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Tous luas autres exemplaires originaux sent filmfo en commen^ant par la premiere page qui comporte une empreinte d'impression ou d'illustration et en terminant par la dernlAre page qui comporte une telle empreinte. Un des symboles suivants apparaftra sur la dernlAre image de cheque microfiche, selon le cas: le symbols — ^ signifie "A SUIVRE", le symbols V signifie "FIN". Les cartes, planches, tableaux, etc., peuvent Atre filmte A des taux de rMuction diffArents. Lorsque le document est trop grand pour Atre reproduit en un seul ciichA, ii est film* A partir de Tangle supArieur gauche, de gauche A droite. et de haut en bas, en prenant le nombre d'images nAcessaire. Les diegrammes suivants illustrent la mAthode. 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 f^ /iMmuy ^ SUCCESSFUL FARMING. HOW TO FARM FOR PROFIT. The Latest Methods. BY Wm. Bennie, Sr.. Late of the Ontario Agrrlcultural College. ILLUSTRATED. TORONTO : WiLUAM RENiriE'S SoWS. S900. Entered accordir i» to Act of Parliament of Canada, in the office of the Minister of Asriculture, by Wu. Rknnie's Sons, in the year one thousand nine hundred. Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1900, by Wm. Rinmie's Sons, in the office of the Librarian of Congress at Washiuf^on. PBIMTKD BT R. G. McLxAxii TOBOMTO. PREFACE. The need of a practical work on agriculture has long been felt. At one time the farmer but " tickled the ground with a hoe and the land laughed with a harvest." At present average conditions are vastly different. While the science of agriculture has made rapid advance during recent years, the tiller of the soil has been slow to apply the principles thus taught. By employing methods based upon scientific principles, our farmers may largely increase their profits, in fact, they may rival the returns of the " good, old days." ''Successful Farming" is written to meet the wants of those desiring information in the latest methods of profitable farming. The aim, too, has been to show in plain language, that scientific farming is synonymous with successful farming. Mr. Rennie endeavored to give the reader the benefit of his long experience as a farmer. The book contains such ideas as can be readily carried out. The sections on the Restoring and Maintaining of Soil Fertility, the Destruction of Foul Weeds, the Conservation of Soil Moisture, Shallow Cultivation and Crop Rotation, are of special importance. Considerable attention has been given to the garden and the orchard. Much practical advice is given in the divisions dealing with the Farm Buildings, Fencing, Ditching, and the Care of Live Stock. The author, through many years of practical farming, has * VI PREFACE. arrived at the system of agriculture which is here presented. That it has proved successful is evinced by the fact that, in competition for the cleanest and best managed farm, he was awarded the first Silver Medal presented by the Agricultural and Arts' Association, of the Province of Ontario. Daring the past six years, as Farm Superintendent at the Ontario Agricultural College, the author had excellent opportunities of demonstrating and practising these principles. From visiting the Experimental Farm, and by listening to Mr. Rennie's talks at Farmers' Institutes, many of you have become more or less familiar with the methods herein laid down. Having now arrived at that time of life when the author can no longer bring before his fellow farmers the fruits of his long and varied experience, in the manner before indicated, he has, at the earnest solicitation of many, undertaken the publication of this volume. It contains the garnered knowledge of a life-time, and it is hoped it may meet with the kind approval of the farmers of this country. WM. KENNIES SONS, Pvhliahers. Toronto, March, 1900. CONTENTS. PAGE Preface v Table of Contents vii List of Illustrations 275 General Index 279 CHAPTER I. SKCnON PAGE L Farm Management 9 II. The Laws of Nature 11 III. Underdraining 12 IV. Cultivation of the Soil 17 V. Fencing 31 VI. Rotation of Crops 41 VII. Spring Cultivation for Roots 66 VIII. How to grow Roots for Exhibition 70 IX. Cultivation for Potatoes 72 X. Rape Sowing 7G XL Preparation for Corn 77 XIL Other Silage Crops 87 XIIL Fall Cultivation 94 XIV. Grain Section — Number Four 96 XV. Rotation of Soiling Crops 109 XVL Three Years Rotation Ill viii OONTBKTS. CHAPTER II. SECTION PAGE I. Beautifying the Farm 113 II. Vegetable Garden 131 III. Small Fruits 141 IV. Orchard 160 CHAPTER III. I. Farm Implements and Buildings 183 II. Farm Bam 187 III. Sheep Pen 198 IV. Piggery 202 V. Convenience of Buildings 207 CHAPTER IV. I. Economic Feeding 209 II. How and When to Feed 214 III. Breeds of Cattle 217 IV. Horse Breeding 232 V. Care and Feeding of Colts 238 VI. Breedsof Sheep 239 VII. Swine 246 VIII. Poultry 253 CHAPTER V. I. Bookkeeping on the Farm 269 II. Cash Book 271 III. Ledger 272 IV. To find Present Worth and Loss or Gain . . 273 Successful Farming. CHAPTER I. Section I. FARM MANAGEMENT. The farm manager who thoroughly under- stands his business, is the most independent man in the world. The demand for competent farm managers at lucrative salaries is greater than the supply, and this demand is likely to increase. Many farms throughout the country are passing into the hands of capitalists, who prefer to have their money invested in real estate, provided they can get interest for their investment, and at the same time improve the farms so that the value may be increased. While our agricultural colleges and experi- ment stations are doing a good work by educating our young men, the work being done is only as a drop in the bucket. It has been truly stated that " agriculture is the foundation on which rests all the other industries." When we understand this fact it is manifest that agriculture should have a more prominent place in the curriculum of our public and secondary schools. It certainly would be more profitable, instructive and interesting for turn iBVMtmeBi AcrienltanJ OollcffM. Acrienltort inSohooli. 10 SUCCESSFUL FARMING. Qualifloa- tiona of 8uoo«mAi1 Manacar. our young people to study practical agriculture and the teachings of science (the laws of nature) than to devote so much of their time to the dead languages and kindred dry subjects. Although many of our farmers by economy and industry, even through years of depression, have been laying by in store, a scientific knowledge in the cultivation of the soil, feeding of live stock, dairying, etc., would have materially increased their profits. At the same time, it is well to remember that although a young man may understand all the up-to-date ideas, if he ]'•»•»•• carried off, and the quality of the subsoil through which the drains run. In a tenacious clay soil, thirty feet apart would be considered an 1, SUBSOIL PLOW. average distance. In a free soil, the lateral drains may be sixty feet apart. In commencing to drain, open up with an ili°"^p"^ ordinary plow, by passing three or four times in the same track. The subsoil can then be loosened with an ordinary subsoil plow. (See 111. 1). The earth thus loosened to a depth of about two and a half feet can easily be thrown 14 Oradiag a Brain. SUCCESSFUL FARMING. out with narrow shovels. The bottom of the drain should be dug with a narrow draining spade (see 111. 2), made for the purpose, and the loose earth thrown out with a crummer. (See 111. 3). To secure a proper grade for the bottom of a drain, use several cross-heads made from 2. DRAINING SPADE. strips of one inch boards, three or four inches wide. The length of standards varies accord- ing to the depth of the drain. A cross-piece, about two feet long, is nailed on the top of the standard. Place the cross-heads so that the tops of the cross-pieces are in line. The proper grade is ascertained by using an ordinary spirit level. When ready to lay the tile, set a 3. CRUMMER. standard or the handle of the crummer, at the bottom of the drain, and mark in line with the top of cross-heads ; this will, by testing every few feet, give a true grade for the tiles. (See 111. 4). UXDERDRAINIXG. 15 When laying the tile run them so that they J>y*Mf join well and see that they are firmly laid. In making connection, make an opening in the main drain tile with a small mill pick, and fit the lateral tight. (800 111. 5). In covering, put the black surface soil next to the tiles. The 4. DRAINING. reason for this is, that the black surface soil is composed of vegetable matter and will pre- vent the subsoil from getting in at the joints. If the drains are properly laid, the least pre- ceptible fall is sufficient to carry off the water without clogging. m f .■■ n^^^ "•••^'-' . -.r . ^■ 16 ofOraiu. Sitehinc SUCCESSFUL FARMING. A correct diagram of all drains should be made and kept for future reference. Ditching machines have not come into gen- eral use. Some years ago, the writer invented a 5. DRAIN CONNECTION. ditching machine at great cost, which did good work, but it is not manufactured at the present time, as it was found to be too expensive (See 111. 6). CULTIVATION OF THE SOIL. 17 Section IV. CULTIVATION OF THE SOIL. Farms that have become exhausted through wom-oat continuous cropping, without a systematic rota- i;:i.!„Jii hi.hl ;!f;!|l,t HI f> %A .Ul'Li !', i-' mm H.!il!i,.,'.iliiii^' km 'ri.iii'llii If* 'i!!;i'> ililijiSlM il ■ i» yili- .; ^ x\\\:'\\ tion, can only be renewed by applying vege- table matter on the surface, and incorporating it 18 SUCCESSFUL FARMING. Bnmus. Humua EeUins Xoiatur*. Humua Fizat AmmonUu Hnmua Improvei the Texture. Mineral Fertiliiere. Fertilisers Only Stimulants. with the surface soil, so that it will decompose quickly, and form what is termed Kwmua, Humus has a distinct value, apart from the plant food it contains.' It absorbs and retains moisture much more readily than any other ingredient, so that a soil which is rich in humus will withstand drought, without drying out and becoming hard. Humus also aids in the decomposition of the mineral matter in the soil, changing unavailable into available plant food. It fixes ammonia in the soil, and thus prevents its being lost by leaching or evapora- tion. It improves the textuieand mechanical condition of a heavy soil, making it lighter, more porous, and less adhesive or sticky. On. a sandy soil, humus serves to bind together the loose particles of sand, and so prevents the soil from drifting and the excessive leaching of plant food. Mineral fertilizers, such as gypsum, lime, salt, etc., may be used to advantage on a soil which is well supplied with vegetable matter to change it into available plant food quickly ; but as these are only stimulants, and do not contain any plant food in themselves, their continued use, must and does exhaust the soil of its supplies of nitrogen, potash and phosphatic compounds, so that the result is a more rapid and complete exhaustion of the soil. Without humus the soil has lost its retaining power, so that when those mineral fertilizers are dissolved, they CULTIVATION OF THE SOIL. 19 Rotted lod for PottiBf. either evaporate or leach down beyond the reach of most plants. This is why the use of land plaster does not give as good results now, as in former years. The practical florist understands that the Jho best soil he can use to grow plants successfully K«ri»*- is rotted sod, and none is better than the native Mativo sod. sod that has never been plowed. It is cut three or four inches thick, taker and piled up for a time, then turned over frequently, and exposed to heat, air and moisture, the essentials for rotting vegetable matter. After it is thoroughly rotted, and a black color, it is ready for use, and the pots may be filled and the plants set in them and watered. The plants will grow and develop perfectly with but little attention. This kind of soil will hold water like a sponge, and never get hard and crack open. The old theoretical idea was to take soil, It«ow , ' Thooretxe*! regardless of vegetable matter, have it analysed "•*• and find exactly what proportions of nitrogen, potash, phosphoric acid, etc., were required for plant growth. After the soil was thoroughly prepared with the necessary fertilizers incorpor- ated in the soil, the pots were filled with plants, and watered the same as in the soil made from rotted sod. The results, however, are entirely different. The soil prepared with fertilizers, will require to be watered every day or two, otherwise it will get hard and compact, and 20 SUCCESSFUL FARMING. Benaflto of Veeetabl* ■ftttor. Color of Huinn*. Bare Bummer- faUow. Bare Summer- faUow Deatroys Humus. Temporarily Improve!. the plants will die for lack of moisture. If it is kept thoroughly watered, the fertilizers will soon become dissolved, and leach down beyond the reach of the roots of the plant so that it will not derive any benefit from the fertilizer. From the above illustration we will under- stand that the fertility of a soil depends largely on the amount and quality of vegetable matter it contains. When we speak of worn out land, we do not mean the quality of the subsoil, as that undergoes little or no change. The whole difficulty is the lack of vegetable matter on the surface. When this is destroyed through con- tinuous cropping without a proper system of rotation, the soil will get hard and crack open, unless there is rain every few days during the summer months, a thing which rarely occurs. Soil that lacks decomposed vegetable matter (humus) is of a light color, while a rich soil, filled with hunnns, is black. In adopting a system of rotation of crops, a bare summerfallow should not be included, because plowing, cultivating and harrowing the laud several times during the summer season adds nothing to its fertility, and is particularly destructive upon the humus. It temporarily puts the soil in better condition by improving the tilth, thus making the plant food already in the soil soluble, so that a crop of fall wheat will grow luxuriantly, but before the land is used for another crop a large portion of the CULTIVATION OF THE SOIL. 21 plant food is lost by leaching and evaporation. Besides, there is an additional loss of a season's 2^^,. crop, and much of the labor required in culti- iuu. vating the land. There are different methods of renewing How to worn out lands. One method is to sow peas and wom-out ^ Land. buckwheat early in the spring at the rate per w^^ \:iR\v\- \ "V V '■i"i'\ ,A'i% fe^^ 7. GRAIN DRILL acre of one and a half bushels of some long straw variety of peas, and one-half bushel of common buckwheat. The best plan is to sow 5nd?r°feM with a grain drill separately (see HI. 7), the whL?^^* peas in one direction, and the buckwheat across. When both the peas and buckwheat are begin- 22 Bummer Oultivation. SUCCESRFTJL FARMING. ning to bloom spread farm manure over the crop at the rate of about ten team loads per acre, and plow the whole, crop and manure, under about four inches deep. Use a revolving coulter that will not clog, and a chain from the beam of the plow to the end of the evener to draw all the green crop and manure under the furrow. (See 111. 8). ' After this, the plowed land must be rolled with a heavy land roller (see 111. 9), and 8. PLOW WITH REVOLVING COULTER. liarrowed thoroughly. After the ground has been thoroughly harrowed resow with peas and buckwheat, or better, sow vetches instead of peas, and oats in place of buckwheat. Either of these will make a large quantity of vegetable matter ready to plow under by the middle of August. After plowing roll the land and harrow it immediately. This is necessary to retain the moisture which is one of the essentials for decomposing vegetable matter quickly. CULTIVATION OF THE SOIL. S8 MamH By the end of August the green crop which was plowed under, as above stated, will be ■"""** rotted sufficiently, so' that it can be cultivated with a spring tooth cultivator (see 111. 10), an4 harrowed alternately, lengthwise and across the field, two at three times. This will decompose fitSSS?* and make available sufficient plant food, and place it on the surface where it is required. It 9. LAND ROLLER. will also retain the moisture. This preparation is sufficient for a crop of wheat or any other grain. If the subsoil is a strong imd tenacious clay, it will require to be loosenetl with a sub- soil plow (see 111. 1), or with a cultivator sup- plied with chisel pointed teeth, to which four- horses may be attached. (See 111. 11). The spring tooth cultivator has also subsoil teeth. 24 BUCCE88FUL FARMING. B«w to OltMi th* (See 111. 10^). If the subBoil is composed of sand or gravel it would be detrimental to loosen it In order to clean the land of weeds it is not necessary to make a bare sum merf allow. Prepare the land as for a crop and sow peas and oats, or, 10. SPRING TOOTH CULTIVATOR. say vetches and buckwheat, early in May. When these come into bloom spread farm manure on the crop and plow under as before described, following with roller and harrows. If the land is foul with weeds and weed seeds they will soon germinate and grow under this CULTIVATION OF THE SOIL. 25 kind of treatment. To dcHtroy and exterminate them is now a much easier work than it was before we had little or no knowledge of their nature, or muthods of feeding and growing. About twenty years ago the late William p*'*!"^ Burgess, a well-known gardener, in an article ^••^ upon this subject stated "that no man could transplant Canada thistles better than the '*, ( fs w <• . 1 < ^ V J w v_ Jl w , » . ^^^p ^R^ w ■*'.' : ■ . ■■•. ,i lOi. SPRING TOOTH FOR CULTIVATING HARD LAND AND SUBSOILINQ. farmer with his plow." \Vo can underHtaiid the force of this statement when it is known that all the buds or eyes on a tliistle root are near the surface of tlie ground (tlie same holds good with all perennials). The roots that run down deep into the subsoil are only feeders, and have no buds or eyes to start a new plant. By 26 SUCCESSFUL FARMING. plowing, say seven or eight inches deep, nearly all the buds are in the furrows, and will sprout and grow quickly, several plants from each root, so that in many cases plowing multiplies the plants instead of reducing them. Plowing down wacdBMda. weed seeds of any kind is ruinous to the land. Many varieties of weed seeds will retain their vitality in the soil for fifteen, and some as long as twenty years if excluded from the air. The correct method to adopt for increasing FlowiBf Sown 11. FOUR-HORSE SUBSOILER. Advantagas soil fertility, and ridding or cleaning the land of Cultivation, wceds, both annual and perennial varieties, is shallow cultivation. The only exception is the loosening of a clay subsoil occasionally, when a green crop and farm manure has been plowed under, and the ground rolled and harrowed about the beginning of July as before described. All seeds near the surface will germinate and grow quickly, and the roots of perennials Oorminat* iaffWaoda. CULTIVATION OF THE SOIL. 27 HowWMds Orow. fiuch as Canada thistles, couch grass, etc., will quickly send up shoots. The simplest method of exterminating these is when the thistles or weeds are about three inches high, or say before any of the leaves are fully developed. When the plants are growing they derive their nourishment from and through the roots, but after the leaves are fully developed they collect a certain amount of nutriment from the atmosphere. They should be cut off from the root at this stage in their growth. This work is done expeditiously with a spring tooth cultivator, with wide points regulated to cut about two inches below the surface. (See 111. 10). After the land has been thus cultivated, and f^JJSJ given one stroke with the harrows, a hot July sun will destroy them. If this operation is repeated at intervals of about two weeks until September, the land will be cleaned of all perennial weeds, and all the foul seeds that are on, or near the surface. After the land has been cleaned in this manner, it should be in good condition to grow a grain crop of any kind. It should then be seeded with common pittSSty?* red clover at the rate of twelve pounds per acre, to increase the fertility of the soil. If the clover seed is sown on the fall wheat, it should be sown early in the spring following by hand or with a grass seeder. (See 111. 12). If it is decided to sow grain in the spring instead of ' ■Ui,L!>lljl.aJ''tg|.Jl'iUU.--J 28 SUCCESSFUL FARMING. Ribbinr inFaU. Advantace of Ribbing. fall wheat, this land should be ribbed in October (instead of plowing) with a double mould-board or drill plow. (See 111. 13). An ordinary plow may be used instead, in a manner known as " Cut and Cover." This prevents the soluble plant food from leaching away during the winter, with rains and melting snows, which on the prepared ground will run off in the furrows, without interfering with the humus which is in the centre of the ribs. • ii{iii«iiti>ai;: ■ iiiDiirtiiiiii/iiiiiiixii 111114(1 iiiiiiifiMiiiil(i>i'l(liifif>«iiir iKtllltMaMi.'x.tiiiiii -•••iktt'i.liiilii '«■(■• tiiiditi il>'-ii>iiii.iliit:!i.(liiiiMai>i.'l(rai>i>aial>>! • ■ « |||4»>a all • IliilM' MIKIflli • luaaia. ililliai ■ ••'•l»i • llltii. a • Ni .ati . •HI a III • ii* ■ ■ *•• ^•H allll iJlJh't.?^!! lJ«^m Spring Cultivation. 12. GRASS SEED SOWER. Make the ribs about twenty inches wide. When land is ribbed in the fall, it allows the frost to break up the subsoil and loosen it. In the spring, these ribs are harrowed, and cultivated down with a spring tooth cultivator, and again harrowed before the grain drilx is used. (See HI. 14). Sow the grain, wheat, oats, or barley, as early as possible in the spring. There is quite an advantage in having the land Dc ev( inc spr wh the and unt rolli puh CULTIVATION OF THE SOIL. 29 ribbed in the fall, as it can be worked much eariier in the spring. Use only sound and well matured grain for seed. The following quanti- f "j"'**^ •^ ties are quite sufficient per acre: Barley, one p«'^«"- and a half bushels ; wheat and oats, one and a quarter bushels. In sowing clover seed with grain, the best method is to sow it in front of the grain spouts, so that it will be scattered on the surface. After sowing, give a stroke with the harrows crossways, to smooth the surface. 13. DRILL PLOW WITH POTATO DIGGER ATTACHMENT. Do not roll until the land is thoroughly dry, y^"*» even if by that time the grain is two or three inches high. When land is rolled early in the spring, when damp, a crust is liable to form which will encourage capilliary action, so that the moisture in the soil will rise to the surface and evaporate. This is prevented by not rolling until the surface is dry. When dry ground is rolled, the lumps of earth on the surface are pulverized, and this fine mould forms a mulch- 30 SUCCESSFUL FARMING. ing which prevents evaporation. If the above directions are followed, there will be no failure in securing a catch of clover seed. ToFarthtt To fui'ther increase the humus in the soil, the Etimua. cut the clovcr early the following year for hay, say by the middle of June. When the second growth is coming into bloom, spread on the surface about ten team loads of farm manure per acre, and plow all under about four inches deep, using a roller coulter and chain as before described, after plowing under a green Summer Cultivatien.' 14. ADJUSTABLE HARROW. crop, roll and harrow thoroughly. In about two weeks, the sod will be sufficiently rotted to cultivate with a spring tooth cultivator (one with wide points is preferable). By using a spring tooth cultivator several times and har- rowing alternately during the summer and early fall, the land will be in good condition to grow abundant crops continuously, provided a systematic rotation of crops is followed, such as is described further on in this book. FENCING. 81 SE<:nrioN V. FENCING. In considering the best system of farming, . fencing is a very important matter. The out- side or boundary fence requires to be a sub- stantial and permanent structure, so that it will turn any animal and at the same time not h^ unnecessarily expensive. Sectional or cross fences should be dispensed with as far as pos- sible, as the cost of erecting and maintaining these, amounts to considerable, besides they '•«>«<» are a harbor for weeds. It is not necessary ^••^ even on a stock farm to have more sectional fences than are shown in the accompan}nng diagram (see 111. next page), of a farm laid out for a four years rotation of crops. This is the 5«»«««* longest course advisable in order to maintain the fertility of the soil. In a three years' rotation, fewer sectional fences are required, and when few animals are kept during the summer, all the inside or cross fences may be dispensed with, except those around the orchard, lawn or private grounds, and that around a small field of permanent grass near the bam used for pasture or for cutting for green feed. (See IlL next page). There are many styles of portable wire Hordi* fences offered for sale at the present time, several of which are cheap and efficient. With a portable fence requisite to reach across a farm, iAf": , .• 3 8V3tiMi!mcfiomrft>H " ^tWll|B«4pfl||^tl| ^1 1 N9 1 SECTION. FIRST YEAR HAY cm PASTURE 30 ACRLS. N9 4 SECTION; FALL WHEAt SPRING WHEAT, , BARLEY. : OATS. < N9 2 SECTION, afnd YIS^R Hay^PaS^ture OKi Qraik.' /f3b::A£ZRES. < M> II „»tmi»^»mmt N9 3 SECTION. Potatoes. CORN. 30 ACRES. i ( L'2. DIAGRAM OF FARM. FENCING. 33 it would seldom be necessary to haye more NeoeHtry Fenoeii permanent inside fences than is required for a lane in centre of the farm. A convenient and durable portable fence is made and used on the Experimental Farm at the Ontario Agricultural College. (See 111. 15). This fence is built in sections, twelve feet long and nearly four feet high. Each section contains about twenty feet of lumber, and four pounds of wire, and consists of two head pieces one and a half by 15. PORTABLE PENCE. three inches and twelve feet long. The wire used throughout, including the cross sections and braces, is common number twelve twisted fence wire. The side pieces are nailed to the head fi'^J™"' pieces, and project beyond them four inches to f^nclt form the connection. The two bottom pieces are eiffht inches from the lower end of the heads. The upper pieces are twelve inches from the top of the heads, and on opposite sides. These form the frame-work of each 84 SUCCESSFUL FARMING. Battincthe Hurdleit^ section. The wires are then stretched, being secured by passing the wire through a three- eighth inch hole in the heads, and driving a wooden peg in beside the wire. This holds everything secure, while the ends are turned down and fastened with a staple. The first wire is four inches from the bottom end of the heads, the second is twelve inches above the first, the third is six inches above the second, the fourth seven inches above the third, and the fifth or top wire is eight inches above the upper wooden bar of the frame. The top wire is barbed. The cross sections are then put on the ends, being twisted around the wires with a hook made for the purpose. The side pieces of the frame are then nailed together in the centre to hold them tightly. The hurdles are held in place by wire braces, and pegs driven into the ground, as illustrated in the cut. These wire braces are four feet eight inches long, and are fastened to the upper end of each head by a staple on the inside edge of the head. The pegs are made of iron and are sixteen inches long, and a quarter by one and a quarter inches wide. The wire is secured to them by drilling a quarter inch hole through near the top of the peg, passing the wire through and twisting it round a short piece of wire, thus forming a cross which holds it secure. On one end of each hurdle is an extension of seven inches and sharpened. This enters the FENCING. 