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The Work of the Department of Agriculture. Agriculture is undoubtedly the fouudiition industry of Ontario. Ab(;ut two-thirds iir people are directlj' int(;re3ted in it. When Agriculture is depressed all other in-, istries hmguish ; when it flourishes all others prosper and increase. The Mowat Administration, recognizing that much might be done to promote the elfare of this paramount industry by intelligent Goveriuuent direction, recently organ- ed a separate Dei)artmeiit for Agriculture, with a responsible Minister (a practical ,rim'r), at its head. Whde the other Departments of the Provincial Government are engaged in the con- 'ol of the various branches (jf public business entrusted to their care by the peo2:)le, the 8iti(m of the Departmmt of Agriculture is somewhat difFererit— it exists primarily m e interests of a class of the couiu'.nnity, namely, the farmers. Kverything that tends to eir welfare comes within the sc(jpe of its work, and " ADVAX4 E AGRICILTIKEI" ^ght well be taken as its motto. Thjs advancement the Deiiartmeut seeks to accomplish several means. The conditions surrounding farming have been revolutionized during the past twenty lara. The world's trade is also changing, and the intelligent farmer must keep himself jiuainted with these changes. In these days of keen competition, in order to keep Ireast of the times, the farmer must have a thorough knowledge of his business from the Jgitming ; he must ^iroduce the best possiblti results with the least possible outlay ; he lat endeavor to make two blades of grass grow where one grew formerly. His lu)pe Is in being more skilful than his competitors in (jther lands. He can attain this advanced sition only by the application of the most approved methods. The chief aim of the De- I'tnient, tht refore, is to collect, systematize and disseminate such information as will be Iv.ilue to him in his calling.* *N.B. — This is the Department tha,t the Opposition declares should be made the Appendi.^ of re other Department. BlLLETl^iM AI¥D REPORTS. The Department has issued the following number of bulletins during tlio past thret and a half years : 1891 ' 217,250 riopics. 1892 511,500 1893 471,500 1894 (to June 1st) 23G,B50 These deal with a variety of subjects, containing the results of experiments in breed- ing and feeding, and the cultivation of crops, information on the dairy and fruit industries, the destruction of noxious peats, the treatment of diseases, the building of roads ami various other topics. The Department also prints and distributes the Reports of the various Associations that come under its supervision and have for their object the promotion of Agriculture in its several branches. These are allowed an annual grant from the public funds in order that tiiey may successfully carry on the work they have in hand. They are as follows : Fuiit (Jrowers' Association $1,800 Entomological Society 1,000 Dairymen's Associations 5.500 Agricvdture and Arts Association 4,(100 Sheep Breeders' Association 850 Swine Breeders' Association 700 Experimental Union 700 Creameries' Association 2,000 Poultry Association? 1 ,300 Bee-Keepers' Association 1 ,100 1»,550 BIREAi: OF INOtSTRIES. The Bureau of Industries is the statistical branch of the Department. It publishes a rpport upon the quantities of farm products, their market values, the values of farms, labor report, and a report dealing with loan companies, chattel mortgages, etc. The statistical data for these rei)orts is gathered and compiled in the most thorough and sys tematic manner. After four years of work the Municipal Re{)ort, dealing with municipal finances, is now ready for distribution. In 1893 the Department issued sixteen reports in all, aggregating nearly 2,000 page of printed matter, and a total of 164,940 copies were distributed. The task of printing these publications and distributing them through the mail to members of Farmers' Insti tutes and others is a very heavy one. OTHER MEANS. The other educative means employed are (1) B'armers' Institutes, (2) Agricultura Societies, (3) The Ontario Agricultural College. FARMERS' INSTITUTES. This institution was practically the creation of the Government, and its object is enable farmers to meet together and discuss their work. There are 86 Institutes In thf Province, each receiving an annual grant of $25. For the January meetings of the pres ent year 31 speakers wer'S provided by the Department, who addressed meetings at 154 different points in Ontario. !, tlio past thrtu! copies. nients in l)reed- fruit industries, ig of roads ami 3U3 Associations f Agriculture in funds in order re as follows : $1,800 1,000 5.500 4,(100 850 700 700 2,000 1,300 1,100 !»,550 It publishes a ues of farms, :i ages, etc. The arough and sys with municipal irly 2,000 pages bask of printinp Farmers' Insti '2) Agricultural its ofcject is t nstitutes In th ngs of the pres neetings at 15 3 AGRICULTURAL SOCIETIES. There are 95 Electoral District Societies and 357 Township Societies in the Province, receiving an aggregate grant of $70,300 annually. Their work is too well known to need description. Tlie finances of all Associations receiving Government aid are audited annually by the De])artment, and their W(n-k