IMAGE EVALUATSON TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 I.I ;s iia iiiiiM " 2.0 1.8 1.25 1.4 1.6 •^ 6" ► V] <^ /2 ^ '/ /A Photographic Sciences Corporation # «• ^ # ^9) V 6^ >> " 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, NY. 14580 (716) 872-4503 CIHM/ICMH Microfiche Series. CiHM/ICMH Collection de microfiches Canadian Institute for Historical Microreproductions Institut Canadian de microreproductions historiques 1980 Technical and Bibliographic Notes/Notes techniques et bibliographiques The Institute has attempted to obtain the best original copy available for filming. Features of this copy which may be bibliographically unique, which may alter any of the images in the reproduction, or which may significantly change the usual method of filming, are checked below. D D D D Coloured covers/ Couverture de couleur I I Covers damaged/ Couverture endommag^e Covers restored and/or laminated/ Couverture restaurde et/ou pelliculde Cover title missing/ Le titre de couverture manque Coloured maps/ Cartes gdographiques en couleur □ Coloured ink (i.e. other than blue or black)/ Encre de couleur (i.e. autre que bleue ou noire) I I Coloured plates and/or illustrations/ D Planches et/ou illustrations en couleur Bound with other material/ Reli6 avec d'autres documents Tight binding may cause shadows or distortion along interior margin/ La reiiure serr^e peut causer de I'ombre ou de la distortion le long de la marge intdrieure Blank leaves added during restoration may appear within the text. Whenever possible, these have been omitted from filming/ II se peut que certaines pages blanches ajoutdes lors d'une restauration apparaissent dans le texte, mais, lorsque cela dtait possible, ces pages n'ont pas 6td filmdes. Additional comments:/ Commentaires suppl6mentaires: L'Institut a microfilm^ le meilleur exemplaire qu'il lui a 6t6 possible de se procurer. Les details de cet exemplaire qui sont peut-dtre uniques du point de vue bibliographique, qui peuvent modifier une image reproduite, ou qui peuvent exiger une modification dans la mdthode normale de filmage sc^nt indiquds ci-dessous. I I Coloured pages/ D Pages de couleur Pages damaged/ Pages endommag6es Pages restored and/oi Pages restaurdes et/ou pelliculdes Pages discoloured, stained or foxe( Pages ddcolor^es, tachetdes ou piqu6es Pages detached/ Pages d§tach6es Showthrough/ Transparence Quality of prir Quality in6gale de I'impression Includes supplementary materic Comprend du materiel supplementaire Only edition available/ Seule Edition disponible I I Pages damaged/ I I Pages restored and/or laminated/ I I Pages discoloured, stained or foxed/ I I Pages detached/ r~1 Showthrough/ I I Quality of print varies/ I I Includes supplementary material/ I I Only edition available/ Pages wholly or partially obscured by errata slips, tissues, etc., have been refilmed to ensure the best possible image/ Les pages totalement ou partiellement obscurcies par un feuillet d'errata, une pelure, etc., ont 6t6 filmdes d nouveau de faqon d obtenir la meilleure image possible. This item is filmed at the reduction ratio checked below/ Ce document est filmd au taux de reduction indiqud ci-dessous. 10X 14X 18X 22X 26X SOX 7 12X 16X 20X 24X 28X 32X The copy filmed here has been reproduced thanks to the generosity of: National Library of Canada L'exemplaire film6 fut reproduit grdce d la g6n6rosit6 de: Bibliothdque nationale du Canada The images appearing here are the best quality possible considering the condition and legibility of the original copy and in keeping with the filming contract specifications. Original copies in printed paper covers are filmed beginning with the front cover and ending on the last page with a printed or illustrated impres- sion, or the back cover when appropriate. All other original copies are filmed beginning on the first page with a printed or illustrated impres- sion, and ending on the last page with a printed or illustratad impression. The last recorded frame on each microfiche shall contain the symbol ^^> (meaning "CON- TINUED"), or the symbol V (meaning "END"), whichever applies. Maps, plates, charts, etc., may be filmed at different reduction ratios. Those too large to be entirely included in one exposure are filmed beginning in the upper left hand corner, left to right and top to bottom, as many frames as required. The following diagrams illustrate the method: Les images suivantes ont 6t6 reproduites avec le plus grand soin, compte tenu de la condition et de la r.sttetd de l'exemplaire film6, et en conformity avec les conditions du contrat de filmage. Les exemplaires originaux dont la couverture en papier est imprimde sont film^s en commengant par le premier plat et en terminant soit par la dernidre page qui comporte une empreinte d'impression ou d'illustration, soit par le second plat, selon le cas. Tous les autres exemplaires originaux sont film6s en commenpant par la premidre page qui comporte une empreinte d'impression ou d'illustration et en terminant par la dernidre page qui comporte une telle empreinte. Un des symboles suivants apparaitra sur la dernidre image de cheque microfiche, selon le cas: le symbole — ^ signifie "A SUIVRE", le symbole V signifie "FIN". Les cartes, planches, tableaux, etc., peuvent §tre filmds d des taux de reduction diffdrents. Lorsque le document est trop grand pour §tre reproduit en un seul clich6, il est filmd d partir de Tangle sup6rieur gauche, de gauche d droite, et de haut en bas, en prenant le nombre d'images ndcessaire. Les diagrammes suivants illustrent la m6thode. 1 2 3 32X 1 2 3 4 5 6 A MANUAL OF THE MORE COMMON HERBACEOUS PLANTS OK QUEBEC AND ONTARIO FOR USE JN CONNECTION WITH GROOAfS BOTANY. (AUAiTKI) FROM okAY'S MANUAL.) 7 »Y I). P. PENHALLOW, B. S c. TORONTO : THE COPP, CLARK COMPANY, LIMITED. 1899. Entered according to Act of the Parliament of Canada, in the year one thousand eiKht hundred and ninety-nine, by T„k Copp. Clark Companv. Limited, Toronto Ontario, in the Office of the Minister of Agriculture. ANALYTICAL KEY TO THE ORDERS. Branch I. -SPERMATOFHYTA. Class I. ANGIOSPERM^E. Pistil consisting of a closed ovary. Cotyledons only two. Sub-class I. DICOTYLEDONS or EXOGENS. Stems with bark, wood and pith ; leaves netted-veined ; embryo with two cotyledons ; flower on the plan of four or five. Division I. POLYPETAL-^ : the calyx and corolla both present ; the latter of separate petals. A. Stamens numerous, at least more than 10, and more than twice the sepals or lobes of the calyx. 1, Calyx entirely free and separate from the pistil or pistils. Pistila numerous, separate, but concealed in a hollow receptacle. page Leaves alternate, with stipules. . . . Rosa, in RosACKiG 76 Pistils more than one, separate, not enclosed in the receptacle. Stamens inserted on the calyx, distinct. . . . Rosacea 66 Stamens united with the base of the petals, monadelphous. Malvace.*: 40 Stamens inserted on the receptacle. Filaments longer than the anther. Flowers dioecious ; twiners with alternate leaves. Menispermace.« 11 Flowers perfect ; if climbers, the leaves oppo ate. Leaves not peltate ; petals deciduous. . RaNUNCULACE^ 2 Leaves peltate ; petals persistent. Brasenia, in Nvmph.eace^ 14 Pistils several, their ovaries cohering in a ring around an axis. Malvace/E 40 Pistils strictly one as to the ovary ; the styles or stigmas may be several. Leaves punctate under a lens with transparent dots. Uypbricaceje 38 V vl KEY TO THR ORDERS. Leaven not punctate with transparent dots. Ovary simple, 1 -celled, 2-ovuled. . . . RosACt« (36 Ovary simple, 1-celled, with one parietal many-ovuled placenta. Leaves 2-3.ternately compound or dissected. Ranunculace^ '1 Ovary compound, 1-celled, with a central placenta. PoRTULACACKiB 37 Ovary compound, 1 -celled, with two or more parietal placentae. Calyx caducous j juice milky or colored. . pAPAVERACEi« 16 Calyx persistent, of 3 or 5 sepals. . . Cistace^ 28 Ovary compound, several- celled. Calyx valvate in the bud, and Persistent ; stamens monadelphous ; anthers 1-ccdled. MalVaoejb 40 Deciduous ; anthers 2-celled . . . Tiliacb^ 41 Calyx imbricated in the bud, persistent. Aquatic or^marsh herbs ; ovaries many, On 5 placentae in the axis. . . SARRACENiACEif: 16 On the 8-30 partitions. . . . Nymph^ace^ 13 2. Calyx more or leas coherent with the surface of the {compound) ovary. Ovary 8-30 celled ; ovules many, on the partitions ; aquatic. Nymph.«ace^ 13 Ovary 10-celled ; cells 1 -ovuled. . Amelanchier, in RosACEiG 80 Ovary 2 -5-celled. Leaves alternate, with stipules. . . Pomeee, in Rosace.* 67 Leaves opposite, without stipules . Some SAXiFRAOACEiC: 80 Ovary one-celled, with the ovules rising from the base. PORTULACACK^ 37 B. Stamens of the same number as the petals and opposite them. Pistils 3-6, separate ; flowers dioecious ; woody vines. M£inSPEKMACE.£ 11 Pistil only one. Ovary one-celled ; anthers opening by uplifted valves. BERBERIDAOKyfi It Ovary one-celled ; anthers not opening by uplifted valves. Style and stigma one ; ovules more than one. Prtmulaoeje 137 Style 1 ; stigmas 3 ; sepals 2 ; ovules several. Portulacacxa 37 KEY TO THE ORDSB8. VU Ovary 2-4-celled. Calyx-lobes ininuto or obsolete ; petals valvate. . Vitack^ 49 Calyx 4-5-cleft, valvate in the bud , petals involute. KUAMNACE.t; 48 0. Stamens not more tlian twice as many as the pHals, when of Quni the number of the petals then alternate with them. 1, Calyx free from the ovary, i.e., Vie ovary wholly superior. * Ovaries 2 vr more, separate. Stamens united with each other, and with a large and thick stigma common to the two ovaries. . . . AscLRPiADACBifs 141 Stamens unconnected, on the receptacle, free from the calyx. Leaves punctate with pellucid dots. . . . RuxACEiE Leaves not pellucid-punctate. Herbs, not fleshy Ranunculace^ Herbs, with thick fleshy leaves. . . . CrassulackjE Stamens unconnected, inserted ou the calyx. Just twice as many as the pistils (flower symmetrical). CRASSULACUiC: Not just the number or twice the number of the pistils. Leaves without stipules. . . . Saxifraoace.« Leaves with stipules. Rosace.*; * * Ovariea 2-5, somewhat united at the base, separate above. Leaves punctate Mith pellucid dots. . . . Rutack.« 45 Leaves not pellucid-punctate. Shrubs or trees with opposite leaves. . . Sapixdace^ Terrestrial herbs ; the carpels fewer than the petals. Saxifbaoac&£ * * * Ovaries or lobes of ovary 3 to 5, with a common style. Geraniace^ * * ♦ * Ovary only one, and f Simple, with one parietal placenta. LEGUMiNOSiB t + Compound, as shown by the number of cells, placenlce, styles, or stigmas. Ovary one-celled. Corolla irregular ; petals 4 ; stamens 6. . . Fumariacr^ Corolla irregular ; petals and stameus 5. . . ViOLAC£i£ Corolla regular or nearly so. Ovule solitary ; shrubs or trees ; stigmas 3. An^i^ABWAO!^ 45 o 85 85 80 66 51 80 42 56 17 29 54 Vlll KEY TO TIIK ORDERS. Ovules solitary or few j herbs. Some anomalous Crucifek^ Ovules more than one, in the centre or bottom oi the cell. Petals not inserted on the calyx. , Caryophyllace.h Ovules several or many, on two or more parietal placentte. Leaves punctate with pellucid and dark dots. Hvperioace.« Leaves beset with reddish gland-tipped bristles. Dkoserace-« Leaves neither punctate nor bristly-glandular. Sepals 5, very unequal or only 3. . . Cistace^ Sepals and petals 4 ; stamens 6. Anomalous Crucifek^ Sepals and pfitals 5 ; stamens 5 or 10. Ovary sessile. ..... Saxifraoacea: Ovary 2-several-celled. Flowers irregular. Anthers oi)ening at the top, Six or eight and 1 -celled ; ovary 2-celled, 2-ovuled. POLYGALACE-« Ten and 2-celled ; ovary 5-celled. . Ivhododendron, in Ericace^ Anthers opening lengthwise. Stamens 5-8 or 10, and petals hypogynous, or nearly so. Ovary 3-celled SAPiNDACEiE Ovary 5-celled. . . Impatiens, etc. , in GERANlACEiB Flowers regular or nearly so. Stamens neither just as many nor twice as many as the petals, Triadelphous ; petals 5 Hypericace.« Tetradynamous (or rarely only 2 or 4) ; petals 4 ; pungent herbs Crucifekj<3 Distinct and more numerous than the petals. Sapindace^ Stamens just as many or twice as many as the petals. Ovules and seeds only 1 or 2 in each cell. Herbs ; flowers perfect and symmetrical. Cells of the ovary as many as the sepals, etc. (jIeraniace^ Shrubs or trees. Leaves palmately veined and fruit 2- winged, or pinnate and fruit a berry. . . . Sapindace^e Leaves pinnately veined, simple, not punctate. Calyx not minute ; po(l colored, dehiscent ; seeds enclosed in a pulpy aril. . Celastrace^ Calyx minute } fruit a berry-like drupe. lLiciNE.iE Ovules (cvnd usually seeds) several or many in each cell. 20 32 38 86 28 20 80 55 133 51 44 38 20 51 42 51 47 46 KKY TO THE OUDEKS. IX Stipules between the opposite and compound leaves (but they are caducous). . Staphylea, in SAPiNDACEi*', 53 Stipules none when the leaves are opposite. Stamens 10, m()nadeli)hou8 at the base. lieallets 3, inversely heart-shaped. . Oxalis, in Gekamackai 44 Stamens distinct, free from the calyx. Style 1, undivided. .... Ericack.« 127 Styles 2-5, separate. . . . (jAKvoruYLLACE.« 3- Stamens distinct, inserted on the calyx. Style8 2(or3),orsplittinginto2iufruit. Saxikragacea: SO 2, Calyx-tube adherent to the ovary, at leant to its lower half. Tendril-bearing and often succulent herbs. . Cucurbitacbl« 91 Not tendril-bearing. Ovules and seeds more than one in each cell. Ovary 1-celled, many-ovuled from the base. Portulacack^ .37 Ovary 1-celled, with 2 or 3 parietal placentae. Saxifraqace^ 80 Anthers not opening by pores. Stamens on a flat disk which covers the ovary. (JELASTRACEiB 47 Stamens inserted on the calyx. Eight or four (rarely five) ; style 1. . On^aorace^ 88 Five or ten ; styles 2-3, distinct. . Saxifraoace^ 80 Ovules and seeds only one in each cell. Stamens 10 or 5 (instead of many), — rarely in Cratnegus, in Rosace.« 79 Stamens 2 or 8 ; style 1 ; stigma 2-4-lobed ; herbs. Onaorace^ 88 Perfect stamens 4 ; styles 2 ; shrub. . Hamamelide^ 87 Stamens 4 j style and stigma 1 ; chiefly shrubs. CoiUfACEiG 100 Stamens 5 ; flowers in umbels, or rarely in heads. Fruit dry, splitting in two at maturity ; style 2. Umbellifer^ 93 Fruit berry-like ; styles 2-5, separate or united, Araltace.« 98 Division II. GAMOPETAL.-E calyx and corolla both pres- ent ; the latter with its petals united more or less into one piece. A. Stamens more numerous than the lobes of the corolla. Ovary 1-celled with one parietal placenta. . . Leouminos.^ 56 Ovary 1-celled with two parietal placentae. Adlumia, etc., in FuMARiACEiE 18 kky to thk ordkus. Ovary 2-celled with a aingle ovule in each cell. . Polyoalace^i! 55 Ovary 3-maiiy-celle(l. Stamens free or nearly free from the corolla ; style single. . Kkicack.% 127 Stamens free from the corolla ; styles 5. Oxalis, in Geraniace.« 44 Stamens inserted on the base or tube of the corolla. Filaments monadelphous ; anthers l-celled, kidney-shaped. Malvace^ 40 Filaments in pairs at each sinus ; anthers l-celled. CAPRIFOLIACEifC 101 B. Stamens ( fertile onen) as vinny as the lobes of the corolla and ojipoaile them. Ovary l-celled ; pod several-many-seeded ; style 1. pKiMULACRiK 137 C. Stamens as many as the lobes of the corolla and alternate with them, or fewer. 1. Ovary adherent to the calyx-tube (inferior). Tendril-bearing herbs ; anthers often united. . CuouKBiTACEi« 91 Tendrils none. Stamens united by their anthers into a ring or tube. Flowers in an in volucrate head. . . . CoMPOsnvE 108 Flowers separate, not involucrate ; corolla irregular. LOBELIACE^ 125 Stamens separate, free from the corolla or nearly so, as many as its lobes ; stipules none ; juice milky. . Campanulacejs 126 Stamens separate, inserted on the corolla. Four or five ; leaves opposite or whorled. Ovary 2-5-celled. Leaves whorled and without stipules. ^ Leaves opposite or whorled, and with stipules. / Leaves opposite without stipules (petioles sometimes wit'i stipule-like appendages). . . CAPKiFOLiACEiE 2. Ovary free from the calyx (superior). * Corolla irregular ; stamens (ivith anthers) 4 and didynamous, or only 2. Ovules and seeds solitary in the (1-4) cells. Ovary 4- lobed, the style rising from between the lobes. LABiATiG 164 Ovary not lobed, the style from its apex. . Verbenaoe^ 163 Ovules numerous or at least as many as 2 in each ceU. 105 101 I' I kry to the 0R0EB£. XI Ovary and pod 1 -celled, With 2 or more parietal very many-seeded plaoentie ; stamens 4 Orobanchacb^ 161 Ovary and pod 2-celled ; placentre in the axis. Seeds rarely feM', not on hooka, with albumen. SCROPHULARIACE^ 154 * * Corolla somewhat irrejuhir ; stamens (with anthers) 5. Stamens free from the corolla ; anthers with their cells opening by a hole or chink at the top. . Rhododendron, in E Rio ace.« 13.3 Stamens inserted on the corolla. Ovary not lobed ; pod many-seeded. Filaments or some of them woolly. Verbascuui, Sckophulariack^ 156 * * * Corolla regular. + atamens as many as the lobes of the corolla Ovaries 2, separate ; their Stigmas and sometimes styles united into one. Filaments distinct ; pollen iu ordinary grains. Apooynace^ 140 Filaments monadelphous ; pollen in niaases. A.sci.EPiADACEiB 141 Ovary one, but deeply 4-lobed around the style. Leaves alternate. BoRRAOiNACEiB 147 Leaves opposite. ..... Mentha, in Labiate 166 Ovary one ; not deeply lobed, One-celled, one-ovuled, becoming an achene. . Plant AOiNACEiB 171 One-celled, with ovules parietal or on 2 parietal placentre. Leaves (or in Meayanthes three leaflets) entire. Gentianace^ 14.3 Leaves toothed, lobed, or pinnately compound. Hydrophvllace.'R 146 Two to ten-celled. Leaflets parasitic twining plants. Cuscuta, in Convolvulace^ 152 Leaves when opposite without stipules. Stamens free from the corolla or nearly so ; style 1 . Ericace^ 1 27 Stamens almost free from the corolla ; style none. Ilicine^ 46 Stamens inserted on the tub- of the corolla, Four ; pod 2-celled, circumscissile. . Plant agin ace^e 171 Four ; ovary 2-4-celled ; ovules solitary. . VBRBENACEi£ 163 Five or rarely more. Fruit of two or four seed-like nutlets. . BoRRAOiNACEifi 147 Fruit a few-seeded pod. Sepals 6 ; styles 1 or 2, entire or 2-cleft ; seeds large, only one or two in a cell. . Convolvdlack* 160 I rill Xll KEY To THE ORDERS. P! Fruit a many-seeded pod or berry. Style single Solanack^. 162 + + Stamens fewer than the lobes of the corolla. Stamens 4, didynamous. Ovary 2-4-celled ; the cells 1-seeded. . . Verbenack^ 163 Stamens only 2 with anthers ; ovary 4-lobed. Lycopus, in Labiate: 167 Stamens 2, rarely 3 ; ovary 2- celled. Low herbs ; corolla scarious, withering on the pod. Plant AGiNACF^ 171 Herbs ; corolla rotate, or somewhat fiinnelfonn, and slightly irregular. . . . Veronica, iu Scrophulakiace^ 158 Division III. JVPETAL^E : corolla (and sometimes calyx) wanting. A. F/uivers not in catkins. 1, Ovary or its cells containing many ovules. Ovary and pod inferior {i.e., calyx-tube adherent to the ovary), Six-celled ; stamens 6-12. . . . Aristolochiace^ 174 One-celled, with parietal placentae. Chrysosplenium, in .Saxifraoace.-": Ovary and pod wholly naked (there being no calyx), Two-celled, 2-beaked ; flowers capitate ; tree. Hamamelidk.* Ovary and pod superior, i.e., free from the calyx. Two-celled or one-celled ; placentce central. Stamens inserted on the receptacle or the base of the calyx, Opposite the sepals when of the same number. Caryophyllace^ One-celled, with one parietal placenta. "\ 83 87 Ranunculace^ Ovaries 2 or more, separate, simple. 2. Ovary or its cells containing only 1 or 2, rarely 3 or 4, ovules. * Pistils more than one, and distinct or nearly so. Stamens inserted on the calyx ; leaves with stipules. . Rosace.I!: Stamens inserted on the receptacle. Leaves punctate with pellucid dots. Xanthoxylum, in Rutace^ Leaves not dotted. Calyx present, and usually colored or petal-like. RAN'UNCULACEiB 32 2 66 46 ♦ • Pistil one, either simple or compound. KEY TO THE ORDERS. xin Ovary partly inferior, the calyx coherent to its lower half, 2-celled ; styles 2 ; stamens many. .... HAMAMBLiDEi« 87 Ovary wholly inferior (in perfect or pistillate flowers). Mostly woody plants ; style or stigma one, entire ; ovary 1 -celled. Stigma terminal, with or without a style. Not parasitic above ground ; anthers on filaments. Santalace^ 17n Ovary really free from the calyx, but permanently invested by its tube, or the base of it, so as to seem inferior. Herbs, with the calyx colored like a corolla. Leaves alternate, pinnate. . . Poterium, in Rosace.« TH Ovary Dlainly free from the calyx, which is sometimes wanting. Stipules (ocrese) sheathing the stem at the nodes. Herbs ; calyx present and commonly petal-like. Polygon ace.* 1 7.3 Stipules not sheathing the stem, or none. Not aquatics, herbs. Ovary 10-celled ; berry 10>seeded. . . Phytolaccack« 1 72 Shrubs or trees. Ovules a pair in each cell of the ovary. Fruit 2-celled, a double samara. Acerineae, in Sapindace^e 51 Ovules single in each cell of the Three-celled ovary ; leaves broad. . . Rhamnace^ 48 Sub-class II. MONOCOTYLEDONS or ENDOGENS. Stems without distinction of pith, wood and bark ; leaves usually parallel veined ; embryo with one cotyledon; flowers on the plan of three. A. Spadiceous Division. Flowers aggregated on a spadix or fleshy axis, or sometimes scattered, i 190 «IONS COMMONLY U8ED. o f ff very nearly equivalent to two nnlumetres! ^'' ^' ^" ^^^' ^^ orl'oTthou3trp^^^^^^^ «gn for the nnkron a line. ^^^ * millimetre = one two-thousandth part of ,e in the bud, or with the edpfcs bent inward. Petals none, or small. Achenes numerous, tailed with the feathery or hairy styles. Seed suspended. — Leaves all opposite. 1 . Clematis. Climbing by the leafstalks, or erect herbs. Tribe IL ANEMONEiE. Sepals 3-20, often petal like, imbricated in the bud. Stamens mostly numerous. Achenes nimierous or several, in a head or spike. Herbs, never climbing ; leaves alternat.. or radical, the upper sometimes opposite or whorl ed. * Petals none (rarely some staminodia). Seed suspended, t All but the lower leaves opposite or whorled. Peduncles 1-flowered. 2. Anemone, involucre leaf-like, remote from the flower. Leaves compound or dis- sected. Pistils very many, 3. Hepatica. involucre close to the flower, of 3 oval bract«, calyx-like. Leaves radical, simple and lobed. Pistils several. 4. Anemonella. stigma terminal, broad and flat. Radical leaves and involucre com- pound. Peduncles umbellate. Achenes 4-15, many-ribbed. 1 1 Leaves alternate, compound. Flowers panicled, often dioecious. 6. Thallctrum. Sepals usually 4, petal-like or greenish. Achenes few. * * Petals evident. Sepals usually 5. Achenes many. 6. Ranunculus. Petals 5, yellow or white, with a scale or gland at base. Achenes capitate. Seed erect. Tribe. III. HELLEBOREiE. Sepals imbricated in the bud, rarely persistent, petal- like. Petals often nectariferous or reduced to staminodia or none. Pods (follicles) or berries (in n. 10) few, rarely single, few-*many-seeded. — Leaves alternate. * Ovules and commonly seeds more than one pair. Herbs. t Flowers regular, not racemose. Petals inconspicuous nectaries or slender or none. Sepals tardily deciduous. 7. Caltha. Petals none. Sepals broad, yellow. Leaves kidney -shaped, undivided. 8. Coptis. P3tals 5-6, small, hollowed at apex, white. Pods long-stalked. Leaves radical, trifoliolate. 1 [LY). crid jut'ce, a corolla, ny or few I's regular Stamens (achenes), nded the . — Leaves imes with me acrid- bud, or with , tailed with in the bud. id or spike, nies opposite ■ed. lound or dis- te. Leaves 3lucre com- i Achenes |ent, petal- I (follicles) te. or none. livided. Leaves «S RANUNCULACEiE. 3 1 1 Sepals and large spur-shaped petals regular, each 6. 0. Aqullegla. Pistils 5, with slender styles. Leaves temately compound. 1 1 1 Flowers regular, racemose. Sepals cadvcous. Petals very small, stamen-like, or none. Leaves decompound. 10. Aetna. Flowers in a single short raceme. Pistil single, forming a many-seeded berry. 1. CLEMATIS, L. Vikgin's-Bower. Sepals 4, or rarely more, colored, the valvate margins tiirned in- ward in the bud. Petals none or small. Achenes numerous in a head, bearing the persistent stylea as naked, hairy, or plumose tails. — Perennial herbs or vines, mostly a little woody, and climb- ing by the bending or clasping of the leaf -stalks, rarely low and erect. Leaves opposite. (Khz/m-ig, a name of Dioscoridea for a climbing plant with long and lithe branches. ) § 1. FLAMMULA. Flmvers cymose-panicidate, rather smally in our species dioecious. Se2yals petaloid, whitish, spreading, thin. Petals none. AntJiers short, blunt. 1. C. Virginiana, L. Common Virgin's-Bower. Smooth ; leaves bearing 3 ovate acute leaflets, which are cut or lobed, and somewhat heart-shaped at the base ; tails of the fruit plumose. — River-banks, etc., common, climbing over shrubs. July, August. 2. ANEMONE, Tourn. Anemone. Wind-flower. Sepals few or many, petal-like. Petals none, Achenes pointed or tailed, flattened, not ribbed. Seed suspended. — Perennial herbs with radical leaves ; those of the stem 2 or 3 together, opposite or whorled, and forming an involucre remote from the flower ; peduncles 1-flowered, solitary or umbellate. (The ancient Greek and Latin name, from avefioo), to be shaken by the wind.) §1. ANEMONE proper. StyUs short, not plumose. Stuminodia none. * Achenes densely long-tvoolly, compressed; involucre far below the flower. t Stems several ; sepals 5-8 ; style filiform. 1. A. parviflora, Michx. Stem 3-12' high from a slender root- stock, 1-flowered ; root-leaves 3- parted, their broadly wedge-shaped divisions crenate-incised or lobed ; involucre 2-3-leaved ; sepals 6 BANUNCULACKiE. I : J i ; ! ' ! i I or 6, oval, white ; head of fruit globular. — Newf. and Lab., Lake Superior, northward and westward. May, June. 1 1 TalleVy commonUj branching above or prodiicimj two or more peditticleSj' iuwlucral leaces long petiuled; sepals 5-8, silky or dotvny beneath (4-6" long), oval or oblong ; style subulate. 2. A. Virginiana, L. More loosely pubescent or glabrate ; in- volueral leaves 3, 3-parted ; their divisions ovate-lanceolate, pointed, cut-serrate, the lateral 2-parted, the middle 3-cloft ; peduncles elongated, the earliest naked, the others with a 2-leaved involucel at the middle, repeatedly proliferous ; sepals 5, acute , greenish (in one variety white and obtuse) ; head of fruit oval or oblong. — Woods and meadows ; common. June-August . — Plant 2-3° high ; the upright peduncles 6-12' long. ** Achenes rather few, nearly naked, ovate-oblong; stems slender, 1-Jlowered ; leaves radical. 3. A. nemorosa, L. Wind-flower. Wood A. Low, smooth- ish ; stem perfectly simple, from a filiform rootstock ; involucre of 3 long-petioled trifoUolate leaves, their leaflets wedge-shaped or oblong, and toothed or cut, or the lateral ones (var. quinquefolia) 2-parted ; a similar radical leaf in sterile plants solitary from the rootstock ; peduncle not longer than the involucre ; sepals 4-7, oval, white, sometimes blue, or tinged with purple outside ; carpels only 15-20, oblong, Avith a hooked beak. — Margin of woods. April, May. — A delicate vernal species ; the flower 1' broad. (Eu.) 3. HEPATIC A, Dill. Liver-leaf. Hepatica. Involucre simple and 3-leaved, very close to the flower, so as to resemble a calyx ; otherwise as in Anemone. — Leaves all radic&l, heart-shaped and 3-lobed, thick ish and persistent through th^^ winter, the new ones appearing later than the flowers, which are single, on hairy scapes. (Name from a fancied resemblance to the liver in the shape of the leaves.) 1. H. triloba, Chaix. Leaves with 3 ovate obtuse or rounded lobes ; those of the involucre, also obtuse ; sepals 6-12, blue, pur- plish, or nearly white ; achenes several, in a small loose head, ovate- oblong, pointed, hairy. — Woods ; common from the Atlantic to Mo., RANUNOlILACEiE. 5 Minn., and northwanl ; Howerin^ soon after tin* snow leaves the ground in spring. (En.) 2. H. acutiloba, DC. Leaves witli .'i ovate and jxiinted lobes, or Bonietinios 5-101)0(1; those of the involucre acute or acutish. — Pas.ses into the other and has the same range. 4. ANEMONELLA, Spach. Involucre compound, at the base of an umbel of flowers. Sepals 5-10, white and conspicuous. Petals none. Achenes 4-15, ovoid, terete, strongly 8-10 ribbed, sessile. Stigma terminal, broad and depressed. — Low glabrous perennial ; leaves all radical, compound. 1. A. thalictroides, Spach. RrE-ANEMONE. Stem and slender petiole of radical leaf (a si)un high) rising from a cluster of thick- ened tuberous roots ; leaves 2~3-teniately compound ; leaflets roundish, somewhat 3-lobed at the end, cordate at the base, long- petiolulate, those of the 2-o-leaved 1-2-ternate involucre similar ; flowers several in an umbel ; sepals oval (A' long, rarely pinkish), not early deciduous. (Thalictrum anemonoides, Mich.r.) — Woods, common, flowering in early s[>ring with Anemone nemorosa, and considerably resembling it. Rarely the sepals are 3-lobed like the leaflets. 5. THALICTRUM, Tourn. M eadow-Rue. Sepals 4-5, petal-like or greenish, usually caducous. Petals none. Achenes 4-15, grooved or ribbed, qr else inflated. Stigma unilateral. Seed suspended. — Perennials, with alternate 2-3-ter- nately compound leaves, the divisions and the leaflets stalked ; petioles dilated at base. Flowers in corymbs or panicles, often polygamous or dioecious. (Derivation obscure.) * Flowers dioecious or sometimes polygamous, in ample panicles y fla- ments slender; stigmas elo}tfji(ted, linear or subulate; achenes sessile or short-stipitate, ovoid, poitded, stronghj several-angled and grooved. 1. T. dioicum, L. Early Meadow-Rue. Smooth and pale or glaucous, 1-2° high ; leaves (2-3) all with general petioles ; leaflets drooping, rounded and 3-7 lobed ; flowers purplish and greenish, dioecious ; the yellowish anthers linear, mucronate, drooping on fine capillary filaments.— Rocky woods, etc. ; common. April, May. 6 RANUNCULACEiK. h II'! I 2. T. polygamum, Muhl. Tall M. Smuoth, not glandular. 4-8° high ; stem-leaves sessile ; leaflets rather firm, roundish tt> oblong, commonly wuh mucronate lobes or tips, sometimes puberu- lent beneath ; panicles very compound ; flowers white, the fertile ones with some stamens ; anthers not drooping, small, oblong, blunt, the mostly white filaments decidedly thickened upwards. (T. Cornuti, M 8. R. f tl »e rne nlong the inner nuinjin, tno.stlij jnt-HisUnt. ft. R. repens, L. Low, hairy or nearly glabrous ; utt'tns itan-nd- inound, the stalked leaflets unequally 3-cleft, sharply cut and toothed, acute ; flowers inconspicuous ; calyx reflexed ; head of carpels oblong. — Wet places, common. June- Aug. 11. R. bulbosus, L. Bilbous C. or Butterci ps. Hairy ; stem erect from a bnlh-like base, 1° high ; radical leaves 3-dividod ; the hdend divisions sessile, the termin(d stidked and 3-{)arted, all wedge-sha}>ed, cleft and toothed ; peduncles furrowed ; petals round, wedge-shaped at base ; calyx reflexed ; carpels tipped with a very short beak. — Fields ; very abundant in E. New England ; Ont. May -July. — Leaves appearing as if pinnate. Petals often G or 7, deep gh)ssy yellow, the corolla more than an inch broad. (Nat. from Eu.) 12. R. acris, L. Tall C. (»r Buttercups. Hairy ; stem erect (2-3° high) ; leaves 3-divided ; the divisions all sessile and 3-cleffc or parted, their segments cut into lanceolate or linear crowded l(d>es ; peduncles not furrowed ; petals obovate, nuich longer than the spreading calyx. — Fields ; common, especially eastward. June- Aug. — Flower nearly as large as the last, but not so deep yellow. — The Buttercnps are avoided by cattle, on account of their very acrid or even blistering juice, which property, liowever, is dissipated in drying when these plants are cut with hay. (Nat. from Eu.) 10 RANUNCULACE^. 1^ t : I : I I I 7. GAL T HA, L. Maksh Marigold. Sepals 5-9, petal-like. Petals none. Pistils 5-10, with scarcely any styles. Pods (follicles) compressed, spreading, many-seeded. — Glabrous perennials, with round and heart-shai)ed or kidney-form, large, undivided leaves. (An ancient Latin name for the common Marigold.) 1. 0. palustris, L. Stem hollow, furrowed ; leaves round or kidney-shaped, either crenate or dentate or nearly entire ; sepals broadly oval (bright yellow). — Swamps and wet meadows, common. April, May. — Often called incorrectly Cowslips; used as a pot-herb in spring, when coming into flower. 8. COPTIS, Salisb. Goldthread. Sepals 5-7, petal-like, deciduous. Petals 5-7, small, club-shaped, hollow at the apex. Stamens 15-25. Pistils 3-7, on slender stalks. Pods divergent, membranaceous, pointed with the style, 4-8-seeded. — Low, smooth perennials, with ternately divided root-leaves, and small white flowers on scapes. (Name from KOTrw, to cut, alluding to the divided leaves.) 1. C. trifolia, Salisb. Three-leaved Goldthrea]). Leaflets 3, obovate-wedge-form, sharply toothed, obs;^urely 3-lobed, scape 1-flowered. — Bogs, abundant northward, extending south to Mary- land along the mountains, and west to Iowa. May. — Root of long, bright yellow, bitter fi])res. Leaves evergreen, shining. Scape naked, slender, 3-5' high. (Eu.) 9. AQUILEGIA, Touni. Columbine. Sepals 5, regular, colored like the petals. Petals 5, all alike, with a short spreading lip, produced backward into large hollow spurs, much longer than the calyx. Pistils 5, with slender styles. Pods erect, many-seeded. — Perennials, with 2- 3-ternately com- pound leaves, the leaflets lobed. Flowers large and showy, termin- ating the branches. (Name from aqu'degus, water-drawing.) 1. A. Canadensis, L. Wild Columbine. Spurs nearly straight, stamens and styles longer than the ovate sepals. — Rocks, common. April-June.— Flowers 2' long, scarlet, yellow inside (or rarely all over), nodding, so that the spurs turn upward, but the stalk becomes upright in fruit. • •,6,.'. m MENISPERMACEif:. 11 1 scarcely seeded. — ney-form, ! common round or e ; sepals common, pot-herb 3-sliaped, er stalks. B-seeded. ives, and alluding uaflets 3, l1, scape o Mary- of long, Scape ^1 alike, hollow styles, com- Dermin- traight, Immon. rely all stalk "#3 10. A C T .£ A , L. Baneberhy. Cohosh. Sepals 4 or 5, falling off when the flower expands. Petals 4-10, small, flat, spatulate, on slender claws. Stamens numerous, with slender white filaments. Pistil single; stigma sessile, depressed, 2-lobed. Fruit a many-seeded berry. Soeds smooth, flattened, and packed horizontally in 2 rows. — Perennials, with ample 2-3- temately compound leaves, the ovate leaflets shari)ly cleft and toothed, and a short and thick terminal raceme of white flowers. (From aKTta^ acimi, ancient names of the elder, transferred by Linnseus.) 1. A. spicata, L., var. rubra, Ait. Rep Baneberry. Ra- cetne ovate; petals rhombic-spatulate, mucli shorter than tlie stamens; pedicels slender; berries cherr\i-red, or sometimes white, oval. — Rich woods, connnon, especially northward. April, May. — Plant 2° high. (Eu.) 2. A. alba, Bigel. White Baneberry. Leaflets more incised and sharjjly toothed ; raceme oblong ; ])et(ds slender, mostly truncate at the end, appearing to be transformed stamens ; pedicels thickened infrnit, as large as the peduncle and red, the globular-oval berries ivhite. — Rich woods, flowering a week or two later than the other, and more common westward and southward. — White l)erries rarely occur with slender pedicels, also red berries with thick pedicels ; but these are perhaps the result of crossing. Order 2. MENISPERMACE.ffi (MooxXseed Family). Woody climbers, with p >. Leaves alternate, no fitipules. Flowers in terminal racemes or corymbs; pedicels rarely bracted. — A large and very natural family, of pungent or acrid, but not poisonous plants. (The characters of the genera are taken almost wholly from the pods and seeds ; the flowers being nearly alike in all.) Series I. Pod 2-celled, regularly dehiscent by 2 valves. * Pod compressed parallel to the broad partition. Seeds flat or flattish, orbicular or oval ; cotyledons accunibent or nearly so. t Pod linear ; valves nerveless. Seeds in one row. !• Dentaria. stem naked below, 2-3-leaved. Pod coriaceous, with thick placentas, long -styled. Seeds wingless ; cotyledons thick, ver}' unequal. 2. Oardamine. stem leafy. Pod coriaceous, with thick placentas. Seeds wingless ; cotyledons flattened, equal. i S' rRuriFKn.E. 21 ♦ t Pod linear, or oblong, or orbicular ; valves 1-nened or ner\'eleHi. SMdU In t «)(Wt (except in spocicb of ii. 3). 8. Arabia. Pod lonjr-linear, the flat or flattish valves more or less l-Mftti. eed* winged or wingless. Flowers white to purple. Stems leafy, »t least below 4. Draba. Pod oval to narrowly oblong or lanceolate ; valves flat or flattish, ftdntly nervetl or veined. Seeds wingless, numerous. ••Pod terete or turgid, or 4-angled by the prominent niidnerves. Seeds wingless, more or less turgid. t Poods, Maine to Q. and Ont. Msiy. — Rootstocks 5-10' long, crisp, tasting like Water-Cress. 