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THE ^

t^ERN FLORA OF SANADA,

. ■ DESCRIPTIONS OF ALL THE NATIVE FERNS OF THE DOMINION,
WITH LOCALITIES WHERE THEY GROW.

w

Bv GEORGE UWSON, Pii,D„ U.D„ RI,G„ F,R,S,G,

McLeod Prokkssur of Ciikmistrt, Dalhoisie Uniyersitt.

Entered for Copyright in the office of the Minister of Agriculture,

Ottawa, iSSg,

Halifax, N. S. :

A. & W. MACK INLAY,
Publishers.

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V ,<» •

APPENDIX.

'

THE SCHOOL FERN"- FLORA

OF CAXADA.

Comprising Descriptions of all Ferns known to Inhaisit the Dominion,
Together with an Account of their Geographical Range or
Prevalence in the Several Provinces, and Special Localities
FOR THE Rarer Species.

BY PROF. GEORGE LAWSON.

FERNS I THEIR GENERAL OHARAOTER ; THEIR PARTS OR ORGANS ;
CLASSIFICATION OF THE CANADIAN FERNS.

The Ferns form n very natural and distinct group of plants. They are
familiar to all observers of natural ohjeets from the beauty of their ample
foliage, which is most commordy plume-like in form, of a fresh and vivid
green hue, and much divided or cut into small leaflets or lobes; these, on close
observation, are seen to be murkt'il on the surface, or lightly sculptured or
embossed, with delicate veining.

The Ferns are called CnjptoH'tmuus (flowerless or hidden-flowered) plants,
bewiuse flowers proper, consisting of petals and other showy parts, are hero
absent. They are also called Acrofjeiis (summit growers), on account of a
peculiarity in the mode of growth of their stems, which do not increase, as in
hardwood trees, by unnual layers of wood, or, as in the palm-stem, by
descending, interlacing, hbrous bundles, but only by successive additions at
the top end or apex.

1

222

FERN-FLOUA OF CANADA.

The Parts or Organs of the Pern

The Fern Plant is finued of parts or ()ij,'an.s that are very dinVri-iit, hoth in
nature and apjiearance, from the parts that we see in ordinary Fhiwerin^' Plants.
In order to understand tlie descriptions of the different species, we need to know
the terms that are used to denote tlie several j^arts of tlie plant. There are no
proper _/7()//YV.v on the Fern Plant, so that we do not apply that term, or any of
tlie tcrnif used to describe the parts of flowers, to any part of a fern ; hut the
fern bears a ^'ranular substance, which takes the jdace of flowers and seed, and
words (or scientific terms) are used to express its nature and parts, jmt as names
are given to the p.irts of the flower. Ferns, iu the ordinary observer, seem to
have leaves, and these are usually green and flat and more or less divided, like
many true leaves, but they are not men^ly leaves ; they are also the fruit or seed-
bearers, and the botanist calls them Froivls.

The Pern Stem or Rhizome.

As to the part that constitutes the true Stem in ferns, some explanation may
be required, especially by those who have been accustomed to see Tree Fenis of
warm and equitable climates free from winter frosts, (such tree ferns may be
seen in the conservatories of public gardens). In the Tree Fern, the stem rises,
erect and tree-like, into the air, clothed below with the remnants or .'^tubs of
old decayed fronds, these stubs being themselves invested more or less completely
with the flexuous, hard and black root fibres, which, originating from the stem
itself, are insinuated among the old stubs. From the summit of this stem ov
trunk of the tree fern, there is a radiating, widely-spreading expin^^e of delicately
divided fronds, drooping gracefully towards their tips, — the whole presenting a
striking object of beauty. The organ thus developed into an erect stem in tree
ferns is called the Caudex.

Among our native Canadian ferns we have one imperfect examj)le of this erect
caudex-growth in the first fern to be described, the Ostrich I'lume Fern, a
species probably very ancient in origin, but which still exists in two apparently
distinct varieties, one confined to Europe, the other to America. While the
Ostrich Plume Fern has an erect bulb-like corm, producing from its apex a circle
of magnificent, erect, plume-like fronds, thus simulating the tree fern, (the

FERN- FLORA OF CANADA.

223

Enro])oaii plant, as soon in Uotanic (Jardcns, liaviiiii,' n|)j)aronlly -x niovo olon^^'atod
and clovated corni than ours), yot this corni dillfrs iVnni tho tru'' ai'iial stem of
troo ferns, not only in its partially siihtorranoan charactci', slj^dit oli>n;^'atioii, and
liniit('(l endurance, hut also in sendin«,f forth radialin,!,' iinrizontal runners, ondin<,'
in hutls or young eorms, which hecouit! new plants, thus j,'iving a lateral mode
of propaj^'ation or increase. \\\^ have no true tree ferns iu Canada to whose stems
the term caudex can he properly apj)lied, and iu desciihitii,' our Ferns this part
is called the Rlilzomo.

Different kinds of Rhizomes,

In our Canadian ferns the stem is usually prostrate, oftiMi under;,'r(nind, or at
the .surface and covered hy moss or horhaj^'e, or hid in the crevices of rocks, the
anterior or growin;.'; extremity only, with its fronds and cmwu of frond l)uds,
assuming the erect position. Such stems resomhle the uudergrouml creeping root-
like stems of flowering plants, and are thus calknl liln'-oinfft. The rhizome diller.s
very much in form and size in the diilerent gener.i of I<'erns : —

In many ferns the rhizome is stout, pro<luces root fihres principally at the
older or posterior end, and is ahundantly covered with the [)ersistent stalk-remnants
or stuhs of the decayed fronds of former years.

In the Common Polypody the rhizome is elongated, rather thick, fleshy, and
creeping on rocks, trees, or other solid surfaces, without persistent stipe-stuhs,
the stipes or stalks finally liecoirjing completely separated from the rhizome hy a
joint or articulation, as in ordinary deciduous leaves.

In a third class of ferns the rhizome is very slender, cord or wire-like, creep-
ing underground, often much branched, not ft)rming bud-crowns, and conseipiently
not producing circular tufts of fronds, but sending them uj) singly at intervals
along its course. When the fi'onds decay they d(» not lave the lower parts
of the stalks behind as pi^rmanent sti[)e-stubs.

The rhizome is a part of great imporiance, often presenting characters whereby
different ferns may be clearly distinguished from each other, but superficial
observers are apt to neglect it, and to be coutiMited, in collecting s[)ecimens for
examination or preservation, with the mere fronds seen above ground, which,
when studied alone, are in many cases puzzling, from the tendency to mimicry of
form so often found in plants that are really distinct.

224

FERN -FLORA OF CANADA.

THE FEEN FROND i ITS PAETS; THE STIPE OE STALK; THE
LAMINA OE LEAFT PORTION ; DIVISION AND GUTTINB OF THE
LAMINA ; FRUIT DOTS ; THE RAGHIS ; VEININQ,

From the indication." ^'iveii, it will Ik; stuMi tint tlit! priiici|ial ()i';,'aii.s (»f oiir
fern plants are: (1) tht? (mostly) horizontal Il/iirsoinc, with its, often wiry,
tortuous, descending,' root lihnis, product!'! not only from its posterior extremity,
but often also emerj^'ent along its course from the matting of mon; or less
decayed stip(;-stuha ; (2) the Froinl, or lef, which, as in (U'diuiry leaves, consists
of two parts, — the »SV//>« or stalk (corresponding to the [xitiole of flowering jilants),
and the Lamina or leaty portion, which, in a few cases is simple or undiviiled,
but in most ferns is much divide<l, and in various ways in the different groups

The Lamina. — The Luntlna may be more or less deeply cut or cleft from the
margins towaids the liaclii.^ or midrib, when it is said to be Pinuafijid. When
the clefts are complete so as to reach the rachis. and divide the lamina into separate
leatlets, arranged feathei-like in pairs or alternately, on either side of the rachis,
the himina is said to be Pliniuft', and the leaHets are termed Pinnie. These
pinnae may be again divided in a similar manner, into distinct divisions or leaHets
along either side of a Stroixlari/ Raehix, and such divisions or leatlets are called
PiimnJes, the lamina thus becoming Ihiihinatp.. The pinnules may themselves be
partially cut into lobes so as to be pinnatilid, or even completely diviiled into per-
fect leaflets, and tiien the frond becomes Trij/ifmate. These differences are
important in di.stinguishing the several species ; but it is to be observed that the
extent of division of parts is less perfect in young and stunted forms, and mure
complete in those that are mature and luxuriant, — so that in a species normally
bipinnate, a young or starved frond may be only pinnate with pinnatifid divisions,
while an old or luxuriant one may be bipnuiiitt; with pinnatifid divisions, or even
tripinnate. Such cases occur in the Laily Fern and the D'.ckler Fern.

Fruit Dots — In manv ferns the lower surface of the frond has fruit dots,
which are most nl)undant on the up[)er half of the frond, but, in certain species,
there are separate fertile and infertile fronds, the fertile ones being usually nar-
rower in their parts or altogether contracted and unleafy.

FKUN- FLORA OF CANADA.

225

The Pachis and its side Branches or Rachides ; Veins ; Veinules ;

Veinlets.

As tlie continuation of tlio S///>r into a dividcil or conipound frond-lamina is
called tlio J{nrlii.<, and its side hrnuchi'H Sfratitfari/ liiu'liidin, s<», wjicn tin' lnniina is
sinii)le or undivided, the midvcin (in that case also a continuation i>f the stipe) is
calhid the Cnsfa ^^v niidril). The tlillerent modes in^which th(( veins, foiinin^' the
framework of the leafy portion of the frond, are disposed allord useful characters in
the discrijuination of s|)ecies ; tin; hranches from the costa are termed Veins ; the
hranches fr(»iu these veins are calletl Vcinu/rs, and the l)ranches of the veinules.
Veinh't!< In like; manner, whatever may he the extent (»f division of a frond
into iiiniia? or lohes, the Veim are the first series of branches from the midrib or
costa (whetln-r of the frond when siiuple, or of its separate ultimate divisions, or
leaflets, when compound). Vrliif are the primary branches from the costa, Veinu/f^a
the secondary, ami Vmnhis the tertiary sj-ries. Where there is no prominent co.xta,
the ribs arising directly from the base of the leaflet are called veins. The part
of the vein on which the fruit dot or Sonis is seated, is called tin," Rirt'ptnde.

The parts described may all l)e seen, more or less distinctly, by the naked
eye, but, in examining the veining of the fronds, the; sorus or fruit dot, and its
protecting indnsium, a simple lens or magnifying glass of any kind will give
great help.

The Sorus, or Fruit Dot. — The sorus (plural son ) will be seen to consist of
numerous visor shaped, usually stalked, pouches, called Sport'- Ca-icxy each tilled with
an exceedingly tine dust; the indiviilual particles of this dust, called Spores, are too
minute to be visibh; even to the keenest human eye, without a lens, yet it is these
tiny j)artich'S that give rise (as if they were buds orseeils) to new individual plants.
The remarkable processes attending the growth and development of these invisible
specks into fern ]>lants can ordy be followed by use of the compound microscope.

The Indusium. — In some ferns (as the common polypody and the oak fern)
the sori are simply round granular dots of spore cases, without any protective
covering ; in many others, the little clusters of spore cases are enveloped or
sheathed at first in a delicate, colourless, scale-like membrane, or are surmounted
by a small disc or shield-like covering. This protecting organ, which falls away
as the s[>ore cases mature and drop their spores, is called the Indusium.

226

FKHN- FLORA OF CANADA.

Ill

THE SPECIES OF FERNS ; THEIR ARRANGEMENT OR CLASSIFICA-
TION INTO OENERA ; THEIR BENERIC AND SPECIFIC NAMES.

