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Pr

7 ,

REPORT

UPON THE

PALEONTOLOGY

OF THE

PROVINCE OF ONTARIO.

BY

HENRY ALLEYNE NICHOLSON, ESQ., M.D., D.Sc, F.R.S.E

PRO^KMSOR OF NATlTHAly HISTOKV, UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO.

Presented to the Letjialative Assembly by command of His Excellency the

Lieute na id-Governor.

TORONTO:
PRINTED BY FTUNTKR, ROSE & CO., 86 k 88 KING STREET WEST.

1874.

Tit the HmimrabU the Serreiary of the Province of Ontario.

SlR,~i have the honour to submit to you, for the information of His Exoellenoy the
Lieutenant Governor in Council and the Legislature, the following Report upon the Pabeon
tolopy of the Province of OnUrio, embracing dewriptions and figures of the organic remains
of the Devonian formation of Western Canada.

In addition to the collections which, by the liberality of the Legislature, I was enabled
to make from th., Devonian rocks, I also examined and formed collections from various por-
tions of the Silurian series. The description of these, however, I must in the meanwhile
hold over, partly because of their being still incomplete, and partly on account of my own want
of leisure.

In addition to the collection which I have placed in the Museum of the (Tniversity. I
have also placed examples of the more typical Devonian fossils in the Museum of the College
of Technology.

I have the honour to be. Sir,

Your most obedient servant,

H. Allitni Nicholson.

University College, Toronto,
October, 1873.

i
i

PREFACE.

The following; Report contains dcHoriptions, for the most part accompanied by figures,
of the iossiln which I collected durinK the year 1873, in the Devonian n)ck» of Westcra
Canada, by tlic help of a grant set apart for this purpose by tho < Government of Ontario. In
•Mjnie few cn»<e8, for the sake of complctenosfl, I have also included dottcriptionn of remains
which I have collected upon other occasions from the same deposits, but which did not come
under uiy notice during.' the invcstiiration of which this is a special record.

The collections herein described were mainly made from the inferior portion of the
Devonian series (Oriskany Sandstone and Comiferous Limestone) ; but the Hamilton group
was likewise, though less carefully, examined.

The time and means at my disposal being both limited, I thought it advisable rather to
make a careful and prolonged examination of the fauna of a limited district, than to make leas
exhaustive collections from a wider area and from scattered localities. In accordance with
this view, I repeatedly and very carefully examined the various fossiliforous localities in the
Devonian rocks of the Townships of Wainflee't, Humbcrstone, and Bertie, in the County of
Welland, on the north shore of Lake Krie. 1 a\m visited, more hurriedly, tho same deposits
further to the west, as they occur in the Townships of Oneida and Wjilpole, in the County of
Haldimand.

In investigating the remains of the Comiferous and Hamilton formations, it is hardly
necessary for me to remark that I have been very greatly indebted to the various memoirs and
works upon this subject by Mr. Billings and Prof James Hall. The wood engravings, with
two exceptions, and all the figures in the lithographic plates which accompany this work, are
original.

University College, Toronto,
October, 1873.

^

INTRODUCTION.

According to the views of the American geologists, the Devonian formation in the State
or New York admits of subdivision into the following minor groups, in ascending order : —

I. Oriskany Sandstone. — This group consists essentially of coarse siliceous sand-
atones and sands, sometimes more or loss calcareous, sometimes argillaceous, and often ooD-
tainiag Dodulos, layers and seams of chert. In its greatest development in the State of Now
York, the Oriskany Sandstone has a thickness of no more than thirty feet ; and it is highly
fossiliferous. According to Sir William Logan {Geolotji/ of Canada, p. 3C0,) the Oriskany
Sandstone enters Canada at Waterloo, on the Niagara River, and can be traced westward as
far as the Township of Windham. It does not differ much from the Oriskany Sandstone of
the State of New York in its lithological characters, except that it is usually more highly oal -
oarcous, and in places is a genuine though impure limestone. Its usual thickness is only about
six feet, though sometimes attaining to as much as twenty-five feet ; and it is often altogether
wanting, when the (jorniferous Limestone reposes directly upon the underlying Lower Helder-
berg formation.

The exact age of the Oriskany Sandstone cannot be said to be altogether free from doubt.
No mechanical break separates the Oriskany and Lower Helderbcrg deposits, and the differ-
ence which is observable in the faunu; of the two groups is not greater than might be well
accounted f jr by the lithologioal change from the highly calcareous accumulations of the latter
to the arenaceous sediments of the former period. On the other hand, the Oriskany Sand-
stone in the State of New York is succeeded above by an almost non-fossiliferous deposit, the
so-called '■ Oauda-Oul^i tirit," which graduates insensibly into, and forms the geological ba.se
of, the fossiliferous "Schoharip Grit." Upon the whole, so far as the State of New York is
concerned, there can be little hesitation in accepting the views of Professor James Hall, who would
regard the Oriskany Sandstone rather as the suiuniit bed of the Silurian series than as the base-
ment bed of the Devonian. Upon this subject, the above-named distinguished geologist thus
expresses himself: — " Whatever may be the ultimate decision relative to the line of separation
between the Silurian and Devonian systems, the base of the Schoharie Grit offers a much more
decided limitation below, than dues the (Oriskany Sandstone. The new fauna bears less rela-
tion to the preceding, and many of the new types are of a strikingly distinct character. In
the Oriskany Sandstone, we have a considerable number of species which first appear in the
liOwer Helderbcrg Group ; and the connection between these formations is much more intimate
than between the Oriskany Sandstone and the Schoharie Grit.' — (Palegontology «/ New York,
Vol. IF. p. 3.)

With regard to the so-called " Oriskany Sandstone " of Canada, the case is somewhat
different. The abundant fauna which it contains is but slightly related to that of the 8ubj»-

tient SiluriniiN ; but han, on the contrury, the very cKwcHt iiffinity with that of the Corniferous
limestone ubovc. IndiHid, thiH in rcnlly uiKlerstatin^ the caso ; niiice thf fauna nf the OrLnkany
Sandxtone of Canada is, with very few oxceptionH, identical with that of the Corniferous liuie-
hfon«'. All the typical and characteriHtio forms of life in the former pa»H up into the latter,
and it Ih thus impofxible to draw any palnsontolo^ieal line of wparatioii het'?een them. Nor,
attain, can it he ^aid that there is any very close relationship between the fauna of theClriskany
Sandhfone of New York and that of the forniatioti Ho-called in Canada. It is true, Mr. Billing
enumerates (iliotiiij}/ of ('diuuln, p. 3(i(>) amonf^st the organic rcmairiH of the latter, .such cha-
racteristic fossils of the former as flinssi hnri'i ititilis, /{. iwoiilrn, S/iiiifmi nrriiom, Sinriftra
(urerta, and Ort/iis musrnlos-i. As a more than sufficient siit-off, however, apuinst the resem-
blance thuN established, is the fact that the Oriskany Sandstone of Canada is crowded with
tlie remains of corals, such as F. (li>thlaiii>ini, f. In'inisfiluriat, F. tnrhinnta, F. pitliinutpha,
&c., which are characteristic of the Corniferous limestone, whilst the Oriskany Sandstone of
the State of New York appears to exhibit a total and Hini.'ular absence of corals. The former
doposit also contains numerous Trilobites and Brachiopods (such as I'melns onuwiiiuiniiitiituji,
Ihtlmniiiii .-rh'niinis, Stroplioiiiemi iii<(iuisfiiiitii, S. pir/ilniiii, S. miiplti, S. (Imtissii, Chonvhs
hitnispfK-riid, ('fioui'tf>i iiiin'roiiatti, Alhi/i'i'< ipiiiffniltit/t, ('iiilnnirUd (flmis-ftiiii'u, Pfiitaiwrns
(iratiis, dr., which arc not known to tKjcur in the Ori.-kany Sandstone of the Htatc of Now
York, but which arc characteristic forms in the (Corniferous litnestono.