2. OARDAMINE, Tourn. Bittkr Cress. Pod linear, flattened, usually opening elastically from the base ; the valves nerveless and veinless, or nearly so ; placentas and partitions thick. Seeds in a single row in each cell, wingless ; their stalks slender. Cotyledons accuml)ent, flattened, equal or nearly so, peticilate. — Mostly glabrous perennials, leafy-stemmed, growing along watercourses and in wet jjlaces. Flowers white or purple. (A Greek name, in Dioscorides, for some cress, from its cordial or cardiacal (][ualities.) * Hoot jyerennial ; leaves simple. 1. 0. rhomboidea, DC. Spring Cress. Stems upright from a tnherons base and slender rootstock bearing small tiibers, simple; root-leaves round and often heart-shaped ; lower stem-leaves ovate or rhombic-oblong, somewhat petioled, the upper almost lanceolate, sessile, all often sparingly toothed ; pods linear-lanceolate, pointed with a slender style tipped with a conspicuous stigma ; seeds round- oval. — Wet meadows and springs ; common. April-June. — Flowers large, white. Var. purpurea, Torr. Lower (4-6' high), and usually slightly pubescent ; flowers rose-purple, appearing earlier. — Along streams in rich soil. N. S. and Ont. ** Root mostlxj biennial or annual ; leaves jrinnate ; flowers small^ white. 2. C. hirsuta, L. Small Bitter Cress. Glabrous or beset with scattered hairs ; stems (3'- 2° high) erect or ascending from the spreading cluster of root-leaves ; their leaflets rounded, those of the upper leaves oblong or linear and often confluent, all either toothed, I PI I wm. riMfiFKK,*:. 23 an^'lod, or entire ; pods linear, very narrow, erect or ancending ; stylo variable. — Wot places ; C(»nnnoM. IVIay-tJnly. 3. ARAB IS, L. lioiK (RKss. Pod linear, flattened ; placentas not thickened ; the valves plane or convex, more or less 1-nerved in the middle, or longitudinally veiny. Seeds usually niarj^ined or winged. Cotyledons accunibent or H little oblique. — Leaves seldom divided. Fl<»wera white or j)urple. (Name from the country, Artiftia. See Linn. Phil, Bot. ^ 235.) >5 1. ARABIS proper. Seeds in one row in envh cell, orhicular or nearly so, more or less winrj-marijined ; cotyledons strictly accum- bent. * Erect and simple leafy-stemmed hienniah, n-ifh simple leaves, ichitt or v'JiitishJioivers, narroiv hut Jlafti'in'il asrendiny or erect pods^ and -nearly winyless seeds. 1. A. hirsuta, Scop. Rough-hairy, sometimes smoothish, strictly erect (1-2° high) ; stem-leaves oblong or lanceolate, entire or toothed, i)artly clasping by a somewhat arrow-shaped or heart- shaped base ; petals (greenish-white) small, but longer than the Cix\yx\ pedicels and pods strictly iipriyht ; style scarcely any; imma- ture seeds somewhat 2-rowed. — Rocks, common, N. B. westward. May, June. (Eu.) ** Erect and simple leafy-stemmed hienniids (1-3° hiyJi), irith svuill iHiitish flouers, rec\irved-spreadin*>ds (3-4' hmy\ and broadly u'inyed seeds, titeir stalks adherent to the par- titiotij root-leaves rarely lyrate. 2. A. laevigata, Poir. Smooth and glaucous, upright ; stem- leaves 2>(irtl y clasping by the arrow-shai)ed base, lanceolate or linear, sparingly cut-toothed or entire ; petals scarcely longer than the calyx ; pods long and narroiv, recur red-spreading on ascending or merely spreading pedicels. — Rocky places, Maine and Q. to Ont. May. § 2. PSEUDARABIS. Seeds oblong or elliptical, very small, iving- less, in one row; cotyledons often more or less oblupie. Biennial or 2^erennialf branching from the base. d4 CIlUCIPEKii:. ii 3. A. lyrata, L. Mostly glabrous, except the lyrate-pinnatijid root-leaves; stem-leaves scattered, spatulate or linear with a taper- ing base, sparingly toothed or entire ; petals white, much longer than the yellowish calyx ; pods long and slender, flat, ascending or spreading. --On rocks or sandy shores, Q. and Ont. to Minn., and northward. April-July. — Usually biennial, but southward in the mountains decidedly perennial. 4. DRAB A, Dill. Whitlow Grass. Pod oval, oblong, or even linear, flat ; the valves plane or slight- ly convex ; the partition broad. Seeds several or numerous, in 2 rows in each cell, marginless. Cotyledons accumbent. Filaments not toothed. — Low herbs with entire or toothed leaves, and white or yellow flowers ; pubescence often stellate. (Name from (5p«/3//, applied by Dioscorides to some cress ; meaning unknown.) § 1. DRAB^EA. Petals not notched or cleft ; perennial or biennial ^ leafy-stemmed ; flowers white; pods twisted when ripe. 1. D. incana, L. Hoary-pubescent^ biennial or somewhat perennial, the radical tuft seldom branching ; leaves oblanceolate or the cauline lanceolate to ovate, few-toothed or entire ; pods oblong to lanceolate, usually aciite and straight, often pubescent, on short erect pedicels ; style very short or none. — Dry rocks, Anti- costi and N.B., and far westward. (Ku.) Var. arabisans, Watson. Caudex much branched ; pod gla- brous, acuminate or acute, twisted, beaked with a longer distinct style. (D. arabisans, Michx.) — Anticosti and Lake Nipigon. 5. NASTURTIUM, R. Br. WaterCress. Pod a short silique or a silicle, varying from oblong-linear to globular, terete or nearly so ; valves strongly convex, nerveless. Seeds usually numerous, small, turgid, marginless, in 2 irregular rows in each cell (except in N. sylvestre). Cotyledons accumbent. — Aquatic or marsh plants, with yellow or white flowers, and com- monly pinnate or pinnatifid leaves, usually glabrous. (Name from Nasus tortus, a convulsed nose, alluding to the effect of its pungent qualities.) § 1. Petals white, twice the length of tlie calyx; pods linear; leaves pinnate. rifUCIFKH/E. 1. N. officinale, R. Br. True Water Cress. Perennial ; stems spreading and rooting ; leaflets 3-11, roundish or oblong, nearly entire ; pods (0-8" long) ascending tm slender widely spread- ing pedicels. — Brooks and ditches ; escaped from cultivation. N.S. to Ont. (Nat. from Eu.) § 2. Petals yellow or yelloivish, seldom nuicli exreeding the calyx; pods linear, oblong, oi' even ovoid or globuhir ; leaves mostly pinnatifid. * Annual or biennial, rarely perennial {?), with simple Jihrous roots ; flowers small or minute, greenish or ydbnrisJt ; hutrs smneivhat I grate. 2. N. palustre, DC. Marsh Cress. Stem erect ; leaves pinmitehj cleft or parted, or the upper laciniate ; the lobes oblong, cut-toothed ; pedicels about as long as the small flowers and mostly lunger than the oblong, ellipsoid, or ovoid pods ; style short. — \yet places or in shallow water ; common. June-Sept. — Flowers only 1-1 V' long. Stems 1-3° high. — The typical form with oblong pods is rare. Short pods and hirsute stems and leaves are common. 6. BARB ABE A, R. Br. Winter Cress. Pod linear, terete or somewhat 4-sided, the valves being keeled by a mid-nerve. Seeds in a single row in each cell, marginless. Cotyledons accumbent. — Mostly biennials, resembling Nasturtium ; flowers yellow. (Anciently called the Herb of St. Barbara.) 1. B. vulgaris, R. Br. Common Winter Cress. Yellow Rocket. Smooth ; lower leaves lyrate, the terminal division round and usually large, the lateral 1-4 pairs or rarely wanting ; upi^er leaves obovate, cut-toothed, or pinnatifid at the base ; pods erect or slightly spreading ; or in var. stricta, a^jpressed ; in var. akolata, ascending on spreading pedicels. — Low grounds and roadsides ; apparently introduced, but indigenous from N.S. to Ont. northward and westward. (Eu.) 7. ERYSIMUM, Tourn. Treacle Mustard. Pod linear, 4-sided, the valves keeled with a strong midrib ; stigma broadly lobed. Seeds in 1 row in each cell, oblong, marginless. Cotyledons (often obliquely) incumbent. — Chiefly biennials, with 26 CRUCIFERifJ. i' ' i^ yellow flowers ; the leaves not clasping. Pubescence of appressed 2-3-partecl hairs. (Name from epiu, to draw blisters. ) 1. E. cheiranthoides, L. Worm-seed Mustard. Minutely roughish, branching, slender ; leaves lanceolate, scarcely toothed ; flowers small ; pods small and short (7-12" long), very obtusely angled, ascending on slender divergent pedicels. — Banks of streams, July. (Eu.) 8, BRASSIC/., Jrn. Buassica and Sinapis. Pod linear or oblong, nearly terete or 4-sided, with a stout 1- seeded beak or a rigid style ; valves 1-6-nerved. Seeds globose, l-rowed. Cotyledons incumbent, folded around the radicle. — Annuals or biennials, with yellew flowers. Lower leaves mostly lyrate, incised, or pinnatitid. (The Latin name of the Cabbage. Sinapis is the Greek aivairi^ which is said to come from the Celtic nap, a turnip.) 1. B. Sinapistrum, Boiss., or Sinapis arvensis, L., the English Charlock, with knotty pods, fully one-third occupied by a stout 2-edged beak (which is either empty or 1 -seeded), the upper leaves barely toothed, is a noxious weed in grain fields, from N. B. to Ont. (Adv. from Eu.) 2. B. (or Sinapis) alba, Boiss. White Mustard. Pods bristly, ascending on spreading pedicels, more than half its length occupied by the sword-shaped 1 -seeded beak ; leaves all pinnatifid ; seeds pale. N. B. to Ont. (Cult, and adv. from Eu.) 3. B. (or Sinapis) nigra, Koch. Black Mustard. Pods smooth {\' long), 4-cornered (the valves only 1-nerved), erect on appressed pedicels forming a slender raceme, tipped with a stout persistent style ; seeds dark brown, smaller and more pungent than in the hist ; lower leaves with a large terminal lobe and a few small lateral ones. — Fields and waste places, N. S. to Ont. (Adv. from Eu.) 4. B. campestris, L., in the form of the Rutabaga and the Turnip, sometimes persists a year or two in neglected grounds. 9. CAPSELLA, Medic. Shepherd's Purse. Pod obcordate-triangular, flattened contrary to the narrow partition ; the valves boat-shaped, wingless. Seeds numerous. CIUK'IFER.E. 27 C<)tylo(l«»ns incumbent. — Annuals ; flowers small, white. (Name a diminutive of capsa, a box.) 1. C, Bursa-pastoris, Moench. Root-leaves clusteietl, pinnati- fid or toothed ; stem-leaves arrow-shaped, sessile. —Waste places ; the commonest of weeds. April-Sept. (Nat. from Eu.) 10. LEPIDIUM, Toiim. Peppeuwort. Peppeugrass. Pod roundish, much flattened contrary to the narrow partition ; the valves boat-shaped and keeled. Seeds solitary in each cell, pendulous. Cotyledons incumbent, or in n. 1 accumbent ! Flowers small, white or greenish. (Name from ?-t~i(h()v, a little scale, alluding to the small flat pods.) — Ours are animals or biennials. * Leaves all with a tapering base, the upper linear or lanceolate and entire, the lower and often the middle ones incised or pinnatifid; pods orbicular or oval, with a small notch at the top; the style minute or none ; stamens only 2. 1. L. Virginicum, L. Wild Peppergrass. Cotyledons accum- bent and seed minutely margined ; 2^'^d marginless or obscurely margined at the top ; petals present, except in some of the later flowers. — June-Sept. A common roadside weed, Q. and Ont., which has immigrated from farther south. 2. L. intermediuni, Gray. Cotyledons incumbent; pod m,inutely inng-margined at the top ; petals usually minute or wanting ; other- wise nearly as in n. 1. — Dry places, from western N.S. to B.C. 11. CAKILE, Tourn. Sea- Rocket. Pod short, 2-jointed across, fleshy, the upper joint separating at maturity ; each indehiscent, 1-celled and 1-seeded, or the h)wer S(mietime8 seedless. Seed erect in tho upper, suspended in the lower joint. Cotyledons obliquely accumbent. — Seaside fleshy annuals. Flowers purplish. (An old Arabic name.) 1. C. Americana, Nutt. American Sea-Rocket. Leaves obovate, sinuate and toothed ; lower joint of the fruit obovoid, emarginate ; the upper ovate, flattish at the apex. N. S. to Out. July-Sept. — Joints nearly even and fleshy when fresh; the upper one 4-angled and appearing more beaked when dry. m 28 CISTArEiB. 12. RAPHANUS, Tourn. Radish. Pods linear or oblong, tapering upward, indehiscent, several seeded, continuous and spongy within between the sev<3dp, or necklace-form by constriction between the seeds, with no proper partition. Style long. Seeds spherical and cotyledons condupli- cate, as in Brassica. — Annuals or biennials. (The ancient Greek name from pg, quickly, and ^n/vw, to appeury alluding to the rapid germination.) 1. B. raphanistrum, L. Wild Radish. Jointed Charlock. Pods necklace -form, long-beaked ; leaves lyre-shaped, rough ; petals yellow, turning whitish or purplisli, veiny. — A troublesome weed in fields, N.S. to Out. (Adv. from Eu.) Order 9. CISTACE.S (Rock-Rose Family). Low shrnhs or herbs, iinth regular flowers, distinct and hypogynous mostly iudeflnite stamens, a persistent calyx, a 1-celled 3-5-valved capsxde with as wany parietal place)it(e borne on the middle of the valves, and orthotropous albuminous seeds. — Sepals 5 ; the two exter- nal much smaller, bract-like, or sometimes wanting ; the three others a little twisted in the bud. Petals 3 or 5, convolute in the opposite direction from the calyx in the bud. Anthers short, innate, on slender filaments. Style single or none. Ovules few or many, on slender stalks, with the orifice at the apex. Embryo long and slender, straightish or curved, in mealy albumen ; cotyledons narrow. — Leaves simple and mostly entire, the lower usually oppo- site, and the upper alternate. Inert plants. 1. Helianthemum. Petals 6, crumpled in the bud, fugacious (or none). Stigma nearly sessile. Stai . ins and ovules numerous in the petal-bearing flowers. 2. Hudsonia. Petals 5, fugacious. Stamens 9-30. Style long and slender. Pod strictly 1-celled, 2-6-seeded. Heath-like. 1. HELIANTHEMUM, Tourn. Rock-Rose. Petals 6, crumpled in the bud, fugacious. Styles short ornone in our species ; stigma 3-lobed. Capsule strictly 1-celled. Embryo curved in the form of a hook or ring. — Flowers in most N. American species oi two sorts, viz., primary or earlier ones, with large petals, indefinitely numerous stamens and many-seeded pods ; and second- ary, or later ones, which are much smaller and in clusters, with small petals or none, 3-10 stamens, and much smaller 3-few-8eeded VIOLACE.E. 29 ilender. Pod pods. The yellow flowers open only once, in sunshine, and cast their petals by the next day. (Name from v'aoq^ the sun, and ai'dsfiov^ flov)er.) 1. H. Oanadense, Michx. Frost- weed. Petal-hearing flowers solitary; the small secondary flotaers clnstered in the axils of the leaves, nearly sessile ; calyx of the larije flowers hairy-pubescent, of the small ones hoary, like the stem and lower side of the lanceolate- oblong leaves. — Sandy or gravelly dry soil, Maine and Ont. June- Aug. — Stems at first simple. Corolla of the large flowers 1' wide, producing pods 3" long ; pods of the smaller flowers not larger than a pin's head. 2. HUDSONIA, L. Petals 5, fugacious (lasting but a day), much larger than the calyx. Stamens 9-30. Style long and slender ; stigma minute. Pod oblong, enclosed in tlie calyx, strictly 1-celled, with 1 or 2 seeds attached near the base of each nerve-like placenta. Embryo coiled into the form of a closed hook. — Bushy heath-like little shrubs (seldom a foot high), covered all over with the small awl- shaped or scale-like alternate persistent downy leaves, producing numerous (small but showy) bright yellow flowers crowded along the upper part of the branches. (Named in honor of Wm. Hudson, an early English botanist.) 1. H. tomentosa, Nutt. Hoary with down ; leaves oval or narrowly oblong, 1" long, close-pressed and imbricated ; flowers sessile or some short peduncled. — Sandy shores, N.S,, and along the Great Lakes to Minn, and westward ; rarely on banks of streams inland. May, June. Order 10. VIOLACE.£ (Violet Family). Herbs, xi-ith a sormwhat irregular 1-spnrred corolla of 6 petals, 5 hypogynous stamens ivith adnate iidrorse anthers connicing over the pistil, and a 1-celled 3-valred pod with 3 parietal placentae. — Sepals 5, persistent. Petals imbricated in the bud. Stamens with their short and broad filaments continued beyond the anther-cells, and often coherent with each other. Style usually club-shaped, with the simple stigma turned to one side. Valves of the capsule bearing the several-seeded placenta? on their middle ; after opening, each valve as it dries folds together lengthwise firmly, projecting 30 VIOLACE.E. the seeds. Seeds auatropous, rather large, with a hard seed-coat, and a large and straight embryo nearly as long as the albumen ; cotylet'e(n' less ticurious. * iStenilr.'^:^ //■ • ■'icsitu'l scapes directly fronid rootstock or from ruaners. f Stiase of the blade. (Name from (Tn/.)n. saliva, from the viscid exudation on the steins and calyx of many specie.'?. The Engliih name Catchjly alludes to the same peculiarity.) ■* Calyx not hijiated, except hy tUe enlarrjiu^ pod ; onnna.Is. i Glabrous, a j)ortlon of each joint of the stem glutinous; flowers pink. 1. S. antirrhina, L. Sleepy C. Stem slender (8-30' high); leaves lanceolate or linear; flowers small, panicuhitc ; calyx ovoid; petals obcordate, crowned, o[)ening transiently in sunshine. — Dry soil ; connuon in waste places. Ottawa and westward. June- Sept. f f Viscid-pubescent ; Jlotrcrs ichite or nearly so, ojyening at nighty sweet-scented. 2. S. noctiflora, L. Night-flowering C. Viscid-hairy, tall (1-3° high) ; lower leaves large and spatiilatc, the upper lanceolate; floivers few, pedunrhd ; calyx-tube elongated (over 1' long), soon ovoid, with awl-shaped teeth ; petals rather large, 2-parted, crowned. — Cultivated grounds. N.L>. and westward. 2. LYCHNIS, Tourn. Cockle. Styles 5, rarely 4, and pod opening by as many or twice .as many teeth ; otherwise nearly as in Silene. Calyx in one s[)ecics with leaf-like lobes. (Ancient Greek name for a scarlet or flame-colored species, from /f'A''^"C, a light or lamp ) 1. L. Githago, hum. Corn Cockle. Annual, clothed with long soft appressed hairs ; flowers long-peduncled ; calyx-lobes similar to the long and linear leaves, surpassing the broad and crown- less purple-red petals, falling oil" in fruit. (Agrostemma Githago, L.) — In wheat fields. (Adv. from Eu.) 34 CARYOPHYLLACEiE. 2. L. Flos-CUCUli, L. Ragged Robin. Perennial, erect, slightly downy below, viscid above ; loaves narrowly lanceolate ; flowers in loose panicles ; calyx short, glabrous ; petals red, 4-lobed, lobes linear. — Moist or marshy places ; N.B., New Eng. and N.Y. (Adv. from Eu.) 3. A REN ARIA, L. Sandwort. Sepals 5. I'etals 5, entire, sometimes barely notched, rarely wanting. Stamens 10. Styles 3, rarely more or fewer, opposite as many 8ei)als. Pod short, si)litting into as many or twice as many valves as there are styles, few-mmy-seeded. — Low, usually tufted herbs, with sessile exatipulate leavijs and small white flowers. (Name from areiui, sand, in which many of the species grow.) — The following sections are by many botanists taken for genera. § 1. ARENARIA' proper. Pod splitting wholly or part-way doivii into 3 or at length info C valva ; seeds nuimj, naked at the hilum. 1. A. serpyllifolia, L. Thyme lkaved Sandwort. Difi'usely branched, roughish (2-G' high) ; leaves ovjite, acute, small ; cymes leafy ; sepals lanceolate, pointed, 3-5-nerved, about equalling the petals and G-toothed pod. — A low annual ; sandy waste places. N.S. to Ont. June-Aug. (Nat. from Eu.) § 2. ALSINE. Pod splitting to the base into S entire valves ; seeds many, nsually rongh, nuked at the hilnm ; flowers solitary and terminal or cymose ; root in our species perennial. * Leaves small, rigid, awl-shaped or bristle-shaped. 2. A. vema, L. Dwarf, alpine, denselj' matted, glabrous or (var. hhita) somewhat pubescent, 1-3' high ; leaves narrowly linear or awl-shaped ; flowers loosely cymose ; sepals lanceolate, pointed, 3-nerved, shorter than the pod. Lab. to B.C. (Eu.) * * Leaves soft and lierbaceous, flliform-linear ; petals retuse or notclied. 3. A. Qroenlandica, Spreng. Mountain S. Densely tufted from slender roots, smooth ; flowering stems filiform, erect (2-4' high), few-flowered ; sep(ds oblong, obtuse, nerveless. — Summit of the Shawangunk, Catskill, and Adirondack Mountains, N.Y., of the higher mountains of New Eng., and northward ; alpine ot sub- iUl! %k CAHVOFIIYLLACKiK. 35 alpine. June-Aug. — Leaves and peduncles 3 (J" long ; Howers large in proportion. § 3. MCEHRIN(irIA. Parts of the flovrr smnetinies in fonrn ; pod as in § 1, hut the yoioig ovarij 3-c*'lli'd ; seeils rather few, smooth, with a thiekish ajtjyendaye (strophivle) at the hiluin ; perennials, inth flaceid hrtxtdisJi leaves. 4. A. lateriflora, L. Sparingly branched, erect, minutely j)ul)uscent ; leaves oval or oblong, obtuse (|-1' long) ; peduncles 2- (rarely 3-4) flowered, soon becoming lateral ; sepals oblong, obtuse. — Gravelly shore.s, etc., N.S. to B.C. May, June. (Ku.) 4. ST ELL ARIA, L. Chickweed. Stakwout. Sepals 4-5. Petals 4-5, deeply 2-cleft, sometimes none. Stamens 8, 10, or fewer. Styles 3, rarely 4 or 5, opposite as many sepals, pod ovoid, 1-celled, opening by twice as many valves as there are styles, several-many-seeded. Seeds naked. — Flowers (white) soli- tary or cymose, terminal, or appearing lateral by the prolongation of the stem from the upper axils. (Name from sttlla, a star, in allusion to the star-.shaped flowers.) * Stems spreadmff, flaccid, marked lontjifudinallij with one or two pnbesce)d lines; lea res ovate or oblong, 2~'^h' ^''^'l/- 1. S. media, Smith. Common Chi('kw?:ki). Annual or nearly so; lower leaves on Jiainj petioles; 2^<''d and usually mmle cymes lateral; Imith litnrcolafi' or obloiuj, veiny; petals and ri[)e polls as Umij as the calyx; seeds rouyUetuid. — Swamps and rills, N. S., westward. (Eu.) 5. CERASTIUM, L. Moisk-eau Chk ked. Sepals 5, rarely 4. Petal:* as many, 2-lol)ed or cleft, rarely entire. Stamens twice as many, or fewer. Stylus eijual in number to tlie sepals and opposite them. Pod 1-celled, usually elon_i,'ated, membranaceous, o[)ening at tiie apex by twice as many teeth as there were styles, many-seeded. Seeds rougli. — Flowers white, in terminal cymes. Our species have the pet.ils 2-cleft or obcordate, the parts of the flower always in lives, and the exsorted pods more or less curved. (N;ime from hipac, a huni, alluding to the shape of the jjod in many species.) 1. C. viscOoUm, L. MorsE-nAii CnTCKWf:KD. Annual, hairy and rather clammy, nearly erect (4-9' high) ; haves < '■ or obovate to oblong spatnlate ; bracts herl)aceous ; jtoivcrs in close clusters at first, jiedicels eren in fruit not lomjcr than the acute sepids; petals sJiortcr tJian the calyx. (('. vulgatum, L. Jlerb.^ and Man.) Grassy places, N. S. to I>. C. May-July. — Stamens often 5. (Nat. from Eu.) 2. C. vulgatum, L. Laroeu I\I. Perennial ; stems clammy- hairy, spreading (o- 15' long) ; leaves oblony ; upper bracts searious- margined ; jtowevs larger (sepals 2-3" long), at first clustered, the fruiting pedicels longer, the earlier ones mostly much longer than the obtuse sepals ; i)etals equalling the calyx. (0. viscosum, L. Herb., and Man. C. triviale. Link.) — Fields and coj)ses ; N. B. and Ont., perhaps indigenous. May -July. (Nat. from Eu.) 3. C. arvense, L. Field Chick weed. Perennial ; stems ascending or erect, tufted, downy or nearly smooth, slender (4-8' high), naked and feiv-severcd-Jloicered at the summit ; leaves linear or narrowly lanceolate ; petals obcordate, more than twice the length of the calyx ; pods scarcely longer than the calyx. — Dry or rocky places, Liib., westward. May-July. (Eu.) mm POUTULACACEiE. 37 6. BUD A, Adans. Sand-Spurrey. Sepals 6. Petals 5. entire. Stamens 2-10. Styles and valves of the many-seeded pod IJ, very rarely 5, when the v.Uves alternate with the sej);ds I Embryo not eoiit-d into a complete ring. Low herhs, mostly on or near the sea-coast, with tiliform or linear some- what rtesiiy oj)p<)site leaves, and siiialler ones often clustered in the axils ; stii)nles scaly-miMiiliranaceous ; tloweriny all summer. (Named probal)ly for the city so called.)- (Jenus r.lso known as Tissa, Adans.. Speugulakia, Prosl., and Lepioonum, Wahlb. 1. B. rubra, Dumort. Nearly glabrous, the sununit of the prostrate or ascending slender stems, peduncles, and sei)als usually glandular-pubescent ; leaves linear, flat, scarcely fleshy ; stipules lanceolate, entire or cleft ; pedicels longer than the bracts ; pads and pink-roil corolla small (IV), li(trdlif eqnalliug or ejcccedimj the adifx ; seeds roiiyh with projeci'itKj points, semi-oboviitc or gibbuns- n'edijc shaped, iriiKjlfss. (Spergularia rubra, Piwd.) — Dry .sandy soil, near the coast, but rarely in iritimo. N.S., N. B. and Q. (Eu.) 2. B. marina, Dumort. INIore decidedly fleshy than the pre- ceding, erect or ascending, usually pubescent, with ovate stii)ule8, terete leaves, and pedicels 2-4" long ; serials usually becoming 2-2^" long, little shorter t! m the pod ; petals pale ; seeds ohocdte-ruunded ((ud roii(j]ie)ied v'itJi point.-i, wingless or narrow-winged. (Spergularia salina, Pns/. Tissa marina, Dritf )- -lira* kish .sands, etc., coast of Lab., N.S., N.P.. and Q., and s(»uthwa a. (Eu.) Ordeu 12. PORTULAOACE^ (Pluslane Family). Ilerhs, irith mccidenf ledces, and reijnlar hid u)is]rHmet rico{;ynou3 petals, and attached to their base. Calyx persistent. Pod 3-<3-soeded. 'Mi 38 HYPERICACKiK. H 1. POBTULAGA, Tourn. Purslane. Calyx 2-cleft ; the tube coliering with the ovary below. Petals 5, rarely 0, inserted on the calyx with the 7-20 stamens, fugacious. Style mostly 3-8 j)arte(l. Pod 1-celled, globular, many-seeded, opening transversely, the upper part (with the upper part of the calyx) separating as a lid. — Fleshy annuals, with mostly Rcattered leaves. (An old Latin name, of unknown meaning.) 1. P. oleracea, L. Common Pirslane. Prostrate, very smooth ; leaves o})ov;ite r wedge-form ; flowers sessile (opening only in sunny morninj^s) ; sepals keeled ; petals pale yellow ; stamens 7-12 ; style deeply 5- (I-parte'l , iio\>\.''-bud flat and acute. — Cidtivated and waste grounds ; connuon. Seemingly indigenous west and southwestward. (Nat. from Eu.) 2. CLAYTONIA, Gronov. Spring-Beauty. Sepals 2, ovate, free, persistent. Stamens 5, adhering to the short claws of the petals. Style 3-eleft at the apex. Pod 1-celled, 3-valved, 3-6-seeded. — Our two species are perennials, sending up simple stems in early spring from a small deep tuber, bearing a pair of opposite leaves, and a loose raceme of pretty flowers. Coroll.a rose-color with deeper veins, opening for more than one day! (Named in honor of Dr. John Clai/ton, one of our earliest botanists, who c ntributed to Gronovius the materials for the Flora Virginica.) 1. C. Virginica, L. Leaves linear-lancef)late, elongated (3-6' long). — Moist open woods ; couunon, N.S., westward and south- ward. 2. 0. Oaroliniana, Michx. Flowers rather smaller and fewer ; leaves spatulate-oblong or oval-lanceolate (1-2' long). — N.S., Q. and E. Out., and southward along the Alleghanies. Order 13. H7P£BICAC£.£ (St. John's- wort Family). Herbs or shrubs, with opposite entire dotted leaves and no stipules, regnhtr hijiKxiiinoiis Jlotrers, the petals mostly obVupie and convolide in the bndy and many or few stamois comnxndy collected in 3 or more clusters or bandies. Pod 1-ceIlcd with 2-5 parietal placental, and aa manij styles, or 3-7-c<7^vlunin, a)id united at base irith the short claws of the pitals, 1-celled anthers, a)al kidney-sh(tped seeds. — Sepals 5, united at base, persistent, often involucellate with a whorl of bractlets forming a sort of exterior calyx. Petals 6. Anthers kidney-shaped, opening along tho to{). Pistils several, the ovaries united in a ring or forming a several-celled pod. Seeds with little albumen ; embryo curved, the leafy cotyledons variously doubled up. Mucilaginous, innocent plants, with tough bark and palmately- veined leaves. Flower-stalks wiih a joint, axillary. Tribe I. MALVEiE. CoUiinns of stamens ant hcr-bearint; at the top. Ovaries and carpels 5-'2i) or more, o'oscly united in a rin^ around a central axis, from which they separate after ripening. I! TILIACEiE. 41 * Stigmas occupj'in^ the inner face of the styles ; carpels l-aeeded, fallin;; away scinrately. 1. Malva. Involucel of 3 bractlets. Petals obcordate. Carpels rounded, beakless. 1. MALVA, L. Mallow. Calyx with a, S-leaved involucel at the base, like an outer calyx. Petals obcordate. Styles numerous, .stigniatic down the inner side. Fruit depressed, separating at maturity into as many 1-seeded and indehiscent round kidney-shaped blunt carpels as there are styles. Radicle pointing downward. (An old Latin name, from the Greek name, /^d^-dx'/, having allusion to the emollient leaves.) * Flowers fascicled in ihe axils. 1. M. rotundifolia, L. Common Mallow. Stems procumbent from a deep biennial root ; leaves round-heart-shaped, on very long petioles, crenate, ohscurebj-lobed ; petals twice the length of the calyx, whitish ; carpels pubescent, even. — Waysides and cultivated grounds, N. S. to W. Out., common. (Nat. from Eu.) ** Floivers uidif in the itpprr axila, someichat racemose or paniculate. 2. M. moschata, L. Musk M. A low [>erennial, with the stem-leaves b-parted^ and the divisions once or tivice parted or cleft into linear lobes, faintly musky-scented, the flowers rose-color or white (H' in diameter) on short peduncles crowded on the stem and branches, the fruit downy. — Escaped from gardens to waysides, connuon. (Adv. from Eu.) OiiDEH 15. TILIACE.ffl vLiNDEN Family). Trees (rarehj hcrbx), ivith the miirilaffinons properfifis, fibrous barJc, ralcate cooimd (Sfoliolate in our species); juice sour. 2. Oxalis. Styles 5, separate. Pod oblong; the valves not falling away. LeafletB usually obcordate. Tribe III. BALSAMINEJE. (Um.kam Famu.y.) Flowers irregular (5 nierous as to the stamens and pistil), the petals and colored sepals fewer in number, de, distinct, short. Fruit a flcsliy 5-celled j>od (in Iini>atiens) ; celU several seeded. Kmbryo straight.- Tender and very succulent herbs, with simple leaves and no stipules. 8. Impatiens. Lateral petals unequally 2-lobe(L Poavo(;, a era)H' ; the long fniit-bearing beak thought to resemble the bill of that bird.) * Rvotstock 2)erennial. 1. O. maculatum, L. Wild Cuanksbill. Stem erect, hairy; leaves a})out 5-parted, the wedge-shai)ed divisions h)bed and cut at the end ; 8ei)als slender-pointed ; petals entire, light purple, bearded on the claw (.V long). — Open v.oods and fields, N.S. to Ont. and westward. Ai)ril-July. — Leaves somewhat blotched with whitish as they grow old. ** Jioot bivnnial or (inuKal ; flowers smttU. t Leaves ternateUj mnrh-disserted ; /uvtri/ scetited. 2. 0. Robertianum, L. Heub Robert. Sparsely hairy, diffuse, strong-scented ; leaves 3-divided or pedately 5-divided, the divisions twice pinnatifid ; sepals awned, shcjrter than the (red- purple) i)etals ; carpels wrinkkd ; seeds smooth. — Moist woods and shaded ravines ; N.S., Out. and westward. June-Oct. (Eu.) t + Leaves ]mlmately lohed or dissected. ■] 44 GERANIACE^. 3. O. Oarolinianum, L. Stems at first erect, diffusely branched from the base, hairy ; leaves about 5-partod, the divisions cleft and cut into numerous oblong-linear lobes ; peduncles and pedicels short ; sepals aivn-poiuted, as long as the emarginate (pale rose- colored) petals ; carpels hairy ; seeds oroid-ohJong, very minutely reticrdated. — Barren soil and waste places ; common. May-Aug. 2. OXALIS, L. WooD-SoRKEL. Sepals u, persistent. Petals 5, scmiotimes united at base, wither- ing after expansion. Stamens 10, u.sually m<)nadelj)lious at base, alternately shorter. Styles 5, distinct. Pud oblong, membran- aceous, 5-celIed, more or less 5-lobed, each coll opening on the back ; valves persistent, being fixed to the axis by the partitions. Seeds 2 or more in each cell, pendulous from the axis, anatropous, their outer coat loose and separating. Embryo large and straight in fieshy albumen ; cotyledons flat. — Herbs, with sour watery juice, alternate or radical leaves, nn»stly of 3 obcordute leatlets, which close and droop at nightfall. Several species produce small peculiar flowers, precociously fertilized in the bud and particularly fruitful ; and the ordinary flowers are often dimorphous or even trimoi'phous in the relative length of tho stamens and styles. (Name from of if, sour.) *Stemless perennUds; Ivaves and scapes arisintj from a roof stock or hidh ; leaflets broadly ohcordatc ; Jloicers nearly 1' broad; cells of til e pod fe I V- seeded. 1. 0. Acetosella, L. Common Wood-Sorp.el. Bootstock creeping and sc:i!y-toothed ; scaije \-fiowercd (2-5' high) ; j)ctals white with reddish veins, often notched. — Deep cold woods, N.S. to L. Superior, and northward. June. (Eu.) 3. IMPATIENS, L. P,alsam. Jewel-weed. Calyx and corolla colored alike and not clearly distinguishable. Sepals apparently only 4 ; the anterior one notched at the apex and probably consisting of two combined ; the posterior one (appearing anterior as the flower hangs on its stalk) largest, and forming a spurred sac. Petals 2, \n;e(]ual-sided and 2-lobed (each consisting of a pair united). Stamens 5, short ; filaments append- RUTACEiE. 45 asjed with a scale on the inner side, the 5 scales connivent and united over the stigma ; anthers opening on the inner face. Ovary 5-celled ; stigma sessile. Pod with evanescent partitiouG, and a thick axis bearing several anatropous seeds, 5-valvcd, the valves coiling elastically and projecting the seeds in bursting. Embryo straight ; albumen none. — Leaves simple, alternate, without stipules, in our species ovate or oval, coarsely toothed, petiolud. Flowers axillary or panicled, often of two sorts, viz., — the larger ones, which seldom rii)on seedi ; and very small ones, which are fertilized early in the bud ; their floral envelopes never exjiand, but are forced o!F by the growing jx^d and carried upward on its apex. (Xamo from the sudden bursting of the pods when touched, whence also the popular appellation, Toiich-ine-not or Snap-weed.) 1. I. pallida, Nutt. Pale Touch-me-not. Flon-ers vale-yelloto, spariiKjly doited with brownish-red ; sac dilated and very obtuse, broader than long, tipped with a short incurved spur. — Moist shady places and along rills, in rich soil ; Montreal, westward. July-Sej)te"mber. — Larger and greener than the next, with larger flowers, and less freinmerons) ; the 2-5 j)istils separate or combined into a compound ovary of as many celts, raised on a prolongation of the receptacle or ylanilular disJ: — Embryo large, curved or straight, usually in fleshy albumen. Styles commonly united or cohering, even when the I 16 ILICINRiE. ovaries aro distinct. Fruit usually cai)sular. Leaves alternate or opposite. Stipules none. — A large family, chietly of the Old World and the southern huniisphere. 1. XantbOXylum. Flowers dioecious ; ovaries 3-5, separate, fomiin^f fleshy imtla. 1. XANTHOXYLUM, L. Prickly Ash. Flowers dioecious. Sepals 4 or 5, obsolete in one sjiecies. Petals 4 or 5, imbricated in the bud. Stamens 4 or 5 in the sterile flowers, alternate with the petals. Pistils 2-5, separate, but their styles conniving or slightly united. Pods thick and fleshy, 2-valved, 1-2-seeded. Seed-coat crustaceous, black, smooth and shining. Embryo straight, with broad cotyledons. —Shrubs or trees, with mostly pinnate leaves, the stems and often tiio leafstalks prickly. Fh)wers small, greenish or whitish. (From ^nvOog^ yellon\ and ^l'i\(n\ wood.) 1. X. Americanum, Mill. Nohthern PxUckly Ash. Tooth- ache-tree. Leaves and flowers in siissile axillary umbellate clus- ters ; leaflets 2-4 pairs and an odd one, ovate-oblong, downy when young ; calyx none ; i)etals 4-5 ; pistils 3-5, with slender styles ; pods short-stalked. — Rocky woods and river banks ; common, Montreal and Ont. April, May. Order 18. ILICINE.£ (Holly Family). Trees or shrubs, with small axillary 4-8-merous flowers, a minute calyx free from the 4r-8-('.elled ovary and the 4-8-seeded berry-like drnpe ; the stamens as many as the divisions of the almost or quite 4:-8-pctalJed coi'olla and aHernate with them, aitaehed to their very base. - Corolla imbricated in the bud. Anthers opening lengthwise. Stigmas 4 -8, or united into one, nearly sessile. Seeds suspended and solitary in each cell, anatropous, with a minute embryo in fleshy albumen. Leaves simple, mostly alternate. Flowers white or greenish. 1. nex. Petals or corolla-lobes oval or obovate. I'edicels mostly clustered. 2. NemopantlieB. Peta!s linear. Pedicels solitary. 1. ILEX, L. Holly. Flowers more or less dioeciously polygamous. Calyx 4-6-toothed. Petals 4-6, se[)arate, or united only at the base, oval or obovate, obtuse, spreading. Stamens 4-6. The berry-like drupe containing •■■^«l>tw'Wj.'j .«/.5. . AT^ CKLASTRACE*. 