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A'<\f l'A(iE8 Iiitiocluctoi'y lloniarks 5_6 The Eucaiypts 7_9 Spfcics ol-'i-aiitir .m-owtli :— iikuvcIIoms hciglit attained l.y sonu' varirtics. — Mammoth Eucaiypts compaird with tlu^ "Ply Tri'i's" of Calil'ornia.— Ilcmaikalilc quantity of tim. biT snpi)()itc(i l.y tho soil in tlie phiocs wlierc the foinuT Ki'ow— their value in the economy of nature. The Eucalyptus j^lobulus (Blue Gumtree) 9-11 A description of tlie same. — I'harmaeeutical, preparations ob- taincd from it. — Medicinal properties of the essential oil. — The leaves a substitute for sumach, — Medicinal proper, ties of afore-mentioned preparations. The Timber of the Eucaiypts 11-lG Character of. — Purposes for which it is employed. — Pvemark- al.le property possessed by the timber of E. maryinata.— Amount of Potassa in.— Products of (h'stnu'tive distillation of. The Bark of the Eucaiypts 17-18 The same described.— Applicability of to paper-making'.— Probable value as a tanning material. — Amount of tannic and gallic acido in. The Gum-resins of the Eucaiypts 18-19 Description of. — Botany Pay Kino.— Therapeutic properties of. — Behaviour with reagents. The Essential Oils from the Eucaiypts 19-30 Attention first drawn to the same by Baron Von Mueller. — The plants furnishing these oils constitute the great liulk of the forest vegetation of the country. — General allusions to their properties. — Descriptive notice of essential oils from Eucalyptus amygdalina — E. oleosa— E. Leucoxylon — E. goniocalyx — E. globulus — E. corymbosa— E. obliqua — E. fissilis — E. odorata — E. longifolia — E. rostratu — E. viminalis — E. citriodora. — Eucalyptol . — Eucaly ptene. — Eucalyptolenc. — General behaviour with reagents. Manna from Eucaiypts 30-31 A description of two varieties. — Melitose, i 4 I'AflKS Essential oils fVdiii cert;!!!! spfcit's of tlic Licims IMt'Ialoucii.. 35-37 (ic'Hcriil miiiiiks on tlii'sc oils. — l)(s< riiitivc notice of essen- tial oils I'loni Mcluli'Uiii liniiriColin — M. cin'vifolia. — M. oricifolia — M. W'llsonii— M. iiminalu — M. f^cnistifolia — ^^M. K(|narrosa. Essential oils fVoiii eiirtaiii iMdiuciious '\''ietoria plants 37-3'J Gcnoral rcniaiks on tiic same. — Descriptive notice of es. sontial oils from Atheios|K'rninm nioKchatum — Prostan- thera lasiantlios — T. rotnndifolia — Mentlia Anstralis — M. ^'randiHoia — M.' gracilis — Zieria lanceolata — I'lriostemon squaniens — I'ittosiioiuni nielulatuni. TABLES I. Shewing' tlio amount of potash in the leaves of cer- tain species of Eucalypts 13 II. Shcwinii' the atnount of potasli in the hranchlets and branehwooil of certain species of Eucalypts.. 14 III. Shewing the amount of potash in the trunkwood of certain species of Eucalypts 15 IV. Shewing the amount of charcoal, crude wood vine- gar and tar, obtained by the destructive distilla- tion of the timber of certain Eucalypts IG V. Shewing the amount" of pure hydratcd acetic acid, real wood spirit and wood-vinegar tar contained in the crude-wood vinegar (Table IV) IG VI. Siiewing the pcrceiitage of tannic and gallic acids in the barks of certain species of Eucalypts IS A'll. Shewing the percentage of essential oil obtained from the foliage of certain Eucalypts ; likewise the boiling point and relative illuminating power of said oils 29 VIII. Shewing the solubility of certain resinous substan- ces ' .1 pjucalyptine oils 30 ILLUSTRATIONS. Plate I. — Eucalypts growing in open country ; tl.c one in the background is a good specimen of E. rostrata. Plate II. — Eucalypts growing in the sheltered depressions of the Ranges : the trunks of trees here represented are those of E. globulus: the magnificent arborescent fern Dicksonia Antarctica, Lab. (which attains a height of 12 — 28 feet) is likewise represented. *, '-H ■? :^- ■f i It was at first contcmitliitod iiu>ioly to trc';;t ol' the essential oils wliicli arc obtaiiioti froiu tlio I'oliage of this ,t;"nns : hut, in- asmuch as the timber, barks, uum-resiiis, etc., derived IVoni these trees, likewise possess properties which i^ive them an interest, if not indeed a value, I considered it exjiedient to devote a few words to each. To have entered into botanical descriptions would have been foreign to the object of the '' Memoir " : I have, liowever, given the scientific name, and geographical range of the several species brouiiht under notice in the course of the text. . - The Essential Oils have been dwelt upon at some length. With I'egard to the medicinal properties of the leaves and essen- tial oil of 7v. (jJiihiihix, I have, to the best of my knowledge, given the results of tin; most recent investigations on the subject. Tables have been introduced, shelving the results of experiments instituted In reference to the yield of potash from trees of this geuus, and to the products of the dry distillation of their timber. Allusion has been made to the barks as tanning and paper ma- terial, results of experiments in both directions being given. Finally, a few remarks have been made upon the gum-resins, and a Hue or two devoted to the description of two varieties of a substance called manna. In the form of an Appendix to this Paper will be found an account of a very interesting series of essential oils, obtained from certain species of the genus IMclaleuca, (order Myrtacca;) and other indigenous Victorian plants ; with one exception, all possessing therapeutic properties, and resembling more c less some of the medicinal oils of commerce. 6 ^VIl,•ll iiii;,r,„:,ti,,i, I possess on (Ii<> siil.j.-ct liciviii tiviitrd (.