiial ol" tlic
abdomen thrown into a disk by a circular fold. Digital dilitations small
on all the foot. The toes have no dermal free margins; those oC Hie
liand are long, while those of the foot are rather short. Tin; fourth
linger is as large as the foroarin and e.vceeds tin' thumb, wliieh in turn
is considerably lou-ger than the second linger. There are t .vo ,st ion '^
palmar tubercles, of which the external is divided into two by a longi
tudinal groove. There are two solar tubercles, and the entociineiform
is prominent and obtuse. The muzzle marks a point beyond the mid-
dle of the tarsna of the e.vteiuled hind limb. The tarsus to thi^ e ito
cuneiform is just half as long as the remaimler of the foot. There are
prominent tubercles on the inferior side of the digits of both «'.\trem-
ities. Tiie head is wide and Hat and tlie loreal region oblicpie. The
nasal region is Hat and gently <lecnrved and the \\[) projects a little beyiuid
the nnizzle. The long <liameter of the eye e(pnils the lengtli from its
border to the external nostril, whiidi is very near the einl of the muzzle,
and exceeds the long or vertical diameter of tlie membrannm tympani by
one-half of the latter. The v.idth of the tynipanic membrane is live-
sixths of its height. The tongue is subronnd. The ostia pharyngea are
large, but smaller than the choanie. Tlie vomerine teeth are in two
sliort, nearly transverse patches, on elevated bases, their apicu's nearly
in line with the posterior biirder of the choanal In younger individ-
uals the choanal are oblicjnely longitudinal.

Length of head and body, .()7(J"'; length of head to line of posterior
borders of tympanum, axially .OL'l'" ; width at latter point, .(»3L"' ; length
of posterior leg, .107'".

Color of superior surfaces brownish-gray, marked with a few large
brown spots with pale centers. The largest of these is on each scapular
region; a smaller pair is one over the extremity of oav.h sacral trans-
verse process. There are several on the pelvic region and above the
groin, one on each eyelid, and one or two on the middle of the nasid
region. Another covers the tympanum, ami a brown band conne<!ts
the orbits around the eiul of the muzzle. There are two large brown
spots on the lip, one below the eye and one in IVont of it. The seg-
ments of the limbs have l)ro;id cross-baiuls, excepting the humerus.
IJelow* pale, iiumacnlate.

This species is one of the larger forms of the genus. The nasal bones
are in contact for most of their length, but diverge a little i)osteriorIy,
displaying a small portion of the etiunoid. This is not typical in
Lithodyte.s, but ai)i)roache.s the state of things in Epirhexis.

This frog inhabits the clilfsof the cretacu'ous liiuestone which are

^

M

T

THE KATKACIIIA OF NOliTll AMKKICA.

:n7

T

x

found III every ilht'ctiou aloii;; tin' bonlerH ami river viillevH of tlic lir.st
plateau ro^^ioii of Texas. Mr. (>. W. Mariioiik, who discoverotl it, in-
forms me that after rains it is very noisy, niakin;^ the roeUs resound
with its cry, whieh is somewhat like a doj^'s bark. It hi(h's in fissures,
and is so dilUcult to lind as to be generally ujdvuown to the (rountry
j.'ople, who suppose that the voice proceeds from a lizard. Ac»;ording
to Mr. Marnock the ejj;gs are hatched in winter, and the tatlpoles pass
their existemie in temporary pools of rain-water which collects in holes
in the rocks and at a distance from the creeks.

A -^ 6

Fio. 80. LithiHljtrHlntrans. No. 1059. Hdotcs, Texas; }.

Additional specimens of this species received from Mr. Marnock show
that it reaches a laryer size than the above specimens indicate. I give
the following

Miamircmciils.

M.

lifiiKlli of lioiid anil lioily 0D4

l^ciif^tli of lioiid, iiicliidiiin tyiiipiiiiii 03r>

Width of lu'iid at jtostt'iior cdj^n of tympana OUU

I.tMJijth of foro liiiili 0.')5

[.icnj^th of hind limh 115

Lcn<;th of tibia 0:5lt

Ltii;;th of tarsns 0'.*0

LdMjitli of ri\st of foot C:i5

In the hujie aiul old specimens a mineral deposit takes place in the
skill, as in the I'ln/llomcdiisa sclcrodcnua Cope and tSfen'ncjjclo2}s incrafiH
siilns (!ope. It is ('specially abundant in the cranial derm, but whieh is
not, as in cases where the ossilication appears on the surface of the
cranial bones, adheient to the latter.

The Ilyhxlcs aiiffiisti (Duges IMS.), Drocchi Mision Scientili()ue de
Mexi(|ue, ISSl, irt)iii (liianajuato, Mexico, is related to the present ani-
mal. I do not know what the spejific difl'erence is, unless it be in the
form of the vomerine patches, which 1 can not clearly make out from
I»rocchi's descrii>tion.

Oiiliilogiio

No. of

iiuiiiber.

spec.

10751

1

107.')2

1

lOTfia

1

ii)or.«

2

lO.V.M)

t>

1303a

1

Locality.

Buxar County, Tux .

tlo

ilo

ilo

do

do

When
oollt'cttnl.

Frcnii whom locoived.

Nature of spoc-
iuieii.

10, ISKO D. W. Marnock ! Alcobolic.

..tlo I do

...do ; do

....do.

....do

....do.

Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do,

: I

:(

V'A

i

I
J

I.

'{

m

'1

:- )

318 IIULLLTIN ;il, rMTlil) «TATi:S NATIONAL Ml'SKUM.

I-ITIIODVTK.S inCOK'DM Diini. iV lliltr.

Cpr, t'licik-LiMt N. Aiii.r. Wtitv. Kci'lil., 1^7.'., p. :tl.

Hyludix liivrdii Diiiii. \ Hiln'., Krp. (li'H., \ Ml, ii,(!j:t; Uiiiili'ii^'or, Cut. Hiitr. Sal. Uiil.
Mim., If-S'j, 1,. -Jl;!.

Head ii.s wide as or wider fiiiii (ho body, lon^'or than broad; tlio
hifi'ial oulliiics euived ; the end of the imi/.zlo abruptly truncated.
Ostia i»harynj;ea oval. Vomerine ti-etli in two \ou<f curved series,
w Inch coinnicnce behind and opposite to the external border of inner
nares; thoy are sep uated by a considerable space nu'dially. Tonjfuo
elonyate oval, slightly nicked. A snboular vocal sack. Tympanum
half the size of the eye. Skin smooth above and below; sides ruyose.
Heel reathinj; the orbit. I)i}j;ital palettes snnill. Two metacarpal, two
nu'tatarsal tubercles. Iiracbiiim lonjrcr thanore<pial toantcbrachium.

General color reddish-brown. The loreal re};ion, a band between the
eyes, one above the tympanum, ai.d some dorsal si)ots, darker. Ileneath
liji'ht brownish.

A siufjle specimen from Key West, Florida, is in the National Mu-
seum. Its proj)or habitat is Cuba.

8YKRII0PIIUS Cope.

Amcr. Nat., lf-78, p. '2'i',\; Procct'd. Aiiur. Philosopli. Soc, I87ti, p. 'JGd.

Sternum a cartilaginous plate, notched; digits free; vomerine teeth
in)ne; ear well developed; nasal bones in contact, forming a solid root'
over the ethmoid cartilage. I'upil horizontal.

This genus is simply Lithodytes without vomerine teeth. In the
former genus the nasals an<lethmoi<l have the structure seen in Klosia.
Four si)ecies are known, three of which are Mexican in distribut.'on.
They difl'er as follows from each other:

I'oiitcnor limb.s short, lioul to tyiiipaiiiiin ; licad wide; tympiiiiuin half orbit; rufous,
brown spotted S. miiriiinliii.

Posterior limbs lonj^cr, heel to front of orbit; liead wide, a canthns rohtralis; tyni-
l)anuni ono-tiiird orbit ; brown, pale si)otted .V. lq)nig.

Posterior limbs lon/^er, lieel to tVfnit of orbit; head narrow, no canthns rostralis;
tympanum one-third orbit; brown, dark si)otted <S'. cjintiijiKtlhuhhu.

Heel to front of orbit; lieail rather wicb-, Hat; tympanum two-thirds eye-slit; sub-
digital tubercles largo; gray, with black .spots .V. veirucijics.

SYRRIIOPIIUS MAKXOCIIII Cope.

(Plato 71, tig. :i4.)

Amor. Nat., 187i^, p. 2.J3; Hull. IJ. S. Nat. Mus., 1880, p. 2G.

The typical specimen is as large as ITyhi rcrsicolor, ami has a long
Hat head and remarkably short hind legs. The muzzle is flat and
slightly depressed above, and projects a little beyond the edge of the

7""

»l

Tin: ItATKACIIIA OK NOIMII AMLUICA.

3l!»

7-.

i

lip. Tilt' iio.sti'il is ii littlo boliiiul the. apox, ami as Tar in IVoiit of tlio
orltit as the loii<;' diauu'lci' of tlu; latter. Tyinpanit; iiieinhraiic iDiiiith
its (liaiiietcr about lialf that ol'cyc. Cliuaiia- latora!, (■(|iial in si/.c to llic
ostia pliar.viifica. Ton;,'iU', lonjjcr than \vi(U', lull, cntirt'. Inte^uMicnts
evny where smooth; on the a1)(h)inen a faint iliscoidal t'oM. I)i<;'its
short, nxMlerately expanded and tnin(!ate at the extrenii'v. IM'oni-
inent tubercles at tiie proxinnil ends of the phahinj^es below. First and
second anterior toes eipnil and shorter than fourth. The heel of tho
appressed hind limb reaches the middle of tho tynii)anuni, and the ex-
tremity of the tarsus a little anterior to the orbit. The tore limb is rela-
tively lonjifer, the wiist extendin<j[ beyond the extremity of the muzzle.
The tarsus is two fifths the entire leiif-th of the i)0(*^erior foot. The in-
terorbital spacte is Hat and wide, and is but a trille narrower than tho
expanse of the sacral diajiophyscs.

The color of the upper surliutes is a lijiht |):irplish brown, elosc'y
spotted with rather small (;losely placed and broadly delined dark
brown spots. The spots are less distinct on the head. Inferior sur-
faces liyht yellowish, immaculate, this tint commencing as small spots
on the pale ground of the sides. Lind)s above brown, broadly cross-
banded with yellowish' femora behind, light brown with a few light
points.

('iilaliimii'
Illlinlirr.

S.:;'"j i'-""t.v.

coYulctiMl. ^■■'■""' "'""" '■'^^^•'■ivcil.

Nature of «|»f-

illlL'U.

lUlOl
13(W.j

1

■J ITcliilcH, lioxur ("ouiitv,

Tex.
1 do

fi. W. Mainnck

ilo

Alcoboliv.
Do.

■ .\

i

I

1 ' 4 6 7

I'lii. hi. .Syirhophun marnockii. No. 13035. HpIuIcs, Texaa; 1.

Mca-tiinmciitu

M.

l.(ii;;lli ()(■ liciid iiiul body 0;5S

I.riijitli (if Iiciid, ini'liidin^ tyinpaii.'i 0l'2',i

W id ill i)f liciid, iiicliidin^' tymiiaiia .01;}

l-(ii};tli (if fore limb from axillii C'*ii

J.i'ii^rtli of liiiid liiiili from j;roiii 0-15

l.fiiMitliof tiliia 015

LeiiKlIi of tarsn.s 00<)3

Li'nj;tli of rest of foot 015

Nothing is yet known of the life history of this siiccies. It is prob-
abh' that, like other species of tho genus, it inhabits rocky places. I
found the S. tcrruviptu in the bottom of a rocky ravine in the State of
]lidalgo, Mexico, mider a stone ou thQ borders of a small stream.

hi

!!

I

m

1 -

320 BULLKllN :!1, UMTKl) STATES NATIONAL MfSKUM.

Vt'itebni' procaOoiis. Sacral diapopliyses dilated, the simple iirostyle
articulated to two condyles. External nietacariu bound tof^etlier. Ter-
minal phalanges articulated inleriovly onto the extremity of the penulti-
mate, globular or swollen proximally, and giving rise, usually from a cen-
tral emargination, to the curved, acute distal portion, which is of a more
compact tissue. Superior plate of ethmoid never covere«l by ironto-
l»arietals, usually produced anteriorly between frcMitonasals. Ear per-
fectly developed. Abdominal integument generally areolate.

Tills family embraces the tree toads of Australia and America. It
presents comparatively little structural variety, not containing as un-
developed types as the Cystiguathida', nor as high ones; it poss.esses
neither earless nor fossorial, nor really acjuatic genera.

The adaptive modifications are: First, those which accompany a ter-
restrial habitat, i.e., the diminution of the digital dilatations and palma-
tiou. These occur in regularly increasing degree in a small nnnd)er of
the species of the typical genus llyla, and are general in atul distinctive
of two other genera. Second, those whiiili adapt the extremities to
grasping a limb by opposition of digits, instead of adhering to a sur-
face by expansion of them in one plane. This lirst appears possible in
Agalychnis, and is structural in IMiyllomcdusa. Third, those which re-
strict the light admitted to the retina, first, by the lateral contractility of
the pupil; second, by the ren<lering opaqueof the inferior palpelira. The
lirst characterizes the two genera just mentioned, the last occurs in the
first two, but is inconstant in the second, and characterizes two other
genera. Fourth, that which adaj»ts the female dm iug the breeding sea-
son to localities without water, or where peihap.-i the water (;ontains
enemies, by the inversion of the dorsal integument so as to lorm a sacli,
in which the eggs are carried. This occurs in and is accepted as char-
acteristic of two genera.

Another feature, which has a functional value, is the union of the
abdominal integnmenls with the snperlicial fascia of the muscles by
an areolar or (ibrous network, continuous with that of the usual latero-
ventral band. The skin of the inferior surfaces of these creatures, as in
the raiiiform tree frogs, has a thickening in numerous close areola', the
nature and fun(;tion «)f which is like that of the digital dilatations, and
Ihevlerm of the tuber on the thumb of the male K'ana, /. <■., to secrete an
adhesive fiui:l as aid in maintaining the peculiar positions assumed.
In proportion to the development of these is the extent ol' the abdomi-
nal attachment, and hence may be supposed to bi' adapted lor reliexing
the other arcolarconnections from the strain of the animars weight when
in an ai)pressed or vertical j)osition. Its nnifoiiiiity in the bnriowing
genera of the liufonida' an<l Scaphiopodida-, and especially on their dor-
sal surface, rather confirms this view.

This connection is, however, evidently not necessary to the use of the

*riatus 7-^ 73.

TIIK BATliACIIIA OF NOlMll AMERICA. 321

abilominal iiitejcumeiit as an adhesive siipitort, as this faculty L uo-
wiieie better seen than in the Aeri.s, where «leini is free. This creat-
ure will adhere for days to a vertical j;lass [tlatc, not only by the alido-
nion and digits, but by (he interdigital membranes, and will light se-
curely frqni a long leap on such a surface. Daudin and Dumeril have
relaled the siime adhesive faculty in J'clodyte.s puiutatiis, \\\\Wi\i in not
knovvn in regard to the dermal attachments, but has not the abdominal
areoia; present in Acris. Tiie extent of the attachment is least where
the dilatations arc snndlest, as follows:

Abdoini-ii ciitii'cl.v attadird ; 1h h\).

riiyllDiiicdiisa four sp. A^,'.ilyclinis three si>. Trachyoopliahis two Hp. Noto-
t reitia (Mie sp, Scytiipis t wo sp. Siiiilisi'a liaiidiiiii.

Hypsilioas all)oiiiai-;j;iiiala, lioans. IFyla a;;rt!slis, kre'll'lii, iiliyllouliroa.
Posterior lialf or tliird of abiloMieii attached; laterovciitral liaiid wide.

Triprioii pelasatns.

f[yhi fiise.i, areiiieolor, <;ratiofiii, ver.sieolor, feinoralis, f-(inirena, aiidersoiiii, C(u-
ridea.

Kaiioiih'a aiirea.

Clioroi>hihis lii.seiiatiis.
Less than posteiioi' thinl ahdoineii aKaelied; tlio hiteroveiitrals wide.

Ilyhi ailicirea, rcniUa, lateralis, miotyiiipaiiiiin, piekeriiigii.

Chorophiiiis nij^ritiis.
AlHloiiieii entirely free.

Hyha leseiirei, eiirla, j;raeilipes. Aeri.s j;ryllus.

Of distinguishing features, whicli aie seen in tli<^ degree of develop-
njeut of the elements of the skull, there are, lirst, the devei()i)ment of
the o. o. frontoparietalia ; secontl, of the prefrontalia ; third, of the sii-
perlicial cranial rugositi«'s; fourth, of vomerine teeth; tilth, of a post-
frontal arch; sixth, of the ethmoid iirch.

Wludc iiuiiilier ol' species li*3

l'''roiitoparietals fully de velojied \>-i

l-'roiitoparietals with rii<.osities peiietratini; ileriii '.»

I'rofroutals developed 17

No vomerine tecih G

A postfroiital proees-i I

Ethmoid incomplete ali<ive 1

Of the al»ove lOiaracti'rs the lack of vomerine teeth is incimstant in
rhyllomiiilusa, being present in soiiir anil wanting in otlier si)i'cies.

There is a ♦I'lidency to tiie I'sciidis and Ifaiia lilteration of the outer
metatarsus in /////(( nmvrivmm. hjipostivtn, and (limolop.s, ami //. r UanoUka)
auri((.

I'iirotoiil glands otu'ur in some species of ll.\ lida; as an extensive stra
tuiu of crypts, but lU'ver exhibit tiie delinition seen in liulbiiil'orm tuid
.some C'ystigiia; 'lid genera. It even occurs in tSci/hipifi rcnidoNHis irreg-
ularly, being s(Uiietimes present and sometimes wanting in the female,
at least.

The xiphistornum exhil)its the Ibrm whicii I'xists in the greater num-
ber of ('ystignathi(he, excepting ill eight species, where it only lacks
the posterior emargination.
l!»Ol_l]ull '61 L'l

Ml

"

I n

V

I »

I

322 BULLETIN 31, UNITED STATES NATIONAL iMUSEUM.

The natural genera are as follows :

I. No teeth on tlio i»iiiiisiibcuoiil boue.

1. Pupil horizontiil.

a A fiontopark'tal (biitaiallc ; Hliinr)icl not ossilied aViove.

Xi„.Kfire Tlwroiia Cope.

aa. A liontoparii'tal ionlanelle; ctlinioid coiiipUtiil.

Toes five, or ueaily (so ; <li{;ital dilatations very small; safiuin little

dil'lted (hoiiiiiliilii" I5aird.

Toes fully webbed; digital dilatations minute : saeiuin little dilated.

I, lis \). \ 15.

Toes webbed; digital disks and sacral diapojdiyses nnu-e dilated ; jm.IIcx
consisting of one or more sliort conceab'tl i)balauges; pal|Mbra trans

parent "nl" ''••i"-

Like llyla, but the <lorsal derm introverted forwards, forming a sae.

XolDln nut 1). A 1).

Like llyla, but pidlex consisting of phalanges (used into a enived >olid

exsertildo spine: iialpebra transparent /////im7»"/-( \Vmi;1.

Like llyi)siboas, but paliiebrareticidale with libers CnnlnxiopK^ ('o|m\

Like llyla, but vonieriuo teeth wanting IlijliUu If. iV L.

aa. No frontoparietal fontauelle.

Derm of the head frei^ ; no post frontal (nocess Si!il(ii>ix Cope.

Derm of the head free: a postfnmtal juocess Siiiilisin Cope.

Derm of front free: bones exostosed (Inh(initlialii,t Til/,.

Derm »d' the head inv.dved in the ossilication ; no dermal .sae.

Irtirhiiitiihiilus 'I'-eb.

Derm (d' bead involved in the ossilication; a doisal sac of the int roverlid
.skin Djiintlwililjilnix ( ii lir.

2. Pupil vertical.

fi. No frontoparietal fontaiudle.

Tongue scarcely free behind; no digits opposalde; cranial ossilication

involving lie rm XjirHiiuiiilis I Ion I.

/3;i. Frontoiiarietal fontunelle present.

Tongue extensively tree liehind ; sternum <leeply cniarginate; digits not

oplio.sed when at rest : cranial skin IVee hjiiliii liiiis Cope.

Tongut? extensively IVee; internal digits opposable, more or Ie>s fni' ;

sternum entire; cranial skin free riii/lhiiinriiiKi U'agl

IL Teeth on the ]iaras[ihenoid bom-.

Pupil horizontal; vomeriiu^ teelh; (;ranial <lertn involved in ossilicit ion

of skull ; labial biu'ders produced liimjli ii<t Cope.

VcMueriue teelli; toes webbed; derm ><{' head involved in ossifiiat ion ;
labial border produced ; pupil vert ical 'I'liiniiiii ( ope.

Ill the series 1-2 to rh.vlloiiiediisa a litial «liiiiiiititi<>ii of paliiiatioii
aceoiiipaiiies contiiitied .si/.e of the Wi^ital |):ih'tte.s an<l iiicreasi> in th*'
length and lueadth of tiic ethmoid and diiiiiiititioii of the fnnitopaiir
talis, whieh featiirt'.s, liowever, aiv its iiiaiked in lli/la iialinala ;i.s in
these sueeeediiig types; th«'.v eari'.v to its fiiHest (h'v«'iopiii(Mit the cra-
nial peculiiirities of the family, and adtl otiicr f«'atiii«'s iK'foic incti
tioned; they iiiiiabit the eontineiital siiluegion of the Ncotiopicid.
The other nmin series (1-1) leads, liist, to a ftiMcr development (if the
frontoparietals, then to an extension of tlie prefiontals, tind litially to
covering of the cranium with " dermo-o.ssili(!atioii,"on the one iiiind with
the sni)eraddition of a dorstil dermal sa(^, on the other witiiotit it. 'J'his
extreme linds itsgretitest expiuision in tlie West Indian siibregiou. .\

TIIK IJATKAClllA OF NOUTJI AMEltlCA.

323

f^iiigular iiic()iii[»U'teii('ss of the cranial box set'iiis to mark Thoropa,
which lias the stroiij;' iia.sal ro()liii}4' of this second scries.

Chorophihis c.\hil)it.s an atlinity to the (',vstij;iiatiii(ia!, as docs also
Thoi'oi>a, wiiich represents in inferioiity I'^iisophns in I lie same family.

The lollow inn istiie j;('oyrai)hicaldistril>nti(»M oithejicneraandspecics:

'rripi Idii

|liiif;lrii;i

0|ii.slli>iili-l|>li\ s .
'l'ia(liMi|p|i,iliis

< lst('()l-|-)tlKllllS . . .

Nnliiiii ma

Sr\ htpiH

NMlllMiUllis

I'livlluiiiiiliisa . ..

Ai;iil.\rliiiiH

Siiiili>^cii

Ciiiliiilrlinii

M V psilKMH

Ilvia ...

Il\l.lla

All is

('Ii<iiii|iliiliis . . . .
Tlioiiiiia

u. i;. K. It.

Aii.sliall.s. Ni;iitii)|iii'a. .NituiLtiia. I'ala aii-tii a.

i;. K.

.Dlliiiipira. I>ala'iitii>|ik'a.

:i
I
II
1
i:!

I

:i
III
(ill

t

10 :i (p :t

1

Tdlal

.11

l:»

lU

The only fi'eiius in the above series wliich is not contined to a zooloj-ical
realm is llyla, and the species ul' this jnenns arc all restricted to their
icspcctivc renions. Sniilisctt Ixditlinii extends from the Ncotroj)ical into
the Itordeis of the Ncar(li(! icj^ion, and it is i»ossiblc that llyla v<vn(ha
extends from the Australian Islands into those of the Paheotropical
antliipi'laiio, thoii;^h the ideiitilication of the si)ecies may not be strictly
correct. Acitordinj;- to llleekcr it is fonnd in Java and as far west as
Tadanj;', on the west coast of Sumatra.*

The follo\vinj> is a distribution of these j-eiieric forms among tlie dis-
tricts ((!' the Ncotrojiittal region:

Wist
Iiiiliaii.

Mi'xiiaii. ('iil(iiiil)ian. (Jliiliaii. IvihIcmi.

.

.

l>ia-M<na

1

1
1

'1 riprinii

1

4

1

:i

Nototicliiii

4

:.:.

(1)

8

1

rinlloitn.lusa

;1
1

u

('iii('l<>sr<i|iiiN

1

Ilvpsihuas

17

1

1

7

ITi

Ilvia

2

1

3t>

Mvlrlta

;i

; I

'l"lniio|ta

1

V

h

Tiital

:!l

i;i

HO

Our present kiiowle<lge, as above, indi<!ates considerable localization
in tin; distribution of geiuMa, and a marked prtMloaiinance of the eastern

*Ovt'r tic lv('iilili|!ii I'aima van Sumatra, 1'. Mlcckur, IJataviii, W>0, p. 8.

■§*£

( 3V

324 HULLKTIN :U, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

district. Bat three of tlie gonerii Ibuiul in tlio latter are known to
exist in any other. Tlie poverty of tlie Cliiiian districjt is marked,
Willie West Indian species are neiuiy all of <Mie j^enns, tlie Scytopis
noted beiny the *S'. niher of Siirinain, wliicli occurs in Trinidad. None
of the species ever i)ass these bounds, with the lastnientioned exct'iition,
and tbose oi Scytopis renulosits, II:;^mln>m Klhoman/inatHs and xerophijl-
liiiH, which occur in the eastern and adjoining- portion of tlie Mexi«ran
region. Our knowledge of this subject is, howcner, very incoinplctc.

In the species of llylidae (joloration may be tlistributed into two
regions; the (ir-M including that which is exposed to tlie light when the
animal is crouched, with the limbs all Hexed and close pressed to the
sides, the hands and feet coniiealed more or less finder the body; and
the second embraces what is thus hidden from the light, especially the
jiortions in actual contact in llexure. Any marked dilfereiute in color
of the different surfaces will usually be found to have reference to this
division into regions, generally very dissimilar in appearance. This
is well seen in Jfyhi ((lulerNonii, furolineu.si.s, and in I'hyllomedusa and
Agalychnis. For convenience of reference, J here, as in otln-r genera
of IJatrachia iSalieiitia, term the iiortions of the bixly and limbs which
are exposed to tlie light external: those (!oiicealed in the llexure, in-
ternal.

AOIMS Dumeril and IJibron.

Eq). (icii., \1II, r>(i(i; (iiinllicr, (":i(. Hatr. Sal. Hiit. Miis., I cd., ISM;, p.
71; Copt', Nat. Ilisl. Kcv.. l-(i.'>, p. 110; Cope, .lidirii. Ai'. I'liila. (•-♦),
VI, I.SIH), •^(i; ItoiiloiigtT, Cat. liatr. Sal. liiit. Mas., l.<--,», ii cd.. p. ;!:{(;.

But one species of this genus is known, and it is found tlirougli(nit
the greater part of the North Ameiican realm. It is <piite ))()ssibh! that
it may become necessary at siuno future time to unite this genus with
IJyla.

ACKIS Uh'YLMS L.. Conic. *

Dmii. iV l!il>r. Erp. (it'ii., viii, .'>(i7: LcConh', I'rorccd. Ac. I'liila., l-.V..
•^•^: l!<.iilfii.;c:. Cat. liatr. Sal. l!iil. Miis.. I.-<-<->, :!:;(;.
liana <ir;iUii^ l.c Cinili', .Vim. livcoiiiii New Vnik, i HJ,"), p. 'i&i; llailuii, Mid. I'livs.

lies., p. i(ll.
liuna (Uirsiilix llailaii,/. c, p. in.").
IhlhiiU^ tinjllii'^ llollir., N. ,\iiirr. Ilcrp., I'j. :i;i.

Uead niuderate, length to cam bus oiis e(|ual breadlh ;ii .same point.
I\Iuz/,le natrowed. produced ; prolile projecting or m aily perpiMidieular.
Ciinthiis rostralis we.ik, aiiproxiiiiale ; e\t«'inal nostril little nearer edge
of lip than to orl)it. V'erti'x plaiu'; diameter of orbit greater than iii-
terorbital breadth, three times in length from end of muzzle to posterior
border of tymiianic membrane. Latter indistinct; piirtially obscured
by a fold onetiflh the size d' the orldt. Skin of head :iiid body altove
with rather distant tul>ei(des, of which some on the scapular regions are
more or less plicifonn. No areolation on tliiiiMcie, and gular region.
A seriesof simill tiibeniles on the outer Ixnilei iithe tarsus; twosmiill
metatarsal tubercles. Articidar tubercles of the i>halaiiges very siuall.

•riatc?;!, lij;. ','11.

TIIH HATUACIIIA OK NORTH AMKHICA.

a2/)

Toiiftiie broad, obovate, soiiu'timcs nearly ovate, distinctly to not eiuar-
ginatc posteriorly. V^oincriiie teetii in t\v«» ovate patches between the
interior nares, as near them as to each other.

The end of the (bre-arni extended icaches the external nares. The
heel of the extended hind leg reaches to or beyond the end of the muz-
zle. Two larji'e metacai-pal tubercles. I.enjith of head to tympaiuim,
one-third that of head and body.

Averafic size: Lenj^th of body, 12 lines; from vent to outer end of
femur, «J lines; tibia, 7 lines; tarsus and foot, 1) lines.

Typical coloration : Above, brown or j;ray, with a blackish triangu-
lar patch boiween the eyes, the ai)ex directed backwards; the bor-
ders of this aie of a li{;ht color, which is lijjht green in life, and is con-
tinued as a band to the end of the body. Three dark bars on the lip,
one from the eye to the anterior UNncr aim across the angle of tlu^
mouth, pale bordered above. A dark bar from the orbit across tln^
tympanum, and one from scapular region to beyond middle of side. A
dark bar from behind the scapular region restricts tli«' doisal line near
the sacrum, and is usually continued with an interruption to the groin,
('(dor of upper surfaces continiu>d on a less purt of sarface of femur,
which is cross-barred; behind this pale, with a longitudinal band or
series of spots itosteriorly. Throat in spring yellow.

This species possesses the power of metachrosis oi- color-change in a
high degree. The dorsal stri|)e and border of the iuterocular spot may
be bright green, dirty white, or briglit rusty; and the dorsal tidierdes
vary in color in the same way. The general tint varies from bright
green to dull slate color.

In its liabits the Arris f/rjillns is a lover of the muddy borders of the
water, into which it leaj)s when alarmed. As it does not conceal itself
among vegetation, like the Ifi/lti pkheriiifiii. it is much nu);''> easily
caught than that speciies, and is more common in museums, though uot
less abundant. As the structure (d" the feet indicate, it is a good swim-
nier, and its i)owers of leai)ing are remaikabh'.

Tliis species is distributed fr<»m I-Morida to Texas, through Kansas
and the Northwest to the Atlantic, and as far northeastwardly as New
York.

The Uv.rthern and southern secstionsof this area i)rodiU!e forms whicU
olVer considerables dilVereiu'cs, but which must be termed subspecies, on
account of the existence in some localities of intermediate individuals.
1 have seen such from Illinois, I'ennsylvania, .Misstuiri, and elsewhere.

These subspecies are as t'ollows:

llimlcr foot los.s liusiis less tliun half the lciiy;ili of flio lioail and Itody : dpriiial tii1>or-
clcs larjjcr; i>ostt'rior fi'iiioral stiipc less <lis(iii<'i I </• <'iii>itaiiH.

Iliiiih-r foot li'ss tarsus loiiLjer tliaii half heal ami hoily; itrrmal tiiliciTlos .smailt^r;
femoral stiipc very ilistiiict l- !l- uriillnx.

These sul)species are resi>ertively of northern and southern distribu-
tion; tile .1. ;/. f/i'i/llKs ranging from North Carolina to Florida and
Louisiaua.

H

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i

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it"

■!'«■

{•

32G BULLETIN 3t, UNITED STATES NATK^XAL MUSEUM,

Aeris f/r!jUit,s crepitans Baird.

Aa'U grjillns Diini. A- Hilir., Erp. (J<mi,, vmi, IHIl. \>. '.(Ml, jxiflim : Cliiiitlifi- Cut. Hatr.

Sal. Brit. Mus., l^i-^, p. 7, imrlim.
Illlhihs grtjlhiH Do Kay, N. Y. Zool., KVptil., ni, 1S|-.'. p. 70, IM. \xii, li-. t;i.
AcrtHcrepHans Bainl, rrocwd. Ac. I'liila.. H.'r., )». .Mt; !.!■ < 'cmti-. /. ,■.. p, .J-j(i; Hiiiril,

U. S. Mo.\. Bound. Siirv., Ropt., p. 'J-', 1*1. xxwii, li-. 11-17.

Flfi.82. Acris firylliis ctrpilnim. "So. in02l. Dps Moinr-t, Inw.i. ] : 0 .niiil 7. f.

Brownish abovo. The iiuMliaii r'j'moii of head and body almvo brijilit
green; a dark triansh' between llie eyes. Three obli(|ne blotches on
the side.s, nearly e^inidistant : the lirst belihid the eye, the hist on the
Hanks and running up on the back ; all usnally margined with liglitrr,
a narrow wliite linc^ from tlie eye to arm. IJencatli yellowishwiiite.
Inferior face of thigh i)hiin. Tibia a little more than half the length (»t
the body. Foot rather smallei'. Head rather obtuse, scarcely longer
than broad. Web of hind foot extending to the penultimate articula-
tion of the (ourth toe.

This subspecies is (tharai^terized by a rather long, narrow head, with
the eyes farther back than usual. There is no constriction for the neck,
the outline tapering towards the snout from altout the middle of the
body. The limbs are very muscular, and c(Misiderably developed.

The eyes arc large and prominent ; their anterior edges deciidediy be-
hind the middle of the commi.ssnre, and their posteiior barely anterior
to the angle of the mouth; hence the siu)nt is consideraldy pr<Mhiced.
The nostrils are minute, situated on thecanthus rostralis, rather nearer
t/ie tip of the snout than the eye, and .separated by a distaiu'e less than
one-third the width of the rami. Tlie tympanum is small, not veiy dis-
tin(;t, about half the diameter of the «'ye, and placed just above the ric-
tus. The head is abnost as long as wide, espetiially in laigc specimens.

The tongue is broad, oval, subtruucate, and but slightly emarginate
behind; the anterior extremity rounded; it is frcc^ behind and on the
sides. The inner nares are large, open, i>la(!ed a little in front of a
point opposite tlu^ anterior canthus orbitalis.

The vonu'rine teeth are situated in two oval patches about the size
of the nares, the slightly longer axes inclined a little to each other,
backward. They an^ phu-ed between the nares, their anterior edges
nearly in the same transverse line with those of the nares, and extend-
ing a little beyoiul the nares i)osteri»U'ly, and thus more anterior than in
any other of the .small llyloids of North Anu'rica. They are about as

THE 15ATRACIIIA OF NORTH AMKUICA.

327

Ptf

fiir apart posteriorly as tlieir anterior extioinities are from the nares.
Tlie Eustachian apertures very nunute, less than the inner nares.

The lower parts are covered by a depressed. pavement or granulation,
extending half way up the side and on the inferior face of the thighs
In many specimens this appears to be wanting between and anterior to
the arms. The upper parts generally are provided with rather scat-
teied pustulations or warty elevations, with numerous pores opeidng
between and on them; these pustules are most numerous on the sides
and anteriorly. Some are considerably larger and longitudinal, and
aj)pear most distinct near the edges of the vertebral vitta.

The hands are large and well develojjed; ratl'er longer than the fore-
aru). The tips of the lingers and toes are i)rovided with very slightly
enlarged, depressed pallets or disks, convex beneath and with a nail-
like groovi'.

The outer finger is rather longer than the second, and all appear to
be connected by a very slight thickened membrane. The inner tinger
is set at a right-angle with the third and posterior to the I'est. There
is a soft large tul)ercle at its base, and a still larger opposite to it on
the other side of the palm, the two with oidy a narrow interval. All the
arti(!ulations of the fingers and toes have well-developed tubercles be-
tween them.

The femur is shorter than the tibia, rather longer than the foot; the
tibia is more than half the h'ugth of the bo«ly. The two outer meta-
tarsi are (irmly uuit<'d, the others cleft to the base; the intervals of the
latter, however, fille«l uft by a well-developed inend)raiu», which exteiuls
as far as the bases of the disks, and tilling up most of the space between
the toes, ex<!ept on each side of the longest, where the membrane forms
a narrow margin on the penultimate joint. The third toe is a little
longer than the tifth or outer. The (tuneilorm process makes a consid-
(■raltle promiiuMice, while on the opposite or (»ufer sidi^ of the tarsus
and foot are three or four small tubercles, at about e<|ual distances,
the distal one oi)|»osite the cuneiform process and largest. The tul)er-
cles beneath the articulations are very distinct. There is a rudimentary
membrane along the e\teri<u' edge of the loot.

In alcohol the general color al)i)ve is of a dull brown. During life,
however, an area itoumled by lines extending from the jiostrils and
div«'rging to the middle of the edge of the upper eyelid, then converg-
ing to the sacral vertebra, then again widening to the buttocks, is of a
blight grass green. This is inlerru|»ted l)etween tlu^ eyes by a well-
delined trianghsof bi'own, lu'arly ecjuilateral, with rather c()ncave sides,
and its base connecting tiie edges of the upi)er eyelids. A ilusky line
extends along the canfhus rostralis. The sides of the. face and edges
of the upper jaw exhibit three or four indistinct scpiare blotches, sepa-
rated by narrower intervals ; oneor more sometimes better defined than
tiie rest. A dark broad line extends from the sides of the lower jaw to
the lower part of the insertion of the arm, an«l another from the posterior

iffi

i

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t;

i

I

r^]< ']

!<■'

U

y

ih

a2<S uuLhiyriN :!i, lnitkd statks national mi'skcm.

portion of the ovhit to the uj))h'1' edj^e of tlio same insertion ; the two
are oblique and paralh'l. They are sei)arate(l by a narrow light (even
white) line, exteiulinf? from the orbit a little behind the lowest part and
riinninff to tho middle of the insertion of tiie arm. IJehind the arm and
on the side of the body is a still larj-er blotch, similar and parallel to
the last mentioned, i'.nd behind this and hi.uher upon the baek still
another, anteriorly eoverinf>' the loins on each side, and innniiif;' ob-
liquely baelvwards so as to be parallel to the others. The blotehes of
this posterior pair are separated by the narrowest |>art of the j;reen
stripe, which is bounded to a considerable distance by these blot<!hes.
All the blotches Just descrilted, as well as that >n the lop of tlu^ head,
are «lark brown, margined by a lijihter aicola, which on t-lu^ sides and
back is sometimes yellowish in life. The under ])arts aic yellowish-
white or pun^ white; the throat sometimes bri.uht yellow; souu'times
closely or si)arsely crowded with dark spots. There aic no w«'ll-de-
lined darker blotches on the arm ; but the thj^li, lej;', tarsus, and loot
each exhibit two oi- three transverse ones. The buttocks are yellow-
ish, with the arms brown, and the posterior and anterior faces, with
small blotches, some of which are oceasionally continent into an irre<'-
ular dark line alonji the anterior and ixtsferiiw faces of the thijih. The
granulation about the buttocks is usually wliit«'.

A specimen from Hussellville. Ky., has the blotches much snmller
than usual.

In a specimen from (Carlisle the last vertebra has the transveise
apophyses very little dilated, though somewhat enlarged at the ends.

iii.ii

lii(h

1.0(1

.:!T
. 'J.'.
.17

. :,\

Tarsu.s

I'ool

'I'lttal ol' li';; .strt'lcilifd ,

Wi.ltli iifli.'.-ul

Clinrd ol' u])p«'r Jaw .. .

. t;t

l.Tii

. :!(•.
.:w

. -J.'.
. 15

i.c:!
. :ir.

Total Ipiifitli l.os

Ann anil haiwl ID

Hand alone ','7

Thigh r.:i

L*'},' ".,■<

The iris of this subspecies is golden and capable of exctessiviM'ontrac-
tion. A broad blackish spot o(;cupies it at each end <»f the pupil, and
a narrow hhw.k line above and below the latter. When the iris is con-
tracted the])npil is shortly transverse, not linear as in many llyke, and
the brown sjtots are triangles, their apices inwards.

Specimens from the lower Mississippi ar«' lre«pH'ntly of <»bscnre colois,
of rather larger size, and with large tubercles. I have not been able to
distinguish theuj as foiining a constant subspecies. Mr. IJonlcnger,
(Catal. JJatr. Sal., Ibit. Mas., ISSli, p. .J.'JT) refers such a specinu'n to a
"var. bufonia."

In connection with metachrosis in this species 1 obsei'ved in a speci-
men lately deau that on the end of the muzzle, ])alpel»ra', canthus r«ts-
tralis, outer line of humerus, ends of sacral diapophyscs, where tlu>
derm was in ji state of teusi(»n, that it assumed a bright green hue.

The note of this species may be exactly imitated by striking two
marbles together first slowly, then fasti-r and faster, for a succession of

^ *

I

\ ;

Tin; MATHAflllA <)i' NOIiTll AMKIilCA.

329

about twenty or tliiity beats. Tlie xnma can uot be heard at a very
great distance. Like Jlyla picl-eringil, this species in confinement can
readily be made to producic its note by imitating it, either with tlio
voice or tlie ehittering- of two pebbles. It keeps on the high grass in
and around marshy pla<!es, seldom if ever ascending trees or bushes.
When pursued it leaps with prodigious agility and hides uiuler water.

Acris (jnjlluH (jryUus Le C.

lUtna (jrtilhiH Le Coiito, Ann. N. V. Lye. i (IHyf)), Sis'i ; Ifnrlaii, Joiirn. Ac. Nat. Sci.

V, (1H27), ;!17, ami Med. ami I'liys. Kt-s. (IKC), 101 (copieil).
Uaiia ilorstilis Ilarl., .loiirn. Ar. Nat. Sci., I'liila. \ (IfiT), :U7, and Med. and Pliys.

lies, (l":!.')), Id.''. (FifT. ,11, ],.'2), (Floiida.)
Ilijhulin (jrnlhix llolbrook, N. Anit-r. IIcip., 1st od., II (1811.-), /fi, xiii, and 'id cmI., iv

(l.-'l'J), i:n, xwm, iKirlim.
Arris iiriilhiH Dnin. A Hilir., Kip. (i^n., viii (1811), 'iDli; Auj^. Dnni., Ann. Do.s. Sc.

Nat.,:! scrii', xix (LS"):l), l."):i; OiiiitluT, Cat. IJril. Mns., lf^.'>H, ji. 71, pttiiim;

l{(>ul('n>,'('r, (Jat. Hiit. Mu.s., ii od.. IH.S'J, p. XW,.
Acrin avheld Haird, I'roctu'd. Ac. I'liila., 1KV>, p. '>'.).

IJody slender ; head jtointed. Limbs much elongated. Head longer
tlian wide. Web of hind foot extending only to the third arliculation
(irom tip) of longest toe. Tibia two-thirds length of body. Foot more
tliaii half length of body. Colors much as in A. crepifaits, but brighter.
Inferior surface of thigh plain, or very slightly freckled with darker.
A narrow white line irom eye to arm and a light line above the urostyle.

Having presented a minute descri])tion of ^4. crepitans, \t will oidj' be
necessary here to give the prineii)al points of difference as compared
witn that si)ecies. The entire form is much more slender, and the limbs
longer in i)roi)ortion. The head is much more acute, and the outline of
the lower jaw elliptical, instead of being nearly semicircular. The chord
of the rami is longer than their greatest Avidth, not e<(ual to it, and the
(!left extends further back. The tymi)anum in both is scarcely distin-
guishable. The tongue is large, triangular, and Hesliy. The teeth are
in two small circidar pat( lies, between the inner nares, and separated by
quite an inteival. The pallets at the tips of the more elongated fingers
and toes are very moderate, less prominent than in A. crepitans. The
fourth or longest toe projects beyond the rest much more than in A.
crepitans iwnl the web scarcely extends on either side beyond its ante-
penultimate articulation, while in A. crepitans this web reaches to the
lienuUimate one and even as Ji very narrow margin to the very tip; nor
between any of the i)halanges does the membrane extend to the disks as
in (he other.

The general distribution of color is the same, although the pattern is
brighter and clearer. All the blotches have a narrow border of white.
The posterior large one seems to extend higher up on the back. The up-
l»er jaw has four narrow white lines i)erpendicular to its edge on each
side, as in the other species, inclosing nearly equal spaces. There is a
light streak down the posterior part of the back above the urostyle which
we have not noticed in the other. The dark longitudinal line on the

:ri{

•

i

1 i

3:\0 HIILLETIN ai, UNITKl) STATKS NATIONAL MUSKllM.

posterior Caci^ oftlio tliif-h is more (list iiict. The limbs inv. more lliicly
biirreil abovt', tliri'o or four lascia' on oac.li Joint; tiie npp'.'r and ontcr
Hurf'aco ot tlitiliands and ft'ct also (int'ly barred.

The akin above seems rather smootlu'r than in tiie other, wiiih^ tlie
throat is more j;ranuhited.

As ro^'ards tiie transition between this snbspeeies and tiie A.fi. nrpi
tans, a number of specuniens display intermediate proportions. Tims
in some the posterior loot, minus tiie tarsus, is exactly hall' the h-nyth
of the head and body. In some lots from a singh; hxtality some speci-
mens have th«^ hiud foot one-half the lenj;th, while others fall a litth^
below, and still otiiers fall a iitth^ above, this pi'oporlion. Such a lot is
that from ('ooper County, .Mo., No. .'{rt,"*!.

The distinctness of the jtosteiior femoral brown stripe is sidvJiM't to
variation. In typical A. tj. t/rifllitu \t is sharp, and is bordered above
and below by pale bands, of which the latter is aj;ain bordertMl below
by a darker shade. In other si)ecimens the lower pale band is shaded,
and its inferior brown edsie, is indistinct. The infeiior edjic of the
brown band becomes irrejj[idar, and in the A. tf. rtrjtittnis it is a j^ood
deal interrupted i»y paler.

.Icrin t/rjilliis I rt jiititiis liuinl.
UKSKKv'I': SKIMICS.

(!iitiiloj;no} Xn.nt'
niiiiiln'r. ! spii'.

:!:-r>:i
■.\:m
;ij74
;fj7H

:;'j(ir>

.{."iri.'i
:!.")K:i

liJT'.l

:ir.r,j
4sii'.r
:t:.:,i
:i-juii

3-J04
;fJ7:!

i.lM'lllll V.

Wlirn
calU'i'ti-tl.

Kn.ni wlH.in n.r..iv...l. ^'^iti.-r cf «,„.,■•

iiiii'ii.

OciiniiiiKiwiir Kivi'i. Win I'liil". S. K. liaiiil

, (1(1 A.C. Mjiiv

Kort lii^f, 'nx Dr.C.lt. l;. Kiimnlv

il« . ilo '.

New r.raiMifcIs, Tex I'". I.inilhiiim'r

Iiidiinicilii. Tex r.U.Ciaik

Kiisscllvillc, ICy Hilil.

I'liiil i<' Mil l;iiii;;r, I,ii Jiiincs Kail in

I'oit Sriiilli, Aik l>i. U. 1'. Sliiiiiiaiil ...

A/talaii, Wis I'mf. S K liainl

Wahliiiit;lc)ii, U.V

(lailislc, I'a

Vcl<lii;ii.i Uivcr

Xmlli I'lallr, Nibr

Soiilli I'lirU

lil.i iiiili-i west III' Kiiit

Kil'V, K;iiis.
Ui>|iiilili(',iii liivtT, Mil

ii.-.H-i

;i,-ii;h

4

llHIit

'J

KH71

1

Kill

s

KI7K

Ml

Il!i:ill

•»

iin.-io

v.

li.'iiiii

IJ

!lll'>

'»

7H27

!)

UIHII

I!

IKl'.l

•J

liniK Mair.v

Saiiil l.iiiiis. Mo I

Masiiii Ciiiiiily. Ill ;

SiiiilliCiiaiiil Uivrr, Mis.s

Kansas

Ticklaw, l,a lire. 'JO, IS7li

<;iililsiii)n,ii;;li, N.C ; I .I.W. Milii

riiiiiii CcMintN , 111 1 1 I!. Ki'iiiiiciilt

Swaiiipsiiii l.imp I'liik ..i ] Dr. 1''. V. Ilavili'ii

Cailisii-, I'a I'lor. S. V. lljinl

1>|. Will. SliiiipHiin

I'liiC. S. 1'. liainl

.l.ll.Claik

W.S. WihmI

111. I'.V. Ilavili'li

W.S. Wimil'

III. W. A. llaiiiiiiiiiiil, I'
S. .A .

11. M. Mullhaiisi'ii

IM. (i. Kli;;rllliaMli

i;. Kiiiiiiciiii

IM.I'.I!. llnv .

iii..r.(;.('iMipi'i- ..

Dr. T. 11. li.aii

N.w Mailriil, Mn ...

Waiiki-aii. Ill

Wahliiii;;li)ii, II. (' ..

(0

reiiHiU'olii, Kla

It. Kriiniriitl .
.1. W. .Milii.T ...

Di. I').( 'ours

(.')

Ill . .1 . llainiiiiiiiil

AIcoliMliii.
Di>.
Dn

Dm.

I III.
I III
I III

Dn.
Dn
I III
II...
Di>.
Do

III!

Dn.
Dn.

Do

Do.
Dn
Dn.
Dn.

Dn.
Dn.
Dn.
Dn.
Dn.
Dn
Dn
Dn.
Do
Di>.

(iKXKUAl. smilKS.

:i271

:tr.oo

a277

l.oiip Fork

,'saiiil l.niiis. Ml) . .
t'oit Kilov, Kaii.s .

F. iiMit. <i. Will It'll. f.S. A. Alcolinll

Hi-. <i. I'liijiiliiiaiin Dn.

I.i»»iit.li'.T.r.ivaii.r.S..\ Dn.

TIIK HATHACHIA 01' NORTH AMKUICA. 331

SiuciiiK'tiK iiiliriiialiiilv hthricii .(. </. ijrijIliiH ttud A. (j. iTcpilaiiH.

('iitalii)>ur
niinilnr.

3503

No. or

.sprc.
11

li
I

I.iiialil.v.

(ir;iiiil Tlilonr, l.;i

Cciiipii' ("cMinl.v. Mo . ..
WiiMliiiitfliiii. D.i;

Wlicil
Collictcd,

l''rom uliom iccidvnl.
1'. !,. lldv

Naluif ol'upor.
iiiu'ii.

Alt'oliolic.

.'(.'I'lT

ilci

Do.

i:i;i.'H
12(173
IIIIIH
1 ''7(i7

(iroim' .SlioeiiiaUcr

1,. M. I'lirrur

Do.
Ho.

Niislivillr. (in

I,(iiiK(iiil Mciiiiilaiii,'r<'iili
Willciii^liliN I'oiiil, Vii
Moliili' Al'ii

\V..I/ravlor

w'.v. K,,;.

Do.
Do.

i''"»7(*

Kaillaiiil McDoiialil ..
I*ilirtin(lv . .

Do.

1(579

Do.

una:.

Old Koll (/'olili Oiil

111. K. I'lihncl'

Do.

A<ri^ 'jitllliis iiriilliis \a' CoiiIc.
liHSKUVK SKKIKS.

('alalo;;iir

No.ot

uiiiiiImt.

KIMT.

n.^nfi

1

:i,-ir,o

fi

:i.''>(>l

7

;i.-.tu

i

SIMI!)

t

:i-i(i7

(i

ittot

1

IMi'.lli

:i

;ni:i.-.

;i

:i.^Hr>

1

unit.-.

.1

l.«!t!l

:!

1207(1

1

ii'.irj

r,

Loralitv.

I'ciisacdia, Kla . .

When
rolli'i'loil.

l'"ioin wlioin icrciv('«l.

NatiiTO of spoiv
itiieii.

..; Dr. J. IV llaiiiMioiicl, r. Al

! i I S. A.

! New Mail I ill Mil ■ ' 11. Kcniiiroll '

I Cliaili-iliiii. S. (' I Dr. C. (iiraril |

i (iior-ia ' ! Dr.iI.L. I-i' i:ontr

■ till I 4lll '

SaliMii. N'.C ^ .r.T. MiiiliacU ..

. .Simlliiin llliiiiii.s i U Kriinicnlt

Atliiiiitiin. I'la ' (!. Uriiwii ( iooili"

D.iNlnn. .Ma , Kilniwnilli

I'rairir .\li r Ilinmc l.a .laims Kairir

Millno. I'l.i S. T. WalUrr

\VasliiiiL;liiii D. < ' William Stiiiipson, M. D '

M I Cai I, III I I.. M. riirioi'

Na.slivillr. Ca : W. .1. Tax liir

•oliolic

Di>
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Dii.
Do.
Di>.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.

CIIOKOIMIILIIS r.iiinl.

I'ritci'cd. Ac I'liila., Is.'.l, |.. .V.i ; ('(.|m', .loiirti.il Acml. I'liilii., IM.-^C. \k h;.

11, In a lis |5iiinl, rroctcil. .\c,i<1. I'liil;i., l-.".l. p. .")'.»

I'sniiliiiris i"it/., Systciiia licplilimii. I~'i:!. M ( no cliiirjictci) ; (JlintluT, Ciit. Hatr.
SmI. r.iil. Mils., K.-^, '.17: ro|ir. Nat. Ilisl. llcv., l-(i."., lUI.

(Iniiiiiitn tlnttt'iicd; ii lar<i»> ri'DiitDiiarictal fotitaiu'lle. Pivfroiitals
elongate, (li\«'r.m'i)f, not in ('ontact anteriorly, extending;' ho.vond the
«'xti«'init.v ol' the well-devehiped i»roh)njie<l siiiierior ethmoid jthite.
'I'oiij-ne rounded or ehniyate, sli^ilitly eiiiai<jiiiate behind, where it is
tree tor about lialf its ieii.uth. rnterior «'yelid transparent. iShdes with
sub^nlar vocal ve.'^ich'. Xiphistenirim libroeartihigiiums ; soinetinies
cartihiji'inoiis, flattened, eloiiinate. 1 'iyits tree except in some ii sli<>iit
web eoiineetinf; free portion of metaiaisals; dilatations small or want-
iiiji, tli^^ iihalaiifie with the claw strong, and the ball not emarginate.
I)ilatali(»ns of sacral diapophyse.s nearly <'(piilateral.

In the known sjiecies the vomerine teeth are present: in two small
approximated pat<'hes behind the point exactly between tlu^ iiares,
and the tympanum is distinct.

Tills genus is nearly ndated to that groui> of the si)eeies of Ilyhi
naiii(;d Litoria in the lOrpetologie (lenerale. From typical forms of

f :

H

V^' ■{

332 JUILLETIN :tl, l'MTi;i> srATKS NATIONAL MIISKKM.

the lormcr, (lio otiinioid plate witlioiit siipriiorbital aiij,'I('s, the elongate
terminal plialaiij^e.s with siiiall basal ^-lolu', supporting; ininnte dila-
tations, and IIh^ nearly wehless di;;its distinj;uish it. Species of Il.vhi
less i'ei)i'eseMtalive ai«' similar in (cranial stiiictnre, and have a dimin-
ished amount of palmation, but the series appears with onr present
knowledfi*'! distinct in the strnelnre of the leet. Like the Ijitoiias, its
lite is passed on the ground, and ehiclly in tiie neighborhood of small
pools in open and barren situations, whi're the voiei^s of the species
may be heard with the Acris in the summer, lon^' alter the Ilylas have
souj^ht their leafy retreats in the W(M»d or fence low. Tliev dill'cr fictm
the first -mentioned ficnns in belli;;- pooi' swimmers; thonyh they hap
into the water when alarmed, they do not swim far from the shore,
and soon return to it. They do not scei;i to be possessed of the power
of making such i'liormous leaps as the liitorias of Australia, or even
as our Acris. In typical Kitoria the Inaiii cast* is more elongate ami
cylindrical and the frontoparietal foutanelh> much narrower, but in
/y. (niieriniiifi the form and prop')rtiuiis are the same.

The general form and habits of the Australian ;;eniis (!rinia are not
very ditlerent from the present; the. terminal, not inferior, attachment
of the ultimate phalanx will separate it from all llylida'.

Chorophilns is distiibiited from the I'io (Iraiide, Sail liake N'alley,
and llocky Mountains on the west, to the Aflanti*!, and IV(hii the (Inlf
to the northern limits of the Unit<'d States west of tlu^ Alleijhaiiics;
east of this ran^e I am not awai(^ of its occnnin^- lun'th of middle
Pennsylvania. Of its six species four are coiiiincd to the (Julf States
and South Carolina, while the fifth is found under several forms
throughout the whole of the ii«»rth and southwest, the northern and
middle parts of the central, and the middh^ of the eastern region to
Pennsylvania and New Jersey.

The species differ as follows:

I. Miizzli' roiiiidrd in prolilc, itrojictiii;^;.
a. Sliin <»f iipiMT siirfiiccs smontli.

Stont, wiillli (if lifiHl at t.vnipiin.'i ciilcriiifj toliil l<'n;;lli !!..'> to 'J. (ill times;
nostril Jiall-Wiiy between nm/./le ami orliit ; poNteriort'oot slioitiT, slji^litjy
\vel)l)e(l, and willi Hiiliarlienlai' Inlierelrs ; Iwel reacliin;; tynipaninii

''. onialHH.

More slender ; widtii of head eiittriii;; length :> to ;!.."> times: nostril nearer
end of mn/,/le than orliil ; poslerior Cool longer, not vvehlied, :imiI without.

.snbarlienlar tnlxircles; heel reacliin;; niiildle of orhit r, mciiUiiialh.

aa. Skin warty above.

Head acuminate, th(f width (Miterin;; the total three times; lu>el reaehin<r

anterior to oil)it ; si/.i' iar;;er (\ iiiiridin

Head short, wider; the. width (^nterin;; the len;;lh ;!.•.'."> limes: the heel

reaches to the front of the orbit ; small r. lerinviim.

Head acuminate; the widtii entering; the total '.!.ri to ii.dli times; hind hx^s
short; heel I'eaehin;; p.-sterior boi'der of memlirannin tympani

r. Iriscriii tiis.

II. Muzzle truncate in profile.

Vertex and front plane ; can I h us rostral is shurp ; iiiiid le;;s Ion;;, .r. ociiluriii.

J

(lilii-
II.vlii
iiiiiti-
resent
as, its
small
|te<ries
iiave
Iroiii
l< ii|»
slinre,
)()\vei'
even
le ami
Hit ill

TIIH HArKACIIIA ()!•' NOIMII AMKRICA. 333

CIIOKOI'llILI'S OKNATIS Hollirook.*

('ijHlitjHttlhuH oriKilnH lldlhr., N. AniiT. lliTii., iv, \\. 10."), |'l. ',''>.

Clioivpliiliix oniiihiM |i()iil('ii;;t'r, (Jat. Iliilr. Sal. IJiil. Miis,, 'ii\ cd., l.-^S'.', p. ;{;i;).

rlnnotiltiliis ()((//((»(■« Daudiii, t'lppc, Itnll. U. S. Nat. Mils., No. 17, ls>(i, |». y7.

Mtizzlt^ and caiitliiis lostnilis roiiuded ; (he foriiiei' projeetiiiy', but
short, not longer than tliametei of eye; external iiares nearer the orbit
than the tMul of the iiiiizxle; skin not areolated or roiigluMied above;
toes without teriiiinal kiiol s, (listiiuMly wehlted at the base, and with
well developed siiliartieular iiiliercles; himl legs short, heel only reiich-
iiig posterior edge of tympaiiiim wlieii exteiidt'd.

The liead is rather short, and the anterior outline is a narrow oval.
The e.xtreniity of the miiz/le inojects beyond the month, and tln^ lore.s
are slightly oliliipie ami a little concave. The nostril is but little nearer
the extremity of the muzzle than the orbit. The vertical diameter of
the tympanum a little ex«!eeds the transver.se, which is one-half the long
diameter of the eyeslit. The pupil, as in the other species of this
genus, is horizontal. The tongue is wide, di.scoid, and entire behind.
Theo.'^tia pliaryngea are smaller than the small choaiiie. The vomerine
patches are. short and traiisver.se; they ai«M'ntirely within the lines of
the inner borders of the choana' and behind the line of the posterior
boiders of the same.

The tiiliercles of the superior surfaces are small and lather dcsely
placed ; they are largest on the sides of th(» back. There is a faint areo-
latioii of the gular region. The limlis are short and stout. The humerus
is half or more inclosed in the skin. The |>alm reaches nearly to the end
of the muzzle. The lingers are short and stout, and have neither dilatii-
tions nor borders. The lirst is shorter than the second, whicli eijuals
the fourth. The palmar tubentles are not distinct. The heel of the ap-
pressed hind foot in thin specimens marks the middle of the tympanic
disk or posterior border of orbit, and the end of the muzzle the extremity
of the tarsus. The hind foot beytuid the tarsus is only as long as the
tibia. The toes have no dilatations, but possess dermal margins, and a
short but distinct basal web. There is luit (tiie solar tuliercle, a small
cuneiform piomiiieiKic. Total length, .(KM'"; of head, to liiu^ of posterior
borders of membraiium tympani, .011'"; width of head at the latter,
.tut'"; length of hind leg, .(Mo'"; of femur, .01. "i"'; of hind foot, .022"' ; of
tarsus, .0()!»"'.

The (tolor above is olive-gray, and below uniform straw-color. A
black band passes from the end of the muzzle on each side, through the
eye, and, exiiandiiig over the ear drum, terminates in front of the liu-
mei us. One or two dark spots above and behind the axilla may unite
to fiiiiii part of a lateral band. There may or may not be blackish spots
above the groin and on the pelvit; region and anterior part of the back.

' I'lalc 7-J, li;;'. 'J.

1^

1 I

r '

^1

f i

) I

¥'.:

n

r

334 IJULLETIN :;i, UMTIID STATKS national Ml'.SHUM.

The limbs Lave a lew diukbrowu ciossbauds; the reiuiii' is yellowish
aud unspotted behiud.

( 1.

ISM ;

Fi ;

! I )

Fk;. Kt. CliDriipliilKH luiKiliiK.

.(•H, Tcxiis

Dr. Ilolbiook describes the (;(>h)is of this species in lil'e as I'oUows:

Dove color above, witli oblonj;- spots of darkbiowii, inari;ined with
yellow.

The head has a broad, indistinct, triangular spot between the orbits,
the apex of which is directed backwards. A black liiu> extends Ironi
the snout to the orbit of the eye, including the nostrils; below this
black line is a yellowish blotch, covi'riug most of the upper Jaw, The
lower Jaw is (tinereous above and white below. The i)upil is very dark,
the iris of a golden color. The. tympanum is very dark (colored, and
placed in a dar!' vitta, (U' blotch, wlii(!h extends from behind the orbit
to within a, short distance of the shoulder. The body is of a delicate
dove-color above, v/itli two or moi'e oblong sjiots of dark brown, mar-
gined with yellow, on each sule of the vcitebral line; below these, and
on eacli Hank, are three smaller spots, likewise margined with briglit
yellow, the anterior one being the largest ; these, with a smaller one
above the v»'ut, form a triangle on each llatdi; ; s<'veral luiglit yellow
spots, also disposed ni a triangulai' form, with the api<'es diiccled lor
wards, aie concealed by the thighs. The inferior surface of tliis ani-
mal is silver-white, ami ex<;ept (Ui the throat, everywhere granulated ;
about the throat an' a few indistinct points of black; the anteiior and
middle parts of the abdomen are white with a slight tinge; the poste
rior third api)roaches to llesh-color.

The anterior extremities are dove-<!oI<ue(l abo\e, with a few distinct
dark bands placed transveisely on the fore-arm, ami a black spot at the
elbow: a black line runs from the inferior ami upi>er jiart of the shoul-
der towards the lower Jaw ; dove-coloicd above, with transveise bands
of dark brown; on the anterior part of the thigh are s^.^ral smiill
yellow spots; on the posterior surface th(^se spots aie numerous and so
(thtsely approximated as to icsemble at lirst view a yellow waving liuf.
Tiie whole under snifacc^ of the thighs is tlesh-coloied ; the inleritu-
surliuu! of the legs is also tlesh-colore<l, with a I'vw yellow dots.

No. l.'JG.'H; OIK' specimen: llelotes; liexar County, Texas; (1. W,
i\Iarnock.

Other spe<!imens of this species are in my private tolle(;tion Irom the
same locality, and from Dallas, Texas.

It

Tilt: HATUACIllA OF NOKTII A.MliKlL'A.

'> Q r.

CnOKOrillMT.S OCCIDKNTALIS 15«l. & Ginl.

TAIoria occidviilalis IJd. *V (liril., rrocMcd. Ac. I'liila., ls.'>;{, ]i. :!01.

Ci/sliiiiialliiiHiiniitliix " IIoll)!.", (iiiiitlicr, t'n\. Hiifr. S;il. I'.iit. Mii.s.,i'(l., 1?W, p. •,>'.»; i«c

liiiDtrookii.
Clioriiphiliif oidUitin Cojif. CIn'i'k-Lisl N, Aiiht. I>al., l\f|if,il., I>7r>, p. ;iil; mv ll.ijlu

OCIlltlliH I>illl<Iill.

<'luii(>iiliiliii ri>iiii liouIcii<;(^r, Cat. liiitr., Sal. Hiit. Mils. ('il. II, l-ri:i, p. :>:M.

IJeiul ratiier acMite. Tibiii n'lichinjj half-way from tlu' amis to the
nostrils. Above, du'stimt with obsolct*^ bh)tcli('s of (hirkcr. A daik
chestnut stripe from snout, tiirouj-h eye and tymi)anuni, with several
Jarge obliijue bhitehes of tiio same on the sides. Meneath, re(hlisli-
white ; immaculate.

Proportions rather slender and {graceful. Head rather acute; no
perceptible contraction at the neck ; li'.i;s lon^' and much developed.

The nostiils aie situated very near the tip of the snout (the sides of
which are rather abrupt); they are separated from each other by less
than on«'third the width of the head. The eyes:ii'e moderate, the rym-
])anum snudi, about half the dianu'ter (»f the oH.M. A jiroove passes
from the iiosterior portion of orbit above and around the tym]>anum to
the in.sertion of the arm in front. Anteritu- marj>iu of the eyes about
opposite the middle of the commissure. Tonj^ue ^ arial)le in dilferent
specimens; in one (a male) larjic, and lilliu!;' up the inters{)ace of hnver
jaw r, the e«lj;es thin and fiee behind and laterally; bioadly or orbicu-
larly cordiform. In two others the ton.i;ue is contrarlcd into smaller
space, thus thickeuiu;;' the ed^es, althou<;h still rctiiininji much the siim«!
shape. The inner nostrils are lar<;(', opposite to the anterior (;anthusof
the orbit. The vomerine protuberances are in t wo«'lliptical patches, their
htUfier axes in the .sanu transverse line: their anterior ed;;es just behind
the losterior border of the rutstrils; the two separated by a narrow in-
terval. One speciuu'ii has tlu' patches more elonjiated, and narrower
than the two others.

The head isslijihtly shorter than broad. The fore;iriii is lonjicr than
the hand: the tibia, about half the length of the body, is huip'r than
the thi^di, and about the lenj;th of the foot.

The tinkers and toes are all shinier, cylindrical, ami taiierin,!.> sli<jhtly
to the delicate tips, which piesent no indicationsof pallets. The linjicrs
are entirely free: the outer lon^jer than tlu' second, the third louj^est.
The two external metatarsals are united to the end, \\ ith no web between
them. The other metatarsals are divided to the tarsus, but coniu'(tte«l
by a web of considerable devdninnent, which scarcely jtasses beyoml
the ends of the metatarsus. Tlie outer toe is htnjicr than the thiid.
Transver.se apophy.ses of sacral vertebia dilated, with trianj;ular pallet.

The under part.s, anterior to the slij;ht jtectoral fold, are entirely
simtoth. Hehiml this is a |>avemenL of depressed j;ramdes, which ex-
tends to the inferior and posteritu- surface of the thi>;lis, becomiuj;' tiner

336 BULLETIN 31, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

posteriorly; tbey also pass up the sides, becoming less and less distinct.
Tbe n|)p(.r parts appear entirely sinootii, except an occasional and iso-
lated pnstule on the side of the back.

The general color above is of a light chestnut, with blotches of dark
chestnnt; beneath, reddish-white. A dark chestnut line extends from
the siiout through the nostril to the anterior canthus, and re-appears be-
hind the eye in an oval patch, involving the whole tympanum, and ex-
tending above tiie shoulder. A second similar patcli appears on the
side, separated from the lirst by about the thickness of the arm. IJe-
hind this again, and a little more on the back, is a smaller blotch, be-
hitul which is one still smaller, and the region of the anus is tinged
with the same color; there thus apitears to be a chain of these blotches,
extending, at about ecpial distances, from the anus to the eye, the two
last-mentioned lateral ones fully visible from above. There are indis-
tinct indications of darker blotches on the back, an<l sulVusious of the
same round the scattered ]»ustules referred to. The extreme edge of the
upper Jaw is dark, but between this and the upper stripe, involving
nearly the whole side of the face below the eye, is an area of light eldest-
nut, becoming clearer and brighter under the eye. A chestnut stripe
extends from the lower Jaw up the arm, which has, besides, two or three
transverse blotches; the femur, tibia and tarsus have each two or three
transverse fascia-. The anterior face of the thighs is light tliestnut;
the buttocks the same, with indistiiuit blotches of lighter, in some
specimens the ground color is greenish lead color.

2

Fii;.81. Chorophilns inriilentnliK. \o, SUun. IJicoboro, Ga.; f

Mrasiin iiKiilt, ill (/((7((.s.

Total ItMijrth l.(»l 1.00 : Total liiii.lIc^',.sii.'U:li.,l ...

'•'••mill' l-i .111 Foic-iirm tit tip

Ti''iii Til . U» Widtlioriira.l

Hind foot H .10 Clionl nf i; s

'i'ar.suM :t I . ;t;! I

l.-O 1.7:>

..V.» ..Ml

• 111 .:!^

. iti .:w

From the C. ornatux Ww, C. mridcntalis dillVrs In rojoi' I'litiicly; the
head is more acute, and the cleft of moiitii deeper; the legs arc longrr
ami the granulation liiu-r.

This species is (piite distim;t from the C. onuttns, and does not appear
to have been named by any Euroi>eaii aiitJKM- prior to lioiilnigcr. .My
identilication of it with the lliila nmlaiis of D.tiiiiin was biiscd on a
plate representing it, or a spei-ics very similar to il, in (»iie of the older
authors, but lor which I have lost the reference. As jiointed out by
lioulenger, it is clearly not the species so called by Daiulin.

THE BATRACniA OF NOUTll AMKRICA.

337

The Chorophilus occUlentalis rauges trom Georgia to tbe Wichita
Elver, in north central Texas. Specimens were sent me from the latter
locality by that excellent naturalist, Jacob Boll, of Dallas. Dr. A. K.
Fisher has found it near Jacksonville, Florida. It does not occur in
California as supposed when Urst described.

i-

RESERVE SERIES.

Catalocnc

No. of

iiiiiulior.

spec.

3590

2

nonr.

1

5!HIU

•i

3584

1

2

liocality.

Wlieu
collected.

From whom receiveil.

Ooorgiii Ma.j. J. L<i Coiito

UicoborouKli, (in --I <lo

(1(1 j do

LiliiTtv Count v.Oa | do

Allapiilia, (lii j W. .J. Taylor

Natniu of spec-
inien.

Alcoholic.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.

CIIOROPIIILUS NIGRITUS Lc t'oiitc

liivia nigrita Lo Conto, Ant.. Lye. N. Y., i, \>. ii^^J; Ilailaii, Med. «fcPhys. Res., p. 105;

iiiid Joiirii. Ac. I'liilii., V, p. Ull.
Jerih )ii(jfilti Dmii. iV IJilif., p. .W.t.

CilKlifluiilhiin iiinrlliin IIolli. , N. .Viiicr. IIiT)).. IV, p. 107, PI. "20,
rueiitlaciis iiifirild, pars, Oiliilli. Cat., ]». '.(7.
Chorophihin iiii/nluH Haird, Piim;. Ac. Pliila., vii, p. (iO; Le Contc, cof?. loc, p. Vi7 ',

Bouleiiger, Cut IJatr. Sal., p, '.iX\.

The length of the head to the posterior margin of the membranum
tyiiii)ani enters the total length to the vent three and one sixth times.
Tlie head it.self is narrow and acuminate, tiie muz/.lo projecting acutely
beyond the labial margin. Theexternal nares niiuk two-tifths the di.s
tanee from the end of tlie muzzle to tiie orbital border. The mem-
branum tympani is only one fourth the diameter of the orbit. The
eanthus rost rails is disi iiiet , but obtusely rounded. The vomerine fascic-
uli are api)roxiinated, and near the line of the posterior border of the
mires, which are larger than the minute ostia pharyngea. The tongue
is large and wide behind, and faintly emai'ginate.

The heel of the extended hind leg extends to between the orbit and
nostril; the femur is short, while the tarsus is long, a little exceeding
half the length of the tibia, and etinaling thi' length of the remaimler
of the foot, minus the longest toe. The skin of the gular and .sternal
region is smooth, of the abdomen areolate. That of the dorsal region
is tubercular, smootli warts of large and small size being irregularly
crowded over its entire surface, and not at all resembling the areolate
surface of the belly.

Cohu' above leaden, with three longitudinal rows of darker, light-
edged spots, extending one on each side, and one on the median line,
These spots may be uniteil into a l)and on one (u- on both sides tn* on the
middle line. Thigh with thre(H*j(»ss bands, nnieolor behind; tibia with
from three to five (!ross-l)ars. I'pper lip daik plumbeous, with a narrow
white lino above a darker border, which extends a little beyond below
1951— Bull 3i 22

j

■ i

• i

1

1

1^

1

n<

"i-i

.- y

1^1

■ M

u

1

y

ii

\\

n

1

338 BULLETIN 3t, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MLSEUM.

the tympanum. The dark baiul from the end of the muzzle extends to
the middle of the side, or beyond. Inferior surfaces yellowish.

fTf

Fig. 85. Chorophilus nigritut. No. 5935. Liberty County, Ga.; 1-4, J; 6-7, }.

Measurements of No. 5935.

Jf.

Length of bead and body 0:iO

Length of head, including tympana OlO.'i

Width of head, including tympana 0(tl>.')

Length of fore-leg OU).'i

Length of fore-foot GO*;

Length of hind leg 0475

Length of tibia 0H5

Length of tarsus OO;) I

Length of remainder of foot OHf)

This species is rare in collections and has not been well identified,
owing to the imperfection of Dr. Ilolbrook's description. It can be lu'st
recognized from Le Conte's description above cpioted. It is an evident
ally of C. triseriatus.

A small form is found in Florida, which I have descril)ed under the
name of Chorophilus rerrticosus. It differs somewhat liorn the typical
Nigricans, and I suspect that it will turn out to Ix^ a siibsjK'cies. It
dilfers, besides its very small size, in the somewhat loliger tarsus, wliieii
exceeds the foot minus the fourth toe, in length. Tlu' yellow stripe on
the upper lip is broken up into a series of spots. The measurements
are as follows :

31- M.

Length of head and body 01!» Lengtii of tibia 008

Lengtii of head OOti ' Lfiiglh of tarsuH (lo."i

Lengtii of hind limb 02(! Width of head at tympana 00,">5

Length of femur 007 |

P^rom Volusia, Fla.; Mrs. A. I). Lungren.

Tliis ChiMophilus is similar in proportions to the C /criarniii, but is
well distinguished by the, characters of the longer hind leg, the skin,
and the coloration. The tuber<!ular ui)per surfaee is (piite peeubar, and
the smooth giilar region i8e(pially wanting in the Northern frog.

M.

.o:!0

. 010.')
. 0(»l>.')
. OKiTj
. OOCi
. 0475
.0145
.OO'.tl
. 0145

it.

.(l(W

. (I(C.

. oor>5

1

THE BATRACIIIA OF NORTH AMERICA.

Chorophilus nigritus Le Conte.

RESEKVE SERIES.

339

Catalogue No. of
miuibcr. spec.

9702
r>9;i;)
35D3

Locality.

Arlington, Fla

Liberty County, Ga.
Cliarloston, S. C

When
collected.

From whom received.

Nature of spec-
inicn.

(i. BrowTi Ooo<le Alcnholic.

Dr. .1. L. l,<- ("onto i Do.

Dr. .S. B. Barker I Do.

CHOROPHIU'S FERIARFM Baird.
Uclccceiea fcriarum Baird, Proceed. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1S54 (5), 59.

This species is not unlike a jounjj Hyla remicnlor in the short and
rather squat form. Tiie head is more pointed, liowever, the curve of the
mouth being parabolic rather than circular. The outline of the head
above exhibits an acute angle, with but a very .slight curve to near the
nostrils. The sidesof the head arequite oblique, and the direct distance
between the two anterior canthi, as measurcil witii the dividers, is just
half that between the two extremities of the lower jaw, measured in a
similar manner. The upi)ei' Jaw i)rqject.>< con.sidorably over the under;
po much so that the nostrils are about directly over the end of the lat-
ter. Tiie extreme distance between the rami of the lower Jaw is the
same witii tiiat from the ends of the.se rami to the tip of the snout, thus
forming of the three lines an equilateral triangle. The tympanum is
(|uite diminutive, scarcely more than half the diameter of the eye; cer-
taiidy not over half the straight edge of the eyelids. In the females
it is still smaller. Its center is .situated directly over the angle of
the mouth or the rictus.

The tongue is large, thin at the edges; about one fifth longer than
broa«l, and cordiform beliiinl, with the .sides but .slightly curved; free
behind for about one-third its length. The posterior nare.s are nearly
circular and opposite a point half- way betwi-en tiie anterior (tanthus of
the eye and the outer nostril. The vomerine teeth aie in two oval
patches, their axes inclined backward.s at less than a right angle, the
anterior extremities (commencing Just inside the posterior nares and on
a line with their centers.

The males are provided with a very prominent gular pouch, capable
of considerable intlation.

The eyes arc of moderate size, being a little more than one-third the
distance from the angle of the mouth to the tip of the .snout.

The limbs are of motb'rate <leveIoi»ment ; the fore-arm being less than
the hand. The arm from the elbow is exactly the length of the hind
foot, nieasured from the end of the tarsus. The femur and tibia are
equal and just half the length of the body. Closely pressed along the
sides, the tips of the hind toes extend nearly to the tympanum. The

i I

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ri

1

fc

\aI

t

}

I

-Is-
t

f :

4

1/

I

\

li ;

;^j

340 BULLETIN 34, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

toes are all aoproased, rather sharp alonff the edges, slender, with par
allel sides, and not fringed. All are terminated by slight knobs, not
pallets, bnt little if any wider than the fingers, and very faint traees
of the marginal nail like groove. The hands are not webbed, except a
very slight basal web between the three (mter fingers. The toes have
their bases very slightly webbed, tiie nuMnl)rane tilling np the spaces
between the metatarsals of the two onter toes. The tnbercle at the
base of the inner toe rather large; the one opposite at base of outer
toe, small. Prominent tubercles beneath all the articulations. Verto-
bric nine, in addition to the coccyx.

Tiie entire body is stron ,\v and coarsely granulated, conspicuously
below, where it extends over the chin, between the arms, and on the
arm nearly to the elbow joint; in fact, no part is free from the granula-
tion, excei)t perhaps t])e sides of the head. The upper and under faces
of the thighs are also similarly granulated.

In the males the up|)er parts are i)urplish-l)rown (greenish-brown
in life) with dark slate brown markings; beneath cream <Mlor. Tliere
is a triangular patch between the eyes, the base exti'uding directly
across, the apex pointing down the back, the sides concave. In front of
this, in the axis of the head and between the nostrils, is a small longi-
tudinal streak. A Oiirk pat(!h commences on the side of the snout and
extends backwards on the side of the head, including the tympanum,
and, widening on the sides, fades out near the groin ; the upper margin
of this is most distinctly delined. The extreme margin of the upper
jaw is dark jnottled, but just above it and below the lateral vitta is a
narrow line of yellowish-white, w'licli widens after passing below the
tympanum and, crossing above the shoulder, runs into the light color
of the under i)arts, completely isolating the fore leg. In the male the
chin is mottled black ; and in all there is a narrow, indistinct streak of
brown extending from the lower jaw to the outer surface of the arm, con-
tinuous with the ground co'or then'. On each si(h' of the bac^k extends
a distinct stripe. IVom lu'ar the tymjianum to about o|)posite the ter-
mination of the lateral stripes. An additioinil stripe is seen down the
middle of the back, scarcely commeneing so far forward; the three
stripes !' .irly parallel, though with a tendency in the outer ones to
diverge i>o.-.teriorIy. These stripes are sometimes irreguhir in outline,
the central one sometimes broken up into blotches, the «'xterior ones
less fre(iuently. Sometinu's scattered blotches are seen between the
Stripes. The upper surfaces of tiielimbsare indistinctly bande«l trans-
versely, sometimes only blotched confusedly ; the posterior faces of the
buttocks are brown, with (nrcular whitish spots on th" apices of the
granulation. The inner faces of the limbs are nn(H)l(U'e<l.

In some specimens, which aitjiear to be principally females, the ground
color above is fawn, sonu^times light bluish-gray ; and, as already re-
marked, the longitudinal stripes are occasionally broken up into coarse

1 i

1

ifBijIf"

f-

1

THE BATRACIIIA OF NORTH AMERICA

;;4i

or fine blotches. A general triserial arraugemcut is, however, almost
always perceptible.

f\

Via. 80. Chorophilut/eriantm. Mount Carmol, 111.; 1-4, \; 6-7, f.
Measurements, hi inches.

Total length 1.06 1.00

Femur 50 .47

Til.ifi 54 .51

Tarsus 34 .:i'2

Hind foot 50 .4"'

Hiudlei; 1.77 l.t)7

Width of licatl 40 ;!7

Length from joint of jaw 40 . ;}7

A specimen taken by me in Trough Creek Valk'y, Ilinitingdon
County, Pa., has broad uninterrupted baiid.s. as in the ('. tri.^eriatus
hut lias not its median muzzle band. The voice of this animal was sim-
ilar to that of the latter species.

A specimen of nearly tlie size and form (>f Ifyla fctniiralin was taken
in west Penn.sylvania, near the Kiskiminitas Kiver. In proportions it
does not difter from the Feriarum, but tlie toes are fringed, the dilata-
tions larger, and the coloration different. Above blackisliash, abruptly
deUned on the sides. Lateral band not extendinj; beyond tympaimiii.
No median dorsal bainl, but two black dorsolaterals oi' doul)le ordi-
nary width converge from each tympanum and extend to end of urostyle
inclosing with the interorbital triangle a narrow, anteriorly bilinrate
dorsal band of the ground ('i»lor. The note of tliis si)eeies is (piite dif-
ferent from that of the <\ tri.seriatiis, not being continuous, but in sets of
crepitations repeated in time and at intervals.

This variety may not 1m' more allied to the Feriarum than to the others,
and may be called C. feriarum brachyiihonm.

ChorophiliiHj'trianim Baird.
RESERVE SERIES.

Cataloeuc
uuiubvr.

:i592
I'JUiT
12700
I3:t-.)

9067

No. of
»peo.

Locality.

Wli.ii
cuUi'itteil.

Fioiu wlioiii locrivod.

('.irli-sli', I'a

Mount CmmiicI, 111 ... i
Lookout Mount ill II. Ti'im
WliiMtliiml. liid ... I
I'll lire Ufurau'sCi'UUtv, ;
Mil.

S. I'. liiiiril....
L. W. Tinner .

1878 , Dr. T. U. livixn .

Niitiiif of spi'C-
iuun.

f : i

:

) I

; I

.J

m

M

I

i' f

342 BULLETIN 34, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

CIIOROnilLUS TRISERIATUS, Wicd.

Ejila (rheriata Princo Maximilian Koiso in das iniiorp Nord-Aincrika, i (1839), 240.
Jlilooutta IrineriiduH Uaird, I'rociH'd. Ac. I'liila., vii, 1S5I. p. (id.

clarkii Uaird, /. c, and U. S. Mex. Honnd. Sinw, Kept., p. 28, PI. 37, fig. 1-U.

C/ior«j)/(i7i(8 /ris( ('(((/lis Cope, Checli-List N. Anier. Keptil., p. :!0.

Kvptiiitriuintlin Bonleni^er, Cat. ]5ati'. Sal. IJiil. Mils., ji. '.VA'-), \88'2.

Hylodca maculatita Agassiz, Lake Snperior, l"*r>0, p. ;i7r<, vi, figs. 1, 2, 3.

lu general sliaite this .specie.s is more eloiifj^ated and less squat than
H. fcriarum, and the hind le^^s are materially shorter. The head is eon-
siderably more pointed. The nostriLs, beinji a little more in advance
than in Feriarnm, are still over the end of the lower jaw, although tiio
projection of the upper jaw is greater than in the latter. The distance
between the anterior eanthi of the orbits is more tlian half that between
the rami, and this latter distance less than the ciiord of either ramus.
The tympanum is small, less than half the diameter of the eye ; iis an-
terior border on a line with the angle of the month.

The granulation of this species is very distinct, e.\tending over the
whole body, except on the interior faces of the hind legs. Jt is most
couspicuous and distinct beneath, and is seen on the under face of the
arms, especially evident in the palms of thehamls.

The tongue is rather thinner than usual in Feriarnm and free for a
greater distance behind, less emarginated posteriorly. The inner nares
are circular and nearer the anterior eanthus orbitaiis than the external
uostril. The vomerine teeth are considerably within and behind the
ceuters of the posterior nares. The eyes about as in Feriarnm.

The forearm is a little longer than the hand. The arm from the
elbow is not so long as the hind foot. In general, while the thigh, leg,
aud tarsus are shoiter in proportion, the foot is as long as or even longer
tbau iu Feriarnm. Tlie leg and thigh are nearly of thesame length, ami
about two-fifths the length of the body. When tlie hind leg is Hexed and
applied along the sides, the tips of the toes reach only to the axilla-.
The lingers and toes are much as in 11. J'cr'mrmn, though with all the
limbs, more slender.

The ground color above and on the sides is of a light ash, in most
specimens striped with brown; beneath yellowish-white, with a few
scattered brownish dots on the sides and sometimes extending across
the breast behind the arm.s. There is no tiansvcrsc band between the
eyes, but, instead, an oval spot above each orbit, and between the.se a
distinct stripe starting between the nostrils and extending backwiir.ls
to about the mitldle of the back, where it bit'iircates at a very acute
angle ami continues, margining the iirostyie, as it were, to near the anus.
On each side of this d(nsal mark is a stripe of similar width, starting
in a line with the orbital bhttclies, but behind them and extending
nearly to the groin, having a slight curve outwards to retain i)arallelism
with the dorsal fork. A well-delincd stripe starts at the snout and
passes backwards turough the eyes and tympanum over the shoulder

* A

..

Miiirili

THK BATRACIIIA OF NOKTIl AMEKICA.

343

and (lovrn the aides to a point opposite the end of the stripe Just de-
scribed and parallel to it; in fact, we may distingnish anteriorly five
distinct dark stripes, and posteriorly six, all abont tiie same size, at
the same distance apart, and parallel to each other. The extri'me margin
of the npper Jaw is brown, bnt between it and the facial strijie is a
narrow, well-defined line of white extending nnder the tympanum across
the shoulder to be lost on the side. The marginal dark marking on the
upper jaw is continued across the angle of the mouth (witli a sliglit in-
terruption over the canthus) up the arm, in a narrow line. Tlie legs
are all irregularly nmrked with rounded dark blotches, not fasciated ;
the buttocks brown, with whitish spots on the granulations.

Some specimens are much darker than the one Just described, and
occasionally there is a tendency to irregularity in the outlines of the
stripes, almost breaking them up into spots, in which, however, tiie
serial arrangement is always evident. Sometimes, too, tlie edges of the
stripes are deeper colored than the middle.

Lciifjfth
Ann ...
Fi'iimr
Tiltiii .
TurMiis

Fio. 87. Chorophiliis triteriaUta. No. 8553. Fairplay, Colorado; 1-1, ',; (i-~, y.

Indies.

ofbody l.Od 1.00 Hiiid foot

;")'> .51 lli.dleg 1.

to . 37 ( ; -a of boail

4.-> ,42 Width

i>8 .27 I

IllcIlPS.

50 . 4(5
5-J 1.41

:« . -JU

30 . 28

RESERVE SERIES.

Catalogiio No. of
niiiulicr. .spec.

Locality.

When I
coUocted. i

From whom rucoivod.

Natiirr (if SI oc-
imc'ii.

:t«."i!t
;i:)im

•V.IIH

5o:i4
:i;ii4

301!)

3021
3307
,')3H'J
514li
3307
33IU
,?3I1
3300
3317

Dr. I". R. Hoy....
It. W. Keuiiiiott
Dr.J.Suckk'V ..

Dr. Keuiii'ily
W. S. Wood . .

Itaiiiie. Wis .

Oiiok U'oiinly, III

Fori Union, I)ak

Fort Ri'solntiou

I.arainio River

Soiilli (irand River, Mis-j (')

Hciiiri. i I

Saint I.duis, Mo ' Dr. G. Enf;clniann

liluo ItivtM-, Kanaa.i ' (0

Sidkiik Sett IcMUMit ' K. Kcniiii'ott

Red River of till' North tl"

Salt Lake Viillev -I-S. liiiwiiiaii

Fort I'nioii, Dak Dr. F. V. llayden .

Fpjier Missouri do

Fort IMorro ilo

do Gov. I. I.Steveu.s .

In some specimens from the Missouri lliver the Iiead appears to be
narrower and more elongate, the tongue more orbicular and less notched.

iM

hi

M

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; { j
t

i .

: V

vl

■

1

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344 BULLETIN 34, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

9: (

The {granulation on tlio lower parts seems finer. The ground color is
darker, though the i)attern in much the same. The dorsal stripe does
not bifurcate so soon, however ; there is a tendency to spots between
the stripes, and there are no spots on the breast.

Total length 7«

Tibia HO

Femur 5i()

Hind U'g from heel M

MeasnremenU, in incheSi

1.000 Hind leg 1.

.:W1 , Witlthofbead

. ;{()0 Length of chord

. 710 Fore-arm from elbow

03 1.3()8

20 . 2(i3

2ti . 340

30 . 396

Hiud foot 3(5

,473

The Choroj)hilus triscriatus abounds throughout the northwest, east
of the Kocky Mountains.

1 obtained it at Franklin, on the Utah-Idaho boundary, and sub-
sequently found it very common in the ruts of the wa,(on trails on the
plains east of Fort Benton, Mont. In the latter locality it was gener-
ally of a bright green color.

Specimens from Gloucester County, New Jersey, present the following
characters:

Body longer; head contained three and two-thirds times in total
length, the widtii three to three and one-half in same; tibia measuring
half the distance from vent to middle and anterior border of orbit;
smaller tympanum; teeth nearer each other than to nares; five longi-
tudinal bands.

In this form the limbs are rather stout, with their upper surfaces
granulated or rugulose. Toes fringed or margined. The heel extends
to the orbit; tympanum one-third of latter. One, an inner tarsal tuber-
cle. The median dorsal ban<l is broad, unites with the interocidar tri-
angle, and is continued part way to the end of the muzzle, giving a <!ru-
ciform figure. Dorsolateral bands nearly straight, commencing some
distance above and within the tympamuu. Lateral stripe eomidete fro;u
end of muzzle nearly to groin. Ground color fawn ; below pale, immac-
ulate. Posterior limbs with half cross-bauds.

Meamirenunta,

liilH'.S. I

Total length l\i. Cd Tibia.

Fore limb 7 ] Foot.

Femur from vent ;'> |

Liiu-g.
T). titi

This species I have fouml al)undant on the sides of pools and ponds in
t lie neighborhood of (ilou(!ester, X. .1. in ihespringand early part of sum-
mer. It delights in those small and often temporary pieces of water
which are inclosed in the densest thickets of spiny Smilax atid Kubus,
with scrub oaks, and surrounded by the water loving Cephalanthus,
where no shade interrupts the full glow of sunlight. Here they may be
heard in the hottest part of the day, accompanied with a few scattering
Acres, or rarely a Uyla pickeringiL Their retreats are uot sought by

•« ;

THE BATRACIIIA OF NORTH AMERICA.

345

1. 3()8
.340

* J

(

k, I'

Eaoie. As they scarcely swim, wlien surprised tliey seek refiiye in the
edge of the water, with so little movement as to render their capture
no easy matter.

This species commences its season early. I have heard the swamps
of the barrens and thickets of southwestern New Jersey resound with
thera as early as the twentieth of March, when a skim of ice cov-
ered part of the water. I have also heard it in other level paiis of the
same State later in the season, and in the lower i)art of Chester County,
Pa. Its note resembles that of the Acris in being crepitant, and ditt'ers
from the toned cry or whistle of the Ilylaj. It is not so loul as the former
and Is deeper pitched; it may be imitated by drawing a point strongly
across a coar.se comb, commencing at the bottom of a jar and bringing
it rai>idly to the mouth; or, better, by restraining the voice to the separ-
ate vibrations of the vocal cords, and uttering a bar of a dozen or twenty
vibrations, beginning with the mouth closed and ending with it well
opened.

The spotted form, called by Professor Agassiz Hyhdes macnlatvs. pre-
sents tiie following characters. The description is nuule from Professor
Agassiz's typical .specimen.

This variety is of much the same delicate form as Triseriatus. The
head is small and narrow. The limbs are short ; the tibia twolifths the
length of the body.

The tongue is ov al, nearly as wide as long ; rather thicker than usual ;
free behind, and scarcely, if at all, emarginated. Tiie teeth are in two
very small circular patches, each situated within and but little behind
the internal naresr separated by a wider interval than usual. The
tympanum is small and inconspicuous, not half the diameter of the or-
bit; the distance between the anterior eantlii of the orbits is barely
more than half that between the rami of the lower jaw, which is a little
less than tlu^ chord of the ramus.

The lingers and toes are cylindrical, truncate, and rounded at the tips;
not dilated, but somewhat knoblted. Tlie outer finger is longer than
the third; the first is directe<l nearly at right angles with the third,
and considerably removed from the others. The outer toe is lon;^er
than the third ; the web is confined to the intervals between the meta-
tarsals, except a slight development between the bases of the fourth
ami fifth. A rounded tuberch^ at the base of foot on each side. Body
everywhere granulated ex('ei)t on the interior surliices.

The ground color is of a brownish-ash above, with crowded and
elongated blotches of darker arranged irregularly, or not serially, as in
most other varieties; a dark .stripe on the side of the head through the
tympanum and extending to the shoulder, and in one specimen an
elongated bl()tcli on the side of tlie body may almost be considered a
prolongation of the same. There is the usual light line along the edge
of the jaw, extending to the arm. The limbs are blotched above, but

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346 BULLETIN 31, UMTKK STATES NATIONAL MU8FATM.

not fasciated. IJeiifath yellowish white, with scattered brownish spots
acrofciS the breast.

JUcasHtemiiita, iii iiichin.

Total length L (W l.(M» Tinsim iJD .28

Forc-arm from dhow 4'i .11 Foot 50 .49

Hand a»! .'2r> Total of hind leg L^n L W

Femur :«» .:W Width of head ;W .M

Tibia »u .ii \

No. 3594; three specimens; Lake Superior, north shore; t*rof. L.
Agassi/..

The Texan form (h'seribed by IJaird and (rirard as Ilelaretcs vlarkii
has the foHowiii;;- chaiiieters. It forms tlie transition between tliose
with h)n{;itudiMal striiu-s as Triseriatns and tlie inejjniar spotted Maen-
hitnsfrom Lake Superior. It presents the usual features in the aeuto
head, entirely granulated body, except on the concealed surfaces (the
granulation is quite coarse), lu-arly free toes, etc. The head is acute
and elongated; the snout projecting more than in Macuilatus.

The tympanum is large, about two-thirds the diameter of the orbit.
The external nares are very near the tip of the snout, or at about one-
third of the distance fiom snout to orbit; they are separated l>y less
than one thir<l the width of the rami. The internal nares are deci<le«lly
more separated than the external, ami distant about one-third the in-
terval of the rami. The vomerine teeth are in two very small rounded,
depressed patches, having a considerable interval, and in a line with the
posterior edge of the iniu-r nares. The tongue is broad, ovate, slightly
emarginate beliiiul; thin on the edges.

The lingers and toes are cylindrical, slenderj aird dilated or thick-
ened at the tips into rounded, deitressed km)bs. In the hand the outer
finger is longer than the second; the cleft between the second an»l
third is deeper than that of third and fourth, and there is the appear-
ance of a very slight basal membrane between them, entirely want-
ing betwe^Mi lirst and second. The outer toe is rather larger than the
third; all the toes are connected by a slight basal web, which, however,
scarcely extends beyond the metatarus; two tubercles at base of foot.
Th(^ tibia is less than half tlie length of the body ; about half the dis-
tance from anus to the eyes.