OKNRitA AND SpKCiKs. — The Hpccifis of fciMs UFO classitidl into (icwra^ and
each i,'('iius 1ms its ^'ciuMio name ; il is usual to illustjatc this ])y cdiiipariii^' a {^'cnus
to a family of ijcoplc, each (ri'inm of jilaiifs hciii^' known l)y its j^nMicric name
just as cacli family is known hy thcs ancestral iianif. In lik(^ minntir, as the
full name of a person is formed hy unitin<,' the indivdnal oi' ^'ivt-n name with the
aneestral family name, so the full name of the kind or species of fern is formed hy
writing' t<»j,'(fther the generii- and specific names, as /'(ih//iiii/i/n» vnft/drc, in which
Pi)lilpii(Unni is the ^'cneric, and viiljnre the specihc name This coH'Oarison of
the names of species and <,'enera of plants to the individual and family names of
peopl(! is correct merely so far as it is an example of the mode adopted in naming
things and animals and peojjle ; it must not be sujjposed that tiie analogy or com-
parison can he carried further, for a person is not a species, hut only one of a
great nuiny individuals, who, taken together, ft)rm the human race, the .sj)f'f'it!s.
It is equally true that a family, a number of related individuals, can only be
likened in a distant way to i\ {/cutis. More correct comparisons may be made with
the lower animals. TJje dog and j ickal ami wolf are all ditferent, and easily
known from each other, they are all separate specie.s, and those who study ani-
mals— zoologists — give to each a tijyrijic nan)e, just as botanists ilo with their
plants. I)Ut tlie dog and jackal and wolf are in many ways alike, — in the forms
of their l)odies. theii' teeth, their food, their habit of running in packs, and so
on, — and a zoologist may class them all together intt) one genus, and give to that
genus the generic name Canis. So witli our Ferns. All the delicate IJladder
Ferns are known by tiie generic name Ci/stDpfcris ; the family of Spleenworts is
known as A«})h'nium ; the Shield Ferns, with hard glistening spiny-edged fronds,
and orbicular strong shield-like indusia or coverings to their fruit dots, are styled
Pohjsticlniin ; and the species of Buckler Ferns, with duller foliage and thinner
kidney-shape'l indusia, are called Lasfiva. The separate species in a genus have
each a Spt'cijic. name or term added to the generic one, just as human individuals,
members of the same family, have diHere'it christian names, and, as we have
seen, the two names or terms so united form the complete name of the particular

II

FKKN-FLdUA OF (.ANA DA.

227

Rpfoios (if jilant. Tims : CifsfofifrriM fi'miifiH is the iinnHi aitplicil to all tho
iniJiviiluiils (tlicinscjvcs uinlistiiii^uisjiaiiit' finm racli other) i»f this partiinilar
species (»f plant, — (\i/sfi)ftfi'n'f< hciiiL,' the ^MMicric, frni/i/is thn .s|)tM;iti<', term.

Vahiktie?^. — All the individuals nf a species ait! not exactly alike, however,
either in plants or animals. We know thai in the human sp(M;ies the people of
diHerenf. ])arts of the earth are in some respiM^ts ilillerent from ejich other.
Althou}.,di all do^s aie of one species, yet there ale many kinds of dogs that nro
easily recoj^'iii/vd from each otln;!', such as teniers, hounds, and spanit.ds, and these
are classified and named as variotie.«. It is exactly the same in the case of ferns
and other plants. The List species mentioned, C;/!<fopf''>'is/ra(/i/it<, frin«,'es the sea-
shores and islands and the ro(-ky hniks of our lakes and streams, and varies in
size, and in the form and division uf its fronds, in ditlerent situations; hut this
sjtecies also extends dver a larL,'e j)i>rtion.of the j^dohe, l)ein<; e(|ually at home on
the Greenland and Lihrador shores, in ;,Milches on tin,' hi,L,diest snowy peaks of
Colorado, on winterle:-s islands lik<! Madeira, in Mexico, various ))arts of South
America, Australia, \frica and Asia. It is to he expected that this little wan-
derer will vary in ap|)earance, dwarfing where it meets with lack of heat or
nioistun', hecoming almost an evergreen where it has no severe wint(!r to contend
with, swelling out to large size and hecoining of soft juicy texture when; it
grows in a mihl saturated atmosplnue. In such ways, Vdrirtie)/: are produced, and
when these varieties appear to he sutHcieiitly constant, and not tin; mere result
of temporary surroun lings, names are given to distinguish them. The name of
the variety has to l)e adiled to the names of the; genus and species, and thus it
comes that some of the ferns have three, instead of two, names.

Bow the different Genera of Ferns are known.

The most precise distinctions hctween the dilfVreiil genera are found (I) in the
nature and hianching of the minute veins in llwi division.s of the fronds, — whether
they form a connected net-work or are spread out, simple or forked, like a fringe ;
(2) in the position of the fruit dots (called Sori ) on the frond, and whether the Sori
are separate \\'<>m the; veins or connectetl with them at their j)oints, or sides ; (3)
in the absence or presence of a special involucre or general covering for the sori or
masses of spore cases, formed hy the incurving of the frond-margin ; and (4) in the

228

FERS- FLORA OF CANADA.

charactei-, when present, of the delicnte membrane or scale-lik«' body called the
Indusimn, which covers and protects the Sorm until the spore-cases are matured.
The Table of Generic Characters, and fij^nres of portions of fronds showing
sori and venation, will assist in identifying the several Gcwra. When the genus
is found, the dt-scription given of each species will enable the species to be
detected.*

GENERA OF PERNS, (Canaflian).

i

I. TRUE FERNS. — Fronds circinafe in bud (unrolling in form of a crozier) ;
spore-cases with an elastic riJig, which at maturity straightens out and tears their
delicate membrane^ allowing the spores .to escape.

GENUS.

!• StrutllioptSriS. Plnnce of the few fertile fronds not leafy, much contracted, the
small pinnules turned back, bearing sori (fig, 1, a,), with thin lacerate evanescent
indusia ; veinules of infertile fronds rree (not netted), fig. 1, h.) (A very large fern,
its erect fronds in compact circular tufts).

II. OXXOClOA. Pinnse of the few fertile fronds short, not leafy, much contracted,
forming globose involucres (fig, 2, ft) ; venation of infertile fronds netted, fig, 2, b.)
(A large fern with ample, coarsely divided fronds).

III. 7J700&Sift. Fronds all leafy, often scaly ; indusium, a very thin hemispherical
membrane, which splits from the top downwards, in some cases into a mere fringe,
and gradually disappears as spore-cases mature, (fig. 3, a, nat. size, h, enlarged).
(Small tufted ferns).

IV. DeimstSBdtia. Fronds all leafy, soft and hoary ; indusium cup-shaped (not
valved) on entl of veinlet, (fig. 4, a, nat. size, b, enlarged). (Large fern, with elon-
gated fronds and creeping rhizome).

* Where the Fern-Flota is used, it will be founi a good plan to keep, in the School, a Collection of Dried
Specimens of all the Ferns of the immediate district. These specimens can be compared, in lessons, from
time to time, with the descriptions jfivcn of the genera and species. The Pupils may then be directed to
search, in suitable localities in the woods, for the particular speci«s. Havint; collected their plants, they
should be allowed to compare these fresh-gathered specimens with the dried specimens in the School Collec>
tion, and with the descriptions in the book, so as to ascertain how far they a^ree, or are different. The great
object should be to avoid all puzzling, and lead to pleasant and intelligent enquiry into points of corres*
pondence and difference.

[[a[Ja1]IA|v1 I^EF^fJ^. JlLU^TF^ATIDfJ^ DF (J E [si E F^A

M.li-111 SI. ,,., I,,il, 1-. M Tnl,„ * H,,Ii('.l»

1. 5TRUTHDPTERI5 5 . CY5TD PTERI5 9 LA5TREA IS.SCHIZA'ea

2. DNDCLEA B.PTERI5 ID CAM PT DB DRU 5 14. PHEEDPTE Rl S

3. WQDDSIA 7. BCDLDPENDRIUM II. PDLY5T1CLILJM I5.A5PLENIUM

4. DENNSTAEDTIA B.ATHYRIUM 12 . PD LYPD D I U M IB . B DT R Y C H I UM

17, DPHIDGLDSSUM

FERN' -FLORA OF CANADA.

229

GENUS.
V

CystOptOriS. Fronds all lealy ; indusium a small, tliin, pointed, scoop-sliaped scale
or ineml)rane, attached at its base to a \ einule, and at first hiding the spore-cases,
(fig. 5, ft, nat. size, l>, enlarged). (Small ferns, somewhat tufted.)

VI- Adiantlllll. Fronds all leafy, unusually thin and papery ; sort borne on special
involucres formed by upper portions of the margins of the leaflets of the frond folded
back, the spore cases on tiieir under side. (A r ither small fern with aggregated but
not tufted fronds. )

VII. ClieilftlltllSS. Fronds all somewhat leafy, woolly or chatty ; involucres formed
of reflexed portions of the frond-margin, spore cases on the frond itself. (Small
ferns. )

VIII. PtOriS. Fronds all leafy, hard, much-divideil ; involucre parallel with and under
reflexed margin of pinnule, spore cases forming a continuous marginal line, (fig. 6.)
(A very tall fern, fronds rising singly from a running rhi/ome.)

IX. FellSDa. Fronds all leafy, hard, rather dull-groen, not much divided, fertile ones
with narrower divisions ; the reflected margins of tlie pinn;e forming indusia : spore
cases crowded in a continuous line. (Small ferns, not tufted.)

X. CfTptO&rraJXllllS. infertile fronds leafy, bright green ; the fertile ones narrower,
contracted, and duller in colour ; involucre broad, appearing marginal ; spore cases
crowded, continuous wlien the involucre opens. (A small tufted fern.)

XI. LolXiaria. infertile fronds leafy (lying flat on the ground in our species), fertile
ones contracted (erect) ; indusium parallel to midrib and between it and margin of
pinna ; spore cases in continuous lines.

XII. ^OOd^ftldift. Fronds all leafy, the pinnie of fertile ones narrowed ; indusia with
spore cases in clusters forming a chain on each side of costa or midrib of pinna.
(Medium sized fern, with strong creeping rhizome, fronds not tufted.)

XIII. AspleXliUSl. Fronds all leafy ; sorus antl in<lusium linear or oblong, straigiit,
attached longitudinally to vein or veinule, and opening towards midril), (fig. 15).
(Mostly small ferns with fronds simply pinnate).

XIV. AtJiyriuni. Fronds all leafy ; sorus and inilusium as in preceding genus, but
more or less curved or horse shoe form (in some cases evanescent, or not developed),
attached to veinules, but not parallel with them, opening towards the costa, (fig. 8).
(Large ferns, with delicately divided fronds).

XV. ScOlOpoadriUSl. Fronds all leafy (strap-shaped) ; sort long, straight, in pairs,
parallel to veinules, and covered at first by long straight indusia opening along the
the centre (fig. 7) ; (veins free). (Medium sized fern with iindivided frond, except in
abnormal varieties).

230

FKl{N-FI.OUA OF CANADA.

OEMS.

XVI. OamptOSOruS. Kioud.s ail leafy (irregularly .strap-shaped, with long slender
points that take root and form new plants) ; .sori ol»long or linear, .scattereil over the
under surface of the fioud between niidril) and margin ; indusium slight, (tig. 10).
(A small fern witli undivided fronds, often rooting at tips).

XVII. PolysticllUlXl. Fronds all le.ify, of firm textuie, l)t ight green, and upper surface
more or less glossy, the lol)e3 with minute marginal hristh'-like spines ; indusium firm,
shield-like, attached l)y its centre, the spore cases siiowing from l)eneath its margin
all round, (Hg. 11, a, nat. sizt;, /*, enlarged). (Kather large evergreen glossy ferns).

XVIII LaStrea. Fromls all leafy, somewhat leathery, vivid or dark gicen, rather dull
than glossy ; indusium kidiiey-sliaped, attached at a point lietween its two lobes, the
s))ore cases showing from honeath its margin except at point of attachment, (Hg. 0).
(Mostly large, much-divided ferns, impeifectly evergreen).

XIX. PolypodiUKl . Fronds all leafy, somewhat leathery ; no involucre nor indusium ;
sori round, arranged on each side of muir'.') (rig. 12) ; stipes articulated with the
creeping rhizome. (Small creeping ferns, with stalked pinnatiriil fronds).