From a consideration of the above-mentioned facts, it seems evident]that, whatever may
be the true position of tlie Oriski.ny Sandstone of the State of New York, the formation which
is so named in Canada clearly appertains to the Devonian system, of which it forms the natural
base. The (juestion, indeed, arises whether the dc|Misit which has been identified in Canada
with the Oriskany Sandstone may not rather be in reality the representative of the Schoharie
Grit? On this question my own researches have been too sliuht to justify me in hazardinf^
any positive opinion. In the descriptions which follow, however, I shall make no distinction
between the Oriskany Sandstone of (^anada and the Corniferous limestone, but shall regard the
two deposits as palaeontolopically indivisible. No inconvenience can arise from the adoption
of this course here, as I have myself detected no fossils in the so-called Oriskany Sandstone
which I have not also recofrnised in the overlyinp Corniferous limestone, and I have, there-
fore, to describe no forms of life as peculiar to the former deposit. I would only add, to pre.
vent misconception, that I fully recogni.se the distinctness of the Oriskany Sandstone of New
York as an independent formation, and that, so far as my own studies have led me, I decid-
edly lean to the view advocated by Hall, namely, that the Orisknny Sandstone should be pm-
perly regarded as beion<ring to the Silurian system and not to the Devonian.

II. (.!auda-(Jalm Grit. — The Oriskany Sandstone, in Ihe State of New York, is over-
laid bj a series of beds of arenaceous shale, argillaceous sandstone, or slaty grit, with a maxi-
mum thickness of sixty to seventy feet, and almost devoid of organic remains. These arc
known as the "Caada-Galli Grit," from the presence in them of a peculiar spiral fossil sup-
posed to be the remains of a sea-weed, and they have yielded as yet no other fossils except
the problematical bodies just alluded to, and a single specimen of a species of Platyceras. As
before remarked. Prof Hall is disposed to regard the Cauda-Galli Grit us the true base of
the Devonian series of North America. No representative of the Cauda-Galli Grit has as
yet been made out in the Devonian formation of Western Canada.

9

III. SciioiiABlB (iRlT. — The faudnCiulli filrit ^'rndnatos inw>ii.'-ibly iipwardf* Info a flno-
P'iiiii(-<l ciilciircDUH Hiiiid^t )iu>, lilholo^ically not iinliku tlio <)ri^kllny uiKlHinno, and known m
t)u' " Sflii'hnrif (Jrit. " This Hiindi*ton»> in only about lour I'l'ot in thi ■kn)>H^, iind is riehly fos-
MlU'tTouH. Thf orzanip rcmnins r.rc decidt'dly iK'voninn in th "ir churucfor. and some of the
more typical spwius puss on into theoverlyin^ t'ornUenuiH linie^touc without change. Ab ex-
amples of sueli may he mentioned ISlrnjilionn iia tlinii,>tsu, S. Chfinuininisis, and N. jierj>liiiia.

No re]>res«iitativ< of the Sehnharie ( Jrit haf< been dt'teeted i i Can da uiiloss, asprovioUNly
nuirirepted, the sci-ealled Oriskany Sandst<mo of Western Ontario is truly the o<|uivulent, in part
if not altogether, of this formation.

IV. lIlTKK IlKlJtEliHKU(M»n L'oi!NlKKR«»is LiME.sTONi:. — 'f ho OHseiitiiiUy arenaceous
depoHits of tliu (.!»ud:i-(falii (irit and Selioharie (irit are surmounted )<y the ).'mnp of oalcu-
reous s.;<liment.x. which may be called " Upper lleldi .' -rtj," from their devclo|iment in tho
motmtains of this name, or '•('ornifeious," from lh<•ir^^a•.. linvin;r dis.s«'minnted ihroujrh them
considerable (juantitits of siliceous matter in the shaf • .)f horn^tone or ehert (Latin imnn,
horn). In the State of New York the.ic caleareor 'dimeutj* arc iividcd into two closely re-
lated groups, of which the lower has a thicki csh of alKxt twenty teet, and is termed the
" Onomlu;.'a Limestone ;" whiUt the upper is about fif'y U i thick, and consf'tuten the " Cor-
niferous Limestone ' proper.

Kven in the State of New York the distinction betv »>n the Onondapi and Corniferons
Limestones is one of little moment; and in Canada no .such sep.ii tioii can h m.idf.
In Western Ontario the limestones which reprex nt tiie Onondajra and ('fl^niferou^ limestones
of New York, constitute a sintile formation indivisible ujKin either pulii-ontolo;ieal orliiboloi;!
cal u'rounds, and to this the name of " (Jorniferous Limestone" has been ^'oiierally applied by
the Canadian ;;eolofrist«. The formation appears in (!unada to iiave a thickiusH of about one
hundred and sixty feet, and it is estimated by Sir William Lo<.ran to cover an area of probably
not less than six or seven thousand s(|uare miles. It is, however, for the most part deeply
covered by drift, and is, therefore, but rarely exposed. Throujrhout almost its whole extent,
it is richly fossil iferous, its orj^'anic remains consistin;; mainly and characteristically of
corals, there bcin;;, however, also numerous Hrachiopods, Gastcrojtods, i'olyzoa, Sponges'
Trilobites, and Crinoids.

V. Marceli.us Sfiale. — This {rroup consists of a series of black fif^'le shales, some-
times with subordinate layers of impure limestone, the whole navinji a thickness of from fifty
to one hundred feet. No representative of thi> <;roup, as distinct from the overlying shales of
the damilton group, has as yet been satisfactorily determined in Canada.

VI. — Hamilton Group. — -This proup consists of a series of arfiillaceous, shaly, or
flaggy beds, with thin courses of limestone, which varies in thickness, in the State of New
York, from two hundred to as much as twelve hundred feet. In Canada, the Hamilton
Qroup is well represented by argillaceous and calcareous shales with intercalated beds of lime-
stone, the whole having an estimated thickness of about three hundred feet. Though occupy-
ing a considerable area in Western Ontario, the Hamilton beds are seldom well exposed, and
they are best exhibited in the Townships of Bosanquet and Plympton. They are charged with
organic remains, consisting, for the most part, of corals, Brachiopods, and Polyaoa.

VII. Tolly Limestone.— In the eastern portion of the State of New York the strata
of the Hamilton Group are surmounted by a dark-blue limestone, about twenty feet in tLiok

«■

10

ness, which ia known an the " Tully Limestone." Thin liincatone thins out, in procoedinir
westward, before Lake Erie is reached, t\nd it is not represented in Canada.

VIII. Genesek Slates. — Overlying the Tully Limestone, or in its absence the Hamil-
ton Group, is a series of black, bituminous, sparsely fossiliferous shales, to which the New
York geologists have applied the name of " Genesee Shah •• " or " Genesee Slates." Professor
Hall unites tiiese with the Portage Group, and their occurrence has not been sutisfaotorily
recognized ir. Canada, unless they should be represented by the fissile shales of Kettle Point,
Lake Huron, as has been generally supposed. In this case, the Genesee Shales of Canada
are very important and interesting, from the presence in them of well-preserved remains of
plants.

IX. Portage Geoup. — This group is composed of a considerable thickness of siiules, flags.
and shaly sandstones. Few fossils are present, and the group is not known to be represented
in Western Ontario.