85 hole made in the ground with a crow bar, and holds the bottom of the fence secure, while the top is held by the braces, which cross each other on the opposite side of the heads, making the connection secure and anchoring the fence firmly. In order to combine and hold the hurdles still more securely, a wire may be drawn tightly, the whole length of the fence and secured in each section with a staple. The hurdles cost about eighty cents per rod, viz., lumber thirty-five cents, wire and pegs twenty cents, and labor twenty-five cents. A good portable fence which is being intro- duced in some sections of the country with entire satisfaction is constructed by using one of the many styles of woven wire fencing, that are manufactured and sent out in rolls, each roll being from two hundred to three hundred feet in length. The posts to be used should be four inches in diameter and seven feet long, sharpened at one end. Hard wood is preferable. Take them, with the wire, to the field in a cart or waggon, and, with a round iron bar sharpened at one end, make a hole in the ground eighteen or twenty inches deep, in line with the stakes set for the fence. Then take a post, and inserting the sharpened point, drive it down about two feet with a maul or sledge while standing on the waggon. Then drive the waggon to where the next post is required, say thirty feet on, and Cost of Hurdles. Portable Woven Fence. Portable Woven Fence Con- ■truction. 36 SUCCESSFUL FARMINO. Duplex Moohine for Hakinjc Wire Fence. repeat the same operation. A few minutes time is all that is required to set each post. When the posts are all set unroll the woven wire. Fasten it secure with staples to the end post, and tighten with a stretcher used for the purpose (see 111. 16), and fasten the woven wire to each post with staples. This completes the fence. The Duplex is a new and efficient machine, whereby a farmer cm construct for himself any The horizontal 16. WIRE STRETCHER. style of woven wire fence or gates that he may desire (see 111. next page). It is quite simple and is easy to operate. coUedWire. wires, either plain, coiled (crimped), twisted or barbed can be used in this machine. Twisted and crimped wire will contract and expand with the cold and heat, without breaking or becoming slack. (See 111. 18). This machine will weave any height of fence up to fifty-nine inches. After the posts are set two men can make from forty to fifty rods of fence per day, which can either be fastened to the posts for a permanent fence or rolled in bundles for portable Iron stays, f cuccs. Iron stays can be woven in every seven FENCING. 87 es time When n wire, id post, ■or the '^en wire etes the nachine, iself any orizontal visted or sted and with the )ecoming 1 weave hes. ■an make y, which 3 for a portable ry seven 38 SUCCESSFUL FARMING. or eight feet as desired, so that fewer posts will be required. (See 111. 19). In addition to making fences intended to turn all kinds of ornftDMtai stock, Several styles of ornamental lawn fences can be made with this same machine. (See 111. 20). The cost of the woven wire is from fifty to seventy-five cents per rod, according to the style used. The cost of posts about ten cents each, or say five cents per rod additional. Fcnoa. Cost of Port' abU Fonet. -.^C \./'-J\>-/-'V< -//// — ////- — y,^. -/PPT^ 'jfi/^ \„/ \ -'^ \ / / ■ / '— ~/,//-^ " -/y/ -^ISiSsv— -^^i!»/ \ ./ ^ ,/ P ft ■ I n t I u J u h I ,■ h RemoTiiiff Portable Fence. Permanent Fenoing. 18. OOILED SPRINQ WIRE FENCE. In removing a portable fence all that is required is to draw out the staples and roll up the wire. Commence to roll on a barrel, which is more expeditious, and the work is not so liable to break the wire. After the wire has been rolled up take out the posts, and place all under cover for shelter. By doing this the posts will dry hard, and be more durable, and may be made to last for many yearg. During the past five years four and a half miles of boundary fence has been erected around FENCING. 30 the Experimental Farm at the Ontario Agri- cultural College, of the following design. (See 111. 21). This is a desirable farm fence, being cheap, durable, safe and effective. A fence which will turn sheep or hogs as well as cattle. Round posts six inches Ptrmwitnt * Ftne* at in diameter are set in the JjjJJjJJt^^ ground twenty feet apart. *'•"•«•• Owing to the rolling nature of the farm this is the proper distance. On . level land they might be set much farther apart, which would materially reduce the cost of the fence. Seven strands of twisted No. 12 wire are stretched on the posts, six plain and one barbed wire for the top being used, spaced as follows ; starting at the bottom: six, six, six, eight, eight, nine inches. Cross sections or stay wires, cut to the pro- 19, WIRE STAY. per length, are then put on very securely with a hook made for the purpose. One man can stay about fifteen rods per day. These stay wires stiffen the fence, and prevent the horizontal wires from spreading apart, so that it will turn sheep or hogs as well -»^ 40 SUCCESSFUL FARMING. Oost.of College Fenoei as cattle. The cost o£ the fence is as f oUowo : Posts, nine cents per rod (when set twenty- feet apart). Horizontal wires, twenty-two cents; cross sections, seven cents, and labor (including holes, setting posts, putting on cross sections, How to Set Posts. 20. ORNAMENTAL WIRE FENCE. etc.), eighteen cents per rod. Total, fifty-six cents per rod. To prevent fence posts from decaying, dip the end that is to be put into the ground in lime wash. After the posts are set grade the fence bottom, so that no water will remain near ROTATION OF CROl'S. the posts. Tills will prevent them being raised out of the ground through ice forming. It is objectionable to bank up the ground too high around the posts, as this will cause the wood to decay rapidly with what is known as dry rot, which is caused by a germ acting on the wood. This germ would be destroyed if there was sufficient moisture in the soil. 41 21. COLLEGE WIRE FENCE. Section A'L ROTATION OF CROPS. To secure the best results from our farms certain principles must be adhered to in order that the fertility of the soil be not only retained but increased, and that at the least possible cost. In order to do this one of the first steps to be taken is to adopt a system of rotation of crops Rotation which will be best suited to the circumstances. Circum- stances. One must consider the location, the kind of soil, and the number and kind of animals to be proviuv^d for. In adopting a rotation it is essential that a crop of clover sod be plowed under every three or four years, in addition to \) 42 010T«r and Fum ■«aare. Mixed FamuBg. 1 Four Yean' Courae. ■11' Oraaa Seed Mixture. Variationa in Rotation. Plowing Bod. SUCCESSFUL FARMING. the farm manure, in order to restore the required amount of vegetable matter for the growth of cereal and other crops. It is not only necessary to fill the soil with ai " .1 and vegetable matter, but these must be ide available for plant food before the crops can derive any benefit from them. The following rotation is recommended for mixed farming, and was followed by the writer for a number of years upon his own farm, and during the past six years, as farm super- intendent at the Ontario Agricultural College, with such marked success, viz. : A four years course. (See 111. page 32). The farm proper is divided into four sections, instead of small fields (as is customary), and cropped as follows : First and second years, Nos. one and two sections, grass, including hay and pasture. Third year. No. three section, hoe crops, viz., corn for silage, rape, turnips, potatoes, mangel-wurzel, etc., the balance of the section in peas. Fourth year, No. four section, grain, or cereal crops, say wheat, barley and oats, all of which are seeded down with the following mixture : Red clover seed, seven pounds; Alsike clover seed, three pounds, and timothy, four pounds. In this four years rotation certain variations can be made. If more grain is required, and less meadow and pasture, a portion of number two section may be plowed shallow after first year's grass, early in August, rolled and harrowed ROTATION OF CROPS. 43 immediately. The harrowing should be done thoroughly, as it is by having a fine tilth on the surface that moisture is conserved in dry weather, and this is one of the essentials in rotting sod quickly. It is surprising how few people understand the mode of harrowing properly. When har- rowing twice in a place they invariably return in the same track, instead of half lapping, so that all the land may be harrowed equally, which is desirable. The three essentials to decompose vegetable matter quickly and form humus are heat, air and moisture. This is according to the teaching of science, and to put this into practice, we get the necessary heat by plowing about the end of July or beginning of August. To let in the air, plow shallow, say four inches deep, and the moisture is conserved in the sod hy first compacting it with a heavy roller, so that the moisture will rise from below through capillary action, theu the harrowing prevents evaporation taking place. By this treatment, the sod will rot quickly, so that by cultivating, using the wide points, and harrowing alternately until the fall, the land will be cleaned from weedsj and a large amount of plant food made available for fall wheat or spring grain. The following year, the whole of number two section, including the sod left from the previous year, and the stubble land, may be plowed with a two furrow gang Harrowiac Ovcrlappinc Heat. Air Moiiture. Plowing BhaUow. Cultivate and Harrow Alternately. w w|^ii5ipi(|pips8s ,,<-V'>jH 1^1 k ^ ^^H t - 'fl r ^^^H i 1 ,^1 k ^^^H I •' ■ '%' ' 'W 1 ^^^H r i i"^^^^l ^^H fe '^ ^^^^^^^^^^^H i 1 1^1 4 1 H^^H jW ] I^H 1 i^^l^l ^ ^^^Hh 4: ' 7 <^^^^^^^^^^^^^^H I' ^^^^^^B t > . I^^^^B 1 • 1 ;^^^^H 1 \ "^^^^^^^1 - '«i^> . . .. ~.i''iiiitii.3«S;. « S->,.t^.«ft<%Ml^.:.-.«.4a ^^^^^^^^^H Cl i? ROTATION OF CROPS. 46 plow (see 111. 2»3) by adilintif a third horse for the sod. If the land is too dry and hard, use a single plow with wheel to regulate the depth. (See 111. 8). By keeping the humus on the surface, there will be no difficulty after a few years in plowing the sod in the summer, as humus will not get hard. To hasten decomposition as described above, immediately after plowing, have the ground rolled and harrowed at once. Early fall is the best time to clean the land of weeds and weed seeds for the following season's hoe crop, and with proper implements, while there is no crop on the ground, the work of fall cultivation can be done thoroughly. What is required is to keep the broad share cultivator and harrow^s going alternately at short intervals until October, when the land should be in fine tilth and free from weeds, dnd weed seeds that may have been near the surface. All the farm manure that is on hand should be spread on the surface at the rate of about fifteen two horse waggon loads per acre, and covered with a drill plow (see 111. 13) making the ribs about twenty inches wide. This puts the farm manure into the centre of the rib which prevents it from leaching and being lost. The decomposed vegetable matter acts as an absorbent, and prevents the liquid manure and ammonia from escaping. The furrows tend to Plowing in Summer. Fall Cultivation. Oleaninf the Land. Drilling in Manure. Vegetable Matter an Absorbent. 46 SUCCESSFUL FARMING. Winter Manuring. Msi urt '>n th« Sui!i*< " Manuring Rolling Land. II Manuring for Pom. drain the land, and allow the frost to act on the subsoil. The drills referred to can also be made with an ordinary plow but not so perfectly. Provided there is only sufficient manure on hand for a portion of this section, it is advis- able to leave the balance on the level without being ribbed, so that it can be manured on the surface during the winter months. If the land were ribbed, the manure would fall into the farrows, and be washed away. In spreading aiandre, about double the quantity should be pui» fi the knolls or small hills, as a certain ^Oitio. ^H!^ leach to the lower land. On high rolling land, it is advisable in order to prevent waste, to manure and rib in the fall, so that all the liquid from the manure will be absorbed in the rotted sod, contained in the ribs. This completes the fall work on section number two which is to be followed with the hoe crop con- tained in section number three. (See 111. page 32). After making due allowance for the hoe crops, including corn, rape, turnips, potatoes, mangel wurzels, etc., in this section, the balance is sown with peas, the highest portion of the section preferred, as it is usually followed with fall wheat. Supposing this sod land was thoroughly cultivated the previous autumn and manured during the winter with coarse stable manure (we prefer it coarse for peas) before sowing the peas the beginning of May, plow the coarse manure under with the two furrow plow, ROTATION OF CROPS. 47 about four inches deep. This keeps the soil dry and warm which is a very desirable con- dition for peas. The portion of the land intended for mangel wurzels, sugar beets and carrots, should be prepared according to the above directions so that the soil will be in good condition for early cultivation in the spring, which is desirable in growing these roots successfully. It is impor- tant that the seeds be sown early in the spring, say end of April or first of May. Farm manure should be applied previous to the hoe crop, as it produces a rank growth which is desirable for fodder corn and roots, but not so in the case of grain crop. The second year after manuring is preferable for a good crop of grain. After plowing, harrow the land thoroughly and get a fine tilth. When this is completed, sow the grain, which is best done with the ordinary grain drill (see 111. 7), as it plants the grain a uniform depth which is necessary in sowing all kinds of seeds. It is desirable that the plants make an equal start, otherwise it becomes a question of the survival of the fittest, the rank luxuriant plants choking out the others. As to the depth to plant peas, in fact all seeds, a good rule to follow is plant four or five times the depth of the diartieter of the seed. The quantity sown per acre is from two to three and a half bushels, according to the size Preparation for jfanKel WurseU. Beets and Carrots. Manure the Hoe Crop. Srillinff Peas. Depth to Plant Orain and Seeds. Quantity of Seed for an Aere. Earresting Peas. 48 SUCCESSFUL FARMING. of the grain. As peas do not stool from the root like other grain, they require to be sown thicker. The time to harvest peas is before they are quite ripe, as the straw of peas is of exceptional value, rated next to clover hay, which is the highest in nutritive value among fodder crops. The most satisfactory implement for harvesting peas is the Tolton pea harvester with bunching attachment. It can be attached to any mowing machine. (See 111. 25). It is advisable to draw the peas into the barn soon after, say in one or two days after being cut. A shower of rain will very materially injure the feeding value of the straw, and long exposure to the sun will injure the straw by making it brittle and unlit for fodder. Peas can be successfully threshed with the ordinary threshing machine by placing pulleys on each end of the cylinder shaft, double the circumference of what is ordinarily used. This will run the cylinder at half speed, while the other machinery is run at full speed. Take all the spikes out of the concave except four. In view of the prevalence of the pea bug many farmers have given up trying to grow this valuable crop. In sections of the country where Destroy the the pea bug prevails, the seed should be treated with carbon bisulphide, so as to destroy the bugs. This should be done early in the fall, while th* insects are in the embryo (germ) state, and before Threshing Peas. from the be sown they are :ceptional ch is the ler crops, arvesting bunching T mowing isable to er, say in }liower of \ feeding o the sun ittle and with the y pulleys )uble the A. This vhile the Take all ur. pea bug ^row this ry where e treated the bugs, v^hile thr id befort 60 SUCCESSFUL FARMING. 11 Caltivatioii After P«a Crop. Before Sowing Fall Wheat. ,1 ;i ■m !l 1 Mi! they have materially injured the pea. The method of treatment is to use an air-tight box that will hold say ten or twenty bushels. Fill it with peas and set a dish on top of the peas containing one pound of carbon bisulphide, which is sufficient to treat fifteen bushels. Clo.se the lid, making it as near air-tight as possible, and leave for three days. By this time the carbon will have evaporated and penetrated all the peas in the box and destroyed every germ of insect life without injury to the peas. If all the farmers in a neighborhood would unite and treat their seed peas, it would not be necessary to repeat this every year. As soon as the peas are taken off the land, it should be plowed about four inches deep with the two-furrow plow. This will turn the coarse manure on top that was plowed under before sowing the peas. After plowing, roll and harrow immediately, then cultivate and harrow alter- nately until it is time to sow the fall wheat ; the rotted sod, good farm manure and pea, stubble supply the nitrogen and other elements necessary for the healthy growth of a crop of fall wheat. Before sowing fall wheat the land should be subsoiled as deep as possible with four horses (unless the subsoil is sand, or of a porous nature). Harrow and roll the ground before the grain is drilled. If there has been a heavy rain it will | not be necessary to roll. lill ROTATION OF CROPS. 61 For Centiul an- purposes is the new Danish variety. It is a heavy cropper ; one which will average, under favor- able circumstances, between twenty-five and Yield of ' '' Sugar thirty tons per acre. It stands well out of the Beets, ground so that it is easily harvested. Sugar beets are more nutritious than any other field root, and will keep longer. In Central and Northern Ontario the time Time to Harvest to harvest mangel wurzels and sugar beets is gy*")* j[e*u from the fifteenth to the twenty -fifth of October. * v-'WBi ■■■ ^^H '«f;:: ^^H 1 -■ ■H ^1 ^;^f^H H^^^H ■,»..",..■ 1 " 1 SPRING CULTIVATION FOR ROOTS. 0)3 When pulling twist the tops off by hand, as J«u»n» ">^ when topped with a knife they are more liable to *•»«•" decay. For convenience in loading into the waggon, throw four drills into one row. Pro- viding there is no danger of frost, allow them to remain on the ground for twenty-four hours after being pulled and topped, as this will improve them. If there is any indication of trost, they should be either housed or covered every night, as three or four degrees of frost will injure mangel wurzels and sugar beets. In putting roots into a cellar, it is advisable |*^"jjj* to run them over a slatted shute, so as to riddle out the earth. No tops should remain on the roots, as they will soon decay and injure the roots. Where the roots drop into the cellar they are liable to heat, unless an opening is made (funnel shaped) nearly to the bottom. There are two important matters in connection with the successful storing of roots. The first is to keep them sufficiently cool, the second to prevent them being frozen. To accomplish this **£?* stone basements underneath barns should be ^'°»*-p"»*^- sheeted and battened on the inside of stone wall, and also sheeted overhead or under the upper floor. The principle of ventilating a root cellar is ventilating tlie same as is required to cause a draught in a stove. The openings above are useless without small openings below, similar to a damper in the front of a stove. In a root cellar a number of TT 64 SUCCESSFUL FARMING. Pitting Roota. small drain tiles can be put in the bottom of wall next to cattle stable, and near to the top of the same wall have lar^e openings which remain open all winter. The outside windows should be kept open every day until the winter sets in, say until the beginning of December. About the twenty-fifth of December it will be necessary to bank up the windows with stable manure to keep out the frost. Where there is not sufficient cellar room the balance of the roots ma}'^ be pitted successfully. Making a Pit. Covering: the Pit. 3."). KOOT IMT. Mark out a long pit of the required length, and about six feet wide, and excavate three or four inches. The earth sliould be laid along the sides. Dumping carts are more convenient than waggons for unloading roots into pits. Build the roots up to a point four or five feet high (see 111. 35), then cover with straw about three inches, and with earth six inches. This covering is sufficient until the end of November, then recover with an addition of SPRING CULTIVATION FOR ROOTS. 66 three inches of straw and twelve inches of larth. In order to get sufficient mould it is advisable to plow around the pit a number of I'urrows, in depth not exceeding nine inches, as tlie surface soil, which is composed of vegetable matter, is more impervious to frost than clay. To make provision against excessive frost it is advisable to cover the pit, the last of December, with stable manure to the depth of about ten inches. To ventilate a pit set three-inch drain tiles on top, with one end resting on the roots ; place about eight feet apart. Near the bottom of pit put two-inch tiles, about eight feet apart, so as to cause a draught. Fill the tiles with straw in December. For field culture the White Intermediate carrot is unquestionably the most profitable variety for a farmer to grow for feeding purposes. The nutritive value is equal to any of the white varieties, and it is much more easily harvested than the others. For yield it takes the lead. Under favorable circumstances this carrot will yield from twenty -five to thirty tons per acre. The cultivation of carrots is similar to mangel wurzels and sugar beets, with the exception of thinning. The carrot plants should be from oight to ten inches apart in the row. The time to harvest is the last week in October. In harvesting, the tops can be readily taken off Ooverinf Pit for Winter. Ventilating the Pit. Variety of Carrots. Yield per Aore. Cultivation of Carrots. Harvesting Carrots. 66 SUCCESSFUL FARMING. Oorroti for Horus and Oowa Beets Replacing Oarrott, Swede Turnip. Improving Swedes. Oreen Top Swedes. with an ordinary hoe while the roots are still in the ground. Then, with an iron plow without the mould board, the roots can be turned out. The plow should be run only sufficiently deep that the share will cut the points off the roots. This work may be done first, and top them with a knife. A very little frost will injure them after being pulled, so that it will be necessary to cover them at night if there is any danger of frost. Carrots are grown chiefly for feeding to horses and milch cows. The Danish sugar beet is taking the place of the white carrot on account of its better keeping qualities and greater nutritive value. The same method of keeping mangel wurzels and sugar beets during the winter is required for the keeping of carrots. There are many varieties of the Swede turnip offered at the present time. These have been improved from the original " Skirving," a work which is done extensively by growers of seeds. The type of a root is fixed by growinij seed from a certain type for a nnmbfr of years. It would be difficult to so y w^ • , l purposes, is the leading Swede on. me. While some of the newei variel . aio large and smooth, their quality for tal »le use may not be equal to that of some others. As a; rule, tlie bronze top varieties are superior to the pi^ »ii' top for table use. In some sections ( Jie country the practice of growing Swede tu iips :ii ! SPRING CULTIVATION FOR ROOTS. 67 lor export to the United States, for table use, hits become quite an extensive business. As to the wisdom of this is another matter, for, aside IVom the ready cash derived, we must consider the fact that it takes double the nutriment from the soil to produce a crop of turnips that it does lor a grain crop. Again the farmer should consider the great loss of fertility to the soil by selling and shipping tlie whole product instead of feeding it on the I'ai m, and returning it again to the soil, as only ji small percentage is retained by the animals i'or the production of beef or milk. In preparing soil the previous fall for Swede turnips, while it is preferable to have the land manured and ribbed, it is not so important, as turnips do not require to be sown as early as mangel wurzels, sugar beets and carrots. It is advisable to have Swedes follow a clover sod which lias been thoroughly decomposed, and has been manured in the fall or during the winter with about fifteen waggon loads of farm manure per acre, and the same thoroughly incorporated with the surface soil. Before making the drills, if there is a clay subsoil, it should be loosened as deep as possible, using four horses on a culti- vator provided with chisel pointed teeth made ♦or the purpose. (See 111. 10^). In order to do the work thoroughly it is advisable to first set the cultivator so as to loosen the ground about eight inches deep, then Turnips Should be Fed on the Farm. Turnip Culture. Preparing the Soil. Subsoiling with Spring Tooth Cnltivator. 68 SUCCESSFUL FARMING. Drilling for Turnips. Time to Sow Swedea, Quantity of Seed per Acre. Conserving^ Moisture. Thorough Cultivation. FaU Turnips. cultivate across about two inches deeper ; this does more thorough work. The next thing is to harrow and roll the land, before making the drills, which are made the same as for mangel wurzels, shallow, and thirty inches wide. The time to sow Swedes is from the fifteenth to the twenty-fifth of June. If sown earlier they are liable to be more woody, and are subject to the turnip louse {Aphis). The quantity of seed necessary is from two to three pounds per acre, and is best sown with the ordinary turnip horse drill. (See 111. 31). In twenty-four hours, if the drills are dry, roll them down with a heavy land roller, so as to hasten capillary action, and pulverize the surface, the same as with the mangel wurzels, to conserve moisture. If the surface is kept pulverized there will be no difficulty in getting a catch, even if there should be no rain. The mode of thinning is the same as mangels, viz., with a turnip hoe. The work should be done early ; while the plants are in the second rough leaf. To secure best results level and thorough cultivation should be continued during the growing season. There are many varieties of fall turnips, and while their nutritive value is not equal to the Swede, yet they have certain qualifications that recommend them to our consideration. Some, being more rapid growers, can be sown later, &^ SPRING CULTIVATION FOR ROOTS. 69 a catch crop, after a crop of early potatoes or clover sod. The last of June or the first part of July is not too late for some of these. They sliould be sown in shallow drills, and cultivated Cultivation, and harvested same as Swedes, for early feeding. Some farmers prefer to sow these on the level, using an ordinary grain drill, each alternate spout being stopped. They then feed them off on the land in the fall. Sheep and young cattle thrive well on this succulent food, and it will be found particularly advantageous when pasture is dry or scanty, as this soiling crop gives stock a good start for the winter. Among ordinary turnips the most suitable varietiet. varieties are the Yellow Aberdeen, the Greyston'' and the ordinary white. In Northern Ontario the time to harvest Time to Harvest Swedes is the last days of October. The first swedea. week in November answers in Central Ontario. There are various methods of doing the work. Where help is plentiful the old method of pulling and topping by hand, throwing the roots of four drills into one row for convenience in loading into the waggon, is preferable. In many cases, however, other methods have to be adopted in order to save hand labor. One of these is to top the turnips with an ordinary hoe, and drag them out of the ground with the iiarrows, by harrowing across the drills, letting the harrows half lap if necessary. This method answers very well in sandy soil, but in clay soil Eow to Harveat. 70 SUCCESSFUL FARMING. Different Methods of Harveating Swede*. Storing Swedes for Winter. the turnips are considerably injured in the process, and, as a rule, there is more earth clinging to the roots than is desirable. Another method is to top with the hoe, and cut off the roots with an iron plow without the mould board, and having the wing of share wide and sharp to cut off the roots. The following is generally adopted in some sections : Use a heavy hoe or mattock, both to top and root. This method is becoming popular. Turnips should be left on the ground for a day or more after being pulled, as they are not so easily injured by frost as other roots. Indeed it has been found that three or four degrees of frost rather improves them for keeping. The same directions for storing mangel wurzel, both in cellar and pits, hold in the storing of turnips for the winter. Section VIII. •«i HOW TO GROW ROOTS FOR EXHIBITION. It may be interesting to many, especially to young people, to know how to grow monstrous roots for exhibition purposes. It is like feeding and preparing animals to win prizes, which is more for glory than profit. However, it is inter- esting to demonstrate that a mangel wurzel seed, planted, say on April tenth, will, by the tenth of October, with proper care and surroundings, develop into a root weighing over sixty pounds ; HOW TO GROW BOOTS FOR EXHIBITION. 