XX. PhSgfOptsriS. Fronds all leafy, (softly heihaceous or papery) ; no involucre nor
indusium ; sori round ; stipes continuous with rhi/ome, (not articulated), (rig. 14.)
(Katlier s-nall ferns, with creeping rhizomes aiul long stipes).

XXI. Q-ynmOgraiXllllO. Fronds all leafy, (the lower surface in our species covered
Mith a yellow or white powder) ; no involucre nor indusium ; sori elongated. (Small
ferns with rather long-stiped hard fronds). *

XXII. OsZUUnda. infertile fronds leafy; fertile fronds, or fertile portions, contracted ;
no involucre nor indusium ; spore cases reticulated tuovalved with a hor'r.ontal ring.
(Very large ferns with very stout, branched rhizomes, covered with stipe-stubs).

XX III. SclliZSSa. infertile fromls slender and curled, less than an inch long (like
minute tufts of grass) : fertile ones longer and straight, expanded at top into a few
elo.se-set narrow-pinniv (In'ush like), Ijeaiing spore cases, with ring on top, (Hg. 13).
(I>iinute, grass-like).

2. MOONWORTS AND ADDER'S TONGUE.— /vv;;/</.v not circinatc but
folded in bud ; spore-cases splitting into tu>o luilves, luithout a ring or elastic rachis.

XXIV. BotrycMuHl- Frotul erect leafy, with terminal branched spikes, bearing non-
reticulated spore-cases in double rows on the face of the branches, (Hg. 16). (Small
ferns, with fronds in two parts, — a lower, leafy, divided, infertile portion or lamina,
and a terminal branched fertile spike).

XXV. OphiOfflOSSUni. Frond erect, with a single shc^athing leaf, and a simple stalk,
bearing two rows of non-ieticulated splitting spore-cases on the edges of its upper part,
(rig. 17). (A small fern with a simple lamina subtending a simple fertile spike).

FKIIN- FLORA OF CANADA.

231

DESCRIPTIONS OF SPECIES OP CANADIAN FERNS.

GENUS I. -Strutlliopterig, Wh.luenow. OMrkh Fmi.

S. fxERMANicA var. Pknnsylvamo.v, Law.son. American Oxtrlch Fern. — Rliizonie
erect, with lateral otl'shouts or runners, forniiiii^ new rhizomes at their points, whereby
the plant is increased. Stipe very short. Fronds tall (several feet long) in tufts composed
of an outer circle of leafy green infertile frond.>*, with a few shorter, contracted, hard,
brown, fertile ones in tin; centre ; infertile fronds pinnate, pinna- pinnatitid, the lobes
entire, rounded-obtuse, veinules parallel, distinct, running from the nud-vein to margin of
lobe ; fertile fronds contracted, the pinnules turned back over the sori ; indusiuin slight
and evanescent. (In the European form, the loljes of the infertile pinna' are acute or
acutish.)

In <leep rich soils, Xora Scotia and Nam Brunxicick, not very common. QucfMc and
Ontario, abundant in ma-iy places. Dots not extend northward, nor westward to tlie
Kocky Mountains.

GEXUS II.— OnOClea, Lixs-.^rs. Srn^itire, or Raffle Snakt, Fn-n.

O.SEN'siBiLis, Linn.'eus. Common Sensitive Fern. liaft/t Snake, /'V;v/.— Rhizome
elongate creeping ; fronds arising from it separately, not in circular tufts ; lamina
broad, leafy, somewhat triangular, deeply pinnatitid into oblong lobes ; veins of the lobes
connected together, netdike ; fertile fromls erect, like a branched spike, doubly pinnate,
with small, contracted, rolled-up pinnules, not at all leafy ; indusiuin a thin meinbrane.

Common in wet ground throughout the Marifimc Provinces, Quebec, and Ontario, not
extending west to the Prairies, nor found anywhere on the Pacific side of the Rocky
Mountains, although in North China, Amur and Manchuiia.

GENUS Ill.-'Woodsia, R. Bkown. Wootl's Fern.

1. W. Ilvensis, R. Br. Common Of'foihj, or Rxsfy, iroo'/>7'a.— Rhizome stout,
invested in a bulky mass of rudily-lirowu stipe-stubs ; stipes articulated above the base ;
lamina lanceolate, bipinnate or nearly so ; pinn;e close together, pinnules oblong, obtuse ;
rachis and whole lower surface of the frond clothed with chaft'y scales, which are colour-
less at first but become rusty at maturity ; sori distinct, but close together, around and
near the margins of the pinnules.

Nova Scotia:— On rocks overhanging Lake Thomas, abundant ; North Mountain;
South Mountain of Whycocomagh ; (iold River, near Chester ; Truro. Nein /irnnsirick : —
Woodstock ; Restigouche ; Upsal(iuitch ; Keswick ; Nashwaaksis ; St. Stephen ; (ireen
Head ; St. John. (Quebec : — Not rare. Ontario : — Common on outcrops of Laurentian

232

FERN'- FLORA OF CANADA.

i

liiii

ii^

m

rocks, as at Kingston Mills. Also Lake Superior ; Hudson Bay ; Arctic Coast ;
Rocky Mountains. The genus was nametl to commemorate Joseph Woods, an English
botanist.

2. W. HYPKUHOKEA, R, Brown. Northru, or Af]>ine, ]\'oo>lsia. — Rhizome small,
stout, compact ; frond 1 to 2 or .3 inches long ; stipe short, articulated above the base ;
lamina broadly linear or oblong, pinnate, more or less hairy, witliout distinct scales ;
pinn.'e ovate, somewhat triangular, obtuse, pinnatifidly divided into roundish lobes.

Nein BrunKwlck : — Aroostook Falls. Quchpc : — Cape Rosier, fiaspe ; Mount Albert
Falls ; Riviere du Loup ; Tetniscouata. Ontario :— Lake Nipigon. Also Lake Win-
nipeg ; Hudson Strait ; Arctic Coast.

3. W. (jLAiiKLLA, R. Brown. Smooth Woodxia. — Frond 2 to 4 inches or more in
length ; stipe more or less elongated, imperfectly articulated above tlie base, and with a
few scales on the lower part only ; lamina thin, briglitgreen and glabrous on both
surfaces, simply pinnate ; pinnte short, rounded or rhoml>ic, cut into rounded or wedged
lobes.

Qiiffx'c: — Jupiter River and Ellis Bay, Anticosti ; Gaspd Coast ; Ste. Anne des Monts
River; Riviere du Loup. Xew Bnimwick: — Restigouche Tunnel; Grand Falls.
Ontario: — Kakabeka Falls ; Red Rock ; Nipigon River. X. ]V. Territory : — Great
Bear Lake ; Bow River Pass. Arctic Coast, from Mackenzie River t( Baffin Bay.

4. W. scoPHLiNA, D. C. Eaton. Rocky Mountain Woodnia. — Frond 3 or 4, to 6 or 8,
inches in length, pubescent and glandular, not scaly ; stipe not articulated ; lamina
oblong-ovate, crenulate ; indusiuni split to the base into slender segments.

British Columbia and Rocky J/oHJjyanis .- Kicking Horse Pass, Rocky Mountains;
Eraser and Thompson Rivers, also Lytton and Kootanie Valley, B. C ; Mt. Fiulayson,
Vancouver Island.

5. W. Oreo ANA, D. C. Eaton. Oregon Woodsia. — Fronds rarely six inches in
length, smooth, (not pubescent, nor glandular) ; stipe not articulated ; lamina oblong-
ovate, pinnate, the pinn.'e pinnatiHd ; indusium very imperfect, of slender hair-like
segments.

British Columbia : — Kamloops ; Fraser and Thompson Rivers ; Black Water River ;
Fort St. James. Rocky Mouvtaim .— Peace River Pass. Ontario : — Lake Nipigon.
2^. W. Territory : — Lake Athabasca.

6. VV, OBTUSA, Torrey. Torrey^ Woodsia. — Frond nearly a foot long, glandulose,
not scaly ; stipe not articulated, with few scattered, pale, chaffy scales ; lamina linear-
lanceolate, almost bipinnate, but the pinnules slightly decurrent, oblong, obtuse, crenate,
or somewhat pinnatifid ; indusium large, enveloping the sorus, torn into a few lobes.
(In general aspect this species resembles Cystopteris fragilis more than any other
Woodsia. )

Port Simpson, Briti<*h Columbia.

FERN -FLORA OF CANADA.

233

GP:NUS IV.— Deanataltia, Bkhnuakdi. Iknustedt'A Ftm, or /fay Ftrn.

D. I'l'N'CTlLOBrLA, Moore frosxanwr, or Hay Frrn. — Frond two feet or tiioro in
enj^th, with stout, erect, wiry stipe and rachis, an<l soft, thin, pah-j^reen, Hnelyilivided
downy hvnjina, exhalini; tlie odour of sweet hay wlu'n dry. Klii/onie slender and
hranelied, extensively creeping' in soil or ainon;^ stonr-s ; lamina eloiigate-ol)Ion:,', Inoad at
hase, {^raduall}' attenuated in the upper half, hipinnate, downy and glandulai ; the
segments rounded ; indusium an opon, pale-coloured nest like cup, contaiiung the
spore cases.

aVorrt S('of>a, Q inhec, liiii] Xr.ir Brnii'^irirk : —^tony pastures and way.sides, common.
Ontario: — Not common, and decreasing westward; Pittsliurg, near Kingston; I'rcscott ;
Ramsay, &c. The genus was nmned in 180.3 to commemorate August Wilhelm Dennstedt,
a German botanist, author of the Flora of Weimar.

GENUS V. —Cyst opt eris, Bkunhaui.!. nuuhhr Fmi.

1. C. FKA(;iLl.s, liernhardi. lirittln liladiler Fern. — Vrouds from a very few inches
to a foot in length, usually bright green ; rhizome compact ; stipe dark jjuiple at the
base, seldom much elongated, brittle, and easily broken if specimens aie not handleil
carefully ; lamina l)roadly lanceolate in outline (tlie fertile ones narrower), glal>rou8,
])ipinnate ; pinna' and pinnules ovatedanceolate or ol)long ; tlie latter olituse, incisely
toothed, thin and veiny ; sori large.

Var. DENTATA, Hooker, is a dwarfed form, scarcely bipinnate.

V^ar. Maokayii, Lawson, has narrowly lanceolate, dark or dull green ])inna', far
apart, the pinnules wedge-shaped at base, and rounded at apex.

Widely distributed all over Canada, but only on shady, rocky banks or hillsides, and
chiefly where the air is kept moist by neighi)ouring lakes, rivers, or the sea. \'ar.
Mackayii is a common form in Nova Scotia. The name of the gf iius is derived fiom the
texture and form of the indusium, which is like a minute inllated l)ag or l)Ia(lder.

2. C. BUi.BlFERA, Bernhardi. Bulh-lxur'nxj JVaihli r Firii. Ji< rry-l»'ar'niii Fir)i,
of the old botanists. — Fronds very variable in size, fiom "> or G inches to 12 or 18
inches in length, thin, bright green ; rhizome compact, stipe re<ldisli, mucli shorter
than the lamina, lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, bipinnate, often bulij-bearing towards
the apex on the under surface; pinmv oblong-lanceolate, narrowed at the tips; pinnules
oblong, obtuse, incisely toothed ; sori small, usually not very numerous ; indusium sliort.
This species produces fronds of two forms, — the one being broad at base and comparatively
short, with horizontal pinna-, while the other kind is narrow and drawn out to a great
length (six or seven times longer than broad) and with less horizontal pinna-.

Nova Scotia, Xi'ir Brunt^inck, Quebec, Ontario : -h\ moist woods and sliady, rocky

234

FKRN-FI-OnA OF CANADA.

l;
i'i

I,
ill

places ; abundant in Ontario, t'.xtendin;^ tn Manitoba ; common also in (Quebec. Local in
New liiunswick and Nova Scotia. (Jrand Falls ; Rcatigouclie ; St. John Uivor ; Hartley's
Falls ; Newport.