X. CliEMUNO Group. — If the Cat^kill sandstones and shales be regarded as belongip'.:
to the Carboniferous, the .summit of the Devonian System in Eastern America is constituted
by the so-called " Chemung Group." This consists of a great series of sandstones and shales*
containing a coiLsiderable number of fossils ; but no equivalent of the group has been recog-
nized in Canada West.

The following table exhibits, in a summary form, and in a.scending order, the various
members of the Devonian Formation of the State of New York, with their e(iuivalent8 iu
<3ntario.

Devonian Strata of the State of New York. Equivalent,^ in Ontario.

1. Oriskany Sandstone Sandstones of North Cayuga and Oneida?

If. (Jauda-Galli Grit No equivalent.

III. Schoharie Grit Sand.stoues of North Cayuga and Oneida?

[Or no equivalent ?
Onondaga Limestone )

IV. Corniferous Limestone J Corniferous Limestone.

( = Upper Helderberg Limestones)

V. Marcellus Shale \ ^

VI. Hamilton Shales / Hamilton Group

VII. Tully Limestone ^

VIII. Genesee Shales Fissile Shales of Kettle I'oint, Lake Huron,

[with remains of plants.

IX. Portage Group No equivalcntvS.

X. Chemung Group No equivalents.

1

n procuediDir

11

}e the Hamil-
lioh the New
," i'rofesaor
satisfactorily
Kettle Point,
!8 of Canada
i remains of

if shiiles, flags,
e represented

as belongipi:
is constituted
es and shales*
s been recog-

the various
({uivalenta iu

ano.

lud Oneida ?

ind Oneida ?
» equivalent ?

Luke Huron,
us of plants.

■I

CHAPTER I.

Protozoa ok the Cornikeruus Limestone and Hamilton Formation.

The remains of Proio.:na in the ( 'ornifcrous Limestone, though not of a very varied nature
•are far from uncommon, and constitute quite a marked feature in the Lower Devonian fauna.
With the exception of a species of Aittrmispotujid and one or two undetermined forms, they
belonji entirely to the eni'^^matical genus Stromatojnn-a or to a irenus so closely allied to this as to
; render any separation at present unadvisablo. They may, with the greatest probability, be
regarded as belonging to the Spoii<fi(la ; though the more typical forms of Stromutopora have
not as yet been sliown to posstiss some of the more important characters of Sponge-structure.
In all, I have detected one s})eci«s of Adnm^pmriia and five sp<!cies of Strnmatopara in the
Oorniferous Limestone of Western Ontario, all of the latter, with the exception of ^'. concent-
rica (Gold.), being apparently new.

I. ASTRiEOSPONOIA, Sp.

A r-ingle specimen has come under my notice of spicules which clearly belong to a species
of Hccmor's genus ^Isfivosjiontpn. The spicules are hex-radiate, two of the radii being longer
than the others, and each star having a diameter of about one line measuring across from the
extremities of opposite rays. Along with the starlike r.iys aro others of a simply aciculate
form. Nothing but detached spicules have been obtained, and 1 have no knowledge of the
general form of the Sponge

Spicules similar to those of the present species occur not uncommonly in the Hamilton
Shales of CiinanJaigu:i. in the Stati; of New York, and both h;ive a general resemblance to
those figured by .Meek and Worthen, {Gro/iy/i/ nf lUluoix, Vol. Ill, PI. 10, Tig. (i,) under the
name of.-/. Ifiniiiltonn/isis. They are, however, more .slender and delicate in their proportions.
It is (|uite probable that our form is distinct; but, having merely such fragmentary remains
of it, I have not thought it advisable to describe it under a separate specific title. A similar,
if not identical, form has also been described by lloemer from the Upper Silurian of Tennessee,
(Sil. Fauna, W('.4 T>nii., p. 14.)

Loralilif iiiul Fnrnnition. — From the base of the ('ornifcrous Jjimestone (Oriskany Sand
stone ?) near Port Colborne.

Ocnnt< Stro.matopora (De Blainville).

The genus .*>Y/v);//f//(>ywn/ includes a number of fos.sils of doubtful affinities, whieli have the
common character of forming amorphous mas.se8 or extended sheets and crusts composed of
<lelicate caleavtMms laminjc, anaiiged in succe.-^sive strata nne a!)')ve the other, and .separated
from one another by ininut(^ vertical props or pillars, which some beiie\o to be tubular. Very
often, the successive laniiniK are dis|K)se(l round an imaginary centre or centres iu a concentric
manner gi\ing rise to sphericil, hemisphericil, or irre.ular forms. !n other ca.ses, the mass
is extended so as to form an expanded cup or irreyular sheet, compo,<*ed, like the preceding, of
succcsively superimposed lamiujc

The main element, therefore, in th<' structure of .S/ni//M//'»/«>n/, and the only one aa to
which all observers appear agreed, is a system of parallel calcareous lamini« generally of great
tenuity, not in actual cont ict, but separated from one another by narrow interspaces. The
successive laminic are kept apart by a system of calcareous ro Is <jr pillars, wliich are directed
at riiiht angles to the laminju, and divide the intervals between the latter into minute quad-
rangular compartments.

So far, the structure of Stroimtlopora would be compatible with a ri;terenceof the genus
either to the Forainiui/era or to the Sponjida ; but there are unfortunately many difforonces

mm.

wm

II

of opinion as to the further <h'tail.s of the structure of Slr<>m(tti>p,mi. and these have led to
eijuully wide diffurencos of opinion as to the affinities and systematic jilice of the genus.

Acecirdini;- to McCoy (^I'ul. /•'-i.-.s.. ]i. r_',) the vehicular tissue nf Striiiiiiilii/Hirti is composed
of " minute curved calcareous platens." which he compares with the rcenenchyma of I'ldim-
jiiira mu\ Fls/nlii>iir<i. lie also states that tlie upper surface is occasionjilly marlced "with
(■xtremcly obscure, distant, (piincuneially arranged, small jiits," which he appears to think may
repn^sent th<' corallites in the above mentioned and other allied irenera,

I'rof. Hall atrrets with McCoy in referring iSlrouKilnjidiii to the ('n/fiitiTafi. nm\ in
placing it in the nei..;liboiirhood vi /'nhi/mKi (I'ni X. Y., Vol. II. p. l.'l.').) lie cont-iders that
the fo-sils 01 this genus are composed of "minute cylindrical tubes with considerable space
between; and that the laminated structure aris(;s frnm thin layers oi' calcareous matter de-
posited anu filliiiiithe spaces btitween, and enclosing the tubes."

If the Slroiiidti'iHiiii /iiiiiiniiir/i/tii of Cioldfuss < /'rfiif. I'l. Ixiv, Hlts. S,/, 8/') be a genuine
Slromitto, It'll, then this eminent palasontologist long since recognised the fact that StriuiiiiliijiDi"
is a genus of Sponges. There is, however, some doubt on this point ; sino' neither his
description, though unusually precise, nor his figures d(!inonstrate the evistonee in this species
of the minute structure peculiar to S/niiiinliiiKini. Nor is this point cleared up satisfactorily
by the docription given by .McCoy of this same species (/W. Fuss. p. ti5) : whilst D'Orbigny
makes Slriitifitdjuir,! /I'lifniior/i/hi, (loldfuss, the typt; of his genus S/iinsis/'iiwii'i. There is,
however, much resemblance between N. ji'i/iiiiior/i/ia and some of the species of Strmiitito/iora
from the Devonian Kocks of Ontario, especially >'. (irannlntn, Nich.