Color above bntwnish ash, with the back covered by ten to twenty
large circular dark blotches, arranged in some specimens in two
longitudinal series, wiMi a few smaller intermediate ones; in another
distributed uniformly over the back, separated by considerable inter-
vals; a narrow dark line from snout through nostril to the eyes, thence
through the tympanum, fading out on the sides of the body posteriorly.
A narrow light lino along the edge of the Jaw to the arm. A few large
subquadrate blotches on the upper surface of the limbs. Beneath,
yellowish-white, with the gular sac tinged with brown.

\

A^

TIIK HATIiACIIIA Ol' NOIiTII AMKKICA,

;U7

Differs from Miirulatiis in HiiiiiUor number of spots, wliidi aro less con-
fluent iiiul more elustere<l, more slender form an«l longer tibia, with
shorter feet; from the other varieties in beinjj without (hjrsal stripes.

.28

.41)

1. .')3

L.

^f('a/lurcn^vnts, in iiichcu.

ii.tal Ipiigth 78" 1.00

Arm IVom elbow :t'l .i't

ivimir ;w .;u»

Til)ia :5H .4it

Tuibua ya .:to

Foot lii . ir,

Toljil liiiid If-r 1.1,1 l..-,l

Miixiiiiiirn wiiltli i)t° tifttd '27 . ;i."i

Chord oi'iiiiiii 28 .;$<>

No. 3.317; onespeeimen; ludianohi; J. II. Clark, United States and
Mexican IJouiidary Survey.

In one specimen tlie colors are much brighter. There is a distinct
dark broatl band from the snout throuj;li tlie eye, fadinj;' out about hall-
way down the side. A mirrow white line alony the edfje of u|(per Jaw
to posterior insertion (»f arm. The blotches above are much darker;
there is a trianjjular one between the eyes, extendin;-' backward, and
those on one side are eiuitluent into a longitudinal baud with irrc^qilar
outline. The blotches on the oi>posite side to this are elou;;ated and
rather oblique. The dark stripe froiu the jaw alonj( the arm is here
wantiufj. Other characters similar.

No. ;iol.5; onespeeimen; between liulianola and San Antonio, Tex. ;
J. II. Clark. I have also this form from Ilelote-s, Fort Concho, and
Dallas, Texas, so that it is generally distributed throuj^hout the State,
to the exclusion of the ordinary form.

'\

Catnloiiiic No. of
iiiiiiibt'i'. spue.

Chorophihia trkeriaiiis Wiod.
UESKKVK SKKIES.

Ltx'iility,

Wlioii
colhclcil.

Fioni wlimii ivi'i'ivod.

Xiitiiro of gpcc-
iiiicn.

I

855:i

5

3r.88

:i

so:!4

:i

8:tu9

2

3:i(iu

4

4r>7;i

1

5140

2

8r.-,j

1

8r,r.i

1

3G10

•J

5;!8'J

on:i.'i

3313

Kairpliiv, (.'olo Inly 11, 187;)

Wrst N'oithlicld, 111 ■.

I'lirt Ki'.iiilulion

l'"()it I'liioii, N. Mi'X

l''m t I'iiric, \il)i- 1

Hliii* Uivi r. Kansas

Kid Kivcv iiC till' \ortli

I'liSosa. Ciilo

do Sept. — , I''74

Siiiilli (".land liivor,

Wistrtii Mi'^siiini.

SclkiiU Si-ttli'Miriit I

I'lirt (inrlaiid. Cal 1 Jlino — , 187'.'

Galvcstiin. 'I'.x I

Fort riciTc, Dak I

Hi'twciii Till I I'll ion and

]'il«" I.akc, Dak. ,
Bid With Knit I 'ii ion and

Fort Iti'iitoii, Dak.

Dr..r. T. Kothiock

IJ. Koiinicolt

do

Mciiti'iiant (iid.sM, V.S. .V

(ioviinor Sttncii.t

Dr. •!. (i.Coopir

1!. Ki'iiiiicott

Dr. U.C. Vanow

do

Df. P. K. Hoy

I!. Kriinicott

H. W. llcn.sliaw....

M.D'an

T. ("iillii'i tsoii

Liciiti'iiaut tiiover.

Dr. (t. SHckloy.

.Vlcolioliu.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.

Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.

Do.

}

348 BULLETIN 34, UNITED STATKS NAlTONAL MUSEUM.

CHOKOPniLUS OCULAUIS Holl.iook.

Houlciigor, Cat. Datr. Sal. Hrit. Miia., lH-^-2, p. :i:a

Byloihn ocularis llolSrook, N. AiiitT. Hiti.. 1st »■(!., ii, 71), PI. .\iv, 1838; ami 2il ed.,

IV, 18li.
IltilH ocitUiriH Lc Confc, Proceed. Ac. Pliila., is")!, p. »',><).
Chotophiliin angiilatufi Cope, Clieck-Lisf Hatr., lieptil.. N. Amor., 187.'), p. 30.

Eyes large; bead aciito; lower Jaw narrow; tibia rather more than
half leuf,'th of body, decidedly longer than hind foot; terminal knobs
well developed. Above <'he.stnnt, with an obscure darker dor.sal band
from snout to eye, bifurcating behind, and another on each side. Tliese
usually more or less obsolete; a mu(;h deeper dark chestnut vitta from
snout tlirough eyea»!;l {ympanuni,aIony the sides; below this is a distinct
white line; a lijjht line along the outer edge of the tibia.

This species, which appears to be the smallest of the genus, and in-
deed the smallest of all the North American ecaudate IJatrachia, has a
close generic relationship to the otiier species. Its most .striking features
will be found in the large >i7X' of the eyes, the acuteness of the head,
the small tongue, etc. Tiu^ tibia is longer tiian in any of the genus.

The head is more pointed than usual, a character best seen in the
lower Jaw; which, instead of being regularly rounded, has the rami
nearly straight for two tiiirds, then acutely rounded, almost \/-'^''"pe*^'
The tongue is small, ovate, entire behind, and free for half its length.
The vomerine teeth are not distinguishable. The tympanum is very
small, .scarcely perceptible, and less than half the diameter of the eye.

The limbs are well developerl, comjtared to the other species. The
tibia is rather more than half the liMigth of the body.

General color above dark chestnut, with an obscure dorsal stripe of
darker from the snout to the postcriiU' portion of the back, bifurcating
behind. On each side of this is a similarly obscure hi.rii)e, while a much
deeper and more tlistinct stripe extt'uds along the shU^ of the head,
through the eyes, and along the Hanks. IJelow this, on the edge of the
upper jaw, is a white line, extending beyond the shoulder, lieneath
yellowisii-white, with ob.scnre dark spots across the breast and chin.
Faint indications oftransver.se bamls across the thighs and legs, more
decided than in the other si)ecies. The outer edge of the tibia is oc(!U-
pied by a distinct light lim*, on the inside of which is a darker mottling.

In general it is distinguishable from all the allied species by its acute
lower jaw, chestnut color, and light line down the outer edge of tibia.

McasuremeutH, hi inches.

Total leiiKth r.4 i.iKI Himlfoot 2() .40

Tibia 33 ..'.1 lllml leg l.dit 1.70

Foiniir 30 .47 Wiilth of lower jaw IH .28

Hind log from hool 4t) .7"i Chord ai .33

HL*

No. 3585; 3 specimens; Charleston, S. C; C. Girard.

THE BATKAC'lUA OK NOR I'll AMKKICA.

349

ed.,

The specimens of this species are for the present inaccessible to me.
I tUerelbre have given above a MS. description of Professor Buird's.

riYLA — Lanrenti.

Specimen SynoiLsis Reptiliiiin, 170'^, p. '.Vi; Diiin. & Bibr., p. 54'J; Giliitb.,
Cat, p. l»8; Ciipe, Nat. Hist. Rev., Hll."), p. 110, uiul Jouni. Ac.
Phila. CJ), VI, l«(i(>, p. 8(), and l-^dT, p. '^00 ; lloiileiiger, Cat. Batr.
Sal. Brit. Mils., ISH'i, 2i\ ed., p. 337.

Calninik'H I'it/.in-;.. N. Class. Rcptil., p. 3s ; Wasl., Syst. Ainpli.p.200 ; Tscbndi, Class.

Batr., p. 7J; Ctipc, .Joiuii. Ac. I'liila. C-i), vi, lf^G7, p. *200.
Aiihtrii Way!.. /. <•.. p. -201.
////(C Wajil., /. v., p. -201.

scjiiKij- \y.i<i\., 1. f., p. "201.

.s';i/i((wo)7(i/H(7n/8 Tscbndi, /. c, p. 71.

I.DpliiijniH Ts( linili, /, v., \\. 73.

IhudruUijit^ TMliudi, /. c. p. 74.

lianouhn Tscbndi, /. c. ]>. 7t;: ('(ipi-, .lonrn. Ac Pliila. ("2), vi, l.^fiO, p. 85.

/.i/())i(/ Tscliudi, /.<•.. p. 77 : Duin.A Bi!"!., p. .'>(i:i ; (iiin'.ii. Cat., p. l)(>.

Ilillitiiiiilwii Bnrnn-i^ifr. I'.vliiwtiT. I-'aim. iSias., p. lO'J.

tViirof/ci/d" Kt'l'erst., (iiitlin}{. N;iclir., l-ti", i>. ;i."jS.

C'lphiiinuiilix IWl'yh, Mini. Iteil. Ac., 1^70, p. (!.'>1.

Fr()nti>pari«'tal bones not developed, cjonsistinjj of two narrow, sepa-
rated snpiaorbitalplaU's. l']tlinioidlar;;el.vdt'V('lopedanteri()rl.v, dilated
over the antt'iior part of the «»rl)its, widely .separatiii}; the obliipie pre-
frontals. IJrostyle attaeiied to two condyles. Belly areolated. No
parotoid };land. Pupil r(»und or transver.se. Voiiieri'ie teeth present.
Tonjine attached to one-third free, posteriorly. l)i<;itai dilatations large
or small : a more or less extensive wel) between the posterior toes,
Coriiim not involved in hyperostosis of the cranial bones.

This genus, eud)ra<!ing more than half the family of Ilylida*, fur-
nishesa type of structure intermediate between the extremes ottered by
other genera, of which that reiire-seiited by llypsiltoas may be said to
be th«' most typical. This genus is in some degree an epitome of the
family in its distribution. The llylida' have I een created to iidiabif,
the vast world of foliage that shades the tropics of the New World, aiul
restrict the insect lile that peoples it, and in prop(Ution to this profusion
of vegetable life i.< the abundance of spccu's. 'J'he arboreal Anura as-
signed to the sjime department of the Old World is of a witlely ditlerent
type, and, as has been shown, a branch of the higher stock of aquatic
frogs that abound in the Northern Hemisphere,

m

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350 BULLETIN 31, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Of the one hundred and eight species of ll.ylu, forty-three occur in
regions other than the Neotropical, viz, twent.v-nine Australian, uiuo
Hearctic, three rala;arctic, and two Palaotropical, as follows:

AusiraVtttii.

H. nasiita.
II. froyciiieti.
H. (liiii<»lo]>s.
II. liitopalinuta.
II. atliniM.
II. nij^ioficnata.
II. Icscnciii.
II. <>litiisir().stri.s.
II. arfiikiana.
II. vaf;al>iiiula.
II. iin\iiira.
II. tlii'sjiiirioiisis.
H. pai'videiiH.
II. voneaiixii.
II. congenita.

H. aiidorsoiiii.
II. caniliiifiisiH.
II. Niinirclla.
II. rogilla.
II. jtickeriiiyii.

II. nrboroa.
II. chiuuusis.

Xcardk:

Falaarclio.

II. (lentiita.
II. citropuH.
H. t'wiiigii.
II. pliylldchron.
II. graeilt'nta.
II. nil.olla.
11. UivClii.
II. ailt'laitlcn.sis.
II. Jcrvisionsm.
II. ])(>r<)iiii.
II. nioiiiana.
II. inrralnMiata.
II. LM'i'iili'a.
II. (lolicliopHis.
II. liitoa.

II . fcnioialis.
II. ai'rnicitlor.
II. versicolor.
II. ;rrati().sa.

II. stcpbaui.

PaldotinpUal.
II. aniicctcns. |

Bc'tween .species of Australia and South and \orth America there
exist »!lo.se relations. Tlio.sc of smallest size ticciir in Noith America,
where several spend but litfU' of llh-ir time in tnes, Imt like tin- Aliican
Uyperolii prefer low lands and swamps. Laryer si»ecies of similar habit
occur in Australia.

The distribution of the North American species is as follows:

Anxlri'iiimriiiii l>ixtrict. Ennlrrn Dixtrirl, Soininiii IHnlrid. , I'lwitir IHxIrivt,

II. viMHicolor.
II. };ra(io.sa.
II. I'lMiioraliH.
II, s<|iiirclla.
II. carol iniMisi.'i.

II. versicolor.
II. pickcrii
II. .-iiiiii'r.sonii.

II. areuicolor.

11. rc.'illa.

II. rcgilln.

Of the eastern species, //. rrrNici>li>r, II. pichrriiuiii, and //. (indcrsonii,
are the only ones wliieli extend their riin;;e nortli of sdiilliern Nortii
Carolina. //. andirsonii has lt(>en found .so far, east of the Appalachian
range, from New Jersey toClcorgia. //. rersicolor and //. iiiriarimjii

Tin: BATRAC'HIA OF NORTH AMERICA.

851

are charJictcristic of the whole re<«ion, occurring east of the Central
IMiiins to the Athmtie, and from IJritisli America to Florila and Texiis.

//. rc(jUla of the Pacidc district extends its range frouj British
Columbia to Cape San Lucas and into Xew Mexico and Northern
Mexico, presenting considerable variation in characters.

With regard to the distribution of this genus in the Kegio Xeotropica,
a synopsis had already been given under the head of the family. But
two species occur in the West Indian district, and these are both in
Santo Domingo only. The species of the outlying districts are:

II. uraiiorliroa.
II. cbraccatii.
II. liistiiK^ta.
II. niKi-o])iiiictata.
II. I'l.'rodiroa.
II. Halvini.
II. KMlihii.
II. iii<rri|i('H.
II. HlautVcri.
H. cxiiiiia.

Mexican.

11. puma.

II. i|iiiii(|iu;vittata.

II. iniei'i)co|)liala.

II. ixinctariola.

II. ;;ra(;ilipcH.

II. inidtyiiipamiiu.

II. s|)ilninraa.

II. I'urta.

II. imiveiivta.

■•;.:;•!'

*ll

Colomhidii.

II. Nonlida.
II. ]>l!M'(>ta.
II. nutlitrix.

II. 8])loililL>nH.

II. vasta.

II. labialis.
II. piinctariola.
II. rlioilopfpla.
II. Ik'lifiiowi,

II. ptilclu'iliucata.

}V(sl Iiiiliaii.

I

('hilian.

U. z.'hra.

In aM but two of the species wliich I have examined the vocal .sa(!s
are presiMit ; tliey coiiimunicate with eacli other posterioily in II. fuisia
and Sniilisva hautlinii. The adiie.sioii of tiie integument i.s (tpposite the
middle of tiie tongue in the.se species; in //. (7(»(»//«rH.N/.v, opposite tlie
piisterioi- end. In //. Ivsrurcii and 7/. curta the vesicles are wanting in
the males.

I. Fiiif;<'iH (Mitiri'ly f'rci' ; fasL-iflcs of voiiiciiiK' sitiiadMl poslciiiii' Iti a lino conito't
ill;; tilt' interior iuu'i'h.
Tlircf p)i,'ilaii;{<'s of foiiitli tni' fret'; iippiT lip not spoiled : tlii);li willi ;i lew

l)rown M|ie( ks licliiiiil ; nodiNliin'l lalei;il sli'lpi' //. jiicLiriiujii.

II. i"in>;ers entirely free; vonieiine lasejeleM lieiween liie internal nares.'
(t Three plialan;;es of I'ouilll loe free iVoiii well.

lippiT lip wIMi a dark Imrder; a dark lateral liaiid on Iiody : tliijili nnieo'ior
ludiind ; a voejl vesicle //. ii.jiUa-

* In //. siinirilld the voinuriiie palehes HonietiiniiH [iroject posterior t<» the Hue
ton Meeting tho iiareH.

iff

r

/

352 BULLETIN :U, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUbKI'M.

Upper lip niid fiiilo wifli n narrow, poorly (It'fiiird yollow line; tliijjli iiniciilnr
lit'liiiid; Hiiiall; lu'ad nmiulfd //. n'luiriHii.

Larger; head sliort, rouiKied ; iii>|i('r lip iiiiicolor ; a ])l(iiiirolor('d lateral
baud not deliiied below ; sides and tlii;{li behind spotted with \«'ili>w

//. Hiidd-soiiii.

(ta. Two plialanjtes of fourth too free.

Slender; head aonniinate; a yellow l)and on upper lip and on side well de
lined above and below ; thi;;h nnsjiotted behind If. cnrolhiriii^in.

Robust; head roundtHl ; no band on upper lips, nor spots on thiK'' behind

//. arvnicolor.

in. External finj^ers shortly pahnate; vomerine fascicles between nares.
CC Dorsal inte^juiuent not closely areolate.

Three phalan;;e8 of fouith toe free ; skin above Bniooth ; upper lip iinieolor ;
thi^b behind dark brown with yellow H\wis , //. ftinonilis.

Two phalaufjes of fourth toe free ; dorsal integument witii sni.ill tuberele>;
upper lip spotted; thigh yellow, with eoarso netfiiiK of darker eoloi

posteriorly //. remcolor.

act' Dorsal intefjnmeut with a close areolation like that of the belly,

Two phalanges of fourth toe free ; dor>al aifolie more minute than those of
belly: upper liji with yellow edge; thigh behind unspotted.//, tj utioxa.

The North Aiiu'riitan si)eci«\s of tlii.s ^'oim.s are easy to (li.stiii'iiii.sh,
since tliey are well (k'tincd. The only one whieh presents iimeh varia-
tion in characters is the 11. rajUUi. A species was named and li;,Mired
by Professor Ilolhrook as the //. (hlitcun-ns. Other aiithois have not
recognized this tree froji', and it remains uncertain whether it was not
founded oii immature sjieciinens of the Jf. rcfsicolo):

Tliedamp southciistern part of the continent naturally possesses the
greater number of species of this genus.

HYLA PICKEEINGIJ Storer.

(IMafe?^.)

ej
w
\i

^1

an

Ilylodes ))i<kerin;iii .'^torer, Mass. Ifept, (l>^:iU), i.MO; Holbrook, N. Amer. Herp., !id

ed., iV(ls|-.>), i:i:.. XXMV: Di' Kay, N. Y. Zool., m. Heptil. (|H4-.'), ti'.txx, .'.li

Thompson, Nat. Mist. Vt. (1^1-'), l-,'l.
Uyhi fvmitrttHn Nichols, .Journ. Essex Co. Nat. Hist. Sue., i (.June, l-lt'.t). 'Jli (Dau-

v<'rs, Mass.).
IJyln (riK'iftr Max. Von Wied., Heise in das inn. Nord-AmiTika. i (l~;i'.l,», '.i\'J,
Acri» (le piihriiiu Aug. Duin(<ril, Ann. des Se. .Nat., :!"" serie. xix ( I8."i3), l.'i3,
/lrrix/)i'7i(ri«.7ii (ilint her. Cat. IJatr. Sal. liiit. Mus., HlW, p. 71.
ilyla puhcriiiiiii Le t'onte, rroceeil. Ae. I'liila, l-.M, p. kii, p. \'>[} • Cope, Check-List

liatr., Ueptil., N. Amer., p. ;tl, l6i:>; Uoulengei, Cat. Hatr. Sal. llrit. Mas., I-h-.*,

p. 3U9.

Body sparsely pustular above; do.sely granulated on wlnde lower
parts. Tibia not half the length of luidy, longir than hind fool, longer
than arm from elbow. Above, ash gray to wood biown, with a well-de-
fined narrow liiu'd X o> Saint Audit »v'.> cross on the bac^k; a /\ shaind
mark behind the cross and a short liiieonea<;h side, with theii diicction
parallel to the posterior of the X angle; another similar mark between

\

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^

f

14

tt

THE HATKACUIA OF NORTH AMERICA.

35:

tlic eyes nearly parallel to the anterior bra iclies of the dorsal X. A dark
vitta from the snout through the ejo down the sides, and a narrow
mottled light line along the jaw.

Feet not webbed beyond penultimate articulation of third and fifth
toes and antepenultinuite of the fourth toe.

In its general features this species agrees with the other American
Ilyhe, except that the membrane between the toes is somewhat less de-
veloped, and the transverse apophyses of the sacral veitebra' are not
(piite so much enlarged towards the tip. It forms an approach to
Ciiorophilus, but has, however, large pallets to the extremities. It is
still more renioved from Acris.

The head is acuminate-ovate anteriorly, with the muzzle projecting
well beyond the ui)per lip, and is contained a little over three times in
the total lengtli. The tympanum is about half the diameter of the
tye and distinct. The tongue is very thin, subcordiform, rounded and
eniarginate behind, where also it is free. It varies in size in different
individuals. The posterior nares are large, with the two gntu|»s of vom-
erine teeth approximated and arranged with their longer axis oblique,
anteriorly behind the center of the nares, and posteriorly entirely behind
tlioir posterior borders.

The fingers ami toes are well developed. The hand is longer than
the fore-arm, and the two about equal or little longer than the hind
foot, but not quite as long as the tibia, wi'iich is contained about two
and a half times, or less, in the length of tiie l>o<ly.

The disks are large and consi)icuous. There is no membrane at the
bases of (he fingers, of which the third is longest, the foui th or outer
longer than the second. The heel of the extended liintl leg reaches to
the middle of the eye. There are distin«;t tubercles beneath all the
joints of the hind feet, and the two at the base of the foot are well de-
velojicd.

TIk' last three phalanges of the longest toe and the two last of the
rest are fre«' from membrane, which is also nearly jibsent idong the
inner e«lge of the antepenultinmte phalange of the third toe.

The skin above is smooth, with occasional low pustules. The abdo-
men and lower part of the thigh are very distinctly granulated, as is the
pectoral region and the chin to a less degree. IVctoral fold not promi-
nent.

<leneral color above, a i»ale grayi.sh yellow with a dorsal X-shaped
cross of inirrow lines; beneathyellowish-white. Thedorsal cross consists
of a short longittnlinal median dark line, w hose mitldle is a little anterior
to the middle of tlu! back. Anteriorly this bifurcates acutely, sending
olV branches which reach nearly to the eyes: posteriorly, similar bifur-
cations, parallel in direction (sometimes ni'.niy continuons) with the
first, extend on to the sides of tln^ body. Halfway between the jioste-
rior folk ami the anus there are two other lines meeting at an acute
angle and jtarallel to the brandies of the po.sterior fork just mentioned.
^951— 13uU U 23

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354 BULLETIN \H, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MU.SEUM.

On each side of the back, ami in tbo center of the space between the an.
terior and posterior bifurcations, is a very short line, generally i)arallel
in direction with the branches of the posterior fork. There is also a
V-shaped line connecting the eyes (the apex behind), and a short longi-
tudinal one above the snout. There is a narrow dark line from the snout
to the eye, and another dusky tympanal vitta from the eye over the arm
along the sides ; this line is deej)est on its upper edge, and more or less
obsolete on its lower; sometimes it is not distinct beyond the ar.n. The
edge of the .jaws is mottled, leaving the ridge lighter above; scarcely
distinct as a lino. Sometimes a broad vitta may be said to pass from the
snout through eye and tympanum ; indistinct below. The legs above are
barred transversel^'^ in narrow lines, and the whole upper parts finely
sprijdvled with dark points. The posterior faces of the thighs are mar-
morated or blotched with yellowish, on a brown ground ; the anterior
faces are plain. The outer edge of the soles and heel is mottled brown.
The gular sac of the male is purplish-brown in the spring.

The species varies considerably at times in the tint of the body, being
of all shades to reddish-brown. The marks on the back are sometimes
quite broad and coarse, instead of being narrow and more linear than in
other specimens. The gular sac is quite extensible and in spring is
brown. Sometimes the throat and breast are spotted with brown.

n. picker inyii has mox'e resemblance to U./vminutlh than to any other
species. This has the dorsal blotches, however, much coarser and never
arranged as above described ; nor are the peculiar circular light spots
on a brown ground on the i)08terior face of the tliighs I'ver seen in 11.
piclceringii. From young specimens of II. versicolor it may be distin-
guished by the narrow lines of the distinct dorsal cross and the slighter
web of the hind feet, with tlie absence of the light spot on the jasv, as
well as by the position of the vomerine teeth and the form of the muzzle.

h

I'Ki. SH. Ili/li iiickeriii'jii. No. aOOX. HusIdii, Ma-is
Mriimut iniiil>t nf \ii. ;jtl(ll(.

M.

Lcn^rtli of lio.'ul ami bmly O'iM

LoiiHtli of head to poHti'iior cili^f of tviiipana tKl'.l

Width of head at iio.stcrior I'd^rc ofl yiniiana (Hit

L('iij;tli of anterior Iliiili from axilhi oi(>

L)Mi;rtli of po.slcrior liiiih from j^roiii o)r>

L»Mif;tli of tibia OIT.

LoiiRlli of larnus j^ oo-ir.

Loiigtli of rcHt of foot Ol;{

Ilahits. — This, our most abundant eastern species, is much more gen-
erally known by its voice than appearance. After the rattling of the
Acrin gnjUm in the marshes and river banks in the lowlands is fairly

1

/•

r.K

TME HATUACllIA OF NOKTII AMKRICA.

under way, (luriuff the tirst bright days of spring, the shrill cry or
whistle of this little croatuuc begins to enliven the colder swamps and
meadows of the hill country. Dillercnt individuals answer each other
with dilVercntly toned voices of a single note. This is exceedingly shrill
and loud; the muscular force employed in expelling the air from the
lungs seems to collapse the animal's sides till they nearly meet, while
the gular sac is distended with each expulsion to half the size of the
head and body together. They are chiefly noisy in the end of the
afternoon, but in shady situations or on dark days may be heard through
the morning aiul noon. When the breeding season is over they may
be still found, but with dilliculty, among fallen leaves in low places,
where their color admirably adapts them for concealment, or in cellars,
or on the ground in the woods. Not till the near approach of autumn
do we have evidence of their ascent into the trees. Then, when the
wind is casting the Jirst frosted leaves to the ground, a whistle, weaker
than the sjjring cry, is heard, repeated at inter\als during the day,
from one part of the forest to another, bearing considerable resem-
Idance to the note of the purple linch {('arjmdaciis jxirpitfcus), uttered
as it is while Hying. These voices are heard during the same season,
that of the IJyla being distinguishable as slightly coarser, or more like a
scpieak. 15oth are associated with the weak chirp of the late l>en-
(h-ura c<n-ona(<( as it gleans its insect food on its southern llight. These
are the latest sounds of autumn, and soon disapi)ear before the steady
advance of the ice king.

Jli/la itivktrintjii Itolbrouk.
KESEKVK SEKIKS.

(,'ul:il»i:il<'
iiuiiilivr.

Ni). (if

HpUC.

t
Locality.

Aiix ri.iirn'H IJivor, III. .

Marietta, oliiii

Carli.ilo, I'a

AliUi'villc. S.t;

When
coUoctfd.

l'"rc)iii wliiiiii reciiviil.

K. KelllliiMllt

I'rcif. i;. li. .\iiclrew.s ...
I'ml'. S. 1'. Ilairil

Naliiri^of Bjiuo
iiiii'ii.

:it;(it
:ii;n:)

1
1
1
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10

;:::::::::::::

.\U■l^lllllil^
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Dii.

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Dr.. I. It. liarratt

I'rot. 1.. .\;;assi/,

I'riif. S. !•'. I'.ainl

il.i

Do.

:iiiim

ImisIoii Mass

Dii

ii'iii")
iiiiiii

i;ii/,al»llil«iwii, X. Y

Carlisle. I'a

I'riiuti (ioorK'-'sCouiit v,
M.I.

Selkirk Si-ttliMiii'iit

Caiiiliriil;;i' Mass

ill)..

...••

Do.
Do.

<J(i(i!)

j:t^()

Dr.T. ll.Ueaii

I{. Keiinii'iitt

I'rol'. !,. .\;;assi/,

('. (iirard

Iti'V. Cliaile.s l''i).x

Hr. A. Sa^er

Do.

Do.
Do.
Do.

(iriis.so Islaiiil. Mi<'li

Do.

Do.

Do.

liiii'j,-.

Washiimtoii 1). C

(iiMPi^i- SliiMiiiaker

Do.

IIYLA RKGILLA IJainl aii.l Ciiaid.

Prooofdiii^.s Aciideiiiy I'liihula., vi, KiV, p. 171: (iiiiiid V. S, Kxpl.
Expotl., Wilkes, ISTiS-l-^CiO, III ios. l:i-l-.

I'roportious somewhat as in II. ccrsicolor. (.'anthus rostralis distinct,
rather elevated; muzzle obtuse. Digital tliiatittions ratliei' small;
lingers free; toes half webbed or le.ss. Xares ami ehoaiue small; vom-
erine teeth in fascicles between tbrmer. Tongue large, nearly half free,
omarginate. Tympanum less than half eye. Skin above usually

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:]5(J IJILLETIN ;il, KNITKl) STATKS NATIONAL MUSKIJM.

sparsely pustulated. Form of craniuiu variable; width at jaws from
three and onel'ourth to two and two-thirds times in length of head and
body; froni posterior nuirgin of orbit to niu//le three and one-half to
nearly four times in same. Olive or ash green above, plain or marked
on each side, with blotches in two longitudinal series or stripes of darker
and scattered smaller ones on each side of these. Frcipiently a trian-
gular blotch between the eyes. A narrow dark line from snout to eye;
a broad postocular vitta to the arm, beneath which is a bar of grayish-
whito about half the wiilth. Tibia half to two-fifths the length of the
body; hind loot and arm f' m ell»ow scarcely shorter.

This species, like the ; ickcringii and II. curta^ is annectant to Clio-
rophilus, whose species it represents, as well as its own genus, on the
Pacific slope of Xortli America. The diminished web and digital pal-
ettes constitute the resemblance ; but they fall, nevertheless, within the
range of the Uyla type. The 11. rcflilla is distributed throughout its
subregion and into the adjoiuiug one of Arizona and Lower (.'alifornia
under a slightly ditferent form. Southern California jmssesses another
variety along with the typical one. These varieties diller, as do these
of the Chorophilits triseriiitUN in the proportions of the head and body;
the first a longheaded and longer-bodied type; the most common, a
shorter headed and longer bodied; and the most southern form, a still
shorter headed and short bodied, with more varied coloration.

Head L'loiijjMte; width enters Iciijjth ot'Iiead andliody consiilerjibly ovfr tlirci; tiiiicH;

caiitliusiostralisstrai^'lit ; a trianj^nlar patoli botwccn cyi's xcapniarix.

Head sliort ; widtli (inc-thiicl uf It'iii^tli n<jiUn.

Head short, 1)i'oad ; linadlh contaliicd in total lenj^lli two and two-thirds tiniiM;

form 8(inat lutiapn.

I can not regard these forms as subspecies.

Var. saipiilaris.

Uyla wapiilarix Hallow, .sp, I'roin .South Californii, II. .S. I'ac. H. ){., Ivt'id., X, 'AM,
11. 21.

Tlireespecimens, sai«l tobe from San Francisco, are all that the Museum
Smithsonian ])ossesses of this variety, which is proportioned somewhat
as the tnu! var. Tri.seriatus in the ("lunophilus of that name. The me-
tatar.sal bones are more closely bound and the web is less than in other
forms. The skin is nearly smooth. IJesides the interocular triangle
there is a dark dorsolateral band and in one a nuMlian dorsal. In one
specimen the tibia measures half the distance from the vent to the an-
terior angle of orbit, another half-way to end of muz/.le.

This variety has every appearance of a terrestrial animal. It will no
doubt bo found to be connected with the ordinary type by annectant
forms.

VaI!. nijilhi.

lIylare(jUUi 15. »V C, rroceed. Ae. Nat. Sci., I'liila., vi, li^.Vi, 17J, \<>,\ :U)1 ; fSirard,
H.Tlt., IJ. S. Kxpl. Kxped., ls.-,<, cd, Vol. in. I"lf,'s. V.\'\^\ II. .S. Pae. U. K. .Snrv.
Kept., Williamson Aldiot, Vi, I'l. xxviii, Titr. :t (l.ail).

Uyla HcapnUtr'tH Hallowcll partim, Troueed. Ae. Nat. Hci. I'liila., VI, 1^5*2, 183, and var.
hilj)ovhottdriiiU>, II. S. Tac. Iv. II. fSurv., s.., X> lat., p. 21.

I

r

< I

r

^ I

t '

TnE BATRACIIIA OF NOKTIl AMKRICA.

357

There lU'c tliroe .styhss of coloration prevali'iit anion;;- individuals of
lliis variety, viz: Tliat which prevails anion;;' more nortlicrn specimens,
but wliich occur^as tar soutli as San l)iejj;o, where longitudinal bands
are wanting or broken into irregular small spots, and where the inter-
ocular triangle is often wanting. SecontI, where the general color is
darker, with three broad dorsal bands or the si)()ts into which they aro
resolved. The largest specimens are of this type; numbers having
been brought from FortTejon and a few from northward. Third, rep-
resented by 11 large female specimen from .Monterey, Cal., is without
markings above, but the borders of the exterior color of tibia*, the sides,
and the pectoral region are closely l)rown .spotted ; in all the others the
under surface are immaculate. The tints of this style seem to bo more
delicate, and it has a more hylinc aspect than some of the other.s.

Head small, rather pointed, but broader than long. Tympanum
small, nearly half the diameter of the eye. Eyes not very prominent;
a slight fold of skin above the tympanum. A very prominent ono
across the breast. Skin above linely pustulated with larger scattered
tubercles, not so close as in JI. vrrsivolor. Tibia about half the leugth
of the body. The gular sa(' is largely developed.

Disks on extremities large; the largest eipialing the tympanum.
The hand considerably longer than the fore-arm ; outer linger longer
than the second ; a slight web at base. Tibia half the length of body.
Outer toe a little longer than the third. Membrane extending from
disk of outer too to middle of the third joint (from the tip) of the fourth
or longest; from the third articulation (from tip) of the Iburth toe
obliquely to the disk of the third toe; from the third articulation of
the third toe to the disk of the se(!ond ; from the second articulation of
the second too to penultimates articulation of the lirst. Thus the mem-
brane is nearly wanting along the inner side of three terminal Joints of
the third and fourth toes and tho two terminals of the second, while on
the outside it extends nearly orcpiite to the disks of the second and third
and to the penultimate articulation of the lirst and fourth. A promi-
nent tubercle at base of inn«>r toe and a smaller one oi)posite on the
sole. ICxpansion of sacral apophyses not very great. The heel of tho
hind leg extended reaches to the anterior border of the orbit.

In a very large specimen the general color above is a greenish-ash
(in some a dark olive) and blotched with darker. There is a conspic-
uous subecpiilaterally triangular patch between the eyes, extended
acutely backwards for a short distance. The back is variously blotched ;
tiu>. most conspicuous of the blotches arc considerably elongated, and
arranged ono or two in a line on each side of the back in a lino with
tho eyes ;,nd i)arallel ; the middle of the back and the extreme sides
of tho body aro sparsely provided with smaller, usually subcircular,
sometimes elongated blotches. There is a distinct aiul rather broad
dark line from tho snout through the nostrils to the eye and a wider
vilta from tho eye, involving the whole lympanum, to a little past tho

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II.

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358 iif'LLiyriN ;!i, itnitkd statks nation.vl museum.

insertion of the (ore arm. Tiie extreme edjjeof tlie upper jiiw i.s diirU,
and tlie space lu'tween 'iii.s an<l the preoenlar line r.ither li;,'hter than
the ground eoh)r. In the extension of tlii.s liglit Hpaee baekwardH
it beeome.s lij-liter, until from beneath the eye it passe.s beh)\v the
postocnlar band to the base of the forearm as a grayish-wliite vitta,
usually about half as broad as the one above it. Sometimes a series
of seattered rounded spots may be traced alonjj the side in eontinuance
of the dark postoeular vitta. The extremities above are transversely
and narrowly but indistinctly barred with darker. Tlie rest of the
legs is uniformly lle.sh color (thiifhs posteriorly dusky) except a few
a{j{;ref;ated pustules below and about the anus, which are wiiilo (no
marking on the inner faces of limbs); this is seen in other species, but
is very distinct here. The immediate border of the anus is brown;
beneath, white; edfje of {j[ular .sac, black.

In some specimens, especially tho.se from Fort Tejon, the prevalent
color above is ash{j''«>.v, with an elonjjated blotch alon<,' each side of
the back for its whole lenj^th, and one or two others on each side of
tho.«e dorsal blotches are nearly wantiufjf. Sometimes the exterior edj^cs
of tae tibia and feet (when Hexed), are blotched with l>rown.

This variety resembles JI. s<juircU<(, but the head is less depressed ;
the colors are darker; the (lorsal blotches are larjjer, and elonj,'ated
lon^jitudinally in two or three series; the white maifjjin to the niiu^h
darker jxistocular vitta is broader; the body is stouter, and usually
more or less {granulated. The toes are less deei»ly webbed.

Thell{,'ure of this species in volume ten of the Pacifn; l\ailr(>ad Sur-
veys repre.scids an interdij;ital membrane anteriorly, which does not ex-
ist, and that of the posterior limb is too extensive.

I 2 4 6 i \ 7

Km. 8!). IlylarfnUln. No. inmfi. Sln.stiiCo. Calilmiiia ; |.

McosiucmiiilH (»/" .V(». ."••>>"<.

J»f.

LcriKtli of iioiid aii<l hody (i:!i»

Lciifith of lirail to posterior liiit- of t,vin|ian:i Oil

Will til of licail at posterior line of t viiii)aiia (HI

lilMl^itll of fore lilllll (I'i'J

L('iiK<li of liiixl limb (i.Mt

L(Mij,'tli of tibia 017

Lfin}.;tli of (iirsiis Old

LciiKlli of rest of foot 01.^>

The Specimen measured is of medium size ; anotlier from the same
locality has the len{;th of the head and body equal to 1.5'

This, the only spe(!ies of the Pacific re<;ion, is quite abundant there,
I have (!auj;ht them idon;.? the western edj^e of the (Ireat Basin in Ne-
vada and Orefjon, where they inlmbit the marshes which surround the

THE nATIUClIIA OF NORTH AMEUICA. 359

hikes ol tliiit region. 1" nucIi localitit's '.Iioy ciiii not liiive arl)ore5il
habits, owiiij; to tlio jibscMice of trees; aiul it is probjible that their
habit*4 are lilie tlioso of the Jlyla picln-rinnii of the east.

I ai»i»eu«l a description of tiio typo speeiinen of tlie Ibjla Hcbuhna
llallowell (U. S. Pae. 11. It. Survey Kept., 35th parallel, Heptiles p. 21),
which I afterwards called JI, cadaccrina, owluff to the preoccupation of
Ilallowell's name. The single specimen known is now in bad condition,
and I um not sure that it should not bo referred to the //. rciiilla. The
descrii)tion now {(iven was taken from the specimen when nearly fresh.

Size medium ; form stout; legs elongate ; head short, broad, breadth
less than three times in the total length ; muxzle rounded, little promi-
nent; canthus rostralis straight, elevated; lingers free; toes two thirds
webbed; the digits short, stout; the pallettes large ; a strong tarsal
wing or fold; eyes small ; skin smooth.

Femora unicolor behind; no dark labial border or dark or light lat-
eral stripes; color j>ale, with indistiiuit blackish dorsal spots.

Tiio heel of the extendetl hind limb extends to between tlie orbit and
the end of the mn/./Ie; the largest digital dilatations e(pjal the tym-
panum, which is indistinct and cue-fourth the size of the eye. The eye
is smaller and less prominent than usual, its long diameter measuring
the width betwten canthus rostralis at orbits, one and one-third times,
and two thirds length of the brachium. Tool oiu^ aiul three-fourths and
one and live-sixths breadth of head at canthus oris ; vomeriiu'/ teeth
entirely between the luires, which appear larger than the ostia of the
Eustachian tubes.

Sacral diai»opliyses elongate; triangles very narrow proximally;
upper surface slightly convex, thus ditfering from the eximia, where they
are broader, Halter, and not so produced. Skin nearly smooth above;
abdominal areolatioiis not extending on the sides; a pectoral fold. Toes
stout, niargineil ; the dilatations large (not proportionally to the digits),
except on tiu' thumb.

Above gray, with an iuterocular and numerous dorsal irregular black-
ish spots. Cantiius rostralis and band behiiul eye dark shaded; lij) an«l
prebrachial region light, dark punctulate. Limbs indistinctly cross-
barred ; below yellowish, immaculate.

IMWA.

Vxnm end of inu/./l(5 to ciiDtliim oris •^). D

From (mhI oC imi//,l(i to vent 11>

lifii'^tli of fnmir H.7

L('nti;lli of lil>iji 10.(5

Li'iij^tli of 111 11(1 fool 1:5. 1

Itrciultli lictwct'ii Niicral processes -I.'i

Two specinu'us in AFuseum Academy Philadelphia, from Tejou Pass,
southern California, ,'J,.'J88 feet above the sea. From Dr. A. L. ireermanu.

Var. latU'cps Cope.

Color much like that of var. Kegilla from Fort Tejon ; that is, a dark
iuterocular triangle and numerous welldelined dorsal spots. The broad

V

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range

360 HriJ.iyriN :u, iinitkd states national museum.

liead rciHlcrs tlio i)rop(>rtion.s of form Hlniilar to tlio.sc in II. curia
from wliicli there is M(»me dilllealty in distingni.sliing it. Tlio latter
may be known by the small size and lack of gnlar vesicle among the
males. The muzzle is more obtuse than in the typo of II. cadaverina,
but one specimen of Laticeps is similar in this point; there is no labial
brown border, but we have it much obscured in a Laticeps ; the diam-
eter of the eye is les.s, measuring less on the humerus; the digits much
broader and shorter, with the largest pallets equaling the tympanum,
while they are more elongate and slightly proportioned in Laticeps ami
Regilla vera. There is a thin tarsal ala, extending to the cuneiform
bone, which is scarcely marked in the Laticeps. There arc more lateral
dorsal 8i)ot8. These characters can not now be proven evanescent, so
that this allied subspecies may be accepted.

Lini'rt.

Lcnj;tli (roiii imhI of imiz/lc to vent K.'J

Lcni^tli from cud t)f iiiii/./h^ to cniitlitiHoviH •>

Lfiijrtli of \vliol(^ fore I i till) 1(1. 4

Lfiigtli (if whole liliitl liiiih !.'.">.(>

Diiiinctcidf cyi' ti. 'J

No. alJOS; Cape St, Lucas, Lower California; eight specimens; .John

Xantus.

Iljlla rcijilUt IJaird.

IIESEUVE SEUIKS

Cntaln^Mc

IIIIIIiIk!!'.

X...of
spci'.

3

\

1
.)

:i

1
1
r.

1

1

2

T

fi

7
L'O

I
1

r.

22

"4

0

in

.•i
1
<;

H
8
ti
3
1
1
1

I.malily.

When
coUrcted.

Kioin wlioiii ii'ccivcd.

\atiiii' .if Hpcc
iiiii'ii.

.')2I0

I'Wt Vanroiivcr, Wnsli.
ill!

. ...
Dr. J. (i.Cooprr

'AZVi

do

Do.

OIHl

I'ir'i't S{iiitti) Aluskii

Do

0182

do

Ci-mw Islanil.l.uwt'rCyal.
ViilM, Cal

C. I'. Kxnl. Expi'd

Df.J.lI.SIiiMt«,U.S.N

Df. (J. ti. NowbKiiy

I.ii'iit. W. I*. Ti'o\vriiid''o,

I'.S. A.
Dr. E. Vollnin, r..S. A...
Dr. .1. <i, Coop»»r

Do.
Do.
Do.

4.'i52

Axtoi ia, ()ir;;ciii

Koi't 1 'tri|».|:ia, Ort'tioii ..

Dd.
Do

3'j:io

ShualwatiT liav, WaHli .

Do

rrj-io

Kdi't Dalles, (ti-i'jjoM

Dr.G.SiukU'v, U.S.A..
(|„ ...;

Do.

3240

Ici

Do

3252

do

Do.

!)4L'l
!»44!»

oriiiii

H701
htiSI)
H71II

('liilowyiick Lake, Ore;;

."aliriiiiiia

SdiiiliciM (■aliCiiinla

l.ds AiijiilcH, (;al

Santa ll.iiliaia, Cal ...
li.

Santa ('ill/. Island, <,'a1..

Mount Wliitiicy, Cal ...

.Miiiintaiiis iii'ar Kort
Tcjoii, (,'al.

Lnki< 'ralidi', Nov.ada ...
do

Koit 'I'ljon, Cal

do

'1875

.Inlv —,1875
July , 1875
.liiim— , I87.'i
.riiiitt— , 1875
Si'|(l.— , 1875
Aim.—, 1875

Ort. 4,1870
Aim.— ,1870
July — , 1875

Dr.C. It. K. Kmnorly •■

Dr. J.(i.(;oiiptM-

11. W. Ilpiisliaw

William SonicrM

II. W. n.nshaw

do

Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.

8)iMli

do

Do.

K7«2
8097

9109

80K2
8703

do

do

do

do

(Ill

Do.
Do.

Do.
Do.
Do

48Ur>

.Toliti \aiitiiH .....

Do

:m\\

do

Moiit.ivv, ("al

''aliroMiia

'1877'

Aim- 11,1872

.(1(,

Do.

321.'>
!):i41

Dr. (i.Siicklt'V, r. S. A..
I. Stoni' .'

Do.
Do.

8077

3a:ir>

11. '•.74
:i242

I'iit:rt Sound, Oii'^'oii . ..

(!ali('oitiia

.San l)ii';;o. Cal

I'"ort Dalles. Oiryoii

Dr.C. 11. K. Kmiierly ■-•

A. L. lIiM'rniann

Dr. .loliii L. 1,0 Could ...
Dr.(i.Siirkl<>y, IT.8. A ..
John Kirliior

Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.

:m-i

Fort t^iiiok, Cal'

I.a Ca/„ Cal

do

'1882

1882
1881

Do

11070

L. Hrldiii"

Do.

lliMil)

do.r.

C. II. TowiiHcMid

Do.

13700

ilaiiil, Sliasla Coiintv,
Cal.

Do.

EIc'v.iflon,2.0S7foet.

T

J

1

-.U

10.1

T

J

I

-Jr

THE JIATRACHIA OF NORTH AMKIUCA.

llyla trgiUa Hiiiid — Continued,
UKNEUAL SKKIKS.

301

niiiiiiouiio

Nil. of

lllltllllrl'.

npi r.

-I.ViH

'i\

1)11(1

1

hi:>\

1

mm

411 '

(lll-.'!l

4 1

■XIM

4

IIDKI

;i

IIIHI

1

II (HI)

1 1

04!HI

1 1

Ill'.ll

1 1

iir.jii

1

KKII

1

\\:>i'i

4

lIMt

1

111 J.!

yi

8IIKH

l.'i

111117

2

Locnilty.

Kort Tclon, <;nl

Ciilil'onilii

KoitWalliiWnllii.WuMli.

Santa Ci'U7., (!al

Santa llailiai'a, (/'nl

Fort Kcailin);, Cal

Caniji Kidwell, Cat

(•ilili'ii, Utali

AlTiiitricj', Cal

<lo

(Jottnnwnoil ( larimi

I{liii;t!<i1<l llairar'.H, Tux.
l''aiii|iii<-i' Comity, Va . . .

(Jhowaiikaii Valiuy

l)f» Cliutt'H KlviT, (trt'R.
(f|

Whon rol.
locled.

Santa Itarliara, Cal..
I'liiniaH County, Cal

Juno—, 1875

1K78

Prom wlioni rocilvoil.

1878
1878

J. XnnlOH

Ur. ,1. <i. CoiiiKii'

Lioiitonniit AliiUi'ii

II. \V. Ilcndliaw

Dr. Wol)l.

Dr. Ilaniinonil

II. W, llcnxliaw

Kxpl. W. IdUthnioiiilian

W.H.Dall

do

(f>

Dr.W.O.l)

('. W. SliiMinnann ,

H. W. Il.imliaw

<lo

(')

II. W. H(<n«liaw

(i. Tliuin|Miin

Natui'i' ol'Hiiri

illlrll.

coliolli'

Do.

Do.

Do.

Do.

Do.

Do.

Do.

Do.

Do.

D<i.

Do

Do.

Do.

Do.

Do.

Do.

Do.

HYLA EXIMIA llaird.

Procrod. Ac. Pliia., 1854, y. 0(1; U. S. Mox. Hound. Snrv., ii, Rcptil., p. 20,
I'l, xx.wili, figs. S-IO; PotoM Moiiiitsber. Iknl. Akiid., \m.>, p. ^H(I:
Hrocclii, null. Soc. Philom., Paris (7), i, p. 12i^; Boulciijfcr, Cat.
IJatr. .Sal. Hrit. Mns., od. n, 1882, 378.
Ihjhi cnphorhiacva fiiiiithor, Cat. IJatr. Sal. Hrit. Mils., od. i, IS.'iCi, p. lO'.t, PI. x, f. c. ;
Strimlaclmef, Novara Aiiipliib., p. .''iP.

Ih'iid small, width three auil one-third times in total length ; loioal re-
gion straight; canthus rostralis strong. Sacral diapophyses small, well
dilated. Tympaiinm half orbit or a little le.S8. Skin smooth above. Tibia
not half the total length. Hind foot longer than arm from elbow, two
and one-quarter to two and one-half times width of head behind. In
spirits, bluish above, with or without two dark longitudinal stripes; be-
neath white. A dark band from the eye along tlie sides, margine<l above
.and below by a white line, the lower one reaching only to the arm, be-
hind which the outline of the dark band is indistinct. Legs not banded.

The proportions of this species are much those of H. s<imrvlUt, but
stouter; the head short and broad, the body stout, and the limbs short.
The skin above appears smooth, as in //. cnroUncmis ; beneath granu-
lated. The tongue is large, apparently broader th.an long; shape .slightly
emarginate behind ; one-third free. Teeth are in two rather elongated
patches, inclined from each other backwards between the internal nares,
and terminating about opposite the centers of the latter; then more pos-
terior than in 11. caroJincnsis. Tympanum moderate. A single vesicle,
supported between the rami of the lower jaw.

The lingers are provided with distinct pallettes and are very slightly
webbed at base; the toes also with well-developed pallettes and webbed
to their penultimate articulation (the {intepenultiinate is the longest toe).
The tibia is longer than the thigh, but not half the length of the body.

Above of a nearly uniform clear bluish lead color in alcohol; ho doubt
green in life; beneath white or uuicolored. A brown line extends

m

■|i!

I

i

lULLirriN :!1, . .ITKI) STATKS NATIONAL MUSKUM.

from the nostril to tlio c.vt', Ituek of wliidi it widens, iiivolvin{; the tyiii-
paiiiiin, iiiul extends above the arm and along the side, fading out to-
wards the gioin; it is bordered above by a white margin, following it
all the way from the eye; the ui>i)er edge not very clearly defined, espe-
cially behind, whore it graduates into the blue of the back. Tlie lower
edge of the lateral vitta is margined by a distinct narrow white lino
(fading anterior to the eye into the blue), which margins the dark border
of the upper Jaw and extends to the insertion of the arm. The odgo of
tluijaw is brown. Posterior to the fore legs the dark lateral .stripe lias
its lower edge indistinct and fading through bluish white into the Miiite
of the belly. On each si<le of th" back there is a narrow dark band,
CHunmencing opposite the forearm and extending to the inguinal region,
the two parallel, and about as wide apart as are the orbits; they are
margined by an indistinct border of lighter. Above the anus and bound-
ing thebacik posteriorly is a series of six or eight white spots in eonta(!t
with each other. There .ire no bands or blotches a<!ross the limbs, al-
though on the outer edges (when the animal has all tlu^ limbs Hexed)
there isau indistinct brown line separated from the dorsal blue by blu-
ish white.

Meamnrmeulu <;/' -Vi), '.Vi'u ( 9 )•

Liiii's.

Miizzlo to voiit li'p. r>

Miiz/li' Id iiiiiMIr III' I yin]iiiiiiMn 4.2

Itri'iullU lift w ten (iiiiils y

Ant iii'iii'liiiiiii Mild 1 (•;i<l 7. 7

Fein 111' Cnim ;;i(iiii ">. 'J

Tiliia H.v>

Too) IJ. I

exist
whei

".V|>

occii:

Th

J Us In

H. \
11..
H. f

H. M

JI. c

Of
aie th
Carol!
range.

Metisiin iiK lilt (if Xo. ;!'i|."'.

Totiil li'llKlll HI I.IKI

iMirc-iii'in iiiitl liaml :tv' .:>'.•

Femur li.'i . I:i

Til.iii :iT . Jii

Tivrsiis 'Jl .'^r,

Foot :M .1^

Total (if liiiid Lm' 1.1'.» 1.17

(':il;ilcii;iii' No. of i
iiiiiiilii'i'. H|>l'(^ I

I.dialitx

\\ 111! 1-1 • 1 Nllllllc C'l Mlvv

flllllMitMJ. ItlH-II,

:i2.'i7 ) Viillc\ i>r Mixirii Iiiliii I'dllM I

;ij|« 'J t'itv olMi'xircl I M:l.|. W. liirh |

II I'm Ilia Mcxirii i l'. Smnlcliiiist i

Ac(!or:liiig to Siimicliras! this speclow !• foutul (biiiiig the wiiii r sea-
.son in the vicinity of water, and has the habits oi' Lithodytcs. I have
found it near the water, in IMaicIi, near the ('ily i»f Mi-xico. It thus re-
.senibles its allit's (»f' North America proper, llyht rcijiUd and //. />/<•/,■
criuijii

T

THE BATRACa.A OP NORTH AMERICA.

363

Lines.

it;.r.

4.2

y

7.7

r>. a

IJ. 4

1.(1(1

. :!'.»
. i:!
. 4(;

. I-:

I. 17

T

\ 4

IIYLA SQITIUELL.\ H«mf.

y/i//</ miuirtlla (Ut)Sf.) in .Souiiiiu! iV Latreillc, IliHt. Nat. Kcplil., li (l-^OJ), If^l
(t'liurlesloii, S. C); v'J«>8c.) Daud., Hist. Nat. Ucptil., viii (18(»3), 34, xciii, 2;
LoCoiite, Anil. N. Y. Ljc, I (1825), 27;»; Ilarlan, Joiirii. Ac Nat. Sei. I'hila., v
( IH.'T), Mi, and Med. & Pliya. lies. (183.'>), 107 ; Holbrouk, N. Aiiier. Horp., 1st (>d.,
I (KW), 10."., XVIII, and 2d cd., iv (1842), 12:?, xxx; Ston-r, Uopt. Mass. (1h:«>),
24J(«'!>i>itMlfroii»IIoll)rook); Diiin. & Hibr., Erp. fi(^n., viii (1841), .V7; ? l)i« Kay,
N. Y. Zo(.l., HI, Rcptil. (1842), 72, xxi, r.3; ? Thompson, Nat. Hist. VI. (lf'42),
122; Lo Coiito, Proceed. Ac. Pliila., 18r>.''), p. 429; Giinthor, Cat. lUtr. Sal. IWit.
Mils., H(W. p. 11 ; IJouUMigcr, 2d ed. Cat. Hatr. Sal. IJrlt. Mus., 18S2, p. ;v.»h.

/,<( h'aiiic xquinUc Ho.sc, Xouv. Diet, d'liist. nat., xxviii (1817), .'>43.

//!//(( minirvUa Giavcnliorst, Uclicca! Miis. Vratislav. (182!t), 2-8; vi, 1, does not belonj;
to this species.

r,iliimilii xiiiiiinlla Merreni, Tontamen, p. 171.

.liihlrix siiiiirrlln Waaler, Syst. Anipb., p. 201.

Above smootli. Iliml foot less than arm from elbow. Tibia about
iiair the lenglli of tlie body. Light brown above (green in life?), with
small, rather .snbcircular blotche.s of darker. Legs rather iiitli.stinctly
liancd. Anterior and posterior face.s of thighs without light spots of
dark vermiculations. A uark line from snout to eye; a dark vitta from
eye to arm through tympanum; edge of upper Jaw mottled white, gen-
erally .showing distinctly as a light line, which frecpicntly extends to
the middle of the side.

IJody more slender than in II. versicolor. Limbs moderately devel-
oj)ed. Kyes i)rominent. Snout rather acute. Tympanum small, half
the diameter of the eje. Tongue rather small, nearly orbiojdar, hardly
notched behind. Vomerine teeth in two small patches between the
jiiner nares and nearly in line with their centers. Tibia not quite half
the length of the body. No web at the base of the fingers.

liength of head a little more than three time* in length. Heel of
extended hind limb marking a point between orbit and end of muzzle.

The body above is smooth, beneath granulated on the abdomen and
thighs. The toes are not webbed beyond the i)enultiinate articulation
of the third and fifth ;ind the antepenultimate of the fourth toes.

•Vbove green, sometimes witn irregularly arranged darker small
blotches. Ueneath white. There is a V-"ii^''lf connecting the eyes
above, although this is not very distinct. A small number of subcir-
ciilar blotches about the size of the tympanum, or larger, arc sometimes
.s(;attered over the back, and may bo of elong.ito form. There is a
dark line from tlu^ nostril to the eye and a vitta from the eye through
tlu^ tympanum to a point above the insertion of the arm. A narrow
white line, rather indistinct, pas.ses along the head very near to the
edge of the upper Jaw and below the tympanic vitta; this line rarely
passes the arm; sometimes extends on the side, where it is generally
very much con fused. The upper faces of the leg are barred transversely,
though giMicrally not very distinctly, except acro.ss the tibia, where the
bars are usually decided. The exterior edges of the feet are mottled
finely with brown and gr;iy. The anterior and posterior faces of the

I I

: !

ft ■ t

;'

I

H

3G4

nULLKTIN :M, united STATKS NATIONAL MUSEUM.

OX I

»iy

occ
I

J llHt

ir.
11.
II.

H.

II..

Of
are tl
Carol
rp igo

tliigli.s jire (lull lii'sli color, vojy I'aiiitly crloudcMl with brown; no iiidini
tioji.s, however, of light spoLs or dark vermiculatioii.s.

Specinieii.s dilVer In Lvss amount of white on the Jaw, and in tint of
ground (lolor, which is de.sciibed a.s green in life. With a con.sideral»le
re.seniblance to //. fvmoraliH, it may bt^ always di.stingui.shed by the
white line along the edge of tlie mouth and by the ab.sencx' of distinj-t
circular white (yellow in life) spots on the posterior faces of the thighs.

4 6

Fi<i. 00 7fi/Ia f/xirrfla. .Vo. 11011. Naohvillo, On. ; ].

Miamncmctiln of .V<». 120(i!^.

nr

Loii;;tli of lic.iil ami \»»\y (i:!ii

liOiifjtli <>(' lii-ail (o postciiiir cdi^cs of tyiiipiUia Old

Wiillli of lirail at postriior fd^jcs of tyiiiiiana Ii1ti."i

Lentil h of fore liiiilis from axillii i>17

liCiij^tli of hi 11(1 limliM from j^roiii (i|.">ri

LciiKtli of tiliia on;

Length of tarsus imi'.i

Lonjjtli of rest of foot dl',*

The specimen measured is of full size. They are rarely larger, and
fro«|uently a little smaller.

This species approaches nearly some forms of 7/. /77/(7/<j, of which it
may be ctrisidertMl the soiitheasterii»represeiitative, though the regions
inhabited by loth approach in Texas. It may be always distinguished
by the more dt'pres.sed h<'ad and weaker caiithus rostrabs; it is rarely
so robust and usually of more delicate and less striped coloration.
//. miotympanum Coi>i^ replaces it in Mexico; the resemblance between
them is otl'set by the greater palmation and smaller tym|>anniii of the
latter. In its distribution this spetues extends well up the Mississippi
valley. A specimen of larger than usual dimensions was uvui me froi:;
near i'.rookville, Ind., by my friend Amos W. ilutler.

Ujfia Kiiuinlla Hose.
KKSKKVK SKUIKS.

'iltillll'^lli'

Nil. (.1

liillrilii r.

s|.rr

.ICM)

.■i

.1044

1

:iais

'1

:nH7

:i

lets:.

•jii

♦r.:.!

s

T'Otin

1

II'.HI

1

i:u7o

1

12INIH

li

Ufiin

1

10881

1

1131

I

l.iiialit V.

1N)Im;i( cil:i, ri.i.

Wliiii
coIU'cUhI.

i'l'iini » liiMii ii <'i-i\ I'll.

N'alioi

s|,..

I

l.ilHTIV <'cllllltv, <iil

tir:ili;iiiivMlr. S, ("

Mtlli'SaraMiitit I'.ay, Kla.

Ni'w ilil.sifiH, I.a '.

M icaiKipv, l''l«

N'a>livilli>. (ia

Allaiialia. (la

(iroidlar ■'<

(')

Oaklry, S. (

Siinnra

lH7r.

IKriO

ihH:i

Dr. W. A. Ham i.t, IV

I S. A.

j I'ml I.. AjiaKsi/.

Maj. .1. 1,1' C'iiiitt<

(tailc'V

.>rcil. !•'. It. M.cl

. Ni'U Oi'ri alls Ai aili'iiiN .
' I)i.T. \l. I!i>aii 1.

W.r. Taylor

<l<> .".

I William Wittliria

I ('»

I r. W. Ilav« ii.l

A.S,li..lt

All'lllKlli.'.

!>.■
|l.>

Ho

II.V

Ho
Ho

llo.

Do.

\>.,.

Do.
Do

0 iiiiljcii

1 tint of
itlorahlo

ll.V tlH'

<li8tiii(f
li tLi^'hs.

Tin: UATKACMIA OF NOllTII AMEKICA.

IIYLA ANDKKSOXII IJivinl.

3(i5

v

M.

.(111(1
.(11(1
.(ii(t:.
.01:

.(ll.V.

.ok;

.•Mi;i

(I'lutfLXxiv; fig. 1.)

I'lococd. Ac. Pliilii., ier)l,p. K!; C(»pc, /. c, 1H(W, p. l,-,j; IJoiilciigor, Cat.
Uatr. Sal. Brit. M(ih., iid f«l., 1882, p. 378.

Ill proportions and gciioral appoaninco similar to tiic^ Ihjla arhorea of
Iliiroiie. The skin of the upper surface of the body and extrcniities is
.smooth, niiiiutely corrufiated ; that of tlic throat, belly, and under snr-
laces of the femora is areolated. A cutaneous fold across the breast
and one across the throat. Tympanum about one-third the si/e of the
eye. Tonjrue broad, slij^htly emarginate. Vomerine teeth in two oblique
scries between the internal naros, each directed inward and backward.
Tiie iiead is short and wide, and enters the length three and a quarter
limes. It is nearly a third wider than long. The muzzle is rounded
when viewed from above, and in profile does not project, but rather
slopes slightly forwards to the labial margin. The fingers are free, and
llie web of the toes leaves two phalanges free, except on the fourth toe,
where it leaves three phalanges free. The four limbs are rather long;
the hind limbs are moderate, the heel, when extended, reaching the
middle of the orl»it. The digital pallettes are small, not half the diamet«>r
of lli(^ typanuiii. A tubercle on the under side near the proximal end
of «'a(;li phalange. Internal metatarsal tubercle distinct, oval; external,
none.

Coloration in life. The whole upper a rather deep i)ea-green, paler
upon the sides and th(^ margin of the up[>er lip. A narrow band of pur-
plish-browii commences at the external nares, pas.ses through the eye,
and, including the tympanum, loses its inferior border a little beyond the
in.sertionof tlu^ humerus. The color becomes paler upon the sides, wluire
it is of an ashy mulberry tint, and extends as far as the orif n of the
femur. Anterior to this point it is margined below by large irregular
spots of a beautiful salVron, which are continued upon the anterior and
posterior surfaces of the femur, and the whole inferior surface of the
tibia, poll a ground of a paler shade of the same itolor. The supero-
anterior surface of the tarsus, the three inner toes, and the webs of the
external, also a small area behind the humerus, the p(>sterior surface of
the fitter, the inferoanterior fa(!e of the fore-arm, and the inner linger,
are tinted and sjiotted in the san>e manner. The superior surfaces of the
femur, tibia, humerus, and fore arm arc of the same c(dor as the back ;
that of the humeru.s separated from the green of the Jaws by an isthmus
of the purplish shade, and that of the tiliia separated anteriorly from
the salfroii of its lower surface by a band of mulberry. The green of
the back and extremities is everywhere margined with puri^ white, ex-
cept posteriorly on the femur and tibi:i,and anteriorly on the I'ormer,
where s.idVon takes its place. The green crosses the rictus and forms
an oval spot iiiion each side of the throat. The borders of tlio latter
und of the chiii are tinged with mulberry, liencath whitish llcsh color.

il
il

•I

1

■Ml

fU

■ \

■ •

il

; 1

■ i,^.

f

%

3(;g

nULLETlN ;U, UNITKU 8TATKS NATIONAL MIISKUM.

TluM'xposed surfaces of the anterior and posterior extremities, whero
iiol ^reeii, are ut' u »liudo intermediate between mulberry uud cUouolate.

,.1]

Klii. Ul. Ilyla aiidi'nuhii. Amlvimni, S. ('.; |.

MitiKinciiunln of So. :i(i(l(».

it.

Total ltnj,'tli head ami boily iCMki

Lfii{;tli oriicutl ti> posti'iior lino of tyiniiaiia Oil

Width of lira<l at piwltMior line of tyinpaiia Oifi

Loi';,'tli of fore iiiiil) fioiii axilla (i'i-.>4

].cii;;tli of hiixl liiiili iVoiii t;roiii o.Vjri

Lt'ii>{th<if til>ia (H^

Lfiifitli of tarsus dlO

Lt'ii;;tli of n'st of foot (tl'iri

This beantil'id species is of iiineh rarity, but two speeitnt'iis liaviii^
thus far come under the eyes of naturalists, 'riie longest known is the
tyi>e from Anderson, S. ('., which is reprcscntod in Plate i.xxxiv;
the second s|H'ciiiien was found by Professor Leidy, of Philadelphia, at
.Jackson, N, J., and was the subject of the description of coloration in
life given above.

JIVLA CAHOLIXKNSIS Pemiauf.
(IMatoH r.l.lij;. II; 'ri, (ij;. li» ; 7:{, fi^. 'js.)

Calamilii rarotiiiriixi'< romiaiit, Arctic Zool., ii (17), :!:!|.

Cuhiiiiilii rim no .Sclmiidor, Hist. Ampli. Tasc, i (I7itl>), 171.

Itann liiliiirain Shaw, (ion. Zool. Aniph., ill (IS(tJ), lltC.

Uyla lolimliH Daiid. in Sonn. iV I.at., Hist. Xal.. Kcplil., ii (IHOJ), IsO; Dand., Hist.

Nat., K'cptii., viii (iSKt), '27, ami in Jlisf. Nat. li'ain. (Jrcn. Cr.ip. iJ-Oltl, It;, ii;

J. L« Conto, Ann. N. V. Lye, i (IrtA'".), ■!7;t ; ll.iilan, Jonrn. Ac. Nat. Sci. i'hil.i., v

(lH-.'7), :MI, and Mod. A IMiy.'.. Kos. {IS;{.-)), 107: Diiin. A IJihr., Mip. Cirn., \iii

(1811), .^)87.
UyJti rui(/i.t Ilolhrook, N. Am. Iltrp., Lst cd., ii (l-i;i-). '.».'>, xx. ami M ed., iV(l";IJ),

lll», XXIX.

lljlUi ririilii /ir^occd ('alosliy, Nat. Hist (.'arol., u (ITIU), p.i;;. it lali. 71.
Ill/la svmiftinciatd Hallow,, Proceed. Ar. I'liila., I'^.lt;, p. :t(l7.

Hylo caroliiunsix (iiinthcr. Cat. Hatr. .Sal. l$rit. Mns,, I-it;-*, p. 1().">; l?oiil(>ni,'cr, Cat.
llatr. .Sal. Urit. Mas., 'Jd cd. HSv». p. :177,

lle;ul subacute; body slender, nearly sniootii above; tibiii r;itlu'r
more than half the lenj'th of the body; above iind on sides uniform
olive-green, with an occasional circular light spot above; beneath whilt'.
A distinct narrow white line along the sides of the heail iind body; simi-
lar lines on the outer edge of the forearm and hand, the posterior edge
of the tibia, and the outer edge of the hind foot. No bars on the limbs.

I

ti

III

Tin: IJATUACIIIA OF NOKTII AMKKICA.

3(57

Mody sleiulorest of all the Nortli Aiin-rican s|(eci«'S : limlis elon^jati'd.
Outline of lioiul acute, aiij^led, sli;>li(ly cuivt'd on sides, latlu-r l(ni;,'er
tliau broad. Snout rather pointed; sides of the snmit somewhat ob-
Iii|Uo; leiiffth of head enterinjjf total a little over three times. Tym-
iKiiiiiiii small, about half the diameter of the eye, a fold of skin above it.
Ti)ii;;ue nither ovate, slijjhtly notched behind, where it is free for one-
third its lenji'lh. Vomerine protuberances small, roun«led, their axis
sli^iitly inclined, almost exactly between the posterior nares; sepa-
rated iVomeach other and tlui nares by tlu^ same interval. The ranj^es
ol tcetli are a little behind, about on a line with the posterior mary;ins
of tilt' nares.

Tlie extremities arei rather slender and elontrated. The heel of the
cxteinlcd hind lej^s marks the end of the muzzle. Tibia about half
K>it;;tli of body; hind foot as lon<^ as arm from elbow: two and a half
times in total len},'tli. The lln>;»'rs are dilated at the tip into disks, two-
thirds as hw'^ii as the tympanum, and webbed at the base to the
iiiili'iMiiMltimate articulation of the lonj,'est. Tlu' third is lonj^est, the
loMiili lit tie shorter; then the second and first. The hind feet are webbed
to the disks (the penultimate articulation in the fourth an<l loni^est toe),
the web want in;,' on the inner si«le of the lu'uultimate Joint of these(;ond
ami tliiitl. The third toe is a little longer than the lifth. There is a soft
tubenle at bast; of inner toe and a very rudinu-ntary one at base of
outer.

The skin abov(^ ami on ui>per part of sides is smooth, without any
pustules; in larger speciirni: a faint and softetu'd ;,'rauulati(Ui : the belly
and inlerior fac(! of thighs strongly graiudated : the throat moderately
so; smooth between the arms.

Color of body and legs above and sides olivaee«)us-brown or olive-
green, with a few scattered, well detined spotsof white. l!eneatli white,
no iimttling anywheic, A well-deliiied line of white starts, on the
siittut, generally u;iited with its fellow on the opposite side, and passt-s
haikwards, parallel with the vA'^i' of the npi»er jaw, under the tym-
pamnu and over the armpit; extends half way or more along the sides.
It has as a liorch'r a deei»>r shade of the dtusal color. A similar line ex-
tends along the posteri(U' margin of the fore h-gs. most conspicuous
at theclb(»w, and reaches to tht; outer tingrr. On the hind leg a simi-
lar line passes from the knee, aiul extends along the posterior or superior
margin of the tibia along tin; exterior edge of the tarsus and foot to
tin- tip, and a second line is seen in some on the anterior margin of the
tibia; a short transverse white line abovi- the anus. According to Dr.
Ilolbrook, this species in life is bright grass green above, the light lines
straw color.

8pociinens from west of the "..^sissippi vary in appearing a little more
granulated aliove. Some males exliil»it a more oi- less tinge of green
on the sides of the chin. Sometimes the hiteral white line is int<'r-
rupted, and those on the sides of the legs more v.r loss obsolete.

.:'.?

'I

11

\i

SH

i ■'"

I .1'

3G

Til.
nut

Widl
Lung

lA'Ilg
lA'Ilg
hvUft

Tl.

tllU8

typo
tlios
Jack
lifeg

Caluiin
Cuhinn
liana h
Uyla h

\a

J. :

(H
(18

Il!»
lly'a vi
llijla »<•,
^////r« ca

15at

JIea<
iiioro tl
oliveg:
A (listi
lar liiu>
^ftliet

368 nULLETlN 31, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

The specimen described is from Kiccborougli, Ga.

4 6

Vw.'iZ IlijlaearnUncntU. No. 13478. Alnpalm, Oa. ; ).

MiaHinrmiittii of No. 'M\^fi,

Length of lioad ami body

L(!ii;;tli of licail, iiiilmliiij^ tympana

Width of lii-ad at (lostciior odfjo.i of tympana

Lenjjtli of anterior limb from a.xilla

L('n;{lli of iio.stcrior limb from ^roin

Lcn^jth of til)ia

LoM<;tIi of tar.sus

L('n}{tli of ri'fit of foot

Tlio si)ecinu'n measured is only of medium size. Tliey fiiMinc
reacli a length of 58""".

Hjjla raroliiienniK Tcunaut.
KKSEKVE SKUIES.

. (I ir.
on

, o-j:t
(III.-,

,017

iitlv

(Jatiilo^iiic No. or
miiiibtT. »pi.'C.

iin.'i^ I
3fl.5:i 1
n:iu.-. I

KilllU
U7()H
1140,5

:inn4
r,'.m

120()(1

ii4k:i
11, 'ill;!

IIUIII

i:i4"H
4ri.w

471!t
lll7(»
.''■2II4

:«!.')7
:iQ5i

.T.M4

:r.>:.M
:iii,'«4

4.''i.'>li

rj(iti,'i

15

1
1
1
1

1.')
1
0

Locality.

Poimncoln. Fin.

K ('o)ll)I'()lli>ll, (ill

Ml.s,slsHl|)pl

lii'iiiilott, S. (! ,

Kiiistiiii, N. ('

MillcdKPvilli'. (la . ..
I.ilicrty County, (iii

(i

H I.'

liihi'ity (.'(Miiity, (lii ..

(■iHM'Kiiiiiii, h'la

(')

Milton, I'liv

Marid l.ilunil, I''la

Allapaliii, (ill

I'alatltii, Fla

Mlianopy, l''I:i

Saint liduis, Mo i

(..oiilHiana |

I'rairii' Mcr Kou^c, La
\VaMliin;;ton County

MImh.
Now ISniiiiilV'..'*, Ti'X..
San Antonio. Tex

When
cuIU-cttxI.

From vvlioni irciMvcil.

Ur. \V. A. llaniniond, l^
8. A.

Dr. U. F. Shuniaril.

Juno 4, 1870

1881

Ilia, l<'la

I

(iranil Cotrau, La ..

(itMii^liana, I'"la

Ijiaulbrt, S. C

.I.W. Miln.r

Kuinlicn ..^ ISran

Ma.).. I. Lo (Jontc

('. II. AilatoH

Ma). .1. LcConto

William Wiltlldd

(0

S.T. Walk.i

J. W. V.lio

William J. Taylor

T. (i lover

Dr. T. II. 15. an

Dr. (ii'oruo Kii)ii'lmann.
Saint Cliailcs Colli'ao .

JanioH Kaiiu^

Col. a L.C. Wailc-

F. Limllii'lmi^r

.T.il.Clark

Dr. n. W. I, tiny

Saint Cliatli'H ('olli'^o
William WitUltlil ....
Ur. F. V.llaytUn

N'alnri' of ,spi
iini'ii.

Alcoliolit'

Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do

Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Du.

GENERAL SERIES.

12005
5'J40

l.S I (loorjiiana, Fla

2 I I'uiiii CliriHlian, Misti.

William Wittliolil i Alcoliolio.

Cupt. It AnUurson { Do.

i

vW

.1/.

.011

.()i;i
.()t;i
.(iii.'i

.tilT

THK IJATRACIIIA OF NOUTII AMEIillA. 3G9

HYLA AKKNICOLOK ('upv.

Jourii. Ac. riiila. C-), l-^tiii, p. .•>|.

//. ((/W»i'< Main! (iioii Hpixii), rnx^i'cil. Ar. I'liila., I'.'tl, til ; I'. S Mi'x. lionnil.

Smv , K.i.lil., 1». •-".•, I'l. xxxviii, ti;;s. |-7.
I [ill a colli i ItDiilaii^tT Aiiiials ami Ma;;a/.iiii' Nat. liiMorv. 1--7, \>. .".:i ; 1 — '■, p. Hl».

lli'iid .sliort, wi<U', iMiti'riiif,' tlio lon^jtli tliri'c aixl a lialf times. Muz-
zle rcfiiilaiiy broadly romidtMl, not project in;; Ix-vniid prtMnaxillary
ImitltT, a.s Ion;; oM the side a.s tlic len^'tli of llie eve lissure. No.strils
leiiiiiiial, m-ar the superior plane of the niii/./le. 'rynipaniini vi'ry ilis-
tiiict, its diameter two-thinl.s that of the i-ye lissure. Toiiyiie di.scoid,
very openly oinarginatc behind. Choana' small; the vomerine teeth in
a pair of transverse fa.s(;i(;les exactly between them. Ostia itliaryngesi
of Kiislachian tubes about eipial to the choana'.

Inte^iumont with numerous scattered small tuborclcs, above and on
tlie, limbs. Gnlar region arcolated, as well asbcUy. Fingers free, tho
lirst coiisidor.ibly slnutcr than the se(;ond. I*allettcs moderate. one-third
the area of the tympanum. Hind legs moderate; when extended, the
heel marks the anterior part of the orbit. The extent of the web is
s(Hiiewhat variable, in some specimens leaving oidy two jdialanges of
the fourth toe free, while in others two are free on the outer side and
three on the inner; while otlu'rs display intermediate conditions. The
pallcttcsare about the si/e of those of the hand. The internal metatar-
sal tubercle is small but distinct; a narrow tarsal fold, which is in-
I'luvcd proximally. The length of the arm from tli»' elbow is less than
that of thi^ tibia, but is greater than the iiiml foot.

Tlic general tint of color is much as in II. nr.sicnli)}; The blotches
on I lie back are, however, more numerous, and exhibit a tendency to
arrangement in two rows of nearly circular spots; sometimes the serial
arrangement is not nnnntained. Owing to the greater length of the hin«l
legs, there are three transverse bars across the I'cninr, lil)ia, and tarsus,
as well as a larger nund>er on the metatarsus. The marbling, .so con-
spii-uoiis on the anterior and posterior faces of the hind legs, as well as
in the groin of //. rcrsicnlor, is here wanting.

(iencral aspect of //. rcrsicolor, having the same squat apjicarance,
the granulated skin above and below, the ashcolor back with darker
niottlings, the white spot umU'r the eye, etc. The imtst consi)icuous dis-
thi(!tive features are the ab.sence of webs of the lingers, the greater
length of the hind legs, and the blotches on the back being in round
spots, not cuneiform. The legs with three bars not two, and without
the reticulates markings behind and below.
ll)."il— IJull. 34 24

! I

:

w

3(il

Tin
not

L

Li'iig
Wi.lt

Th

tllll.S

typo

thii H^
.Jack}
life g

Calami

Calami.

liana h.

Uyla h
NiK
J.I
(IW
(18!

Hyht ,.
Il!>,

llijla rii

ll.'lla nvn

Jli/I" cai

iiati

Head
more tl
olive-gt
A (listit
lar liiH'f
of the ti

^7(^ UrLI.KTIN :il, rNITKI) STATKS NATIONAI. MUsr.lI.M

riii. y;i. Ili/lii iiniiii-i'lnr. No. hO.m riali; |.

MvanHriiiuiilH <>/ Mo. 11 lid.

Lrii;;tli of 'mail iiiitl Ixiily ii|-.'

Lcii^tli of head, i ml Mil ill;; t,viii|>aiiii (i|'j:i

Will III 1)1' lirail, iiii'liiillii;; i,viii|iaiia iili;

Lfii;;tli of fori" 11 III 1 1 (Voiii II \ ilia ihji.i

lii-iifftli III" hi ml I i Mill riiiiii ;;roiii , , o.'i'.i'J

LiMifjdi of (iliia (ijii

Lfiij^th of ta^sll^ Oil:,

Li'iij;th of nisi of foot dl,',;,

Tiie siK'ciiiifii above (les(!rilu'(l is oiu^ of t.V|)e.s IVoiii Soiioia. In
specimeiis from some oilier parts of Mexico ami tlie L'liitctl Slates llic
wliite spot below tiiccve is not lonml. In a spc<'imen Irom the Colo-
rado Kiver (loTO) tlieii' aiesi-veii rows of dark brown spots of niodeialc
size (Ml the back. ►S|K'cimen.s from VA Paso, Texas, have been rereiicd
to as distinct species under tlu^ name of //. <•«/;//, by Dr. Iloiilaiijici
(loe. cit.). Tin* onl.v i»cciiliarit.v which the description indicates is a
somewhat smaller tympanii; drum. It is saitl to be one iialf the eve :it
the lirst reference, and " hardly one third " at the second.

'I'hi' Jli/la nrcniculor in (Hiitii abundant as far south as (inanajiiatn,
l\h'xi<!0, where l)i'. Alfredo l)ii;;»''s has found it. This {icntlcman inlbrins
me that its voice is much like that of the bleating of "oats.

Hyla mniicohir Coiic.
lIliSKItVK SKKIKS.

(y'lltilldi;!!!'

Ni>. uf

Illlllllll'l'.

H|ICt'.

K<M

1

hl.lt 1

•P

Hli.'>l!

T

iHi:

f,

4r.70

4

10107

1

14401

1

Liicalily.

Wlini
riillci'li'il.

I'min \\ liHjii r( i iImcI

Santa r., N. Mrx Mini.' , I«7:i Di.O.l.inw

Siiiilliri'ii (,'aliliiinia i l^7.■| M. \V lli-ii^liaw

I tall Il<7'.' III. II ('. Viiiiow

Siuicira, Mi'xiii) Ill I'lark

I'|i|irr Ciilinailii Kivrr I'. M(i||li;iiHrii

Wliilr IJiMir (^afiiiii, Di.l'iiir

A I i/,lill;l.

. I'on Wiiiual.-, N. Mox -. Di I!. W. Sc Ijiil, hit, f.

I , S, A .

N;ll III I' III - ]H
Ulll II

Alniliiili
I III.
Ho.
1 1.1.

Ho.

Do.

1)11.

I

i

^
^

\t

V

3r.

.(II'.'

.Ol'JIi

.(»n;
. ()•.' i:.
. (i.i'.''j
.ii'jii
.(iii.'i

.dl.V.

■>

\i

rilK IIAIKACMIIA (»!•' Nt>UTII AMKKK^A.

IIYLA KKMOUAMS Lnlr.

;{7i

lljlla Jiiiwriilia Sonii. &. Lut., Iliwl. Nat. Kcplil., ii (l-d-.M, l-l; Itainl., llisl.

n'iI, Ii'i'itlil., VIII (H(I:J), :f», xcm, l ; lli^l. Nat. Ifaiii. tiivii. ('ia|i. (l-^illt),

111,1; Lo Citiilf, Aim. N. V. I.vc, i ( H ■,'.'>!, •,''!» ; llailaii, .Jiuirn. Ac. Nat.

Sci.,riiila., V (l-^J/i, ;U-.', ami M.'il. A i'liys. Kr.s. ( l":}.-.^, K.T ; llolliriMik, N.

Aimr. Ilfip., '-'il ca., IV (l-^l'.'), I'.'T, XXXI ; ltoiiIfnj,'cr, Cat. liatr. Sal. Miif.

Mils., 1--.', i..:t.-'.
/,<! L'liiiir fiiiiiirnli Ilosc, Noiiv. Diet, (rill.sl. Nat., .\xviii, r>i:t.
( (ilitiiiilii J'iniiiniliM Mcni'iii, 'I'i'iitaiiii'ii, p. 171.
hihlrh fimiiriiHx Waj;!., Sysl. Ampliil)., p. tiOl.
Iliilii siiiiiriUii pars. Dmii.iV Itilir, llnp. (I6u.. viii, p. .^-I'.t; (liiiitlur, Cat. ISatr. Sal.

itiil. Mils., l.-^O^ p. 111.
Noli;.— 'i'lii" ilt'S(!riptioiis ct' naiuliii diU'cr in Htuiio iiiiportaiit points IVom tlic .s|iot'i<'.s
III' Miijipr l.r Conic.

Tihiii If.s.s tliiiii liiilf th(> Iciijith of body, lnii<;('r tlian arm from elbow,
wliiili ii;,Miii I'.xctrd.s liiiid foot. SUiii nciuly smootli above ; above wood-
liiiiwii, with a darker iiiteroeiilar, triangular bloteli, and a siibenneiform
line on tlie Itaek, eontbieiit in the center. A narrow line from the snout
lo llie «'ve. A dark vitta from the eye, iiidi.stinet in the middle, i)assinj''
lliroiij;)! and inv(»lvinji: tlu' whole tymi>aiiiim ; the uppei' edj^e of tiiis
(•(iiitiiiiied to the hind lej^s, the lower cea.sinj;' at the fore le^.s. Po.ste-
rior face of the tlii<,'h.s dark brown, with eireularyellowi.shwhite .spots.
No li^dit spot under the eye, nor any white lino alon^^ the Jaw; merely
a li;;hter slnnle of the ground color.

Mead broader than loii},'. ISody short, rather broad, and the entire
apiicaraiiee as to pal tern of color and shape not very dissimilar from
lllll(t m-.sifolof, from which, howevei', it is readily distiii;,MiishaltIe by
tlio femoral yellow spot.s; the dark postocnhir vitta, tlii^ ab.seiice of
lij^Iit spots under the eyes. The toiioiie is larji'e, ovate, slightly notched,
and iVee behind. The teeth are in two approximated minute circular
palclies between the jmsterior nares. The (ympannin is small, scarcely
iniMc than half the diameter of the eye. The tibia is not half thelenjith
of tiie body. Tiie skin above is sli<>Iitly pustular, althoiijj;h at consid-
fialile intervals, and much less in i»roportion tiiaii II. versicolor. The
wiiole iiil'erior surfaces of tiu^ head, body, and thiinhs is ji'ranulated,
iiicliidiuf,' the throat. The pectoral fold of skin is smooth. Tiie linj;ers
are sli';litly webbeil at the base, tl e fourth longer than second. The
last two joints of Uu) toes are free; the web not extending as a margin
to the disk of the longest toe, as in II. rcrsicolor.

(leneral color above bark-brown, variegated with darker; beneath
dull white. .\ triangular blotch between the eyes, the angle behind
tilt! anterior edge extending across between the middle of the edge of
the upper eyelids. In II. versicolor this blotch is almost always inter-
rupted in the median line. On the anterior half of the back is another
iiirge blotch, sending out two branches anteriorly and posteriorly, and
one on each side, the anterior pair sometimes running into the blotch
on the top of the head. I'.ehindthis are several other blotches of irreg-

' \%

I !

J

il

I'

f

.1

3(1

The
iiut

T(.(nl

I.rngl
Widtl
Luiigt

liOllgt

Leiigt

Th;
thus :
typo
tlie m
Jacks
life gi

Calamii

Calami I

Itana hi

Uyla la

Niit

J. I

(Itii

(181

Byla r\

11!»,

Ilyla rii

1 1 Ilia sen

llyla cat

Jiatr

J I eat]
iiioro til
olive-gr
A (listir
lar linos
of the ti

372

liri.LKTIN Ml, rXlTKl) STATKM NATU»\AI. MUHKIIM.

iilar sliii])(>, .sotiic of tlioiii coiilliu'iit with that on tho Iia<-I<. 'I'hcif is
a nairow ilarl< line oNlcndiii;^' iVoni tho snont tliron-;]) llic nostril to tin'
o.yo along tho ('d^c of tho iii>i)or<.',vcli»l, iinil piocofding aliov*! the l\iii
panuni back along the side to th*' insert ii)n of \\w hinil iog. \ socond
lino oxtonds from tho lo\vori»iiil of tho c.vo, itaiallcl with the llrst, liohtw
the t.vnipanntn, and ininicdiatcly abovo tho insortion of tho foroarin,
I'crhaps it wonid be l)i>lt*-i' to say lliiit a broiid dark band ]iassos from
tho oyo backwards through tho tyinpannni, inid ovor the insertion ol'
tho foro-arin, along tho sido (»f tho body, whore the lower edge is indis.
tinot ; llu^ edges of ilie Itand are nineh tiio most promitu'nt. There are
two or three transveise bars on the lore arm, the thij;li,and log, more
numerous and closer on the tarsus and hind feet. The anterior face of
the thigh is uniforMi dull white; the posterit)!, however, is dark brown,
with several distincr, nearly ciicnlar spots of y('llowish-wliito. Tho
outer edge (»f the tarsus and hind foot is minutely punctate with grav
and brown. The sides of iliechin aredotled with brown. The extreme
edge of the upper J iw is sometimes dark«'i' than tho I'est, with a. slight
shade of lighter color al)ove it, very inconspicuous, however.

C^^

Klii. HI. Ihilii .iriiifriiliH. N'.), :i."i!lH Mlu-ily (Nullity (ia. ; |.

MiKsKri nil ii/s III' Xii. .V.IOS.

31.

Lcnjjtli of litiiil anil lio'ly .IKI,",")

I, en;; 111 of liciiil, iinlmliii;; lyiiijiiiiiii Oll.'i

Width (if head, iiudiidiii'; 1\ iiipaiia (ii;i:S

Lt!ii;;tli (if I'livi'. 11 mil fnnii axilla (iJd.'i

Lcii;^t]i of ill lid liiiili t'liiMi >,Moiii (i,"i()

Lcii^'lli of tiliia iil-

Lnij^th of tarsus (Ill

Li'ii^jtli ol rest (if loot dl'i

Tho specimen measured is a little above average si/.e, which is inter-
modiato between the dimensions of the U. snuirdUt ami II. rrrxicolof.
A very largo s|iecimen in my collection from Dallas, Tox., inoa.suvoi
.(I.!*.)'" in length of head and body.

Ililhi fi miiiiili'< I •aiidiii.

Cntiiliii'iic ' No. (if

iiiiiiilii r

s|tr<

l.or.ditv.

WIOK

1

sniiu

'1

:iri!iR

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If. IK

1

iiniK

I

Kiriliiiiiiii'^li. (la

.1(1

I,ilic'i 1 y ('(luiily, (ia
Ailiiii;(ii|i. l-'l:i

V,'";", rin„, »licMMnr»iMM'. N«(Miv,.ls,.,r

I iiUi'cti'il. iiiii'ii.

I

Miij.l. I.c ("iiliti. Alcoliulii

n...

Mill. .1. l,cC..iil.' ; Oo.

IsTK (i. i'.niw II (iniido i I»n.

Miiaiiiipv, ri.i .. i III. 'r. II. r.caii Ilci.

(i.Hi.si. ( r. cU, S.C 1 Cl I>".

.Mlapalia. (la | W. .1. 'rayliir Do.

Naslivilliv (la I IShd dn I Do.

f

i

Jf.

,o;u">

.011.'.

.iii:i:t

.(ijd.'i

.('.■i(j

.(11-

jiit

.(11-)

> inter-
.sicolof.
L'iisuve ■■>

'u

4

'nil', llATUACIIIA (»!• NOIMIl AMI.KICA.
IIVI.A M;I,'>ICu|,oU I.. Ciiitr.'

;57.';

Ihllii nr^iri'liii- .1. LrCoiilr, Ann. N. ^ . I.\ c, I (, I *•.'.'>),•.'-' I ; I hill. in. .Iiimn. A<-. Nut. Sf\.,

riiila. V (I-"-'" ), :H:i; Mi-il. a i'li.ss. liiN. (l-:!.'.), li'f^; lliillniinU, N. A r. IhTp.,

1st 111., 1 (l-^ltC), 101, XVII, iinil '-M I'll., IV (l-i|\i\, ll.'i, xwiii; Slnn-i-, li.-ptil.
M.iss. (l-lllt), -'II ; Diiiii. A Milir., L'.iii. ti. n.. viii ("Hin; !)<• Kiiy, N. V. /im.1., ill,
l.'iplil.O'^l-). 'I.XX'. <in. ."lilA; 'rii'iiii|.scin, Nal Hist. Vl. (Isl-.M, l'-'','; liiinlhtT,
(Mt. It:ili'. Sill. Iliit. Mum., HiH, p. id;!; IJiiulciii,'. r, /. . , id. •.», \-'-^i, p. ;!T-.'.

Ihiidi'iliiiit'i rirsir(>li>r'l'Ht\[i\i\\, I'jlriifliiii, p. T.'>.

//_(//.( ii<liill-(li I'.llilll, ritiifctl. Ar. I'llilil., IS'il, 1>. ("ill (yolin;;).

^0H;, — Ill/Ill nrniroxii l)anil., Hint. Itiiin. (ircii. Crap., :i;i, I'l. iv, is fctVrrcil to
tliiH Npt'cifH liy iMiiii, iV. Itilir, Tin' ili'scriiiilnii, ImwrviT, applicn ciiiially
wi'll to Hfvcriil sjifcii's, ami in Ncvi-rai piiiiit.sdjUii.sciitiirly l'n>iii //. nrMimloi:
Till' locality "f //. nrniiiisa is iinkiiowii.

1/,,/,.. — I'.iuly stout, and cliim.sy. Head .slioil, niiirli hroadci' than hm^';
limli.s .slidit. ( )iitlim) of lower Jaw nearly scniiciiciilar ; ol iipiter, .soiiio-
what anynlated. Tympanum rather laif^e, aliuiit one half tlie dhiiiieter
of eye; a iiio(h'rato lohl of skin ahove it. 'i'on;^ne lar{,'e, nearly orl)i<',ii-
|;ir; notched Itehiiid, where it is tree for half its leiijilh. Numeriiie teeth
ill two transversely linear jtatehes, exteiidin;; between the posterior
iiaies, withasli;;ht interval l»etwt'eii them, soiiu'times .seairely .separat-
in;; into two parts. I'^yes larj;«', protuberant.

The Ita.ses of the vomerine protidteranees are in a line with the <'en-
teis (if tlie iiares; tht^ posleii(U' ed;;'e (»f tlu^ teeth Ihetiisi-hes a little he-
hind th(^ i)osterior mai'iL;in of the nares. Eustachian aperliires larj^er
than the inner narc.s. No papilla hchind the exteinul nares.

Anterior limbs short, stout ; fin<;ers broad, dilated into broad disks;
that on thinl tiii<,aM' nearly (Mpial to the tyiiipaiium in diameter.

The web is more extended than in other species in the I'liiled States,
ill a female specimen loaviii}» the two last Joints only free. TImmUsU
of the inner liiif;er is smaller than the rest. Tiiiia reaiihiiij; halfway
from the anus to the eye; longer than the hind feet, and equal to the
arm from elbow. The heel of the extended hind lei;' reaches only to
the posterior ed;;e of the orbit. Tiie third and fifth toes ar(^ nearlj
i'(pial in lenj,'th ; the disks of the second and lirst are less developed
than the rest.

In hind feet the membrane extends in a nariow iiiar;:in all the way
to the disks ; membrane cut out alony the two last Joints of the lon^^est
toe and ol" the others alouj; the inner edj;(', altliouj;h specamens vary
ill the amount of this excision. All the fiiijicrs and toes are much
(lejue.ssed, and exhibit the Ilyla character more than the other Ameri-
can species.