.3. C. MONTANA, Bernhardi. Afoioifain lilwhhtf Fcru. — Fronds nearly a foot in
lengtli, erect, arisin;^ at intervals from the slender hori/ontil creeping rhi/.ome ; stipe
much longer than the lamina, with scattered scales ; lamina triangular, or pentagonal, in
outline, tripinnate, thin and delicate ; pinnules oblong-obtuse, slightly toothed.

(^i(t'h('(\ linckij Af()iiii.>nIn-<, Lahniilor : - On tlie mountains, usually at high eleva-
tions, l>ut rare on tliis continent, and still uiore so in nortluirn Europe, the only other
region where it grows. Ivocky Mountains, by streams ; in a ceilar swamp near silver mine
north of Current River, Lake Superior; on northern face of Mount Albert, (Jaspe ;
Labrador.

(iEXUS VL—AcLiantum, LisN-KUs Ma;>lruh<tir I'ern.

A. PKDATiT.M, Linn. Stalked Fan Fern, or American Maiilmhair. — Rhi/ome wiry,
much branciied, creeping near the surface ; stipe dark chestnut coloured or black,
shining, erect, forked at top, the forks curved downwards and branched on their upper
sides, the branches bearing oblicjue triangular-oblong ])innules, tlie whole frond fan-like.
Frotuls wither in autumn. This is one of the most highly prized of our native ferns,
whether for cultivation or in herbarium specimens.

Var. HANciFKRiNi'M, Burgcss. — Pinnules longer-stalked, deeply cleft on the upper side
into narrow sharply-toothed lobes, the divisions resembling the l)ranching of the horns of
the reindeer.

Ontario : — Not rare in Ontario, usually growing in the woods, in spots where there is an
accumulation of vegetable mould, — as about Kingston ; Newboro; Farmersville; Toronto;
Belleville ; Wolfe Isl.md ; Rimsay ; Hamilton; Lomlon. Qmhcc: — Quebec City and west-
ward ; St. Joachim anti Isle St. Raul; River Rouge; at Mt. All^ert, (Jaspe ; West Hawkes-
bury ; (iranville. Neio lirunxioick : —U ppav Restigouche ; Upper St. John ; near Wood-
stock : Keswick Ridge ; Audover ; Moose Mountain. Nora Scotia : — Newport, near
plaster pits ; Archibald's naill, Upper Musquodoboit. Jirili>ih Colnmhia .• -Queen
Charlotte Islands and (iold Stream, Mt. Finliyson, where the variety, raniji/'erinmn, was
found.

GENUS VII.— OheilantlieS, Swaktz. Lip Fem.

\, Ch. LANlMUNOSA, Nuttall. Wool'y Lip Firn.—KKv/.ome short, knotted; stipe
three or four inciies long, slemler, wiry, with woolly liairs that are lost as the frond
matures ; lamina about as long as the stipe, oblong-lanceolate, tripinnate or tripinnatifid,
the ultimate segments minute, upper surface hairy, lower matted with wool.

North-West Tcm'itory, d-c: — Rocky .Mountains ; Bow River. British Columbia. — New
Caledonia ; North Thompson River ; Black Canyon.

i''Virari'Tjii''r'M.u

FKI!N-FLOHA OF CANADA.

235

2 ClI. (JRACii.LlMA, D. C. Entnii. S'l'it'lir [Ap Firii, or L(uu fc/wj. -Mlii/.oine
creeping, entiumled, .scaly ; 8tipe '2 — 6 inclies, <laik, witli Hpariiig (It'fiiluon.s Irak's ;
lamina linear-lanceolate, hipinnate, tlic pinuM- pinnatitiil, pinnules oval-rjhiony, woolly
beneath.

liri/ish Cohimhid, rare. Xear tiie I'end (rOreillt; llivcr. Vancouver Island.

(JKXrs S'lII- PtOrlS, Linnkis. ISnih, or lirackpn.

Ft. AgriLiNA, Linna'ux. ('<»ntn<ni Hrtih. I'Jdi/lf /•'<;•//. —Uiiizonie elongate crcepini; ;
stipe stout, erect, 1 to 4 feet liigh, divided into three hranched lamina' ; l)rancho8 l)ipinnate,
the pinna' pinnatilid, witli ohlongdanceolato lateral pinnules and usually elongated
terminal ones, lol)es of tlie frond firm, dull green, glal)rous. N'iiries with the pinnuloa
pinnatifid or entire.

Var. LANU(ilN()SA ; divisions of the frond hipinnate, thin and inenjhranous, not hard,
pinnules pianatitidly toothed, tlie teetii rounded, under surface with long, scattered wool-
like hairs.

In woods and on hill sides, comnu)U every wlu're, except in tlie prairie countries and
in the colder nortlicrn regions. \ ar. Iriniii/inn'^a., (which is a prevalent foiin in tropical
countries) grows in (laspe, <JH'hir, (Dr. John Ucdl, 18(52), also in /iri/is/i Colntnhid,
(Prof, Macoun).

GEN'US IX.-P0ll8Ba, Link. Cliff Ih-ake..

1. P. Stklleki, Beddome. Slillnr''^ Cliff /y/vi^e.— Rhizome slender, creeping,
sending up separate, not tufted, fronds, 3 to 0 inches hi^ii, wliole plant glabrous ; lamina
pale green, thin and papery, a very few inches long, l)ii)iuuate or tripinuate, some of the
smaller barren fronds scarcely m^re than pinnate ; pinna* ."> or (} pairs, lobes of the barren
frond rounded, oval, veiny ; of the fertile frond much narrower, linear-lanceolate, firmer ;
sori at the tii)S of tiie forked v<ins, along the margins. The surface of the soil or rooKs
around the plants is often covered witli a green growth of pro-thallia (sporelings), flat
thallus growths arising from spores and from wiiich the first young fronds of the new
plants nuiy be seen to sprout.

On shelving dirt's and crevices of rocks, rather rare. Xi'in linDi-^irick : —Morris Falls,
RestigoHche ; Giand Falls, Woodstock. QucJx c : — Lake of Three Mountains ; Cacouua ;
Riviere du Loup ; Gaspe' ; Ottawa. Ontario : — Uelleville ; Lakefield ; Niagara River.
Also Peace River Pass, N. W. T., and Labrador.

2. P. ATKOPrRruKKA, Link. C/r(;//o«'.s Cliff lind'' : — Rhizome sliort knot-like;
stipe and rachis almost black, shining, () to VI inches Iiigh ; lamina coriaceous, pinnate,
divisions opposite, linear-oblong or somewhat oval.

OH/«r/o.- Hamilton ; Elora ; Niagara Whirlpool ; Owen .Sound. Britixh Colum-
bia .• — Black Canyon and Cache Creek. liodcy Moniitaim*, rare. First found by John
Clayton, about 1736, on the shore of the river Rappahann(»ck.

236

FERN -FLORA OF CANADA.

3. 1*. DENSA, Hooker. Tho Brtckonridiji', or Oinjon, Cliff Bnih'. — Rliizoine densely
tuft(.'(l ; stipos ahout 6 inches lonjj, slender, wiry ; liiminii triangular or pentagonal in
outline, tripiniiato, the ultimate segments linear, pointed, closely set ; (infertile fronds
very rare, their segments wider, and serrated.)

Kaie. (Jiu'hec Pioi'ince:—On exposed rocks, Mount Albert, (Jaspe. liritiih Colum-
bia:— Vancouver, and Cascade Mountains.

■"

GENUS X.-Or7PtOSrramme, U. Urowx. Rock limLe, or Parsley Fern.

C. ('Kisi'V var. acrostiohoiuks, Dawson. Th' XorfhWesf Parslij/ Fmi, or
Americdn Hock /?m^v.— Rhizome stout, densely tufted, ohatfy ; stipes pale or yellowish
brown, very short in the infertile fronds, lamina much dissected into small toothed or
incised lobes ; fertile fronds witli longer stipes, and fewer, narrow, thickened segments.

In crevices of bare rocks ami among stones, usually at high elevations, not common.
North- West Territories, Rocky Mountains, Ca-scades, and on the Arctic Coast ; also Lake
Superior.

GENUS XI. -Lomaria, De.svaux. Ilanl Fern.

L. Spioant, Desv. Xorthern Hard Fern. — Rhizome rather stout, scaly, with thick
branched roottibres ; stipes of infertile fronds short, lamina prostrate, linear-lanceolate,
piunatiHd (comb-like), tlie lobes linear-oblong, flat, slightly curved toward the points,
margin entire ; fertile fronds erect, longer than the otiiers, forming a central tuft, pinnatifid,
below pinnate, the pinnteor lobes contracted, linear acute, with retlexed margins, the lower
ones very small.

Briiixh Colamhia. — V^ictoria, V. I., and on the mainland, but limited to the Pacific
Coast. Ojinmon in Northern Europe.

GENUS XII.— "Woodwardia, smith. WoodwanVs Fern.

W. ViR(iiNiCA, Smith. Virqiuian, or Xorfhern, Woodwardia. — Rhizome stout,
much elongated, creeping, chafty ; fronds aggregated, but not tufted ; stipe stout
and long ; lamina lanceolate, pinnate : the pinnte lanceolate, pinnatifid, forming an acute
angle with the rachis, sori linear-oblong, arranged in line on either side of the midribs of
pinnie and pinnules.

OM'rtWo/— Millgrove Marsh, Hamilton ; Heck's Mills near Prescott; Augusta ; Pelham ;
Belleville ; Lake Island, Muskoka ; Gull Lake, Addington ; Mer Bleu, near Ottawa.
Quebec: — Near Gaspe Basin. Xora 5'co^«a .—Between Caledonia and Liverpool; H.
Lawson's, North- West Arm, Halifax ; between Liverpool and Jordan River, Shelburne.

FERN -FLORA OF CANADA.

237

ilham ;
)ttawa.
>1; H.
irne.

GENUS XIIL-Aaplenlum, Lisn. Spleemcort.

1. A. Trichomanes, Linn. Common Mavlenhair Splfntworl. — Fronds tufted, from
a compact rhizome ; stipe and racius hlaokiHli brown, margined ; lamina narrow, linear,
pinnate ; pinnio roundisli-ohlong or oval, obliriue, almost suMsile, crcnate ; sori distant
from the midrib. A small fern (3 to 8 inches), with dark still' stipes and small roundish
pinuie.

Ontario:— "Sot rare in central parts. Kingston; lirookville ; Belleville ; fJananocjue
River; Rideau Canal ; Thousand Islands ; Hamilton. (i>H''/>ec.— Ottawa; Cap Tounnente.
Nova Scotia: — Canso ; North Mountain.

2. A. VIKIDE, Hudson. (h'ecn-»talkc(lSplrenworf.—li\n7.o\ncnU^ht\yUi{ted,cv(icpin^,
with few dark biown scales ; fronds a few inches only in length, linear, pinnate ; stipes
less than a third the length of lamina, rounded on back, flat or channeled in front, dark
brown merely at base, green upwards, and rachis green like the pinnjc ; pinme roundish,
oblong or oval, more or less cuneate at base, slightly stalkcil, crenate or slightly lobed,
delicate, ])riglit pale green ; sori l)ornc on the anterior (forward) side of the side vein,
and near to tiic midrib of the pinna. In outline of frond and general aspect resembles
the preceding, but easily known by the bright green colour of stipe and rachis.

Neiv Brunswick, Quebec, and North- West : — Gasp^ ; Tadousac ; Rivibre du Loup ; St.
John, (G. U, Hay); North- West America, and Rocky Mountains.

.3. A. PLATYNEURON, Oakes. Eliony Splfcnwort.— Frond erect, 6 to 12 inches, rachis
blackish-brown, shining ; lamina lance-linear, pinnate ; pinnaj numerous, lanceolate (the
lower oblong) sessile, auricled at base, ami finely serrate.

Ontario : — Brockville ; Belleville.