(', w.is o;,in..,| .lini,,.. tl„ (iv,. y,,,rs i„ win,.], ] \v;is (•..mu-ctod with tlK' l>>i>aitmcnt oC tl,.. Iran,,-,] (;..v..nu„..nt Hotanist and Director •'I'tl'o State (iMnleiis. Victoria, Australia: T allude to Haron Von ^IiK'lIer, a nail),' widely known in the scientilie world, and ono i"ti"i.itely associated with the Flora of Anstralia. t should like it f., be understood that the various investiga- tions, alluded to in the course of these pa-es, as having been carried out by i,,,., i„ ...y capacity ,d' Chemist to the (inrdons, were in all in^fancs su-esf.Ml by IJarou Yon Mueller, wlio at tlie same time scIectMl and furnished me with the miuirod ma- terial. For many of ihe descripti.ms herein given. I am also in debted to the same gentleman. I cannot conclude witliout expressing my indebtcdne,s.s to Alfred l\. C. Selwyu. F.d.S., Esq., Director of the Geological .Sur- vey of Canada, for his kindness in having placed at my disposal a seriesof Australian views, tliereby enabling me to insert some illustrations : the same have been very skillfully drawn and litlio- grapheil by Mv. A. IF. Foord, Artist to the Survey. (II. •ith ■(.,!• nil IIIH,' V ! !^S5SaS~^;gft^'% 9 tfmm ■p 1, PL. 31 '■'■■■>'.* WJIPWUP u »•/ • if. proceI':dings UK TllK. Ittontvcal (SalUjic of ^'hjivmiin(. The reticular Monthly Meeting of the College was held on the 0th inst., in the Lecture Hull of the Pharniaeeutical Society of the Province of Quebec. 3Ir. John Gardner, President, occupied the chair. After the reading and approval of miiiutCf:, and the usual routine of business, the President called ui)on Mr. C. Hoffmann to read a paper on the 1. II EUCALYl'TS OF AUSTRALIA. I I The Eucalypts arc a genus of trees of the natural order Myrtacese; they are evergreens, with entire and leathery leaves, which instead of having one surface towards the sky and the other towards the earth, are often placed with their edges in this direction, so that each side is exposed to the liglit. This genus, of which at present some one hundred and forty species arc known, forms one of the most characteristic features of Australian vegetation, in which it also occupies a very large place, comprising a great number of forest trees, many of them of magnificent proportions. Under favorable conditions of -n-owth, viz., in the .sheltered depressions within the llangcs, many varieties attain a colossal size ; in more open places, liow- ever, they usually occur as middle sized trees. Amongst the species which embrace trees of gigantic growth may be enume- rated: Euadnptns ami/fjdnlinK, Labillardiere — one of the Peppermint-trees; Eaadi/ptus goniocidij.c, Ferd. IMueller — one of the White Gumtrces; J'Jucdi/ptus Staartuin", V^rd. Mueller —also one of the White Gumtrces; and Eacaiijptas obh'qiui, L'llerltier, the Stringybark-trec. ■Ii'ljup^i A tree of ICnculjiptm iijui/(jd'i/iii(t in tlic recesses orDaiuleiiong, was iiieasiired by Mr. J). Boyle, and lound to have attained a liei^lit of 420 ieet. jMr. (I. W. llobinson supposes this I'hu'alypt towards the sources of tlie Yarra to attain a heis^ht of ")()() i'eet. lie found tlie circuniferiiice of a tree growing in tlie back ranges of Berwick to be SI feet, at the distance of 4 feet from the ground. A Eucalyptus on the Black Spur was measured by Mr. (J. Klein, and its licight found to be ISO feet, consequently ex'ceed- ingby 40 feet twice the height of the towers of Notre Dame Ca- thedral in this city, and overtopping the tidiest of th.o celebrated ^Scqitoia WrU'iHfjtonia'x, or Big Trees of Caliibruia, by 155 feet ; as, according to J. 1). Whitney, the State Geologist, tlie Sequoia known by the name <)f '•' Keystone Stat.',"' in the Calaveras grove, stands at the head of the Big Trees, with an elevation of ;]25 feet, and this, he adds, is the t;dlest tree yet measured on this conti- nent, so far as our information goes. If the size of these Euealypts is astonishing, not less remark- able is the quantity of timber su]»ported by the soil in the places •where they grow. In the State ibrest at Dandenong (A^ictoria), it was I'ound by actual measurement that an acre of ground eon- tained twenty large trees of an apparent average height of about o50 feet, and thirty-eight saplings of an apparent average lieight of fifty feet; the land being occupied besides by a dense under- UTOwth. A''ain, in one of the densest parts of the Mount Mace- don State forest, an acre of messmate (^/•Jucili/ptiisjissill.s, Ford. Mueller) forest was found to contain forty-two large standing trees and twelve saplings. Many of the largest of these trees were from six to seven feet in diameter, fduccs a temporary excitement, headache, and slight fatipue. Dr. Rabuteau states that the leaves contain no alkaloid. Count Maillard de Marafy from experiments instituted by him, announces that the leaves can be used as a substitute for sumach. The tincture is stated to be an excellent remedy against ague and intermittent fever, especially that kind which is often epi- demic in marshy districts, and Spanish physicians have pro- nounced i' eflScacious in such cases. Other preparations alluded to in above list possess powerful tonic and diffusible stimulant properties, performing remarkable cureo in cases of chronic catarrh and dyspepsia, and soaic form an excellent antiseptic application to wounds. From this it will be seen that this Eu- calypt may become of very great importance in a medicinal point of view, if in no other, and considering their analogy in other respects it would not be surprising if many other of the species were found to possess ccjually important properties. I. — Timber of the Eucaltpts. The inibcr of the Eucalypts when green, is generally soft, but when