My own investigations ol' a very extensive series of examples from the Lower and Upjier
Silurian formations, and from the Dcvoni.an Hocks, have led nic totlie opinion that the genus
StruniiitiijKira is clearly referrible to the Sjinuiiiilti.. and that it should W ]i!aced amongst the
Ca/ri.;jiiiiii/io; a group represented by many and varied forms lioth in past time and at thr
present day. The rea.sons for this belief may be summed up as follows : -

((. The fundamental structure of Shimi'iti'/iof" is by no me:ins inconsistent wit!, the belief
that it belongs to the t'<ilrisjiiiii(iii( . It does not consist of reticulated calcareous spicula. as
in the more typical members of the group ; but neither does it consist of a vesicular tis.sue
composed of "minute curved calcareous plattis " (Mc('oy , which could be in any way com-
pared with the vesicular eccnenchyma of many tabulate corals. On the contr.ary, it consists ol
successive c.dcareous layers, which may be regarded as compo.«ed of an amalgamated sy.stem
of horizontal sjiicules, separated by intervals, and kept apart by a vertical system of delicate
calcareous props or rods, giving rise to a sy«t nu of more or less quadrangular ells. The hori-
zontal laminae are u])on tlie whole continuou.s. but they sometimes sub-divide and inosculate ; and
the vertical pillars are decidedly irreg\ilar, being sometimes inclined at various angles, and not
being placed at 'iniform distances in all parts of even the same s|iecimen. Some of the ver-
tical rods pass continuously through several laminae and the interspaces between them ; but
the greater number are confined entirely to the interval between two successive lamiuiC. anil
are no continuous, nor correspond with tho.sc in the interval immediitely above or below.
There is no ground, so far as 1 am aware, for the supjtosition that tln'se vertical pillars are
perforated, or are of the nature of tubes iidiabited by the separate zooids of a colony ; indee I
in the forms which occur in the Corniferous limestone there is the strouirest positive proof
that this is not the case, and that they are of the nature of solid rods or dissepiments. There
is nothing in the fundamental tissue or groundwork of Slnnmif'ifinrd, as above described,
which would necessarily preclude us from referring the genus to the Sjionfjiilii , nor can any
stress be laid upon McCoy's argument that these org.anisms cannot be sponges on account
of their possessing a rigid and inflexible skeleton, since similar rea.soning would compel us to
remove from the Spuiut'ulu avast number of forms the zoological position of which is beyond
doubt. At the same time, if :Sfniin(ilo/i(irii consisted wholly of the laminated and reticulated
tissue just described, and possessed none of those openings which are so characteristic of the
sponges, then, indeed, the genus might be more proyierly referred to the Fomminifirn, in
many respects the close allies of the sponges, but destitute of the canal-system which is pre-
sent in the latter.

h. Such openings, however, can be shown to exist in certain forms of Struinntoporn. and
there is strong loason for believing that they will ultimately be found to be present in all.
Thus in iStroiiKtto/inm sfriatclld (l)'Orb. ), and .S. roniriitrica (Gold.), both typical examples
of the genus, Professor McCoy long ago described the existence of vermicular tubes opening

13

ese have led to

"/v. is composed
ynia of l',,},i ,.
narked " with
IS to tlibk may

ntcni'.i, and in
cotif-idcrs that
idcrable space

3US matter de-

) be a genuine

t ''^ll'lllilll/i.po/''

iCv- ncitlier hi-^
ill tliis species
satisfactorily
list D'Orbipiy
'/". There is,
f S!n»u(Uo/i()ra

I'cr and Upper

hat the ;:t'nu>

aiiioni^st tho

le and at the

wit!: the belief
)iis spicula. as
L'sieular tissue
my way coni-

it consists of
niateil system
em of delicate
Is. The hori-
Kiscniate ; and
nudos. and not
nc of the ver-
L'n them ; but

laminic. and
lOve or below,
cal pillars are
lony ; indeel
lositive proof
ents. There
.'0 described,
nor can any
Bs on account
compel us to
cli is beyond
d reticulated
>ri,stic of the
(iminifrrd, iu
vhich is pre-

intoponi, and
esent in all,
cal examples
ubes opening!

.^ the surface by small apertures, and ])a.>*sin|; more or less vertically tlirou^'h the compf^nent
|Byors of the ina.ss {I'al. Fo.tn, p. 14 and p. (i.)). There is some ambiguity in the language
" d by this eminent palieontolojiist in describinir these tubes and their openings in ^^ mn-
iitrini ; and the evidence is not at present suflScient to warrant any positive statement of
pinion as to whether they may correspond with the " pores ' or the " oscula " of an ordi-
arv sponge. It is probable, liowcver, that they should be regarded as representing the
•pores," and that the " oscula '" will yet be discovered by a more extended and careful ox- '
inminatinn. Again, in .S. nslinldtn, (Nich.), a species from the (luelph formation of Canada, the
upjier surface of the ma.ss carries small but regularly arranged openings, which can hanlly be
^CL'arded as being other than "oscula" (Annuls of Natinol Histinij, Aug., 187:5, p. 90, PI. 4,
iBg. 1). \n S. Iiiliirnilat<i (Nieh. ■. again, T have now discovered a system of comparatively
larcc, though remote, openings which communicate with canals traversing the organism, and
which appear to fulfil beyond all question the function of exhalant apertures. Undoubted
oscula also occur in ,i.ijrannlata. Lastly, in the .S. pirforata (Nich.), now described for the first
time, the entire mas.s is perforated by numerous and close-set canals, of considerable size, open-
ing at the surface in munded ajiertures ar d generally at the summit of chimney-like or coni-
cal emmenees. The,«e ojienings must represent "o.sculii.'" It is true that in few in.stances
with which I am ac(juainted has any species of Slnmuitopora been shown with certainty to
po.ssess two sets of apertures, small and large, one set being inhalant and the other exhalant.
it must be remembered, however, that thedifficulties ofob.servation in this case are very great ;
land the *' pores ' mi^di' '.lave c^cajHid notice either from their minute size, or from the condi-
lion of mineralisation in which thexe fossils occur, all the cavities of the mass being filled up
with foreign matter, and the reticulated tissue itself being often silieified. Or, it is poasible
that in some of Miese ancient forms the two sets of apertures were of equal size, and are thus
incapable of beinu distinguished in a fossil condition. Still there are some cases in which
fossils in other respects referable to Stroma topora have been shown to possess both inhalant
and exhalant apertures. Tlie cases in question are ^^ {fruniiluta (Nich.). in a siiiLrlc speci-
ihon only ; .S. tnhvlata (Nicli.), a still undescribed species from the Niagara limestone of
Indiana, and .S. Uimlci (Nich.), from the Niagara limestone of Canada. Of this last named
fffKjcies. I append an engraving in which these two sets of apertures are well exhibited.

r. The shape of'the various e'^'^cies of
Slronuitopora is such as would accord
perfectly well with the beliefthat that
they are Sponges. Some are in the
form of rounded or irregularly hemi-
sjiherieal or conical masses. Others
are somwhat cup sh.i])ed ; and others,
again, have the form of irregular and
extended crusts, a])parenlly attached at
one point to some solid body, from
which they spread laterally in every
direction.

Upon the whole 1 think the evi
deuce is very decidedly in favour of
the view that the t:>'nus Slninintupurn
is referable to the < '(i/ris/idiiriid'. In
aeeurdanee with this view, T shall retain
in this genus the f'ornis here described
as S. tubi'irnlatn andiV. jierfirmtn ; since
these, at any rate, appear to be un-
questionably spnnijes, and they would,
upon any other view of the afTinities of
,'>tn>iniili>ji'„ii. re(|uire a new genus to
be formed for their reception.