71 (a bushel) developed from one small seed in six months. The first thing to be done in the preparation Makinc ot* the soil is to thoroughly underdrain it. Then, in the autumn, open out with a plow where the drills are to be made. In this case the drills Hhould be five feet apart. This will require two rounds, that is four furrows, with the plow for each drill. Then loosen the subsoil with a subsoil plow, after which scatter over a portion of the compost prepared several months previous. When making up the drills incorporate the compost thoroughly with the soil, and, after the drills are finished, spread a covering of the compost over the whole surface to remain as a mulching The compost heap is of the following mixture : compost Well rotted farm manure mixed with that from pigs, sheep, and poultry. The latter is super- ior to the others. Decomposed night soil, if obtainable, should be added; incorporate with this considerable old sod and bone dust. Each time the compost is turned over (which should be every two or three weeks) scatter over considerable gypsum to prevent the ammonia from escaping. The seed should be sown early in April. On the drills, at intervals of five feet, sow five or six seeds. After the plants have grown some time thin out to three plants, and eventually to the one most vigorous. Follow the above plan Dittanco Apart. 72 Oultivation for Monatrous Root*. m I 'I ipji SUCCESSFUL FABMINO. for mangel wurzel and sugar beets ; carrots and parsnips two feet apart. Turnips should be sown early in the month of May, and after- wards thinned as above indicated. Subsoil between the drills as deep as possible, and sow salt over the whole surface, except on carrots and parsnips, where nitrate of soda should be used instead. Then cultivate fre- quently during the whole season, and on no account allow a crust to form on the surface. After rain all that is necessary is a garden rake with which to pulverize the surface. In growing mammoth roots and vegetables for exhibiting, much valuable knowledge may be gained by the grower. Section IX. CULTIVATION FOR POTATOES. The most suitable soil for potatoes is a thoroughly rotted clover sod, which is prepared by plowing early in the fall, and cultivating and harrowing alternately until the end of October. Then cover with well rotted farm manure, and rib as in the preparation for mangel wurzels. In the spring the cultivation and subsoiling must be thoroi >h. If the soil is a clay it is ximing Cold advisable to sow lime over the surface. Put on about five hundred pounds per acre. It will warm the soil and assist in the decomposition of the vegetable matter Clay. jjjl II ' ill 1 1 \ i \ ' \l \ 1 i" i ; ■ ' i LLLi CULTIVATION FOR POTATOES. 73 The drills are opened out with a drill plow, with marker thirty inches wide. These are made from four to five inches deep. Plant medium sized potatoes, cut in sets, with from two to three eyes in each. Drop the sets in the drills, twelve inches apart. Then cover with the same plow, and after ten days harrow down nearly level and smooth with a " Breed weeder." The " weeder " should be used frequently at this .stage, and even after the potatoes have made considerable growth. Use the horse hoe frequently during the growing season. The cultivation must be on the level, and on no account should the potatoes be banked up. The last time the work is done the teeth of the scuffler may be clianged so as to throw the earth towards the potatoes, and thus prevent their being sunburnt. While there are machines for cutting seed potatoes, and some of them do the work fairly successful, the ordinary farmer is content to cut the sets by hand. To do this work properly cut off the stem end of the potato first. This will invariably have one or two eyes. Then, by revolving the potato in one hand and cutting with the other, cut so as to leave two or three eyes in each set. Then split the seed end. By experiment this has been found to give the best all round results. The time to plant early potatoes depends largely upon circumstances. If wanted for the early market, it is necessary to have the land Drilling Potato*!. Potato Sets. Horse Hoeing Potatoes. How to Out Potato Sets. When to Plant Early Potatoes. f'.' ■ : : 74 When to Plant Lat« Potatoes. Varietiei to Plant. Early Varieties. Late Varieties. Harvestinff Potatoes. SUCCESSFUL FARMING. thoroughly prepared the previous fall. Plant about middle of April. The soil, being cold so early in the season, lime may be used to advantage in warming it, so as to make the plant food available. In all cases it is advisable to plant early varieties early in the spring, so that they will be matured before the hot, dry weather in July. It is better not to plant late varieties until the end of May, in order that they will keep on growing during the hot weather, and be ready to harvest by the tenth of October. To recommend, from the long list grown at the present time, the best variety to plant is a difficult task, and an unsatisfactory one ; more especially as potatoes " run out ** so quickly, and those varieties which are most popular at the present time in a few years may be far behind some other varieties now unknown. The " Early Rose " may be considered an exception, for whereas this variety held first place for many years, it is to-day a close rival for first place as an early variety. The " Early Market " and " Early Ohio " are among the first of extra early varieties, and "Rose of the North " for second early. Among the late varieties at present the " Empire State " stands among the first at the Ontario Agricultural College. There are many kinds of implements used in harvesting potatoes, ranging from the spading CULTIVATION FOR POTATOES. 76 fork to the expensive combined digger and picker. The common plow, however, is generally used, although the Dennis potato digger (see III. 36) is a decided improvement, as with it the potatoes are nearly all spread on the surface, ready to be picked up. The potato digging attachment for the drill plow (see 111. 13) works satisfactorily. Potatoes will keep much better during the Pitting . . Potatoes. winter if, after digging, they are pitted in the field for ten days that they may sweat. Cover 36. DENNIS POTATO DIGGER. the pit with straw and a light covering of earth. The straw prevents the earth mixing with the potatoes. to Store for the winter, and ventilate according Btoring ,11... . It 1 1 Potatoes. the directions given tor mangel wurzels. Potatoes stored in pits are usually firmer and of better quality in the spring than those stored in cellars. V6 When to Sow. Cultivation. Feeding Rape. SUCCESSFUL FARMING. Section X. RAPE SEED. " Dwarf Essex " rape is a succulent fodder plant that should be cultivated more extensively in this country than it is, as it grows luxuriantly, and is of great value as a fodder. An ordinary crop will yield over twenty tons per acre of a most nutritious food. By sowing, say half an acre or more, early in May, it will be ready in July for the lambs at weaning time, and for young growing pigs. It can either be fed on the land or carted to the stables. The general crop should be sown from the twentieth of June to the first of July. The same preparation of the soil is required that is necessary for a root crop. Rape grows to the greatest perfection when sown in drills, the same as turnips. The drills should be twenty- five inches wide, and two pounds of seed per acre is sufficient. The cultivation is similar to that of turnips, excepting that hand hoeing is not necessary. Rape can be grown successfully as a catch crop after early potatoes or grain are harvested. All animals do well when fed a daily ration of rape during the fall. Milch cows may be fed a limited quantity at noon each day, until January first, without injury to the milk. In order to keep rape for early winter feeding it PKEPARATIOX FOR CORN. 77 should be cut about the twentieth of November Rap* tor with an ordinary scythe, and forked into heaps winter, and carted to the stable as required. When frozen leave it in the stable to thaw before using. Section XI. PREPARATION FOR CORN. In the preparation of the soil for corn we must take into consideration that tliis plant is, to a certain extent, semi-tropical, and is better adapted to a warmer climate than ours. How- ever, by preparing the soil with a view to Keeping it warm during the growing season, we may expect good results. In the first place, the land, a well rotted clover sod, must be either naturally or artificially drained, and thoroughly cultivated and manured the previous fall, the same as is done for roots. If the land is manured during the winter it will be necessary first, in the spring, to gang plow it shallow, say three or four inches deep, so as to incorporate the manure with the surface soil. Then harrow and cultivate thoroughly, and before sowing, if a clay subsoil, loosen as deep as possible, and harrow until the land is in fine tilth. In Central and North Ontario, as a rule, the Time to best results are obtained by sowing silage corn about the twenty-fourth of May. There are many varieties to choose from in variety to making a selection. Every farmer will have to T— P ' 78 SUCCESSFUL FARMING. Varieties for Morthern Ontario. Corn for Central Ontario. Soiling Corn. Planting Corn. be governed according to soil and locality. In Southern Ontario a later and larger variety can be grown than could be further north. It is useless to grow a variety for silage which will not be in a firm, dough state by the fifteenth or twentieth of September. The " flint " varieties are invariably earlier than the "dents." For Northern Ontario I would name "North Dakota" and "Compton's Early," both of which are flint varieties. The former is white and the latter yellow. From the roots of these, and many other flint varieties, grow up a number of shoots, which makes the harvesting more difficult, when done by hand, than if "dent" varieties are used. For Central Ontario, larger and heavier yielding varieties may be grown, viz. : " Mammoth Cuban " and " Wisconsin Earliest White Dent." These are both dent varieties, and throw up no shoots. Under favorable circumstances they will yield twenty tons per acre, one-fifth of which will be ears. While the bulk yield of the flint varieties named is rather less in the total than the dent varieties, the proportion of ears is about the same. For cutting and feeding green, the sweet varieties are considered preferable. " Mammoth Sweet " is one of the heaviest yielders, and is of fair quality. There are several methods of sowing or planting corn, each of which has advantages under certain conditions. If the land has not PREPARATION FOR CORN. been thoroughly cleaned of weeds and weed seeds the previous fall, it is necessary to plant in hills, so that the land can be cultivated both ways. This can be done by the use, first, of a corn marker, marking both ways. Drop four or five grains in each cross, either by hand or with a hand planter. (See 111. 87). The American check row planter is expensive, but does the work satisfactorily. When planting in hills forty inches apart about ten pounds of seed per acre is sufficient. 79 Bowins 37. HAND CORN PLANTER. When the land is fairly free from weeds and weed seeds, corn can be sown with an ordinary grain drill (see 111. 7), stopping aU the spouts £* S.^*"' • but two, leaving six spaces, between which is forty-two inches. A drill with an odd number of spouts, say eleven or thirteen, is preferable, as the teamster will not be so liable to make a mistake. A careful driver should make the drills perfectly straight and even, and sow twelve acres per day. Fourteen or fifteen pounds of seed corn per acre is sufficient. As soon as so Sl'CCESSFrL FARMING. Corn. .sown tlie laml .sliould bo croHsed with a light cuitivatinf hanow OF Biot'tl wueder (fsoe 111. 32), tlu'ii on the angle and again across, until the corn is up, after which u.se the weoder lengthwi.se, covering two drills at a time ; taking out two teeth in line with each row oi" corn. Fine Tilth Necessary. 38. OOliN CULTIVATOR When the corn is a few inches high start the two-horse cultivator. (See 111. 38). Use the narrow points first, so as to loosen the soil several inches deep. This is followed with Breed's weeder, to make a fine tilth ; and, not only to kill weeds, but to assist the bacteria to act on the hiirnus, and make it available for PREPARATIOX Tor. f'ORX. «1 i)lant focxl. (/oni, beiiij^ a urons I't'edrr, icquire.s a largo amount of Holul)lt) food, whicli t'uii only be pivpai't'd by t borough cultivation. Tho weeder and the two-borso cultivator sbould bo UHt'd alternately until tbo corn i.s too high to work over, then it becomes necessary to use a one-horse hoe (see 111. 84), which should be .'J9. CORN PULVERIZER. continued until the corn is about six feet high. After this a scuffler with liarrow teeth is all that is required to pulverize the surface. (See surface III. 30). All cultivation may cease after the corn is in tassel. See last scuffling at the Ontario Agricultural College, 1891). (See 111. 39 i). Tl. t'tl. PREPARATION FOR CORN. 83 The i'nno to ]ial•v^«^st corn for silaije is when when to it is ill the tinii, dough state. No mode of *'»"»• harvesting tliat is altogether satisfactory has yet 1 x'cii found. Until recent years most of the corn was cut witli either the reaping hook or corn knife, or with a stone boat having two pieces of saw blade sharpened on the edge and fastened I o the sides of tlie boat. This was not a success. At the present time the two most common impleinents are tie common hoe and the corn How to liarvester. Where labor is plentiful, my idea is, using the hoe (see 111. 40) has the advantage, sinc(v, M'ith it, you can cut close to the ground. 40. COHN HOE. TIm^ cost is less than one dollar per acre. W.-ch Corn ^ Earvesteri. a corn liarvester (see III. 41) the twine alone costs fifty cents per acre to bind a crop of • igliteen tons; this may be saved by dropping I lie corn in bundles without binding. Whether the corn should be taken to the silo immediately after being cut, depends on its condition. If latlier green and full of sap it is better to lay oil tlie ground after being cut, for half a day or inoi'c, to wilt, otherwise the silage will be sour. It* the corn is fi-ozen the sooner it is put into I he silo the better, *If it becomes overdry water iiiav be added as the silo is beinir tilled. i M-r m PREPARATION FOR CORN. 85 A low platform, attached to an ordinary HauUngto waggon, is what is required for hauling corn to the cutter at silo. (See 111. 42). The accompanying cut is a sketch of a homemade platform for drawing corn, used by a good many silo men in connection with ordin- ary waggon wheels, the reach and front bolster being removed. The two main pieces (C C) are eighteen feet long and eight inches wide by ' quired to Cure. Construc- tion of Silot Round SUve Silo. of the country where corn cannot be grown succeHsfully, every farmer should build a silo and fill it with some green crop adapted for that section of the country, even if it should be Canada thistles and other weeds. In tilling a silo with corn, or any other fodder crop, it should be kept level and tramped, particularly around the sides, as this will a.ssist in exchiling the air, and after fermentation commences the silage will settle quite rapidly. As soon as the silo is filled, or say all that is to be put in at that time, scatter salt over the top, then cover with five or six inches of chaff' or cut straw, and sow over it barley or oats, and water it every day for a few days until the grain commences to grow, which will make a close covering tliat will exclude the air. A cloth saturated wich crude petroleum makes a good covering, but the cloth will not last longer than two years. It requires five or six weeks for silage to cure and bo re.-uly for feeiling. In the mean- time, it is well to have sufficient corn shocked cither in the barn or outside, to cut daily as recjuired for feeding. At the present time there are several styles of silos in use, which are constructed of various materials. To decide which is preferable, will depend to a certain extiMit on circumstances. Tlie round stave silo (see 111. 44) has certain advantages. It is simple in construction, and is the cheapest. The cost will bt* about seventy- OTHER SILAfiE CROPS. 89 44. Korxn STAVK SILO. 90 SUCCESSFUL FARMIN(3. Portable Silo. Bricking Inside. five cents per ton. That is, a silo of one hundred tons capacity will cost about seventy-live dollar.s. Most farmers will have no difficulty in constructing a stave silo. The staves are cut generally two by six inches, the length vary- ing according to the height of the silo. For a thirty foot silo, use staves sixteen and fourteen feet and joined alternately, so that the joints will not be opposite each other. The joints are made by sawing a groove in the ends and fitting in a piece of hoop iron. It is advisable to have a cement floor in the silo. The hoops may be made of heavy band iron or thr^^e quarter inch round, each hoop in two sections, so arranged that they can be tightened or loosened as required. In making connections use a block of wood or casting. (See 111. 44). Openings eighteen by twenty-four inches each, four feet apart, can be cut after the silo is built to throw out the silaore. Cut in a slant so that they will lit closely. The stave silo has the advantage of being portable, so that a farmer on a rented farm can take it with him at the expiration of his lease. The stave silo can be improved very materi- ally by bricking it up inside, four inches thick, the same as wells are bricked, and plastering inside with cement. This makes the silo air tight and frost proof, which are two ver}^ important matters necessary to secure a good quality of silage. OTHER SILAGE CHOPS. 01 h\ A seeoinl t'onn of wooden silo is hero shown Iwon*^., Round Silo. (see 111. 4.S), wliicli is more substantial than the stave, and is perfectly air tight. A similar one is used in the dairy department at the 4(i. CONCRETE SILO AT THE ONTARIO KA'f'KRIMKNTAL FARM. Ontario Aorieukural (^oll('<;e. The frame work is made of two ])y six inch upriohts, and HI'teeii inch centres, for a silo thirty feet high. Tlie uprights may be farther apart for a lower fc w III 92 Cement Silo. Octagon. Square Silo. SUCCES.SFUL FARMING. silo. The inside sheeting is two layers of half- inch lumber, with the tar paper between, ^he outside is of half inch matched lumber. Openings must be made at the top and bottom for air, between tlie outside and inside slieetings. These should be covered with wire screen to prevent mice getting in. Doors, eighteen by twenty- four inches, can be cut after the silo is built, and at intervals of four feet on the side most convenient for feeding. The cost of the above silo is about one dollar and a (juarter per ton capacity. For a silo that is durable and satisfactory in every respect I would recommend the cement silo. (See 111. 46). As a rule these are built square ; occasionally one is built octagonal in shape. By building these designs, iron rods can be built in the walls, near the top, to bind the structure together, so that an opening can be left from top to bottom instead of using doors through which to get out the silage. These openings, twenty inches wide, are closed when the silo is being filled by setting in inch boards one foot wide, nailed together with an overlap of two and a half inches, to break the joints. Set them against cleats nailed to the door frame, two inches back from the inside face of the wall, so that, when set in place, the boards are even with the wall. These boards are set in as the silo fills, and taken out and tacked about four feet above, as the silage is taken out from OTHKR SILAiJE CROPS. 93 the top. This is a very convenient way of getting the silage out. Tlu're is an advantage in building a long silo so that a partition can be put across, in order to make two compartments, one of which is about double the size of the other. The ensilage of the large compartment is reserved for winter feeding, and the smaller for sunnner use. It does not require a mechanic to build a cement silo. It is scarcely necessary to give details in this work, as the manufacturers of cement send a man, free of charge, to instruct their customers how to construct silos and other farm structures. The cost of building a cement silo is from one dollar and a quarter to one fifty per ton, for total capacity. When building a cement silo the walls may be filled with large field stones, which lessens the cost very materially, but the stones must be kept two inches from the sides of the silo, otherwise the silage next the stone will be injured, through freezing and thawing. In estimating the capacity of a silo, allow forty pounds per cubic foot for a silo twenty- four feet deep and under, and forty-live pounds for a silo thirty feet deep. In taking out silage commence at the top, and keep the surface level ; a heavy rake is the most suitable for the purpose. The amount of ensilage required to winter full-grown animals is about four tons each. Some are under the impression that corn \i Partition in Siio. Capacity of Silos. Talcing out Silage. Quantity Required to Winter Animala. Hi m IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 1.1 1.25 '^ 1^ 12.2 ^ IIIIIJ4 Hiotographic Sciences Corporation 23 WIST MAIN STtilT WeBSTM.N.Y. UStO (716)873-4503 ^>' V^^ f 94 Dry Corn VI. SUafe. SITCCESSFl'L TAim I NfJ. shocked in the field, aiii*/ 'wi vi^^ lA "-*« -~--'r*.|., tiii^M^^W •>9,r' •■*^;< 50. SELF RAKE REAPLR. The province of Ontario is especially adapted oiovar 8*«d. to the growing of both Red clover and Alsike, and an immense quantity is exported to Great Britain and Europe annually. The seed from Alsike matures in the first growth, as it is fertilized by the honey bees distributing the pollen as soon as it comes into bloom. The seed from Red clover is matured in the Fertuitation of GloTcr. second growth, on account of the fertilization m 104 WhM to Oat Oto?«r. SUCCESSFUL FARMING. being done by the young bumble bees which are not sufficiently developed for the first growth of clover, as they are all hatched in the spring ; only the queen bumble bees live through the winter. To get the largest yield and best quality of Red clover seed the first growth should be cut 51. MOWER WITH CLOVER SEED ATTACHMENT. by the fifteenth or twenty-fifth of June. If it has been pastured the cattle should be taken off" by the fifteenth, and the land gone over with a mower to cut off* any weeds, and also to give the clover an equal start. It is worthy of note here that a heavy growth of clover will check Canada thistles, and materially assist in cleaning the land of weeds. GRAIN SECTION NUMBER FOUR. 105 Cutting clover for seed, both Red and Alniko, Row to oat is URually done with an old self rake reaper ImA. (see 111. 50), so that the clover can be put ofi' in small sheaves. It requires to be turned occa- sionally that it may dry thorout^hiy. This work requires to be done carefully with a straw fork, otherwise the best seed will be lost. A second method of cutting clover for seed is to use a mowing machine, with a platftjrm fastened behind, on which the clover drojjs. (See 111. 51). A man puts it off in sheaves, using a fork or rake. It should remain out a week or ten days after being cut, or until it is sufficiently ThratUnK dry to be put in the barn or threshed. The best quality of clover seed, both AKsike and Red, is got by threshing it as taken from the field. The curing of timothy hay as a rule is an Timothy easier matter than curing clover. "While the very best quality of hay is made by putting it up into ricks and allowing it to stand a few days (see field of hay in ricks at the Ontario Experimental Farm, 111. 52), this is not always necessaiy. If the weather is dry and warm, shake out the timothy with the tedder (see III. ourinc 48) soon after it is cut, and rake it into wind- '"* '* rows with a horse rake. (See 111. 53). If the weather is favorable, timothy hay may be sufficiently dry the day it is cut to be taken to the bam. It is loaded on the waggons either with forks or with a hay loader. (See 111. 54). In laying out a farm, it is advisable to have ■ ■ ■■ a C] a( it sa GRAIN SECTION NUMBER FOUR. 107 X < < e 'A < a field near the barn for pasture and soiling Permanent crops. Eight acres, perhaps, is sufficient for permanent pasture. Adjoining this, about six acres might be set apart, divided as follows: two acres of clover, two acres peas and oats soUing (mixed), and two acres of rape. Before seeding down the portion for pasture it should be thoroughly cultivated, and, if neces- sary, underdrained ; then subsoiled, manured 53. HORSE RAKE. and ribbed in the fall, so that it will be in good sliape for spring cultivation, which should con- sist of harrowing and cultivating the ribs down l»'vel. Then, with a grain drill, sow barley at tlie rate of one bushel per acre. At the same time, sow ahead of the grain spouts the follow- ing mixture of grass seed: Lucerne, four seeding for pounds ; Red clover, three pounds ; Alsike, three I i 108 \ i I i! 1 ■ Shelter for Cattle. SUCCESSFUL FARMING. pounds ; White clover, one pound ; Timothy, three pounds; blue grass, three pounds; red top, three pounds ; total, twenty pounds per acre. After seeding, level off with a light harrow or " Breed's Weeder." About two acres of the pasture land should be planted with Maple trees, both for the purpose of ornament and for shelter for the cattla It is Soft Maple. 54. HAT LOADER. advisable not to seed this portion the first year, as the trees will make more rapid growth by keeping the land cultivated for another year. Mulch with farm manure. Soft maple will make more rapid growth than the hard or sugar maple. The former is desirable in this case, as they are wanted for shelter as soon as possible. It is advisable to 1 ill ROTATION OF SOILING CROPS. plant the trees not more than twenty-five feet apart, so that the whole surface of the soil will be shaded and kept cool in the summer. 