cut into beams, planks, etc., and exposed for a short time to atmospheric ii-flueucc becomes very hard and in conse- quence difficult to wo-k; this hardening is attributed to the increased density of the woody structure and to the solidification o''the gum resin, which is copiously distributed throughout its substance. This genus furnishes the most important of the native woods employed for economical purposes; and, according to their in- dividual properties, often strongly marked, are well adapted for the various purposes of the shipbuilder, millwright, wheelwright, coachmaker and carpenter ; and many, from the great beauty of their duramen, and the very high and beautiful polish which they are capable of receiving, are justly favorites with the cabinet maker. The iiiahcv of Eucali/ptiis marginata, Smith — the Swan River or West Australian mahogany, or mahogany eucalypt (restricted to Western Australia), is worlhy of special notice, from the wonderful property it possesses of being absolutely impervious to the inroads of the Limnoria, Teredo and Chelura : a property which eminently adapts it for the construction of wharves, jetties, T 12 and all work of naval arphitccture exposed to sea-water: it moreover resists the attacks of termitrs, and on this acconnt is extensively employed in India for railway sleepers. The timber of Knaihipfu>i rustr<(f(i, .Schlcelitendal— ttie Red Gumtree (but not the red gumtrco oi' Western Australia, which is widely ditt'erent), possesses tiie propertii ascribed to Eucal- yptuR marginofd, almost in an ocj.ial decree. As )uany may feel interested in knowing' what the yield of Potassa is fiom these trees, I have selected from my determina- tions of Potassa in a variety of indigenous trees, such as had reference to the Eucalypts, a id embodied the results in the fol- lowing Tables I, II, and III. I also submitted a number of the native woods to destructive distillation, iKtermiuing the percentage yield of charcoal, tar, and crude wood-vinegar, and again, in the l!itt,n- the proportion of wood-spirit, acetic acid and other constituents: as in the Ibrmer instance, such as have reference to the Eucalypts have been se- lected, and the results given in adjoining Tables IV and V. The woods employed were thoroughly air-dried, the amouui." torrefied in each case — 25 pounds. t r^r I" (. > T f T 13 /- i » I" CO t ti. a "3 =« o >~ ;^ -rt" «X O "^ O rO ■£ <^ -^ - • = ^ ■-^ r3 H g cS -c c rt C. ^^ '- Cl ^Zi '-^ 2 == o ^ fe a s ^ pa ;- r/i c M 'tJ s >■ a '-^ ^ Cfl g H !» s. h-? ■=« -22 o cu - i^ a « s 2 O =1 a » «j o ^ ^ to a I? V V &t !jn i x.£ .i: 00 0^ -^^ ♦^ ...Ill t >-. i^. 'J zi! — ; M it ic C "• -^ j^ o _tL JJ. tl JZ J iiio.^ M 'O — X ^ .S - *" W '/J t- O M -r « 01 - X « — m -r 1.-: -T 'J* -■ ' ' ' - ■'- r -< i.T -r 1- m ^ ■C: 'S ■£ -^ V> J3 !5 <1 C M 1- 1- fO -.Sl — r-< C^l rH i-t •t S-3 b> Cl M in -^ o •O X '- X o 0-3 O O !-< c o f -q j3 i; rt CI X — -H c^ S ^5 -f -r -f n fs^ o o o c o "S"' r^^ -■r-B o '■'•' '■''.is '" was. ■a = -/J S -w :« a. a W H O CO » o W i3 'O -C X — ' — • M fC ".-3 Cl Zi ■M I— ci ~' 'O X i- lO or CO m O -M C5 -J t-- c^ -r r- c 1-' ci 1- ri M i-H Cl -f CO CO G cy i-:i -* Tjt X CC X «_ C_ — ' 'O » ic o -t Tji ro -+ X 1.-: X o Ci O I- CI o ci M — < cj -^ en 1— I Cl ^ O X ct; o X Cl m C p— * t^ wi Cl lO in Tf •. _' ITS ^ 2 - ? a o i W ^ f o2 S 3 - x o o tc t cS (33 T3 ^-^ 9 -^ .9 ^ S c3 o o o ^ a> cS S eU 4) a D O U Eh X] o a J3 a H O o a c9 0 eS x; I n H O O » -«! OS en H U o O f^ . o p} ^ lO , • UJ -^ *o CO Ash 00 ^ fO Ci • O «:- i-l »0 • t— lO F-^ CO , 1—, Dry branch- lets and branch- woikI. with bark. CO 05 00 CO . CI •-( I-H 1-1 . o o o © ; Fresh branch- lets and branch- wood, with bark. '"' ^ ® "-i • d o d d '. Ratio of the soluble consti- tuents of the ash to the insoluble, centesimally expressed. is a V o CO •«ti C^j O CO . -i I-; 00 te . «- 00 05 00 • 00 00 t- 00 • 2 3 EC to ir- O I^ . 00 00 C-1 CO . (N rt C -^ • rH ,-H M rl Ash in a hundred parts of Dry branch- lets and branch- wood, with bark. T»< r~ o •^ . t- CO CD CO . CO CO r-i CO 1 Fresh branch- lets and branch- wood, with bark. O ^- "^ ^ • O 00 00 -^_ • ci r-i d C^' '. Moisture in a hundred parts Dry sub- stance. Tf ■* -- CO . T*l Tt< CO --^ . CO id (m' d • ic o in CO • CO CO 03 t- . in in CO 00 . CD -^ t-^ 05 • -*-*■* CO • W P5 H o t-t o w p^ OS Vernacular Name. Blue Gum tree - Red Gunitree - Manna Eucalypt Small-leaved box tree Stringybark-tree i Eucalyptus globulus " rostrata - " viminalis " melliodora '« obliqna - r [. \ 15 f. ■fad (4 H O a Q O O 55 P Pi3 ""J .H 1 41 J a ■ 1 ♦^ < ■5 -a 1 2 « o c * 2 ^H^ -g M (".X >. , c B ■S 43 j: .t! J o •_2 u; ^^ to ^^j^ljecll^ ii9«' • «o oo 00 05 in 2j2.2-flja M rH M o in ja 3 ♦* ♦^ « •m ^llo^ o* 1- rt -^ oi «o o w «n o O J Ol 00 o M O 00 't M ^ -5 r-l rt © © O a o © O ©' C> s 1 o 5 o CO in in M • © © © c • ==is ©' d ©' ©' I the nsti- eash ubIe, illy d. V T(< •^ CO © 00 is > 2 00 M — ' M ci 00 Ratio of soluble coi tuents of th to the insol centesimi expresse c to t- in 00 a> «i _4j to o t- o e-a 2 "3 r-c t- e>i in Oi CO 00 t-- «0 1-^ M Tj" f-< M ^ i t- t^ 0> -H rfi A?h hundred arts of ^§1 odd'-*© « — o t- 00 ^ in • ci A CO fh ■^ t-; • a -1? d) d> ' ci • • iH ^ lO in Tj" to • 1 1 1 Ol 1 ^^ u -u 9 M P3 S M 72 (4 5? 2 H O s u S CO 1- 1— 1 '^ O _. h-f i 3 ^'S "o 2 -§2.9:2 2- o H s CZ2 .2 s g 2 > S o 5 ^ R •3 3 2 S S ' to 0 S ! ■'}■ W 16 o if a u o Cm O et o o *2 « 3 a o n3 P o o a P3 H o o t3 o o o o o *-l CS 5 Cm O o o a o I/! 1 a ' "a o •^ £ o i © c c c c "Si . S ••■? C lO « o i* l^ d lo o 2^ '-r M 1--' «>" CI o C c. e-i 't -^ c >i a p«4 s W « a o c O .— t. 2^- ^^ "« C C-l M o = > ■?