The genus S/rniii'itii/ioni. appears to
have commenced its existence in the
Lower Silurian and to have died out in the C.nrbonifcrous p('riod. In the Devonian [leriod
the genus would seem to have attained its maximum ; and I have to record no less than five

I'is,'. 1. SIrnmtifo/iin-ii //i»'/< / (Niili. ), «, u|)por siirfAce
ct a frii;.'infnt, of the natural size ; li, verticil section,
enlarueil ; ,, ujijicr sulfate of a Ira^iiient, oiilargotl—
Niaj^aia liiiiuhtiiiu'.

species fnim the Corniferourf Limestone of Ontario. One of these, viz., ^S'. conceutrim (Gold.)]
is a well known European species ; but, owing to its mode of occurrence and state of preserva j
tion, I regard its identification as, to say the least of it, doubtful. The other four s()ecies ar^j
new. j

2. Stromatopora tuberculata (Nicholson). I

(Plate I., figs. 2 and 3.) I

iftromnfopnra tuheradahi. — Nicholson. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, August.
1873. Plate IV., tigs. 2 and 3. ^

Fossil forming crusts or irregular expansions of varying thickness, and often coverinf; ]
large surfaces, composed nf numerous concentric calcareous lamiiia), separated by delicate ;
eJilcareous rods, pillnrs, or disse[iiments, which arc disposed at right angles to the lamina; and
mark off minute cellular compartments or interspaces. The lamina; and intervening space^
are about five in the .space of one line, someiimcs four ; and the vertical pillars or dis.sepi ,
ments are comparatively strong and placed at proportionately remote intervals. The;
upper surfiice of the mass is more or less strongly undulated, and is covered with close
set, conical, clavate or fungiform tubercles, the elevation of which is about from one-fiftieth-
to one twenty-fifth of an inch above the general surface. The tubercles would seem to be
■ometimes perforated, but are more commonly imperforate, and they are placed in irregular
sinuMUS lines, throe or four sometimes coalescing longitudinally. 1 hey are separated from
one another by about their own width (more or loss), about one-twenty -fifth of an inch. When
the fossil is broken, it is seen that similar tuberculatcd surfaces occur at various depths in
the mass, concentric with one another, and separated by laminated and reticulated tissue.

The under surface iscovered with a thin calcareou- 'lasement layer, which is thrown into
very numerous, concentrically-arranged, undulating wrinkles. This surface is not unlike the
t'pithcca of a Facosiles, but is not so smooth, and does not appear to have been absolutely
■nbroken.

Both upon the upper surface and the lower are placed at irregular intervals rounded
apertures from half to two-thirds of a line in diameter. They appear to be wanting in some
specimens, which, however, are fragmentary ; whilst they cjm be readily detected in others'.
They are the openings of canals which penetrate the mass in a more or less vertical direction,
and they can hardly correspond with anything except the oscula of sponges. The distance o<
these aperture.- a[»art varies from two lines to half an inch.

As regards one of the most important points in the structure of aS'. tubercvhitd. uamcl}
the large canals and exhalant orifices. I have now obtained fine specimens which set tin
tjuestion at rest. In my original description (Ltie. cit. p. 93), I stated the case a.s follows
'• Many examples exhibit rounded openings or tubes, from !ialf a line to a line in diameter
descending at right angles to the mass, and placed at varying intervals. These openiugj
are not elevated above the general surface. They are not constant in their occurrence, though
very generally present ; and I have not been able to sati.sfy myself that they are not truly ex
traneous to the fossil. They may, perhaps, be annelidous in their nature ; or they may be
due to the fact that the organism has enveloped a colony of Siirimjopm-d, which has subse
quently been dissolved .-iway." The specimens now in my po.ssession, however prove conclu
nively that these canals and apertures are truly parts of the fossil, and they appear to be
strictly comparable to the oscula of sponges. They arc mostly to be detected upon the upper
surface, but in one large specimen which seems to ha\ e grown from a broad base of attach
nient, and then to have spread out liiterally in an irregularly cup-shaped fosm, they are pleii
tifully developed on the lower surface. Tlierc is tlius every reason for concluding that >
tiihcrculatti is truly a calcareous sponge ; and the chief question remaining is, whether it can
with propriety be retained in the genus Slnnnatdponi. My own opinion is against forming .i
new genus for its reception, since it hua the essential structure oi' Strojiiutopora, and the diffi
culty which I experienced at first in detecting the oscula in examining even a large series of
specimens, has convinced me that the occurrence of similar openings may well hi. ? been over
looked even in the type species of this genus.

Nomuliipara tiilicrcuhita is readily distiuiiuishcd by its very coarse reticulation, the tuber-
culatcd nature of the upper surface, the concentrically-wrinkled under-side, and the presence
of remote and irregularly placed oscula, which are not situated upon eminences. Whether the

15

iccidrka (Gold.)
tatc of preserva I
four species are]

listory, Aut^ust.

often covering:

ited by delicate

the laminae and

tervenin<r spacc^

liars or dissepi

intervals. The

red with close

rom one- fiftieth

)uld seem to be

iccd in irrefrulai

separated from

an inch. When

irious depths in

dated tissue.

1 is thrown into

s not unlike the

been absolutely

tervals rounded
wan tins in some
jcted in other.'-
3rtical direction
The di.<tance o*

ercvliifx, name!}
i which set tlit
case as follows
ne in diameter
These ojieniug^
urrence, though
ire not truly ex
or they may be
'hich has subse
r. prove conclu
ey appear to be
upon the upper

base of attach-
1, they are jilen
[icludinL' that ^

whether it can
;ainst tbrminfr »
a, and the diffi
a larjic series of
hi. ^ been over

ation, the tuber- j;,
id the presence ,
s. Whether the

:

small surface tulmrcles arc perforated or not
remains an open question, but I should be
disposed to think tliat some of them, at any
rate, were so, tiius corresponding with "pores.'
The crusts or expansions of this species often
cover large surfaces ; but it is certain that in
many cases a great portion of the under sur-
face must have been free and unattached to
any foreign body. The general thickness of
the crusts varies from three to four lines to
two inches or more ; but the latter speeimenf
are to be regarded as being composed of u
succc.^.sion of crusts supei inipo.scd, the younger
upon the older, as is shown by the occurrence
of tuberculated surfaces at various levels
throughout the mass.

Ldriditji and firrmation. — Common, in a
silicificd condition, in the Corniferous lime
stone of Uidgeway and Port Colborue.

Fig. 2. — a. Part of the under surfase of a large
specimen of Sfroiintto/iora fufiimtlnta. sliowing the
wrinkled basement Layer, and the o|ieiiiuga of the
(isculii, natural size ; h. a portion of the upper sur-
face, natural size ; r. a vertical section of a frag-
ment of the same magnified to show the internal
structure.

3. Stromatopora perforata (Nicholson).

Stnmiatopwa pi'rforata (Nicholson.) Annals and Magazine of Natural History. Jan..
[H74.

Fossil composed of crusts of varying thickness, made up of thin concentrically arranged
ealcarcous laminae, the interspaces between which are rendered vesicular by vertically dip-
posed calcareous rods^or dissepiments. From four to fivt: laminae with their intervening in-
terspaces, in a line. Upper surface undulating, and covered with very numerous rounded
apertures, which vary in width from two-thirds of a line to one line, and are placed at dis-
tances apart of a line, more or less These apertures are usually placed on the summit or at
one side of conical eminences, or they ar(! elevated above the general surface, the lip of the
opening on one side being generally higher than on the other. These apertures are the ori-
fices of more or less vertical or somewhat oblique canals which penetrate the reticulated
structure of the mass, and are lined by a delicate calcareous membrane marked with faint
encircling striie. Each canal desceiid" at first and for a certain distance (about three lines) in a
straiglit line, and then is curved .so as to become nearly parallel to the lower surface of the mass,
at the same time contrricting in its diameter. Between the oscula. as just de~cribed. the .sur
face is covered with a fine miliary granulation, composed of minute pustules, placed close
together, and arranged in irretrular vermicular and sinuous lines.