4. A. ANGUSTiFOLiUM, Micliaux. Narrow-lcavfd Spleenwort. -Frond large (1 to 3
feet high), annual, lamina lanceolate, pinnate, pinme long, linear lanceolate, acute, fertile
fronds more contracted than the barren ones.

Ontario : — Maiden ; Oil Wells, Enniskillon.

5. A. MARiNUM, Linn. Sea-.'ihore Splfi-nirort. —Tuitcd, from a compact rhizome ;
stipe chestnut-brown, polished ; rachis brown below, green and winged above,
broad and leafy, bright green and shining, oblong lanceolate, tapering to a point,
pinnate below, pii,nje ovate oblong or linenr, oblique, shortly stalked, rarely pinnatifid,
the upper pinna- couflufnt, so that the upper part of the frond is simply pinnatifid, and
towards the tip merely incised ; sori large, linear, obli([ue.

Very rare, and special locality not known. This, in other countries, is a coast
plant, growing in the crevices of bare rocks, and especially in rocky caves, by the sea-shore.
There are Nova Scotian specimens in tlie Kew Herbarium, referred to in Hooker & Baker's
Synopsis Filicum, second edition, 1883, but this fern has not recently been found ia
Canada. It grows around the shores of Western Europe, and extends from Orkney, the
British Isles, Canaries and Azores, to St. Vincent and South Brazil.

238

KERN -FLORA OF CANADA.

!

GENUS XIV.— AtllTrium, Hoth. Luily Furn.

1. Ath. FilixK(KMINA, Hoth. Common Lwly /'V/«.— Kliizinno large and stout;
fronds ample (1 to 3 feet long) in largo tufts, and of a delioato liriglit green hue ; stipe
long, (very erect in strong plants) ; lamina broiwlly oblong, lanceolato, hipinnate, pinniu
also lanceolate ; pinnules ovate-lanceolato ohiong, incisely toothed ; induHiuni, a very
delicate fimbriated membrane. Variable in size and in form of frond ; stunted forms with
flattenbd concave stipes, and lamime more or less drooping or prostrate, form the variety
MOLLK. Fronds wither in autumn.

Common in shady situations wherever ferns grow.

2. Ath. ALrESTKK, Nylander. Aljnm. Lady /'Vj-h.— Rhi/.ome sliort and stout, .scaly
toward the ape.\ ; stipes comparatively sliort, slightly scaly ; lamina broadly oblong-
lanceolate or narrowly lanceolate, erect, dark green, (rather tinner in texture than in pre-
ceding species), bipinnate ; piimie linear-lanceolate, tapering to a point : ))innules ovate-
oblong or ovate-lanceolate (somewhat falcate), deeply pinnatitid or almost pinnate. Sori
roundish, usually without indusia. Frond-s wither in autumn.

British Columbia .'—Cascade and Selkirk Mountains.

3. Ath. thelypteroides, Dcsvaux. Aiiiflefruitcil Lady /'' r//. — Khi/.ome stout;
fronds 1 — 3 feet long, erect ; stipe long, slightly scaly ; lamina ol)long-ovate or broadly
lanceolate, acuminate, pinnate ; pinme lanceolate, acuminate, from a l)road sessile base,
and deeply pinnatifid, the lobes oblong, minutely toothed, sori elongate-oljlong, (juite
straight, with entire indusia.

Quebec: — At St. Joachim; KelaMl Mountain. 0»/a>/o;— Kamsay ; Belleville;
London ; Prescott. Nova Scotia, not rare, as Halifax and Cumberland Counties. New
Brunswick: — Fredericton ; Bass River ; Salmon River.

GENUS XV.— SCOlopendrium, smith. I/art'^ Towjuc Ftm.

S. VULOARE, Smith. Common IlarCs Tonf/ne /'>rn.— Rhizome sliort, tufted, scaly ;
stipe one-third the length of frond, scaly, and the midrib or costa slightly scaly beneath ;
lamina strap shaped witli a cordate base, usually undivided, margin entire, from (i inches
to 2 feet in length ; sori line.ir oblique, in pairs, the two contiguous ones becoming
confluent, (that is uniting together so as to seem to form one).

Ontario: — Owen Sound, Georgian Bay, Lake Huron. New Brunnwick , — Woodstock.

GENUS XVI.— OamptOSOrUS, link. Walk-in;/ Leaf Fern.

C. RHIZOPHYLLUS, Link. Travelling Fern. Walkinr/ Leaf. - Fronds evergreen, a few
inches long, variable in size and shape, the fertile ones more elongated ; lamina lanceolate,
broad and hastate (somewhat arrow-shaped), wide and cordate at base, attenuated
towards the tip, which strikes root and gives rise to a new plant.

Ontario: — High Falls, F'ortland Township, 1862 ; Oxford ; Hamilton ; Ancaster ;
Lake Medad ; Wolfe Island ; Owen Sound ; near Ottawa. Quebec : — Montreal Mountain.

FKRN- FLORA OF CANADA.

239

OENUS XVIL— PolTitiohum, HoiioTT. Shh-ld Feni.

1. P. ACRosTiciloinKs, Scliott. Christman /'erM.— Rhizome stout ; froiKls palo green,
somewhat poliHhed, coriaceouH ; stipe profusely chaffy, witli pale Hi'aloH ; lamina long an«l
narrow, linear-lanceolate, simply pinnate ; pinnic longan<l narrow, linear-lanceolate, shortly
stalked, with a projecting auricle at the hase on the upper (anterior) side, more or less
distinctly serrate, with hair-tipped teeth ; fertile (upper) pinna- sliglitly contracted,
covered heneath by the large crowded or continent sori. Fronds evergreen.

Ontario, Xtiv lirumwick, Quebec, yora Scotia :— Common iu the woods in Nova
Scotia, southern New Hrunswick, (Quebec, and Ontario.

2. P. MUNITUM, L'resl. liritish Columbian Shiehl Fe/vj. — Rhizome stout, with old
stipe stuns, (ending in a crown), frond buds scaly ; stipes, covered with brown scabs,
one-third length of lamina ; lamina lanceolate, 1 to 2 or 'A feet long by 3 to .5 Inches wide.
Fronds evergreen.

IJritish Culnmhia :— Vancouver Island, not rare there, but conHned entirely to tiie
Pacific Coattt, being unknown in the other Provinces.

3. V. LoNCMCiTis, Roth. Alpine Shi<l<l Fern. Holly Ani.— Ubizome very stout,
covered with wiry root-filjres ; stipe very short witli large palo scales which extend,
but of smaller size, to the rachis ; fronds G — 18 inches or more, rigid, bright green,
polished, coriaceous, linear-lanceolate, simply pinnate, pinn.e numerous, distant below in
younger fronds, with hair-like scales beneath, al)ove crowded, often imbricated, lanceolate,
falcate, an inch long, acute, prominently auriclcd at the base on the upper (anterior) side,
the margin with spiny serratures and intervening teetli. Sori on the upper portion of
the frond, indusium rounded, peltate, denticulate. Fronds evergreen.

yova Scotia : — Aspey Bay, Cape Ureton. Ontario : — Helow the whirlpool, Bruce
Peninsula, Owen Sound. Also Rocky Mountains and Cascades.

4. P. Bkaunii, Lawson. Dr. liraun's Shii'ld Fern. — Rhizome stout; fronds in
circular tufts with a large central crown of frond buds ; frond about two feet high ; stipe
exceedingly short, scaly, rachis scaly to the apex, with intermixed large and sniall
pale ferruginous scales ; lamina soft-herbaceous, lanceolate, shortly acuminate, much
narrowed below, bipinnatc ; pinnules stalked, serrate, the small teeth tipped by soft
bristles. This species is related to the English P. amjulare, but is very different from
the northern European species, P, acuhatum, to wbicli, however, forms from the Pacific
coast have recently been referred.

Nova Scotia : — Mabou ; Bras d'or I^ake ; Canso ; Blomidon. Xeio lirunnwick : —
Fredericton ; Andover. Qtiebec:—G<iS])6 and Silver Mountain; near Quebec City;
Temiscouata ; River Rouge. British Columbia : —Vancouver.

'ii.

U

240

FERN-FLORA OF CANADA.

GENUS XVIir.— Lastrea, Presl. Buckler Ferji.

1. GoLMEANA, I'resl. Mr. Goldie's Buckler Fern. —lihuome stout; fronds very
large (3 or 4 feet or more in length), dark green, with ample pinnae ; stipe a foot la
length, with pale shaggy scales ahove, and large dark-centred ones below ; pinnaj 6 or 8
inches long, linear-lanceolate ; pinnules (11 to 20 pairs) linear-oblong, approximate,
uniformly curved forwards, scythe-shaped, sometimes with an extra lobe at base ; sori
near the midrib.

Quebec Province: — Montreal. Ontario: — Farmersville ; Belleville; Brighton ; Owen
Sound; Brock »'ille; London. Found also in the United States, south to Kentucky, but
rare.

2. L. SPiNUT.osA, Presl. Common Wood Fern. — Rhizome stout, with dark-brown
crowded, scaly, stalk-bases, the scales pale rusty-brown. Fronds two feet or more in
length, erect. Stipes tufted, nearly a foot long, dark-brown at base, elsewhere green,
scaly, the pale rusty brown scales larger, darker and more numerous below, the rachia
scarcely scaly ; lamina 15 to 18 inches or more long, by 6 to 8 or more broad, bright
green, herbaceous, varying in form from oblong-lanceolate, to ovate-triangular, wide below,
narrowed towards the tip, bipinnate (or tripinnate in large luxuriant examples), — the main
pinna' stalked, linear lanceolate, except the lowest, which are much broader at the base,
and triangular or deltoid in outline ; pinnules oblong or ovate-lanceolate, acute, the largest
an inch long by lialf an incii bioad, pinnatifidly cut, or incised, into small, aristately
toothed lol>cs, (that is each lobe ends in a fine bristle point) ; posterior basal pinnules of
the lower pinme much Larger than the anterior ones. Sori small, arising from the side
veinlcts, and thus appearing between the midrib and margin of the pinnules ; indusium
smooth or occasionally glandular (this is best seen when the frond is newly developed).
In K.utumn the erect stipes begin to weaken and decay at a point within an inch or two
of the base, allowing the fronds to fall upon the ground. Still undetached completely
from tlie rhizome, they lie under the snow over winter and are finally withered up by
the drought of the following summer, forming a matting around tlie growing plant ;
thus the tipecies is usually described as imperfectly evergreen. There are many variations
of this species, in every country in which it occurs, that can witli difficulty be distin-
^>uished from each other. The American form, which mostly prevails in Canada (our
comni'ju woo 1 fern), is known as var. intermedia.

Var. DiLATATA has a stouter rhizome, shorter stipes, broader lamina, which is ovate,
sub-triangular or oblong-lanceolate ; the basal scales are larger, more abundant, and
extend further up the stipe, and some of the larger scales have a very dark stripe or
blotch in the centre ; indusium irsually (but not always) fringed with stalked glands.

Common in woods and ahady places. Ontario :— Abundant in the woods about
Kingston, as Collins's Bay, &c. ; Smith's Fall's; Odessa; Falls of Niagara; Hinchin-
brook ; Ganauoque Lakes ; Farmersville ; Hardwood Creek ; Delta ; Upper Rideau

FERN -FLORA OF CANADA.

241

Lake ; Newboro-on-the-Rideau ; Longpoint ; Ramsay ; Prescott ; Belleville. General
throughout Ontario ; it is the common wood fern. Qmbec, Ne>i: Brunswick, Nova Scotia :
— Common in the woods, especially in sea-shore districts. Around the wooded sliores of
Nova Scotia, as at Blomidon, Canso, Whycocomagh, I'arrsborough, &c., this fern
attains a great size, th<! fronds rising to a heiglit of three or four feet. NfirfounUand: —
Probably common, although only noticed in a few localities ; Langlade ; Miquelon, The
variety dilatata is found at the Joggins, near the mouth of the Bay of Fundy ; also in
Newfoundland.