47 4-6 little nutlets. — Leaves alternate. Fertile flowers inclined to be solitary and the sterile or partly sterile flowers to bo clustered in the axils. § 1. PRINOS. Parts of fhe sterile JloivevH coinmonlif in fofira, Jirex, or sixes, those of the fertile Jloivers commoiilij fu si.irs (nirehj in fives, sevens or eiyhts) ; luitlets smooth und even ; shrults. * Leaves decidiums ; floorers in sessite clusters, or the fertile solitar\i ; fruit hriijht red. 1. I. verticillata, Gray. Black Alder. Winterberry. Leaves oval, obovate, or wedge-lanceol.ito, pointed, acute at base, serrate, doitmy on the veins beneath ; Jloirers all very sliort-peduncled. — Low grounds ; common, N. S. to Ont. May, June. 2. NEMOPANTHES, Raf. Mountain Holly. Flowers polygamo-dioecious. Calyx in the sterile flowers of 4-5 minute deciduous teetli, in the fertile ones obsolete. I'etals 4-5, oblong-linear, spreading, distinct. Stamens 4-5 ; filaments slender. Drupe with 4-5 bony nutlets, light red. — A much-branched shrub, with ash-gray baric, alternate and oblong deciduous leaves on slender petioles, entire or slightly toothed, smooth. Flowers on long slender axillary peduncles, solitary or sparingly clustered. (Name said by the author to mean "flower with a filiform peduncle," therefore probably composed of v>]na, a thread, ttoIi-, foot, and uvOn^^fioicer.) 1. N. fascicularis, Raf. (N. Canadensis, DC)— Damp cold woods, N.S,, Q., and Ont. May. Order 10. CELASTRACE.ffi (Staff-tree Family). SJinibs with simple leaves, and small rc-jnlar flowers, the sepals and the petals both imbricated in the bud, ilie 4 or ^t jit'yifjynous st imens as many as the petals and alternate with them, inserted on a disk ivhirh fills the bottom, of the cahjx and sometimes covers the ovary. Heeds arillid. Ovules one or few (erect or pendulous) in each cell, ana- tropous ; styles united into one. Fruit 2-5-cellod, free from the calyx. Embryo large, in fleshy albumen ; cotyledons broad and thin. Stipules minute and fugacious. Pedicels jointed. * Lcavca alternate. Flowers in terminal racemes. I' CelastrUS, a shrubby climber. Fruit globose, orange, S-valved. Aril scarlet. 48 RHAMNACE^. 1. OELASTBUS, L. Staff-tree. Shrubby Bitter-sweet. Flowers polygamo-dioecious. Petals (crenulate) and stamens 5, inserted on the marr^in of a cui)-.shapcd di-k which lines the base of t!io calyx. Pod globose (oraii^^e-color and berry-like), 3-celled, 3-valved, loculicidal. Seeds 1 or 2 in each cell, erect, enclosed in a pulpy scarlet aril. — Leaves alternate. Flowers small, greenish, in raccmo-Iiko clusters terminating the branches. (An ancient Greek name fcjr some evergreen, which our plant is not.) 1. 0. scandens, L. Wax-work. Climbing Bitter-sweet. Twining shrub ; loaves ovate-oblong, finely serrate, pointed. — Along streams and thickets, Q., Out., and westward. June. — Tlie opening oraiipje-colorcd pods, displaying the scarlet covering of the seeds, are very ornamental in autunni. Order 23. RHAMNACE.ffi (Buckthorn Family). Shrubs or small trees, irith simple leaves, small and regular Jlowers (someiimes apeialoiis), wilh the 4 or b peri(j]iiu.ns stamens as tnauy as the vidcate sepals and alternate with them, accordiuyly opjwsite the petals/ Drupe or pod with only one erect se^d in each cell, not arilled. — Petals folded inwards in the bud, hooded or concave, inserted along with the stamens into the edge of the fleshy disk which lines the short tube of the calyx and sometimes unites it to the lower part of the 2-5-celled ovary. Ovules solitary, anatro- pous. Sti;^mas 2-5. Embryo large, with broad cotyledons, in sparing fleshy albumen. — Flowers often polyg;imous, sometimes dioecious. L^iavcs mostly alternate ; stipules small or obsolete. Branches often thorny. (Sli[;htly bitter and astringent ; the fruit often mucilaginous, common'y rather n:;useons or drastic.) * Ca'.yx and cli^'.': free from the ovarj-. 1. Rhamnus. Pctcalssmr.il, s'lort clawed, notched, or none. Drupe berrj'-like, with 2-4 separate secd-lil.e iiut'.cts. * * Calyx with the disk adherent to the base of the ovary. 2. CeanothUB. Petals long-clawed, hooded. Fruit dry, at length dehiscent. 1. RHAMNUS, Tourn. Buckthokn. Calyx 4-5-cleft ; the tube campantdate, lined with the disk. Petals small, short-clawed, notched at the end, wrapped around the short stamens, or sometimes none. Ovary free, 2-4 celled. VITACE.E. 49 Drupe herry-like (black), containing 2-4 separate seed-like nutlets, of cartilaginous texture. — Shrubs or small trees, with loosely pin- nately veined leaves, a^d greenish polygamous or dioecious flowers, in axillary clusters.' (The ancient Greek name.) § 1. RHAMNUS proper. Flour rs vsually d'necious; nuthis and seeds deeply grooved on ihe back; rhaphe tlor.s(d ; cotyledons foli- aceous, the margins revolnfc. * Calyx-lohes and stamens 5 ; petals wanting. 1. R. alnifolia, L'Her. A low shrub ; leaves oval, acute, serrate, nearly straight- veined ; fruit 3-seeded. — Swamps, X.B, to Ont. and westward. June. 2. CEANOTHTJS, L. New^ Jersey Tk a. Ked-uoot. Calyx 5-lobed, incurved ; the lower part cohering with the thick disk to the ovary, the upper separating across in fruit. Petals hooded, spreading, on slender claws longer than the calyx. Fila- ments elongated. Fruit S-lobed, dry and splitting into its 3 carpels when ripe. — Shrubby plants ; flowers in little umbel-like clusters, forming dense panicles or corymbs at the sinamit of naked flower- branches ; calyx and j)edicels colored like the petals. (An obscure name in Theophrastus, probably mis-sj)elled.) 1. 0. Americanus, L. New Jersey Tea. Leaves ovate or oblong-ovate, 3-ribbed, serrate, more or less 2»ibescent, often slightly heart-shaped at base ; common peduncles elongated. — Dry woodlands, Ont. July. — Stems l-.')"^ high from n dark red root ; branches downy. Flowers in pretty white clusters, on leafy shoots of the same year. The leaves were used for tea during the Ameri- can Revolution. OiiDER 21. VITACE.ffi (Vine Family. Slirubs with watery juice, nsnally climbing by tendrils, ivifh small regular floicers, a mimite or tru)icatcl calyx, its limb mostly obsolete, and flie stamens as many as the valrate petals and opposite them! Berry 2-ceUed, usually 4-seedcd. — Petals 4-5, very deciduous, hypo- gynous or perigynous. Filaments slender ; anthers introrse. Pistil with a short style or none, and a slightly 2-lobed stigma ; ovary 2-celled, with 2 erect anatropous ovules from the base of each cell. Seeds bony, with a minute embryo at the base of the 00 VITACE^. hard albumen, which is grooved on one side. — Stipules deciduous. Loaves alternate, palmately veined or compound ; tendrils and flo\ver-clu3ters oi)posito the leaves. Flowers small, greenish, com- monly polygamous. (Young shoots, foliage, etc., acid.) * Ovary surrounded by a nectariferous or jjlanduliferous disk ; plants rlinibin;; by the coiling; of naUeJ-tippcd tcnUrila. 1. VitiS. Corolla caducous without expandinjf. Hypogynous glands 5, alternate with the stamens. Fruit pulpy. Leaves simple. • * No distinct hypoprynous disk ; plants climbinsf by the aclhesion of the dilated tips of the tendril-branches, or by naked-lipped tendrils. 2. Ampelopsis. Corolla expanding. Leaves digitate. 1. VITIS, Tourn. Grape. Flowers polygamo-dioecious (some plants with perfect flowers, others staminate with at most a rudimentary ovary), 5-merous. Calyx very short, usually with a nearly entire border or none at all. Petals se^iarating only at base and falling off without expanding. Ilypogynous disk of 5 nectariferous glanda alternate with the stamens. Berry puli)y. Seeds pyriform, with peak-like base. — Plants climijing by the coiling of naked-tipped tendrils. Flowers in a compound tliyrse, very fragrant ; pedicels mostly unibellato- clustered. Loaves simple, rounded and heart-shaped. (The classi- cal L;itin name.) § 1. YITIS proper. Bark loose and shreddy; tendrils forked; nodes solid. t Tendrils intermittent (none opposite each third leaf). I Leaves glabrous and mostly shining, or short-hairy especially on the ribs beneatli,, incisely lobed or undivided. 1. V. cordifolla, Michx. Frost or Chicken Grape. Leaves 3-4' wide, n )t lobed or slightly 3-lobed, cordate with a dcop acute sinus, acuminate, coarsely and sharply toothc*^ sm.ill ; inflorescence ample, loose; berries small. bJn' g, very acerb, ripening after frosts ; seeds 1 hn with a prominent rhaphe. — Thickets and stream )anks. ^n.S., Q., Man., Neb., and southward. May, June. 2. V. riparia, Michx. Differing from the last in the large and more persistent stipules (2-3" loni;), more shining and mor usually 3-lobed leaves with a broad rounded or truncate sinus r l'4i^iy^ SAPlNDACE.t. 51 large acute or acuminato teeth, smaller compact inflorescence, and berries (4-5" broad) with a bluom, sv.out and very juicy, ri[)oning from July to Sept. ; seeds very small ; rha[)lio indistinct. (V. cor- difolia, var. riparia, 6r/v<;/,)— Stream bjinks or near water. N.B., Out., and westward. Eastward the berries are sour and ripen late. 2. AMPELOPSIS, Michx. Vik(!ixian Crekpeu. Calyx slightly 5-toothed. Peiils concave, thick, ex[)andiiiK before they fall. Disk none. — Leave • Ugitate, with 5 (*i-7) oLlong- lancoolato sparingly serrate lealh:t3. Flower-clusters cymose. Tendrils fixing themselves to trunks or walls Ijy dilated sucker like disks at their tips or someliines without disks. (Name from a/zTTtXor/, a vine, and o'/''., (ippeardtire.) 1. A. quinquefolia, Michx. A common woody vine, in low or rich grc^unds, climbing extensively, souietimes l,y rootlets as well as by its disk-bearing tendrils, blossoming in July, ripening its small blackish berries in October. Also called American Jii/, and still less approijriately ll'oodbine. Leaves turning bright crimson in autumn. Q. to IMan. Order 22. SAPINDAOE.£ (Soaimjeuziv Family). Trees or shriihs, with simple or compound Ic iirs, mostlij unsym- metrical and often irrejidar Jloirers ; the 4-5 scptds and petals imbricated in cestication ; the 6-10 stamens inserted on a jU'sh\i (per- igynous or hijpo'jynous) disl; ; a 2-^i-cellcd cvid -lohed orartj, with 1-2 (rarely more) ovules in each cell ; and the em'>njo (except Staphylea) curved or convolutej without aJbnmoi. — A largo and diverse order. Sub-order I. Acerineae (Maple Family). Flowers (polygamous or dioecious) small, regular, but usually unsynuiietrical. Petals often wanting. Ovary 2-lobed and 2-celled, with a p lir of ovules in each cell. Fruits winged, 1 seeded. Fmbryo coiled or folded ; the cotyledons long and and ^looae-inxiiL 2. A. spicatum, Lam. IMoin tais M. Leaves downy beneath, 3- (or slightly 5) lobed, coaiseiy serrate, the lol)es taper-pointed ; racemes i(ih'i(jJit,iI< ii.si\ somruliat comi>ound ; jnttds li near-spat idate; fruit with small er-. ct or diver;,H'nt wings. — Moist woods, Newf. co Man. June. — A tall shrub, fornnng clumps. ** Floivers iti 111(1 rl 11 si-sstle termhial (did lideral uinheUate-eorymhs, (irt'cnish-iielloir, appearimj iriih ilte lea res. 3. A. saccharinum, Wang. SroAU or Rock M. Leaves 3-5- lobed, with rounded sinuses i>\u\ {tointed sparingly sinuate-toothed lobes, either heart-shaped or nearly truncate at the base, whitish SAFINDACE.K 63 ftiid smooth or u little -12' hi;.";li) ; leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, with rough margins; wings round- obovale, concave ; crest s!iort ; earunele nearly as long as the seed. — Rocky soil, N. U. to K. Mts. May, June. C. CALYCIFLOll.E. Sepals rarely distinct ; disk adnate ti) the base of the calyx, rarely tumid or conspicjious ; petals and stamens on the calyx, perigynous or epiirynous, the ovary being often inferior (liypogynous in Drosera and Parii.-i.ssia, noaiiy so in .some Legumino.sje and Cia.ssulaceaj). Apetalous flowers in Orders 27, 2S, 2J), 31, 32, and 3(>. OnoEu 25. LEOUMINOS-ffi (Pilse Family). Phtnts irifli paiiilionareons or so}t)ctimes rey\dar flowers, 10 {rarely 5 and sunietinies tnaity) momulelphuns, dinddphoiis, or rarely distinct st(tniiii'i, ;landular-dolted ; stamens mostly diadeljilmus ; pov shrubs. /'. Standanl narrow, erect ; po Astragalus. Keel not tipped with a point or shari* appendage. Po*! with one or both the sutures turned in, sometimes dividinir the Cill len^fthwise into two. *y OxytropiS. Keel tip|>ed with an erect )>oint ; otherwise as Astraffalus. I!- ■t \ h •■: 58 LEGUMIKOS^. 1 1 f Herbs with pinnate or pinnately 1-3-foliolatc leaves ; no tendrils ; pod transversely 2-sovoi-al-JoiiitcHl, thu rct'.ciilutcd l-sci'dcd Joints induhiacent, or iiometimes reduced to 1 such joint. (IlKOYHAUKit:.) II Leaves pinnate, with several leaflets, not stipellate. 7. Hedysarum. stamens unc(|ually diadelphous (9 and 1). Calyx 5-cleft Pod 8evfral-jointec»l. rtly pinnate leaves, tenninatecl by a tendril or bristle ; stamens diadelptious ; pixl conlinuous, 2-valvcHl, few-sovcralseeded. (Vicik^e.) 9. Vicia. Wiii^H adherent to the keel. Style filiform, l)ear(led with a tuft or ring of hairs at the apex. 10. LathsrrUB. VVinurs nearly free. Style sontewhat dilated and flattened upwards, bearded down the inner face. ttt ttTwinintf (sometimes only trailing) herbs; leaves jtinnately 3- (rarely 1 or 6-7) foliolatc ; no tendrils; peduncles or flowers axillary; poinnately S-foliol.ite ; leaflets usually toothed. Stijitiles united with the petiole. Fl "wers iu heads or spikes. (Name from tres, three, and foil inn, a leaf.) * Floiren si'ssile in dense heads; corolla purple or purplish, ivithering axvaij after flowerinj, tubular below, the petals more or less co- herent with eaeh other. iCalyx-tectJi silkif-jjlumose, loigcr tlian the whitish corolla; root annual. LEOUMINOSiE. 59 1. T. arvense, L. Rabbit-foot or Stone Clover. Silky, branching (5-10' high) ; loutiets obhinceolate ; heads becoming very 8oft-8ilky and grayish, o])long or cylindrical. — Old fields, N. B. to Ont. (Nat. from Eu.) if Calyx scatrchj ha\r\i except a bearded ring in the throaty shorter than the rosi'-pnrple elwKjitted-tubular corolla. (Short-lived per- ennials; Jloirers street -scented.) 2. T. pratense, L. Rkd G. Stems ascending, Homewhat hairy; leajlefs oral or oborate., often notched at the end and marked on the ui)j)er side with a pale spot ; sVipules broad, bristle-pointed ; heads ovate, sessile. — Fields and meadows ; largely cultivated. (Adv. from Eu.) ^''^ FUnrers j)edicflled in mnbel-likeronnd heads on a naked pend uncle, their short pedicels rejlexed ichen oil; corolla irhite or ro.se color, U'itherihii persisteid and turnintj broimtish in fading; the tabular portion short. 3. T. repens, L. White C. Smooth, perennial ; the slender stems spread inij and crrepinij; leaflets inverse} \i heart-shaped or merely notched, obscurely to(»thed ; stipules scale-like, narrow ; petioles and especially the pundutles very long ; heads small and loose ; calyx much shorter than the irhite corolla; pods about 4-seeded. — Fields and copses, everywh(jre. Indigenous only in the northern part of our range, if at all. * * * Flowers slotrt-pedicellol in close heads, rejlexed ndienold ; corolla yellmv, persistent, fnrniny dry and chest nut-hroirti irifh aye, the standard becominy hood-.shaped ; anmials, Jl. in sunimer. 4. T. agrarium, L. Yeliow or Ilop-C. Sni'M.thish, some- what upright ((>-12' high) ; leajlets idutrate-oltlony, all three frtnn the same point (palmato) and nearly sessile ; stif>nles narrow, cohering irith the petiole for more than Jodf its lenyfh. — Sandy lieldsand road- sides ; N. Scotia to Ont. (Nat. from Eu.) 6. T. procumbens, L. Low Ilor-C. Stems spreading or as- cending, pubescent (3-(»' high) ; htijh'ts nrdye-oborate, notched at the end, the lafend at a snndl dist<(iice fnun tlo; other (pinnately 3-fitliolate) ; stipules ontte, short. — Sandy fields and roadsides, com- mon.— Var. MINUS, Oray, has smaller heads, the standard not nmch striate with age. (Nat. from Eu.) 60 LEOl'MIVOSiiE. 2. MELILOTUS, T(»iirn. Mklilot. Swket Clover. Flowers much as in Trifoliuin, l)Ut in spike-like racumes, snmll ; corolla (locidnous, free from the stamen-tube. I*<)<1 ovoid, cori- aceous, wrinkled, lon-^er than the calyx, scarcely dehiscent, 1-2- seeded. - Annual or biennial herbs, fras^rant in dryinj^, with pinnately .'J-foliolate leaves, leaflets toothed. Name from /"/', honeij, and '/i,irnt_\ some legmninous ])lant. ) 1. M. officinalis, Willd. Ykij.ow Mkmlot. Tpright (2-4° high); leaflets obovate-oblonjjf, old use; curoJhi tjellntr ; the petals nearly of ecpuil length. — Waste «»r cultivated grounds. (Adv. from Eu.) 2. M. alba, Lam. Wiiitk M. Leatiets truncate; corolla irhite; the standard longer than the other petals. — In similar places. (Adv. from Ku. ) 3. MEDIOAOO, Tourn. Medick. Flowers nearly as in Mclihttus. Pod 1-scvcral-soeded, scythe- shaped, incurved, oi- variously coiled. — Leaves pinnately 3-foliolate ; leaflets to<>thed ; stij)ules often cut. (.Mz/'^/av), the name of Lucerne, because it came to the (ireeks from Media.) 1. M. lupulina, L. Black Medick. Nonesuch. Procum- bent, [tubescent, ainuial ; leaflets wedge-obovate, toothed at the aj»ex ; flotrem in tihoit siilhes (yellow) ; jkxIs kidiieti-fonn, 1-seeded. — Waste places, Q. and Ont. , west to Mich., Iowa, and Mo. (Adv. from Eu.) 4. KOBInIA, L. Locust-trke. Calyx short, 5-toothed, slightly 2-lipped. Standard large and roini(h'd, turned back, scarcely longer than the wings and keel. Stamens diadelphous. Pod linear, fl.it, several-seeded, margined on the .seed-bearing edge, at length 2-valved. — Trees or shrubs, often with prickly spines for stipules. Leaves odd-pinnate, the ovate or oblong leaflets stipellate. Flowers showy, in hanging axillary racemes. Base of the leaf-stalks covering the buds of the next year. (Named in honor of John liohiu, herbalist to Henry IV. of France, and his son Vespiisian Hobin, who tir.st cultivated the Locust-tree in Europe.) LKOUMINOSJ-:. dl 1. B. Pseudacacia, L. Common I^ktst or Falsk Acacia. Branches iiiikeil ; rnceHh'a .sle>iis. Pod sevi-ral many- seeded, various, mostly turgid, one or botlusutures usually project- ing into the cell, either slightly or so as to divide the cavity lengthwise into two. -Cidetly herbs (ours pirennials), with odd- pinnate leaves and sj)iked or racemed flowers. Mature pods are usually necessary for certain identification of the species. (The ancient (Jreek name of a leguminous plant, as also of the ankle- bone ; but the connection between the two is j)ast all guess.) I. Pod tiirijld, nnniilf'ehj or iniff*'i't'irthj 2-<"W/<'(/ hif the hdnui'ion of tlin iloi'sdl, siifiiri\ flw rr}if}(il si(tin'i' hvimj not nt all or less ileeplij uijU'.ifil. AsTii.V(i.\i,rs jiroper. * Pod ilr\i, rorioi'eiiiis, nirtiloiilnoim or ntfmhrnnonn, dehisreht. i I'od i-oin/ili'fehi 'J-rt'lli'd, stssllr. 1. A. Canadensis, L. Toll and crrd (1-4 high), mnawhat puh* scent or )jlahr<(fr ; IcatK'ts 21-27, oblong ; jtonwrs tfrrenish cream cobo', very numerous, in long dense spikes; pods crowded, oblong (6' long), gialjrous, terete, scarcihj unlcafe and only on the biick, nearly straight — River banks, 1*.Q. , and fai- westward. f t pod in)f Ci)n\pletelif2-ceUed. 2. A. alpinus, L. lUtJ'nse ()l-i2' high), smooth or slightly hairy ; leaflets l.'i-25 ; flowers riolef -purple, or at least the keel tippe«l with violet or blue ; ealy.v campanulate ; pod nanowly oblong, short-acuminate, hlack-pidtcsccnt, trianguiar-tiu'gid, deeply grooved on the back, straight or c\uvi'd, its stipe usually rather exceeding the calyx. Tiocky banks. Lab., north and w«;stwaril. 6. OXYTROPIS, DC Keel tipped with a shar[) projecting point or appendage ; other- wise as in Astragalus. Pod often more or less 2-celled by the i "^ 62 LEOUMIVOSA. m> intrusion of the ventral suture. — Our species are low, nearly aaiuleacent poreuniHls, with tufts of numerous very short stems from a hard and thick root or rootstock, ctiole ; raceme of many deflexed puri)le flowers ; standard shorter than the keel ; joints of the ])od 3 or 4, smooth, reticulated. — Lab. to northern Maine and Vt. ; north shore of L. Superior, and north and westward. 8. DESMODIUM, Desv. Tick-Trefoil. Calyx ustially more or less 2-lipped. Standard obovate ; wings adherent to the straight or straightish and usually truncate keel, by means of a little transverse appendage on each side of the latter. Stamens diadelphous, 9 and 1, or monadelphous below. Pod flat, deeply lobed on the lower margin, separating into few or many flat reticulated joints (mostly roughened with minute hooked hairs, by which they adhere to the fleece of animals or to clothing). — Perennial herbs, with pinnately 3-foliolate (rarely 1-foliolate) leaves, stipellate. Flowers (in summer) in axillary or terminal racemes, often panicled, and 2 or 3 from each bract, purple or purplish, often turning green in withering. Stipules and bracts LBOUMINOS^. 63 scale-like, often striate. (Xame from (Jfscent ; leiijtffs 20-24, ohlomj- liuieeoldte, sfron. imrtli find west- ward. ** Tendrils present ; stiptih'ti unr/( u\ semi-HttijIttdtf, nrvminate. t Flovrrs piirjili' ; hajli'ts seveiiil puirs. 3. L. palustris> L. Shnihr, !;l;il»r(»us <»r s<»nu'\vliHt pnhcscont; stem often win<{L>d ; Htipuli'U lane. oliite, sliar)) pointed at liotli ends; leajlets 2-4 puir.-i, tidvixtihj ulilumj to limor, ocKft' (1 2' long) ; pediin- cks 2-Ct-Jloinieil; tldwiis (J' lt»nij. - iMoist places, Lai), and N. Scotia, westward across the continent. (ICu.) 11. APIOS, Iloerhaave. (Juoind-nit. \Vim> Ukan. Calyx somewhat 2-lip[ii'd, I'.ic 2 livtuial teeth beinj^ nearly obsolete, the n[)per very short, the lower one longest. Standard very hr lad, retlcxed ; the lonijj scyr he -shaped keel stront^ly incurved, at lensjtth coiled. Stamens diadi-lphous. Pod straight or slightly curved, linear, elongated, thickish, many -seeded. — A perennial herb (with .some milky juice I), twining and climbing over bushes, and bearing edible tubers on undergrountl shoots. Leaflets 3-7, ovate-lanceolate, obscurely stipellate. Flowers in dense and short, often branching racemes. (Name from amov^ a pear ^ from the shape of the tubers.) 1. A. tuberosa, Moench. Flowers brown-purple or chocolate color, violet-scented. - Low grounds, N. Brunswick to Ont., west to Minn., Kan., and La. 12. AMPHICARPJ^IA, Ell. IIou Pea-mt. Flowers of 2 kinds ; those of th^- racemes from the upper branches perfect, but seldom ripening fruit, ; those near the ba.se and on fili- form creei)ing branches with the corolla none or rudimentary, and few free stau)ens, but fruitful. Calyx about ecpially 4- (rarely 5) toothed ; bractlets none or minute. Keel find wing-petals similar, almost straight ; the standard pjutly folded round them. SUimens diadelphous. Style })eardless. Pods of the upper flowers, when formed, somewhat scymetar-shaped, stipitate, 3-4-seeded ; of the lower ones commonly subterranean and fleshy, obovate or pear- shaped, ripening usually but on© large seed. — Low and slender T!' w 66 KOSACK.E. perennials ; the twining stems clothed with lirownish hairs. Leaven pinnntuly 3-f<>li<>l>ttu ; loatluts rhonibic-(ivate, slipulhite. Flowers in simple or compoiiml vacemuii, [)in'plisl). Bracts persistent, round, partly cl.isping, striate, as well as tliu stipules. (Name from afii)i>ns) 1 fca) in earh or/rj/, aIniDst ahraiis without alhamen. klinhnjo strai(jh*, unth larif and thirk cut iih'di tan Lt'aors alter uate, with ^stipules, tlu'so sonu'ti)in's cadtu-ons, raroly olis(»leto or wanting. — Cuiyx of 5 or rarely .'i 4 H sepals (the odd one superior), united at the base, often a}»pearing doul)!o by a row of bractlets outside. T'etala an many as the se|>als (rarely wanting), mostly imbricated in the l)ud, and insiivted with the stanien.v on the edge of a disk that lines the calyx-tube. Trees, shriil».s, or herbs. A large and important order, almost destitute of noxious ce(>mini; pliunose or hairy tails, <>r nake, enclosed in and coulcscent with tbe fleshy or beriy like (•al\ \, in fruit be 'ominic a •.l-several-celleil pnme. Trees or xlirnbs, with stipules free from the petiole. (1. Cells of the coinpoutid ovary us many us the styles (i-.O), each 2 (rarel> several) ovuUhI. 1? Pyrua. Pome containing G-.*) papery or "■.utila^finous carpels. l:i. CrataagU3. i'i.iiiednn>e-like, with 1 .'"> bony stones or kernels. I snnlly thorny. /*. Cells of the compound ovary beconiini,' twice ad many as the styles, each I -ovtib d. n Amelanchier. Pome usually of ri carpels; each becomes incompletely 'icelled by a projectiou from its back , otherwise lis Pyrus. n\ 68 ROSACR/B. Nil 1. PRUNUS, Tourn. Plim, Cherry, etc. Calyx 5-cleft ; the tuho })ull-.sh.'ipu(l, urn-shai)ecl or tubular-ob- conical, deciduoiis after flowering. Petuls 5, Kureading. StainenH 15-20. Pistil solitary, with 2 jx-ndulous ovules. Drupe floBhy, with a bony stone.- Small trees or shrubs, with mostly edible fruit. (The ancient Latin name.) § 1. PRUNUS pntper (and 0:u.\sis). hrnpi' smooth, nud the stone sinootli or somvirlitit niii Ykllow or Rkd Pf.um. Tree thorny, H-20 hisral, ililiai racemes and sweeter yellowish fruit has been found at Dedham, Mass. U08ACE.*:. 69 4. P. serotina, Ehrh. Wild Blvck Cherry. A large tree, with re(Ulish-l)r<>\vu lirancht's ; Icairs ohlomj or lanceolafc-ohlong, tapfrpoiulcii, sci'i'd'e iriHi iiii'in-ir I sJtnrt and citllovs ttcfli, thickish, shining uh«)VO ; racemes el<>ng.iteil ; petals oliov.ito ; fruit purplish- black. — Woods, N. S. to Out., wt^st ti> Minn., K. Neh., and La. — Fruit ulighlly hitter, hut with a pleasant vinous flavor. 2. SPIR.ffiA, L. Mk.vdow-Sweet. Calyx 5-elcft, short, persistent. Petals 5, ohovato, ocpial, imbri- cated in tlio 1)11(1. Stamens 10-50. Pods (follicles) 0-8, not inflated, few several-seeded. Seeds linear, with a thin or I00.S0 coat and no alhuniun. Shrul)s or [lereunial herhs, with simple or piiuiate leaves, and white or rosi'-colored flowers in corymbs or panicles. (The (ireeU name from a-niHiu, to lirist, from tho twisting of the jjods in the original sjiecies.) § 1. SPIll.E.V pn)per. J'Jir-t .s7j/m/>,s, icHh siiuf/h' h'ai'e.-< ; stipules olisiilctc ; pods inostlif 5, se rend -needed. 1. S. salicifolia, L. Common Mkadow-Swkkt. Nearly smooth (2-ri° hi^h) ; leaves wed-^e-lanceolate, simply or doubly-serrate ; Jloirera in d rron'tled jmnii'le, white or flesh color ; poils smooth. — Wet or low grounds, Newf., westward. 2. S. tomentosa, L. II aimhiack. Stkeplk-Hish. Stem:, und lon'er siirftiee of the ovate or oliloiig si-rrate Inters rerij woolly; flowers in short racemes onnvded in a den.se panicle, rose color, rarely white ; pods woolly. Lnw grounds, N. Scotia to Out. 3. PHYSOCARPUS, Maxim. Nink Bauk. Carpels 1 ."), inllattMl, li-valvid ; ovuh^s 2-4. Seeds roundish, with a smooth and shining crustaeeous testa and copious albumen. Stamens IJO-40. Otherwise iis Spir.'i'a. -Shrubs, with simple palmately-lol)ed leaves aii*l umbjl-liko coryndis of white flt»wers. (Name from <,wEKiN»j-RAspnKHRY. Stem shruhhii{',i It high) ; hrauehes, sttdhs, and eahjx Iwlstlij irith (jlandular clammij hairs; leaves 3 6 lobed, the lobes pointed and miinitely toothed, the middle one prohjnged ; peduncles many-flowi-retl ; flowers showy (2' broad) ; calyx-loln's tipped with a long narrow appendage; pet>tls rounded, purple n>se citlor ; fruit reddish. — N. S. to Ont., west to Mich. ■* * Leajlefs ( pinuatelij nr pedatehj) .'i-o ; petids small, erect, white, f Stems annuid, herhaceous. not j>rlcklii ; fruit of f w separate (jrains. 2. R. triflorus, Kiehardsnn. Dwakk Kasi>hkkhv. Stems as- cending (() 12' high) or trailing ; leaflets .'i(or pedately 5), rlu:::'bic- ovate or ovate-laneot»lHte, ueute at both ends, coarsely doui-ly serrate, thin, smooth ; ]>eduiic'le 1 .'{-flowered. — Wooded hillsides, Lab. t 1^VM^HKUUV. Steins uprujht, and with the stalks, etc., Inset n-itk sti^ff sfraiijht hristle^s (or a few becnmitig weak lutoked pritklei* , glandular when young, somewhat glaucous; leaHets 3-5, ol>long-ovate, pointed, cut-serrate, HOSACEiE. 71 whitish-downy underneath, the lateral ones sessile ; ])etala as long as tlio sepals ; fruit liijht red. — Tliickets and hills. Ijjib. to the R. Mts. 4. R. occidentalis, L. Black Raspbkkry. TniMBr.EBKURv. Glanctms all over ; stetns recurred, (trmcd like the stalks, etc., irith hooked 2)rickles, not bristbj ; le.iflets 3 (rarely 5), ovate, pointed, coarsely doubly sen ".te, whituned-downy uudenuath, tl'.e lateral ones somewhat stalked ; petals slorti-r t!i;in the sepals ; fruit purple-bliick (rarely a whitish variety), rijje c.uly in •July. Connuon, N.B. to Ont. — All api)aro)it hybrid (It. neLjIectus, JWL) between this and the last species occurs, with characters intermediate between the two, and growinj^ with them. ^2. Fruit, or collectire drupes, not si'i)nrttfiii'i from the jxietj pro- lontjed receptiU'lc, moHtlij onifi' or oldoaj, bUickiali ; stvms prickly rlii!it or n'rlinini, tiniu'd irifli sfoitt cKrved prickles; branchlets, st;dks, and lower surface of the leaves tudry and (jlanduUir ; leaflets W (or pedately 5), ovate, pointed, unecpially serrate, the terminal ones somewhat heart-shaped, conspicuously stalked; Jlttwrs racimcd, nmniroits ; bracts short; .sepals linear- pointed, nuich shorter than the obovate-obhmg spreading petals. — Borders of thickets, etc., common, N.S. westward, and very variable in size, aspect, and shape of fruit. 6. R. Oanadensis, L. Low Blackbkhuv. Dkwheuky. Shruhlnj, extensirchj trailiinj, diijldhj pricUij ; leatlcts .'J (ov pedately <"> 7), oval or ovate-lanceolate, mostly pointed, thin, U((trf\i .sumotli, sharply cut-serrate ; flowers raceuied, with leaf-like hr.ufiA Dry lields, connnon ; Newf., Out., west to Central Minn, and J'l. Kan. 7. R. hispidus, L. UrNNi.N(i Swamp Hi, ackukhuv. Stems slender, .scfurr/i/ woody, exteusinly jinn'mnUvnt, Utsct irilh smull re- Jfexed prickles; leaflets .'J (or rarely pedately 5), smooth, thickish, mostly persistent, ob«)vate, obtuse, coarsely serrate, entire toward the base; i>editiicles le((jless, scrcnd-jlotrereil, offen hri.'i'lit; jborers small; fruit of f(!w graias, black. — In low woods or swamjjy grassy ground, N. Scotia to Ont. 73 nOSACK.E. 5. DALIBARDA, L. Calyx dooply 5-0 part eil, 3 of tho Jivi.sidns l.vrt^or uiul toothed. Petals 5, scs.sile, docidiious. Staiauns m;my. Ovariu.so 10, liecom- ing nearly dry seed-like drupes ; stylus terminal, deciduous. — Low perennials, with creeping and densely tufted stems or red erenato leaves on slender petioles. Flowers 1 or 2, white, on suape-liko peduncles. (Named in honor of Thomas Ihdlhut'd, a French l)«j(,anist of the time of Linn:uu.s.) 1. D. repens, L. Downy; sepals spreadinj^ in the flower, con- verging and enclosing the fruit. -Wooded banks; N.S. to Ont. June- Aug. — In aspect and foliage reseinbiing a stemle.ss ^'iolet. 6. GEUM, L. Av*:ns. Calyx bell-shaped or flattish, dee])ly 5-cleft, usually with 5 small bract lets at the sinuses. Petal.-, 5. Stauiens many. Achenes luunerous, heaped on a conical < r cylindrical dry receptacle, the long persistent styles forming haiiy or iiaked and straight or jointed tails. Seed erect ; radicle inferiur. — Pereinii.d herbs, with jiinuate or lyrate leaves. (A name used by Pliuy, of unknown meaning.) J^l. (JETM ])roper. Stiiles joii.h'd dial bent nntr the inl(ii.-< rejlexed. * Pi'lidti idiitt' or pate •("//.»/ and :ii'eat1ing or retlexi'(l : hair.s on the .scajie mostly widely spreading, on the pedicels apprised ; leajlets f/u"n, even the upper face stn^ngly 74 nOSXCEM. \ 1 i 1 1 1 .' 1 w marked by the veins. — Fields and rocky places ; loss common. (Eu.) 8. POTENTILLA, L. Cinque-foil. Five-finoek. Calyx flat, deejjly 5-cleft, with as many brsictlets at the sinuses, thus appearii; 10-cleft. Petals 5, usually roundish. Stamens many. Achenes many, collected in a head on the dry mostly pubescent f)r hairy receptacle ; styles lateral or terminal, deciduous. Rjidicle superi«)r. — Herbs, or rarely shrubs, with compound leivves, and solitary or cymoso flowers ; their parts rarely in fours. (Name a diminutive from iMttenH, ])owerful, orij^inally applied to P. Anserina, from its once reputed medicinal powers.) >:$ 1. styles thickenvd and (jlanduhir toward flie Itnse ; achenes glahrous, nwncnuitt ; inJliU'CHcena: t'lfinnse. * Stife tenninal ; Jlowern snuUl, \ielUiw ; leavct pimutte or tertuite. + Annual or hicnnia^ ; leafii'tn inrisely ncrrate, not white-toinenfoae ; sfanii'iis 5-20. 1. P. Norvegica, L. Stout, en-ctj hirsute {\-2° high ; hares tcrnate ; leaflets obovate or r rUUnis. 2. P. axgentea, L. Silvkuy CixgrK foil. Stems ascending, paniculately br.*nched at the suunuit, m.iny-tlowored, white-woolly; leaflets 5, wedge-oblong, almost pinnatitid, entire toward the base, with revolute margins, green above, white with silvery wool beneath. — Dry barren lields, etc., N. Scotia to Ont. June-Sept. (Ku.) * * Style lateral ; purple petals (shorter than the, hroad cidy.r) some- what persistent ; disk thick and hairy; (tchenes ylahrous ; hairy receptacle becominy la rye ami sponyy. 3. P. palustris, Scop. Maush Fivk-Fin<»kk. Stems stout, ascending from a decumbent njoting perennial ba.se (^-2° hmg), glabrous below ; leaves pinnate ; leaflets 5-7, oblong, serrate. HOSAC'K.t:. 75 y; flHO, [lol lighter colored iind inoru or loss pubescent beneath ; flowers few in ;in open cyme ; calyx (1' bnmd) dark purple inside. —Lab. to the Pacific. (Eu.) *** Stijh' otfarhfd hrJoir thf mifhlh'; arheix'S and recf pfurh' (h')i.ii\ oihiniltir. - Wet ^'nmuds, L)ib. north and westward to the Pacific. .hnie-Sept. (Ku ) 6. P. tridentata, Ait. Thhkk-toothkk C. Stems low (l-KV high), rather woody at base, tufted, ascending, cynmsely several- flowered ; li'itirs pabiKifi' : linjh'tti .'i, wedge-ol»l(»ng, nearly smooth, thick, ('(xirschf li-toothed nt the . north and westward. §3. Style. JiliOu'Wy Jatend ; fM-ilimiies axillKni, Kitlittinj, \-jlouered; (trhenes tjldhroKs ; rereptdile (wnj villous; InrlKioums pci'ennialH, trith i/ellnir Jlmvers. <». P. Anserina, L. Silvku-Wkki*. Sfnradiii'f l>)j slrmler many- jointed TUnnefH, u'liite-fmiK iitose oikI .silLii-rillinis ; Inii-en all I'tiilind^ ftinutde ; leafliits 7--1, with smaller onr.s interposed, ottlony, sharply serrate, silky tomentose at least beneath ; bract lets and stipules lift en incisely cleft ; peduncles elongated. — Brackish marshes and river ])anks. (Ku.) 7. P. Canadensis, L. Common CiNQrK-FoiL or FivK-FiNroad i)etal-like spreadin*^ loi)es iml»ricated in the bud, deciduous. Petals n(»ne. Stamens 4-12 or more, with tlaccitl lila- ments and short anthers. Pistils l-'A ; the slender terminal style tipped with a tufted or brush-like stigma. Achene (counnoidy solitary) enclosed in the 4-angled dry and thick ish closed calyx- tube. Seed sus[)ended. — Chielly perennial herbs, with unequally pinnate leaves, stipules coherent with the petiole, and small, often polyganu us or di(ecious flowers crowded in a dense head or spike at the summit of a long and naked peduncle, each bracteate and S'-bracteolate. (Name -(iT/^itor, « diinlliui cuji, the foliage of liurnet having been used in the preparation of some medicinal drink.) 1. P. Ganadense, Bentli. and Hook. Canaiuan BruxKT. Stamens 4, long-exserted, clul)-.shaped, white, as is the whole of the elongated and cylindrical spiko ; stem 3-6^ high ; leaflets numerous, ovate or ol)long-lanceolate, C()arsely serrate, obtuse, heart-shai)ed at base, as if stii)ellate ; stij)ules serrate. — Bogs and wet meadows, Newf. west and nt>rthward. 11. ROSA, Tourn. Rose. Calyx-tube urn-shajted, contracted at the mouth, becoming fleshy in fruit. Petals 5, obovate <»r ol)Cordate, inserted with the many stamens into the edge of the hollow thin disk that lines the calyx- tube and within bears the numerous j)istils below. Ovaries hairy, becoming bony achenes in fruit.— Shrubby anstl\! finely many toothed. 2. B. Carolina, L. Stems usually tall (17 high), with stout straight or usually more or less curved spines ; stipules long and very narrow ; leaflets dull green, 5 -9 (usually 7), usually narrowly ohlo!ig and acute at each end and petiolulate, hut often hroailer, usually puliescent beneath. — liorders of swamps and streams, N. S. to Out., and westward. t t Leaflet ti coarsely toothed. 3. R. lucida, Ehrh. Stems often tall and stout (a few inches to 0° hi{.i;li), v'ith at lenyth stout and nsnaHy ni*>re or less hoithed spines; slijynles usually naked, more or less dilateil; Icajhtx (mostly 7) dark green, rather thick, snmoth anil often shininy (dxire ; llowers corymbose or solitary ; outer sepals frciiuently with 1 or 2 small lobes.— Margins of swamps or moist j)laces. Newf. to Out. Aatnndi'^ed speeies. 