= CI i.l 'C '£ ^ ■S^ •£ r-1 1- C C 05 M <0 — o o M T)> C-1 © X- c f^ S -E 3 X H n C3 t- V *3 S s '" c in t- CO © £ . -s lO Cl 00 M o -^ § (M r-. W O o •§^ c; « — ' CO C>1 o £ 7 fl rl< e-i i-H »— o 0) Q- 3 H 1 0 j ^ 1 '^ C 1-. M CO o O 1- — — • © 'O 00 M M o oc -+ «a o ,5' i C^l -J- (M 0 r- 4 >• t. "3 '-' « s N ame - ame - 1 1 1 1 fill ^. » .2 S ■*J ^^ ei 3 1 1 1 1 a ^ 1 E >> y" 1 1 1 1 m > © 1 1 1 o S ='• o is ' a ' fcc o j^ ^ t» ,x) ,a O CO O CI O'^ 1 "^ CO -C C eS C OOEhP i; 1.. c. u ;5^£ CO <0 rf lO > > «- •r-lli ^ f « 00 i>-si=s iH © CI CV 1- 1- ^-•n-2|f M ^ t M y.;,- •*rf C >«;«J tc 1- * * 3. •:: -T i-r. i-t » l = £i^r '-0 c c 00 ^ "M' """ M CI F-* 0) 'J 0 z - — c ei;- ii ~ T •!m — tl : U 1. a CI I-H 1.0 CO CO 00 X 00 CI r— rt I-H CI to 1.0 i-i •t CI 1.0 I- r~'£;z"S IX J= <; o ^ .^> ' ^ -S P* ^ S O rt o , 2• 0 <', - B CI o *xi u o^ s -p § 'P _ c ^ i_ Ph cc pa ei CC "b'c? o a s -" •" "5 1-5 S o be O / % ll. pa 17 4 ll II. The Hauk of the Eucalypts. Tlio hiirk of sonic of those tm«s is n'iii!irkiil»lf lor its liardiu'SH, notably so that of tlie so-callrd iron-bark tret' ( Kitcii/i//>fiiii Lfii- voxi/h)i, Ffcjl. Mueller), wliieli is particularly thick and ru-r^ed, and studded with deposits of a dark thick c\\\., Eucalijptas ami/gilnlin((, Lab., Eucahiptm globulus, Lab., Euml- i/ptits (jonioailijx, F. M., EufaJijpfns ct n/m(>osa,it'U\., Eitodi/pfus Lcncoxi/lon, F. M., Enaili/pfns loiuji/'i/i", liink., and Euralijpfits StKdrtuoKt, F. M., were all well adapted for the manufacture of packinfj; paper, mill and paste boards; that of the E. globulus possibly also for printing paper ; and that of E. obliqua also for printing and even for writing paper. From this it may be in- ferred that they are not \xnlikely to meet with applications in this branch of industry. The barks of many of the species arc remarkable for their as- tringent qualities, and upon examination were found to contain appreciable quantities of tannin. From my determinations the following have been selected, which may serve to show the prob- able value of the barks as tanning materials. 18 Table VI. ♦Showing the percentage of Tannic and Gallic acids in the barks of some species of Eucalypts. Systematic Name. Vernacular Name. Locality. Tannic Acid. Gallic Acid. Kncalyptus Stuiirtiiina. " lonKif'ilia. " corymbosa. Moiiiitiiin Ash. Woullybutt. lUoodwood tree. Gippsland. u l< 4.6 8.3 2.7 0.7 2.8 0.8 III. Gim-Hesins of the Eucalypts. These are produced in greater or lesser quantities by all the .«!pecies of this genus; from this circumstance the Eucalypts are almost universally culled by the Colonists " Gum trees." The?e substances occur within the trunks of trees of all sizes, in flattened cavities in the otherwise solid wood, which often lie parallel to the rings of growth. In such places the deposition of the gum-resin, which is at first a viscid liquid, becomes gradu- ally inspissated, and subsequently hard and brittle. The liquid gum-resin may be obtained by making incisions in the stems of growing trees; they are very viscid treacle-like fluids, not differ- ing in chemical composition from those which have undergone indurations, save that they contain more water ; the indurated •)0ses from 15 to 20, and the liquid gum-resin about G5 per cjnt. at a temperature of 212° F, When thus dried they are exceed- ingly friable and easily pulverised. In their general characteristics, these gum-resins resemble each other very closely. In the solid form they present the ap- pearance of small angular masses, not unfrequently intermixed with particles of wood. The prevailing color is dark red-brown, in some cases dull with olive and yellowish tints, in others bright ruby colored and transparent ; black and opaque pieces are also very commonly interspersed through each of the varieties de- scribed. In the mouth they are tough, adhere to the teeth, and color the saliva red ; their taste is intensely astringent, with a slight bitter flavor ; in this respect, however, there is some dis- similarity. The gura-resin from Eucalyptus resini/cra is that which is koown under the name of Botany Biy Kino; it is for all medi- i j I i 19 ^L'ioal purposes considered equul to Kino: that from Eitcahjptus rostrata is preferred to others as a therapeutic, and as an astrin- gent is parUcuhirly administered in Europe and India in cases of chronich diarrliuju. The solvent action of water upon these gum- resins differs according to the species operated on. Tlie aqueous solutions give an acid reaction ; in these solutions acetate of lead gives copious gelatinous precipitites; solution of gelatin causes precipitates, which however do not in any c;ise appear ' • be so abundant as might have been anticipated from the intense astrin- gent taste of these gum-resins. Ferric s ilts give precipitates of various shades of green and black ; mineral acids produce bulky flocculent deposits. These jodies, so far as I am aware, have hitherto been but very cursorily examined : they offer an interesting field for chemical investigation. IV. Essential Oils from the Eucalypts. To Biron Von Mueller is due the credit of having been the first to draw attention to this important f-ubject, important, whether regarded from a scientific point of view, or one of indus- trial importance, as will be conceded on becoming acquainted with their valuable properties. At his suggestion, Messrs. Bosisto and Johnson entered upon the preparation of the essen- tial oils from a number of species of the genus ; in each case determining the yield, etc., etc., the material upon which their C'xperini nts were conducted having been supplied by Baron Von Mueller, all uncertainty regarding