Tlio entire animal is warty, or covered with coarse tuliercles, with
liner intermixed, except on the ref^ion <tf the loins and anterior and
posterior faces of tla^ thij;hs. Ileneath, with distinct .granules in a
prominent and well (lernied pavemciit ; less conspicuous on the throsit,
neck, and palms. Tlu're is a very distinct and proinineiil fold of skin
across the breast. Thi^ color is very variable with dilVt-rent specimens
iind circnin.stances. Above ashfjray, white, or brown. Above each

(It

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IMAGE EVALUATION
TEST TARGET (MT-3)

^O

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1.0

I.I

150 ^^^ RI^^B

■^ U£ 12.2

L25 114 11.6

Photographic

Sciences

Corporation

23 WEST MAIN S^KgET

WEBSTER, N.Y. MS80

(716) 872-4503

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374

lUTLLirrix v,\, tiivrrRD statks national museum.

oyc is ill! c'lon.n'iited blotcli of diirk brown, passiiij^ obliquely backwards
towards its fellow, k-avin-j: a space* between and I'orinin^' an interrupted
V. i'osterior to these and in tlie anterior portion of tlio back is a
single very large blotch, snbcruciforni in shape, from sending out a
bran(;h on each side towards the ey(>, more, or less i)arallel with the
blotc^hes tirst inenlioned. The i)osierior corners are also obliquely
elongated to a greater or less extent. Iinniediately behind the large
blotch may be usually traced two others, which arc elongated, and
extend obli(piely to the sides of tlio body in a direction generally par-
allel with the outer edges of the dorsal blotch. A dusky, indistinct
bar extends from the eye along the upper edge of the face through
the nostril to the tij) of the snout, and the edge of the upper jaw is
more or less marbled with the ground colors. A conspicuous spot of
light gray (with dark border) is always visible among other markings
beneath the i)osterior half of the eye nnd on the i)osterior portion of
the U]>per Jaw; it is a little in advan(;e of the tympanum and some-
what longer. A dusky, indistiut^t mottled band passes from the eye
backwards through the tympanum along the side of the body, dark-
est along the undulating upi)er edge, where it is nuirgined sonu^times
by yellowish-white. The fore-arm has two transverse dark bands; the
thigh, leg, and tarsus each the same number. All the surfaces of
limbs concealed when tlexed are vermiiMilaled with brown on a yellow-
ish ground, the: light intervals angular, even on the inside of tibia and
foot. The anfeiior and posterio- 'aces of the thigh and leg are yellow,
sharply and jiarrowly marbled v, ;th bn \ n. Ueneath yellowish-white.
i\rales, in sjjring, with the gular sac, mixed ash, brown, and white.

Specimen described fiom (Jrosse Isle, IMich.

The females dill'cr mainly in the smaller tympani.

In other specimens, fioin ('arlisle, Pa., there is evident a constant
dark spot on the side of the upper Jaw and bf neath the anterior half of
the eye, the light spot already described being situated between it and
a narrow dark line in front of the tympainun. Sometimes the entire
back, l>y the conlluenise of the blotches described, is occupied by a large
mottled cross, the anterior fork very short. The anterior face of the
arm is blotched with dark; the posterior marbled like the thigh. Some-
ti'i'.'S the blot(;hes are more or less obsolete; at others they are reduced
in size, althouj;!! usually ci iicifcuin in their arrangement. The color of
the back is sometimes grass-green, with (he dark blotches, which vary
in extent.

In the southern and western specimens there is a tendency to a re-
placing of the brown leticulation on the yellow ground of the jjosterior
lace of the thighs by a nuinbei' of snbcirculai' golden spots in the brown
ground, as in the Il./cmotudis, although northern specinuins sometimes
show traces of it. This is very evid 'ut in specinuMis from Prairie Mer
Ilonge and Tangipahoa Itiver, Loui.-suimi, and I)alla>' Tex. As ix gen-
eral rule, too, the ])ortions of the limbs concealed, or in contact with
each other when Hexed, are in norlhern apecainens more fully nmrblcd

* ; i

r

r

I

F.

THE I'.ATUACHIA OF NORTH AMERICA.

375

with yellow ami brown, even eoveiing tlio whole inuer face of the tibia,
and the light interspaces more or less angular, while in the Smilisca
hauiUnil and the southern and western specimens of II, vcnicolor the
amount of marbling is less, and the interspaces are often reduced to small
circular spots. I have, however, been unable to characterize them as
more than a variety, to which I Imve given the name ot II. v. chryso-
sccJis.*

A single specimen of a strongly marked variety of this species was
sent to the National ^Inseum from Mount Carmel, 111., by Lucieii M. Tur-
ner (Xo. 12074). It is smaller, having the average dimensions of IF./em-
(iralis. The color is a darlc brown, with three rows of large approximated
darlicr brown spots. The groin and concealed faces of the thigh are
yt'llowish-brown, with a very scanty speckling of darker brown, very
(lill'erent from the usual coarse netted pattern. At first sight one sus-
jjccts this to be a specimen of //»//a /ewjorrtZ/s, but it possesses all the
essential characters of the integunuMit and feet of the I[. versicolor, as
pointed out in tiie analyticil table of the genus, including also the light
spot under the eye. It may be called J[. v. ph(vocrypta.

k

Kid. ll.'i. Iliild rer/>icnliir. No. 1 l.".l. Itorlipslrr. ^f. V.

Mtaniirtiiunln of Xo. 'M't'M't. jjf.

l,"i)};11i of lioiid iiiul liddy O'M

l.i'ii^tli of lii'ikil, iii('lii(Uii<; tyiDpiUiii OIG

Width of licjid, iiu'liidiii^ tyiiiiiaiiii 021;?

l,t'ii;;tli <if foro Ictr I'll nil iiNillii 034

liC'iij^lli of liiiid Icj; from prroiii 0,sl3

r<ciij;lli of til)iii 02()

1. I'll Mill ol'tiirsu.s 0155

I,i'iii;tli of ri'st of liiiid foot. 0215

Tiie Ifi/ln rrrsimlor is " the tree frog," par excellence, of the eastern
and northern I'nited States. It is common, and in some places abun-
dant. l(s voice is a loud, coarse, resonant trill, uttered with a uiiii'orm
pitcii, and continued for two or tliree seconds. It is heard about bodies
of water in the. spring, when the sexes are depositing and fertilizing
the eggs. Later in tlie Si son it i»n)ceeds from fences, hedgerows, and
orchards, as well as IVoni the forest, often at no great elevation above
tlie ground. They are especially noisy towards <'vening after a rain;
but tliey may be lieard at any tinu^ during dark and drizzly days. Tlioy
are susceptible of some doinesti(!ation. JMr. Jacob Geismar tells me

• Itiillctin r. S. Natioiiiil MiiHtMun, No. 20, 18.-<0, ]). 2I\

\i

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37(5 lUJLLETlN -M, U.MTEO STATES NATIONAL, MUSEUM.

tbat lie koi)t ii miinber of them in ii viviirium near ii window. Both
were lelt opi'ii duriiij;' part of tlie day, and the Hyla' wouhl leave the
Louse and e.stablisli tlieiiuselves on the trees in the orchard, where their
voices were heard throughout the evening. During the night they
woidd return to the house, and would appear in their usual place in the
vivariiun in the morning.

Their eggs arc laid in small packets on blades of gra.ss, slender
sticks, etc., in shallow ponds and pools. The metamorphosis takes
place while yet small, the young exceeding only a little those of the
northern toad, riifi) Icntitiinosus amcricanus. Some of the larval stages
are represented on Plate 7tf, (igs. L*;5-<l.

Th(^ Jlyhi versicolor was named as an expression of its striking power
of metachrosis. It readily takes the color of the object on which it rests,
thus concealing itself successfully. Its colors vary from a deep brown
to gray, and nearly white to bright green. The change of color is not
rapidly accomplished. The favorite color is gray, which is identical
with that of the lichens of the trees which it irdiabits. Professor Ver-
rill records this species as being found at Norway, Me., the most east
ern locality known to mc.

Jlyla rcrsirolor Ja\ Conto,
KKSKUVK SERIES.

(

atiilosjiii'
iiiuiilior.

Xo. of

Loi'iility.

Vlicn
cull.ctoil.

From wlioiii n^coivoil.

Xiitiirr of

illlrll.

Alroliolio.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.

Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
DO.

spriv

3(i37
3ii;i5

;t(i;i'j
:!iM:i

3IU2

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3ii;i.'<

4H02
4ti3I

3043
36-.'(i
3041

3i;;i4

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30:!0
3027

51117

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3071)

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3007
3071
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300(1

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4

Prairir Mei' Roiiiri^ T-n.

Aiiilcrsoii, S.(J

Krinpi'i- ('(miily, MIhs ..

.\nii .\i lioi-. .Midi

Cliissr Isle, Micli

Miss ('. I'aiiio

I).(!. I.loN.l

I'lof. S. F. Ualnl

Utv.C. Kox

liiU'illC. Wis

Dr. r. K. Ilov

Cnliiinlms. Ohio

I'rof. I*. I.csiMU'rciix

(iircii I'l:iiiirt, N.("

(!. F. Mooin

Dr. W. A. IlaiiiinoiKl, U.
S. A.

Moniit Ilollv, X.J

Eiilaw, .\!;i".

Winlpoii. X. V

Xi'vv l'.rilMiili"l.s, 'I'cw ..
.Aiix riaiiicM Uiviir, III..

I'rof. .\. Wiiuliell

I'rof. S. K Hiiiiil

E. IjiiKlliciiiicr

(-,11 lis!,., V:i

WiishiiiL'toii, D. (;

Soutli ('at'oliiiii

I'lof. S. RlSaircl

do

,T. L ItiidKcr

M;iv\ laiiil

(J. IS, Adiuiis

('. Wiiyht

MtihlvilJi-, I'a

/. F. TlilcklHtiiii

U. Kciiniiiolt

Soiillicin Illinois

Wnsllillir|ii||, ]).(;

.Siiiiit, I.oiiis. Mo

West I'liila.lrlpliiii, I'll .
Siiiiil CiitlicriiM', (ill . .

Xorlli KimI Kivci

ii'iitclii'/, Miss

IJoaii ('(iiiiily, I'cliu

Xc'W Oili'iiMs. T.ii

(iiililslpiiniiiyli, .\. C

'.'.'.'.'...'...'...

Dr. O. Eii;;c1miiiiiii

W.S.Wood

Dr. D. W. IJcndl."

It. Kcllllicnil

Col. H. (;.!-. Waihs

I'rofi'SMor Mitcliill

Siiiiit Cliarlus Colli'^ii. ..

Tiiii.:l]ialioa iliviT, I.ii . .

riailiiiinc Vi ly, Tciiii.

Mi'inphis, 'I'l'iin

Aii«._, l(^7.^

Froil. Matliio-

.T.N. 11. S.iirltoioiiiili ...
Dr. .loliri N. Woodwortli

(icori;!' SlioiMiiiikcr

Dr. K. ("ouch, 1'. S. A ....
.r. W. Mihier

roloniac, Klvcr, 1). 0

Wiisliitii;toii, D. (;

(ioIdshoidiiL'li, X.C

Soiilliiiii Ijliil'iis

.Moiiiil llollv, .\..l

I'rof. .S. F. Itaird

Wi'sloyiiii ITiiivcrsily...

Sprj ii;,'llt.l(l,' Aliiss

1871

V i

T'

r.

THE RATRACHIA OF NORTH AMKKICA.

Ill/Id rrrxiculor hv (Joiito — Coiitiniicil.
(jKNKUAL SKUIKS.

377

(!ii(;il(p;;ili' ; Nil. iil'
iiiiinlii'i'. I s|i('<',

Locality.

Wli.ii
coUvcteO.

r.iL'o

.

4.Vil

1 1

•iriHd

3

4.™

R

;itioj

1

3«s:i

1

3(lli8

1

3(i."iS

1

30X1

*> 1

3(i«2

1

3247

1

32iM

<l

94:il

I

o'lo;

3

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027ri

3

iiri.Ti

1

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1

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34.13

1

12,")71

1

11. -117

1

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IJ'74

I

47;il

1

Alalinnia

(iniiiil (/'iitt^aii, La

Ni'w Orli'aiiH Academy,
La.

r«ail llivor, Miss

j Ciiok County, 111

AiidcrNon, SO

Dll (JlU'HIltl, III

SiiinincTvillo, S. C

Sali'iii, N. C

I'nioii Comity, Wis

Saint LouiH, Mo

(^'oliinibiiH, (la

C)

Simtliorn Slates

Lilirrty County, Oa ...

Viij;inia

liaraboo, AVis

(!)

Olil KoiKNililt, Cal

Splint LouiH, Mo

\Villiiu;;lil)V I'oint, Va.

(?) ■ ..

Mount Canncl, III

(iiio.so (Jri'ck, S. (J

(!oiik (loiinly, 111

(iranilCotenii, La

(tlncy. Ill

Wa.sliin^tton, I). (!
(iiiiiii'svilli', Tox ..

<lo

MiMint (.'arnicl. Ill
Wa.sliiri^tiin, 1). (^

From H liom rrccived.

Xaturi'iit'siicci.
nun.

W. M. Stowait
Ciiarli'S Colo...

Miss n<>Ion TunniHon

U. Kcnnii'ott

Mrs. M.C. Daniel

K. Kennieott

.I.e. McNiiir

J. 'r. Lini'bai'k

1)1.1*. IMloy

W.S.Wood

l)r. tii'.siier

1871

1880

Ma.j. .1. Ln Coiito

L. Slono

.I.W. Wood

(?)

l)f. !•;. I'aluMT

l)i'. (ii'oiuo Kn^clmann

Karll it Mc'ltonald

(?)

Liiciin M. Tunit'i'

(?)

IJ. Ki'nniiiitt

Saint Cliailcs Cidlcyo. .,
.Iiilin and ('lias. Walker

. . . . . i (leor^e Slioemakev,

IW)! (I. II. KaKsdaUi

188j [ do

i L. M. 'I'liiner ,

: M(';;atlieiMim

Alroliolic.
Do.

Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
]>o.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.

1)0.

Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.

HVI.A (iKATIOSA l,o Coiitc.
(PIiUo40, fij;. 0; 7Q, lij;. 10.)

rioc(M<(i. Ac. riiiiii., iM.-.f>, ]). iia

TIlis is llic. livifjost Ihiii of tlio Noaretit; realm. It (toiifoniis in sliapo
to (ho typical forms of the. ptt'iins, as tlu^ J[. versicolor, 11. mnrmoraUi,
etc.; but it (lilfcrs from other known si)ccics in one marked peculiarity:
The i>ee,uliar glandular areolatioii of the iiitogunient of the belly in all
IIyli(be is here seen on the dorsal region also. On this account T pro-
])osed the reference of the If. (fratlom to another genus, which T called
Mpedaplius. It remains to be seen whether this course i.s defensible or
not.
The general characteristics of this species art? as follows:
Web between outer fingers extending to end of jiroximal phalange
Plead short, elevated. Tympanum half to two-thirds eye. Integument
of upi)er surfaces with aieolations similar to tho.sc of the abdomen.
Toes webbed to base of penultimate phalange. Femora iinicolor ])os-
teriorly. Upper lip narrowly dark edged, with u white line above the

■■ 3:

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V

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1

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I,

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m

m

378

r.ULLi-ynN ;ii, tnited states national museum.

border, soinctiint's coiitiiiucd as a liitonil stripe. iVbovc imrplislia.sli,
with imiiK'roii.s daik spots, iiiul olteii sparisc jellow ones; side often
reticulated with yellow; tarsus and antebracbium bordered with spots
of the same.

The liead is shoit, obtuse, elevated, the muzzle slightly iiromineiit
above the labial border, and sloi)inf>' gently to the nearly plane front.
Canthus lostralis obtuse; loreal region oblique. Vomerine teeth in two
transverse contiguous fasciculi entirely between the inner nares. A
dermal fold over the tyjnpanuni and olie a(!ross the pectoral region.
Vocal sac well developed. Hand large, as are all the terminal dilata-
tions. The anterior are two fhii'ds the (liameter of the membranuni
tynipani, and the i)osterior are a litth; smaller The tympanum is very
distinct, perfectly round, and with the diameter two-thirds that of the
eye. The eye is rather small.

The cuneiform bone of the metatarsus is unusually jtrominent and
the tarsal fold distinct and infolded. The labial border marks the mid-
dle, of the antebrachium of tli<^ ('xtended fore limb and the last third of
the tarsus of the posteiior.

The heel of the extemled hind leg marks either the middle or front of
the orbit.

The breadth of the <!raninm is contained two and two thirds times in
the total length, and llie lenglh three and a half times. The length of
the til»ia enters the siime two and one third times. The o. o. prefrontalia
are not very widely separated anteriorly, nor are they produced beyond
the line of the nostrils, and their inner anterior borders are nearly par-
allel ; but they diverge almost ti'ansversely, and be(!ome regularly nar-
rower posteriorly. The form of the xii»histernum is tlaturceolate; the
proximal margin truncate, and the distal convexity interrupted by a
deep rounded emargination.

The dark spots which cover all the upper surfaces may be absent, or
so small as to give a speckled ])attern, or so large as to ])resent a reticu-
lation of the ground. The \ cry narrow labial stripe may be continued into
a band or coaise yellow reticulations on the side. The groin and lower
surfaces are yellow, except the gular region, which is purplishash, with
or without a laige subtriangular yellow mental area. The lind)s all
dark banded, the tibia bluish on the outer side; the femur uniform yel-
low posteriorly.

The young of this six'cies resemble the IF. NquireUa ; but the shorter
heavier head and muzzle, and more obtuse (vinthus rostralis, the traces
of areolation on the dorsal skiti, and the yellow borders of the ante-
brachium and tarsus distinguisii it. Specimens an inch and a <piarter
in length have not yet developed the dark cross-bands of the extremi-
ties; in many of an inch, dorsal sjjots are invisible, and the areolations
have not apiieared. As is always the case with young frogs, the ex-
tremities are relatively longer.

This beautiful species readily changes its color from green to brown-
ish, according to Le <,'ont(\ Its range is restricted to Florida and ad-

=»^T^1B

P

THE 15ATRACIIIA OF NORTH AMERICA.

379

jiicoiit parts of (icorgiii. A specimen from Gcorgiana, Fla., is of a uni-
I'oriu greeu above, and resembles a very large H. sqicirella iu color.

Fid. Ofi. ITiiln gmtinm. No. 3r)S4. Ooorgiii, O.B. Adams; }.

MmsnremcntH. Jf.

From 011(1 of iniizzlc to cant hiis oris 017

From end of iiinz/.l(! to vent 0(!1

IiOii;j;th of licad, iii('Iiiilii)<; tympana 018

Width of head, in('liidin<j tympana 024

Width of Hacral di apophyses 013

L('iii;th of fon^ lirnh from axilla 0l?l)5

licnfitli of liind linih from <;roin 08()

Lcn^'th of (il.ia 027

liiMi^lli of tarsus OU!

Loiif^th of ri'st of foot 027

/////(( ijrationa Lo Conto.
KESEIIVK SERIK.S.

("atalii^Mio

N.). of

IMIIIlllI'V.

spt'(\

lifiT.'i

.1

•174i

in

•Mini

(

:i'.;8t

1

1

Locality.

When
nolluctud.

From whom roctsivcd.

Nature, of spoc-
inicii.

Saint An>;iistiii(', l'"hi E.U. Smith Alooholic.

Miiaiiiipy. Kla Dr. T. II. licaii Do.

l!iii'lMiniii;;h, (ia Ma.j. .1. I,i' Coiito Do,

(icoi'nia (I.ii.Adams Do.

(icorKiaiia, Khi i W. Wittoincno , Do.

SMILISCA Cope.

Copo Proccod. Ac. Pliila., IRd'), p. I'.M ; Journ. Ac. IMiiia. (2). vi, IHfiO, p. 8.').
An-nihilcii Copi^, Niit. lli.st. Rev., IHtin, p. 101).

Hut one si)ecies of this gemis is known. Ft is characteristic of the
Mcxiciin region of tlie Nearctic realm, bnt is found rather commonly
Willi ill our borders in Texas.

SMILISCA BAUDINII D. & B.

(Plato 72, fig. 16.)

//)//(( iKiiidniii Dam & Blbr., Erp. (.i6n., viii, p. r>()4 ; Bonlcnj^cr Cat. Barr. Sal. Brit.

Miis.,cd. II, 1H82, p. :?71.
llillti raiirlhtii Baird, Proceed. Ac. Phila., IH,")4, p. (11.
Hula muricolor Cope, /. <:, 18f)2, ]>. :$iV.).

Ifjila pansonfina Biocclii, Mis.s. Sci. Mcxi(iiio Batrachus, p. 12.%; teste Boaleii>?er.
Smilwcti daitHiiia Cope, Proceed. Ac. Phila., 180.%, p. 11)4.

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380 BULLETIN 31, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

iSoinewIiiit similar in gencriU iippeaninco and markings to //. versicolor,
although more .sleiulcr, iiiuch .sinoothci', iind limb.s nioro elongated. It
is one of the larger s[)ecies.

The tynipannni is very large and distinct, nearly equaling the eye in
diameter, and having a slight fold of skin above it- The head is nar-
rower, more ])ointed, and more deeply cleft than in Jt. versicolor; tho
snout in front of the eyes longer. The tongue is subovate, less free
behind than in //. verfiicnlor, aiul scarcely notched. The posterior iiares
are larger and nearer together; they are larger than rhc Eustachian
apertures, which are rather linear; the patches of teeth are very small.
The skin above is nearly smooth, little less so than in large specimens
of Ifj/la caroUiicnsis. IJcneath, however, the graiuilation is much as in
II. versicolor. The webbing of tho feet is much as in 11. versicolor; heel
to nares and eiul of muzzle.

Above, ash-gray. A rather broad dark bar passes backwards and
inwards from above each eye, the two meeting in the mid<lle. liehind
this is an irregular cross, with broad branches, forming acute angles
before and b(!hind, the anterior extremities shorter and running into
the obtuse V-shaped bar between the eyes. Two blotches behind the
extremities of the posterior branches, as described in //. versicolor, and
often conlhu'iit with them. The thighs and legs are each barred trans-
versely with three bands; those on the hind leet are iu)t distln(!lly to
bo made out. On the upper jaw there is a distinct grayish-white spot
under the posterior half of the eye about the si/e of the tympanum,
r.ehind the tympanum, and extending on the base of tho arm above,
is also a white blotch. The sides arc yellowish-white, vernn'cnlated
sparsely with black, which color is concentrated on and under the
s(!apular folds, so as to form a very conspicuous black spot. The jws
terior faeces of the thigh brown, with yellowish-wliito spots, not vermic-
ulated, as in the northern specimens of IF. versicolor. Whole lower
surface dull white.

Agrees with //. arcnicolor (Sonora) in length of hind limbs and smaller
fore-arm, but dilfers in being nuuih smoother and larger; in the sub-
cru<!if(U'm dorsal blotch ; black spot over fore-arm ; vermiculated or re-
ticulated thighs and side, still larger tympanum, etc.

Inches.

Total lonf!;tli "Jl L(i(i

llead, loii^rth 7,1 , ;u

Head, widtli 1» . :!r

Fore iiriii iiiul liiiiul from olliow.. \i . aO
Thi^'h I'Ji .r,i

InduK.

Lc-; m ,r,',>

Tiir.sus 7i . :!l

Hind foiif. 10 .41

Total liiiul Icij 40 \A\\

z

Till': ItATUACIlIA OF NOK'TII AMEKICA.

NcKictic Jocdliliin.

Ciiliili'iiiii' No. of

llllMlllll. s|l(Mt

Loi'iililv.

Wli.n
collcc'tud.

I'lDiii wImhii ircciviil.

1 KniwiiHviilo, Ti'X I ' C'lipt. Stcwiii I V:iii Vliit

1 MiMilli of Uiotiiiliiilr ... I. II. riaik

,:) 1 llcldtcs, 'I't^x ! (i. \V. SIimihhU ,

381

Naliiiv of
spi'iiiiii'ii.

,,.

Neolropiral loraVtliex.

1 MiiadiH, Vera ('riii!. .,
\i Ol i/.al(il, K:ist M(^xi('0 ,

I 1)1-. C. Karloriiis ...

V. Suiiiiclii-.iMt

1 j (iiiail.iliixiini, WcHi Mcx j T. T. Majiii-

1 ' Cciliina, WrsI, Mo.siro .. . i , iloliii Xanlii><

1 OiiK.a, lliiiiiliiiaH ' Dr. .r. L. I.cC.iMto

5 1 Vni'.ifaii I Arlliiii Srliolt

AMl'lUGNATIIODONTID.E.

15oulcii<,'or, Cat. liiitr. Sal. Hiit. Mas., cd. ii, H-".', !>. IU».

IJiit two {(eiieiii of this fuiiiily arc known, as follows :

I)inits with l:ii'jj;c (liliitatioiis oil lliu extremities ; a dorsal deriiial pouch;

Amphujiiathodon Boul.
l)i;;itM aeiito at eiiil ; no dorsal i)oiieli (Iryiilnciin' Cope,

Tlie typical gemis is liyla'lorm, while Grypisciis is a robust terrestrial
type. The true position of the latter being soinowhat doubtful, I give
the following more exact definition :

Mandible with a series of caducous pleurodont teeth, aiul a permanent
elevated tooth on each side the symi)hysis. Prefrontal bones fully de-
v(;loped,in contact with each other throughout, and with frontoparietals.
Auditory apjiaratus well developed; tongue broad, entire, little free.
\()meriiie teeth ; no parotoid glands. (See I'lato (>8, lig. 11.)

The mandibular teeth are obtuse, and scarcely project above the al-
veolar margin ; their attachment appears to bo to the mucous membrane
only, on which account they are readily scraped away.

The alllnities of this genus are as yet obscure; the mandibular teetU
and general form would refer it to the ncmii)hractidie, but the form of
the sacrum separates it. The form of the cranium, with its broad out-
line and narrow brain-case, and of the body in general, are nearest to
Cyclorhamphus and Cophieus, though the form of the sacrum soi)arates
it again. If referred to the Pelodytidir, it will be the type of a group
ill the family characterized as follows:

Frontopiirietal bones fully developed; xiphisteruum an emarginatc,
cartilaginou.s shield: coccygeal style attached to two condyles; toes
webbed.

*A lii^iiro of (I'n/yji.scd.s iiiiiliriinis will ho Ibiind in the Addenda.

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;{82 lUIhLETIN ;!l, IINITKI) STATKS NATlO.N'AIi MUSliUM

IIKMIPIIllACTID.E.*

Copo, .iDiirn. Ac. Pliilsi. (2), vi., IriOCi; ltoulcii<;iT, Cut, Uiitr. Sal.
Jtrit. Mim., c<l. ii, lfrt2, p. I.'il.

Tliive j;ciierii represent this fiunily, as followa:

VoiiuTiiic, IK) iiiU'iispheiioid teeth ; iiiif^iial itliiilaiif^cs iu uto Ihm'qihmvtHH \Vii;;l.

Vdiiicriiu', IK) paniHpluMKjid tcftli ; )iii<riiiil plitiliUi<;eM tliliitrd ('milvhi/ht Kspaila.

N'oiiicriiic and paiasijlu'iioid tcetli; ungual plialanLjc.s dilati'd [luithodiot rrtoiM.

Tlic si)e'cies of these yeuera are distributed as follows; all are of the
Ni'otiiipical realm.

Ilcmipliractiiti, two speeies, Colombian region.
Ccriiiohyla, live speeies, Colombian rejjion.
Amjihodns, one si)ecies, oistorn region.

GASTKECIIMIA Cope.

Jouni. Ac. rhila., 18C7, p. l'J8.

IJiit one family of this snperfamily is known, and that embraces bnt
a sin>;le genus. Its range is tiie Ethiopian realm.

Maxilla' cdcntulou.s; vcrtcUra- i)roc(i'lian ; Kacruni witii dilated diapopIiyscH, at-
(uuhed l>,v i-Dudyles ti) a uiuiple urostylo niiiiisidw.

UEMISID^E.

Anditory apparatus wanting; tongue posteriorly retractile into a
sheatii ; irontopaiietal and prefrontal bones fully developed, the former
eoiissilied, the latter seiiarated to end of muz^de by ossified ethmoid
septum ; toes webbed, no cuneiform shovel ; no parotoid glands ; manu-
brium present lleuiisus Ci tlir.

i!

c.

(!|

HEMISUS Giinther.t

Cat. Writ. Mu.s., 1858.
Cacophryiiiis Steiiidacliner.

This genus shows its nearest aflines t» be Callida and allied genera
of the Eugystomida' in the wide separation of the lobes of the liver for
the aeeommodation of the pericardial sac and its contents, and by the
posterior position of the heart. In the latter point it exceeds all other
genera; the heart i.s of relatively large size, and oecui)ies nearly the
median portion of the abdominal region. It would api)ear to be for the
protection of this important organ that the coracoids are extended
backwards. The cavity anterior to the heart is occupied by longitudi-
nal muscles and the largo larynx. The lobes of the liver extend each
t') the groin, a position even more posterior than in those genera of
Ivaniformia which are characterized by the posterior position of that
organ; and by the disai)pearanceof its median lobe, and the wide sep-
aration of ils lateral lobes for the aeeommodation of the heart. The
gcncia in wliich lliis relation exists, are Ibeviiu'ps, Engystoma, Sys
toma, (Jallula, IMirynomantis, Atelopus, and I'lpa.

riate 73.

t Plates 74, 7G.

,-1.

idil.

ITS.

the.

TlIK ISATKACIIIA OK NOKTII AMKUICA. .')83

This j;('iMis t'xliibit.s also an cvtcriial (corpus adiposiini, wliicli I liuvi?
not Ibiind in Caliiila, Kn^-ystorna, or any otluT };i'nn.s of llatradiia.
Each one is snUtrilicdral, tho apex icstin;;' ncai' the. extremity of the
t:ora<!oi<l, lh(* body lyinj; between the strata of tlie external and in-
ternal oblique muscles, alonj; the anterior marjiin of tiui '( oe of the
liver on eaeh si<le.

There are some iin[)ortant skeletal characters found in this f^enus,
whose value is not yet clear. Thus the suspensoriuni is free, and inis
an antero posterior m(»venient on the i)ror»tie. This is due to the form
of the scpiainosal, which has no /.yji'omatie process, and is not united by
suture with the ijrordic. The (juadrate eartilaj;e is all that connects it
willi the cranium. A similar structure exists in ilreviceps and Calluhi
(Plate 7.">, li<;s. 1-2). The Irontoparietals arecoiissilied with each otlier,
us are also liie prefrontals.

The liyoid apparatus is i)eculiar (Plate 5(5, lig. IS). The fourth cera-
tobranchials are ossified and proximally incurved, aii<l in close contact
with each other, thus surroundiui? the larynx in (Voiit. They are only
connected with the basihyobrancthial plate by mcmluane. The latter
lias a re<"irved transverse anterior margin, and sends a ])i()cess forwards
on eaci side to the incurved and thin ceratohyals. Tin; third (terato-
branchials are elongate and ossiiied distally. This kind of liyoid ap-
paratus further distinguishes the family Ilemisidn- tVoni all others.

FIIiMlSTKltXlA.

l{(Hilfn;;ci-, C.'al. IJiilr. Sal. ISrit. Miis., cd. ii, 1>-^ j ( iiiiniis (iaisl iccliiiiia);
l'irinist( Tiiia ami Kaiiilbniiia, (.'(iim-, (.'lii'('lc-Li«t N. Aiiici-. JJatr.,
i;('l>til., 1"^7T: Uaiiiiui'iiiia and I'liiroiiiroiiiiia jil., Cope, \at . Ilisl. Ivcv.,
ISd.-,.

The families of this superfamily are the following:

I. No tt'i'tli on llio inaxillaiy or inciiiaxillaiy lioiii's;

I'ra'coiacoidci iiri'Sfiit ; sacniiii willi dilated t liaiij^iilar dia[>oidijsi's, coiilliioiit

Willi eoccyfit'al styli' ; two lohi's of (he liviT. Ilrcricipilidd',

rra'coiacoidci waiitiiiii; Narnim disliiict t'roiii (•0('C'yj;('al style, willi dilaled tii-
aii^^iilar (liai)oi)liyse.s ; two io'ies of the liver Eii<iii>iU>m'Hhv.

I'ra'coiiU'oldei ine.seiit : Kaeiiiiii distinct IVoin eoeeyt^eal style, with dilated tri-

iuigiilar diiipopliyses ; twooi' tlireo lolies of tlie liver ['hriinixrUhv.

I'ra'coraeoidei present; saciinii distinet from eoeey^^cal style, with eyliiidiical

dia[)()iiliy.ses; tliree lohe.s of (lie liver ih inhohalhlw.

II. Maxillary and prLMnaxillary l)one,s toothed:

I'ra'coraeoidei absent ; sacral diapoidiyses dilated ; niandililc cdontnlons

('oiihylUlw.

I'ra'coracoids i)ri'sent; yaeral diapophyse.sexjianded; niandihlo edentulon.s

Dyscopli Ida:

Pra-coracoid present ; Hternnin and oniosternnni wanting; three lobes of the liver;

mandible edentulous Colostcthklw.

l'r;ecoraeoid present ; sternum and onio.sternum jiresent, osseous; three lobes of

the liver: mandible e{h'nlulons IlaiiiiJir,

Pra'coraeoid jin'sent ; sternum styloid; siieral diaiiophyses cylindiie; mandible

ilentifierous Ccrntohatmchidw.

I i

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f

H

I

3S4

miLhi'/riN :tt, umtkd states national museum.

Tliis tiilM' lu'l()iij,'s, par excellence, to the Old World. Two of tlie rmni-
lies, which include but few 8pecie8, beloiij^ to the Mew, vi/, the Den-
drobatidn" and the (Jolostethida^, and a few species of the Knyystoniida'
aiul JMii'.vniscida^ also occur in tropical America. The Itaniihe have a
nuMd)t'r()f reprcsentativi's in North America. The Cophylida- and D.vs-
cophidn' exist only in jNIadajjascar, exceptin;; one species of the latter
in India. Tlu^ jfco^^raphical distribution of the families is as follows :

Aimtia-
linn.

Nootrop-
ical.

Nunrctic.

Ktliinpiaii.
4

r„.

.larcllc.

I'iilii'otroi)-
inil.

1)rovii>ii)itiilii< . M'i<m

4

11)

8

1

5

1

4

7

1 )Vsr<tptiiilir --«

I

1
0

4

1

13

9,'i

'I

111

The resemblance to the Neotroi>ical fauna displayed by Madagascar
in its li/ards and snakes is also seen in the IJatraciiia in the [U'csence of
a yenns and four species of the family Dendrobatida;.

BUJ'JVICIPITIILE*

Cope, Jourii. Ac. riiila., 18(57, p. I'Jl.

I. I'rcf'rontals withly woparatcd; otlimoid arch not osMiliod.

A rn)ii(oi>:irictal Iniit. .; oar pfrCoctly tlcvrlopt'd ; tiie.s IVci^ ; no ])arotoid

fjlaiids; head not distinct from body ; no voincriiii'. tcclli.. Ilrcriapn Mvvivm.

VoiiUM'iiio teeth present Hhunihnphrijiic ISiett^jer.

The characters of Khorabophryne are so far unknown that its perti-
nence to the family IJrevicipitida^ is entirely uncertain, nor is it known
to possess the characters of Division A. The species of Urevicipitida;
are l'ithio])ian.

IJXGYSTOMID.K*

Copo,,Ionrn.Ac. Phila., 18G7, p. 11)1.

I. Elhiiiuid ardi not ossilied; ])refrontal.s widely separated.
A. A frontoparietal foiitanelle ; terminal pluilanges with tran.sverse limb.
Ear perfectly developed ; toes free; no metatarsal sliovel

rhrynomnulis I'eters.

II. Kthmoid arch ossilied ; prefrontals fully developed, in contact with each other

and frontoparietiils ; latter complete.
A. Terminal i)hahinges with transverse limb, anteriorly at least.

" No tympanum or cavum tympani; Eustachian ostiandnnto" ; toes webbed ■
no jialatine teeth ; siibdigital parts small, simple MitroJniln Tschndi.

I'npil horizontal; no vomerine teetli; toes webbed; subdigital tubercles of
manus largo, forming adhesive pallets PhrynvUa I$lgr.

Tympanum, cavum tympani, and Eustachian ostia; foes withwebor its rudi-
ment; no ij.ilatino teeth CaUiila (Jray.

Tympanum present; toes free; palate with a large curved tooth on each
side Xenobatrachns Peters & Doria.

I

I

I

• Plato 74.

Hi

THE HATRACIIIA OF NORTH AMERICA. 385

AA. Tormiiial i>lialiiii>;oH .siiiipU'.

Pupil croct; piiliitiuo tooth normal; toosfreo; oxtroinitios onliirjji^l

('(illiiloim Hlgr.

Pupil horizontal; tongue frco bohind ; no vo-nerino tooth, linj^tMs and toes

froo Cdcunlvrniim IMj'r.

Ear fully (lovclopuil ; head not distiu(!t; uioMil)iamini tynipani concoak'd ;

tooH froo to slightly palmate; motatarsus with insiguilieniit tiilMM-cles

KtKjjiHtoma Kitz.

"Elf (lovolopod, momhranum tynipani concealed; tooH free to i)artially pal-

nuit(i; niotatnr.siis with two eomprosscd .shovel-like tuhcrcles"

CacnpuH* Gthr.

"Ear developed, memhranum tympaiii distiniit externally ; toes tree ; mota-

tarHUs with insignificant tubercles" .^...Ideiioinvra Steiud.

The species of this ftunily are distributed as follows :

Austni-
linn.

Neotrop-
ical

Nuarctic.

KtUiopian.
2

Palii'ntrop.
icnl.

1

s

riii'Mn'iiii

(^.|llill;i ..

1

7

I

]

1

7

1

CMopim

3

A<ti'uoiuot'U .••.•..■•■•• .......

1

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:i 17

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EN(iYSTOMA Fitzinsor.

N. Class. l{"'p(il., p. Cm; (iiinth. Cat., p. T)! ; Houleuger. Cat.jBatr. Sal. Brit. .
Miis.,'.2ded.,l->^-.i, ]>. KiO.

Mirrops Wfi.u'l., Isis, 18-,'-', p. 7\\, and Syst. Amitli., p. '200.

SIriKirriiliiiliis Tscliudi, Hatr., p. "it!.

/v'«(/,i/.s/(>»i(/, H|)., Diiin.A Hibr., viii, p. 7;iS; Cope, Joiiru. Ac. Fiiila. (•'),%'!, 1HG7, p.

ll»l.
Syntuma, wp., Cope, I, o.

ENGYSTOMA CAROLINENSE Holbrook.

N. Ainer. llerp., i, \t. 8;;, l'l.'2; Duin. &, liibr., p. 74:!; Hallow., Proceed.

Ac. riiila., I8r>ti, p. -i.')! ; Glinth., Cat., ed. i, p. 51 ; Houl., Cat. Batr.

.Sal. Brit. Mns., 188-', p. KVi.
EnfijiHtomu />Urari'iim MiiWow , I.e.
Eiiiji/sloma Ic.rciixv Girard, Proceed. Ac. Pliila., 18i")9, p. Kii).

Snout rather obtuse, slightly projeotiiij;', not twice as long as the
diameter of the eye. Fore limb considerably longer than its distance
from the tip of the snout; the hind linil) being (tarried forwards along
the body, the tibio-tar.siil articulation reaches the shoulder in the
female, a little beyond in the male. Toes iiuite iree, with blunt tips and
distinct subarticular tubercles ; a very small inner metatarsal tubercle;
no outer tubercle. Skin smooth ; a fold aero.ss the head behind the
eyes, which is, hotvever, not unfreiiucntiy wanting in alcoholic speci-

* Including GlyphoglosHUS G-thr.
1951— Bull. 31 25

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386 BULLETIN 34, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

mens. Tyinpiuiic luembi'iiue coiicealod ; ostia pbiiryiigea siuallei' than

choantB.

Measurements of Xo. 939G. jf.

Lcn<i;tli of bead and body O'ilJ

Length of hoiul to rictus oris W't't

Width of head at rietusoris Od*;")

Length of fore leg from axilhi (dv!

Length of hind leg from groin O-JH

Length of tibia OO'.fJ

Length of tarsus 00(i

Length of remainder of foot 0113

The color of the head is chestnut above, and it is thicivly niolth'd
with bhickislj specks beneath. Tiie upper jaw is dark biown and the
lower is dark jjrny. The iris is very dark p:ray. Tlie body is dark
brown along the vertebral line and is chestnut on either side of it ; the
Bides of the head and neck below the orbits and the Hanks are grayish ;
the throat aud abdoiueu lighter, all thickly sprinkled with blackish
specks.

A

1

FlO. 97. Engyttotna earolinente. No. ,1099. ColnnibuH, Ga.; f.

The anterior extremities are chestnut-brown above and yellowish-
brown beneath. The posterior extremities are chestnur-brown al)ove,
with a few dark spots. The Enyifstomu varoUnvnut' ranges from South
Carolina to western Texas, in(;liisiv«', and northwards in the Missis-
sippi Valley to New Madrid, Mo. in Texas it is abun«lant in the north,
at Dallas; then at Houston, San Antonio, and northwest wanl to Fort
Concho. I heard it in the streets of Houston and San Antonio. In the
former city it was abundant, in copula, in the ditches that bonU-r some
of the streets, in September. The cry is loud for the si/e of tlie animal,
and is similar to that of the Bitfo americanus, except in being higher
pitched and more nasal (in the vulgar sense). The animals are ex-
tremely shy, and become silent on the a|)proach of human footsteps;
and as only the til) of their nose projects above the water-level, the.\
disappear beneath it without leaving a ripple.

Catalopue No. of |
nuuibiM'. 8|)(c.

Loenlity.

When

eollrrtuil.

3709

4744
41!)2

5!no

36'J!t
;i707
3978
L'»7.'t

o:iy(i

99,')1

■.m:>

Washington County,
MiHs.

Miianopy, Fl.i ,

Kirelxiniiiuh, Ua

(1<>

('iihimhiis, (Ja

... «lo

CiilciisiiMi Pass, Ln.

Froin wlioni nci'iviil.

Col. n. L.(;. Wail.s...

Or. T. H. li.aii

III-. W, l,.,I()ii.'.s

' .Maj..!. l.r Coiitc

Dr. (icsii. I

do

(iiiirm' Wiinli'iiianii .

Natinoof n\wc-
iiiU'ii.

ChaiiiMfon, S. (J i Dr. (,'. <! iiarc

!• liniila

I.ilthf Sarasotii Hay, Fla. 1«7.'> I'lof. K. It. Mii-k '

New Madrid, .Mo U. Keuuitott i

Al('<di(d!c.

Dc.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.

It

L

■^

f

THE BATRACIIIA OF NORTH AMERICA. 387

PllUimSCID.E.

Cope, Jouru. Ac, Pliila., l!^()7, p. 190.

[. Tcrmin.al phalanges enlarged at extremity :

Pupil horizontal ; tympanum distinct ; toes froo.. Splienophrync Ptrs. & Dor,
Pupil horizontal ; no niembrauum tympaui ; toos slightly wehhed

Scaphiophrijne Boul.

II. Terminal phalanges simple:
A. Pupil erect,

No tympanic disk; toes webbed Mcianohairachus Be' ..

A. tympanic disk ; prefrontals joining each other and the frontoparietals

Hypoimchiin Keferst.

AA, Pupil round.

A. tympanic disk ; prefrontals continuous ; sclerotica oasilied

Stereocyclops Cope.

AAA. Pupil horizontal.

I, Prefrontals fully developed, forming suture with each other and frontoparietals.
Ear p(!rfectly developed ; toe.s webbed ; dorsum covered with a stratum of

glands (jalophrjinHfi Tschudi.

II. Prefrontals small, widely removed from each other and from the frontoparietals:
A. Ear perfectly developed.

Two sharp-edged tubercles on metatarsus; toes little webbed; outer toe

rudi mental ; muzzle simple ...Copea Steind.*

No tubercles on mijtatarhus; toes slightly webbed, outer r'ldinior.tr.l ; muz-
zle simple ; two lobes of tlu^ liver itelopus D. v'^j B,

Tubercles of tarsus rudimeiital; toes slightly webbed, all well developed;
a horizontal ilermal jjroce.ss on extremity of muzzle. /^Ai(io(?er«ia D. &, B.
AA. Ear imperfectly develoix'd.

Toes slightly weblu'd, outer small ; uietatarsus simple ; muzzL- simple; liver

with two lobes Phfj/iiidiiim Martens.

Toes slightly webl)(>d, no cutting metatarsal tubercles or dorsal dermal

shield; three lobes of the liver /'/iri/Hi.WHS Wiegm.

Toes slightly webbed ; no cutting tubercles ; a dorsal osseous dermal shield,
confluent with vertebral apophyses limchncvphaluH Fitz.

Oi'o species of this fainily has been ob.served in North America. The
ili.stribntioii oftiie i^nown sjjecies is as follows : S[>henophr3'ne, 1 species,
New Guinea; Bcapiiiopiiryne, 2 species, Ma(hi}jascar; Melanobatrachus,
1 species, India ; Il.vpopachns, •'< species, iMexico and CVntral America;
Stereocyclops, 1 species, Hra/il ; Calophrynns, 2 species Borneo, I species,
iMadajrascar ; ('opea, 1 species, Brazil ; Atelopns, 1 species, ('entral Amer-
icii ; Phrynidinm, 11 8i)ecies, Soutli America; Rhinoderma, 1 species,
Chili; Pliryniscus, 1 species, South America; Brachycephalus, 1 species,
Brazil ; total, 27.

IIYPOPACHUS Keferstein.

Giittingen Nachrichten, 18(57, p. 'A^t'i; lioulenger, Cat. Batr. Sal. Brit. Mus., ed. ii,

lem, p. 159.

No frontoi)arietal fontanelle. Frontoi)arietal and iirefrontal bone
in contacit, concc^alinj? the ethmoid. No omosternum. No dertno-ossi-

•The sternum of this genus uot having been examined, its position is doubtful.

If.

1 i

M

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i i

K: i.

i\.

388 ]5ulli:tin ai, united states national museum.

(iciitioiis. IViiuiiial plmlaiigcs simple. No vomeriue teetb. Tongue
simple, oval.

Tliiee species ol' this genus are known, tbe rare //. oxyrhinKS and the
//. rariolosus, which, with its subspecies Inguinalis Cope, ranges from
Costa liica to (luateiiiala on tlie east, and Miehoaean on the west. A
new one is now added. The species dill'er as I'ollows:

Head oiic-Kixlli lotal loiij^tli ; toes willi a slmri web; iiu lateral band.

II. rarioJoaiis Cope.

Head Diic-ciulilli total length; toes witlioiil trace ol' well ; heel to liiiiiieriis ; no lat-
eral hand //. ciiinii^ Copo.

"Toes with a sli^iht web; heel to end ot' nmz/le; a blackish lateral band:" Hoiih'i-
ger JI. ouyrhinus lioiil.

IlYrul'AL'Hl'S CUNEUS Cope.
Fl(i. OS. TIiipnpachiiK fiinctis. San lli'Cn, Tox. : }.

Head small; body hirge; lind)s short. JMuz/.ie scarcely longer than
diameter of eye, projecting a little beyond mouth border. A dermal
groove across liead at jjoslerior borders of eyelids, and one from below
l)osterior canthus of eye toslioidder. Aiiotlier across thorax from the
inferior origin ot one humerus to tiie other. Sl;in everywhere smooth.
Tynii)anic drum iin isihh-. When tlieauterior limb is extended the end
of the for iin readies tlu' end of tlie mu/zh'. Tlu^ distal end of the
tarsus rea(!hes the anterior base of the Immerus, and the eiul of the
second toe readies the end of tiie muzzle wiien the hin<l limb is ex-
tended. The third linger is ratiier elongate, and the lengths of the lin-
gers are in order, bej:iiiiiiMg with tlie shortest, l-L'-l-;<, the second and
fourth being eciual. In the posteiior foot the lengtiis are, beginning
with the shortest, l-l'-r)-;)-4, the second and liftli being about ecjual,
and the third a good deal shorter than the fourtii. Tlie palmar tu-
bercles are not very distinct. At the distal end of the tarsus there are
two large, subecpnd, sharp-edged tuberosities. The edge of the internal
is obli<]ue, that ol the external transverse. l>istinet small tuberc^les
under the articulation of the plialangi\s. The femur is almost entirely
inclosed in the integument of the body.

TIh' tongue is large, and forms ati elongate Hatellip-e. The internal
nostrils are anterior, and are a litth^ further apart than the exteiiial
nostrils. The latter ar(> nearly terminal in position.

The color is light brown, or grayish-brown, sometimes tinged with
oliv«% and there is generally a pale median vertdnal line. Tiiere. is a
wide baud on each side of a paler tint, extending from the orbit to near

^

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r

r

"■"i fi 1

h

The uatraciiia of north amhuica. 38 ^J

tlie groin. It is soint'tiini's only iiulicateil by a line of black spucks,
forming a bolder above and below. A pale line from eye to front of
hnmerns. Nnnierons rather large blaek .sjxtts on the groin and nnmer-
ons smaller ones on the po.steiior face of the femm, between which the
color is often dark red. Small black spots on [(osterior faces of tibia and
astragalns, anterior edge of tibia, and posterior edge of linuierns. Digits
with a light spot at each i)halangeal articnlation. Belly yellowish, with
or without a faint course reticulation of a darker color.

Measitrcmcnts.

M.

Lonstli of head and body 0-11

Lt'iiy;th ol' head to rictus oris OOfi

Li'iij;lh to axilla, uxially 015

Loiif^th of fore limb on front (>2'2

Lcn;;tli of toro loot 001).-)

LL'n<;th of hind limb from anus Ollj

LtMij;(h of bind foot UiJ;5

Width of bead at rictus oris 010

Width of extended femora 0151

As compared with the //. oxyrhinns of r.oiilenger (Ann. Mag. Xat.
Hist.. i<SS;i, J). 344), this frog has iimeh sliorrer hind leg-^ and a different
eohnation, as wed as some web between the toes, jndging from Dr.
13onlenger's <les(!rii)tion. The //. o.n/r///;/«.s' comes from western Mexico.
The II. variolosuN is eoiiimon in (,'entral America and sonthern Mexico.

This species has been found thus far only in the neighborhood of
Situ Diego, in Nueces County, in southwesttMii T(>\as. A number of
specimens have been l)rougiit from that locality and been obtained lor
the United States National Museum, by William Taylor.

DENDlt()15ATlD K.*

Cope, Nat. Hist. Hi'v.,lt:Or), anil .lonrn. Ac. Pliila., 1(^07.

i7i//rtj)/('siH/(i' (;iinth.,Cat. Hatr. Sal. I5rit. Mns., l?^.")!) : Mivart, rnHced. Zool.
Soc. Loud.

There are but two genera of this family and they agree in the follow-
ing characrters:

(). o. prefrontalia widely sei)!irated ; ethmoid broad, ossified to ex-
tremity of muzzle; no ptirotoid glands or metatarsal shovel ; lermiinil
phalanges with two divaricate limbs supiiorting dilations ; tongue nar-
row, free, iind entire behind.

They differ as follows :

" Omostcrnnm and stern iim vvitb biniy styles " Mnnii'lhi Iinnl.

Omosternnm wcaK', scniiossilicd ; st<'rnnm cartilajiinouH Dciidrohdli s Wa^;l,

The species of these gt'uera are distributed as follows: Mante!la,4
species, Miidagascar ; Dendrobates, S species. (\Mitral American, Colom-
bian, iuid Draziliau regions of Neotropical realm.

" riatc 74.

I I

t:

I

i

I 1

390 BULLETIN III, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSKUM.

COrnYLIDyE.
But two {jenera are known, as follows :

Ti])s of i'lij^iTH iiiid toes dilated ; sterniini small f'ophi/Ia Boettg,

Tips of fmyers and toes acute; stermiiu larj^e VUvynovava Petrrs.

There is but one species of each of these genera and they inhabit
Madagascar.

dyscopeidj:.

Boulcuger, Cat, Batr. Sal. Brit. Mus,, od. ii, 1882, p. 179.

The genera of this family are as follows: The defluitious are taken
from Boulenger, /. c, p. 47.3.

I. Pupil vertical.

V^omeriiio toeth in loug series ; ateruum very largo ; fiugors and toes, tips not di-
lated DjiNCOjihuK (iraiid.

Vomerine teeth in linig series ; stcrriuni small ; fingers and toes, tips not dilated
Cttlliiillii Stoliczka.

Vomerine teetb in long series; sternum small; lingers and toes, tips dilated

l'lctlio(iuHlolii/la Blgr.

II. Pupil horizontal.

Vomerine teeth in two small groui)H; sternum small ; tips of fuigers and toes di-
lated /'/nO/;)(7i.-t* Hlgr.

The species are distributed as follows : I^vscophus, two specii's, IMada-
gascar; Calluella, one .species. Farther India; Plethodontohyla, three
species, Madagascar; Platypelis, two species, Madagascar.

COLOSTETllID.E.

Cope, Journ. Ac. I'hila., 18()7, lll()-U»7.

But cue genus of this family is known, which is defined .is follows :

Crauinni fully develo|»ed ; ethmoid plate hroadly ossitied to end mii/,/.le, separating
the narrow prefrontals; terminal plnlanges with transverse limit supporting
digital dilatations; no vomerine teeth or metatarsal tuhercles; tongue cylindrie,
free behind CohmlvHi its Cope.

The only known species of this genus, Colostethus latinasiisCoin', be-
longs to the Columbian region of the Neotro[)ical realm.

KANID.E.

Itani(hv, part., Cy8tignathid(r, part., Poliipcdnlida; llylodiiUr, part., Giinth., Cat. Batr.

.Sal.
Hanidw Cope, Nat. Hist. IJev., 18<i,'> ; Boulenger, Cat. Batr. Sal. Brit. Mus., 1882, p. ;t.
rolypedulidw, vart.,and llaiiida, part., .Mivart, Proceed. Zool. ,Soe., I8(li).

U|)per.i -tW toothed ; diapoi)hyKes of sacral vertebra not or but very
slightly dilated.

* Mantipiin Peters, 188;$, is the same.

< .i

r.

m

r>

r.

THE BATRACIIIA OV NORTH AMERICA. 391,

The ineiubers of tbi.s family show no great dillereiicoin the structiuo
of the sternal apparatus. The i)recoraeoi(ls are always present, their
axis being parallel with that of the coracoids, and their distal extrem-
ity resting upon that of the latter. The precoracoids are much weaker
than the coracoids. In most genera an omosternum and a sternum are
well developed, and furnished with a bony style. In Oxyglossns, Ily-
lixalus, and Prostherapis the sternum lacks the bony style, and so does
also the omosternum in Nanuophrys and Phyllodromus.

The vertebra' are proccelous. The urostyle is attached to two con-
dyles. There are no ribs.

A frontoparietal fontanelle is constantly absent.

The distal phalanges may bo simple, pointed, or subtriangular, T-
shaped, Y shaped, or even claw-shaped (Ilylambates), the latter struct-
ure being met with elsewhere in the Hylidie, Amphignarhodontida', and
llemiphractidie only.

^lembers of the Kani«he existe<l during the Miocene ])eriod. Th<' re-
mains of BiDui merimii * indicate a species as large as R. eHciiIcntn. h'aiia
noe{j(ierathi, also from the liraunkohle near Bonn, was a small specics)
of which I have not been able to learu the form of the sternum. If
the species was not a Kana, it did not belong to any other (existing ge-
nus of the family. The genus Asphieritint (found in the Oeningen
bed) possessed a humerus without termi'^al condyle. This may be the
result of accident to the skeleton.

The skeletiil nuHlitications iu this family are those of the ethmoid and
prefrontal bones and of the posterior extremity.

The genera of the lianidie are as follows :

I. Extunial iiietatarHals buuud together ; ouiosteruuui and sturimm both without

OSSC0U8 style.
Pupil vertical ; tongue einargiuato ; vomerine teeth ; toes free

XaiDiobatrachus Blgr.

Pupil horizoutiil ; tongue eniarginatc ; vomerine teeth ; toes frec^

XaniiDjthriifi Gthr.

II. External metatarsi bound ; omosternum with style ; sternum without style.

Pupil horizontal; tongue heart-shaped; no vomerine teelh ; toes wcbln-d,

tips with disk Ilyluuliis Esp.

Pupil horizontal; tongue entire; no vonu-riue teeth; toes free; tips witu

disks 1'rontlicrtiiiin Co\}ti,

Like Prostherapis, l>ut the tongue enuirginate (Blgr.) I'liiillohaltx t IJibr.

III. External metatarsi bound together; ouiosteruum without, sternum with, os-
seous style.
Pupil horizontal; tongue entire ; no vomerine teeth; toes free ; tips with

disks I'hijUodromus Esp.

* Von Meyer, Paheontographica, III, p. 127.

t l. rviisaii Von Meyer, I. c, II., p. (Jnt.

tTliis genus, which I placed provisionally in the Uystignathidao, not having seen
the sternum, belongs here according to Houlenger, The uauiu must be, therefore,
erased from the table ou page 313.

■ I

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392 BULLETIN 31, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

IV. External inctatarsi bound ; oiuosteniuin ami storiimn with o.ssooiis stylo.
o. 'I'orniiiiai plialani^cs ball and (daw; ;in inttM'calati'il penultimate phalange.

rui)il vertical; toiignu oinarginato; vonierino teeth; tips oC digits di-
lated Jli/lambalin Dnm.

eta. Terminal phalanges Hiniplo,
/3. An inten-aljitcd }>ennltimato phalange.

I'npil veiti(^al ; tongue heart-shaped ; vomerine teeth ; fingers and toes free

or nearly so Cdasiiia Gird.

P,i. No intercalated i)halange.

Pupil horizontal; tongue heart-shaped; vomerine teeth none; toes nearly

free Arthrolepth Smith.

acta. Terminal phalanges bifurcate.

(i. An intercalated ponnltiniate i)lialange.

Pupil horizontal ; tongne heart-shaped ; no vomerine teeth ; fingers and toes

more or le>s webbed lljUK'niliiis'' Kapp.

Characters of Ily perolius, but pupil vertical MhjhUxhUih (Jtlir.

Pii. No intercalated ]ihalange.

Pupil horizontal; tongue <uiiarginate; vomerine te'eth ; lingers and toes free

or nearly so I'liruufvr Tseh.

V. External metatarsi separated by wvh ; omosternum and sternum with osseous
style,
a. No intercalated phaiiinge.

Pupil vertical; tongne (.'uiarginate; vomerine teeth ; toes webbed

Xijctihdirar.h us HIgr.

Pupil horizontal ; tongue emarginate ; no vomerine teeth; toes webbed

Uetero(jloiimi\ Hallow.

Pupil horizontal: tongue emarginate.; vomerine teetli ; lingers free; toes

webbed ; ethmoid bono osseous above liana Linn.

Pupil horizontal; tongue, emarginate; vomerine teeth; fingers frei^ ; toes

wtdibed ; e.hinoid boncf cartilaginous above liaiiiihi Pet.

Pupil horizontal, tongue emarginate, no vomerine teeth; ends of digits en-
larged ilivrixuJun IJIgr.

aa. All intercalated penultimate phalange.

Characters of Kana, but lingers more or less webbed ; ends of digits en-
larged Rhavophorm Kuhl.

Characters of Rhacophorus, but two inner lingers opposite the two outer

Chiromaiitix Tut.

Pupil horizontal ; tongue (uiiarginate; no vomerine teeth ; ends of digits en-
larged IsaJuH D. it H.

Like Ixalus, but pupil vertical Ni/ctixabiK Hlgr.

VI. External metatarsals separated by a web; sternum without long style; omo-
sternum with one.
Pupil horizontal ; tongue entire posteriorly ; vomerine teeth none

(h'lifiloHUHS Tseh.

* Rappia (Jtlir., but stilliciently distinct from IljiinritUa (Jray.

t /'/ir(//io6afcac/t«« Giiiith. ; Stciwrhynchun Smith ; LvplopariuH Peters ; ? Slaiiroin Cojio.

4

■K

J

"1 «

\ '.i

'"

THE liATUACHIA OF NORTH AMEKICA.

393

It will be readily .seen by the Ibllowiiig table that the geographical
distribution of this family is almost entirely in the Old World :

Uealms.

Austra-
lian.

Neotrop-
ical.

Nearctic.

Etbiopkiu.

Puloiarctiv.

Palirotrop-
icul.

1

2

lUliviilus

2
4
5

1

1

IMivllolmti'H

1

11
2

H
22
"l

II Vl>''i'*'liurt

AIt'i£iili\<iluti

("tH'lllll'l*!'

2

7

2

JIl^tt'l'OUldHrtll

3
34

o

13

11

49

4

5

3

25

MirrixaliiH

r,

I^aliis

■

20

OwiiloftSUH

3

Total

4

10

ll!

95

11 111

The only genns of the Nearctic fauna is, then, Eaua.

KANA Liuu.

S.VHtenia Niitnr;i> x, p. HiVl, pars; AVajjler Syst. Aiiiph., IHSO. p. 203; Giiutb.,
Cat. IJatr. .Sal., p. 8; Cope, Nat. Hi.st. Rev., Ic.").''), p. 117.

//(//arnim Tachndi, /. c, p. 78; Giiiitli., /. c, p. 71; ; Cope, /. c.

rohipcddtin, up., Tsclmdi, /. c, ]>. 7;{; Giiiitb., I. c, p. 77.

Stionmilopim Tsclmdi, /. c, p. 71).

I'lixiiephdliin 'I'hi'uhiuli, /. v., p. f'^i; Copo, I. c.

I'yjicvphaliis, sp., Dnui. A IJilir., /. c, p. 442.

LiiniodjilcH Diiiii & Hilir., 1. c, 510.

I'lloithyhu Fitziiiff. !Syst., Ri'pt., I., p. 31.

Tomopienna (Bilir.) (iiintli., /. c, p. 7.

f<pli(initlicca (Jiiiilh., /. v., p. 20.

l>il■l■o[|loKnli^^^ Ellin. I'roci'iHl. Zool. Soc, lri()0, p. 158.

Ilvjilohnliachiix Potcis Moil. Hcrl. Ac, 180:?, p. 44".); Cope, 1. c.

Tachiihnlmrhun (iioii KclVrstcin), Mivart, I'loc. Zool. Sue, 1868, p. 559.

CHiinliirmix Mivart, ihitl., liUVJ, j>. 'i'iT.

Mitlliduia Hii"";;cr, AUliaiidl. Sciiek. lies., XII, 1881, p. 417.

Oiiiosteriium with osseous style; no frontoparietal fontanelle; eth-
nioitl bone ossilie«l above ; vestibule of the ear funetional ; Eustachian
tubes open; vomerine teeth present; tongue with two i)osteriorcornua;
fingers free; toes webbed ; ossiflcation of skull not penetrating the skiu,
which is therefore free.

This genus contains, according to the latest enumeraticui (that of
Mr. Boulenger,) one hundred and eight species, which belong mostly to
the Old World. The family of Itanidte, indeed, is only represented in
the \Vesteru Homisphere by four other geuera, of the Neotropical realm,

i

II

It

I !

I
I

394 BULLLITIN :!l, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

whicb incliuU's but Nixtei'ii species. In tlie Old World the ;;('.iiis Riimi
occuis everywhere exeeptinj;^ in the Australian realm, with the excep-
tion of a single species in north Australia, and two in >i'ew Guinea.
The h'aiKt pajma Loss, is found in New (Ininea and on the noilliern
peninsula (Cape York) of Australia. Otheiwise the hatrachian fauna
of Australia is arciferous. Its absence from South Amtiica is absolut*',
and tiie oiil.v genus which is nearly related to it, Rainila I'et., has but
four species.

The relations of the prefrontal and ethmoid bones are very various in
this genus, lurnishing us with illustrations t»f most of the types found
throughout the order, which are usually characteristic of higher groups.
The names of the fauna' in the accompanying tattle refer to the species
of IJanidie as given in the second column.

A coincidence between the coiulition of these itrefrontal bones and
the regions inhabited hy the sjtecies is evident, as well as a certain suc-
cession in the hitter: Neotroiiical lirst, Paheotroitical last.

KiinidiL', Groui) IV

Gi'ograpliicitl (imtiiliU'
tiitii.

. rrcliiinlals lyin^ along
caiilliiiM IKS I la 1 i h,
Ni>|iaiMtr(l liy illiiiloid
tliiiiii;;li<>iit,
n. KlliiiHpiil c arlila'iinniis.
aa. Ktliiiioiil iiiojn tiii;i a
sliiii't ilislan<'<> lirvdiiil
Ir iiiKiiiaiiftals.

naa. Ktlitnuiil pri>cluii il far
l)el\V(;iii piiliiiiital.s.

Other nioups.

I'diiuln

li'tiiia ii.riirliiiitclKt , Souili 1:

Uftfi-iuihitinif I'iU'tttti . . . I'ala'dt

N. 'h lli/liiiiiiiii (vim 11};) ill)

A'. ( U. I liiiiltiliarica ilii

Ii'iiiiii fimdndi Scnilli I

( S. ij. Jlj/laiaiiii, in (jcii I'alauli
j a. IJ. A fiioldim , . do

':tliiii|>iaii
pical. . ..

li. I'refrontals siiliti'ian;;iilar, liunu li'nijxirnriit ... I'ala'otnipical and Ni'

not iiiiili'd liy Hiitiiri! aictif.

iiiriliall\ . oi' ill run 1{. I'Ki-iitcnta Pala'arctic

tai't Willi triiTiliiparir- Jt, rii-fgciiis Xi>ai'ctic.

tul. h'. l-.tllllllllt do

/i'. f'ftft' hitinn ■ do

h'. I'liaiiiijihhiiliK. ^\mi . I'alaotrnpical Alpliu'

C. I'rpf'onlalM nioio or liss lli tfiualiinKii iiatiilen- South Kthiopian

iiiiitrd hv siiiiiic nil di- .w'v.

ally, iiiit liiiii'hiiii: h'liiiii/nsclijtiln ,| do

ri'iiiitopaiii'lals.

Ihi,i-ii,iliis-.a a/rlcniia

liiiiKt i.i'i'iy/iYiiii.v Klliio])ian

li. ;lf(l'-ttis do

Ii. fi'iriiui . .. ... Pidii'otropii'iil

/i'. r!)i(iiiiiilihiclin do

KiifffigloinittiF. (ir. II.

lllllill'V (lllDSl),

('fixliliiialliidit'. Or. II.
I>i'iitit,liiitid(i:
i'fiiiliijiliii/ii.
A(';l"J//l)l/».

C!i»tignathu$,

D. I'l'driiiital iiiiilcd li\ su-
tiiic. and ini'"r or less
ronipli'trly in rnntacl
with (rontopaiiilals.

/i'. (jriiiiiiiriiH i do ,

l{. Iiixii'liti-tiihi i do

ti. nirniiiiild ! do .

1\'. eliiviiliif'jii I do

Oxyiilusbim lima I do

Scytoint,

K)i;l!l,ttiiiiii(Ia; (Jr. I.
Jltit'i'iiiihr.

Vi/sliijiinlliuhe, Gr. I
and IV.

The North American Kaiiu' belong apparently to thirteen species.
Three of these present us with six subspecies additional to their typ-
ical forms, whose distinctive characters approach those of species. Two
of the si)ecies of the West Coast are not distinguishable, excepting as
subsi>ecies, from two of the Pahearctic realm, which rauge from Eu-

THE n.\TRACIIIA OF NORTH AMERICA.

395

rope eastwards to tlie Sierra Nevada or to the Rocky Mountains. In
this j-enns is repeated the plienonienon observable elsewhere, that
the species of the Atlanti*! Coast region are more ditlerent from tbose
of the Old World than are those of the Pacific coast.

The longitudina' dorsal iid;,'esc(Mistitulea peculiar featun' not found
in any of the other j;enera of Ilatraithia Salientia of the United States.
They exist ill most of the species, with tiie exception of It. catcsblana
and l\. monte:ii)uac. Sometimes the skin above is perfectly smooth,
sometimes roughened by tubercles; the same species will occasionally
present both extremes under different cir<!umstan(;es. Tlu; vocal sacs —
one on each side of the throat — are, when inflated, visible externally
in /»'. rirescens, areohita, and moiitczuiiKi' ; i)ossibly in others. Tiie
amount of web!)ing between the toes varies from the fullest condition
in />'. cdtcshiaita, scptcntrionaUn, and boijlii, to the half webbing of li.
arcolala.

The distinctive characters of the sjjecies are derived from the com
])arative bidk of the body or limbs ; the presence or absence of dorsal
ridges ; the comparative length of fore arm and hand ; of femur, tibia,
foot, and body; the amount of weltbiiig between the toes; the compara-
tive length of the third and fifth toes (the fourth being always longest);
the shape of the tongue; the position of the vomerine teeth ; the size of
eye and tympanum, etc. The colors ma.\ present dark blot(;hes, areo-
lated or not, reticulations or marmoratioiis on a light ground, or light
sinuations or sj»ots on a dark ground. Many species Iiave a light line
along the .jaw, which begins distinctly either at the nostrils or under
theeye. Those in which this line is wanting are E.cafenbiand^monfezunKC,
areolatii, scpfenfrionalis, Idi/JH, and some vaiieties of clainata. Speci
mens vary much, even of t he saiiu' species, with latitude and external cir-
cumstances. As a general lule, those from the north are larger, darker,
ami more pustular, so much so, that for li. cideshiaiut, patustris. cin'scens,
and chnnafa it is <piite easy to establish two or three different races,
some of them even raised to the rank of distinct s[)ecies. As, however,
all intermediate stages may be detected on a close examination ot many
specimens from the same locality, alrliuugh a general adherence to the
tyiK- is preserved, it becomes imi>ossible to assent to the retention of
several long-established species.

The following tabular analysis gives in a synoptical form the most
salient features of the different species. It is, however, impossible here,
as elsewhere, to indicate characters which shall apply with mathemat-
ical accuracy to all s))eciinens of the same species. The dimensions,
pro|)ortions, color, and other characters may vary to a considerable ex-
tent, and it is only by striking the balance of all the features of a spe-
cies that we cau detcrmiuo its true position.

■E'HI

1 j
is

'I

I ill

]'• i

39G lUiiJ.KTiN ;u, rxiTKi) .statko national MrSKUM,

I. lli;i'l of cxtfiidiMl liiiiil liiiil) ii'atliin^^ Icmr licvoi d rxtrniiity of imi//.li'; vomcriiio
t<>i>tli fiilirrly lii-t\v<M'ii I'lioiinii'. (No lilack <'ar-|ialcll.)

Dorsal (It'iitiiil |ili('ir timi, usually iiumi' than two Itcl ween tli" lateral oiioh;

spotH usually siiiallfr, riniiult'il ; males witli vocal sues A', rinbccns,

II. Ileol of cxtemled liiiid liiiil) not reaeliliifj end of nin/./lo ; voiiieriiie teetli lietweeii,
l»nt projeetinj; itosterior lo posterior Itoider of (dioana'. (No black ear-
pateli.)
n. Mules witli an external voeal vesicle,

A dorsolateral deiinai fold, witli olliers lietweiiii ; tlirce phal<tii){eH of fourth
toe free from wel); lejjs cross liarnd I!, ttvinlata.

Dorsolateral fold only; two ]diulan^ies of fourth too freti from wed); lictd
scarcely reacliitiK lynipanntn, wliieli is nearly as larjje aseyc ; brown, with

HTuall ^ray (or in life irieen) spots 11. moulcznnuv,

oa\. No external vocal sacs in males.

Four dernnil dorsal ridges; two plialunnes of fonrtb toe free; colors pale
with rows t)f lai'ne <| ""<''" l*^ lirowii spots li. inilimli in.

Dermal fold, si/e ot' tympaniini, and extent of widi variable; lenj;tli not ex-
ceeding <> c(nlimeteis; larj;e dark spots on liack I', n<iil(iiliiinittHii.

A «lor8oluteral dermal told; web Icavin;; t wo phalaii^eH of I'onilb loi< free.
?io dorsal spots ; size not exceed in;; H centimeters J!, i hdiKtta;

No dorsolateral dermal fold; \\i'\> i/i i.iritHii leaving one phalange of fourth
digit free ; length reaching 'M centimi'ti;is Ji, vtitoibidna.

III. Ileol not reaching end of mn/zle ; vomerim- teeth behind choaiue. (A black cur-

patch.)

Usually two phalangesof fourth digit free; inteinal cuneiform tubercle small
J{. Itmpotaria.

Usually three |»haluiiges <>{' fourth digit free; iiiteriuil cuneiform tubercle
Inrgu uiul prominent ; middle of buck rurely Hpottcd ; small, si/e .''> centi-
meters //. riiiildhrigi Hhi/i,

IV. Heel reaching or exceeding end of iiiuzzle, vomeriiio toeth behind chounu'. (A

black ear patch.)
• oc. Tympanic disk distinct.

Head short, obtuse, entering h-ngth ;{.5 times; third phalange of fourth too
bordered by web and last two free; cross-bands of tibia imperfect or
very few, dorsal spots small (in Ainei ican subspecicis) A'. (Kjilin,

Head obtu.se, entering length about three times; palmatioii 1 <iyring pe-
nnltimat(> phalange, leaving the last one free; dorsal spots liirge ; size
large, reaching I'i centimeters A', (tidnloni.

Head acute, three times in length; back without largo spots; wt!b borthir-
ing uiitepenultimate phulauge, leaving two (reo; small, length ."> centi-
meters It. nilra lica.

aax. Tympanic disk conceabd.

Head obtuse; p.itmation extending to base of last phalange; skrii thick,
glandular; size small J{, boylii.

It may be seen from the above table that the species of Kaiia found
ill North Ameiica are (;lo.sely related, and that their discrimination re-
quires clo.se attention. More or less numerous exceptions to the dcflui-
tive chariicters above given exist, and increase the difficulty of distin-
guishiiij; ihem. Thus the hind legs of the liana palmtris are of variable
lengths, iibout half the specimens Iniving them long, as in //. riresccns.
In the latter, the vomerine teeth in the subsi»ecics Hriu-hycephala fVe-
quently are placed a little posteriorly, as in the Ji. palmtrh. The latter
again sometimes has four dorsal ridges, as in R. virencens. Sometimes

niV. UATUACIIIA or NOUTII AMKKIC'A.

397

the vomoriiie teeth in liana teiiiporaria itnfiosa iiro not apiniMiiably
iiiorc posti'rior in position tiian in h'aiia scpttnhionalis, in wiiicii case
tlio spi'cirs api>r()acli cacli oilier xciy eiosely. The Hand scptcntrionaliH
violati'S tiie (;Iiaiaeter.s wliieh (li.slin;;ni.sli the li. clamata and R. cutes
h'utua IVoin eaeii otiiei', ami "-ouhl alVoid aitoniph'fe eonnection between
tliein were it notfi.rit-i inlc rior size; l>nt even tiiis point does not in.
vai'ialtly hoM f;<><"l> '^^ 'i '''\^ sin-eiincns of R. cltnnata tlo not exceed it
in tliuiensions, Tliree specriiiiens liave heen found which rehire very
eiosely tlie R. sili'atica und U. ranlahrificnsifi^twty of whieli are referred
to llio foruu'r and one to I lie latter specMes on o'her characters, which
are not nnnierons. A snbspeeies latireiiiis of R. cantabrUjensh, froai
Alaska, approaches the R. temporaria in its wide palniation ; and there
is a specimen (".)l'J(l) which is (piite intermediate between the R. agilis
and the/i'. (hai/toni. The chain of allinities indicated by these intenne-
diuto specimens may be sketched as follows:

Hrpionfrioniilis.'

Ti'mjjpr!mii pn'tiosa.
Canta1)ri(;('iiNi.s.

SUvatic

Those series are not probably };eneti(% as some of the species have
been nu>st likely derived troiii the Old Woild, The R. ficptentrionalis,
however, may lie very j)robal)ly ancestral to the forms of the (Jates-
biana series, and perhaps of others.

The species of Kaiia are well protected from enemies by an extremely
aciid secretion of the skin. An animal of nuich snperticial sensitivci-
iicss is not likely to take a tVojj: into the month a second time. Do-
iiiesticated doj^s and cats avoid them, but snakes evidently have no such
scruiiles against feeding on them.

KANA VIHESCEXS Kalm.*

Rosa til Nnrra AmcMicii, iii. l''t)l, ]>. 41! : SchrobiT, iIim- Nutiirforscher, xviii,
1782, p. H.') ; I'l. IV. (tai'iii.iii, Uiiil. lOssi-x: Inst., xvi, p. 11.

liciui iidliriiin " Kiilm," Schrclur, /. t'., ncchdlmii : Diuiilii) (Ktiliii), Hist. Nut., Uoptil.,
VIII (1S0:{), l-.i2,4:W; i U. llist. Nat. Kiiiii.,i't<-. (180:{\ (i;? ; Harlan. Sillim. Aiiier.
Jour. Sci., x (Ir'-Jo), 1>. 1. ; .Iinini. Ac. ^ar.!^'.•i. I'liila., v (l-^-JT), :i;i7; 1 li. Med.
and I'liyw. Ki'i>t.(lf;;{r)), 10-,'--Jv!4 ; .Sloicr. Kciit. Ma^s. IJcpi:!. (l-^:{lt), -2:57 ; Ilolb., N.
Ani.T. lliip., l8t cil., I (Hliti), 81»,xiii; L l).-i(l »•«!, iv (IsJJ), Dl, xci ; Dmn. «&
iJil)r.,Erp. (Jon., VIII (1-<41), :!.Vi; TliDinpson, Nat. Hist. Vt. (lS4-.>), 120 ; Do Kay,
N. Y. Zool., Ill J842), XX, tig. 49; Flalli.w., rrocccd. Ac. Pliila. (ISo)!), 111.

/i'((»(i iniiKttim (water iVoy), Catcwliy, (-'arcil.. II (174:i). 70; Klein, Quadruped, p. 119.

Jiduit itipiiiii Gni., eil. I., .Syst. Nat. (17-''\ lO.Vi, 2'^; lionnaterre, Eneyclop. Meth.
Eipel.('17.-''.t), .5, IX, lig. 2; Sebueider, Hist. Aiiipli. fase, I (171)1)), 15:5; Shaw.Gon.
Ziu)!., iiirAni(pli.(H02\ KT).

Rana ntiiciil'iriit Harlan, Sillirn. .Joiirn., x (1825), (JO; Jonrn. Ac. Nat. Sc.,V (1827),
■ 337; 111. Med. and Thys. Kept. (1835), 102, 223.

Plates 50, ligs. 1, 2; 51, tigs. 1, 9.

I t

m

■■■■I I

rv

'

1

.• _ 1.

;!

■t

i;i

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-;. ,

1

1

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Z^^LLl

I

1.^

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i !

398 UULLUTIN 31, UNJTKD «TATi:8 NAllOiNAL .MU«liUM.

liana r('/\/;(H/((H(i Lniii., Syn. Rcpt., p. HI.

liana jKilusiri. (iiK'^riii, Icoiioj;!-. Iicpl., Pl/Jfi, fig. 1.

Iliiiia oxiirhiihchuH Mallow., I'loccrd. Ac. I'liilii. (IS.'iC), p. 115.

Uana lialuiidiiri Ualid, II. S. .\Ii'x. IJoiiml. .*^iirv., IJopl., p. 'J7, IM. ;$(!, ilg. 7-10.

Voiiioriiioi teeth in two seiircel.v ui>lit|iie jiioups between tlie elioaiiro.
Head iiitxleiate; snout ratlu-r pointed; inteioiitital si)a(!e liaU'a.s broad
as the upper eyelid; tympanum distinet, nearly as larjje as tlie eye.
Fin;jfer.s nu)derate, llrstextendiu};' beyond seeond; toes not quite webbed
to the end ; snl>artienlar tid)ereles of" linfjeis .and toes well developed;
inner metatarsal tubercle very small, blunt ; no outer one, Tin' hind
limb being carried forward along the bodv, tin.' tibio taisal artienhi-
tion reaches nearly the tip of the snout. A prominent, inirrow, gland-
ular lateral told. Olive or grayish-brown, »'lianging to green, above,
with regular oval or roundeil, medium-sized, daik brown, light edged
spots; legs ero.ssbarred ; beiu'ath imnnu'idate. Male with two gen-
erally well-developed voeal sacs. North ami Cei.tral Anu'rica.

There are ft)ur subspecies of the liana ririNccus, which i)ass into each
other by occasional internu'diate specimens. They dilfer as Adlows:

Head cntiTiiiK length of licail ami Ixidy 1 wo ami a liaif or less I lian tliieiv tiiiu's ; iiufU'H
with iNtt'i'iiai vt'siclt'H; iiiii//l(^ iiioii' aciimiiiatr ; no cidss-liais on tiliia; Npots
Hnialler Jl. r. KjilniiocrplKila.

Head entering length of head and tiody two and a half to nearly three tiines ; no ex-
ternal MX'al \('sieh's; niu//le more or le.-<s aeiimiiiate; siidts less distinct; tihiit
generally ernss-liarreil; no longitndiniil hand in front of temiir. . . A", r. nuHtricola.

Ilc.id ncunMiiate hnt shorter, entering the length three times; males with externiil
vocul vesicles; iipots smaller, nit si di -' iiictly yellow 'K>nlere<l; cross-hars of
tlhiii generally interrupted; a longii luliiial hand on the front of the lliigli.
A', r. rircHci iia,

HeadHhortiir and inoro obtuse, entering the length threes iiud a half times; males witlj-
oiit or with rndimeiital external xucat vesicles; dorsal spots larg<'r, withdy yellow
bordored ; tibial eross-hamls <'omplete ; no longitudinal hand on the fionl of tliu
thigh II. V. hvavliycviihala.

The last-named subspecies is the oiu' I called li.v. bcrlanderi, hwt it
turns out that the typitial si)eciinens » ' that species belong to the sub-
species Virescens. The hitter is tlni liana iitricularia of Harlan, but it
is also the true R. viresecnn of Jvalm.

The characters which distinguish the id)ove snbsi)ecies iire not with-
out excei)tions. Some si)eciinens (No. i;!,'}?-) from Wheatland, Ind.,
are intermediate in the length of the head between the longer and
shorter forms. Qnitt; trustworthy is the non-barring of the tibia in
separating the /i*. /•. sphenovephala, but it is less constant in the R. v.
virescens. Thus in the K. r. vin'svens two specimens (.'5131) from Saint
Louis, Mo , aiul one (">t'J!)) from (irand Detour, 111., have two complete
tibial cross-bars, and No. .'>;}().'{ has three; No. lOOtG has only one. In
the R. r. brarln/cephala tliere tire two or thiei! siitdi bars, but in the fol-
lowing specimens there is but one complete, or all iwo inteirupted: Nos.
4794, 34'i7, .3418, IMMJS, 849!), 1 1!)J»). The spots are siniiller, and like the

THK HATRACMIi.V OF NORTIF AMERICA.

399

liirjjcr spotted Viroswiis in H.lOl, 3295, 1)317, luid 3320. In 4.")JH, from
Mi'xico, tlio iios(! is iiciitc as in It, r, rircscenH.

This sjH'cies lins tlio widest laiij^e of any North Aiacricaii I'm;;. It is
r.Miiid from the Atlantic coast to the Wicna Nevada Mountains, and
IroMi Athabasca Lalve, in the north, to (xuateniahi inclusive to the south.
It does not 0(H;ur on the I'ai.iiic coast. The (^oniinon .Mexican form A'.
r. <(i(slricohi (!ope has bi'eii misnamed A'. Iccoiiiri liy most modern writ-
ers. The latter name belongs to the A'. dniijUini.

Ml'. (Jarnian has Ml the Inilletin of the l-'ssex Inslitute called atten-
tion to the fact that the name K. halccina, l)y which this Ki»ecies is gen-
erally known, which is supposed to have; been ;;iven by Kalni, does not
occur ill the wiitiiigsof that author, who really calls it A', rirescviis. In
a letter to nie he slates the case as follows, lie beyius with a (luotation
from Kalm :

111! K('!*;i til Norni A ncricii, iii, ITlSl, |i. ((!. Dcras I'lir;; ar .sinnt.sii; {jrrtn, wtriiild liiir
ocli (lar iiii'il l>riiii,iklij{a Ihifkiir. • » »

Ddtiiiilt' kiniiia liailiis : Ifaiiii vircsr.'iis i)]antis ((^tradactylitj li.ssin, italiuix pentiv-
(liiutyliH HOiiiipaliiiiitii, iiiaculii (it'pre.ssa fiisca pniic ooiiliiiii.

The para^'raph from which the above is (juoted begins with '* Sill-
liilppetassor kallades har af deSvenskaen art af yrodor,''i'tc. The name
liana lu'lecina <loes not occur in the text. The lirst appearance of this
name that occurs tome is in '• Der Naturforscher," xvill, 1782, p. 185.

Sclireber here figures the species, on Plate iv, so well, llierecau be no
mistake. II. • refers to the synonymy as follows:

Dor Pipfroscli, li'mia ;>i/>i(»v, S. Tal), iv. h'niKi (Kjiiaticd. Catt'sb., C'arolin.,'i, p.
7(1. lab. TO. Ki.KiN., (Jiindiiii)., \i. 1 Hi.

KaiiiV viirHociiM, i)lanlis (iniiss licisst'ii : paliiiis) trtradactyli.s lis.sis, paliiiis (iimss
lit'lsMcii : plaiiiis), pt'iitadai'tylis .scmipaliiiatis; niaciiia dcpro.s.'ia t'linca ixme ocuiinii.
Kalm Hcsa til Xorra. America, lorn. :t, />. '111.

liana hah'cina, Sill-hoppcfossor, Kalm, /. c, ]). ■•'>.

Where Sclireber yets his h'an(( halccina from Kalm, I do not know.
It isnot in tlu^ Ivcsa of llaile, 17.").{-I7(il. We do not lind it in the
translation by Forster, 1772, in ICnyiish. I'ossibly it may occur in the
translation by Murray, '•'Utingen, 1754-'0-t, Beschreibuiig der Ucise,
etc,, which is not at ham.

I

' '.\

J

,

1

■ I

', I

i

i ;

1

.1

•I

1

I

Eana rircscens sphcnoccphaln Cope.

Rana oryyln/nrha Hallow. I'loccod. Ac. I'liila. (K>ti), p. It.'. Not of Sniidiivall.

The typical forms of this species come from Georgia ami Florida.
These look like ji different species from that which is found throughout
the interior of the continent, and represent the R.oxyrhynchaoi' llul-
lowell. I des(!ribe a specimen from the former State.

Viewed from above, the muz/do is elongate and acuminate, and the
narrow apex is rounded and i)r()jects well beyond the lower jaw. The
nostril is at a point half-way between it and the anterior border of
the orbit. The canthus rostrales are well within the plane of the lips,

il

' (

n

^11

I

ill

400 BULLETIN 31, UNITED STATES NAIIONAL MUSEUM.

and are nearly parallel. The iiitororbital spaco is coiisidt'rably nar-
rower than the width of a superior eyelid. Tin^ tynipani(! dislv is round
and is a little larger than the eye. Tiie vo'nerine teetii form tran.sverso
patches entirely between the ehoana?; that is, their posterior edj^esdo
not reach tlu^ line conneetinj^ the posterior borders of tiie choaniu.
The ostia«pharyngea are considerably smaller than the choanal

The first is considerably longer than tiie se^'ond linger and ecpiuij
the fourth. The heel reaches eight or ten millimeters beyond the end
of the nose. The palmation is rather narrow and leaves three phalan-
ges of the fourth toe free. The internal eiineirorm tubercle is small,
but is prominent, and has an aiaite edge. No external tubercle.

Between thedorsttlateral dermal folds there are."*: thedursal region,
four thin dorsal plica'. i)n the pelvi(! region the external two are rn
dimental, while the middle pair are distinct, and near togetiier or on
each side of the urostyle.

In this specimen the dorsal spots are suboval, are rather large, and
are not yellow bordered. The dorsolateral fold is yellowisli-browu, and
there is a series of brown spots of irregular size, but smaller than the
dorsals, just exterior to it. JJelow these the sides becunne yellowish, like
the belly, and have small brown spots. Adark-brown band extends from
the nostril to the orbit, and is (!ontinued from the latter round the poste-
rior border of the tympanic disk. A similar baud extends from the infe-

6

7
Flii. l)!i. liana vlntrcns hiiltcii'iciphitla. Nii. ll!)iri. NusUvillo, (in. ; }.

rior edge of the orbit to the lower edge of the eai' drum. The lips are
brown, with small yellowish spots, and the superior brown is bounded
above by a narrow yellow line, which commences beiow the front of the
orbit and continues below the tympanic; drum to above the posterior
edge of the humerus. Uelow, everywhere light yellowish, unsputted.
Posterior faces of Icmora brown, with paler coarse vermiculations.
Femur with tlireo brown spots above, and a longitudinal brown band

%

Ci

THE BATRACIIIA OF NOUril AMERICA..

401

connecting the extonial witli tlio groin luitciioily. Tliis band is not
present in all of tlie individuals of this form. Four brown spots on the
anterior and on the posterior edges of the tibia, leaving the greater part
of the «|)i)er surface uniform light brown. Two brown spots on the
tarsus and two on the external metatarsus. A brown band on the hu-
merus covering tlie elbow, one spot on the back and one on the front
part of the forearm.

ileasunmvnt'i of 2so, 11U16.

31.

LfiiijUi "f lioinl .'111(1 body OTf)

AVitllli of licad at posterior cdfjtos of tympana 0'jr>

Li'iij;tli of head to posterior edges of tyiniuaiiiv 0J7

Length of fore limb o;i(i

Length of fore foot 014

Length of hind l.mli to groin ]-^0

Length of tibia OWJ

Length of tarsiiH 0-J2

Length of remainder of foot 0;'8

Cfttn1i>)iiif

No. of

iiiiiiilier.

H|)l>f.

97!)

1191«

:n-ji)

11477

Uil.-iO

yCHK

12

Locality.

Kdit Siielliiit;, iliiiii...

Nashville, (i:l

I'mirie Mcr Uiiiij;i', l.a
Siiiiil SiiniPii's Island, liii

Wlicallaiiil, Inil

l.llu'ltV I'l"' llv, (111. .

N.w (iili La

Gi'or{£iaiia, rla

When .ol.
lectfd.

1S8U

From whom icctivi il

Dr. (icii. Sill Uley . ..

W.,J.Ta\l(Pi'

.larnr.s I'"airin. ......

.MM'aslrll

Itolit l;iili;\\av . - .
Dr. W. l..,I.iius ....
Di. l;, W. Scliiif.lill.
W. Witti'fcli

I

N'aliiri' of
slJi-iinifii.

Alcoholic.
Do.
Do.
l)o.
Do.
Do.
Do.

'•-■~\"-

n

Rami virescens vircscens Kalm (Cope).

This subspecies d liters from the A*, v.sjihenocephnla in the relatively
sliorter head, being exactly intermediate lictween that form and the 7i'.
r. hruchiiccphala in tiiis respect. The hind leg.s are als(»a little shorter,
the heel reaching exactly the end of the inii/zle. The muzzle is also
rather shorter, and the dimensions generally are rather smaller. Tiie
webis rather larger, asthe antepenultimate phalange i.s widely margined,
so that two phalanges only can be said to be entirely free. The spots
are rather smaller, and separated by wider intervals.

In the coloration may be noted as characteristic the presence of a
longitudinal brown band on the front of tlie thigh, in front of thespots.
This is rarely absent. Less constant is the presence <»f a brown longi-
tudinal stripe on the external edge of the tibia. Then there is always
present a longitudinal brown band on the front of the humerus, coni-
niencing proximally and varying in length.

Dr. IJolbrook describes the colors in lif«! as follows;

Body green above, with ovate sjjots of dark brown margined witU
yellow; yellowish white beneath.
lUSl— liull. 34 26

.;v* I'l.

J. :

!lli

402 BULLETIN 34, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Tbisis Olio of onrmostbeantifiil species. There is an ovate bluek i>\H>t
on the top of each orbit; a very briglit bronze line* begins at the noso
and runs to the eye; a second line of yellowis' rt'hi;e extends from tln^
uoso to the shonUler ; the hitter is h'ss extensive in the nuile aniniiil,
ending at the vocal sac Tlie upper jaw is dark colored, with seveml
yellowish-white spots; the lower jaw is almost white. The eyes aie
large and prominent; the i)upil is black; the iris of a brilliant golden
color, with a l'»'tgitudinul black band passing through it. The tym-
panum is finely brimzed, with a yellowish spot on its center. The supe-
rior surface of the body is bright yellowish-green, marked with ovate
sjtots of (lark olive margined with bright yellow; these spots are dis-
posed in two rows on the back, and in two others less distinct and less
extensive on the sides. From *he posterior part of each orbit runs tin
elevated line or cutaneous fold of a bright yellow, terminating near the
posterior extremity of the body. The inferior surface is silver-white at
the throat and yellowish white on the abdomen. The anterior extrem-
ities are bronze green above, marked with several blotches of dark olive,
one of which is very regularly found at the elbow; their inferior snr
face is whitish. The posterior extremities are bright green above,
mark«'d with dark olive oblong blotches and transverse bars; the inferior
surface is pale flesh color and quite smooth, except at the posterior
part of the thigh, where it is granulated.

r

Mi

en
wa

Via. 100 • Jlanavireieentviretcens. No. 8809. Tickfan, OporRiaj J.

This species is especially an inhabitant of swamps. It is found in
great numbers in tho.se that border the large erecUs iind rivers of the
Atlantic coast, and is comparatively lare inland, where it gives place
to other species. With the Acris (jryllus, it is the first si)ecies heard in
spring, and although its voice is not loud, the iu)i.se produced b_\ thou-
sands of them is deafening when heard (tlose at hand, and is transmitted
through the atmosphere for many miles. It may be imitated by the sylla-
bles " chock, chock, chock." As a harbinger of spring it is always wel-
come.

• Thia liuu is yellowiBli in the young.

H

THE BATRACIII\ OF NORTH AMEFUCA.

403

Tliis species is found iiloiij;' tbc eastern and southern coasts from
Maine to tbe mouth of the Itio (Irande, and up the Mississippi to south-
ern Illinois, and in the intermediate country. On the plains and west-
ward and southward it is replaced by the following subspecies.

The Eana rirescens virescens is the 7i^. utricularia of Harlau.

i

liana viri'sccns rircscenn Kalni.

Catftlojriio
miinlicr.

4G!I8
lilU
3428

8079

3430
3U9
3431
3425
E197
0343

3430
8239
4K30
8809
3)29
9342
34r)()
3442
4871
9257
9073
25liO
31113
13.V.I3
13372
1 tr).")2
32H2
11480
1U04(!
1(11147
11. -.25
111107
1 1907

3692

No. of

H|II'C.

1

7

10
3
6
2

1
1
1
2
1
II)
1
2

T

4

Locality.

Wnsliiiigfon, D. ('
lticol)()i()iit;li. (ill. .

I'rllrtaculil, Kill . .

Soiitlii'iii IllinoiH.
KoitSniilh, Ark.
Ku.sMi llvilli', Ky .

Ciiilisli', Pa

Saint Louis, Mo. .
('Iiaili'simi, S. (/' .
Taos, \. .Mi'X .

Wlipii col-
lected.

From whom received.

Natiiro of
Rpecimeii.

A t lial)a Hc a II i v cr.

liiitlrtli America. I

TarboroM;;li, X. C !

Cairo, 111 1

Ilrookvillo, I'.i

Tiekfaw, La Dec. 22,1876

(iraml Detoui', III

(iraiiil C'otcaii, La

Soutlicrii Illinois

Saint Aii^iisliiie, I'la . .. i

Mexico

WatliiiiL'lon, U.(J I

Caiio.lll ..

Soiitlicni lllinoi.s ! ...

Madrid, N. Y

John Little

rrol'.S. I. liiiinl

Hr. ,T. K. ILiiiimond,
S. A.

li. Kciiiii<'ott

Dr. li. K. Sliiimard ...

Dr. nihil

I'rol'. S. F. liaird

Dr. (i. Kn^clnianii ...

Dr.t". Cirard

Dr. H. C. Varrow

1{. Kciiiii( iitt.
J. L. liridjier .

1(^77

(!) i.

Wheatland, Illd...

Dalla.s, Tex ...j

Matamoi'os, Mexico

Mount (!ariiiel. 111

... do

New Madrid, Mo

NaMhville, Ca ...

r. S. .\rseiial, Washiiii;-

Ion, !).(.'.
Iiiilian River, P'la .

1880
1879

Dr. K. Ilaymoi.d

Heaii and Max.soii

Dr. I'. K. llov

St. Charles Coll

' It. Kinnii'otl

K. K. Smith

, Lieut. I!. C h, U. S.

' Dr. 1'. II. liean

It. Kennieott

I do

j I'.K. Hoy

' (?)

■ Kcdit. Ridfiway

' K. D.Cope ...'

Lieut, ii. Ciiiiih

' (!)

Ihihl. It id;;\vav

' . do '

I?).

.v..

W..LTa\lor

Dr.T. ILHcan ....

(1. Wurdeiiiauu.

Alcoholic.
Do.
Do.

Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.

Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.

Do.

liaua rirescens brachi/cephala Cope.

Iktiiia iKtlcchia hcrlaiidicri Cope, Chock LLsl, liatr., lieptiL N. Aiiier., p. 32; ncc Eana

Inrlaiidicii, Hairil.
Hdiiii hiilrc'nia Binili'nj;('r, (.'at. IJatr. Sal. Hrit. Mas., -^ ■. p. 41: Broecbi, Misioii Sci.