Stromittfora pi.rjorula is, perhaps, tiie most remarkable species of the genus which
has been as yet discovered ; and it can not be doubted that it is a genuine member of the
''(ilnspoiHiifr, though in some respects an abnormal one. In its internal structun it agrees
altogether with S. fiihercalata, S. grnniilata, and N. mnniinil/itfa ; and with the two former of
these it agrees further in the posses.'sion of a series of apertures which cannot be any thin',' but
"oscula." No "pores," however, have been detected, uple.ss some of the surface-tubercles
should in re dity be perforated, which is likely enough.

<S'. pirfoi-ata is readily distin<:uished from S tiihfrntlata by the much greater number and
clo.ser arrangement of the oscula, by the elevation of these apertures above the general surface,
and hy the finer granulation of the upper ■ urface. The number and closeness of the oscula

Fii;. 3.— a.
ciirifcr

A fragment of Sfromnfoporn prr/orafa, showiii^ the
osciiiifurous u|>])erHiirfaoe, natural si/.ti ; h. fragment of the Name,
maguifiud to show the internal structure ; c. vertical section,
showing the form and course of the canals.

also sepuriitc thiH form from
S. gnuivlafa, in which the
OBcula are remote, and can often
not be detected at all. though
in other rospect.s the surface-
charactera of the two species
arc identical. The under sur-
face of .S'. perforntii is still un-
known ; but the fossil forms
thinner or thicker crusts, often
cov(»ring pretty extensive sur-
faces ; the thicker expansions
being composed of a succession
of crusts superimposed one up-
on the other.

Local it )j and Formilioii. —
Rare in the Cornil'erous lime-
stone of Port Colborne.

4. Stroma TO PORA granulata (Nicholson).
Plato I., Figs. 3 and 3 a.

Sl.ro»i(i(npora (iriiinihitii (Nichol.wn). Annals and Magaisine of Natur 1 Hi.story, August,
1S73, Plate IV., Figs. ;} and :{ u.

Fo.ssil forming thin crusts, or liorizon tally spreading expansions i usually about a (juarter
ot un inch in thickness, but ranging from one lino up to half an inch), often oecu|.yiiig ex-
tensive surfaces. Crust composed of concentric calcareous l.iminac, from six to ten in the .space
of one line, separated by inter.-^paces which are minutely broken up into cells by nuintirous
delicate vertical rods. Up[)er surface regularly undulating, often raised into ehininey like or
conical elevations, whicli an; for the most part dcstituteof any appearance of beintr perforated,
but which are ,>^omctimes piert*. 1 by distinct rounded apertures or ''osoula." Tiiecntire,«ur
face is covered with a fine iniliarv granulation, constituted by minute conical pustules, placed
clo.se together, often confluent and arranged in sinuous lines, and apjiarenlly imperforate. One
example, however, shows that this granulated layer is not the true suitace, but that it was
covered in the perfect organism by an exoeedinply delicate calcareous membr.me. perforated
with minute apertures or "pore.s."' Kxioliated .ind broken specimens show that similar gra-
nulated surfaces occur at small intervals all through the mass. The under .surface (in .^^ome
eases at any rate is sujiported upon a concsntrically-wrinkled calcareous basis, precisely
similar to the epitheca of a i'ltmsili.-i or a Fishilij,i>rii. .

The .specimens upon which I founded my original description (Lh: rjl. p. Vi[} did not
exhibit some of the most important of the point.s comprised in the foregoing specific diagnosis.
In none of the exmiijiles which at first came under my notice, was 1 able to detect either
o.^cula or pores. In a fnigment, however, of this species which I discovered in the Hamilton
formation of Widder I liave now .succeeded in detecting both these structures md I liave
obtained additional examples from the Corniferous formation, showing the undci -urfaee and
also the mode of growth.

>'. ;iririnif<if<i is, so far as at present known, one of the few species of Slroiiuifnpuni in
which two .sets of apertures exist, one large and exh.alant. the other small and inhalant. la
the specimen from the Hamilton shales in which these apertures can l)e detected, the osculu
have the form of comparatively large openings, of a circular or oval shape, placed at the .sum-
mit of distinct rounded or conical elevations. 'i"he porei;. on the otlier hand, are only observ-
able in a j)orti(m ol the specimen, and are seen to have the form of minute clo.se-set perfora-
tions in a delicate calcareous membrane or layer. Beneath this layer, and over all parts of
the fossil where it has been denuded, is .seen the ordinary granulated surtace from which the
name of the species was origin.iliy derived. There is tons a strong pribability established
that all the specimens from the Corniferous limestone, which e.viiibit simply this granulated
surface are imperfect, and that there has been removed from them an exterior and very deli-

17

form from

which the

id can often

all. though

he surfacf-

two species

under sur-

is still un-

bssil forms

rusts, often

ensive sur

expansions

t succession

scd one up-

iniiii/ion. —
erous lime-
rne.

•y, August,

t a (juarter

iuj.yiii!,' ex-

in the space

' numerous

incy like or

pfrlorated,

I entire sur-

I's. placed

rate. One

lilt it was

H'rf'oratcd

luilar ura-

(in some

precisely

I ) did not

(liairnosis.

iTt either
laiiiilton
I I have

rl'aee and

ifii/iiiru in
ant. Ill
le oscula
the .suni-
y ob>erv-
perfbra
parts III'
vhi('Ii the
tahlished
ranulated
very deli

oate layer in which the pores were perforated. The irranulatcd layer which appears to form
the surface in so many specimens, would thus a[)pear to have been covered by a kind of " der-
mal " membrane, and to have permitted a free circulation of water over its surface, the gra-
nules being more or less confluent, and giviu^ ri.se to a complicated system of sinuous or ver-
micular horizontal channels.

In a great many specimens the surface layers exfoliate round numerous points, giving
the upper .surface of the fo.s.-iil quite a characteristic appearance, whieh is wanting in i). tnhir-
rulatit. (Jenerally speaking, M. (jnuiiiliild. may be distinguished from .S. tuh/'rnilufii, to which
it is nearly Milled, by the more delicate character of its reticulated tisi»ue, and by the fact that
the niinut'- cripwded tubercles which cover the surface are .so closely placed as to be nearly in
contact. As a rule the species occurs in the form of very extensive undulating crusts, one
siRicini'n obsirved by mc covering a ,4ab about three feet in length, by two feet in width,
with an aver:i'je thickness of hall" an inch. 1 po.ssess, however, one example, in whieh the
organism is attached by a broad base to a large /liHitji/ti/l/inn, from whieh it spreads out
laterally in all directions as a horizontal expansion, the under surface being covered witii a
wriukleil ''epitheca," and having obvioii-^ly been free.

Lncil'ilii mill fiirmiitinn. Not uncommon in a silieified condition in the ('oriiilerons limc-
.stonc of Uidiicway, Port Colborne, and Savage's (Juarry, \Vaiiitleif, al.-o rare in llic Hamilton
formation of l)i).^au(juet, at Bartlett's Mills, near Arkmia.

5. Strom.vtopor.v :\i.\.MMn.i.AT.v (Nicholson).

(Plate I., Fig. 4.)

Sti-'irixtto/iiira mammiUatd (Nicholson), Annals and Magnzioc of Natural History, Aug.,
1873. riate IV., Fi.r. i.