.3. L. CRI.STATA, Presl. Crested Buckhr Ftrn. — Rhizome short, stoutish, branched,
with scaly adherent stipe stubs. Fronds erect rigid, in tufts, from 1 to 3 feet high
(the infertile ones shorter and less erect). Stipes stout, half as long as tlie lamina, with
few scales upwards. Lamina linear-oblong or lanceolate in outline, ratlier light gioen,
jjinnate or l)ipinnate ; pinna* numerous, the lower ones apart, short, triangular ; pinnules or
segments of pinnie mostly adnate (connected at the base), posterior basal pinnules scarcely
longer than the anterior (mes, oblong, blunt, more or less pinnatifid or incised and
serrate, the serraturcs tipped by spinulose points ; veins of lobes tlexuous, depressed or
etched on the upper surface. Sori large, with persistent indusia, numerous, principally
on the upper half of the frond, forming a row on each side of the midrib of tbc lobe,
and nearer to midrib than margin.

Swamps, swales and boggy giound, in shelter of trees or bushes, not rare. When
swamps are cleared of trees, this fern soon disap})ears. 0/(/ar/o :— Swampy places
in woods around Kingston ; Belleville ; Ramsay ; I'rescott ; Toronto ; London ; &c.
Quebec: — Ottawa an<l (jlatineau Rivers; Tliree Rivers; Lake of Three Mountains;
Gaspe ; St. Ferreol, &c. Xcv) Brunsvnck : — General throughout the province, but not
very common. Nova So^rn .•—Common in shaded, swampy grounds in Halifax County ;
Queen's ; North Mountain ; Cape Breton, &c.

4. L. BooTTli, Lawson. Dr. Boott'<s Buckler Fern. — This is su|)poaed to be a
hybird fern, and is intermediate in cliiracters l)etween L. cri'^tata and L. apiiuilosa, —
differing from the first in its thinner fronds with more acute pinnules, larger teeth,
the posterior basal pinnules being larger tlian the anterior. From the second named
species, it differs in producing in spring, early, small, spreading, barren frondi which are
pinnate, with decurrent oblong-obtuse pinnules, like those of L. crixid/a ; un 1 later, or
summer fronds, frequently fertile, which are erect, and larger, with decurrent oblong-
obtuse pinnules, as in the earlier barren fronds.

Very rare, and scarce where found. Damp ground near the Sackville River at
Bcllahill, Halifax County, a small patch, growing with L. cristata and L. i^pinuloiia,
found by the late Mr. Peter Jack.

5. L. FiLix-MA.s, Presl. Common Buckler Fern, of England. Filix-mas of the
Materia Medica. Rhizome short, stout, ascending or erect, the crown of froud-buds

242

FERN -FLORA OF CANADA.

covc.-ed with brown scales. Fronds one to three feet in height ; stipe rather short,
chafTy ; lamina rather broadly lanceolate, imperfectly or completely hipinnate ; pinnules
oblong, obtuse or acatish, serrate, crenate, or incisely lobate, the basal ones more or
less distinct, the upper confluent (united or running into each other), marginal serratures
not spinulose. Sori numerous, nearer midvein than margin, usually confined to the lower
or basal half of the pinnules ; indusium firm, roundish, convex at first, with a notch at
its depressed funneled point of attacliment to tlie veinlet.

Rare, and local in its distrilnition. This species was not definitely known to be a
native of Canada, until discovered on Owen Sound liy the late Mrs. Roy, of Royston
Park, in 1806, soon after which it was found in other districts by several Iwtanists.
Ontario : — Among loose fragments of rock under tlie limestone cliff's at rear of Royston
Park, Owen Sound ; also, under the same range of cliffs at a distance of ten miles farther
up the Georgian Ray, Lake Huron, Nora Scotia ;— Whycocomagh, Cape Rreton Island,
on the Salt Mountain, (Dr. Lindsay); Cape Mabou ; Lake Ainslie ; and Aspey Bay, — all in
Cape Rreton, (A. H. Mackay). Newfoundland : — Specimen received l)y the German
botanist. Dr. Kunze. Qui'he.c : Abundant and very luxuriant along the Gaspe coast at
Fox River, (Macoun). British Colnmhia: —Found by Dr. Lyall. This is a common fern
in Britain and Western Europe, often growing on banks by the roadsides.

6. L. MAROiNALis, Presl. Martjinal- Fruited Buckler Feni. — Rhizome short, very
stout, with numerous .scaly stipe-bases, the crown of frond-buds covered copiously with
bright brown chaffy scales. Fronds erect, in circular tufts, one to two feet or more in
length ; stipes from six to twelve inches high profusely covered below with pale thin
scales ; lamina from nine to eighteen inches, elongate ovate-oblong, of a rather dull green
colour, somewhat coriaceous (leathery), pinnate or almost bipinnate ; pinnte linear-lanceo-
late, broad at base ; pinnules oblong, very obtuse, oltsoletely incised. Sori terminal on
the veinlets, and marginal, appearing pronnnently in a row round the edges of the
pinnules. The frond remains green over winter.

Rocky banks, both in shady and exposed places, the large rhizume enabling this
species to resist the heat and drought of summer. It is exclusively confined to the North
American continent, and is chiefly found in the countries lying between the Atlantic
and the Western I'rairies.

Nova Scotia : — Bedford Rasin, on Dartmouth side ; around Lily and Rocky Lakes,
Halifax County ; New Ross ; North Mountain ; Gaspereau Vallay ; Caledonia ; Cape
Breton. New Brunsirirk : — Rather common. Qnehec : — Cap Tourmente ; Gatineau
Mills. Oj(<ft)v"o .—Abundant in dry woods around Kingston; near Odessa; Newboro ;
Marble Rock and elsewhere on Gananoque River and Lakes ; Farniersville ; Hardwood
Creek ; Brockville, common ; Valley of the Trent, on and around the great boulder ;
Lakefield, North Douro ; Sulphur Spring, Hamilton ; Cedar Island ; Smith's Falls ;
Ramsay ; Prescott ; Belleville ; Harrington ; London, &c. A very large form, the fronds
bipinnate and the pinnules pinnatifid, var. Traill a:, was found at North Douro by Mrs.
Traill.

FERN -FLORA OF CANADA.

243

7. L. MONTANA, Moore. Mountain Buckler Fern. — Rhizome short, stout, with strong
root fibres, the upper peart surrounded by close-set stipe bases. Fronds in close tufts,
bright yellowish or golden green, 1 to .3 feet high, with very short thick, scfiily stipes,
surrounded by closo-set stipe bases. Frond lamina lanceolate in outline, much narrowed
below, — pinnate, the pinuio being largest in the middle part of the froml, and gradually
decreasing to very small size at the base ; pinna> linear-lanceolate, deeply pinnatifid ; lobes
oblong, flat, obtuse, entire, the lowest ones on the pinna parallel with the raohis ; sort
sub-marginal on the veinlets, and mostly on the upper half of the frond ; indusium incon
spicuous, imperfect, or absent. Fronds annual, glandular on the lower surface.

JJritish Columbia: — Mount Dawson; Selkirk Range; summit of the C. P. Ry. i'ass,
(Macoun). Also Island of Unalaska. Not rare in Western Europe.

8. L. RIGIDA, Presl. Stiff Baekler Fern. — Rhizome short, stout, with close scaly
stipe stubs ; stipe rigid, erect, half as lonw as the lamina and very scaly at base ; lamina
lanceolate, ovate-lanceolate, or somew hat triangular in outline, coriaceous, bipinnate ;
pinna' oblong-lanceolate, the lowest somewhat triangular ; pinnules oblong, veiny, doubly
serrate, with spinulose teeth ; sori large, nearer mid vein than margin of lobes ; indusium
with a very narrow sinus and minute glands on the margin.

Briti'^h Cohiml)ia :—Vii:toviii and Mount Finlayson, Vancouver Island. In America
confined to Atlantic Coast regions, the prevailing form in California and Oregon being
laiger in all its parts than the European, and distinguished by the United States
botanists as var. artjufa.

9. L. fra(;kans, Presl. Th; Fragrant Buckler Fern. - Rhizome short and stout,
the crown and stipe-bases clothed with glistening golden brown scales. Frond usually
only a very few inches in length, (but in exceptionally favourable spots reaching a foot or
even more), so that this is the smallest of all the Lastreas. Stipes tufted, very scaly,
the shining scales extending along the rachis, Lamina lanceolate coriaceous on the upper
surface, bipinnate, pinn;v triangular, of few (4 or a pairs) of close set pinnules, covered
beneath by the large rusty mendjianous indusia, which conceal the sori.

2fova Scotia : — Hartley waterfall, I'irate Harbour, Strait of Canso, on perpendicular
cliffs, very scarce and almost inaccessible, (Rev. E. H. Ball). Nein Brunswick: —
Dalhousie ; Railway tunnel at R«stigouche. Quebec . — .Saguenay River ; Hemmingford ;
Falls of St. Anne des Monts River, and along the Telegraph Road, Tlasp^. Manitoba : —
Dawson Road. Also at Lake Superior ; Nipigon Lake and River ; and on the northern
and Arctic coasts, as Cape Chudleigii, Cape Prince of Wales, and Repulse Bay. This
rare northern species was well described by Sir Williani Hooker (whose knowledge of ferns
was more extensive than that of any other botanist) as one of the most beautiful of all
ferns, in the minutely-divided fronds, of a full green colour, destitute of scales above,
while the whole of the rest of the plant is richly paleaceous with gold-shining scales. The
fresh fronds exhale a delicate fragrance.

244

FERN-FLORA OF CANADA.

KJall

t

10. L. NovEBORACENSis, Presl. The New York Buckler Fern.— Uh'izome rather
slender, creeping ; fronds erect, in compact tufts ; stipes very short ; lamina twelve or
fourteen inches in length, thin and pale green, lanceolate, pinnate, remarkably narrowed
below, the pinnae gradually smaller from above the middle of the frond downwards until
they become mere auricles at the base close to the ground ; pinna? sessile linear or linear-
lanceolate, acuminate, more or less approximate, deeply pinnatifid ; pinnules oblong,
usually flat, veins '^■imple (not forked nor otherwise branched); sori small, almost marginal,
never confluent.

In moist shady woods, but not in wet places, and never found in marshes or swamps or
on the margins of lakes (which are the usual habitats of L. Thclypttrh, often mistaken
for this species).

Nova Scotia: — Woods at Bedford ; Lucyfield, Sackville ; Beaver Bank, and other
places in Halifax County, not rare. Neiv B)'unw:ick -. — Common, P r or. Quebec : — iMount
Johnson, Montreal ; BeUeil ; Ottawa ; Quebec. Ontario: — I'rescott ; Kingston ; Ramsay ;
Ijakefiekl ; North Douro ; Seymour ; Hamilton ; London ; Toronto ; Windsor ; Port
Colbourne ; Muskoka ; Owen Sound; also Maintoulan Islands, &c. Newfoundland: —
!Miquelon.

11. L. Thelypteris, Presl. The Mar.^^h Buckler Fern. — Rhizome slender, creeping,
branched, giving otf lateral fronds, and scaly at the growing point. Fronds from half a
foot (in cold swamps) to two or more in height ; stipe as lo«g or longer than th.e lamina,
which, in the sterile frond, is lanceolate, but wide at base, pinnate ; pinnai linear lanceo-
late, deeply pinnatifid, segments or lobes oblong, obtuse or acute, usually entire, the l)asal
ones often longer. The fertile fronds appear later in summer, have longer and stouter
stipes, and tlie margins or edges of their segments or lol)es are turned back (revolute) so
that they have a contracted appearance, the pinnie l)eing consequently narrower and more
acute, or acuminate. Sori small, round, forming a line, (and often confluent) on each side
of the midvein, midway between it and the mai'gin, but appearing marginal from the
involution of the edges of the frond-lobes. Indusium delicate, lacerate, glandular. The
fronds wither in autumn.

Marshes, marshy ground, and wet margins of lakes and ponds, not common.