supervised. THE ONTARIO ACiRICI LTl RAL COLLECiE AND EXPERIMENTAL FAR.n. During the past twenty years the College has trained a largo number of ( ntario farm- ers' sons in itnproved agriculture. It has sent out bulletins and reports of great value. It has introduced improved stock and improved grains, and has stimulated thousands of Ontario farmers to test and experiment for themselves. The institution is thoroughly equipped and consists of the College, the Experimental Farm, the Experimental Dairy, Horticultural, Poultry and Mechanical De])artments. A total of 280 students attended the institution in 1893, as follows : Students in general course 186 " Dairy " 60 '* Teachers'" 34 Of these 15 came from the other provinces, 18 from the British Isles and 6 frt)m the Ignited States and elsewhere. The experimental work carried on at the Farm is very extensive and valuable. ORIGINAL WORK. But other and new means have been devised by the Minister of Agriculture, Hon. Mr. Dryden, for the imi>rovement of Agriculture. The Travelling Dairy was organized in 1891 to encourage butter-making and to place the butter product on a level with the cheese product in the markets of the world. It has held about 700 meetings ir^ ail parts of the Province, and is still in demand. A Special Dairy School was organized in 1892, the object being to give instruc- tion to practical men as to the latest and most ai)proved methods in dairying. This school has supplied a large number of cheese and hutter factoriet; with competent managers. A Special Slllllllier School for teachers was organized in 1893 for the purpose of enabling teachers to give instruction in rudimentary Agriculture in the rural schools. All these institutions are connected with the Agricultural College and charged against it. Experillieiltal Fruit Stations are now being established in various sections of the Province with the view of stimulating that great industry. The intention is by this means to ascertain the varieties of fruits best suited to each district. THE MINISTER OF AGRICULTURE. In addition to the routine work of his ofhce and the supervision of the work outlined above, the Minister of Agriculture makes it his business to mingle as much as possible with the farmers, learn their aims and difficulties and inspire them to coutirtued eflfbrts ; to guard their interests so far as legislation is concerned ; to deliver addresses on agricul- tural topics, and to advance their interests by every means that may suggest itself to an active mind. I I \ ( mi IVIliT nOllE 40ILD BE i>0\E? # Even if every lutiinber of the; Lo;_,'i8lature were u farmer, it is ilitticult to iiiidorstund what more cou'd bo undertaken in the inture.sts of Agriculture than lia-s been done under Sir Oliver's administration. The only additional expenditures necessitated in placing the Department on an indei»endent footing Avas for salary of Minister and his secretary, ^o.OOO. WHAT HAS BEE^ A4 iOMPLISHEH. (Ontario's unrivalled showing in all branches of Agriculture at the World's Fair is largely the result (jf organized etfort to advance the industry. Accordirfg to the last report of the Dairyuicns' Association, there are twice as many but er factories to-day as there were three years ago. Dairy butter in 185)3 obtained a cent and a half a pound more in the Toronto market than it did in 1892. If tlie general price had gone up. the jmce of creamery batter would have advar.ced also, but it has not. Tliis proves that the advance must be due to the improved ([uality (if dairy butter. Fifty million pounds of dairy butter are produced annually in Ontario, and this advance in price therefore means an increase in the value of the produce of three-. [uarters oi" a million dollars. The credit for this is chiefly due to the travelling dairy. There are over one-third more cheese factories in the Province than there were ten years ago, while the amount and \Alue of the cheese exported have more than dcjubled in that period. It is iiMt unreasonable t(j claim tliat a considerable proportion of the credit for this great advancement is due to the efibrts of the Department and the various organizations connected with it in the work. StiiteuK'iit nIiomih}!;: the aiiioiints spent aiiiiiially to promote Agriculture by Ontario and several States of the i'nion. New York ('93)..., Illinois (approx. ) . . Indiana ('93) Wisconsin ('91) . . . Michigan ('93) ... Ohio ('93) Massachusetts ('93) ONTARIO ('93).. Amount spent. 2G3,l(5o 00,000 40,495 64,545 33,262 74,520 00,494 '^1S,<><>0 Number of Farms. 226,223 240,681 198,167 140,409 172,344 251,430 34,374 175,000 Area of Im- jjroved Land. acres. 10,389,380 25,069,000 15,IC7,482 9,793,931 9,805,350 18,338,824 1,057,024 11,!»H8,4'^<$ The above States all receive Federal aid to their Agricultural Colleges or Experiment Stations. Copies of this Pamphlet may be had from ALt'XANDER SMITH, 34 Victoria Street, Toronto, at $1.00 per 1,00 ). TT ulorstmul me under lit (>u ;in 's Fair is ire twice L'y butter •ket than DuUl liiive improved iiually in e produce travelling were ten oubled in it for this Eini/ations iciiltiire of Im- 1 Land. acres. 389,380 ,669,0C0 ,1C7,482 ,793,931 ,865,350 ,338,824 ,057,024 88,43« Ixperiment Oper 1,00.'. 1 ^scapea, aim uir *rii»V" n-^r- w *• '"r -"