109 Section XV. ROTATION OF SOILING CROPS. Soiling crops should be grown in rotation, viz., mixed peas and oats follow rape, the rape after clover. In sowing the peas and oats which follow xized PeM the rape, the first acre should be sown as early " as possible, the other nearly a month later, when the crop is off, say, by the first of August without plowing. Sow Red clover at the rate of oiover twelve pounds per acre, and thoroughly harrow it in. If the surface soil is composed of " humus " there will be no risk in getting a catch, and a good growth before the winter. The Red clover may be cut green and fed to milch cows and other animals on the farm, and if there is a surplus it can be cured for hay. In August the clover sod should be plowed f«ii about four inches deep, rolled and harrowed, and c ^tivated several times with the wide points on the spring-tooth cultivator. In October spread farm manure on the surface and cover in ribs. The following spring harrow and cultivate alternately for rape. One acre R^p.. should be sown at the beginning of May for early feeding, and the other acre a month later. h; :i III 110 Value of Kape. Other Hoe Oropa. PMture and BoiliBff Crop. Seooad Paature. SUCCESSFUL FARMING. It is advisable to sow rape in drills two feet wide, and cultivate according to the previous directions. Rape is one of the best foods for keeping animals (including pigs, sheep, calves and all young stock) in a good, healthy condition. It is an excellent food for milch cows, but must be fed in limited quantities, otherwise it is liable to injure the flavor of the milk. The other acre may be sown with any other hoe crop if so desired. After the hoe crop is taken off, the land should be cultivated repeated- ly until fall, then ribbed, and followed in the spring with peas and oats. With a few acres of pasture, conveniently situated, and such soiling crops as are here named, a large number of animals can be fed cheaply, and, at the same time, give the best results financially. A second pasture of two or three acres, near the barn, is necessary for sheep, calves or pigs. For shelter they require a building to go in at will ; all pastures should have a group of maple trees. They grow quickly if cultivated in the summer, and mulched in winter for two or three years. THREE YEARS ROTATION. Ill at iple the or Section XVI. THREE years' ROTATION. Having fully explained a four years' rotation of crops, according to the diagram on page 32, which, with certain variations, may be adopted on many farms in this country with success, I will explain, briefly, the advantages and dis- advantages of a three years* rotation. Divide the farm proper (that which is under cultivation) into three sections. In brief, omit the second section of four years* rotation. (See diagram page 32). Cultivate as follows: One section in clover, mostly Red, for hay and pasture, is plowed in August, harrowed and cultivated until October, according to previous directions, then manured and ribbed. This is followed with a hoe crop and peas, then with a grain crop, again seeding with clover. This system is desirable where a limited number of animals are kept in the summer, the object being to feed cattle and lambs during the winter for export or home consumption. The advantages in this system are, first, by plowing under green clover (second growth) every third year, and feeding all the roots, corn, fodder and coarse grains ; the fertility of the soil is thereby not only main- tained but increased. Second, the labor on the farm is more evenly distributed throughout the year by this system. With a disconnected or outlying portion of land it may not be convenient . . to manure and cultivate in the regular rotation. ^•»*' ' ii Fertility Inoreuwd. ) 112 m I :/l;, Fertility Maintained Without Manure. Only Two Tears Oraas. Destroying Wire Worms. Re-seedinr Pasture. SUCCESSFUL FARMING. A three years' course may be followed by leaving out the hoe crops and farm manure, viz. ; two sections grass, hay or pasture, and the third section grain; seeding with the regular mixture mentioned in the four years' rotation. The section that has been in grass for two years is plowed in August, and thoroughly har- rowed and cultivated alternately until October, then ribbed and sown the following spring with grain, and again seeded. With this system fertility can be maintained without applying manure. In any rotation land should not remain in grass more than two years, for the reason that it becomes filled with wire worms, so that the two following crops are more or less injured. Land intended for pasture only should be renovated every few years by plowing in August, and, in order to destroy the wire worms which are a 'most certain to be in the sod, harrow and cultivate alternately and contin- uously until the winter^ say November or December. The object is, first, to rot the sod, and, second, to rid the ground of wire worms by disturbing them late in the fall or the beginning of winter, so that they will be frozen and thus destroyed. Seed again in the spring with the pasture mixture of grass seed mentioned on page 107, seeding with any kind of spring grain (barley preferred), sown according to previous directions. CHAPTER II. Section I. BEAUTIFYING THE FARM. While no class of people anywhere has such opportunities to make a beautiful home as the farmer, beautifying the home surroundings on the farm is sadly neglected, as a rule. The farmer has sufficient land, so that by laying out the grounds around his house artistically he can make the home attractive, and give the place a park-like appearance, such as cannot be done in the city. The artist, in selecting a subject for a painting of an ideal home, invariably selects a country home in preference to a city mansion. There are home comforts and privileges on the farm that cannot be had in any other occupation. It is to be regretted that more farmers do not take advantage of their opportunities, and endeavor to make their calling more elevating and pleasant, so that the young people will not be attracted to our towns and cities. There is no necessity of making farming a drudgery. There should be system on the farm, the same as in a factory or a business office. Systematized work saves time and labor. While it is necessary to rise ,early in the morning, say at five o'clock, it is equally as necessary to quit work at six o'clock in the evening, so that there will be sufficient time for reading and enjoyment. Every farmer should subscribe for one or two 113 Oppor* tunitiei to Baautiiy. AttraotiTt Horn*. Painting of an "Ideal Home." Fann PriTilofei Elevate Farminf. City Attraotiou. Bystematie Farming. Time for Beading and Enjoyment. 114 BabMribe for P«p«n, Demands InteUigenee Few Failures. Knowledge of Farming. Less House and Ornament the Grounds. SUCCESSFUL FARMING. good agricultural journals, a religious paper, for Sunday reading, a ladies' journal, and a daily newspaper, so that it will not necessitate any member of the family going to the blacksmith's shop, shoemaker's, the store, or the tavern to get the news of the day. Every member of the family should have the opportunity of reading for himself or herself, and so keep apace with the times. The present age demands intelligence in all things. Less manual labor and more thought would bring many farmers better returns than they now enjoy. Farming is more healthful, independent, and interesting than any other occupation or pro- fession. While only a small percentage of business men make a success, only a small percentage of farmers make a failure. This is a well-known fact, and with our present knowledge in agriculture, farming should be made more profitable now than ever before. Other professions are more than filled, but, as we pointed out, there is a great demand at present for farm managers. Every farmer should have a thorough knowledge of his business, including the cultivation of the soil, feeding and caring of live stock, dairying, horticulture, etc. A farm home can be made comfortable and attractive at little cost. Many farm houses are too costly. If one-quarter or even one-third of BEAUTIFYING THE FARM. 115 [but, at rmer his Isoil, ^ing, and are [doi the cost had been spent in laying out the grounds, and planting trees properly arranged, it would not only have added to the comfort and appearance of the place, but would have increased the value of the farm much more. Indeed, the value of this cannot be reckoned in dollars and cents. It should be the ambition of parents to make home the brightest and most attractive spot on earth for their family. In improving a farm one of the first things git* of is to decide what quantity of land is desirable to enclose for orchard, small fruits, vegetable garden, and lawn. Provision should also be made for a small pasture at the back for calves, etc. (See diagram, page 32). Having decided on this, clear away all old oieahns fences, and rubbish of every kind on the whole Fenm. space intended to be enclosed. If any grading is required it should be done or*din« before commencing to cultivate. Do no more ®""*"*** grading than is necessary, as grounds have a more natural appearance when they are some- what undulating. The portion intended for the ouitiTation lawn should be heavily manured with farm manure before plowing. The whole enclosure should be plowed shallow, and thoroughly harrowed and cultivated alternately until the land is cleared of all weeds and weed seeds. The subsoil should be loosened as deeply as possible with the subsoiler. Then prepare a plan and work to it the for Lawn. , II i -I m m ti 116 PrMMT* A Plan. LMldM«p« Oardaning. EnoloiiiiK Oroundi. Planting Evergreens. Hedge. Wind Break. Double Sow Wind Break. SUCCESSFUL FARMING. same as a mechanic working to a plan prepared for a building. Every farmer will require to have a plan especially adapted for his own place. In preparing this he should consider the location of buildings and the lay of the ground. Getting the desired effect belongs to landscape gardening. Good ideas of what will best suit circumstances can be got by securing one of those inexpensive books on this kind of work. A wire fence should be erected around the whole of these grounds, and evergreen trees planted inside of the fence. There are none more suitable than the Norway spruce, which answers well both for a hedge and a wind-break. Trees about twenty inches high are suffic- iently large. Nursery trees that have been transplanted are preferable, the cost of which is about six dollars per hundred. For a hedge, plant them about sixteen inches inside of the fence, and from thirty to forty inches apart. For a wind-break they should be planted from eight to ten feet apart. These will grow up with little attention, and will soon become both ornamental and useful. For various reasons it is not advisable to plant a double row for a wind-break. In a few years the inside branches die for want of air, and it requires so much nourishment to support a double row that no vegetation will grow near BEAUTIFYINO THE FARM. 117 t the trees. It is injurious to fruit trees to be too closely hemmed in with evergreens. Fruit trees require a certain amount of wind to purify the air, and drive away the moths and other insects which are also more likely to collect in closely confined grounds. A single row planted not too closely will make a more healthy and more graceful wind- break, and will not have the objection of preventing sufiicient wind from passing through the orchard. Both the Yellow and White pine make desirable wind-breaks. The White cedar (arbor vitae) is also suitable. In a country with long winters, and when the deciduous trees are without their foliage, it makes the home more attractive and comfortable if surrounded with evergreens. A few groups properly located in the grounds improve the scenery. Slope the sides of hedges so that the bottom branches will get a share of the rains and dews. Cut the top even with the upper wire of fence, which should not be too high. In a long hedge it is advisable to allow a tree to grow eighteen inches higher every fifty or sixty feet, and round the top. This improves the appearance by taking off the plainness. At each side of gates, leave a tree about thirty inches above the hedge, trimmed round, or any desirable shape. Bingl* Roi Wind Break. Beat Wind Braak. Oronpa of Everfreana. Slopa Hadfaa. I'rimminf Iivergraan Iladgea. 118 SUCCESSFUL FARMING. BvcrrrMM for HtdgM. 8«T«ral BvarfrMM, OloM to Wiro Fonoo Hodfo for Fifty Tear*. Dociduout Shrubs for Hodfoi. OracoAilly Ourred Walks and Drives. Sooding Lawn. Any of the everj^reenH are suitable for hedges. Both the Yellow and White pine make desirable line hedges on suitable soil, and where the winters are not too severe, the hemlock with its drooping branches, makes one of the most graceful hedges. The White cedar is of slower growth, but makes the most compact hedge of any of the evergreens. All evergreen hedges should be grown close to a wire fence, so that the branches will grow through, and after being trimmed for several years outside the fence, the branches and wires will get so interwoven that after the posts decay, the wires will remain in place, and be stock proof, and at the same time a live and ornamental hedge, one which will live for fifty or more years. There are many deciduous shrubs that make beautiful hedges during the summer months, but on account of casting their leaves in the autumn, they add no beauty to a place when it is most needed. These also require the protection of a wire fence. In laying out drives and walks, give them graceful curves whenever possible ; avoid a straight walk from front door to the road. Before seeding a lawn, make sure that it has been cultivated sufficiently to destroy all weeds and weed seeds. The lawn can be seeded with success any time between early spring and the fifteenth of October. If sown after this date in Northern BEAUTIFYING THE FARM. 119 Ontario the White clover will not stand the cold winter. Sow the following mixture: Five pounds uwn White clover, five pounds Rod Top, and five pounds Kentucky Blue graas per twvo, with one bushel of barley. Sow all broadcast on the Mixturt. 5^. BRUSH HARROW. my of tern surface, after which give one stroke with the BarUy with Lawn S«ad harrow or "Breed's Weeder." After the barley is up several inches, cut and leave it on the ;,'round as a mulching. By keeping barley cut the lawn will very soon have an attractive appearance. \ t= 120 Sowinr Clover. Brush Harrowiog Lawn. Clover in Lawn Seed. Lawn Require! Little Attention. SUCCESSFUL FARMING. Each spring, sow a little White clover, and brush harrow (see 111. 55) the lawn thoroughly to pulverize and smooth the surface, which is usually made uneven by earth worms. This is preferable to rolling. Clover is of very great importance in a lawn to keep up the fertility, as it collects nitrogen to feed the other grasses, arid keeps thQ lawn green during the summer. If the land has been thoroughly cleaned of weeds before seeding, it will require very little 56. LAWN MOWER. Cutting the Lawn. Value of a Lawn. attention in after years. The portion used for amusements in the summer evenings will require to be cut frequently with a lawn mower (see 111. 56). The balance should be cut the beginning of June. This can be done with a horse mowing machine, but it is better not cut during the hot summer months. Groups of trees on the lawn give the place a park -like appearance, say one group in front near the road, and the other at the back. A BEAUTIFYING THE FARM. 121 tily L is s is 1 a ects 3eps dof ittle for quire 3e 111. ining wing e hot place front variety of evergreen and deciduous trees may be planted in these groups. One or two weeping elms are ornamental and agreeable during the summer months. Groups of flowering shrubs on the lawn are very interesting. In order to get the best results it is advisable to dig around them. In grouping trees, or shrubs, and in making flower beds, have no sharp angles, but round oft' the corners. This takes ott'the stiffness and gives a place a more easy and natural appearance. In arranging groups do not plant three trees or shrubs in line. It is more natural to have them set irregular. In making a selection of flowering shrubs, two tilings must be observed, viz. : select varieties sufficiently hardy for the locality in which they are required, and choose a collection that will bloom at various times, from early spring until autumn. The following are a few varieties that have proved sufficiently hardy at the Ontario Agri- cultural College grounds, Guelph, where the ther- mometer occasionally reaches twenty to twenty- Hve degrees below zero: Tlie rose-colored Wei- gelia (Diervilla Deshoisi), tlie wliite-flowered Weigelia (Diervilla Mortens is Nivea), the large flowering Hydrangea (Hydrav4. BEAUTIFYING THE FARM. 127 manure, and put the frame on the soil, using the same manure to bank the frame on the outside. Cover the frame with cotton, provided with a roller the same as for the hot bed. It is necessary to have strips three feet apart, to pre- vent the cotton from sagging in the centre. Loosen up the soil with a spading fork before sowing seeds. The cold frame must be sheltered from the west and north. By making due preparation, and sowing the seeds by the last of March, the plants will be ready to set out in the open ground by the end of May. These dates are for Central and Northern Ontario. For more southern latitudes, the time for sowing the seed and planting in the open ground, will vary according to situation. When more space is required to grow plants, it is not necessary to make separate frames, but enclose in one space, by setting short posts at back and front and nail eight-inch boards on the front and twelve-inch at the back. Closely board the ends and bank with either earth or manure. A cold frame of this description can be extended to any required capacity. In addition to a flower bed of annuals on the lawn, there should also be a bed of flowering perennials. These require very little attention. Make the bed of irregular shape, with rounded cornera Dig in considerable farm manure and mulch every winter. Plant such flowers as are Oorerinff. Prevent Coveriny from SagfinK. Time to Sow. Large Cold Frame. Flower Bed. t .: 128 Hardy Perennial Flowere. Out Flowers. Rockery. SUCCESSFUL FARMING. hardy and showy and that will bloom profusely in their season during the summer. The following is a list of hardy perennials to select from. The common names only are given, and the colors are named. Bleeding Heart, pink. Coreopsis, yellow. Dwarf Phlox, white, rose and crimson. Gaillardia, red. Garden Pinks, white, striped and rose. German Iris, white, yellow and purple. Helianthus, yellow. Hollyhock, white, pink, yellow and crimson. Japanese Iris, white, blue and crimson. Larkspur, mixed coloru. Lemon Lily, yellow. Lilium Candidum, white. Oriental Popp3^ scarlet. Paeonies, white, rose and crimson colors. Rudbeckia, yellow. Sweet William, mixed colors. The above list will provide a collection of bloom most of the summer, sufficient to brighten and make glad several homes with cut bloom, in addition to the outdoor ornamentation. Another attraction on the lawn is a rockery in some shady corner, oval in shape, and raised in the centre with a few wheelbarrow fulls of rich mould. Spade in sufficient well rotted farm manure to prevent the soil getting hard, or forming a crust. When the bed is in shape and BEAUTIFYING THE FARM. 129 raked, place five or six rustic stones on the bed, not in line or formal, but irregular. It is now ready for planting. The first thing to get is a collection of native ferns. This is an interesting work. Plant one root of each variety. There will be no difficulty in collecting fifteen or twenty distinct varieties in our woods or swamps. After the ferns are planted, put in a few perennial flowers, such as the Japanese and German Iris, Dwarf Phlox, Bleeding Heart and Garden Pinks. A rockery requires to be shaded, especially from the south and west. Frequently there is a shaded corner close to the house that is suit- able for a rockery, one which will look cosy and requires little attention. A few hardy climbers around the house give a home-like and interesting appearance. A few plants of Ampelopsis Veitchii (Boston Ivy,) planted so that they can get hold of the wall will cover an ordinary house in a few years. It requires no support other than the wall to which it will cling, be it stone, brick or wood, and although it does not bloom, it is very attractive. Clematis Jackmanii, has a large dark purple flower, and the Clematis Paniculata a small white fragrant flower. These are both hardy climbers. No home would bo complete without a variety of Roses. For hardy climbers, the two well-known varieties, "Baltimore Belle," blush How to OoMtruet. Planting Ferns and Perennial Flowen. Location for a Rookery. Hardy Climbers. Boston Ivy. Clematis. Climbing Roses. 130 tomnm Flowtrinf Bulbs. i:' i I' VarietiM For Bordar. Horaa Cultivation. Rote, Queen of Flowers. Collection of Roses. SUCCESSFUL FARMING. color, and "Prairie Queen," rose color, still hold their own. A border of summer flowering bulbs divid- ing the lawn from the vegetable garden is quite attractive, and as the bulbs multiply each year, the principal cost is in the commencement. For the first row next the lawn, I would suggest Gladiolus, the howers of which are of various colors and charming appearance. Second row, Cannas, Crozy's Dwarf sorts. Third row, Dahlias, mixed colors. The rows should be thirty inches apart so that the cultivating can be done with a horse. The bulbs require to be taken up in the autumn and kept in a cool cellar where they will not freeze. Should there be any danger of frost, sprinkle a little sand or mould over them in the early part of the winter. This subject would not be complete without mentioning the queen of flowers, the Rose. In order to complete the floral department, plant a row of hardy Roses, four feet from the row of Dahlias so that the cultivating can be done with a horse. There are such a large variety of roses that I will only name the following varieties as being suitable for outdoor blooming, and refer the reader to the nurserymen's and seedsmen's catalogues for a larger collection. Coquette des Blanches, white; General Jacqueminot, scarlet ; Paul Neyron, pink ; Persian, yellow. VEGETABLE GARDEN. 131 Section II. VEGETABLE GARDEN. ith ses as ifer bn's l^ral The vegetable garden should be looked on as one of the important departments of the farm. A succession of fresh vegetables from early spring until winter is necessary for the health of all classes in this country. It is a wise provision of nature that the food we should eat can be grown in the climate in which we live. In the tropical climates we find the people living v»iueof almost entirely on fruits and vegetables. Were Jood.**"* they to eat fatty foods they could not long live, as such a diet would encourage disease. In our temperate zone, where we have both heat and cold, we should govern ourselves accordingly, and so arrange that our diet during the summer Diet season be composed largely of fruits and toCHmate. vegetables. According to analysis from eighty to ninety per cent, of fruits and vegetables is water. The same holds good for grass. We know that our animals never thrive better than in spring, on fresh grass without any additional food. The lesson we deduce from this is that a vegetable food in summer is what we require, but for an outdoor life in winter we require a more concentrated and heating food. In the Arctic regions the food of the natives is principally the fat of whales and other sea animals, called "blubber." This is necessary to supply heat for the body. !■'! 132 Underdrain- ing 0*rd«n, Manuring Garden. Sttbsoiling Oarden. 'if' iVV m Litt of Vegetables. Asparagus. Planting Asparagus. SUCCESSFUL FARMING. The first consideration in selecting a location for the vegetable garden is to have a dry subsoil. If it is not naturally so it should be thoroughly linderdrained. In clay soil the drains should not be more than thirty feet apart. Spread on the surface well rotted farm manure, about twenty-five tons per acre. Plow this under not more than four inches deep. After being thoroughly harrowed and cultivated, so that th3 manure and surface soil are thoroughly incorporated, break up the subsoil with a subsoil plow, or cultivator with chisel pointed teeth, as illustrated on page 26. It is preferable to have all this work done in the Autumn, and have the ground ribbed so that there is nothing required in the spring except to harrow and cultivate. The following is a list of vegetables suitable for a private garden. The directions for culti- vation are suggestive. Asparagus is one of the very earliest vege- tables in the spring. It is a perennial and can be grown from seed sown in the spring. Plant in rows thirty inches apart, the plants left nine inches apart in tlie row, or plant in a bed two feet between the rows, and nine inches in the row, for hand cultivation. For best results, the land must be thoroughly enriched with well rotted manure in the fall. As it is a gross feeder, apply a good sprinkling of salt in the m VEGETABLE OAni>EN. 133 spring. A good variety of asparagus is the varutyof " Palmetto." The roots can be purchaHed from any seedsman. Beans, dwarf or bush. This vegetable being B«ai» a " Legume " is known to be of the most nutri- Food, tious and best as a flesli forming food. A succession of sowings should be made from early spring until the middle of sununer. Plant in drills two feet apart, and the seeds three inches in the drills, and alx)ut two inches deep. The rule governing the depth of all Depth to seeds is from four to five times their diameter. Seedt. t le xac ■ ■ ■ ■ c ■■■ ■ ■ ■: le TTTTTTmTT 59. THE DIBBLER. Two varieties suitable to sow are the " Valentine," having green pods and the " Kidney Wax," which has a yellow pod. For early use sow beets in the spring, as soon as the gi'oiind is fit to work, in drills two feet apart, and thin the plants to six inches apart in the drills. For winter use it is advisable to sow in June, as this will give a more crisp and superior quality. By using a dibbler (see 111. .19) beets and, in fact, most seeds and plants, both flower and Beani Variety. Beets. When to Sow Beet Seed. Dibbling Seeds and Planto. 134 HiU Se«d DriU. Variety of Beets. Oabbage. i I SUCCESSFUL FARMING. vegetable, can be grown at the desired distance apart without any variation. This gives a garden an attractive appearance. For those who grow vegetables on a larger scale a " Hill " dropping seed drill is preferable. (See 111. 60). Popular varieties of beets are Crosby's Egyptian, and the Eclipse. There can be no mistake in growing a large quantity of cabbage, for should there be more m* t IftAitrm 'wKk-m^r K?k. 60. HILL DROPPINQ SEED DRILL. How to Plant Cabbage. Varieties of Oabbafe. than is required for home use, the balance can be fed, at a profit, to the animals. The plants are taken from the cold frame, as soon as all danger of frost is past, aind planted in the vegetable garden. Plant in rows two feet apart, with the plants eighteen inches apart in the rows. For the early variety "Winningstadt" answers well, and for a late variety "Fottler's Drumhead." VEGETABLE GARDEN. 135 Cauliflower is a plant that requires abund- ance of moisture in order to get the best results. It would stand a shower bath every evening when near the time for heading, but as this is seldom practicable the next best thing is to cultivate the soil every few days, so as to conserve moisture As soon as the heads begin to show, break down the top leaves, which prevents the heads from getting discolored. Among the reliable varieties are " Earliest Erfurt" and " Snowball." Carrot cultivation is similar to that of beets, excepting that the distance the plants are apart in the row should be four inches instead of six. Oxheart and Chantenay are two satisfactory varieties for table use. Celery requires a cool, moist atmosphere, and a rich, black muck is especially adapted for this plant. The seeds should be sown in a cold frame, or in the open ground, early in the spring. Celery, cabbage and cauliflower plants are made more stocky by shearing off the tops once or twice before transplanting. The best results are obtained by transplanting from the frame into plant boxes, six in each, then trans- planting in July in rows three feet apart, and six inches in the LkjW. It is not necessary to plant celery in trenches. When transplanting firm the soil with the feet to insure a start. In Oftuliflower Requires Mouture. Keep Cauliflower Heads White. Oauliflo\rer Varieties. Carrot Cultivation. Varieties of Carrots. Celery Requires Moisture. Celery Plants. Trans- plantinf uslory. ! ; 136 Blanohinr Celery. Storing Celery. Celery for Poultry. Varietiea of Celery. Sweet Corn. Planting Corn. Varietiea of Corn. SUCCESSFUL FARMING. four or five weeks begin to earth up, to teach the plants an " upright " life. For blanching or whitening, first use a hoe, drawing up the leaves with one hand, and packing the earth around the plants n the other. Subsequent banking up can done with the horse and plow. To prevent the earth getting among the stalks lap binder twine once around each plant. The last banking should be done ten or fifteen days before it is required for use or to be stored. In storing for winter use, dig up before the time of hard frosts, and take immediately to a cool cellar and set on the floor, with boards at the sides. Bank up with sand or earth, the same as for blancliing in the field. Celery is now being fed to poultry in the feeding process for table use. It imparts a delightful flavor to the flesh. Varieties for table use : " White Plume " and " Paris Golden." No garden would be complete without a supply of sweet corn for table use. Plant corn after all danger of frost is past, either in hills three and a half feet each way or in rows four feet apart, and eight inches in the row. Corn requires continuous cultivation during the grow- ing season to conserve moisture. Varieties: "White Cory" and "Stowell's Evergreen." '' .,' VEGETABLE GARDEN. 