4. R. rubiginosa, L Swketbrieh. Edlaxtink. Leaflets densely resinons beneath and aromatic, and donhly serrate; the short pedicels and pinnatilid sepals hispid. (Incl. R. micrantha, Smith; less aromatic, with obhtug fruit and glabrous styles.) — N. Scotia and Ont. to S. C. and Tenn. (Int. from En.) # ^^'t'' IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-S) 1.0 I.I 1.25 ,f ilM IIM 'ff """ 1111? ';- 1116 lllll^ m 1.4 1.6 V] (^ /] c*^ m % ^ r%7# 7 Photographic Sciences Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, NY. 14580 (716) 873-4503 c^ ,\ :\ v \ ^> tly short-pointed, serrate (mostly doubly) with more spreading teeth, often pale beneath ; cymes smaller ; flowers and berries larger, the latter (4" broad) when young ovoid, at length globose ; leaf-buds sparingly hairy ; other- wise nearly as the preceding. — Lab. to northern N. Eng. and Lake Superior, and westward. ROSACEiE. 79 13. OFAT^GUS, L. Hawthorn. White Thorn. Calyx-tube urn-shaped, the limb 6-cleft. Petals 5, roundish. Stamens many, or only 10-5. Styles 1-5. Pome drupe-like, con- taining 1-5 bony 1-soedod stones. — Thorny 8hrul)s or small trees, with simple and mostly lobud leaves, and white (rarely rose-colored) blossoms. (Name from Kfrnrn^, strength, on account of the hacdness of the wood.) * Corymbs many-jiowered. i Fruit lanje (i-1' lontj), red; jlo^mrs large; styles ami stones even in the same species 1-3 {when the fruit is oroid or pear-shaped) or 4-5 (m globular fruit); stip^des, cal ijx-teeth, bracts, etc., often beset with glands ; shrubs or low trees. [Species as characterized by Prof. C. S. Sargent.] 1. C. COCCinea, L. Branches reddish ; spines stout, chestnut- brown ; villous-pubescent on the shoots, glandular peduncles, and calyx ; leaves on slender petioles, thin, pubescent beneath or often glabrous, round-ovate, cuneate or subcordate at base, acutely glan- dular-tootlied, S()metimes cut-lobed ; flowers ^' broad ; fruit coral- red, globose or obovate, \' broad. — Newf. westward. 2. C. tomentosa, L. Branches gray, rarely with stout gray spines ; shoots, peduncles, and calyx villous-pubescent ; glands none ; leaves large, pale, prominently veined, densely pubescent beneath, ovate or ovate-oblong, shan)ly serrate, usually incisely lobed, ct>ntracted into a margined petiole ; flowers small, ill-scented ; fruit dull red, obovate, rarely globose (^' broad), upright. — N. S. to Ont. In flower 2-3 weeks after n. 1. 3. C. punctata, Jacii. Branches horizontal ; glands none ; leaves smaller, mostly wedge-obovate, attenuate and entire below, unequally toothtd above, rarely lobed, villous-pubescent becom- ing smooth but dull, the many veins more impressed, prominent beneath; fruit globose (1' broad), red or bright yellow. (C. tomen- tosa, var. punctata, C'/Ytj/.) -Quebec to Ont. and south to Ga. 4. C. Grus-galli, L. Coc^kspur Thorn. Branches horizontal, with slender thorns often 4' long ; glabrous ; leaves thick, dark green, shining at ore, wedge-obovate and oblancedate, tapering into a very short petiole, serrate above the middle ; fruit globular, dull red Q' broad). — Thickets, common. Ont. ,1! m w 80 SAXIFHAGACEiE. ■ ^1 \l V' E L \ ijidll^ 14. AMELANCHIER, Medic. June-berry. Calyx 5-cleft ; lobes downy within. Petals ohlr>ng, elongated. Stamens numerous, short. Styles 5, united below. Ovary 5- celled, each cell 2-ovuled, but a projection grows from the back of each and forms a false cartilaginous partition ; the berry-like pome thus 10-celled, with one seed in each cell (when all ripen). — Small trees or shrubs, with simple sharply serrated leaves, and white racemose flowers. (Amelancier is the name of A. vulgaris in Savoy.) 1. A. Canadensis, Torr. and Gray. Shad-bush. Service- BEKRY. A tree 10-IJO' liij^l^ nearly or soon glabrous ; leaves ovate to ovate-oblong, usually somewhat cordate at base, pointed, very sharply serrate, 1-3^' long ; bracts and stipules very long silky- ciliate ; flowers large, in drooping nearly glabrous racemes ; petals oblong, 6-8" long ; fruit on elongated pedicels, gloljose, crimson or purplish, sweet and edible. (Var. Botryapium, Torr. and (iray.) — Dry open woodlands ; Newf. and Ont. Fruit ripening in June. Var. RoTUNDiFOLiA (Torr. and Gray), appears to be only a broad- leaved form. Var. (!*) oblongifolia, Torr. and Gray. A smaller tree or shrub (6-10° high), the young leaves and racemes densely white-tomen- tose ; leaves oblong or sometimes rather broadly elliptical, acute, mostly rounded at base, finely serrate, 1-2' long ; flowers in denser and shorter racemes ; petals 3-4" long, oblong-spatulate ; fruit similar but more juicy, on shorter pedicels. — Low moist grounds or swampy woods ; N. S., westward. Okder 27. SAXIFRAGACE.ffi (Saxifragr Family). Herbs or shrubs, qfvdrions aspect, dlstintixisli able from Rosacere by having copmis albumen in the seeds, opposite as well as alternate leaves, and usualln no stij)nles, the stame)is mostly definite, and the carpels commonly fewer than the sepals, either separate or partly so, or all combined into one compound pistil. Calyx either free or adherent, usually persistent or withering away. Stamens and petals almost always inserted on the calj^x. Ovules anatropous. Tribe I. SAXIFRAQ££. Herbs. Leaves alternate (rarely opposite in n. 3). Fruit dry, capsular or follicular, the st.yles or tips of the cai-pcls distinct. •Ovary 2- (rarely 3) celled with axile placentas, or of as many nearly distinct carpels. SAXIFRAGACEiE. 81 1. Saxlfraga. Flowers perfect, close coat. Petals [>, Stamens 10. Reeds numercns, with a hy mite the so, or Itals i'ruit RlS. ♦♦Ovary 1-celled, with 2 parietal placentas alternate with the sti^Mnas. Sterile stamens none. 2. Tiarella. Calyx nearly free from the s^lcnder ovary. Petals entire. Stamens 10. Placentas nearly basal. 3. MitClla. Calyx partly cohering with the depressed ovary. Petals small, pinnatifld. Stamens 10. 4. Chrysosplenium. Calyx-tubc coherent with the ovary. Petals none. Stamens 10. ♦ ♦ ♦ Ovary l-celled, with 3-4 parietal placentas opposite the sessile st i;,'ma8. A cluster of united sterile filaments at the base of each petal. 5. PamaSBia. Sepals, petals and proper t 'amens S. Peduncle scape-like, 1-flowered. Tribe IL RIBESI££. Shnibs. Leaves alternate and simple, \\ith stipules adnate to the petiole or wantinjj. Finiit a berry. 6. Ribes. Calyx-tube adnate to the 1 celled ovary. Placentas 2, parietal, many- seeded. 1. SAXIFRAGA, L. Saxifrage. Calyx either free from or cohcrin'^ with tlie base of the ovary, 5- cleft or jxirted. Petals 5, entire, itabricatecl in the bud, coninionly deciduous. Stamens 10. Styles 2. Ctipsule 2-beaked, 2-celled, opening down or between the beaics, or sometimes 2 almost separate follicles. Seeds numerous, with a close coat. — Chiefly perennial herbs, with the root-leaves clustered, those of the stem mostly alternate. (Name from saxuvi, a r'.ck, and//(fn^o, to break ; many species rooting in the clefts of rocks.) * Stems ascending; leaves altenwd'.; ca'yx coherent below with the cap^iii'e. 1. S. aizoides, L. Yellow JMijiNXAiN-S. Low (3-5' high), in tufts, with few or several corymbose flowers ; leairs linear-lanceo- late, entire, Jlcshy, distantly spinulose-ciliate ; ^;r.'r//,s yellow, spotted with oranye, oblong. — Lab. and Antic(jsti, west to II. JMts. * * Leaves clustered at the 'root ; scape many-jiowered^ erect, cUnnm ij-pHbcscent. + Petals aU. alike. 2. S. Aizoon, Jacq. Scape 6-10' high ; lc((ves persistent ^ thick^ spatulate, icilh white cartiUijinons toothtd nuirgins; calyx partly adherent ; petals obovate, cretim-color, often spotted at the base. — Moist rocks, Lab. west, and northward. (Eu.) ) „ i; 82 SAXIFRAOACEiB. 3. S. Virginiensis, Michx. Early S. Low (4-9' high); haves obovate or oval spatxdate^ narrowed into a broad petiole, crenate- toothed, thickish ; flowers in a clustered cyme, which is at length open and loosely panicled ; lobes of tho nearly free calyx erects not half the length of the ohlong obtuse (white) petals; follicles united merely at the b ise, divergent, purplish. -Exposed rocks and dry hillsides ; N. Brunswick, westward, common. April-June. 2. TIARELLA, L. False Mitrk-wort. Calyx bell-shaped, nearly free from tho ovary, 5-parted. Petals 5, with claws, entire. Stamens 10, long and slender. Styles 2. Capsule membranaceous, 1-celled, 2-valved ; the valves unequal. Seeds few, at the base of each parietal placenta, globular, smooth. — Perennials ; flowers white. (Name a diminutive from rtdpa, a tiara, or turban, from the form of tho pod, or rather pistil, which is like that of Mitella, to which the name of Mitre-wort properly belongs.) 1. T. COrdifolia, L. Leaves from the rootstock or summer runners heart-shaped, sharply lobed and toothed, sparsely hairy above, downy beneath ; stum leafless or rarely with 1 or 2 leaves (5-12' high) ; raceme simple ; petals oblong, often subserrate. — Rich rocky woods, N. S. to Ont. April, May. 3. MITELLA, Tourn. Mitre-wort. Bishop's-Cap. Calyx short, coherent with the base of the ovary, 5-cleft. Petals 5, slender, pinnatifid. Stamens 5 or 10, included. Styles 2, very short. Capsule short, 2-beaked, 1-celled, Wi-h 2 parietal or rather basal several-seeded placentiB, 2-valved at the summit. Seeds smooth and shining. — Low and slender perennials, with round heart-shaped alternate leaves on the rootstock or runners, on slender petioles ; those on the flowering stems opposite, if any. Flowers small, in a simple slender raceme, or spike. Fruit soon widely dehiscent. (Diminutive of mitra, a cap, alluding to the form of the young pod.) 1. M, diphylla, L. Hairy; leaves heart-shaped^ acute, some- what 3-5-lobed, toothed, tJiose on, the many-flowered stem, 2, opposite, nearly sessile, with interfoliar stipules ; flowers white, in a raceme 6-8' long ; stamens 10. — Hillsides in rich woods ; Q. and Ont., west to Minn, and Mo. May. SAXIFRAP.ACE^. 83 vith on iny. oon the iie- Ute, ^me rest 2. M. nuda, L. Small and slender ; leaves rouruied or kidney- form, deei)ly and doubly crenate ; stem nsnally leajliss, feiv-Jlowered, very slender (4-(i' high) ; flowers greenish ; stamens 10. — Deep moist woods, in moss, N.S. to the Pacific and northward. May- July. 4. CHRYSOSPLENIUM, Toum. Golden Saxifrage. Calyx-tube coherent with the ovary ; the blunt lobes 4-5, yoillow within. Petals none. Stamens 8-10, very short, inserted on a conspicuous disk. Styles 2. Capsule inversely heart-shaped or 2-lobed, flattened, very short, 1-celled with 2 parietal placentae, 2-valved at the top, many-seeded. — Low and small smooth herbs, with tender succulent leaves, and small solitary or leafy-cymed flowers. (Name compounded of XP^''^'^':, (jolden, and aTT?J/v^ the spleen; probably from some reputed medicinal qualities.) 1. C. Americanum, Schwein. Stems slender, decumbent and forking ; leaves principally opposite, roundish or somewhat heart- shaped, obscurely crenate-lobed ; Jloirors distant, inconspicuous, nearly sessile (greenish tinged with yellow or purple). — Cold wet places, N. Scotia to Ont. 5. PARNASSIA, Toum. Grass of Parnassus. Sei)als 5, imbricated in the bud, slightly united at the base, and sometimes also with the base of the ovary, persistent. Petals 5, veiny, spreading, at length deciduous, imbricated in the bud ; a cluster of somewhat united gland-tijjped sterile filaments at the base of each. Proper stamens 5, alternate with the petals, persistent ; anthers inirorse or subextrorse. Ovary 1-celled, with 4 projecting parietal placentae ; stigmas 4, sessile, directly over the placentae. Capsule 4-valvod, the valves bearing the placentje on their middle. Seeds very numerous, anatropous, with a thick wing-like secd-ccit and little if any albumen. Embryo straight ; cotyledons very short. — Perennial suKJoth herbs, with entire leaves, and solitary flowers on long scape-like stems, which usually bear a single sessile leaf. Petals white, with greenish or yellowish veins. (Named from Mount Parnassus ; called Grass of Parnassus by Dioscorides.) 1. P. parviflora, DC. Petals sessile j little longer than the calyx (3" long) ; sterile filaments about 7 in each set, slender ; leaves ovate or oblong, tapering at base. — Sandy banks, Lab. and westward. 84 SAXIFRAGACEiE. 2. P. palustris, L. Scapes 3-10' high ; leaves heart-shaped ; flower nearly 1' broad ; petals aessile, rather longer than the calyx, few-veinud ; sterile filaments 9-15 in each set, slender. — Same range as the last. (Eu.) 3. P. Caroliniana, Michx. Scapes 9-2° high; flower 1-1^' broad ; petals sessile, more than twice as long as the calyx, many- veined ; sterile filamods 3 in each set, stout, distinct almost to the base; leaves thickish, ovate or rounded, often heart-shaped, usually but one low down on tlie scape and clasping. — Wet banks, N. Brunswick, Ont. 6. BIBES, L. CuKiiANT. Gooseberry. Calyx 5-lobed, often colored ; the tube coherent with the ovary. Petals 5, inserted in the throat of the calyx, small. Stamens 5, alternate with the petals. Ovary 1-celled, with 2 parietal placentae and 2 distinct or united styles. Berry crowned with the shrivelled remains of the calyx ; the surface of the numerous seeds swelling into a gelatinous outer co.it investing a cvustaceous one. Embryo minute at the base of hard all)uuien. — Low, sometimes prickly shrubs, with alternate and paliiuitely-lobed leaves, which are plaited in the bud (except in one species), often fascicled on the branches ; the small flowers from the same clusters, or from separ- ate lateral buds. (From rieJts, r. German popular name for the currant. Grossularia was the proper name to have been adopted for the genus.) § 1. GROSSULARIA. Gooseberry, interns mostly hearing thorns at the base of the leafstdlks or clusters of leaves, and often with scattered bristly prickles ; berries 2)rickly or smooth. (Our species are indiscriminately called Wild Gooseberry ; the flowers greenish.) * Peduncles 1-3-floivered ; calyx as high as broad; leaves roundish- heart -sl\ aped, 3-b-lobed. + Calyx-lobes decidedly sJwrter than the tube ; berries apt to be prickly. 1. R. Cynosbati, L. Stamens and undivided style not longer than the broadly bell-shapod calyx ; berries large, armed with long prickles or rarely smooth. — Rocky woods, N. Brunswick to Man, CRASSULACE^. 86 the the )ted nis lis/i- Icjer + f Cahjx-lohcs decidedhj longer than the short and rather narrow tube ; berries smuoih, purple^ sweet and jyleasatd. 2. R. oxyacanthoides, L. Peduncles very short, flowers greenish or dull purplish ; stamnis usiiallij scarreJy cqnnUiug the rather broadly oblong calyx-lobes, (il. hirtellum, j\['ichx.) — Newf. to the Pacific. The common smooth-fruitod goosoburry of tlio north, the whitish si)ine3 often numerous. § 2. RIBESIA. CuHUAXT. Thornless and prieldess; racemes few- many-Jlowcred ; statnens short. 3. R. prostratum, L'lTer. Fetid Currant. Stems reclined ; leaves deeply heart-sliaped, 5-7-l<>betl, smooth, the lobes ovute, acute, doubly-serrate ; ra:'imes ere.-t, slender, calyx llattish ; 2^''dieels and the (pale red) fr;i:t yl.indular-brisihj . — Cold damia woods and rocks, Lab. to the Rocky J\Its. 4. R. florldlim, L'llcr. Wild Black Ctrraxt. Leaves sprinkled ullh resinous d()!s, sliL,fhtly heart-shaptd, sharitly 3-5- lobed, doubly serrate ; racemes dr()opi)ig, downy ; bracts longer than the pedicels; flowers lanjo, whitish ; ca'yx tubulai'-bell-shaped, smooth; fruit rouad-ocuil, black, aJuou/A. —Woods throughout Canada. 5. R. rubrum, L. var. subjlandiilosum, Maxim. Red Cur- rant. Stems straggling or reclined ; leaves somewhat lieart-shaped, obtusely 3-5-lo])ed, serrate, downy beneath when young ; racemes from lateral buds disti)ict from the Icaf-bnds, drooping, calyx flat (green or purpllr:h) ; fruit gh.hose, smooth, red. — Cold bogs and damp woods. Is. S. to tlio Pa^itio. Order 23. CSASSULACE.ffi (Orpine Family). Succulent herbs, iriUi perfect' y sy}nnu'fric(d flowers; vi:, the petals and pistils equalling the sepals in number (o-20), a}id the stamens the same or double their number, — technically dillerent from Saxifrageje only in this complete symmetry, and in the carpels (in most of the genera) being quite distinct from each other. Also, instead of a perigynous disk, tliere are usua ly lit;lo scales on the receptacle, one Ijehind each c:;:pjl. Fruit dry and dehiscent ; the pods (folli- cles) opei'ing down the ventral suture, many-rarely few-seeded. — Stipules none. Flowers usually cymose, small. Leaves mostly Ressile. D6 DROSERACEi*:. * Leaves, etc., thick and succulent. Carpels distinct. 1. Sedum. Sepals, petals, and pistils 4 or &. Stamens 8-10. seeds many. 1. SEDUM, Tourn. Stone-crop. Orpine. Sepals and petals 4 or 5. Stamens 8 or 10. Follicles many seeded ; a little scale at the ba.se of each. — Chiefly perennial, smooth, and thick-leaved her])s, with the flowers cymose or one- sided. Petals almost always narrow and acute or pointed, (Name from sed'io, to sit, alluding to the manner in which these plants fix themselves upon rocks and walls.) * Flowers perfect and sessile, as it were spiked along one side of spreadi)ig flowering branches or of the divisions of a scorpioid cyme, the first or central flower mosthj 5-merons and lO-androns, the otliers often 4-meroHs and 8-androns. t Flowers yellow. 1. S. acre, L. Mossy Stone-crop. Spreading on the ground, moss-like ; leaves very small, alternate, almo.st imbricated on the branches, ovate, very thick ; petals yellow. — Escaped from culti- vation to ^ocky roadsides, etc. July. (Nat. from Eu.) * * Flowers in a terminal naked and regidar cyme or cluster, mm'e or less peduncled ; leaces Jlat, obovate or oblong, mostly alternate. '\ Flowers j)erfect, b-merous, 10-androus. 2. S. TelepWum, L. Garden Orpine or Live-for-ever. Stems erect (2° high), stout ; leaves oval, obtuse, toothed ; cymes compound ; p>etah p>nrple, oblong-lanceolate ; follicles abruptly pointed with a short style. — Rocks and banks, escaped from cul- tivation in some places. July. (Adv. from Eu.) t + Flowers dioecious, mostly 4-merow5, and 8-androus. 3. S. Rhodiola, DC. Roseroot. Stems erect (5-10' high); leaves oblong or oval, smaller than in the preceding ; flowers in a close cyme, greenish-yellow, or the fertile turning purplish. — Throughout Arctic America, extending southward to the coast of Maine, and cliffs of Delaware River ; also in the western moun- tains. May, June. (Eu.) Order 29. DROSERACRS (Sundew Family). Bog-herbs, mostly glandular-haired, with regular hypogynous flowers, pentamerovs and withering-persistent calyx, corolla, and stamens, the IIAMAMELIOEX. 87 m anthers fixed hy the middle and turned mdivard, and a 1-celled capsule with tiv^ice as monj/ siijlcs or stijmas as there are parietal 2ilacentce. — Calyx imbricatud. Petals convolute. Seeds numerous, anatropous, with a short and minute embryo at tlie base of the albumen. — Leaves circinate in the bud, i.e., rolled \\[) from the apex to the base, as in Ferns. A small family of insectivorous plants. 1. DROSEBA, L. Sundew. Stamens 5. Styles 3, or sometimes 5, deeply 2-parted so that they are taken for 0 or 10, slender, stigmatose above on the inner face. Capsule 3- (rarely 6) valved ; the valves bearing the numer- ous seeds on their middle for the whole Icnjjth. — Low perennials or biennials ; the loaves clothed with reddish gland-bearing bristles, in our species all in a tuft at the base ; the naked scape bearing the flowers in a 1-sided raceme-like inflorescence, which nods at the undeveloped apex, so that the fresh-blown flower (which opens only in sunshine) is always highest. The plants yield a purple stain to paper. (The glands of the leaves exude drops of a clear glutinous fluid, glittering like dew-drops, ^vhence the name, from ipoaipog, dewy.) 1. D. rotundifolia, L. Round-leaved Sundew. Leaves orbicular, abruptly narrowed into the spreading hairy petioles; seeds spindle- shaped, the coat loose and cluiff"-like ; flowers white, the parts sometimes in sixes. — Peat- bogs, Lab. to the Pacific and southward ; common. July, August. (Eu.) 2. D. intermedia, Hayne, var. Americana, DC. Leaves spatu- late-ohlong, tapering into the long rather erect naked petioles ; seeds oblong, with a rough close coat ; flowers white. (D. longifolia. Gray, Manual.) — Bogs, N.B. to Man. June-Aug. (Eu.) Order 30. HAM A MELIDE^ (Witch- Hazel Fa^iily). Shrid)s or trees^ioith alternate simple leaves and deciduous stipules; floivers in heads or sjnhes, often polygamous or numfecious ; the calyx cohering with the base of the ovary, which consists of 2 p)istils united below, and forms a 2-hcaled, 2-ceUed woody capsule, opening at the summit, with a single bony seed> in ea^h cell, or several, only one or two of them ripening. — Petals inserted on the calyx, narrow, valvate or involute in the bud, or often none at all. Stamens twice as 1 1 88 ONAGUACUiE. many as tho petals, and half of them sterile and changed into Bcak's, or niiinorous. Su^da anatroi)ous. Enibno largo and Btraight, in scanty albumen ; cotyledons broad and Hat. • Flowers with a manifest calyx, or calyx and corolla, and a sint'lo ovule suspended from the summit of each cell. 1< Haxnamells. Petals 4, strap-shaped. Stamens and scales each 4, short. 1. HAM A MEL IS, L. Wixcn-IlAzzL. Flowers in little axillary clusters or heads, usually surrounded by a scale-like i'.-leaved involucre. Calyx 4-]jarted, and with 2 or 3 bractlets at its l)ase. Petals 4, strap-shaped, long and narrow, spirally involute in tho bud. Stamens 8, very short ; tho 4 alter- nate with the petals authcr-bearing, tho others inqjcrfect and scale- like. Styles 2, short. Cjqsulo opening loculicidally from the top; the outer coat sepr.rating frijui the inner, which enclos«^s tho single largo and bony seed in each cell, bub soon bursts elastically into two pieces. — Tall slirub-?, with straight-vciacd leaves, and yellow, perfect or polygamous flowers. (From aim, at the same time with, and /"?/''";, a)i aj^ple-tree ; a name anciently applied to tho ]\7edlar, or some similar tree.) 1. H. Virginiana, L. Leaves obovato or oval, wavy-toothed, somewhat downy when young ; blossoming late in autumn, when the leaves are falling, and maturing its seeds the next summer. — Damp woods, N. S. to Ont. Order 31. ONAGRAORffi (Evening-Primrose Family). IlerhSy with 4-merous (sometimes 2-3 or 5-G-7neroHs) j)crfci't and symmetrical Jlowers ; the tube of the calyx cohering with the 2-4-cclled ovary, its lohes valvate in the bud, or obsolete; the petals convolnie in the bud, sometimes wanting ; a)id the stamots as many or twice as many as-the petals or calyx-lobes, inserted on the summit of the calyx-tube. Style single, slender ; stigma 2-4-lobed or capitate. Pollen grains often connected by cobwebby threads. Seeds anatro- pous, small, without albumen. — Mostly herbs, with opposite or alternate leaves. Stipules none or glandular. * Parts of the flower in foul's or more, t Fruit a many-seeded pod, usually loculicidal. I Calyx-tuhe prolonsjed beyond the ovary (scarcely so in n. 1) and deciduous from it. Flowers 4-merous. ONAf;i{ACKyE. id id 1. EpllOblum. Sewls silky-tufted. Flowers small, not yellow. Lower leavw often opposite. 2. (Enothera. Seeda naked. Flowera mostly yellow. Leaves alternate. * * Parts of the flower in twos. Leaves oi)]iosite. 3. ClrCSBa. Petals 2, obconlate or 2-lobed. Stamens 2. Fruit 1-2 seedtil, liristly. 1. EPILOBIUM. L. WiLLow-HEKu. Calyx-tube not or scarcely prolonged beyoml the ovary ; the liinl) 4-cleft or -parted, deciduou.s. P«jtal.s 4. Stanieu.s 8 ; antliers short. Capsule linear, nuiny-.seeded. Seeds Avitli u tuft of long hairs at the end. — ^Mostly perennials, with nearly stssilo Ic-ives, and violet, purple, or vhite llouci'.s ; in sunnuer. A l;irs;;e genus, many of its species of dillioult limitation. (Name composed of trr/, iipuu, and /o,^/oi', a little jmkI.) § 1. I'luicet's laifiej purple, hi a long rweme ; crd>jx-Hmh deeply parted; petals entire; stamens and style successicdy dejtcxed ; stigma of ^ lung lobes. 1. E. angustifolium, L. Gukat Willow-iiekh. Fire-weed. Stem simple, tall (-l-T") ; leaves scattered, auiple, lanceolate, nearly entire, — Low grotujds, especially in newly cleared lands ; Lab., west, and far north. (Eu., Asia.) §2. Fknvers mostly small and corymhed or panided ; calyxdimb ■i-elefb ; pdals mostly deeply noichc I ; stamens and style ered. * Stigma davatc ; s'em sonieichat quadrangular ivith 2-4 ridges or Jiairy lines decur rent from some of the leaves. t Tall and mostly brandling, many-jh>ivered ; leaves rather large, toothed, 'not revolnte, the lower opposite ; seeds papillose. 2. E. COloratum, Muhl. Somewhat hoary-pubescent above or glandular, l-o"^ hi^di ; leaves lanceolate, sharply serrrlate or den- ticulate, acute, narrowed to conspicuous petioles ; flowers pale, more or less nodding ; peduncles shorter than +.hG leaves ; seeds dark, unappendaged ; coma cinnamon-color. — Wet i)laces, common. \ i Mostly loir, slender and simple (except for)ns of n. 3j; leaves chicjjy opposite, less toothed; Jloa\rs few, nodding; seeds ap- pendaged at tlie apex. X Seeds papillosed-rougliened. 90 ONAGRACEJ!. 3. E. palustre, L. Slender, 1' high or less, often branched, finely pubescent ; leaves erect or ascending, about equalling or longer than the intemodes, sessile, linear to linear-lanceolate or elliptic-oblong, obtuse, with rovolute margins ; capsules pubescent to nearly glabrous, mostly shorter than the slender peduncles ; seeds fusiform, with long beak. (E. palustre, var. lineare, Man., in part.)— Lab. to N. W. T. (Eu.) 2. CBNOTHEBA, L. Evening Primrose. Calyx-tube prolonged beyond the ovary, deciduous ; the lobes 4, reflexed. Petals 4. Stamens 8 ; anthers mostly linear and versa- tile. Capsule 4-valved, many-seeded. Seeds naked. — Leaves alternate. Flowers yellow, white or rose-color. (An old name, of unknown meaning, for a species of Epilobium.) § 1. Stigma-lobes liiiear, elongated; cahjx-tube Ihiear, slightly dilated at the throat ; anthers linear. * Caulescent annuals or biennials ; flotvers erect in the bud, nocturnal, yelloiVj the calyx-tips free; capsules sessile, coriaceous ; seeds in two rows in each cell. f Flowers in a leafy spike; capsules stout, oblong, slightly narrowed above. 1. (E. biennis, L. Common Evening Primrose. Rather stout, erect (1-5° high), usually simple, more or less pubescent and hairy ; leaves lanceolate to oblong- or rarely ovate-lanceolate (2-C' long), acute or ..cuminate, repandly denticulate, the lowest petioled ; calyx-tube 1-2V long, the tips of the sepals contiguous ; petals |-|' long ; capsule more or less pubescent or hirsute. — Throughout Canada. Var. grandiflora, Lindl., has petals as long as the calyx-tube (1-2^ long.) — Same range as the type, but not so common east. * * Caidescent; flowers diurnal, yellow and erect in the bud; capsules obovate or clarate, quadrangular, the valves ribbed and the angles more or less strongly winged. 2. (E. pumila, L. Biennial, pubcrulent, 1-2** high ; leaves mostly glabrous, entire^ obtuse, the radical spatulate, the caulhie narrowly oblanceolate ; flowers loosely spiked; corolla 4-12" long; capsule glabrouSf oblong-clavate, 3-6" long, sessile or on a short :l Hi Ct^rURBITACEiB. 91 ves ne g; pedicel, dighily winged. (Iiul. GC. chryaantha, Michx.) — Dry fields, N. Scotia to Man. June. 3. (E. frilticosa, L. Sundrops. Biennial oi' perennial, erect, often tall and stout (1-3° high), villous-pubescent or puberulent, or nearly glabrous ; leaves oblong to linear-lanceolate, mostly denticu- late ; raceme corymbed or loose ; petals 9-12" long ; capsule subsessile or with a pedicel shorter titan itself, prominently ribbed and strongly winged. — Common, variable. N. S. and Q. 3. CIRC.£A, Tourn. En'oiiantek's Nightshade. Calyx-tube slightly prolonged, the end filled by a cup-shaped disk, deciduous ; lobes 2, reflexed. Petals 2, inversely heart- shaped. Stamens 2. Fruit indehiscent, small and burr-like, bristly with hooked hairs, 1-2-celled ; cells 1-seeded. — Low and incon- spicuous perennials, in cool or damp woods, with opposite thin leaves on slender petioles, and small whitish flowers in racemes, produced in summer. (Named from Circe, the enchantress.) 1. C, Lutetiana, L. Taller (1-2° higli) ; leaves ovate, slightly toothed ; bracts none; hairs of the roundish 2-celled fruit bristly. — Very common. N. S. to Ont. (Eu.) 2. 0. alpina, L. Loio (3-8' high), smooth and weak; leaves heart-shaped, thin, shining, coarsely toothed; hrarfs m'lmde ; hairs of the obovate-oblong 1-celled fruit soft and slender. — Deep woods, N. S. to the Pacific. (Eu.) Order 32. CUCURBITAOEJE (Gourd Family). Mostly snccxdent herbs with tendrils, dioecious or monoecious (often gam^petalous) Jlotvers, the calyx-tube coh'srlng with the 1-3-celled ovary, and the 5 or usually 2i sfamois {i.e., 1 with a 1-celled and 2 with 2-celled anthers) commotdy united by their often tortuous anthers, and sometimes also by the filame)ds. Fruit (pepo) Jieshy, or sometimes membranaceous — Limb of the calyx and corolla usually more or less combined. Stigmas 2 or 3. Seeds large, usually flat, anatropous, with no albumen. Cotyledons leaf-like. Leaves alternate, palmately lobed or veined. — jMostly a tropical or sub- tropical order ; represented in cultivation by the Gourd (Laoe- NARIA vulgaris), Pumpkin and Squash (species of Cucurbita), fl'i 92 CUCURBITACEiB. MusKMELON (CucuMis Mf.lo), Cucumber (C. sativus), and Water- melon (ClTRULLUS vulgaris). • Fruit prickly. Seeds few, erect or pendulous. Flowers white. Annual, t Ovary 1 celled. Seed solitary, pendulous. 1. Sicyoa. Corolla of the sterile flowers fiat and spreading, r)-lobed. Fruit indehiscent. 1 1 Ovary 2-3-celled. Seeds few, erect or ascendin<,'. 2. EclllllOCystis. Corolla of the sterile flowers flat and spreading,', G-parted. Anthers S. Fruit bladdery, 2-celled, 4 -seeded, bursting at the top. 1. SICYOS, L. One-seeded Buu-Cucumber. Flowers monoecious. Petals 5, united below into a bell-shaped or flattish corolla. Anthers cohering in a mass. Ovary 1-celled, with a single suspended ovule ; style slender ; stigmas 3. Fruit ovate, dry and indehiscent, filled by the single seed, covered with barbed prickly bristles which are readily detached. — Climbing annufils, with 3-forked tendrils, and small whitish flowers ; the sterile and fertile mostly from the same axils, the former corymbed, the latter in a capitate cluster, long-peduncled. (Greek name for the Cucumber.) 1. S. an^ulatus, L. Loaves roundish heart-shaped, 5-angled or lobed, the l(>l)os pointed ; plant clammy-hairy. — River banks, and a weed in damp yards, N.II. and Quebec to Ont., west to Minn., E. Kan., and Tex. July-Sept. 2. EOHINOCYSTIS, Torr. and Gray. Wild Balsam- Apple. Flowers monoecious. Petals G, lanceolate, united at the base into an open spreading corolla. Anthers more or less united. Ovary 2-celled, with 2 erect ovules in each cell ; stigma broad. Fruit fleshy, at length dry, clothed with weak prickles, bursting at the summit, 2-celled, 4-seeded, the iiuier part fibrous-netted. Seeds large, flat, with a thickish hard and roughened coat. — Tall climbing annual, nearly snwotli, with 3-forked tendrils, thin leaves, and very numerous small greenish-white flowers ; the sterile in compound racemes often 1° long, the fertile in small flusters or solitary, from the same axils. (Name composed of f,V"'of, a hedgeJiog, and kvoti^, a bladder., from the prickly fruit.) 1. E. lobata, Torr. and Gray. Leaves deeply and 8har[)ly 5-lobed; fruit oval (2' long) ; secnls dark-colored. — Rich soil along rivers, N.S. westward. Also cult, for arbors. July-Oct. UMBELLIFERii:. 93 Okdeh 33. UMBELLIFER^ (Parsley Family). Herbs, ififh small jlovcrs in nmbels (or rarely in heads), the calyx entirely adJiering to ilie 2-ceUcd and 2-ovuled ovary, the 5 2>etals and 5 stamens iiiscr'\;d on the disk that croiois the oixiry and stirrowids the base of tlie 2 sfyles. Fruit consisting of 2 sn'd-lil:e dry carpels. Limb of the calyx obsolote, or a mere 5-tootlied border. Petals either imbricated in the bud or valvate with *ho i)oinfc intiexed. The two carpels (called tnericar-j^s) cohering by their inner face (the commissure), when ripe separating from each other and usually suspended from the sunnnit of a slender prolongation of the axis {carpophore)', each carpel marked lengthwise with 5 inimary ribs, and often with 4 interinediato (sccviidary) ones ; in the interstices or in fcrra/s between them are commonly lodged the oil tubes (riV^r), which are longitudinal canals in the sulxstance of the fruit, contain- ing aromatic oil. (These are best seen in slices made across the fruit.) Seed sus})eiKled from the sunnnit of the cell, anatropous, with a minute embryo in hard iilbumen. — Stems usually hollow. Leaves alternate, mostly' compountl, the petioles expanded or sheathing at base ; rarely with true stipules. Umbels usually compound, in which case the secondary ones are termed vmbellets ; the whorl of bracts which often subtends the general umbel is the involucre, and those of the uuibellets the involuccls. The base of tiie styles is frequently thickeneil and cushion-like, find called the stylopodium. In many the liowcrs are dichoya)nous, i.e., the styles Jire protruded from ihe bud some time before the anthers develop, — an arrangement for cross-feitilization. — A large family, some of the plants innocent and aromatic, others with very poisonous (acrid- narcotic) properties. The flowers are much alike in all, and the fruits, inflorescence, etc., likewise exhibit comparatively small diversity. The family is consequently difficult for the young student. I. Fruit with the secondary ribs the most prominent, winged and armed with barbed or hoi)ked prickles, the primary ribs fili- form ar.d bristly. I. DaUCUS. Calyx-tcclh obsolete. Fruit flattened dorsally. Seed-face flat. II. Fruit with primary ribs only (hence but 3 dorsal ones on each carpel). i f 94 UMBELLIFER^. M " T" • Fruit strongly flattened dorsally, with the lateral ribs prominently winged. t CaulesRcnt blanching plants, with white flowers. t Lateral wings closely contiguous ; oil-tubes solitary ; stylopodium thick-conical. 2. Heracleum. Dorsal ribs filiform, the broad wings with a marginal nerve. Oil- tubes obdavate. Petals conspicuous. Tall stout perennials, with large leaves. 1 1 Caulescent branching plants, with depresswi stylopodium and yellow flowers. 3. Pastinaca. Fruit with filiform dorsal ribs, thin wings, and solitary oil-tubes. * * Fruit not flattened either way or but slightly, neither prickly nor scaly, t Ribs all conspicuously winged ; stylopodium depressed or wanting. 4. Thaspium. Tall perennials, with tcrnately divideus, oblong or obovate, lightly imbricated in the bud, deciduous. Stamens 5, ei:)igyn(His, alternate with the petals. Styles 2-5, mostly distinct and slender, or in the sterile flowers short and united. Ovary 2-5-celled, witli a single anatropous ovule suspended from the top of each cell, ripening into a berry-liko drupe, with as many seeds as cells. Embryo minute. — Leaves compound or decom- pound. Flowers white or greenish, in umbels. Roots (iten-nnial), bark, fruit, etc., warm and aromatic. (Derivation obscure ) § 1. ARALIA. Flowers moncecioushj jiohjgamons or perfect, the umlu'ls us^ialhj in corijinbs or j>«/(/(7*',s; stiiles and cells of the {Idach or d:irk piirplS) frnlt 5; stems Jterbaceons or ivoody ; i(lti- mate divisions of tha leaves pinuatc. *TJmhels numero\is in a lunjo, comiumn'l p<()iich' ; leeives very large, decumponnd. 1. A. racemosa, L. SpiKEXAitn. IlerJxteeons ; stem widely branched; leaflets heart-orate, pointed, doubly serrate, slightly downy ; umbels racemose ; sfiiles united. — Rich woodlands, N. S. to Ont., south to the mountains of CJa. July. Well known for its spicy-aronuitic large roots. ** Umbels 2-7, corgmbed; stern short, someivhat woody. 2. A. hispida, Vont, Bkistly Sarsaparil: a. Wild Elder. Stem/t (1-2° high) hrisHy, leafy, terminating in a peduncle bearing several und)els ; leaves twice piiniate ; leaflets oblong-ovate, acute, cut-serrate. — Rocky and sandy places, Nuwf. to Ont. and the Dakotas, south to the mountains of N. C. June. 3. A. nudicaulis, L. Wild Sarsaparilla. Stem scarcely rising out of the ground, smootJt, beari)ig a siiigle long-stalked leaf (V hi^^h) a7id a snorter naked scape, with 2-7 umbels ; leaflets oblong-ovate or oval, pointed, serrate, 5 on each of the 3 divisions. — Moi.st wood- lands ; Atl. to R. Mts. May, June. The long horizontal aromatic roots a substitute for officinal Sarsaparilla. § 2. GINSENG. Flowers dioiciously polygamous; styles and cells of the red or reddish fruit 2 or 3 ; stem herbaceous, low, simple^ bearing a whi>rl of 3 pahnately 3-7 -foliolate leaves, and a simple umbel on a slender peduncle. 100 CORNACE/i:. It 4. A. quinquefolia, Decsno. and Planch. Ginhex(!. Jioot large and S2ntullc-.,}u(pfd, often forked (4-1)' l<)ii<,', aromatic); stem 1° high; leaflets loiifj-iifdlkcxly mostly 5, lai-guancl thin, o])()vatc-()bloiig, pointed ; styles mostly 2 ; fruit hr'ojht red.