the true botanical name of the trees from which the samples were obtained has been re- moved. The supply of material from which the.se oils are pre- pared, is almost unlimited : the plants furnishing it constituting the great bulk of the forest vegetation of the country. Speaking of Victoria alone, the area in that colony occupied by forest trees and scrubs has been estimated at 73,000 square miles, of which 71,500 square miles are occupied by Eucalypti of various species ; and wherever these trees are felled for timber (this more especially applies to Eucalyptus globulus, the timber of which is always in great demand), the foliage which otherwise is wasted, would be available in great abundance for the extraction of the oil. Mr. Jas. Bosisto, with a praiseworthy spirit of enterprise, 20 entered upon the preparation of these oils on a large scale, with what success (commercially speakinir) I am, however, not pre- pared to state. The similarity in the general properties of tliese oils is so groat that it may suffice to make some general allusions to them here, referring the reader for fuller information to the short descriptive account of each of the various oils given under their respective headings further on. They are all soluble in all proportions in turpentine, both fat and drying oils, benzine, naptha, ether, cliloroform, and absolute alcohol. Spirits of wine dissolves them pretty freely ; and water on being ;.'^ituted with an excess takes up in most instances about 1 per cent, by weight. Inasmuch as they all possess medicinal properties, they will no doubt ultimately meet with extensive application in medicine. As solvents for a great variety of resinous substances, they are all more or less excellent ; amongst other resins dissolved by them, is, singular to say, the fossil Kaurie gum {Damniara Australia) of New Zealand, a resin, the exportation of which, in large ([nantities has hitherto been retarded in conse(|uence of the difficulty experienced in bringing it into perfect solution. From this it will be seen that these oils are well adapted for the prepa- ration of varnishes and lackers. For illuminating purposes they are equally valuable. In all cases they burn with a brilliant flame, ah lOst equal, and in some cases even superior, to that from the best American kero- sene, whilst the odor, if any, produced by their combustion, is more agreeable, and, unlike it, they leave no stain upon paper or clothing. Notwithst Hiding that the quantity of oil obtained from each species was determined with considerable accuracy, the results cannot be regarded as absolutely constant under all circumstances; great variations will be perceptible in the pro- ducing powers of oil-bearing trees, due to diffiirenccs in age (ex- periments proved that a much larger yield was obtained from the more perfectly matured leaf than from those of younger growth), in the localities where grown, whether in high or low, moist or dry ground, in the time of year when the leaves were gathered, and in climatic influences generally. The apparatus, employed by me, when preparing any of the Eucalyptine oils, was the ordinary still, inside of which was placed a strong wire-net basket, about two or three inches less in diameter than the still, and having legs so as to raise it about aa inch from the bottom. By this arrangement the material ope- i 4 T I ( t> 21 rated upon was prevented from comlnir into direct contact with the surface of the still. Tlie leaves luiving been introduced into the basket, water was poured on, the still adjusted as for an ordi- nary distilhition, and direct heat applied. The oil passes over and condenses with the aqueous vapour, and from the watery portion of the distillate is separated by mechanical means. When steam is at command the above method can, it is needless to say, be greatly improved upon. As previously stated, the J-Jiiva/i/ptiis g/ulnihoi is perhaps the speci'js best known outside Australia, from the fact of its having been introduced into Europe, etc., and has therefore been most handy for investigation. It is consequently the oil from this tree which has received most attention, and in alluding to it further on, mention will be made of the experiments of M. Cloiiz, who has studied its chemical properties. The following series of essential oils includes those from the most common and important trees of the genus. Appended is a short notice of their general behavior with re-agents. The scale employed in taking temperatures was Fahrenheit's. 1. Enaihiptus avii/gdii(ii(a, Labillardierc — one of the so-called Peppermint-trees — occurs in Victoria, New South Wales, and Tasmania. In the deep recesses of some of the Victoria Ranges it is found c!' colossal size; in more open places it is a middle sized tree. The foliage of this Eucalypt contains a larger per- centage of essential oil than any of its congeners — 100 lbs. of the freshly gathered leaves, including the small branchlets to which they are attached, gave GO, 50 fluid ounces. The oil is a thin transparent iluid of a pale yellow color, having a pungent odor, much resembling that of oil of lemons, but coarser and stronger ; its taste is rather mild and cooling, pro- ducing an after sens;' ' Ion in the mouth resembling camphor, witli something of its bitterness. Its specific gravity is 0.881. It boils freely at 330° ; but as the evaporation proceeds, the mer- cury rises rapidly to 370°, where it remains almost stationary. Cooled to 0° F., it at first becomes turbid, and then clearing, deposits a white flocculent substance, which melts at + 27° F. Suffered to evaporate spontaneously, it proves to be somewhat less volatile than oil of turpentine. Conformably with other essential oils, it leaves no stain on paper ; in shallow vessels it absorbs oxygen, giving rise to a residual resinous matter. It is ;ood solvent for a variety of resinous hodies. 