137 and rell's Cucumber plants for early use can be started in the hot bed and set in the open ground as soon as all danger of frost is past. At the same time, the general crop may be planted by putting a few seeds in hills four feet apart. Pick the fruit whether it is required for use or not, otherwise the vines will die off. Varieties for table use and for pickling : " Long Green " and " White Spine." Lettuce may be sown early in the spring in rows two feet apart. Thin out for table use, or for the poultry, and allow a certain number to heart. If sown every three weeks, fresh lettuce may be had during the summer season. " Simpson's Curled " and " Nonpareil," are good varieties. Musk melons are greatly relished by most people, and should be cultivated in every garden. A light w^arm soil is preferable, one made rich with well rotted farm manure. The cultivation necessary is the same as for cucumbers. Musk melons and cucumbers should be kept some distance apart, otherwise they are liable to become inoculated. A reliable variety is the " Hackensack." The cultivation of the water melon is exactly the same as for musk melons. A delicious variety is the *' Ice Cream." The citron well known for preserving should be in every garden. It requires to be grown Cucumber Planting. Cucumbers For Table and Pickling. Cultivation of Lettuce. Varieties of lettuce. Melon Musk Cultivation. Melon Musk Varieties. Melon Water Variety. Citron for Preserving. \l M M i W7 I •I' ■ i ( 138 i f 1 , . . . m i 1 Cultivation i of Onions. ■ ''-"' ;i i '.:') I ■ . • ;ii ■li i ■ ! Onions from Seed. : ■ f " ■t ! : *■ Onions from Sou. 1 ' ' Varieties of Onions. 1 ■ : ■ Parsnip Cultivation. Parsnip Variety. Peas for Daily Food. Varieties. SUCCESSFUL FARMING. some distance from the water melons. Give the same cultivation as for melons. The " Bed Seeded," is a suitable variety. Onion seed may be sown quite early in the spring, as a few degrees of frost will not injure the young plants. Sow (thin) in rows fifteen inches apart. After the bulbs are about half an inch in diameter all that are not required for use when thinning may be left on the ground to dry off. These can be kept over winter and planted for early use in tlie spring. Varieties : " Yellow Globe Danvers," " Red Wethersfield" and the "Silver Skin" for pickling. The parsnip is one of our most nutritious vegetables. Sow tlie seed early in the spring in rows, two feet apart, and thin to six inches in the rows. Leave them in the ground, until early winter, as they are improved by the early frost. A good variety is the " Hollow Crown." Peas being one of the legwmes should form a portion of our daily diet. Sow early in the spring in rows two feet apart. Cultivate thoroughly. Make two or three sowings at intervals of three or four weeks. Varieties suitable are " Extra Early " (for first sowing) followed by "Little Gem" and "Stratagem." The last two are large, green, wrinkled varieties. All the pumpkins required for table use may VEGETABLE GARDEN. 139 be grown along with the corn. The " Large Cheese " is a good variety. Radish must be grown quickly in order to be crisp. Sow at intervals from early spring until autumn. To hasten vegetation, harrow in land plaster before sowing. Sow in rows two feet apart. Varieties are " Scarlet Turnip " (white tip) and " Long Chartier." Rhubarb seed may be sown in spring in drills two feet apart, and thinned to same distance, or it may be grown more satisfactory hy dividing the roots. For this plant the soil cannot be too rich. Mulch in winter. " Johnston'^ St. Martin" is a good variety. The squash as a vegetable is increasing in popularity. The cultivation is similar to melons, excepting that the hills should be eight .feet apart. For summer use sow the "Vegetable Marrow," and for winter use the " Hubbard." The tomato plants are supposed to be started in the hot bed or cold frame. For best results transplant into quart berry boxes, one plant in each, and when all danger of frost is past transplant (on a cloudy day if possible) three feet apart each way. Reliable varieties are the " Ikrly Atlantic or Ruby" and "Livingston's Perfection." For early turnips sow in spring, in drills two feet apart, and thin to eight inches. For Pumpkins Vanety. Radiah CultivatlAB. Varieties Radiah. Rhubarb from Seed and Roots. Squash Cultivation. Squash Varieties. Tomato Cultivatioii Tomato Varieties. Turnip Cultivation. 140 SUCCESSFUL FARMING. m I : 'ill; Turnip Varietiei. Potato Culture for Earl; Market, ke Potato Planting. Potato PropaKAting an early variety would name " Early White Globe." For winter use sow * a Bronze Top Swede " about first of July. In the cultivation of potatoes for the early market, the largest profit is from the very earliest o that there has become quite a strife among gardeners to be first. In order to gain this the soil, if not naturally dry and warm, must be made so by underdraining. In the Auturn*^ r' ^3 p. good coat of farm manure, and incorporat \{ ^^nth the surface soil. Then put up in naii'ow rihr for the winter. In spring harrow aid culti ' > these down, and sow broadcast ovti tJ«e .-u'T'^a lime at the rate of about five hundred pounds per acre. Then cultivate and harrow tlioroughly , and the ground is now ready for planting; Open the drills with a plow, four inches deep and thirty inches apart. Plant whole potatoes of medium size, eighteen inches apart in the row. Cover with the plow, and in eight days harrow down. Keep the surface pulverized with a ** Breed Weeder." Cultivate frequently while the potatoes are growing to conserve moisture. The last tinni the earth may be thrown towards the potatoes to cover any that may be exposed to the sun. Do not hill up potatoes. Two weeks before planting spread the seed potatoes on the floor in a warm room, where; there is plenty of sunlight, so that the hardy SMALL FRUITS. 141 sprouts will start. These should not be injured. This method will ensure an early crop. Among the innumerable number of early varieties two old sorts are worthy of mention as these are Early still among the first : the " Early Ohio " and varieties the " Early Market." In gardening follow a rotation so far as Rotation in practical. After the early potatoes are harvested, sow peas and buckwheat to plow under. This will add fertility, in addition to improving the texture of the soil. Section HI. SMALL FRUITS. The same preparation of the land necessary for vegetables is required for small fruits. The first of these to ripen is the wholesome and appetizing strawberry. These should be straw, grown in every garden. The surplus can always be disposed of at remunerative prices. The plants can be set out at any time from punting early spring until October, in thoroughly berries, prepared soil. Set in rows three feet apart, and eighteen inches in the row. Cultivate frequently the first season, and destroy all weeds. Renew by setting out one-third of the whole in new plants every year. An equal portion of the old stock may be Renewing plowed under and used for some other crop. ber?^*. Tliis rotation will give superior fruit. Mulch 142 SUCCESSFUL FARMING. i ' I Mulohinf Straw- berries. Clyde Strawberry. Goose- berries. late in the fall with coarse farm manure. Uncover the crown of plants early in spring, and leave the manure for mulching. The varieties are so numerous that it is difficult to make a selection. The " Clyde " is regarded as one of the best all round varieties at the present time, having a perfect flower. Ripens early ; fruit firm and large. (See 111. 61). Varieties of Goose- berries. 61. STRAWBERRY— CLYDE. While gooseberries do not grow to the same perfection in this country that they do in Great Britain, yet the following varieties give, as a rule, very good results: "Downing" (green in color) (see 111. 62); "Whitesmith," yellowisli white and smooth (see 111. 63); "Industry, dark red, hairy (see 111. 64). Plant gooseberries in rows four feet apart each way. Train tht^ bushes in the form of a tree. M icover leave it is le best bving a m and the samt* I in Great ive, as a [green in rellowisli idustry. Iseberries rain thf Si ' m .! : 62. ftOOSEBERRY— DOWNINQ. [143] n 1 ! 144 srccESSirL F.\RMIN ; '1.1 1*' i ; i I I ■ 76. GRAPE— BRIGHTON (RED). 'if: SMALL FRUITS. 159 1' 77. GRAPE — MOORK'S DIAMOND (WHITK), I I . I :ii I I (1 ! ' 1: ■ 1 1 ^ / 160 Exposure for Orohard. Draining an Orchard. Planting an Orchard. SUCCESSFUL FAUMINQ. Section IV. ORCHARD. It is considered that the most suitable loca- tion for an orchard is a north-east by east exposure, for the reason that the trees thus exposed are later in blooming, and consequently there is less danger of frost destroying the fruit wlien it is forming. This, however, can in a measure be obviated by mulching in the autumn. Before planting an orchard the land should be put in proper condition by first under-drain- ing, the drains placed thirty-five feet apart, and arranged so that there will be a drain between the rows of trees. If close to the trees the drains are liable to be choked with the rootlets. A clover sod plowed and manured in the fall the same as for root crop (see cultivation for field roots) is the most desirable preparation of the soil for planting an orchard. The early spring is the proper time to plant all fruit trees. Plant an orchard in rows thirty - five feet apart, and thirty-five feet in the row. Set alternately so as to allow more space for the trees. Pears, plums and cherry trees would do twenty feet space, but when only a few of eii of these are required for home use it is advis- able, for convenience in cultivating, to keep them in line with the apple orchard. ORCHARD. 161 In planting nmko the holes large enough to How to admit the roots without cramping or bending, and deep enough to bring the iwe to its natural depth. The fine surface soil should be used for plant ladvi.H- keep 78. CHERRY— LOUIS PHILLIPPE. covering the roots, and this should be carefully worked among them. If the ground is dry, it is well +o pour in some water when the hole is partiar tilled. See that the ground is firmly 162 SI f M 'KSSFl • I. V\ KM I XG Ml 7!>. rUKKRV— BLACK TAKTARIAN. ORCHARD. 163 If m 80. PLUM -NIAGARA. !■' ,-forr in:; mi ii 1 1 ■ liili 164 Hulohing Trees. Oultivatine an Orchard. Cropping Between Trees. SUCCESSFUL FARMING. packed over all parts of the routs by exerting the full weight of the planter upon it, so that there will be no opportunity for dry air to enter and destroy the roots. Fill the holes full enough to be even with the surrounding surface after the fresh earth settles. Never put manure in contact wnth the roots. The young trees should be staked and tied so that the wind will not loosen the roots. When the trees are planted, they should be mulched with coarse fai"ni manure four or five inches deep, for a space of two feet more in diameter than the extent of the roots. This keeps the earth moist and of even temperature. The following spring the ground should be cultivated around each tree for a space of at least two feet outside the roots. Repeat the cultivating frecjuently during the sunnner. Again mulch in the autumn. A hoe crop may be grown the first season after planting between the rows of trees, followed with a grain crop the second year, seeding with Red clover. After an orchard commences to bear fruit, which should be in three or four years, no other crop should be taken off the land. The after culti- vation should be as follows: Plow shallow early in the spring, then harrow and cultivate alternately during the early summer, using w^ido points on the spring tooth cultivator to cut off all thistles and weeds, and thus thoroughly clean the land. ORCHARD. 165 ting that snter full rface mure trees i will ild be >r five are in This rature. luld be J of at sat the limner. )p may etween in crop After which er crop culti- ■w early Itivate ig wide cut ot^" oughly 81. IM.r.M — dfaxe's purplk. 166 SUCCESSFUL FARMING. ' ■!''■ Cover Crop for Orohard. Advantages of Cover Crop. f . ! What to Sow in Orchard. Cultivation of Cover Crop. I Advantages of Clover in Orchard. In July or August sow some crop to remain on the land during the winter as a cover crop. This has the same beneficial effect as for grapes. It absorbs a portion of the moisture, so that the fruit will be ripened in better condition to prevent rot, and the wood also matures earlier, so that it will the better stand the winter frost. The covering also prevents the roots from being injured by the frost. The cover crop should consist largely of some legu7)ie, such as clover, peas or vetches. A good mixture would be vetches, one bushel, buckwheat, one peck (mixed), and drilled in, and at the same time sow eight pounds of Red clover seed in front of the drill spouts. After drilling, give one stroke with the harrows to smooth the surface. In winter spread farm manure in the rows of trees about twelve feet wide, and plow under (shallow) with the cover crop. Then harrow and cultivate as before. The eighteen feet of clover between the rows of trees may be cut for hay the first year, and plowed the following spring along with the balance. After the orchard is in full bearing it is an advantage to allow the clover to grow over the entire surface for a year occasionally, and remain over winter for a mulching. The advantag- ; are that it will collect a large amount of free nitrogen from the air. The roots will go down two or three feet and bring up a large amount of soluble mineral matter. Besides they perforate the soil among ORCHARD. 167 82. PLUM— REIXE CLAUDE. , the roots of the trees and let in the air, which is very essential. A cover crop of clover, vetches or farm manure also prevents the trees from blooming too early in the spring. Although the above directions are especially applicable to H ^L f* ;■_'■ , "•I . ■ ■ I *]! 168 SUCCESSFUL FARMING. I Mi \\ I ! i 1 ( ' ■VB. fir li i ,, Plum Culture. the apple orchard, they are equally beneficial Cherry ^ for other fruit trees. Following in the order, according to diagram on page 32, the cherries will come in order next to the grapes. Standard trees are more suitable than dwarfs for horse cultivation. Reliable varieties of acid cherries for preserving are " Montmorency," a red, and *'Louis PIiillipe,"also a red. (See 111. 78). The Cherries for followinsf are three satisfactory varieties of Preserving. *=• _ •' sweet cherries for table use : " Governor Wood," Cherries for a pink, " Elton," a vt'llow blush, and the " Black Table Use. r ' ' .7 Tartarian." (See 111. 79). This most delicious of fruits, the plum, has suffered severely in past years from the " Cur- culio " and " black knot," but now that we are able to combat against these and other pests, by spraying with certain compounds which will be given later in apple culture, the plum should be grown. For an early plum the " Niagara " (see 111. 80) might be named. This is a seedling from the " Bradshaw." Its color is dark blue. For second, the early " Duane's Purple " is a favorite (see 111. 81), and for an autumn variety the " Reine Claude," a greenish plum marked with red. (See 111. 82). Hardy peaches for Central and Northern Ontario are yet in the experimental stage, and, no doubt, this desirable object will be obtained within the next few years. A Mr. Breckon already claims to have a new seedling which Plum Varieties. Peaches. li'. ORCHARD. 169 jial ler, 'ies ard 3rse ries and The i of )od," llack , has Cur- B are ba,by ill be Id be le 111. from For |i8 a riety I'ked them I, and, lained 3ckon ^hich Svi?' 83. PEAR— CLAPP'S FAVORITE. 170 SUCCESSFUL FARMING. Pear Oultur*. Peari, their Value. Pear Varieties. Apple Orchard. Varieties for Domestic Use. Apples for Export. will grow in more northern latitudes than our present varieties. The cultivation of the pear is extending as its value is appreciated. The melting, juicy texture, the fine flavor and delicate aroma of the pear give it a high place among fruits. A pear orchard, properly attended to, will yield larger returns than an apple orchard, but pears require special care, particularly in picking and packing, both for home use and for shipping. Two reliable summer varieties are the " Bartlett " and " Clapp's Favorite." (See 111. 83). For the autumn "Sheldon" and "Flemish Beauty " (see 111. 84) are suitable, and for early winter " Beurre D* Anjou " and " Beurre Clair- geau." (See 111. 85). The apple orchard should be divided into two departments ; the first for domestic use, and the second for export purposes. For home use, in ordinary cases, two or three trees of each of the following varieties will be sufficient for summer and early winter use. One of our best and earliest varieties is the "Yellow Transparent" (See 111. 86). This is a Russian variety which was imported in 1870 by the Agricultural Department. Then follow the "Duchess of Oldenburg," "Stibbard's Seedling," "Snow" or "Famuse," and "Wealthy." The balance may be reserved from the winter var- ieties grown for export. ORCHARD. 171 as the lis a |Oby the ing, The Ivar- 84. PEAR— FLEMISH BEAUTY. 172 SUCCESSFUL FARMING. i; i' Sell on the Tree. I Plant Healthy Trees. Grafting on Talman Sweet. ill Hi^ How to Graft. This export trade is bound to increase as this country is specially adapted to apple culture. Our farmers should, therefore, take advantage of their opportunity, and be pre- pared, each for his portion of this trade. My idea is that the farmer's part of the business is to grow the apples, and sell them outright to the shippers in the autumn, so that he can attend to his other farm work and let the ship- pers see after the picking, packing, etc. Many farmers who have orchards in full bearing and of a suitable variety for export, are deriving hand.some returns. In planting out an orchard, first decide on the variety you intend to grow for the export trade, and see that you get good, healthy young trees. For export it is necessary to have a good winter variety; one of the best is the "King of Tompkins" (see 111. 87). It is a good sliipper and commands a high price in the British market, but it is a scant bearer, unless grafted on healthy growing stock, such as "Tal- man Sweet," than which none is better. By doing so the yield will be increased double. This is done by planting out an orchard of "Talman Sweet" trees, and the second year grafting "Kings" on half of the top. If there are four or five main branches to form the top, graft each alternate branch about three inches from the trunk and horizontal, to form the top properly, and the balance the fol- rn-i: ORCHARD. 173 as jple rake pre- My ss is it to can ship- (lany r and iving ie on ixport ^^oung ive a the good the nleHS "Tal- By ouble. rd of year les to about Ital, to le f ol- s 85. PEAR— BEURRB CLAIRGEAi:. 174 SUCCESSFUL FARMING. lit ■Ml Advantage of Oratttnc. Appl«i for Export. Graft Northern Spy. Varieties Without Grafting. Pruning Fruit Trees. Shape of Tree Top. lowing year. Do not cut off the whole top in one year. These trees will commence to bear in three or four years after grafting. Satisfac- tory results are obtained from grafting " Kings " on the "Wealthy," "Duchess" and "Ben Davis" (see 111. 88). The latter is one of the most prolific and best shipping apples, but the quality is inferior. As a long keeper it has no superior, if equal. There are many orchards being planted with this variety, and should the market get overstocked, either "Kings" or "Northern Spy" (see 111. 89) can be grafted on the "Ben Davis" trees. The "Northern Spy" will bear in four or five years, whereas on their own stock they will not bear for fourteen or fifteen years from time o£ planting. Any of the following varieties will give satisfaction for export, without grafting, viz., "Ontario," "Sutton Beauty" (see 111. 90) and "Baldwin." Pruning fruit trees is an important matter. The time to begin is before the tree is planted, when the branches should be cut back and the top formed. Pruning should be done as the leaves are opening, end of May or first of June. When this work is attended to annually and properly, there will rarely be any large limbs to cut off. The ideal shape is an inverted umbrella, so that the sun and air may reach all the branches. ORCHARD. 175 I 86. APPLE— YELLOW TRANSPARENT. ••'ii la, so tches. No two cross uiniiclies should overlap each other. The last but not the least important work sprayinr , . .,1 u •! li • i. i.* Fruit Trees. in connection with iruit culture is protecting the trees and fruit against insect pests. With f 176 SUCCESSFUL FARMINC 87. Al'l'l-!-; — KlX(i Ol" TOMI'KIXS. i * OKCHAKI). 177 8S. APf'M;— hi:n' dwis. It r I ■-'m i'ii (■f! Ili ■s|| i' il ■ f' 15 '1. 1: f J L 1 ^ i 178 Selecting Spraying Apparatus. Apple Inseote. Kerosene Emulsion. Apple Scab Treatment, SUCCESSFUL FARMING. the proper utensils and materials this can be accomplished (see 111. 91). First secure a good brass spraying pump mounted on a barrel sup- plied with an agitator. Set the barrel on a cart, waggon or hand-cart. Select a nozzle which is easily cleaned, and that will break up the solution so that it will leave the nozzle like a mist. As a fine spray cannot be thrown any distance, it is advisable to attach two nozzles to a bamboo pole by a T (see 111. 91) and the hose fastened to the other end of the pole. The solution to be applied for masticatory insects, such as caterpillars and beetles, is one pound of Paris green to two hundred gallons of water. For suctorial insects, such as Aphides and Scale insects, use kerosene emulsion, made after the following formula: Hard soap, one half pound, or soft soap, one quart; boilinj.-, water (soft) one gallon; coal oil, two gallons. After dissolving the soap in the water, add th«! coal oil and stir well for from five to ten minutes. In using, dilute with from ten to twelve parts of water. For treating the scab, use a Bordeaux mix- tare made according to the following formula : Copper sulphate, four pounds; lime (fresh), four pounds; water, forty gallons. Suspend tlif copper sulphate in five gallons of warm water. This may be done by putting it in a bag ma. AIMM.K NUK'IIIKHN- Sl'V, k i rn^ ■•I ■'■'• 'A i 180 Spraying Solution. SUCCESSFUL FARMING. the same quantity of water, then mix the two, and add the remainder of the forty gallons of water. It is best to combine the Paris green and the Bordeaux mixture, and in this way I ii '\U it ! ■ Hi 90. APPLE — SUTTON BEAUTY, apply a combined insecticide and fungicide. The results are as good as if each were applied separately. The following is the proper treat- ment for an orchard: For destroying codling (yr ORCHARD. 181 moth, bud moth, tent caterpillars, canker worm, apple spot and leaf blight (first spraying) apply Bordeaux mixture and the Paris green (four ounces of Paris green to a barrel of the mix- ture) when the buds are swellinf,. Second spraying: Bordeaux mixture and Paris green before the blossoms open. Time to Spray. 91. SPRAYER. fl! Third spraying: Bordeaux mixture and Paris green when the blossoms have fallon. Fourth and fifth sprayings: Bordeaux mix- ture and Paris green at intervals of ten and Hfteen days. A sixth application may be necessary if any scale should appear on the fruit or leaves. ■i J I' 182 SUCCESSFUL FARMING. % ■ w m Spraying Potatoes. i fji; The same pump and barrel is used for spraying Potatoes for the beetle ( Doryphora and Decom- lineata). The preparation for this purpose is one pound of Paris green to a barrel of water, placed on a cart or other one-horse vehicle so that while the horse is walking in one drill the wheels will be in the two adjoining. With the drills thirty inches apart, a T sprayer can be made with one-inch iron gas pipe so as to spray four or six drills at a time. One man sits behind and attends to the sprayer and another works the pump. I i ii; CHAPTER III. Section I. FARM IMPLEMENTS AND BUILDINGS. In the first place it is desirable to purchase Purohasinf only such implements as are necessary and best suited for the different kinds of work for which they are intended. An expensive implement is not always the best. The rule should be to buy only such implements as are necessary and up-to-date, and on no account to buy an imple- ment that is not required on the farm. The whole assortment of implements should be cared for in the best possible manner, with a view to extending their time of usefulness. The first thing to be done is to provide an implement implement and tool house (see elevation, 111. 92), and the second to see that every implement and tool is under cover, and in its proper place when not in actual use. Exposure to rains and sun is ruinous to szpoiure hnplements, even to those which are constructed impiemenu; of iron or steel. It is a saving of time and money to keep all the farm machinery, imple- ments, etc., under cover, and in their place, and keep every implement in good working order. The implements and tools should be painted occasionally, a work which may be don 3 on mild days during the winter season. 188 .■I it] ^11 m 1 I, j m 'f^ fit ml 7i "A U S FARM IMPLEMENTS AND BUILDINGS. 185 In one end of the implement house there BUoksmith should be a forge (a cheap fan forge is all that °'''' is necessary), with an anvil and a few black- smith's tools. Most men, if at all " handy," can do ordinary repairs on a farm, and save not only expense, but also the time of going to the blacksmith shop, which is often worth more than the cost of repairing. In addition to a blacksmith's bench and Work tools, in the same end of the building, there Toou. should be a carpentoi bench, provided with such tools as are necessary to do ordinary wood- work repairs. Extra sets of Whipple trees should be kept on hand in case of breakag(% and hooks for all the spades, shovels, scythes, forks, etc. The location of the building should be convenient to both the barn and the house (see diagram of farm, page 32), and at the same time be isolated for safety in case of tire. The size of the building must correspond to Dimen«ion8 the requirement of the farm. For a farm of one hundred and fifty acres, a building sixty feet long by twenty-six feet wide (see plan, 111. 93; will not be too large for all the farm machinery, implements, waggons, sleighs, car- riages, cutters, etc. The building need not be high unless the loft is required for hay. This, however, is not desirable, as more or less dust will get through, and, besides destroying, will make the implements and vehicles look untidy. of Building. ' "'Ml \fm 1 ' ■< Ml 186 SUCCESSFUL FARMINQ. if; £ 93. GROUND PLAN OF POULTRY HOUSE. FARM IMPLEMENTS AND BUILDINGS. 187 The floor should be low so that the waggons Low Floor, and implements can be taken out or put in by hand. An earth floor, slightly liigher than the surrounding ground, is all that is necessary. In a building sixty feet long three doors are all that are required, each nine feet wide, with the spaces also nine feet. Hang the doors with Soorswith pulleys on an iron bar running the whole length. The doors can all be opened without interfering with each other. Section II. Farming. F.VRM BARN. The most important building on the farm is the barn. The location of the barn has much to do with the profits of the farm. Not only have the handling and storing of the crops to be considered, but the housing of the live stock, so as to get the best results at the least cost. The first thing to consider is the system of farming syitem of to be adopted. If dairying, will it be home dairying, or will the milk be sent to the factory, or is the intention to raise pure-bred stock. It may be that the farm and location are suitable for Hvimmer grazing, selling the stock in autumn. In this case little or no stabling is required. The method that many are following with good results, that is, buying stock in the autumn, fattening them during the winter, and selling in the spring, requires considerable stable-room. m 1 1^ 1: IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 I.I 11.25 IjtilM |25 >^ 1^ 12.2 ^ 1^ 110 m ^ m Si^ <% '/ Hiotographic Sciences Corporation 23 WIST MAIN STRieT WltSTH.N.V. l4StO (716) •72-4503 \ k^^ •SS <^ ^. 