— Rich and cool woods, Q. and Ont., south to th& mountains of Ga. July. Order 35. GORNACE.S (Doowoon Family). Shr^lbs or inea (rarehj hrrhacf'<>}(s), with opj^osite or alternate simple leaveSy the odi/x-fuhe coherent vilh the 1-2-celled oranj, its limb tnin- ute, the itetals (ndvate in the hiid) and as ninny stamens borne on the marerfect, 4-inerous. Loaves mostly opposite. 1. CORNUS, Tourn. Cornel. Do(jwood. Flowers perfect (or in some foreign species dioecious). Calyx minutely 4-toothed. Petals 4, oblong, spreading. Stamens 4 ; filaments slender. Style slender ; stigma terminal, flat or cajjitate. Drupe small, with a 2-celled and 2-seeded stone. — Leaves opposite (except in one species), entire. Flowers small, in open naked cymes, or in close heads surrounded by a corolla-like involucre. (Name from cornu, a burn ; alluding to the hardness of the wood.) §1. Flowers greenish, in a hetal or close cluster, surrounded by a large and shou-y, A-leared, corolla-like, white or rarely pinkish involucre ; fruit bright red. 1. C. Canadensis, L. Dwarf Cornel. Bunch-berrv. Stems low and simple (5-7' high) from a slender creejiing and subterranean rather woody trunk ; leaves scarcely petioled, the lower scale-like, the upper crowded into an api)arent wliorl in sixes or fours, ovate or oval, pointed; leaves of the involucre ovate; fruit globular. — Damp cold woods, Atlantic to tlie Pacific, and the far north. June. §2. Flowers white, in oj)en flat sjrreading cymes; involucre none; fruit sphericid ; leaves (dl opposite {e.ccept in n. 5). * Pubescence woolly and more or less spreading. ilffiiiil I.M CAPIUPOLIArKy!':. 101 ms ite le. le; 2. 0. circinata, LHor. Roi nd-lf.aved Counki, or l)fM;\vooD. Shrub ()-10° high ; hrtnu-hea grenii.^h, warty-dottod ; leaves round- tmil, ahiuptbi }><>inti'il, inutlhj heneuth (2-5' broad); cyniea flat; fruit Hijht blue. — Copse.s, in rich or sandy soil, or on rocks, N. S. to Ont. June. 3. C. sericea, L. Silky Cornel. Kinmkinnik. Shrub 3-10° high ; braurhes j^npUsh ; the bntnrhh't.s, utiilkft^ , BC.wilo or nearly so. Inriorescenco tcrininal nnd cyniose. •ShniliM. with Ktanifiit an tnimy om rorolla-loVjcs and flowers in lnoml (;on»pntind cymes. 1. BambUCUS. Kmit lirTry like, r-ontainin^f throe small weod-llke nutU-ts. T.oaves ])iiiiiat('. 2. Viburnum. Fruit a loelled lHt'cnnicled, convex or 2)yra^nidal; fru'tt hrujht red (rarely white). (S. pubens, Michx.) — Rocky woods, N. S. , westward across the continent. ]\Iay ; tho fruit ripening in June. — Pith brown. Both si)ociu3 occur with tho leaflets divided into 3-5 linear- lanceolate 2-3-cleft or laciniate segments. 2. VIBURNUM, L. Arrow- wood. Laurestinus. Calj'x 5-toothed. Corolla spreading, deeply 5-lobcd. Stamens 5. Stigmas 1-3. Fruit a 1 celled, 1-seeded drupe, with soft pulp and a thin-crustaceous (flattened or tumid) stone. — Shrubs, with simple CAFRl FOLIAGES. 103 leaves, and white flowers in fl.vt compound cyinos. Pi'tiolus some- times bearing little ai)i>endHges which are evidently stipules. Leaf- huda naked, or with a pair of scales. (The classical Latin name, of unknown meaning.) § 1. Cyme rttdiant, the iimrng t)r more, ripe in autumn, edible; tree 15-30° high. -Woods and l)aiiks of streams, from the Atlantic westward and northward. Fl. in spring. 3. LINN.£A, Cintnov. Twin-flower. Calyx-teeth 5, awl-shaped, deeiduoiis. Corolla narrow bell-shaped, almost ec^ually 5-lobed. Stamens 4, two of them shorter, inserted toward the base of the corolla. Ovary and the small dry pod 3-celled, but only 1-seeded, two of the cells having only abortive ovules. — A slender creeping and trailing little evergreen, somewhat hairy, with rounded-oval s})aringly crenate leaves contracted at the base into short petioles, and thread-like ui»right peduncles forking into 2 pedicels at the t(jp, each bearing a delicate and fragrant nodding flower. Corolla })mple and whitish, hairy inside. (Dedi- cated to the immortal Li rum us, who first pointed f»ut its characters, and with whom this pretty little plant was a special favorite.) 1. L. borealis, Linnseus. — Moist mossy woods and cold ])ogs, from Atlantic to Pacific. June, (tlu.) 4. DIERVILLA, Tourn. r.rsii-HoxEYsrtKLE. Calyx-tube tapering at the sununit ; the lobes slender, awl- shaped, persistent. Corolla funnel-form, 5-lobed, almost regular. Stamens 5. Pod ovoid-oblong, pointed, 2-celled, 2-valved, septi- cidal, many-seeded. — Low upright shrubs, with ovate or oblong pointed serrate leaves, and cymosely o-several-Howered peduncles, from the upper axils or terminal. (Named in compliment to lh\ Dierville, who brought it from Canada to Tournefort.) 1. D. trifida, Moench. Leaves ol)long-t»vate, taper-pointed, petioled ; peduncles mostly 3-ti()wered ; pod long-beaked. — Rocks, Anticosti westward. June-Ang. — Floweis honey-color, not showy, as are the Japanese species cultivated under tlie nam . of Wkioela. Order 37- BUBIAOEiE (MAni.Eu Family). Shrubs or herbs, with opposite entire leaces co)itiected bij interposed stipules, or in whorls without ((j)p(irent stipules, the cahjx coherent with tlie 2-A-celled ovary, the stamens as many as the lobes of tJie li 106 RUBIACE^:. regular corolla (4-5), and inserted on its tube. — Flowers perfect, but often dimorphous (as in MitclielLa and Iloustonia). Fruit various. Seeds anatropoua or ampliitropous. Embryo commonly pretty large, in copious hard albumen. — A very large family, the greater part, and all its most imp(^rtan't plants (such as the Cotfee and Peruvian-Bark trees), tropical. I. CINCPIOXE^-E, Ovules numerous in each cell ; leaves opposite. 1. HOUStonia. Corolla salver-form or funnel-forin, 4-lol)ed. Seeds rather few, thimble-shaped or saucer-shaped. Low herbs. II. COFFEINE.E. Ovules solitary in the cells ; leaves mostly opposite, t Flowers in a close and globose lon^'-peduncled head. Fruit dry. Shrubs. 2. Cephalanthus. Corolla tubular ; lobes 4. Fruit inversely pyramidal, 2-4-seeded. 1 1 Flowers twin ; their ovaries united into one. Fruit a 2-cyed berry. S. Mitchella. Corolla funnel-form ; its lobes 4. A creeping herb. 1. HOUSTONIA, L. Calyx 4-l(»bed, persistent ; the lobes in fruit distant. Corolla salver-form or funnel-form, usually much longer than the calyx- lobes, 4-lobed, the lobes valvate in the bud. Stamens 4 ; anthers linear or oblong. Style 1 ; stigmas 2. Ovary 2-celled. Pod top- shaped, globular, or didymous, thin, its summit or upper half free from and projecting beyond the tube of the calyx, ioculicidal across the top. Seeds rather few (4-20 in each cell), peltate and saucer- shaped or globular- thimljlo-shai)ed, pitted. — Small herbs, with short entire stipules comiecting the petioles or narrowed bases of the leaves, and cymose or solitary and peduncled flowers. These are dhnori)hous, in some individuals with exserted anthers and short included style ; in others the anthers included and the style long, the sti;mas therefore protruding. (Named for J'r. Wm. Iloxuston^ an Englis.i botanist, who collected in Central America.) * Small and delicate, vernal-flowering ; peduncles 1-flovjered; corolla salver-form; upper h(df of the broad and someivltat 2-lohed pod free ; seeds globular, with a venj deep round camty occupying the inner face. f Perennial by delicate fdiforni creeping rootstocls or creejnng stems ; peduncles flliform, 1-2' long. RUBIACEiE. lo; g» me 1. H. cserulea, L. Bluets. Innocence. Glabrous ; stems erect, slender, sparingly branched from the base (3-5' high) ; leaves ohlong-spatnlate (3-4" l<3ng) ; peduncle filiform, erect ; corolla lifjht hhie, pale lilac or nearly white with a yellowish eye, with tube much longer than its lobes or than those of the calyx. — Moist and grassy places, N.S. westward ; producing from early spring to midsummer its delicate little flowers. 2. CEPHALANTHUS,L. Bitton-bush. Calyx-tube inversely pyramidal, the limb 4-toothed. Corolla tubular, 4-toothed ; the teeth imbricated in the bud. Style thread- form, much protruded. Stigma capitate. Fruit dry and hard, small, inversely pyramidal, 2— l-cellcd, at length splitting from the base upward into 2-4 closed 1-secded portions. — Shrubs, with the white flowers densely aggregated in spherical ped uncled heads. (Name composed of Aff^r//.//. a Jtead, and dvOor, a Jiower.) 1. C. OCCidentalis, L. Smooth (»r pn})escent ; leaves petioled, ovate or lanceolate-oblong, pointed, opposite or whorled in threes, with short intervening stipules. — Swamps and along streams, Q. and Ont. July, Aug. 3. MITCH£LLA,L. Partuid«e-berry. Flowers in pairs, with their ovaries united. Calyx 4-toothed. Corolla funnel-form, 4-lobed ; the lobes spreading, densely bearded inside, valvato in the bud. Stamens 4. Style 1 ; stigmas 4, linear. Fruit a berry-like double drupe, crowned with the calyx-teeth of the two flowers, with 4 small seed-Lke bony nutlets to each flower. — A smootli and trailing small evergreen herb, with round-ovate and shining petioled leaves, minute stipules, white fragrant flowers often tinged with purple, and scarlet edible (but nearly tasteless) berries, which remain over winter. Flowers occasionally 3-6- merous, always dimorphous; all those of some individuals having exserted stamens and included stigmas ; of others, included stamens and exserted style. (This very pretty jtlant commemorates Dr. John Mitchell, an early correspondent of Linmeus, and an excellent botanist, who resided in Virginia.) 1. M. repens, L. — Dry wooils, creeping about the foot of trees, especially Coniferse, throughout our range and southward. June, 108 COMPOSIT.K .Fnly. -Leaves often variej^Jited with wliitisli lines. Rarely the two flowers are conipletely confluent into one, witli a 10-lobed corolla. Order 38- COMPOSITE (Composite Family). Flowers in a close head (the compound flower of the older botan- ists), on a amimon rcccpiiirUt, siirroinidi'd by an inrolHcre, icith 5 (rarely 4) sta inc. jis insertt'd on the corolla, iheir anthers luiited in a tube (sipuienc.sioiis). Calyx-tuho united with the 1-celled ovary, the limb (called aijappiis) crowning its summit in the form of bristles, awns, scales, teeth, etc., or cup-shaped, or else entirely absent. Corolla either strap-shaped or tubular ; in the latter chiefly 5-lobed, valvate in the bud, the veins bordering the margins of the lt)bes. Style 2-cleft at the apex (in sterile flowers usually entire). Fruit seed-like (achene), dry, containing a single erect anatropous seed, with no albumen. - An immense family, in temperate regions chiefly herbs, without stipules, with perfect, polygamous, monoecious or di(jecious flowers. The flowers with a strap-shaped (ligidate) corolla are called rays or ray-Jlowcrs ; the head which presents such flowers, either throughout or at the margin, is radiate. The tubular flowers compose the disk ; and a head which has no ray-flowers is said to be discoid. The leaves of the involucre, of whatever f(jrm or texttire, are termed scales. The bracts or scales, which often grow on the receptacle among the flowers, are called the cJiaff; when these are wanting, the receptacle is said to be naked. — The largest order of Phoenogamous plants. The genera are divided by the corolla into three series, only two of which are represented in the Northern United States. The flrst is nmch the larger. Systematic Synopsis. Series I. TUBULIFLOR.ffi. Corolla tubular in all the perfect flowers, regularly 5- (rarely 3—4) lobed, ligulate only in the marginal or ray-flowers, which when present are either pistillate only, or neutral (with neither stamens nor pistil). Tribe "^ EUPATORIACEiE. Heads discoid, the flowers all alike, perfect and tubular, never yellow. Branchos of the style thickened upward or club-shaped, obtuse, very minutely and uniformly pubescent ; the stig^matic lines indistinct. * Pappus of slender bristles. t Achene 5-an(fled ; bristles of the pappus roughish. COMPOSIT.E. 109 })e md J- Eupatorium. involucre of more than 4 Hcales and the flowers few or manj'. Stems not twinint,'. Tribe IL ASTEROIOEJE. Heads discoirl, the flowers all alike and tubular ; or else radiate, the outor ones lij.;ulate and i)istillate. Anthers not caudate at base. Branches of the style in the perfect flowers flat, smooth up to where the conspicu- ous marginal stigmatio lines abruptly terminate, and prolonged above this into a flattened lance-shaped or triangular appendage which is evenly hairy or pubescent outside.— Leaves alternate. Keceptacle naked (destitute of chaff) in all our species. *1. Ray-flowers yellow (in one species of Solidago whitish), or sometimes none at all. t Pappus (,at least of the disk) of copious slender or capillary bristles. 11 Pappus simple. 2. SOlidagO. Heads few-many -flowered ; rays 1-K5. Pappus of inunerous slender and equal capillary bristles. * 2. Ray-flowers white, blue, or purple, never yellow, t Pappus of numerous long and capillary bristles ; receptacle flat. 3. Aster. Heads many-flowered, on leafy peduncles. Involucral scales unequal, loosely or closely imbricated. Achenes flattish ; pappus simple (rarely double), copious. 4. Erlgeron. Heads many-flowered, on naked peduncles. Involucre of narrow <^qual scales, little imbricated. Achenes flattened ; pappus simple and rather icanty, or with some outer minute scales. Tribe III. INULOID££. Heads discoid (radiate only in Inula), the pistillate floweri mostly filiform and truncate. Anthers sagittate, the basal lobes attenuate into tails. Style-branches with unappendaged obtuse or truncate naked tips. Pappus capillary or none. *1. Receptacle naked. Involucral scales many, scarious. Floccose- woolly herbs. 5. Antennaria. Heads dicccious. Pappus of sterile flowers dub-shajied, of the fertile united at base and deciduous together. 6. AnaphaliS. Heads dicDcious or nearly so. united at base. Papi)iis not thickened above nor at all 7. Gnapbalium. Heads all fertile throughout. Pappus all capillary. Tribe IV. HELIANTHOIDEA. Heads radiate or discoid. Involucre not scarious (nut-like in fruit in n. S). Kecei»tiule clialTy. Pappus never capillary, sometimes none. Anthers not caudate. Style-branches truncate or hairy-appendaged. *1. Fertile flowers 1-5, the corolla none or reduced to a tube ; staminate corolla funnel- form. Pappus none. t Heads of two sorts on the same plant, the upper staminate with an open cup-shaped involucre, the lower pistillate, of It flowers in a closed bur-like involucre. 8. Ambrosia. Scales of staminate involui re united. Fruit 1-seeded. *2. Heads radiate, or rarely discoid; disk-flowers all jierfect and fertile. Anthers blackish. Pai)pu3 none, or a crown or cup, or of one or two chaffy awns, never capillary, nor of several uniform ehaflfy scales.— Leaves more commonly opposite. t Involucre of one or more rows of separate scales. :'l| I ,": 110 COMPOSITE. Jjt I I Chaff scale-like, embracing or tubtendin^ the achenes. II Receptacle high, conical or columnar in fruit. Pappus none or a short crown. 9. Rudbeckla. Rays neutral. Achenes 4-si(led, flat at the top, marginless. II II Receptacle flat to convex. Achenes not winged nor verj' flat. 10. HellanthUS. Achenes flattened, bearing 2 very deciduous chaffy pointed scales. *3. Rays few, neutral, or wanting. Achenes obcompressed, i.e., flattened parallel with the 8t;ales of tlie involucre (rarely terete). Involucre double ; the outer spread- ing and often foliaceous. Receptacle fl;it. Leaves opposite. U. Bidans. Paj^pus of 2 or more rigid and persistent downwardly barbed awns or teeth. Tribe V. ANTHEMIDE.£. Distinguisherl from the last two tribes by the more or less dry and scarious iinbricatiid scales of the involucre. Heads radiate (ray mostly white) or discoid, the perfect flowers soniotinies sterile and the pistillate rarely tubular. Achenes small ; pappus a short crown or none. — Mostly strong-scented; leaves alternate. * Receptacle chaffy, at least in part. Heads radiate, many-flowered. 12. Achillea. Achenes obcompresscd. Heads small, campanulate or obovate. * * Ileccptaclo naked. t Heads rather large, pedunculate, radiate or rarely rayless. 13. Chrysantheinuill. Receptacle llattish. Rays manj', pistillate. Pappus none. I I Heads mostly small, discoid, corymbed or paniculate. 14. Tanacetum. Heads corymbed. Achene with broad summit ; pappus a short crown. Tribe VI. CYNAROn)££. Flowers all tubular and perfect. Involucre much imbricated. Anthers caudate, long-appenda^'od at tip. Style- branches short or united, obtuse, unap;icn(laged, smooth, with often a pubescent ring below. Pappus mostly bristly. — Leaves alternate. * Achenes attached by the base. Flowers all alike. t Leaves prickly. Style-branches coherent, usually a pubescent ring below. Series IT. LIGULIFLOR-ffi. Tribe VII. CICHORIACE.£. Corolla ligulate in all the flowers of the head, and all the flowers perfect. — Herbs, with milky juice. Leaves alternate. * Pappus chaffy, or of both chaff and bristles. 15. Cicborium. involucre double. Pappus a small crown of many bristle-form scales. * * Pappus plumose. 13. LeontOdon. involucre calyculate. Achenes fusiform. Leaves radicaL *** Pappus composed entirely of capillary bristles, not plumose. t Achenes not flattened, columnar or terete, often slender. t Achenes not beaked. II Flowers yel'-ow or orange. COMPOSITiE. Ill all iiles. 17. Hleracium. involucre imbricated. Tappus tawny. Pilose perennials. X t Achene3 beaked. Flowers yellow. 18. Tarazacum. Scapose. Involucre calyculate. Achenes 4-5-ribbed. 1. EUPATORIUM, Tourn. Thokougiiwort. Heads discoid, 3-many-flo\vercd ; flowers perfect. Involucre cylindrical or bell-shaped, of more than 4 scales. Receptacle flat or conical, naked. Corolla 5-toothed. Achenos 5-ant!;led ; pappus a single row of slender capillary barely rough ish bristles. — Erect perennial herbs, often sprinkled with bitter resinous dots, with generally corymbose heads of white, bluish, or purple blossoms, appearing near the close of summer. (Dedicated to Eupator Mithri- dateSy who is said to have used a species of the genus in medicine.) § 1. EUPATORIUM proper. Receptacle Jlat * Heads cylindrical, ^-Ib-Jlowfred ; the purplish scales numermiSt closely iTnbrlcateil iti several rows, of unequal leiujth, sUtjhtly striate ; stout herbs, with ample mostly whirled leaves, andjlesh- colored flowers. 1. E. pnrpureum, L. Joe-Pye Weed. Tuumpet-Weed. Stems tall and stout, simple ; leaves 3-6 in a whorl, oblong-ovate or lanceolate, pointed, very veiny, roughish, toothed ; corymbs very dense and compound. — Varies greatly in size (2-12° high), etc., and with spotted or unspottc.l, often dotted stems, etc., — including several nominal species. — Low grounds ; common. * * Heads 3-20-flowered ; involucre of 8-15 more or less imbricated and unequid scales, the outer ones shorter ; flmcers tvhite. t Leaves sessile or nearly so, ivith a naiTow base, mostly opposite ; heads mostly h-Jlowered. II Leaves opposite, clasping or united at the base, long iv^idely spreading ; heads mostly 10-15-flowered ; corymbs very compound and large. 2. E. perfoliatum, L. Thoroughwort. Boneset. Stem stout (2-4° high), hairy ; leaves lanceolate, united at the base around the stem (connate-perfoliate), tapering to a slender point, serrate, very veiny, wrinkled, downy beneath (5-8' long) ; scales of the involucre linear-lanceolate. — Low grounds ; common and well-known. — Varies with the heads 30-40-flowered, or with some or all of the leaves separated and truncate at base, 112 COMPOSITiE. 2. SOLIDAGO,L. Golden-rod. Heads fow-mnny-flowered, nuliato ; tlie rays 1-16, pistillate. Scales of the oblong involucre a[)pres.sud, destitute of herba- ceous tips (except n. 1). Receptacle small, not chaffy. Achenes many-ribbed, nearly terete ; pappus simple, of e({ual capillary bristles. — Perennial herbs, with mostly wand-like stems and nearly sessile stem-leaves, never heart-shaped. Heads small, racemed or clustered ; flowurs both of the disk and ray (except in n. 3) yellow. (Name from solidus and ago, to join, or make whole, in allusion to reputed vulnery qualities.) Flowering in autumn. Conspectus of Groups. Heads all more or less pedicelled. Involucral scales rigid, with spreadint; herbaceous tips 1 Involucral scales without green tips. Heads small, mostly clustered in the axils of feather-veined leaves . . 2, 3 Heads mostly small or middle-sized ; infloreseence paniculate (sometimes thyrsoidal). Leaves 3-ribbed; heads in 1-sided spreading panicled racemes. Pubescent or scabrous 12 Leaves not Sribbed, or oidy obscurely triple-nerved. Heads large ; leaves thickish, very smooth, entire. Seashore . . . . 6 § 1. VIROAUREA. Bays mostly feiver than the disk-flowers \ heads all more or less pedicelled. * Scales of the mrtch imbricated arid rigid involucre witn abruptly spreading herbaceous tips; heads in clusters or glomerate racemes^ disposed in a dense somewhat leafy a)ul interrupted wand-like compou)ul spike. 1. S. squarrosa, Muhl. Stem stout (2-5° high), hairy above ; leaves large, oblong, or the lower spatulate-oval and tapering into a margined petiole, serrate, veiny ; lieads numerous ; scales obtuse or acute ; disk-flowers lG-24, the rays 12-ltJ. — Rocky and wooded hills, N.S. to Out. ** Involucral scales without green tips and wholly appressed. f Heads snmll (3" long)y clustered along the stem in the axils of the feather-veined leaves, or the upper forming a thyrse, J Achenes pubescent. COMPOSIT.E. 113 12 My like re; |o a or led the 2. S. latifolia, L. Smooth or nearly so ; stem awjled, zigzag, simple or paniculatu-branched (1 -'3' high); leaves hroadhj ovate or oval, very stroiujlij a)id sJidrjdy scrntte, conspicKonshj 2^<>i>ited at both ends (thin, 3-6' long) ; hc.uls in vory short axillary clusters, or the clusters soniewliut prolonged at the end of the branches ; rays 3-4. — Moist shaded lianks ; N.S. to Ont. I J Achenes glabrous; injlorescenre more thgrsoid. 3. S. bicolor, L. Hoary or grayish tcith soft ht Irs; stem mostly simple ; leaves oblong or elliptical-lanceolate, acute at both ends, or the lowei oval and tapering into a peticle, slightly serrate ; clusters or short racemes from the axils of the itpper leaves, forming an inter- rupted spike or crowded panicle ; scales very obtuse ; rags (5-14) small, cream-color or nearlg white. — Var. concolor, Torr. and Gray, has the rags ycllo^w. — Dry copses, N.S. westward. t + Heads small or middle-sized, iKUiicled or sometimes th]trsoidal, not in a terminal corgrnbiform cyme ; not alpine. I J Leaves more or less plai nig 3- ribbed ; heads in one-sided spreading or recurved racemes, forming an ample pa}iicle. Not maritime. II Pubescent (at least the stem) or hispidulmis-scalrrous. 4. S. Canadensis, L. Stem rough-hairy, tall and stout (3-6° high) ; ledves lanceolate, pointed, sharply serrate (sometimes almost entire), nwre or less pid)escent beneath and rough c(bove; Jieads small ; rags very short. — Borders of thickets and fields ; very ccnnnion. — Varies greatly in the roughness and hairiness of the stem and leaves, the latter oblong-lanceolate or elongated linear-lanceolate ; — in var. procera, whitish-woolly underneath ; and in var. SCabra also very rough above, often entire, and rugose-veined. b. S, nemoralis, Ait. Clothed vith a minute and close grayish- hoarg (soft or roughish) pubescence ; stem simple or corynibed at the summit (\-2h° high) ; leaves ohlanceolate or spatrdate oblong, the lower somewhat crenate-toothed and tapering into a petiole ; racemes numerous, dense, at length recurved, forming a large and crowded compound raceme or panicle which is usually turned to one side ; scales of the involucre linear-oblong, appressed ; rays 5-1). — Dry sterile fields ; very common. Flowers ^very bright yellow, beginning early in August. iH 114 COMPOaiTiK. 3. ASTEB, L. Star WORT. Aster. Heads many-flowered, radiate ; the ray-flowers in a single series, fertile. Scales of the involucre more or less imbricated, usually with herbaceous or leaf-like tij)8. Receptacle flat, alveolate. Achenes more or less flattened ; pappus simple, of capillary bristles. — Per- ennial herbs, with corymbed, panicled, or racemose heads ; flower- ing in autumn. Kays white, purple, or blue ; the disk yellow, often changing to purple. — (Name aar/jp, a star, from the radiate heads of flowers.) Conspectua of Groups. Scales closely imbricated, scarcely at all herbaceous; leaves cordate, serrate .. 1, 2 Scales with herbaceous tips or the outer wholly foliaceous. Aster proper. Lower leaves more or less cordate, petiolate 4 Involucre (and branchlets) viscid or glandular ; leaves not cordate, mostly entire, the cauline all sessile or clasping . . . . . . . . 3 Lower leaves all acute at base ; not glandular nor viscid ncr ailky-canescent. Remaining species ; branches erect or ascending. Stem-leaves auriculate-closping or with winged-petiole-like base ; invo- lucre lax . . . . 6 § 1. BIOTIA. Involucre ohovoid-hell-shaped ; the scales regularly imbricated in several rows, appressed, nearly destitute of herb- aceous tips ; rays 6-18 {white or nearly so) ; achenes sletuler ; pappus slightly rigid, simple ; lower leaves large^ heart-shaped, petioled, coarsely serrate ; heads in open corymbs. 1. A. COrymbosus, Ait. Stem slender, somewhat zigzag ; leaves thin, srnoothish, coarsely and unequally serrate with sharp spreading teeth, taper-pointed, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, all but the upper- most heart-shaped at the base and on slender naked petioles ; rays 6-9. — Woodlands ; common, especially northward. July, Aug. — Plant 1-2" high, with smaller heads, looser corymbs, rounder and less rigid exterior involucral scales, and thinner leaves than the next ; not rough, but sometimes pubescent. 2. A. macrophyllus, L. Stem stout and rigid (2-3° high) ; leaves thickish, rough, closely serrate, abruptly pointed ; the lower heart- shaped (4-10' long, 3-6' wide), long-petioled ; the upper ovate or oblong, sessile or on margined petioles ; heads in ample rigid corymbs ; rays 10-15 (white or bluish). — Moist woods ; common. rOMF'OSlT/K. 115 nd Ihe ves rt- lor fed in. Aug., Sept. — Involucro h' Ur«»;ul ; tlio outer scjilcs rigid, oMong or ovftto-oblong, tlio iimorinost imieh larger and thinner. § 2. ASTER proper. Snth'n imt>ric((ti'd in various f/('|/»v.s, vith herhaceoKH or Icof-lihe sKintiills, or the oitfrr mtirrbj folutcrous ; raijs nuini'nnis ; jyappus siuiph'^ soft and nearly uniform {coarser and more r'ujid in the first *;/ ranks. 3. A. Novse-Angli8e» L. Steni stout, hairy (.*>-8° high), corynibed at the summit; leaves very numerous, laneeolate, entire, acute, nnri- culate-cla spiny, clothed with minute prdtescence, 2-5' long ; tic(des nearly epialy linear-aid-shaped, loose, ylandular-viscid, as well as the branch- lets ; rays violet-purple (in var. koseus rose-jjurple), very numerous ; achenes hairy. — Moist grounds ; common. — Heads large. A pecidiar and handsome species. * 2. Lower leaves heart-shaped atid petioled ; no ylanduhir or viscid pubescence ; heads with short and apjtressnl yreen-tipped scales, mostly small and numerous, racemose or panicled. + Mays 0-20, involucnd scales appressed or erect. X Leaves conspicuously serrate ; heads snudl ; rays p(de blue or nearly white. 4. A. COrdifolius, L. Stem nuich branched above, the spreading or diverging branches beari)ig very numerous panicled heads; lo«er leaves all heart-shaped, on slender and mostly nalcedciliate petioles ; scales of the i)irersely con ir(d iiirolucre all upprc^ised and tipped with very short grei n points, obtuse or acutish. — Woodlands; very com- mon.— Heads profuse, but cpiite small. Varies with the stem anil leaves either smooth, roughish, or .sometimes hairy, also with the leaves all narrower. * 3. Without heart-shaped petioled le<(ren, the radical and lower all a^ute or attenuate at base; not ylandidar nor viscid, nor silky- canescent. 116 COMPOSITilS. w nu &■ t Involucre varimis, the he<((h ichcn num^rona densfihj or hiosel]/ 2)aniculate on ere t or auroulinff branches. I Cauline leaves eoiispicitonsbj contrarfed into a whvjed-petiole-like base or aurlcidate-cUisinnfj ; involucre lax. 6. A. puniceus, L. Stem tull and stout ^^7° liij^h, roiigh-lmiry all ovor or in liiius, usually inuplo bolow, paniclcd alxivo ; Itavus oblonj^-lancooliito, not narrowi-'il or but slightly so to tho auriclocl baso, coarsely serrate t(/ si)aringly denticulate in the middle, rouj^li above, nearly smooth beneath, pointed, heads 4 0" hiyh, subsessilo; scales narrowly linear, acute, loose, e([ual, in about 2 rows ; rays long and showy (lilac-blue, paler in shade). — Low thickets and swamps ; very connncm. 4. ERIGERON, L. FLEAr.ANE. Heads many-flowered, radiate, mostly flat or hemispherical; the narrow rays very numerous, pistillate. Involucral scales narrow, equal and little iud)ricated, iievyr coriaceous, foliaceous, nor green- tipped. Recoptaclo flat or convex, naked. Achenes flattened, usually pubescent and 2-nervcd ; pappus a single row of capillary bristles, with minuter ones intermixed, or with a distinct short outer pappus of little bristles or chalFy scales. — Herbs, wi;h entire or toothed and generally sessile leaves, and solitary or ct)rymbed naked-pedunculate heads. Disk yellow ; ray white or pur2)Ie. (Name from ',p, spring, and Jf'/'w, an old itui)i, sugi,'ested by the hoarinesH of some vernal species.) § 1. ERIGERON proper. Iia>js elongated, crowded in one or more rous. * Leaf ij-stemmed 2>cre nil ials ; 2)nj>pus simple. 1. E. bellidifolius, Muhl. Robin's Plantain-. ITiiry, pro- ducing offsets from the base; stem simple, rather naled above, bearing few (1-0) largo heads on slender peduncles ; root-leaves obovate and spatulate, sparingly toothed, the cauline dist;uit, lanceolate- oblong, partly clasping, entire; rags (about 60) rather broad, light bluish-purple. — Copses and moist banks ; common. May. 2. E. Philadelphicus, L. Common Fleabane. Hairy; stem leafg, corymbed, bL;aring several small heads; leaves thin, with a broad midrib, oblong ; the upper smoothish, clasping by a heart- C0M1'0SIT.«. 117 shaped base, mostly entire, the lowest spatdlate, toothed ; mi/.i niUHinerahle and vi>i'>i nnrron\ rii.w-juirjih.' ur lle.sh-color. — Moist ground; common. June-August. 5. ANTENNARIA, (Jaertn. T^vKULASTiNf}. Heads m.in;. -tlowured, din'cimis; fluwerM all tubular; pistillate corollas very sk;inlor. InvohuTo dry and scarions, white or colored* ind)ricated. Kcceptatle con\t'X or tlat, not chally. Anthers caudate. Achenes tcri'to or llattish; papitus a single row (»f bristles, in the fertile flowers caiiillary, united at bast; so as to fall in a ring, and in the sterile thickened and club-shaped or barbellate at the sununit. — Perennial white-woolly herbs, with entire leaves and coryml)ed (rarely single) heads. Corolla yellowish. (Name fr(»m the reseudjlance of the sterile pappus to the mifi'mut of certain insects.) 1. A. plantaginifolia, Hook. Ti..vNTAiN-r,i;AVKi) Evkklastin); ItJaves smooth or roughish, the lowest pinnate, with 5-7-cut or 3-lobed leaflets ; upper leaves irregularly S-S-parted, the lobes ovate- hmceolate, pointed, or the uppermost undivided ; heads long peduncled ; disk at first globular or hemispherical ; chaff truncate, downy at the tij) ; rays oblanceolate (1-2' long), drooping. — Low thickets ; common. July-Sept. **Disk hemispherical to oblomj-ovoid in fruit, dark purple or brown. + Lcai'cs undivided, rarely lacini((tebj toothed. 2. R. hirta, L. Biennvd, very rough and bristly-hairy through- out ; stems simple or branched near the base, stout (1-2° high), naked above, bearing single large heads ; leaves nearly entire ; the upper oblong or lanceolate, sessile ; the lower spatulate, triple-nerved, petioled ; rays (about 14) more or less exceeding the involucre ; chaff of the dull brown disk hairy at the tip, acutish. — Dry soil ; now common as a weed. June- Aug. 10. HELIANTHUS,L. Sunflower. Heads many-flowered, radiate ; rays several or many, neutral. Involucre imbricated, herbaceous or foliaceous. Receptacle flat or H\> 120 COMPOSITE. convex ; the persistent chaff embracing the 4-sided and laterally compressed smooth achenes, which are neither winged nor margined. Pappus very deciduous, of 2 thin chafTy scales on the principal angles, and sometimes 2 or mure small intermediate scales. — Coarse and stout herbs, with solitary or corymbed heads, and yellow rays ; flowering toward autunni. (Named from ?;/./of, the sun, and di>Oo^, a flower.) § 1. Perennials; receptacle convex or at ti low- conical ; lower leaves usually opposite, * Involucre loose, the scales acwmimde or elomjated orfoliaceous ; disk yellow {anthers dark). '}: Leaves narroiv, chiefly alternate, not 3-nerved, srahrous both sides; heads rather staall ; scales loose, attenuate. 1. H. giganteus, L. i:^tcm hinry or rowjh (3-10° higli), branched above ; leaoes laaceolute, jjoiutcd, minutely serrate or nearly entire, green both sides, narrowed and ciliato at base, but nearly sessile ; scales long, linear-lanceoJatc, jiointed, hairy or strongly ciliate. — Low thickets and swamps ; common. 1 1 Leaves all or most of them opposite, o-nerved. J Heads lanjer; raijs ilsiKdbj orer 10 ; spreadlmj by creepimj rootstochs. \\Leaves sessile or subsessile to short-petiolate, seindate or entire. 2. H. divaricatus, L. Stem simple or forked and corymbed at the top (1-4° high), smooth below ; leaves cdl opposite and dlcaricate, ovate-lanceolate, o-nerad from the rounded or truncate sessile base, tapering gnulually to a sharp ixnnt (3-G' long), serrate, thickish, rouijh both sides; scales narrowly lanceolate, attenuate, ciliate, e(|ualling the di.sk ; rays 8-12. —Thickets and barrens ; common. — Disk G" wide ; rays 1' long. III! Leaves lowjer-pctlolate. thlnitt.^h or soft, coarsehj setrate, commonly broad ; scales loose, hlrside-cuiate. 3. H. decapetalus, L. Stem branching (2-5° high), smooth below ; leaves smooth or roughish, ovate, pointed, abruptly con- tracted into margined pctiole.s ; scales lanceolatc-lincar, elongated, loosely spreading, sometiuies foMaccous, the outer longer than the disk ; rays about 10. — Copses and low banks of streams ; common. COMPOSITE. 121 id at cate, lase, hish, iate, n. — [onii/ )oth 3on- Ited, the lOIl. 11. BIDENS, L. Bur-Marigold. Heads many-flowered ; the rays wlicn present 3-8, neutral. In- volucre double, the outer commonly largo and foliaceous. Recep- tacle flattish ; the cliaffdeciducMis with the fruit. Achenes flattened parallel with the scales of the involucre, or slender and 4-sided, crowned with 2 or more rigid and jicrsistent awns which are down- wardly barbed. — Annual or perennial herbs, with op[)(>sito various leaves, and mostly yellow flowers. (Latin, hichnis, two-toothed.) * Achenes flat, not tujx'rin'j at the siimiiilt ; uutrr inrolucfe foliaceous; annuals. f Heads erect, nearly rayless; leaves uiostlij pel iolate. 1. B. frondosa, L. Common- Beogar-ticks. Stick-tight. Smooth or rather hairj', tall (2-0° high), branching ; Imres 3-5- divlded ; leajlets nioslly stalhed, lanceolate, pointed, coarsely toothed ; outer involucre much hjnger than the head, ciliato below ; aehenes wedye-ohovate, 2-awned, ciliate (the bristles Jiscending except near the summit). — Moist waste places ; a coarse troublesome weed, the achenes, as in the other species, adhering to clothing, etc., l-y their retrorsely barbed aAvns. July-Oct. 2. B. connata, Muhl. Swamp Becjgar-ticks. Smooth (1-2° high) ; leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, pointed, sharjdy ser- rate, tapering into margimid slightly united j)etioles ; the lower often 3-divided, their latend divisions iinitid at the base and decurrcnt on the ^x'/i'oie; outer scales longer than the head, few, mostly obtuse ; rays none ; achenes narrowly vedye-form, 3- (2-4) aivned, the margins minutely retrorsely ciliate. — N.B. westward. t t Heads somewhat noddiny, com)no)dy radiate; leaci-s sessile, ^Didivided. 3. B. cernua, L. Smaller BuR-^rARK;oLi). Nearly smooth (5'-3° high) ; leaves lanceolate, loietjmilly serrate, scarcely co)inafe ; /iea(/.s nodding, vith or icithout {W'^ht yvWow) rays ; outer involucre longer than the head ; achenes wedge-obovate, 4-awned, the margins downwardly barbed. — Wet places, !N.S. westward. July- Sept. — Rays, if any, smaller than in n. 4, and the outer involucre more leaf -like. (Eu.) 122 COMPOSITE. fci m 4. B. chrysanthemoides, Michx. Laruer Bur-Marigold. Smooth, erect, or reclining at the biise(G'-2° high); leaves lanceolate, tapering at both ends, more or less connate; refjularhj serrate; outer involucre mostly shorter than the showy golden-yellow {V long) rays; achenes wedge-shaped, with almost prickly downwardly barbed margins ; awns 2, 3, or 4. — Swamps ; oonniion. Aug.