<1(^ .Mcxiiiiic ]?atiii('ii'iis, ]). 10,

This is the most widely-distributed form o\ ,..e Rana virescens, as may
be seen by the accompanying list of specimens. It differs from the R.
V. virescens by appreciable characters, but these occasionally present
such exceptions, that I am unabh^ to separate them tis a .-ipecies, as has
been done by Mr. Uouleiiger. The (tharacteis already ascribed to the
sp('(!ies belong to this I'orm, but tlie further dilferences are as follows:

I .select as typical a .spetMineii from ihe Yellowstone River (No. .5303).
The muzzle is less elongate, and the extended bind leg brings the heel

III

m

31

H
as
F

to
in
lii
til
ul

404

JJILLKTIN ;il, UMTKl) SJ'ArKS NATIONAL MUSKUM.

'

ot!

hJ

Bfl

Hi!

1

;

He

tui

apt
is )

i

oir
art

Sll(

fir
Lo
til)
tlie
lo\>
4? J]

to its apex, but not 1)('.\ oiul. Tiie tyinpaiiic disk is two-thirds the diain
eter of tlie eye. Tlic la-act is sliorter, entering the 'oiigi-i of the head
and body three and a half limes. The dorsal deraial jilicu; are thicker
and there are but two between the dorsolaterals; usually, however,
there are four, as in tlie other sub-speeies. First finger longer than sec-
ond. Web leaving two free phalanges of the fourth digit, but so repand
as to give the antei»enultiniate phalange only a wide border. Thi-
inner cuneiibrin tubercle is rather small, but has a rather prominent
compiessededge. External tubercle, none. A thick tarsal fold. There
are no large warts on the skin, but there are occasionally minute warts
and folds on the superior face of the tibia.

Flo. 101. Ranavirescfiia hriu-h!ii\pUaht, Nii. l(i!V.'2. Fint Wallii AValla, AViisli. Tcr. ; \.

In life the color of the, superior surf ices is green. The <lorsolateral
ridges are liglit yclhnv, and so is a stripe from the end of rhe muz/le,
which passes above thc^ li]) and below the eye and tympiinum to above
the middle of tlie humerus. Tliere are two rows of large, rounded
dorsal spots between tlie dorsolateral ridges, wiiicli are edgi'd witli
greenish-yellow. Tliere ixw" two similar rows on ea(!h side, of w Iiich the
inferior is the smaller, which are not regularly arranged. There is a
si)ot on each eyelid and one on the end of the nose above. There is a
light band, fre(juenlly broken into s])ots near the edge of the upper lip.
There is a brown .spot on the elbow and <uie on \\w front of the cubitus.
The bands seen on the front of Imiiieriis in li, r. rircscrus is here an illy
defined si)ot. On the superior face of the femur theie are three br(»wn
spots, but there is no longitudinal brown band in front of the.se sjiots,
as is usual in the two other subsi»ecies of the li. rircsccns. There are
thre(^ com])let(^ wide brown cross-bands on the femur, and sometimes
four. I'recpienlly theic are one or two spots on one or both faces of the
tibia 1)esides the three bands. The posterior face of the femur is green-
ish-yellow, coarsely marliled with brown. All the si)ots and bands are
narrowly yellow-e<lged. Int'erioi" surfa<;u.s light yellow, unspotted,

>

it-'

'"

.^

(liaii)

head

licker

over,

II sec-

TliP
ineiit

warts

THE BATRACIIIA OF NORTH AMERICA. 405

Mvasunmiiiln of Xo. ;i3()ll.

M.

Lt'ii{,'th of head and body OUO

Witlth of lifiid iit poslt'iior fdj^cs ol" tyiiipaiiii U'^t)

Ij('ii};th of head to iiostorior odj;c.s of tympana 023

Lcn^'thoffoirli'K 043

T,(Mi},'tli of foic foot. Olt)

L('iii,'(Ii of hind h'j; to {jroiu , IfJIJ

Lcn;itli of tibia 028

LtMi^^th of tarsus 024

Lenj;tli of remainder of foot 044

This is the cominon and only speeios of Ivuna found between the
eastern part of the Great IMains and tiie Sierra Nevathi Mountains. It is
eoniinon wiierever there is siiilicicnt watei' to supply its necessities. In
some of the Western towns it is eaten in the restanraiits, and I have
not nntre(niently found it excellent food when the larder of uiy expe-
ditions in search of fossils has run low.

liuna rivencciis hracliyciphala t'opc.

Catiil.v^'.ic

1

X((. of
Hpoe.

'*

1
U

2
1
5
0
3
C
10

Lociility.

WlHll col-
llTlod.

From whom roctiviil. ,

. I

Xatiiro of
Nliouimou,

3294
3203
8305
8200
3300
32DS

Allnii|M('riMii\ N, Mt x. ..

HroNv nsvillr, ToX

1,1(111 Uivtr, Tex

4l.)

.>i. ('. IJ. li. Ki- ilv .

Capl.S.Vaii \ lirl.r..-. .\

IH.C. K. l:. Ki'iim ilv

do

.Mccdiolio.
ilo.
Do.

Do.

San Antonio, Tex.

CliiU'Iio I'^sroiidiilo ..

i.ioiil. 1!. CiMich, f. S. A ..:
J. 11. Claik

Liiiil. K. l!iinii>, C .S. A ..
\V. ll.Slu'.ld

Do.
Do.

8302

8501

841)8

San I'cdro, Gila Kivi r,

N. Mcx.
San .liian Itivrr, X. Mex.

'I'ao.s, N. Mi'x

Al)i(iiiiii, N. .Mrs ... ..
Saiila I'r, X. .Mrx

Do.

Do.
Do.

8100
8500
5450

Si'iit'. — ,' 1874

Dr. O l,o, w

do

Do.
Do.
Do.

3375
5273

Kent llallas, Tex .

Dr. Ceo. S;i(kU'V, r.S. A.
Dr. 1!.,1. I). liwiii.U.S.A

W.S. W 1

II. !'.. Molllianwn

W.S. W 1

11. li. MolUiauscn . . .

Do.
Do.

3350

I'laltc Kivt T, XtOir . ...

Do.

328K
3342
0340

Kill Hank Crcok

Do.
Do.

I'oit I'nion. X. Mrx

liclvviiii I'ml Million

nnil I'oit Union, X.

Mix.

Colorailo liivor

Sand llill.s, Ncv

Mriliiinc l!o\v Cnok . ..
Yt'IloWHtont! Itivi'T

Do.

3380

Do.

9347
Q:I4C
331)4
3303

' ll.liMnllliausou

Ilr. V. V. Ji 'vd.n

W.S. Wood '

Dr. 1' V llaxdcii

Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.

3350

do

lici

1)0.

0330

ilo

.r. S. llr.iuiic

T. ( 'ullr, llsoll . - . _

Do.

3341
3351

Sai* Lake Valley, Ctnli

Do.
Do.

3353

24(1 i.iili'.s Iriiiii Fort

Kc iiii\ .
nnnicilli. Ill

. W.S. Wood

Do,

8439

Dr.C 1! K. K.nnirlv. ...
.1. I'olt.s . .■ ....

Do.

4548

Do.

3290
3365
3348

Ilradwati r-< ol 'I'riiiity.
(Jliiliiialiiia, Mixiio .. ..
l'(dc('iiMk of riatto....

C i|il Jidiii Cope, r. S. .\.

Dr. C.i;. l;. Kuniifilv

W.S Wociil

Dr. lie. Vairow

11. W. lliiishaw

Dr. 11. (' Yarrow

. do

Do.
Do.
Do.

8054
0044

g:i44

8101

I'tah

Koit (iailand, Colo

Taos, X. Mi'X

Utah

Port IIiiinii,Micli

(JiiiliiT, Canada

Ijaciiii' Wis

187 J

All?;. — , lh74
i 187;;

Do.
Do.
Do.
Do

3413

do.

Do.

3410

do

Do.

3I'JI

.. .. do

Do

34'J7

do

K. Ki'iinicotl . .

Do.

4528

Itcil Kivor of Xoitli

Pi'ovo, Utuli

'l»72

Do.

8080

Dr. U. C Vurrow

Do.

1

^W

'

1

•

i
1

■';»■

\'i

li

i

t

I 1

1(1

406 BULLETIN 31, UNITKD STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Ii'tiiKi i-irincciix hritchijccjihahi Copo — Continued.

Catn1o);n« I No of I
number. speu.

Locality.

rt'lipii col-
lected.

4794
8325
0672
9382
14500
14501
3349

8753
3:)'20
837,1
0339
8.'17d
0343
3418
0008
12583

IIO'JO
14173
3422
0738
9346
3320
60C1
3361
8368
9459
11490

2
4
1
1
4
1
8

1
1

5
1
5
2
o

1
4

2
1
6
1
1
2
1
3
1
2
7

An;;.— ,1874

NubiiiMkii. ...

Koit I'iiTio. Nolir

('ain|i (>i'itleiiil('ii, Ari/,.

Lake Siipcrior

(!)

lii'dfonl, Iowa

Upiirr Sli.ssissippi and

\ ellowstone.
WclistiT Cilv. Iowa... May —,1878

Ki)it liipli'S'. Minn

Scl)cc I'ond, .Mo I Oct. 24,1873

Sdnlli Kiiilt

Sc l)ii' I'linil. Mo

Aliii|niu, N. Mex '

Ciiliiniliiis, S. (' ;

Middli'lown. (,'ivnn

Jolm Day liivui. On ';;on

From whom received.

Natnri< of
fcpecimon.

Dr. Geo. Suckley, U. 8. A

l)r. KvaiiH

-I. II. Uuttcr

K. Kcnnicott

(0

Jordan & Mccik

Ur.F. V. Hayden

N. Hii.iiidai'v .Surviv

Oliiry, 111 ' '. .

Ktaniiii^liaiii. Mass . .
Wchstcr Citv, Iowa.
Sand Hills, Nclii- ....

Fori Tnion, Dak

Soiilli I'ass

I'oloCiv.k, N'.br . ..

I'latti> Hivcr

Head <it' Vcllowstone
N.W. Houndarv

188.->

(Ilias. Aldricli

Dr.J.IIead, U.S. A

H. A. Leonanl

Dr. F.V. llayd.n

II. A. I.eoMui'd

Dr.O. l.ocw

I'ror. li. l.rsiincrcux

F.D.SIimI

Oapt. (.'lias. Bcndirc, U.
S. A .

Dr. K. CiMKH, U.S. A

.lolin and Clias. Walker ..

Trot'. S. F. Uaird

nias. Aldrich

Dr. F. \'. Havden

K.J. Dini^ '

('. MiCartliy

W.S. Wood

do

Lient. F. V. Hayden

Dr. E. Cones...!

AlcoUolie.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do
Do.
Do.

Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.

Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.

RANA PALUSTULS Lo Coute.*

liana paUintiia Lo Conto, Ann. Lye. N. V. i, p. 282; H.arl.in, Silliin. .Joiirn., X, p. .'jU, ■■jn<l
Jonrn.,A('. I'liila., v, ]>. liUO ; Diun. it Hibr., p. U.jii; HolUr., N. Amcr. H('rp.,iv. ]i.
9r>, I'l. •-*:{; Dti Kay, X. V. Fiuin., Koptil. p. (Vi, I'l. G2. lig. (i; Lc Cont.-, I'iocmmI.
Ac. I'liila., 185,'), p. 4'J4; Wcid., Nova Acta Ac. Leop., xxxii, p. HI; Giintli.,
Cat., p. 14.

Rana pardaViH Ilarlau, Amor. Jouru., x p. .oO.

This species ai)i>roaclies near to the subspecies braehycephala of the
Rann virescens, although tlie distinction from the typical subspecies
can be readily perceived. Jn general it displays little variation of
characters, excepting in the length of the hind legs. Here about half
the specimens show a length which allows the heel to reach the end of
the muzzle, v*'.. ie in the other half it attain.s to different points from
the front of the orbit anteriorly {c. g. No. 3401).

The muzzle is always more obtuse than in the It. virescens rirescens, and
generally a little more so than in the li. v. hrachyivphalu, but not always.
I describe a specimen from Garrison's, New York, as typical. Muzzle
flat above; rather truncate in profile, giving the head, when viewed from
above, a broadly obtuse acuminate outline. The nostril isu little nearer
the end of the muzzle than to the orbit. The tympanic disk is two-
thirds the diameter of the eye-fissure. The vomerine teeth are in trans-
verse patches between the nares, but the posterior edge line piqjecits
behind that which connects the posterior edges of the choana'. The
ostia pharyngea are larger than the choaiue. There are no external

' I'late 57, lig. X

r

vo

V

nr,< of
:iiiieii.

liolic.

Ti

f

TIIK IJATUACUIA OV NORTH AMERICA.

407

vocal vesicles. A {jflatKluhir ridj^o extends from the iiiUUlle of the iu-
fiTior eiljje of tlie tyiiipiiiiii; drum to ii point iiljove the middle of the
humerus. There are four thick glaudiihir folds on the back, the exter-
nal or dorsolateral commencing above the tympanum. Tlio tiiickness
of these ridges is much greater than in the 7i'. vircscens vinscciis, but iu
some specimens of tlie K, v. hrachycepliala they approach very closely in
form, and are in fact not distinguishable from those of individuals of this
species where the ridges are narrower than usual. In a few individuals,
of which .lie specimen described is one, there is another pair of ridges
near the middle line of the back. In all the specimens these a repre-
resented in the ju'lvic region by a pair of approximated ridges on each
side of the urostyle.

The interorbital width is two-thirds the width of an eyelid.

The tubercles of the palm are well developed. Tlie first (second) fin-
{;er is longer than the second, and equal to tlie fourth. The internal
cuneiform tubercle is small and weak, and is without acute edge. There
is a trace of an external tubercle. The toes are nut fully \vebl)ed ; the
edges of the web are deeply scalloped, leaving two phalanges of the
fourth toe free, an 1 leaving only a narrow border to the distal half of
the antepenultimate phalange.

V-sh

Fui. lOi. nana palustiig. No. 13403. Gairi.son's, N. Y.; }.

Miasurvmciita of Xo. I;J403,

LciiHitli of head aud body

Width of head at posterior t'd-^es of tympana.
Liiii;th of lu-ad (o [)08U'iior edges of tympana.

Li'iifrtliof fore limb

Length of fore foot

Length of hind leg to groin

Length of tibia

Length of tarwns

Length of remainder of foot

M.

.070

.0-^7

M'i

.o:?7

.016 ■

.115

.04'.)

.0-20

.039

\ ' )

rl:

hi

>l

1

it

ri

■'vll

^^^ I

408 lUJLLirriN 3i, united stativS national muskum.

i ^

Dv. riolbrook thus describes the colors in life:

liody pule brown above, witii two h)nj'itu(liiiiii rows of s(iUiiro Hpots
of a dark brown color on the back and on each Hank; yellowish-whitc
beneath ; posterior half of the thighs bright yellow, mottled witii black.

Tiie head has a dark brown s^tot on tlu^ top of each orbit and another
near the snout, with an indistinct dark line extending from the nostrils
to (he orbit of the eye. The ui)per jaw is yellowish-white, spotted
with black ; the lower is white, and spotted in like manner. The eyes
are hirge and prominent, the i)upil black, with the iris of ii golden
color; the tymjjanum is bronze, with ji spot of a darker shade in the
middle. A yellow line begins at the eye and runs below tiie (yni-
panum to the base of the anterior extremities. The sni)erior surface
of the body is pale brown, almost covered by oblong s(piare si)ots of
very (hirk brown, arranged symmetrically in two lines along the back.
We sometimes find two of these scpiares conlluenf. A i)right-yellow lon-
gitudinal line, but not raised in a ciitaut'ous fold, as in litnui rir<:sccns
begins bt'liind each orbit and extends to the posterior extremity of the
body. IJi'low this line, on eacli tlank, are two otiur roAs of siiuare
brown spots, the superior row beginning on a level with and behind
the tympanum, the inferior row is less regular, iVccpuMitly consisting
only of small si>ots, disitosed without order. Tlui interior surfacte of the
neck and abdomen is yellowish- white, except at the posterior part, where
the yellow is nu)re decided. The anterior exticmitics are yellowish
brown above, marked with a few very dark blotclics; th(\ir lower sur-
face issilverwhite; the lingers are lour in nund)ci', iVee, of a light brown
color on the ui)per and yellow on thcj lower surface. The posterior ex-
tremities are brownish above, with transverse biuids of dark bidwn (!on-
tinued * the toes. The inferioi' and posterior jtait-iof the thigh are
grannl.iied, and of a bright yellow, with black spots. The inferi(»r sur-
face of the leg and tarsus is yellow.

This species is characteristic of the eastern district of North America,
as it ceases to be found so soon as the Central Plains are reached, it
ranges this entire district, extending as far muth as Hudson's Bay.

Ill its habits it is not gregarious like the /»'. rirenvcitu t'//r,v««.s, and is
even more solitary than the A', r. bniclii/nplialK. it pietcis cold springs
and stri'amlets, but is of all our frogs the most frecpiently seen in the
grass. It is the most abundant species in the Alleghany ^Tonntains.
Next to the J{. silrafiea, it takes the longest leaiisof any of our species-
its note is a low prolonged croak, somewhat resembling the sound pro-
duceil by tearing some coarse uiaterial.

1

-,

-i

It

IS

%-

THE IJATKACIIIA OF NORTH AMKRICA. 409

h'tiiin ixihislrin Lt< C'oiilr.

(!;ltjll(ii;llO Xii "f

millllllT. HIM'C.

Locality.

Wli.n cm].
kctt'd.

Kioin "liom irci'ivril.

3K).'>

■1

341 '->

10

:ui<)

1

;uii

• 1

lUII"

1

;iio7

1

31110

1

H:I4:i

1

?40:!

4

;i4ii9

:<

.14(111

1

»4lil

:i

n.140

u

yilO.')

I

51 5:1

1

3ti>U

1

3134

1

0;!HH

3

3417

1

WJl

3

IMUJ

1

;i;ijH

1

lllld!

1

lU'.l'J

1

("ill HhIc, I'll Piof. S, V. liainl

....do d(i ..

M.ailvill.', I'a do

I'liiladil|iliiii. I'a T. II. Iticliiird

I''iamiii;;liairi, Mass rrnf. S F. I la icl

U'luliinnldii Couiiti', ; (;ol. li. I,. C. Wailcn

W.stpoif.X.Y I I Trnf.S. r.niiird .

Kiiixloii, .\. <; J , J. \V. Miliii'i-

Saint l/oiiis. Mo , Dr. (ii (i KmlicIiiiiuim

Uooi llivcr. Wis Till V — . 18.".;) I'rof. S. V. liainl

Ditinit liivi r. Mill) . An;;. — , 1i<r)3 do

I'liiii io .Mil' Itiiiitfi-, l.a. I Ja.i. I'aiiii'

I'lail Uivor, Miss Mi-is Hili'ii Tiimiisini ..

Haiiiiiiiduc, I'a
Toledo. Ojjio ..

'i'\ TIT Spi ii,._'s 'I'l'iiii.. I'lid'. I! Owi II

W.Ht I'liila.lclpliia, I'a ., \ W.S. Wood

I'lipi'i- Wisciiii.sin Kivcr | It. KiiiTiicolt .

I'lc^ioii Cpiinl » , Va I'rot. K. 1!. .\iidii'\v.s

James I'.a\,N.li i ('. Kn^xltr ...

Hi I i (.'I

<,>iiasipii'loii. Iowa I [ K.C llidwidl

tiaiiisoii's, N. V I 'I'. Itoosovcldl

(I) .. ; {!i

.1 Apr. 11!, 1^7; IM-.T. II. Hi an

.' , ,T, I! -I'r.iMl.lv

Niiliirc of

K]WVlltlUII,

Alcoliolle.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.

Do.

Do.

Do.

Do,

Do.

Do.

Do.

Do.

Do.

Do.

Do.

Do.

Do.

Do.

Do.

Do.

Do. ■

Do.

HANA Ain;OLA TA I'.il. & Ciinl.

Proiieptl. Ac. IMiilii., IHiVJ, ji. IT:!; liaiiil, I'. S. Mcx. l!i>iiii(l. Smv., Ucp-
tilt's, 11. ',N, ri. :!(;, Wat*. ll-l-J; lionh.nH..,-, Cai. ISiitr. .Sal. Hril. Miis.,

Head liirjj'; vomoriiic tcctli oitpositc po.sterior odj^e of clioaiiio; tym-
|)iiiii(5 disk two-thirds tlic (liiiiiictt'r ol' eye or less. A stioiif'' fjlandular
dor.solatcral dcniial i'old on cacii side, and iiiiiiiorons shorter ones 011 the
h.U'M hctwceii thoin. First (in<i»'r h»iiji('r tiian st cond. Threo ithalaiigi's
of front toe free. Males with an cxtt'inal vocal vcsiclo. Fled of ex-
tcndiii hind Icj^' reach in;;' < nly toeye. I'alination shoi t. Groiiiid-(!oh)r
lijiiit, with numerous roiiiuh'd s[tots on the back and side.s. Upper li^t.s
Kpottetl, not li;;iit or (huk honh'red above or on tlie iiiar;;in. Hinder
h'^s with niimeroiis l)rown cross bars. Lower surfaces unspotted.

This well-marked sjjecie.s is related to the A'. pnUisfris, but is easily
distin^i'iiished. It presents three well-marked snbsi»ecies, wlio.se char-
acters I now '^Wi'i

Li'ii^tli of liciid to jio.stciior ('(lo(> of tyiniiiiiiii tlm'o (iincs in totiil ; tyiiipiuiic di.sk
roiiiid; (loisal spots wi'll .si'imrati'il ; nostril t'luiidistaiit lift wocii end of iniizzlo
and r\i' li. r. anvlata.

LcMintii of lii'ad two and a half tinii's in the total; tyniiianic disk a verticai oval;
dorsal Hiiois well separated; nostril eiinidistant between end of nnizzlo and
<^ye 11. r. icnopus.

LiMiglh of lieail one-thiril of tot.'il ; tyniiianiedi.sk varialilc ; doisal spots so liii<;'e as
to leave only eireles of the lioht, i^round-L'i>lor; nostril ne;ifereye than end of
iniizzlo in tliu yonn<^ li. v. circulosa.

But few si»ecimeiis of the.se subspecies have been as yet found, but
the chamcters presented in the above table will appear of iinportauco

v^

:\

l\

>f\l

410 lUJLLKTIX 31, UNITED STATES NATIONAL ML'.^EIJM,

to tliosu faiiiiliiii' witli tho subjiHit. It is not iinpossiMe that oiu' or tlu'
oflicrof tlio siibspocics may come to bo rocogiiizefl as species, but I
scarct'ly aiitlci[tato that such will be the case. As a whole, the linna
arcithtin is jirctty well distiuj-uislied by its very sliort palmation. N(!ver-
tlicii'ss, I liave sei'u'a speclnu'U IVom (luatemala witli simihir po>toiior
feet, which is otiierwise not (liU'erent iVom tlie R. rit'eHvem.

liana arcotata arcolata lid. »Sj (lird.

liaita aiivlain l?ainl & Ciiranl, I'rocfod. Ac. Pliila., K)'i, \>. 17:?; Bairil, U. S. Mtix.
Hoiui.l. Suiv., I'l. ;!(!, li^M. 11,12.

Fig. 103. Rana arenlata arealata. Xo. 3304. Imlinnnlu. Tot. ; \

Gciu'ral shape slomler and limbs elon^jated. Tiie lieel of the extended
hind l('fj reaclu's lialf-way between orbit and nostril. Head about as
broad as lon.i,s (pnte deep. Sides ol)Ii(iue, with the- nostrils, as viewed
from the sideof head ol)li(iue, a little below the upper prolile or canthus
rostralis, and with a inarfjinal papilla. A .^lij^lit excavation between nos-
tril and eye, continued under the latter, alonj; upper I'df^eof maxillary, to
the t,vm|>anum, but si^arcely helow it. Top of the head slij;htly j;rooved,
or concave longitudinally. I'^yes large and .prominent ; in the middle
third of the side of the head; nostril midway between it and tip of
snout. Tympanum cir(!ular, not two thirds of the diaiiu'ter of the eye,
not extending back to angU; of jaw, but nean'r this than to (',\e, nearly
smooth centrally. Upper maxillary large; no glandular ridge of skin
on it. Very well-developed vocal vesicles on each side, their center.s
opposite th<' posterior end of mandible.

Internal nostrils very large, oi)en, transversely elongate, with a very
shallow groove extending to the side of the Jaw. The vomerine teeth
are well developed, on two oblique protuberances, nearly in contact be-
hind, and placed between the nostrils, the |)osterior edges of which are
about opposite the anterior canthus of the eye. The tongue is large,
fleshy, longer than broad, with the coruua small and wide apart. Tho
Eustachian apertures are nu)derate.

>

Tf

* •*

lU'

na

or

•J

TlIK IlATUArillA OK NORTH AMKIUCA.

411

Tlie upper parts ^I'liejall.v aro sinodtli, tlici sidos apparcntlj' soino-
vliar (Mirrugati'd (sciirccly pustular), tlnaijjli liow iiiucli is owiiij^f to tlio
iili'dliol (tail not !)(' easily (IctciriiintMl. The po.stcrioi', inferior, and su-
perior faces of the thiylis are j,'raiiulated; tliis, however, not exteudinjf
to the body, wiiicii is iufeiiorly entirely smooth. A rather l)road but
low fold of skin may be tra(;ed from above the tym])ainim along the
hack nearly to the thigh. A small ridge behind the tymi»anuni.

Thtnnner toe does not reaeh much beyond the middle of tho meta-
tarsal of the fourth. Tho web is but sliglitly developed; it extends
fully only from the penultimate articulation of the outer to the ante-
lienidtimate of the fourth toe; from this to the pciuultimate of the
third; from the niid<lleof the tliii'd phalange of this (counting from ti[))
to the se(!ond articulation of .second ; fiom third Joint of second to flrst
joint of fifth; in each ease extending a little beyond as a narrow mar-
ginal niend)rane. The terndnal two and one liaif phalanges of tbo
longest toe, however, are almost entirely free, and one and one half of
the rest. Tho membrane is more cut out on the inner edges of the
joints than the outer, by nearly one phalange. The cuneiform bone is
slightly developed. No tubercle (»i)posite on the outer edge of sole.

Upper parts lirownish-olive, minutely and obsoK'tely mottled with
lighter. The entire upper i)arts and sides are covered by a number of
dark brown blotches, with light yellowish center; they are subcircular,
and smaller than tho tympanum. They are most distinct and crowded
anteriorly, and do not invade the outer ridges of skin. The ground-
color of the ui)per surface of the fore limbs and the sides of the head
is yellowish brown, with vermiculation of brown, as also some distinct
blotchesof the same on the former. The hind legs have numerous par-
allel and transverse dark brown bars, three or four on the thighs, four or
livoon the tibia, three ()n the tarsus, and several om the edge of the loot.
These bars are broader than their interspaces, and are margined by a
narrow yellowish line, so that the interval between two adjacent light
lines exhibits a brown ground lighter than the dark bars just described,
and also transverse. Indeed, they may be described as narrower bars of
lighter tint between the dark bais, parallel to them, and «ei)arated by
narrow yellowish-Rrown lines. Tlie lower parts are yellowish-white,
unspotted, including the interior and inferior surfaces of the limbs. A
few scattered blotches are .seen on the throat and chin. The buttocks
are yellowish white, witii a few ol)solete dark blotches, smallest on tho
posterior eilge. The central third of the tyiui)anuni is white.

Inches.

Hoily ;!.()0

Foiniir 1. 'J,')

Tibia \.\h

TarsiiH VT)

Hi ml foot 1.4(>

DiHi'i-cnco lictwci'ii sliorti'st
aucl longest toes 1.02

I Inches.

1.00 I Totalhindleg 1.48 4.44

.4',> I Foil- lcj;fi:>:!i elbow :!8 1.14

. Js Hand 'l^ .()9

.•J.-. ! Widtii of iie.id :jr> 1.04

. I'.l I Ciic.id ofjaws :{.'■) 1.0(5

Tymiiannni 08 .23

. 3 )

I

;ai

rl

f

' f

■ ;.. ,

■^

■'M: \

:

■ '■ .

'\

I

'1

I

■ .1

■hi

412 BULLETIN 31, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Rana areolata nreulula Uaird H Girurtl.

(!ntnlnciu<
iiuinbrr.

N.).of

HpOO.

Locality.

Wli.ii
collected.

Fioiii wlmiii iccplvcd.

Natiiii' of

HpCCllllUU.

3;in4

1
1

IndiniinJA, TcT ,,

,1. n Clark

Alcoholic.

118U7

NiiHliviUo, titt

1H80

\V. .r. Tiivlor

Do.

m\

Rana areolata aeaopua Copo.
Proceed. Aiuer. IMiilonopli. Soc, 1880, p. 517.

This singular form iiiiiy be known at once by tlio sliort and sqnat
form of the body as compaivd with tlui size of the lioail, it'scmblinjj in
tliissonio of tlio Anstralian CyKtismitliida'.

Tiie muzzle is not prominent, and does not project beyond tlic»ii)per
lip. The eantiius rostrales are straij^ht, and tlie top of tiie head is Jlat.
The tympanic disk is a vertical oval, of whicii tiie sliort diameter is
one-half the lengtii of the eye. Tlie edjjo of tiie vomerine patciies of
teeth are a little posterior to the line eoiinectinn" tli«^ posterior border of
the uares. The latter are about as larjje as tlie ostia pharyii^i'ca.

The dorsolateral plandular ridj-'e is tiiit^k, and extends a little beyond
the sacrjil diapophysis. There are si.x or seven rows ol short loii<,'itudi-
nal glandular tubercles in the space between them. There are similar
elongate warts on the sides. The posterior and posteroint'erior faces of
the femora finely granular; rest of the inleiior sui faces smooili.

The first finger is longer than the second, and «'(pials the fourth. The
heel of the extended hind leg reaches to the middle of the eye. The
foot is of moderate length. Three of the phalanges of the f'oiirih digit
are entirely free, and the web is excavated to opposite the middle of
the first phalange, extending as a margin on each side of the distal
half. The inner cuneiform tubercle is not large, and has an acute
apex; no external tubercle. A slightly defined tarsal dermal ridge.

In alcohol the ground color is light brown, with the tloisolateral
ridge and the inferior surfaces straw-color. The spots are a darker
brown, and do not appear to have been yellow-l)<)rdered. The dorsal
sjwts are irregularly rounded, and are in three or four longitudinal rows.
There are two rows on the top of the muzzle and head, crossing the
inner edge of the eyelid. There are two Rjmts near the external edge
of each eyelid. Spots on the sides smaller, in about four lows. The
lores and upper lip are rather coarsely marbled with brown; gular
region faintly speckled with the same. No band, but a sjxit on the
front of the humerus; a spot on the elbow, and three cross lines on the
fore-arm. Four narrow cross bars on the femur and five across the
tibia. Three cross-bars on the external side of the tarsus and five on
the external face of the fourth toe. The i)osterior face of the fenmr
has numerous rounded brown spots on ti light ground.

T

TUU UATUACUIA UF MUUi'll AMEIUCA.

413

■iy

Fiu. 104. Rana areolnta imopui. No, 4743. Mhtunoiiy, Fla. ; \.
MsaHUfvintittn of No, 4743.

if.

LPii>,'tli(.nu!a(laii(l lioil.v OfiU

Willi li i>t' lu'ail lit |Mi.sti'iior (■(lj;('H tyiiiitaiiii 020

Li'iiKtii "f li<M(l to itosttsrior cilyes tyiiipana 0*24

Iii'n<;tli of toro Wir 02G

LiiiKlli 'if l""i'' loot :. . t)12

LcM;{tli of liiml leg to j{roiii 074

LiiiKtIi of liliia 024

Li>ii ;l li of tarsus 013

Lcii};tli of rest of foot 025

Tlu^ only si>t'ciiueu of this .siibsi)ecios wbicb I Lavo seen is the fol-
lowiiijj:

It'anit anohilii (iHopita Copo.

Cntnloctie No, of
iiiimlii'i'. .spue.

4743

1

Locality.

Wlifii
ciillcctod.

From whom received.

Micnnop), Fin Dr. T. II. Bean

Nature of
Hiibt'iiiiua.

Alcoholio.

1)

I. , » '

liana arcolata circidosa Uw.q and Davis.*

Rice ami Davi.s, in .Ionian Man. of Vert. Ha.st. N. Amer., cd. ii, 1878, 355.

Two .specimens of this form are l)efore me antl yiokl the following
characters: Tiieir peculiar eoloratioii li'wvs tiieni an eiegaut a|)pearaii<',u,
and one quite different from tliat presented by any other North Ameri-
can Itana.

Lenfjtli of liead one-tliird of total. Ileel of extended hind leg reach-
in};- to the front of the orbit ; muzzle rather elonj>ate, but little produced
beyond the edye of the lip, the extremity slopiii}-' obliijuely upwards and
posteriorly, so as to shorten the .sujjerior plane. The nostril has an
elevated i)osition and a suprolateral presentation; it is a little nearer
the orbit than the end of the muzzle. The membranum tynipani is a
vertical oval, with the short diameter only half the length of the eye
fissure. The heel of the extended hind leg reaches to the anterior border
of the orbit. The i)osterior edges of the vomerine patches are behind the
borders of the choanie.

' Plate .M, (iff. 10.

; .

i

414

BULLETIN 34, UNITKD STATKS NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Ot
H«

He

1

\
He

tin

iH i

r
Oil

an

17>

Lo

tib
the
lo\^
479

Tliere is a stronjj (lorsoliiteiiil <;liiii(liiliir ridj^c on cadi side, and be-
twoeti these tliere are from six t > eij;ht narrow {ilaiuliihir folds not so
much broiven up as in tlie E. a. trsopus, bar rcadii.v beeoiniiif;' indistinct
in alcoliol. The dorsolateral fold extends nearly tt) the groin. IJelow
it th'e sides are crowded with lonyitndinal glandular folds, more or less
broken up.

The first finger exceeds the second and equals the fourth. The internal
cuneiform tubercle is quite small, and has a free ajiex ; no external
tubercle. The web is shorter than in the other subspccaes, being sital-
loped nearly to the line of the base of the first phalange, which it only
margins for ])art of its length, ceasing near the distal end.

6 ^ ^^ 7

Fio. 105. Bana arcolata circ'ilnga. No. 278. Mua. Champ.ii!:!!. 111. ; }.

Color in spirits, light br(»wnish-yellow or straw-color, above find be-
low. The entire upper surface and sidt's are, however, so tiiickly covered
with large reddish-luown spots as to rediuie the ground color to a mt
work, forming a j>attern of numerous irregular or creiiate circles. These
are in three rows between tiie dorsolateral iidg*'s, wiiicli are of the light
groundcolor for most of their length. There are no light bunds or
lines about the head, but the lores ami upper lips are closely and rather
coarsely marbled with I'.rown and yellow. The lower lip is less distinctly
marked in the same way. At the orbits tlicic are ihree rows of Inrgo
siiots like those of the back, the exterior ones on I hi' eyelids. The foro
legs are marbleil like the lores, with a faint suspicion of cross-lvars.
The thigh, tibia, tarsus, and external toe are cruss banded with nucIi
wide brown bars, thiil the intersi)a(!es are very narrow an;] often inter-
rn|)led. There arc tliric wide and two narrow bars on the thigh, and
no longitudinal markings; tluri' are six liars across the tiliia of dilfer-
ent widths, and three across the tarsus; inferior surfaces unspotted.
The lateral spots become more sparse and more widely s|)aced near to
the abdomen; thigh posteriorly with large brown si»ots, on a straw-
colored ground.

so
►w

^''

'■ ,^

THE BATRACniA- OF NORTH AMERICA. 4.15

Measurements of Xo. 9386.

M.

Length of head and body OoO

Width «)f head at pooterior odgc of tyiiii)aiiiiiii 011)5

L(n;,'th of head to posterior edjjo of tymiiaimm 019

Length of foro leg 02vJ

LiMifitli of foro foot on

Length of hind leg to groin 073

Length of tibia 02-1

LiMigth of tarsns 014

Length of rest of foot 025

Since the above wa.s written I have been able, through the kindness
of I'rofessor Forbes, «)f the university at Chani]»ai{jii, III., to <'xaniine
the type specimen of Messrs. Jtice and Davis. It ditfeis considerably
from the specimens above described, as follows: The muzzle is not pro-
tuberant, 80 that the nostril is t'(|ni(listant between the end of the
muzzle and the eye, as in the subspecies Areolata. The tympanic disk
is nearly round, and its lonj;' din meter is three-fourths tiiat of the eye.
This specimen has twice the bulk. In other respects it does not diH'er.
A very stronj; glandular thickenino' of the skin extends from tlu' eye
alove the tympanum, and then descends posterior to it. The eyelid also
is thickened.

Two specimens (No. 138L*S) from Olney, 111., also ie(!t'ived since the
jibove description was written, explain these discrepancies, Thelaiger
of the two agrees with the tyi)e in all respects, l)ut tiie smallei', which
about ecjuals the type in dimensions, has the elongate muzzle of the
small ones that I have described above. In both the tympana are three-
fourths the orbit, and in neither is it decidedly oval.

Jioiia (iirohila circnlosa K. & D.

Ciitalojuip
'luiubcr.

Xo.of
spic.

Locality.

Whiii col-
lottt;(l.

Frimi wlioni ivcoivod.

Niitiiro of

BllUCiUI'JU.

gns6

2

Ilnlii'i t KiTinicott

,I()Liliaiiil('li;illi'H WillUiT

lilS'.'S

OllH-V. Ill

Do.

Rana areolata capito Le Conte.
Proceed. Ac. I'liila., !>."), p. 4*25, Plate v.

Not having at hand the only known specimen of this form, I copy
the description given by V^ Conte. The proportions given by this author
imlicate that it is intermediate in pn^portions between the subspecies
vEsopus and tiu^ others. Thus the width of the iiead in the latter enters
the length 2.3;{ times, and in the R. a. areolala three times. In R. a.
capita it enters '2.S times. The spots are snmlU'r than in R. a. circKlosa,
but larger and more numerous than in R. a. (vsopiis and R. a. areolata.

Above very rough, dark gray, or slate-color, speckled with bhuik,
with six rows of roundish rows ou the back; sides si)eckled and irregu-

\ j ;

I

I

■ '■i

m:

R

otl

Ho.

Ilei

Hoi

Hea

f-i

1

f

tur

81)6

M

18 a

1

1

1

out

1

a 10

1

8llO

1

sop

■;/■

vin

i

Luv

'.

tibi

tlHV

;

low

i

47J)^

416 BULLETIN 34, UNITED STATKS NATIONAL MUSEUM.

larly marked with spots of the same form ami color ; from the orbits to
beyond the middle of the body rmis a broad rai.sed line or cutaneous
fold, and another from the corner of tlie mouth to the insertion of the
arm. Beneath smooth, yellowish white, speckled, spotted, and varied
with dusky ; top of the head coarsely punctured, back and sides luber-
culoiis. Head very large, broad, and blunt ; a deep concavity betweeu
the nostrils and the eyes. Iris <>(dden, mixed witli black. Tympanum
of the color of the body. Lower jaw with a small protuberance or point
resembling a tooth. Arms and legs above gray, speckled, and barred
with black ; beneath yellowish spotted ami varie<l with dusky, the ;\el-
lowish color more decided at the axilhe and groins. Hind pait of the
thighs granulate. Fingers slightly i)iilmate at the ba.sc; the hist longer
than the second. The second toe twice as long as the tirst.

Rana arcoJaia capito Lo Conto,
liKSKUVE SKRIKS.

CntnlociH" ! No. of
uuiiibiT. spec.

5903

Loi^alitv.

UicebiirouKli, On

Wh.ii
cuUccteil,

Iicmi wliuiii ivi't'iveil.

XIaj. J. LoCoiito.

Niiliin* of
HiH'ciiiifn.

Alcoholic.

KANA SErTENTHKJNALl.S Baird.

(riato8(i.)

Proceed. Ac. i'liila., Idi")"), p. 5L
Garuicr, American Nivturalist, 1683, p. IM5.
Sana aiiiiiaia Bainl, /. c.

Body rather broad, stout, and d<'])ressed. Head rather narrow ; nos-
trils large, midway between tip of snout and eye. Tympanum variable,
at hnist half the diameter ol the eye. Vomerine teetli minute; the
patches are on a level with the posterior margin of the inner nostrils
(which are rather large), and are sejiaraled by coiioideriible intervals.
Tongue moderate, the ('((rnua well developed.

Skin rough and irregular above and on sides; not |)ustu]ar nor
tuberculated ; beneath entirely sniootli. Buttocks hut slightly granu-
lated. A well-d«'tined, rather broad ridg»^ commences behind the eye
and, bifurcating, the sIkuI braiicii curves round the tympanum, pas.ses
oblicpiely down to the inseition of the aim. thickening in its descent,
and meets a similar thickening from liie rictus. These tworidgesaro
separated by a groove, which ctmimemu's at the eye and runs above and
behind the tympanum. The main luanc'i proceeds along the sides to
about opposite tlie sacrum, where ii is lost. No other ridges are to bo
Been.

The fore-arm is short, considerably less than the hand. The femur
aud tibia are about equal, less than half the length of body and less

f

nos-

■1

\

THE 1$ATKAC1IIA 01' NORTH AMERICA.

417

tlian tlio liiiul foot. The liist, tliini, and fifth toes are equal. The ter-
minal Joint of the second too is fre;', as are the inner edges of the ter-
minal Joints of the second and thinl, and the outer edges are margined
to near the tips. The cuneiforni process is well developed, and the sole
has no distinct tubercles.

Color above and on sides light olive, with short and coarse vermicu-
liitions of lighter, most distinct anteriorly. On the sides and lower
half of the back are several snbcircular, large blotches of dark brown.
Logs with few blotches ; no bands. Buttocks yellow, with short ver-
iiiiculato dark blotches. IJenoath uniform dull yellow. No light strii»e
on jaw.

Compared with specimens of 7k'. clamata of the same size from the
north, this species dilfers altogether in color, in larger eyes, longer Au-
gers, longer but less webbed foot, etc.

IucIkh.

Totiil Icn<;tIiof body l.DJ

Fori'-arm 2-<

Hand 50

I'fiiiiir 1)7

Tihiii '.ll*

Tarsus U)

Uiud IcK 2.>i\

1.(1(1
.11
. 'J(i

.r)i

.2\
1.48

luchos.

Hiiidfoot 1.0:^ .53

rx'twcf'ii oiitstrotclied ariiiB.. ii. 7() 1.44

Cliorii of iiitipcr.jaw 70 .'.iG

Widtli (ifupiicrjaw (M .33

Eyo yC) .13

Tyinpanuin 15 .08

y ill. \on. Jttiiia f!c]ifiulrionali3. 7^o."A'20. GarriHon's Crock, N. Y. ; ].

Mature specimens, formerly described under the name liana, sinuata,
present the following characters:

Hody rather stout. ICyes large; tympanum three-fourths as large.
Vomerine teeth small, ranging with the centers of inner nares. An in-
distinct fold of skin on each side of ba<'k ; none intermediate; granu-
lation of buttocks indistinct. Femur not half the length of body ; hind
foot considerably longer than the tibia. Above and on sides i)urplish-
brown, with sinnatimis or coarse vermiculatiouB of yellow. Ueueath
silvery white. Legs transversely barred.

Female. — Jiody moderately stout and depressed; limbs not much de-

ve!oi)ed; femur and til)ia about eipial, not half the length of body.

Head rallicr longer tiian broad. Xostrils nearly intermediate between

the eye and tip of snout (projected on axis of body), or nearer the latter,

1951— Bull, Hi 'Jl'

Ji

■i-»

; "I

^1|

, !

i

;e*!

418 BULLETIN 31, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

I

u

Ufa

Hea

Ilea

Hea<'

T

tiirr

81)0*

18 a

out I

are
islioi

8C'|)£

virei

Loil;

til)i£
tlie
lowi
47!)4

situated on tlio caiitlius rostralis. The hollow of tlii> face aiiteriitr (o
the eye is very shallow, and scarcely traceable under the eye juul tyia-
panuui. Eyes larg^i; contained three times in chord of ui^ier jaw aiitl
one diameter from the tip. Tympanum small (females only seen), about
three-fourth the size of the eye; behind not reaching the end of the
jaw. Patches of vomerine teeth very small, circular, approximated,
and situated on a level with the centers of the inner nares. These arc
large, oblong, and widely separated. Tongue rather small, narrow.
Eustachian ostia large.

The skin is moderately smooth, but on very close examiiuition is seen
minutely and closely dotted all over with small pits, and among theso
on the under surfaces are scattered small glandiform elevations, whicli
on being emptied are represented by the pits. This is sometimes seen in
other species, but seldom so distinctly, and may be caused by some pe-
culiar and temporary condition of the skin. There appears to be a very
low and scarcely distinct dermal ridge from the eye along the sides, but
none intermediate. The granulation on the buttocks is very low ami
indistinct.

The fore-arm is shorter than the hand ; the femur is not (piite half the
length of the bodj', aiul is about as long as the tibia. The hind feet are
unusually long, considerably exceeding the tibia. The feet are veiy
fully webbed, coming near li, catcsbiana in this respect, the web extend-
ing between the tips of the toes, slightly excavated in the inner e<lges
of the second and third. The terminal joint of longest toe appears to
be entirely free and the second is rather narrowly margined.

In alcohol the color everywhere above and on sides (even over tyni-
pauum and on buttocks) is dark purplish-brown, coarsely and irregu-
larly siuuated with bluish-white, which, as far as Professor Daird's re-
collection of several years goes, is yellow during life. Beneath, silvery-
white on throat and chin; duller behind. The joints of the hind legs are
distinctly banded transversely with dark blotches with bluish-white mar-
gins, as on the back, and separated by lighter intervals. The sides are
darker than the rest of the body, and on the groin are seen a few light
spots rather than sinuations.

The specimens described (all fenndes) were caught in Garrison's
Creek, near Sackett's Harbor, in the sununer of l.S5(K They were in a
marshy piece of ground, about a mile from the lake, and attracted im-
mediate attention by their peculiarities of color, so dillerenf from any
other American species :

IllcllPB.

Total length 2. '<;-) 1. 00

Arm fiom elbow tlO .10

Foinm- 1.10 .lit

Tibia l.dj . ic,

Tarsus r>(i . -i'l

Hind foot 1.18 ..Vi

The variations of the liatm scptcufrionaUs are greater than those of any
other North Anicvicau species of the genus. There i.s, however, no coin-

Total

Chord of lioiid .
Width of brad.
Ky(^

Inches.
.. 1.70
.. ,H0
. 7")
. . . ','7

Tynipanuin iJO

.7C
.35
.3.')

.la

.09

ii(»r (o

t.Vlll-

iw it ml
iiboiit

of till'

inuti'd,

UUTOW.

^

f

THK JSATIIAOIILV oK NOUTll AMIUilCA.

U9

(•iiloncc botwecMi llieiii, so that tlicy can not be lefja riled as inilicating
subspecies. Tlio tympanic disk varies yreatly in size, the males having
it larj,'er than the eye, Jinil the females smaller than the eye. Fn this
vt'spect the species displays its near allinity to the li. chnnata and li.
(•(tte.sbiana. Some specinjcns have a dorsolateral dermal j^landular ridj;e,
and others have none, sncli dillerence bein<;' exhibited by si)ecimen8
from the same locality. The spottinjf of the dorsal surfaces varies very
iiiiich. In some specimens the spots are not closely placed ; in otliers
they leave only narrow lines of the lighter ground-color between them.

Taking all its characters together, this s[)ecies occu[)ies a position
intermediate between nearly all the North American species of the
gt'MUs, and from some such form it might be supposed that all the
Kauiv, of the northern hemisphere have been derived. The present dis-
tribution of the species is entirely northern.

J)r. J. II. Garnier has given a detailed account of the habits of this
species as observed by him at Lucknow, Ontario. Jle calls it the mink
frog, and says that it emits the odor of the mink on being Imndled. It
is an aquatic si)ecies, never seeking its food, which consists of insects
and small fishes, on land.

IlaiKi KqilviitrloiiuliH IJuiril.

<',it;il(i;;uo

No. of

iiiiiiilii'i'.

spec.

:ir'o

5

34:13

15

noo5

•JO

13821

1

130-J-J

1

537»

"

Lociilitv.

When col-
I.cl.d.

ricim wliiiiii loccivi'il.

I

r

linrriscin's CriMjk, N. V J Pinl'. S. I'Miaii;!

M;i<Iii.l, N.V !.... I (I,.

l.ucliiHiw, Oiitai ill |s>*;i ,1. 11. (iaiiiii r ...

tlo i ISKi ilii

.(I<i

Selkirk SfKl.'Miciit. . .
Kurt idiiluy, Ittiiiu ...

]XKi \ do

j 1!. Kcmiiiolt

I Dr. .1. 1''. lluiul ..

N

at IMP

of

«

i( I'liii

I'll.

A!

coliol
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.

iu.

]

.7G
.35

. :».'.
.I'i

.01)

KANA CLAMATA Daudiii.*

llisl. Nal., Ifi'iilil., VIM (l-<0:!), 101, i;il ; I 1.., Hist. Nut. Kaiii. (l<0;t), 54,
ri. \vi, li>;. ','; Marl., Sillim. Aim-r. .Idiini. Sci., .\ (l"^','.')), (i:i; 1 1>.,
.Jourii. Ac. Nat. Sci. I'liila., v (IfiT) :{:ir> ; 1 !>., Med. iV I'liys. Ucs.
(I-':!.")), 1(11, 2-H\; Diiiii. iV 15il)r. (Uaiul.), Krp. ticii., viii (1811), :}7:{.

Ixtinn (liiiiiiliiiix Danilin, in Soiiii. A Lat. Ili.st. Nat., K'ciitil., 11 (l-^ll','), l.')7 ; Mcircin,
Tent. Syst. Aiiipli. (l-Jd), 17.') ; Hollir. (lii)M'.),X. Amcr. llcri)., 1st cd., m (18i8;,
Ml, I'l. -Wii ; 11)., 'U cd., IV (l-<4-J), S"., ri. XX.

liana fonliiinUi Lii CdiiIc, Ann. N. Y. I-yc, i (1^-.')1, '-'"•'-; Mollir., X. .\incr. Hcrji., 1st
cd., Ill (1S:W), .<), I'l. XVi; 1))., -Jd cd.,lV(|.-^l'.>), S7, ri. XXi; Storcr, Mass. Kept.,
Uciilii. (H;W), •,':■.!;; 'I'lioniiisi.n, M.'d. llisl. Mass. {[-^ii), 1J() ; Do ICay, N. Y.
Zoo]., Ill (1>I'J), I'l. x\i. li--. :>\, A.

Haintiiii iiidiuioln Kalin., Ani'.al.s of Nature (1820), No. '>'< (Lake Cliainplain).

h'a III iiirliiiiiilit (Raliii.) Hail., in Sillim. Amci-. .Imini. Sci., .x (1--J."i), (II; Jonrn. Ac.

Nat. Sci. I'liila., v (1H,!7), liiili ; 1 1)., Med. Ar Tliys. lies. (Ik;.")), U).', O'J.-i ; Tliomp-

Hou, Nat. Hist. Vt. (18 1-2), 121.

*l'latesr.i, llg.s. y-:!; 7.'., lios. I'.t, ;t:l.

i L

1^

! i

420

15lILIii:TlN :!l, rNITKI) SIATr.S NATIONAL MUSKUM.

liana Jlaviriridix Harlan, in Sillini. Aincr. .loiiiii. Sci., x (l"^',';")), 5^ ; 1 I)., Jiturii. Ac
Nat. Sci. riiila., v (lSv!7) :!:W : 1 1.., MlmI. & Pliys. Kcs. (USir.), UCi, yjo.

/I'aiia horicoiiiiiais llolbv., X. Anicr. llcip., 1st cd., iii (iHliS), 1»1, xviii ; 1 I)., y<l fd.,
IV (1S4'J), 1)1, -will ; Thomiison, Nat. Hist. Vt. (IHl'i), li>l ; He Kay.N. Y. Zoo!.,
Ill (lf^4-->), (il, XXII, lij,'. (l-i.

Itana xir/vivauN Aj^assiz, Lako Superior (l^riO), liT'J, vi, li;;s. I, .'i.

j¥«/('. — ]Jo(ly and limbs very stout and nias.sive; not niuch depressed.
Legs short ; liead subacute, rounded, a ery deep. Nostrils large, oval ;
situated oil the rounded and indistinct canthus rostralis, nearest to the
snout, and distant from the orbit by half the diameter of the eye. Ex-
cavation anterior to the eye shallow, scaniely distinct in passing under
the eye to the tympanum. Tynipamim very large, one-fourth greater
than the eye, and extending (piite ujt to it, and pas.sing beyond the ar-
ti(!idation of the Jaw; one-half the length of line from commissure to
the tip of snout; its central third elevated in a shallow prominence.
Eyes large, contained two and three-fourtli times in chord of lower Jaw
and two and one-fourth in that from (commissure. IJead rather larger
than broad.

In the female the tympanum is much smaller, though still large; about
three-fourths diameter of eye, and distant from the latter by nearly half
its own diameter. The average diameter in males is 11""", and in fe-

males 8"

Occasionallv this character does not hold good, A male

(No. ;>1(!2) has the diameter only S""", while three females (Nos. 3407,

'Silo, and ',)~)2l) have disks of 10 in diameter. In this species and in

the li. catvshiana this membrane reaches a larger size than in any other
species of liatrachia.

The top of the head is i)lanc, without any concavity. The tongue
is large, ileshy, rather narrow, and free bi-hind for one-fourth its length.
The interior nares are large, and open posteriorly nearly opposite the an-
terior canthus of the eye. The vomerine teeth are in two oblong [)atches,
inclined backwards, where they are nearly, if not (piite, in contact, and
l)osterior to the posterior margin of nares, though anteriorly about on
a line. Eustachian openings large.

Skin more or less inammi Hated above and on the sides by ijoarso
pustuliform i)rominences, largest on the sides; these occasionally are
in the form of regular asperities, rougli to the touch; tiie amount of this,
however, depends somewhat on the conditions of preservation'. From
the eye extends a prominent ridge of skin, which, after passing above
the center of the tympanum, bifurciites, one short branch passing
round the tymi)auum, and, thickening below, slops above the shoulder;
beneath this for its whole length jiasses a welldetined furrow indenting
the ibid, and, proceeding directly downwards, .separates the thickening
Just described from a corresi)on(ling and eiiual thickening Just behind
the Jaw. The long branch of the ridge or fold of skin behind the eye
proceeds along the sides, occasionally interrupted, and is lost on the
posterior fourth of the body, thoso of opjio.site i^ides parallel and wide

I

In. Ac
|<1 I'll.

I^OIll.

t

TilK HATRArillA OK NORTH AMERICA.

421

iipai't. Tliero iir<"i no other ri(l}j[('s of skin iis observed in li. palnslris;
but ii distinct broad j^roovc or I'linow may bo tiaced down the middle
of tlie back.

Tlio forearm and hand are of nearly e(|nal U'nytli ; the tliird linger
h)n^a'st; the first and fourth nearly e(|nal, and longer than the second.
The hind legs are short; the tibia, femur, and hind foot about equal,
and less than half the lengtii of the body. The third toe is longer than
tlie fifth. The web between the toes is well developed, and extends
iiotn tiie terminal knobs, except on the inside of the second and third
toe.s, where it is excavateil to tlie lirst articulation. The lirst and
second Joints of the longest toe are not webbed, but are narrowly
inargine<l to the tips.

The general (tolor, as preserved in alcohol, is of a dull greenish-brown
or brownish-olive, with simple! subcircidar blotclu's on the back, sides,
and buttocks, and imlistinct, sometimes much broken fascire on the
limbs. There is in some an obscure yellowish line along the sides of the
jaw and reacihing to the arm, and a dark mark from the commissure to
the arm beneath this line. The edges of the Jaw are blotched with
brown; beneath, yellowish-white. In other specimens the blotches
above are finer and niore (Mowded, and the chin ami throat coarsely
reticulated or blotched with brown, the same marking visibh^ obsoletely
on the under surfaces of the thiglis. The blotches of sides of body uro
sometimes much larger and more distinct than elsewhere.

Fin. 107. /^aiiiJ r/'imn^rt. No. :)r>01. Kiitnw, .\I:».; J.

Tiie bars on t lie legs are sometimes replaced entirely by small blotches.
The females, as already stated, differ in having a smaller tympanum,
though neither here nor in the males is the jnoportioiuil size always the
same. The body is more swollen behind; the head narrower and not
so deep, and the thumbs less thickened.

In life this species is dark olive i)osteriorly above, which color grad-
ually passes into a brilliant green anteriorly. IJelow, wiiiie; the throat
citron yellow.

\>

U

I

■ I ■ j

Ml >

■ t

" "51 1

422 HULLETIN :{l, UNITEO STATES NATIONAL MUSKUM.

Illclll M.

Total length ','. iltl

Arm from elbow 1 . 'JO

Fomiir 1. 10

Til.iii 1.10

Tarsus 7(!

Foot I. If)

Illrlll'H.

1.00 Tdtalof liiiid fool, J. 70

.10 Chord of lu'iid 1. M

.17 Width of li.-ad 1.10

.17 ! Tympanum 1/

.W Eye :W

. U)

. ■17

.ii;
. in

Female {('url'mle, I'ti.).
Total ;!.:iO 1.00 Total of lo}; r.. 00 l.,M

Femur I.Tm

Tibia I..'-..')

. 17 Tympanum IW

• ■17

U)

A Cixrlislo, Til., specimen, when living:, was colored a.s follows: Al)ov«i
and on sides, greenisli-biown, with rounded brown spots iinilbrnd.v dis-
tributed, and about as lar^ic as the pupil of the eye; about twenty be-
tween tlio lateral folds; head and body anteriorly bright giass-ji'reen ;
beneath },'rcenish-white, unspotted, the color of the sides fading? into it ;
the buttocks mottled with brown and yellowish white; femur and Ici;-
with three or four traiisverso dark bands; fore limbs with scattcn'd
blotches not banded ; iris black, mottled with };()lden.

The specimens from I^ake Superior arc typesof the 7»*. nigricans of Pro-
fessor Agassiz, which I can not distiufjuish. They exhibit a {ireatcr
amount of black mottlin{>' and blotches on the inferior surface than usual,
but this is shared by individuals from more southern localities. Speci-
mens from IMaine and Louisiana are still darker, the buttocks beinj,'
nearly uniform black.

In carefully comi)arinn; quite a number of specimens from the South
and North, I (ind it imi>ossible to establish dellnite characters by which
to distinguish a Ii. foufinalis from I\. dninaUi. At first sight the
Southern individuals, which happened all to be of mediuni size, ap-
peared to bo more free from the coarse pustulations; but on the other
Imnd to have the line asi)erities more numerous and closer an<l the head
rather narrower; but the same conditions were seen in some North-
ern si)ecimens. The tympanum is very large in the males, though vary-
ing with the individuals. As in the Northern specimens, some are
nearly immaculate; others mottled above and below, and of various
shades of color, from black above to olivaceous.*

This is csi)ecially a species of an aquatic life, not hunting on land,
but haunting all kinds of waters, from si)rings to river banks. It lives
singly, in pairs, or in small companies, but never in swarnys like the
R. vircsccns. It is not noisy, contenting itself with an occasional nasal
"chung,"and frequently uttering a sharp cry as it plunges into the
water to escape the pedestrian on the bank. It is a good leaper and
swimmer.

* Professor Haird had an opportunity of examiuing tlio upecimcns from which Dr.
Ilolbrook made his description and tigure of 11. chimitans without Hooiug occasion
to clinngu the oitinion ahovo expressed.

I.

< I '

THE HATRACIIIA OF NORTH AMERICA.

Uaiia vlaimila l^iiiuliii.

423

II': ^"'r

y: V

./• I

I; 'h:

H.

(»

I,.M)

1

.:w

0

.:!7

/

.10

H

. Ill

. 10

( t^^.

4-

CatAloRuo
nuInb(^^.

3502
:i4(I0

auri

3t7H
3173

3Ih:i

3170
34ri0
34i'4
34H8
3I(W
3177
34(>ri
3475
3543
3472
3487
3511
34Ht!
3lim
3501
3470
3407
3500
3482
3476
3185
3174
34;!5
35i):l
3520
31!I2
3103
350:t
3rp2l
OlliS
07:12

«:ioi
13000
3003
13504
3521
35IS
3518
6374

11532

1002
11300
11470
11008
1140I
1U45

3335

3528

No. of

5
4
5
1
1
1
1
1
I
1
1
R
4
1
(t
17
3
1
I
!
1

Locality.

Wlu'n o((l-
loctuil.

I'l'naaiiol.i, Fla

Hoot K., Kikctno, Win

<lo

MailUoii, Wis

Kiiiiil (III Iaw. Wilt

lloclu'stci. Win ,

Aztiiliiii, Wis

Waiiki'.slm, Wis

Kliziibrtlilown, N. V ....

Wintiiort, N. Y

WiiMliiii^ton, 1). (J

CailiHio, I'll

.Ir.

ll..

Mfadvillf, I'n

<lo

Qih'Im'O, (;iina'la

Mount Hollv. X..T

('iiiiilii'ilaiiif Ciiiiiity, Mil

(.'laiUn (Jounty, Va

I'liiirlH Mur Ui)ii);<i, I,a..

Eiilaw, Ala ,

I'm t lliii'iiii, Mii'li

Ki'lioit HiviT, Midi

Amlrrsiiii, S. (!

Kciiiii'liaiio, Mi^ ,

I'lirla;:!' County, Ohio. ..

('oliiinbiiM, Oliio

lli;;lilan(l (Joiiiity, Oliio

,S(iiiilii. Ill Illinois

WtMlhi'r.ilield.Coiin ...

Salrni, N.(;

Aii\ I'laiiH'H KiviT, III .

Willow <!ii.(>l;, Vv'iH

Missomi

SoMllicrri Illinois

I'Viriy Landin;;, \'a

Simtlii'in Illiiioi.s

U]i|nT Wisconsin Itivrr.

I.iK'know, Ontario

Wcallii rsliclil, Conn

(0

Jlay— , 1875

From wboiu rccoivt'd.

Dr.J.F.namniond.U.S.A.

I'rof. S. Kllaiitl

<lo

«b.

lU'v. A.(!. Itarrv

I'rof. S. I'". Uaiitl

do

Unv. A.C. Harry

Prof. S. K liaiid

do

J. II.Kiobaid

I'rof. S. K liaiid

do

do

I'rof. Williams

J. K Thickston

I'rof. S. I'MJaird

do

do

Dr. C. 15. U. Ktmneily

.fames Fairio

I'rof. A.Wincb.dl

I'rof. H. F. I5aird

do

MissO. Paino

I'rof. (;. (Mrard

I'rof. S. F. liaird

I'rof. I.. I.,i'S(iiieiiUX

Fred. MatliiT

Naturo of
npuciiuru.

C.

.T.

U

K.^

l)r

U.

II.

I!.

hlo idvilli', I'a

Wi'stcrn Mississi]!))! ..

Saint Louis, Mo

Soulli of IIi;;lil:iMd,Can

ada.
Mii'bipicoten, L ako

Snpi'rior.

Carlisle, I'a

Milt<m,Fla

WaukfCan, III

Naslivillc, (ia. I

!)

1881

"isf^o

Wriubt

T. I.iiicback

ICciinicott

IV. A. C. Harry

.I'.It.lloy

Kcnnicott

W. ilcnsbaw

Ki'nnioott

..do

If.tianiicr

Wriijlit

r. Tliirkstou

.I'.H.Hoy

'. ( ieoruo Fnuloiuann .
DivxUVr......

Woods lloll. Mass

Soutlinrn I'ai'illc Itail-

ro.ad Survey.
Madrid, X.Y

1885

G. Rarriater

Prof. S. F. Raird

S.T. Walker

.Tames Milner

W., T.Taylor

(!) :

11. S. Fisb Conimissiou
II. li. Mcdlbausen

Prof. S. F. Buird

Alcoliolic.
I»o.
1)0. '
Do. cT
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do. d-
Do. 9
Do.
Do. 9
Do.
Do. fT
Do. 9
Do.
Do. d"
Do.
Do.
Do. 9
Do.
Do. 9
Do. 9
Do. 9
Do. rf
Do. 9
Do.
Do.
Do. 9
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do. 9
Do. 9
Do.
Do. 9
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do. (f
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.

Do.

Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.

Do.

'■i

: '-'Bit. I

424 BULLETIN 3J, UNITKD STATES NATIONAL MUSKUM.

RANA C'ATESHIANA Slii.w.'

Rana caicsbiana Sliiiw, (ion. Zool., Ill, Ainpliihia (Idd','), IdC), I'l. xxviii; Lo Conic,

rrocctd. Ac. I'liihi. (18.'),-)), p. -l-.';),
t liana liouiis Lucop., Hist. Nat, QiuuLOvip. (1st cd. 171W ?), cd. Dctcrvillc, i (isi'.i),

270, :!15.
Eana inphna Ilail. {uvc Linnicns), Silliin., Aiiicr. Joiirii. Sci., x (IHi,")), (W; //».,

Jonrn. Ac. Niit.Sci., I'liila,, V (l.-",'7), ;;;!.',; //»., Med. iV, I'liys. Kcs., H;i,->, Ull,'J-jr);

(Lat.) lloll). N. AuHT. Ilcrp., 1st cd., in (1-;!H), Ml, I'l. (c.c), xv ; /^.,'Jd cd., iv

(1842), 77, I'l.xviii; (L).StorcT, Mass. Kept. (1«U)), 2;!.-) ; ( L) Tiiompson, Nat. Hist.

Vt.(lSll), 111); I>() K.iy.N. Y. /ool., iii (lsi,>),(;n, I'l. xix, lij;. I - ; Ciivicr, lJc;,'nc

Animal, ii, Hi(i; illustiatcd cd. D"Oili., I'l. xxxvii, i\'^. 'J; ISaird iV (iiiard,

Kcptil., Captain Marcy (18rj3),2i;i.
Kann miitjtcus Mcrrcm, Tcntanicn Syst. Ainjili. (H-JO), 75; (JiavcnlKtrst, Del. Mns.

Vratisl.(l.S21»), 10; (Catcsl)y) Diini. & liHir,, Kip. (it'n., viii (l-'U), ;!7ii; Wa;;!.,

Syst., p. 20;{; Tsclindi, Hatr., p. 7;>.
liann nvaiHihtvla Ilail., Silllni., Anicr. .loiiiii. Sci., x ( I ^^2.') ),:")'.) ; //<., .Idiiiii. Ac. Nat. Sci.

Pliila., v(18-i7), :i:!-^; //)., Med. vV Pliys. K'cs. (is;?:,), I(i:{,2-,n.
Eana maxima amiricnna aiiitatica C'ltcsliy, ('an)l., ii, 17i;{, I'l. — , p. 7'J (not Jiaiia

»iiH,f//'(;i?, as(|iiot»Ml liy ]>iiin iV l?il)i'.).
liana codSjJtJsa Lo Coute, I'rocecd. Ac. I'hila., 1855, p. 4'^5.

m

i

Fig. 108. liana catmhiana. No. 1U9!); {.
Plates 50, (i^. :i; 51, li^'s. -1-8; 5,5, lij;s. O ; Cfl; 07.

Mii.-j

, Sci.

'"i

TITR HATUAClin OF NOllTII AMHUIOA.

425

L:ir;{i.'.st of ill! llu' Ni)rt!i .ViiiLMiitiiii spocies. IJody very Ixilky uiul
clumsy; It'frs tlii(!k \\\v\ slioii. .Iiiws lu^irly, if not qiiito, us wido as
{\w U'ligtli of cdonl of iii»iM'r j;i\v anil wider tiiaii tlio loiij^itiidiiial
axis of head; inii/-zlo s iWtniiiiMto ; sides ol»li(|ue. Nostrils ohliciuo, a
littlo below tlio cd;;e of tli<» cantliiis nostralis, half Wiiy between tho
ti|)ot snout and anterior caiitliiis of eye. Tyinpaniiin lar;4(^, sli^^litly
oviil, lonj^er diameter somewhat ol)li(|ue, eifual to the diameter of tho
eye; ;;raniilated and sli;;htly raised for the central two-thirds; smooth
exteriorly. Internal nares ellipticjal, transverse, wider apart than are
tlKM'xternal ; tiieircenteis opi)i>si!e a point about one-third from theoyo
to the outer nosti'il ; a siiallow ;;roove, extetidin,i,' to tho rami of tho jaw.
Vomerine teeth in f wo patches, with four or tiv(^ teeth in each i)at('h ; tho
liases of these anteriorly (»it])osite tluMU'nters of tiie inner nostrils, and
sei)arated from eaiih otiier by the s;ime interval as from the nare.s.
Hiistaehian tnbt's l.irj;(', nearly opposite tiie ocnters of lympanuin.
Ton;;iu^ elonj:ated, broadest at the stem.

A fold of skin extends from fiie posterior ('anthus of the eye above
tlio tympanum, and<Mirvinj; round it proceeds directly downward to be-
hind the posterior extremity of the lower jaw ; it then passes ar()und tho
insertion of the fore-arm (distant about half the <liameter orbit) and is
lost on the breast. This fold is only consj)icuous to the lower end of
tlie tympanum ; it is aceompanit'd all the way hy a groove on its lower
e(lj,a', both being scarcely traceabhi beyond the point above mentioned,
excei)t in very wiiU preserved siu'cimens. Theie are no other folds of
skin; esi)ecially noneon the si(b> (»f (he back. The skin above is slightly
shagreeneil by moderate asperities, whicih increase posteri(nly. I>eneath
smooth. Tlu^ posterior laces of tho buttocks rugose-granulated.

Tho tliird finger (the second from outsi<le) is h)ngest, then fourth,
first, and second. AH are without any membranes or web. Tho tibia
is not quite half tho length of body. The fourth t(»e is longest; tho
tliird ratlier longer than the liflh ; then second and lirst. All are cloft
(except as to membrane) nearly to the base of tho metatarsals, deepest
along the first and lifth. The web tills up the entire interval, extend-
ing from tip to tip of the toes; the outlines lu'arly straight when out-
stretched.

The color above is olivaceous-brown, with darker blotches about lialf
tho diameter of the oyo distril)uted pretty uniformly; o(;casionally
in conta(!t ami conlluent; the outlines obsolete or n(»t clearly marked.
Tho buttocks ai'e similarly marked, witli tlie 1)lotches nearly black. Tho
jonits of tho fore leg have each one or two bars or blotches; those are
ntoro distinctly transveise on the hind legs, where there are three or
four on each joint. Membiane of himl foot finely mottled. The lower
l)arls, including groin, are silvery white, with similar coai*se blotches
or mottlingsof obs(!olescent brown, though not ((uito so much crowded
as above; this pattern pervades the whole inferior and interior faces of
body and limbs, leaving no portion unmarked. Tho tympanum is rather
darkest in the center.

nA

CI

/;

I

'; I!

}k

1

■

1

;

'4
r.

H'

M

1

426

lUILLKTIN 31, lINITi:i) STATI'St NATIOXAL MlISKUNt.

Ill tlio iiiiilo (he tyniiiiiniiiii is iiiiicli liir;;<'r tliiiii in (lie ('ciiiali's, and
ljirj,'er than (lu' I'.vi', oxtciidinH' to (he pttsteiiof vwd ol' (lie jaw. In I lie
males the diameter of the (yiiipanii! disk is ul»oii( L'O""", reaeliiii;;' li.")" ■"
ill hirj^e animals. In tlu^ feiinde the diaiiictcr is ahdiit 11"""; liiit I have
observed a inahi with the tliaineter (Hily !(•"'"' and a Cemale with (he
diameter as large as the average of males. Such eases are, however,
not very eoiiimon. I( may be observed here (lia( Ihesnpposilion, ap|)ai-
ently entertained by some writers, (hat (he /i*. chtUKda jiossesses (lie
largest tympani(; disk in (he genus, is n(i( (•orn'e{, as it is as large in
the present speeies.

The largest spe(!iinen of (his sjx'eies in Ihe Nadonal Museum is the
No. 10880, from South Carolina. Its dimensions are as follows:

MviiKKri'iiii Ilia \o. l(W~'0. M.

Length of lii'iul and luxly I'.'n

Width (if Iic'iul at jioHti'iior ed^^t's tympiiiii<! disk t'TO

Lenirtli of luiiid to iiostcrior cdgcH t,viM|ijinic disli (iii,'>

Diiiiiictcr of tyiiiiianic liisi; flv-T)

Lenj^tli of foro Icj; from axiliii d'.ll

Loii;^t,li of i'tmi foot 0 10

LiMi^tli of liiiid leg from jjroin t.'H"'

Lpiij,'tliof tiliia (iTt

Li'i)j;th of tarsus Oil

Lpiij;tli of rfiiiaindfr of hind toot OHO

Total oxpanso of palmation O.-O

A large speeimeii from Tensaeohi has (he head radier more I'ioiigated,
being longer than broad; tli«^ (ympannm normal. The paladne lectli
arc in (wo [tatehes, elose together; the prominonees of bone on which
they arc situated are in contact at their bases ; (he (ongiie broad, short,
and with longcornua. The skin is niinutely shagreened above; less so
beneath. The toes rather long. JJody less blotched beneath, especially

on the abdomen.

MmsitrcmeHts.

Inrliis.

Totallength 4.10 1.0(

Femur '2. 10

Tibia 1.110

IllfllOfl.

Total hind hg ("..70

IH ! Arm Crom clliow l.HO

II! I Chnrd of nmicr jaw 1.7'2

Tarsus (if) . l.">

Hind foot 'J. It! . U»

Width of licad l.tIG

l.r.'2
.11

.as

Most sj)eeimens from Carlisle, Pa., agree in general characters with
the one described, although one has the skin more pustular, with the
upper parts of an ob.scure (erruginoiis color, obsoletcly varied with oli-
vaceous. The head, too, is decidedly longer than broad. Another
specimen, 4 inches in (he length of body, with broad head, has tln^ up-
per parts olivjiceous green, with (juite small indistinct blotches of pur-
plish-brown, not very close to each other. Voting specimens generally
are of this color, the blotches reduced to distinct black <lo(s, scattered
uniformly over (he back, and the lower parts yellowish anteriorly, with
very obsolete indications of the blotches. Tymi)aiium very large. The
It. cons2>ersa Le Conte was based on such a specimen.

« I •*

h, Jiii.i

I'll llio

llil\C'
Itll lllO

|v<'\( r,
(i|)|);ii.

I'M t\u>

V'tii' ill
lis tJu-

.1/

.1:10

.(CO
. Olij

. oj-r,
. (1 10

. 071

.on

. (»S(I
. OMJ

("Cfll

liicli
i(»r(,
M so
iillv

11

:«)

'-

n

1

TIIK Il.VTllACiriA or NOIITII AMRRFfA.

427

III tlicNorlli, a.s.sociafcd witli spL'ciiiieii.sof tlic (larU-ldotcluMl viirit'ty,
iii'i' otluT.s, Home of «;oiisi(li'riil)lo kI/o, with tlio skin (iiiito siiiootli, iiiul
not at all imstiilar. llroatl Imad, above yello\vi.slij,M('eii, without spot.s
or baml.s anywhere; heiieath yi'llowisii white ; throat hiijjht yellow.
Others aj;'aiii show blotches on the biitto(!ks, then on the inside of the
le<:s, then elsewhere. It is impossible to draw out any (!on.staiit char-
acters whereby to define anyone condition of marking'; much depends
upon the locality.

Tlie yoiin;,' speiMineiis as a ;;eneral riih^ liave the head narrower than
I he a<lults, and il must be borne in mind that the tadpole sometiim's
attains a very ;;reat size before^ any transformation is elVected. The
poiii at which this takes place doubtless allCects the tjeneral proper-
ti(tiis.

Small Ni)e<*iiiieiis from I''ort Smith, two and one-half inches long, Jiro
similar to those from Carlisle, I'a. Skin pustular.

li'aiKi (■((li'ihiinni Shiiw.

(Jalilln;:!!!'

No. ()f

imiiiiIm r.

HpfC.

1

;i:.i:i

1

;i:.:il

■IH:ir.

I

;i;i:i7

I

;i;r.'i

-

:ij:i!(

1

;i."iii)

1
1

;i.iu

1

llli^H

;i

0UI7

1

:mui

1

8:1 to

rp'.iw

1

;i:iio

1

:i:i:u

3

;ijn7

4

;):>:i:t

:t

;i'.iH

1

liTll

I

;i:.(iH

1

:ios7

1

:i(;!)i)

')

:i;i:i8

i

:i:i:u)

1

o:t!»'.>

!-•

o:)!»:t

1

3s;ii

3

33:12

1

352a

1

3;i."iO

1

Oll><J

1

riiKii)

1

•Jt7r)

1

35()3

1 1

lOHMO

I 1

»;iH9

1 1

OJ.IO

1

ll.'.U

•>

lu:i4(i

1

1 1 ID!)

0

lllilO!)

1

Ultl

2

31:1.-1

12

3.-|48

'.!

1

1

I.iii'itlity.

WIllMI

I'dllrc cil.

l'"i'()in wliorii i< ci.'ivid.

Nat II I'll
lit' Kiirciiiiciu

Ciiilisl,., I'.i

r.iiiii ;hiii- ('iiiiiiiv, r

l''ii\liinv:li, I'u ..'.....

l!io(pKvillr, I'.i

l!i(l l;iMi-, A I'U

I''(iit Siiiilli, ArU

I'laiiir Mir lliiiiu
Siiiiil Liiiii.4, Mil .
KIri'liiiliiimJl, (i:l

I.i

I'riif. S. K. Baiiil 1 AlHiuloUc.

.. ill) Do.

Sliiiw Do.

Dr. 1!. Iliivinoiid Do. cf

(.'iipt. I!. li..Miir(v,U. S A. Vi>.(f

Dr. I'.. KSIiiiiiiaiil | Do.

1:

, Wi-i

I'l'iiHai'iila, Kla .
MiiaiiMii.v, l''la

Tarlii

iiiiili, N. 0

Cliarlr'<tiili, S. ('
Sail Dic^o, Cal

l.alii', .\. V

Kli/.aliitiitiiwii, N. V
Wrslimrl, N. Y.

.laiiirs Kainii

Dr. (i. Kii^iii'iiiaM
I'liif .S. 1'. liainl.

ilii

Dr 1!, W..I,irivv.
Dr. T. 11. li.aii ."..
>r. L, Itridurr

I'n.f. S. 1''. l!airil

I.ii'iit. IJ.Coiuli, U. .S. A.

I'rof. S. I'-, liaiiil

('(iliiniliiiH, < tliio rrol. I,. I.esi|ii(iiriix.

MaiiiMla, Ohio rniC l). 11. AiiilreWH.

KlMi:l,(tlli(l

I'nif. S. K. Hainl

Miiliilr, Ala ! I'ilclioil V

Wrslrili Mi.ssiiini
(iiiat tJnrk

SI

lawilrl

Vill.i

Dr. I'. It. Iluv...-
II. li. Miillhaiisi'ii

•III

.ShawiicK Mission

Dr..r. (I.t'imii

Monlircllo, MisH Mi.ss H1I111 I'l

Sllilry l.alii

W. .S. Woml

Saint l.iiiiis, Ml) ! 1 do.

Tvvi'ii S|iriii;;.s, 'rcnii
Vi'lliiw.stoni' Kivcr...

Ni'W Oili'.iiis, l,a

Miiniit CarinrI, III

St. .IoIhi'm Kivir, Kla . .
lilark Kivcr. Klvria, ( Cii

Oaklrv, S. ('.

i I'rol'. K. Owrn

I Dr. I\ V. IlavdcM

May 'J!l, l>^7."i j Niw Orlians Academy.
Nov. — , 1K8I , L. M. Tiiniir

1874 i (;. I!

riiwM tiDoiii

lllc

l.ilicrlvt'iiiiiitv, lia
Wasliinnton, D. ii ..

Arlin^tim, Va

SoiiMiliainpton Ooiiiil v,
Va.

Wvtlicvillc, Va

S. 1'. U.K. Survey

Soutlicni Illlnom

I'"rainin;:liaiii, Mas.s

Montreal, 1). C

I'riif. S. I'. ISaiiil .

i V. W. Ilavward..

I .Maj..!. LeCiintc

1.S77 Dr. T. II. liean ..

(?»

l.HT'.t Wi liain rainier ,

(.')

,— , 1,S70 I.. Kiinilieii

188.-. fid. >r. McDimald

I II. II. MolUian.icn.

K. KeunnieiiLa,...

S. K. llaird.

])o.

Do.

Do.

Do.

Do. O

Do.

Do.

Do.

Do.

Do.

Do. c/-

Do.

Do. 9

Do.

Do.

Do.

Do.

Do. g

Do.

Do.

Do. g

Do.

Do.

Do.

Do.

Do. cf

Do.

Do.

Do.

Do.

Do. cf

Do.

Do.

Do.

Do.

Do. ?</•

Do. cf

Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.

m

'■- '*,r'»-''-f*-

\ '

i

- 1

428 Tuir.LF/riNr :?i, united statks national mfskum,

Tltis isiR'cii's prc'lers liirf^vr hodio.s of watt'i', iiiid cspociaMy liinints llic
sliores wheio tliickets iiiul uiuU'ibrii.sh iiiiikti tliem inaccessible. It.s
vui(!0 is lainiliar to all (IwcIUts in tlie country, liavinj^ nuicli tlio tone
of that of a bull, but with a bcttcr-defmcMl enunciation, it unvy be im-
itated by uttering- ;. bass "br'wuni" several times in succession, with a
hoarse voice, in front of an enii)ty cask or other revei'berating cavity.
Familiar imitations of it aie the words "bo drowned'' or "more rum.*'
Th(^ voice is not uttered until the arrival of warm weather, and is con-
tinued duriuf'' the evening' throuj;hout its continuance. It may be
heard for a distance ol' several miles.

])r. .1. II. (iarnier* points out the relationship between this species
and the li. damnta and U. scpfciitriotKilifi, in the lollowinj;' lanynajic:

"(1) They have no chant amour, or love notes, in spring'. ('J) They
retire early to hibernate with the lirst autumnal frost. (.») They live in
the water and lie in wait for their food, but do not hunt for it on land.
They i)oise the body on any lioatinj'' weeds, lie on the bank or any bit
of stick or loj4' that suits their purpose. (I) The tadpoles of A*. cdteNhidna
and R.vUinintu reipiire two years to mature, ami the ' mink fro;"' [R. scp-
It'utrioHdlis) retpiires the same period. (."» and <•) The foot is bioadei' in
proportion than in tlu' rest of tlu' lamily (Jgenus), and the second toe
is proi)ortionally stouter, a i»eculiarily empliatieally distinct, which can
b«^ seen at a ylance. (7) When captured they sometimes utter a cry of
distress (juite dilferent from their ordiiiaiy croakiiij;' notes, and I have
often seen the bullfroj'' ( /i'. cdlcshidnd) ojien his nuMith and scream for
over a minute. (S^ AVIien they jiive their note it is always i»ro(luced by
inllatinji' the throat-jjouch and suddenly expellin;^ the air, whereas in A'.
riri'scoiSj etc., there is a jiouch near the an,i;le of the Jaws, (sn either side.
(1>.) They are all tin}>ed more or less with yelh)wish}jreen on the chin,
which soon shades towan's the throat and breast, and the belly is whde,
or nearly so."

RANA MONTKZfM.l-: Itninl.f

Iioiia moiili:ii;ti<i I'minl. rnicccd. Ac I'liihi.. \'-'i'>. [i. i'>l : (nranl, }\ S. Mcx, nomid.
Siu-v., Ji'optil.'s.. ).. -JT, ri. :!(i, li;,'. l-C; liicMclii, Miss. Sc. Mrx. li.itr., \>. II, I'l.
IV, li-. a.

The jieneral form is rather squat and li(>avy; in this respect re-
semblfii*;' the Northern bull-fro,i>-, or Rdiui cdtcshidiid. Like it, it is with-
out any lateral riil;;(' of the skin on the i>ack, or if such l)e present, it is
interrupted and soon disappears. The head is depressed, the an.nles
all rounded, eanthus rostralis not distinct ; the nostrils situated a little
below its highest part, al»out halfway between tnee.\e and tipofsnout.
The t(ti» of the head is slightly convex between the eyes, without any
groove. Tiiere is a slight depression behind and below the exterior
nostrils, and which, proceeding backwards, beconu's obs(»I('t(' iu'low
the anterior eanthus of the orbit and then leappears below (lie middle

*Aincrican NiUmiili.st, 1-^s:!,

HI-'.

t I 'la I.' 51, llg. !',>.

fl

TIIK J5ATUA(;illA OF Nctl.'TII AMICUICA.

429

of the eye, wliciico it passes n\o\\^ tho, np[)('r vaga of the maxillary
lioiie as a well-dcrmeil /;roovo i'.\teii(liii,n- bcMieatli tli'^ lymi)aiiui»i.
Tliere is no fold of skin passing over and behind tho tynii)annui, as
in A', catesbiana. The tyniiKinuni is moderate, snbelliptical, with the
' . ^' longest diameter longitudinal, the center above the angle of the mouth,
its anteiior edge rea<!hing within one-third of a diameter of the eye
from the eye. The rim is well defined, being slightly raised above the
H'vel of the tympanum itself, which is nearly smooth, exhibiting only
a slight granulation in the center. The tongue is broad, short, subor-

rf-v

Fid. lOlt. lidiia iiioi)tc:uiiiiv. Valley of Moxico; }.

bicular, ami with the ciornua distant and <|nite small; it is free on
the sides an«l behind for two thirds its length. The internal nares
are small, transverse, exteriorly produced into a groove extending some-
what oblicpu'ly backwards to the edge of tho maxillary bones ; their
centers nearer the anterior eanthus orbitalis than to the exterior nos-
trils. T!ie vomerine teeth are situated on two protuberances, which are
inclined l)ackwards at an acute angle, and placed with their anterior
bases in a line with the anterior edges of the internal nares; the teeth
themselves are lew in number, minute, and range oblicpiely on the pos-
terior portion of the crest of the jjrotuberances. The teeth on the edge
of tiie ui»per jaw are well developed, and extend to the inner edge of the
angle of the mouth. The Eustachian openings are large, and at least
twice the diameter of the ehoana'. An external vocal vesicle of con-
siderable size is seen on each side at the angle of the Jaws, as large as a
very large jiea after being contractted by alcohol.

As already stated, there are two «listin(!t ridges of skin, one on each
side the back, commencing above the tymi»anum. They are I'recpiently
interrupted, and do not reach the groin. The upper i)arts are gener-
ally smooth, but with warts on tlu^ sides of the body, where they
are llattencd at top; occasional warts are scattered over tho back,

! ;^

< M

> (•

t'

r

t'l!

r

1

1

i

;

,

1

430 iJULLKTiN ;m, unithu statks national muskum.

tbouyh not promiiieiit, but .siiiootlicd over. The buttocks are apiiar-
eiitly smoother thau common, the usual gnmnhitioii being scarcely
discernible. Tiie under parts are entirely smooth.

The tinjirers are all free and of rather unusual length, and taper sud-
denly from the swollen base. The third is longest, the (Irt and fourtii
nearly equal, though the latter is rather longer. The fourth toe is loiij^
est, fifth and third rather shorter. All the terminal phalanges are curved
downwards and taper to rather an acute tip; the web is more cut oui
on the inner edges of the toes than on the outer; on the latter it extends
to a little beyond the middle of the last phalange ; on the former scarcid.v
beyond the last Joint; itiseverywheredecidedly concave when stretched.
The cuneiform tubercle is small, and there is a slight membrane extend
ing from it along the inner edge of the foot.

The general color above is of a purplish-brown, beneath grayish-white
or ash, everywhere minutely blotched or vermiculated with spots and
sinuations of lighter; sometimcvS more in irregular spots, sonu'times
more in vermiculations. Deneath, these light spots are obsolete towards
the chin, but they are very distinct on the side about the groin, and on
the thighs anteriorly, posteriorly, and interiorly, where they are larger
than their interspaces. In the typical and best specimen the ground-
color of the entire limbs is purplish-brown, rather lighter beneath and
internally, with the lighter spots scattered everywhere, and very obso-
lete indications of transverse bars above. This ai>pears to be a male.

A fenuile still larger than the specimen upon which the descrii>tion
has been based is more squat in ap|)earance, with the warts mon^
distinct on the side and back, but with little or iu» granulation on the
buttocks. The colors are much the same, except that the lower parts
are lighter, the interior faces of the hind legs especially, • hich are
yellowish-gray, with the light blotches very obsohite. The light s!»'?ts
in the groin are of a pink color, which may be the general hue of the
spots. lA'Ugth of body, ^.(JtMnches.

We have thus«lescribed one extreme of coloration. Tii(> other is quite
ditferent. Here the upper parts and sides an* (covered with very dark
brown blotches, each with a lighter areola; tiie blotcdies average about
two-thirds the size of the tympanum. Some of the blotches on the back
are considerably elongated ; those on the sides smaller. The ground-
color is of alight olivaceous-brown, with a general and uniform mottling
of lighter, as already described. The inferior parts are lighter, with the
blotches more obsolete. The fore limbs with several obsolete dark
blotches, the hinder with three or four transverse bars on each division;
those on the thigh very short. Ilody 2.4i inches long.

Specimens are found in every stage of c<dorati<)n between these ex-
tremes. Sometimes the blotches and bars are barely perceptible when
the skin is wet, and again they are more distinct or not at all visible.
The smaller specimens are usually the most blotched, the color becom-
ing more uniform with increasing size. During life the dorsal spots

f(

fr

ppar.
ircciy

nikI-
Mirtli

ir\('(|
t out
X'lnls
rccly
lK'(i.
loud-

...i.

fV

THK JtATIJACIIJA OF NOKTIF AMFklCA.

431

may bocome a {;ias.s-gro('ii. in most spcciiiuMis the obliciuity of the
pahitiiic prot liberal ices is U'ss than deseribed.

The areohited varieties bear some resemblance to A', arcolata, IJaird
iiiid tlirard, but may bo distiiijjiiislied by the white spots on tiie darker
>;rouii(l of the under and inner surfaces, the more fully webbed toes, the
shorter limbs, etc. Iioth have the lateral vocal vesciles. A*, arcolata
has a decided lateral fold.

Mnh:

llK'llC'8.

TcplJil It'iiKtli ;i.-.'ti 1.(10 Hand

TliiKli 1-J"

'riir.^iiH 70

Miiiil foot. l.f.l

I'oic-iiriii, I'roni I'lliow. 1.70

Inc-lics.

7J .'j;j

.11 I lliinl l(!j;(stiTtcli.(l) .».H| l.r.l

. -ii Li'iiitiiioriitjiKi 1.0.'^ .:m

.:.l Width i.os .:m

.,■>:! Lciifftli of eyelid :!0 .Oil

City of Mexico — twelve specimens, .MaJ. \\. Kich; six specimens, E.
I). ("oi)e.

This species is co iimoM in the valley of .Mexico, where it is used as
food. The unspotted brown variety is found near Guanajuato; Dr. A.
Dtiyes,

i;.\NA TK.MPORAinA I. inn.

l}iu\(i ttiiiiioiiiriii, jiart., L. Sy.st. Nat., I'd. Vi, p. 'A'>7,

Ilaini miilii l.aiir., Syn. h'ei>t., p. :10.

L'aiKi Umiioruiht .Selineider, lli.st. .\nipli., I, ]>. 11!!; liUtr., Sal., p. 1(7, and liupt. u, j).

1,")0; Shaw, Zool., iii, p. '.t7 : l>aii(l., Kain., ]>. IC), I'l. l.'>, and Keptil., vill, p. HI;

Meirein, Tent., p. 17.'.: I'eiiii., I'.ril. /ool., ill, p. '.>; .Jenyns, liiit. Vert., ]k 'MO;

IJonaii., I'.ann. llal. ; Scliiii/, I'.iiiii. llelv,, \>. 14:!; 'r.schudi, Hatr., p. 7'J ; Hell,

Itiit. K'eptil., i>. ^1 : Kiini.A Uiln., n.li.V.t ; Koch, tier. Senck. lies. (1 872'), p. ll't;

ratio, Vert. Siii.sse, in, p. :!•.'!: \>r I'.etta, I'ann. llal. K'ett. Anf., p. (il; Le.ssona,

Atti Ae. Lineei. Mem. Cl. Se. I'i.s., I, |>. loiW, I'i. II ; lioulen<,'er. Vat. l?atr. Sal.

Hrit. Mils., ed. II, ls-,>, p. .| |.
7i(ni((,/'((rM()(/)(t Millet, Faun. Maine et l.oin-, ii, p.dti:!.
h'dliit iiKiiitil I'allas, /.ooj;r. K'oss, As., p. I'J.
Hdiiii iilpiiia Ki.sso, lliNl. Nat. Fur. Mi'r., ill, ji. ".':> ; lion a p, .'. •'.
li'timi s(oli(<i l?ell, /. r., p. loj.

HaiKi /(^(///)■(7M'»«'^ Sleeiistr., Aintl. Her.,'.il, \'ers. Kiel. p. lot.
li'ana/iiscii De risle, Ann. Se. \at.,ser. 5, .wii, l.-^7;!: I.eyilij;-, An. Hatr., p. 110; 15ou-

leiif^er, liiill. Soe, Zool. Fianee, 187l>, p. Itll; Ilcion lioyer, Hull. Ac. Htdj;. (H), I,

No. •.', p. lit'.t.
Hiiiin ttiiiiniraiiit var. iiltitiiir!iiii i Sehreih., llerp. Fur., p. I\!.">; (iiinlli,, Cat., p, IG ;

Kosel, lli.st. l.'aii., p. 1, I'is. is.
Havii ihihowHhii CJiinth., Ann. iV Ma,^. N. 1!., 1-7(1, x\ ii, p. :\-^7.

Vomerine teeth in two small oldi(iue oioiips, extending beyond the
hinder edjic of the choame. Head moderate; snout short, blunt ; in-
terorbital space as broad as tlieuppei eyelid; tympanum distinct, two-
thirds the diameter of the eye. l-'in^yeis moderate, lirst extendin<j be-
yond second; tv)es at least two thirils webbed; stibarticular tuber-
cles of liiif^ers and toi's moderate; inner metatarsiil tubercle small, ob-
tuse; outer tubercle none or scarcely distim^t. Tiie hind limb beinjj
carried forward alon;;' th^^ body, the tibiotarsal arti(Uilatioii reaches

if

: i)

■ r

. !

1

i

'::■:*

f-

■:■■-'

>

,f ,'

) (■

I Til

JtiWfiiiraiaaaa^

432 jjULLirrix ;ii, uxitim) siati;s national musku.m.

lianlly tlio {i[i of tlie snout. A modi'vatcly i>i'oiiiiiioiit j;lainliil;ir liiteriii
fold. I'piuT parts jiiayisli or brown, more or loss sj)otteil with darl;
brown or black ; a more or less intense dark temporal spot ; a light line
from below the eye to the extremity ol" the temporal s[)ot ; sides of
body largely spotted; limbs Iransveisely barred; beneath more or less
spotted. ]\Iale witli two internal vocal sacs.

The above synonymy and (lescrii)tion are taken from Boulenger, to
whom we are indebted for tlie most complete studies of the Kuropeau
species of I'ana.

Tlie typical foi-mof tliis speciies is distributed over northern and teiii-
pcrate Asia and Murope, but a subspecies is (;ommon in tiu' western
regions of North America. Tiiis lias been called Ititna ptrtioxa by
Messrs. Baird and (lirard. It «liffers Irom the Old World Ibrm asfoUows:

Ht'iid rroiii tliri'i' and (i\ c-liiitlis to (<iiir 1 iiiics in li'nj;tli ; tciiiixiriil siiot iiioio tlisliiii t :
/.'. t. I( iiiiiiirariii.

lloiul from tliict^ fii tliitc iiiid livc-tcnllis liiiu's in Icnjilli ; (cmiioial spnt h'ss dis-
tinct /i". /. jinlinKii.

lidiui t)')iipi>rari<i jtrrtiosa Ihl. vS: (lird.*

liaiitt iintiimi liaiid. iV (iirard. I'roccfd. Ac. I'liilii., l>r>:5, ]i, ItT"'; Itaii'd, rrmccd. Ac
riiiia., L-.V), 1.. W'^; (lirard. V. S. Kxjd. llNpcd., llcip., p. ','(1, I'l. -J, ii;rs. \:\-\<:
Cooper,!;. S. I'.xjd. Snrv., xil.. part ii. p. iidi; r>oiil('n;j;cr, Hull Sue. Zitol. I'r.
l^ell, p.'JiIri; Cope, I'roci'i'd. Ac. I'liila., L-i-^;{, pii.viO, ;);!; Anii'ricaii Naturalist, l-7'.i.

p. »:{."..