8. E Ilea Ij/pt Its Jissills, Ferd. Mueller — the Messmate tree. This tree occurs under the same conditions as E. obliqna. The c 26 }i(;ld of oil from tlic flili;mc oi" tliis spocitvs is tlic siiine iis in the lust case, viz. S fluid ounces from 100 lbs. ol' freshly <;atliere(i leaves. This oil has a ]i:ile re(klis}i-_vH»>w color, and a rather 7nild and ai:reeable odor, in which respects it resembles the oil I'rom K. ohlitjiid. Its taste likewise is very similar, like it, at- tiiekin^' the throat. Its specilic gravity is 0.1)03: it boils at 1550°, the temperature rising till it reaches HHG". In a lamj) it burns with a finnie rather less luminous than that IVoui Ameiican kerosene, tlic fiann! is somewhat yellowish. This essential oil in common with those li'oin other species ol' Euealypis, is a good solvent i'or a variety ()t'resinou> liodies. !>. Kiiviiliiiitiis udonitii. Behr — oneoi' the i-o callcu i'eppermint trees. 'J'his species occurs in h'outh Australia, where it forms in open reaches park-like scenery. The (juantily of oil Cui-iiislied liy the leaves of this species is not large ; two samples weri! ]>repaied ; the difference in yield was so great, and dissimilarity in other resjieets such, that it is considerid desirable to give a sejiarale de,H;ri]ition of eilher. dis- lingnishiiig them as No. 1 and No. 2. In the case ol' No. 1 the yield was only (l.(ii) fluid ounces from ]IH) !lis. ol the IVoli leaves; while in the case of No. '1 a .'■imilai tjuantity of leaves gave 1.17 fluid ounces. The dis-crt j ancy i>- not easuy accoun ted li r. and is possibly due to jiccident; cir- cumstances. J}oth sami»les of oil had ciiniu"- sli :litl V V to uret u ■11 I ]>ale, yeJIowisli color, in- th( V are limiiiu 1 fl UUl; diff using an aromatic smell, in which one nscmbling that of cuiphor predo minates. The taste is similar to that of 7:,'. >)h/i'(jiiii, but milder Oil No. 1 had a sjiecilic gravity of O.MDO ; it-: boiling point wm 335^, the temjjeratuie t-ubsecjuently rising to ]m in a lam p it did not give (juite such a lu'illiant or white flame as that from uood kerosene. tJil No. 2 had a specific gravity of 0.922 ; its boiling point was 315', and as evaporation proceeded, the tem- perature rose to 35tr. In a kerosene lamp it bui'nt exceedingly well, affording a very brilliant white light. A good .'■olvent for a variety of resinous bodies. 10. Eucalypti's hi)i(]l/(>Jiii, ].ii k — tlie AVoollylutt. Thfs Eucalypt is met Avith in Victoria and Ntw f^outh Wales: is occurs as a tall stately tree. The yield of oil from 100 lbs. of" fresldy gatheied haves is 3.40 fluid ounces : the specific gravity :ii . is 0.01(1 : its builiiig point is iJSO" the iinTcury ultimately rising t(t 42(1' ; tju' tii>tc is iiroiiiatio, and cuolinjr, with but little pun- jL'('ncy, it has a IVaLiiaiit catiiphorat'i'ous odor, and an oily con- sistoiK-y. Ill a l.iiii]) it uivis a uood biijiht char flamt', but soniowhai inl'i rliii- to ki'i'iiHiMu; in iiiten^itv. It is a jiood Hjlveut ibr a vniicty of roinuiis bodies. 11. Hiicdijiiitiix /-(/.sV/vf/f^ Si-hh j-htcndal — The Red (juintroo (but not 111' Wist Australia) — This variety has a wider ranjio than any other ul' the Australian limber trees, beinjr ibund in West Aii^lr;dia, S mth Au.strali;i, \'ictoria, New South Wales, V^ueenshind, North and (Antral Australia. Conii>:irul with the iilbro uuiitioneil, the yield .!MS; the boilinj; point is lower than that oluiiy of the othi fs, bi in-' L'^(r, the mercury tifterwiirds becomiiiL: stition.iiy at oaS^. Hvajiorated to about one-fourth its bulk, it ahno.-r -cletinisis wluii ndueeil to zero, retaining its transpari !uy. In tlie l.nnp this oil biitiis vri'll. It is a good solvent I'or a variety ot' re>iiiou> bodies. 12. /'iii-'i/i//ifii.< rintni':/is : Labillardiere — The Manna Eu- calypt — I'luiid in South Australia. \'ictoria, New iSouth Wales and Tasmania — a middle sized tree. The yield of oil I'loiu this species is small, the amoui-t from KJO lbs of I'resh leaves beiii^' Ibi).') fluid otuiees. The lolor of this oil is pale yellowish-L^recn : the odhiiru' acid, in tlic cold, cuuses a <;r:uhial darkciiin*;' in color: the tint varying Roinewliut acoordiiig to the oil oiK-ratod upon, but the final result is in all cases a doop lirown. When heat in en»pl(»}ed these chani^es are rapidly broujiht about : the acid in deconij)osed with evolution of sulphurous acid, the oil being converted into a charred mass, a part of which is soluble in water, uflording a rKpiid so dark as to be almost black. Nitric acid in the cold acts but slowly : when concentrated it produces numerous shades of brown, olive, ])urj)l ', violet and grey: when heated the action is very violent: Nitrous acid fumes are given oft' in great abundance, the oil is converted into a brown resinous body possessed of a pungent odor, hard and brittle yet becoming plastic-like pitch soluble in alcohol, and ether : fusing at a moderate heat and intlammable and possessed ol' niarkcsd a(^id properties, as it forms colored salts with the bases, and the alco- holic solution reddens litmus. Ifi/drocldoric acid, does not give rise to any very marked results : but the action of this reagent on these oils has not as yet been sufiiciently studied. Iodine: when brought into coiitact with these oils causes no explosion, even when the temperature is raised : but a dark colored solution is created, which, when heated, emits peculiar variegated vapors, in which the colors yellow, red, violet, green and blue are very beautifully visible, particularly in bright sun light. Sodium : a piece of this metal introduced into one of these oils, causes an instant evolution of gas upon its surface, the action is aided by heat : it is not under any circumstances so energetic as that caused by the same treatment of some other essential oils, such as oil of cloves. The soda formed is taken up by the oil giving rise to a dark brown liquid from which water extracts the color, and acquires aiKaline properties. Caustic potaDsa aided by heat, and an alcoholic solution of potash produce a very similar result so far as color is concerned. 