-Oct. 12. ACHILLEA, L. Yarrow. Heads n)auy-fl<)wered, radiate ; the rays few, fertile. Involucral scales imbricated, Avith scarious margins. Receptacle chaflfy, flattish. Aclienes oblong, flattened, margined ; pai)])us none. — Perennial herbs, with small corymbose heads. (8o named because its virtu.;S are said to have been discovered by AchUles.) 1. A. Millefolium, L. Com:mox Yarrow or Milfoil. Stems simple; leaves tivice-jnnnatehj 2>arted ; the divisions linear, 3-5-cleft, crowded ; corymb compt^und, flat-topped ; involucre obloiig ; rays 4-5, short, white (sometimes rose-color). — Fields and hills ; common. Aug. (Eu.) 13. CHRYSANTHEMUM, Tourn. Ox-eye Daisy. Heads many-flowered ; rays numerous, fertile. Scales of the broad and flat involucre imbricated, with scarious margins. Re- ceptacle flat or convex, naked. Disk-corollas with a flattened tube. Achenes of disk and ray similar, striate, without pai)pus. — Peren- nial herbs, with toothed, pinnatifid, or divided leaves, and single or corymbed heads. Rays white ; disk yellow. (Old Greek name, Xpvadvlhfuiv, i.e. g(dden flower.) 1. C. Leucanthemum, L. Ox-eye or White Daisy. White- weed. Stem erect, nearly sim];I<., naked above and bearing a single large head ; root-leaves spatulate, petioled, the others partly clasping, all cut or pinnatifid-toothed ; scales of the involucre with rusty-])rov.'n margins. (Leucanthemum vulgare, Lam.) — Fields and meadows ; connuon. June, July. A pernicious weed, with large and showy heads. It occurs with abortive, deformed, or tubular and laciniate rays. (Nat. from Eu.) 14 TANACETUM, L. Tansy. Heads many-flowered, nearly discoid ; flowers all fertile, the marginal chiefly pistillate and 3-5-toothed. Involucre imbricated. COMPOSITE.. 123 IITE- Lrtly Iwith lielcls Iwith or the Ited, dry. Receptacle convex nuked. Aehenes angled or ribbed, with a large flat top; pappus a short crown. — Bitter and acrid strong- scented herbs (ours perennial), with 1-3-pinnately dissected leaves, and corj'inbed heads. Flowers yellow ; in siunnier. (Name of uncertain derivation.) 1. T. VUlgare, L. Common Tansy. Stem (2-4' high) smooth ; leaflets and the wings of the petiole cut-toothed ; corymb dense ; pistillate flowers terete, with oblique 3-toothed limb ; pappus 5-lobed. — Var. crispum has the leaves more cut and crisped. — Escaped from gardens to roadsides ; common. (Nat. from £u.) 15. CIOHORIUM, Tourn. Scccory or Chicory. Heads several flowered. Inv<»lucre double, herbaceous, the inner of 8-10 scales, the outer 5, short and spreading. Aehenes striate ; pappus of numerous small chaffy scales, forming a short crown. — Branching perennials, with deep roots ; the sessile heads 2 or 3 together, axillary and terminal. Flowers bright blue, varying to purple or pink, showy. (Altered from the Arabian name of the plant.) 1. C. IntybuSy L. Stem-leaves oblong or lanceolate, partly clasping, the lowest runcinate, those of the rigid flowering branches minute. — Roadsides, everywhere. July-Oct. (Nat. from Eu.) 16. LEONTODON, L. Hawkbit. Heads many-flowered. Involucre scarcely imbricated, but with several bractlets at the base. Aclienes spindle-shaped, striate, all alike ; pappus persistent, composed of plumose bristles which are enlarged and flattened toward the base. — Low and stemless peren- nials, with toothed or pinnatifid root-lea\ os, and scapes bearing one or more yellow heads. (Name from /iwr, a lion, and ofJoi'f, a tooth, in allusion to the toothed leaves.) 1. L. autumnalis, L. Fall Dandelion. Leaves laciniate- toothed or pinnatifid, somewhat pubescent ; scape branched, 6-15' high ; peduncles thickened at the sunnnit, scaly-bracteate. — Meadows and roadsides ; N.S. to Out. June-Nov. (Nat. from Eu.) 17. HIERACIUM, Tourn. Hawkweed. Heads 12-many-flowered. Involucre m., 1 128 ERICACEAE. 1 , i Tribe L ANDROM£DE£. P'niit a lonilicidal capsule (berr}--like in n. 6). Corolla deciduous. * Anther-cells openlnf;: throu(,'h their whole length, not appendaged. 4. Epigsea. Corolla salver-shapt-d. C.ilyx of fj separate dry and pointed sepals. * * AnthercL'lls opening only at the top. Corolla not salver-shaped. t Calyx lieconiin;,' onlar^'cd and berry-like in fruit. 5. Qaultheria. (.'alyx 5-cleft, in fruit enclosing the capsule. Anthers 4-awncd at top. Tribe IIL RHODODENDRE£. Fruit a septicidal capsule. Corolla deciduous. * Anther-cells ojiening liy a hole or chink at the top. t Flowers not from scaly buds ; the bracts leaf-like or coriaceous. 6. Kalmia. Corolla broadly bell-shaped or wheel-shaped, with 10 pouches receiving^ as many anthers. Leaves oblong or linear. t t Flowers developed from large scaly buds, the scales or bracts caducous. 7. Rhododendron. Flowers usually i"> merous. Corolla bell-shaped or funnel form, lobed or parted, often soincwliat irregular. Leaves deciduous or evergreen. 8. Ledum. Corolla regular, all 5 petals nearly separate. Stamens 5-10. Leaves evergreen. SuB-oKDEii III. Pyroleae. Pyrola Fajniily. Calyx free from the ovju-y. Corolla i)olypot!ilous. Anthers extrorse in the bud, opening by pores jit the base (inverted iu the flower). Seeds with a loose and tran.sliicent cellular coat niudi lai'ger than the nucleus. Tribe I. PYROLE^. Herbs or nearly so, with evergreen foliage. Pollen-grains compound. Capsule 5- (rarely 4) celled. 9. ChimapMla. stems leafy. Flowers corj-mbed or umbelled. Tetals widely spreading. Style very short and top-shaped. Valves of the capsule smooth on the edges. 10. Moneses. Scape l -flowered. Petals widely spreading. Style straight, exserted ; stigma fj-rayed. Valves of the capsule smooth on the edges. 11. Pjrrola. Aoaulescent. Flov>ers in a raceme. Petals not wdely spreading. Filament -i awl-shaped. Style long. Valves of the capsule cobwebby on the edges. Sub-order IV. Monotropese. I>;dian-pipe Family. Flowers nearly as in Sub-orders 2 or o, but the plants herbaceous, root- parasitic, entirely destitute of green foliage, and with the aspect of Beech-drops. Seeds as in Sub-order 3. * Corolla of 4 or 5 separate petals ; calyx imperfect or bract-like. 12. Monotropa. Pet.als narrow. Anthers kidney -shaped, opening across the top. 1. GAYLUSSACIA, lIliK. IIucklebekry. Corolla tubular, ovoid, or bell-shaped ; the border 5-cleft. Stamens 10 ; anthers awnicss ; the cells tapering upward into luorQ ERirAPFiB. 129 cleft. luurQ f»r less of a tube, opening by a chink at the end. Fruit a berry- like drupe, containing 10 seed-liko nutlets. — Branching shrubs, with the aspect of Yaccinium, Cfnumonly sprinkled with resinous dots ; the flowers (white tinged with pury)le or red) in lateral and bracted racemes. (Named for the distinguished chemist, Ony- Liissac.) * Lenrcs deridttoKs, entire, sprinhh'd wore or h'sx with reninous or intjij utoms. 1. G. resinosa, Torr. and Gray. Black Huckleberry. Much branched, rigid, slightly jiuhetivent when young (1-3° high) ; leaven oval, oblong-ovate, or oblong, thickly clothed and at first clammy, as well as the floicers, with shining resinoxs glohnles ; racemes short, clustered, one-sided ; pedicels about the length of the flowers ; bracts and bractlets (reddish) snudl and deridnous', corolla ovoid- conical, or at length cylindrical with an open mouth ; fruit black, without bloom (pleasant, very r.irely wliito).— Rocky woodlands and swamps, Newf. westward. May, June. — The common Huckle- berry of the markets. 2. VACCINITJM, L. BuEBEKUY. Bilheruv. Cranberry. Corolla various in shape ; the limb 4-5-cleft, revolute. Stamens 8 or 10 ; anthers sometimes 2-awnud on the back ; the cells separ- ate and prolonged upward into a tube, opening by a hole at the apex. Berry 4-5-celled, many-seeded, or sometimes 8-10-celled by a false partition stretching from the back of each cell to the placenta. — Shrubs with solitary, clustered, or racemed flowers ; the corolla white or reddish. (Ancient Latin name, of obscure derivation. ) §1. CYAXOCOCCUS. Blueberries. Carolla c]ili}idracenus to camjmnulate, 5-toothed ; filanxe)ds hairy ; anthers included, aiindess ; berry {sweet and edible) blue or black with bloom, completely or incompletely lO-celled ; Jlmvers in fascicles or short racemes, short-pedicelled, appearing from, large scaly buds with or before the leaves. * Coi'olla rather short and broad. Blueberries or Blue Huckle- berries. 1. V. PennsylvanicuiU) Lam. Dwarf Blueberry. Dwarf (6-15' high), smooth, with green warty stems and branches ; leaves 130 ERICACK.F.. r 1' laiiceolate or ohlong^ distlnrthi svrruUite trith In'iniU -pointed teeth, amooth ami shining hoth sides (or s«)nictiiuc'.s downy on tlio midrib underneath); corolla short, cylindrical-bell-shapcd ; horrit-s hluish- black and glaucous. — Dry hilla, Nowf. to Sask. The hjwost and earliest ripened of the blueberries. 2. V. CanadensOt Kalm. L()W (1-2° high); huivpti ohlmuj-htnceo- Ifife or elliptiml, entire, di^nyny both siden, as well as the crowded branchlets ; corolla shorter ; otherwise as the last. — Swamps or moist woods, common. 3. V. corymbosum, L. Common or Swamp-Blieberry. Tall (5-10° high) ; leaves orate, and, ohlnmj, or elliptical-laiiceolate ; corolla varying from turgid-ovate and cylindrical-urn-shaped to oblong-cylindrical, 3-4 " lonj/ — Swamps an()theil tli.sk ; filaniunta very Hlunt and broad; anthor-cells ovato-oblong, separate, not awned on the back, but each niinuLely 2-pointed at the a^jex, and opening by a largo chink down to the middle. Berry white, globular, rather dry, 4-oell('d, many-seeded. — A trailing and creeping evergreen, with very sleniler and Hcarcely woody stems, and small Thyme-like, ovato an)•. GauWuer,'^ of Quebec.) 1. G. pi'OCUmbens, L. Creepixo Winteroreen. Stems slender and extensively creeping on or below the surface ; the flowering branches ascending, leafy at the summit (3-5' high) ; leaves obovate or oval, obscurely serrate ; flowers few, mostly single in the axils, nodding. — Cool damp woods, mostly in the shade of evergreens, Newf. to L. of Woods; also far northward. July. — The bright red berries (formed of the calyx) and the foliage have the well- known spicy-aromatic flavor of the Sweet Birch. Usually called Wintergreen, or sometimes in the interior Tot-berry. Eastward it is often called Checkerherry or Partrkhje-horry (names also applied to Mitchella, the latter especially so), also Boxherry. 6. KALM I A, L. American' Laurel. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla between wheel-shai)ed and bell-shaped, 5-lobed, furnished with 10 depressions in which the 10 anthers are severally lodged ; filaments long and thread-form. Capsule glo- bose, 5-celled, many-seeded. — Evergreen mostly smooth shrubs, with alternate or opposite entire coriaceous leaves, naked buds, and showy flowers. (Dedicated to Peter Kalm, a pupil of Linnaeus, who travelled in this country about the middle of the last century, afterwards Professor at Abo.) § 1. Flowers in simple or clustered unhd vmhel-lihe corymbs ; pedicels from the a.rils of small and Jirm fdiaceous persistent bracts ; ccdyx smaller tJian the pod, persistent ; leaves ami branches glaWoiUj or Qiearly so. 1. K. angustifolia, L. Sheep Lai-rel. Lambkill. Wicky. Shrub 1-3° high ; leares commonbj opposite or in threes, jxde or whitish underneath, light green abore, tiarroniy oblong, obtuse, petioled ; corymbs lateral (api)earing later than the shoots of the season), slightly glandular, many-flowered ; pod depressed, nearly smooth ; pedicels recurred in fruit. — Hillsides, Marit. Prov.; com- mon. May, June. / 2. K. glauca, Ait. Pale Lairel. BranchJets 2-edged ; leai^s opposite^ tiearly sessile^ oblomj^ white-glancous beneath, with revolute KRICACE.I'.. 133 mnnjluii ; corymbs terminal, few-flowered, smooth ; bracts lai^e ; flowers h' broad, lilac-purple ; pod ovoid, smooth. — Cold ]>oat-bog8 and mountains, Nowf., Pacific, and northward. May, June. — Straggling, about 1° high. 7. BHODODENDRON, L. Rose Bay, Azalea, etc. Flowers almost always 5-merous. Calyx mostly small or minute. Corolla varicnis (but not ccmtracted at the orifiL'e\ lobed or cleft, or even parted, often somewhat irregular. Stamens sometimes as few as the corolla-lobes, more commonly twice as many, usually declined ; anther-cells opening by a round terminal pore. Capsule 5-celled, fe-valved, many-seeded. Seeds scale-like. — Shrubs or small trees, of diverse habit and character, witli chiefly alternate entire leaves, and large and showy flowers in umbelled clusters from large scaly-bracted terminal buds. {'Vo^u^tvrpuv, rose-tree ; the ancient name.) §1. AZALEA. Leases deciduous, (fla)ulul equidliiuj the 10 stani.ens aiul style. 1. B. Bhodora, Don. Young parts s[)aringly strigose-hairy (1-2° high) ; leaves oblong, pale, more or less pubescent ; corolla hardly 1' long, purplish-rose-color, bilabiate, with the posterior lip 3-lobed, the anterior of 2 oblong-linear and recurving nearly or quite dis- tinct petals. (Rhodora Canadensis, L.) —Cool bogs. Lab. and Newf. toQ. 8. LEDUM, L. Lahkadok Tka. Calyx 5-toothed, very small. Con^lla of 5 obovate and spreading distinct petals. Stamens 5-10 ; anthers opening by terminal pores. Capsule 6-celled, splitting from the base upward, many-seeded ; placentae borne on the summit of the columella. --Low shrubs, with the alternate entire leaves clothed with rusty wtuse; stainena 5-7; capsule ohloMg, acutish, — Lab. to Pac, and northward, in cold bogs and mountain woods. Petals 5, 9. CHIMAPHILA, Pursh. Pipsisskwa. concave, orbicidar, widely s])reading. Stamens 10; filaments enlarged and hairy in the middle ; anthers as in Pyrola, but more or less conspicuously 2-homed. Style very short, inverse- ly conical, nearly inunersed in the depressed summit of the globular ovary ; stiguia broad and orbicular, disk-shaped, the border 5-crenate. Capsule, etc., as in Pyrola, but splitting from the apex downward, the edges of the valves not woolly. — Low, nearly herba- ceous plants, with long running underground shoijts, and evergreen thick and shining leaves, somewhat whorled or scattered along the short ascending stems ; the fragrant (white or purplish) flowers corymbed or umbelled on a terminal peduncle. (Name from jif'/^n, winter, a.nd Hg) clustered at the ascending apex of creeping subterranean shoots ; the 1-2-bracted scape (2-4' high) bearing a white or rose-colored terminal flower G" wide. (M. uniflora, Oray.) — Deep cold woods, Labrador westward. June. (Eu.) ERICACEiE. 135 11. PYROLA, Tourn. Winteroreen. Shin-leaf. Calyx S-parted, ])er8i8tent. Petals 5, concave and more or less converging, deciduous. Stamens 10 ; filaments awl-shaped, naked ; anthers extrorse in the bud, but in the flower inverted by the in- flexion of the apex of the filament, more or less 4-celled, opening by a pair of pores at the blunt or somewhat 2-horned ba.so (by inversion the apparent apex). Style generally long ; stigma 5-l<>bed or 5-rayed. Capsule depressed-globose, 5-lobed, 5-cellud, 5-valved from the base upward (loculicidal) ; the valves cobwebby on the edges. Seeds minute, innumerable, resembling sawdust, with a very loose cellular-reticulated coat. — Low and smooth perennial herbs, with running subterranean shoots, bearing a cluster of rounded petiolod evergreen root-leaves, and a simple raceme of nodding flowers, on an upright more or less scaly-bracted scape. (Name a diminutive of Pyrus, the Pear-tree, from some fancied resemblance in the foliage. ) * Style strnirfht, triMch narrower than the peltate 5-ra\ipd stigma ; petals and stamens erect and connivent ; anthers not narrowed below the openings. 1. P. minor, L. Scape 5-10' high ; leaves roundish^ slightly crenulate, thickish, mostly longer than the margined petiole j flowers small, crowded, white or rose-color; calyx-lobes triangular- ovate, very much shorter than the nearly globose corolla ; stgle short and included. — Cold woods, Lab., White Mts., L. Superior and northward. 2. P. secunda, L. Subcaulescent, 3-6' high ; leaves ovate, thin^ longer than the petiole, scattered, ^'«cii/ serrate ; racemes dense and spike-like, the numerous small (greeni.sh- white) ^omv/s all turned to one side, scarcely nodding ; calyx-lobes ovate, very much shorter than telle oblcjng-oval petals ; stijle long, exserted. — Rich woods. Lab. to Pac, and far northward. July. (Eu.) Var. pumila, Gray, is a smaller form, with rounded leaves 6" or little more in diameter, and 3-8 flowered scape. —High peat-bogs. Lab., west and northward. «Tuly, August. * * Style strongly declined, the apex curved upward, longer than the connivent or spreading petals ; atignui much narrower than the 136 IS n ERICACE.B. i ■■:■:•■ 1,' I I I'ti I* truncate excawUed ring-like apex of the style ; anthers contracted beloiv the openings, forming a tshort neck ; leaves denticulate or entire. t Petals and learns orbicular to oblong^ very obtuse. 3. P, chlorantha, Swartz. Leaves small (I'long), roundish, thick, dull, shorter than the petiole ; scape fexo-fiowered, naked (5-8' high) ; calyx-lobes rou)idish-ovate, very short ; the elliptical petals converging (greenish- white) ; anther-cells contracted into a distinct neck ; style little exserteJ. — Open woods, Lab., Avestward. June, July. 4. P. elliptica, Nutt. Shin-leaf. Leaves thin and dull, elliptical or obovate-oval, longer than the margined petiole ; raceme many- flowered ; calyx-loltes ovate, arnte, not one-fourth the length of the obovate rather si)reading (greonisii-\vliite)|>etoi^ ; anther-cells blunt. — Rich woods, N. S., westward. June. 5. P. rotundifolia, L. Leaves orbicular, thick, shining, usually shorter than the petiole ; scape many-bracted (G-12' high) ; raceme elongated, many-flowered ; calyx-lobes lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, acutish, with somewhat spreading tips, one half or one third the length of the roundish-obovate rather spreading (chiefly white) petals ; anther-cells nearly blunt. — Damp or sandy woods, throughout the continent. 12. MONOTROPA, L. Indian Pipe. Pine-sap. Calyx of 2-5 lanceolate bract-like scales, deciduous. Corolla of 4 or 5 separate erect spatulate or wedge-shaped scale-like petals, which are gibbous or saccate at the base, and tardily deciduous. Stamens 8 or 10 ; filaments awl-shaped ; anthers kidney-shaped, becoming 1-celled, opening across the top. Style colunuiar ; stigma disk-like, 4-5-rayed. Capsule ovoid, 8-10-grooved, 4-5-celled, loculicidal ; the very thick placentae covered with innumerable minute seeds, which have a very loose coat. — Low and flesliy herbs, tawny, reddish, or white, parasitic on roots, or growing on decom- posing vegetable matter like a Fungus ; the clustered stems springing from a ball of matted fibrous rootlets, furnished with scales or bracts in place of leaves, 1-several-flowered ; the summit at first nodding, in fruit erect. (Name composed of /udvoc, one, and rpdn-oc, turn, from the summit of the stem turned to one side.) PRiMULACKiE. 137 § 1. MOXOTROPA proper. Plant inotlorotis, 1-jloicered ; calyx of 2-4 irregular scales or bracts ] anthers transverse, opening equally by 2 chinks ; style short and thick. 1. M. uniflora, L. Indian Pipe. Corpse-Plant. Smooth, waxy-white (turning Llackish in drying, 3-8' high) ; stigma naked. — Dark and rich woods, nearly throughout tlie continent. June- August. (Asia.) § 2. HYPOPITYS. Plant commoidij fragrant ; Jtowers several in a scaly raceme ; the terminal one usually 5-merous, the rest 3-4- merous ; bract-like sepals mostly as rtuing as the petals ; anfhers opening by a continuous line into 2 very unequal valrcs ; style longer than the oniry, holloiv. 2. M. Hypopitys, L. Pine-sap. False Beech-drops. Some- what pubescent or downy, tawny, Avhitish, or reddish (4-12^ high) ; pod globular or oval ; stigma ciliate. — Oak and pine woods, from Ant. and N. S. west to Ont. June- August. (Eu.) Order 42. PBIMULACR£ (Primrose Family). Herbs, with simple leaves, and regular perfect flowers, fite stamens as many as the lobes of the nwnopetalous (rarely polgpetaUtus) corolla and inserted opposite tJiem (on the tube or base), and a l-celled orary unth a central free placenta rising from the base, bearing several or many seeds. — Calyx free from the ovary, or in Samolus partly coherent. (Corolla none in Glaux.) Stamens 4 or 5, rarely 6 ()r 8. Style and stigma one. Seeds with a small embryo in fleshy albu- men. Ovules amphitropous. Tribe I. PRIMULEJE. Ovary wholly free. * Steraless ; leaves all in a cluster from the root ; capsule dehiscent by valves or teeth. 1. Primula. Corolla funnel-form or salver-shaped, open at the throat. Stamens included. * * Stems leafy; corolla rotate ; leaves entire. t Capsule dehiscent vertically by valves or irret,'ularly, mostly fjloljose. 2. TrientaliS. Corolla mostly Tparted. Stem leafy only at the sunmiit. 'i. Steironema. Corolla 6-partefl. Five slender staminodia between the fertile stamens. 4. LSTSiinacllia. Corolla 5-6-parted or 5-<>-i>etalled. Staminodia none. Leaves dotted. 1. PRIMULA, L. Primrose. Cowslip. Calyx tubular, angled, 5-cleft. Corolla salver-shaped, enlarging above the insertion uf the stamens ', the 5 lubeu often notched or !-M 138 PRIM U LAC E^.. k4 inversely heart-shaped. StameiiH 5, inchided. Capsule many- seeded, splitting at the top into 5 valves or 10 teeth. — Low peren- nial her})s, producing a tuft of veiny leaves at the root, and simple scapes, bearing the flowers in an umbel. (Name a diminutive of primiiSj from the flowering of the true Primrose in early spring.) 1. P. farinosa, L. Bird's-eye Primrose. Scape 3-l(y high ; leaves elliptical or obovate-lanceolate, denticulate, the' Imver side and the 3-20-flowered involucre^ etc., covered with a irhite tnealiness, at least when young ; corolla pale lilac with a yellow eye. — Marit. Prov. to R. Mts. June, July. (Eu., Asia.) 2. TBIENTALIS, L. Chickweed-Wintergreen. Calyx mostly 7 -parted ; the divisions linear-lanceolate, pointed. Corolla mostly 7-parted, spreading, flat, without tube. Filaments slender, united in a ring at the base ; anthers oblong, re volute after flowering. Capsule few-seeded. — Low and smooth perennials, with simple erect stems, bearing a few alternate usually minute and scale-like leaves below, and a whorl of thin veiny leaves at the summit. Peduncles one or more, very slender, bearing a delicate white and star-shaped flower. (A Latin name, meaning the third part of a foot, alluding to the height of the plant.) 1. T. Americana, Pursh. Star-flower. Spreading by very slender elongated rootstocks ; leaves elongated-lanceolate, tapering to both ends, petals finely pointed.— Damp cold woods, from Lab. to Sask. May. — Rootstocks often 1-2° long {Hitchings). 3. STEIBONEMA, Raf. Calyx 6-parted. Corolla rf>tate, with no proper tube, deeply 6-parted, the sinuses rounded ; divisions ovate, cuspidate-pointed, eru3e-denticulate above, each separately involute around its stamen. Filaments distinct or nearly so on the ring at base of corolla, alternating with 5 subulate fitaminodia ; anthers linear. Capsule 10-20-8eeded. — Leafy -stemmed perennials, glabrous except the ciliate petioles, not punctate, the leaves all opposite, but mostly in seeming whorls on the flowering branches. Peduncles slender, axillary, bearing yellow flowers. (From areipog, sterile, and v^jna, thread, referring to the staruinodia.) 1. S. ciliatnm, Raf. Stem erect (2-4° high) ; leaves lanceolate- m~n\ PRIMULACE^. 139 ovate (2-6' long), tapering to an acute point, nnnided or heart -s}mj)€d at lmii€j all on long and fringed petioles ; corolla lontjer than the ealijx. (Lysimachir* ciliata, L.)— Low grounds and thickets, com- mon. July. 2. S. lanceolatum, Gray. Stem erect (l()'-2° high) ; leares Inure- olate^ varithuf to oblong ami liiwar, narroired into a short nuirybied petiole or tapering base, or the lowest short and broad on long peti- oles. (Lysiniachia lanoeolata, Wrled, or some abnormally alternate. * Flmcers (smcdl) in a virgate termiiud raceme or in the upper axils; corolla dark-dotted or streaked ; filaments coiuipicnondy monadel- phous, unequal. 1. L. quadrifolia, L. Somewhat hairy ; stem simple (1-2° high) ; leaves whorled in fours or fives (sometimes in twos, threes, or sixes, rarely only opposite or partly alternate), ovate-lanceolate ; flowers on long capillary peduncles from the axils of the leaves ; lobes of the corolla ovate-oblong. — Moist or sandy soil, N. B. to Ont. June. 2. L. stricta> Ait. Stems 1-2° high, often bearing oblong or moniliform bulblets in the axils ; smocjth, at length branched, very leafy ; leaves o^^posite or rarely alternate, lanceolate, acute at each end ; flowers on slender pedicels in a long raceme (5-12'), leafy at base ; lobes of the corolla lance-oblong. — Low grounds, Newf. to Sask. June-Aug. **WMn'ers (rather lanje) solitary in the axils of ordinarn leaves; corolla not dark-dotted nor streaked ; filaments slightly mona- delphons. 140 APOCYNACRifi. 1^1 ''IHI If ' in 1 3. L. nummularia, L. Moneywokt. Smooth ; stems trailing and creeping ; leaves roundish, small, short-petioled ; peduncles axillary, 1 -flowered ; divisions of the corolla broadly ovate, obtuse, longer than the lance-ovate calyx-lobes and stamens. — Escaped from gardens into damp ground, Newf. to Ont. July-Sept. (Nat. from Eu. ) § 2. NAUMBURGIA. Corolla venj deejAy 5- (or G-7) jxiHed into linear dhmons (somewhat piirpUah-dotUd), with a small tooth in each sinii8 ; Jilaments distinct, equal ; leaves ojtposite, the lowest scale-like. 4. L. tll3rrsiflora, L. Tufted Loosestrife. Smooth ; stem simple (1-2° high) ; all but the lower leaves lanceolate, the axils of one or two middle pairs bearing short-peduncled head-like or spike-like clusters of small light yellow flowers. — Cold swamps, N. S. westward. June, July. (Eu.) Order 43. APOCYNACE^ (Doobane Family). Plants almost all with milky acrid juice, entire {chiejiy opposite) leaves without stipules, regular b-mewus and 6-androus flowers ; the 5 lobes of the corolla convolute and twisted in the bml ; the filaments distinct, inserted on the corolla, and the pollen granular; calyx free from the two ovaries, which (in our genera) are distinct (forming follicles), though their styles or stigmas are united into one. — Seeds amphitropous or anatropous, with a large straight embryo in sparing albumen, often bearing a tuft of down (comose). — Chiefly a tropical family (of acrid-ijoisonous plants), represented in gardens by the Oleander and Periwinkle. 1. ApOC3^um. Seeds comose. Corolla bell-shaped, appendaged within. Filaments short, broad and flat. Calyx not glandular. Leaves opposite. 1. APOCYNUM, Tourn. Dogbane. Indian Hemp. Calyx 5-parted, the lobes acute. Corolla bell-shaped, 6-cleft, bearing 6 triangular appendages below the throat opposite the lobes. Stamens 5, on the very base of the corolla ; filaments flat, shorter than the arrow-shaped anthers, which converge around the stigma, and are sliglitly adherent to it. Style none ; stigma large, ovoid, slightly 2-lobed. Fruit of 2 long (2-7') and slender follicles. Seeds comose, with a tuft of long silky down at the apex. — Peren- ASCLEPIADACKiE. 141 3left, the flat, the irge, cles. iren- nial herbs, with upright branching stems, opposite mucronate- pointed leaves, a tough fibrous bark, and small and pale cymose flowers on short pedicels. (Ancient name of the Dogbane, com- posed of aiT6^ from, and m'wi', a chxj.) 1. A. androsxmifolium, L. SpREAnixa Do(jbane. Smooth, or rarely soft-tomentose, branched above; hmnches divetyenthj fork- ing; leaves oixite^ disilncthj petioled; cymes htose, spreudituj, mostly longer than the leaves ; corolla (pale rose-color, 4" broad) open-hell- shaped^with revolute lobes, the tube much longer than the ovate intintfd divisions of the calyx. — Borders of thickets; conmion. June, July. 2. A. cannabinum, L. Indian Hemp. Glabrous or more or less soft pubescent ; stem and branches iqyright or ascending (2-3° high), terminated by erect and close many-jloicered cymes, which are usually shorter than the leaves; leaves from oval to oblong and even lanceolate, short-] )etiolod or sessile, with rounded or obscurely cordate base ; corolla (greenish-white) icith nearly erect lolws^ the tube not longer than the lanceolate divisions of the ctdyx. — Moist grounds and banks of streams ; common. Very variable. July, August. Order 44. ASCLEPIADAOR£ (Milkweed Faaiily). Plants ivith milly juice, and opjtosite or \chorled {rarely scattered) entire leaves; the follicidar pods, seeds, anthers (connected with the stigma), sensible properties, etc., just as in the last family, from which they differ in the commonly valvate corolla, and in the singular con- nection of the anthers with the stigma, the cohesion of the 2^(>llen into wax-like or granular ^n-fti-^es (pollinia), etc., as explained under the typical genus Asclepias. Tribe L CYNANCHEJE. Anthers tipped \vith an inflexed or sometimes erect scarious membrane, the cells lower than the top of the stitrma; pollinia suspended. *Stems erect or merely deciim])ent. 1. Asclepias. Corolla reflexed, deeply 5-parted. Crown of 5-hoo»led fleshy bodies with an incurved horn rising from the cavity of each hood. Leaves usually opposite. 1. ASCLEPIAS, L. Milkweed. Silkweed. Calyx 5-parted, persistent ; the divisions small, reflexed. Corolla deeply 5-parted ; the divisions valvate in the bud, reflexed, decidu- ous. Crown of 5 hooded bodies seated on the tube of stamens, 112 AHCLEPIADACE^.. ^r 5; ■{ each containing an incurved horn. Stamens 5, inserted on the base of the corolla ; filaniont.s united in a tvibo which encloses the pistil ; anthers adherent to the stigma, eacli with 2 vertical cells, tipped with a membranaceous appendage, eacli cell containing a flattened pear-shaped and waxy polieti-mass; the two contiguous jxtjlen- masses of adjacent anthers, forming puirs which hang by a slender prolongation of their summits from 6 cloven glands that grow on the angles of the stigma (extricated from the cells by insects, and directing copious pollen-tubes into the point where the stigma joins the apex of the style). Ovaries 2, tapering into very short styles ; the large dei)ressed 5-angled fleshy stigmatic disk common to the two. Follicles 2, one of them often abortive, soft, ovate or lanceo- late. Seeds anatropous, flat, margined, bearing a tuft of long silky hairs {coma) at the hilum, downwardly imbricated all over the large placenta, which separates from the suture at maturity. Embryo large, with broad foliaceous cotyledons in thin albumen. — Perennial upright herbs, with thick and deep roots; peduncles terminal or lateral and between the usually opposite petioles, bearing simple many-flowered umbels, in summer. (The Greek name of j^scula- piuSf to whom the genus is dedicate*!.) § 1. ConiPouH anther-wlmjs hroaded and usuallij angtdate-t runcate and Sidient at base ; horn conspicuous. * Flotvers orange-color ; leaves mostly scattered ; juice uot laUky. 1. A. tuberosa, L. Butterfly-weed. Pleurisy-root. Rough- ish-hairy (1-2° high) ; stems erect or ascending, very leafy, branch- ing at the summit, and bearing usually numerous umbels in a terminal corymb ; leaves from linear to oblong-lanceolate, sessile or slightly petioled ; divisions of the corolla oblong (greenish-orange); hoods narrowly oblong, bright orange s^^arcely longer than the nearly erect and slender awl-shaped horns ; pods hoary, erect on deflexed pedicels. — Dry fields, common, Ont. * * Corolla bn'fjht vd or purple ; follicles luikedy fusiform, erect on the dejlexed pedicels (except in n. 2) ; leaves opposite, mostly broad. t FUncers suudl ; hoods 1" lowj, equalling the anthers ; veins ascending. 2. A. incarnata, L. Swamp Milk weeh. Smooth, or nearly so, in the typical form, the stem with two downy lines above and on GKNTIANACEiE. 143 •iincate traiich- [Is in a Issile or range); in the •ect on \rect on broad. ^nding. irly so, land on the hranclies of the peduncles (2-3° high), very leafy ; leaves oblong- lanceulate, acute or pointed, obtuse or obscurely heart-shaped at base; flowers rose-iiurple ; hoods scarcely e(iualling the slender needle-pointed horn. — Swamps, connnon. * * * Fhnvern grpcniah, ydUmrish, ichite^ or nmrdy jnirplisli-tirujed; haves opposite or whorledy or the upper rarely scattered. t Follicles echinate with soft spinous processes, densely tomentose lurye (3-5' htny), ovate and acuminate, erect on dejiexed pedicels; leaves larye and broad, short petioled ; umbels terminal and lateral. 3. A. Oornuti, Decaisne. Common Milkweed or Silkweed. Stem tall and stout, finely soft-pubescent ; leaves oval-oblong (4-8' long), pale, minutely downy beneath, as well as the jteduncles, etc. ; corolla lobes dull purple to white, 3-4" long; homls rather longer than the anthers, ovate, obtuse, with a tooth each side of the short, claw-like horn. — Rich ground, everywhere. Order 45. GENTIANAGE^ (Gentian Fasiily). Smooth herbs, tvith a colorless bitter juice, opposite and sessile entire and simple Zeavcs (except in Tribe II) withotit stipules, regular flowers v:ith the stamens as many as the lobes of the corolla, which are convo- lute {rarely imbricated and sometimes vahutte) in the bud, a 1-celled ovary with 2 parietal placento', or nearly the whole inner face of the ovanj ovuliferous', the fruit usually a 2-mdved aiid septicidal many- seeded capsule. — Flowers solitary or cymose. Calyx persistent. Corolla mostly withering persistent ; the stamens inserted on its tube. Seeds anatropous, with a minute embryo in fleshy albumen. (Bitter-tonic plants.) Sub-order I. Gentianeae. Leaves always simple and entire, sessile, never alternate. -Estivation of corolla never valvate. * Lolies of corolla convolute in the bud. t Style stout and persistent or none ; anthers remainint; straight. 1. GentiaJia. Corolla funnel-fomi or bell-shajied, mostly plaited in the sinuses, with- out spurs or glands. Calyx 4-5-clef t. 2. Halenia. Corolla 4-5-cleft, canipanulate, and 4 H-spurred at the liase. * * Lo))C8 of corolla imbricate in the bud ; no appenda^fes. 144 OeNTIANACE.e. Sub-order II. Menyanthea. Leaves all alternate and inoHtly petioleU, sometimes trifoliolute or crunate. ^-f^Htivation of corolla indupliciito-valvate. Marsh or aquatic i)crennials. 3. MenyanthdS. Corolla bearded inside. Leaves 3-foliolate. 1. OENTIANA, Tourn. CiRNxiAN. Calyx 4-5-cleft. Corolla 4-5-lobed, regular, ii.sually with inter- mediate plaited folds, which bear appendages or teeth at the sinuses. Style short or none ; stigmas 2, persistent. Capsule oblong, 2-valved ; the innumerable seeds either borne on placentre at or near the sutures, or in nwjst of our species covering nearly the whole inner face of the pod. — Flowers solitary or oymose, showy, in late sunnner and autumn. (Name from i^'entius, king of Illyria, who used some species medicinally.) § 1. GENTIANELLA. Corolla (not rotate) destitute of extemled plaits or lobes or teeth at the siniuu;s ; root annual, * (Fringed Gentians.) Flmcvrs large^ solitary on long terminal peduncles, mostly 4-merous'y corolla camjximdatc-fii nuel-fonn, its lobes 'usually fimbriate or erose, not crowned ; a row of glands between the bases of tlie filaments. Autumn-fiowering. 1. G. crinita) Froel. Stem 1-2° high ; Zeares lanceolate or ovate- lanceolate from a partly heart-shaped or rounded base; lobes of the 4-cleft calyx unequal, ovate and lanceolate, as h)ng as the bell- shaped tube of the blue corolla (2' long), the lobes of which are wedge-obovatCy and strongly fringed around tlie summit ; ovary lanceolate. — Low grounds, Q. and Ont. * * Flowers smaller, 4-5-meroiw; corolla somewhat funnel -fonn or salver-form, its lobes entire; peduncles short or none, terminal and lateral on the a^ute-angled stem. 2. G. Amarella, L. Stems 2-20' high; leaves lanceolato *r» narrowly oblong, or the lowest obovate-spatulate, the ni " minutely Roabrous; calyx-lobes (4-5) foliaceous, 1 linear; corolla mostly blue, ^' long or more, tvith a fiui ite a-< at the ba^e of the oblong acute lobes; capsule sessile. — \ar. acuta. Hook. f. Calyx almost 5-parted ; crown usually of fewer tiid sometimes very few sette. — Lab. to N. Vt. and N. Minn., west and northward. GEXTIAXArKif:. 145 vin or \minal ito * lci< k,cuta. it and § 2. PNEUMONANTHE. Cnrolla {funneUfonn or mh-er-form) unth thin-memhranaceonit tooth d or lotted plait a in the Kinfinen] no croum luir (jl(imU\ capsule nt Ipitnte ; rks creeiriny, scaly- toothecl. 2. H. Virginicum, L. Smooth !i scalfs, 1. CynoglOBBUm. Nutlets horizontally radiate, uuich praluced dowriwanl, covere*! with barbed prickles. 2. EcllillOSp6nxiUin. Nutlets erect m- uscendinu', the mar^'in or l)ack armed with barbet in ti. 4. 3. Myosotis. Corolla short salver-form, its lobes rounded, and throat crested. 4. Lithospermum. Corolla salver-form to funncl-forin, its rounded lobes s|)readinK ; the thruat either naked or with low crests. 