The tbrm is rather stout and the head is not sosmall as in tho typical
1{. l('mpor<(ri(i. The heel of the exteu<led hind leg reaches to the postf-
rior border of the orbit, or from tiiat jtoint t(» tiie anterior bordi'r. The
inner cuneiform tuberch^ is snuill and obtuse, und there is a snnill ex-
ternal one. The following description is taken from a female:

IJody stout, depressed, in shape much like A*. ail<:shi<ui(i. Head oli-
tuse, rounded, and sublruncate. Head broader tiian long. Canthns
rostralis not distinct. I'].\lernal nostrils small, circular, nearer the snout
than the eyes; a shallow groove behind them with a mineU' papilla, as
in most frogs. Head llat between the eyes; sides oblique; facial exca-
vation very shallow. lOyes small, contained a little nKUcthan three
times in the chord of the commissure and three and one half in that ol
the lower Jaw, one and one-half diameters from the ti|». Tym|»anum
very small (in small s[)ecinH'ns iinite indistinct), scarcely two thirds the
si/e of the eye, and distant from it by nearly a diameter. Tongue very
large and lleshy, free behind tor half its length, inner narcs narrow,
elongated in one specimen to a mere slit. N'omerine teeth in two small
obli(ln(^ |»atches, ap|)roacliing behind, but separated by an interval (Mjual
to that lietween the anteri(»r extremity and the inner nares. This ante-
rior extremity is on a line with or rather [ntsterior to the hinder border of
the ii'.r.i r nares.

Skin everywhcic thick and leathery, minutely pitied ; on the sides

d posterior pait of the body with external surfaces of liiinl legs, pus

' i'lad' I'.l. (in-. I'.'.

I

t
I

i

THE J5ATHACHIA OF NORTH AMERICA.

433

latcnil
li (IluIc
•ht lino
idos of
; or lo^^s

iiyer, lit

ml U'lii-
wostoni
ti(is(t h\
f«)llo\vs:

t less ili>-

(MmI. Ar.

liu^. r.!-i-;

/.D.ll. 1 1.

1-alist, 1-7'.'.

Iio typical
tlu' po.stt ■
(Icr. Tilt'
I small t'X-

lli'llll olt

Cantliu.-^
rtlic snout
l»apilla, as
iU'ial I'xra-
lliaii tlii'ci-
iii that ol
l\iiipanuiii
( tliinls tlif
)nj;iu' very
cs iiaiTow,

I two small
LMval iMpial

'I'lii.s ante-
i- border of

II tilt' sides
d loys, pus

■•■■t

*

I

filiated with small as[)erities, seen even on the interior dij?ital mem-
brane. Those on the buttocks seem to rei)lace the usual f>ranulation,of
which no traces are visible. Many of these latter pustules on the but-
tocks appear to consist of glands, as their open mouths are visible in
the largest specimen on the inferior surface.

The third flnger is longest, then the fourth ; the first longer than the
second. The femur is shorter than the tibia, and both shorter than the
foot ; they are not quite half the length of the body. The tifth and third
toes are equal ; the foot well webbed. The terminal jointof the fourth toe
is entirely free; the web extends from the tip of the outer toe to nearly
the second articulation of the next, running up to the first articulation,
and again on the other side in a similar manner, narrowing to the tips
of the third, second, and first toes on the exterior sides, and on the in-
ner, starting from the first articulation. The inner edge of the foot is
narrowly margined. The cuiu'iform process i.>, elongated and diminu-
tivj', with a small tubercle opposite it on the sole, the whole of which is
covered by asperities. Inner loe not one-third total length of foot.

There is a broad depressed ridge extending from the eye on each side
nearly to the thinks, becoming indistinct i)osterioiiy ; in some specimens
perceptible at any point. No other ridges are visible, except a slight
glandiform prolongation of the upper jaw, extending over the aim, and
interrupted opposite the end of the Jaw and above the shoulder by the
groove pa.ssing behind the tynii)aiuini.

(Jeneral (!olor, above dull yellowish-brown (dead leaf), darker on the
sides. A number of circular l)iown blotches on the back between the
ridges, which themselves are rather brighter than the rest of the ground-
color, and not invaded by the blotches. In some the.se blotches are
very few in number, iiiid in none are they in any definite .serial arrange-
ments or areolated. The outer siufiUH's of the limbs are blotched
transversely; a dull yellowish line along the upper Jaw, distinct only
under the eye, nari'owing behind, and terminating above the arm ; in
young specimens an indication of a dark area back of the eyes and
iiKiluding the tympanum, somewhat as in R, si/lratica. (Jnder parts
yellowish-white, obsoletely marbled with brown. In life the groin and
posterior parts of the abdomen, with the adjacent parts of the thighs,
are salmon-<;olor. I took a specimen at Salt Lake City, Utah, which
has no tra(!e of dermal folds, and a smooth skin. Sides and above uni-
form dusky; thighs below anil i)osteiior part of abilomen red.

This is the characteristic Ivana of tne northwestern interior, being
accompanied by niifoci)! u iiihie unI s iunl liKNCdiiiinn rctitstnm. In life the
posterior part of the abdomen, with the inferior faces of the thighs, are
of a bright salmon red. 1 »)l)taiiicd it the entire length of the valley of
the Warner Lakes, but not at Fort Midwell. I have found it to range
as far as the eastern foot of the Hocky .Mountains in Montami;* and

".\iiirrii Mil N;il iir.ilisi, 1-7'.', (i. IX).

1<».-,l_Hi,ll. M 'js

I i

m

'■ y

hi

. ^

<m

i

7f

434 BULLETIN SI, UMTKD STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

the speciinens assi^^iu'd by iiic * to l\'<(iui .septen Irintudifi, from the VoHow-
810110 Basin, may hv the variety (k'scribi'd above IVoui Salt Lake City.
I do not iKMv liave them before me for decision.

TIic lial»its of the Nana pfetionn are entirely aquatic.

6 / / 2

Flc. 110. Sana tctnporariapretiota

Fimalv.
Inches.

Total length 'i.'\ l.Od

Fore-ana from shoulder L 4(5 .;"):?

From elbow 1. If* . \'.\

Femur \.'i\ .1')

Tibia X.Wl . IH

Tarsus "i'i .tit;

Himl loot L iVJ . .'if)

I'utna Iviiqiomriii inuliusd liainl

No. 5973. Gn'ROU ; \.

Inc

Inner too from tai"?n8

Hind lej? 4.

Chord of jaw

Width of head

Leiijrlh of eye

T,vin]iaiiiini

lies.

.ri4

.19

.4G

1.(53

.yi

.:{;{

.y-j

.3:$

. 'iti

. 0'.>

.18

.07

Catalo^iiu-
uuinlii'i'.

N"(i. of

.-.ll.T.

I.iicalitv.

Wlirn nil-
li-clcd.

Fliiin wIkmii rcii'ivcil.

Nittiiic of

spciiiriiii.

.".97;i
hti8:i

am

114UB
8085
3437
3:i«o
;i:iUti
8<i70

'.um

;ia78

11037

ll.m'l
110U9

11513
ll.-i'Jl
11531

14408

10919
10B21
10023
10924
10025
14400

lu
11

2

1

Oct.

C;iiiiji Mor:;ii'. ( in ;;oii
Souliii-ni (jiilitoi iiiii

Nl'V;lilil

1'm-.;i| Sound, ()ir:;oii

I.akf lalioc, Ni vaila .. Orl.

Iti'il i;ivcr of Noi til

Klatiialli I.aki', t)iryoii

(.'I

Santa liai Uaia. Cal

ril;;il Soiiud, ( >|i;;oii

.St. ('atlii'iinc'.-, ( '.maila

Xoiili (d' liivcr Nil/

tll'i^Oll.

riUPiI- I'ilrliolr l{.i>iii

Villim sloiio r.iiU.
Fort ICIIh. Mont

-, l*<7t'.

1)>75

('. 11. Kcnm 1 Iv

II. \V. Il(n>lia'w

do

r. s !:\|d Kxpcci. .

H. W. lliMsliaw

l;, Krnriiidlt

1)1. ('. (1. Ni will iiv

Id. A. I, lli'i I man

II. \V. II,llr.ll.llV

Hi. ('. R l;. K.iiniMlv

III. I>. \V. Uradlc...'

Dr. liroiyc Siuklrv

<'. llail Miriiam

Uplui- I-'iiiliidi' liasiii. .

V.llou^loii.' r.iiU.
l)t'.s Cliiitis Ui\ cr. I Iit;;
Ci'ookrd IIImc, On;; . .
Moiiiiiaiii.f iiiaf fort

Klaniatli.Oiri.'. I

Kcirl Walla Walla, Wash. I

do ...

do ...

do ...

<lo ....

do ...

California

l>^7i:

1S7-J

lh7.-<
I.^7>

1^7S

l.-Kl
l.-Sl
IRKi
I KM
1C81

W. I!. I'I. Ill

('. llait Mei I iani.

II. W. Il.tisliaw..

do

do

Capt. CliarliM Bfiidiif, V.
S. .\rinv.

do .;

do

do

.1(>

do

Dr. J.G.Coojur

Alcoliolic.
Ho.
I>o.
llo.

Ho.

Ho.
Ho.
Ho.
Ho.
Do.
Ho.
Ho.

Ho.

Ho.
Ho.

Ho.
Ho.
Ho.

Do.

Do.
Ho.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.

• Aituual Report U. S. Geol. Survey Terrs., 1871, p. 4Gy.

THE BATUACIIIA OF NORTH AMERICA. 435

RANA C'AXTAniiKiKNi-- .; J'.ainl.

ProtTi'il. Ac. riiilii., l.-^.')l, i).('>vJ; lioiilcii;;^!-, ISiill. Soc, Zool. Franco,
18^11, p. 'JOit; (It). Cat. JJatr. «al. lint. Miis., !-<•,», p. .|,-,.

nana sijlvdtica De Kay, X. Y. Faun, iii, p. Cil, IM. 'JI, '_>■,'; Hoiilenj^cr, Hull.

8oc'. Z<)()l. FiiUict', l"*"'.), ]). 171.
IlaiKt tiuiporaria, var. Hilralicd pt., (Jiintli., Cat. I$rit. Miis., I-^IW, p. 17.
Jlaiia tiiiiponiiia caiiluliriijmtin Cope, Clicck-List X. Anier. Hatr. Rcptil., 1^75, p. ',12,

Tliis species (litters more widely from the R, temporaria than does the
R.pretiom, so iiuich so, that I now follow Professor IJaird and Mr. Bon-
ieiij;'er in niaintaininf'it as a distinct species. As usual with the si)ecie8
of their }?enus, it pre.sents such variations as to render the coinmou
ori{j[in of all the.se forms certain. Thus in four specimens from Lake
AUoknagik, Alaska, the web of the hind foot is as fully developed iu
the R. tcmporaria pret'osa, only two phalanges of the fourth toe being
fiec. As.sociated wifn them was a specimen of the variety R. can-
t((bri(ien,si,s crittata. In the specimen (No, 5IG9) from Puget Sound,
Washington, the jwsterior leg is remarkably elongate, reaching the
end of the muzzle, so as to approach nearly to the R. silratim.

Two (listinct subspecies and a variety of the Rana cuntnhrigensis are
known to me, which difter as follows:

Only two plialaiiRPS free; no longitudinal stripcHou back or tibia li. c. latiremis.

Tlireo i)liiilaii;fos free ; no lonf^itiulinal strips on back or on tibia R. c. vriltata.

Three jilialan^^es free ; a median dorsal and an anterior tibial lij;!!t strii)e

I{. V. cantabridyensia,

Raua atntahrigensis latiremiii Cope.

ProetMMlin<j;s Ainericaii Pliilos. Society, Irr-'t!, p. iV20.

Muzzle rather ol)luse, more so than in the typi(!al h\ contabrifjf/ensis,
and widened posteriorly; its length at the i)ost» rior edges of tlie tym-
pana entering the leiigtli of the iiead and body three and a half times.
Till', tympanic drum is very distinct, and its long diameter enters tiiat
of the eye two-thirds of a time. The nostrils are ecpiidistant between
the orbit and tiie end of the muzzle, and look upwards. Tin- skin is
i|Mite smootii everywhere, with adosolatcral tbhl wlii«;h is easily ol)iirer-
alcd by iimnersion in alcohol. Tlie heel of the extended hind leg retiches
to till' middle of the eye; the second toe reaches nearly to the apex of
I lie Unee. Tlu^ ]»alination is remaikably wide, leaving but one free
plialange on all the digits except the fourth, where two are free. The
internal cnneil'orm tubercle is <piite prominent, with an obtuse convex
edge. There is no extermd tubercle. The internal finger (index) is
short and stout, and is very little or not at all longer than the second
(third) finger.

Color above, light brownish-gray; below, white. There are more or
less nunuM'ons blacik spots on tiie sides, which incline to fuse more or
les.s imperfectly into a longitudinal band along the(lor.solateral dermal

II

J

! If

IjI

I

436 HULLKTIX 31, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

fold. There are in sonie.speeiineiis a few small black iiiaikH on the back
between the lateral Colds. A dark line alonj;- the (^antlins rostralis.
The black "ear-patch" Ik reihuud to a black line, which i)asses from
the eye over and posterior to the tympanic disk, and ceases opposite
the inferior border of the latter.

TlO. Ill, liana cantabrijennitlaliirmis. No. 13723. Alaska; J.

Measiiri'miiils of So. l',Y!'i'S,

M.

Length of liead .iiid body 052

Widtli of head at iiostorior edge of tympniia 019

Length of head to posterior edge of tyiiipaiia 015

Lengtli of fore limb 0\J2

Leiigtli of fore fdot Oil

Length i)f hind limb to groin 071

Length of tibia 020

Length of tarsus Olvi

Length of romaindur of foot OJa

Jliina ciiiitahriiiiiiHis Ittliremin.
CatMoKU.. Xo.of Locality. "''";", From «l,„m nrcivr,!. ^■»"!'■" "f

137'3

1

1

1
1

Lakn A 1 lokiingi k,
AliHka.

tic.

<lo

,lo

. . . .lo .
.....1..
.....lo .

1882

C.I

..lo.

...lo

..lo

K

i V

Alcoholic.

i:!72'l

1 Po

137'J'>

Do.

137'JO

Do.

Rana caniahrujcnals canfalfigenfiis Baird.*

Muzzle Hat and rather acuminate, fjivinj? the head a tapering appear-
ance, its length entering that of the head and body three and a half
times. Tympanum half the diameter of the eye. Nostril equidistant
between orbit and end of muzzle. A. dorsolateral glandular dermal fold ;
the skin between them smooth, on the sides sparsely tubercular; first
finger longer than second, ileel to middle of (ubit; a glandular rib
on the inner edge of the tarsus; webs of toes short; inner cunei-
form tubercle prominent and obtuse-edged; a minute external tubercle.

The coloration of the typical Ibrm is as follows:

General appearance of /»'. ni/lraticd : Above, yellowish-brown ; a dark
vitta through the eye, margined below by whitish ; lateral fold of skin
light colored, as is also a median dorsal line extending from the snout
to the anus; a narrow light line along the posterior faces of the thigh

* J'iat.-:.i. tig. i:{.

it.

.052
.019
.015
. 0\ia
.Oil
.071
.020
.OIVJ
. 0^'5

|i

THE lUTRACHIA OF NORTH AMERICA.

437

iiixl lop; tlic sides are fVequently black-spotted, sometimes onlv mar-
ble<l with brown ; the spots are sometimes fused into a line on tlie ex-
ternal side of the dorsolateral dermal fold ; the femora and tibia' arc
indistinctly cross-banded, the pale line on the latter always intermitting
the bands; npjter lip, dark-edf;ed ; lower lip, daik-edged, with light-
colored interruptions; a brown band on front of humerus; throat and
thorax marbled with light brown; posterior face of femur light brown,
marbled with darker brown.

Fio. 110. liana cantabriijensia canliiiii(jtju:ii. Xo. 5!)25. Fort Simpson; J.

Alatniirciiit Ills of Xo. 'J'.ifj'i,

M.

Lonyth of bead and Ijotly 050

Will 111 of licad at posterior iiiarf^insor tyiiiiiana 1117

I^iii;;lli of head to [losterior inar{;iiis of t,\ iiipaiia 014

Li'ii;;tii of foro liiiil> 024

Ltiintli of fore foot Oil

hen;; ill of hind liiiil) to {iroiii 072

Leiijitli of tibia 022

Leii;illi of tarsus 012

Li'iijith of remainder of foot 024

The form erittnta is probably only a coh)r variety, as it displays
no jieculiarity other than that of color, referred to in the analytical
tablt' given above. It is also Ibnnd at soveral localities mingled with
riie typical form, though this is not always the case. Judging from the
(•()lle(!tion in the National .Museum, it is as abundant as the typical
variety.

nana riiiilabriiidixis (■milahriiniinin Hainl.

Ci.t.ln::uo X...of Localilv. V"'!\ Kn,„, «lu.u> reoeivta. -Vaturo of

iimiiliii. sju'C. I ■ riillfitctl. spciniien.

3457

4

3458

5

aSHA

5

5024

1!

6037

i:i

3450

r,

6010

3S

3454

17

6145

*>

5025

1

14496

1

14100

1

14072

1

0383

0384

11515

14407

14
1

1

Wostrni MinHoiiri Or 1*. I!. Hoy

I,ak«< Wiiiiliiaosliisli B. 1". Uilcll

Minn.

.Iiiuir.s liay. I!. Aniciii'ii ('. Dicxlcr

Kurt Itf.milnlion K. Ki'nnirott

.I;iMH'M Hay. li. Anicric'ii (' ltrr.\li'i

Uccl Uivci- i>r N'di 111 I!. Krnniciitt

I'Dlt Ui'siiliitliin ilii

North Krtl itivi !• (l)

llci (Ill

I'oit .Shnjison iln

.\l;iskii K. W. N'elsdii

Clark Cmiiilv, 111 Aiiix. l**:'." U.C. IIimI;,'!'

Southciii Ala-kii 18.».'i I.icut. (iioii;i> 51. Stoni'V,

r.s. N.

Lake Siipeiior I!. ICiMiiiicott

AtliiiliaMia K (.'i

Al.c.r N.lson K.. llii.l- Ui. KobHt hell

Hon'a liiiy.
Fi>rt Viikbii, Ala.skn .. 1*7!) I,. M. Tmiiht

Al

I'liliolic.
Vo.

lh>.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
I.o.
Do.

Do.
Do.
Do.

Do.

iM-

'i!

ni

m

43S nULLKTIX 31, UXITKl) STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

/.'((»(( <(i)itHbriiie>iKi!i rviltntd Cope.

Cntnlngiio

N

n. of

IIUIIll)!'!.

•■*!

MT.

s.'inri

O

iwHr)

tj

fiOL':;

M

5:iH0

O

5:)ti4

:!

5«^!»

1

U4»')

1

e505

1

r.ifio

7

lliTL'T

1

Lodilitv.

When
coUicli'd.

Fniin wliom id'eivtid.

Niitnic of
h|ii'riiii('n.

Mtiosc Itivpr, II. Ami'iion

St. ('atliiiiiiic'N. Caimdii .. Dr. I). W. IU'iiiIIk

XIiMi,-ii'lMlaiiil,r...\ini rii'ii ('. DicxliT

MiKisc Uivci, li. Ameiii'ii ilo

Wi-llhy Uivir U. Kiiiniridt ...

liiitisli .Aiiii'i ica dii

Xiiliilo Itiv.r, .\laska W. II. Dall

Hi;; Inland, (iicat Slave , .luljii Uciil

I,aki>.

I'li^lft .Siiniid I r. S. K^id. Kxiii'd

Lake .\lliiklia;;ik, 1^^•J C. I-. .MiKav

Ala.'ika.

I

C. Drixl.T ' Alccdicilk'

It...

Do.

Do.

Do.
Do.

If

JJANA ACJILI.S Tlinmas.*

liana tnnixivnria Millet, Fatiiu! Maine el Li'iie, ii, ]i. (it)|,

liana ayitix 'V\w\\\i\s, Ann. .Se. Nal., ^<'r. ■!, 1\. |i. I!ti,"), I'l. T; Falio, IJev. Maj;. ZimiI.,

sdr. 'i, XIV, !•. ^1, ris. (> and 7, and N'eii. ,"^nis>e, iii, p. ;{:(;'.; 1 >e I'InIi'. .\nii. Sei.

Nat., ser. .^), XVII ; De Uetta. Fann. Iial., li'eil. .Viif. p. ti.') ; Lata.sle, llerp. (iir.

!>, •,':{;!: Leydi;;, An. iialv., \\. \V.\: \Assin\:\. Alli Ae. J.incei, Mem. CI. Se. — Ii>,

1,11. 1071, i'l. Ill: Hdiilenoer Knlj. Soe. Zool. i"r,inee. 187;», i>. IS!; Catul. lialr.

Sal. Hiit, Mu.s., ed. ll, lS-», p. H;.
liana h mporariu var. arralin, pt., (iiintli. Cat., ji. Iti.
Haiia ijracilii I'alio, Ifev. Ma;;. Zodl. .ser. )i, x\y, p. -l.
liana limponirin var. aijilis .<elireil>, Help. Km., p. i'J.'i.

Voiiicriiie toctli in two obli(|ii(' oxiil j^Knips, cxtciidiiiji' lu'voiid tin-
bindc'i' i'(lj;e ol' tlic cliuaiiii'. Head (lci»rcss( d ; .snout latlitr «'loii;;ati',
siiltaciiiiiiiiate; inttroi Itital space narrower tliaii tlic upitci' cvt'Iid ;
tympaiiiiiii very nearly a.s lar;;e as the eye; close to it. l''iii;;ers inotU'i-
ate, lirst exteiidiiij;' Iteyoinl second; toes at least two tliirds wehltcd:
Kubai ticulai' tubercles of liiigeis and toes niiicli developed; inner meta-
tarsal tiibei(;le rounded, hliint, ratlier strong'; a small outer tubercle.
A narrow <;landular lateral fold. Above },'rayisli-browii, dark spotted:
a very dark teniporiil spot; ii lij-lit line on the lip from the tip t)f the
snout to the extremity of the temporal spot ; hind limbs re<,Milai iy cioss-
barred; beneath immaculate. .Alale without vocal sacks, (lloulenyer.)
France, Switzerland, 2s'orth Italy, (ireece.

Like the h'aim ivrnporaria, this species has it.s representative on the
western coast of North America, which differs from it in some minor
characters. This form has been named liana aurorn i»y Baird and
Girard, and 1 rej^rard it as a subspecies of the li. a<jilis. The two
forms (litter only in coloration, as follows:

Black ear-jiateli well defmed; dorsal .spots di.siinel, eoniparativcly larj;e; hind linilis
with distinct cro.s.s- liars Ji. a. af/iliK.

Ear-jiatch not dark-colored nor well deliiied ; dorcsal spots usually minute, or waiitinj;
ing; cros.s-liar.s of hind liinli.s very imlistinct /«'. <i. onroni.

riiitu 7o, lig. ao.

of
JII'II,

,u

It

THE UATKACHIA OP XOUTIl AMERICA.

L'a)Hi aqiVtH aurora T)(l. Gird.

439

liuiifi iiunird, lid. A: (lird. I'rocfcd. Ac. Nat. Sci., Philn.

IJody (l('presso<l,el()n};at('(l ; limbs I'loiijjiitifd and well dcvoloped ; head
broad, acuto, rounded anteriorly; no.strils elonj^ated, situated below
the crest of the eauthus rostralis, half-way below the eye and tip of
snout; eye moderate, contained three times in theehord of tiieconiaiis-
sure, situated two-thirds of it8 diameter from the rictus ; tympanum
small, but Mttle more than half the diameter of the eye. Inner nares
rather elonjjated transversely. The vomerine teeth very few in each
patch; the patches quite small, somewhat elliptical, and inclined hiw.k-
wards, where they are separated by an interval a little less than that
between the anterior e.xtremities and nares; tlie.se extremities are in
a line with the centers of the nares, but the teeth are on the posterior
niar;;ins ; the ])rotuberances are decidedly posterior to the nares.
Tonj^ue small, narrow. ICustaeliian openin;;s larj;e.

The skin is everywhere free from asperities, but not smooth, and on
an att<'ntive examination is .seen to lie minutely pitted all over, and
with coarser indentation on tlie upper surfaces of the limbs, the sides
of the face, and alon^- tliedors;il fold, which aiipearsciuite porous. The
buttocks are much j;raiiiilatt(l. ;. ilmiacter wliicii appears to extend a
little on the abdomen and sides. .V liroad depres.seci fold of skin extends
from tlu' eye to the bind lej;s. This is distinctly perforated or porous
tlirou;;iiout its extent. There are no intermediate ridges; a j^hunbilar
lu'olonjiatmn of upper jaw to the arm, interrupted at the posterior ex-
tremity of the Jaw; limbs very slemler and much elon;;ated ; hand
lon.i;er than the Ibrc-arni : linuers all lonj; ; tliii<l lon<iest, foiiitli next in
size, then lirst and second. Kemnr rather less and tibia more tiian half
the length of the body; hind foot an<l til)ia about e(pial; foot tu)t very
broad. I'ourth toe much the lonj;est, ami with the last two. joint.s en-
tirely free, as are the terminal joints of all the toi's. The third joint
of the lonj^est toe has a very s!ij,dit margin, diminisliiuf? to the .second
articulation, and the inner sides of tiu' third and .second toes are
scarcely, if at all, nuirfiined. Cuneiform process small, soft; no other
tulterdes on the sole, and .scarcely any indications of any under the
joints.

Color rthen livinj;- greeni.sh-yellow above, with golden retlections,
maculated with black; sides of abdomen and hind legs reddishorange ;
beneath (hdl yellowish-green, nmculated ; digital membrane purplish-
violet.

Ill alcohol. — Above yellowish-gray, brightest anteriorly. A few s(;at-
tered indistinct blotches on the ui»i)er parts and sides aiul scattered
black dots on the head, above the «'yes, on the snout, and along the
dorsal ridge, iieneath yellowish, with ol)solete small blotches some-
what marmorated anteriorlv. The mottling is visible on the inner faces

1

! I

■i !*

:!

440

lUI.LKTlN ,11, U.MTKU STATK.S NATIONAL ML'.SKl.'M.

ii

i

ml

li'^

^

of limbs. I'aiiit tniccs of two or tliri't' lr;iii,s\»'r.s»' fasciu' on tlic tlii;;Ii
and k>^'. An t)l).scui«- intlication of a ilaiU area alioiit the tynipaniiin
sornt'what as in A', si/lnilivd, and an intcriiii»ti'd dark line from cyt' In
nostril. The sidr of head iUiti'rior to tlio I'.ve is yi'llowish oi- ;;r»'t'nisli-
yellow, lint'ly mottled, narrowin;;' beneath the center of the eye into a
somewhat (listin(;t line, which i»asses bad wards over the maxillary fold
of skin. In lar;;e specimens this line m indistinct, and in none is it
traceable anterior to the middle of the eye.

In small specimens from Columbia lliver, apparently belon^jin;,' to
this species, tli(^ trianjjnlar dark area behind the eye, ineludin;; tym-
panum, is more distinct, and beneath it is a yellow line commencing;' be-
low the eye and reachin;;' back to anus. The buttocks are brown, with
small liijht or gray-colored spots.

Fio. 113. nana a;)Uii aurora. Nn. 3H77. Astoria. Oi.'goii;

Iiii Ihs. liicliis.

Total "J.'.if. l.(M) I Fii.tt 1..".7 .'.:».

Arm I.IK) .t;t; I Sliiulfst toe W .17

FoiD-anii (iii .-i i l-iit •'>."• 1.""

Iliuul '{> .'Jti Chord of jaw l.dC .;!li

Fciiiiir 1. «» .1- Wi.ltli l.(»:t .;;:.

Til)ia l.r.4 .,V,' I K.v.' iW .11

TurwiLs H.j .'JH I 'ryiii|iaiiiiiii -- .i'/

liniiii tifjilit iiinnnt \\\.\. (iird.

Cutalneuu Nn. iif I
niitiiltcr. I H)ii>c.

3.163

Loiulity.

Wlu'iiiol-

ll.'CtUtl.

3371

B407
3»74
0420
M21
KM^
3;i77

11711

3360
S828

Kicmi wliiiiu riMcivcd.

N.iliiii- c.f
H|M'i'iiiii'ii.

AU'iiliolit-,
Do.

Do.
l>o.
Do.
Do.
Do.

.Mcoliolic

t VIMM

Alrolioli.
Do.

-.

TIIK nATKAClIIA OF NORTH AMERICA.

Ul

.

RANA DKAVTHM It.l. A- (Jird.

Hdiia ilrniiloiii M. & fJinl., I'loccnl. Ac. I'liila. (l-flW), \>. 171; fJirnnl, U. .S. Exi)l. Ex-

,M',li.', ll.Tp., 1.. -ill. ri. II, lif;-^. l'.l--,M.
/.',(»(( Iiroiihi Mtl. iV (iinl., rroi'i'i'il. Ac IMiila. (l-."i:!). p. IKH. (iiiiitli., Cal.. ji. 1.'.;

Itid.clii, Hull. Soc. I'liilom., (F.l i, p. ITK. ami .Mins. Sc Mcx., IJatr., p. II, I'l.

IV, f. 1.
l.'iiiiii iiiiiiicdiis, Ilalliiw., rrocfcd. Ac. I'liila. (Iti.M), \>.W<; Hoiilcnjjcr, Mull. .Soc. Zool.

li. (Irt-'tl). 1>. -"* ; llioi'clii, .Mins. Sc. Mcx., Hair., p. l.'i, I'l. IV, li;;. !!.
i;,iiiii liiiifiiiKs, Mallow., r. .S, Kxpl. .Siirv., x (I'.V.'), iv Zoo!,, p. 'Jd, I'l. x. Ii>,'. 1.
l!l)irlii:iii hiiiijiiHH Vanow, Check List and Calal. of .Spec, of X. Aiiicr. ikCptilcH, Uiitr.,

(!■'-':!), 1'. •"'"'• ^''t "' I'liiiil iV Cope.

Sp, I'll. — l>(>(l,v stout. Ilciiil bioailcr ticiii l(»iij;'. I'l.vc larj>i'; con-
tiiiiK-d two iiixi a liall' tiincs in clionl of jaw, and distant oni' halt' time
its diamiiter from tlio rictus. Tympanum tlircet'ourtliN k'n},'tli of eye-
lissiire. I>ody with tubercles above, each witii a jmre; without decided
asperities. A ;;landidar foM alon^j; ujtper jaw and a broad depre.s.sed
iid;;e on ea<!h side of back. l'"emur and tibia nearly equal, about half
the lenj;th of body, shorter than hind foot. Hind foot well webbed;
terminal Joints free, as are second joint.s of second, third, and fourth
Iocs on inner edjje.s. Above yellowish olive, with blotches of darker,
iiiteiper.sed with dark dots. Inferior and inner surfaces greenish white,
everywhere obsoletely blot(!hed finely with darker.

There are two subspecie.s of the linnn drai/toni, which inhabit diil'er-
ent /iiological subrej;ions. They dilfer a.s follows:

lliiiil loot Iwoaiiila hall tiiiien the length ol'thrlicail; skin iiliove tnli(>rnilar ; a
(l.iik car-pat<'h ; larger 11. d. dvuyloni.

lliml liiol fwico length of head ; skin ahove sniootli; no dark ear-palcli; sizo
smaller It. d. om u.

liana (Iroytoni ihttytoni IU\. ik. Gird.*

IJody stout and heavy. Limbs massive and well (leveh)ped. Head
ratiier Inoader than Ion-;-. Nostrils moderate, with the usual papilla
behind, situated nearer the snout than the eye. A trianytdar exca-
vation ill iiont of eye, extended backwards under the eye. Eye liirj^e,
contained two and one half times in chord of commissure, one-half
of its diameter from rictus. Tympanum small, indistinct, transversely
el()ii<;ated; rather more than half the length of eye (its shortest diameter
about eipnd to half this length). A glandular fold or ridge on the back-
ward prolongation of (he jaw, interrupted at rictus. Inner nostrils
elliptical. N'omerine teeth in two series, obtuse angled behind, where
they are .separated by an interval le.ss than their distance anteriorly
from nostrils, the ridges ranging with the centers of the nares, andtho
teeth on a line with their posterior margin. Tongue not large.

Hkin thick and leathery (apparently the ea.se in most frogs from the
I'acilic coast); above it is uniformly covered with deiuessed and soft-
ened tubercles, each tubercle w ith a distinct pore, sometimes with a

' I'iate .-,1. li^. II.

> '

•,,

i I

4 .■ . ,
J. :'

442

lUI.LKTIN :iJ, UNITED STATKS NATIONAL MUSEUM.

smaller one in it, especially on the baek. Fore legs sli^iitly tubercnlar
only. IJuttocks grannlated ; the grannies depressed (not tnberculai).
On each side a broad depressed ridge of skin, not very distinct at first
sight, extending frohi the eye over tynipannni in a line slightly convex
above to near the groin, where it is interrni»ted, and then takes a sud-
<len bend npwards, over the leg, towards the anns, ceasing about op-
posite the articulation. This ridge is sometimes only tiaceable by the
cribriform pores, which are <'ro\vded in it for its whole length ; no branch
visible back of the tympanum. A glandular fold, as already described,
back from the jaw. Tibia altout half the lengtii of the body; a little,
longer than the femur and shorter than liiud foot ; third linger longest :
then fourth; second rather shortest; first much swollen at the i)ase. Ter
niinal Joints of toes nearly free from \vel», i'specially on the inner edge,
which is the cast' with the inner edges of the secoixl joints of the second.
third, and fourth toes. The membrane extends along the outer edge
of second Joint of fourth toe for a short distance. Cuiu'iform piocess
moderate, with a small tuben-le opposite it on the sole, bounded tuber-
cles beneath all the articulations, except the terminal. Tips of all the
fingers and toes s(»mewliat knobbed.

('olor above yellowish-olive, with oltsolete subcir* iilar iiidisliiut
blotches of darker, interspersed with dark duts of the same, generaliv
on the tubercles. The dots appear somewhat condeiised along the dni-

.sal ridm'. A few indistinct transverse iaseiie mm tiie lei:s.

Ueneath,

greenish-white, with indistinct mottlings nt' dusky preseiil on the iiiiu r
faces of the limbs, leaving no portion o\' tin- Itodv iiiiieolor. A trace,
perhaps, of a yellowish line along tlu' posteiini portion of the jaw. JJut
tocks dark bn/wn, with light spots.

With a general resemblance to A*, oiirord, it dilVers in being more
tubercular and pustulous above, the shorter liini)s, the smalh'r but
more lidly webbed feet, broader iu'ad ami tiuigue, etc.

This species d i tiers from />'. r/ff»»f»/'( in the broader, more depressed
body, and dorsal fold, large foot, smaller tympanum, etc.

1^

'icnliii-
cular).
iit firsr

'OIIVCX
il 811(1-

[)iit (»|».
1>.V til."
naiicli
•rilx'd,
littl.',
i«<'.sf :
'1\t

•('(lye,
<»'«'(»II(I.
r cdoc

(lOCCSS
tlllx'l'-

iill the

; S'

THE HATRACIIIA OF NORTH AMCHICA.

Miasiivoiifnl-* of malt.

443

Totiil Ii'n<jth

Toivl.'^'

Fill r-,1 nil

iliilid

I'ciiiur

Til.ia

'I'llVSllS

lllcllcs.

:i. •,' »

1.0(1

•j.(i;!

. 7.")

. ti-j

.i;i

.H)

. •■>:>

l.lil

..'id

l.)>«i

.r,i

. -)')

. •,'(;

Illlllcs.

Hind fdot l.-i ..-(1

Inner toe (in . 1-j

Ilindlfji r>.(i-J l.TIt

C'Intrd (if ii|nit!r jaw 1. 1() , :{4

Width I.IC. .:i(!

Evo Id A->

Tyiiii>aiiiiiii (loiij^ diaiii.) vii! . (^'-^

At the time wIhmi the dc'sciiption of A', hrontci was pivpari'd the
limits of vaiiat ion of the species were not as well understood as they
liave since become from an examinati»)n of many specimens from dilVer-
ent localities. On this account the species was established on speci-
mens of small size, (!ollected by Dr. Le ("onto, but which 1 consider to
belong to the Ji. dntjiloni. The color above is a dark olive-lnown,
with numerous unif(»rndy distributed darker and well delined circidar
biotches about the si/e of the puitil, and most of them with a rather
lijihter center. They are principally etnbraced within the lateral ridf^es,
tli()ii;;ii some are exterior to thetii. Tlu^ buttocks are dark brown, with
well (Idined sjtots and dots of yellowish, smallest tiear the anus. The
tiaii>verse bars on the lej;sare numerous, narrow, and well-delined. three
to live on the tibia. A narr()w and well »U iined greenish-white line along
the n|tper Jaw tVom beneath the eye. and a light(M' tinge along the lateral
ridge. IJtiieath yellowish, maibled with itrown on the whole under and
inner surfaces.

I.'diiii ilniiiliiiii liaiidiV (iiiard.

il

II *

C.llaln-lh
llllllllll'l.

:i:ci

'.ICO

::::7ii
iii;i7

No nf

l.ili'.(]il\.

Wlicn , nl.

llLtfll.

!■ IcHll « llnlil Irri'iviMl.

I)|-. i;. Siiniiicls Mi'iilHilii'

8;uo

I'it;iliuii;i, ('ill

riiLiii SiMiiici i»i- ('. i;, I; KiiMiiih

I 'ill i lorn 1.1 \ I. ill! nil. 1 11 . .

Kllli.niilip, ChI Hr lti..\li'

S.iii I'lalH isni. Cal I'nilni Slalis IC\|i|iii in;;

l!N|M'lliliilll.

I'n'f«iiliii, Cal I,!i 111 W. I' Tiiptt liiiil;;!'

Mniinlains i. ar t'oit 11. W. Ilm^liaw

Iriull. Cul.

Calil.iliiia lIl.J li. I.irnlili'

N

allllr nl'

s

I'l nin-n.

\

I'lilinlii'.

Ho

Do.

Ho

i>,i.

lln.

Dn.

Ii'(iii<( ilrtijiftDii inicii ('o|»e.

Yarrow's IJrp. Kx))!. Sniv. W. ot'jdiitli y\n\, /iiDJdov, vol, v, p. .VJ-, 1^1.
',•:., li-s, I-;!.

Head oval; muzzle sloping to the lip. Diameter of tympanic mem-
brane eipial distance between nares and between nostril and orbit, and
three foui'ths the dianu'ler of the orbit, or the distance from iiaies to
margin of li|» in front. V»»ineriin' teeth in faseiciiili behind the line con-
necting tlu^ posteiioi' borders (»f the clioi inc. A dermal fold on each
hide of the Ikk^L, and a shoit one b>'hind the angle of the mouth, with

li

^ I

444

IRLLETIX :JI, UXITKD STATES NATIONAL MUSKKM.

some .scattered warts on the sides; skin otiieiwise entirely siiiodili.
Toes obtuse, with wide webs reaeliiii<,' to the base of the penultiiiiiito
phahmye. One hjnjjf metatarsal tnberele; one fold on the tarsus; a
dernnil border on outer toe. The heel extends beyond the end of tiie
muzzle.

Lijiht brown above; below, yellow. Three rows of rather distant,
solid, small black spots between the dorsal folds; two or three rows on
each side; none of the spots yellow-bordered. Head unspotted; no
band on the lip. A brown vertical i)and on the front of the hiuneiiis.
Scattered sjjots on tibia and femur; clouded spots on the iH)sterinr
face of the femur. Size of h'aiut claiitdta.

This frof;-, of which a female si)ecimeu was obtained, combines charac-
teristics of different jjroups; its coloration resembles somewhat that <>t
the eastern or tyjucal form of h'aiia rirescciis, but the full palmation of
the hind foot is that of 7>'. moiitezunuv and Ji. catisbiana. It is also <piile
similar to the 7i*. draytoni, which is the R. longipen of Ilallowell. The
feet are shorter, the hind feet beiiif,' twice as long as tlie head to tiie
posterior border of the tympanum, while in 1\. d. (hai/ioni it is two and
live-tenths times as loufj. The li. oiica lacks the black cUoek-patch ol
the R. <L dfaijtoni.

Utah, 187- ; J)r. U. C. Yarrow; alcoholic; female.

HANA liOVMI liainl.
Procccil. Ai'. I'liila., l-.'p."i, p. (i2.
lidtut pachydtrma Copp, Proceed. Ac. I'liila.. l--':!, [). '.'.'>.

Tymi)anum small, very indistinct. A broad deprcss«'d rid{;e of skin
on each sidcofback. .Sivin linely tubercular above. Head broader tiiiiii
lonjj. Tibia and femur more than half the length of body ; the lattci
the longer. Hind foot less than half this Ien;jth ; webbed entirely to
the expanded tips; outer toe decidedly lonjrer than the third. .\ii
elonjrated tubercle at base of inner toe, with another op|)ositeit. Abo\i-
dull reddish-olivaceous, with indistinct blotches and dark spots on the
back and fa.scia' on the legs, lieneatli yellowish, mottled anteriorly.
Inner faces of le;';s immaculate.

IJody rather stout. Limbs well devel(»ited. Tibia and femur very
long. Head short, broad ; outline rounded, although the tip is rather
acute. Nostrils small, situate*! on the crest of the decided canthus ros-
trails about midway between the eye and the tip of the snout, lives
huge, situated far back; contained three times in the chord of the Jaw
and one and a half diameters from the tip of snout; less than half a
diameter from the rictus. A moderate excavation in front of tin-
eye. Tymi)anum very small and indistinct, not half (he diameter ot
the eye, covered with the small tuln'rcles of the skin. A slight fold
of skin above it and proceeding toward the arm, met by an indistinct
thi(;kening of the skin from the jaw, us in the typical species. Tongue

I*

THE BATRACHIA OF NORTH AMERICA.

445

SIIKKlill,

Itiiiiiite

irsils; ii

of till'

t

liir<;o, tlc'sliy, with a rouiuled iiotdi bfliind, leaviiij,' the posterior coriiua
as two short obtuse i)rocesses, ilitl'eriii^' iroiu the cormia of the typi-
cal KnuK ; the tongue free posteriorly for lia'f its length. Internal
nares small, distant, elongated transversely. Voniero-palatine teeth
in two longitudinal series, approaching each other obtusely behind, and
separated by a considerable interval ; anteriorly these teeth (of which
there are oidy three or four in the lineal series) do no quite reach the
level of the inner nares.

The skin is thick and coarse, above finely uneven ; smooth and even
below. Above and on sides thickly sprinkled with minute tubercles, even
on tympanum. A broad, dei>ressed, scarcely distinguishable ridge from
the eye along the sitles, indicated in the shrunken specimen more by a pe-
culiar pitted api»earance than in any other way. On the sides are sev-
eral circular areas of moderate size marked in the same way, probably
large pustulations in life. The anteroinferior face of buttocks with dis-
tinct i»orous pits; the posteiior laces granulated. The arms are well
(leveloi)ed ; the forearm and hand about equal ; the third linger longest ;
the inner very much swollen at the base, which is dark and horn like.
I'emur (Considerably more than half the length of body and longer than
the hind foot: the tibia still longer. The feet are broad; each toe
slightly dilated at the rounded tip, with epidermis thickened and horn-
like: the fourth toe is longest; the outer considerably longer than the
third. The web extends compU'tely between all the tips, so that there
is nothing free but the very extremities. There is an elongated un-
armed tubercle at the base of the inner toe, au'l a smaller oiu* oi>posite
to it: well-developed tuberch's are seen undei' all the articulations.
The transverse apophyses of the sacral vertebra not dilated.

Above dark reddish or yellowish olive, very obscurely nutttle«l with
darker, and a faint indication of yelNtwish along the region of the lat-
eral ridge. Some whitish spots (Ui the sides, and scattered black dots
above on the tubercles. Legs transversely and obsoletely banded with
darker. Meneath yellowish, with obscure mottling on the throat. No
trace of a light line on the jaws, which are mottled.

A tadpole of this sjiecies nu'asured three-fourths of an iiu;h to the
anus, and two inches to the tip of the tail, and yet the f«)re legs had not
been jtrotruded, although fully formed, showing a considerable growth
belbre maturity.

The specimen above described is from VA Dorado County, Cal., and
was for a long time the «)nly one in our collections. During my expe-
dition to Oregon in l.S7!> I rediscovered it. and found it rather abundant
in the mountainous n'gions of northern Califoinia. The folhtwing is a
des(!ription of a specinu'U from r>aird, on the Met "loud IJiver. one of the
heads of the Sacramento.

This species lielongs to the littna ti'mpnnnua gioup, and must l>e com-
pared with h'ana<t;iil is aurora Hd. Gird., and /»'. h iiiporaria iiretiima IJaird

:|ii

•1

.lii

^

44G

HULLKTIN ;tl, UNITED .STATKS NATIONAL Ml'SKUM.

iiiKt (linud. Till' vomciiiic tt'ctli iirc <>pi)()sitt' tlic po.sU'iior bonh r of
tlic (.'lioMiiii', and lonii two slioit, olilicnic series, (liiccfcd inwaids ainl
backwards. Tin* toes arc wi'l»l>ed to the terminal i>lialanj;(> ol' ilic
tbiiilii di;:it. Tiie liind lej;' extended reaches the extremity «)f the mn/.zli'
with the heel. There are two plantar tubercles. The internal is nar-
row, rather prominent, and with obtuse extremity ; the other is at the
base of the tburth n)etatarsal bone, and is rounch'd.

The muzzle is obtuse and the head rather wide. Its <rreatest width
nt the position of the membranuni tympani equals the len^tii from tlie
end of the muzzle to the line conneetinjj the axilhe in sonu' specimens;
in others to that connectiiifj the middle of the humeri. The skin is on
Jill the superior surfaces thick and j;laiulular. This condition is espe.
cially nujrked in the dorsolateral fold of each side, which is so thickened
in front as to resemble a paratoid {^land. This becomes less visible in
alcohol. The tympanic inenduane is either entirely concealed or is rep-
resented by a dei)ression only. The skin (toveriufj- it is rou^heiu'd. A
•jroove extends downwards and backwards from it. JJetweeu this and
the canthusovis is a <flandular thickeninji-, and behind it are two others,
one above the other. I'osterior to these, on the sitles, is a succession of
rounded, r» ut;;hened warts, similar to those on the toads. Similar waits,
but less promiiu'iit, are .scattered over the dorsal region, ami are numer-
ous near the extremity of »he co:cyx. The skin of the sujierior surfaces
of the liead, body, and lindis is minutely but very distinctly roughened
by small warts, each of which gives exit to a pore. Inferior surfaces
smooth. Length of fingers, beginning with the shortest, 1, L', 4, .'{.

Tile color is dark brown or nearly black, with indistinct <larker spots
on the itack ; sides lirowii. Axilla and gr(»iii yellow, marbled with black.
Thighs above light or dark brown, with lliree darker cross-ltars. Tiiiiic
similar, with tliie<' ci(»ss bars. Thighs. Itehitid. l»lack, coarsely vermicii-
lated witli yellow, or yellow cI(»M'ly sjiotted w itli black; lielow, liglil
yellow, spotted with i»idwn on the giihir icgion and on front of feiiiora-

Tlie spfciiiii'iis fr;;iii Ashland a^jit'c with those iiom the McC'loiid. t'\.
cepi that they ;•;»• nearly black ;ibove and i!o not e\liil)it the dois.d
sjiois.

! coiiiiiare this siiecics with the lidiiu ilnnifinii, iVoni the llussiaii IJivt r,
near the coast of ('a 11 torn ia. That species has but one palmar liilieiele.
tin- internal, which is of similar proportions to that of the A*. /«>(///'/.
i'lie skill is not thickened, and is iinieji less glandular everywhere. Tiie
iih'mi)iaiiiiiM tympani is entirely distinct, i'he posterior faceol'the femur
is not vermiciilated with yellow, but is covered with large black masses.
The whole of tlu' under surfaces are brown spotted. There are tour
brown cross bars on the tibia; traces of the fourth sometimes appear in
the /»'. hni/lii. From Ik'tant prvtinsa it dilVers in all tliesi' characters,
besides those that belong to the latter; /. c, the fasciculated vomerine
teeth and the short hind legs.

^ ■•

THE liATUACIIIA OF NOllTII AMERICA.

447

*

Fill. ll'i. Rana hniilil. Xo. 3^70. Natiital Hize. El Dorado, Cal.

.Vidsiircuii nil nl' yo. 'A370.

M.

Loiigtli of lioatl and hotly , (145

LciiKtli oflioiKl to lint! Loiiiiectiiij; ciiiitlins ovis 0i;i2

Willi li of ln'ii(l !it liiu! comiectiii}; caiithu.s ovis Oil)

Lfiiytli of inuz/lf to lino of iiiitcrior cauthiis octilaiiiiii 0t)2

l.(ii;,'t li of fore k'}i O'JTo

L.n^'th of foot 014

Ltii<,'tii of liiiiil 1«'H 0753

Lcii;;tli of hind foot 034

L(ii;;th of hind foot without aNtraj;alu.s 023

liiuia lioi/lii Utl. & Gird.

C'at.ilM;;ili'
liiiiiilicr.

No. of
xiiec.

K\ Uo

Itairil

Cal.

Locality.

lailo r'al
.Shasta C 1

unit y .

Wlirii col
Kclcil.

From wliom received.

Xaliire of
specimen.

3370

i:ia2«

.1 Dr. 1). r. Biivie

. {'. II. Towii.sciid

1

.\lc. type, S.
Ale. ■

111 iidilition to the above, I olitaiiicd live speciinon.s from IJainl, and
two from A.slilaml, OicjiOii, at the northern ba.se of tlie Siskiyou A[oiiii-
taiiis, which fonn the boiimhiry between :)re;j:on and (Jabtoniia.

KANA ."^ILVAIICA l,.c.

Haiiit fiilriiliai \.v ('., Ann. N. ^'. I.\ r., M 1 ".'•">), ■,'"''J; Harlan, .sillini. Anicr. .lonni. Si'i., x,

(l-,'.'i), .".■^; 1 1>. .lonrn. Ac Nat. Sci. I'liila., \ (l-Jo), :!:!■<: 1 li. .Mtd. ami I'liys. Kes.

(IS!.-.), lo:i,-J',M ; lloll.r.,.\. Anicf. Hfrp., l.sl »d., i (is:!:;), ;i.-,; I 1.., -Jd ..l., i\ , as|-j),

it'.t, xxi\ ; .^tof.r. Kept. Mass, K.'i.iii. ( ISUt). 'J:!'.!; Dnni. A liihr., viii (Hll>, :?(1-J;

He Kay,N'. V. Zoo!,, iii ^lsl•.>), iM. xxi, 11^;. .'>!, .ind \\,.'in; Tlioni|)son, \at. Hist.

Vi. (l>f,'), 1-Jl ; Wi'iil., Ni.^a Aila Ac, I..m)|.., wwii. Ill; De IMe, Ann, .Sci.

.Nat., Ml. .">, x\ii; l!i>uleno;i'r Catal. lialr. Sal. iirii. Miis., is--,', p. IT,
lliiiia jii iiii'-iilraiiirK Harlan, .'^illini. .Vincr. .lonin. Sci.. \ ( HvJ.-i), ,->"; linn lender, Hull,

Isipc. /iiul. I'rani'c, i l"'T'.t), H",

I'xnly rather broad and miieh (h'pres.sed ; anj;alaled by the hiteral
radie.s; the whle.st portion Jii.st anterH)r to the fore le^.s. IJmb.s h)ng
and sh'tnU'r.

Head pointed, broad ; the sides oblitpiely shypinj;-; eyes not visible
from beneath; ilistanee between the anterior cauthi about two-tiftUs that

I

1 ■ i

448

lUI-LKTIN ;il, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

bi'twotMi tlic rami. Loral s])aco riitlier excavated or eoncave. Nostrils*
iiiotk'rate, rather ()l)li<|uc; situated helow the caiitlms rostrahs, so us
to be fully visible beneatii the outline of the profile; they are situated
halfway between the auteiior <'aiithus of the eye and the tip of tlic
snout, and not so far forward as the til) of the lower Jaw; they are sep-
arated by about the diameter of the eye, or onefbnrth the distance Iw-
tween the rami. Kyes large, projecting, their centers nearer the hin-c
of the Jaws than the end of snout, the jmsterior njargins above the ric-
tus. Tympanum moderate, its i)osterior edge on a line with the jiostc-
rior end of jaws, its center raised, its longest diameter vertical, ami
about two-thircis that of the eye. The light line under the eye is piu-
longed into ii thickened glandular fold of skin which is interrujitcij
abruptly above the insertion of the arm ; the middle of the interval be.
tween this interruption and the end of the snout opposite the cent* r
of the eye. The distance between the rami rather less than to the end
of suout. Ui)per Jaw projecting moderately.

The tongue is elongate<l, much longer tlian broad, free behind t'w
more than half its length and on tlu* si<les to the tip; the two cornua
moderately prominent. Internal iiarcs moderate, (;ir(;ular, and neanr
the anterior eanthus of the eye than to tiie external nostrils. Teeth in
two small slightly elongated patches, jihuted with their axes a litth" in-
clining backwards and aI'Miif intermediate between the nares, their an
terior edges being in tiie sann' line. They are al)out as far apart behiinl
as their anterior edges are from the naies on either side. The teeth n|
the ui>per Jaw extend back to the gape of tin.' mouth.

The skin of the ui)pt'r and exposed portions of Ixxly and limbs is
more or less roughened by minute and close-pressed tubercles, with
here and there a largi'r interspersed. These do not appear to beat ;ili
glandidar or excretive. They are largest and most prominent, on ilif
sides and the posterior portion of the back, where they are generally
black. The posterior and inferior face of the thighs is granuiited inr
about two-thirds its length, as well as a small portion «)f tlu' bi'lly nn
the i)ubic region. The sides are scanjely granulated, although coarsely
pustulate; all the rest of the lower parts of Ixuly, including the con-
cealed surface, are perfectly smooth. The skin of the thigh is pierctd
by innumerable line pores.

As already stated, there is a fold of skin as a continuation of the
light stripe along the edge of the upper jaw, and extending to a point
just above the middle of the arm, thickened behind. A rounded df
l)ressed ridge or fold of skin commences at the posterior end <tf tin-
eyelid, and, curving a little downwards to the tympanum, sends oil ,i
short branch along its posterior border, then continues along the si*' ^
of the body (over the extremities of the transverse processes of tin-
vertebra), ceasing at the insertion of tin- hintl leg.

The fore-legs are wt-ll developed : the foie arm shorter than the hand.
All the lingers are perfectly fie*'. 'I'lie third linger is longest, the lir.st

)

TIIK IIATIJACIIIA or NOlM'll AMKIMCA.

44 JJ

fostrils
8, so as
iituatt<l

of Ihi'
ire sei>-
nice Ix'-
e liiutio

tlie lit ••
le i)ost<'-
cul, ami
e is i>i«i-
LTinpttil

ITVal hi'.

le ceiitt 1
) the eiiil

ehiiHl t'oi'
() corniia
(I iiearti

Tee til ill
I littU' in

their an
rt behiiiil
e teeth nl

I limbs i-
i-eles, with

0 be at all
III on lilt'

{.'generally
lui'ited i'tr
le Vielly till
f\\ coarsely
vr the eon-

1 is i»iereiil

tion of the
r to a point
inuMletl (If
end of tilt'
sends olV a
i;;; the sit' -^
>sses of llif

(II the liaiiil.
•St. the lust

f

I

tl

aiitl fourth etiual, the second k-asl. All are thickened at base and
laiteriiij,' to tips, ami have a bntb mnler each Joint ami several on
the iialm. There is considerable |»o\ver of opposit''»n in the inner (in-
•'ers. The tibia and femur are considerably imn-e than half the li'iif-th
of the body. The formei' is lonj^cr than the lbt)t ; the femiii in' icdi-
ate. The Ibiiilh toi; ltin>;est; the thinl lather lon;,M'r than i ,- liftli,
ami extendin}-' to the middle of third phalan^'c (frt»ni tip) tif ItJiiyt'st ;
the second ami fust successively shorter. All the metatarsals are
scpaiateil by almnl half their distal extremities and (he interval fdleil
l»y iiiembraiie. 'I'he web extends (rom tlu' lirsl joint (l'it)m tii») of tlu'
outer to'^ to the second t»l' llie Ibnith ; from this same Joint to the (list
of (he thinl toe; from the second Jt)int of (he third to the (irst of the
second; from the second of (liir sectuitl (cxtcmlin.u by a very narrow
web (o (he (irst) (o (he (irst of the (irs( ; the oudines, when stretched,
very concave, t'lon^a(ed, and radier sharp. The (ermiiial phalanjjes of
all llie Iocs and the last (w(» of (he lon<;est aie thus free. The eiinei-
foiin lU'oeess is well de\('lt>ped.

rpper par(s a yellowish ;iray, tinj,;'ed with brown t»ii the siiles. The
sitle t»f (he head beli>w tht^ candiiis rt>s(ralis amlhUeral folil, inclutling
tyiiii'aiinm, is of a dark redtlish-brt»wn (sometimes black), e.xtemlinj;' in
an at'iib^ anj;le to a termination just above the inser(it)n t»f the arm or
|iostt'rit)r edge of the maxillary fold. Hilges of both jaws dark brown,
a linlc molded. A yellt>\vishwlii(e line from (he (ip oC the snout
]»aiallcl with the mar;4in of (he upper jaw, aiitl. iiinmn;; over the max-
illary (bill, (ermina(es widi it. .Vll (lie lt»wcr and iiUerior faces of the
boily are yellt)wish-wliite, widi an obscure motdinn of brown tui the
(hroat. .\ few s('a((creil spo(s o(' black on the sides and (lie posterita'
por(it»ii of (he back, principally on (he larger (iibercles. There are
dircti or (bur transverse dark l»ars across the faces of the thighs ; the
po>teiitir faces ai'c iii(i((lctl with obscure brown, t>n a yellowish ground;
the bit>wn aggregaletl in(o a iiiigart)uiid (he anus. The inicritu' sur-
faces of the (arsus and (ore aim tiark brown; an elongad'd bit)wn spot
a( (he proximal extremity tif the arm, i'x(emliiig obliipidy I'unn the
lower jaw.

Stdiie specimens tVom Itacine liavi' (he btnly radier stou(er ami (he
legs sli()r(t'r, the web of himl fce( radier int)re ile\ clopetl. A number
t)f faint white spots on (he posterior face ttf the bii((t»cks. Odiers from
(he .same lo(;ality, however, have the characd-rs as given abttve. Oc-
casionally the membrane of the (bo( docs nt)( exd-inl bcyoml (he (hirtl
joint (Crtmi tii>)of (he lt)ngt st ti>e, ami in the (y|)ical specimen from
Carlisle it only reaches (t» the second joint by a narrow margin.

A specimen from (t)iii'betr is radier darker (han usual. es|»ccially tui
(he siile,> . ami has (he (ee( wehbetl more (han is descrilied abov(>.

A ft'inah^ specimen from West|>tu(. N. V., is s(t)u(cr ami the head
broailt r than in a male. The legs are rather slit)i(er. 'ihere is less
gramilation on the pubis, while the granules on (lu' posleroinferioi'
1951 — IJull. ;5I LM>

i

4

450 miLLETiN ;ii, unitkd .statks national MI'SKUM.

surface of Mil! Ill ij;lis sue iiioriMli'iMcsst'i), luigt'r, iiiid iiioic st'piii;it«(|
tliaii usual l).v till* iiili'riiindiato valli'ys. No ai>|Meciai)li' dilli rt'iuc in
tbu .size of lliu tyiiipunuui.

Fn;. 115. Utina gilraliea. No. :i:!88. (Jiit'lu'c, I). C. ; 1.
Miaxuremiiilx.

Illl'llCS.

Total (liody Htrai>,'lit('iii!(l).. . I. '.».') I. (Ml | L('k--

Foic-arm :i'.l .17 Tarsus

llaiitl r.d .','.") : r<M>t

ISffwi'im tijts (>r e.\U'mlf(l

ariiLs :f. 10 i.rv.i

liii'lii'.t.

1.1(»

".C,

1.(1(1

Total liiiiil Ifj; :i. CCi I

Width oflicail :! t

Tliigh.

1. Kt .')() I Chord ol'iaimiH :!l

h'diia nilfdtica Lc Coiito.

r

1^

(.'iiliilci)!iii'
iiuiiibcr.

.i:i»u

XIKH

:i:m7

HMHf)

;i:i!)2
3:t!iii
:i:i'.i8

11008
MIIIU

i:i.T.':t

1I47!»

iisrj

No. of

BJd'C.

:i:ioo

:i;iHi

:i:is7

it;i«7

.'■U7

8:177

.'i::8l

9.1X1

7H:ifl

.'t7;i.''.

Ml 7

•»

5U22

1

I.iic alitv.

liitiil.

l''iuiii « liiiin ii'ci'jviil

Wn.Htpiiit, N. Y Piof. S. F. r.aiicl

(Jiii1p.4'. Canaila iln

(jllr

AiiiliT.'iiiii. .•». •' Ml»sli raiiii-

Uaciiic, Wi.t Ill I', l;. liny

(,'lai kn {.'iiiiiil V, Va K Kiiiiihiiil

CiiiliHlr, I'a ■.. I'ml. S. K. liainl

Yi'llciw Ciiili. Ohio ilo

Toledo, Oliio I.I!. 1 1. iiilili V

Carlisle. I'a I'k.I. S. K liaiiil

ilo . ilo

ilo I <lo

l'|i|M'r Wi.sroiisiii Itivii I K KiiiiiiiotI

I,.'tko Siipft ini- , Itai'iialinl.'4 -

.Siai linniii'.'li. Mo I'. S. FIhIi CommU.HJoii. .

Sclliirk Si'llli'iiii'iit

.\lhaliasia Kivcr |

W'asliiii'^loii. 1». (? I

OL'ilciisliiiiyli, N. Y j

Ilinoi.H

Moii.so UlviT, liriti.sli

.Aiiiiiira.
l'niiii(iiMjr;;i''.s(;oniitv, May— l"""

M.I.

1)1. Iv ColM'-i. r. S. AlMlN

i;. Ki'iiiiKM^ii .
(M)ii xl,r

Dr. T. II. liean

Kirislon, \. (! .. . .
Saint l.iHiiH, Mo. .
Wlii'allaiiil, IimI ..
W.isliiiiMtdii, !).(;.
lli'iiiliM'k Lake

I-iviriy.tlon Couiity, N. V

(?)

Ia». \V. Miliin ...

Dr. (ill). I'jii:li'iii.iii

lh8l Kolit. l:'il;:» l\

' t'o. SliorinaKi-r.

18«0 S. C. Hrown
.: (0

N'atiiii «t
^pt rillitri.

Alroliolii'
Do.

Do.

Do.

Do.

Do

Do.

Do.

Do.
I.ai \a'
Alroliiilic

Do.

Do.

])o.

Do.

Do.

Do.

Do.

Do.

l>o.

Do.

Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.

i

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rohi'lic.

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^

I

TIIK ISATKACIIIA OF NOIM'II AMKKIUA.

IMU'AIMTrii.VTION.

451

Till! iiiiiiilK'iM)rexi.stiiii;siH'ci('.s dI" l»;iti';H!lii;i()r North Aiiiericii known,
jiiid di'scrilu'd in (lie luccetlinj; i»a;;e.s, aiul tlie faiiiilics to wliicli tliey
bt'Ioiij;-, arc as lollowvs :

Cloiip.

l'l..|.iil;l

I'loilclil

Tolal

'I'liU liVHloniiilH

Siilli'iitiik

Total

(ilHIIll totlll

l''ulllil>'.

I'l'dtcillll'

(

I CrvptoliiitiirliiihK .

.\iii|iliiiiinii|ii' ....
j Dr.sinomiiilliiilii' . .
■» I'lillioiloiili.hi' ...

.Viiilil.vsioniiila^ ...

rii'UiiiilL'liiliU

I iiiiroiiiii.i'

j Si ll|llliii|loililhl'
< '\ K|i;:iialllillil'

. ll>liila'..

Kll^V HtOTllillif.

I riiiN iilM'iila ..
[ Kaiiiihi:

(iriiiTii. S|Mciii.s.

I '
I I

il

ill

•i
1

:i

21

1

•t

Hi

nil

3 '

2

I

11

♦»

«

4

17

1

1

1

i;i

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Ml

1U7

1 I

H

n;i

,

I;

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1^ I

( 1

J

ADDENDA.

H

Tiie followins: notes were too lute for insertion into tbo bo'j' of the
liooU:

AMIJLYSTOMA TlfiRIN'KM fJioeii. (p. HI).

Don .Tos('' M. Velasco assorts tliat tlie Sircdtni vtcrinnnis {S. Inimhohltii)
iiii(l('r;fo«'s a nictaniornliosis, lint lie nowlicrc (l('S(!riI)('s tlie ailnU. He
tliil (»l).s('ive in 187S* the nietamorpliosis of the Amhli/stomd tiyrinum in
,s|i('('ini('ns from Lake Santa Isabel, three miles north of the City of
>l('\i('o. It (loos not appear that he discriminates between the two
species, so that when he states that the S. mcxicaiiUN is found in Lake
/iimitiin^'o, thirty-two miles north of the ('ity of Mexico, we are not
ceihiin whether it may not be the .1. tijiriiium to which he refers.

The Sirrtloii firacih's ix\n\ S. licliennides of ISaird are both larval forms of
tlie .1. lUjriuum.

Dr. li. \V. Sim fold t, IJ. S. Army, thus describes the metamori)hoses
of the yt»H/>///s^)»m tiyrhnnii, i\n observed by him at F(Mt Wingate, N.
Mex. (S(Men(;e, September, l.SSr», p. 203):

'•(1) Axolotls are more readily converted into And)lystomas if kept
ill wiiter containing but little air, and I'ice irrsa.

"(L') If traiistoi'mati(Mi is forced up to a certain point in development,
tile reptile arrives at the higher form without any fiiitlicr iiiterferen(H\

"(.'i) Axolotls live in the water with apparent comfort a <'oiisiderable
and varying length of time after their gills have been absorbed.

''(1) After the nietamori>liosis is eomi)leted their power to return to
the wa'.er again to live seems to depend upon the moult, and whether
they have lived in moist or dry places since the metamorphosis.

''(."») r.y varying the conditions under which tUese animals live, we
<'iiii at, our ]>leasiire retard or accelerate their development to the higher
stiiges.

"(<•) Young Axolotls are more easily transformed than the older speci-
mens, luit this rule also depends largely upon the conditions under
which these animals live.

"There is another very important fac^tor that enters into this meta-
morphosis that, so far as the previous accounts go, is not touched
upon, and that is the (pu'sticm of their diet during the experiments.
Axolotls aie very voracious creatures and eminentlv cannvorous.

' I<:i N.itMr:il('/ii, iv, l-TH.

453

'\^\

1'

.(' 1

ifri

454

I!UI,I,r,TIN :(l, IMTKl) STATI'.S NATH)\AI. MI'SKI'M.

They iirc vci.v ToikI of raw meat, atitl, iipoti tlic sli^rlitcsl pnivoration,
tlio.v will I'ccil upon each otlici-. So I have IoiiikI diiriii;^' tli(^ coiii'str til'
my cxiu'iiiiu'iits tliat —

"(7) TIk^ iiu'taiiioi pilosis is liastt'iicd by n';'iilaily supply in;; I lie an
iinals with |)l(>iily of pn>j)(M' (ooil. And wliat is .still nioic intcrcstin;:,
wiicn tln-y arc tints tivatcd it niarUcdIy atVccts tin' appearance <•!' tlir
(ranslornu'd A nil)ly stomas.

"(S) If, durin;;- the proct's-i of I'orcin;; the (ransforniatittn of Axololls,
the animals are re;;nlarly siipplietl with the requisite amount of fre>li
liK'at, the translornn'(l Amlilyslomas ar<> very inmth lar;;er and stron;{< r
than those which are transformed without havin;;' leeeived any food.
In the ease of . I. tii/riiiinii — those that received food— the Iransforninl
aninnd w<»uld hardly have been leco^iiiized as th«^ same species; the\
were not only hn};t'r, hut of a very deep, muddy, black cttlor, without
spots, while i\n'. others were mottled with bri;;ht yellow ami a pair
brown.

"(!)) The depth of the water has a womlerfnl intluctuM> upon the nn>tii
inorphosis ; and the fact is well known that the deeper the water in
which the Axolotls live the slower their transformation.

"Temperature is am)tlier imptutant factor in the chan^ic, ami lis
moderate increasj' s'-ems to hasten tln^ transloiination.

"Now, the; most intercstin;; part of all is to watch the operation of
these laws that I have ;>iven, in nature, and the manner in which tin'
metamorphosis of Axolotls is there ell'ccted.

" It would, indeed, be hard to tiud anywhere a nnue perfect and beauli
fnl example illustratin;;' the extremely .sensitive balance that may exi>l
between the surroiindiu;; cimditionson the one hand and their ellcci
np(Mi an animal or;;anism on the other. This year, fei- instance, tiic
poml that I have observed ^rradually dried up; the north half of ii
entirely. This took a number of weeks, but durin;; that tinn* all lln'
modilications of which the metann)rpho.ses of Axolotls are subj«>cl In
or capable of, were, so far as their necessity p)es, most lucidly demon
strated. A slnillow corner of this pond would, after a torrid day oi- twn.
dry up, whereu|)on all the Axolotls that happened to Ik> cau;;ht witiiin
its limits would be found — perhaps seveial hundreil of them — under tin-
dt'-bris, rapidly assuming; tln^ Amblystoma form.

" Nund)ersof (he .same ;;enei'ation, however, in deeper parts, would be
unafVected by th(M'lian;;'«>(d' enviroinnent so sud<lenly pi'ccipitated upnn
their brethren. If the dryin;; up continued, these transfoiined aninmls
<put the site, and during the next few days could be foninl under lo;,'s,
an«l in other suitable places at some considerable distam-e from it. On
the contrary, shoidd a rain in the mean time till the pond a;;ain ami
Hood over (heso shallow parts, the transformations were checked, and
those with ;,'ills and braiu'liia" in all sta^jes of (dian^je once mon^ took
to the water. When huddled to;j;ether in the .sliallow places, the lar;:c
and strong; ones devoured the smaller and feebler forms; luid the ditVcr-

%'

Tin: IIATUACIIIA OI" NOIMII AMKKICA.

r.r

45/

(M'lltioil,

oiusi^ of

; till' :iii
rn'stiii::,

•(' <»r iIm'

\X()l(>tls,

i.r I'lfsii

slioii;;cr
lliy I'lMiil,
list'tinnnl
ii's; tlit'.v
, witliiiiil
il a p;ilf

tll(> MIClil

waU'r in

, aiiti ils

('ration III'
alii(;li till'

lul Ix'aiili
mav ('\i>i
iicir i'tVirt
tancc, till'
liait' of II
iiu> all till'

SIlltjtM't 111

ly (Iciiiiiii
ay or twn.
•hf witliiii
• mnU'r till'

, WOlllli 111'

atcil ii|iiiii
m1 aiiiiiiiils
iidcr lo;;s,
)in it. On
a<;'aiii ami
I'ckt'd. ami
iiion^ |iii>l<
, tlu' lar-f
tlie (lillVr

i

cut iipiH'araiH'c of tlio two was very strikiiifj upon the most siipcrllcial
I'Naniinatioii.

"One (lay in .luly the wliolc north half oC tliis pond su(l(h'nly ran
dry; and I ninst coiit'css the si^'lit its liottoui presented dnrin;; the t'ol-
lii\\iii;,' day was one of the most extraordinary, and at the same time
most interest in <;, that I ever beheld, and after what has Iteen said can
he hfttcr inii'^iined than described. It absolutely swarmed with these
cicaliires, whose orj;anizations were a(;commodatin<; Ihemsel es to th(^
new coiiilitioii ot alVairs as rapidly as tin'! laws <;(»\('rninn- the changes
|ii I'Miilti'd. The study would have furnished food for a small volume.

"Axolotis are also alVeeted by the (;haracter of thi> ponds ov swamps
ihtv live in, the sanu> spe(Mes sho\vin<;all manner of shades in their col-
Illation. Those in shallow ponds, with little or no ve;;etati(Mi and hard
clay bnttoms, ;,M'ow to be veiy lij,dit colored, and long retain their larval
forms.

»• No doubt many such ponds as I have described exist all over this
South western country, and a nH)meiit's reflect ion will mak(; it clear to
lis hiiw the metaniorphnsis of this (feature tends to save thousands of
ihcir lives when the region is visited by a protiacted drou;;ht and
their places of water resort tail them The preservation of the form is
linn liy to a great extent protected."

A g I many of the adults piocured by Dr. Shul'eldt dilVcr from the

I \ piral to: III in the shortness of the tail ; its length from the posterior
(III) of the vent e(pialing the length from that point to the axilla.

("IIONDlJOTfS (•IN(ifLATfS <'(iih'(|). 100).

The following tigiues of this specie.s were unavoidably omitted from
Ihi'ii proper jilaccs in the text:

I'l'.. 110 Chilulii.liii: riiiinliltiii:. N'ci liThfi. A lilicv illi- S. (". : f.

Sl'KI.ERI'KS HI:HI:R naii.l. (p. 17-J).

Dr. Chailes (1. Abbott informs mo that this species has a distinct
whistleliUe voii^-, and stales that Mr. John niirroiighs has also heard it.

AMI'IIU'MA MKANS flanl. (i.. -JK;).

SiiliDirliinilnfi!/. — The bulbils arteriosus is of considerable length, and
then gives olVau aorta bow on each lide, and bi In icatcs almost imiucdi-

•J

^5

: !

• :>

afi]

I

M

4 '!

I

i.'i:

i;

>i)

i'.i:i,!.KTi\ M, r.Mri:i» stai'ks national miskim.

atoly Ih'.voimI. Tlic laif^c iho't) v riirlrri fiiU-rs llir laivt' iimii'lc opposift'
tlio iiiidtlli' <>(' IIk^ U'liiitli of tlic vciitiicK'. Tliosc \t's,s('ls at tlicir cai'
iVv.w, tciJiiiiiatitnis aif distiiictlv seen in the lai};<' iH'ricanliai! sac. Tlie
rrna jioitiv is very larj;«', and rxtcnils alonj; tlic dorsal side of tlic livn-
proximally.

'I'Im' stdiiiacli is scarcely distiii}:iiislial>Ic. Tlicaliiiiciitaiy canal is only
convoluted in tlic poslcrior two litllis ol" its lcnj;tli, tlic rcctnni hcin^dis
liiiji'iislialilc liy its snpciior diameter and its alisence of llexun'. 'I'iic
livei' is larj;eand not divided, and tj-rndnales ratlier abrnptly where tin
convolntions of tlie alimentary canal commence. It is attached to the
median line I>y a lulil of peritonenni by <»ne «'dj;c, Its middle line is
grooved, and fhe.nrooxe is occupied hy a vessel, and by the edj^e of the
ineseiitery, wliich extends to the intt-stiiies. In IMal*' \li it is cat at
the proper point to display the larue j;all l>ladder (//).

Tiie Inii,i;s are nt)l so lonf;as in Simt litrnlin(i,\\i}{ e.xlendinj^ bi^vond
the liver. 'I'hey are of sid»e(|nal lenj^th.

The testis is sin;:le and very elongate. It extends from the extrem-
ity of the liver to neai' the ontlet of the vas deferens. ParalUd to it. and
in part attached to it, is a slendei'. flat body, which I f'lppose to l)e the
cnrjuis adiposnm. The I<idi;ev is an elonj^ale, oval, ami tial body, empty-
in};' by a veiy short iirelci' into the cloaca. Its n iiarcri licntcs are dis-
tinctly visible from the inferior side. Tin- Mnllerian duct extends alonj,'
its exteiior bender and anterior Itt it between the Innj; and the dorsal
jicritonenm a Ion;;' distance anteriorly; that is, as far as the proximal
fonrlli of the Icnjilh of the stomach. The iirinaiy bladder is remarka-
bl; ii;;ate, extending; forward to the distal end of the liver.

Tile spleen is elon;;ale, but not so mnch so as in Sin n lnccrtiiKt, (Mpial
in;:: abont one third of the stomach, and Just reachinu the <;allbladdcr.

Ox/<y»/()f/;/. —According: to Mr. I'. A. I, mas, who drew the plateof Am-
pliiuma for the present volnme, the iliac bones weic nnsymmetricalix
attached in the s|tecimen, the om' to the sixty-third and the other In
the sixty-fonrlii \ertebia (Plate x).

l'(*/(7'. — I'rof. .1. A. Ii'ydcr, ol' the I'liiversity of TennM Ivania, has
hejit this species in captivity. I le stall's I hat lis \ oice is so lonil that
it can be heard from (»nr ronni to anotiier of the bnildin;; of the sclioni
of biolo;^y.

SII.'LN I.ACIIM INA ~\K •-'•.'il. )

Si)hni<'hii(tli>(t!/. — Tiie branchial arteries leave the iiiilhiis oi'tiriosiis
ii»'..r to.yethcr. scarcely formiii;,' a Innitiis loniiiinnis. The branchial
veins, on the her hand, unite on each side into a hinicKs coiniiiiniis ov
aorta r lo!, which nnilcs wit'i that of the opposite side to foi'm the aorta
a considei'able distance aiiteiioi'to the hiilhns arti rinsKs. The valve of

the bnllms is a lon^iiliidinal elevation conlainin;;' six ;,M'ooves. on» i'-

respomiin;;' to each aiirrin hr<iiicJii<ills, (IMat'' N\i. li;,^ .^kj.)

lio ,\ bin,i;s extend from Ih" heart to Ih cloaca. The stomach is
scarce' distinguishable from the intestine. I'lie latter i.^ Iar;;e, and is

h

>

Tin; I{ATI{A( ]'l\ OF NOKTir AMKinCA.

457

iiH)(h'riit«'ly (Mtiivnliitcil. The xrsscis of tlu' iiifsciitr.y iin' Iarj;o. Tim
iiK'st'iiteric vein niiis aloiij-' tlu'. inferior t'(lg(»of an flonj^Mtc body, wliicli
is fillicr tlie spleen or llic itaiiciras. It extends from the stomach for
a distaiKH' ('(pial to one third thclen^'tli of the visceral cavity, terminat-
in}i ni^ar tlu' anterior testis. The liver is laif;(' and lon<;, extondin;;
fiom the heart lo near th(^ aideiior testis, it is divided by a median
jiroovt^ for most of its length, in which the base of the mesentery is at-
tached cardiad of the lar;>e jriiHbladder. The anterior part of the
liver forms a median lobe, which extends for a short distance below
the alimentary canal.

There are two jiairs of testes, the anterior the longer. The kidneys
aretlat, oval bodies, lyirig on each side of the mid<lleline, immediately
altovt^ thci rectnm. They open by a short ureter into a fold of the
cloaca. The nrinary bladder is laijie and loii};, ext»'nding forwaids as
far as the anterior extremity of the anterior testis. (I'latc; XLIV.)

SALIKXTIA.

r/.v(rr^f.— The corpora adiposa are elongated transversely, and fre-
quently fissured at the distal extremity. (Plate l-Vll.)

T\h' (liirfiis iiiiilh ri is present in Uiifo, S«',apliiopus, and other genera,
}[f,f but is wanting in IJaiia, excejtt Hanu rircsccns (Sedgwick).

The uiinary itladder is large, and is extended from side to side of the
iiirerit)r part of tiie altdominal cavity. Its anteroposterior extent is
small.

The K'ev. \V. .). Holland informs me that he has observed in Jn])an
arlioreal ntsts of iSatiachia Salientia, in which the embryos developed
into tadpoles, which reached a length of nearly an inc^h, before leaving
the nest. The nests are made in willow trees at a distance of from Ili
to 11 le«'t attove the watei'. The drii'd remains of a nest containing a
good many «'iried ova and tadpoles was sent nu' by Mr. Holland. Tiu^
latter are distinguished by the presence of a laige jiersistent foodyolk,
as in various kSalientia of divisi(»n 11 of the table on pages UoS and 2'M.

IllTO L:iur. (p. lif.l ).
Insott at bottom of page L'Ol in table ofsi)ecies:

< (lie iiiilaliUsMl tiiliriclc; cMiiii.'il crests icirullcl, not i)r(i(lu('c(l posteriorly;
linitiie (lesicniliiiLj: iiiii//.li' iirodiie; il beyond iiioiith; slxin Riiiootli lie-
low; a JMteial liaiid />'. nrlinniin.

One nielalaisai tulienle; nial eresfs Kcpiirated, Hemliiii; a Inaiieli
inwanls |M.>sleT iorlv ; paiotoid ^land liiaii;;nlar ; a l.ileial li^lit
lianil 1>. i(tlUci}).H.

lUI'O AKrNCrs, sp. nov.

This very distinct spec'ies has the craniid (!rests of the n.Ic)tfi(ii)iosuK
type, more es]>ecial!y resendtliiig the /.'. l./nirlnii. M dilVers «'specially
from thai species in the very short, wide head, witli depressed muzz'e
overhanging the month, in the perfectly smooth inferior surfaties, jind
ill tlie coloration, as • «'ll as in various minor djtaiis.

I

n

IS

::i

M^

;

1^ I

J . ■!
i ■ l'

IH-

■I

j I

i

I

! I

^ i

•InS

r.i'Lij/riN :ii, rxiTKi) statf.s national MrsKi:M.

TIh' Iii'iid is wilier tliaii Itiii;^', llic widtli ciilciiii;;- tlir lt'ii;ith -.'_'."i
tiiiu's, wliili' till' lt'ii{;llu'ii(crs it tlin'c tlmt's. Tiir ciitiir luolilc is.sti'Oply
(h'ciirved, and terminates in ii ])i'(>niinent muzzle, wliieli i>r<»jeets e(»ii
siderahly Iteyond the upper lip. The nostril is lateral and nearly termi
iial. The li|) horiler is directly below a ])oint halfway between the
nostril and the orbit. The maxillary bone is somewhat contracted
to the lip bordei. The prefrontal bones are obtusely an^ulated above,
but the (rranial crests commeuco with the frontoparietal bones. They
are ])ai'allel, rather near tofi'elher, and are well distinjjuished eveiy
wliere. They form a ri;;lif an;;le with the postorliitals, beyond which
they arc not produced, nor is theie any tendency to conllnencc poste-
riorly. A short, robust sui>ratyinpanic ii(l;;e. Orbit hii[;(' ; tympanic
disli oblique, the lon^ axis directed upwards and forwards, and a little
shorter than the eye tissure. Skin above with small warts at consider,
able distances apart; lu'htw everywhere smooth. Taiotoids indistinrt
in the specimen, theirsupi'rior l)ordersstronj,dy diverj;»'nt from liiemiddli'
line posteriorly. Jiindts rather lonj;. Thi^ mu/zh^ marks the middle ol
tlu> lore-arm, and the distal en<l of the tarsus of the extended limb .
l''irst lini^er lon;;er tiian se(H)nd ; second connected with first and tliird
liufiers by a short wel). 1', 'mar tultercie lon^^er tlian iism;i1. Toes
closely bound toyetiier, tho Iburtli considerably hniuer than any of llic
others. The internal cuneiform tubercle has a free ediL;t', whicli is imi
black; the i xlernal tubercle is small, 'i'iie femur is bound t(» tlie mid
die by the skin td" the side of the body.

Miitmiri iici'^.

V

Lt'n;;lli <tC iirmt ami liody nil

Iirii;;lli of luad lo iiul dl' < itsis Oln.'i

Willi li 111' lif.id III r.inlliiis mis .01'.!.".

Willi li iif lii'iiil lii-iwriii (111 (its iiiM

bcilKtli of I'mv If;; '. il.'lt

l-lMl^lll of lolO I'llllf . JUi

l.rii^tli <>r liiiiil \i''^ from ilium (Mil

I.I'Il^lll 111' llillll loot (C.'"!

I,rii;flll of llillll fool lis.s lai'Slls ei'.l

Vi- 117 t!„i„n<h,,>i'

Nil, II lii'i

The {I'eneral coloration is rather b^lit lead ei»l(tiii|. ;iiid bi lowcii-ai \ el
l(»\\ish white. The small warts above aie red, wiiii a lilack iinjx at the

•

cniii

II the
ilftcil

'riic.v

very-

wliicii

t(»S(('.

)aiiic
litfll'
idcr.
stiiicl
liildl.'

(Ili'ol
ilillr .
tliiKI

I (ICS

of llic
i-< iidi
' iiikI

.1/
.1/11

. 1 1 1 1 1;,

. nii.t
. n.'K

.(Mil

.Ill;*

/?

TIIK IJATIlAfMlIA OF N(»1MII AMKUICA.

459

liasc. No iiicdiaii (loi'Siil biiiKl. .\ li.i;Iil hiiiid cniiiiiifiircs on the scap-
iil;i and fxlcuds lu'arly to the j^ioin. It is hoiiiidnl a'oovc by scparato
Idacki.sli spots, and Itclow l>y similar spots, wliicli aic idostT tojictlior.
'riicsf Coini the suiM'iior border of a lead coi.iicd band. This disappears
lit'Iow ill a crowd o!" small black spo*s, wliicli j;id\v smaller and disap-
pear on tlie sides of the abib)men. The iiite;;iiiiieiit thus marked is
areolaled. AH the lighter parts of this region ari^ dotted with small
pink spots. Posterior laces of loic-arm, lemur, tarsus, and external
inetataisi blackish, with small yellow speckles. The limbs have on their
iij»]ter siirlaees brown cross-bands with jtiiik points in tlieni. Anterior
lace of tarsus witli a brown spot, and several on the external dibits.

Ciiliili'i;"'' Nil. "I'
iiiinilii'T. H|ii li.

I.M.MlilV.

Kriuii « lidiii iicciviil.

Natlllr III' s|ll'C'illli'll.

HUM

1 'r. \u

(i. II. l;;ii;s,la'..- i Al.ulicli,

This species is well characterized by ihe lenj;tli of its le;;s, the short
ami peculiar lorm of iis hend, the sniootimess of its lower surfaces, ami
tlie color, 'i'hoii^h not stated on the label, the specimen desciilied is
piobalily lidin (lainslioro, in Central Northern Texas.

liVI.A AMtKK'SdMi liMinl (|i. :!i;r,).

The 1,'ev. Dr. .bihn ]]. reters inlorms me that he took a specimen of
this rare tree-fro;,niear !\la\'s Landinj4', N. .1. This is the third individual
tliat lias been foiiiid, and Ihe locality is not far from that at which l>r.
I/cnt/. tcok Ihe second one. Dr. Deters found the specimen on Ihe
^n'oiind near a piece of water. Its note is unlike that of /////" rcisirolnr,
beiiii; a hoar>e iicep-jx'cji, or, aecordiiij;' to Dr. Abbott, a keek-keck.

(•!H»i;(»l'IIIM S NKil.TI'ls l.r. ('. (|.. :!;{-V

Tiie folhiwinj;' drawin;4s leprcscnt the pai'ls of the type specimen of
the torm r. ;;. rc/'/'»co.v».v ('opt>, from l-'lorida, which was not inserted

Fi.J II- fir li'l^lnhis nihil"

xiiy. Viillliil V\:\.

at Ihe proper place in Ihe text. Tiie type .-•;> 'clineii is in m\ juivat*'
eolleclion.

..-■ 1

; '

.il

I -i

n;

M

■\m

m

ut

4G0 lU'LLKTIN ;M, UNITKD states national Ml'SKUM.

ACh'l:. (iKVI.Ll'S hoc, ('. (p. :W»).

Prof. A. VI. \('iiil' (ells me tliat he lias seen a few siK'ciiiuMis of this
spocii's near New Haven, C'onii.. and that lie. roiisiders that place to li(>
ahoiit the iiortlieni limit of its liiii^e.

AMIMIIGNATIiODONTIDj:.

The foiiowiii}; lij;iire of the inouth and feet «tf (he (irypisnis vhihriiiiis
Cope, ill illustration of the above t'aiiiily, was omitted from its proper

Fi^. Hit. Orypignm innbrlinm. Kio .lamiro; |.

pajje. The speeimeii (ij,Mire is from llio Janeiro, and is in the Mnsenni
of Comparative /oiHoj^v of ('aml)rid};e.

r.rroNin/E (p. 2(50).

For the jienericr name OUoiis, in the key, substitute }i<iii)topliri/nr
(Ithr. (I'ST.'J), wliieh has two years priority.

CYSTICNATniDvKip. :!i:t).
Insert under /////oJcv, immediately after Malnrhiiloth s, the fullowinf;:

Viimciiiir liTlli iniNciit llalniihi/la Iii-ll.

L

X

:'r;i

IMBLIOGUAIMI Y.

l>;,iiB._\VorkHoii natural liintttry \>t n uoiicinl oi ^ico^jiaiiliiciil iliaiaiU'i' ami ixipular li'xtbouka

Mic Illlt illl'llllll'll. I

Abbott (CliarlisC.) Notfsoii tlic lialiits
(if tlic Savaimali Crickft Fro^ [ ./c/i'*
M'(7Ji7(ni'<, Ita it'll ] ; in Aiikt. Natiu'iili.sl,
vol. Hi, l-f^J.S.'pt., i>i>. 707-711.

Ri'ccnt iStiiilics of tlic! Sjiiule-foot

Toail; Aiiiericiui Naturalist, 1881, p.

ior.">.

Albiecht (1'.) Note siir Ic basioueipital
tk'H liafrauiiMis Aiioiin-.s, iivoc fij;. : in
Itiill. Mils. K'oy. Hist. Nat. lM>i., t. ',»,
No. '.', pp. l'.).VJOO.

Allen (llaiT.) Tlic Spinal Conl of 15a-
tiac'liia anil lii'ptilia; in J'ror. Acail.
.Nat. Sc. riiila., lrt-<:{, pp. .')(;, .".7.

Aicliarow (J.) I'rluT ilir Aiifsaiijjiinj;
aiis ilfn LyniplisiickiMi ili's I'rosi'lirs;
in /Nrbi'it. il. natni'forscli. (Ji'srllsrli.
Univ. Kasan, T. IH, •,». lift., Kasan,
l--^7. (Hpi..)

I'l'lirr ilio Anfsani^nnj; aiis itcn

.suhrntanrn Lyniplis.'ickiMi bri ilrni
riosclir; in Arch. f. Anal. n. I'liys.
physiol. Aljth.. 1887, pp. :{77-:{8".

Aubert (Hrrm.) roller das Vrrlialton
ili-r ill saiH'rstDllTri'irr Lnft jiaralv-
sirtcn rrilscliii ninl i.'in ilaianf };i';{riln-
ilrlfs I'iiifarlii'H Vi'rfahrmi ilii lii'llcx-
incrlianisiiiiMi l»oi crhalU'ni'r l.rri'<;liar-
lii'it ili'i niotorisrlii'ii Nrrvrii uinl «lrr
.Miiski'ln slunili'nlan<r /ii l.'iliinrn; in
Aivli. f. il. };''■-<• l'li>siol., rilil,!;i'r, •.'7,
l>il. 11, 1-,'. lift., Pit. .")(;(V-.")7C).

Baud (S. F.) Wnvision of tin- North
Aniinican Taih-tl-Hatracliia, with ilo-
Hcriplioii!! of iiiMv ;;iMiera ami spi'cii's;
in Journal Acail. Nat. Sti. I'liila., vol.
l,'-MHerii's, 18 U).

Ill Ili'i'k(J. G.) Ii'oiii)i;raj>liic En-

ryrloi>,iilia of Scii'iu'i-. Liti'ratiiri', anil
Art, vol. ',>, 18.-,1.

Descriptions of New Cloncr.a anil

Speei's of North ' iierican I'ro^^s. Pro-
ceed'iiy;H.\rail. I'nii;'.delphia.l8,")|, p. .">'.»,

Baird(.S.F.) IJeiitilesof the 1'. S. Surveys

for K. I{. to the I'aeilie, ' >eeail. Ueporl,

vol. Id. l-,-,7.
Reptiles of the iiiiiiiidary ; l'. S.

and Mexican I>i)iiiiilary Survey, vol. •,*,

Irtoi).
• anil Girard I Charles). Character-

istics of some new Kepliles in the .Mii-
seiiin of the Siiiitiisonian lii>til iilioii :
I'roceeds. .Vcail. riiiladelphia, 1~.VJ, |i.
(;8.
i>e.scriptioiisof New Siiecies

of licplilcs collected hy the Fnited
States llxiilorin^ K.xpeilitiiin, iimler
coimnaiiil of ('apt. C. Wilkes. F. S. N. ;
loe. cit.. l-.VJ, 1). 171; l-'.'.:i, p. 1-Jlt.
List of Keptiles collected in

California liy Dr. .1. I.. Lecont"; loc.
cit., \<>:\, p. :UM).
Bailout \V. II.) Mif^ratioii of I'rojfs; in
.\iiieric;iii NatiiralisI, vol. "Jl, No. l, p.

Barboza du Bocage (.I.-N.) lieptiles et,
ISatracieiis noiivcanx d'Aii^oIa; in
■Join. Sc. Math., I'liys. c Nat. I.isI)., No.
•-'i>, pp. '.»7-'.>;i.

(l! IIt'|itll., I II. s|i., Iialrai'li.)

Barfiirth (D.) Fxiieriniciitelle I'nter-
siiciiuiijfcn iiher die N'erwandliiii;^ der
I'riischlarven; in Itioloi;. Centralhl., (>.
Hd., No. 2tt, i.p. <;(HM;1.'5.
(NaUiil'i)r.si liii-Vfisaniiiil.)

I'cher Versiiche ziir Verwand-

liin<j[ der Kau!iiiiuii|ien; in Taf^elil, .V.t.
Vers, deiitsi.li. Natiiif., p. l:>ll, Aiiat.
An/.., 1. .lahrg., I'J, pp. :!1 1-:!17.

Die \'erwandliinj; der Kaiilipiap-

jien; .Viis/. in Der Nalnrforseher, I'J.
Jahi'^'., No. :;), pp. I'.Hl, UU.

( Nat iirforsclier-Vi'r.sa mini.)
\'ersncho iibor die Verwaiidliinji

i!er I roschlarveii ; in .\rcli. f. inikrosk.
Anal., •,':». lid., 1. int.. )., l-,'3.

•ICl

.:8

^.'■1

!»'

402

HIJLLKTIN Id, I'MTKl) STATIvS NATIONAL MISKI'M.

I

ir

h

(Ic

Bai'furth (l>.) l>i(< K'iickliililnno

l''ruN('lil:irv<'iisrli\v:iii/i'.s iiinl dii' so-

l^iMiaiiiilcii SaiTo|>liiMlrii, mil Vj 'I'liC.

/fcirf., pii. :!i-i;ii.
])i() ]tf;;('ii('riiti()ii dcs Aiii|iliil)icii-

NL'liwiiii/.e.s; ill Aiiat. An/.., !!. Jaiir;;.,

No. 1 1, pp. KKi-IO.'i.
BaBsi((iiiis. ) Motlilica^ioiuMiiorroloiriclK^

(lei };l(ilitili i-ds.si dc] saiij;!!)' <li lJaii;i;

note prcvtiitiiia. .Moilciia, I-'"'*, Hvo,

'i pp. I'^str. (lalhi IJassi'^iia di sc. nicd.,

anil. 'J, Xo. ;t.
Baur (G.) ri'lici'dic lloiiKPlo^icii ciiiij^ci-

Hchadidkiioeiicn dcr .Stt'H;'ii;i'pIiali'ii mid

Kfptilifii ; in Anal. Ajiz., 1. .lalii;;.,

No. V.', pp. ;!I--;mII.
IJt'itragt> /ur Morplioiffiiir dcs

Cai'ims II. TarsiiH dcr N'filcliratcii. I.

TIumI. Itatracliia. .h-iia, Hf^T, i^vo, j>. ss.
Bayer (I-'rz.) Pitl<i<ilialiii(liii>~ hohvminis

V. M. alls dcr liraiiiiUolilc von Kicii-

di'iiliain, mil 1 'I'af. ; in Sit/.;isli('r. d. k.

IhIIhii.Cch., I'ra;;, l-iHi, pp. •JHI-'J'.W
Bedot (Miiiir. ) lifclificlics siir Ic drvcl-

oppc'iiHMit di'M iiorfs Npiiiaiix dn/ ifs

Tritons; avfc 1 jd.; in lirciicil Zonl.

Siiissf, t. 1., No. 'i, jip. Itil-lS-'.
Arch. Se. I'liys. Nat., (iciicvc (:'.),

t. 11, No. '2. pp. 117-1 4(;.
Bedriaga (J. vuii). Die Amidiiliicn nnd

Itcptilicn (iricclicnlands; in Zool. Any..,

No. l;!7, PI). -ilC-'i'-'d.