20 H ►J aa -i: a o • «— * ■/; .2 O Cm CM O O O !-> to SJ X2 o C3 s C ^ a 3 -d -tJ ^ 71 o o Ih O T! "rt CS be alOoac1r»♦'oaocac^-Mff■l T 00 Ci Ji •* o I- c in irt «r t 00 ocococooooioo'-oaio 2 s a> 0 C 0 0 o x: O i CI '^ ~ te 1- 1- 1-3 t '". "p< M fO M M fO o o o o o o o I-l 5C O O C CC O or ^ c^ *o CI to c fO CO M M • 30 'OC .J5 GO 0> '3J Ol J5 cccccoooc oooo _^ •/, i, — ^ — £?•£§ C w ^ -J e tit 3 — M Tf r- CI CI C-, lO lO -c -f c S: -t M — 35 C I- Vr *1" -f C CI C^l C O Mf-lOCOOCCCCOOO 01 Xi o to CS o a I H CO -1 3j»o ••-*j i, : : 1- • u « • p _ : : s- 2 §W 5 — c — r? *-' »^ J g 5 a e CO CS o w !^ c« s ^ - O O — . r. C X *^ r\ ^~ t-> "V .^H ^ - S ^ St ;? ? o :: = 5,- rt ^ :r: s c ^ f* i<* o e8 a 0 .1 0 0 ce If. a 0 0 0 ce ■0 k4 a. ., 1 '/; vA J5 cS u J 1) x: ^ rs tM a >> 0 IB v. J= a > H a c« 0; cr Zj c: M, ^ *^ 0 3J a J a '■J T1 c CO J3 10 » ^ Ul to 1> r/1 • •^ 0 ki Ut -t-l ■•-' c3 ^ a if 0 a a a 0 0) tc OS -a a -*-» s 0 c 0 0 u a h< C 0 ■1/ 0. ij X! 5) -*-t f* Ol u nl^ -r-» J= -*-» ■*- •-• c8 T3 0 ^ ri r/1 h-l s 11 U 0 a X5 ^ 0 ■^^ a -^ > t:? tc c +J 0 2. 0 0 *' J5 C4 M 1, T3 ;^ a C-a £ S o il ;;(» Taiuk \ iir. Sliowiiip tin- Miliibilit^ »it'('('rt;iiii rt'siiious siibstiiiipos in Kucalyptiiu' Oils. Kiinu! (if Uo.''inoii» Hiili.-'hiii' c N iiiii'-iM III' i)iiiii'('-i (A vnii'ilii|i(ii>) sdluh'.o ill ] iinpiTiiil pint III'; — iMU'iilyptiis .uiij^Mliilina. ('iini|>liiir li'iisiii JliHtii' Kli'iiii iSiiiuliimc Kaiiiio Uiim (Xtw Ziiilaiul) .. Diiiiiiiiiini Asiiliult J)nif-0 I's iiliunl Jii'ii/-oiii Oopiil Ainlx T Aniiiii- Shcll-liic C'uolhliollr J!i.'i!S\vax ■JO,;! 1 7 . .■< I i.'J I . '• 7.H "i.H 4.3 •J.H l.:i:! 1 .71 1.1.-. 1 . It; 0.7:; ii.7:s l".IU'!ll.V|ltll.M Kioliliiil.-'. Kill a'yi'tu.s <{' tin' snlvciit l)()wcr of tli'sc iKidir.s. I'laiiiiN iiiijicatc that im cxprriiaint wa.s iii- stitiiti'd. 'riic rxiiriim-'Uts \ww roiidiirt.d at llic ludiiiaiy tcinixMa- tiirc. V. 3rAN.\A. There aie two varietits oC a .'^iibstaiico e tiled .Matiisa. Tlie otie is secreted by the leaves and slender twins of the J'J. ]'imi- mills (Manna Enealypt) from pnnetiires or injuries done to tliese parts of the tree. It occurs mo.-^t coniinonly in the ibrin of irregular little ronnded tansses of an o])a(iue wliite color, posse,«sing a pleasant sweetish tiste. The.se little masses often present an aperture at one end, shewinn' the attachment of the small twij^' from wlilch the 3Ianna has been secreted in a liquid form, at first transparent and of the consistence of thin lioney, and then becoming .solid, drops off in the condition that has been mentioned. This Manna has been examined by Johnston, who found it to contain a crystallisable suiiar (Melitose.) containing according "1 to h'm analysis ('ij //_m (f\\, //j O, and identical in (•<»nn»o>itioii with tjrapo sui:;ar : Hi'idiolot by wlioin it was nioro fully irivcsti- jiatod also pronounced it to l»i^ idfiitical with i'rai)o su'j:ar and very similar in its reactions : lie roirards it as a compound of <> rape HW^nr with the isomeric substances eucalyn. >[(>litose isextructi'd from the Manna hy water, it crystallises in slender needle.-., ptjssessini;- a sliiilitly saccharine taste. The oth(>r varitity of iNIanna is found upon the leaves of the U, (liininsn (or Malice scrub) whose foliatre is occasionally so whitened over witli the profusion of this substance as to present the appearance of beinir covered with frost : it is the secretion of the pupa of an insect of the Psyilu family ; and is called Lerp by the uborii:ines of the Northern ]);irts of the colony. It occurs in masses of airiire^ateil cDues, covered with a lilanientons material like wool, the color vari(!s from an opaipie wliite to a dull yellow. These varieties '.)f 3Ianiia arj of no medicinal value. Mr. 8. J. fiV.MAN in moviti'j;a vote of thanks to Mr. Hoffmann for the interesting and valuable paper with which he had favored the College, said he expressed the sentiments of all present wlieu ho stated that it had seldom been their lot to listen to a lecture con- taining inform ition of such interest. The information regarding the Eucalypts is what he had not bc'cn able to find in books. His attention was first called to these remarkable trees l>v having observed one for the first time in the conservatory of a friend in New Jersey, and he now held in his hand some of the leaves plucked from the tree. On holding this leuf up to the light you will at once perceive the es,5ential oil vessels with which it is filled, very similar to those of the Orange and Lemon peel. One of these leaves contains more essential oil than a whole plant of AVintergreen, Lavender or Mint. When we consider the vast height of the Eucalypts, the wide spreading branches with myriads of leaves, capable of sheltering a small army, the question may occur, what purpose in the economy of nature does this great store of odorous oil serve. If, as Tyndal has proved, that the