Ontario .—Swamps in the woods at Kingston, and in the township of Hinohinbrook ;
Portland; Ernestown ; Milgrove Marsh, Hamilton; Prescott ; Belleville; Ramsay;
Thorold ; Maiden ; Muskoka; Parry Sound, &c. Eastern and Central Ontario, general.
Manitoba .-—Red River Settlement, (McTavish). Quebec iVoc..— Montreal ; St. Joachim ;
L'Original ; Gatineau Mills, on the Ottawa ; Temisquata and other places, common.
Nova Scotia .—North Mountain ; Lily Lake, county of Halifax. New Br^mswick :—
Rather common in wet or marshy places.

The most westerly localities known for this fern are Lake Winnipeg and Red River
Settlement.

FERN- FLORA OF CANADA.

245

.'er

GENUS XIX.-PelTPOdium, Linn. Polypody. ,

1. P. vtJLOARE, Linn. Common Polypody. — Rhizome fleshy and cord-like, covered
with a fur of brown scales, creeping on soil or on surface of rocks or mossed bark,
giving off at intervals leafy fronds borne on smooth straw-coloured stipes (stalks) less than
half their own length. Frond more or less fleshy, coriaceous (leathery), in form linear-
oblong, or somewhat lanceolate, acuminate (with a prolonged narrow point), deeply cut
pinnately into lobes, almost to the mid-rib, or quite so, when the frond becomes pinnate ;
lobes (or pinna^) linear-oblong or oblong-lanceolate, obtuse, or often acute, rarely acunu-
nate, the margin usually entire or only slightly toothed, rarely serrate ; veins of frond-
lobes forked. Sori (fruit-dots) large and round, arranged in a row on eacli side of the
midrib of tlie lobe or pinna, midway between the midrib and margin. There are two
Canadian varieties : — 1. Var. occidentale, with larger fronds, more acuminate towards
the tips, the lobes all strongly serrated. 2. Var. Camp.ricum, with broader, paler, or
somewhat glaucescent fronds, the larger lobes conspicuously wider in the middle, an<l
again divided into lobes or segments, the larger of which are serrulate. Evergreen.

On rocks and boulders in the woods, where the air is kept moist by neighbouring
lakes or streams, and on the moss-covered trunks and branches of trees near the sea- shore
and by water-falls. Ontario : — Not rare around the great lakes and along the course of
the St. Lawrence River. Quebec Provin:e : — Common around the Gulf shores, and
extending eastward to Cape Haldimand, Glasp6. Xova (Scoria.— Common in Atlantic
coast districts, as Halifax and Guysborougli, Neiv liruuswick : — Common, except in the
northern counties. Manitoba: — Plentiful in rocky parts. British Columbia :-—}iot rare,
but chiefly the variety occ/(/en^a/«. Xficfonndland : Mi(iueion, (Delamare). This species
is also found on the Rocky Mountains, and extends northward to Nelson and Slave River.
It is common in northern Asia and Europe, and there extends within the Arctic Circle.
Var. occidentale was first found on the Island of Sitcha. Var. Cambricum. — (3n rocks at
Port Simpson, on Portland Inlet, British Columbia, opposite the southern extremity of
AUiska.

2. P. ScoULERl, Hook. & Grev. Scotder''s Polypody. — Rliizome thick, short, fleshy,
scaly, creeping, usually on bark ; stipes two to four inches long, leafy part of frond six or
eight inches long by about three inches wide. Frond fleshy, becoming coriaceous, smooth,
oblong-ovate, divided to the rachis into few pinnaj, which are more or less oblong, blunt,
or much rounded at the apex, entire. Veins of the lobes anastomosing (netted). Sori
very large in size and few in number, ranged near the mitlrib. Evergreen.

British Columbia: — Alberni, V. I,, and on the mainland, rare.

3. P. FALCATtTM, Kellogg. Z/igifoWce /Vrw. — Rhizome creeping, succulcnt and sweet
to the taste, the younger parts scaly ; stipes straw-coloured, half a foot in length, the
leafy part of the frond a foot or more long and half as much wide. Frond rather thin

. ^

246

FERN-FLORA OF CANADA.

fleshy, slightly coriaceous, smooth, broadly lancelolate, acuminate, deeply pinnatifid or
pinnate, the lobes or pinn.T broad below, tapering upwards into acuminate points, more or
less falcate (sickle-shaped) and sharply serrate. Veins forked or branched. Sori nearer
the midrib than margin of the lobe or pinna. Evergreen.

In crevices of rocks and in tree-hollows. British Columhia : — Vancouver Island,
between Victoria and Eacj^uimault Harbour. Also Frascr Kiver,

GENUS XX.— PliegOpteriS, VtK. Beech and Oak- 7'Vr»«.

1. I'ir. DryoI'Tkris, Fee. Conwiou Oak /^cni. —Rhizome braivched, slender,
creeping, dark coloured, with at first brown scales ; stipe slender and weak, longer than
the lamina, glal)rous, except at the very base. Frond six to twelve inches high, glabrous ;
lamina thin and delicate, membranous or herbaceous, palo-green, dull, in three, stalked,
divaricate, triangular parts or divisions, each of wliicli is pinnate, with its pinna' more or
less deeply pinnatifid, the central division largest and symmetrical, the others (side or
lateral ones) having their pinuc'c abbreviated or less developed on the upper side. Var.
ERKCTA is a tall, stout form that grows in wet shady places in rich soil, and resembles the
following variety in appearance, but differs from it in the fronds not being covered on the
surface with minute glands.

Var. R0HEKTIANA, Davenport, (Limestone fern of England); rliizrtme less creeping ;
frond stout, rigid ; stipe and lamina closely beset with minute stalke<l glands (visible by
aid of a lens).

On wooded rocky banks, and in dry woods, very general throughout the whole
Dominion, especially in hilly districts. British ColumJna: — (Found by Dr. G. Dawson).
North-West Territory: — Echimamish River to Oxford House. Manitoba: — Conmion
around Lakes Manitoba and Winnipegosis ; and in the Riding, Duck, and Porcupine
Mountains. Ontario : — Abundant in the woods around Kingston ; Ramsay ; Prescott ;
Belleville ; Toronto ; north shores of Lakes Superior and Huron. Quebec : River Rouge ;
Round Lake; Montreal Mountain ; Nicolet River; Somerset; St. Joachim; L'Original,
&c,, — common throughout the Province. Xew Brmisioick: — So common in the Province
that special localities need not be cited. iVora Scotia. : — Common all over the peninsula of
Nova Scotia and also in Cape Breton Island. Newfoundland. Labrador.

The var. erecta grows in beech woods at CoUins's Bay, near Kingston ; also around
the shores of Bedford Basin and the Basin of Minas, Xova Scotia. Var. Robertiana has
been found near Ti^k- '^iul, Ontario ; Lake of the woods, Manitoba ; Anticosti, Quebec.

2. Pk «"■. o ,1 ' TiA, F^e. Southern Beech Fern. — Rhizome long, slender,
branching, u, •; *: 'cal' I'tond from one to two feet or more in height; stipe variable
in length, but nio*»tl\ U.-m-.. than the lamina of the frond. Lamina triangular in outline,
acuminate, soft and hairy throughout, pinnate, the lowest pair of pinnoe larger than
the others, projected forward but not deflexed ; pinnae broadly lanceolate, pinnatifid,

FERN" -FLORA OF CANADA.

247

^

the basal lobes decurrcnt, foniiing a conspicuous angled wing along either side of the
main rachis of the frond. Sori mostly, but not all, near the margin.

Rare. Quehec Pror/HC .•-- Waterloo and Sorel ; Quebec; Nun's Island. Montreal.
Ontario : — Chippewa ; Parry Sound ; I'roscott ; near Campbellfonl, and at Port Staidey ;
St. Thomas and Windsor; London. Xijrfouiullanil : — Mi(|uel()n, plain to south of River
Bibite.

3. Ph. connkctilis. Watt. Pale Monntain Polypody. — Rliizome creeping, clothed
with pale deciduous scales. Frond a foot high, stipe rather longei' than the lamina,
which is acutely triangular or deltoiil, (longer than broad), acuminate, pinnate, soft, dull
green, the veins pilose beneath and the racliis scaly ; pinnae linear-lanceolate, pinnatitid,
lowest pair dcflexed ; rachis hairy and minutely scaly to the apex of the frond, as well as
the midril)3 ol the pinna', especially on the lower surface. The round sori near the
margin. Fronds witlicr in autumn.

Ontario : — Ramsay ; Prescott ; Osgood ; Nicolet ; Toronto, and westward to Lake
Superior, opposite (irand Island. Qik'Iu'c :— (Jloucester, near Ottawa ; Chelsea ;
L'Original ; Harrington &c. Xora Scotia an<l Xc.ir BrunmiHck \ — Common in wet spots,
on shaded hillsides, and in ravines. Noirfoundland : -Ca.\Mi Mi(|uelon. Also in
Manitoba, in the Rocky Monntaina, and in Alaska,

GENUS XXT. — Gymnogramme, DE.svArx.

Gymnooramme triangularis, Kaulfuss. Golden Fern. — Rhizome small, short,
creeping, with chafTy stipe stubs ; stipes tufted, wiry, dark, polished ; lamina deltoid or
pentagonal, a few inches in diameter, the lower pinuie very large, triangular, and twice
parted, witii the sccondaiy pinna' much elongated on the lower side ; upper pinna; lanceo-
late, and more or less pinnately lobed, covered i)eneath with yellow powder.

British Columbia : — Crevices of rocks, Vancouver Island, rare.

of

GENUS XXIL— Osmunda, Linn. Uoyal Fem.

\, 0. REGALIS var. SPECTABILIS, Lawson. American Boyrd /V/?/.- -Fronds erect,
pale or glaucous green, glabrous, bipinnat';; pinnules oblong-lanceolate, ol)li(|ue, shortly
stalked, very slightly dilated at the l)ase, nearly entire ; fertile pinnules forming a
racemose panicle at the summit of the frond. This Canadian fern is not sufficiently
different from the Royal Fern of Europe, O. reijalis, to take rank as a separate species^
but is distinct as a variety. The European O. rcijalis is larger, more robust, (not so tall
and thin in proportion), of darker colour, not glaucous, with more widely spreading
or divergent pinnic, and more leafy auricled, sessile pinnules, which are more or
less pinnatifid at the base, (whereas in the Canadian variety they are quite entire), and

248

FERN -FLORA OF CANADA.

I

ir

the divisions of the fertile portion of the pinnte are more widely divergent. The slender
stiff straight growth and lax branching of onr variety distinguish it in gardens.

In swamps and by the margins of rivers, not uncommon in the Maritime Provinces,
in Quebec and Ontaiio, extendir)g westward to the Saskatchewan.

Ontario : — Farmersville ; Hardwood Creek ; Hinchinbrook, and other places in rear
of Kingston, usually in thickety swamps, by corduroy roads, &c. Millgrove Marsh,
Hamilton ; Ramsay ; Belleville ; Prescott, common ; Welland ; Nicolet ; Wolfe Island,
and Navy Island ; ['ortlan<l ; in Bedford township, vtry abundant ; London. Quebec : —
Near M(mtreal ; Lake St. Charles ; L'Original ; around Metis Lake ; opposite Gros
Cap; Sou-sou-wa-ga-mi Creek and Schwibah River. Nnvfoundland : —\iM\ne Bay, oa
rocks, 1000 feet above sea level, (a small form). Also Bcnnwia.

2. 0. Claytoniana, Linn. Claylon's Royal Ffrn. — Rhizome not elongated ; frond
narrowly lanceolate, pinnate ; pinn;e lanceolate ; fertile fronds like the unfertile, except
that al)out three pairs of pinnie near or below the middle of the fr^nd are contracted and
covered with .spore c.ises ; sporangia brown, with green spores. When fresh the fronds
have an odour re;senil)ling that of rhubarli stalks. Fronds wither in autumn.