Die Ainidiihicii nnd IJciitilicii

(iricclicnlands; in liiiil. Soc. Iiiipi'r.
Natural. Moscou, l-^.-l. No. 'J, pp. 21-'-
;!l(t.

rebcr die IJc^attiin^ Iici ciiiij;cii

f^cscliwjinztcii Ampliiliicn ((Himsolt i/a
IttDjnimiillcri); in Zool. Anz., No. ll.'i,
pp. l!.")7-li.")!l.

(Sir Z. A.. Ni(. Ill, II. 'Jl').").)

IJuitriiyc /iir Kcniitniss dcr Am-

BelK'I'lios. ) /,o4do;;y ol'lJic vova^c oi' i h,.

I'.caj;lc, vol. :•>, IJciililcH, p. :i1, Alllpliilii.i ;

London. l^l>.
Bclloiici ((i.) Siilla rc;;ioii(! otiica die

I'esci 1! dei;li AlllUii; ill Ucndicoiil.

Acciid. Inslit. IJolof^iia, 1"'S1-'.-,', pp.

•Jl-'Jti.
' Sulla pnidii/ione dei j;lo1)iili r(»>i

iicirAxololl; ill Jicndic. Aecad. Sc. In-
j .stit. l!o!oj;na, 1h-((;-'h7, p. :!:!.
i Siii nuclei poliiiiorli dcilt^ cciliili'

Nc.ssiiali dejfli Anlil>i. l!olo;^iiii, l-~i\,

ivo. (.Mem. Ai'(!ad. Iii.sliL lloloiriia.)

(Ilpp., -'tav.)

.Siille comiiiissiire cerdtrali aiilcii-

! or! de<>Ii .Viililii c dei K'cltili. Con lav.

Jiolo^na, 1>77, •Jvo(i(lpp.). Kslr. d.iilr

Mem. Acead. Sc. Inslit. I'.olo.nna ( 1), t. -.
Inloino all.'i cariocinc.si nella, >!■.;

iiieiita/.ione dell' novo <li Axidoll. i;.'-

la/ionc lial 'riincliosis in Alti IJ. Ai ■

cad. l.iiK'. (:!), 'J'raiisiiiiti, vol. s, No. 1.

p. IM.
Bergeiidal (D.) r),is Knoclicn;;e\velM'

dcr Ain]iliiliien. Alistr.; in .\iiat. An/.,

i,p.i-;».

Betta (lld.de). I'lospctto sistel.ialini
dci;li .\niplii1ii cnid]N'i ; in Moiio;rr:irM
dc;4li .\nipliilii niodcli ilaliani, l*-ii|.

I'^.-iiinad' Ilalia. jiarle 1\", K'etlili

cd Aiililii, 1H71.

Sulla <|ncHtion(> delle |{ano rosse

pliiliicn nnd Kejitilicn dcr I'anna von
("orsica. MitliTaf. ; in .\r(di. f. Natni-
KCHcb., 4!). Jalirg., l-'-li, 1. Wil. (IriH^,
Nov.). pp. l'.M-141.

Ik'itriij^o /iir Kcnntni.ss der Am-

plii'oitMi nnd Ucptilicn dcr I^niiia von
Corsica. (Sdilu.s.s) ; in Ardi. I'. Natiir-
Sesch., 41». Jaliif,'., 'J. Fill., pp. 14.V17:!.
(S. Z. A., X(>. lliH. |i. LW.)

Prof. Nanck's MitllieiliiiiK iilicr dii

rortpllanziin^ dcr Tritonon; in Zool.
Anz., 4. Jalirj;., No. 7'.), ]ip. 1.">7-1.VJ.
Tlios.) A llislorv ol" lirili.sli

Bell(

ili.sli Kep-

lilcs; 8v(), London, 18;!1).

d' I',iii'opa. Vcnc/ia, 18-7, "^vo (1( i))!.).
BiedennaniuW. ) rclicrinorplioloi^isclie

\ eiiiiidi'riin;;cii dcr Ziini^endrilHeii des

Frosdicshei liciznn;rdcr Driisciiiicrvi'ii.

Mit I Taf. ; in Sil/^her. Akad. Wi>s.

Wien, iiialli.-nal.Cl.,:i. Alilli. -^i'.. I?d ,1.

'J. lift., PI). ('.7-s;i. A|iart: Wien (('.

(lerold's Soliii ill Ccimni.), I "'■'•.', "vo (•.':'.

P)).), No. CO.
Birge (I'.. A.) Die Zaiil dcr nciioii I'asein

nnd die motorisdicii (!anj;licnzelleii iin

lllickciimaik dcs I'rosdies; in Arcli. I'.

Aiiat. II. I'liyH., pliysiol. Alitlicil., l"^-.',

\>\K rj.'i-l"^!). Aii.szii};; in lliolo;r. Ccii-

trallil., 2..Ia]iri,'., No. 22, jip. (WiMWS.
Note on the Fiincticnis of I lie Spinal

Cord ill tlie I'rojr; in Aiiier. Moiillilv

Microsco]). Joiirn., vol. 2, No. 11, pi).

21(1-21:!.
Blancliard (Rapli.) Snr les elands do.i-

cale el peiviemie el siir la papille dmi-

calc des lialraeicns nrodcles ; in Zeol.

Anz.,4. .lalir"^., No, 7;t, pii. '.1-14 ; No. Tl,

pp. :54-;t!}.

'?•

Mil; l!ATUA(;|IIA (U" .\(»KTII AMKI.'ICA.

wrd

]

Bl.iiichaid (l.'.il'li.) l^ii'l.|iir.-, mills all
Miji'l (li r MilUli' <li' .M. Lalasli'(/t)<>l.
All/,., No. -<'■') ; ill /"<'l. All/., 11. .lahi-};,
No. •-'•':i, i>ii. :!"''<, :'>'''.i.

■ Siir l.'i iin'st'iicr (III (Jia|iaiiil vitI

I /;«/(» riiiiliH, Lam.) m I'laiicc ; in
liiilLSoc. Zotil. Fraiiri'.T. i:{, No. •,', iip.
iiil,(17.

Ki''|ioii.si' a la criliiiuo <lf M,(i.-A.

i;.piii.Mij;.T, r. (J,, i.i..:w,', ;(•.':!.

Blnuci.I.) I'l'lii'i' (Irii liaii tier Nascii-
N( lilc'iiiili.'iiit lici I'lsclicii II. .\iii|iliil>ii'ii.
Viiiliiiif. .Mitilifil. ; ill /old. All/.., .">.
.Iiilir^'., No. l-.'7, |.i>. (mT-CCO.

Bliiinin ( — .) Ziirlitiinjj; lies iiu'xifaiii-
>i lien Kii'iiiriiiiinlclis Asolotl; in I'J,
l!( r. M.iliiir. (lis. Itaiiilirr^ (l'"''''''!-

MlllIlT).

Boas (•). K. V.) liiilia;; til Kiiinl.sUalM'ii
mil Ciniiis iirliiiii>iiix iim ,\rli'iii'liiiiTiir
lici-,.\iiililiiliiillii'. .Mriiri'axl. KJOlirn-
li.ivii, Host o;; ,<Oii. !>-!, -'vo ('.IH pp. I,
.M. 1.

- i'.cilrii;,'!' /iir ,\ii;;iiil(i;;ii' ilcr .\iii-
j'hiliit'ii. Mil :t 'I'af. ; ill Morpliiil.
.hiliili., H. 15,1., •.'. llfl., pp. IC.'.t-l,-^:.

I'l'lirrilrli ('iiiiiii iillciiiisiis mill ill!'

Ai It lii'iilioj^cii ilcr .Viiipliiliii-n. Mil :!
Taf. II. .') Ilnl/si'lin: in .Morplioln;;.
.I.ihili.. T. Hil., :!. int., pp. l-H-,-.?-.'.

Bijcage [ l!ailpo/a tin, ,1. \'.) K'rptis i' \u\-

pliiliiips lie S. 'rimiiii' : in .liiiir. Sr.

.Miilli. riiys. Nat. Aiail. I.ishoa, T. 11.

N(i. I'.', iip.(;."i Ti'.
Boettger lO.l IHc l>iiiiilii'ii ii. Ainpli

liicii Mill Ma(la;;aMai ; lln. I'laiikfu

a. M.. 1-77.
ISi'lirllt iild'lilir l,iistllli;;i'n ill

lliTprtolo^ii- wiiliriMiil ill's Jaliri'H 1-rtl;
III Al'i'li. 1'. Natiii'j;rsi'li.. ni. Jalil};., .'>.
lilt. ('.>. Mil., •>. int.), pp. •,'.V.'-:i-J7.

I'l'liridicw irlitij;>t('ii UlitiMsrliirilr

iliT Hiiif ilriitsrlii'ii Raiia-Arti'ii ; l)rr
/.oolocriHiIii' (laitrii. l-'s.",, p. ',';{;(.

AiifzlililiinL; iliT Vim ilrii I'liilip-

piiii'ii lii'kaiintrii I>i'|it ilicn niiil Hatra-
rliicii; in liiiii'iit Sriuki'iili. iial.(irs.,

I'laiiki.. i-.>i(i, pp. ;i|-i:;.i.

(Ull..;|l. Krptil.. L'T Hji AlM|lllili.)

licTJrlit iilirrilii' Li'istiiii;'iMi in iliT

Ili'Ipitiiloi^ii' waliM'llil ilrs .laliii's \f^>7>;
ill .\i(li. r. Na*m';;rsrli., .'-J. .lalir;;.,

I--CH1''-'), •-'. Ii'i.. 1. lift.. i.p.'j:i:!-;!:!i.

I'.rni'iiti' Aiir/iililiiiii; iliT IJt'ptiliiMi

iiiid I'atrarliii'i' ili's rliiiii'sisclii'ii

BoettgeriO.) Vri/rirliiii.>silii\im lltrin
|lr. Ilrinr. .Simi'iil li ails I'm I iii;a mill \ im
ili'll A/oirll lllll;;rliiarlltl-n Ki'ptilirll
mill l>,'iti','irliii'r; in Sit/;;.slii'i'. k. piriiss.
Akail. Wiss., Hi'iliii, l^^-^", No, l','. pp.
17.-)-l'.t|.

IJi'biT ilii! Ki'ptilirll mill liatra-

rliirr TranHi-asiiiriis; in Zoiilnj;. An/..,
11. .I.ilir;;., No. •,'7!t, pp. •J.V.I -or,:5.

- — ViT/.t'iclini.ss ilrr von llrnii \). von
Oi'i-t/xMi aii.s (irii'i'lii'iilanil mnl Klrina-
sii'ii niit;<i'1irai.'lilrn Itatr.'irliii'r miil

K'rptiiirli; III Silz^sliiT. k. pirilss.
Akail. Wiss., r.iTlin, 1---, pp. K'.'.i-HC.

(II .\iii|iliili.,:i'.> |1 n. si<.\ K<'|ilil.i

."^tnilii'li .•111 iialaiirklisrlirii l.'i'|>til-

ii'ii unit Aiiipliiliirii ; in I'.K-'Jl. Hit.
(Mliiil.aili. X'l'i-., pp. Hl-'.l.'..

Maii'i'ialii'n /iir lii'rprtolojji.sclicn

I'amia miii (.'liiiia. 1 1 a. ) l.istr iIit /wri-
trn Morlli'liitol ll'srlii'ii Si'iiilimn siiili'Iii-
lirsisrllrl' Kl'irrlll llirl'l'. 1i.) liatrarlllrr

( I'liisilii' mill Kiiiti'ii); in 'Jii.-'i"^. Itrr.
( (Mi'iiliacli. N'rr. r. N;itiiik., pp. .M-lil'J.

lli'iprtolonisrlii' iiiittlii-ilmii;i'n ;

ill -JO. n. ',':!. I'.iT. Olltiiliaili. ViT. f.
N,it ink., pp. I 17-iriri.

( .\iii|iljil>Li I I Kiptilia 'J II. .sp.)

nil' III ptilirii mill Aiiii)lliliirii von

Maroicii. Mil 1 Taf. ; in Aliliaiull.
S.-mki'iilii'i^'. iiat. (!i s.. i:i. l!il., 1. lift.,
pp. '.Ci-llC. Apart: I'laiikl'iirt a. M.,
M. lUi'.strrwi'i; ill ('oiiiiii., l-'-l{, Ivo,

I. •.>..')().
jrelli (AHV.) Kiii'irlii' intorno alU- ilif-
'••ri'lizr ostrolii;;irlir ili'lli- 1,'iniii /'(iscd
.laliiini': in i'loll. Miis. /mil., .Vii.it.
Coiiip., 'roriiio, v.il. 1, No. 11 ^l(i pp.).

Born ((!.) TrliiT lliippi'lliililllli;;i'll lirilll
I'lii.sih mill ili'ti'ii lliilstrlimij;. Si'p.-
Aliilr. aus il. liri'slaii. iiivtl. /I'itsrlir.,
l--J->, No. It ^Ci pp.).

(Viirlr. in il.llis. I', vat. Cult.)

I'l'liiT ili'li I'.illtlilss it.'f Srliwrri'

aiil'ilas I'ro.sclii'i. Si'p.-Aliilr. aiis Urrs-
laii. ,'irstl. Zi'itsilir., l,-*-^!, No. •< 1 1 1 pp.),
-\ o.

I'l'lii T ilir Nasi'iiliiilili'ii mill ileii

riir;iiii'niiasrny;aii^ ili'i' Aiiipliiliirii.
Morpliiiliij;isrlirs .lalirlmrli, p. ."i77, l-7(i.

Ilyliiiili/atiim lu'lwi'rii Ainpliiliia.

Ivi'icll

Ihnl.

pp. lo:!-iiti.

Alistr. ; in .Imirii. K'. Mirmsi'. Sue. Lon-
.Imi, 1~S7, !>. I>, iiji. ■.!7(l, :171.

( Airli. f. iiiikio.sk. Anal. S. Z. A., Xo. 239, p.
704.)

r i

I I

; I

ii

! t

It

H >

!

I :

' i

464 lUIIJ.llTIN 111, UNITi:i) HTATKS NATIONAL MI'SKUM.

Boni ((i.) Ilcilrii,nt'znili,isliiriliiiiiij;/.\vi
.sclicn ili'ii riiilii'iinisi'ljcii Aiiinriiarli'ii,
in : I'lliiLji'i'M Aicli. f. <1. jjcs. I'li.vsiiil., I!".'.

M.i., '.t.-ii.iifi., 1.].. ir.:!-r)H.

Iiilliit;ii('(! of (iravily (III llic Troy;

Ovum. Ali.str, ; in .loiiiii. II. Microsc.
Soc, l.itniloii (•,'.), vol. Ci, p. (i, ]i|i. ;t:i'.i,
!>|(t.

(An li. r. iiiiknisK. Aii.il.) S. Z. A., Xc 'Jd'.',
p. 177.

I''.ili)'l)iip|it;lbil(lilii<;li('i li'iiiiii I'lisi II

Kiit'M. Mil Aliliild.; in Zmil. An/., I.

Jiilir^., Nil. T-^, p|). i:iri-iri'.».

Wcilcrc l>i'ilr,"iL'«' /Ml ItastaidiiiMi";

Boiilengcr((i. A. ) NutcKnn a Soiilii .\ i-.

ii'.iii I'ki;; lately livinj^ in llif Soiici \'.s

(■altlcnsl /'/(///'((//(/ (//I M/ lllljIDlllDlllll illlis I,

Willi 1 pi.; in Priic. Zonl. .Snr. Loiiilun,

\->-<>, i. pp. •,'(;!, viiM.

('alalo;;ii(r of llir Hal lacliia Salicn-

tia in III)' ciilli'i'tion of tin- lliili.sli Mn-
.sciiiii. •,'(! cil., !--•.'.

Di'sci'iplions 111' new Hpccics of

Ikcplilt'saiiil Italracliian.s in Ilit- ]!l'iti.^||
Miisciiiii. I'l. I, Annals Ma};a.s. Nat.
Hist.. l<-:i, p. nil; I'l. II. in Ann. of
Nat. Ili.sl. (."i. 1, vol. l;t, May, jip. I'.'.Hi
:ilH; rt. Ill, l<ic. (it., 1-^-T, p. .-.(I.

/wisclicn (Icn cinlitiinisclKii Annri'ii.
Aicli. inikr. Aiiat,, XNvii, pp. (ili'.>,'J7l,

pis. X XII.

Boscd ( I'.d. ) Cataloi-uc dts Kcplilcs el
AinpliiliiciiM (It! la IN'iiiii.siiii' ilxriiini' el
ilcH ili'H |{iil('ar(.'M; in liiill. Sdc. /mil.
Friincc, ."i. ••inn,, .S.-(i. p., pp. 'JKi-j-T.
(.'i.'i .s))., 'Jii Anipliili., :i,'i lii'iiiii.)

( 'cinccciniics y ailiciiini'.s al Cala-

1(1^11 (Ic lii.s K'cplilcs y Aniiliid.s (111 ll.s-
jiana, l'(irtn;;al ('• i.slas lialcaics (iim
a lain.); in Anal. Sue. l^sjuifi. Ilj^i.
Nil!., T. Id, cuad. I, !■[•. .-^'.(-I I','.

Boiiillot (.1.) Siir ri'iiillii'linm .s(''(i<'i(Mr
dii reiiidcN lialnicicns, in: (J(>ni|il. icnd.
Acad. Sc. Paris, T. ;»."i, Nn. II, pp. Cii:!,
I'liM.

Snr ri'pitlK'Jinin si'in'lcnr dn rein

< >n a i'dllcci inn (if l'"r(i;;,s IVdin Yiii i-

inannas, lliialla;.;.i lii\cr, Nditlicin
rein. Willi •.' pi.: in I'nic /ikiI. 8dc.
Ldiiildii, iss:;, iv, pp. (i;!.")-!'!:!:^.

('atald"ne (if the Ital racliia (iiaili

cntia s. C.'indata and Itatracliia Apdd.i
in tlic ('(illcctidii (if the liritisli Mii.sciiin.
'.'d I'd. Ldiiddii, l-'^!, "^vd (i;t(( pp., ',(

-^ Ndlcs nil little KlldWli .Species (. I

I'mjjs: in .Villi. df Nat. Ilist. (.'i.), vdl.
II. .Ian., pp. Ill I'.).

(I ll.:.p.l

|)('Seiiiitidii (if a new Species ot

des liatiaciciis. V. K. Sue. liidl. (-j.iii,

PI I. :!-J."i, :!'.'i;.

Siir ri'pitlii'iiiini .st'civlciir dii rein

liiifd fnini .Japan ( //./o; iii(i.si(.s, n. sp. i
Willi I pi.; in I'rcic. /(kiI. .Sdc. Lnn
ddii, 1-^.-:!, ii, pp. i:!;t, i in.

Ii'fpdit (111 a Cdllcclidii (if K'epliles

de.s ISatraciens; in (-'(impl. i-eiid. .\ead.
He. I'aris, 'I'. '.i7, Nn. 17, ]ip. ;»l(»-'.»l-^.

8ur ri'pitlK'Iiiiiii ix'cri'leiir (111 rein

des Itatr.ieiciiM; in .Fdnrn. de .Mici(ij;r.,
fi. anii.,N(i. II, pp. .'■>7I , ."i7.">.

(riinipl. lend. Ac. .Sc. I'.iris. S. Z.,\., No. i;i(i,
p.;il.)

Boiileiiger ((i. A.y ritnde siir les (in-,
iiiinillcs rdiisscs, Hami li iiipiinuhi , el
deser. d'esp. iKillv. liiill. de |a Sue,
/d(ild;;icpie de I'laiicc, l,-7l(.

On tli(^ I'ala'arctii^ and Jliliidpinn

Spiu'ie.s (if r.iifd, w Itli :! jil. ; ill Pi'deeed.

/(Mil. Sdc. Ldiiddii. |.~H(), jv, pp. ril.'i-

ril7.
Dcscriptidii (if ii new fJeiiiis jind

Siieeies (if l''nij;s <if Ihe I'aiiiiiy K',iiii(l;e '<

IXnctiraliiH mani(iiilif,i\\ in Ann. of dWsie; liiill. Sue. /ooIom. do I'rance.

Nat. Hist, (.'i.), vdl. 1(1, , Inly. p. ;;,-,. | [sSCt.

and Itatracliiaiis fidin the 'rinini' l.aiil
Islands, fdiined liy .Mi. II.O. I'dilies.
With ',' pi.; in I'liic. /odl. Sdc. Lnii

d(in, Is-^;'., iii, pp. :!rt(;-:{,s,-<.

I)iaH;ii(ises of New 1,'eptjles ami

Ilalrachiaiis IVdin the Siildinon Ids.:
I'nicecds. /odi. .S(ie. Lenddll, I'^l, p.
•J 1 1).

-A — Desci'iptidii of a .Now I'ldji df llie
^enils Mcf^aldpliiss; ri-dcceds. /nol.
Sdc. J.ondiin, 1 — .'i, p. .S'lil.

— ^^ Descriptidii of .'I new species dl'
fill;;; fidiii .\sia .Miin^i; ridceeds. /dol.
Sue. hdiiddii. l.'S.'i. ','•,'.

A desci ipt ion df the riennaii Kivci-

l''r(iK (li'iiiiii (■■■<iiili iilii, var. ridibiiiiihi.
I'all.'is) ; rrncceds. i'cidl. .Soe. I.onddii.
|-<M.-,, p. (ilitJ.

N(if(> snr lis ( Jreiioiiilles K'un.s.scs

Tin; IJATKACIIIA OF NuKIII AMKUICA.

40.')

. )

•

.

Boiileiiger (<<. A.) riisl Ifcimil mi aildi-
tiiiiisti)(lic llatracliiaii Cnllri rioii in ilic
Niiliiiiil lliftloiy Miifo'iiin. Willi I |rl,; in
I'roc. Zool. iSoc. Lontliiii, l-^tJ, \i. iii.pp.
Ill-lli).

( I II. H|). ; II. H-. (.it'lllimln"'.)

Remarks on Siiccinu'nH (if Htma

((nvi/isexliiliiltMl in I Im Society's (iai-
ilcns, Witli 1 pi.: ill Tror. Zool. Soc.
l-oiiilon, I'Hl, p. ii, pp. -il-.'/Ji:).

On a new species of ll\la from

I'tiit llaiiiiltoii, (,\>rea [ //. .s/.y;/,, hi],
iiaseil nil an esaniple liviiii^ in tiie So-
ciety's Cianiens. With I pi.; in I'roe.
Zool. Soc. I.onilon, l"'-'7, iv, pp. r>''-'-.'iTl'.

On new Keptiles ami Italracliiaii.s

tmni N'orlii Itorneo; Annals Ma^as.
Nat. Ili^t.. 1.-i-7, p. ;i.').

On a larti lliiiiniaiayan Toad ; lor.

cif., H"<7, p. w:>.

l)esci'ijitioii of new or lillle known

SiiMlli .\llieriean l'ldL;s of llm ;;eliela
raliiiliciila and llyla ; loc. lii., 1>~T, p.

Deseiipt ioiisof t « o new .\iistialiaii

Finns \ l.iiiliiiiiliiiiiiilis Jill' Ik rl, ( I'uiiii
ricliiridiKi \; in .\iin.ofN'al. I li.-il. ((>. ), ,
vol.-.', All;.^, pp. \\>, ii:!. I

On a livin;; Npeeiineii of .\i iinini^ '

liirin, Daiid.; in I'roe. Zool. Soe.
London, Is."'*, iv, p]i. .'"idli, fiiil. I

Deseiipt ion d'niM) esp iionv. de

'J'riton (Moiilandoiiii ). Avec I pi.: in
Itiill. Soe. /o(d. I'ranee, .''i. Ann., .". (i.
p., p. 1(11.

(S. /. .\., No. T.' p. M )

On the exist enei' of t wo .s|ieeies of

Aipiatic^ Fioir.s in North (iiiinany; in
The Zoologist (:l), vol. H. .luiie, pp.
•^•,'0-v!-J-,'.

{liiimi mi'iili iitii liijiicii ai.il U. fni-lin.)

Slipph'tllelil a rdnde ,snr les (jle-

noiiilles rons.s(vs; in ISnll. Soe. Zool.
France, .''». ami., o. (!. p., pp. i*()7-V'()i>.

Description of a new Fro;.; <d' the

Bouleiigcr (O. A.) On .some Kepliles and
liali.icliian.s IVoni lL;iiarasse, I'ernam-
Iiiu'o. With I pi. : in Ann. id' Nat. (f.),
vol, •,>, Hist. .Inly. pp. |i)-|:!.

( I II. H|l.l

l^neli|ins iiidls en ■ ■|Minse a l.i note

de M. le Dr. 1,'. Ulam I, ml siir la ida.ssi-
liealion des r.atracieii>. linll. Soe. Z.
I''r., .\i. pp. :!'J0, ;!-.M. \V\\ /.m.I. l.'ee.
xxii, Ifept.. )•. •-'.'. I

Seconil contrihi.tioii to the llerpe-

tolofjy of the Soloimni Ids. ; I'loe. Zoid.
Soe. I.diid.. l~-7. p. :'i!!:i.

De^riiplions of new IJcptiles and

Hatiarlij.iin I'lnin M,id.i;;,isear. With
•i pi,; in .Villi, (d' Nal. Ilisi. (H), vol.
1, F<dir., PI.. 101 liiT.

ill II. M|i I

DiMiipl Ions of new li'i'piih's ami

I'atraeliiaiis olilained liy 11. ( i. I'mlies
in New (iiiinea. Iliiil.. May. pp. ;!|:>-

;iii;.

i'J II. S|i., II. ;;., ( ',llllllii||.i. .\lll|lllill.l

.\ lisi of K'ept ill's and It.iliai hiaiiN

olilained liy 11. 11. .Iidinslon on tlio It'iii
del h'ey, ('anielooiis District, W. Africa;
in I'lcir. Zool. Soe. London, 1"''"^7, iv,

p)l. ."ill I, .Mi.").

('■'• I- II. s|i. {. .\|ll|l||ill.|

On ,1 rare .Vmeiican Newl, Muhjc

nil riiliiiiKitls, {'ope: in .\iiii. of Nal.
Hist. (t'«i, vnl. I, .Ian., p. •-'!.

Nole Mir le I'eloliate hlllll, a pnipo.s

de la reeelite enmiilllliieat inn de .M.
Ileinn-lioyer .siir le I'l liilnili^: hilifniiis;
ill Kill!. Soe. Ziinl. I'r., T. l:!, No. .".,
pp. II.'), I 111.

Ijicoh' nil iiioi siu Ifs pieleiidns

earacleles ditlrleliiiels till rdoliale

dTtalie. Ihiil.. No. Ii, |.. ic,;;.

— Deseriptinii of a Hew ^eliii- of Cie-

eilia I F.pierioiiops I : in .\iiii. nl' Nat.
lli.st. (.'.). vol. II, .March, pn. -JO',', -JlC!.
A SNIlopsis of the Reptiles ami

f;eiiiis Mej,'alo|ilirys [Fea]; in ,\nii.
Mas. Civ. Stor. Nat. (iemiva (v!). vol. 1,

pp. fii-i, :>i.\.

An acconnl of the K'eptiles and

Ihitrachians olitaiiied in Teiiasserini hy
M. L. Fea, of the (iiMioa Civic Miiseiiin.
Witli ;t pis.; ill Ann. Miis. Civ. Stor.

Itatrachiaiisof the I'niviiice U'io Oramltt
do Sill, liia/il; ill Ann. of N.il. lli.st.
(.".). vol. H, Dec., pp. !•,>;!- 1 1.".,

(lii; Kr|lli!., -7 .\lllpllil).l

Deseriplinii nf a new species id"

r'rnj; I'loiii Madagascar \ Hiiiin ijiiUii-
lnlii\: in ,\iiii. nf ?\at. Hist. (nl. vnl.

7, May, jip

:io, :;(il.

Nal. Cicmiva (•.'),

Iv pp. .17 L

Nnlesiir la jinsil ion de roiUlce anal
; lis III arils lU-:^ ISalraeieiis d'i;ii-
■/.. V

(III (II. 1 .sp.. Ueptil.; 21 |:i II. I sp., .\iiipliili I rope. Hull. Soe, Z. Fr., .\i, p. ill

r.).ji— iJiiii. ;j4 :]()

'*

(*

r

1

' I

K-

] I

i -'i

\^ I

i (i

1

i

4()(! nULLKTIN III, IIMTKI) .SIAiKS NAIIONAL MTSKIIM.

|i I

Botilengcr ((i. A.) Di-Hiripliiin nf a m-w
(JiMiiis ami SptTi-'M III' l'"ioi{s ill till- I'aiii-
il.v ll.vliilai [ I'liriiolnilii foiliriiK]. Willi
liK. ; ill Ann. Nat. ilint. (.'i), vol. I",
Ort., pp. :!.'il-;i'.H.

Oil tlin "11111x111^" lialtitNtiC Drii-

ili'<iliiitt>.H, a!4 iili.si'i'vril l>y A. Kappli-r: in

Ann. lit' Nat. Hist, (li), vol. I, .1 pp.

•I.VI, I.V.; .Inly. pp. l'-'-M--':i.

On ni'w ItatiacliiaiiM t'liMii Ma-

larca. Willi I pi. ; in Ann. nl' Nat.
UiHt. (.')), V(il. Ill, May, pp. ill.'.-:!!".

l.'i II. H|i. ; II. li.. I'lii \ iirlla.l

On t\v(i I'lirnpran .Sprcics uf liiini-

liinator. Willi 1 pi. ; in IMoc /ixi
Sill', hiiniloii, 1H.-|(J, iv, pp. I'.l'.l-.'.dl.

Ilcsriiptiidl 111" II lli'W taiird

Italracliian fioin Curra ( lliiniiliiii»
Icirhiiy, witli riit ; in Ann. of .Vat.
IUM. (.")), vol. r.», .Ian., p. DT.

(AiiaiilrM. Ilaiiil. <'lian;;i'(l In .Aiilinlax.!

|)i'Hciipli(>ns 111' ( I ) iH'u liia/iliaii

IlatrarhiaiiN; in Ann. nfNai. Mint. {*'<)
vol. I, .Marcli, lM,-><. pp. l-T-l-'.i.

,\ list of lialrai'liiaiis IVoni llic

I'i'ovinco .Saiitii (,'atli:irina. Itra/ll
Ihiil., .Iniii", IS-s, pp. ll.-,-ll7.

CJl i*|i, I

Bourne (\\(. (Jililis). On ccriain .Mmor-
iiialitit'.s in tin* coininon l''i'o<; (Hiiiiu
timponiyiii). I. 'I'lii! Oi'i'iincin r of an
Ovott'sti.s. "J. .MiMoiiii.ililics of till-
Vfilcliral Colninn. Willi 1 jil. ; in
l^nart. .loiirii. of Microsc. Sr. I'.S., vol.
;il, .Ian., pp. m:!-^.-!.

Branco(\N'.) Il'e'm.sin hurariai. ii. ;,'., n.
Hp., fill ntiicr .Slf^occplialr ;iiis ilcin
milfn'n Kotliliif^cinlin. .Mil 1 'I'af.
In: .lalirli. k. prnis.s. ;;i'ol. Lamlcsansl.
f. l'^"^!!, lip. 'J",'-:!'.». An.s/. von Danu's;
in Nell, .lalii'li. MiniT., (it'ol. n. I'ali'-
iint., H".-'. 1. ltd., 1. lift. (Dec, l*s7).
p. 117.

Braim(Aii^.) l.'eluT die Vaiicliitcii dcs
I'Ifsii.s liiinliosacralis von iv'ana. Iii-
an<;.-I)i.ss. lionn, If^.-^d, ■■'vo ciii pp.).

Brocchi ( — ). Ktiidcs Hiir Ics liatra<'ii'ii.s
[Mi-.\i(|iic ft Ann r. t'ent. ] ; in Mi.s.sion \
.Scicntif. an Mcx., Kculi. Zool., :i. p., '2. !
.sect, (li;! pp., 'J I pl.s.}. [

Brunii (All), von). Flimincii'pitlu 1 in
den ( J,ill('nj;iiii<;('n dr.s ]''roHclu'.s ; in
/ool. An/., (1, .lalilj;-.. No. 1 IS, p. .|K!. |

Burfuitli (D.) Kxpcrinniitfiic I'ntci-
siielinnficn iilKirilir Froselilarvtii. Iii(d.
Ceutiali)!., vi, pp. C.OlMii:!. i

Buifiiith (l>. ) Vt iMmlii' lltxi (lif ViiMaii-
dlnnijdi'i' I'ro.si'lilarvi'ii. Anat. An/., i,

pp. ;tii-:ii7.

Cad (.loll.) I'l'lii'i' dii- Ci'iitirii mill
Lcilnii^'slialin<'ii iiii Kiicki'iiniaik ili".
I'ldHclii's. Mit, I'inciii IIm'iiis ijlii-r
Li'iliiii;;sli.iliii('n iiii K'iirkriiiiiaik mhi
Kaiiinrlirn mid Kat/r. Mit/,' litli. Tal.
Wiiivlinr;,', Stalnl, l-s|, hvo (.'.0 pp
.Si-ji. .Midi', .'ins: \'('iliandl. |>liyH.-iiiril.
(Irs. Wiil/lini;;, N. I'., l--. lid., M. ll. Ull

Calinels (H.) f'WV Ic vrnin dcs I'ali.i
rii'iis; in t'onipl. rend. Ac. Sr. I'aii>,
t. D", No. .I, pp. WM}-:w. Alfslr. .loiiiii.
R. Micros', Soc, (•.'), vol. 'I, p. ;i, p|i.

iti'iii, :;r>i.

rivolnlion dc I'l-pillii limn ilis

<{liiiidcs a M-nin dn Ciapatid; iii

Coiiipl. rend. .\c. .'^c. I'aiis, T, '.i.'i, .\n
■•'I, pp. 1(11(7 IlKi'.i.

Camcinuo ( l.ot. ) l.a L'dint IuIiihIH I'lmil
cii;;. ncl Nciiclo; in llnil. .Mils. Zoi.l
.\iiat. Com p. 'I'oi ino, \cil. ■.', No. "Jii ( I p. .

l»CM'ii/ioiic di mi ;iiriiio anoininn

di /I'diKi (.vcii/ni/ii l.innco : in lioll. Mns.
/ool. Anat. Conip. Tor ino, \ cd. It, No. IM
(•J pp.).

Iiitoino alli' Ncolciiia cd alio s\i

Injipo dci;li .Vnlilii; in Alli ,\cc,id. .-r.

Toiino. vol. I'.t, (lisp. I. pp. -I-IH!.
h'cclicnlics Mir la piolonuai ion ilc

la vie Inancliialc dcs Ampliiliics; In

Arcli. Hal. dc Itioloj,'.. I. ."i. fasc. 1, pp.

",".»-lir..
■ .*<m !i' dcs clop)icniciil dcs .\iii-

]iliil»ics cl snr cc i|iic Ton a iiomnii' ilic/
cnx la Ncolcnic; in Aich. Ital. i!c
Itiolo;;., t. .■', fa.sc. I. pp. ','T, ','*.
Kicciclic intoriio iilla \ ila lii.in-

( liialc dcj.'li ,\nlilii. Kcla/ionc del M.
Lcssona; in At!i \i. .\ccad. .Sc. 'roiiim
vol. IS, (lisp. 7, pp. 7. "•."1-7 .">-'.
I'clicr die ilalicnisclicn I'.nproclii'.

Artcn. /.Old. .\n/.. 1. .laliry;., No. ■■■((.
pp. 1-lt. 1--1.
/)'(//"(( fiiiill^. V. infia. /i'((»(i emu-

Itiilii.
Di'lla Mclla scssiialc dcf^li Anillii

iii'odcli. Con li.;.; in Alli .Vccad, .Sc.

Torino, vol. Id, di^p. •,», pji, 'Jll-'.*','.').
Os.scrva/ioni intonio ad iiii indi-

vidiio niostinoso di /////(( riiidis Lam.
Con lifjf^. Torino, l"^-i((, 8vi). Ilsli.
da«;li Atli IJ. Accad. d. Sc. Torino, vol.
Iti, disji. I. Dec, is.SO, pp. -;t--7.

(I'lia Hula '^aiiilia postci iiiir.)

k

Tin; IIATUAt'lllA OF NolMII A.MKKK'A.

467

f.

Camorniio i I.'m. ) If.TliiirlM's.sm Ics vaii-
;iliiiiiN ill' /,'((»(( I*! ((/i h/(I I'l (111 /liilii riii-
tlii thins li' lijissin ili' l.i MrililniiiiU'i'.
(•,>:! \t\i.) Kxlr. <l<' I'Amsoc. iVaiiv. l'""'-
rjivaiiif. il. Hf., ('oii;;iiH il'AI^') 1, l^"!.

Kciliriiln's Hiir Ifs varialiiMiH <lc la

Hiiiiii isriiliiiln ct ilii llii/it liiiilin ilaiiM
II' lias^iii ill' la Mt'ililiTiaiHT. I'aiJH,
!—'•.>, -i\:) (I I pii).

(AsMcii'. riiiiii, i>'iiii lavaiir. il. sc. Ciiii.^ics
ilAIU'T. I'"*l»

Kiccirlir iiiliiiiiiMilla tli->lliliii/iiiiii-

jrro^iialiratitjjli Aiililii Ami'ii in Kniopa.
('(in I caila. 'rcnino. II. I.ikscIk r.
l-i-'ll, -v(i (I'l |i|i. ). I".str. (la^^li Atti
All. 111. 1>. Tdrind. vdl. l".

Kiciiclic iiildiiiii alia vita liran-

( liiali' (l(';;li Aiililii ; il. /ndl. .\n/,.. i'<.
.l:iliiH.. No. I'li'i. pp. <Wr>-(W7.

Iiiliiinii alia Xciitrnia cd all<i s\i-

liippd ili';;li Aiiiilii. 'rdijiid. Ldi'scjicr,
I--:', -vd (I".' I'P'- l^'^tr. ila;4ii Atli
II. .\(ca(l. Sc. 'I'diind, Vdl. I'.'. 1--.I.

It'lccri'lic inliirnn alia vita lir.iii-

clii.ilcilcnli Aiililii. Ciiii'Jtas'. Tdiiiid,
I silicr, 1— :i. ltd O'l I'l'-'' '•-•'•

i|:lll(' Mini. I{. .\i rail. ."^i-. 'rdlilld, Vdl.

It i( TIT III' inl drill) alia ili.striliii/.inni'

<;i'd<4i'itlira (li';;li .^iililii aiimi in
I'.iiidpa; in .\iii K*. .\i rail. Sr. 'I'ltriiid,

Vdl. |H, ilisp. •.', pp. '.'T l-'.'-l'i.

M(iiiiij;ralia ilriili .\iililii aiiiiri

iluli.'iiii. (' II '.' lav. Tdiiiiii, V.vm,
l.di'scliiT, H~ !. Hd , lull pp.). i;>|r.
ilallii Mriii. I>. Airail. .<<■. 'I'drinii (-.M. t.
:i.'i.

CappniClli (.\. ) K'rclliTrln^ suv Ir Sfllill

•III Trillin riistttlif) : in Anli. Ilal. Iiinl..

'I'. I. I'asr. I, pp. :■,' --11.
Ciiiboiuiiei' ( M. ) Nuti' mi tin' lialiits ami

naiiii;,' nl' llir Asiildll. .(/ii/)///>7(»hi()

nil I iiiiiiii II. ( ^lall•^iat. > : in I'mr. l'.

S. N'iit. Mils., vol. .".. pp. •,'-Jl, '.".»•,'.
Carliii ( Will. 1',.) ( ilisiTvatinns <in Sin-

iloii rii'liniiiidis ; ill I'idc. I'. S. Nat.

•Mils., vol. :!, is-l, pp. |-j((, I'Jl.
Cntteiieo (<i.) Sviliipjid c ili.spdsi/.iiiiii'

ilillc ri'lllllr pi;;iili-lltali in'llc lal'Vn

ilrir.Vxdldtl. IJdll. Siii'iit.. viii, p]>. I'J-

t('>.
Chatiii (.liia. ) IJi'dicrrlit's punr MTvir a

riiisiiiirc (111 iidyan dan.s ri''pitlii''iiiini

aiiilitil' (li'.s liatraciciis. Avit 'J pi.

TaiiN, (ianlhioi-Villar.s, I<s;!, Ito (111)

pp.).

Chauvin ^.Mari^» vmn. I'iImt ilio Kar-
linii;j; ili's Miiiiiii'lii'iis Mill I'niliiit mi-
iiniiiiix. Alls,:.; in NaliirldiM'Inr, III.
.lain-;;., No. .Ml, p. ISI.

iMiltlii'il. <li'rSi'i'iii>ii I'lii llnlili iiUiiiMir No,

rclicr llir I'dl'l plIail/IIIIL: t.rs .(/»-

hlilsloiiiti ; in Zddl. .\n/., ('>. ,lalir;L;.. Nd,

ir.i, pp. .m:!-.-!!.-..

\'iiiliin(i;;t> Mittliriimi;; iilirr ilii<

I'drtptlaii/mi;; ilrs I'mliim uiiijiiiiiif. ;
in /ddl. An/., N.i. Ill, pp. ICid-:',;',-,',

Clarke i.'^ani. I'.) Tlio i'ai'l\ tlfvildpiiKMit
III' till' Wdltlian Mdily ill .liiihlfistiimit
liiniiliiliiiii. With :l pi.; in Stinlics
Hidlii;;. Laliiirat. .Idliiis llopk. rnivrr-

sitv. Vdl. •.'. \d. I, pp. ;'>;•- II.

Cope I I''.. |).) (Ill ilii' rriinaiv l)i\iHioim

dl' iIm' .'<alaiiiaiiili'iil.i'. w illi (li'si'ilplinnH

III" t \Mi iii'W sprriis ; in I'ldr. Acail. Nat.

Si;i, I'hila., p. I-.'-,'. l-.V.'.
-^/ — On sdiiii' iH'W ami litllt'-kiiiiwii

.\iiii'iir.iii .\iinra; in I'l'dc. .Vcail. Nat.

Sii. riiila., p. l.'il, isi'il.
On 'rra'iliyt't'plialii-i, Si'aiiliid|iiis,

ami dtlii'i' Aiiiri'iian liatrarliia; in

I'll..-. Acatl. Nat. Sri, IMiila., p. lit,

l-i;:!.
On till' limits ami irlatioiis nl' ilio

li.iiiii'diincs ; ill I'nii'. Arail. Nat. .Sci.

riiil.i.. pp. l-l-HI!. HC.I.
.ski'i II dt' till' piimaiy y;rdnps nf

Hull III hill Siiliiiiliii ; ill 'I'lic .N'atinal

llisldiy l.'i'vii'w. art. ii, jip. ',IT-1','0,

l-ii...
On .liiiiihiliiiiniis iiiiiiiiliviii.'i, il new

if

liatiailiiaii iVdiii tin- Coal .Vli'asiiri's ;
in I'idc, ,\iiiil. Nat. .Si'i. I'liila., p.
11! I, l-r,.->.

Till' Urptilia ami Itati.irliia nf tlio

Soiiiiran I'rovinit'dt'lln' Ncart if Key inn;

ridi'L-i'ils. Arad. I'hilailii.. l-<'l!, p. llOd.

(.'oiiti iliiitidii.s to till' llcrpotdlo^fy

ol'Tidpii'al Aiiu'iii'a ; in I'lnrrcils. Arail-
I'lny I'liila. ; t liiril, Ki.">, p. I"'.") ; foiirtli.
i-ifiil, p. I'.':!; til'tli, Hili;, p. :!ir ; sixth,
l-C.,-', p. Itii.'p; ninth, l^TI, p. •,'()(), In
rrociiils. Aiiiriiian I'liilos, So<\ ; 8ov-
iiilh, l.-Ti'.i. p. IIT; i'i;;litli, 1-^70, ]>. :)'>.l;
tt'iith, KT, ]). 'S'l; flrvintli, IST',», jt.
'Jiil; twi'll'lh, l"i-J|. )). 1C.7: thirtiM-nth,
l-i-i,-,, p. '^71.
A ri'vit^W dl' till" spri'irs nf the

Amlilysloiniihr ; in I'ldc. .\iail. Nut.
Sei. Phihi., p. Kid, l>d7.

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IMAGE EVALUATION
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Sciences

Corporation

33 WIST MAIN STREET

WEBSTER, N.Y. MSM

(716)873-4503

l^

O^

M

468 luiLLKTiN ;m, unitkd statks national muskum.

Cope (E. 1).) Oil Mi(! Htnicliuv .-iiid dis-
tribution of <r(!nt'rii of tlio Airifcnms
Auura; in Joiini. Ac. Nat. Sci. I'hiia.,
pp. ()7-l»7, liS(>7.

On till! faiiiilii'H of the llanifonii

Amiia; in Joiiiii. Ac. Nat. .Sci. Pliila.,
pp. 18J-M5, 1837.

Exaiiiiiiatioii of Rojitilia aii<l lia-

J.

tradiia of tlio Ortoii Expcd'ii to Ecua-
dor and Upp. Amazon, with noton on
other species; I'rocceds. Acad. Phihida.,

IfSlJH. p. <»(■).

.Sjnoiisis of the extinct liafrachia

of Xtirtli .Viniaica; in Proc. Acad. Nat.
.Sci. Pliila.. p. 'JIH, lHli?<.

A review of the species of the

V

Plelhoiloutidic and Desnio^fiiathidie ; in
Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Pliila., p. l»3,
l-^lilt.

On Siredon Metamorphoses, etc. ;

Cope (E ]).) Synopsis of IJatrachia iiiiii
Keptilia oUtaiiieil liy II. II. Sinitii m
the I'roviuco of Mat to (!rosso, l!i;i/il;
I'rocecds. Auier. Philosoph. Soc, 1^~T,
p. 44.

The Periniaii I'oinialion of New-
Mexico; in Aiiicr. Naturalist, vol. !,"■,
Dec, pp. 10JI», U)-J1.
^('J II. .s|>. i)f Italracliia.)

^^ Tiie ISatrachia of tlie Peniiinn

Period of North Anieiiea. With I pN.
and 7 cuts; in American NaluraliM,
vol. Irt, Jan. IHSI,].].. •i(;--,>ll.

Tilt' llyoi<l Structure in the .\im-

hlystoiuid Salamanders. With ti;,'. ;
in Aiiiericaii Naturalist, vol. 'Jl, No. 1,
pp. "7, ."^8.

The Ossiciila aiulitns of the I!a-

iii American Journal of Science ;ind
Arts, vol. 1, February, 1871.
On the system of the Jiatrachia

Annra. of the ISritish Museum Cata-
lojjne ; in .Vmerican Journal of .Science
and Arts, vol. 1, March, ls71.
Check-list of N. A. Hatrachia and

Reptilia. IJnlletin of the V . S. Na-
tional Mu.scum, No. 1, ld7.">.

Synopsis of the Extinct ISatraehia

from the Coal Measures; (ieolo;;i(al
Survey of Ohio, vol. 'J, I'ali'ontol.ifjy.
l.»p. :i4'.»-4Il. pi. xxvi-xl, l-'7r>.
S. contribution to the Zoolo^rv of

Montana; in American Naturalist, .Inly,
I.s7lt.

On the Ziiido^fical Position of

Texas. HuHi tin of the I'. S. National
Mnsenni, No. 17, l-irfli.

Notes on tlio (Jeoj;raphical Distri-
bution of Itatrac1i:a and K<'ptilia in
Western Norih America; in Proc.
Aciwl. Nat. Sc. Phila., 18-':?, pp. I()-:i,'..
(Witli i. II. »|i.)

Tli(^ lii'troi^rade Metamorphosis of

Siren; Aiiier. Naturalist, 1885, p. I'^'id.
The ISatrachiaii Iiitercentrniu ;

American Naturalist, 1880, p. 7(i.

• Synonymic List of the North Amer-

ican species of Itiifo and Kaiia, with
descriptions of hoiuo new speeitis of
llatrachia, from specinieiiH in tho Na-
tional Museum; in Proc. Ainer. Pliihis.
Soc, October, p. 514, I88(j.

trachia. With 1 pi.; in Am. Nat.,

vol. 'il. May, pp. 4()1-4ii7.
On tlic .Siruclure ami .Vtlinitics oi

the Aiiipliininida'. With 'i I>ls. ; ni

Pioc. .\iiier. Pliilos. .Sue, Philad.. vol.

•Jl!, No. l-,>;f, i>p. 44-,'- U.'i.
The Ciassilication of the C'a'iil-

iaus. (Abstr.); in Nalnie, vol. :!.">. NH.

Kt'.t, 1). •i"<i».
Eiii I'elicr^fanyslcid von den .\iii-

philpjen . den Heptilicu (Ciicotiisi.

.\nsznf;, ii. Koai .'s, von l",. Kraiisr,

It. Hd., :.. int., Jnni, ji)). Vltd, 'i\\\.
On the relations of the II void Mini

Otic Elements of the skeleton in tin
ISatrachia; in Aiiieiican Joiini:il ni'
Morplioloj;y, ii, November, b~."*~, p. ",".'7,
:5 plates.

and Packard (A. S., jr.) Tlic

Fauna of the Nickajai'k Cave; in
American Naturalist, November, 1--I.

Crediier (II.) Ueber Jiruiuliiuntiiinis
umhlji^lDmux, einen neiieii Stc{;occ|ili.i
len ans deiii Rolhlie^reiid-Kalke mhi
Nii'derhiisslich iin Plaiieir.schenOriiinlr;
in Sit/.^sber. natiirf. (ics. Lciii/.ij;, -.
Jahr^'., I-'81, pp. l:!. 41.

I'eber eiiiij^e Stc};ocephaleii llll^

lU'in siichsischen Ivotliliejiendeii : in
Sit/unfjsber. iiatnrf. (Jes. Leipzig', 1 — 1,
pp. 1-7.

Die Ste^focephaleii aus deni Kotii-

liefjenden des Planen'scheii Oruiideslni
Dresden. .MillTaf. I. Th. l.Eiiihi-
tiinj^. 'J. lire .hioniiiiriin grarilin, Ci'l.
Merlin, I^<~1. Hvo. (Aus Zeitschi. <l.
deiiLsch. ^eolof,'. ties., I8.'^l. pp. •,".'-
330.)

T

T

Trr

^1

I

THE nATKACIIIA OK NORTH AMERICA.

4fi9

Crediier (H.) Dii> Stc^ocfiiliiiliMi aiis
(Iciii Rotliliogi'iKlt'ii dvn Pliiiicirsclii'ii
(JriiiHlt's l>ei Dresden. IF. Ilraiuliii>-
sitiiviiH amhlystomuH Credii. Mit 11 TaC.
rxMliii, 18S1, 8vo. (Alls Zeitsc.lir. d.
.Iciits.h. goolo},'. OcH., 1881, pp. r.7l-
(lii;!). III. I')'losiiiirii'i latirciif (;r<!(lii.,
irclicijo'tdiiriix Dirheiii Goldf., mid .1.
Idliroslri'i .lord., cIumhI., 188'2, pp. "21:1-

t>;!7.

(ScoZ A., Xc). no, 1). 504)

rdicr M<'!iin('rp<'toii Vt: iiiis dom

Kolliliffifiid-Kalk von NifdcrliiisHlich :
nil IMan(Mi'.s('li<'M Oriindf; in Sitzjjtsbfr.
iiatnif. fii'H. Li'ip/.i^'. 8. .lalirj?., 188v»,
l.),. .J.-.-.I7. I

Die Stcfj;<)(('i)liali'ii ans doni Rotli-

licifciidt'n tlt's Plancn'solicn (irnndes
lici Dresden. IV. Tli. .icdiillioslomii
n>m.n C'lcd. [n. {J. i't sp.], MvUinvrpvUin
xphiicepH C'fd., I)inr<>n<iiinin pirminuiiH
Civcl. f n. (X. et sj). ,. :Mit '2 Taf. Alidr.
aiis Zcitselier. d. dentscli. gedl. (ie.s..

i-i-:i, pp. 'i7.">-:!()0.

Cnvier (G.) Ossenieus FosNilew. Atlas,
plato •J.v,>, Pai is, l-ilHi.

Cnccati((l.) Sojira il distribninuMito o ,
la tennina/iDiie dclle lilire nervee iiei
liiiliiKini di'lla lUtna tvmpoi-nriii. Con 1
tav. ; in IntiTiiaf. .Moiiatss(dir. f. Anat.
n. Mist., r>. Mil., Pit. llM-'iO:?.

Daudin (F.M.) llistoire Natnrelle des
K'ainettes des (iienonilles et des ('ra-
pands; llo. Paris, an .\I :^-= I-'o:!.

llistoire Nalurelle des Reptiles;

Tome viii, Svo, Paris, Hd:?.

Davidoff (M.) I'elier die VariiMliten des \
I'lcNUS liiinliosaeriilis von SiiliniKtiuini '
wdcnlo^a. Mit 1 Taf.; in M<iridiol.
.Talirli.. ;». 15(1.,:!. lift., pi). HH-lll.

Davis (.1. W.) On tlnM)eenrrenee of the
l>eniaii)s of LaliyrintliodcMils in tint
Yoredalo K'oeks of \Ven,sle.vdale (llrit.
Assoe.); in.Vatiire,v()t.'2M, No.7'iiS.ii. r«7S.

Daw.son (.1. \V.) On the Results of Re-
eiMit, llxplorations of Erect Trees cnn-
tiiiniiif; Animal Remains in the Coal
Foiiualionot Nova Scotia. With '.) pis.;
ill Pliilos. Trans. R. Sor. London, v(d.
17:t, )). •,>, pp. (•(•Jl-CCO. Ahslr. ; in
I'roe. R. Soc.. v(d. :i:t, No. 218, pp. y.-).|-
•J.'.t;.

(N. LT. Fi-ilxehin nmUhimlnn ) .S. /. A., No. |
ll!t, p. IK!.

Desfosses ( — ). l»e I'o'il dii Protee; in
<>'ompt. r<Mid. .\( . Se. Paris, T. !t|, No.
','<•), pp. 17-,>'.)-17:il.

Dewitz (J.) Knrtzo Notiz iiberdio Fnr-
chiinj; von Froselieicrn in Snbliniatlii-
sunj;; in Pioloj^. Centralhl., 7. Pd., No.
:!, pp. 1):{,!M. Altstr. in Jonrn. li.
Microse. Soe. London, t-^-T, )). I!, p. :!7().

Dogiel (Alex.) Uelier die iiervilson Ele-
niente in der Ni't/.liant der Anipliihien
nnd V.ijrel. Mit W Ahhild. ; in Anat.
Anz.. :?. .Tain;;., Nos. 11, VI. i)p. :M-J-;{47.

ITelicr den Han des (Jeriiehsorfjans

liei (Janoiden. Kiioehentisclien nnd Am-
jdiiliien. K.osaii. ISSC); in Arbeit, na-
tnrforseh. Ces. Kasaii. IC. I5d.. 1. lift.
(■""-> pi).\

I'eber den Pan des fieriichsor<^aii8

bei (ianoiden. Knoelipntiselien nnd Ani-
phibien. Mit l< Taf. ; in Arch. f. iiii-
kro.sk. Anat.. -J'.t. I!;l., 1. lilt., pp. 74-

i:v.t.

Feber den l>an des Ciernchsori'an

bei l-'isclien nnd .Vmphiblen; in Biol.
Central!)!., vi. jip. I'i.-'-tlU.

DoUo (li.) Note, siir le liatraeien do
Pernissart. .Vvec 1 pi. ; in Pull. Mns.
R. d'Hist. Nat. M.dj,'.. T. :!, No. 1. pp.

w,")-'.k;.

(I"r\l:i'i)\)iiti:ic1\iH crovii, ii. u'., ii. up.)

Notice siir les K'eptili's et les Ba-

traeiens rociioillis par M. liM'apitaino
r.. Stoiinsdanslarefiioii (lnTanj;an,vka;
in Pull. Mns. R. Hist. Nat. Pel«.. T. ).
No. ;!. ]ii). liM-PiO.

Dowdes-well ((«. F.) Note on a Mimito
Point in the Structure of the S|iermato-
zoon in th(^ Newt; in (^iiart. .lonrn.
Microse. Sc.. vol. •,':?, April, pp. :!;if)-;i:!!».

Dugfes(.V.) Recherches siir rOsteoloifio
et la Myolo^ic des Palracicns a iciirs
<litVerens iiiies, Ito, I8:M.

Dumeril (.\iij;iiste)- Memoiio s; • les

Patraeieiis Anoiires de l;i famiiH^ des

Ilyl.i'tormes on Rainettes, compr. la.

ilcscr. il'iin j;-eiire nonv. ct de onze (>s|).

nonv. Ann. d. ScienccH, Nat. Paris.
Diimerii et Bibroii. Erp('tolof;ie Vt6\\6-

ralc Hist. Nat. des Reptiles; Tome viii,

]$atraeiei!s, Paris, 1811.
Durham (IL K.) Notes on the ])resenco

of il Neurenteric Canal in Rana. Q. J.

Micr. Sci., xxvi, pp. r.O'.t, .MO, pi. xxvii.

m

1

i'

470

r.lll.LKTIN ;M, rNITEO STATES NATIONAL MUSKUM.

T

Duval (Miilli.) Siir Ic (li'vi'loitiifini'iil dt'
I'lippiircil ffriiito-miiriirt' die/. In j;n -
noiiillc. 1. ]). Lc iciii j(i<'ciiis('iir.
Avec Skills. ; in IvoviH^ Sc. Nat. Moiil-
jicllicr (:!), T. 1, No. I, l-f^-->, PI.. JTl-

Ecker (Alox.) Dio Anatoiiiic dcs I'ro-
sclics. Kill Haiidbnch t'llr I'liysioloj^cii.
Aortzo und Stndireudc. 1. Aliili.
Kiioi'lu'ii- imd .MnsUfllflirc. Mit IKi
iiiolirfai'liij^cn II(dtzstii'ln'ii. '2. Aiill.
IJraiiiiHfliwt^i;,', Vit'wcj;, l-^-'-i, Svo (vii.

i:!9pp.), M. r..

Dio Anatoiiiit' di's Frosclics. !i.

(SclihiHs-) Al>tlu'iliiii>;. liclirc vim dcii
KinjjcwcidiMi, dem liitcjjuiiu.'iit ii. dcii
SiniU'sorj^aiicii. IScarlx'itct voii If.
Wcidci'slifiiii. lirauLscliwci;;, ^'i^'\v^'<^,
lHrJ-2, hfvo (xi, ;t.'. pp.), M. 5.

Eisler (P.) llistolojfic dcr Maj;('n-
scldciinliaiit. l?(>r. Ocs. Hallo, 1~-T), pp.

4-:!t;.

TfOiitMDf llic rriHli'lii tProtiuit, Sidniiuniitrit.
Mul;,,:)

Eiigelmann (Tli. W.) Dcr Itiillms aortM'
dcs I'^rosdilicr/ciis. i'liysiolof^iscli nii-
Ici'siicht in (Iciiicinsclial't mil J. llarloii
11. J. .1. AV. VcilK.cir. Mil I Taf. 11. ;i

llolzscliii. IJollll, l"'."''^, f^VO. Alls

l'lliij;er's Arcli. f. d. ars. I'li.vsiol, L.-i-
liorat. Utrcolit (:?.), D. 7. All. i>. jip.
lllt-1'.tO.
Ewald (A.) und Krukenberg (('. V\\ W.)
I'elicr di<> N'cilircitiiii^i; <Ics (iiianin,
licHondci's lilicr M'iu Vorkonmicn in dcr
Haiit von .\ni)dii1iicii. Kcptilicn, iind
von /'(liiiiiniioti Jliii'ildli^-: in Uiitcr-
siicli. pliysiol. Iiisl. Hcidcllif,'., I.15d.,.1.

lift., ))p. 'j.'^i-'jC).".. ;

Ewart (.». V.) The Dis.scction nf ijic
Fiojf. Edinlmij^li. Tliiii ; l.oinlon,
Sini[d<ins, l-^.^l, 8vo. \s. Ck/,

ratio (V.) Faunc dcs vcriclncs dc l,i
Suisse. Vol.:'. IJei»til('sct r.atr.icicMs.

i.s:-i.

Fermins(rii.) Aldiandlnnj;('n v. d. siiii-
naiiiisclicn Kriltc odcr Pijia; Hvo,
lininswick, 177(1.

Flemming (W.) Wcitcr<^ Hcoliaclitiin- t
;;cn iilicr die Kntwickliiii;; dcr Spcrni.i-
to.soincn bci iSalamniiilni niaciiltmn. .Mii
ITiif.; ill Arch. f. iiiikrosk. Anal.,:'!.
lid., 1. ITft., pp. 71-!)7. Al.str. in |
J(Mirn. U. Microsc. Soc., LoikIoii, 1^8.'^,
p. 2, p. Kit). I

Flemming (\V.) Nouvcllccontrihiitinn a
la cminaiss.'ince lie la cellule. 1' |>ailir.
La division celliiltiire ilaiit* Ics s|icmiki-
(oeytes dn SftUniKUidiit maciilusa ; exh.
in Arch. zool. exjicr. et };eii. (•,'), T. .",,
^l'o. :i, Notes, No. 1."), pp.HI{-H.">.

Saltiuiniidrn maculosa, Sjicriiiatd

ryleii; in Zool. Anz., No. 1!G."), ji. ;i'.ll.

Fischer (.1. (i.) I'dier cine Kollcktimi
von licptilien mid Aniphihien von <\iv
liisid Nias und iihcr eiiio zweite Art ilir
(iattiin;; .(h»/(7/(/ dray. Mit 1 Taf. ; in
Aliliandl. aus d. (leh. d. Xaliirwiss ,
llainhni';. It. Mil., 1. llfl. (lOjip.).
(20 [2ii.]si>.)

Analoiiiische Ahliaiidli'u^fcn iiliii

die I'ereuuilirancliiateii und Dcrolic-
iiicii; 'Ito, Ilanilmrf;, I.SCI.

Fischer (.J. de). K'olc dcs Aniphiliicii>
en Afi'iiiuilliire. MontpcHiT, If^SC, ,-vn.

'->;? pp.

Fischer (Job. v.) Wcisse rroscliliinlic
ill) Freieii: in lliiinlioldt (l)aiiiinci'^,
1-.-7, 1. llft.,i.p. •-'•J,!.':!.

Dcr llillilcnmolch odcr l^nllrilnii

(Siiilirpcs [dtolriton] fitsitis) (icni''.

Dcr l{!asiii,s'sclie Triton {Trihni

y>7((.sii lie rislc) und iilier die llailmi;

dcr ciir()]iiii.-chen Tritoiien ini .\llj,'c-

iiieinen; in Zool. (Jarteii, 2^. Jahr;;.,

No. 1, pii. Il--.'0.
Die I'anllicr-K'iiite in iler(icfan<;cii.

scliaft (Hii/i) iiiiiillifyhiiix (iiiich =- /.'.

mauriUiiiiciin Sclilc;;.); in Zoolo;;;. (iai-

tcii, 21. .lalirt;., No. 2, jip. 'J;!-J."..
Dcr auslralisclie I.anhfroscli, Ifi/hi

viiriiUa White-- llyla cyauia Daiuliii,
ill dcr (iefaiij;ciiscliaft; iu Zoolof;.
Ciartcii. '21. .lahrj;., No, 1, pp. 'Jl-,',"i.

rifiirmlchx iralllii iiii Fis eiiij;c-

schlosseii; in llunihoidt (Daininerl, 7.
./alll■^^, 1. lift., pp. IIW, i:!'.l.

Fischer-Sigwart (II.) I'.iiie Flireiirct-
tiiiifj lies (irasfrosches (Ilatia Itiiipuni-
yia); in Zoolofj. (iarteii, 2.'). ■lalir;^.. No.

1, PI., o-.i-'r..

irii>ere I'li'lschc n. Kiiitcn siinl

Nachtthicre; in Zoolo;j, (Jaitcn, 'J.',.
.lahr;::., No. 2, pp. ,">(), 51.

Fisher (.\. K.) Spiln-ins (lullolhinilny
Iloll.i'ook iu the vieinit.v of Washiiij;-
ti.n, 1). ('.; ill Aiiicr. Naturalist, vol.
•JI, No. 7, 1.. (uV*.

Fitziiiger (L. 1.) NeiicClassilication ihr
Ifepliiien: Ito, Wicii, IH-.'d.

h.

I

TMK HATRACllIA OF NORTH A.\[K1{ICA.

471

; w

7

I

Fiaisse (F.) Eijiciitliiiiiilii'lu! Slruc-
turvt'rliilltiii.ssc iiii .Scliwaii/c e^\val•ll^s(^
iicr rrodi'leii. Zool. An/.., lH80,i)i). V2,

Hi.

Franke (Ad.) Dio Uciitilicn uiid Aiu-
liliiliicn Dciitschlfuids. Nach fif^ciuMi
I'.i'oliMclitiiii^i'ii {.^cscliildtrf. Mitfiiiciii
Vorvvorf von \l. I,ciicUai't. licip/ij;,
Vfit 11. Co., lHS1,i-vo(\-, 171 pp.), No. 2.

Fnbini (S.) (icw iclit drs ccntraloii Ner-
vciisy stems iiii Vcrglcich zn dom Kih'-
jicrgcwirlit diT 'riiicrc, Iti'i Itana cucii-
litila II. Rutin tcnqxiraria ; in Molo-
scliolt, riitfisiicli. ■/,. Naturloliro d.

Mfiiscii., 1-j. lid., ."..,(). Tift., pp. .ir.r>-ini.

Gage (S. II.) Ohsorv.i^ioiiH on the fat
ci'lls and conncctivo-tissno corpuscles
ofXcctiinis; Proccodiiij^s Aincr, Society
iif MicroHcoiiists, 188'i, Anj;ust.

— ■ — • Notes on tlic inontli epitlieliiiiii of
Xcctnrii.s and Meno))oni;i. Notes on
the Mood e()rpn.scle,s of Nectiiriis; loc.

Cit., 18,-!,-,.

Gaiman (S. \V.) On I'seiidis. A iiol(i
on tlie socalli'd B((lni(:hiclilhij», dc-
sci'ilied in flio Ann. Miis. Nac. Rio (l(>
Janeiro, vol. 1, ])latc G, liy I>r. Pizarro.

A Spciies of Pseiidis from tlie h'io

Aiassualiy, Hra/.il ll'^./iixciun. si).]: in
Science Oiiserver, vol. 1, No. •">,<), |i. 17.

On tlie Reptiles and Itatracliians

of Nortli Aineiiea. TlicNortli Am. Rcji-
tiles. r. 1. Opliidia. With D pis. (xxxi,
H.-)l>p.).

I'roiii ilrin. Mm. CiiTiiiiiir. i'liol. at Ihirvunl
(.'ollrnc, lS8;i.

On the Reptiles and natracliians of

(Jrand Cayiniiii ; in I'roc. Anier. IMiilos.
Soc, vol. 'J I, No. l-id, pp. •_>7:!-'J77.

(0 ['J II. I s|i )

Re]ili!csand liatracliians from New-
Mexico ami Tcxa.s (from Hull. Essex
Instil., vol. lit, l.-i-7, 'JO PI..).

Gamier (.1. II.) The Mink oi' Iloosier
Fro;f [Haiia n<pienli-itinali>t]; in Anicr.
Naturalist, vol. 17, Sept., pp. l»l.-.-9.'.l.

(!)n a new Hjiccics of MciKthraiicIiii."

I /((/(•/•((/is- var. n. Ldtastii]. I'roc. Canad.
Iiistit. (:!), vol. r., fasc. >,>. pp. •Jlo,'JHt.

Gasco (F.) (ili aiiiori dclTritonoalpcstre
(Tiilou dlixKtri'^. hfiiir. ) c la tleiiosizionc
dclle sue nova. Ann. Mns. (icnov., xvi,

pp. r.-.-s.

liCs .Viiioiirs des .\xolo(ls; in Zool.

All/., I. .lahro.. No. 8.">, pp. :!l:i-:>l(;; No.

.-^li, pi>. :iJ-<-;!;ii.

Gaskell (\V. II. ) On the rhythm of tho
Heart of the Fro;;, and on tho Nature
of tho Action of the Vaf;us Ncrv<^; in
I'hilo.s. Trans. II. So(!. London, vol. 171?,

p. 1, pi>. i)i»:?-i(/:?:{.

Ahstr. Troc. R. Soc, vid. 3:?, pp.

i!)')--:»o:i.

Gatehouse (.J. W.) Tho developiiient
and life-hi.story of tlio Tadpole. With
2 ])1h. ; in Joiirn. of Micro.sc. and Nat.

Sc. u. S., vol. t. pp. :j;5-:{8.

Gautier (A.) et Etard. Ohservations re-
latives a line note do M. Caliiicis siir le
vcnin des I5atracicns; in ('oini)t. rend.
Ac. Sc. Paris, T. IH, No. 10, p. C.il.

Geert.q (.\.-.I.-C.) Notice siir la urando
Salamandre dii .lapoii. Avec 1 ]>1. ; in
Noiiv. Arch, du Miis. (2.), T. .''., pp. 2715-
2110.

Gegenbaur (('.) ITntcrsuchuniicu z.
vcrjileicli. Anatomic d. Wiilielsalilo hei
Aniphihien n. Reptilien; Ito, Leipzig',
Hli2.

rntersiicliiingen ziir verglei-

chenden Anatoiiiio der Wirhelthicn^,
Carinis und Tarsus, ISti-l.

rntersnchungen ziir vcrgleichcn-

Ai'u Anatomic dor Wirhelthiere, Schul-
tei'eiirtel dcr Wirheltliicro, l."'tl.").

Giacosa(P.) (Miemical Comiiosition of
tho Eji'^ and its Envelopes in tho Com-
mon I'rog; ahstr. in .loiini. R. Miorosc.
Soc.,I-ondon (2.), vol. 4, j). 2, pp. W^,
201.

fit iidcssiir la composition chinii(|UO

do I'u'uf ct des envcloi>po.s clicz la (Irc-
nonillo conimniie; in Arcliiv. Ital. Hio-
log., T. 2, fasc. 2, pp. 22(i-2:{l.
Gbtte (.\lcx.) Entsvickoliingsjrcscliichto
der rnke. :^vo, pp. OIm, Leipzig, 187;'),
with folio atlas.

I'cher Eiitwickclnng u. Reecnera-

tion des (illiedmassen - Skelctes dor

Molcho; 4to, Leipzig. 187'.).

Gravenhorst (.1. L. C.) Reptilia Mnsei

Zoologici Vratislavionsis, fasc. I. Clii-

hniiact Hatrachia; folio, Leipzig, l"!2l).

Greef (R.) Kcher Siiihonopt iliomvnKiH

I IJarl). du I3oc. Beit rag ziir Ki nntniss

der Cii'cilien (Gymnophionon). Mit 1

Ahhild.; in Sitzgsber. t\. <ies. z. I5e-

fiird. d. ges. Naturwiss. zu Marburg,

18.-^-l, Xo. 1, pp. 17-;!2.

Greiffi.l.) Z.'ihos Lelien eiiics AxolotI;

ill Zool. (iarteii, 2.-<. Jahrg., No. :?, pp.

It *'

m

!

m

1

■

'

':

! U

;■; .

472 liirij.i-yrix m, UNirKi) statks xai'ional mi;si:iim.

Giiiuhagen ( A . ) I".iii iniifM uMiinini'-
trisclics NrrrMlncii /.iir l)iiii(iiistrali(iii
vasd-iiiiisiiictoiisclicr Ci'iil nil iiii Uii-
clit'iiiiiaik (li's I'losclics ; in l'lliij2;<'i''?i
Anil. f. (1. jirH. rii.vsiol., 2.'>. B.I.. .'..-(•..
IU'l.. pp. ','.'. 1 -',»."..-.. j

Giinthcr (A.) ('.itiilo-riM- of the Hatra-
cliia SMlicnlia in tlio ('Miicctioii of" tin-
Uritisli Miisi'iiiii, 18(!m. |

Anipliiliia IVniu llu^ Striiilsof Ma-

jj;('ll;in. etc. : in I'rnc. Zuol. So,'. Lon-
don. ls<|, i, pp. I- I;).
(I s]!., ;!ii..s|i. SicZ. A.. No. o;, iip. :;ii,nf: i

Xoti'.s on lialiacliians I'loiii I'c rak:

Annais Maiias. Nat. Ili>|., I<~T, p. 111:!.

Ivcpoit on a C'ollrctioii of Kcptilcs

anil lialracliiaiis sent i)y I'.iiiin l'a.'^;li;i
fVoin Moiiliuttu. rppcrCoii!;'!"; in I'loc.
/ool. Sue. i.ondcill. 1^ — ^~, i. pp. f)!'-.")!.
(ll! Itcplilisniiil 1 lialr.icli.)

( )liscivalions on sunic r.iii' M'pl iirs

iiiitl a liifracliian now o|- lately li\in:;
In the 8ii(iit.\'s Mcn.iirriii'. Willi ti jil.;
in 'I'r.iiis. /on), .'^iic, !,!iiicloii, vol. II,
pt. 7, j.p. '2\'>--l-l>.

(('frntiiplinji:' oniiiln. all li^nn'il.i

Haase ( l^ricli). Saclisciis Anipiiiliiiii : in
.Sitz;isl)cr. 11. AliliiU;^. iiatmwi.ss. (ies.
Isis IdTsil.'ii, l-'.-'r, .Iiili-I)<'c., Al)lil(I;;.,

pp. r)7-ii.').

Hallowell (Kilwanl), M. D. Di'scription
of si'Vi ral spi'iics of L'timIcIh, willi re-
niai'UH on llio jieo^jrapliical di.strilmtion
of tlic ('adiiciliraiicliialo divi.sion of
tlicsc animals ;ind tlnir ••la-^silicat ion.
I'roct'cdiii^^s of till' Academy of XmI mal
Seieneis. I'ehiii.U'y, 1~."(), p. (i.

On tlie Cadneiliraiielii.'ile rrodnle

r>atra<liians; Journal Ae.id. Seimces
IMiilada.. H.V, ;!;!7.

• On 7ViV/()»()p/i)7/.s finiiccjtx; loc. <it..

\\. :!t')7.

Hargitt (C. \V.) On the Iial)ils of .s'<«(-
liliiojiiix lifilhroiihii : Aiiier. NatnralLst,
.Iniic. l'^--'.

Hartog (S.) ISijiira^e toi de pliysi(doi;ie
van <len r>nll)ns Aort.e van liet kik-
vor.seldiait. Mel 'J lioiitsn. tin 1 pi. ; in
Ondcrzoek. IMiysioloj;. Lalioral .I't i'e( lit
(:i.), I). (1, all. •,», I--I. pp. :i(il-IH.

Hai-vey (lieiihen). I'lMio'sopliajji'iil .Mem-
brane of I'i'ol;- (Diildin Mierose. Clnli'l;
ill Ann. of .Nat. Mist. (.'>.), vcd. 11,
Maicli, pp. -Jl'-'.^i:!.

Hay iO. P.) De.sciiiition of a new species
of .\iiiblystonia fioai Indiana; rroceciN.
ir. S. N.'it'l Mnscnin. ISH."), p. aOi).

Oliservalions on AinpliiiiiMa ainl

its yoiin;;; .Aiiier. Naturalist, If'HS. ]i.

:!ir>.

Heller (Karl M.) Aiiipliiliioloiiisclie No
ti/eii. .Mil 1 Aldiild. : ill Zool. Gar
ten, -J'.i. .Ialii>;., No. C. (ip 177-1"^1.

Hermann ( I-.) Weiteic rntersiicliiint^eM
iilier das X'erlialten der I'rosclilarveii
iiii ;;.ilvaiiis(dien Sliome; in Ptliij;er\
Arch. f. d. Mcs. j'hysiol., :;■<. lid., 8., ',».
nil., pp. Ill-ll'.i; Ahstr. ill Jourii.

.Mierose. ."^oi'. ('.'.'I, l'^'^7, p. 1, 1>1). f)!,.^)','.

Hcron-Royer (— ). Notieesnr lesimeiiri
des liatracieiis. I'aHc. '2, Aii;;ers, IhsC,
Svo ( 1.". pp.'). K\tr. (Ill Hull. Soe. f.tiul.
Scient., Aii^^ers, l»-^.").

Siir la leprodiielion de ralhiiiisiiie

|>,ir voie heieditaire die/. I'AIylc ac-
eoiiclier el snr raccoupleiiient de ee I!.i-
tr.ai'ieii; in liull. Soc. /iml. France,'!'.

11, Nos. '<, c>, p|). (;ri-f;7'.i.

A )ii()pos de la finest ion des jjre-

iioniiles ronsses sonlev(^e en Italic par
I'Moardo l!ett;i — li'tliitt fiima et Hdiia
<t;/ili.'< -et le.s |iriiieipaux earaeteres ipii
les (liirereiieicnl i\ la perioile einliryoi:-
naire et lir.inehialc. Avec 1 pi.; in
I?!ill. Soc. Zool. Fr.iliee, T. II, No.s. f), (1,
Pl>. (isl-i;;)li.

description dn Vihthatix lalij'rniii

des environs de 'I'lirin et d'liiie <'oii-
forinalion parlicnliire de retIiiiioi'ili>
I iiez les n.ilraciciis. Avec 10 fins.; in
Hull. Soc. Zool. I'r.. T. 13, No. 3, pp.
.-.V'.ll.

Note compleinent.'lire Hiir le I'flo-

hiili-' li(li/nnis. I hill., No. •!, J). I0>;
No. ."., pp. III'.", 11(1.

.Noiivelles reelicrcluj.s snr lo I'do-

bitl('< hdifroiix, en repollS(^ h la note de
M. liiHileiij;er snr \r I'elobate lirnii.

Note snr riivliri<lati(iii des Hatra-

(uelis anonres et ses prodiiils coii^jt^ni'res
et liij^eiiercs; in Hnll. Soc. Zool. France,
T. H, .Vos. 5, I'l, pp. ;i'.17— lit).

Keilierelies Hiir les caracli^i'cs eiii-

hryoiin.aires externes d(i I'Alyto ac-
ecMicIier (.iljitin ohslilric(tuK) h ])artir do
la |»oiite jiisipiTi I'e 'losion de la larve.
Avec 1 |d. ; in Hnll. Soc, Zool. I'ranco,

T. >, Nos. .^>, i;. )ip. ii7-t:!(i.

if a iK'w .siiiM'iis
iiiia : I'locfcds.

Viiiiiliiiuiiii ii'i'l
viilist. If'.-'^'. 1'-

I
liiolofiiHchc No
ill Zool. Giu-
p 177-1-^1.

Tiitcrsiiclnint;*'!!
■r Kroscliliiivcii
u'\ ill rtliii;<'r's
„1.,:!^. nil.,ri.,'.'.
lintv. in Jonrii.

, V. I, PP.r.i.w.

icosiirlosiim'ur.s
. 'i. Anders, l^^i^fi,
I null. Soi'. r.tud.

on ilti ralltinif^iii''
clu'/. I'Al.vtf !ic-
idonicnt <lt^ CO l?a-
. Ziiol. I'rancc, '!'.
(•.71>.

(liiistion ties ^11-
i.\Y'c en Italic iiar
„i fiisca ct 7i'(iii"
uix caiactiTcs (Hii
lu'Titiilt' cinliryoii-
Avcc 1 I'l.; ill

.•,.,T. u.NoH. r., (;,

liiii ct d'nnt' cDii-
rc (Ic rctliiiKiidi"
Av.M- 10 li.iiN. ; ill

'1". i:?, N'>- '\ PI'-

Itaiiv Hur Ic /V/<i'

iclics siir lo y't'i'-

lioiisc ii la note (Ic

•I'loltatc bnin.

(lation (Ics IJatra-

loduits (Min-i^ncvcs

Soc. Zool. France,

7- tic.

|l(>s caiactt'Tcscin-
L do I'Alyto ac-
jricdd.-) !\i)aitir(lo
losion dc lii liii'vc.
Isiu!. Zool. ri'iincp,
17 -i:'.!"..

TIIF- r.ATRAC'illA OF NmjMII AMKIMCA.

473

HeronRoyer ( — ). Noic ,siir <iiii'l(|nc,s Hinckley (, Ma i\ II.) Tlic di'vilniinu'iit

caracti-rcs iKTiricttant. dc distil. j^iur
Carilciiicnt />'m/(> I'iritlis dc IliiJ'o caUimila.
Avcc lij,'. //*<■(/., T. l», Nos. 1, •,>, i.p. '.i'.)-:!!.

. Oti.serviitioiis coiiiparativcs siii' Ic

dc'vi'loi)|icniciil cnIcmic ct Tctat adiillc
dcs liatraciciis dii j^ciiii^ lltiiiihiimlor.
Avcc "J ids.: in liiill. Soc Zool. I'raiicc,
T. 11!, No. ;!, 1>1>. 71!, 71. Iliil'o ririilis,
ihid., \>. "^1.

I,'accoi.iiiciii('iii dii /•((/'(( rii'idix ct

Ics idic'iioinciics i|iic inc'sciitciit li'.s cov-
iloiis d'o'iil's dc cct aiioiirc diiraiit I'cvo-
liilidii dc rciidiiyoii. Avcc Ii;;'. ; in
r.iill. Soc. Zool. Fiance, T. i:t, No. I,
|i|i. -Ji;-:!!.

I'.ssai hiir la 'rransinission dc la

Coloral ion die/ les liatraeiens ,\iir)iii'cs:
i'liillcliii lie la Socii'lc' ZoilloLjicnie dc
I'lancc, Is-JS, |i. -JO.'i.

Note siir line iiouvcllii t'oniie di'

(ircnoiiiIl<^ roM>sc dii siid-cst dc l,i
I'lalicc \^l!iiiiii J'litcii liDinntnili]. Avcc
■.' ids. ; ill IJiiII. Acad. Se. ISel;;. (I!), T.
I, No. ',', 1>1>. 1:!'.>-1H.

Siir la presence d'liiie envelopiie

oC ilic Ticc-Toad I Hi/lii nrsi(olor'\.
Willi (iy. ; ill Aiiier. Naturalist, vol. Ki,
Aii.n-., ])]). (Kili-thil*.
On some diircrenccs in the iiioiilh

adventisi! aiitoiir divs t'i'cc.s cliez Ics
li.itraeielis. .\vcc lii;-. ; in Itiill. Soc.
/ool. I'raiicc, T. l:!, Xo. 'J. pp. .'■i.")-.")7.

ct Van Bambeke (Cli.) Snr Ics

caraclercs toniiiis par l.i boiudie dcs
Iciardsdcs r.atr.icicnsaiioiii-csd'iliirope.
I'aris, HSI, r^vo (7 pp.).

(lAlr.dii I'mU.Siic. Zoiil. 1'miicc.)

stnietiire of T 'dpolcs of the Anurous

ISatracliians found in Milton, Mass.

With 1 pi.; ill I'roe. Uostoii Soc. Nat.

Hist., vtd. '21, iii, pp. :i(i7-:!M.
Hir.schburg ( ). Zur Dioptric dcs .\iii-

pliihieiiaii;;es, r. ■•<iij)ni I'isccs, Z. A.,

No. 117. p. !•>.
Hoffmann (('. K.) Zur Kiit wickliiiins-

j;i'scliiclite<lci' rio;;ciiil!ilorifaiie hci den

-V nam Ilia. Z.\viss.Zool.,x!i v.pp..">7ii-:ll;>,

pis. \xxiii-xxxv. Hdlnnliid, pp.."i7n-l'il I.
Holl (II.) Zur Anatimiii' der .Miiiidhiile

v(ui li'iiiKi Iriiiporarid ; In .\n/.ci,i;er kais.

Akad. Wiss. Wicii, H""7, No. 1, pp. F."i.
Honnorat (IM.-F.) Note siir resiii-ce

li'diid fused, lliiil.. pp. li-'-l.'il.
Horis.say (F.) ct Bataillon (— ). Sej;-

incutalion (\i' I'lcuf el sort dii Idasto-

jiore clic/ r.Vxolod; in (Joiiipl. rend.

Ac. Sc. I'aiis, T. 107, No. I, pp. •^^I~'2'^\.
Formal iini di^ la. (!;istriila,

(111 nics(d)laste et do la chordo d(M-saI(i

die/. r.Vxohdl; in Coiiipt. rend. Ac. Sc.

I'aris, T. 11)7. No. 2, pp. i:M-l:i(i.
Hoist (U.) On new and little-known

I'lo^s (rmii the Malayan Ardiipela^o;

in Notes Lcydtii Miis., v<d. o. Nolo

XXIII, pp. >,>:!.-.-•,' 1 1.

(On Ilii/ii fi-iii'iil'diix anil '"irtini/.wc'. Thdo-

ihrtiiii li'jirnstnti ; It n. >p.)

Sur Ic.s earaeleres fonrnis Howes ((i. I'..) Oii a hillieito niireco;;-

iii/ed fcatiiro of the Larynx (d' the
Annroiis Aniphihia; Proceed. Zoill.
.Soc. Loudon, l~'-'7, p. l',*!.
Notes on llic(inlar Ilrood-ponch of

p;ir la liouclic di's tclards dcs r>atr,icioiis
niioiiri's d'l'.iiropi'; in I'liiil. Soc. Zoid.
France, ls-^1, 1., '2. p., pp. 7.'i-~n.

-^ Sill' Ics caraeteres foiirnis

par la lioiidie dcs Ictanls dcs I!al laeiens
a lion res d"Fn rope. I In 1 let in dcla.Socicli'
Zooloj;ii|Uc dc Fiaiwc ('.'(i .aviil ), 1~"^S.

Heitwig (Osc.) |):is luitllere l<ciuil)lalt
nnd dio ('lunda der Amireii; in .Icna.
Zcitsdir. f. Natiirwiss.. K). Ud., Ii. lift.,
Sit/j;slie!-., pp. i;t--Jl.

Hilgendorf (F.) Das Ilcos.icral-fJidcnk
der /Uli^ciiloscil Fliisdie ( /'/;»«, Ihictil-
hllini); in Sit/i^slicr. (ics. Nat. I'r. liei'-
liii, lf^~^l, Ni>. '2, pp. :!.")-:i"^.

Hinckley (Mai'y II.) Notes on I];;;;s

;ind Tadpoles (d" /.'///(( vi rsicolor ; in ami (icuesis of siipcriinmcrary phalan-

I'loc. Hoslon Soc. Nat. Ilisl., vcd. "JI. n'cs, esp. of the liatradiia; I'roccodH.

pi>. 101-107. i Zoill. S ic. London, l.S.S-<, II. U).").

L'liinaih riiKl ildririiiii ; I'rocceds. Zoid.

.^oe. L(mdoii, I."^.-<"\ p. 2I?1.
Oil the Carpn.s and Tarsn.s of tlio

Anura; I'rocceds. Zoid. Soc. Loudon,

l-i>-', p. 111.
Nolo (Ml the a/yc'os reins in the

Anurous .\iiipliihi;i. With liji. ; in Proc.

Zo(d. Soc. LotidiMi. IS-i:^, i, ])p. l\>-2-l'Ji;,
Oil some aliiiormalitics of the

Fro^j's v(>rtobral column, liiuid /cm/io-
rtiri<(. With cuts; in Anal. An/.. 1.
.Iain-;., No. 11, pp. '.'7.-'--,Nl.
Ohservatioiis cm the Mcu'pliolof^y

'■Ui

ii

■ i

< a

M

n

474 ItlLLHTIN :il, UNITKI) STATKS NATIONAL MI'SKl'.M.

Huber (O.) rdter Iiriistwarzi'ii lici Joiiidain (S.) K'l'clicnlir.ssui Ic nvsIi'm

r

li'itiKt Umiturtuia L. .Mil I 'I'ar. : ii

/iiitschr. 1". wiss. Zo«I., 1."). IJil., I. lilt..

pp. (iOI-CCiH,
Huxley (T. II.) Aiiiitomy "I" the vcitf-

liralcil Aniiiiiils. Liiiulon, 1S71.
On tlir stnietmv of llu> skull iiiid

of till' licai't. 1)1' MviinhranvhuK UilvruUx.

Trot'. Zool. .Soc. LdikIdii, Marcli. 1-71,

p. 1^(1.
Hyrtl (.lo.s.). Cvijptohmiichux jupoiiicwi;

Vienna, 18(15.

Ihering (II. von). Oviposition in I'liyl-
IdiiH'iliisa. Abstr. ; in<)i)iirn. K. Microsc.
Soc. ('i.), vol. (i. ]it. '), p. 7(i(!.

(Ami. of Xat. Hist.. S. Z. A., Xii. 'Jlili, p.
4S!t.)
Iwakawa(T. ) 'I'lu' jfcncsis of (lie I'.^'j;-
in Triloii. Willi 15 pl.-». : in (^nait. .Jonrn.
Microsc. Sc, vol. !.'•,>, .Inly, j)]). *J(;()-1.'77.
— Tlio {fcno.sis nl" llio V,'^'^ in Tnliiii.
K.xtr. ; in Kcvim Sc. Nat. .Montpcllicr
(:$.), T. % No. 1, l<s-,>, pp. lJi>-l'JI.

(Quart. Jiiiirn. Sli'.Tosc. Sr. S, '/,. A., No.
no, ]i. :Vi.)

Jacobaeiia (O.) I><' IJanis ct Laccili.s
Oliscrvationt's; I'Jiiio, KopcnliaKcn,
IC-^Ci.

Jensen (O. S.) I'cImt dio .'>trnUtnr dcr
Sanicnkiirpcr lici Siiiif^t'ticrcn, ATi^rln
iind Aniiiliiliicn. Anal. Anz., i, pp. 'J.'il-
•J.'>7.

Johnson (A.) .iiid Sheldon (L.) Notes
on the Develoimient of the Newt ( Trilaii
cii>itatiiK). (I. .1. Jlicr. .Sci., .\xvi, ])p.
.'■.73-.'.Hll, pis. 31-:?(i.

Jordan (Paul). Hie Kntwicklnn};; der
vorderon I'.xtreiiiitiit der annren I'.a-
traeliier. Inan^.-Dis.s, Mit'JTaf. Leip-
/!<;, Ale.x. Edelinann, 18fH, gvo (.')5 pp. ),
M. •,'..">(».

Joui'dain (S.) Snr le systeMie lyniplia

iyii.pliat iiine de la h'((iiit teiiijiorurin.
.V\('<; :i pis. ; in lieviie ."^f. Nat. (Moiii-
pelliel) (:!.), T. I. No. v!, I^^l. pp. l.VJ
I(W. '2. p., avee I! pis,, ihid, No. I, jip.
■1.">-I7().

reherdie I'.astardiiiiMij von I'' rose

liirelien nnd die I'lineipien der /.I'li
j;nnii; in Nat nil'orsilier. Iti. .lain;,'.
No. 17. jip. II.VII7.

(N'llcli I'lli'i-ri, S. /,. .\., .\,i li;i, p. nil.)

Kato I T. ) N'ersnclie an (iiossliirn di >

Kioselies. ln;(n;.r.-l)iss. riiTJin. i~-ii,

-vo(-,'7 pp.).
Kastschenko (N.) felier die (ienoe

nnil .\icliiteetiir der liat raeliiei kiio-

elien. Arcli. niiki'. .\ii:it., Ni.\, jip. l-."i'.',

pis. 1 and •-'.
relier die Kiapiifiii lining del

I'loseliiiCWelie. .Mil 'J 'r.il'. ; ill Alili.

f. niikiosk. Anal.. 'Jl. I!il., :i. Ill'l., ]ip.

.1 »^ — .(>h.

Kessler (K. I'.) I'.inim' l!enierkiinL;en
iilicT die N'erwaiidliinj,' der seliwaii/
joseii liiiliaeliler ; in .Vrlii'il. d. .St. i'r-
ler>liii|;,r. Naliiilniseli.-lies., II. IM.,
1. int., I'ldt., pp. '.i;t-l(l-.

Kingsley (.1. S.) A ea>e ol' iiolyniely ' i
the liatraeliia. Willi 1 pi. ; in I'ldr.
I'xiston Soe. Nat. Hist , vol. •,>!, pp. \(,'.\-

Klaussner (I'erd.) l>as i;ii(d<enniaik

des I'roldis (iiriiiiinin. I''iiie Iiistoln-

j;is<'lie ."^tndie. >'it Vj Taf Miinelnii.

l-'-'ii, Ito. Ans AMiandl. k. li.iyc r.

Akad.d. Wiss. •_>. CI., 11. lid..'.'. Al.lli .

pp. ll!!-171. Apart : Miinelien, I'ran/

ill Conini., 1--!:!, Ito. M. I.."i0.
■ Das Kiickeniiiark d<'s rrolciis <iii-

<litiiiun. Aiisz. ill Iiioloj;-. CiMitrallil..

:!. lid.. No. 1), pp. -^71, •JTv!.

(Aii.sz. von OliriMteiiii'r. Ahli.iiiill. Iiiiyci

, , , ,, .;,-.' Akiul. S. Z. A.. X(.. 118, p. 478.)

tniiie des telards i Cs (ireiioiii les; in ,-, . , ,,, ,, n ■.• . ,• » *
' ..... , . Kloetzke(C. (..) Di.sserlatio Anatonin a

(.'onipt. rend. Aead. .Se. Paris, T. ltd, .No.
I, pp. •..>71-27:$.

KcelierclioH Kiir le sysleino lyni-

jiliatiipio de la l!(i;ia Irmfinarin. ij. p.
(Suite.) Avcc:?pls. Montjiellier, l>-<:i,
Hvo (1(5 pp.). I'.xtr. de la lii-vne d. Se.
nalnr. Montpellier.

Rceliorclies snr le sysli'-ine lyiii-

iihatifinc d(! la Haiia tciiiponirid I,.
Avcc :? Ills. Extr. de la Ilevnc Sciene.
Natnr. Monfi>cIlier, deccinlms 18S1 (T.
1, :i. M'r.), (17 pp.),

de Ittnia cunnita; llo, lierlin, iSKi.

Knappe (Iv) Das liidder'selu! Or,i;aii.
Ein Ik'itraK zm' Keiintniss der Analo-
niie, Ilistolonie, und Enl \vieklnn;;>-
gesdiielile der (lestdileclits\verkziMij;i'
eini<;er Ani|iliil)ieii. liesoiideis der eiii-
liciniisclion Hnfonidcn. Morpli. Jalirl>.,
xi, ii]). l.sD-.'iiVi, ]ils. xxviii-xxix.

Knauer (Fr.) Dii' eiiropJiiselien Krieeli-
tliiere nnd Lnrelie; in Der N.itnrliisln-
riker, :5. Jahrg., Nos. II, Vi, \>\^. 87, 8s ;
1)5, DO.

i

^

M.

;lir Ir NVsli'iiii

( leiiiportiiiii.

Nilt. (Mnijl-

/., No. I, |i|i.

i; \(iii h'Tdscli
en (Irr /en

iiii. p. nil.)
riissliini i|i>
I'.nliii. l-«r,,

flic (iftlCX'
I I'.'lclllcl'kllll-

ii.N. ]i\). l-."rj,
'illillin;- del

r. ; ill Arch.
. :t. nil., |.|i.

oiiifrkiiiiiicii

IT ScllWMIl/
it. (1. ,S|. I'r.

s., II. I!,l.,

|"ilviilrly 1
il. : ill I'idc.

. -,'1, i)|(. i(;;i-
liiickciiiiiiirl;

ilir Ill.stoiii-
Miimlicii.

. 1<. Ii;ivi'i-.

Ml..-.'. Al.lli ,

(.'lien, I'raii/

.0.
/'/■((/('»■< (()(
("ciitralM..

ill, null. Iia.vri
)

i> Aiiatoinic.i
111, l-^K).
<clui OriTiui.
iltT Aiialii-
t\vickliin;;s-
.swi'ik/ciii:!'

rl'.s (ItT ciii-

ii'ldi. Jalirli.,
.\ X i X .

Iicii Kiiccli-
Xiiturlii.stii-
, 111). 87, »-■ ;

I

r

7

k

TIIK r.ATUAC'llIA OF NOKTH AMKUICA.

475

Kuauer (Fi.) Natur^^.'hcliicliif (1<t l-m-
clic (Ain|iliilti"li'.!;i<'); .-^vti, Wim, ls7-i.

.— l)iin()r|)Iii.sniiiH(lcr(i(^sclilcclilcvlici

(Icii (ciiioi).) Linchi'ii ; in Dcr Natiir-
liistoiikiT, ;t. .Falirj;-., No. '.», pp. "I, 7'J.

Wi'lulio Factorcii komiiioii lini I'n!-

(raililiiii.u; I'lt'i' Kliihmi'j; mid Zricliniinu;
del- Kiii'cIitliitTo iiiid Liindm iiii All;j;i'-
iiu'iiicii ill Ui'tdiiiimjf iiml wio golicn
.sjiii (lit! lic/.ili^liclii'ii Vfiliiiltnisso im
.s|U'i'ii'll('H Ix^i iiiiscreii (■iiiiiciiiiisclH'ii
KriccIilhiciiMi uiid Liirchcn .' In Dt'r
Natiiilii-itoriktT, von Knancr. 1. .Ialirj.r-!
1. int., !>p. JiJ-r.-i; '-'. nil., pp- l-J:i-i'-!'.>.