6^ 4^ w 188 SUCCESSFUL FARMiyO. ii Farm Barn. lil i1 !f it: i '} Sheep and Pies Separate Buudinga. End Drive or Side. Size of Barn. Tloorins Bam. These all require buildings, especially arranged, and, in giving the design for a bam, I will have to go on general principles. In the first place, it is desirable, for convenience, to have the live stock under one roof, or in buildings close together. Horses and cattle do all right in a stone or concrete basement ; sheep and pigs do better in separate and wood buildings. Whether a bam with an end or side drive is preferable is a debatable question. With an end drive, that is one in the centre, there is a large amount of space lost, since the driveway comes under the highest part of the roof. In a side drive, where the barn is over sixty feet long, it is necessary to have two drives. For a farm of from one hundred and fifty to two hundred acres, the barn should be sixty feet wide by one hundred feet long, with twenty- four feet posts (see Elevation 94). The mows are twenty-seven feet deep; the driveways twelve feet each and the space between twenty-one feet, half of which is for the granary. The balance between the driveways is convenient for turning the waggons on, by driving in one way and out the other. When not required for storing giain, it can also be used for storing chaff or straw, which is too valuable to be stacked in the yard. The whole of the ground floor should be covered with two thicknesses of inch boards, twelve inches wide. First cover with inch hem- n;'iii|lll| ^ .ilii'-iii I> I iiVi'ii iliil'il'ii'i'!'! ''I"'! iil'iii ! • ,|l|lll:!| lll'.l r"i''i i.'illiii'i' '.i!'i •'il':;'i:"l!|!' .i-l!'!:i'!i!|i|i' iiii tiii VT^ I'll i|' 'I'lili'l'lfei" ^ ill I|I|I!'m!| •I ll III I'll'. i"i,'i !',i|l'i!l"ii'i'!l liiVl""!''' '■■'''li'i ii!<<|i"'i'''l' IN ''•' '"ll" '!:::!! .".'I'l ii'i.'ii iH.Ii'li I !i ii"ili| iii'iiii' ni'mli' iHll.iijI I'ii'ii I •I'llilli ' ""I' I'lll'l, lIlUM ll I ! |l|l|il I '' "I ii'iiii II 'i!!ii' o •< f QO i 190 ilil SUCCESSFUL FARMING. lock nailed to the joists. Then cover over with tar paper, then a layer of pine boards, laid so as to break the joints. These also require nail- ing to the joists to prevent rising, caused by the steam from cattle underneath. The tar Doon. " 95. DOUBLE HARPOON HAY FORK. paper, in addition to keeping vermin from eating the floor, prevents dust from passing through. It is advisable to have as few beams as possible. The barn doors should be hung with rollers on an iron bar. There should be sufficient iiii I' FARM IMPLEMENTS AND BUILDINGS. 191 !« I 9G. HAY CARRIER AND SLINCS. windows for light, and these so arranged that windowt. even when the barn is filled with the crops a number of them will not be covered. The roof should not be higher than is neces- Roof, sary, which will save considerable in the cost. A curb roof economizes space, and with this ^ ■ i1 192 SUCCESSFUL FARMING. I' .1= Hi!' Hi. ■i ShMtinf Barn. Filling the Barn. Unloading Grain. style the barn can be better lighted (see Eleva- tion 94). The sheeting for the outside of a barn, and the other farm buildings, should be of pine boards, one inch thick and ten inches wide, and dressed on the outside. The joints should be covered with battens, one inch by two and a half, which should be nailed on perfectly per- pendicular. In order to save time and labor, the storing of crops requires special attention. There is no difficulty in filling the bottom portion of the mows, but the unsolved question is the most economical and practical method of filling the top portions, particularly with sheaves. The Double harpoon hay fork (see 111. 95) is all right for hay and peas bub is useless for sheaves. The slings with double power pulleys (see 111. 9G) handle both sheaves and hay or peas satisfactorily, but they are expensive. Besides there is considerable time lost in the field putting them into proper shape. Tlie rack lifter has many advocates, but theie is also time lost in raising the load and again lowering the rack and replacing it on the waggon. For a moderately high barn, and for lofts, the har- poon horse fork is satisfactory for both hay and loose grain. The sheaves can be handled satisfactorily by having an extra man on a scafibld. FARM IMPLEMENTS AND BUILDINGS. 193 It is an advantage, but not necessary, for a basement barn to be on the side of a bank. For the driveways it is advisable to build a wall, twelve feet from the barn, and cover it with plank. This will keep the embankment back from the basement wall, and will allow more light «,nd air into the basement. The material for a basement may be either stone, brick, or concrete, the latter being durable and satisfactory. The floors should be concrete. In building and arranging a basement for barn (see 111. 97) intended for live stock it is essential to provide for light and pure air. (See ground plan). According to recent scientific experiments light is a preventative of many infectious diseases. It destroys most bad germs, such as those of consumption (Tuberculosis) and diphtheria. It is, therefore, important that we should arrange to get all the light possible, not only into our cattle stables, but also into our dwelling houses. The old bank barn, with the projecting roof in front, is too dark. The floor of the basement should be above the barn yard, the walls ten feet high, with all the windows possible on all sides, so that the stables will be nearly as light as it is out of doors. The ventilation is all important. By properly arranged ventilation the impure air is removed and replaced by pure. This constant change of BatraiiM to Ban. Oonerct* Floor*. Licht and Air Easential. Old Style Unhealthy. Ventilation Important. A rj- .fl ■' :' I ! i;*' I I 3 1 I '>*i>\i-i}J I I o o a q: < UJ U o o QC T ^ g o \J] 3^ I a -2 < A fa 0 u u K •< PS I FARM IMPLEMENTS AND BUILDINGS. 195 J5 0 Modem VcntiUtioa. the air in the stables is absolutely necessary to preserve the health of the animals. Proper ventilation provides for this. For introducing fresh air into the stable, erect, on top of the barn, a galvanized sheet-iron pipe, fifteen inches in diameter, and constructed to revolve so that the mouth will always face the wind, insuring a constant supply of fresh air in the stables. The conductor runs from tlie roof down to the floor of basement and may be made oonduoton of wood, fastened to a post, thence connected * *"* with ten-inch sewer pipes, running down two feet below the concrete floor; the joints and ends require to be cemented and made perfectly water tight. To moderate the fresh air the sewer pipes To Moderate Freeh Air. are laid across the cattle stable, and at each feeding trough a two and a half inch gas pipe is connected with the sewer pipe below, and with a two and a half inch gas pipe which is fastened with staples to the timber that forms the front of cattle feed trough, and two inches from the floor. The distributing openings in this pipe are Dietributinf three-quarters of an inch on the underside, eighteen inches apart, and so arranged that an animal will stand between two openings. The foul air, being warmer than the incoming fresh air, is forced upwards through flues which open into the stable at the ceiling, and run up by a post through the roof. The portion above the ! 1 1 Freeh Air. II 196 SUCCESSFUL FARMING. f »1 !' \i, f-! v. /. 3) 9 U3 o o J'. u CO FARM IMPLEMENTS AND BUILDINGS. 197 US roof may be a round galvanized pipe, twelve inches in diameter, with a flange around the top, and a dome one foot above to cause a suction. This system of ventilation has proved to be quite satisfactory. The following plan of basement (see basement piu of plan, 111. 97) is arranged for seven horses and tifty-two cows (or other cattle), and a loose box. The stable is so arranged that box stalls can be made in the cattle compartment by using hurdles. Then there is horse and cattle feed FeedRooma a: o Q CO Stftnohion. 100. SWINGING STANCHION. rooms, and also a root cellar on the north side. The size of barn and basement can be increased or decreased according to the requirements. The stanchion used has the advantage of a draw rod which opens all the stanchions in a row c«ttu (see 111. 99), which can again be closed as soon as the cattle are free ; the swinging stanchions allow the cattle more freedom, but are not so convenient (see 111. 100) (stalls in a cattle stable are found to be useless). By having the cattle dehorned they may be let loose, for exercise, in the stable without being turned out of doors in rTf 198 SrcCESSFVL FAKMIXO. cold weatlior. Cast iron water basins are fastened on the partitions, arranged so tliat one basin will supply two animals. For details see the plan of basement (9})). r f ' I; !i[' Bhaap Pen. Cattle and Sheep Separate. Plan of Building. Oompart- mente. Section III. SHEEP PEN. For location of the sheep p(Mi see farm diagram on page 32. As cattle do not thrive on the same pasture along with sheep, it is advisable not to keep both, unless they can be kept on separate pas- tures. For winter feeding, sheep (particularly lambs) give good returns when properly managed. In the first place, they require a dry building with plenty of light and fresh air. (See elevation 101). In deciding on the size of a building, allow from twenty to twenty -five square feet for each animal, according to* the size. For the best average results there should not be too many together. A flock of sixty sheep will require a building thirty by sixty feet, with a passage on one side of five feet, leaving an inside space of fifty-nine by twenty-three feet for the sixty sheep. This should be divided into four com- partments (see ground plan 102) of fourteen by twenty-three feet each in the clear, which is ample for fifteen sheep. The centre is a plain partition, while the other two answer the double purpose SHEEP TEX. 101) illow each beat lany lire a re on le of iixty icom- [nby Imple htion, roose u> o s a u u s (» c o u 200 Feedinf Raek. SUCCESSFUL FARMING. of partition and feed trough. (See diagram 102). The bottom of the rack is a plank, sixteen inches wide, raised from the floor eight inches, and on each edge a six-inch board is nailed, projecting above the plank four inches to form the trough. Another six-inch board is made stationary, parallel to form top of rack, leaving a space between of two and a half feet. The uprights are inch boards, eight inches wide M Ml s. rl • I i i |cwlank, eight ird is nches ard is rack, : feet. J wide into the yard. (See plan 102). Portable racks portaUs made on the same principle are convenient for feeding sheep in the yard or field. (See 111. 103). An earth floor is all that is necessary for sheep. From floor to ceiling should be ten feet. The length of posts are sixteen feet from the ground to the plate, and with a curb roof leaves ample provision for hay and other fodder. The stone foundation should only rise a few interior and inches above the surface on which the posts stand. The outside sheeting should fir.st be inch boards put on horizontal and covered with tar .:t3 I J 103. FEED RACK. paper. Then cover with ten-inch boards, and two and a half inch battens (perpendicular, the same as on the barn). It is most important for the health of the sheep that they receive plenty of light. (See plan elevation 101). The venti- lation should be on the same principle as that of the barn. The fresh air will be conducted down the centre post into an eight-inch sewer pipe, laid two feet below the ground and length- wise of the building. The joints and ends require to be made water-tight. Underneath the racks are two and a half inch gas pipes fastened underneath to the plank below. These Fresh Air and Light. r ii ■fii; i^ 202 OMflrom llMiure Injurious. ;)|ii'l Skiir Milk Pork. Siie of PiCfory. : if : ■ i^ -i , ! .1 .•' 1 SUCCESSFUL FARMING. are connected to the sewer pipe below. The gas pipes have openings underneath of three- quarters of an inch each and eighteen inches apart. This will be sufficient to raise the foul gas that may be formed under ordinary circum-* stances. Sheep manure should not be allowed to accumulate in the pen, the gas from it being very injurious to the health of the animals. Two flues which open from the ceiling and lead to the ventilators on top of the sheep pen should be constructed. These are same style as on the barn but of smaller size. Section IV. PIGGERY. The last, but not the least important of the farm buildings, is the piggery. The number of pigs that can bo profitably kept on a farm depends on circumstances. Pigs are more profitably fed in conjunction with a dairy. They make greater gain and give a better quality of pork when fed skim milk along with middlings and other foods. In deciding on the size of a building for a piggery, estimate for four or five feeding pigs to consume the bi-products of each cow, say forty- five feeding pigs for ten cows (see elevation 104) and for space, estimate twenty square feet for each pig weighirg from one hundred to two hundred pounds each. A pen eight by ten feet, that is, eighty square feet, is sufficient PIGGERY. 203 )etter with I for a ^igs to Eorty- ration le feet 3d to it by icient o o Eh H H S W^'^ 204 SUCCESSFUL FARMING. ',!: Clean Animal. Require Protection. Gutters Inaide. for four pigs not exceeding two hundred pounds each. While the pig is by many considered a filthy animal, yet, when proper provision is made, tliere is none more cleanly. In summer there is no difficulty in keeping the pens clean when they have an outside yard, but in winter, when they must be kept inside where it is dry and warm, care and attention are necessary. While other animals are protected against the cold with a good coat of hair or wool, the pig has almost no covering. For that reason it requires special protection in order to get the best returns for the food consumed. The doors lead- ing to the outside yards must therefore be closed in winter. It is necessary at the back of pens to have a gutter, which should be three feet wide and three inches deep. It is advisable to have the entire floor of the piggery made of cement, the bods to be covered with two-inch plank for pro- tection against cold and dampness. The beds should have a three-inch scantling nailed on the edge to keep in bedding. The two seven-feet pens for brood sows (see ground plan 105) should be covered entirely with plank, also have a plank eight inches wide nailed to sides horizon- tally eight inches from the floor, to prevent the sow lying on her young pigs. It is important that a piggery should be constructed so as to be both dry and warm in 1 1 ' PIGGERY. 205 winter. A wooden building on a stone or cement foundation is considered the most satis- gtone or factory. The building should be double sheeted FoU'dation. on the outside, with tar paper between, also sheeted on the inside. The posts may be twelve feet high from the foundation which is level with floor of piggery, viz., eight feet to the ceiling and four feet above. For the health of JlQon Ml" A: A: < •? / ^K/O A: V lOi'). :' '\ tir i i' ll i. ■ ■■ 1 '■ Mi 1' ■ '. i' Ir ' ll M \ hl'l ' ^1 U / jtj! i '■;. 1 '■ ! (11 ■Mil is elevated. Any filth that may accumulate can be swept into the gutter at the back. The trough is made V shaped, and, for this, cement is the most durable. The partition over and in front of the trough should be on hinges so that, for convenience in feeding, it can be swung to the inside edge of the trough. The roof should be the same style as the barn and sheep pen for liglit and uniformity. The ventilation should be on the same principle. (See elevation 104). The fresh air entering the galvanized conduit on the roof-top will pass down a wooden flue near the centre of the building, and at one side of the passage, to an eight-inch sewer pipe extending from the floor to an eight-inch pipe, two feet below, which is laid across the pen ten feet in length. Both the ends and joints must be securely closed to prevent water getting in. From the sewer pipe below is connected a gas pipe on each side of the passage by drilling holes in the sewer pipe below. After inserting the gas pipes, DiBtributinj AH arouud with cement. The gas pipes will extend four and a half feet above the floor. To these are attached two and a half inch gas pipes running the length of the building and fastened to the uprights on each side of the passage, and on the inside over the trough. On the under side are three-quarter inch openings, eighteen inches apart, and at such an angle as not to cause a draught on the pigs when feeding. The Freah Air. CONVENIENCE OF BUILDINGS. 207 iilate this, over inges m be ,8 the ty. same 3h air of-top lire o£ age, to m the below, length. curely im the ipe on two ventilators extend from the ceiling to the top of the building according to plan^ Section V. CONVENIENCE OF BUILDINGS. Farm buildings constructed according to the paintiac 1 1 • /• i • '1 Buildiiin« plans and specincations given are economical considering the advantages for convenience, and health of the animals. Painting farm buildings outside gives them a more attractive appearance, besides adding to their durability. In the erection of buildings it is advisable to have all the lumber dressed on the outside. The first thing to decide is the color. This should not be too loud. A drab with brown trimmings is quiet and attractive. The cheapest color is to paint the trimmings, ch,„„t viz., cornices, window and door casings, with ^**°*' mineral brown, which is worth about one dollar and fifty cents per hundred pounds. Mix a portion with boiled linseed oil to the consistency of thick cream, and thin to the desired consis- tency with benzine. In two or three years nature will color the balance a uniform drab, Natural that will harmonize with the natural surround- ings. The trimmings in all cases should be painted darker than the body of the building. This is in accordance with the laws of aesthetics. The following mixture makes a satisfactory drab : seventy-five pounds of mineral drab, and Mixing Paint. Color. i ' I I M ){■ fN s^ 1 !' :" "! Ili jr 208 SUCCESSFUL FARMING. twenty -five pounds of white lead, mixed with boiled linseed oil and thinned with benzine, the same as for the brown. It is preferable to decide on a certain color Hajrmonue. and have all the buildings, fences, etc., made to harmonize. Buildings, etc., to CHAPTER IV. Section I. ECONOMIC FEEDING. The economic feedintj of live stock is, at the present time, receiving more special attention by those in charge of our experiment stations than any other subject in connection with agriculture. The object is to get the largest results at the least cost. During the past few years mucli knowledge has been gained in preparing and balancing the foods for the different animals, so Balanced that the rations may be composed of the proper constituents and quantities most suitable for the desired objects to be gained at the mininmm cost. With our present knowledge we receive as good results at about half the cost of former years. Our first object lesson we get from the laws of nature is "June conditions." When the weather is warm, and the grass in a succulent condition, the best results are obtained from our animals. Especially is this noticeable in milch cows. According to the teaching of science, the food should be of a certain composition to obtain compoiition the required objects, be it milk, flesh, bone and muscle or fat. In practice, the preparation of the food is found to be of equal importance. While the grass is in a succulent condition all 209 June Conditiona. 210 SUCCESSFUL FARMING. I ? I ! 1 1 , j i i > \ . BuoeulcBt Food. BoiliBf Oropi. Autumn Feeding. Warm and Comfort- able. Ventilated Stables. animals thrive and do well, whether it is balanced according to science or not. As soon as the grass becomes dry there is a falling off, more noticeable in milch cows. Provision should be made for a continuous supply of succulent food during the whole year, both by carrying over a quantity of silage, and by growing soiling crops, sown at intervals, say an acre or more of mixed peas and oats (two bushels of peas and one bushel of oats), sown early in the spring, and an e(|ual quantity a month after- wards. When this is fed, early sweet corn sown last of May, will be ready for use. This brings us now to the fall, when the pastures are again green, and with corn, rape and mangel wurzels, the cows should continue to give a full supply of milk, and all the other animals on the farm keep on improving with little or no grain, provided " June conditions " are maintained, by keeping the animals warm and comfortable. No farmer can afford to have his animals exposed to cold weather in the fall of the year. When the weather becomes cold all animals should be comfortably housed, and not let out of doors except when the weather is quit(> warm, not even for exercise. According to experiments, cattle do very much better when kept in a warm and properly ventilated stabl all winter, without being turned out of doors. V, ECONOMIC FEEDING. 211 it is 8 soon tig off, should jculent irrying rowing acre or ihels of 7 in the 1 after- rn sowr hen the rn, rape continue e other ng with ,ditions " lis warm animals \\iQ year, animals let out lis quito pding to ler when Id stable doors. In that case it will be necessary to liave D«hornin» them dehorned, so that they cannot injure eacli otlier. (See 111. 106). Dehorning is now becoming quite common throughout the country. It makes the animals more docile, and less fretful, ^n 106. I>Rn\ mm .('III j : # ■* J ■''fes'l!lii»ir'^ 1 1 V jj^ "'^ fir. , "fiilf III!)/ ' m H^^v \ l^^l^ ■- ... ' ^ ->, k ■■■■■ ■ '^o ■ ' ■. ■ 'k " ■' r : 1 t Mm F ! ■'j: fe 8 o BREEDS OF CATTLE. 227 I OS K The large, rough and patchy animals are no longer bred. The favorit*) colors are red and roan. The "Hereford" (see III. Ill) is similar H«r«ford. in conformation to the shorthorn and, like them, have been bred for beef, conseciuently they are sehhjrn kept for diary purposes. Their native home is Herefordshire, England. Their color is red with white face and white points. Formerly the horns were long and turned up. The present fancy is for shorter horns and turned down. They are excellent grazers. A herd of them is veiy attractive in appearance. The "Aberdeen Angus" (see 111. 112) is Aberdeen another of the popular beef breeds of cattle. As their name indicates, their native home is Aberdeenshire, Scotland. Their color is black. They are without horns. For quality of flesh they have no superior. They have been bred for beef, consequently are not intended for the dairy. There are several other beefing breeds of cattle, viz., "Galloway," "Sussex," "Devon," Oftiiow»y. and the "Highland" cattle. These all have De""* certain good qualities, but on account of their smaller size they have not become generally popular. Calves of the beefine: breeds require better Careof care and feed than the dairy breeds. In order to get the best and quickest returns it is better to feed them whole milk for three or four months. Follow with good, succulent food, composed of clover, rape, roots, bran and silage. * : ::J^-^!' /' \ 228 SUCCESSFCL FARMING. to < Ed c M £>: n BREEDS OF CATTLE. 229 CO w f^ Feed little or no grain until the frame is developed. If there is an abundance of good pasture Buying buy the steers for winter feeding at the begin- ning of October. If pasture is scarce, do not buy until the time for housing. Put in a sufficient number to consume all the fodder, roots, and coarse grain grown on the farm. Buy young cattle, two or two and a half years old. Young growing cattle will increase in weight much more rapidly than those that are of mature age. Judging steers by points may Judging by be all right in a show ring, but for practical purposes about fifty per cent, should be on the back, as the most expensive cuts are the back and ribs. Crossing the dairy and beef breeds have made it very difficult to get the most desirable animals for feeding. Wliile the gain of a dairy cross is nearly ecjual to that of CrosBBnd a beef bred animal, yet the quality is entirely diffi3rent. The dairy cross has a hard back with little flesh, and a large amount of tallow which is only worth one-fourth the price per pound of a good roast. For feeding, buy only the blocky, smooth animal with wide back and loose hide. Feeding steers for profit is a subject that Feeding has received very great consideration, both privately and at our experiment stations. In the first place it has been proved beyond question that the best results are obtained by feeding loose. Steers, dehorned and fed loose, m- '■ 230 Feeding Rape. Feeding Roots. 1 ! ! 1 i Feeding for Frame. Increasing the Ration. |: |: ^ Ha - '' ' ^> ' ■1 i^y SUCCESSFUL FARMING. will gain more in five months than those tied will gain in six, and on the same feed. In commencing to feed steers in the fall, it is better not to feed grain. Commence with a succulent food, prepared the same a? scribed for milch cows. Feed this mixture mv^^xiing and evening, with the addition of one pound of bran. At noon, give a forkful of rape (Dwarf Essex) during November and December. This is cut with the scythe and thrown in small heaps after the ground is frozen, and carted to the stable and put into the feed room the day previous to thaw out. After the rape is done, give the cattle, at noon, twelve pounds of the mixture, and twenty- five pounds of roots. With proper care and this cheap food, ten and eleven hundred pound steers will increase about two and a half pounds each per day. Some will increase over three pounds per day for the first sixty days. The increase is composed of flesh, bone and muscle. For the sake of frame work, feeding for fat should be left for the finish. For the third month, mix one pound of ground grain, composed of barley, oats and peas, with the pound of bran, spread on the feed, morning and evening ; give no grain at noon. The fourth month, add another pound of grain, and the fifth month, another, which makes the grain ration for morning three pounds of ground grain, and one BREEDS OF CATTLE. 281 tied In it is th a •ibed rand d of >warf This small bed to le day tie, at wenty- ^♦e and of bran, mixed. Give the same at the evening feed, which makes six pounds of grain and two of bran, which is sufficient to finish steers between thirteen and fourteen hundred pounds. It is important to have beef animals finished Finiihing in five or six months. After that time they will not increase sufficient to pay for the food consumed. Steers that have been bought and fed according to the above directions will make the selling a simple matter, at about one and a selling half cents per pound over the original cost, which leaves a good margin for profit. The ordinary farmer had better sell at home, either to the local butcher or the exporter. The allowance for shrinkage, when weighed shnnkagt full, is from four to five per cent., according to the quality of the animal. Four per cent, is sufficient for a well-finished steer or heifer. Cattle that have received no supper or breakfast, and are weighed about eight or nine o'clock in the morning, in the stable, will require no further allowance. If fed in the morning, and driven four or five miles to weigh, no shrinkage allowance should be made. rSr n 232 SUCCESSFUL FARMING. Section IV. TwoObJeott. Modern Clydes^Aale. Oeneral Confor- mation. ii' HORSE BREEDING. In breeding horses the farmer should have two objects in view, viz., breeding for his own use, and for the market. My opinion is that he should confine himself to the two following breeds : First, the modern Clydesdale (see 111. 113), which is a smooth animal and of general good quality. General Conformation. Head — Ear clean and pointed, forehead broad, eye prominent and mild, neck well arched with a good, full mane. Wither — Prominent ; back straight and short. Croup — Not too drooping; tail, well carried and full haired. Chest — Breast broad, ribs long and well sprung. Shoulder — Moderately upright and well muscled. Elbow — Strong and muscular. Knee to Foot — Cannon bone flat, tendons prom- inent, skin lying close tc ])one, light feather of silky hair ; pastern clean, not upright. Hock — Strong and wedge shape, posterior straight, free from puffiness. Hock to Foot — Cannon bone flat, skin lying close to bone, light feather of silky hair ; pasterns clean, not upright. Avoid large fleshy legs and pasterns covered with coarse hair. Foot — Strong, tolerably round, concave sole, frog prominent. HORSE imEEDTXO. 