Fossil firming thin crusts, about two or three lines in thickness, often covering extensive
.surfaces. Crust composed of successive concentric calcareous lamina", separated by interspaces,
and broken up by vertical dissepiments. Surface undulating tind exhibiting a series of large
conical elevations about one fifth of an inch in height and the same in diameter at the base,
placed at distiiiices apart varying from one fifth of an inch to half an inch. Most of these
onical elevations show no signs of being perforated ; but some appear to have .apertures at
their summits. The surfaces between these elevations, as well as the elevations them.'^elvcs,
are roughened with numerous small granules, tubercles and irregular, sinuous ridges.

Nothing could be more distinct than the aspect of this very remarkable species, the large
conical elevations which Cover its .surface giving it exactly the appearance of an undulating
plain covered with small volcanoes. Superficially examined, it presents a .striking resemlilance
to many recent -sponges; but it cannot be a.sserted positively that the conical elevations just
alluded to are really of the nature of oscula. Some of them certainly look as if they were per-
forated ; but most show no signs of any aperture. This, however, is very probably <lue to
the manner in whieh the fossil has been preserved ; and the analogy of .V. ijrainiltiln would lead
one to conclude that the conical elevatinns of N. nnnnmil/ofti are truly oscula. The internal
structure of all the examples which 1 possess of this species is much more imperfectly pre-
served than is the case with the other spicies here described ; and I have simj)ly been able
to satisfy myself that it is c.-.sentially the same as is characteristic iA' StroiiKitojiimi in general. I
have seen crusts of this species covering an area of several s(juarc feet ; but it is by no means
common in its occurrence.

Lortililjf and Fiirmution, — Rare, in a silieified condition, in the Corniferous limestoae of
Port Colborue,

6. Stromatopora concentrica (Goldfuss).

In addition to the previously described species, there occur in the Corniferous limestone
of Western Ontario specimens which a.'-e hardly or not at all distinguishable from Stromato-
pora conovtrica (Goldfubs). As, however, all of these specimens are fragmentary, and none of
them exhibit their surface, it can not be positively asserted that they belong to this familiar
Devonian species.

Loaditij uiui FamMlion. — Corniferous Limestone, Port Colborne.
2

18

CHAPTER II.

Corals op the Cornikerous and Hamilton Formations.

Of all the organic remains of the Devonian RocUh of Canada, and csjiccially of the
Cornil'iTous Ijimestonc, none are more conspicuous tliaa the Corals, whether we take into
consideration the vast nuniher if inilividuals or the ^ireat variety of type which they exhihit.
Many parts of the Coriiilerous Limestone are almost wholly made up of corals ; ,iiid a> these
arc usually siliciiied, tluy weather out of the liniestfine in a most beautiful manner, and can
be obtainid in a .-tate oi' ext|ui.«ite preservation. Tlie soft siiales of the Hamilt m f;rciup, also,
arc often eharjred with the remains of corals, which, from the decomposition of the surr und-
in;r matri.x, can be obtained perfectly clear of adherinir sediment. Mr, Billinirs in his admir-
able memoir ui)on the fossil corals of the l)i!vonian Uucks of (,'anada West {('nini'/iuii .lutinialy
New Series, Vol. V., p. 2.") 1), estimates the number of corals in the Ci>rniferous .and llamiltoa
formatiiins as probably about eiu'hty, and of tliese ho dt;scribos no less than fifty li.ur. Some
of the most strikin;,' of tln'.-e forms, such as the species of i'/iil/i/isus/iirn, have trnt come under
my notice in any portion of the ( ornil'erous Limestone or Hamilton Group stmlicd by me;
but I siiall here de.-crilx! over seventy .s; ecies wliicli have enme under my per.son.il observation.
Of these, tliirty-tme beionu' to the 'I'lihiilnlti, five are referable to the 'J'iiliii/ii.':ii, anil thirty five
belonj; to the threat ^roup of the Ji'iii/nsii. 'i'lie s^emra represented are twenty-fine in number,
viz. : Fdidsiies, Alcenlili .•'. Micluhniit, Si^iiii'/ojiarii, FisliiUjiiiin, ('li<it(ti-.<, (.'iil/njioiii. Sli iiit'ijiDra,
Ti(tcJii/iion(, AuJdpord, Znjikrenti's, Miriuri/rln.^. /lliil/irojilii/l/iiiii, ('lisiiijiluilhiin, /It'liiijihiil/iinif
JJijilii/ji/n/lhiiii, Kridiipliiillinn, .1 mji/' '■ii<, I 'i/s/iiihi/llmn, liiniiniiilnillitni and }'i!r I'm. ()f the
species about tW' ive can certainly be identified with known Kuropean .species, viz. : i-'nmslffK
(Jothhiixlira, F. htinisplifnifd, F. Forljesi, I', jiuhiuinijiliii, F <liil>iit, F. cem'roruls, /•'. reiinilula,
Avliipiifd luhdjonniif, hi/ 'iiijiliiiUma iir(icih\ Hchn/i/nilhtin /Jnl/i. ('//.■<tt/iln//hiiii ri sinihisinn and
Alieliiliniit niiircfit. Hesides these well known forms, there are others which are very clu.sely
allied to Kuropean species, and some which may perhaps turn out, upon fuller investiuation,
to be nothing more than varieties.

(>i'ii)i.< Bloturopiivllu.m (BillinLTs).

C'i'ii. Cliar. — ''Corallum simjile. turbinate or cylindrical. Internal structure ein'-istin<»
of a central area occupied i)y flit transverse diaphrajiius, an intermediate area with strong
radiatiiiL: septa, and an outer area in which there is a set of imperfect dia|ihra<;ms projecting
upwards, and bearinicon their ujiper surfaces rudimentary radiating septa. A thin complete
epitheca, and a septal f()ssette " i IJillirigs).

The C(!ntral spaceof tins theca in corals of this genus is occupied, as in A}n/>/irii.i, by fl it or
.slightly fie.xuoustabuiie, ujion which tlie septa do not encroach. Outsidethis centr.d area isanar-
row zone in which the tabuliu are bent downwards towards the base of the cnralium. and are
at the s.ime time soinelimes s]ilit and bifurcated, whilst the continuity of the sii.ices bclwcen
them is interfered with by a .series of strong septa. Outside this again is an outer zone,
formed by a series of tabulaj. wliich are directed upwards and outwards in an archinir maimer,
and which carry on tiieir upper surfaces a series of imperfect septa, their lower surface being
simjily costate or ridged. Lastly, the arched tabula- of this external zone are covered by a
thin but strong epitiieca with which the outer surface of the coral is invested. The genus dif-
fers fr<jm /ii/ilinii/is in not haviii'.^- the septa prolonged inwards to, or near to, the eetilre, an-l
in having the central tabulate area surrounded by a partially vesicular zone and an exterior
zone composed of arched tabula) and imperfect septa. I'Vom .1 iii./>li:rus it is distingui.-hed by
the possessioti of the e.xtern.il are.i last mentioned, and V)y the septa beiii'j: more liru'cly de-
veloped ; whilst it is distinguished Worn C/isid/ilin/lii in hy the .first of the above mentioned
peculiarities, and also by the fact that the tabuhe of the central area .are flat or slightly Hcxu-
ous, and are not elevated into a conical jirotuberance.