Kiirojta's Krii'ditliii'ii' nnd Lurclic.

I'iii- den XatnrtVcund ln'scIiricliiMi nnd
ii;i{ Il ilirt'iii Lt^lu'ii gcsc'liildi'it. (ir. ■'vo
(ill, 1.V2 pp.), Wicn, lrt77. Riciitcr'.s
Wtuc. n. Solin, M. I.f)!).

Keener (<>.) I'l'ifr die Vcrlircitniig nn-
scrcr Tritoiicn ; in Zooloj;. (iartt'ii, 2;i.
JaliiLi-.. No. 7, i>. '.Jiri.

( rril'iii jiiihiiiiliin im 'I'iiiiiiiis.)

Kollmann (.1.) Kiis ridifrwiiitcrn voii
ciiidiiiiisclii'n Fro.sLdi- nnd 'rrilonlaivfii
• iiid dii' Kiiiwandiiiii^' dcs incxicaiii-
.siirii AxiilotI ; ill Virliandl. iial. (ics.
li.is.d, 7. Hd., 2. lift., pp. ;H7-:i-".t.

■ •— L'liivcrnasii' dcs lai'vcs do (irc-

iiiiiiilli'H ct do 'I'litoiis d'Kiiro[H'. ft la
nii''taiiior|diosi'do r.^xoloti dii Moxiciiic ;
ill Ivcciicil Zoo!. Siiissi', T. 1. No. 1, pp.

7.'.--'.!.

Kuhn(A.) llt'Iifrdas liiiiiti^c riiibyrintli
dcr Anipliildon. An;li. iiiikr. Anat.,
\\ ii, pp. 47l(-.').")(1.

Kupfer(C.) Activity of llie Yolk diir-
iii;r iiiipri'jination [/.'/i/o]; Al)str. in
.loiirn. R. MicTo.sc. Sue. (2.), vol. :i, [d. 1.
p. l-*.-'.

(S. ■/.. A., Xo. VMi. p. -JRH.)

KupfTiier ((,'.) ll(dicr active Hcthfiii-
i;iiiii; dcs DotttM'.s am lU'tViiclitimjiKai^tc
li.'i ISiiJ'o nir'Hihili-i nnd ri(/,(/((n'x. Mil 1
Aliliild.; ill Hit/j;sl)cr. Akad. Miinchcn.
1--U', pp. (iO.S-lJH).

Lainpeit ( Kurt ). Ziir ( iciieso dcr Chorda
di)r.-<alis liciiii Axolotl. Inanjr.-Di.ss.
Erlaii^cn, Hs;!, Svo (^-i'.i pji., 1 Tat'.).

Laiidois (II.) l',in HiMdisbtiinij^cr Midili
{TritDii liiniittn>); in Zooloj;. Garten,
•..!.■). .Jahrj;., No. :}, p. 04,

liin chcii .sosinnrciclier wic zwcidc-

iiiiissiffcr lii'liilltcr I'iii- lianhlVii.sidit'. Mit
Aldiild.; in Zoolo>;. Gartoii, 2t. Jalirg.,
No. 1, pp. io:{-i(»r>.

Lange (Max ). Dii' Alliinniigdcs Fro.stdics
ill ilircr Mc/icliiiiig /n den Krniilirnngs-
vcrliiiltiiis.scii dcr MimIiiIIii (d)longala.
Inaiig.-lJisscrt. Kilnigsbcr};, Ht^yor,
l<&>, -'vo CJlt \)\>.).

Lataste (Fcriiand). Snr la gi'ni'ration
dn Pi'lixlyto jioiKitni', avcc iiiicl(|ncs
oli.scrvationssiir Ic.sliatrai'icns Anonrcs.
Ann. He. Nat., 4" .soric, T. 1, 1S77. Kx-
traitdii MiiUetiii do la Socii'-te Zoolo-
giiino do France. Iri77, Idl.

(,)ni'l(ine.s oliservation.s snr les 're-
tards dcs liatrai'iens Anonres. ISiillulin
ile la .Socii'iti^ Zi)ologii|iit! do France,
l->77, )•. ini.

Ti'iitatives d'ilybridiitiun clie/, les

liatraciens Anoiir(\s et Urodele.s. Mi'--
iiioirc 111 par I'antenr i\ la sfiance dn (>
di'rcinbre l>i7H di' la .Soeiete Zoologitjiii)
(le France, p. :it.").

Division en faniille.s natiirelles de.s

liatraciens Aaoiircs d'l'Jiropc. Lisle
(les esiii'ces do Hatraciens Anonrcs et
Urodi'lcM de France. L'acconpleineiit
(die/, les ISatraciens lTrodM(>s ; in Reviio
Interiiat. d. Scienc, X'^l^, No. I'J, pp.
'1-,-S- P.m.

Division (ni laiiiilles natnrelle.s dcs

Hatraciens Anonres d'l'',iirop(^ ; in Sec-
tion de Zool. lie PAssoc. Franc. Avaiie.
Se. Coiignvs de I'aris, lrt7f:>.

Reptiles et Hiitracieiis dn Snd dn

Portnit.il, par O. Hoettger. Analyse
critiipie. Iliid., lA-n, No. t>, pp. 17:?-17H.

Les org.ines neiiitaiix exteriies et

raccoiiideiiicnt di^s Hatraciens Uro-
deles; in Revne Inti'rnat. .Sc., Iri/H, No.
7, pp. -.iO'.l-'iU.

Fiiciire snr la lecondation des Ha-

traciens llrodeles. //*('(/., IH?*!, No. 2,
pp. I'l 1-1(14.

.\ inoposd'un siiiudettcinonstrucux

de liatracien Aiioiin^ {.llylc^ ohslvlri-
i-iiiix). Avec tig. //«■(/., lf'71t, pp. 4;»-r>'J.

Di's .secoiirs r(''cipro(ines (jne ))en-

veiit so f'onrnir la /.oologie descriptive
et la zoologie gdiigi'apliii|ne ( /.'»./'(> lion-
leiigcn, n. .sp.). I hid., l.S7l>, pp. 4;M-4;iH.

fitnde snr ie Dhco/jlox^Kn pictiis

Ottli.; ill Aetiis de la Soe. Linn, de Hor-
duaiix, vol. :$:?, T. ;{, p. •-!7.-), 1H71).

Snr nil nnnvean genre ( Ammorijctin)

do IJatraeien Anoiiro (I'Fnrope; in
Coinp. Ifeiid. Ac. dea Sci. Pari.s, p. 'Ml,
187!).

ii I

•Ml

i - ! I

^:f

i
i
1

>

«

1

t

■'

"

X'

47<! im'lm:tin :!i, rMTi:i) states national mushjim.

Lataste ( I'dimiMl). I. a ('liLsHilication Leydig(l''.) Ucbci' din Itiiiiilcr /iilnic :i

lici Itatracliicrii ii. die l!i ilriiliiii;; di ^
I't'iHi'iiliiikciH ; Miirpli. .lalirlt. ii, ]i|i.

D'm' Aniirni ISatracliicr dcr tliiii-

I

lies AiKiiiirs; ill No, \'i. Ikcvili' iiitrl'lia-

linliali' (Ics McirlU'fs.
Siir la classiticatioii ilt's Uiitraciriis

Aiioiiri's ;'i j'i'<)|)<is <lii systi'iiK! ilf M. It'

1)1-. K'. ItlaiM'lianl ; in Ziiiil. An/., U.

.I.ilir.ii., N<». '■i''*, i>|>. 'i:!(i-'-'Hi.
Latieille (I'.-A.) Ilistoiir Niitiiivlir dcH

S.ilaiiiandii's iW P'rancc ; Hvo, Paris.

ISdd.
Laiirenti (.1. N.) Sin'ciincn Mcdicnin

l:.'iiMi, X'icmia, ]'{>'*,
Lavalette (St. (Jr(tr;;t'). Spcruiatdlo-
;;isclif Hcitrii;;!'. HI. .Anli. niikr. Anat.,
xxvii. )i|i. H.s.'(_;i'.l7.

Hii/i) nilijiirin. Ilflhi (iiliiiiiii, I'lniil lav ihnln.

S|i<'rinalii;;)'n<'si.s in Ani)iliiliians.

sclicn Fauna; Hvo, IJonn. Is77,
List (.(oh. Ilnr.) I'l'luT <Mni' Wirlid-
Synostosc lici Sdlaminiilni iiiaciild^n
Lanr. Mit, 1 Taf. Aiis JSitz^Nlicr. I.
Akad, d. Wiss. Wicn, inatli.-nat. <1.,
8-<. Hd., 1. Alilli., pp. i-,>il!l-l'271.

xh. S.viK.psin^ K.'plilimii cnifiid,; Ucdior IWluMv.dlcn ini nias..|i..|H.

llnd dcs Fro.sclios. Mit '2 Taf. Ans
Sitz^slicr. Akad. d. Wis'. Wicn, iii.ith.-
nai. (,'1., W. Alitli., SO. lid,, pp. Isc, -jn.

rdicr Ucciicizcllcn ini niascnciii-

tlicl dcs KroHclicH ; in Zoid, An/., No.
l(il», p. :ws.

rdicr cin/cllifio niiisrii (Urcliir-

Alistr. ; in.Ioni'n. I>. Microso. Soc. Lon
don (•,'.). vol. (i, p. (i. p. !i:i.').

(.\irli. I'. iiiiUnisU. .\iiit. S. Z. A., Xo. 2H4
1). .'iKI.)

Leuhos-sek (M. von), rntcrsnclinn;;*'!!

/(dlrii) ini Hlascni'pillirl dcr Ainpliiliicii.
Mit 1 Taf.; in Ari'li. I', inikro.sk. Anal.,
•J'.t. \U]., 1, int.. pp. ii7-i:.(;.
iiltcr di<' Spimilifan^jjlicn dcs I'rosclics. Lockington (W. N.) h'i'v'cw of tin'
Aicli. iiiikr. Anat., xxvi, pii. '.i7n-|.");{, rro;;r('s.s of North American Hatiaili

]ds, |,"> and 1(1. oloj;y in tlic ycar.s l."<H(t-l.-H:i; in .\iiiir-

Leonard (Alice). I)( r I'.inllus.s dcr .lali- icnii Natiirali.st, vol. 1.-^, Fcli.. ]i]>, I l.i-
rcs/cit anf die Leliei/cllen von Hkiki \',\.

Iinqmrui ill. Mit 1 Taf.; in Arch, f. Lockwood (S.) Iln/o (iim riciiiiii« ii\
Anat. II. I'liy.s., pliysiol. Aldli.. l-'."<7. play: in American Naturalist, vol. IT,

Slipplt.-Hd., i)p. ■,N-I7. .Iiine, p]t. (i.«':5, (iH.I.

LeBSona(M.) Stnd.i sii;;li Aniilii annri Loos (I*. A.) 1>m' F-i\veissdrii.seii d(

del I'icinonte (."> Ta.); in Atti .\cc.
Lincei, Mem. sc, lis.. sci-, I!,, v(d. 1, ]ip,
llll;)-l(l'.tS.

(.XiLsliiiTK-lic Hi'Mlnrilinn;; Vein 7 .Vilcii iind
ilnvii I.invrii.)

• Contrilinto alio stndio (h'ila ])elle

dej;li rro(hli {Suliimdiulriitn, Eiijtroctnn
e Siiclrrjiin. Con '2 tav, Torino, Loc-
scher, 1— '1. Ito (1» jip.). (Fxtr. dalle
Mem. Ii. .Vccad. Toiino, ser,, p. IM.)

Contiiliiito alio stndio della ]i.(die

dej;li I'rodeli {SuldmiitKhiiKi, Kiiprovtna
e SprlirjKi). Con 'J tav. ; in Mem. \l.
Acc.-id. Si!. Torino (v!.), T. 'M, CI. ti.s.,

pp. i-.r)-i:i(;.

Amphihien nnd \i>;;cl, Mit I Taf.: in
/eitsclir, f. wi.ss. Zool., ;t.'). I!d,. :!.
lift,. Pit. 17-<-r.(l|. Apart: Di.ss.. Lci|i-

Luckjanow (S. M.) r>eiirii;;;o /ui
Morphcdojjic! der Zelle. l.Ahhdl;;. :
lleher dio e]dtlielialen (ietnlde d'-r
Ma;;eliscllleimhiint liei Sdhini. Hdiciilu.'.ii.
Mit 7 Taf. : in Arch. f. Anat. n. VU\-..
jthysiol. ,\l>th., 1"<H7. Snppl.-Hd., pp.
(il)-'.Kt. 2. Ahhdlj,'. : Ueher dio Kcine
der f^lattcii Mnskelzellen Itei Siihiin.
mnciili)s(i. Mit *2 Taf, ; in Arch, I,
niikrosk. Anat., 'M. Hd,, 1, lift,, pp,

r)ir)-.-)r)H.

Siill.i strnttnra della pcUe iiei Lydekker ( Richard). The Lahyrintlm-

Kcncri S(il<iiiiaii(lriiiii, Kiiprtwtiin e Spe- dont from the Hijori (Jronp: Memoirs

In-pis. K.da/.ione dal Hiz/osero; in C.etdoj;. Survey India. ,ser. iv, vol. 1,

Atli K .\cc;id. Sc. Toiino, vol. Ki, disp. \H<t.

(!, M,i;;,i;io, )). ."■>7-^. Macallum (A IV) The Termination nt

Lessona (Mich.) Delhi Alhinisnia nei Nerves in the Liver. With fi{?};. ; m

iH'u, y\ ih'Wn l;aii<i Iciiimrarid L.; in Atti , (^nart. .Tonrn. Micr. Sc., vol. '.'7, pi. 1,

K. Aicad. Sc. Torino, vol. !(!, disp. 1, j,j,, .i:{;)-t(i(>.

lip. ;M-1)S. I (NicliiniH.)

/

I ill r /iiliiji'ii
ili'iilnny; il( >
ilirli. ii, |i|i.

IT ilcr ilrlll
'""77.

iiic Willi! I-
'II tiKd'iilii^ti

itZJfslllT. I,.

til. -nut. CI.,
l'.'7l.

II r>l:i.si'iii'|ii-
'2 T.if. .\iis

Vin Mlli,-

lip. l-i; -.Ml.
II lil,'lNriii'{ii-
1. All/., Nil.

H'll (I?cclirr-
Alll|illiliiril.

nisi;. Aii;il.,

■f\v (if the
nil n.'itnuli
"■>; ill .Viini-
li., p]). I I'.i-

iiricdinis ;ii
list, vol. 17.

<cliiis('ii (III
it 1 'Ciif. ; 111

r.. I!(l.. :;.

Diss.. I.,ci|i.

•ilriijio zin
1. Alilidl-. :

icliildc (1. r

in. iiiiifiilii'-ii.

It. II. riiyv,

ijiL-Hd., |i|i.

r (lie Kciiii'
lu'i Sdlidii,

n Arcli. 1.

I. lift., pii.

Liili.vriiillin-

p; MciiHiiis

iv, vdl. 1,

iiiinatiiiii >>!'
til fiij;^;. : 111
1)1. ".'7, pt. 1,

r

m^

TIIK liATlJAClilA OF NOKTH AMKIIIOA.

77

Macalluin (A. H. ) On llici Niicloi of tlic

Siri.Hiil MiiH('l(( I-'ilirn in Xniiinix

[MdiDlriuiiliiis) litlerdlia. With li^n. ;

C>:i;irt, ■Jmirii. Micni. 8c., vol. "J*, p. -I,

pp. Ii;i' ICli.
— N('i'v«i-t(iuliiij;s ill (li(< Cntiimions

i'lpillii'liiiiii of tho Tailpolo ; in I'roc.

(';iii!i(l. Iiislit., vol. :?, IH-JCi, |(|i. yTCi,

•.'77. Alislr. ; in Joiini. U. Microsc.

,">iii'. LiiikIoii {li.), vol. C), p. (i, p. 1117.
Macphersoii (Ilujjli A.) Hiiliit.s of tiid

llililili^ rni;;'; in Zooloj^isl. (15. ■), vol, 7,

Miiiili, )ip. l-,".M:t(>.
— — — Tlic i'aliii.'itcd Nowt in (JloiicL'stor-

^liirc; in Zoolo.ni.st (15.), vol. 7, May,

II. •-'•Ji;.

Marsh (I). ('.) Olisriviitions on tlii^
.Mi'laiiiorpliosis of Sitcdon into Ain-
lil.vsioiiia. .\iii('ri(.'an .Jonrn:il of .S('i(jii('('
ami .Alls, vol. xivi, Ni>vciiil>i'r, lri(W.

Ma.soii i.loiiii .).) Miiinti^ Slrnctiiri' of
ilir Ci'iilral Nervous .""System of certain
li'i'piiics and Itatracliians of Aiiu'rioa.
."^niis .\. Aiitlim's edition. One limi-
(iivil. Newport. K'. I., 1H7<,»-I8-|'J, .Jto
(I.e. \n-i:\). Tit. Dedie., 2 HI. IiiIiuH,
'.'l pp. ; J Itl. Litteiat, and List of
riiites. (Niii plates.

Lead-]ioisoniii;;' in ]'"ro^s, New

York, l-^-"!!. (Kee. ,)nne, IS-I. Ifeinint
liiiiii New York yU'd. ■loiini., October,
l.S-K, spi,.)

Mieioscopic Stndieson tin; ('uiitnil

.N'civoiis Syntciii of Kcptilt'H iiiid Hatni-
elii.'iiis. Art. III. Diameters of the.
Miii'li^i of the l.ir^d nerve cells in the
Spinal Cord (contiii.); also of those
which ;iiv(! ori};iii to the motor tihrcs
>il' the cranial nerves. Utjiiriiit from
.hiiini. of Xeiv. and .Mental Disea.se,
vol. >', No. 1, .laniiary, l.S">l (7'pit.).

Massart (Jean). Siir riiritaliilito dtss
speriiiatozoides do hi <frenoiiilh! ; in
liull. Ac. Se. I5el^'. (:{), T. l,".. No. 5,
pp. 7,')0-7r)l.

Mattozo (Santos V.) 8nr le t^'tard dii
('!inii)is {ri'loiitvlis) bosviit ; in .lour. Sc.
Math, riiys. Nat. Acad. M.sl.on, T. 11,
No. li, pii. it;t-l()-2.

Mayer (.Si-riii.) /nv Leiiro von der

Schilddiiise I 'rhyiniis Itei Ainphi-

hien ; in Aiiat. An/.., 11. .laliri;,, Nk, l._
•''.. lip. '.17- lO:!.

Maximilian (I'iz. /ii Wied). Ahhildnn-
.!;en ziir Natnif^esehichto Hrasiliens ;
folio, Weimar, IH-',").

Maximilian (I'r/,. /n Wied). N'er/.eiel

HISS der Ke|ililieii w. a. e. Keise in
' '■■■■■ • • '• ■ • ■ " Dies

N.-

Min.-i II, 1 iii-|ii 1 1 M-ii \\ . a. t . ueise in ;> .-

America he<d(a(ditet wiirdeii; Ito, Dics-
ileii, lfH')'>{S(tl(im<iiiilni birriiiiiidd — Spil-
ifinx nihil- liiij. op.; .V. niiunliila — S. ni-
hvr (.*) ; and .S'. nnliuioUiicti — I'Iclhotloii
ilhiliiKisiin,

Merrem (H.) Versiich eincs Systems der
Auipliibien ; r^vo, Marhnr;;, l"",'().

Miall(L. (!.) On tho I.ahyrinthodonts
of llie(;oal Me.'isnres. Kep. Itril. ,\ssoe.,

pp. -.i-r.-v' ('.», platcH i-:i, i.s7:i.

On tho Lahyrinthodoiits of the

Co.il Measures, ii(^p. Itril, Assoc., (ip.
U'.l-l;t.>, plates 1-7, 1S71,

Mills (.1, W, ) Till! Heart of the Kish
compared with that of Mi iiiihrinicliiix,
with ••special reference to relies iiihili-
ilion and indei>endcnt cardiac rliylhm.
.). I'liysiol., vii, pp. si-;i,"),

Mitropaiiow (P.) Die Nerveiieii(li;;iin-
<;en im lliiilhel der Kanl(|nappen nnd
die "Slifh lien/.(dleii " von I'rof. A. Kiil-
liker; in /ool. Anz., 1». .Jalirj;., No. •.':!•-',
pp. ."i »l»-.'M:i.

Ziir Kill wicjilniiijsiicsi hi( hte nnd

Innervati'in der Neiveiihiijiid der Uro-
d(denlaiV(^ii. .Mil llol/.sehn. ; in Hio-
lo;r. Cenlrallil., 7. 15d., No. Ii, pp. 171-
17K

Mivart (St. (!eor;[re). On I'lilhoihin inr-
ximilis of (iiay. l'roceedinj;s of the
Zoolojjical .Society of London, , I line ".'7,
ISlu.

On the classilication of tin; Aiin-

roiis lialr.ichians ; in Troe, Zool. Soc.
London, pp. •J-<|i--.".).'i, L-'(i;>.

On the Myolojfy of Mniuiwiiia itllc-

illiaiiivimv. I'roceedin.ns of tho Zoolof^-
ical Society of London, .Vjtril "J'J, LSdl,*,
p. -.^54.

On thcMyoloffy of .l/(■»o&n/»(7(»••^/((^

riilis. I'roeeedinjis of tin.' Zoological

lU.

Society of London, June 'J I, L"*(l',>, ]i.

. On till! Common Froif. .Natinus

Series. Maemillan iV Co., L:!7I.

Monks(S. r.) ThespottedSalamander;
American .Naturalist. LS-^lI, p. ■i'l'i.

Montgomery (Henry). Oliservationson
the Miiiiiliriuiilnix mnciiliiliit ; Canadian

NatiiralisI, l-i7',>, 7 jip.

il (t I <l I It I l.-">l , I' (l'4 I I't'*

Morgan (C Lloyd). Ahnormalities in
tiie Vertehral Column of the Common
Frog; in Nature, vol. Ii.'), No. C^'.tO, p.uli.

I

if

■\\

if

n

47.S Itl'I.LKTIN :il, rMTI'h STAII'.s NAIImnaL MI'MllM.

Morgan (,('. I.Io.vd). Al)ii<iriii;ilil\ in llic Parker (Win. K.) On tlic Stnicliirc ami

I'iiisInIo oI" IIio (,'oniuion I'lo^. Witli
in Naliirc. lijr. ; vnl. li."., No. '.•()•.', p. :!ll.

Moszeik (<)lli)^. MiUntskoi>i.st'Iii) I'litfr-
.sncliiinffcii iilicrdcn (ily('();4cnfinsiit/ in
(Iff FntscliiclMT. Mif 1 'r;it'. ; in I'llii-
Ki-r's Aifli. f. (1. f;i'H. I'li.v.siol., \i. ltd.,
II., l-i. nil., i>|>. .")(i-.'i-^l.

Miiller ( !•". ) KislciNaclitiii;; /nm Kal:i-
lo;; (Icr lici i)(^l(il()<;i,si'li('n .Sanindnny; dcs
Hasler .Mii.si-iuns. Mit 1 Tal" : in N'cr-
liandl. iialnri'. (ics. liasrl. ,. 'I'ii., I.
lift., lip. l-Jd-ICr.. /wiilcr Xaclilra^-,

thill., )ip. l(>li-17l.

Nehriiig (.\.) iM'lii'rdas \'(nk(inMnfn von
Aliiivs olislilviimiH ilslliili diT Wcsi'i';
ill Sil/,j;.slifr. (ics. Nat. V\\ ISfrliii, l."^S7,
No. I, pp. IH, U».

Znr f;c(ii,'iaidiiscli('n Vciliit'ilnim

V(ni .Ih/tis olmlclricniin : in /nol. (Jai-
tcn, •J'J. Jalil;;., No. ".>, pp. (11,(1-.'.

I'diilxih'n /'((.vcKx anl' liri;;cii; in

])cv<'Iopnii'iit id' tint Skull in tint II. i
tiaidiia; in I'liilo.sopliical 'rransailiims
of the Iioyal Socicly, pail ".', vol. ICii,
187.-..
On I 111' SI rue t II H' and I >i'Vidopiiiiiit

ol'llicSknII in till' I'rodidoiis .Vinpliilii.i;
in riiilosopliical Tiaiisact ion.s <d' llic
K'oyal Society, jiarl 'i, vol. 1(17, l-^'d.

— — Alislrarl of a Mi'inoir on the dr-
vidoiuiifiit of tlu' .sknil in llic I'lodc Ic
Matiaidiians ; in I'rocccd, Zoid. Sue.
liondiin, I"-!!, iv, |ip. .M I, .'i|.").

On llic Sli net llic and I •cvclipiitiicnt

of llic Skull III llie lialiacliia. Tail ::.
I'loiii tlic i'liilosojiliieal Ti ansae I iiiii> nf
tlic Koy.'il Soeiely, pail I. I"-*!.

On tint .Moipliolony (d' tlic Skull in

lli(! Ainpliilda rroihda. Willi H |d>.;
in Trans. Linn. Soe. l/ondoii (•,'.), '/,ih>].,
vol. •.', p. :i (Tell , I--'-.'), pi>. Id.".-'.'!-.'.
On llic Morpli(do;;y of t hi) Skull in

Zo(d. (iaitcn, ■.>;!. .lain-., .No. |-,', p. ;!7-<.
Dan Aiil;c von I'nili ii.-i (iiacli itc-

fosMcs) ; in Kosnio.s, (i. .Jalir;;., 7. illi.,

IvJ. lid., \>\t. (l-,'-(ll.
(S.z. A., Ni>. no, |..:iJ.)
Neumann (I. O.) yaliiij;e.selii( lite d.

.Selilcsiscli - lian.sil/sidien .\iiipliiliien :

-vo, (i.lilil/, ls:!|.
Ninni (A, 1'.) L;i pcsea ed il coniniereio

(Icdlo ranc. c dcllc lariaiiinlic llii\iatili

nclla pniviiieiii di Venc/ia ; in Itidl. .Sue.

Veil. Trent. Se. Nat.,T. I, No. 'J, |.|..

lOS-li:!.
Triloii crixlalits l.aiir., s. sp. /,((/•(-

liiiii. Con 1 tav. ; in Atli Soe. ital. Se.

N.it., vol. -Jit, fa.sc.'i,:!, pp. :!','7-:!:!-.
Nussbaum (M.) Znr Dillcicn/iiiiii^ des

(ie.selili-elils ini Tllieneieli. .Vicdi. iiiikr.

Anal., xviii, pp. l-J-.M, ids. I-I.

(TIiIh wdi'U coiitiiins ili'lails iijiiiii si'\ii.il ii|.

i::ni.s ill lliihiichiii.)

Osborn (Henry I".) i'reliniinary Oli.sei-
vation.s tqimi tint Itiaiii id' .liiijiliiKiiiii;
in I'loc. Aead. Nal. Se. IMiil.i., Iss;!,
pp. 177-181.

Proliiiiiiiary oliscivatimiH upon the

tint Ainpliilda I'mdela. Transael iuii.s
of llic Linnc.in Soeiely of London, \ ol.
•,'. part :!, p. l(l->, 1--J.

SI met lire ,niid Dcvclopinenl of tin'

Skull in (he r.alraehia. I'ari ;i. Ali-
sirael in I'. I>. Sue., nxn. pp. lo.'i- |:l-.
.-_-jyi (.1. von). !>ic cetohla.slisclie
Alila;;c dcs L'ro^cnital.systcins lici 1,'iitiii
ixciilciiitt iiiid l.tuirlii ririilix; in /mil.
An/.., 1(1. .(ahr;;,. No. -.M:!, p. (1(1.

A 1jlaslopornsa'llaiidoiiie<;iiiarailai;i

a li('d<al'i'l<'kiicl. ( l>cr lilaslopoi iis ,ils

Ideihcnder After lici de;i .\iinreii. | .\iis

Maj;y. Tinl. Akad. lOil. '' Kilt., pii. 11-

ir> (Hiinnariaii ).

Perraca iCiutlr Mario (!.) Sulla lionta

spceiliea del 'I'rihili hla^U dc I' Isle e

ilc.>4ei'i/ioiic di una liiiuva I'ornia ilniil;!

di Triton franee.sc. Con 1 lav. : in lioll.

Mils. /old. Anat. Coiiip. 'i'oriiio, vol. I.

No. IV, (l:! i>i).).

Sill valorc spceitieo (Ud I'lUilmli^

liili/niiiH dtti dintonii di Torino reeeiiii ■

liiciile deseritio dal Sij;. lliioii-|{o\ ei ;

in lioll. Miisei /ool. Aii;il. (y'oiiip. Te-

riiio, vol. :!, No. 1(1 ((1 pp.).

Iiiain of Mciiolir.'inelins and Mciioponia ; Peters (W.) rn'inerknii.ncn iilicr mi-

I'roeced.H. Aead. riiiladclphia. l-'-^l, p. ^(diiedciio liatraidiicr. iianientlieh idnr

*J(W. ' (lie, Orijiinalcxciiiplan', der von Selimi-

i .

Owen (Riidi.) On h'lniliilD'ilciin nipcnHh ' deriind Wicuniann licsidiritdicnen ,\riiii

dcs zooloj;iselien Milscnins /n lleiliii.

Moiiatslieritdit der kilnii^l. Akadeiiiii'

der WisseiiHcliafleii zii IJorlin, 1(1, Fidir.,

0\v, A Laliyrinf liodoiit Aiiiphiliian
from till) Trias of Cajio of Oood Hope
((ieol. Soe.); in Ann. of Nat. Ili.st. (."..),
vol. i:J, Juno, p. 481.

IBH:!, p. 7()

t

\

¥

I

I'licl ill'i* Mini
ill llio \'<:\-

'l','IIISllc( icilis
'>, vol. l(;il,

ICVclolHIlcllt

H Aiii|iliil>i.'i ;

idllH of tllC

KIT. HTi'i.
(Ill till' lii'-

liic rroilclr
Ziioi. Sim'.

ir..

)('Vrlii|iliii'iit

Tki. I'mii '■'<.

insncl iiiii> III'

I-"!.

■ tiif .Skull ill

^Vilii S 1,1,.;

1IC.>.), /ni.l.,

.. ltK>--.'iJ.
'till) SUiill III
'I'laiisiict iiiiiN
I.iiihIdii, Mil.

piiit'iit III' till'
I'iirt :!. .\li-

|ip. i;i:.- 1;;-.

ctiililastisiiic
■ins lit'i lidiia
lis; ill Zoiil.

1. 1;*;.

ii('L;iiiar;i(l;ira

lst(i|i<MIIS ills

miii'ii. I .\iH

K(")t., \>[K 11-

.Siillii 1iiinl;'i
; <l.^ rislr I'
I'cii'iiiii iliiiihi
liiv. ; ill lioll.
'(iriiio, vol. I.

Id I','l„hali^
iiiiio rci'i'iiii-
ic-i(iii-Kii.v''r;
t. (Jdiiiii. 'I'ti-

l

■II iilicr vci'-

iciitlicli iiln'i'
I' villi Scliini-
iclii'lu'ii .\rliM
lis /il I'li'ilin.
^1. Akmlfiiiit'
liii, It;. I'Vlir.,

-^

*

h

^

TIM': HATUACIIIA OT NOl.'TH A.MKItlCA.

47!)

Poteia(\V) ri'liiTilii' KiitwickclmiKdfr
Cm lilii'ii. Miiiialslii'iitlit ilt r Uiliiij;!.
AkMilriiiifili'i'NVissciiscliiittcii zii ISciliii,

j'.i. .lull, \^7'>, |>. I-"'''-

. I'chrr cine villi lli'ii. N'icfcdiisiil L.

Kill;; 1111(1 iJi'. .(.(iiiiiilliu'li auriliT Iiisi'l
I'ln'itiiriiMi H'''"'"'''''' f^ii'iiinliiii^ von
S.iimctliii'i'i'ii 1111(1 Aiii|iliiliicii. SI) wic
iiliir (lie I'lnlwicUcliinu: fin ■■< ISatra-
( liii'is, lliihiilin tihifl'ni'irciixiH |)iini. iiihi'.,

nil lie Mela rpliosc. Monalslicriclit, (Icr

Ki'iiii^l. Akaili'iiiic dir Wisscnsi'lial'tcii
,'11 licrliii, ISTl'i, p. 7ii:!, pi. i.

rdiiTdic I'liiitlicililli.utli'i'tJa^cilii'li

iiihI insliisi'iiiliTc iilicr dii; (iattiiii^^cii
li'liiiiMti-ciiiM nnd (iyiniiopis. Moiiat.s-
lii riclit dcr kiiiiinl. Akadcinic del' Wis-
MiiscliMllcii /ii ISciliii, Nov. 'i\, IST'.t, p.

H-.'l.

.Milllicilnii.i; iilii'riiciu'odL'i' weiii^tT

iMk.iniitc Ainpliiiiicii dcs IJcrliiicr /(in-
liiuisclicii Mnscniii. Mil I 'Vi\\'. : in .Mon-
mI-^Imt. Ak.id. r.crlin. l--n, jip. •J17---!'JI.

Ill M|l. ; 7 11. .sp , II. t;. IhlllllKlllllls )

JlcriictidoKisclic MittlKMliiiijjcii : in

sii/.iiiij;sli('r. tics. Nat. l-'r., l"'sl. Xo. tl.

pp. ST- ill.

il. I'.XCICXCIIZI II ill I li'lllKl ;/l;/l(H Ill.Vtll ■■
/111 t'.lill IlllilSZcit. ;;. li.'ll ill'.'* Si'lliilll l.'< Villi

I'l'iiifftiihliiK ii.riiiii-u.t.}

I'clicr die vim Ilcriii .1. M. Hildc-

liraiidt aiif N'ossi-lii'^ nnd Madagascar
^csaiiniicltcn Siiii^cthicrc mid Aiii|dii-
liicii; ill Mdiiatslu T. Akad. Berlin, l.-'^O,

pp. r.i)>-.-iii.

il I ■^|i. Maiiiiiiiilia : 'J.'i ,sp. Ill plilia 'Jii. s|i,: ,')
AiniiliiliiM I ''

I'l'lii'i die von llerni tJcrli. Kolilt's

iiiid l)r. Slre(:k( T ailf del' IJeise iiaeli
(l(r<»MS(' Knl'r.i ;;('saiiiiiielteii Aiiiplii-
liieii. Mit I'r.il'. ; in Monatslier. Akad.
lii'iliii, 1-sii, pp. ;;ti.''.-;!(i;t.

' — ■ Si'lii'idel Villi /wei ('iieilien, Hiipc-

fjiiijiliis CO. //((,' (IS nnd //. siriiphini ;
(Jcsellscli. d. iiat iirl'discli. Freiir.de,
IJerliii, LSSli, p. r>:!.

llcliei'die X'ei'scliiedelllU'it del' I-ia;;e

del' iiiisseren Spalteii der Scliallldasen
als Meikinal y.ii(*Uiit('iscliei(liin;;' liesoii-
ders al'rieaiiisclier Friiseliarten ; in
iSit/iiiiMslici'. (ies. Nat. Fr. Heiliii, 18.S1,
No. 1(1, pj). l(iv>, Ui;i.

Uelier iiiMus ISatraeliier der (iat-

liiMUcii lljiixriiUitx iiiid l,iiinii)(liit(K aiis
Aliiea; in Sit/mmsliei'. (ie,s. N.it. Fr.,
l-rjJ, No. 1, pp. s-i().
(:i 11. n\t )

Peters (\\.) IYmw. neiui (latliiiij; von lia-
tiaeliii'i !i, Ujiloiioiiiiis, alls iio^ota ; in
Sit/.ifslier. (ies. Nat. Fr. iteilin, Iss-,»,
No. 7, pp. 107-1()'J.

l>f(!j iieiie Uatraeliier; in Sit/frs-

lier. (ies. Nilt. I''r. lielliii. Isso _>;„, jq^

pp. ll'-llS.

l.t III III i/xtii mil k I'll II Ki i.S'iirt ihd I tdi-li UK :tl III iisit,
lliifii hiirhiiii I.)

.•Veiideniii;;- dcs Naineils Uilhiiiiiiuun

ill /////(wiy/iLs [r.atnic.li. 1; in Sitzs^lier.
(ies. Nilt. Fr. Meiliii, IS--.', No. S, pp.
l-.>7-l •,".•.

Nduo Art der iirodclcii Hatracliier,

Spilfrpin {(luliinin) iiniatiiinifi, u. sp., aiis
Yucatan (Central America); in .Sit/.^s-
licr. (ies. Nat. Fr. ISerlin, ISS',', No. '.»,
jip. i:i7, i:!s.

rdier die veli'iM'ent liclite /woiti^

Aiilla.!;e (I. Catalo;;s der lUilraihiu Sulj-
(iiliii d. Iiiitisli Miiscnins von |)i'. (I. A.
I'>diilen;;-cr ; (ies. naliirf. I'lciiiidc IJcr-
liii, lSs-,«, p, (;o.

I'ldicr die von .S. Km;; in .). (iiiiid-

lacli aiif d. Iiisel I'ortoiiuo Heliraelito
*>aiiiniliiii,^ V. Siiii^etliierc u. \iiiplii-
liieii : Monatslier. Ak. Wis.s. I'erlin,
1S7(1, p. 70:!.
IJcber Mantipiis nnd I'lirynocara,

/Wei none I{ati'acliier;;att iin;;enaiisdcin
ilintcrlasse dcs Ifci.senden .1. M. Hilde-
lirandt von Madagascar; in Sitz^-.sbcr.
k. jirciiss, Akad. Wis.s., 18^:5, vi, vii, pp.
IC-'.-ltiS.

I'cliersiclit der Aiiipliiliieu an.s

CliincdXd (West Africa), welche vou
der atricaiiisclien (iescUscliut't dciii ISer-
liiicr Zdol. Miiscuiii iilicrtjidicn siiid; in
licrlin, Monatslier., IS77, jip. (ill-lWl.
(Mit 1 Tal'.); audi in Correspond. -151.
d. afric. (ies., Hd. 'i, pii. •illl-V'tlC).

(17 Koiitllicii mill 1:; UalrMi'liiiT, mit!) ii. sp.)

Febcr die von Sidx in Brasilien

^csaiii, Fidediseii; II. nenierk. n. iieiic

oder wciiiirliek. Aiiiidiiliicn ; Moiiat.sber-

icjito Ak.'id. d. W'isseiiscli., IS77, p. U.'i.

lldier die von Dr. Sadi.s in Vcnc-

/iiela ^csaiu, Anipliibien ; /. c, 1S77, p.

■\:>'j.

Fclier die l'',iiitliciliiii^ der Ciici-

lien; Monatslier. Ak. Wi.ss. Berlin,

187'.), p. K'il.
Pfitzner (Willi.) l'4iidcriiiisofSalaiiiaa-

der; in .loiirii. 1». Microscop. Soc. ('2.),

vol. 1. jit.ii, lip. yi.S-'2'-M.

(.Vb.stiact 11(1111 Moipliiil. Jahrli. S. Zoning.

Auz., Xo. 72, i>. G:8.)

"H

Ii

'A

'I !

'ih:'

I

480

Peters

lii

lUILI.KTIN :iJ, UMTKI) STATKS NATIONAL MIJSIUJM

eter8(\V.) Die EiiidiTiiiis <lir Ainiilii- Rlohet (Cli.) Dcs iiioiivi'iin-iits il( la

liion. I. L'nt,crsii('liiiii<4cii iibiT liiuMiiul (Jri'iiouillc, coiistH'iitil's il roxcitiilioii

Eutwickflimj; dt-r Kpidfiiiii.s dcs fH'- olciti ic|iic ; in ('(iiiii't. rend. Acad. Se.,

llecktoii Sal.iiiiaiidcr.s ; Morpli. .laliiU., Taris, T. 'J>, No. •>■.', jip. l-J".'."<-i:}(U.

vi, i>ii. •l(i>'-.V-'(), ids. ','» aiid'^'). Ridewood (\V. (i.) On an alinoiina)

VI, i>ii. •l(»-.>--'(), Ills. -Jl anil'i). Ridewood (\V. (i.) On an alinoiina)

fliiger(K.) Inllncnccs whidi dctcrndnii cr,.,iital sysi-m in a male of tlio mui.

Sex in thi^ Kmbiyo [/.'((»(( J. Alistr. in mon iVo.i;. Willi lli>;. ; in Anat. An/.,;i,

jomn. K. Micidsc. Soc. (','.), vol. :i, pt. ;t, jaiii^r., No. II, iv, pji. :{:;:!-:;;!i;.

I'l'- •"■'-'•''• Roeael (.\. .1.) Ili.^tol■ia iialniali.s Kaiia-

Das rclKTwinlcrn dcr Kanl.iuap- ,,,,^^ Nostnitinn. ; Nuivn.l.c.-, |T,V,

iicn dcr Kiiiddancliki'olc irdobiilt'i Inn- ,. ..

(■(/.si. (Kin licitia"' /.ur Lclirc, von dcr „ ... ,,, .,.•■• n , ,,,

' ^ " , ... Romiti ((!.) Divisionc cclliilarc mil

Anpassnn;!' del- Oi-ifanismrn an die aus- . . i- i> i. . •

' " " novo scj^mcntalo di Isatiaciaiii ; in

Ncrcii Lcltciisl(cdiiinnny;cii niid /nr Dia- ,,,. ^ ,,, ,, ,. , ,,. ,,

" " Atti hoc. Disc. he. Nat. J isa, I'roc-

M-no.sc del' IJalracliicrlarvcn) ; in lliii- , , , ., .,.,

,.,,,, vcili., vol. I, PI). 'Jlj'JJ.

ecr'sArcli. r. d. "cs. IMivsiol., lil. l!d., _ ,,, ,,, , ,,,, »' n. .• it w /. ,■

■^ .•^ . > ' Rope ((.. 1 ) J lu^ Natterjack Diad I /.«;»

:t., I. iii'i., pp. i;ii-M.>. , •/,••/ I • . /.( \ .. 1 - I- i'

' '■' (■(//(^«(^/ ); 111 /ooloijist (.1.). vol. (, 1 ill.,
I'l'lierw intern <ler KaiildiiaiiDili ,. .i

ridicrwiiiteiii <ler Kaiiliinappiii

iWn I'lhihaliH. Alls/.; in liicdoi;-, Ceii-
tiall)!., :i. IM., No. ;>, ]•. -J-^r. Kosmos
(Vcttei), 7. .lalii^'., .'>. Illl.. l;{. lid., p.

(I'lliiiici'rt.Vrcli. S. Z. A.,\(). ns p. IT.'^.)

Pfiiiger 0;d.) nml Smith (Will..!.) I'n-
lcisiieliiiiij;eii iiher l> istardimii^ tier
annreii I!ati'a(diier nml die riiiieipien
dcr Zeiij^niij;. l.Tli. lOxpeiiineiite liliei
IJastardiriiiij; deraniircii Itatiai liiei'; in

I'diij;er,s Anil. I', d. ees. I'liy.siol.. :t.'.

lid., It.-ll. lilt., pp. r.l'.t-.-,l|. •,>. Til.
von K. IMliijjer, Ziisamineiisielliini; der
l';rj;-el)nis,se iinil ICrt'irteriiii'.; der I'rinci-
picn <lcr Zeui^unj;, PP- "il'J-l-tt.
Picaglia (Lni;;i). Contrilin/.ione .aH' i;r-
petolo;;ia di lieliavisla ( Kepiihlilii-.i
A'';;eiitiiia, provincia di (Jorieiites) ; in
Atti Soc. Natural. Modcii.i ; Mem. (11. >,
v(d. (1, pp. f-ii-'.Kl.

(17 Ki ptil , 1 .\iii|iliili )

Pohl-Pincua ( — ). I'clier die Mii^kel-

I'aserii des l''roscliliei/,eiis ; in Arc'.i. 1'. il.

niikroNk. Anal., •■iW. lid., I. lilt., pp.

.'■)()( )-,'i(h;.
Rauber (A.) Dio Kcriitlicilniifisli'^iiiep

im Mednllarrolir dcr Wirludtliicre. 1.

Itatracliicr ; Arcli. iiiikr. Aiiat., xxvi,

pp. ()-,",'-lin, pi. ;il. " •:

_ . , ,^ , , , , - ..., ,,,, , ,,. fatico dei Ivcttili; my. Svo, I'.ivia,

Reiiihardt (.).) ami Lutken (C li.) lii-

lira",- til Knmlskah oin Urasilicn's Pad- „'"',, . , ,„, ,.,.,,,, „

, ,. , , .... , ., ,, ,. , Ryder(.J.A.) J Im " \ cntral SiicKer,>4,'

dcroj; kr.vl(d,\r; \ idcnsk.Mcdd.lradcn -' ^, ' .•,,•, .. ,■ , ,■

., , ,, , ,^., ,, ,, , or " Siickin": Disks, ol the tadpoles cl

Nat. loreiiiiij;. Hid, bvo, Loiienliancn. , ,^, ,. ,, , ' , ,

dillerciit jjencra ol I roj^s and lo.iil-*;

IJidra- til Vcstindisko Ori-cs o^ .^^ ^^^^^^_^, x„tnialist. vol.','-J, Mareli.pp.

p. -I.

On Millie Kcplilia and Italradiia

oli.-,eived in Norinamly ; in Zoologist
(I!.). \ol. 7, \\\>., lip. V.)-:u\.

Roux (Willi.) I'elier die Zeit dcr lie-
stiniinmi;^ der llailpti ielitiin^en im
I'roscliembry <•. VAue lii(do;;isilie In-
teisiicllllll;{. (.Mil 1 'I'at'.) Leip/iL;, \V,
i;nj;eliiianii. l"'*:!, -vo ('JH pp.), M. I.

lieilrii,i;c /nr einhryonalcn lliit-

\vi( kliiiii^smeeliaiiik. ','. Ueher die Ijii-
\vi(dvlniij; dcr I'rosclieier lici Aiilln-
Itiiii^ der riclitcmlcn WirkiuiLC di r
.Scliwere ; Sep.-Alidr. ;iiis d. Iiic.il.
iir/.il. Zeii.sclir., l-i'l, No. (! (Id jip. i.

lteiti.'i:.;(' /nr I'.iit wicklniij;siiiei lia-

iiik lies I'jnlirvo. No. I. Die Uiclitnii^'!)-
liesliiniiiiiii.n di'i' .Mcdiaiiclie des l'rn>ili-
cmlir.vo diireli die ('opiikationsriclitiiii;;
des l^ikcrncs iind dcs Spcrmakei lies.
Mit I 'Taf.; in Aicli. I", inikrosk. Anal.,
•,".>. lid., •-'. int., pp. ir.7---'I'J.

Riisconi (D. .M.) Did I'rotco ani^nimidi'
Lament i : tlo. I'a\ ia, l-l'.i.

Anioiiis (lis I^aliiiiaiidrcs aipia-

tiiims; Ito, Milan, H-Jl.

Oli.servat ions anatoiiiiqiies siir la

Siieiie ; llo, I'avia, Ii5lt7.

Ikillessiono sopra il .Sislciiia Lin

iiavnlincn dc Daiisk Vistindiskc 0crs
llerpi^tolo^iic; I'roin Natiiraliist. I'oren.
\idelisk. Meddel. lor It^tW.

i;!, •,'(■) L

(Kl'poil (111 'I'liiillo'.'* li;l|iel.

•7, p. li";;.)

V, /.. .\ . N"

r

t

'i

rsi.

Illt'lltS ill' III

rt'xcitiiiicm
il. Aciul. Sc,
lt8-i:5ttl.

Ill :il)ni)niiu!
\ of tln^ I'liiii-
\iiat. All/.,;!,

tiiriiH.s KiMiii-
iilicr;;, IT.'c*,

L'lhiliirn iH'ir

itraciaiii ; in

I'isa, I'Kic-

•k TdikI [ /.'«/■(;
). vol.7, r.lt.,

ml Itiilrarlila
ill Zoologist

Zoit ih'i- I'.i'-
i'liliinj;('ii iiii
olof^isclic I'll-
Lt'i|i/.ii;, W.
I pp.), M. I.
voiiali'u Mill-
rclicrdic I'jil-
r lici Aiil'iii'-
^ViiUiui,^ ill 1
lis il. Mn.il.
f) (111 pp.>.
kliiii^siiiii lia-
)ii' Uii'lltlMi;;."*-
ln! ill's r'rii^rli-
tioiisrirliiiiiij;
<l>i'rmaki'i Ill's,
ikrosk. Anal.,
.'IJ.

ti'o aii^iiiiiiiilc'
lit.
laiiilri's ai|ua-

iiiiiiUlcs Mir la

I Sisti'iiia l-iii-
.-^YO, I'avia,

Iral Siickir.'*,"

Iir 'I'ailpiilrsiif
;s anil 'I'oaiN;
•-'•J, Manli.lM'-

r. V. /.. .\ , N"'

THE BATRACHIA OP NORTH AMERICA.

481

i

Salvador! (T.) Relazioue sopra la " Mo-
iioi»rafia sugli Aiifibi amori italiani"
del Sor. Camerano: in Atti K. Accad.
.Sc. Toriuo, vol. 17, Disp. 7, pp. 788-790.

Sarasin (P.) mid Sarasin (F.) Einige
I'liiictt' aiisder Entwickluiigsgescliichte
von I('hthyo2)lnx (jhilinORUn (Epicriiim
ijl.); in Zool. Anz., 10. Jahrg., No. 248,
pp. 104-196.

Entwickelnugsgeschichte ii. Ana-

toiuio der Ceylonesiscboii Bliudwiible,
Ichthiiophix (jluthiomix: in Eigt'buisso
Xatnrwis.s. Forscbung. auf Ceylon.
Hand II. P\dio: Wiesbaden, 1887.

Sauvage (H.-E.'i 8nr qnelfines Ratra-
cit'iisdeCbine; Hnllet. .Soo. Pbiloinath.
Paris, 1877. May.

Savi (P. ) Sulla Salamandra per>n)iciUatu :
-VI), Pisa, lr2;{.

Schauz (F.) Fate of the Blastopore in
Aiiipbibiaiis. Abstr. in .Journ. H, Mi-
rioso. Soc. London, l«'"<8, j). '2, ]>. L-'O.
i.Ti'ua. Ki'itsL'lu-. V. ■/,. A., No. 277, \>. 202.)

Scliiff (Maur. ) Keniariiues sur Tiiiner-
vatioii (U's co'iirs lynipliatiiiues di's Ba-
tr.icieiis anoures; in Kovuo Zoolog.

s .isst', T. 1. No. :5, pji. :u9-:jr)r..

Schneider (.1. (i.) Historia' Ampbibio-
nini Fascic. jtrini. contiiiens Kanas,
Calaniitas. But'ones, (^alainaudras ot
Hydros; 8vo, ,Jena, I7ltl>.

Schbbl ( ^^y.i. ) Febcr die Blutgefiisse des
('i'rebro.sj>inalen Xervensystenis der Uro-
ili'len. Mit 1 Taf. : in Arcb. fiir mi-
kiofikop. Anat., 'iO. Bd., 1. lift., pp.
■^7-9'-».

Schreiber (E. ) Herpetologia Europa-a ;
•'vo, Hnmswick, l"7r).

Schulgin (M.) Ban des Cerebrospinal-
svstenis der Anipbibien n. Rejitilien,
Mit 1 Taf. ; in T. 9. 1. Hft., pp. 149-'.»'29.

Schultze (Frz. Eilb.) Ein lebende.s Am-
hUjatomH tiijrhiiim ; in .Sitzgsber. Ges.
N.it. Fr. Berlin, 1880, No. 9, p. 13'3.

Schultze (O.) Axis of Frog Ovuiu.
Abstr, in Jouru. R. Microsc. Sec. Lou-
don, 18.88, pt. 1, p. 15.

Uebor die Fnrcbung beiui Axolotl ;

in .Silzgsb. phys.-nied. Ges. Wiirtzbnrg,
lK-i7, pp. '2-4. Abstr. in Journ. R. Mi-
crosc. Soc. Loudon, 1888, pt. :{, p. 392.

Boitrag zur Entwicklnngsge-

scbicbto der Hatrachicr. Mit 1 Taf. ;
in Arcb. f. niikr. Anat., 23. Bd.. I. Hft.,
pp. 1-2-2.

1951 Bull. U 31

Schultze (0.) Untersucbungeu Uberdie
Reifuug undBefrucbtnngdes Ampbibi-
eneies. Mit 3 Taf. ; in Zeitscbr. f. wiss.
Zool., 45. Bd.. 2. lift., pp. 177-22C.

Ueber Reifuug nud Befrucbtung

des Auipbibieneies; in Auat. Anz,, 1.
Jabrg., No. 0. pp. 149-152.

■ Znr ersten Entwicklung des brau-

nen Grasfroscbes. Mit 2 Taf. ; in Fest-
scbr. A. V. Kijlliker, pj). 265-2S0. Ansz.
von W. Roux ; iu Biolog. Ceutralbl., 7.
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Schwink (— ). Ueber die Gastrula bei
Auipbibieneiern ; iu Sitzsgber. Ges. f.
Morpb. u. Pbys.. Miiucben, 1887,2. Hft.,
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Scott (W. B.) and Oaborn (H. F.) Tbe
early development of tbe common Newt:
from tbe Quart. Jouru. Jlicr. Sci.
London, October, 1879.

Sedgwick (\V. T. j On variations of re-
Ik'X-excitability in tbe Frog, induced by
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Seoaiie (Lopez). Reptiles et Batracieus
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Setscbenow (.S.) Galvaniscbc Erscbei-
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Sewall ( 1 leiiry ) . A note on tbe processes
eoiicerued iu tbe secretion of tbe pep-
sin-forming glands of tbe frog; iu
•Studies Biolog. Laborat. Johns Hop-
kins Univ., vol.2. No. 1, pp. 131-134.

Sidebotham (Hrao'd). Note on tbe fate
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With 1 pi. ; iu Quart. Jouru. Microsc.
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Siebold(C. T. E.v.) Observationesqua'-
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Siebold (C. T. E. v.) Zoologische Noti-
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Smirnow (Alex.) Ueber Nerveudkuiiuel
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Smith (Herb. H.) On Oviposition and
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f 1|

1 ; I

'

I ';! I

111

482 BULLETIN 34, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

1

I

Smith ( W. H. ) Tbo Tailed Aiuphibiaus,
incliuliug the Ca'cilians; 8vo, Detroit,
1^77.

Catalogue of the Reptilia ami Am-

l)hibia of Michigan. Sii|)pl. to Science
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Smith (Will. J.) Beitn'ige zur ditleron-
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Solger (U.) Uebereinige Entwicklnngn-
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((> pp.. Aiitojiraph. Mscpt.)

Speiigel (J. W.) Zwitterliildnugen bei
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•j:c.--241.

Heobacl'.tnngen iiber das Leben

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Spix (J. H. de). Animalia nova. spec.

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Batrachier {Ostvocejihahis sp.); Archiv.

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(3 Sp.,ilavon 2 neii, Ceiaiophry» mltzinanni
u. Scaphiuphn/ne i^)iiiniia, beidc, i-ben so wie
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Steiner (J.) Untersnchungen iiber die
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Stephens (W. J.) On some additional
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Stirling (\Vni.) and Macdouald(,Iaiiii.s
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Storer (II. W.) On the DiiJ'o ^H^■</i»()M(.,

of Shaw (/>". l.fDwlcri Putn.). Pr<i( ,1-

ingsof the Natural History Socictv uf
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Stbhr(Ph.) rebi'r die ersten Anhurn
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handl. pliys.-nied. fJi's. Wiirt/liuivr,
Sitziingsber.. n. F., Iti. Bd. (3 pjt.).

Zur Entwiekelungsgeschiehtc lieo

Anurensch;idels. Mit2Taf.; in Zcitxlu.
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Zur Kntwickelung-sgesehiciiti' ili'.s

I'rodel.schiiilels. Z. wiss. Zo(d., xxiii,
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Stoliczka ( F. ) Oljservations on Iiidi.ni
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Note on a few Barinese Sauna

Ophidia and Batrachia: ihulan, 1»T,',
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Strube (K. W.) L'el)er den japaniMliiij
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d. Freunde d. \aturwis.s. Moskau, T.
50, 1. Hft.,Protok. z(ud. Abth..Sp. 3-.',:!;t.
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Sumichrast (F. ) Enumeracion de ln.i
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('ontrilintion i\ I'histoire natutcllii

du Mexirjue. I. Noles snr line Collec-
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Tarcbaiiofif (J. R.) Physiologic dos
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H

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i:

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)

I

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lt« lii uanire

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lenx pliysicii-
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Higley(W. K.) Reptilia and Batrachia
of Wisconsin ; Trans. Wiscon. Acaileni\
Sci.. Arts, and Lett., vii, p. \'m, .'date.

Huxley (T, H, ) On Vertelirate Fos^iN
from the Panchet Rocks; Palieontolo-
giea Iniliea, iv, ISi!.').

Description <if Vertebrate Remain-

friHii the .Janow Colliery, Kilkenui y ;
Tr.'ins, Royal Irish Acad,, xxi\, \<. I'J.

i>r7,

In Howell on the Warwicksh, Coal

Field; in Mem, Geol. Survey Fniteil
Kingdom, I''."'.*.

— y)n some Amphiliian and Reptili.ni
Remains from E. Africa and Australia ;
Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc, xv, l^ry.t, [i
(34-2.

Description of .)Mf/irnco.'*rtH»'i/« rc'-

»eUii : (^>uart. Journ, (ieol, Soc, Lon-
don, xix. .")tl, l-b'J.

ita

^^

Tin: BATRACHIA OF NORTH AMERICA.

487

itioii to iiiir
oiii Austin-
lMi4(Fcl.. 1.
luvlt'di;!' irl'
rish,-,.
uicjii, l-iiT

\- SlH'cic> (!'

1111. Majiiiz.

iiiul //. rh II-
)iuli>n. 1-7','.

lections lit'

the I'liitisli

r. Londuii,

n till- Ri-)i-

l^xjilmiii-

nc. I\'(ij;<i>,

ly Xiit. S( .

JiUriicliidii-
MTtlniliilici-

, 1-ri.

. iii, l'.t'i''Mi.
liiiltoiihuii'ii

. \visM-l|M.'ll.

j4, II. :\:-^.

tlieKeiitilf-
(liiriiig thr
Ilia, Arizii-
C. Vaiiiiw ;

lei'lcr. ''Ml,

(1 HatiacliiM
111. Acadfiu)
155. .'date.

iratt- F(is»iU
I'ala'oiitiilo-

ati' lii'iiiaiii^
Kilkt'iiiii-v :
xxi\ . \i. I','.

vii'ksli, ('oai
rvcy I 'nit 111

ul Reptilian

id Ansti'aliii ;

XV, l>.-i;t, II
comuriiH nil-

I. SoC. Lull-

1

r

Huxley(T. H.) On lU'w Lal)yriiithodoiit.>*

lioni tlit< Edinliinnh cual litdd; Quart.

Journ. Gi'ol. Soc, xviii, "iltl, 1."«1'2. ■
On Pholidoriii'tnn, loc. cit., xxv,

II. ;iOt), 18GI).
Joly (N) f!t"<l»' **"r '•''* Mi'taiuorphoses

lies Axolotls du Mexiijuc. Montpellier,

-v.), l-'T-J.
Keferstein ( W. ) Utbir I'inifje neno (ulcr

stdtenii JJatracliiiT aiis Australicn und

dem troi)i8C'licn America. Nacliriclit.

diT kruiif^l. Ges. d. Wisseiisth. ii. tl. G.

A. I'liiversit. zii Gtittinifcii. Ir^Cu. No.

1-. i>. Ml.
Lataste ( F.) t,Mu'l(iiu's mots a itmiios do

raccmiplenuMit df.s Uatracit'u.s niiourcs.

Hull. .*^t)c. Zool. France, 1877.
IWttihjhati)! vviitrkoxii" e.st synouyine

de rieurodehs italtli. Sou. Linncenne

de Hordeaux. l.-?79.
fitndo sur le Di.scoglosse. Actes de

la Sot". Liundeiine de Bordeaux. 1879.
Sur I'Haliitat du I'liton vitlatiix

(iray et sur ridentillcation de cette

esiiect> avcc le T. ophryticim Hartli.

Bull. Soc. Zoolog. do France, 1877.
Leidy (J.) Notices of remains of extinct

vcrteliratod animals discovered by I'rof .

F. Kiumons; Proceeds. Acad. I'hilada.,

I'i.'iCi, p. 255.
Malbranc (M.) Von derSeitenlinie n. i.

Siiinesory;anen bei Aiiii)hibien. 8vo,

Leili.sir, 1875.
Mason (J. J.) Microscopic Studies on

Central Nerv. Sjst. Rejitiles aiul Ba-

tnicliians. 8vo. .Journal of Nervous

and Mental Di.sease, .January and July,

18*0, Chicago.
Mertens (C. II.) Anatomin- Batracliio-

niiii prodromuh. olis. in osteologiam

Batr. no9tr.,^vo, Halle. 18'2(>.
Meyer {II. von) Saurier des Muscliel-

kalkes. Folio, 1847-.">5.

Saurier des Kupferschiefer, 185().

Reptilien aiis d. Steiukohleufor-

niatiou in Deut.scliland, 4to, i'^58.

Mi'losaurun Kmltiinia : .lahrb. f. Mi-

neralogie, 185!), p. 'J98; Paheontogra-

pliic.a, vii, 18.59, p. 90.
Meyer (II. von) u. Pi-iexixgkk. Pala -

ontologie Wiirttembcrgs, 1844.
Meyer (Jos.) Systema Amphil)iorun\

Lyuiphaticnm. Dissert, iuauguralis,

4to, Ucrliu, 1*45.

Miiller (F. ) Mittlieilung aus der lier-
pet. Samnilung des Basler Museums.
8vo, Basel, p. 3'2.

Katalog der ini Mnseuin und Uni-

versitiit-skabinet zu Basel aufgest.

Amphibien u. Reptilien. Ba.sel, 1878,

8vo.
Newport (G.) On the Impregnation of

the Ovum in the Amphibia. 4to.

Philosoph. Transac. Roy, Soc, 1351, p.

I(i9.
Peters (W.) Ueber die Entwicklung

der C.icilien. Monatsbcr. Ak. Wis.

Berlin, lr'75, p. 40:5.

Pike ( N. ) Notes on the life history of the
common Newt ; American Naturalist,
18"'(;, p. 17.

Owen (R. ) On Lahyrinthodon kptognathnu;

Tran-sac. Geol. Soc. Loud., vi, 50;5,

184','.
On Jliachyops laticcps. Quart.

Jor.rn. (Jeol. Soc. Lend., x, 471?, 1854.

Ryder (J. S.) Morphological notes on
the!imbsof theAniphiuniidie; Proceeds.
Acad. Philada., 1879, p. 14.

Schmidt (P.) Beschreibung zweier

neuen Reptilien aus dem Naturhist.

Museum /u Hamburg. 4to, Hamburg,

? date.

Steindachner (F.) Reise d. Oesterr.

' Fregatte Novara. Zoologischer Tlieil.

j Erster Baud. Amphibien. Wicn, 18G7.

Steinbeim ( — ). Die Entwickelung des
Froschembryo's besonders des Mnskel-
u. Genitalsystems (? loc), (date ?).

Strasser (H.) Zur Entwickeluug der

Extremitiitenknorpel l)ei Salamandra

u, Tritonen; Morphologisches Jahrbuch,

V, 'J40, 1879.
Traittschold (H.) Die Resto Permischer

Rei>tilien des Paheontolog. Kabiuets d.

I'niv. Kasan ; Nouv. M^^m. de la Soc.

Imp. des Naturalistes, 4to, Moscou,

XV, livr. 1, 1884.
Velasco (J. M.) Descripcion sobre la

Metamorfosis y Costumbres de una es-

pecio nueva del geuero Siredon. La

Naturaleza, Mexico, 1878.
Vogt (Carl). Uutersuchungen iiber die

Entwickeluugsgeschichte d. Geburts-

helferkriite (Alyten obsteiricane). 4to,

Solothurn, 1842.

' T

' I I

'•''':

r\

i r

':\

1 ;

f • ;l

, .1

1 . i

M

' ■ a

t i

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i

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' V

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■a^-MH)w>»ii wwiwii.

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\ I

u

t

i s

LIST OF CUTS

li

|Expla:«atiO!« of numbers im all the figures.— 1. Head from above ; 2, Uo. from side; 3. Do, from
liilow; 1, Interior uf mouth; 5. Palate enlarKed: 0. Forefoot, from below; 7. Hind foot, from
liclow, I

Page.

Fig, 1. Chondrocranium niul cranial nerves of Salamaudra, from the side;

.iagramniatic ; from Wiedersbeim ,... <)

2. The same as Fig. l.from below 10

\i. Xtcturiin macnlatus Kaf, ; No. 8t?15; Mount Carmel, 111.: Amhlyatoma

inixicaiium Wagl., larva; and Chondrotus tenebrosua 15. & G,, larva;

California 24

4. Xtclurits punctatiix Gibbs; No. 1181;}; natural size; Charleston, S. C. 27

T). Criiptobraiichua ulhijheniennia Hurl. ; No. 9572; Pennsylvania 39

(!. CriiptohraiichiiiifuscusHiAhr.; No. 7003; Knoxville, Teuu 43

7. Amhhistoma tiilpoideum Holbr. ; No. 3879; natural size; Prairie Mer

Rouge, La 53

8. Amhlystoma opacum Grav. ; No. 3751 ; natural size; Gloucester, Va.... 55

9. Amblyaloma puiictatumL\mi.; natural size; Hampshire County, Va . . 60

10. Amblyitloma vonspersum Cope; No. 3934; natural size; Carlisle, Pa.

S. F. Baird. 62

11. AmbU/ntoma copeiaiiitm Hay; from drawing in Proceedings National

Museum by Prof O. P. Hay: Irvington, Ind 65

12. Amblystoma tigrinum Green; No. 4691; natural size; West Northtield,

111 '. 68

13. Ambhintomatigriniim Green; No. 40.59; natural size; Fort Ripley, Minn. 74

14. Amblyntom(t xiphias Coiw; No. 14470; natural size; Columbus, Ohio.. 88

15. Amblyntoinajvffvraoniannm Green; No. 3968; natural size, except 5 = f,

from Green's type; western Pennsylvania 91

16. Amblysloma jefersonianum fuscum Hallow.; No. 3897; natural size;

Clark County, Va 92

17. Amblystoma macrodactylinn Baird; No. 4042; J natural size; Astoria,

Oregon 9G

18. Amblystoma npixanthum Cope; type; natural size, Atlauta, Idaho;

Coil.Copo 98

19. ChondrotiiH microatomus Cope; No. 3999; natural size; Saint Louis, Mo. 102

20. Chond)oui8 texanus Matthes; No. 4044; twice natural size; San Anto-

nio, Tex 104

21. ChondrotHS paroHcus Baird; No. 7021; natural size; Puget Sound,

Oregon 106

22. Chondrotiia decorticatus Cope ; No. 14493 ; natural size ; Port Simpson,

British Columbia 108

23. ChondrotHS aterrimua Cope ; No. 5242 ; natural size ; Northern Rocky

Mountains 110

24. Chondrotna tenebroaua B. & G. ; No. 4053; natural size; Astoria, Ore-

gon 113

25. Linfiit<Flapaua annulatua CoTpe; No. 11564; type; natural size 115

489

'■ .';

■

I

i : i

i -^

1. I

li

t

1

490 BULLETIN 31, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Fio. "iO. LiiigufTlapHUH Icptiinm Coi)e; No. 14o-;J; typo; iinturnl size li:

•J7. ISatrncliiimps caudntiix Co\w,'So. I'XAM; Ilassler'n Harbor, Alaska. II.

K. Nichols; \ except .')= t IjT

28. liiilriichi)nfpii nUi'iiKatim Knch.; No. 13Si>5 Ij-

21I, nrmiiJartiiliiim snifatiim Tschiidi; twice natural size, except T) = f :

No. 4(l!)4; Norfhtielil, 111. K. Kemiicott l:il

30. I'h'thodon ciiiinitH triithroiintim Green; No. 4"';?"'; twice natural size,

excejit r> = f ; St. Catherine's, Canada \'H\

31. Phthodontjhttiii(iHiiHfiTwn;l\iK:CS'2;Ahhv\i\U', S. C Ill

32. I'kthodon (iiunit Copo; natural size, except o, { ; Nicka.iack Cave,

Teunewsee; Coll. Coju' Ill

33. Phlhodmi iiiti niifdiiis Hainl; No. 4732; type; natural size, except .'), f ;

Fort Tejon, Cal 1 |i.

34. Pl> Ihodon cninsulun Coi^e; No. 9447; natural size, except 5, f ; Califor-

nia 1 IT

35. rhihodoti (iny/odcHKM (Jirard ; No. 131*4t)^; natural size, except t ; Berke-

ley, California U.'

3*). Stcreochihix marfiinatiis Hallow.; No. 3907; j; natural size; (Jeorgia. V<'.\
.37. (hjriuopliilits por/ihi/viticua Grccii; No. 3374; Tiatural size, except.''), f ;

locality unknown Uiti

3S. Maiiciihis tiiiadridiyitatiiK Holbr. ; No. 3904 ; twice natural size; Ahhe-

ville, 8. C lt;ij

39. Spi'hrpcH miiltiplicatiix Cope; No. 4li3::<; twice natural size; Red River,

.\rkansas liiil

40. SpeUrpci* hiUiHiitiis Groeu; No. 144r)(i; twice nattiral size, except;'), f:

Gloucester, Md lt;»'i

41. Spihrpm longicaiidus Green; No. 40A"); natural size, except ">, which

is f ; Lancaster, Ohio h'O

42. Spehrptu (luttalhuatun Holbr. ; No. 37"J3 ; natural size, except ">, { ; Eu-

taw, Ala i:i

43. Spchrpen nih,rViim\.; No. 7903 ; Carlisle, Pa ITl

44. Autodaj- liigithris Hallow.; No. 4til7: Petaiunia, Cal l-l

4.^. Aiitodax fern ux Coiw ; No. 114.")! : natural size, except o, f : locality un-
known l?ii

40. Aiiaidcn ii'cainin Voytc; No. I4o9t); natural .size, except .">, i"; McCloud

River, California l"

47. Desmognath iiH ochrophaa Voi^e; No, G~91 ; natural size, except .">. twice

natural size ; Meadeville, Pa 1'.'.'

48. Dvumognathiisf iixai Jii\{.; No. 7901; twice.uatural size ; Carlisle, Pa.. I'X'

49. Desmogtiathitfi fiisra tturiculata Holbr.; twice natural size ; Abbeville,

S. C 1%

."JO. DcsmognnthHS iiigru Green ; No. 3923; natural size, except .'», twice nat-
ural size; Abbeville, S. C 1'.".'

51. Dumiictjihit) tarosiis Esch.; No. 11407; natural size, except r)=i; San

Francisco, Cal '2o:t

52. Divmiictyhis riridesceiia vinidtucens Raf. ; No. I44t!3 ; Aiken, S. C '-'U"

53. DifmijctyltiB riridt'svena mi»iatits Raf.; No. 3^02; twice natural size.

except tijr. .'> = f ; Root River, Wisconsin. S. F. Baird •,'IU

54. Diemyctiiliiii riridisccnn meridionaliii Co\>f: San Diego, Tex. : | 'Jl'-'

55. Amjyhiuma Hi(rt*i»* Gard. ; No. 10^(j.">; natural size; Columbus, Miss.. . 'M

50. Amphiiima means ; three embryos in the eggs; from Hay '-.'-'1

57. Siren lacertina L. ; No. 12593; Wilmington, N. C. ; | --'''

58. PaendohranchuH atfiatits Lee. ; Nos. 7010 and oOol (latter Georgia, Dr.

Jones) ; twice natural size with brauchise aborted ; tig. ?, branchia'
aborted and inclosed ; 9, branchia- free (No. 5001) ~:il

I

\

s

~wr

:uM.

r.iRf^

ska. M.

I'j:

i>

>t r) = f:

l:il

iral Hize,

v.w,

Ill

k Cnve,

Ill

q«t 5, f :

llL

Califor-

Iir

: Herk.--

W

•eorgiii. l.':i

i:.ii

; Al.l).-

IfiO

il River,

1'.:!

^l>t "., f ;

IM

, which

lil'.i

. f;Eii.

in

i:i

1-1

ility nil-

INi

ilcCIoiid

1-

5, twice

]:>■>

ile, Pa.. l;i:.
ihevillf,

I'Jii

ice uat-

r."j

:i; San

'2'l:^

' -..'i,)-

al Mize,
','10

-Jl-J

Miss... ','1(1

','•-'1

•,"2i;

;ia, Dr.
rauchiii'
L'lil

I

Fig. r.;t.
I ill.

til.

(W.

(i;?.
til.
•>.■>.
till.

M.
tilt.

Til.

71.

THI-: MATRACHIA OF NORTH AMKRICA.

Shoulder-fiirtlhy nf Snlii uliit ; hand c t'nun I'arkfr

Ihifo ini III lata ■• I!, vV (i,; No. 'I'MCr, natural nI/c; Cajic St. Liica.i, C'all-

liin

71.

Til.

7;t.

-II.
-1.

-4.

^7.

89.

90.
91.

nii/i) (/(7h/i'« (lirartl ; Ni>. ^'ti-Jii; li;;. 1-J natural .size; ii-7, J: Chihiia-

liiia, Mi'xicd

/;»/■<( (//rdci/'x tiirard ; Ni>. •J.">7'.i ; lyiic; natiirul nizf ; (Joloradi) deNort.

Friiin Mai id

Hiifii roliniihiriisiH loliimhinisiH H. iV (J,; Nii. ll.'iltl; natural si/e ; Kf-

wafin \' alley

HiiJ'o tiiliiiiiliitiisi.i haliiphiUiM \\. Sl (i. ; natural size ; cojtiort frtnn Haird

r. S, Mfxiian lioiimlary Survey

/<(//« vompiiclilis : No. '.iiiii^' ; natural nize; Rinj^jjold Harracks, Texas.

A. Schott

IliiJ'o lifmiiiiiliri/K i'i>\)i' : No. ll'.W; natural .size; United State.s north-
ern Itouiidary

Ihi/ii iin/ii<itii« Say : natural siz*-; eojiied froin Uaird anilOirard, U, S.

1'. U. K. Survey

Iliifo hiiHniiiimiiH/owliii I'litn.; No. l(ifJ8.'>; Daiivers, Mass

/Ill fit IniiiiiiiKisiis iroodhuiiKii : natural size; eojiied from Bairil and

(iirar.l. T. S. ]'. |{. R. Survey

Hiifo lviiti;iiiiiiHiis iiniericaniiH ; natural size; eopied from Haird and

(iiraril. l'. S. P, R. R. Survey

Jliifii liiili<iiiiiiniin ItnliiiiiioHiiH Shaw; natural size; copied from Haird

and (iirard, I'. S. 1'. R. R. Survey

Hii/ii iiiiiiriciiH llollir.; No. 1;11M ; natural size, except (i and 7 = f

Itiifii ritUiiTiiH \\"\oi\; natural size; copied from IJaird, IJnitetl States

Mexican Riuindary Survey .

Siiiitliiiiiiiii hiiUmtiiki'i llarl.: No, l()(iO-4 ; natural size; Fhiritla Keys

Si'iipliiiijiiis iiiiirliii lariiii Cope: No. .")i^!»:{ ; natural size; Cape St. Lucas,

Call torn ia

Slim liaiiniiiiiulii iiitirmoiilatia Cope; No. lOit'Jt); natural size; Fort Walla

Walla, Washiniftoii

Sjua liniiiinoiiilii luiinmoiKlii Haird; No. l-l.V);}; natural size ; Colorado

and rtah rey;ion

.S/»((( liiiiiiiiiiiiiilii lioiiihi/roiiHCo\>v; No. St94:{; natural size; Camp Thome,

Yellowstone River

Sjiiii iiiiiltijiliciila Vi^H'-. No. IMiHl; natura?size; Valley of Mexico. J.

I'otls

IIijIoiUk liitraiiH Cope ; No. liliV.t ; natural sizn ; Helotes, Tex

Siirrhojiliiis iii(ir»ockii Cope; No. KUi;?.') ; nati.ral size; Helotes, Tex

-Irris ijriiUiiH Lfc. : No. llt!>"J4 ; natural size; ])es Moines, Iowa

('liiiro)iliiliiN iiriiiitiia Holhr.; No. i;{ti:{4 ; natural size; Helotes, Tex

C'liiirojihilii!<oiiiiliiil(tliM Haird ; .No. .Vjori ; natural size ; Riceliorougli, Ga.
('hiiriijiliiliis iiii/vHiis Lee.; No. 5!);?."); 1-4, natural size; t)-7, } natural

size ; Lilierty County, (Ja

Cliorophi I IIS fvrUtrii m Haird ; No. 12077: 1-4, natural size ; C>-7, f natural

size ; Mount Carmel, HI

ClioropliiliiH tiisi-riiituH Irixvridtiix Wied.; No. 8bi\'.\; 1-4, natural size;

<i-7, i )iatural size; Fairjilay, Colo

Uyla pickeriiijiii Holbr. ; No. ;J(108; natural size; Bostctn, Mass

Ujila reijiJla H. iV: G. ; No. l:?79(i; natural size ; liaird, Shasta County,

Cal.

HijUi sqiihrnn Hose; No.ll'.tll; natural size; Nashville, Ga...
Hyla aiidemoiii Haird; No, ;?tiOO; natural size; Anderson, S. C

491

•J47

•.'(>;!

•Jt>4
•J()(i
•v'tl-

•,'7-J

•i74

•,'7()
280

290
291

294

:wo
:toi

304

:W5

:{ii7

;50d
:!17
:U9

32fi

•.m
■Am

',V3&
■Ml

343

354

358
364
3G6

T

!

■ 'i

I

t i

492 BULLETIN 34, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MU«KUM.

Fio. 1)3. Hjila caroUiKiiaift Peiin. ; No. i:U78; natural size: Allapaba, Oa .i.x

'X\. Hjjli nreiiiculor Co\}*); No. fOrid; natural Hize; Utah Tn

i)4. lljila/i'inordUD Daud. ; No. U.V.H; natural hI/.o; Lilierty County, Oa... ITJ

9.'). Ilyht itrxicithr Lvc; No. 14i).">l ; natural nize : Rocht'stfr, N. Y ;::,

'M'>. Ilyln {imtlom Lei'. ; No. 'M't-^i ; natural hIzi' ; from (icorgia, ('. B. A(laui!« 'T'.i

'.•7. Enijiintoma caroHtienxe HoUtr.; No. HWKf ; natural size ; Columbus, Gn. .!S(i

1>8. HiJixipachui ritneiin Co]u^; .San Difgo, Tex iWi^l

9l>. /?((»« rirctrc/is ij)/i('HM((7)/ia/{« Cope ; No llUlti ; Nai^livilU', (rii )iio

100. L'aiia fiitHccnn ririicinx \it\hi\; No. f-Stii); natural Mize ; Tickfa«',Ga. . . in)

101. Hdiia vireacenx bvuchycephala Cojiu ; No. lOifJ'.J ; natural size; Fort Wal-

la Walla, Washington; (U\\n. C. Bt-ndire, U. .S. Army IM

102. Paiia puliixlfix Lcc. ; No. i:UO:i; natural nize; Garrison's, N. Y. ; T

Roosevelt In?

103. L'mia ureolata urvoUita B. iV G. ; No. 3H04 ; natural size ; Indianoln,

T.X 111!

104. HatKi tt)(olat(( onojiiixCoiw, No. 4743; naturalsizc ; Micauopy, Fla... 11. i

105. liana anoUita circiihmt llice A Davis; type in Museum, Champaign.

111.: No. '27 -I; natural size; northern Illinois Ill

106. liana •<e2)tentrionaUt Mainl; No. 3420; natural size; Garrison's Creek.

New York 117

107. Kaiia clamatu Daud.; No. 3,")01 ; natural size; Eutaw, Ala i.'l

108. nana cateMana .Sliaw ; No. 114iH) I.'l

109. liana ntonU:uma' Baird ; natural size; Lake Xochimilco, valley oj"

Mexico. E. D. Cope Ij.t

110. liana tcmporafia pretiosa Baird; No. 5973; natural size; Camp Mou-

jie, Oregon IM

HI. Jlana cantahriginsia latiremis Cope ; No. 13723 ; natural size ; Lake Al-

lokuagik, Alaska l.'.ii

112. nana cantabriijensi^cantahriijeiisin ham]; No. .')925; natural size; For'

Simpson 4:17

113. nana agiUi aitrora li. «& G. ; No. 3>77; natural sizf; Astoria, Oregon. iW

114. nana (Irayioni draytoni liainl; No. 8700; natural size ; mountains near

Fort Tejon, C.il 14,'

115. /I'nwd '"<»//ii Baird ; No. 3370; natural size ; Eldorado, Colo 41T

IK), nana silvatka Lee. ; No. 3388; natural size ; Quebec IMi

117. Choudrotitu clnfiulatuB Cope; type; No. 378(>; Aldieville. S. C l.V)

118. Bufo aduncnx Cope; type; No. 14100; Gainesville, Tex; | A'>i

119. Cliorophihix niyritiii wcn(Cosi(8 Cope : type; Volusiii, 'a 4.V,)

120. Grypiscus um&rinus Cope; Rio Janeiro ; | 4('>0

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EXPLANATION OF LETTERING ON PLATES.

A.— The ((irtiJiuifx, I'Kjamenfs, andmnKcUi.
A. p. Ascenilinj; itrocess of suspi'usor-

lUIII.

A. s. c. Anterior si'niielrcnlar canal,
At. Auuulns tympanioiw.

B. Halancer.

Bb. I, II, etc. Hasilirancbials I, II, etc.
Cb., cbr, I, II, etc. CeratobraucbiaLs 1,

II, ft.'.
Ch. Coratohyal.
Ctr. Cornn trabt'cnla-.
E. Br. I, II, etc. Ei)ibrncbial8.
Ecor. Epicoraooid.
Epa. Etbuiopalatino.
Epg. Epiptcryi^oiil.
Est. Epistapedial.
Eth. I'ara t'tbuioidea.
Eu. Eiistacliiau ligament,
HM. Ilyomandibnlar.
HQ. Ilyoqnadratt' ligament,
HS. HyosMHpenworial lignmoiit.
Hsc. Horizontal Homicircnlar caual.
II. Inferior labial.
Inc. Inttirnasal cartilage.
LI. Lower livbial.
Mb. Mandibiilo-byoid ligameut.
MK. Meckels cartilage.
Mat. Mesostapedial.
Na. Nasal roof cartilages.
Nc. N'otocbord.
OG', 0Q-. Otoglossal: 1, eartilagiuous;

•J, tibroua.
Pbc. Pnbic cartilage.
Pea. Trabecnloqnadrato cart.
Pd. Pedicle of suspensorinm.
Pg. Pterygoid,
Proc. Procoracoid.
Psc. Posterior semicircular canal.
Q. Qc. Qnadrate.
SI. Superior labial.
SSC. Snprascapula.
St. M. Mnsculus stapedius.
St. Stapes,
Tcr. Tegmen cranii.

Tr. Tiabecnliiiu.

Trab. Plate. Trabecular plate.

T. ty. TegnuMi tympani.

n. — The hones.

Als. AlispLeiioiil.

Ang. Angular.

a. r. ; a. r. t. Articulare.

As. Astragalu:'.

a. B, c. Anterior semicircular canal.

a. t, r. Apex of trabecule.

au. Auditory capsui

B. br. Ua.sibrancbial,

B. hy. Hasibyal.

B. o, Basioccipital,

C, Urostyle,
Ca, Calcnueum,

C. br. Ceratobrancbial.
C. c. Centrale carpi,

C. hy. Ceratohyal.
CI. Clavicle.

Co. Columella.
Cor. Coracoid.
Cu, Cuneiform.

D. Dentary.

I Di. Diapojihysis.
i Eb. Epibranchial.

Ecor. Epicoracoid.
' E. eth Ectetbnioid,
I ep. 1 >tic.

Eth. Etlimoid.

ExO., Bo. Exoccipital.

f FiVinlare.

Fe. Femur,

F. P. Frontoparietal,
I Fr., F. Frontal,
I H, Humeru.s.
j H. hy, Hypobyal.

Hy. Hypopopbysis,

I. Intermedium.

H. Ilinm.

Int. lutercalare.

Is. Iscbium.

1st. Interstapedial.

493

' -ll

M

'■if

494

BULLETIN 31, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

?!

n

i
J
1

iri

I- 1

So.

Sp.

Spe.

Spt.

': Sq.

i SSc

J. Jugal.

It. Luuar.

M., Mz. Maxillary.

Mn. Maudible.

N., Na. Niisal.

Npr. Nasonreuiaxillary.

N. px. Nasal proces.s of preniaxillary.

N. sp. Neural .spine.

Occ. ()ccii)ital coiulylo.

Odv. Odontoid vertebra.

Opo. Intcrcalare.

Os. Orldtd.splienoid.

08t. Ouio.stermini.

Pal., Pa. Palatine.

Pas., par. Paraspheiioid.

Pb. Pubis.

P. cor. Precoracoid.

Pef.. P.P. Prefrontal.

Pez. Prezy^opoidiy.si.s.

Pg. Pterygoid.

Pmx., px. Preitiaxillary.

Po. F. Postfrontal.

PoE, Po.stzyjj;opoi>liysiH.

P. Pa. Parietal.

P., pa. Po.sterior palatine.

P. pg. Palatopteryjfoid.

P. px. Palatine part of preniaxillary.

Pro. Prootic.

Ps. Parasplienoid.

Pt., Pg. Pterygoid.

Ptr. Pretransverso process.

Qj. Quadratojngal.

Qst. C^uadrato.stapedial articulation.

Qu., Q. Quadrate.

R. Hib.

r. Radiale carpi.

S. Scaphoid.

Sa. Sacrum.

Sea., Sc. Scapula.

Smx. Septoinaxillary.

Supraoccipital.

Si)lenial.
Splienethiuoid.
S(|uaiiia palatiua.

S(iuaiuosal.
Suprascapula.
St. Sternum.
St., Stp. Stapes.
Sy. Symphyseal.
T. Tiliale.
Tib. Tibia.
Tr. Temporal ridge.
U. Ulnare carpi.
u. Ulnare.
UR. UlnoradiuM.

U. S. Urostyle.

Vo. Vomer.

Vp., Vop. Vomeropalatine.

C. — Foramina and iiirvtm.

Car. Foramen carotidouni.
En. External nostril.
Fm. Foramen magnum.
Fo., Font. Fi>ntitn"lle.
Fso. Fenestra ovalis.

0. (Jasserian g;inglion.

Hsc. Horizontal si.Miiicircnlar cajial,
111. Internal nostril.
Mnp. Middle nasal passage.
Nerves. I. Olfactory nerve.
M. Optic nerve.
.''). Trigeminal nerve,
f)'. First or orbitonasal lua:. \i

of trigeminal.
5--')'. Ma.xillary nnd mauiij-
bular branclie,'^ of trig-
eminal.
7. Facial.
T'. Palatine(" vidian")liriii,(li

of facial.
f. Auditory nerve.
'.•. Olossopharyngeal.
10. Vagus nerve.

01. Olfactory capsule.
Olf, Ol., Nervus olfactorius.

Py. Pituitary liody, space, or n ;;,.i:i

1). — ritcetii iitid itntral /KriDx/* *;,->//(.

AB. Arteria I)rancliialis ; aorta bow.
AM Arteria meseuterica.
Ao. Aorta.
Au. Auricle.
B. Hrancbia.
BA. Hulbns arteriosus.
I Be. Hranchial cliamber.
Bf. Krancliial lissure.
Br. Brancliia'.

c. Cistus urinatorius : urinary bladder
CA. Corpus adi]iosum.

ol. Cloaca.

DC. Ductus cuvieri.

d. c. Ductus clKdedochus; diacodia
E. Eye.

Eab. Epidermal adhesive organs.
Eb. External brauchia-.
BE. Kpencei)halon (cerebellum).
Ep. Epiphysis (pineal body).
Po. Foiitanelle of oviduct.
gb. Gall bladder.

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THE BATEACIIIA OF NUKTII AMERICA.

495

H. Heart.

Hv. Ik'iiatic v.'iii.

Hyp, Hy. Hyiio])hy.si> ^lutnitaryboJj i.

I, i. Intestine.

K. Kiduey.

1. Lung.

1) 'iv. LivL'V.

1. ciiit. Anterior lobe of liver.

1. in. Largo intestine.

M Mdiitb,

ME. Meseneeiihalon.

MD. Miillerian dnct.

Med. Mcdia.-Iimun.

Mes. Mesentery.

MO. Miiiitb ol'ovidnet in cloaca.

n Xervi'.s.

O iividucts.

O Fiuitanelle of oviduct.

Oes. (Esopbagu.s.

Ov Ovary.

P. I'amreas.

P. C. i'li'XU-i cboro'idrii>.

Pe rniseiii^eplialon.

Pf. l'i'rir<ineal fold.

Ph. I'harynx.

Pp rapiulla' cloaciu.

Py I'yl.inis.

r. Kectnni.

Rh. Kbiuenceiihalon.

S. in. Small intestine.

Sp. Spleen.

Spx. Sapraplexus.

St., Stom. .Stouiaeb.

Sv. .Sinns veno.sus.

T, t. Ter,ti.'<.

TE. Tbalanienceiibalou.

Ur. Ureter.

Ut. I 'ret bra.

V. Ventricle of bead.
V B. Vena liraucbialis.
Vca. Vena cava ascendens.
Vd. \'a.s deferens.

Ve., Vek. Vena etferens of the kiduey.
Vet. \'ena etfen.'ii.s of the testis.

VI. Left ventriele.
VM. Vena nie.senterica.
VP. Vena portae.

Vp. Vena pnhuonalis.

Vr. liiglit vi'ntriele.

Viv. Fourth ventriide.

Veiitricle.softlie !)rain I. II, III, IV, V.

V. 1. Lateral ventricle.

Vre. Vena' revehentes renales.

M

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EXPLANATIONS OF PLATES.

PLATE I.

Xictiiritit maculatus. skeleton from below, two-thirds uatural size

PLATE II.

Xectunis maciilatiis, natural size.

Fig. 1. Skull, superior view.
'2. Skull, 'uferior view.
:i. Skull, left side, exterior view.

4. Skull, left side, interior view.

5. First and second vertebne, from below.

6. First and second vertebr.e, from above.

7. First and second vertebne, right side.

8. Atlas, from front.

;». Second vertebra^, from behind.

PLATE III.

(Copied from Wiedersheim's Kopfskelet der Urodeleu.)

I'lc. 1. Xccturns mdculatns, skull, from below, displaying the chondrocrauium of
one side.

•■i. NeciKvux maculatits, skull, from above, displaying the cartilaginous nasal cap-
sules.

:{. Cruplohrunclius alhglienienniH, skull, left side.

I. Ci-jiptohraiivhttn allef/henicnsiH, skull, from above, showing chondrocrauium of
one side.

."). CryptobraiichuH nllegheniensis, skull, from below, showing cartilages of one side.

PLATE IV.

S'lliiiiiii mnciilatus, two-thirds natural size, from below, showing viscera, mostly in
l>lace ; the altmeutury canal and corpus adiposum displaced to the right
side of the animal.

PLATE V.

Cijiiilobraiicluis aUegheniensis, skeleton, from above, half natural size.

PLATE VI.
<'iiiiiiobranchua aUegheuieiiaiH, skeleton, from below, half natural size.

PLATE VII.

I'njptobranchiis aUeghenienais, viscera from below in jiosition, two-thirds natural size.
Drawn by Prof. S. F. Baird. <(, auricle : r. ventricle of L«»art ; /,, liver;
wi, nu'diasfiuuii ; a, stomach; i, intestines ; o, oviduct; o', loutitnolle of
oviduct; //, gall-blailder ; r, rectum; c, urinary bladder.
1951— Bull. 34 32 4W

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j

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498 BULLETIN 34, UXITEU STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

PLATE Vin.

Cryptobraxclius alhyhenieiisis, skull.
Fig. 1. Superior face.
3. Inferior face.

3. Left side, exterior.

4. Left side, interior.

5. Left maudibular ramus, external side.

6. Left mandibular ramu.s. internal side.

PLATE IX.

(Copied from Wiedersheiin's Kopfskelet der Urodeleii.)

Fig. 1,

o

Siren lactrtimi, skull, left side.

Siren hiartina, skull, from above, oue-balf the cartilage exposed.

3. Siren Jacirtina, skull, from below, one-balf the cartilage exjiosed.

4. Proteus aniininus, skull, left side.

5. Proteii8 antjiiiuui, skull, from above.

6. Proteus anguinus, skull, from below. •

7. Jmphiuma means, skull, left side.

PLATE X.

Amphiuma means, skeleton, from below, two-thirds natural size,

PLATE XL

Amphiuma means, one-third natural sizt;; from Georgia. Copied from Cope, Proceiil-

ingsof the American Philosophical .Society, 18~t), p. 442.
Fig. L Skull, left side.

2. Skull, from above.

3. Skull, from below.

4. Skull, right half, from within.

5. Left mandibular ramus, external view.

6-'J. An anterior d(n\sal vertebra; tig. 6, front : 7, rear; t, bottom; St, top.
Chthonirpeton indiiitinctnm, R. A, L., three-eighths natural size; from Brazil. Coiiiid

from Wiedersheim, Die Anatomic dtT Gymnophionen.
Fig. I. Skull, from above.

2. Skull, from below.

3. Skull, left half, from within.

4-G. One and parts of two other vertebni' : 4, from al)ove ; '>, from below • li.
right side.

PLATE XIL

Amphiitma means Gard. three-toed form : viscera in place, except that the alimcMtiuv
cauai is ilisplaced to the right side of the animal. Two-thirds natuiiil
size.

PLATE XIII.

Hyoid apparatus of Batr.achuj. Figs. 1,3, '•,() dissected and drawu by E. E.Gait : .;,

4, and 7, by E. D. Cope.

Fig. 1. Xecturus mnvulalus, small, x 3.

2. Proteus angninus, adult, j.

3. Cryptobranchna alleglnnieiisis, adult, \.

4. ilegahbatrachus masimns, adult, \.

5. Am})hiuma mcanii, small, X 4.

6. Siren lacertina, small, x 4.

7. Jchthyophis ylutinosui. \.

THE BATRACHIA OF NORTH AMERICA.

499

Cope, ProceL'il-

roni below ■ li.

E. E.Giili ; J,

PLATE XIV.

Skeleton of Amblystoma punctatum, ouobalf natural size; superior view. No. 722.

PLATE XV.

Amblystoma punctatum, skeleton from below ; natursvl size.

PLATE XVI.

Amhiyatoma punctatum, skull, one-half larger than natural size.

Fig. 1. Skull, above.

','. Skull, below.

:{. Skull, left sidCj exterior.

1. Skull, left side, interior. The numbers below are those of the nerves which

issue from the foramina of the Hj;ure.

PLATE XVII.
Visceral anatomy of J mhlystonui punct<itiiin, from drawiuj^s by Prof. S. F. Baird.

Flu. 1. Viscera in place, from below.

2. Liver, from above; a, from below.

3. Corpora adiposa and ovaries; one outlined only.

4. Larynx, lungs, stomach, and spleen isolated.

PLATE XVIII.

Amhlystoma punctatum, development of larva, from drawings by Prof. S. F. Baird,

magnified foui' diameters.

Fig. 1. Embryo taken from egg 4 Hues in diameter, x 4.
'J. Another embryo, from above; <t from below.
;!. Larva just from the egg, from below, x .■^.
4. Larva two weeks free from egg, with three digits on luanus, from above;

II, from side; x 4; May, 11, lir4'^.
."). Larger larva, with posterior limbs, from above, x 4. "In six individuals,

all had the right branchia- less developed than the left;" note .S. F. Baird.
f). Hinil limb before development of digits.

7. Right fore-ibot, from above, of specimen older than fig. 4 ; .">-2r>, lr48.
-. Eye of lig. 4, showing lens.

PLATE XIX.

.tmhlyriloma upaeum and I'lethodoii eri/thronotuti, skulls, twice natural size.

Fig. 1-3. Anthlysiomii opacum.
4-(j. Plethodon irythronotua.

PLATE XX.

Anatomy of Amhlystoma ojxu'Mm, drawn by Prof. S. F. Baird.

Fi(i. 1. VLscera in place, from below ; lettering as before; female; natural size.

2. Oviducts and fat bodies; natural size; c/, cloaca; fo, foutanelle of oviduct;

A', kidney.