1. CYNOGLOSSUM. Tomn. llorM.s ToNtJUK. Corolla funnel-form, the tube about etpialling tlie 5-parted calyx, and throat closed with 5 obtu.se scales; lobes roimded. Stamens tl!i 148 BORIIAOINACE.B. included. Nutlets depressed or convex, oblique, fixed near the apex to the base of the style, roughened all over with short barbed or hooked prickles. — Coarse herbs, with a strong scent and petioled lower leaves ; the mostly panicled (so-called) racemes naked above, usually bracted at base. Fl. all sunnuer. (Name from kIuv, a dog^ and y'/uaaa, tongiie; from the shape and texture of the leaves.) 1. C. officinale, L. Commqx Hound's-Tongue. Biennial ; clothed imth short soft hairs, leafy, panicled alv ve ; upper leaves lanceolate, closely sessile by a rounded or slightly heart-shaped base ; racemes nearly bractless; corolla reddish-pur}>le (rarely white); nutlets flat on the broad upper face, somewhat margined. — Waste ground and pastures ; a familiar and troublesome weed ; the large nutlets adhering to the fleece of sheep, etc. (Nat. from Eu.) 2. C. Virginicum, L. Wild Comfrey. Perennial ; routjhish tuith spreading hrisilg hairs ; stem simple, ferv-leared (2-3° high), stem-leaves lanceolate-oblong, clasping })y a deep heart-shaped base ; racemes few and con/mheA, raised on long naked peduncles, bractless ; corolla pale blue; nutlets strongly convex. — Open woods; N. B. to Sask. 2. EGHINOSPEBMUM, Lehm. Stigkseed. Corolla salver-form, short, imbricated in the bud, the throat closed with 5 short scales. Stamens included. Nutlets erect, fixed laterally to the base of the stylo or central column, triangular or compressed, the back armed all over or with 1-3 marginal rows of prickles which are barbed at the a[)ex, otherwise naked. — Rough-hairy and grayish herbs, with small blue to whitish flowers in racemes or spikes ; ours annuals oi* biennials, flowering all sum- mer. (Name compounded of *,v"'"'.". ,u;^ done., and ffT//>//«, sefd, from the hard nutlets.) § 1. NutlctH tuherdcd or rough- wrhiUled and pitted, -12' high) ; leaves lanceolate or linear, veiuless; corolla scarcely longer than the calyx. — Sandy banks and roadsides, Q. and Out. May-August. (Nat. from Eu.) §2. NutletH smooth and shiniiuj, white like irorif; corolla (jreenish- white or 2)ale-itelloiv, snudl, with 5 distinct pnlte^:ent scales in the throat ; ^^ereHHtaL 2. L. officinale* L. Commov (iROiWELL. Much branched above, erect (1-2° high); learea thinnish, hroadhj lanceolate, a^^ute, with a few distinct veins, rougli al)ove, soft-pubescent beneath ; corolla exceeding/ the cahjx. — Roadsides, Q. and Out. (Nat. from Eu.) J- I* H- Oruer 48. CONVOLVULACRffi (Convolvulus Family). Chiefly tiviniiig or trailitig herhs, often with some milky juice^ with alternate leaves (or scales) and reg^dar 5-androus flo'vers ; a calyx of 5 imbricated sepals ; a o-plaited or h-lotml corolla convolute or twiMed in the hud {Imhricate in n. 3) ; a 2-celled (rarely 3-celled) ovary (or in one tribe 2 separate jiistils), with a pair of erect ovnles in ttich cell, the cells sometimes doubled bij a false partition between the seeds, so becomings-celled', theembr\fo large, curved or coiled in mHcilagimms album£n. — Fruit a globular 2-()-seedod capsule. Flowers mostly showy, on axillary peduncles ; ])edicels articulated, often 2-bracted. (Many are cultivated for ornament, and one, the Sweet Potato, for its edible farinaceous r(K)ts.) Tribe L CONVOLVULEJE. Ovary enti « Lfufy plants, mostly twiners. 1. IpoZnOBa. style iindivided, with stipi>.. capitate or -2-3-trlobo8e. 2. OonvolVUlUB. Style undlvidol or 2-oleft only at ai^ex ; 8ti{;maa 2, linear-flliform to subulate or ovate. Tribe IL CnSOUTEJE. Ovary entire. Leafless parasitic twining herbs, never green. Embryo flliform, coiled, without cotyledons. 3. Ousonta. The only genus of the group. m' royvoLvuLArEiH. 151 1. IPO MCE A, L. MoRNixc} Glory. Calyx not bmcteute at l>a.so, l)ut tho outer sejMls commonly larger. Corolla salver-form or funnel-form to nearly cam{)anulate ; the limb entire or slightly lobed. Style undivided, terminated by a single capibite or 2-3-globo.se stigma. Capsule globular, 4-6- (by alM)rtion fewer) seeded, 2-4-valved. (Name, according to Liiniivus, from Ixp, a Bindweed, and ouoio^, like ; but l^l> is a wonn.) § 1. IPOMCEA proper. Corolla funnel-fonn or nearly cannHirwdate^ contorted in the bud ; stanyns and style not exaerted. * (Morning Glory.) Lobes of stiguui and cells .3, sejHds long and namnv, attentate npivard, mosthf hirsute bclotc, corolla purple, blue, ami ivhite. 1. I. purpurea. Lam. Co>moN Morning-Glory. Annual ; stems retrorsely hairy; leaves heart-shaped, acuminate, entire; peduncles long, umbellately 3-5-rto\vcred ; calyx bristly-hairy below; corolla funnel-form (2' long) purple, varying to white. — Escaped in cultivated grounds. (Trop. Amer.) 2. CONVOLVULUS, Tomn. BiNi>wEEr». Corolla funnel-form to cam])anulate. Stamens inelmled. Style undivided or 2-cleft only at tho ai)ex ; stigmas 2, linear-filiform to subulate or ovate. Capsule globose, 2-celled, or imperfectly 4-celled by spurious partitions between the 2 seeds, nr by abortion 1-celled, mostly 2-4-valved. — Herl)s or somewhat shrubby plants, either twining, erect, or jirostrate. (Name from convolvo, to entwine.) >^ 1. CALYSTEGIA. Stignuts oral to oblong \ calgj- fudosed in 2 briKid leaf If bracts. 1. 0. sepium, L. Hedck liiNDWKKD. Glabrous, or more or less pubescent; stem tunning or sonu'tinus trailing extensively; leaves triangular-halberd-shaptd or arrow-shaped, acute or pointed, the basal lobes obliquely truncate and often somewhat toothed or sinuate-lobed ; peduncles 4-angled ; bracts commoidy acute ; corolla white or tinged with rose-color (1 h to 2' long), ('Calystegia sepium, /?. Br.) — Moist alluvial soil, or along streams. (Eu., etc.) Var. Americanus, Sims. Glabrous; corolla pink or rone- purple; bracts obtuse. (C. sepium of Am. authors mainly.) — Common, across the continent. ^ 111 152 SOLANACE^. II ^'-.■^ fe- § 2. iitiyiiMS Jilifunn ] no bracts at or near the base nf the calyx. 2. 0. arvensis, L. Bindweed. Perennial ; stem procumbent or twining, and low ; leaves ovate-oblong, arrow-shaped, with the lobes at the base acute; peduncles mostly 1 -flowered; bracts minute, remote ; corolla (9" long) white or tinged with reddish.— Old fields, N. S. to Ont. (Eu.) 3. CUSOUTA, Tourn. Dodder. Calyx 6- (rarely 4) cleft, or of 5 sepals. Corolla globular-um- shaped, bell-shaped, or short-tubular, the spreading border 5- (rarely 4) cleft, imbricate. Stamens with a scale-like often fringed appendage at base. Ovary 2-celled 4-ovuled; styles distinct, or rarely united. Capsule mostly 4-seeded. Embryo thread- shaped, spirally coiled in the rather fleshy albumen, destitute of cotyledons; sometimes with a few alternate scales (belonging to the plumule) ; germination occurring in the soil. — Leafless annual herbs, with thread-like yellowish or reddish stems, bearing a few minute scales in place of leaves; on rising from the ground becoming entirely parasitic on the bark of herbs and shrubs on which they twine, and to which they adhere by means of suckers developed on the surface in contact. Flowers small, cymose-clustered, mostly white ; usually produced late in summer and in autumn. (Name supposed to be of Arabic derivation.) § 1. Stigmas capitate ; capsule indehlscent. * Calyx yamos<'jHtlins ; ovary and caps\de pointed, the latter enveloped or capped by the marcescent corolla ; Jioicers in loose panicled cynies. t Corolla-lobes obtuse, spreading. 1. C. Oronovii, Willd. Stems coarse, often climbing high; corolla-lobes mostly shorter than the deeply campanulate tube; scales copiously fringed; capsule globose, undtonate. — Wet shady places, N. S. to L. of W. The commonest of our species. Flowers very variable in size and compactness of clusters. Order 49, SOLANAGEJE (Nightshade Family). Herbs (or rarely shrubs), with colorless juice and alternate leaves, reg\dar b-merous and 6-androits jlowers^ on bractless pedicels; the SOLANACE.E. 1)3 be ■era the corolla liabricate or ixdcate in the bud, and mostly plaited; the fniit a ^-celled (rarelij 'S-b-celled) vutny-seednl capsule or tt/vt/.— Seeds campylotropous or aniphitropous. Embryo mostly sleiukr and curved in fleshy albumen. Calyx usually persistent. Stamens mostly equal, inserted on the corolla. Style and stigma single. Placenta) in the axis, often projecting far into the cells. (Foliage rank-scented, and with the fruits mostly narcotic, often very poisonous, while some are edible.) — A large family in the tropics, but very few indigenous in our district. * Corolla wheel -shaped, 5-parted or 5-lobefl ; the lobes valvateuml lluir iiuiruiiis usually turned inwanl in the bud. Anthers connivent. Tiuii ii lienx 1. Solanum. Anthcrsoi>enin^by ]K>res or chinks ut the tip. * • Corolla various, not \vheel-shapeiit a coHiiiopolite. .7uly-Sei)t, 2. PHTSALIS, L. Ground Cherry. Calyx 6-cleft, reticulated and enlarging after flowering, at length much inflated and enclosing the 2-celled globular (edible) berry. Corolla between wheel-shaped and funnel-form, the very short tube marked with 5 concave «pot8 at the base ; the plaited l)order some- what 5-lobed or barely 5-10-toothed. Stamens 5, erect ; anthers separate, o])ening lengthwise. — Herbs (in this country), with the leaves often unequally in pairs, and the 1-flowered nodding peduncles extra-axillary ; flowering through the smnmer. (Name ipvaa?ii, a bladdery from the inflated calyx.) * CoroUa large, tvhite or tinged tvith blue, imthont dark centre, loith almost entire border ; pubescence simple. 1. P. grandiflora, Hook. Clammy-pubescent, erect ; leaves lance-ovate, pointed, entire or nearly so ; corolla 1-2' wide when expanded, and with a woolly ring in the throat ; fruiting calyx globuhir, apparently nearly tilled by the berry. — Q. to Sask. * * Cnrnlln lurid (/reenith-ivhite or yellow, mostly with dark centre^ 3-10" broad. + Strong-scented, villous or pubescent with viscid or gla}tdidar simple hairs ; fruiting cali/x orate-pyramidal, carinately 5-angled, closed, hutsehj enveloping the green or yellow berry ; leaves ovate or cordate. 2. P. Virginiana, Mill. Perenniid, diff'usely much branched and widely spreading, or at first erect; leaves sometimes oblong, repand or obtusely toothed, rarely entire ; corolla 9-12" broody 6-angled or 5-10-toothed ; anthers yelhno. (P. viscosa, Orayy Man., not L.) — Light or sandy soils, Ont. and Minn. Order 50. SCBOPHULABIACEJE (Fiqwort Family). Chiefly herbs (rarely trees), irith didyiiamous stamens (or perfect stamens often only 2, rarely 5) inserted on the tube of the 2-lipped or more or less irregular corolla, the lobes of v)hich are imbricated in tfie bud; fruit a 2-celled aiid iisnally many-seeded capside, with the plac&ixtct in the axis; seeds anatropous, or amphitropous, with a BCROPHULARIACEJ^.. 166 tmall ernhnjo in. rnp'unix alhinru' n. — ^tyXa Hinglc ; stigma entire or 2-lol)oound, o( small axillary spiked or raceme,'eed, salver-shaped, or bell-shaped. Sta- mens 2 or 4, not api>roaohing in pairs nor strongly didynamous; anthers 2-celled. 6. Veronica. Calyx 4- (rarely 3 .'i) parted. Corolla wheel shaped or salver -shaped, almost regular. Stamens 2. Leaves chiefly opposite or whorleosite, or the up|>erm08t alternate. * Corolla bell-shaped to funnel-form ; anthers 2-celled. 7. Qerardia. stamens strongly unecpial, included. Tribe VII. EUFHRASUE. Corolla tubular, obviously 2-lipi>ed ; the upper lip nar. row, erect or arched, enclosing the 4 usually strongly didynamous stamens. * Anther-cells equal. Capsule many-several-seeded. i 1 w 156 SCKOPIIULAKIArE^E. € if . 4; 1^ S.H.'i 8. PedlOUlarla. Calyx not inflated. Capsule ovate or HwontMhupeerennials, irith luostly ivhoiled leaves; racemes terminal^ dmsey sjriked; bracts very small; tube of the corolla ItHKjcr than its limb and much lowjer than the calyx; both sometimes b-cleft. 1. V. Virginica, L. Culver's-koot. Cilveu's Physio. Smooth or rather downy ; stem simple, straight (2-0° high) ; leaves whorled in fours to sevens, short- petioled, lanceohite, pointed, finely serrate; spikes j)anicled; corolla small, nearly white; stamens much exserted ; cajisule oblong-«»vate, not notched, open- ing by 4 teeth at the a])ex, many seeded.- Counuon ; July, Aug. hcropiiulahiacka:. 159 the both Iysio. Uvea ited, [lite ; jpen- § 2. VERONICA proper. Ctrralhi whefl-Hhtiml; captile more or les8 notched, strmufl y finftcned excfpt in n. 2 and 3; hnv herha. * Perennials, ittohmiferous nr rtHtfliKj at hajitf with itjtjnnle or roKe-iulor {I'tirelij white); cali(.i'-t>>'ih .s/(o/7; anfhers alike, iiniiiy jm.>^ nfleHSy pubescent; c(vdine leaves linear or nanoicer, entire. * Annuals ; herbat exceeding the ctdyx', corolla about ^' long.- — Low or dry ground, comm«»n. OROIUm IIACK/E. IGl I n- at 8. PEDIOULABIS, Tourn. Loi sewort. Calyx viirious. Corolla strongly S-lippod ; tho uppor lip arched, flattunod, often beaked at the apox ; the lower erect at base, 2-cre8ted above, 3-lobed ; lobes couiinonly spreading, the liiteral ones rounded and larger. Stamens 4, unnst <•/»/»/•«, oltli«|ue ; itfper lip of the (dull greenish-yellow antl [)ur|)lisli)ro/((//(( htHxtud^ incnnudy 2-toothed undi-r the apex ; capsulii jhif, sinw'rhut sn'i)rd-shiti>ed. — Copaes and banks, common. May-.luly. 9. MELAMPYRUM, T..urn. Cow-Wiikat. Calyx bell-shaped, 4-cleft ; the taper lolies sharp-pointed. Tube of corolla cylindrical, enlarging ai»i>ve ; upper lip arclu'd, com- pressed, straight in front; the l>\ver erect -si irtsading, biconvex, 3-lobed at tho apex. Svaiin'us 4, under (he upi)er lip; anthers approximate, oblong, nearly vertical, hairy ; tho ef tho ]»ah! greenish yellow corolhi (."►' longj. — Open wooie. (nM)t'fMirn}r 4 jutrirtid plunnto ; jmhI 162 OKOBANCHACEiE. m i very mnny'Seeded ; seeds mhmte, with albumen and a very minute emijryo. — Calyx persistent, 4-5-to(jthe(l or parted. Corolla tubular, more or less 2-lippeed. Capsule 2-valved at the apex, with 2 approximate placentie on each valve.— Herbs slender, purplish or yellowish- brown, much branched, with small scattered scales, 6-12' high. (Name from *""/, upon, and '{>ff}A', the Jircrh, because it grows on the roots of that tree.) 1. E. Virginiana, Bart. Corolla of the tipper (sterile) tl( - rs whitihh and purple, (>-H" long, curved, 4-tootlied. — Common under Beech-trees, parasitic on their roots ; N.S. to Out. Aug.-Oct. 2. APHYLLON, Mitchell. Nakkh Bkoom-hai-e. Flowers j)erfect, ])edicellate, souietimus subsessilo and thyrsoid- spioate. Calyx fi-cleft, regular. Corolla some\vli».t 2-lipped ; the upper lip more or less spreading and 2-lobed, the lower spreading, 3-b'bed. Stamens included. Stigma broatUy 2-Iipped or crateri- forui. Capstde with 4 placenta', eipiidistant or contiguous in pairs. Plants brownish or whitish. Flowers (purplish or yellowish) and VERBENACEiE. 163 Ituler koid- the |i»g. ]ieri- liirs. land naked scapes minutely gland ular-puhescent. (Name from « priva- tive and <}>i/?Lnv, fuliagCj alluding to the naked stalks.) * Flowers solitartf on long naked scopes or jH'dundcs, without hrnctUts; corolla with a long curved tube and spreading b-lohed limb. 1. A. uniflorum, Gray. One-flowkrkd Cancer-root. Stem subterranean or nearhj so, very shnrf, scaly, often branched, each branch sending up 1-3 slender one-flowered scapes (3 5' high) ; divisions of the cahjx lance-airl-.thaped, half the lengtli of tlio corolla, which is 1' long, with two yellow bearded foMs in the throat, and obovate lobes. — Damp woodlands, Newf., west to the Pacific. — April-J\ily. Order 52. VERBENACE^ (Vervain Family). Herbs or shrubs^ irith opposite le<(vcs, more or bss 2-Hpped or irreg- idar corolla, and didgmtmons sfamms, the 2—i-edlid (in Phryma 1-celled) fr^iit drg or drupaceous, usuidlg si>litting when rijni into as mlittiii(f into 4 nutlets. Tribe II. PHRYMEiJE. ovary l-iielh-d ; ovule erect, orthotropouH. 2. Phrsntna. Flowers in slender si>ikes. (^alyx eylindrioal, 2-lipped. Fruit an achene. 1. VERBENA, Tourn. Vervain. Calyx tubular, 5-toothed, <»ne of the teeth often sliorter than the otiiers. Comlla tubular, oftuu ctnved, salvei-foruj ; the border, somewhat untM|nally 5-cleft. Stamons indiuU'd ; the upper pair «»ccasionally without anthers. Style slender ; stigma mostly 2-lobed, Fruit splitting into 4 seed-like nutlets. Flowers se.s.sile, in single or often pauicled spiki's, liivu-Ted ; produced all stuuuier. (The Liitin name for any sacred herb ; derivation ob.sciu'e.) § 1. Anthers nut aftfu'tidagcd ; jlaurrs small, in iiornoc sfiikes. * Spikes jilifonn, with jbonrs or at Imsf frnlls snittind, naked, the inconspicuous bracts shorter than the calgx. 164 LAKIATJE f!" * i f 11:^^ 1. V. urticsefolia, L. Whitk V. Perenniul, from minutely pubescout tiitj-erd-shi(p»'.d at base ; .ydhes linedr, erevt^ corymbed or panicled ; tlowers blue. — Waste grounds and roadsides ; connnon. 2. PHRYMA, L. Lopskiu). Calyx cylindrical, 2-lipped ; the upi)er lii> of .3 bristle-awl-shaped teeth; tho lower shorter, 2-toothel»'d ('(n^^^lliids the warmth and aroma of the plants of this largo and well-known family. T. Nutlets rugose-retiirulated, attaolied o))li(juely or ventrally; ovary merely 4-lohed. Tribe I. AJUQOIDEiE. StaiiitMis 1, iusccmtin!; and piirullel, nioally exaerted from the upiwr 8ier lip. IT. Nutlets smooth or granidatc; scar basal, small; ovary deeply 4-partetl. Tribe IL SATUREINFJE. l'i>por pair of gtamens shorter or wantinif; an^hars 2- oclled. Upper lip ol <;orolla not ^jaleate or concave. • Flowers in nior*; or less crowded cluHttrs or whorls, axillary or apicate. t Corolla not evidently 2-lipped, but almost, eipially 4 lobed, Nniall. Stoinenit ereot, distant. 2. Mentha. Fertile Hiaineiks (, nearly equal. 3. LyCOpUB. Fertile .staut'OH 2, and often 2 sterile HlanientH without anthers. t t Corolla more or less 2-lipped. \ .Stamens ascendinj,' or arcu.ate, often more or lesH conver^finn. 4. Hedeoma. Calyx >,'ibl>ous on the lower side, hairy in the throat. Flowers loose. Tribe IIL NEPETEJE. stamens », the upper (inner) jiair Ioniser than the lower, ascending or div«r,;inu'. Corolla "J lipped ; the upper lip concave or arched, the lower spreiulin.,'. Cal> \ mostly l.'j-nerved. •Anthers more or less approvinitite in paii-s; their <'iI1h divaricate or divertfent; tUaments ancendint;, not exserled. f>- Nepeta. Calyx more or le«H ciuvcd, cipially i'l-loothed. Tribe IV. SCUTELLARINE/B. stamens 4, awendinK' ami parallel. Calyx bilabi- ate, tiosid in fruit; the rounded lips entire. Corolla bilabiate, the up|»er lip arched. 0. Scutellaria. Calyx with a helmet like proJ<-c*tiun on the up)»«r side. 166 LABIATvE. 'I'll 'J, m: Tribe V. BTACHYDEJE. StuiiiviiM 4, parallrl and OHc-etiiliiiK under the galeate or concave upper lip, the lower (outer) puir lon^'er. Calyx 5 lO-nerve*!, not 2-lippe«i (except in n. 7). * Calyx retlculato-veiny, deeply hilahiate, dosed in fruit. 7. Brunella. Calyx nerved and veiny ; iijtpcr lip flat, IJ-toothed, the lower 2-cleft. • • Calyx of firmer texture, distinctly fi-lO-nerved or striate, r)-10-tootheer teeth united into one. Nutlets roundeltlnse or the middle ono acutish ; corolla purple, r<»sc, (»r Rometiuics civam-color (<»" long). — Low grounds; X. H. toOnt. .1 uly-Septendicr. 2. MENTHA, T.mrn. Mint. Calyx bell M ipod or tul)ular, 5-toothed, eipial or nearly so. Corolla with a .^Uort included tube; the bell shaped border scmie- whut eijually 4-cleft ; tho u[>per hibo bri idest, entire or notched. Stamens 4, otpial, urcct, distant. ( Morons peri*nnial iierbs ; the small flowers nmstly iti cluso cliistiMs, forming axillary cai>itato whorls, 8(»metimes approxunated in interrupted spikes, produced in sunnner, of two sorts as to tho fertility of tho stamens in most species. Corolla palo junple or whitish. Species mostly a8eri»ine.) • FloU'f" jmiinllati', Icsm crotnhtl, in ■tutrrntpted li-aHfttn ttpiJieSy or tuyiMi ititht nitpvr uj'Hh ; hun'S /Kt iolvd . LABIAT.£. 167 10 to in it 11- r In 1. M. piperita, L. Peppermint. Glahroua (somewhat hairy in var. stbhirsuta), very pungent-tasted ; leaves ovate-oblong to oblong lanceolate, acute, sharply serrate ; ttpikes narraw, loose. — Along brooks, escaped everywliere. * * FUncrrs in ylohidar u'h4>rl>t or dusters, all in the axils of the lauvs, the nj/jM-nnost axils not Jloicer-bearimj ; leaves more or less pvtioled ; toothed. 2. M. Canadensis, L. Wild Mint. Leares varying from ovate- oblong to lanceolate, taperimj to hitthemls ; calyx oblong-bell-shaped, the teeth rather short ; hairs on the stem n(»t conspicuously re- flexed. The connnoner form is more or less hairy, aiul has nearly the odor of I*eiinyroyal. — Wet places, across tlie continent, and northward. Var. glabrata, Bentli. Leaves and stems almost glabrous, the former sometimes very short petioled ; scent sweeter, as of Monarda. — Similar range. 3. LYOOPUS, TouriL WaTKR HOREHOUND. Calyx bell-shaped, 4-5-toothed, naked in the throat. Corolla bell-shaped, scarcely longer than the calyx, nearly eipmlly 4-lobed. Stamens 2, distant ; the upper pair either sterile rudiments or wanting. Nutlets with thickened margins. — Perennial lov herbs, glabrous or puberulent, reseml)ling Mints, with sharply toothed or pinnatifid leaves, tlio floral ones similar and much longer than the dense axillary wliorls of small mostly white flowers; in summer. (Name compounded of /lAor, a wolf, and 7rn'vr,foot, from sonie fancied likeness in the leaves.) * Stoloniferoiis, the lomj filiform runners often tuheriferous ; leaves iinlij serrate. + Cidifx-teeth tLfiodlij 4, harely amthh, shorter than the mature tmtlets. 1. L. Virginicus, L. BnsLK-wKKU. Stem obtusely 4-angled (6'-2° high); leaves oblong or ovate-lanceolate, toothed, entire toward the base, acuminate at both ends, short-petioled ; calyx- teeth ov^ate. — Shady moist jilaous. Ivib., acrt>ss tiie continent. ** Not stolonlfennis ; leares incised or pinnotijid. 2. L. sinuatus. Ell. St m erect, 1-3° high, acutely 4-angled; leaves oblong or lanceolate (1^-2' long), acuminate, irregularly 168 LAIUAT.E. 5'' * I '; incised or iHoini.ito-piniuitifHl, <»r soiiio of the upper merely sinuate, tapering to h slendor petiole; calyx-teeth Hhort-cuspijlnte ; sterile filauientg slender, conH[)icuous, v ith globular or spatnlate tips. (L. Europjuus, var. sinuatus, (iridj.) — Common. 4. HEDEOMA, Peis. M Pers. Amkrkax I*EyxYROYAL. Erect, branching, hairy; whorls few-flowered ; upper calyx-teeth triangu- lar, the lower setaceous-subul.ite ; conJla (l>luish, pubescent) scarcely exserted {'2~'.i" long) ; taste and odor nearly of the true Pennifrutjal (Mentha Pulegium) of Eurt)j)e. — Common from C. 13. to Out. 5. NEPETA, L. Cat-Mint. Calyx tid)ular, often incurved, obli(|uely 6-toothed. Corolla dilated in the throat, 2-lii)ped ; the upper lip erect, rather concave, notched or 2-cleft ; the 1 • vtr spreading, 3-cleft, the middle lobe largest, either 2-lobed or entire. Stamens 4, ascending under the tipper lip, the lower pair shorter; anthers approximate in pairs, the cells divergent. — Perennial herbs. (The Latin name, thought to be derived f!om Kijicky an Etrurian city.) j5 1. Cifmosc dxdcrs mlhei' Jt use ditd imot ii-Jlinirirdj fi>nnin11h f)1>0 the irs, ,'ht ler- |U- §2. OLECITOMA. Lrnrt.'* all dllkr; tlie ii.rtUanj tlusttrs Immbj fiir-jl(nn;rrd. 2. N. Glechoma, Beiith. GrchndTvy. fJiij.-ovKu tiik-Cikoi'mi. Oreuping and tniiliii;^ ; Iuhvus pi'tiolixl, ruiiii«l ki(liU!y-sliH]K>injd ; tho \ipper lip arched, entire or barely notched, tho lat«ral hAtnA mostly connect with tho upi)er rather than the lower lip; the lower lobo or li^) spreading and convex, notched at tho apex. Sta- mens 4, ascending under tho upper lip; anthers approximate in pairs, ciliato or bi'arded, those of tho lower slameiis 1 celled (halved), of the ujtper 2-celleaceous; .siilitrrndinni stolnns inonili- form-tidhrlt'es oblong, the middle one rounded, concave, denticulate. SUimens 4, ascending under the upper lip ; fllaments 2-toothed at the apex, the lower tooth bearing the antlier ; anthers approximate in pairs, their culls diverging. — L(»\r ])erunnial8, with nearly simple stems, and 3-flowered clusters of flowors sessile in the axils of round and bract-like membranaceous floral leaves, im- bricated in a close spike or head. (Name said to be from the German braunr, a disease of the throat, for which this plant was a reputed remedy.) 1. B. YUlgaxis, L. Common Self-iikal or Heal-all. Leaves ovate-oblong, entire or toothed, petioled, hairy or smoothish ; cor- olla (violet or flesh-color, rarely white) not twice the length of the purplish calyx. — Woods and lieldH, Newf., westward across the con- tinent. June-Sept. (Ku.) 8. STAOHYS, Tourn. IIkdue Nettlk. Calyx tubular-bell-shaped, 5-10-nerved, eipially 5-toothed, or the iip])er teeth united to form an upper lip. Corolla not dilated at the throat ; upper lip erect or rather spreading, often arched, entire or *iearly so ; the lower usually longer and spreading, 3-lobed, with the middle lobe largest and nearly entire. Stamens 4, ascending under the upper lip (often reflexed on the throat after PLANTAOINACE^. 171 floworinj^) ; anthers approximatu in pairs. Nutlets obtuso, not truncate. — Whorls 2-many-floworetl, approximate in a turniinal raceme or spike (whence the name, from (rrri^rf, a trpike). Flowers purple or rose-red, in summer. * Hoot jKnnmal', stem erect. t LeAiveH obscnrelif or not at all cordate, scusile or short-pctioled. 1. S. palustriSi L. Stem 4-angle/>«/• lip of corolla jnihescent. — Wet ground, Newf., westward across the continent. Order 54. PLANTAOINACE-ffl (Plantain Family). Chiejhj stcmh'ss herhs, with reals, mostly with dry mem- branaceous margins. Corolla sidver-form or rotate, withering on the pod, the border 4-partial. StaiiuMis 4, or rarely 2, in all or some flowers with long and woak exsorten'ennial. I JK<7>i< o/ .solete) above the strollni joints of the stem ; the fiotcers mostly perfect, with a more or less j^crsistent calyx, a 1-celled ovary bearing 2 or 3 styles or stigmas, and a single erect orthotropons seed. Fruit usually an achene, compressed or 3-4-angled or -winged. Embryo curved or straightisji, on the out- side of the albumen, or rarely in its centre. Stamens 4-12, inserted on the base of tlie 3-6-cleft calyx. (Juice often acrid, sometimes agreeably acid, as in Sorrel ; the roots, as in Rhubarb, sometimes cathartic.) * Flowers without involucre ; stamens 4 to 8. t Stipular sheaths manifest ; ovule erect from the ba.se of the cell. X Sepals 4 or 6, the outer row reflcxed, the inner erect and enlarging in fruit. 1. Rumez. Sejmls 6. Stigmas 3. Achene 3-angled. 1. RUMEX, L. Dock. Sorrel. Calyx of 6 sepals ; the 3 outer herbaceous, sometimes united at base, spreading in fruit ; tlie 3 inner larger, somewhat colored, enlarged after flowering (in fruit called valves) and convergent over the 3-angled achene, veiny, often bearing a grain-like tubercle on the back. Stamens 0. Styles 3 ; stigmas tufted. Embryo slightly curved, lying along one side of the albumen, slender. — Coarse herbs, with small and homely (mostly green) flowers, which are crowded and commonly wliorled in panicled racemes ; the petioles somewhat sheathing at base. (The ancient Latin name ; of un- known etymology. ) § 1. LAPATHUM. Dock. Flmvers perfect or monacioushj poly- gamous i herbage not sour or scarcely so] none of the leaves halberd-shaped. {Flowering through the snmmer.) * Perennials, 1-7° high, mostly trith fusiform roots ; vtdres not bearing bristles. 174 ARISTOLOCHIACE^. s lit r P [all *>. H.l j + Valves svfudUr, one or more of them con^iciwnsly grain-heariivj. X Indigenous ; leaves not wavy, none heart-shaped, except the lotvest of n. 2. 1. B. salicifolius, Weinniunu. White Dock. Rather low (1-3° high) ; root white ; leaves narrowly or linear-lanceolate, or the lowest oblong ; whorls much crowded ; pedicels much shorter than the fmiting calyx ; valves deltoid-ovate, obtusish or acutish (about 1^" long), one, two or sonietiines all with a conspicuous often very large grain ; otherwise nearly as n. 3. — Salt marshes, from Newf., far westward. 2. R. verticillatus, L. Swamp Dock, Rather tall (3-6° high) ; leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, rather obtuse, thickish, pale- green, the lowest often heart-shaped at base ; racemes nearly leaf- less, elongated, loose, the whorls crowded or the lower ones distant ; fruit-bearing ^^ecZiceZs slender, club-shaped, abruptly rejlexed, 3-4 titnes longer than the fmiting calyx; valves d Hated-rhomboid, obtusely somewhat pointed, strongly rugose-reticulated, each bearing a very large grain. — Wet swamps, common. J I Naturalized European weeth ; loiver leaves tnostly heart-shayed at base. 3. R. crispus, L. Curled Dock. Smooth (3-4° high) ; leaves with strongly wavy-curled margins, lanceolate, acute, the lower trun- cate or scarcely heart-shaped at base ; whorls crowded in prolonged wand-like racemes, leafless above ; valves round-heart-shaped, obscurely denticidate or entire, mostly all grain-bearing. — In cultivated and waste ground, very common. § 2. ACETOSA. Sorrel. Flowers diceeious, small, in a terminal tiaked panicle ', herbage sour; some leaves halberd-sJiaped ; smooth perennials, spreading by running rootstocks, flowering in spring. 4. R. Acetosella, L. Field or Sheep Sorrel. Low (6-12' high) ; leaves narrow-lanceolate or linear, halberd-form, at least those of the root, the narrow lobes entire ; pedicels jointed with the fiower; valves scarcely enlarging in fruit, ovate, naked. — Abundant everywhere. (Nat. from Eu.) Order 57. ARISTOLOCHIACE^ (Birthwort Family). Twining shrubs, or low herbs, with perfect flowers, the conspicuous lurid calyx valvate in bud and coherent {at least at 6ase) vnth tJte SANTALACKiE. 175 (^-celled ovary, which forms a many-seeded Q-celled capsnle or berry in fruit. Stamens 6-12, more or less united with the stule ; anthers adulate, extrorse. — Leaves petioled, mostly heart-shaped and entire. Seeds anatropous, with a large fleshy rhaphe, and a minute embryo in fleshy albumen. A small family of biUer-tonic or stimulant, sometimes aromatic plants. 1. Asarum. Stemless herbs. Stamens 12, with more or less distinct filaments. 1. ASARUM, Tourn. Asarabacca. Wild Ginger. Calyx regular ; the limb 3-cleft or parted. Stamens 12, with more or less distinct filaments, their tips usually continued beyond the anther into a point. Capsule rather fleshy, globular, bursting irregularly or loculicidal. Seeds large, thick. — Stemless perennial herbs, with aromatic-pungent creeping rootstocks bearing 2 or 3 scales, then 1 or 2 kidney-shaped or heart-shaped leaves on long petioles, and a short-peduncled flower close to the groimd in the lower axil; in spring. (An ancient name, of obscure derivation.) §1. Calyx-tube ivholly adnate to the ovary y the tips inflexed in bud ; filaments slender, much lomjer than the short anthers; style barely Q-lobed at the summit, with 6 radiating thick stigmas ; leaves a single pair, unspotted, 1. A. Oanadense, L. Soft-pubescent ; leaves membranaceous, kidney-shaped, more or less pointed (4-5' wide when full grown); calyx bell-shaped, the upper part of the short-pointed lobes widely and abruptly spreading, brown-purple inside. — Hillsides in rich woods ; common, especially northward. Order 58. SANTALACE.£ (Sandalwood Family). Herbs, shrubs, or trees, with entire leaves; the ^-o-cleft calyx valvate in the biui, its tube coherent with the 1-relled ovary, which cmdains 2-4 ovules suspended from the apex of a stalk-like free centred placenta which rises from the base of the cell, but tJie (indehiscent) fruit always 1-seeded. — Seed destitute of any proper seed-coat. Embryo small, at the apex of copious albumen ; radicle directed upward ; cotyle- dons cylindrical. Stamens equal in number to the lobes of the calyx, and inserted opposite them into the edge of the fleshy disk at their base. Style 1. A small order, the greater part belonging to warm regions. 1. Comandra. Flowers perfect, in umbel-like clusters. Low herbaceous perennials. 176 SANTALACE^. Mi'l^: m 1. OOMANDRA, Nutt. Bastard Toad-flax. nowers perfect. Calyx bell-shaped or soon urn-shaped, lined above the ovary with an adherent disk which has a 5 lobed free border. Stamens inserted on the edge of the disk between its lobes, opposite the lobes of the calyx, to the middle of which the anthers are connected })y a tuft of thread-like hairs. Fruit drupe- like or nut-like, crowned by the persistent calyx-lobes, the cavity filled by the globular seed. — Low and smooth (sometimes parasitic) perennials, with herbaceous stems from a rather woody base or root, alternate and almost sessile lefives, and greenish-Avhite flowers in terminal or axillary small umbel-like clusters. (Name from KofiTi, hair, and awJpef, for stamens, in allusion to the hairs on the calyx-lobes which are attached to the anthers.) 1. C. umbellata, Nutt. Stems 8-10' high, branched, very leafy; leaves oblong, i)ale (1' long); pedwides several and arrymhose clus- tered at the siiuimity several- flowered I calyx-tube conspicuously continued as a neck to the dry glohtdar-ur)i-shaped frn it; the lobes oblong ; style slender. — Dry ground, common. May, June. Ro« t forming parasitic attachments to the roots of trees. 2. C. livida, Richardson. Peduncles slender, axillary, 3-5- flowcred, shorter than the oval leaves ; calyx-tube not continued beyond the ovary, the lobes ovtde; style short; fruit pulpy when ripe, red. — Newf., west and northward. ■ ( s Sub-Class II. MONOCOTYLEDONS or ENDOGENS. Stems with no manifest distinction into bark, wood, and pith, but the woody fibre and vessels in bundles or threads which are irregularly imbedded in the cellular tissue ; per- ennial trunks destitute of annual layers. Leaves mostly parallel- veined (nerved) and sheathing at the base, seldom separating by an articulation, almost always alternate or scattered and not toothed. Parts of the flower commonly in threes. Embryo with a single cotyledon, and the leaves of the plumule alternate. ORCHID ACE.E. 177 Order 59. ORCHIDAORffl (Orchis Family). Herhs, clearly distinguished hy their perfect irregidar fl(yircrs, n'ith Q-merous perianth adnate to the 1-ceUed ovary, n'ith in numerable ovides on 3 2>arietal 2)l<^icenta',, and with either one or two (lynandroKs stamens, the pollen cohering in masses. Fruit a 1-cellecl 3-valve'Va, root.) §1. Small sjriir or sac adnate to the siimmit of the ovary; flowers small; lip whitish or purplinh, often mottled with crimson. 1. 0. innata, R. Brown. Plant slender, light brownish or yel- lowish (3-9' high), 5-1 2-flowered ; pedicels very short ; perianth 2-2Y long; Up somewhat hastatchj S-lohed ahore the base, the lamellce thick and rather short ; spur a very small pi'otuberance ; capsule oval or elliptical (.3-4" long). — Swamps and damp woods, N. S. westward. May, June. (Eu.) 2. C. multiflora, Nutt. Plant purplish, rather stout (9-18' high), 10-30-flowered ; perianth 21-4" long ; lip deeply S-lohed, with a short narrowed base and with prominent lamellae ; spur manifest and protuberant ; capsule oblong (0 9" long), short pedi- celled. — Dry woods, Atl. to Pacif. July-Sept. 5. LISTER A, R. Brown. Twayblade. Sepals and petals nearly alike, spreading or refltjxed. Lip mostly drooping, longer than the sepals, 2-lobed or 2-clef t. Column wingless ; stigma with a rounded beak. Anther borne on the back of the column at the summit, erect, ovate ; pollen powdery, in 2 masses, joined to a minute gland. -Roots fibrous. Stem bearing a pair of opposite sessile leaves in the middle, and a spike or raceme of greenish or brownish-purple small flowers. (Dedicated to Martin Lister, an early and celebrated British naturalist.) * Column very short ; .st^;o/s orate, rrjlexed; plants delicate, 4-8' hiyh. OF{rHII)ACE.«. 181 a 1. L. cordata, li. Brown. I avivi's round -ovHt*^, somewhat boart- shapcd (i-1' long); nicenio Huuutth ; Jhnrers ininntc^ rroirdeit, on jiedicels not loiojer thmi the orani; lip linear, twice as lon^j as the sepals, l-tootlied each side at Itase, 2-dcft. — Cold w<1h, Atl. to Pacific. June. (Eu.). ** Column, longer, oychind or tifrctiyhtish. 2. L. convallarioides, Nutt, Plant 4 9' liigh; leaves oval or roundish, and sometimes a little heart-shaped (1-H' long); raceme loose, pubescent ; pedicels slender, lip wedge-o])long, 2-lol)ed at the dilated apex, and 1-toothed on each side at the base, nearly twice the length of the narrowly lanceolate sjneading sepals, purplisli, ^' long. — Damp mossy woods, Atl. to Pacific. 6. SPIRANTHES, Richard. Ladies' Tres.ses. Perianth somewhat ringtsnt, oblique p(ii'i)ig tip or heak of the stkjnui very sitort. 