233 have J own lathe awing ee 111. eneral broad, arched hort. carried iprung. luscled. prom- Ifeather rht. )sterior ig close Easterns ly legs • lie, frog (■'1 i 234 Pedigree Hares. Orade Hares. •: : Cleveland Bay or English Coach Horse. ! ■ Demand for Coach Horses. . ■ Breed Right Type. 1 i . 111 ! , SUCCESSFUL FARMING. Color — Bay or brown, usually white hind feet, and stripe on face. Skin — Soft and mellow. TemperaTnent — Docile but energetic, not nervous. Style and Action — General appearance at- tractive. Action — Free ; walking action must be specially good. Weight — Fifteen to sixteen hundred pounds. Height — Six^'^'. :o "^-ixteen and a half hands. There is ax\ n ' nncage in starting with pedigreed mares, so that their line of breeding may be traced b i«'k for ^ ' a1 generations. If there should be a strali. o ' wi.i fleshy, coarse legged type, have nothing to do with them. You might as well use grade mares whose breeding you know nothing about. Be particular and use only a pure-bred sire whose ancestors are of the smooth type, and that he himself is quality from the feet up. The second style of horse suitable for the farmer is the Cleveland Bay, or English Coach Horse. (See 111. 114). This is a most useful general purpose animal for the farmer, and for the market ; at the present time there is more demand for heavy coach horses than for any other type. In selecting brood mares give the preference to the pure breed, other things being equal. Select large and stylish ones, with good knee action. Use only a pure-bred stallion whose HORSE BREEDING. 235 r the oach iseful dfor more any rence ^qual. I knee rhose O B < o B CO o 236 SUCCESSFUL FARMING. i II-; Confor- mation of toaoh UorM. line of breeding is of the right type, one full of quality and knee action. Many are inclined to use a thoroughbred racing sire, which is a mistake, as they lack knee action, having been bred for running. A " Hackney sire " might give knee action, but they are too small, and are usually dish faced, which is not desirable in a coach horse. The following is the general conformation of a coach horse : Head — Ears, fine, and approaching each other at tips when pointed forward — forehead broad, eye prominent, nostrils large. Nech — Long; head gracefully attached and carried well up; crest well developed and nicely arched. Withers — Well developed. Back — Straight and short. Loins — Broad and strong. Croup — Only moderately sloping. Tail — Coming out high up and full haired, carried straight and well out from the body. Chest — Ribs long and well sprung. Breast — Full. Shoulder — Sloping ; " Forearm," strong. Knee to Foot — Cannon bone broad and flat, skin lying close to bone and tendons, free from long hair, pasterns strong and oblique. Foot — Medium size and tolerably round. Sole — Concave. Frog — Well developed. HORSE BREEDING. 237 full of ned to is a r been might 11, and ible in tion of ther at broad, d and 3d and haired, body. it, skin le from Hock — Large and strong, posterior straight, absence of coarseness and puffiness. Hock to Foot — Hind cannons clean, broader and flatter than the fore ones, skin lying close to bone and tendons, absence of long hair, pasterns strong, medium length and oblique. Foot — Smaller and more concave than the front ones. Color — Bay or brown with dark legs; skin, mellow. Temperament — Energetic, docile, free from nervousness. Style and Action — Free and elastic, attractive, good knee action, stride long. Weight — Weight thirteen to fourteen hundred pounds. Height — Sixteen to sixteen and a half hands. For heavy dray work, the English shire is EngiiBh the most popular horse. In Liverpool and London it is quite common to see three of those monster animals, each weighing over a ton, hitched " tandem " to a large dray. The " mongrel " or cross-bred horse is usually a disappointment. The Hackneys and Roadsters are fancy animals, but are too small for the farmer. The thoroughbred race horse and trotting horse are for the " sport," and have no place on the farm. Shire. Monster Hackneys Roaditen. 238 SUCCESSFUL FARMING. Section V. CARE AND FEEDING OF COLTS. Rearing Oolta. *% ..'I' Feeding. Kind Treatment. Avoid Fatting Food. Winter Feed for Farm Horses. :-k. For the first two weeks after foaling the dam should not be worked, and for some time after that only moderately, and then she should not be allowed to get overheated. When at work the foal is better kept in a roomy box stall. In addition to the mare's milk, the foal might get two feeds each day of cow's skim milk, fresh, with a little ground flaxseed added. As soon as it commences to eat feed it grass with a little bran and crushed oats. In winter feed cut clover, pulped roots (either carrots, sugar beets or turnips), silage and bran mixed, morning and evening, and for noon whole roots only. With kind treatment and a comfortable and roomy place for exercise, the colt should develop its frame and muscles at an early age. Avoid fattening food as this is liable to produce disease and stunted development in all young animals. For winter rations for farm horses that are only working moderately, give cut clover hay and silage, mixed a few hours previous to feeding. Feed morning and evening, all that they will eat in an hour, with two pounds of crushed oats and one pound of bran added at each feed. At noon give three pounds of the cut clover and silage mixture, and fifteen pounds of whole roots. ; . VARIOUS BREEDS OF SHEEP. 239 r the time lould >n at r box ) foal skim idded. grass winter arrots, mixed, 3 roots )rtable hould early He to in all For summer ration when working hard, give suamcr cut clover and silage mixed, all they will eat in an hour, three times each day, with four pounds of crushed oats and one pound of bran added. Water both before and after feeding. Clover Waterinv hay is a flesh former, and is specially suitable for horses that are working hard, but it must be properly cured, and must not be musty. It is advisable to moisten the feed with Moiiten silage, pulped roots or lime water. Hay cut in cutting box, should be cut long for horses, to prevent irritation of the stomach. Section VI. VARIOUS BREEDS OF SHEEP. This country is specially adapted for sheep raising. On account of the clear and dry atmosphere, sheep are not subject to the diseases that are prevalent in those countries where the atmosphere is more humid and damp. There are breeds to select from which are suited to the various circumstances and condi- tions. The farmer must decide this question for himself. If he is prepared to give his flock the necessary care and attention, the chances are that one of the long wool breeds will be most profitable, but he must be prepared to house them in rainy weather, or their wool, which is long and open, will hang on them like a wet blanket, which is very injurious. The This Country Favorable for Sheep. Select AooordinKto Conditions. Special Care for Long Wool. 7 ''M! ii! I ill I : i iv • lil ii I It : 240 Cotawold Seioribed. Lincoln Described. Leicester Described. HUCCEHSFl^L FARMING. larorpHt f)f lio long wool ])reorlH is tlio Cotswold. (Set! 111. ] 15). Tlwy jiro woll proportioned and lay on flesh evenly. They have a prominent crest of lonj^ wool on the head, and are well covered below. An ordinary flock of Cotswolds will yield an annual averaj^e clip of w\ I 1 1< li! ■ill Mi ;i i- 1 Uli '' .1 ^M' 244 Feeding Breeding Ewes. Rape for Feed. Early Lambs. Weaning Lambs. SUCCESSFUL FARMING. The feeding and exercise of breeding ewes requires special attention. In the autumn when being mated, they should receive extra feed; nothing is better than a feed of rape each day. It is advisable to have lambs come early in the spring, provided the ewes have a warm pen. The lambs should have a compartment in the pen, arranged so that the ewes cannot get in. 119. SHROPSHIRE. and where they can receive extra mixed feed of pulped roots, cut clover, bran, bruised oats and ground flaxseed. The lambs should be docked when a week old. Have some early rape ready for them by the middle of July (weaning time) so as to keep them growing and develop a strong, healthy ewes vhen feed; day. ly in I pen. 1 the et in, leed of ts and week jmby keep jalthy VARIOUS BREEDS OF SHEEP. 246 frame. Soon after lambing the ewes should be shorn, and both the ewes and lambs dipped with Dipping 8n66p* one of the commercial dips, following printed directions. Ewes and lambs should also be dipped in the autumn. In winter sheep require a dry and thoroughly winter ventilated building, which is not too warm, but free from draughts. Not too many sheep should 120. SOUTH -DOWN. be in a pen. (For this see plan of sheep house, 111. 101). The breeding ewes should have daily exercise, either in a yard or field. Feed morning and evening the following Feeding mixture, prepared a few hours before feeding: Cut clover, salted, pulped turnips, silage and a little bran. Tlie quantity fed should be what they will eat in an hour. Noon ration, pea Sheep. ; 'A •■;■ ! ^i! my ~' if ': ''j m i i . 246 Winter Feeding of Lambs. SUCCESSFUL FARMING. straw or clover hay, fed outside in racks con- structed as per diagram. (See 111. 102). For those farmers who prefer not to breed sheep, but follow the system of winter feeding, I would suggest the following: Buy a sufficient number of wether and ewe lambs to fill the sheep house. In the autumn, for the first two months, feed according to the above directions given for breeding ewes. Then for finishing, add to the mixture a little chopped grain, peas, barley, and oats. The writer found this method very profitable. On no account buy old sheep to feed, unless it is for soap grease. Section VII. Ill Ml I h fil I i> I m ' i Breeds Required for the; Trade. Change of Type. SWINE. During recent years all the popular breeds of swine have had to undergo a change, to suit the present demands of the trade, which calls for juicy flesh instead of fat. The big fat hog, that was so popular some years ago, has had to give way to one of an entirely different type (see 111. 121), one with longer body and hams, for the most expensive cuts (see 111. 122), and greater depth of body and less width on back. (See 111. 123). In should carry its width evenly from shoulder to tail, with light slioulder and gowl, as these are cheap cuts. This change of conformation was first brought about by a desire to cater to the trade of Great Britain, ui , SWINE. 247 con- For iheep, Sclent II the it two ictions ishing, L, peas, iiethod sheep breeds to suit ih calls :at hog, had to t type hams, 2), and |n back, evenly ev and tange of It by a Britain, •t n I : |i N ■•! S'- 1; 1 . i' h A: 1!' ' :" * -■ . 248 The Fleshy Hof. Years to Fix a Type. Feeding: Swine. Feed for Toung Pigs. SUCCESSFUL FARMING. which demands pork of a fleshy and better quality. Our home trade is also undergoing a change in the same direction. The fat pork, that was so popular some years ago, is no longer wanted. The fat on the back must not exceed one and a half inches in thickness. What is wanted is a fleshy hog, about eight months old, and rather under than over two hundred pounds. While great progress is being made in the change of type, still, so far none of our present breeds of swine conform exactly to the ideal aimed at. To fix a type will take years to accomplish, even by our most expert breeders, and whether this will be by cross breeding or through one of our present pure breeds is difficult to say. Even after we have got the t3^pical hog, the work is only half done. The compounding and preparing of foods to produce the best quality of flesh is yet in the experimental stage, and will evidently take some time before the results will be entirely reliable, so as to produce a uniform good quality of flesh. According to experiments one thing has been fully dem- onstrated. In order to keep young pigs growing, after being weaned, they should be given a certain quantity of skim milk, along with other feed, which at first should be composed largely of middlings with a little ground flaxseed. When about three months old add bran, pulped roots, and green clover or rape, and a little better ^oing a t pork, > longer exceed l^hat is bhs old, pounds, in the present e ideal ears to feeders, iing or Beds is log, the ing and quality o-e, and results iduce a ding to Y dem- rowing, riven a ,h other largely laxseed. , pulped a little SWINE. 249 ^m 1 M in i i hi !li Ml 1 i ]' ■ J; i 250 Feed for Finiehing. Salt and Aihee. Brood Sow. Winter Food for Swine. ' i' I 1 SUCCESSFUL FARMING. ground grain, peas, barley, and oats, mixed. In winter clover should be cut and scalded. Mix the whole together, and feed a limited quantity, morning, noon and evening. When the pigs are five or six months old increase the grain, and feed less of tlie bulky food, and for the last six weeks in finishing the morning and evening rations may be largely of chopped grain. Do not give more than they will consume in one hour and a half. At noon feed sugar beets or mangel wurzels raw, without grain. This system of feeding keeps the pigs in a healthy and growing condition, and makes a juicy quality of flesh. During the winter when housed they require old sods, also salt and hardwood ashes. With proper care and feeding, no animal on the farm will give such quick returns and large profits as the pig. This is the friend that has so often been depended upon to pay the rent. To get the best results from a brood sow, she should receive kind treatment so that she will be gentle and kind. This has a very great influence on her oflspring. With proper care she will have two litters per year, rearing on the average from seven to ten pigs each time. As this means a heavy drain on the system of the sow, she will require to be fed accordingly. In winter, feed skim milk, bran, pulped roots and chopped grain (mixed) morning and evening, and at noon, sugar beets only. Exercise is SWIXE. 251 . In Mix ntity, , pigs grain, le last veiling I. Do in one ;ets or system ly and quality require With le farm •ofits as 3 often )d sow, lat she y gi'^at er care on the le. As of the y. ^^ ts and ening, cise is 11 ' 'i 252 SUCCESSFUL FARMING. :\t, :i!! necessary, but she should not be turned out of doors in cold weather and allowed to get chilled. As a substitute for skim milk, fill a barrel or milk can with hot water, stir in a little mid- dlings and chopped grain, and cover over for a few hours. Pigs, both young and old, should have in addition all the pure water they wish to drink. Bummer Food for Swine. Portable Pif Houiei. 124. PORTABLE Pia HOUSE. In summer, young growing pigs should have the run of a clover patch, but when finishing for market, keep them in the house where they will be comfortable and clean. The brood sow should also have the run of a clover patch in summer. A small portion of the clover field may be hurdled off, and a portable pig house (see 111. 124) constructed to shelter the animals from the hot sun and storms. U POULTRY. 253 w >ut of lilled. •el or mid- f or a ihould ish to Each brood sow should have a separate enclosure and a portable house in which to rear her youn^ in summer. The same style of house may be used for the young pigs during the summer. In order to get the best results, it is necessary to provide shelter in the clover or rape pasture during the summer season. A pair of horses will haul the portable "pig house" wherever required. Section VIII. d have lishing e they POULTRY. Poultry is kept on most farms, but, as a how rule, it receives very indifferent treatment, often kept. Seldom have the fowls a house to protect them from the storms and cold weather, and are allowed to roost out of doors on implements, fences, trees, etc., in all kinds of weather. When a house is built for them, it is frequently quite unsuitable for their health and comfort, so that the results are not satisfactory. For plan of hen house with modern con- punof veniences see page 186 and end view illus- Poultry *^ ° House. tration 125 showing position of nest, roost, and feed trough. This is on the south side of the implement house, and isolated from the cattle stables, which is desirable. The size of building here drawn is twelve feet wide by fifty-two feet long. This can be made shorter or longer according to the requirements. 254 Sptotflea- tiona. SUCCESSFUL FARMING. There is a passage of three feet on the north side. The balance is divided, with wire netting, into six compartments, which are eight and a half feet square. These are of ample size for ten or twelve hens each. The roof over the passage is eight and a half feet high with a fall of six inches. This is covered with inch boards, tar paper and shingles. The main roof is six 125. POULTRY HOUSE — END VIEW. et high next the passage, anfl is covered with inch boards, tar paper and shingles. The south side is two feet high, sheeted on the outside with tar paper and boards. From the top of this lower wall, to the main roof, is glass, at such an angle that in winter when the sun is low it will shine into the pen, covering about two- thirds of the space, and in summer when the north, etting, and a ize for er the 1 a fall boards, : is six }d with ie south outside top of at such Is low it it two- len the POULTRY. sun is high, about one- third. (See page 184). The inside of the poultry house, including sides, ends and roof, should be lathed and plastered. Whitewash the inside of the poultry house every spring, and the glass as well, ho as to moderate the sunlight in summer. This should be washed 255 126. INCUBATOR. rt' ■ glass in autumn. The feed trough is Feed and placed in the passage, and provided with round Trough, uprights, two inches apart, or sufficient for the fowls to put ^ ' eir heads between to feed. They may be wa< od iu the same way. Nests, roosts, and ard for droppings should all be I t 'I ■ , I I ' I ill I '; li! I? i 1 1 If 1 i ; . , i if \ 1 i' I |1 i J ' '■• » 1 ■:■) f 'i : ;■ 1 • ■ ! u 1 i 256 Heating the Poultry Hoaie. Early ChiokB. Winter Best. SUCrESSFUL FARMING. moveable. The latter can be made to tilt into a box or wheelbarrow in the passage. While every precaution has been taken to make the poultry house frost proof, yet it may be necessary to provide artificial heat in very cold weather. This may be done by placing a small furnace or stove in a recess on the north side of passage, and from this ha\'e a six inch, hot air, tin pipe extending about two-thirds of the length of the building, and open at the 127. NURSERY BROODER. ends, which will keep the building both dry and warm during the coldest weather. This is essential that you may have early chicks, say in February or the beginning of March. These will commence to lay when eight months old, say at the beginning of November, and continue laying all winter, or during a time when fresh eggs are worth three times as much as in summer. In a flock of fifty or sixty hens the difference amounts to considerable. The object should be POULTRY. 257 t into :en to t may I very -cing a i north i inch, (-thirds at the [dry and This is ^s, say in These [iths old, continue en fresh Isummer. jifference lould be to raise chicks for winter laying instead of summer. Arrange to keep the pullets for two winters, DinosiiiK and with proper care and feeding they will be in good condition for table use in the months of May and June, after their second winter laying. At this season of the year poultry brings a high price. The male chicks should be fattened and 128. OUTDOOR BKOObER. sold for broilers when four or tive months old. At first feed bread crumbs or rolled oats, then HowtoFeed ground corn, peas, barley and oats, mixed with skim milk. Also give ground bone and flesh with green vegetables or roots. When fattening, confine to a small pen without exercise. Furnish all the grit and pure water they wish. Give all the feed they will eat, and keep them free s ■ ^ i ; ( !■ ; • I I;! Ill i ' i ; ' I f ; ' ii ; . !ii Hi i: ! !i[- il i ill l^i ■ 1 I i i 1 ! . :: i ji Pi^' 258 Oare of Hens when Laying. Dust Bath. Trees for Shelter. When to Mate. SUCCESSFUL FARMING. from vermin by using some insecticide or kerosene. With proper care it will not be necessary to use the cramming machine in finishing. To get the best results from hens in producing eggs, induce them to take plenty of exercise by scattering their food, composed of corn, peas, barley, oats and wheat, among chaff, so that they will have to scratch for it. In addition they should receiv^e a liberal ration of cut clover, ground bone and flesh, also middlings, mixed with skim milk, and all the vegetables they wish, such as cabbage, lettuce, sugar beets, etc., also grit and pure water. The floor of the southern portion of the pen should be covered with fine gravel and sand for the fowls to take a regular dust bath, which is necessary to keep them clean. In summer the hens should have the run of a paddock of green sward, enclosed with a woven wire fence. This may be planted with groups of evergreen and deciduous trees for shelter from the hot sun in summer. In the plan (see page 32) provision is made so that the portion of lawn between the house and hininery, nearly an acre, may be enclosed for this purpose Digging underneath the trees will help their growth, and make dust baths for the fowls. The hens selected for breeding purposes should be mated about ten days before eggs are wanted for hatching. After the breeding season 3 or fc be le in ucing se by peas, that dition )f cut ilings, jtables sugar The should :or the lich is ler the green This n and sun in sion is en the |iay be rneath e dust irposes fgs are season POULTRY. 259 I s 129. BAKKED PLYMOUTH KOCKS. If { ill ir : '> I 260 SUCCESSFUL FARMING. j! my .1 in i ! ! Separate Hale Bird*. Setting Hen*. I J ■ 1 ' 1 i ! ; : ill ': t ■ ill II Poultry a Specialty. AdvantaKe of Brooder. Breed* of Poultry. is over, either kill the male bird or keep him by himself. According to experiments hens lay more eggs which have a superior flavor, and better keeping qualities when the male bird is kept away from them. Hens should be set in a secluded place. Food and fresh water should be constantly within their reach. In preparing a nest, first put in the bottom a thin sod, and over this a sheet of tar paper. This will keep away lice; then some chafFis all that is necessary. When only a few fowls are kept, nothing more is required than an old hen to do the hatching and caring for young chicks. When poultry is made one of the special departments of the farm, and kept with a view to making money, the incubator (see 111. 120) has advantages over the hen, viz., if a hundred eggs are ready for setting, beginning of February, it might be difficult to get the necessary number of broody hens at that season, whereas the incubator can be got ready in a few minutes, and the hatching done quite satisfactorily. The manufacturers furnish printed instructions with each machine. The first two weeks is the most critical period in rearing chicks. The self regulating nursery brooder (see 111. IT) is particularly valuable for this purpose. For summer a simple outdoor brooder (see 111. 128) may be used. There is a long list of distinct breeds of poultry, each having its own special peculiarity and advantage. The following breeds are POl'LTRV. 261 by lay and d is in a dbe uga , and keep sary. more ching try is farm, y,the er the y ^^^ ht be >roody or can ching turers chine. ritical lating ularly imple leds of hiarity Is are S !3 H CO ■■. ! i 1i \l 1 262 SUCCESSFUL FARMING. Produoari, Table Breed*, General Purpose Breed*. Plymouth Rook*. specially noted as egg producers : Andalusians, Minorcas, Spanish, Leghorns, Houdans, Dom- iniques and several of the Game breeds. The above breeds are of various forms and colors. For table use the Brahmas and Cochins are particularly suitable. For general purpose, first, we had the old English Dorking. This has been superseded by the barred Plymouth Rocks (see 111. 129), an American breed which has become very popular throughout the country. It is especially adapted for early maturing for table use, and as winter layers they are one of the best. The White Plymouth Rock (see 111. 130) has all the good qualities of the barred variety, with this additional, that it is more attractive when dressed for the British market, consequently is being preferred. There is also a new buff colored Plymouth Rock which may become popular. The White Wyandotte (see 111. 131) is a still newer breed than the Plymouth Rock, and is quite equal as ii general purpose fowl. For young broilers they put on flesh very rapidly, and being white, have the desirable clean and tidy appearance when dressed. They Ro*e-coinb, liavc a rosc comb, which is preferable to a single one, as it is not so liable to get frosted. This breed is also one of the best winter layers. The new hnff colored Wyandotte (see 111. 132) is very attracCive, and likely to become popular when they can be bought at moderate prices. Wyandotte* POULTRY. 263 31) is JRock, fowl. very lirable They to a [osted. lyers. 132) )pular pes. M ,f 1 ri r^ I !.l f . 1 > i Ml' II :!i. ! \' 5: ' 1 ■ 1 1 1 ■' i ■' 1: ■ 1 ( ■ i' ii - 1^ ' Lui'- MiJUyy ^ 264 KanaKe- ment of Duoki. Pekin Variety. Aylesbury Duok. Housing: Duoks. Lawn for Exercise Hens vs. Incubator. How to Water and Feed. Skim Hilk for Ducks. SUCCESSFUL FARMING With proper manageineiit no branch of the poultry business will give larger and quicker returns than duck raising. The " Pekin" variety (see 111. 133) is recommended very highly. The "Aylesbury," a pure white duck, has many admirers. The "Pekin" is of a creamy white color. These ducks will lay over one hundred eggs each in a season. For breeding put one male with five or six ducks first of December. Do not set the first ten or twelve eggs. A por- tion of the poultry house (see page 184) is suitable for ducks, except that the roosts are not necessary. Instead, keep the floor of the pen covered with clean litter, either of cut straw or chatF. Ducks rejpiire only about half the space hens do. They should have a portion of the lawn or paddock for a run for exercise, the same as hens, but should be kept separated from other fowls by a woven wire fence. The eggs may be hatched under hens or with an incu- bator. The care and feed of ducklings is the same as described for chicks. They should have all the fresh w^ater they wish to drink, but the trough should be protected by uprights, so that they can only get their heads between to drink. It is not necessary that they should get into it with their feet. They should be supplied with an abundance of green feed and grit. Grain fed to ducks, old or young, should be ground and mixed with skim milk. Aim to have as man; early ducklings as possible as the 3ker iety The mny k'hite idred one Tiber. . por- .4) is L-e not e pen aw or space of the \e, the from eggs incu- is the hould k, but |hts, so een to lid get ipplied luld be lim to Ible as rf)T'T/rHY. 26o i I t 132. lUKF WYANDOTTE. 266 SUCCESSFUL FARMING, . ' ^ i Time to Market. How to Finieh Geese « Specialty Breeds of Geeae. Require Freedom. =i!.. . : Fresh Water. these will command the highest price. They should be ready for market when between nine and ten weeks old, weighing at that time from four to five pounds each. In finishing ducklings for the market it is advisable to give one feed each day of "celery" during the last week. This imparts a pleasant flavor to the flesh. In connection with a home dairy where a supply of skim milk is available, the poultry department of the farm should be very profit- able. Milk is important for the fattening of chicks and ducklings. The individual farmer must decide whether geese should also be kept. Under certain con- ditions they may be made profitable, and that would be as a specialty. However, it may be said that, for the best results, every department of the farm should be made a specialty. The favorite breeds of geese are the "Tou- loose," a large gray, and the "Emden," a large white. A young goose will lay about twenty eggs in a season, and an old goose from thirty to thirty-five. In mating put two or three geese with one gander. Geese do not thrive in close confinement. They require at least the freedom of a pasture field. The eggs hatch in thirty days. The goslings require the same treatment and feed as ducklings. It is not necessary that they should have water in which to swim, but they should have at all times a supply of fresh water to drink. It is advisable POULTRY. 