3. Stomach and liver; the latter everted, to show portal vessels.

4. Cloaca much enlarged, showing mouths of oviducts and labia (/a.).

5. Urinary bladder distended.

0. Urogenital sy.stem ; C A, corpus adiposum ; T, testis; k, kidney; vet, vasa
efferentia testis ; vck. vasa eli'erentia, reiiis; i'. (?. vas deferens.

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(

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500 BULLETIN' 1)4. UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

PLATE XXI.

Amhlystoma sp., viscera, drawn by Prof. .S. F. Baird.

Fig. 1. AmMyntoma jnunlaliim. viscera, natural size, female; the digestive ami uro-
genital systeni.sdrawn sei)arately ; lettering as before : cl, cloaca ; June, 1>4«.

'i. Amhlynloma 2)inict)itii)n, urogenital system of male, enlarged; letterinjr as
before ; May, l?-lt>.

II. J»i?(///>i/o?»(i (j^KKwu)! Grav., malf, cloaca ; 1, vas ileferens; '2, ureter; I?, grcKivt-
from each vas deferens, which unites with its fellow at apex of iK'ninsnIa
(9), and is continued as a branch on each side, dividing and inclosini: tlic
process (4), ami, reuniting, passes round the jiosterior part of the folds of
inend)rane (.')) ; 4, oval, liesliy bodies, supported on short stems t'(nial td
themselves ; ">, a series of deep folds of membrane of each side, nearly meet-
ing inferiorly; (I, slight protuberance in the depression between the fdlils;
T, folds which arise between the bodies (4) as one, and, bifurcating, >iiik
away behiml the folds (."ii; "•, a second set of folds anterior to 7.

4. Amhlyiitoina oiiaviim, liver from above; «, from below.

.'). Heart and branchial vessels of Sinn I<tvi'rtina, dia rraniniatic; *(, transverse
section of hiillnis arttrio-iiii-.

PLATE XXII.

Choiidrotus leiiehrosiis, skeleton of law, i. from above, natural size. Fig. 1, skull Irniii
below ; "2, lower .jiiw and hyoid .(rches from above. From Salem, Ore;;()ii

PLATE XXm.

f.H

m

N

ChondrotWf hnthrnniis, larva, natural si/e, from below,

PLATE XXIV.

Hyoid ajiparatus of Amhti/ylnitiidd : Figs. I, '2. and lidissected and drawn by Jii. K, E.

(Jalt: the remaimler by FI.D.Cope.

Fui. 1. ChondrotHH ti'nehnisng, from lielow ; !,

2. Choiidrotiiii triKbroxiin, larva, fnuii :iliii\i': X "J.

3. (' lioinlviit lis toil hnisiiy, larv:i, from below; x vj.

4. (,'hoiidrotiin nterrimiiH. from lielow : 'L •
f). Chondrotim aterrimiis, from above ; ij.

fl. Chondroliis parotiiiis, from below : ';.

7. Choiidvotiis jKirotiiii.f, t'ii>\' above; ij.

8. Clwndrotii'' di'Cdrliiiitiis, i'loin ]tv]iny ; ;j.

9. CliDiidrolim ddiirlhatun.fvuin above; L

10. LiiifjiKelapmni (unnilatii-i, from below ; f.

11. LiiigiKvlitjiKiit iitniuldtiin, fnun abo\e; f.

1-2. Li

ni<jiiivt(i}>'iiin liiitii>ii>f, trom ai)ove
13. Liuguahipxun hittitru>i, I'rom lielow

1

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1

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1

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■

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i

I'LATK XXV

Hyoid apparatus i\f Amlihixtoiiiidd an<l l[iiiii>lnid<r ; P"'igs. I,

and '.' dis-iitid

drawn by E. 1). C'oiie; ',i-7 by E. K, Giilt, and lu, 11 from R. Wieder?

Fk;. 1. Chcnidrotiii mia-ofitoiiuin, t'rnm \n'],t\v : x 1,
vJ. Choiidnitiia tiiicrvstomns, from sibove ; x 4.

CIiiiii(Ir')tii<i li iiihi

larva. si(

x-2.

-'•f

L'; II, tiaiisvir>c

iwii liy In. v.. v..

THE BATRACHIA OF NORTH AMERICA. 501

Fk;. 4. Amhhiotomit piiiicfadim, from he]o\i: ; X -.
5. Jmhlystoma pHiictafum,\arvn, Hitlt^; ">.
(i, Amblyntoiiia tnncrodaciijlum, from below ; x 'i.
7. Amhlyxtoma tigrinum, from below ; x "i.
H. Ambhjstoma epimnthinn, from above: x li
'.>. Ambliifitom<ije(ttr!ionia)ntm, from above; x 3.
l(t. IJyiioh'iUH nariuii.
\l. L'aiiidens sibiriciifi.

PLATE XXVI.

Phthodon ijl.itinoviis. skull, twice natural size.

FifJ. 1. Skull, above.

V'. Skull, below.

i. Skull, left side.

4, Skull with maudible, from behiml.

PLATE XXVII.

Fig. 1-4. Autoda.r lutjiibris, skull, natural size.

1. From left side, exterior.

2. From above.
',i. From below.

4. Left side, interior.

Fui. '>-7. Manciihi'i qiKtdridif/ihttiis, three times natural size.
G. Skull, from above.
7. Skull, from below.

5. Skull, from left side.

PLATE XXVIII.

Fui. 1-3. Spthrpes loniilcatidn, skiiU. twice natural .size, with cervical vertebrte.
1. Skull, above.
•,'. Skull, b.low.
;{. .'■ikull, left side.
4-<.'>. Spetn-jict hilintdta, skull, three times natural size, with three cervical ver-
tebra'.
4. Skull, above.
r>. Skull, below.

6. Skull, left side.

PLATE XXIX.

Spchrpis rubtr. skulls of larva and adult, twice natural size.

Fig. 1-3. Larva nearly mature.

1. Skull and three vertebra-, from above.
'2. Skull and three vertebra-, from below.

3. Skull and three vertebrie, from left -iide.
4-G. Skull of adult.

4. From above.
.'). From below.
6. From left side.

PLATE XXX.

(Copied from Parker. Spvlerpes ruber, skulls of ailnlt and larva, much enlarged.)

FlG. 1-2. SpeJerpes ritber, larva, younger than that represented in the last plate (xxix).

1. Skull, from above.

2. Skull, from l)elow.

■ li

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502 BULLETIN 34, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Fig. 3-5. Adult.

3. From ahovc.

4. From below.

5. From right sidf,

6. Gyritiophihi/i porphjrUicun, part of right side of skull of larva, showin)^
trabecnla, etc.

PLATE XXXI.

Spehrpca ruher, viscera, 5 , drawn liy 8. F. Baird.

Fio. 1. Viscera, in situ, natunil nize ; eggs nearly ready for exiiulsiou. Lettering is
before. Ik. The heart removed. I'ca, aseending veiuj cava: J, auricii ;
VP, vena pHlmoiiulin ; v. ventricU'; Hii, bulbus arteriosus : cc.l, eaii.ili-i
couimuuis urterio.sus.
M. Fontanello of oviduct, near stouiach.

3. Left ovary with corpus adiposum on left side.

4. Liver; a. from below.

5. Cloaca and kidney, with vasa efterentia reuis and vas deferens.

f). Phthddon (jli(tino8iin, 5, kidneys, from l)elow: r « k' vasa elVerentia n mi-
stretched out ot jilace to mUow their course, (ui left of figun-.

PLATE XXX IL

Bones of L'rodela three times natural size; drawings by Prof. S. F. Baird.

Fig. 1. .'^capular arch of one sideof 5/)e/e»7(es j-n/ifc whichhas just passed its nietaniur-
phosis; the branchiii- not (luite obliterated: Carlisle. Pa., .Tujie Vi. 1*49

2. Humerus of the sanie.

3. Cubitus and manusof the same.

4. AmIiljjatomnpiDictatinii, posterior Ifg of larva just changing to the adult.

PLATE XXXIII.

Skulls of (ryriiiophiliis porphyriticiti^.

Fig. 1-3. Skull of adult ■ rural size.

1. Fromabu\e.

2. From below.

3. From left side.

4-6. Skull of advanced larva, twice natural size,

4. From above.

5. From below.

6. From left side.

PLATE XXXIV.

(Copied from W. K. Parker.)

Fig. 1-4. Oyrhwjyhilus iwrplniriticits, larva-, much enlarged.

1-2. Larva less advanced than that represented in Plate XXXIII,

1. From above.

2. From below.

3-4. Larva still less advanced than that represented in tigs. 1,2.

3. From abov^.

4. From below.

5-6. DesmognatliHH fusca, skull.
T). From above.
C. From below.

erentia nni-

THE BATRACHIA OF NORTH AMERICA.
PLATE XXXV

503

Hvniil apparatus of Plethodoutidii-, aissectotl iuul drawn by Dr. E. E. Gait, excepting

tij;8. 11 and I'i.

Fill. 1.
;<,

4,

5,

f.

7,

8,

I),

10,

11,

12

Fid. 1.

;{.

4.

5.
ti.
7.

-»,

;).

rUihorlon ongonensis, inferior view, x 2,
I'lethodoti ghitiiionus, inferior view, x 2.
Aiitodax hinubriii, inferior view, x 2.
Ikttracho' ps atteiniaitia, inferior view, x 3.
llimidactjilium acittutum, inferior view, x '.'>.
Gyrinophilus porjyhijritiviis, inferior view, x 3.
SpelerpiH ruhet; superior view, X ^i.
Spehrptu ruber, inferior view, x '■'>.
Spdcrpts ruber, larva, superior view, x 4.
SpchrpvH riihir, larva, inferior view, X 4.
Spehrpvx hiitjivdudidi, inferior view.
ManciilH8 quadridigitatiia, inferior view.

PLATE XXXVl.

Hyoid apparatus of Urodela.

Desmofinathna fitaca, inferior view, x :< ; Dr. Gait.

UkmyctijhiH toroaua, inferior view, x 'i: Dr. Gait.

Dknvjctylux riridcacenx, superior view, x '2: Dr. Gait.

Dienu/ciyliiH rirideaccna, lateral view, x 2.

UiemyctiiUix pttlmatiia, inferior view, x li.

SalamatidriiKi prrspiciUata, inferior view, x <>; from Parker.

SnhiniaitdriHd perapicillata, larva, inferior view, X •': from Parker.

llemixahimaiidracristata, X vJ ; inferior view.

Chiogloasa hiaitaiiica, inferior view, x '•<.

PLATE XXXVII.

Fig. 1. Sttlamandra mnciilosa, Hkeletou, natural size.

•J. Thoriua pitnmiuhia. skull, from side, X 4.

;i. Thoriita peunatuhix, skull, from above. X 4.

4. Thoriita ptniiatuliis, skull, from l)elow, x 4.

PLATE XXXVIII,

Fui. 1-4. Diemycti/hix tomsua, aknU, much enlarged : copied from Parker,

1. From above.

2. From below.

3. Right mandibular ranuis, external view.

4. Right mandibular ramus, internal view.

')-9. Salamandrinajierapicnhtla, skull; copied from Wiedersheim.

5. Skull, from above.

6. Skull, from below.

7. Skull, from left side.

8. Skull, from front.

9. Skull, from behind.

PLATE XXXIX.

Diemyctylus viridcacciia, much enlarged ; copied from Parker.

P'lG. 1. Skull of adult, from above.

•2. Right ramus of mandible, inner side

1

504

BULLETIN ;U, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

\

Fig. 3. Ilyoid ni)paratnM of adult, from below.
4. Skull ot'larvn, I'roiii aliovf.
fi. Skull of larva, from below,
fi. Hyoid aiijiaratus of larva, from above.
7. Basis crauii of very yonn>{ Inrva.

PLATE XL.

Crodela, viscera isolated autl much enlaruetl. From tlrawiny by I'rof. 8. F. Baini.

Fig. 1-2. Spehrpcs riiher, kidney and vas deferens, 5.

1. The tubules of the kidney displayed from above; (/. iunreat»T ditail

from below.

2. The \ asa efterentia ; diagrammatic.

U. (iyrlnophUus porphyrilicun, liver and central circulatory system of a liirj^o

larva.
4. Pklluxloii yliithi09U>i, 9, liver, natural size.
5-9. Diemyiiytiis ririihscciiH, 5 .

;'),G. Reprodiietivo organs an»l cloaca of male.

7. Kijrht corpus adiposum, inferior surface, X 4.

8. Testis.

y. Kidney, vas deferens, and va.sa etferentia.

PLATE XLI.

Central nervous system of Urodela, enlarjjed.

Fio. 1. Spihrpfs nilxr, from above; a, from below.

2. Jmhlyatoma jutuctatuin, 9, brain and cranial nerves of the left siile from lir-

low. The cranial nerves are numbered. (;, Ga.sserian gan<;lioii ; («. 1 un-
necting branch between trijieminus and facial nerves ; /,, jiart of l;ib\ rimli.

3. DiemyvtyhiH riride^ccitx, brain, from abo\e; u, from below ; h, from left siilf;

/'(■, prosencephalon ; Up, epiphysis; JA\ thalamence)dialon ; ME, niesiu-
cephalon ; EIi, epenceidialon ; /(', fourth ventricle: //i/j>, hypophysis.

4. Dinnyctylii'i viridvicttiD, semicircular canals.

PLATE XLII.

Larval and breeding stages of Salamanders.

Fig. 1. GyriHophiliis porphyritiiKK larva, natural sizt-; June :{.

2. Spckrprs loiHiicaiidiis larva x 4; May 21i.

3. DkmyclylKK viriihscciin, breeding male, natural size ; a inferior side of hind leg,

showing corneous nuptial excrccences, and tips of digits.

PLATE XLIII.

Siren lacertina, skeleton from below, two-thirds natural sifc.

PLATE XLIV.

Siren lacertina, splanchnology; three-tifths natural size.

For lettering see general explanation. The mesentery is divided so that the ali-
mentary canal can be extended outw,ird to the right side, so as to display ilie
other organs. The lines VM and Mes, on the right of it, extending from the testes ici
the gall-bladder represent the borders of the gap opened by the section. 'I'lie
cloaca is divided, exposing the mouths of the urethra and ureters. For heart :ii.il
vessels see Plate PJ, tig. 5.

IP

iii

UM.

THE BATRACHIA <>F NORTH AMERICA.

505

f. 8. F. Hair.l.

KrcHtt'i' detail

tcmof a 1m I ''n

side from lic-
lion ; Co, roii-
t ol" l;(ltvrjiiili.
'0111 left siilc;
ME, im.siu-
ypopbysis.

le of hiud Kg,

that tbe ali-
) display tlio
I tbo testes ii>
lectioii. Tlie
''or heart and

Carpus

■ I'LATK XLV.

and tarsus of Rbacbitomi and llrodela, natural size, excepting Fig. 1, wbiob is
ouc-balf natural size.

KiiJ. 1. Carpus of Eryop» megacepliahiH Cope, from the Permian formation of Texas.
J. yectnriia mnviilaliin, carpus and tarsus.
3, CryptuhranchuK aUeyhcnkiMH, carpus and tarsus.
I, Amhlyntomtt oixniim, carpus and tarsus.
5, PIcthoiluii tjhitiiioniiH, carpus and tarsus,
ti. Sjii'lirjHH riihcr, carpus and tarsus.

7. DtKinDiiiuitliiiK fuHvH, tarsus.

8. DkinydyUis tonmiin, carpus and tarsus.

'.», DiemyvtyUm riridenvena, carpus and tarsus.

Carpus

I'Ki. 1.
■>

;{.
1.

ti.

7,

PLATE XLVI.

and tarsus of Ratrachia, from dra\viiij;s made liy Dr, Georgo Baur, enlarged,
except Fit;s. vJaiid'.', which arc natural size.

Xi'i'tiiruB iiiariihitiix, young of, :U luiii X ;>'•: « carpus. // tarsus.
MfyalolmtntdiiiK Japo'iiciiM, natural size; a carpus, b-c tarsus.
Cryittobnittchiii tiJUiiht iniKxin, tarsus {.
Jmi>hiiiiiia inetnm, u-b carpus; c tarsus: X oO.
Sinn hirtrliiKi, caijius x '2.
OnyihoiUtctyht» j(qH)iikitii, a carpus, b tarsus.
(ieotriUm fi'xcun, tarsus X Ci.
l{emi<JnctyUiim sciitdtiim, tarsus X (?.

Jnhi'ii(inaiinix(kchviii\'un'SU'\vT. froiii a specimen in tbe Museum of Tiibiugen;
drawn by A. F'roriep; natural size.

PLATE XLVIL

Carpus and tarsus of European Hatrachia. inncli enlarged. Fioni (iegenbaur, Uu-
terstichungen zur Vergl. Auatomie d. Wirbeltbierc I Hift. Carpus u. tarsus.

Fui. 1-2. I'l-otiiis aiigiiiniin, carpus and tarsus; 1 carpus, 2 tarsus.
;!. Sahimiuiilni mdviiliisa larva, carpus.
4. Salamandra mavnlona larva, tarsus,
f). SiihinKuidra iiKtciihsa adult, carpus.
(), Sahimainlra maviiloxa adult, tarsus.
7. Mohji: rnliiKris, carpus.
J''. Mohje vtdijarh, tarsus.
K. nombhiator kjneus, carpus.
1(1. liombimitur iyiitn", tarsus.

11. rhrynixrnn cnicij'er, carpus.

12. Eana temporaria, carpus.

13. liana cHcuhnta, tarsus.

PLATE XLVin.

The relations of tbo (piadrate, stapedial, and hyoid apparatus. In Figs. 1, 3, 9, 14,15,
and lt> the siiuamosal bone has been removed. Figures twice natural size, except-
ing 1, 3, 4, 7, and 8, which are natural size, and 10, 11, and 12, which are three times
natural size. From Copo in the American Journal of Morphology, 1888.

Fig. I. XectnriiK macnlatnn: squamosal removed.

2. Protcnii unyninnn.

3. Cryplobranchus alhgheniinnix; tbe middle of the s(iuamosal removed, tbe ex-

tremities remaining.

'■ .

.'if

■h

^"^

" I

i;
4 '

1 !

T •-

506 BULLETIN 34, TNITKI) STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

FlO, 4. .Iniiiliiumu hkyjhk.

5. TyphloiuctcH comjirinniaiudiiii, from tlii' Rflizi-.

(!. Dirmophis mfjicuHim, witli tin- ipiadrnti^ lioiio turned up, lixpiising its iiifi-
rior face, ami that of tho nuatlratiiiugal: 4a, the ((iiatlrate in normal \»<.
sition. From Mexico.

7. ChoiidrotiiH tcnrhroDiix larva, 2.'i(l mm.

8. Chomlrotm Uinhromin, adult.

9. Amhlyntoma ti<iriiium larva ; Hquamosal removed.

10. Amhijjslitino puiictatiim, adult.

11. Ilfmidiivtyliiim sciitatiim.

12. liatrnchoKcps atienuntus.
i;t. (luriiiopliUiii porphiinUciin.

14. Ph'tliodon (jlutinoHun; s(iuamosal removed.

15. Autodar luf/uhfin; sipiamosal removed.
IG. iSpvlvrpen rithcr: sqiiiimosal removed.

PLATE XLIX.

Tho relations of the <iuadrate, Htapcdial, and hyoid npitaratus in Umdela and S.ili
I'litia. Figures twice natural size, with seiiarato details larger. FrointJope, Anier-
ican .Journal of Morphology.

Vui. 1. iMnmonniilhiiD iii'ira, the siiuamosal in place; n, stajjes sepiirate and en-
larged.

2. Sahimmidra viacnlatti j ; the squamosal separated.

3. DkmyclyJiiK torusux, squaniosal removed; o, separate sciuamosa'.

4. DiemyctyhiH riridi'nceiix, three times natural size, the squamosal removed ; '.'n.

the s(|uamosal, external side; fc, apex of ceratohyal. with hyo(|uadiatr

ligament.
.">. Sinn hicertuia |. H([uamo.sal in place.
(). Disvoijloxxiin pivtiix, partly posterior view ; «, ear-hones an<l origin of eer.itn-

hyal, enlarged.

7. liiifo UntiyinonHs amcrkHnitu, tht; squamosal removed; a, the acjuamosal >i\i-

arate.

8. Spea hammondii, tlio squamosal removed; n, the bqinunosal; h, the ''ai-

bones.

9. Hyla gratiom, tho squamosal removed; a, the squamosal; h, the ear-boms

and cartilages in protile, the cartilages of the tympanum divided by ver-
tical section ; c, the ear-bones and cartilages undivided, external view.

10. XenopuH cakardtus, partly from behiml, with squamosal in i>Iace.

11. Sk'irocyclopa iHcfrts.srt/H'*, sfiuamosal in place; «, stapes and ear-bones .lud

cartilages.

12. Rana prctlosa, s((uainosal in place: I'ar-bones and vertically divided carti-

l.ages.

PLATE L.

The quadrate, hyoid, and auditory elements. From Cope, American Jouruiil of Mm-

phology, 18d^.

Fig. I. Ranarirescciis, x 2; a, squamosal bone; fc, ear-bones without epistapedial : x 1

2. Rana lurenccnx, larva with hind legs, and developed fore legs concealed ; tin-

skull X2; a, the hyoid apparatus from beloiv x 4.

3. Rana cateshiana, advanced larva, skull, without hyoid elements, except

ceratohyal X 3.

4. Trinierorh(ichi8 insiynis Cope; left posterior part of skull from below, the

mandible in place; natural .size. P^rom the Permian bed of Texas.

i

.

M.

sing its 111 fe-
ll normnl \u,.

Tin; ItATRACIIIA OF NolM'll AMHKICA.

507

fla aiitl S;ili-

llCopc, AllHT-

rate and in-

removcd ; •.'/(,

ll,VI)l|llllllr,ltr

;in i)t' ci'i'ato-

uamosal si]i-

h, tin' car-

ln' car-lKPtics
v\i\i'{\ liy Mr-
iriial view
I'.
ir-li()H('H .hhI

ividcd carti-

rtial of Mm-

ipt'dial ; X 1
iic'calod ; tlir

ents, fxci'iit

I below, till'
ixas.

I

Frd. •>■ TIk' Haiui' Hpocii'H : aiiotlior individual ; sanic view, without stisppiisoriuni and

lowtT jaw.
tl. /iitracliyn firratiiH Copr, r'mM postcrioi' part of skull, snin'tior view, Nlio\vint{

intcli (Ty) for tjiiiimnii; nit'iiihr.'uui; natural si/.i' ; fiuni the I'crniian bod

t)f Texas.
7, Tbe Haine Hjieciuien as \\)i. (I, from below. disj)la,vinn colunnlla or stapi's.

ri(. 1.
:t.

4.

fi.

9.
10.
11.
12.

i;!.
11.

15.
10.
17,

IM,
lit.
'iO,
•il.

PLATE LI.

li'inia rirtmui'i, lijoid apparatus of larva represented on Plate XLVH. fij:. 2,
riniit side, from below ; ri>;lit ceratobraneliials cut olfdistally : X l.

h'aiia vltimatii, larva, just free from ejig x *> : a, tjie same from below.

h'linii claintilo, saiiu* brood as "J, three days from e|ij{; rijiht fiill wanting.

h'atiii (•iit(nl)ia)i(i,yinu)ff larva with small fore lejr inclosed in branchial cliani-
ber; X -i.

liana vaUnhiana more advanced ; fore ley partially protruded from bran-
chial lissure ; X 'i.

Hiiiiii luiexbUiuu, individual represented in ti^;. It, Plate XLVII : foreleg fully
protruded, but the branchial lissurt* ((d' right side) not closed ; X 2.

lUiHtt vatefhidiia, same as lig. I, disphiying form of externa", branchial cham-
ber : X 2.

Hana votexbiana, larva of age of tig. ."i, showitig branchial chamber, nud the
pharynx bounded by a dotted line; x 2.

liana riirticcnii, hyoid aj)i)aratus of adult, from below.

J!ana artnlata ch-ftihia, hyoids from below, \.

liana drantniii draiitoni, hyoid apparatus from below. ;.

liana monteziimir, hyoid apparatus from lielow, f.

yi'((»ia miilahrii/rnnit, hyoid apparatus from below, j.

lljjla rarolintnsin, hyoid ap))aratus, f.

lAlhodjitex httraim, hyoid apparatus, \.

Spta miiltiplirata, hyoid apparatus from below, {.

Spca hammoiidii homliifroiiK, hyoid ajtparatus from below, \.

Sjwa hammoiidii hommondii, hyoid ai)paratus from below, -{.

Cliondrolus tcjAxiis, hyoid of young just afte. absorptiou of liranchia;, X 4.

Typhloiiectcs onnprcfiHicaiidua, hyoids, \.

DcrmophiH mexicaniie, hyoids, (.

PLATE LII.

Viscera of Hatrachia.
Fid. 1. Xecturus lateraHs.

2. tmblystoina nuxivanum, larva (Sired(Ui).
'.\. CryptobranclniH alleiilwnivnfiiii.
4. Amphiuma iiieann.
Lettering: P, pancreas ; oe, o'sophagus ; I'v, portal vein ; pyl, pylorus: o, gall-bladder;
dc, ductus choledochus.

PLATE Lin.

Viscera of Batrachia.

Fiii. 1. Siplionops anniihUus ; c, urinary bladder.
2. Salamandra maculosa.
:{. I'ipa amcricana ; py, pyloric constriction.

4. Xinopun capensis ; dc, ductus choledochus; py, pylorus; cr, ca'CO-rectal con-
striction.
•'■>. Biifo sp.

•I
I

ill

1 ,1

; 1

ifa:

hi'
''W

fSW'

i .

I'-

'W

ri

..

i ii li^ rl

508 BULLETIN 34, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

PLATE LIV."
Digestive apparatus of Salientia

Fig. 1. Pelohates fuscits.

2. Pseiidis j)ar(idoxa, larva.

3. Pleurodema bibroni ; py, pylorus.

4. Ciratophrys dorsata.

5. Leptcdacti/hts ti/phoniua.
tj. Engystoma mkropa.

PLATE LV.

Viscera of Salientia,

Fig.

Bufo melanostictvB.
Hyla cam lea.
PhyUomedusa hicolor.
Himisua i/iiinei'nse.
linrictps yibbosus.
Eana caltsbiana.

PLATE LVI.

Brains of Batracbia, chiefly Salientia, natural size or enlarged two diameters.

Fig. 1. ytctitriia maculains, fight ventricle exposed ; a, roof of meeencephalou rt-
nioved; b, floor of mesencephalon enlarged.

2. Bemisal'imaudra cristata. from above ; a, sagittal .section of mesencephalon :

6, prosencephalon, right ventricle exposed ; c, floor of mesenct'i)halon.
showing comuiis.sure c and cerebellnni, cjjc, and fourth ventricle, iv; d.
commissure from bihind: p. c, plexus choro'ideiis.

3. Si})liono}>s (inuulalus (Mus. Herolin.), from above: a. sagittal section, tin-

posterior part of the hemisphere cut off obli«iuely ; b, hemispheres sprtad
apart, displaying thuiamencej)halon and mesencephalon ; c, prosenceidi-
alon, left ventricle exposed; d, thalaniencephalon with epiphysis, fntiu
above; e, mesencephalon, epencephalon, and fourth ventricle;/, fourth
vertricle on removal of cerebellum. Lettering; pr, jjrosencephalon : »i»,
mesencephalon; te, thalaniencephalon; ee, epencephalon; hy, hypophysis;
(■;*, epiphysis; iv, fourth ventricle,

4. Bufo viridis. from above, left ventricle exposed; a, sagittal section; p. c,

plexus choroideus.

5. Epidalea calamita, with plexus choroideus.

6. Ahjtifi obateiricatiH.

7. Pelobatea fuscna.

8. Pleurodema bibroni.

y, Leptodactylua caliyinosus.
10. Phrynomantia bifasciatua,
IL Ilrevicejja moaaambicua.

12. Phinoderma darwinii.

13. Atelopiis variiia; a, roof of mesencephalon 'emoved, showing floor; ft, pros-

encephalon, left ventricle exposed.

14. DipIopeJma oniatum.

15. HyJambatea maculatua.
1(3. Rana eryihraea.

17. Eana escnlenta, from above, with plexus choroideus removed (p. c); a, right

hemisphere removed, left ventricle expo.sed, and mesencephalon exposed;
h, left ventricle.

18, Xcnopna capenaia: a, right ventricle and tbalamencephalon exposed; p. r.,

choroid plexus and artery.

THE BATRACHIA OF NORTH AMERICA.

509

^meters.
;phaloii rt'-

ncepbalon :
snceplialon.
riclt', iv ; d.

lectiou, till-
leres spn-ud
[)r()sencei>h-
thysis, from
o; /. fourth
thalon : m<,
lypophysis;

;tiou ; p. c,

or ; h, pros-

;.); a, right
>ii exposed ;

osed ; p. c.

I

PLATE LVII.

Viscera of Salieutia with the digestive organs removed. There remain the urogeni-
tal, the respiratory, and the central circulatory systems.

Fig. 1. Bufo Iviitiginomts amcricaiius, ^.

2. Scaphiopiis holbrookii, <J .

3. liana 2)alu8tri8, 9 ; ovary of the right side removed, so as to display the kid-

ney and oviduct. The greater part of the left lung is also cut oft', in order
to display the fontanelle of the left oviduct.

PLATE LVIII.

Biifo lentiginoius amcricanus, skeleton, natural size, from above.

PLATE LIX.
Jiiifo lentiiji)W8U8 americanua, skeleton, natural size, from below.

PLATE LX.
liufo pantherinuB, uatura. size, from below.

PLATE LXL

Xenopun capcnsis, natural size, from below.

PLATE LXIL

Ceratophrys ornatus, natural size, from below.

PLATE LXin.

Fiu. 1. Brericeps gihho><u8, natural size, from below.
2. Pelobates fuHcus, natural size, from below.

PLATE LXIV.

Fig, 1. nyla versicolor, natural size, from above.
2. Hyla versicolor natural size, from below.

PLATE LXV.
Calliila pulchra, natural size, from below.

PLATE LXVL

littua catesbiana, natural size, from above.

PLATE LXVIL

Hanii cateabiana, natural size, from below.

PLATE LXVin.

Details of osteology o{ Salieutia, including Discoijlossida, Asterophrydida; Pelodytidce,

and Scaphiopida.

FiG. 1. Spea hammoiidii hammondii, cranium from above, and a sternum of subspe-
cies bombifrons.
2. Scaphiopiis couchii, sternum.
'i. Scaphiopiis holbrookii. skull and sternum (a).
4. Didoviis calcaratus, skull.
Ti. Pelobatea fiisciis, sternum of large tadpole.

* I \:

i^

lis,-

11

I .5:

|i

1 '■

1t

olO BULLETIN 34, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Fio. 6. PeJoboifi fi(sci()<, t'umt of skuU.

7. CiiUyipis provincialix, skull: I'roiii Diiges.

8. Diilociis calcarafus, steriiuiu.

t». Mvijaloplirijs montanus, front of skull.

10. LtptohriuliiiiM lianneUii, skull.

U. Pehilytfi jiHiiclatiifi, top of skull.

V2. Xeiio2)hrii.i motiticola, front of skull.

13. Bomhi 11(1 for iijiims, skull ; from Parker.

14. JlyteH oh>itttriv(ui>i, skull: from Parker.

15. l)i'nvijIo>'xufi ])i(.tu.i, iidult ; vertebral columu aud skull from above ; steruuiii

from below.
1(), iJiacoijhissiis pktim, skull of a younger animal from above.

PLATE LXIX.

Including Pipkin; Xinopidd', J'ltfonido; and Rhinophrynida.

Fu;. 1. Pipa ((wencfUKi, frontoparietal and nasal bones; a, sternum, from IJoulfii^ir.
'2. A'(»i(j(»'< c((j(( /isi«, axial part of skull from above ; f, ethmoid bone; u«, orlntn-
sjdienoid; n nasal.

3. Mjiobatrachwi ijniihli, front of skull from al)ove, with and without prefrnntals.

4. Pseiidophryiu aiiatmUi, skull from above; a, sternum.
r>. EpidtiJea cuhimitu, skull from above.

<!t Biifo inurgarilifer, subsp. inx^icns, skull from below, the vomers lemnviil.
showing palatines; a, anterior half of skull from above, part uf froniD-
l>arietal bone of one side removed to show superior plate of etlimoid.

7. Biifo /tiniinlosKn (Peru), young animal, with and without prefrontals.

8. Biifo fipinulosiii, adult.

9. Bitfo hntigiiiosiix amerkanns.

10. Bitfo delahuidi (Mus., Paris).

11. Btifij piintheriiiuti ; frontoparietal bone removed ■m Imth sides displaying

ethmoid.

12. Bu/o mreiis.

13. Biifo cariileostictiia ; a, sternum.

14. Peltdphryuv ]nllticvphala. hcail.

15. Otaspin inijxisii, head.

l(), BhiiioidiryiiHS dorsalis. front of skull from above.

PLATE LXX.
Cystigiiiithidu.

Fig. 1. Pseiiilt^ I'niunum, skull from above.

2. Pseiidix mtiiitidactyla, superior axis of skull.

3. Pfteiidh paradoxn, superior axia of skull.

4. Cyclcirhamphitx fiiUijinoiui: skull, separate ethmoid bone, and sternum.
.'). MUoplnns /(tsviohitiin, cranium from above.

6. StomhitsanHriatiiiis, superior axis of skull.

7. CvnitDphrys onidtus, young; superior axis of skull.

"*. Stiimhiis hoiii, skull with crests from above; u, do., axis only ; «liagramMiiitu'.
'J. Centophrys dormitd, anterior extremity of ethmoid.

10. C7li)•o^j)^.s UHs/ca/i.'«, part of skull of individual not fully mature; u, perfect

sternum.

11. Grypincna nmbriniin. a, skull ; b, sternum, ami c. sacrum with urostyle.
I'i. Calyptottphalun <iuyi, head from above.

13, Limiunntdiim tiuicroylofixd, tiknW nui\ ethmoid; the former showing thin "--

silication along the sagittal suture.

14. CoplKiitb marmortttus, with separate ethmoid.

1

I

W

THE BATRACHIA OF NORTH AMERICA.

511

Fig. 15. Ilorborocates tasmaiiitn^in, crauiuiii.

10. Jiorborocii'tesjteroiiii, two skulls.

17. Helioporiis aJbipinictatita, skull.

IS, Helioporus albipunctatus, sternum.

ve ; sternum

I Hipiilcii^'cr,
'; w«, nrltitu-

prelrmit.ils.

rs reniiivtil,
rt of froiiid-
t !iiiioi<l.
atals.

display] u;;

ruuui.

ij;raiiiiii;ilif.
; (1, jurte<t
)st.vle.
ng thiu o^-

PLATE LXXI.

Cystignathidw—Coatiuued.

19. EyperoUa marmorata, part of cranium, and separate etlimoid.

20. Hyperolia marmorata, sterunm.

21. rahidicohi brachyopa, cranium.

'22. Lithodut(ii Uitratis, vraiiimn; «, sternum.

23. niiyiichuUntris roseu.'i, with and without prefrontal bones.

24. Ji^iiaujihiis tiodosHS.
2.5. HylorhiiKi irnva.

2ti. Crinia ijiorgiaiia, skull and ethmoid.

27. Ahodvn monticola, froutoparietal boues and sacrum of type specimen.

•iS. I'JturQdema bibroni, skull part.

2'.t. Liiipeniii marmoratua, skull part.

'MK liiihoiiiafi plicifroiia, skull.

;?1. liiiboiiiaa plklfrons, sternum.

;i2. Elosia biifonia, with separate ethnoid.

X]. EJoHia naaua. •

;?4. Syrrhophua marnockii.

;{,'). CroaaodactyluH gaudichaudii.

;i6. IJylodva hntiia.

:?7. llylodea oxyrhyuchua.

;5r. Hylodin martinicenaia.

;!'.<. LcptodactyJita catiginoaua f

lit, Liptodactylua *.

II. Cyatigiiathua ucellala.

42. Ungual phalanges of CystignathidM'. Nos. 5, li, Hylodes; 2:5,24,Cystigaatbi.

PLATE LXXII.

Ilylidn.

Fig. 1. Thoropa mi^siessii, top of front of .skull.

2. Choropliihta oniatua, top of skull. Fig. a, premaxillary boue : b, maxillary;
t, i)refrontal ; d, ethmoid ; /, squamosal ; ;/, i'soccij>it;ti ; h, forameii mag-
num.

1{. llypniboaa xerophyllum, from of top of skull.

4. Jlyjiaihoaa cripitana. front ttf top of. skull.

."). llypnih<)na albomargiiiatua, front of top of skull
membraue.

('). Ilypaihoaa piDivtatiia, front of top of skull.

7. Ciiicli}acopHa maximita, front of top of .skull.

P. Uyla /<'MC(>Hit7a«, front of top of skull.

'.t. llylii ? sp., front of top of skull.

III. Ilyhi gratioaa ; a, sternum, front of top of skull.

11. Ilyla amcricana (Litoria), front of top of skull.

12. Ifyhi freycineti, front of top of skull.
115. Ilyla hypiiHlicta, front of top of .skull.
14. Ilyhidimolnpa, front of top of skull.
l.">. Hylii ninra (Ranoidea), front of top of skull.
Hi. Smiliaca bandlnii, front of top of skull, with ungual phalanges.

(I, a thin ossification of basal

i ;;. :

;!;-il:

■if

. V-

' ♦ : I

i'-

'!

5i I

i; I

^ I

w

■i

i

1

.:

1
1

1

•i

. 1 1

i
. f

'i '•

i\

i

'j il

^ .1

I In!

(

t4

512 BULLETIN 34, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Fig. 17. Ayalychiiis morcletii, fumt of to[t of sknW.

18. rhjiVomediim hicolor, front of top of Hkiill; a, sternum.

19. Hi/la varoHiii'iiaix, skull from aliove : a, sternum.

20. Scijtopis veinihiHiin. front of top of skuil ; I, ethmoid bone : a. another H\Hr\.

men, showiufi inenu.ilities of surface and pcsterior outline of ethmoid Ikiiic.

PLATE LXXIII.

HyJid(i\ Hemiphractidw, Cysti(jtiathida, and Pelobatidn.

OHteocephalufi planict'pn. t*\n\U from above.

Hypniboax nrpitann, roof of mouth.

Trachyreplialiis tjeoyraphiciis, skull from above; from Steindachuer.

Triprioii jutamtiis, head, side view.

Triprioii petaHutiis, head, from above.

Triprion petniatiis, interior of mouth.

Ciucloscopiis majimiis, rijjht manns; u and r, ulna and radiu.s; u and r. uliiiir
anil radial oarpal.s : c. central, l--2-:?-4-.') (liwtal earpals, 4 and .">. ( mi-
llnent : !-.'> metacarpals: I supporting a spinous poUex.

Acrin i/ryllun. right manus, four times natural size.

Bylidir, <listal phalanges; No. 7, TrdchyviphnUiH iiKiymoratiit anteiior :i:i(l
posterior: >*, Uyhi auolinnisiH, do. ■. '.), Scylojiis re)iiilosii8,{\o. ; li». UyjinUimis
(ilhomtirginatiiK, do.: 11, Ciiicloicopus majcimua, do., posterior attached \<\
penultimate phalange ; l"i, Ifyln auren, do ; 13, PhyUomcdima hicolor, do. :
14, same, the external ungues of both pedes.

Uemiphrnctiix Kcntatus, head from above, from Honlenger.

Scaphiopua liolhrookii. right manus: lettering as in Fig. '28.

Mirophycs fasciolot.iH, right uutnus, lacking the phalanges: letters as in
Fig. 2r*.

Leplodactyliis petitodai'tyliin, left manus, the male slu)wing process of second
metacarpal, which is wanting in the female ( 9 >; lettering as in Fig. .'-.

21.
22.
24.

2.-..
26.
27.
2fJ.

2lt.
30.

31.
32.
33.

34.

PLATE LXXIV.

Embracing Hemiaido', lirerivipitida.Eiiiiystomidn, I'hryniitcidn, and Dnidroi. ■lidn .

Fig. 1. JIvmhiiH fitittatiim, skull, from above.

1(1. llemiHux giittaiitm, skull, from left side, exhibiting thesu])rascapulo-pr()i)tii
articulation, and the small freely-iiu>ving suspensoriuni.

2. IlemisiiH ijitttntiim, sternum ; from Houlenger.

.{. HrerivvpH gibhosiin; a. anterior psirt of to]i of skull from above : h, end of muz-
zle from front, <lisplaving lateral piemaxillaries between the ]>reniaxilla-
ries, the maxillaries, and the nares; v. verteliral column, less the liist and
the sacrum, from btdow ; d, last lumbar verti-bra, anterior exti-';nity from
left si<le; c, last lumbar vertebra, anterior extremity, from front.

4. I'hryiiomaiitiH hifuiiciiitiix, front of toj) of skull.

ti. I'liriiiiomttnth liiftiii( i(|^(m, Kym|diysis mamlibuli, from above.

(i. riiryiiotiuiiitia hilusriotiis. fi'om front.

7. Mivrohyla uihoihin. tiijiof front, and anterior end of frontoparietal. showiiii;
dotted outline of ethmoid.

H. L'liUula Imltciita. top of front, from above.

It. EntiyKiomn micmps, to)i of front, from above.

10. t'liciipiis .s)/.s/ /)»(/. tup iif front, from aliove, with jtrofile of jin-frontal bono.

11. f)i}ilopelm<i iinialioii, tii]i df front, one-halt the frontoparietal removed to

show the ethmoid.

12. IHphipilma oniiitiim, syinjdiysis niaiidibuli.
in. r.nijyxlomidnv (name mislaid K

14. nypopachiisi rariolo-iis, tup ti\' skull: n. srernnm.

15. i^ttrcDvyilojiK iiicras'^ntus. top of >.kull. a. ■.terniini.

^1

SEUM.

THE BATRACHIA OF NORTH AMERICA.

513

a. aiiollior »]i(ri.

of <'tlllll()i(ll)()iK'.

ichiitT.

*: 11 and r. iilii.ir
, -1 ami ."), run-

IIS anterior ,i;i(l

rietnl.slioMiiii;

"ronfal liono.
al removed to

Fid. 10.
17.
18.
19.
•20.
•21.

'ii.

2;j.

•21.

Vu

•ior attaclied \n

,'A

(i.

Ilia hicolor, d<i, ;

7.
10

; letters as iti

r

11.

y.

Vi

•OCeSH of Hecolld

'^

i:{.

ig as in Kii:.-.''.

1

11.

1.^.

hiiAroi, Willi.

1

17

i\

l-^

scapulo-iiroiltii

\

•20
21

: h, end ofmii/.

\\

>)»

tli« jiremaxilla-
Ns the (ii-rtt .iiiil

•2:i
•25

exti.';nit.v from

MM

front.

i

•J.).
'2»).
'27.

•2d.

'2;>.
;io.
:u.
;!2.

Atehpun ftai'CHCins, top of front .and etluiioid.

Atelopus^ s\>., tojt of front, ethmoid, and prolilo of prefrontal bone.
Phrjinisciis rariiis, top of front, with prolile of prefrontal bone.
Phrytihcus f Uvvis, top of front, ethmoid, and profile of prefrontal bone.
lihinoderma danrinl, top of front and profile of prefrontal bone.
Dendrobates Unctoriiia, Ko\> of front and anterior extremity of parasplienoid

bone.
Unjjnal phalanges of — No. 1.5, Diiidrohatea tinctorius; 1(3-17, Atelopu» fiavea-

ceim; 18. Callula picta; '2'2, Calliila huUeata.
CacopuK Sjiatoma, sternum, from Boulenjjer.
DflHcophm antongilii, Hternum, from Bonlenger.

PLATE LXXV.

lianidiv.

I'hi/llohntis hicolor. part of sknll.

I'roHllierapix briiunciis, .skull and sternum.

llilUunhahi marmoratus, front of skull, above.

Caxubia seneijakims, front of skull, above ; with the anterior extremity ot the
frontoparietal bones of an older individual.

IfyperoUim iiiiidaijaH'aricHiiis, front of sknll, above.

Coniiifer dorxiilh, front of top of skull and ethmoid.

I'liyynohalriH'hiiH iKitakimh, front of top of skull.

Slanroii iiatiitor, front of top of skull.

Raniila chrijsopniniiia, front of top of skull ; a, sternum of do.

Jianajiiiiyliiiliiiii, front of top of skull.

Iliina mahiharica, front of top of skull.

Untiit crytlinia, front of top of sknll : young.

Haiiii erythrim, front of top of skull; medium.

liana crythrav, front of top of sknll; large.

Ilaiia muscarieniiis, front of top of skull.

Hana fasciata, front of top of skull.

Jtinia oxyrhyiivha, front of top of skull.

Hana brvricepn, front of top of skull ; one a superior, the other an autcro-
sui>erior view.

liana rhimaia, front of top of skull.

Hana agiliH, top of head from front ; adult.

Hana ayilin, to|i of head from front; young.

Hana cyanophlyvtw, top of head from front ; youug.

h'ana liyrina, to]) of head from front; youug.

Hana (iyiiiia, top of head from front; adult, the anterior part of the frouto-
[larietals removed, showing the form of the ethmoid and the cartilage of
its superior face, the act'ompanying figure representing the othiiudd .vith
the eartilage removed.

Hana U'xclii'naiiUn, young; front of top of skull.

Hana orripitaliH, fnnit of top of skull.

Hana hidiulactyta, front of top of skull.

Hana fnnciynla, front of top of skull.
Hhai'opiiiinin rtininirdtii, front of top of skull.

t'ldrumantiii jctiaiiiiwlhia, front of top «)f •■ikull.

Pithjpedaiex maciilainH, top of head.
OxyijloKunx lima, t )p of front of skull.

Ungual phalange's of Ranida'. Fig. 1, Hana irythrna, posterior foot; 2,
I'ohipcilati'H macnUitnx, anterior foot ; li, do,, anterior and i)osteriorfeet ; 4,
Hhacophornx reinwardtii, atiteiior .iiid juisterior fee! : l',», Hana mahtharicu,
both feet; '20, /,'. tiinporaria, both feet •21, H. c/am((((i, both feet; •2'2, R,
fnscignia, both feet.

1951— Bull. 34 Xi

i '

r .

\i.

\ .

«F-i?

'ifi

i

1 i!

Il

ii I

514

BULLETIN :U, UMTi:i> STATES NATIONAL ML'SEl'M.

I'LATE LXXVI.

Ilyoiil .apparatus of Amira, mostly fiilarj^fd. Figuvcs (.■niiii-l from Parker's Siruitiire
and Dcvolopmciit of the Skull iu tins IJatrai'liia, cxii'iit I'ij;. 18 whi<h is
Is nriyinal. and Fiy;s. "J, ;?,.",(!, and 7, wliitli :iv iVom Dnijt^.s Ostoolojjif it
Myologie iles Hatraciens, corrected by eomparison with Parker I.e.

Fig 1. A'('/i();;y(s ('((j)((im'«, S. Africa.

2. /Jow//M(((^»)• i(/(i» KN, Europe.

3. .Ujjti^ oli><tilrivitiin, Enroi)e.

4. Xiiuiiihri/ii iHoiiticoln. India.

5. Pilohntts fioniit!, Europe.

6. Pelod!itt>i jHiiuNitiiK. ilnroi^e.

7. Iliifi) ruh/ari", Europe.

S. I'hi/llomi'Iii^a hirolor, s. America.
U. Hiihi urithiii. Australia.

10. Cophmi.i iiutrmoraiim. S.America.

11. Cji^iiipKitlnin tijpliijiiiKv, .S.America.
ri. Jtihijiim vtiriifi, Costa Hiea.

13. Ciilliild jiiihltrtt. Farther India.

14. EiKjijxtoma i.ann'tne>i)ii/, N. America.

15. Jtendniluili^ tinctoriiit, S. America.
IT). Uhaviqihitrut mttximiis. India.

17. Itidid cue II If II tit, Europe.
IS. Hiniisiif {/iittaliis, Natal.

PLATE LXXVII.

Superticial ami deep muscles of the manus and pes of three species of Annras.

Figs. 1,"J. Lcptddactiilim pintadactylus, manus. male.
3,4. Lijitiiddftiiliia pi'iitudiicti/liis, manus, female.
."), t>, 7. Siytojiifi rciiiiliisiis. pes.
!*,[*, 10, 11. Haiia t>iciileiita, pes.
The lettering in Fij;s. 1-4 is identical with that used in Diigds Osteoloj^ie et MyoU)j;ic

des Batracions.
No. S7, Cubito-metacarpal ; SS, subluiio-metaeari>al of the index; 89, mctacarpo-
metacarpal of the index; !•.">, hninero-subdij^ital : Oii, cubito-radio-subpha-
laiigeal of the imlex: PiO, subluno-phalanj;ettal of the index; l".il. siil.-
uietacarpo-iilialaiigo-iihalanj^ettal of the index. In Figs. .'> and f^ are ili>-
playeil the superlicial tlexors of the dijiits. In i),7,'J, lo and 11, the deejit i
muscles of the plialaujjes and metatarsals are exiiibited in the nuinbcis
from 7 to "Jl. Nos. 13 and 'i2 are the second and third intermetatarsals nt'
Dnges.

PLATE LXXVIII.

Embryology of Ilyla pichriiiijii IloUtr., and Ili/la .' versicolor hoc. ; from drawiugs by

Prot'. S. F. Baird.

Figs. 1-U>. Uylu jihkiriinjii.

1. Egg with germinal vesicle; lirst day after laying, May 15, 'J a. m.

Figure « natural size.
'i. The same, May Iti, '.• a. m. ; from above.

3. The same, May Iti, it a. m. ; from bi-low, showing germinal area.

4. The same in jtrotile.

5. First appearance of embryo iu egg laid about the eveuiug of May 11.

t

L'SEl'M.

THE BATRACHIA OF NORTH AMERICA.

515

Parker's Slriitiure
t l-'ii;. 18 which js
ijjc'.s Osteohijrif ct i
Parker /. c.

ies of Aiuiras.

om drawings by

May 15, 'J a. in.

f

oj^ie et Myolojjii' |

; 8d, iiictacar|iii-
to-ratlio-siilipiia-
iuilfx : l".il, siili-
. ."> and H aro (li>-
ml 11, tliL' (li-cj)! 1 ^

in tho nunilii IS
lermetatarsals of ,

r

Figs. 1-19. nyla pickeringii — Coutiuutil.
«). Side view of tho same.
7. A more advanced embryo.
ri. Side viewof the Name.

y. Embryo still farther advanced, May 16, 4 p. ni. Fig. a, side view
of the same.

10. Vitellus of elongate form, with brown polyjjoual spots arranging

thenLsclves in meridians, May IG, 4 p.m. Laid abimt 10 a. m..
May l.">.

11. Embryo on May 17, 10 a. m.; rotation couimeneed ; Fig. (/, profile.

12. Embryo May 17, 11 a. m. ; (t, profile.

13. Embryo May 17, 4 p. m., straightened ont.

14. Embryo May 17, 4 p. m., profile.

15. Embryo May 17, 5 p. ni., profile enlarged, displaying ciliary move-

ments.

16. The same ; head from front.

17. May l.**, 9 a. m., liberated artificially and swimming.

18. The same ; front and below.
li». May l-i, ;!.:W p. m.

•20. Tadpole, anterior part.

21. Eyo of same in jirofile.

22. Hrain and spinal cord of tadpole.
2l}-2(). Iljila ? versicolor.

23. Embryo in albumen, April 9.

24. Embryo, just before liberation.

25. Embryo Just after liberation : branchial circulatiou distinct.
20. Head of the same from below : diagram.

PLATE LXXIX.

Development of the three anterior inferior cranial arches of the genus Rana ; much

enlarged. From \V. K. Parker.

The arches are : tho trabecular (in dotted outline), the mandibular, and the cerati
hyal. The successive stages of the ossienla anditns are exhibited also.
For explanations of details, see Plates XLVIII to L.

PLATE LXXX (cancelled).
PLATE LXXXI (cancelled).
PLATE LXXXII (cancelled).

PLATE LXXXin.

Fio. 1. llyla andertionii Baird ; natural size.
2. Ilyla ijratioM Le Conte ; natural size.
:?. Do. ; mouth, within.

4. Do. : hand.

5. Do. ; foot.

J

hi

^V\

PLATE LXXXI V (cancelled).

?rminal area,
euiugof May 14.

PLATE LXXXV (cancelled).
PLATE LXXXVI.

Rana septenlrionalis Baird, var. sinuata Baird ; natural size.

n-ii

'I' V'^'^

I !

f-

>\

n

\

I

ill

I mm'

i;: I

! !iil

r

f '',

f

.•Ml <H. I . National Mustum.— Cope, Batrachia of Nortli America

Pmx

'''■mm.

'/

Ang
^i% '^^if -Pro

u

pbc^::-T\

^■^■^:-A Fe Fi

^vA ii T '"^

Plate I.

m

i

Necturus maculatus.

' 1

- ■ i ]-'

:iii:

ji

i r

1

i

j

Biiiietin 34, U, S. National Museum,— Cope Bafachia of North AmeiK

Plate II.

..../he

I-mjc JU 2't Q i<(

% 1

5.

^-i

0.

Necturus maculatus.

' ^

n

ii 1^

i

i

'

t

'

'1

I

i

i
f

B lii'l'H 34, U. S NjtionjI Muji-um. Cop», Batrochia of Noilh America

Plate III.

"ir

f>hyh'hy^^^^ c/j'r'c'dr''

i

.1- epg

nice-.

px

,m.np

.--nil

occ ^"-so

Necturus and Cryptobranchus.

'm

I ; 'y

lli

H U S National Museum. Cope. Batrachia of Noitn An.enca

Plate IV

==;

J ' Tar ■-' 1

,1/^,

? 1

11! /^ /<--:#

^'

/

k' /

///

Necturus maculatus.

11 <*

t

Bulletin 34, U. S. National Museum. — Cope Batiacnia of Noitn America.

Plate V.

yi

Cryptobranchus allegheniensis.

If

3 'I

II I

■

•W-/Pf:.?

Bulletin 34, U S National Museum.— Cope Bauachia of North Annerica.

Plate VI.

CRYPTOBRANCHUS ALLEGHEN'ENSIS.

Ibs

fi'l

i •}

i ! M

1 ,^!

U

i

: 2

' nr ..;<;• W't

Bui e; n 34. U. S. National Museum,— Cope. Batiachia of North America.

Plate VII.

Cryptobranchus allegheniensis.

I !

«f

H^

Bulletin 34, U S. National Museum— Cope, Batractiia of North America.

JY T jy ^-"^

8. li S^QPt

Plate Vlll.

2.

Cryptobranchus allegheniensis.

^■■'\%

I

! i
li

1 ;

i

I

I. m

Bu.ot'" 34, U. S. National Museum, —Cop Batrachi.i cf North America

rpa

ho so

K als,^,^^^ ,'*"'^

P3C

^,^P9

poo

b6r' hf)r

pec

par

Siren. Proteus, and Amphiuma.

if

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Plate XX.

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Bulletin 34, U. S. National Museum. — Cope. Batrachia ot North America.

Plate LXXVill.

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Embryology of Hvla.

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Bulletin 34, U. S National Museum. — Cope. Batrachia of Nortn Annenca.

Plate LXXIX.

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1 HYLA ANDERSONil BAIRD

""■"2.5.HYLA GRATI05A LECONTE.

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Bulletin 34 US National Mi.seiim - Cope

Pl.m-lXXXVI

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INDEX

Page. '
Abrauchus •l^

Ailit-tii (Acris) 32'J

Acri8 25U, 252. 322, r;i, 324 ^

giyllUB 321,324,400 ;

I TPjiitans 325, 32C

UOllus 32.-,32!t

Acrotly te» ''""

A ililomln ^^-^

AileiioiiiiTrt '''''

Adfumuiin -''1

.r.iitim (IMftluuloii) l*''

.K-oimn (Itiiuii lutolata) H-

AlliuiH iHyla) •"■»

ApilycLnU 321,322,323

Agilis (Kmm) •*■"*

(Salamaniliai 1^^

A tloHsa -'*'^' '-''-'

AllfL'boniensislCiyptiiliraniUus) 38

(Miiiiipimia) 3s

(Salamamlra) 3s

Alpiiia (Rana) *^1

Alsu.lvH j^l'^

Alvarius (Bufo) -*'•'

Alyti.1,1' ■"»

Auiblvstoiua "^"

1>- oc -'I.C"

cmisptTSum .'il, 'U

lOlieiiuuiu 51. 03

f|iixaiithiini 'li'-'"

jt'UVr.soniauum .'il. irO

.ifffei>ouiauuiu btt-iU

laterals «0. 92-94

Vlatiiaiim ...89.U3,y4

macroitactyhuu .ll, !i5

opacmii 50, 54

piosevpiiiK 08,(^2

punctatum 51. 56

.synopsis lit' ;*peoie9 of iSO

talpoiiU'uni 50, 52

ti,:iiuuin 51, W, 80, 453

cilit'oi iiieiiso S3

tiisiuptum 51. t-C

xipbias ^^- ^'

Amblystomidii' 33.45,451

AmiTicana (Kana) ^-*

Auiiiicauus (liafo) -^■'

Ampbignathodoii •'*'

Amphignatlioaontida; -i'>- -35. 3^1, 4Co

genera of 381

Page,

Atu]iUiiiuia 215

luoan.H 210,455

iiiteolocy of 4S6

spbiiiebnulojiy of 455

voice uf 450

Aiuphiumicl.f 33,213,451

Aioiibiiimoiilitt '.'o

AinplioiliH 362

An.iicbi* 11-2

AuaxvriH 260

Aiiilelsoiiii lUyliii 3fl'>

Aii;;iiliitii-i il'li"i.ip!ii:iisi 'H^

Annnlatuui i.\ml'!\Htiiiii;\i ' 115

Amioliitus il.iiiuii.ilap«iis) 115

Amiiiialus (Hufiil -'-

Ausuuia -"'

Am.ra ^^32

Ap.Mla 30. 33. 222

Aiiu.itica (r..iiia i 397. 424

Ailmrca, vnidin iHylai 300

AivilVTa .210,248,249.250,253

Ar.'Liidloi' illvlii 309

Arwlataill.inai 409.410

Ai'.'u-i ( Aiiili'.y^tHina) 50

Artliiol.ptis 392,393

Arvalis ■ l!,iiiai ''3*

Asterophn.Ma- 248.255.295

^.ufiaof -95

Astiioiibiys — ^il

A telopiis 38 1

Ati'iiiiniiin (Aiiiblystoma! 1''9

Ati'iTiiiiori il'boiiilidtiisi K'i*

Aftouiiata (Salainaiuiiiiiai 1-'?

Attfliiiatus iBatraLbii.si'p:*! 1-'

Auk-tris •■^«

Aurii'ulala t^alamainlra) I'J*

Auiifiilamiii (Cyliiulio.somal 19*

Amieiilatu.- ■Ufsmotin.itbiis) »9*

Aurora(Kaua) ■'39

Autod,!. 121,124,182

ferriii.< 1*3, 18o

iiVaims '-83,187

lu^rubris ^^3

speries of 1*3

Asolotes Jl

, ,. 239 2,'8

-^>"^- 7

Batracbia

alUuities of 1'

classification of 13

017

518

UULLETIN :U. UNITKl) STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

PaKe.

tiatrni'hla. ixplanntinn (if tirnmnf 16

general aiintoiii}- nf 7

I'lianictiTH 111' 7

larval rliariii tfl'M III 13

iiiinu'iuliitiiri' ami liiHtoiy of IB

nf Xiirtli America, nuinlii-r iiiiil

^piMJl'H of 4."ll

plivlri^i'iiy iif U

Uatracliophrynun 2!)5

liat rai liiipsi- 285

Hut iu( hi)8ip» 121, 124, 125

iitti-niiatus 126, 127

raiulatiis 120

nlKri\ciitrl8 128, 12li

paclllcus 126, 129

spocles of 126

Uat rai livl,» 400

Hal nil liyiitTiis 110

HaiMliiili(Hyla) ;i79

(Siiiili.Hca) .'*7a

Hii'ilicyi (Salninandrn) 204

llfldinv'ii (Uiifn) 262

Hfi laiid ii li ( Haiia) 3M, 4U3

IJirnliir (AiiililyHtriina) 00

IJilint'ata (H(ilitO(ilos«a) KU

( Uatia t ;)C«

(Salaiiiaii(tra) lOJ

Itilini'alns (."Jpi'lcipes) 10.'l

Una us I liana) 424

BoIiHi;;liitsa 101

niilitonlossiila- IIU

Bouiliilhiim (Scapliiopus) Mi. ^06

(Sptal HOO

Uomliiiiatnr 2.'i8

lidinliinatnriila' 'M)9

BoitifiiiiateH 312

l)iiM-aH ilinfo) 267

Hoylli iRaiia) 444

Braolivfcplialua 387

Hipviccp!) 384

Br«-vl(lpit ilia' 383, '.tt<i

Biilioiiia.H 313

Buio 252,200,4.57

ailiiiii 118 457

aivaiMi.s .235, 261, liO.'i

aiuericanuH 235

chilcnsis 235

cocclfer 235

cognatus 23.5, 261, 275

columbiensis 235, 261 , 267

(^olunibiensi.s 269

lialophilu.^i 269

vurietie» of 269

compactilis 235, 261,272

conift'rii.s 235

debilis 261,264

diplyihu.s 235

(irarilis 235

hieniatiticna 235

heniliiphrya 361,273

iusidior 235

intnrniediuH 235

kulaartii 235

lentiKinosus 23,5,261,277

americanas 278, 284

Paiii,

Bufo lentiiituoitUH fnwlnrl 278, 27ii

leiitiijiiioHUn 278, 2WI

HIlllspiM il'i (if 'J7t>

w llioiwi'i 278. 2M

li'!<(lMiiaiillii 2:!'.

iiaiii in 'ja.'i

pantlii'i'itiiH 23.5

pumtaiiiN 33,5, 201, 2i;:'

i|ilnriiiiH 235, 201, 291

H|i)>('lrH (if 201

vallinpH 2.S5, 292, 4.57

vjridin 2:1.5

Mili-aris •j:i,5

Iliifdiiid.i 24H, 240, 2.5,5, 258, 394, 451, 4('ii

('ai'ii]ilir\ nun 382

Caciipim 385

CaciKtirimiii 38.5

< 'aciliidic 222

CalaiiiltiH .349

<.'a!if(iiuiciiH« (.Vnildyxtntiia' 0*

(.'nlliii'lln 3!iO

( .illiila ,384, ;)''.5

ralliiliipi 38.5

• 'aliipliiyinm 387

< alypldii ■plialii.'* 311

('ainaralaxi- 47

('»iitaliri;;i'ii«i.s i liana) 435, 41)0

('a)iitii iHaiia an nlata) 41.5

ranilliia i.\iiililystiiina) 50

Caroliiicuw (Knirystiiniai 385

• 'aroliUfiiitia (C'alainitai 300

(Hy!ai 300

(•«M»iiia 250, 392, 393

• 'atcsliiana iliaiiai 424

• 'andaliis (llatriicli(incps) 120

('eiitidlciie 311

< 'fi atdhat rachida' 248, 249, 383, 384

Ccratdli via 382

(-"eratdpliryw 250, 312, 394

bdici 312

CbaiiDiiA 20U

<;iiili'iiMis (linfd) 267

)'hild)iliryii(' 26il

Cbioi-lds^a 200

CliiKitliva.t b '

Cbiroli'pti'i 31L

alboKuttatUH 312

Chironiantis 392, 393

rufcaceiif 239

Chondrotiis 31,47,98

aterriniuM 99. 109

(■haiactcr (if spci ioa of 99

ciutiiilatiiK 99, 100,455

decorticatii.s 99, 107

luicroRtoiiius 99, 101

parotk'UH 105

tent-biOHiig 31,09,111

texamiH 99,104

Chorophilus 252,322,323,331

feriaiuni 332,339

uisritus 321, 332, 337, 459

verrucosna 4.59

oocidentftlla 832,335

o(?ulaH8 332,348

ornatus 332,333

M.

Pat'i .

27«, 'JTli

278, 'JMi

J 7,.

278, •>!

2:!:.

'.'H.j

2:t.'i

.. S.'IS, 201, 2i;j
...235, 201, -J!*!
2til

...2:i5. 2112. ■».".:

2:)r.

2:i,'
'■-,;ilM, 451,1)11

382

385

385

222

;m'.»

(!»

.•('.■(1

384, :i.--.

;)85

;t87

311

47

.4:15, 4;i«

415

.50

385

not;

3t!r.

..2,';o, ;)!t2. 39;i

424

120

311

.248, 240,38;),.S84

382

25fl,312, 394

31J

200

267

26il

211(1

b '

311

312

3tf2, 393

239

31,47,08

99. 109

' 99

99,100,455

99,107

99,101

105

.. .. 31,09,111

99,104

252,322,323,331

332,339

521,332,337,459

459

332,335

332,348

332,333

IN1)EX

r)i9

Pad--.

('hi)ro]iliilii8, sjHcliMof :i3

tlUiTiiUuu 321,332.342

Clir.V'imlonta 2i5

('iii(lM.<cciiPiis 322, 3j:i

308

133

133

100

lOU

413

104

419

411'

;i42

3'j;i

. . ;i:i

...24^,383, 384, ;j!»i I

311"

267

' 'iniTt-a (Calaiiiltii)

(SiilHiiiandin)

Clmri'Ui* (Plctliodoii)

<'iii^tilatuiii (.Viii1>ly><tiinia) ..
(Iiiciilatuit M'liriiiMliotiH) ...
C'in iil'isa (Uiiiia annlntni ....

Ciiiiui ra iSnlaiiiniiilra)

Clainnta (Uaiia)

riiuiiilaiiH (Raiial

Claikil (llcldiii ti-s»

CHiiiitarHOH

('(I'l'iliiilii'

Coyii itui* lllutV

Ciiliisti'tliicli'

C'lilDstcthiH

("iiliimbiiMmiii (liiifo)

Comiiartilis (Uiitui 27'.'

CiMisiK'inft (Ranai 4'.'4

(■ims]ii'imiiu (Aiiit'lystnmai 01

fiilM-ii 387

I'opi iinuin (AmblyHtuniA) 63

('(ipii (Itiit'o) 2'1

Cpliiiiis 312

riipliKiimiitis 3411

('opli\la 3»ii

C.ipliylida- 248. 383, 3?4, 390

Copii tClioropliilu.s) :!35

(Ilyla) :i09

Corn 11 fiT 392. :ti>;i

4 'cmi'hii (Si'aphio|>ti!!l 3»1

Craiinpliryiie 20' i

Crassiihu (Plcthodon) 147

< 'I rpiilophrym- 26fi

Cropitang (Acri.'*) 320

Criiiia 312

CmciattT (Plethodon) 15ii

CnirilVr (Hylii; 3.52

Cnii'tila (Uana) 431

(.'rvptiiliranchiilii' 33,30,431

CiyiitDbraiu'liiiM 37

C'ryjitolirancbus allei;lieniensl9 38

fu.sius 43

Cryptotia 295

Cultripfd 297

C'uiiLMiH (Hypopncli"'' 387

Cyi'Inrlianipliiii* 311

Cylimlrucea (Salaniaiidra) 139

Cylindrosoma 101

Cyiiop^* 2o2

Cy xtimmtbidii' .... 248, 249, 255, 309, 390, 394, 451, 400

table of genera 311

CyHtlciiatUiiH 250, 394

Dauliuia (Sniilisca) 379

Debili»(BiU'o) 204

Decorliiatum (Amblystoma) 107

Hec'orticatus (Choiidrotus) li'7

DiMidrobatrs 389

Dendrobaf id* 248. 249. 383, 384, 389, 394

Deiidroliyas 349

roudrophryuiscidii- 248. 249. 255, 295

gvucra of 295

P«k'''
I'e^mlnstoma ^J

Iii*ru,„i;i,fvin» 13(1 jf,,.

""■"""-'■'•"llM.i !'33,*11M' 4-1

DisUiOi;uutUu4 fusia 191,194

aiirlciil.it.i ni:>

fllsc.i .. lu,^

"ll-Ta 191, 19«

iiclii'opli.i a lui

"I't' ii-i* i>t ioi

varli.tii'4 of \gf,

Dlaglma ij.jj g.j-j

niuldph.i iChilopliryiiei ''jui

tliratll|itH,l„i, 4;,,^

fiKatii- n,

DUro>.'lii..«M« 35;j

I'lilucljl;i . .Villi. llilHlllli 21(5

Uiiliictvlmu (."«iriiinidf!(i .... jm

I'iiliM Us „,|.

Itiiiuy. tylii., .joi .jj,.j

spi'lir* uf 2ll3

fori'itiit 2ii:i. 2m

y.t !clf!.ci'ii? 203, 2117

imtidliiuall,* 211

ruiiiiatu* 2o7

viriilescfiis 207

I'ipii-ruus il'.i\!.i' 0;,^

liijin. 'rh.iiiiroliraiu'liiKi 220

I)i<iiij:lii*siilii.. 24'-. 255. 2,i0. 3ii9

Disill^lllHSlH 2'.«

Dcirsali.sdlanai 324. ;!:»

(Salauiaiiiliai 207

(Xritipii) 2i'7

Diaytiiiiii il!:inai 441

Oroiiinplectins 261

Diui'sii iSoaphiopiisi 303, 305

Pyliinvskii iRuua) 431

Dy.^odpliiil.i' 248.249,390

IiysiiipliuiJ ;)9o

F.ilaloriiiiia 313

Em lioliiiuori 13

Engystoma 38.'

carolinensc 3(^5

Eiisy.ftomida' 248, 383, 384, 394, 451

Eiiliydrnliiim ;il3

Kiisatus (DicaniptiHliiiii 118

(PU'tbiiilmn 148

(Tiituii. 118

Epi.lak-a 259, 200

EpirUi'xis ... 313

Episiupuui lAiiililystoiua) 68

Epixantliimi ( Aiublystouiat 97

Enuaui iTritnn) 204

Enthroiiuta (.Salauj.iiidia> 133

Eiytliriinotum (Amblystoma) 133

Eiytliiiiiiotus (Pletlimlou) 133

Esilisilioltzii (Eusaliua) 148

Eupempliix 259,260

Eiipliorbiacea (Hyla) 361

Euproctus 202

Eury.i'n 37

Eusiipliiia 312

Eximia (Hyla) 361

Fasi lata i.Salamaudia) 54

Fa.^iiatuiu lAiubl. stoma) 54,68

Fomoiale iLa Raine) 371

520 BULLETIN 34, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Pace.

FemoraliR (Aulptris) 371

(Calamita) 371

(Hjia) , 352,371

Feriarnm (Chnrophiliis) 339

(Hehecetes) 339

Ferreus (AnnulcB) 185

(Autmkx) 185

FirmiBternia 246,2*8,383

foiniliesof 383

FlavipuDctatas (PlethwloD) 145

(Salamnndra) 164

Fl.ivissimns ( Psendotriton) 172-176

Flaviventris (Kana) 431

Flaviviridis (Rana) 420

Foiitiiialis (Raua) 419

Froutcisiis (Butb) 281

Fnsca (Desniognathus) 194

(Rana) 431

Fuscum (Aiiiblystoma) 89

( Menoponia) 43

(Pletho(lon) 194

Fu8CQ8 (Cryptobranchiis) 43

(Tritiirus) 194

Ganocephala 13

Oastreoliniia 246, 382

Geoiriton 121, 124, 125

Gigantoa ( Menopoma) 39

(Molge) 38

(Salaniandra) 38

(Salamandropg) 39

Glossolepa 201

Ghitinosa (Salamaudra) 139

Glatinosum (Cyliadrosonia) 139

(PlethcMloL) 139

Glatiuoaus (PletUodon) 139

Gracilis (Rana) 438

Granulata (Salamandra) 89

Granulosa (Salaniandra) 204

Grauulosud (Bufo) 292

Gratiosa (Hyla) 377

Gratiosus (Epedapliu8) 377

Greenii (Salamandra) 207

GrylluB ( Acris) 324, 326, 329

(Hylwles) 324,326,329

(Rana) 324,329

GrypiscuR ,. 381

Guttolineaia (Salamandra) 170

Guttolineatum (Cyliudro8oma» 170

GuttoIineatiiB (SpelcrpeB) 170

Gyrinopljilus 121, 124, 125, l.")4

porphyriticiis 31 , 1 .IS

Halei'ina (Rana) 397. 4(p;i

TIalo]iliila (Hitto) 267

Hammondii (Scaphiopu8) 303, 305

( Spea ) 303, 305

Hela>cete8 331

Helioporns 312

Heniidact; liidiu 119

Hcmidactylium 121, 124, 123, 1.30

8Ciitatum 130

Hemimantis 250

H^niionbryB (Bufo) 273

''.eiiiiphractid.T 248, 249. 255, 382

IleuiipliractuB 382

Him isidii' 382

Pago.

HeniiRiis 382

Heredia 1 32

HeterofilosRa 250,392,393

afsicana 394

nialaliarica 394

iiataleugis 394

jdinita 394

Hetprotriton 47

Holbrookii (Kiiiia) 2ii,s

(ScapbiopuB) 298

Hoplobotracbiis 250, 393

Knriconi'nRiR ( Kana ) 4J0

Horrida (Prot«ni>p»iw) :i9

Hyemali8 (Menobinncbnsi 23

(Siredon) 23

Hyla 250, 252, 322, 323. .U!)

agri'stiH 321

andersonii 321, 3.'i2, 36R, 4.i9

arborea 32 1

arpnicolor 321,352,369

caroliupnsiB 352. 366

i(fniK-a 321

ciirta 321

dislrlbntion of 3.50

<'xiiuia 361

ft'moral:8 321, 352, 371

fusca 321

grarilipes 321

gratiosa 321, 3.VJ, 377

krefftii .121

laternlis .321

leseurei .fJl

uiiotynipaniini 3:;l

pbylloi liroa if.'l

pickcriuKii 321, 351. :).VJ

regilla .321, .351. il.v,

laticepR 356, 3,19

rct;illa 3.56

siapiilaiis 356

!»pei'if» of 351

siiuirella 321, 352, 363

versicolor 321, 3.52, 37.3-375

Hylambatos 392. 393

Hy lai)lisia Jtio

Hylaplt'siida' It.-y

Hylarana .!»3

HyhiR 349

Hy lellu 250, 322, 3J3

Uylidrt' 248, 255, 320, 394, 45)

tablo of genera 322

Hylixalus 391,393

Hy Iwles 252, 313

aiignsti 317

inartiniceusiR 239

Hylodida- 309,390

Uxlommlusa 3-19

Hylorliina 313

Hynobiidiiv 33,118

Hynobius 119

HyperogloRsa 2.V)

Hyperolia 312

H y peroli 118 392, 393

Hypoiunbiia 387

cnueus 387, 3l>8

oxyrbinus 388

I

i

i

ir

M.

PnK.>.

3(i2

13_'

.250,383,393

394

394

394

304

47

'.'It.S

2!l,'^

25tl, 393

4Jil

:i9

23

•s.t

152, 32S, 3*J3, -.iM
3'Jl
321, 3r.2, 365, 4.-)9

■ . 3-.'l

..321,352,,ifi9

352. 3C«

321

321

• 3,')0

3BI

.321,352,371

321

321

.321,352,377

321

.321

321

.... 321

321

....32I,35l..t.i'j
....321,.3-)I.:t.W

356, 3,VJ

• • ■ 3.ie

350

351

....321,3.52,303
i21, 352, 373-375

.392,393

2t)(t

3^9

.«3

340

. . . 250, 322, .323
55, 320, 394, 451

322

391,393

252,313

317

23!»

309,390

340

313

33,1IH

■ - 119

250

312

3»2,3U3

387

387, 3t.S

3KH

INDEX.

521

Page.

Hy pupnchus rariolosua 38S

H ypsiboas 322, 323

iilbomarginata 321

lioans 321

Ifonniin (Auaidt-a) ig"

(Autodux) 187

(PletUodoii) 187

IngeuB (Amlil.vstoma) 08

(Hi'terotiitou) 08

(SrtUiiuauilra) Ct>

(Triton) ti8

Iu!ii(lior (BiitVi) 204

Iiitei'uu'dia (Siri-D) 22C

Iiitt-niifdius (Pletli(ulon). 145

lulei'iuixta (.Salam;iiulra» .. 194

.It'rtVisouiaua (Anililystoma) 89

(Siilaiiiaudra) «9

(Xipliouura) 08,80

Jfllfi'suuiauuiii (AmWvstdiua) 89.02

Lai't'pt'dii ( Xronolnamiuisl 23

( I'liauerobrauehus) j;;

l.aifitiua (Sircu) 2Ji!

LavH iXariiUu) 2vi

( Ti itou) 2U4

Laiva^l'diuii.s (Cbrjsodouta) 210

Latctalu (Auiblystoiua) 92

Lalcialis (Il.vla) 360

( UcnoliraULbus) 23

(Ncctuius) 23

iTiitoii) 2.'!

Laticips (11 via) 359

Latironiis (Kaua) 4.35

I.atimia 258

Latr.iiis (Litbtidytesi 310

I.tcoutei (Uaiia) 441

L<iitij;iuoaa (Chilophryue) 289

l.<;iitij;iiu>sus (IJiil'o) J.'^'.i

Liptobracbium 200

Leptodaitylus 313

niystacmus 2f;9

occUatus 239

Lii)topi'lis 2,Vi

Leptiinim (Aiubly stoma) 110

Li'pturus (Liut;ualapsii3> 110

Li'vil'iDiis (liul'o) 272

Liclu'iiiiide.s (Siiedou) I'l?

Limiiiii'liai'is 311

Liiuiiiidyto.s 393

Liiim'muclusa 312

Ltudyiia.'»ti>s il2

Liuijuiilapsus 47, 114

auuulatus 11.'

It'ptiiru.'* 115. 110

Liopiliiia 2.'.-

LitboJ V t08 ^13, 315

lat rails ;;i,'i, 310

liioidii 315. ;il«

Litmia '■49

LnipiTiis 3M

Loin^icaiida (Cyliiuhoaoma) 10.-

( Salaiiiainlr.i i 108

Lougicaiulatum (Cylindvosoiuai 1C^

Loiij:ii'aiid\i.s iSpclerpi'jl 108

Lougipi-.s lEpiihi'Xi*! ■'^I

(Itaua) ^-tl

Page.

Lopbopn-t 3^<j

Luciliijra (.><pcleiiit'S) jug

Lu^'ubrisiAnaidis) igg

lAutodaxi 183

(Salaiiiandra) 133

•Taiuba 1 ig3

Liirida (Aiiiblv stoma) (jg

(Salamaudrai gg

Ly iiapsu.^ 3^1

Macioilaotyluni tAinblystuma) 95

Maciilata iCamaiataxis) 68

iLaceita) 50,

iSalaiuandra) ivj

Mai'ulatum I Ainlily stomal eg

iI>t<iiiiiistoma) 68

Matulttus lUylodisi ;)42

(Xfctiinisi ■>:',

I I'l OtfUS) ■^■^

Maoulii.*us (Xettuviisi ji

Malacb vIimIi-3 313

ilalt^aiiia ;m

yi.m<a\u:i 121, 124, 125, 158

>l».idii>li.:itatMs 158, 159

lemilVi- 158

M.intflla 3(111

Mr.utiims 39,1

Maruiuatus iP^ewdntiitoui l.vj

iSpfli riii'si 152

iStiTiiK biliisl 152

MaiiuHbii (Syrrliniibiis) 318

Mavditia i-VmiilvHtdiuai iig

Mavoi'tmm 1 AMilil>-^loiiiai ii»

Maxima iltaii.i I 4J4

Mean.. ( Aiiiphiiim.u 21i'.

ili'ualoliatiaclms 37

Miiialixaliis 392,39:;

Mfi;alii]iln v» 295

ilclaiKiliatr.u liiM 387

ilclaiiiwtii.'t I 'Salainaiiilr,\i 130

MclaiHisii. tus • liesmocbutyUis) 130

ililauota llauaj 419

illaiiariai 419

Meuobraiuhiis 23

iIenop(>-. 37

Mifii\alu< 392,393

llicnibyla 38*, 385

ili<.iiip> 385

ilicrnsiaplm.. 'linloi 207

MiiTiistiimuiii AmUlystomai lol

Slii.io.stiiimis ct'hipiulnitiisl 101

MiUi|nini t.it.i (."l.ilamaudra) 2i'7

Milli'pnuitatii.-i iTritiiui 2o7

MiniatHs il'ii mvctvliis) 2ii7

iXntcjplithalmusi .. 207

(Tiiturusi 207

Mitroly.*!.-' 312

Mixophyes 311

Mokf 2112

iloiitauii.f iPsiudotriton) 179

Xloiitiviiiiia- iKaua) 428

Miuiouat.i lEiuycoai 39

Mn;:i('us.i;,uia. 424

Multiplicata iSiaiibiojuisi 308

.■;i„.ai 308

MiiltipUcatiis iSpelerpes) 102

i —

522 BULLETIN 3t, UNITED ^^TATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Page.

SI u iK'nopxis 215

Muiiiolor (Hyln) 37!i

Miinicus (Uufo) 289

Miifa (Rami) 431

Mvolmtvachus 259, 2flU

Mvxopliyi'S 250

Nannoliatrachus 391, 393

NamiDplirvH 391, 393

Nelmlift'i- (Unto) 292

Xel)iililVra(Cliiloi)Iirynp) 292

Xebiilosiiiii (Aiiiblystoma) 68

Nectes 260

Npcto|iliryn<> 260

Nectnrus 22,23.31

niarulatu!« 23

punptatiis 27

Neoi'n'rtaroiiiiux (Pioti'UH) 172

Niger (I'letlinilont 194,198

(Triton) 89. 198

■Nigra ( Desmo^iiathus) 198

(Salaniandra) 198

>i'iitricans (Kanai 420,411

Xi^Tita (AcriB) 337

( Kana) 3" r

Xijjrituii (Clioropliilns) 3;'7

(Cystignatlius) 337

(Psendacrig) 337

NieriventriH (Hatraeliosi'pg) 129

NigniMi (Aml)lystoma) 198

Nota<U'n 200

Xdtophthalmus 202

Nototrema 321,322,323

marsupiatuni 240

toHtndinenm 210

Nyctibatrachus 392. 393

Xy ct iniant i» 322, 323

Nyitixiihm 392

Obiicnnini (Aniblystoiua) 68

0<'cidfnlaliH(Chori)pliiln9) 335

(Litoriai 335

Odiroplia^a (Deamognatliuai 191

Ocularis (Chorophilus) 333, 335. 348

(Hyla) 335,348

(Hylwics) 348

Odoutophrynus 312

(Kdipiua 121

«Kdipns 121. 124, 125

Olivacenm ( Engystunia) ;j85

Ollotis 260

OncaiHana) 443

Oii.vtIiodactyhiH 119

Opata ( AniblystoMia) 54

(Salaniaudrai 54

Opaciini ( AmblyHtnma) 54

Opcroulata (Siren) 172

Opistbodelphys 322,323

ovifira 240

OregoDonHis (Ileredia) 148

(PMhixloD) 148

Ornatna (Churopbilug) 333

(Cystignatbua) 333,335

OtaspiH 280

Otilupliuit 260

Oxyglossua 392,393

OxjThynchB (Kana) 399

Page.

O.^yrbyncbus 2fiii

(Rana) 39s

Paebybatracbus ;iy:(

Pacbyderma (Kana) 444

Pncbytriton 2i)l

Pacitliuni (nemidactylinm) 12',i

Pai'iticii.'* (Batracbo.sops) 12',i

Pnla(d)atra(liida' 25!

Palndicola 250, 31 H

gracilis 23!l

Palustri.s (Rana) 398, 40i;

Pansosaiia (Ilyla) 37:'

PardaliH (Kana) 400

I'aicitictini (Aniblystonia) 10.'

rarotiins (Cbondrotns) 10,'

PcctogloHsa 47

Pil()l)ate3 297

Peloliatida' 248,290

Pelodytca J90

IVlodvtida' 248, 249, 255. 2'.i''.

ireneraof 2 o

P.-lopbylax 393

I'enu.sylvauica (Kana) 447

P.I ialia 312

Plianerotiranobns 23,22".

Pbra(to]>« 31 J

I'liryne 2iiii

I'hryiieUa 384, 38;-.

I'brynidiiim ,3..'7

Pliryiiiscida- 248, 243, 383, 384, ,387, 451

Pbryni.tcus 387

Plir; ndcara 39ii

PliryniMcrns 312

Phrynoidia 26i'

Plirynonmiitia 384, 3>^".

Pbyllnliatca 391,39:i

Pliyll.Mlriinnia 391 , 39:1

Pbyllomedusa 321, 322. 323

ibcringii 239

Pickering ( Acria de) 3.VJ

Pickeriugii (Acria) 352

(Hyla) 3,VJ

(Hylodes) 3.VJ

Picta (SaUituandra) 194

Pictiis (Hufo) 267

Pipa 24(1

Pipida. 248. 252

Pipiena (Kana) .397,424

Piacif'onnia (Siri'don) 6"'

Platineniii (Aniblyatoma) 93

Phitypelia 39ii

Platurbinua (Rana) 431

Ploctriiniantida- 30'J

Pletbodon 121,124.125.132

ii'liena 133. 143

cinereuu 31,133

cincrotis — 134

dor.aalia 138

erythronotua 135

craaaultia 133, 147

croceater 133. 150

tlavipunctatua 133. 145

glHtinoaua 133. 139

interiutMliua 133, 145

oregonoDsia 133, 148

^

INDEX,

523

Pnge.
2tiii
3!l»*

:m

444

2(11
12H
12;i
25:i
..250, m.f

23!)
..398,401)

37:t

401!

10,'.

io,->

47
297
..248, 29P
J9il
8, 249, 2.")5, 29(1
2'ti
39.!
447
312
23 '^T,
31 J
2(io
..384,, 38.1
3S7

3, .3M.:t87, 4.'l
;tS7
39(1
31 -J

20ii

3X4. 3S.-,

391,;)!);!

391,39.!

.321,322.323

2;i9

3.VJ

,3,52

3,')2

3 J2

194

2ti7

240

248. 2:.2

.397,424

C."

93

3911

431

309

124. 125, 1.12
... l;t:t. 143
.... 31, 133

134

138

135
...13.3.147
...133, IDO
. .133,145
..1,33. 139
...133,145
...133,148

Pk'thoilon, species of

Plethudontif

Plethodontida-

genera of ,

rietUoilontinic

I'lftliodontoliyla

Pit urodele.*

Plenroclelid.v

tit'IllTil (It,.

I'U-urndeina

I'olypcdate.s

Polvpedatidii

Page,
133
124
.33,119.451
121
119
390
201
.33,201,451

201

313

393

.309,390

I'drphyiitiea (Salamandra) 135

(Speleipes ') 155

Porpliyriticnni (Anibly.'itoiiia) 101 |

Porpliyrificus (Gyriiiopliilus) 155 !

(Spi-liipesii 155 I

(Triton 1 139, 155 i

Pretii'sa (P.iina) 432 j

Prosei pine ( -Vmblystomal 68 '

I'ro.sthorapis 391,393

Prottida 13,21,431

Protelda- 22,4J1

Pioti-119 22,31

ProtouDpsis 37

Pseudacris 331

Pscudis 24!t,3U

Pseudobranchus 225.230

Btriatus 230

Psendophryue 259,200

PseudiKsaiiria 30

Psendotiitiin 161

Pnnitala (.\nibly8toma) 5C

(LaciTtal 56

Pnnctatissiniiis (Triton) 2o7

Punotatuni (Aniblystouia) 56.183

Puni'tatii.s (Xeitunis) 27

Pyxiceplialii.s 250,393

Quailiidicltata (Salamandra) 159

IJuadridisitatus (Batraclioseps) 159

(Mancnlufl) 139

yuadiimaculatu (Salamandra) 194

Queriicus (Bufo) 291

Kaun 250,252,392,393

aj{ilis 390,438

agilis 438

aurora 397,43^,439

areolata 396,397,409

ii-sopus 412

areolata 410

capito 415

circulosa 413

boylii 390,397,444

cantalirigensis 396, 397, 4;i5

cantabrigensis 435,436

cvittata 435,437

latiremis 435

catesbiana 394, 390, 397, 424

.laniata 394,396,397,419

corrugnta ^'-'4

( vanophlyctis 394

draytoui. 396,397,441

dravtoni 441

onca 441,443

cbrenbergii 394

Pas.-.

Kanaescnienta ;j94

fasciata .'jsi

fueciiiula 391

gracilis 304

gnumiins 304

bexadactyla 394

masi"iiieu.<is ,394

mdutf/.uiiia- 396,397,42;!

occipitalis 394

opisthodon -jso

oxyrliyucha Ml

paln9lris 396. 397, 411(5

soptt-ntrionali- 396, 397, 416

silvat ica 396, 397, 447

8pecii'S of 396

teuiporaria 394. 390. 4:il

prttio.sa 397, 432

temporaria 4:i2

viresccna 394. 390.307

aiistricnla ; 39.'<

brarhyci-phala ...39!l. 4iW

circulosa 409

»pln-nui.i'pliala 39^.399

virestcus 398,401

Kanidit 21s 249, 250, 309, 383, 384. 390. 4.-1

gtnera of 391

Ranidens U9

Rauoidea 349

aurea 321

Raniila 392, 393, 394

' Kccapitulatiiju 451

Kcotifvfuis iSoapliiopus) ' 301

Kegilla(Hyla) 355

Kimifii (Manculusi 15;-

Rliacliitoini 13

KliatopUorus 392.393

I reticiilatns 240

Eh,i>l)ij 201

Kliiiiiideniia 240. 3.-7

Khinopliryuus 20ii

Klioniljiipliryne 3p4

Kiohardi (Uylai 373

1 Kicordii(Hylod.'s) 318

(Litbodytcs) 318

Ruber d'aeudDtiiton) 172

(.■^pilerpes) 1"-

Rubra (Salamandra) 1"-

(Speli'rpi'.s) 1"2

Rubrivcntriif (Salamandiai 172

Salamandra -00

Salamaudiella 11&

Salamandrlda- 33. 20n

} gciK-raof 200

; Salamandrina 2ol

' Salamaudroidis 4i

I (Ciyptobrauchus) 38

' Salamandrops 37

Salientia 13, 232. 431, 4.37

classifiiation of 246

inteiiiiiuent of 234

origin and evolution of 244

iHtei>li>gy of . . 232

n-pniiliiitiiiu of -■'J'

visiiiaiif 231 457

Salmonea (Salamaudta) 1"''

524 BULLETIN 34, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Page.

Sa1monea(S^'>terpes?) 155

Salmoneum Mystoma) 155

Snlmonens ^Titon) 155

(. 08) 155

Sayl (Menubi^^vuos) 23

Srnpbiophryne 367

Scnphiopidii' 255. 296

Soaphiopodidie 300,451

Scaphiopus 252,297,298

concbli 29ti, :i(il

holbrookii

Hpecies of

Scn])iilaris(H>'la)

(Rana)

Scbismaderma

Scutiua (Kana)

Sciitnta (Snlnmandrai

Sriitatum (Hemidactyliurn)

Sculatus (Batracbose]>8)

Siiitatus (Desmodactylns)

Sculiger

Sovuax

•2'M
298
3ne
424
260
431

i;io

130
VM
130
2C0
34!)

Soytopis 322,323,394

Scytopaig 321

Sciranota 201

Seiiiifasciata (Eyla) 366

Septentrionalis (Cborophilns) 342

(Raua) 416

Silvatica (Rana) 447

Sinuata (Rana) 416

SiranotidK 201

Sir<-il>iu '. 47

Sinn 31,225

lacertina 226, 456

splanchnology of 456

Sirenid.x> 223, 451

Siienoides 215

Smilisca 322,323,379

bandinii 321,379

SoUtarins (Scaphiopus) 298

Spea 297,302

hammondii 303

bombifrons 303,306

hamuioudii 303. 305

intermoutaua 303. 304, ;i05

subspecies of 303

multiplicata 308

species of 303

Speciosus (Bulb) 272

Speleipes 121, 124,125.161

bellii 161

bilineatus 31, 162. 103

cepbalicus 162

chiropteius 162

guttoliueatus 162, 170

leprosus 162

longicaudiis 162. 168

162
455
176
179
178
161
nil
349

multiplicatuit

ruber 31, 162,172,

davissimus

nioutanus

sticticeps

species of 161,

Spclerpiniu

Sphii'uorhynilius

Page.
393
3s7
363
363
363

Sphairotheca

Spheiiophryne

Squirell (La Rnine)

Squirella ( Auletris)

(Calaniita)

(Hyla) 363,371

Stagnalis (Soapbiopus) 305

(Spea) 303,305

Stcguccphali — 13

Stellio (Salaiuandra) 207

Sti'iiDcrpbalus 385

SteiriK'liila 121

StereiicliiluB n 124,125. 152

marginatus

Stereocy clops

StoiiibuH

Sloiigyl(i]iu.i

Striata (Siren)

St riat lis ( I'seudobrancbus)

Snbfusea (Salamamlra)

Snbfufnis (Pseudotriton)

Subvlolacea (Lacerta)

(Satauiandra)

Subviolaceuni ( Am biy stoma)

l.')2

387

312

393

230

230

172

172

30

.16

.10

Sylvatica (Hana) 435,447

Symmetrica (Salaraano «::) 2u7

Symnietricun (Triton) 207

Sy rrophus 252, 313, ol 8

oystignathoides 3H

leprus 318

niaraochii 318

verrucipes 318

Systonia 385

Talpoidea (Salamaudra) 12

Talpoideum (Amblystoraa) .12

Taricba s 202

TeIniatol>iU!» 312.313

Teiiiporaria iKana) 431,435, 438

Tenebrosa (Xiplionurn)

Tenebrosiim (Aiiiblystoma)

Tenebrosus (Ch )Qilriit us)

Tetradactylua (Mcnobranc)iu.s) ..
<l'iiaiit:rulir.iiiclius).

Tcxaiia (Saluiuainlrai

Ti \;iiiiiiii I Auiljlvstuuial

Tetanus (ChondrotUB)

IVxBunu (Engysloma)

Thoriida'

HI

111

111

. . 23

23

104

104

104

3»5

33

TboropB 322, 323

Tigrina (AmblyHtoma) 08

(Salamaudra) 68

Tigriuuni (.Vnililv stoma) 68

(Sirtilou) 68

Tigriiins (Triton) •«

Tomopferina .in:!

TorosB (Molge) 'Jo4

( Tariclia 1 204

Torosus (Notophtbalmus) 204

(Triton) 204

Tra.liycrplialiiH ,321, 322. 32:i

Trac bystomata 13, 22'i. 451

Treiuatodera ^io

Tridactyla (Aniphiuma) 216

(Mura-nopsis) 216

Triprion 322,323

J

Ml'

Page.

393

397

363

363

363
,...363,371

305

....303,305

13

207

385
.... 121
124, 125. 152

152

387

312

393

230

230

172

172

56

M

50

435.447

207

207
.252,313,alr<

3I-t

318

, 318

318

31^5

fij

52

202

312,313

..431,435,438

Ill

Ill

Ill

23

23

104

104

104

385

33

322,323

08

68

68

r.8

«8

3U3

204

204

204

204

,...321.322. :t2'

13,223.4.51

W

216

216

322,323

I

INDEX.

Prige.

TriHvHata (llyla) 3^2

'rri»f>''>tus (Choiopliilus) 342

(llflocii'tes) 342

Tiisiiiptiiiu (Anililystoimi) go

TrituiUH o((i

T,\ lotiitoii iQi

rppioliiilii' 311,)

fro'l''!" 13,29,451

(levclopnKMit of 3)

gio^'iiiidiiciil (lintiilmtioii of ;j4

jiliyloyi-ny of 35

s.VHK'oiiilic arrangement of 33

rtrU'Mlari;! (Itauil) 397

Valli(i|m ( lioro) 292

Vanvlietii (II,\la) 371J

Variiiliila (Salainandra) 131)

Varins (Scapliioiiiis) 3m

Veneiinsa (Salaioandrn) 50

VirnudHa (Il.sla) 373

Versicolor (Dendroliyas).

dJylai..."

Viioscens (Kauai

Viriiiiiiiiii.i (Kaiiai

Viiiilf.sien.s iDivinvetvlns)

(Mol«e) '

(XotoplitlialiMii

(Ti'iiiim

(Tritoiiisi

Viriilirt (Hyla)

Weisniiiiiiii f.AinlilyMloinal .

Woiiilhipii.tii (ISiifo)

Xi'nobatraclms

Xenoplirvs

Xeiiopidif

Xipliias i.\nibl\Ht()inal ..

-Xililidimra

Za(li;inu>,

525

Page.
373
373
397
398
207
207
207
207
2o7

3r,c

(-.8

281

. 384, 38.5

290

.248,2,51!

87

47

312