Bushy places and neglected clearings especially about swampy grounds, not uncommon,
from Newfoundland and the Atlantic Islands and coast westward to Manitoba. Ontario :
— Between Kingston and Kingston Mills, in wet swampy places by the roadside ; Little
Catara(jue Creek ; Waterloo ; banks of the Humber, near Toronto ; Prince's Island,
Hamilton ; Ramsay ; Belleville ; Prescott ; Brockville ; Bedford ; near Komoka. West-
ward to Mauitoba. Quebec: — Lake Settlement, and on the river shore near Gatineau
Mills ; Dartmouth River, (Jaspe ; St. Ferrol ; Augmentation of Grenville. yeto Bruns-
wick and Nova Scotia : — Not uncommon.

3. 0. (JiNNAMOMEA, L. CiunanioiiStalb'il fioyal Ferii. — Rhizome stout, horizontal,
diehotomously l)ranched ; sterile and fertile fronds wholly distinct and ditTerent, the
former ample, broadly lanceolate, pinnate, the pinn;e rather deeply pinnatifid, lobes,
regular, entin; ; on the lower surface of each pinn;e at its base, there is a small tuft of
hairs, which readily distinguishes the barren frond of this species ; fertile fronds con-
tracted, erect, in the centre of the tuft of sterile fronds, and not at all foliaceous, decaying
early in the summer, sporant^ia ferruginous or cinnamon-coloured. Fronds wither in
autumn.

In bushy places and neglected clearings, common. From Newfoundland, Nova Scotia,
New Brunswick, Quebec and Ontario, — as far westward as Georgian Bay and Lake
Superior. Bermuda. Extends south to Mexico and Guatemala. F'ound also on the
Amur River, Russia.

Ontario: — Kingston, not uncommon; Millgrove Marsh, Hamilton ; Sandwich; Belle-
ville, swamps and low grounds, common ; Ramsay ; Prescott, common ; near London ;
westward to Lake Superior (two Heart River). Quebec : — Montreal ; opposite Gros Cap ;
St. Joy Woods, on the river shore, near Gatineau Mills ; Nicolet ; L'Original. Neio-
Joundland - ..^

FKRN-FLOKA OF CANADA.

249

GENUS XXITL— Schlzaa, Smith. Split-J'mUf.d Fern.

S. PCSiLLA, Pursh. The Atlantis Fern. — In small gmss-liku tufts, infcftile fronds an
inch or more in length, linear, undivided, twisted ; fertile fron<ls taller (3 or 4 inelies),
straight, erect, divided at top into a few compact pairs of pinme (appearing as if
unexpanded), which hear the sporangia.

Xnva Scotia ;— Found on the shore of fJrand Lake, twenty-three miles from Halifax
city, N. S., in August, 1S70, hy Miss Klizaheth (i. Knight, of New York. L"iie plants
were less tiian two inches high, the fruit immature ; they were growing among the
rhizomes of the royal fern. This little fern has not heen found since at tiiat place, nor
elsewhere in Cana<la. XrivfouwUantl : — St. Pierre, Newfoundland, in peat hog at foot of
range of hills to north of Hourg, growing with the swamp orchids, ,l/v//t»sa, CrUojioi/ou,
d'C, — Bernard de la Pylaie, (181G or 181S-'20.) There are si>eein\ens from this stiition in
Pylaie's Herharium in the Paris Museum ; hut the plant has nut hei n since found in New-
foundland, an<l oidy once in Nova Scotia. The onlj' other station kiuiwn in the whole
world for this species is in New Jersey, where it is also very scarce. IMiuits that are
very rare now, and circumscrihed in area, are helieved to have heen more prevalent at
sorTiC former period.

This unohtrusive fern, so small in size, so inconspicuous in form and colour, helongs
to a series which is remarkably distinct in structural characters, and whose comparatively
few species are now widely scattered on the islands and around the shores of tropical
regions of the earth. It may he regarded as one of the remnants of i probable, long lost,
Atlantis flora, and is hence called the Atlantic Fern.

(iENUS XXIV.— Botrycllilim; Swartz. Orapr Fn-vs. Momivort.

1. B. ViKOiNiANUM, .Swartz. The Vin/inian Grajx-Feru or Moonn-ort. — Root fibres
few, thick, fleshy ; stipe fleshy, swollen at base, with a longitudin-il sheathing fissure
showing the enclosed hairy frond-bud. (In all the other species the hud is entirely
concealed by the base of the stipe.) Lamina, infertile, blanching from the main axis
about its middle, sessile, but its tliree primary divisions stalked, broadly triangular in
outline, much divided, each of tlie primary divisions being once, twice or three times
pinnatitid ; the lobes of the pinnules oblong-ovate, deeply incised ; texture of the lamina
thin, delicate, membranous, veiny. The stipe, rising as a main axis al)ove the lamina,
ends in a compound fertile spike of yellow sporangia, being bipinnate or tripinnate. Plant
very variable in size, usually a foot or more in height, and one of the most beautiful and
distinct of our Canadian ferns ; dwarfed specimens, only a few inches in length, are
not rare.

In rich M'oods, or in rocky places where there is accumulation of vegetable soil,
general, but nowhere abundant. Ontario : — Not uncommon in the woods about Kingston,
and the surrounding country, as near Odessa ; Wolfe Island ; also Hinchinbrook, &c. ;

250

FERN -FLORA OF CANADA.

113

Delta ; Toronto ; at the Sulphur Spring, Hamilton ; Prescott ; Chippawa ; Belleville ;
Hanisay ; London ; north shore of Lake Superior ; at Red Rock ; Nipigon ; Thunder
Ray ; and up the Katninisti<iuia. Que.hc.c : — Riviere Rouge; Montreal; (ilaapd ; Stanfold ;
Grenville ; Island of Anticosti in the Gulf of St. Lawrence. North- West TetTitory, ti-c. : —
Hill I'ortage, above Oxford House ; Saskatchewan ; Rocky Mountains ; lower slopes of
South Kootanie I'ass, hit. 49°. liritixh Columbia : — Fort McLeod, lat. 55"" ; and lower
valley of Fraser River. Nona Scotia : — Rloniidon ; Scott's Bay ; Five Islands ; I'ictou ;
Port Mulgrave, Strait of Canso ; Truenianville, Cumberland Count}'. New Jh'umwick: —
Rather common in this Province. Newfoundland.

2. B. TKKNATUM, Swartz. Leathery Moonwort. — Root of elongated, thick, fleshy,
tuber-like fibres. Stipe li or 4 to 10 or 12 inches in height. Lamina thick and leathery in
texture, long-stalked, arising from near the base of the stipe t)r main axis, triangular or
broadly deltoid in outline, ternately divided, the divisions stalked and twice or thrice
pinnate, the ultimate lobes being more or less triangular, lanceolate or ovate, nearly entire
or incised. The sporangia-bearing spike is long-stalked, and twice or thrice pinnate.

In old pastures, dry grassy places by river sides, &c., not decidedly rare, but not
common.

Nora Scotia -.—Cape Porcupine; Boylston, Guysborough County; Rawdon and
Windsor, Hants County ; Sackville ; Bedford ; New Germany an<l Oaklands Lake,
Mahone Bay. Quebec : —Three Rivers ; St. Joachim ; L'Original ; Quebec ; Richmond
and Drummond Counties. New Brunmnck : — Rapide de Femine, below Grand Falls ; not
rare in this Province. Ontario : — Ganano(|ue Lake ; Castlcton and Belleville ; Prescott
Junction westward ; English's Woods, London ; Hamilton ; Leamington ; Blenheim ;
near Ottawa ; north shore of Lake Superior ; Rice Lake Plains. British Columbia : —
New Westminster. Manitoba : — Frequent on the western prairies, extending to Rocky
Mountains,

3. B. LuNARiA, Swartz. Common Moonwort, of Europe. — Frond from 4 to 8 inches in
height, thick and leathery ; infertile lamina sessile, arising from the middle part of the
stipe or main axis, oblong or somewhat ovate, only once pinnate (the pinnae not
pinnatifid); pinnte cuneate at base, rounded-lunate, the outer or convex margin slightly
notched or incised not lobed.

Rather rare. Quebec : — North side of Orleans Island ; Riviere du Loup ; near Cape
Rosier, Gaspe. Ontario : — North shore of Lake Superior, and the Pic and Nipigon Bay ;
Nipigon River and Lake Nipigon. Manitoba : — On prairie close to sand hills at Flat
Creek. North- West Territory : — Carleton House on the Saskatchewan, and Bow River
Pass, Rocky Mountains ; Echmamish River to Knee Lake, and Churchill River, near
Hudson Bay. British Columbia : — Near Fort McLeod, lat. 55".

4. B. MATKiCARi-EFOLiUM, Braun. Chamomile-leaved Grape-Fern. — Frond rather
fleshy, from a few inches to, rarely, a foot in height. Infertile lamina stalked, arising far

FERN -FLORA OF CANADA.

251

above the middle of the main axis, oblong-ovate, pinnate ; pinniv more or less pinnutitid,
their loi)e8 oblong-ovate, obtuBo ; the shortly Htalked ft-rtile spike bipinnatc.

Xtio Jiriiuiiick'i: : — I'etitcodiac and Titusville. Qnehec •.—Cayte Rosier, (Jasprf ; King's
Mountain, Chelsea. Ontario : — Lake Superior ; liellevilh; ; five miles north of Oampbelb
ford, Northumberland County ; Nipigon River and Islands on Lake Nipigon. Xora
Scotia: — I'ietou ; Truemt nville ; lilomidon.

.5. B. LAN('KOLATUM, Angstrfim. TAinrc-leaval nrapo-Fern. — Frond from 2 to (5 or 8
inches high, rather thin ; infertile lamina not stalked, arising from the main axis far
above its middle, pinnate, pinna* pinnatifid (in well-tleveloped individuals), lobes oblong
lanceolate, acute, (tl)e form of the ultimate lobes distinguishes this species from
B, mat t'icariif folium); fertile spike short stalked, twice or thrice pinnate.

Nova Scotia : — Trueman villa. New lirun-iicici : — Fredericton and Bass River.
Quebec : — Magog.

6. B. .siMi'LKX, Hitchcock. The Simple- Frondrd Grape-Fcni. — A few inches (1-6)
high, fleshy and glabrous ; infertile lamina stalked, usually arising from near the rhi/.ome or
below tile middle of the main axis, small, more or less ovate, lobed or incised, the lol)ea
obovatc-cuiieate ; fertile spike once or twice pinnate.

No ta Scotia : — Windsor; Truemanville, Co. Cumberland. Neio Brunnu-ich : — I'etit-
codiac ; Fredericton; Dalhousie. Quebec: — Temisfpiata ; Quebec; Montreal; (irenville,
Argenteuil Co. Ontario : — Georgian liay ; meadows along the Kaministi<iuia River,
above Fort William, Lake Superior. North- ]YvM Territory : — Between Cumberland
House and Hudson Bay.

GENUS XXV.-OplliOglOSSUni, Linn. Adder\ Toiu,ue..

0. vuLOATiiM, Linn. Adder's Tomjuc. — Rhizome lleshy, with a descending axis,
spreading fieshy roots, and a sheathed terminal bud or growing point. Frond a few inches
in height ; stipe erect, succulent, hollow, bearing a sessile leaf-like frond, subtending the
erect fertile peduncle which bears the fleshy spore cases imbedded in a series or row on
each margin of the spike ; they ultimately split hoiizontally and give it a toothed appear-
ance. Sometimes the fruit-spike is forked, and it is so ligured in very old ijooks. Tliis
probably originated the name Ophioglossum, or Adder's Tongue.

(irassy places, rare, and inconspicuous. Nora Scotia : — Truro, Dr. G. C. Campbell ;
Truemanville, A. J. Trueman. New Brwiswick : — Hopewell and Cape Enrage. Quebec : —
Melbourne ; Hemmingford ; and Hemlock Lake, Ottawa. Ontario : — Tort Stanley ; Belle-
ville ; Tudor ; McCanu's Island ; St. Thomas ; Toronto ; Lake of the Woods.