267 'J. y. \ 268 Whan to 8«U. ''Ill :■ t 1- !■ The Turkey. A Honaroh, Varieties. Allow Freedom. How to Feed. Mating. Toung Turkeys When to BeU. SUCCESSFUL FAR.MINO. to rush the goslings and sell them as soon as well feathered, say when they are two and a half months old. They should then weigh from twelve to fifteen pounds each. This is the most profitable time to sell. It is a common expression at Farmers' Institute meetings to " leave the big gun for the last," so the " Turkey " is left to the last in this work. Of uU fowl this is the most noble. " He is monarch of all he surveys," and that includes the whole neigh Ix^rhood. The "Bronze" variety is the largest and most popular. The " White Holland" has also many admirers. A shelter should be provided for the turkeys in the winter, but it must be roomy, and the roosts from eight to ten feet high. They will not thrive when closely confined. As the turkey hens are not expected to lay until the end of March or the first of April they should have plenty of exercise during the winter. Feed a little grain, peas, barley and oats, mixed. In addition give cut clover, moistened, and roots. A well known institute speaker advocates silage for fowls, and all other animals on the farm. In mating put about a dozen of hens with one male. The young turkeys are rather difficult to raise at first, but with a warm coop or brooder, having a small pen attached, there need be no loss. Turkeys hatched in June should weigh from twenty to twenty-five pounds for Thanksgiving and Christmas. p oon as and a weigh 3 is the ariners' for the ; in this e. "He includes variety « White L shelter 1 in the [le roosts will not e turkey end of uld have Feed a xed. In nd roots. tes silage farm. Biens with r difficult coop or led, there in June e pounds CHAPTER V. Section I. BOOKKEEPINQ ON THE FARM. To be successful it is necessary that every Book- farmer should keep a systematic record of his MMSMiury. affairs. The most convenient books for this purpose are an ordinary Daily Journal and a small Ledger. The original book of entry should be the D»iiy Daily Journal, in which, at the close of each day, should be entered, in plain statements, a brief record of the day's transactions ; such as hiring of help, threshing, buying and selling, etc., being careful to enter such necessary details as the date, name of person with whom business is done, the thing received or given, price, quantity, quality, etc., and terms of sale or purchase, and of payment. Note prevailing weather also. Each entry in this Journal should be disposed intrie* , "^ ^ ^ Dispoaed ot. of, when time permits, by a further entry, wherever necessary, *^ither (A) in the Daily Journal, (B) Cash Book (see cash book, as found in end of Daily Journal), or (C) in the Ledger. (A) If a transaction is to be completed, or a note paid to you, or by you, at some future date, turn to specified date in Daily Journal, and 270 SUCCESSFUL FARMING. i * < .••■lii ) * DAILY JOURNAL ILLUSTRATED. Monday April 17 1899 Light rain during night. Morning cloud}', then clear and warm. Sold 3 head of cattle to H. Miller as per agreement of |/ 2nd inst. Ree'd in full settlement, cash $50, Note due June 30th, $50 lOQ 00 l/Ordered from W. Smith, one 6 foot self-binder to be delivered June 30th, and settled for then by cash $25, and Note due Nov. 1st for balance $100 125 00 ^/Sold T. Moore on account, 100 lbs. butter @ 20c. 20 00 j/Sold Jas. Hamilton on account 50 bush. Wild Goose wheat (a) 75c. 37 50 Commenced sowing spring wheat. Wild Goose variety Fhida: June 30 1899 Warm during night. Day hot .nnd fine. Light rain toward evening. Memo from Aprill 7th; W. Smithto deliver binder to-day. " H. Miller's Note my favor due to-day at V^Took delivery of binder from W. Smith, and settled for same by cash $25 and Note due Nov. 1st for $100, as arranged ]/Paid T. Moore balance in full of acc't to date ]/Ree'd from H. Miller cash in full for Note due to-day ]/Ree'd from Jas. Hamilton bal. in full of acc't Hauling hay to barn, 22 loads, lOi tons. Wedkksdav November 1 1899 Light frost during night. Day fine and rather cold. Memo, from June 30tii; Note favor account binder due to-day at P:uik in ]/Paid Note acc't binder due to-day by cheque on Dom. Bank Harvesting and hauling Swede turnips to cellar, 18 loads, 1170 bush. 100 100 00 00 The '* Daily Journal " referred to, is a standard annual publication and may be btained from any first-class stationer. CASH BOOK. 271 100 00 125 00 20 00 37 50 30 00 125 00 33 70 50 00 31 75 100 00 100 00 Ion and may be make a memo, of it there. (See Daily Journal illustrated). (B) If cash has been paid to you or by you, make entry in Cash Book. (See Cash Book illustrated). (C) If anything has been bought or sold on account, that is, has not been settled for by cash or note, make an entry in the Ledger. (See Ledger illustrated). After disposing of each item in this way, check check it thus ( ^ ), to indicate that no further attention is necessary. (See Daily Journal illustrated). Section II. CASH BOOK. In the Cash Book enter cash on hand at «oash Book, commencement, and all cash transactions as originally recorded in Daily Journal, in respective columns as received or paid. The difference between these columns showing the cash on hand. The balance in bank may be kept on stub Balance in of cheque book, amount of each deposit being added to, and amount of each cheque taken from, the preceding balance. To dispose of entries in Cash Book enter in Dispose of Entries. Ledger, under proper headings, all transactions with individuals with whom a runninfj account is kept, taking care to place all items of cash received, on right hand or credit side of Ledger, t it V . ,ii ni' i f ill' *; LU 272 SUCCESSFUL FARMING. and all items of casli paid, on left hand or debit side of Ledger. (8ee Ledger illustrated). As in the Daily Journal, cheek each item in the Cash Book thus (J) when disposed of. CASH BOOK ILLUSTRATED. Date. Received. Paid. 1899. April 3 Cash on hand. $ 13 70 "17 H. Miller, paid on account, three cattle. 50 00 ■ June 30 Paid W. Smith on account binder. $ 25 00 V " Paid T. Moore balance in full of account to date. 33 70 (( H. Miller p.aid note due to-day, account balance on cattle. 50 00 V " James Hamilton paid account in full to date. 31 75 Nov. 1 Drew cheque on Dominion Bank. 100 00 i i Paid note due to-day on account binder — by cheque. 100 00 1 1 Balance on hand. Balance on hand $8(1.75. 86 75 $245 45 $245 45 Ledger. Enter Account Transac- tions. Section III. LEI)(5EK. In the Ledger, under respective headings, enter all transactions of sale or purcliase "ei? account" as recorded in Daily Journal, also all cash transactions " on account " as already (Inscribed under heading of "Cash Book, "entering on the left hand or debit si " Onuling 14 Drill Plow with Potato Digger Attachment 129 Dnoks, Aylesbary 264 Hens vs. Incubator. 26'4 Housing 264 How to Finish 266 How to Water and Peed 264 Lawn for Exercise 264 Management of 264 Pekin Variety 264 Skim Milk for Ducks 264 Time to Market 266 Duplex Fence Machine 36, 37 leoBomie Feeding 209 Alternative for Deficiency 214 Animals Warm and Comfortable 210 Autumn Feeding 210 Balanced Rations 209 Composition of Foods 209 Com Bilage 212 Dehorning Cattle 211 English Coach Horse, Cleveland Bay or 234 Exercising Animals 212 Feeding Meal in Mixture 214 Feed Proper Proportions 214 June Conditions 209 Nutritive Value of Fodder Food 212 Preparation of Food 213 Quantities of Mixture 213 Small Groups 212 Succulent Food 210 Soiling Crops 210 Twelve Hours to Moisten 213 Ventilated Stables 210 Water in Stable 212 Winter Feed 212 Fall OoltlvatiMi 45, 94, 109 Rib Root Land in Fall 95 Ribbing after Com • 94 INDEX. 289 13 r [2 Fall Cttltiyation—ConMiiMMf. Bibbing Boot Land 9i, 95 Spudding Thistles 96 Treatment of Corn Btubble 94 Why Boot Land should not be Plowed 96 Fall Turnips 68 Fall Wheat— Before Sowing 50 Harvesting 52 Quantity of for an Acre 51 Time to Sow 61 Varieties of 62 Farm— Diagram of 82 Farm Imptomsnts and BoiUiags 183 Blacksmith's Forge 185 Dimensions of Buildings 185 Doors 187 Exposure ruins Implements 183 Implement House 183 Painting 207 Farm House Grounds, size of 115 Grading 115 Enclosing 116 Farming— System of 187 Farm Investment 9 Managers, Demand for 9 Privileges 113 Farm Xaaagemtnt 9 Agricultural Colleges 9 Agriculture in Schools 9 Farm Managers, Demand for 9 Farm Investment 9 Knowledge Bequired 11 Nature's Method 12 New Land J. 12 Qualifications of Successful Manager 10 Feed— Clover for 102 Baek 201 Fssdiag 209 Autumn Feeding 210 Commercial Foods 216 I- ■ HI %■ 1 m 290 INDEX. Feedinff— CoiiMnii«d. Exercise 212, 216 Feeding Steere 229, 230, 231 Fleeh Forming for Young Cattle 216 Fodder Crops 212 Vood— Composition of 209, 210 Preparation of 213 Proportion of 214 Inseotioide, Preparation for 219 Kind Treatment 216 Limited Quantity 214 Nothing between Meals 215 Rations for Miloh Cows -215 Rations 209 Results of Abuse 216 Btables Ventilated 210 Store Cattle 215 Water 212 Winter Feeding 212 Wmdag 81 Clearing Away 125 Coiled Wire 86 Duplex Fence Machine 36, 37 Fences Harbor Weeds 81 *' Necessary 83 How to set Posts 40 Hurdle Fences 31, 83, 34, 35 Iron Stays 36 Necessary Fences 83 Ornamental Fence 38, 39 Permanent Fence 38, 39 " "at Ontario Agricultural College 89 Portable Woven Fence 85 " " " Consti-uction 85 Bemoying Portable Fence 88 Cost of College Fence 40 " of Portable Fence 88 Construction of 83 Setting the Hurdles 84 Gosfe of Huxdles. -.... 86 IKDEX. 291 Fertnitj MalnUined Without Munre 112 Fertiliaera Only BtimnUiitt 18 Clover M 101 Fertilisation of Clover 103 Flail Threshing 63 Florist— The Practical 10 Flowering Shrubs 121 Flower Beds— Balbs for Fall Planting 122 Continuous Bloom for 123 Covering for Bulbs 122 Fruits— Cultivation of 145 Four-Horse Subsoiler 26 Galloway Cattle 227 Qeese— A Specialty 266 Breeds of 266 Emden 266 Require Freedom 266 " Fresh Water 266 Touloose 266 When to Sell 268 Gooseberries — Varieties of 142 Downing 143 Industry 145 Whitesmith 144 Grade Mares 234 Grading — Farm House Grounds 115 '* a Drain 14 Grafting— Advantages of 174 " on Talman Sweet 172 Graft Northern Spy 174 Grain Drill 21 Gvain Section 96 Barley 98, 99 Caps for 99 Clover, Mixture 101 " as Fertilizer 101 " as Sub-soiler 102 ** Curing 102 " Fertilization of 103 " for Feed 102 M 292 INDSX. «'i OMin Seotion— ConMiMMd. Clover, How to Cnt for Boed. 105 ♦• BMd 108 " Thfoahing 105 " WhontoOat 104 ♦* with Timothy 101 Cutting Clover 104, 105 Pall Wheat 61, 52 Fertilisation of Clover 103 OraM 112 Harrow after Seeding 97 Hay Caps 108 How to Sow Spring Wheat 06 Imported Seed Oats 07 Importing Seed Barley 08 Manure 112 Meadows, Seeds for , 90 Oats : 97 Pasture 100 Peas 47,48 Permanent Seeding for 107 Re-seeding Pasture 112 Seeding a Meadow 99 *' a Pasture 100, 107 " General Mixture 100 •* Thin Places 99 Shelter for Cattle 108 Soft Maple 1.08 Soiling Crops i07 Sowing Grass Seed 97 Spring Wheat 96 Threshing Clover 105 Timothy Hay 105 '* Curing 106 Wheat 96 Wire Worms 112 Grapes— Brighton (red) 168 Campbell's Early (black) 167 Cultivation of 166 PertUiaing » 157 INDEX. 293 Grapes— CoMNtiMMi. How to PUnt 1S2 ** Prune 156 •♦ Train 166 Moore's Diamond (white) 109 Mulohing 156 Ripening 157 Varieties 157 Grass 112 •• Seed Mixture 42 •• " Sower 28 Green Top Swedes 66 Guernsey Cattle 223 Hardy Climbers 129 •• Perennial Flowers 128 Harrow after Seeding 97 Harrow, Adjustable 80 " Brush 119 ** Chain 100 Harrowing 43 Harvester 52, 63 Hay Caps 103 Hedge— Best Wind Break 117 Close to Wire Fence 118 Deciduous Shrubs for 118 Evergreens for Hedges 118 Slope Hedges 117 Trimming Evergreen Hedges 117 Wind Break, Double and Single 116, 117 Hereford Cattle 226, 227 Holstein '• 218, 219 Horse Breeding 232 Breed Right Type 234 Cleveland Bay or English Coach Horse 234 Colts, Care and Feeding of 238 Conformation of Coach Horse 236 Demand for Coaoh Horses 234 English Shire 237 General Conformation 232 Grade Mares 23-i if 1 !i(5 : ^t f!i i f . 294 INDEX. Hone Breeding— Continued. E&xknejB 287 Mares 284 Modem Clydesdale 232 Moisten Feed 239 Monster Animals 237 Pedigree Mares 234 Roadsters 237 Summer Ration 239 Two Objects 232 Watering Horses 239 Winter Feed for Farm Horses 238 Hot Bed. 123, 124, 125 Bedding Out Plants 125 For Early Vegetables 125 How to Cover 124 " Make 123 Roller for Cotton Cover 125 Soil for 125 Varieties of Flowers 125 How and When to Peed Animals 214 Commercial Foods 216 Quantity .■...214, 215 Rations for Cows 214 •♦ Store Cattle 215 Treatment of Cattle 216 Vermin on Cattle 216 Humus, Color of 20 " Fixes Ammonia 18 " How to Make 23 " Improves the Texture 18 " Increasing Fertility 23, 27 " Retains Moisture 18 *• To Further Increase 30 Hurdle Fences ^ 31, 33, 34, 35 '• •' Construction of 33 *' •* Setting the Hurdles 34 ♦* " Cost of Hurdles 35 Implement House 183 Implements— Purchasing 183 INDEX. 295 23 18 27 18 30 35 33 34 35 L83 [83 Implements — Conttnued. Adjustable Harrow 28, 30 Breeds' Weeder 59,60 Brush Harrow 119 Chain Harrows 99, 100 Corn Cultivator 80 Com Cutting and Silo 86, 87 Com Harvester 83, 84 Corn Hoe 83 Corn Platform 85 Corn Pulverizer 81 Crummer 14 Dennis Potato Digger 75 Dibbler, The 133 Ditching Machine 16, 17 Double Harpoon Hay Forks 190, 192 Draining 14, 15 Drain Connection 15, 16 Draining Spade 14 Drill Plow with Potato Digger 28, 29, 45, 56, 75 Exposure Ruins 183 Four Horse Sub-Soiler 23, 26 Grain Drill 21, 47, 79 Grass Seed Sower 27, 28 Hand Corn Planter 79 Hay Cap 102 Hay Carrier and Slings 191, 192 Hay Loader 105,108 Hay Tedder 101, 102, 105 Horse Hoe or Scuffler 60,62 Horse Rake 105, 107 Horse Seed Drill 58, 59, 68 Land Roller 22, 23 Lawn Mower 120 Modem Threshing Machine 57 Mower with Clover Seed Attachment 104, 105 Plow with Revolving Coulter 22, 45 Seed Drill 134 Self Binder 53,54 Self Rake Reaper 103 296 INDEX. Implementi— Con(mtf«(j. Sprayer 178,181 Spring Tooth Cultivator 23, 24, 56 Spring Tooth for Hard Soil 23, 25, 56, 67 Sub-Soil Plow 13, 14 Threshing Machine , 56, 57 Tolton Pea Harvester 48,49 Turnip Hoe 60, 61 Two Furrow Gang Plow 44,45 Improvements in Harvesting 52 Incubator 255,260 Jersey Cattle 221, 223 " Cow, *• Mary Ann of St. Lamberts " 222 Kerosene Emulsion 178 Killing Weeds 27 Kind Treatment for Cattle 216 '• " of Colts 238 Knowledge of Farming 114 Lambs, Early 244 " Weaning 244 " Winter Feeding of 246 Land, How to Clean 24 " How to Renew Worn Out 21 " Roller 23 Landscape Gardening 116 Lawn — Barley with Lawn Seed 119 Brush Harrowing Lawn 120 Clover in Lawn Seeds 120 Cutting the 120 Cultivation for 115 Mixture 119 Requires Little Attention 120 Seeding Lawn 118 Sowing Clover 120 Value o£ a 1l / Laying Tile 15 Liming Cold Clay 72 Leicester Sheep 240 Lincoln " 240 Lettuce, Cultivation of 137 INDEX. 297 Lettuce, Varieties of 137 Making Drills 58 " Cellar Frost Proof 63 •• a Pit 64 Managers, Demand for Farm 9 Mangel Wurzel—Preparation for 47 Palling and Topping 63 Thinning 59 Time to Harvest 61 Varieties of 61 Manure 42, 45, 46, 47 Farm Fertility Maintained Without 112 Manure the Hoe Crop 47 ** on the Surface 46 Manuring Rolling Land 46 *• for Peas 46 " Vegetable Garden 132 Marketing Poultry 266 Mating '• 258, 260, 268 " Turkeys 268 Meadows— Seeds for 99 Melons — Musk, Cultivation and Varieties 137 " Water Variety 137 Milch Cow, Selecting a 219 Milk— Babcock Test for 11 Mineral Fertilizers 18 Mixed Farming 42 •' Peas and Oats 109 Modem Clydesdale Horse 232 '* Harvester 53 " Threshing Machine 53 Model Jersey Cow 223 Monstrous Boots — Cultivation for 71 Mulching Grapes 156 " Strawberries 142 " Trees 164 Nature's Method of Supplying Plant Food 12 Nature, The Laws of 11 New Land, Very Fertile 12 Nortery Brooder. 256, 260 298 INDEX. Ill' i Oats 97 ** Peas and, for Silage 87 Onions -Cultivation of 138 From Seed 138 " Sets 138 Varieties of 138 Orchard 160 Advantages of 166 Apples 170 " Export ;.....170, 174 •' Grafting 172, 174 •* Insects 178 " Kinds to Plant 172 *♦ Scab Treatment 178 " Selling 172 Cherry, Varieties of 168 Clover in Orchard 166 Cover Crop 166 Cultivation of 164 Cropping Orchard 164 Draining Orchard 160 Exposure for Orchard 160 Mulching Trees 164 Peaches 168 Pears 170 Planting 160, 161 Plums 168 Pruning 174 Shape of Top 174 Spraying 178, 181, 182 What to Sow in Orchard 166 Ornamental Lawn Fences 38, 40 Outdoor Brooder 257, 260 Oxford-Down Sheep 241 Parsnip Cultivation 138 •• Variety :. 138 Pasture 100, 107, 110, 217 . Permanent 107 Trees in 217 Seed for 100 INDEX. 299 174 174 182 . 166 J8, 40 |7, 260 241 138 138 ^0, 217 107 ... 217 . 100 Pasture — Continued. Plowing Sod 42 Pea Bug, Destroythe 48 Peaches 168 Pear Culture, Their Value aud Varieties 170 Clapp's Favorite 169 Bartlett 170 Flemish Beauty 171 Beurre D'Anjou 170 " Clairgeau 173 Peas and Oats for Silage 87 Drilling 47 For Daily Food 138 Harvesting 48 Manuring for 46 Threshing 48 Varieties of 138 Pedigree Mares 234 Pekin Ducks 264, 267 Perennial Flowers 129 Pig House, Portable 252 Piggery 202 Foundation of 205 Gutters 204 Plan of Building 206 Size of Piggery 202 Ventilation 206 Pit, Covering 64, 65 Making 64 Root 64 Ventilating ' 65 Pitting Roots 64 Plant Food 59 Plow Transplants Weeds 25 " with Revolving Coulter 22 Plowing Sod 42 Shallow 43, 45 Under Peas and Buckwheat 21 Down Weed Seeds 26 Plum Culture and Varieties 168 "? i'ik ''I ij !■ I Sfii, }} 1^1 . ''< 300 INDEX. Plum Culture and. Varieties— Continued. Niagara 163 Duane's Purple 166 BeineClaude 167 Plymouth Bocks, Barred 259, 262 " •* White 261, 262 " " Buff Colored 262 Potato Digger Attachment, Drill Plow with 29 Potato Sets 73 How to Cut 73 Propagating 140 Botation in Garden 141 Spraying 182 Storing 75 Varieties to Plant 74 Potatoes, Cnltiyation of 72 Culture for Early Miirket 140 Drilling 73 Early Varieties 74, 141 Early, When to Plant 73 Harvesting Potatoes 74 Horse Hoeing 73 Late Varieties 74 Late, When to Plant 74 Liming Cold Clay 72 Planting 140 Pitting 75 Poultry House, Plan of 253 *• '* End View 254 Poultry 253 Advantages of Brooder 260 Aylesbury Ducks 264 Breeds of Poultry 260, 262 •' Geese 266 Chicks, Early '. 256 Care of Hens When Laying 258 Disposing of Poultry 257 Ducks, Housing of 264 " Management of 264 Dust Bath 258 INDEX. 301 J7 S2 62 62 29 73 73 L40 141 182 76 74 72 140 73 ,141 73 74 73 74 74 72 140 75 253 254 253 260 264 262 266 256 258 257 264 264 258 Poultry — Continued. Eggs in Winter 256 Egg Producers 262 Feed and Water Trougli 255 Geese 266, 268 General Purpose Breeds 262 Heating Poultry House 256 Hens vs. Incubator 264 How Poultry is often kept 253 How to Finish Duclcs 266 •' Hatch Ducks 264 " Feed Poultry 257 " Feed Turkeys 268 " Water and Feed Ducks 264 Lawn for Exercise 264 Mating 258, 260, 268 Marketing 266 Pekin Variety of Ducks 264 Plan of Poultry House 253 Plymouth Bocks 262 Poultry a Specialty 260 Rose Comb 262 Separate Male Birds 260 Setting Hens 260 Skim Milk for Ducks 264 Specification for Poultry House 254 Shelter 258 Table Breeds 262 Time to Market 266 Trees for Shelter 258 Turkey, The 268 Water for Geese 266 When to Mate 258 '* to sell Geese 268 " to sell Turkeys 268 Wyandottes 262 Young Turkeys 268 Practical Florist, The 19 Pruning Fruit Trees 174 " Shape of Tree Top 174 302 INDEX. m ffi'ii 5 i J IS '» ' I- IX i 'i ■ . ! 11; Praning Raspberries 162 Pulverizer, Surface 81 Pumpkins— Variety 139 Purchasing Implements 183 Qualifications of Successful Farm Manager 10 Quantity of Seed to Sow 47 " Seed per Acre 29, 58, 68 *• Fall Wheat for an Acre 51 Radish Cultivation and Varieties 139 Bape Seed 76 Cultivation 76 Feeding Rape 76 Rape for Early Winter 77 When to Sow 76 Raspberries — Planting and Pruning 152 Cuthbert 149 Marlboro '... 148 Golden Queen 150 Varieties 152 Ration for Milch Cows 214, 215 Reading and Enjoyment, Time for 113 Removing Portable Fence 38 Rhubarb from Seed and Roots 139 Ribbing Land in Fall 28 " Advantage of 28 " Root Land 94, 95 Roadster Horses 237 Rockery, How to Construct 128, 129 Roller, Land 23 Rolling the Land 29 Boots 56 Beets 66 Carrots 65 Compost Heap 71 Cultivation of 58 Distance apart 71 For Exhibition 70, 72 Making Drills 58, 71 Mangel Wurzel 61, 63 Monstrous Roots, Cultivation for 71 INDEX. 303 72 5,71 63 71 Boots — Continued. Plant Food 60 Potatoes 71, 72, 73, 74, 75 Seeds, Depth to Plant 133 Shallow Cultivation 26 Shallow Plowing 56 Sowing Seed 58 Storing Roots 63, 64, 65 Sugar Beet 61 Thinning Roots 59,60 Turnips 66, 67, 68, 69, 70 Roses, Climbing 129 Collection of 130 . Sotation of Chropi 41 Applying Manure 45 Before Sowing Fall Wheat 50 Cleaning the Land 45 Clover and Farm Manure 42 Cultivate and Harrow Alternately 43 Cultivation after Pea Crop 50 Depth to Plant Grain and Seeds 47 Destroy the Pea Bug 48 Drilling in Manure 45 " Peas 47 Fall Cultivation 45 Flail Threshing 53 Four Years' Course 42 Grass Seed Mixture 42 Harrowing Overlapping 43 Harvester of 1840 52 Harvesting Peas 48 " Fall Wheat 52 Heat, Air and Moisture 43 How Smut Spores Feed 51 Hybridizing Grain 52 Improvements in Harvesting 52 Manure the Hoe Crop 47 Manure on the Surface 46 Manuring Rolling Land 46 " for Peas 46 804 INDEX. ,1 :<•' BoUtioa of Crops — CanHnued. Mixed Fanning 42 Modem Harvester 08 " Threshing Machine 53 Preparing Seed Wheat 51 Plowing in Bummer 45 " Shallow 43 " Sod 42 Preparation for Mangel Wurzels, Beets and Carrots 47 Quantity of Fall Wheat for an Acre 51 '* Seed for an Acre 47 Shocking in the Field 53 ♦' Grain 53 Sow a Productive Oram 51 Two-Furrow Gang Plow 44 Threshing Machines 53 *' Peas 48 Time to Sow Fall Wheat 51 Varieties of Fall Wheat 52 Variations in Rotation 42 Vegetable Matter Absorbant 45 Winter Manuring 46 Botation of Boiling Crops 109 Clover Seeding 109 Fall Cultivation 109 Pasture and Soiling Crop 110 Mixed Peas and Oats 109 Other Hoe Crops 110 Rape 109 Value of 110 Second Pasture 110 Seed — Quantity of, to Sow 47 For Pasture 100 Depth to Plant 133 Selecting a Milch Cow 219 Setting Hens 260 Sheep and Pigs, Separate Buildings 188 Bhoep— Various Breeds of. 239 Breeding Ewes 244 fell INDEX. 305 47 51 47 53 53 51 44 53 48 51 52 42 . 45 . 46 . 109 .. 109 .. 109 110 109 110 109 110 . 110 . 47 . 100 .. 133 .. 219 .. 260 ... 188 239 244 Sheep— Con tinned . Cotswold Desoribed..: 240 Dipping Slieep 245 Downs 241 Elevation of Sheep Houho 199 Feeding 244, 245 Feed Raclc 201 Lambs, Early 244 Lambs, Weaning 244 Leicester Described 240 Lincoln Described 240 Other Breeds 243 Oxford-Down Described 241 Plan of House 200 Rape for Feed 244 Select According to Conditions 239 Shoot Dogs after 243 Special Care for Long Wool 239 South -Down Described 242 Shropshire Described 242 This Country Favorable for 239 Winter Care 245 Winter Feeding of 246 Wool 239 Sheep Pen 198 Building, Plan of 198 Cattle and Sheep Separate 198 Compartments 198 Feed Rack 200, 201 Fresh Air and Light 201 Gas from Manure Injurious 202 Interior and Ventilation 201 Plan of 198 Portable Rack 201 ShookiugGrain 53 Shorthorn Durham Cattle 224, 225 Shropshire Sheep Described 242 Shrubs— Flowering 121 Hardy Flowering 121 Silage Cropi 87 •J' •ft' :*!•! if: f! J: 306 INDEX. Silage Cropn— Continued. Canada Tbistlea for SUaffe.r. 88 Cutter 86 Dry Corn vs. Silage 04 Peas and Oats for Silage 87 Quantity Required to Winter Animals 03 Taking out Silage 03 Time Required to Cure 88 ■Uoi— Bricking Inside 00 Capacity of 03 Construction of 88 Cement 02 Covering 88 Hauling to 85 Octagon 02 Portable 00 Partition in 03 Round 01 Round Stave 88 Square. 02 Taking out Sllago 03 8maU Pmits 141 Blackberries 152 Blaclc Currants 140 Cultivation of Fruits 145 Gooseberries 142 Grapes 152 Raspberries 152 Red Currants 147 Strawberries 141, 142 Soiling Crops 107 Soutli-Down Sheep 242 Specification for Poultry House 254 Spraying Fruit Trees 175 Kerosene Emulsion 178 Selecting Apparatus 178 Solution 180 Time to Spray 181 Spraying Potatoes 182 Bpziny Ooltiyation for Boots 50 INDEX. 807 Spring Cultiration for ftoo^—CtmUnued. Beets replacing Carrots ^ 66 Carrots for Horses and Cows 06 Conserving Moisture 68 Covering tlie Pit 64 Covering tlie Pit for Winter 65 Cultivation after Bowing 6H ** of Carrots 65 Different Methods of Harvesting Hwedes 7U Drilling for Turnips 68 Fall Turnips 68 ** •* Cuitivationof 6U Green Top Swedes 66 Harvesting Carrots 65 How to Harvest Swedes 69 Improving Swedes 60 Making Drills 68 " Cellar Frost Proof 63 '• a Pit 64 Pitting Roots 64 Pulling and Topping Mangels 6:i Pulverize the Surface 59 Preparing the Soil 67 Quantity of Seed per Acre 58, 68 Shallow Drills 56 Shallow Plowing 56 Soluble Plant Food 59 Sowing the Seed 58 Storing Roots 63 Subsoil Clay Land 56 Sugar Beets 61 Subsoiling with Spring Tooth Cultivator 67 Swede Turnip 06 Storing Swedes for Winter 70 Thorough Cultivation 08 Thinning Mangel Wurzels 59 " Mangels and Carrots 00 Time to Harvest Mangels and Sugar Deets 01 " " Swedes 69 Time to Sow Swedes 68 308 INDEX. Spring Cultivation for Boots — Continued. Turnip Culture 67 Turnips Shojild be Fed on the Farm 67 Varieties 69 Ventilating Cellar 63 " the Pit 65 Varieties of Mangel Wurzel 61 " Carrots 65 Varieties of Sugar Beets 61 Yield per Acre 61 Spring Tooth Cultivator 24 " " for Cultivating Hard Land and Sub- soiling 25 Spudding Thistles 95 Squash Cultivation, and Varieties 139 Stanchions, Stationary and Swinging 196, 197 Stables Ventilated 210 Steers, Feeding of 229, 230, 231 Store Cattle 215 Storing Roots 63, 64, 65 Strawberries — Clyde 142 Planting 141 Mulching 142 Subsoiler, Four Horse 23, 26 Subsoiling, Spring Tooth for 25 Successful Manager, Qualifications of 10 Sugar Beets, Yield of 61 Time to Harvest 61 Summer Fallow 21 Sussex Cattle 227 Swine 246 Bacon, Side of 249 Breeds Required for the Trade 246 Brood Sow 250 Clean Animal 204 Feeding ...248,250 Feed for Finishing 250 *' Young Pigs 248 Piggery 203 Plan of Piggery 206 I'," W \ I.J INDEX. 309 25 95 139 197 210 231 215 1,65 . 142 lUI . 142 3, 26 25 10 61 61 . 21 .227 .. 246 249 246 250 204 ,250 . 250 . 248 . 203 ..205 Swine — Continued. Portable Pig House 252 Bequire Protection 204 Salt and Ashes 250 Side of Bacon, Showing Cuts and Prices 249 Skim Milk Pork 202 Summer Food for Swine 252 The Fleshy Hog 248 Typical Bacon Hog (Side View) 247 " *' " (Front View) 251 Type, Change of 246 Winter Food for Swine 250 Years to Fix a Type 248 Systematic Farming 113 TlM lawi of Fatore 11 Nature's Methods 12 New Land..... 12 Teachings of Science 11 Thistles, Exterminating 27 Three Tean Botation Ill Fertility Increased Ill Fertility Maintained Without Manure 112 Only Two Years (Jrass 112 Outlying Land Ill Be-seeding Pasture 112 Threshing Grain 53 " Clover 105 •• Machine 53, 57 Tomato, Cultivation and Varieties 139 Trees 121 For Shelter 258 Groups of 217 In Pasture 217 Plant on Bising Ground 217 Scattered Trees Objectionable 219 Soft Maple 108 Turkeys 268 Varieties 268 Allow Freedom 268 How to Peed 268 310 INDEX. TuAey— Continued. Matinj? 268 YoungTurkeys 268 When to Sell 268 Turnips. Cultivation 139 Culture 67 Drilling for 68 Improving Swede 66 Preparing Soil for 67 Should be Fed on the Farm 67 Subsoiling with Spring Tooth Cultivator 67 Varieties 140 Vnderdraining 12 Advantages 12 Constructing a Drain 13 Diagram of Drains 16 Ditching Machines 16 Distance apart of Drains 13 Grading a Drain 14 Laying the Tile 15 Size of Drain Tile 12 Variations in Rotation 42 Vegetable Food, Value of 131 Vegetable Garden 131 Asparagus 132 Beans 133 Beets 133 Cabbage 134 Carrot 135 Cauliflower 135 Celery 135, 136 Corn 132 Citron 137 Cucumber 137 , Depth to Plant Seeds 133 Dibbling Seeds and Pliints 133 Hill Seed Drill 133 Lettuce 137 Manuring. 132 Melon „ 137 INDEX. 311 133 L33 34 35 35 36 1132 L32 L37 Vegetable Oarden — Continued. Onion 138 Parsnip 138 Peas 138 Potato 140, 141 Pumpkin 139 Radish 139 Rhubarb 139 Squash 139 Subsoiling 132 Tomato 139 Turnip 139 Underdraining 132 Value of Vegetable Food..... 131 Vegetable Matter Absorbent 45 Ventilation for Bam 193, 195 " " Cellar 63 ** " Piggery 206 " " Pit 65 *' " Sheep Pen 201, 202 " ** Stables 210 Vermin on Cattle 216 Water for Geese 266 Watering Horses 239 Water Melon 137 Weaning Lambs 244 Weeds, How They Grow 27 '• The Plow Transplants 25 Wheat, Fall 51, 52 " Quantity for an Acre 51 " Spring 96 " " How to Sow 96 " '• Wild Goose Variety 96 When to Sell Geese 268 u a li Turkeys 268 Windbreak 116,117 WinterCare of Shee]> 245 Wire Worms 112 Wool 239 Work Bench and Tools 185 312 IXDEX. Worn Out Farms 17 Wyandotte Poultry 262 Buflf Colored 262, 265 White 262, 263 Young Pigs, Care of 248 •' Turkeys 268 ■i'l ) . s ) I ... 17 ... 262 12, 265 12, 263 ... 248 ... 268