useful office of the odors of plants and trees is to absorb the radient heat from the earth and thus preserve uniformity of temperature by which vegct ition is preserved ; we can scarcely conceive the influ- ence these forests of colossal trees have upon the climate of Aus- tralia. It niny interest tlie audionce to know that, altliougli we ean- not boastof trees of the magnitude possessed by our fellow-colonists* at the Antipodes we have trees of very respectable size in Canada A few miles in rear of L'Assoniption, on Hall & Go's timber limits, stands a pine of nearly 200 feet in lieight and of 21 feet in circumferance. The branches commence at the hei-ht of 72 feet. The es,=iential oil which Mr. Hoffmann lias brought with him from Australia is very interesting, it seems allied to the Mints and fire weed and would serve the purposes of New York adulterators of essential oils in mixing, and I have no doubt a consignment of them would be quickly bought by these parties who have so reduced adulteration of oils to a science as " to deceive the very elect" in knowledge of oils, I mean the London broker in essential oils. I have no doubt this oil may prove a valuable ad- dition to stimulating remedies for external applicatici. A<^ain thanking Mr. Hoffmann for giving the result of his experient^ in Australia, he moved the vote of thanks. Mr. John Kerry seconded the motion, .•uid expressed liis thanks for, and appreciation of. the valuable p.ijier to which th.y had listened on this, to him, hitherto unknown tree, and the i.'- terestmg information regarding the product* of our Sister Colony. He expressed a liope that other gentleman would follow Mr. Hoffmann's example in presenting to us papers which would redound not less to the credit of themselve than the College. The motion was carried unanimously. The Chairman expressed tl- 'rratification .Mr. Hof^-nann h;id afforded them by his paper, and tne assembly adjourned. t*'"*'! a.i>pe:n^di:k. NOT lis •IN I I IK ESSENTIAL OILS 1 KO.M Certain Species of the Ceuus Melatenea, ami othey iudigejious I'ictoyian Plants. ■ : 35 The essential oils to which :illii-i<>ii will now be niiide, were all pre|>;irod by Messrs. J. IJossisto ami \V . Johnson, at the sugges- tion of Baron Von 3Iuellor, who alsoliirnished the material from which tlu'y were pr^spared. I. — ESSKNTIAL Oir.S FIJOM ('KUTAIX Sl'KCIKS OF TIIK GkMS M KI.ALKl (A. These oils in coniiuon with those of Kuealyptine origin, are all possessed of niedieiiial }.roperli.'s. Tt is more than probable that they will all be found to act as diffusible stimulants, unti-spas- inodics, and sudorities. greatly resenibliui: the oil of cajup^ of commerce (obtained IVoni Melaleuca leucadcndron) to which they are so closely related ))ot inicallv. With re-ard to the yield of these plants: it will bo observed that they far exceed in jtroduetiveness yi. leucadcndron, and the ditfercnce would l)e yet more strikinu' could the leaves be operated iin alone: owiiiii- to the minuteness of the same however, it is necessary to introduce the smaller branches with them into the still, so that the leaves do not constitute more than a fourth of the wtMiiht of the material employed. In illuminating' power they comoire most favorablv with the best American kerosene, in most cases exeelliuu- it. They are good solvents for resins, especially the oil of M. cricifolia which is not inferior in this respect to those of Kucalyptitu' origin : this oil ourbt perhaps to be regarded as the most important of this (livi>ion inasmuch as the species yieldiuLi' it, exists in much ureater ju'ofu^ion and covers lai-gcr tracts oi' country than all the others taken toi'ether. Mihilcitra /iii(iri/h/i\t. Smith — oiu^ of the Tea-trees, occurs in 3<] ist (ripps Ijinl, New South Wales and Qutsensland. Yield: 100 lbs. {'vcAi branchlets and leaves, gave 2S fluid ■ounces. The 'iil is a light straw-colored mobile fluid : odor resembling that ot cijuput, but less ai'onia tic and pungent : taste singularly agree:ible. strongly sugLi'cstive of ImuIi mace and nut- meg, followed by the usuid mint-like after taste, common in a greater or less degree to the myrtaceous oils. Specific gravitv O.0il3: boiling point PAS^ the mercury ceasing to riso at 3G9 : relative iilamin:iting power 0.082, kerosene - 1.0(10. 36 Mcldhncil CHfrlfdlld Olio of tllC Tl'Il tl't'OS. FoUlul O'l tlie coast of Victorin. Yield : 100 lbs, ircsli braiiclilots aiul U-avcs gave ')M) fluid ounces. 'IMic tasto of tliis oil is not disaiiTOi'al>Ic' ; it closely re- seujblos tliat of eajuput: it has an aiiilxT color and an oily cnii- sistcncy. Specific gravity O.DIIS ; bdilini;' jioint 'M\Y, the mer- cury subse(|uently risini; to JOS'- : relative ilhnninatin,i, Smith — the coinnion Tea tree of the Colonists. Found in Ssr,o!.'i«-¥omM\ in Victoria, New South Wales and isniania. . Yickl: 100 lbs. of fresh leaves and branchlet.s gave 0.5 fluid oiinees of a pale yellow limpid oil, having an odor scarcely dis- tinguishable from oil of rue, perhaps a littlo less intense and penetratin- : taste, very disa-reeable and acrid, strongly resem- blino' that'of rue. The physiolo-ieal effects of this oil is that oi a diuretic and diaphoretic. Specific irravity 0.950. /'Jrw.lrmon ,^,nnnrHS-YiM. lUd lbs. fresh leaves and bran- chlets -ave 4.fnni—V<'i\nd In Victoria and New South Wales. > , fl • , Yield: 100 lb-, freshly -athcn'd blossoms gave 2.1 fluid ounces of the oil : it is a limpid colorless fluid, of an exceedingly agreeable odor, resembling tlie perfume of jasmine flowers: fast.', dLgrceably hot and bitter with a >light trace nf the flavor oi oils of turpentine and ru'-. « t