1. G. repens, R. Br. SnuiU (5-8' high) and slender ; leaves ovate, more or loss Avhite-reticulated (about I'long); flowers sereralj in a loone l-sided spike ; lip with an ovate recurved tip ; sepals ovate. — Woods, under evergreens, conunon northward. July. (Eu.) 2. O. pubescens, R. Br. Larger ; leaves strongly white-reticu- latod ; scape 6-12' high, the tnimeroxis crowded Jloicers not one-sided; tip of the globular lip very short; otherwise like the preceding, and too near to it. — Rich woods, Newf. to Ont. 8. ARETHUSA, Gronov. Flower ringent ; the lanceolate sepals and petals nearly alike, united at base, ascending and arching over the column. Lip dilated and recurved-sprdUding toward the summit ; very slightly gibbous at base. Column adherent to the lip below, petal-like, dilated at the apex. Anther lid-like, terminal, of 2 approximate cells ; pollen- masses powdery-granular, 2 in each cell. — Beautiful low herbs, consisting of a sheathed scape from a globular solid bulb, termin- ated usually by a single largo rose-purple flower. Leaf solitary, linear, nerved, hidden in the sheaths of the scape, protruding after flowering. (Dedicated to the nymph Arethusa.) 1. A. bulbosa, L. Flower single (rarely 2), erect (1-2' long), with an entire lip recurved at the apex and bearded-crested down the face. — Bogs, Newf. to Ont. 9. OALOPOGON, R. Br. Flower with the ovary or stalk not twisting, therefore presenting its lip on the upper or inner side. Sepals and petals nearly alike, lance-ovate, spreading, dis+^^inct. Lip spreading, distant from the column, raised on a narrowed base or stalk, dilated at the summit, strongly bearded along the upper side. Column free, slender, winged at the apex. Anther terminal and lid-like, sessile ; pollen- masses 4 (two in each cell), of soft powdery grains, lightly connected ])y delicate threads. — Scape from a small solid bulb, sheathed below by the base of the grass-like leaf, naked above, bearing several i! 184 OUCIIIDACK^:. in !!'• I large flowers. Bracts minute. (Naino composed of K«/of;, hrautiful, and Tr/oyijv, beard, from the ])earded li^).) 1. 0. pulchellus, R. Br. Leaf linear ; scape al)out 1° high, 2-6-flowerecT ; flowers 1' broad, pink-purple ; lip as if hinged at the insertion, beautifully bearded toward the dilated summit with white, yellow, and purple clu])-shaped h.'iirs. — Bogs, Newf. to Ont. 10. POGONIA, Juss. Flower irregular, the sepals and jietals separate. Lip crested or 3-lobed. Column free, elongated, club-shai)ed, wingless. Anther terminal and lid-like, stalked ; i)ollen-masses 2 (one in each cell), powdery-granular. (Flw/wv/ftf, bearded, from the lip of some of the original species.) § 1. Sejyals and 2)<'l*ds nearly eqiud and alike, pde rose-color, some- f/imes white. 1. P. Ophioglossoides, Nutt. Root of thick fibres ; stem (6-9' high) bearing a single oval or lance-oblong leaf near the middle and a smaller one or bract near the terminal flower, rarely one or two others with a flower in the axil ; flower 1' long, sweet- scented ; lip spatulate, appressed below to the column, beard- crested and fringed. — Bogs, Newf. to Ont. June, July. (Japan.) n. ORCHIS, L. Flower ringenfc ; the sepals and petals nearly equal. Lip turned downward, coalescing with the base of the column, spurred below. Anther-cells contiguous and parallel. Pollen cohering in numerous coarse waxy grains, which are collected on a cobweb-like elastic tissue into 2 large masses (one filling each anther-cell) borne on a slender stalk, the base of which is attached to a gland or sticky disk of the stigma, the two glands contained in a common little pouch or hooded fold, placed just above the orifice of the spur. Flowers showy, in a spike. — Our species with low scape-like stems, with 1 or 2 leaves at base, from fleshy-fibrous roots. (Opxtg, the ancient name.) 1. 0. spectabilis, L. Showy Ouchis. Root of thick fleshy fibres, prod^mmj 2 oblomj-obwate shlnbuj leaves (3-6' long), and a few- flowered 4 angled scape (4-7' high) ; bracts leaf-like, lanceolate ; sepals and petals all lightly united to form the vaulted galea or ORCniDACK.fi. 185 upper lip, pink-purple, the ovate undivided lip white. — Rich woods, N.B. to Ont. May. 2. 0. rotundifolia, Pursh. Stem naked above, l-lenvcd at base (5-9' high), from a slender creeping rootstock ; leaf varying from almost orbicular to oblong (li-3' long) ; flowers rose-purple, the lip white and spotted with purple, 3-lobed, and the larger middle lobe dilated and 2-lobed or strongly notched, at the siunmit (4-G" long^i, exceeding the ovate-oblong petals and sepals, and the slender depending spur. (Habenaria rotundifolia, liichanlsou.) — Damp woods and bogs, Q. west and northward. 12. HABENARIA, WiUd. Rkin-Ouchis. Glands or viscid disks (to which tho pollen-masses are attached) naked and exposed, separate, sometimes widely so (bt?coming attached, some to the pn^boscis, others to the face (jr head of insects feeding upon the nectar of the spur, the pollen thus carried from one blossom to another) ; otherwise nearly as in true Orchis ; the lateral sepals, however, mostly sjjreading. (Name from Jiobena^ a thong or rein, in allusion to the shape of the lip or spur of some species.) § 1. G\' MNADENIA. Cells of the anther parallel and approximate, their (jlaiids therefore contiguous. ( Appendarjes of the stigma in our species two or three and much developed, oblong or club- shaped.) 1. H. tridentata, Hook. Stem slender (0-12' high), with a single oblong or oblanceolato obtuse leaf below, and 2 or 3 small ones like bracts above ; si)ike C-12-flowered, oblong ; flowers green- ish or whitish, very small; lip ivedge-oblong, tru)icate, and with 3 short teeth at the apex; tjie slender and slightly club-shaped s[)ur curved up.ward, longer than the ovary. — Wet woods, Newf. to Ont. June, July. § 2. PLATANTHERA. Cells of the anther sometimes parallel, m d to tlie back of the orbicular glmd, the viscous face of which Looks obliquely inward. 5. H. Hookeri, Torr. Leaves orbicular, spreading (3-4' broad); scape mostly naked (|-1° high), bearing 10-20 upright sessile yel- lowish-green flowers in a strict spike ; sepals ovate-lanceolate ; lip lanceolate, pointed, incurved, longer than the lance-awl-sJMped ORCHIDACEiE. 187 petals; spur slender, acute, about the length of the orm'}/ (nearly 1' long). — Damp woods and borders of swamps, N. Scotia to Ont. 6. H. orbiculata, Torr. Leaves very large (4-8' wide), orbicular, spreading flat on the ground, shining above, silvery beneath ; scape bracted (1-2° high), bearing many spreading greenish-tvhite Jlourrs in a loose raceme ; upper sepal orbicular, the lateral ovate ; Up narrowly linear and slightly spatulate, ohtiisi', drooping, nearly thrice the length of the oblong-lanceolate and falcate obtuse petals ; spur curvedy slender (about 1^' long), gradually thickened toward the blunt apex, twice the length of the ovary; anther-cells strongly projecting at the free beak-like base (the glands nearly |' apart). — Rich woods (especially coniferous), Newf. westward. *** (Fringed Orchis.) Flowers several or many in an open spike, with m,ostly foliaceous bracts; stem (rather tall) leafy ; spur thread-shaped or scarcely cluh-shaped, longer than the fringed, cleft, or dissected lip; anther-cells widely separated and usually diverging, their 'narrow beak-like bases^ supported by the arms of tJie stigma, strongly projecting forward or partly upward. 1 1 1 (Purple Fringed-Orchis.) Lip fan-shaped, 3-parted above the stalk-like base, the divisions erosely friyiged ; floivers purple; anther-cells ividely separated, little divergent, the orbicular glands oblique; ovary contracted only at the summit; the long curving spur somewhat clavate. 7. H. psycodes, Gray. Leaves oblong or lanceolate, the upper- most passing into linear-lanceolate bracts ; raceme cylindrical, densely many-fiowered ; lower sepals round-ocal, obtuse ; petals wedge- obovate or spatidate, denticulate above; divisions of the spreading lip broadly wedge-shaped, many-cleft into a short fringe. Wet meadows and bogs, common ; Newf, to Ont. July, Aug. — Flowers short-pedicelled, crowded in a spike of 4-10' in length, small, but very handsome, fragrant ; lip short-stalked. 13. CYPRIPEDIUM, L. Lady's Slipper. Moccasin- flower. Sepals spreading ; all three distinct, t)r in most cases two of them united into one under the lip. Petals spreading, resembling the sepals but usually narrower. Lip a large inflated sac. Column declined ; on each side a fertile stamen, with its short filament til 188 ORCIIlDACEJi:. M Jl m If-;: IJi 'J- ■■■ ill ^ m V (■ m bearing a 2-cellecl anther ; the pollen lo(>so and pulpy or powdery- granular ; on the ujiper side a dilatcd-triangular, petal-like but thickish body, which answers to the fertile stsvmen of other Orchids, and covers the summit of the style; stigma terminal, broad, obscure- ly 3-lobed, moist and roughish (not smooth and viscid as in the rest of the order). Pollen in most of our species, especially in n, 4, exposed by the conversion of the face of the anther into a viscid, varnish-like film, which adheres to wliatever touches it, carrying away some of the pollen. — Root of many tufted fibres. Leaves large, many-nerved and plaited, sheathing at the base. Flowers solitary or few, large and showy. (Name composed of Ki'Tpig, VeniiSy and TrdtJiof, a sock or buskin, i.e., Venns's Slipper.) § 1. Two of the sepals united into one under the Up. * Stem leafy to the top, 1-3-floivered ; lip slipper-shaped or roundishy much inflated, luyr'izontal, and with a rounded open orifice. t Sepals and linear wavy-twisted petals hronmish, pointed, longer than tJie lip. 1. C. parviflorum, Salisb. Smalleu Yellow L. Stem 1-2° high, leaves oval, pointed ; sepals ovate or o rate-lanceolate ; lip flattlsh from above, bright yellow (1' long or less) ; sterile stamen triangular. — Bogs and low woods, Newf., westward. May, June. — Flowers fragrant ; sepals and petals more brown-purple than in the next, into which it seems to pass. 2. 0. pubescens, Willd. Larger Yellow L. Stem 2° high, pubescent, as are the broadly oval acute leaves ; sepals elongated- lanceolate ; Up flattened laterally, very convex and gibbous above, 1^-2' long, pale yellow.^ — Bogs and 1«)W Avoods ; same range as the last. if Sepals and petals jtlanc, rounded, white, not longer than the lip. 3. 0. spectabile, Salisb. Showy L. Downy, 2° high ; leaves ovate, pointed ; sepals round-ovate or orbicular, rather longer than the oblong petals; lip much inflated, white, pink-jyurjile in front (1^' long) ; sterile stamen heart-ovate. — Peat-bogs, N. S. to Ont. July. — The most beautiful of the genus. ** Scape naked, 2-leavcd at base, 1-floivered; sepals and petals greenish, shorter than the drooping lip, which ha^ a closed fissure doimi its whole length in front. IRIDACEiE. 189 4. C. acaille, Ait. Stemless L. Downy ; leaves oblong ; scape 8-12' high, with a green bract at top ; sepals oblong-lanceolate, pointed, nearly as long as the linear petals ; lip obovoid or oblong, rose-i)urple (rarely white), nearly 2' long, veiny ; sterile stamen rhomboid. — Dry or moist woods ; Newf., westward. May, June. Order 60. IBID.A.CE.S (Iris Family). Serbs, with equitant 2-r(niked leaves, and regular or irregular perfect Jlowers ; the dlcUians of ihcQ-deft j>etal-like pcriaidh convolute in the hud in 2 sets, the tube coherent unlh the 3-cclled ovary, and 3 distinct or monadeljihous stamens, alter)iate irith the inner divisions of the perianth, icith extrorse anthers. — Flowers from a spathe of 2 or more leaves or bracts, usually showy. Style single, usually 3-cleft ; stigmas 3, opposite the cells of the ovary, or G by the parting of the style-branches. Capsule 3-celled, loculicidal, many- seeded. Seeds anatropous ; embryo straight in fleshy albumen. Rootstocks, tubers, or corms mostly acrid. * Branches of the style (or stigmas) opposite the anthers. 1. Iris. Outer divisions of the perianth recurved, the inner erect; stigmas petal-like. * * Branches of the style alternate with the anthers. Perianth regular. 2. SiByrincMum. Root fibrous. Filaments united. Stigmas thread-like. 1, IBIS, Tourn. Flo\ver-de-Luce. Perianth 6-cleft ; the tube more or less prolonged beyond the ovary ; the 3 outer divisions spreading or reflexed, the 3 inner smaller, erect. Stamens distinct ; the oblong or linear anthers sheltered under the overarching petal-like stigmas (or rather branches of the style, bearing the true stigma in the form of a thin lip or plate under the apex) ; most of the style connate with the tube of the perianth. Capsule 3-6-angled, coriaceous. Seeds depressed-flattened, usually in 2 rows in each cell.— Terennials, with sword-shaped or grassy leaves, and large showy flowers ; ours with creeping and more or less tuberous rootstocks. ('!/"';, the rainbow, anciently applied to this genus on account of its bright and varied colors.) * Stems leafy and rather tall (1-3° high), from thickened rootstocks, often branching I tube of the perianth shorter than the divisions, which are beardless and crestless, the erect inner ones (petals) ttiuch smaller than the outer. 190 LlLIACEiE. I •':Pi If i if i Ml I. i il t Flowers violet-blue, variegated with green, yellow or white, and puj'ple-vei^i£d. 1. I. versicolor, L. Larger Blue Flag. Stem stout, angled on one side ; leaves sword- ahaped (|' wide) ; ovary obtusely trian- gular with the sides flat ; flowers (2^-3' long) sliort-ped uncled, the funnel-form tube shorter than the ovary ; capsule oblong, turgid, with rounded angles. — Wet places, Newf, to Out. May, June. 2. SISYRINCHIUM, L. Biue-eyed Grass. Perianth 6-parted ; the divisions alike, spreading. Stamens monadelphous to the top. Stigmas thread-like. Capsule globular, 3-angled. Seeds globular. — Low slender perennials, with fibrous roots, grassy or lanceolate leaves, mostly branching 2-edged or winged stems, and fugacious umbelled-clustered small flowers from a 2-leaved spathe. (A meaningless name, of Greek origin.) 1. S. angustifolium, Mill. Scape (4-12' high) winged or wing- less, simple, the spathe solitary and terminal, its outer bract more or less elongated ; flowers delicate bh/O, changing to purplish (rarely white), the divisions of the perianth more or less notched, bristle- pointed and ciliate ; mature seeds globose, large (^' broad), faintly pitted or nearly smooth. (S. Bermudiana, var. mucronatum, Gray, excl. descr.) — Moist meadows, etc., among grass; common every- where. June-August. 2. S. anceps, Cuv. Scape (6-18' higli) usually branching and bearing 2 or more pedunclod spathes ; seeds more ovate, much smaller, deeply pitted. (S. Bermudiana, var. anceps, Gray, excl. descr.) — Similar localities ; common. Order 61. LILIACUffl (Lily Family). Herbs, or rarely woody plants, with regular and symmetrical almost always Q-aadrons Jiower.t; the perianth not glumaceous, free from the chiejly 3-celled ovary; the stamens one before each of its divisions or lobes (i.e. 6, in one instance 4), ivith2-celled anthers; fruit a few- many-seeded pod or berry; the small embryo enclosed in copious albu- men. Seeds anatrop(ju8 or aiuphitropous (orthotropous in Smilax). Flowers not from a spathe, except in Allium ; the outer and inner ranks of the perianth colored alike (or nearly so) and generally similar, except in Trillium, LILIACEiG. 191 Sub-order I. LiliaceaB proper. Never climbing by tendrils. Very rarely dioecious. Seeds anatropous or ainphitropous. Series A. Floral bracts scarious. Stamens perigynous on the usually withering- persistent nerved perianth ; anthers introrse. Style undivided, mostly persistent. Fruit a loculicidal capsule or a berry. Leaves transversely veined. •Leafy stems from running rootstocks; fniit a berry; leaves conlate to lanceolate; flowers white ; pedicels jointed. t Perianth gamophyllous, 6-lobed. 1. Polygonatum. stem leafy. Flowers axillary ; perianth cylindrical. 1 1 Perianth-segments distinct, small, spreading, iJersistent. 2. Smilacina. stem simple, leafy. Flowers C-parted, racemose or paniculate. 3. MaiantlieniUZn. stem low, 2-leaved. Flowers 4-merous, racemose. Series B. Floral bracts none or foliaceous. Stamens hypogynous or at the base of the distinct segments of the deciduous perianth (persistent in n. 11); anthers extrorse or dehiscent laterally. Style undivided, deciduous (stigmas sessile and persistent in n. 11). Fruit a loculicidal capsule or a berry. Veinlets anas- tomosing (transverse in n. 4, 5-7). * Fruit a berry ; stem or scape from a creeping rootstock ; leaves broad, alternate or radical ; flowers narrowly campanulate. 4. Streptopus. Stem leafy. Flowers axillarj', on bent pedicels. Anthers sagittate, acute ; filaments deltoid or subulate. 5. Clintonia. Flowers umbellate on a scape, few or many. * * Fruit a capsule, t Stems leafy, from a short or creeping rootstock ; flowers few, solitary, pendulous ; capsule few-seeded. 6. Uvularia. stem terete. Leaves perfoliate. Flowers terminal. Capsule truncate, 3-lobed. 7. Oakesia. stem angled. Leaves sessile. Flowers opposite the leaves. Capsule acutely 3-\vinged. 1 1 Stem or scape from a bulb or corn ; cajisule many -seeded. 8. Erythroniuin. Scape from a solid bulb, with a pair of leaves. Flower solitary. Seeds angled, obovoid. 9. T.iHiini- Stem leafy from a scaly bulb. Seeds horizontal, flattened. * * * Fruit a berry ; stem from a tuber-like rootstock, bearing 1 or 2 whorls of leaves ; flowers tenninal ; stigmas sessile. 10. MedOOla. Leaves in 2 whorls. Flowers umbellate. Perianth-segments similar, colored, deciduous. 11. Trillium. Leaves (3) in a terminal whorl. Flower solitary ; outer sepals leaf-like, persistent. 192 LILIACE^. M '>■ liJ m 1. POLYGONATUM, Touni. Solomoxn's Seal. Peri.'uith cylindrical-oblong, Globed at the summit ; the 6 sta- mens inserted on or above the middle of the tube, included ; anthers introrse. Ovary 3-celled, with 2-6 ovules in each cell ; style slender, deciduous by a joint ; stigma obtuse or capitate, obscurely 3-lobed. Berry globular, black or blue; the cells 1-2- seeded. — Perennial herbs, with simple erect or curving stems, from creeping thick and knotted rootstocks, naked below, above bearing nearly sessile or half -clasping nerved leaves, and axillary nodding greenish flowers; pedicels jointed near the flower. (The ancient name, composed of TroP/f, many, and y6vv, knee, alluding to the numerous joints of the rootstock and stem.) — Ours are alternate- leaved s])ecies, the stem terete or scarcely angled when fresh. 1. P. biflorum, Ell. Smaller Solo;mon's Seal. Glabrous, ex- cept the ovate-oblong or lance-oblong nearly sessile leaves, which are commonly miantely pnhescent as wU as imle or glaucous under- neath; stem slender (l-.T high) ; iwdundes 1-3- but mostly 2-Jloivered; perianth 4 (i"h)ug; Jilaments papillose-rovfjhciied, inserted toward the summit of the perianth. — Wooded hillsides, N. B. to Ont. 2. SMILACINA, Desf. False Solomon's Seal. Perianth C-parted, spreading, withering-persistent (white). Sta- mens 6, inserted at the base of the divisions; filaments slender, anthers short, introrse. Ovary 3-celled, with 2 ovules in each cell; style short and thick ; stigma obscurely 3-lobed. Berry globular, 1-2-seeded. — Perennial herbs, with simple stems from creeping or thickish rootstocks, alternate nerved mostly sessile leaves, and white, sometimes fragrant flowers in a terminal and simple or compound raceme. (Name a diminutive of Sniilax, to which, how- ever, these plants bear little resemblance.) * Flowers on very short i)edicels in a terminal racemose panicle; stamens exceeding the small (1" long) segmeids; ovules collateral; rootstock stout, Jieshy. 1. S. racemosa, Desf. False Spikenard. Minutely downy (l-S"* high) ; leaves numerous, oblong or oval-lanceolate, taper- pointed, ciliate, abruptly somewhat petioled; berries pale red, speckled with purple, aromatic. — Moist copses, N. S. to Sask, LILIACE^.. 193 micle; \,teral; lowny paper- red, * * Flowtrs larger (2-3" long), on svlitory pedicels in a simple fetv- flowered raceme; stamens included; ovules not collateral; root- stock rather slender. 2. S. stellata, Desf. Plant (1° high or less) nearly glabrous, or the 7-12 oblong-lanceolate leaves minutely downy beneath when young, slightly clasping ; raceme sessile or nearly so ; berries blackish. — Moist banks, Lab. and westward. (Eu.) 3. S. trifolia, Desf. Glabrous, dwarf (^-6' high); leaves 3 (some- times 2 or 4), oblong, tapering to a sheathing base; raceme peduncled ; berries red. — Cold bogs. Lab. to Pac. (Sib.) 3. MAIANTHEMUM, Wigg. Perianth 4-parted, with as many stamens. Ovary 2-celled; stigma 2-lobed. Otherwise as in Smilacina. — Flowers solitary or fascicled, in a simple raceme upon a Ioav 2-3-leaved stem. Leaves ovate- to lanceolate-cordate. (Name from Mains, INIay, and avdefiov, afloiver.) 1. M. Canadense, Desf. Pubescent or glabrous (3-5' high); leaves lanceolate to ovate, cordate at base with a very narrow sinus, sessile or very shortly petioled ; perianth-segments 1 " long. (Smi- lacina bifolia, var. Canadensis, Gray.) — Moist woods, Lab. to R. Mts. May. 4. STREPTOPUS, Michx. Twisted-Stalk. Perianth recurved-spreading from a bell-shaped base, deciduous ; the 6 distinct sepals lanceolate, acute, the 3 inner keeled. Anthers arrow-shaped, extrorse, fixed near the base to the short flattened filaments, tapering above to a slender entire or 2-cleft point. Ovary with many ovules in each cell; style and sometimes the stigmas one. Berry red, roundish-ovoid, many-seeded. — Herbs, with rather stout stems from a creeping rootstock, forking and divergent branches, ovate and taper-pointed round-clasping membranaceous leaves, and small (extra-) axillary flowers, either solitary or in pairs, on slender thread-like peduncles, which are abruptly bent or contorted near the middle (whence the name, from aTpenrdc, twisted^ and TToiif, foot or stalk). 1. S. amplexifolius, DC. Stem 2-3* high, glabrous ; leaves very smooth^ glaucous undernecUhy strongly clasping; flower greenisli- 194 ULIACEiC. rilf.'. Ml tc/it^e (4-6" long) on a long abruptly bent peduncle ; anthers taper- ing to a slender entire point; stigma entire, truncate. — Cold moist woods, Lab. to Pac. June. (Eu.) 2. 8. roseus, Michx. Lower leaves green both sides, Jinelij eilinte, and the branches sparingly, beset with short bristly hairs ; fiov:e'»' rose-purple (3-4" long), more than half the length of the slightly bent peduncle ; anthers 2-hornod ; stigrua 3-cleft. — Cold damp woods, Lab. to R. Mts. May. 5. OLINTONIA, Raf. Perianth of 6 8ej)arate sepals, bell-shaped, lily-like, deciduous ; the 6 stamens inserted at their base. Filaments long and thread- like; anthers linear or oblong, extrorsely fixed by a point above the base, the cells oi)ening down the margins. Ovary ovoid-oblong, 2-3-celled ; style long ; stigmas 2 or 3, or in ours unitod into one. Berry few-many-seeded. — Short-stemmed perennials, with slendei creeping rootstocks, bearing a naked peduncle slioathed at the base by the stalks of 2-4 large oblong or oval ciliate leaves; flowers rather large, umbelled, rarely single. (Dedicated to De Witt Clinton.) 1. 0. borealis, Raf. Scape and leaves 6-8' long; umbel J^-6- Jlowered; perianth greenish-yellow, somewhat downy outside (3-4" long) ; berry ovoid, blue ; ovules 20 or mare. — Cold moist woods, Lab. to Sask. 6. UVULARIA, L. Bellwort. Perianth narrowly bell-shaped, lily-like, deciduous; the 6 dis- tinct sepals spatulate-lanceolate, acuminate, obtusely gibbous at base, with a deep honey-bearing groove within bordered on each side by a callus-like ridge. Stamens much shorter, barely adherent to their base ; anthers linear, much longer than the filaments, adnate and extrorso, but the long narrow cells opening laterally. Style deeply 3 cleft ; the divisions stigmatic along the inner side. 'Capsule truncate, coriaceous, 3-lobed, loculicidal at the summit. Seeds few in each cell, obovoid, with a thin white aril. — Stems rather low, terete, from a short rootstock with fleshy roots, naked or scaly at base, forking above, bearing oblong perfoliate flat and membranaceous leaves with smooth margins, and yellowish drooping LILlACR.f:. 196 flowers, in spring, solitary on terminal peduncles. (Name "from the flowers hanging liko the uwila, or {mlate.") 1. U. grandiflora, Smith. Yellowish-green, not glaucous ; stem naked or with a single loaf below the fork ; leaves whitish-puhescent beneath, usually somewhat acuminate ; perianth-segnients smooth ivithin or nearly so (12-18" long) ; stamnis exceeding the styles, obtusely tipped; capsule obtusely lobed. (l^. flava, Smith.) — Rich woods, Q. and Out. 7. OAKESIA, Watson. Flowers resembling those of Uvularia, but the segments obtuse or acutish, carinately gibbous and without ridges within. Capsule membranous, elliptical, acutish at each end or shortly stipitate, triquetrous and acutely wuiged, very tardily dehiscent. Seeds globose, with a very tumid spongy rhaphe. — Stem acutely angled, from a slender creeping rootstock, with sessile clasping leaves scabrous on tho margin, and 1 or 2 flowers terminal on slender peduncles but soon appearing oi)posito to the leaves by the growth of the branches. (Dedicated to William Oakes.) 1. 0. sessilifolia, Watson. Leaves lance-oblong, acute at each end, pale, glaucous beneath, sessile or partly clasping ; sepals 7-12" long ; anthers obtuse ; capsule short-8tii)itate, 6-10" long. (Uvularia sessilifolia, X.) — Low woods, Q. to Ont. 8. ERYTHRONIUM. L. Dog's-tooth Violet. Perianth lily-like, of 6 distinct lanceolate sepals, recurved or spreading above, deciduous, the 3 inner usually with a callous tooth on each side of the erect base, and a groove in the middle. Filaments 6, awl-shaped ; anthers oblong-linear, continuing erect. Style elongated. Capsule obovato, contracted at base, 3 valved, loculicidal. Seeds rather numerous, ovoid, with a loose membra- naceous tip. — Nearly stemless herbs, with two smooth and shining flat leaves tapering into petioles and sheathing the base of the commonly one-flowered scape, rising from a deep solid-scaly bulb. Flowers rather large, nodding, in spring. (The Greek name for the purple-flowered European species, from e/jvOpo^, red.) 1. E. Americanum, Ker. Yellow Adder's-tonoue. Scape B-y high ; leaves elliptical-lanceolate, pale green, mottled with 196 LILIACR.«. m w ■ m ji. purplish and whitish and commonly minutely dotted ; p'^rianth light ydlowy often spotted near the base (10-20" long) ; style club- shaped ; stigmas united. — Rich ground, N. Brunswick to Ont. 9. LILIUM, L. Lily. Perianth funnel-form or bell-shaped, colored, of 0 distinct sepals, spreading or recurved above, with a honcy-boaring furrow at the base, deciduous ; the C stamens somewhat adhering to their bases. Anthers linear, extrorsely attached near the middle to the tapering apex of the long filament, which is at first included, at length versatile ; the cells dehiscent by a lateral or slightly introrse lino. Style elongated, somewhat club-shajied ; stigma 3-lobed. Capsule oblong, containing numerous flat and horizontal (depressed) soft- coated seeds densely packed in 2 rows in each cell. Bulbs scaly, producing simple stems, with numerous alternate-scattered or whorlod narrow sessile leaves, and from one to several large and showy flowers ; iu summer. (The classical Latin name, from the Greek ?i£lpiov.) * Flowers erecty the sepals narrowed hdoiv into claws; b}dbs not rhizomatoiis. 1. L. Philadelphicum, L. Wild Orange-red Lily. Wood Lily. Stems 2-3° high ; leaves linear-lanceolate, ivhorled or scat- tered; flowers (2-4' long) 1-3, open-bell-shaped, reddish-orange spotted with purplish inside ; the lanceolate sepals not recurved at the summit ; bulb of thick fleshy jointed scales. — Dry or sandy ground, Q., westward. * * Flowers nodding, the sepals sessile ; hnlbs rhizomatons. 2. L. Canadense, L. Wild Yellow Lily. Stem 2-7° high ; leaves reuiotely whorled, lanceolate, strongly 3-nerved, the margins and nerves rough ; flowers few (2-3' long), long-peduncled, oblong- bell-shaped, the sepals recurved-spreading above, yellow or orange, usually spotted with brown. — Moist meadows and bogs, N. S. to Ontario. 10. M E D E 0 L A , Gronov . Indian Cucumber-root. Perianth recurved, the 3 sepals and 3 petals oblong and alike (pale greenish-yellow), deciduous. Stamens 6 ; anthers shorter than the slender filaments, oblong, extrorsely attached above the ULIAC&M. 197 base, but the line of dehiscence of the closely contiguous parallel cells lateral or slightly introrse. Stigmas, or styles, stigmatic down the upper side, rocurved-diverging from the globose ovary, lung and thread-form, deciduous. Berry globose (dark purple), 3-colled, few-seedod. — A perennial herb, with a simple slender stem (1-3* high, clothed with flocculent and deciduous wool), rising from a horizontal and tuberous white rootstock (which has the taste of cucumber), bearing near the middle a whorl of 5-9 obovate-lan- ceolate and pointed, sessile, lightly paralled-ribbed and netted- veiny, thin leaves ; also another of 3 (rarely 4 or 5) much smaller ovate ones at the top, subtending a sessile umbel of small recurved flowers. (Named after the sorceress Medea, for its supposed great medicinal virtues.) 1. M. Virginiana, L. — Rich damp woods, N. S. to Ont. June. 11. TRILLIUM, L. Wake Robin. Bihthkoot. Sepals 3, lanceolate, spreading, herbaceous, persistent. Petals 3, larger, withering in age. Stamens 0 ; anthers linear, on short fila- ments, adnate, usually introrse ; the cells opening down the margins. Stigmas sessile, awl-shaped or slender, spreading or recurved above, persistent, stigmatic down the inner .side. Ovary 3-6-angled. Berry ovate, usually 6-angled or -winged, 3-celled (purple or red). Seeds ovate, horizontal, several in each cell. — Low perennial herbs, with a stout and simple stem rising- from a short and praemorse tuber-like rootstock, naked, bearing at the summit a whorl of 3 ample, commonly broadly ovate, more or less ribbed but netted-veined leaves, and a terminal large flower ; in spring. (Name from trlpliim, triple ; all the parts being in threes.) — Monstrosities are not rare with the calyx and sometimes petals changed to leaves, or the parts of the flower increased in number. * Ovary and fruit Q-angled and more or less winged. f Flower pedicelled ; connective narrow, not produced ; lea iv.s sub- sessile. { Pedicel longer than thefiower; filament shorter than the anther. 1. T. erectum, L. Leaves very broadly rhombic (2i-6' wide), shortly acuminate ; pedicel (1-3' long) usually more or less inclined or declinate ; petals ovate to lanceolate (9-18" long), brown-purple or m S III li 'iri 198 ARACEifl. ^?f1 1 iV'.;^" often white or greenish or pinkish ; stamens equalling or exceeding the 8toi(t distinct spreading or recurmd stigmas ; fruit ovate, 1' long, reddish. — Rich woodd, N. Scotia to Ont. Flowers ill-scented. 2. T. grandiflorum, Salisb. Leaves less broadly rhombic-ovate (li-4' wide) ; pedicel erect or ascending ; petals oblanceolatey often broadly so (l\-2h' l'>ng), white turning rose-color or marked with green ; stamens with stout filaments (persistently green about the fruit) and antliers, exceeding the very slender erect or suberect and smneirhat coherent stigmas; fruit globose,^!' long. — Rich woods, Q. and Ont. I J Pedicel short, recnrved or strongly decimate ; Jilaments slender, about equalling ilie anther. 3. T. cemuum, L. Leaves very broadly rhombic-ovate (2-4' broad) ; petals white or pink, ovate- to oblong-lanceolate (6-12" long), wavy, recurved-spreading ; stamens with short anthers, shorter than the stout recurved distinct stigmas ; fruit ovate. — Moist woods, N.S. to Ont. ■*■* Ovary and fruit 3-lobed or angled, not winged ; Jilanienfs slender, about equaUing the anthers; pedicel erect or inclined; leaves petiolate. 4. T. erythrocarpum, Michx. Painted T. Leaves ovate, taper- pointed; petals orate or oval-lanceolate, pointed, wavy, widely spread- ing, white painted with ptnple stripes at the base, shorter than the peduncle ; fruit broad-ovate, obtuse, 7-9" long. — Cold damp woods and bogs, N.S. to Ont. Order 62. AIIACE.£ (Arum Faruly). IHants with acrid or p>uigent ^uice, simple or compound often veiny leaves, and Jlowers crowded on a S2}adix, which is usually surrounded by a spathe. — Floral envelopes none, or of 4-6 sepals. Fruit usually a berry. Seeds with fleshy albumen, or none, but filled with the large fleshy embryo. A large family, chiefly tropical. Herbage abounding in slender rhaphides. — The genuine Aracese have no floral envelopes, and are almost all monoecious or dioecious ; but the genera of the second section, with more highly developed flowers, are not to be separated. * Spathe surroundin(|f or subtending the spadix ; flowers naked, t.^., without perianth. AaxAxjsUAd^ 199 1* AliWlHtTIH Flowers monoecious or dicecious, coverings only the base of the spadix. 2. Calla. Flowers perfect (at least the lower ones), covering the whole of the short spadiz. Spathe open and spreading. * * Spathe surrounding the spadix in n. 3, none or imperfect in the rest ; flowers with a calyx or perianth and perfect, covering the whole spadix. 3. SymplOCaxpUS. Spadix globular, in a fleshy shell-shaped spathe. Stemless. 1. ABISiEMA, Martius. Indian Turnip. Dragon Arum. Spathe convolute below and mostly arched above. Flowers monoecious or by abortion dioecious, covering only the base of the spadix, which is elongated and naked above. Floral enveln])es none. Sterile flowers above the fertile, each of a cluster of almost sessile 2-4-celled anthers, opening by pores or cliinks at the top. Fertile flowers consisting each of a 1-celled ovary, tipped with a depressed stigma, and containing 5 or 6 orthotropous ovules erect from the base of the cell ; in fruit a l-few-seeded scarlet berry. Embryo in the axis of albumen. — Low perennial herbs, with a tuberous rootstock or corm, sending up a simple scape sheathed with the petioles of the simple or compound veiny leaves. (Name from apig, a kind of arum, and aiua, blood, from the spotted leaves of some species.) 1. A. triphyllum, Torr. Indian Turnip. Leaves vw.stbj 2, divided into 3 elliptical-ovate pointed leaflets; spadic mostly dimcioiis, club-shaped, obtuse, much shorter than the spathe, which is flattened and incurved-hooded at the ovate-lanceolate, pointed summit. — Rich woods, N. S. to Ont. May. — Corm turnip-shaped, wrinkled, farinaceous, with an intensely acrid juice ; spathe with the petioles and sheaths green, or often variegated with dark purple and whitish stripes or spots. 2, CALLA, L. Water Arum. Spathe open and spreading, ovate (abruptly pointed, the upper surface white), persistent. Spadix oblong, entirely covered with flowers ; the lower perfect and 6-androus ; the upper often of stamens only. Floial envelopes none. Filaments slender ; anthers 2-celled, opening lengthwise. Ovary 1-cellcd, with 5-9 erect anatropous ovules ; stigma almost sessile. Berries (red) distinct, few-seeded. Seeds with a conspicuous rhaphe and an embryo 200 ABACEiB. li ml nearly the length of the hard albumen. — A low perennial herb, growing in cold bogs, with a long creeping rootstock, bearing heart- shaped long-petioled leaves, and solitary scapes. (An ancient name, of unknown meaning.) 1. 0. palustris, L.— Cold bogs, N.S. west und northward. June. — Seeds surrounded with jelly. (Eu.) 3. SYMPLOCARPUS, Salisb. Skunk Cabbage. Spathe hooded-shell-form, pointed, very thick and fleshy, decay- ing in fruit. Spadix globular, short-stalked, entirely and densely covered with perfect flowers, their 1-celled or abortively 2-celled ovaries immersed in the fleshy receptacle. Sepals 4, hooded. Stamens 4, opposite the sepals, with at length rather slender fila- ments ; anthers extrorse, 2-celled, opening lengthwise. Style 4-angled and awl-shaped ; stigma small. Ovule solitary, suspended, anatropous. Fruit a globular or oval mass, composed of the en- larged and spongy spadix, enclosing the spherical seeds just beneath the surface, which is roughened with the persistent fleshy sepals and pyramidal styles. Seeds filled by the large globular and fleshy corm-like embryo, which bears one or several plumules at the end next the base of the ovary ; albumen none. — Perennial herb, with a strong odor like that of the skunk, and also somewhat alliaceous ; a very thick rootstock, bearing a multitude of long and coarse fibrous roots and a cluster of very large and broad entire veiny leaves, preceded in earliest spring by the nearly sessile spathes, which barely rise out of the ground. (Name from avfirrhm^, con- nectioriy and mpKdg, fruit, in allusion to the coalescence of the ovaries into a compound fruit.) 1. S. fOBtidus, Salisb. Leaves ovate, cordate, becoming 1-2° long, short-petioled ; spathe spotted and striped with purple and yellowish-green, ovate, incurved; fruit (in autumn) 2-3' in diam., in decay shedding the bulblet-like seeds, which are 4-6" long. — Bogs and moist grounds, N. Scotia to Ont.