The genus Filnllini/i/nilhini was originally defined by ^Ir. Billings (Can. Jour.. New
Series, vol. iv., p. lli'.t) and the single species //. i/emrtiralinn was described. In addition to
this pteviously recorded and very ciiaracteristic species, I have now todescrilic another allied
form, J>. tijjjjroximuluiu, also from the Corniferous Limestone of Western Ontario.

i

I

19

illy of the

t.iko into
i>y cxliibit.
id as these
r, and caa
:rnii|). also,

surr uiid-
hls adiuir-
/// ./(/"/■//(//,

l[:iiniltoa
ur. Some
■ciino under
1 (I liy me ;
pJiscrviition.

tliirty five
ill iiiiiiibcr,
Slii'ii'ijiora,

liiijilni/llim,

,1. Of the

: I'iiiosite^
'. rrtiinlilia,
•iilofiiiiii and
|,ory fl'tscly
vcsti^ation.

c msisting
,'ith >trong

jiniji'cting
II ci)iiii)lete

/.v. by fl it or

iri'.i isMiiar-

;iiid are

lit 'tween

outer zone,

uiMiiner,

irlaco being

i'<ued by SI

ic <_'t'misdif-

cintre, and

\n o\torior

i:\ii.-lii'd by

l:;ri;ely de-

nii'ntioned

^htly tttxu-

Joui:. New

addition to

K it Ikt allied

7. Blothuoimwi-lum decohticatum (Billings).

(Plate IV., Fig. 3.)

lilotli ri)pliyllum dccorticatum {Tii\\inif») : Canadian Journal, New Series, Vol. IV., p. 130,
Fig. 25.

" Adult specimens, two feet in loni^th, and three inches in diameter ; dimensions of the
immature individuals, variable ; usually slender and irre'.;iilarly curved ; outer area consisting
of rather stronir rudimentary transverse diai>hrairins. curving upwards and outwards, distant
from two to eight lines, bearing upon their upper surfaces imperfect radiating .septa, which do
not extend from one diaphragm to nnotlier. Thesr .septa are half a line distant at the mar-
gin of a specimen three inches in diameter. When the cpithecu is preseived, the surface of
this species is marked by numerous deep annulations and sharp encircling folds, their edges
being always on the upper side. The transverse diaphragms in the central area are nearly flat,
but have a strong; septal fossette upon one side '' (iJiilinjrs).

In the examples which I am disposed to refer to this species, the arched tabula) of the
outer area arc not less than two lines apart, often from a rjuarter to half an inch, and the
tabulos of the central area are also distant. The central tabulic are often (juite fle.xuous, but
lire nev<T elevated into a boss ; most usually they are nearly flit. The hcpta which spring
frotn the upper surface of the arched tabuhe of tlie outer are.i only reach the tabuljf immedi
ately above in the inner portion of the area in (|uestion ; but in the outer portion ol'ihe same
area fall far short of the tabuKe above, owing to the fact that the tabuliC are stronirly arched,
and have their concavities directed towards the base of the coral. The concave under sur-
faces of the tabul.-c of the external area jiresent, however, well-marked ridires corresponding
with the .sejita on the upper surface. Tlie septa on the upper surfaces of the tabuhe vary
from half a line to a line in distance from one another, but there are very jicneraliy intercal-
ated between the larger septa smaller ones, one between each pair, which have simply the form
of slightly elevated rldge.s. The epitheca is not only marked with encircling annulations and
folds of growth, but also with distinct longitudinal grooves, five in the space of two lines.
The epithecii, however, is rarely preserved, and sjieeimens occur most comni'nly in one or
other of two conditions. Either the epitheca has been removed, exposing to view the
arched tabuhe of the outer area with the imperl'ect .septa on their upper surfaces ; or the entire
outer area has been removed along with the epitheca, leaving the central and intermediate
areas in the form of a core to tlie outside of which are attached tho b.ises of the arched
tabuhe of the outer area. This gives ri.se to an appearance which is exceedingly characteristic
of the present species, and by which it can almost be infallibly recognized even in very imper-
fect examples.

J.iiralitji and Fo)inntiim. — Common in the Corniferous Limestone of IN rt C!olborne,
Rrdgeway, llager.svil!e, and at many other points where the Ibrniatiou is exposed.

8. Blothuopiiyllum Ai>PR0Xi.MATir.M (Nicholson).

(Plate iV., Fig. 2.)

BhithrophiUum approrimatum (Nicholson), "Canadian Naturalist," Vol. VII., No. ;». 1S73.

Corallum of unknown Icigtb, cylindrical. The outer area consisting of s.rong arched
diaphragms, curvini; upwards and outw:irds. distant from one another from half a lijie to
two lines, bearing upon their upper surface imperfect septa which exteml iVom one tabula to
another when the tabula; arc remote by the former distance only, but which do not do .so
otherwise. Septa alternately large and small, di-^tant about a third of a line. Tabuhe of the
central area closely approximated, from three to lour in the space of two lines, flat or .slii:htly
flexnous, the septa only slightly encroaching upon them. Epitheca with numerous constric-
tions of growth and encircling annulations, and obscure longitudinal striie. Dimensions
unknown, but certainly attaining a diameter of three inches.

In most of its essential characters this species airrcos with Jllnthrtijihi/Jliiin dccorfieatum,
(Billings,) of which perhaps it is merely a variety. It is, however, distinguished by its gene-
rally much greater size and by the apparently constant peculiarity that the tabul.L' of the
outer area arc very closely set, much more closely C ■.■ a B. detorticalnm. Thus typical

20

Bpcciujiiis of the Intttir exhibit only from three to five of the curved tubulro of the outer nrea
in the >i|mco of iin inch ; whcreim cxumploH of //. n/i/iro.rinmliint present no less thiin from
ten to fourteen tabuliu in the Hiimc Hpiice. Wiiother this eharMiter is one of speeitic value or
not, may be (juestioned ; but I tliink it udvi>ablu to rel'er provisionally the .speeimLUS which
exhibit it, to a new species.

L(Kidilij niul Foniiation. — Corniferous LimeHtone of Port Colboriic.

Genus CLisiopuvhi-UM (Dana).

The fjcnus Clis!()/ihif/finii. is in an unsatislictory condiiion, different palncnntoli)<:ist,s bav-
in;; ineluded undur lliis liead Cyatliopliylloid corals which exhibit considerable ditlereiues in
structure. This will be evident, if we compare to^'ether thedctinitions of the ^enus^iven by
three disiin^uisiied authorities. Milne Kdwanlsand .lulcs iiainie detint the ^'en us as iollcuvs:
" Corallunj simple, turbinate. Siji/i. well developed, and ri.-iny towards the centre of the
Oalici: so as to form a s|iu.mous columella, but not twisted."

prof .McCoy difiiies ('/isi(ijitii//h(iii as follows: " Coralluiii simple, branched or aL'<^repate,
with vcrtic^il railiatin;; lamellic ; a thin epilheca or outer w. ill ; int' rmil sfriniun- (wrUml
section), central area composed of small vesicular plates and cells converuin^' or arching
upwards towards the centre, so as to i'orm a conical boss in the eup ; no distinct central a.xig ;
outer area of small cellular structure, inclining in the f.[ipn,site direction or upwards and out-
Ward.s, sep.iration between these areas formed by an intermediate area of lar^;er, nearly hori-
Bontal, cellular structure ; (horizontal section) a l,ir;.:e central area of small irrei^ular cellular
texture, from which the primary lamellae radiate to the outer w.dls, intermediate zone with
few vesicular plates between the lamellaj ; outer zone having the primary and secondary
lamelUu connected by very numerous ve-icular plates."

According to Mr. liillini;s, la.-tly, the corals of the genu.s C'fisioplii/Jlitm "have the same
general external form as those of the ^h'uus Z<i/>liri iilis, and their internal structure is aLso the
pame, excej)t that the transverse diaphragms are elevated in the centre so as to form a small
Conical ]»rotuberance in the bottoui of the cup, and, further, they are envelo()ed in an outer
area C"m|MwoJ of vesic ilar tissue. The septal fos.sette is small, and in worn specimens its
place is often indicated by the prominence of one of the septa on the outside, whieh, being
stronger than the others, forms a loni^itudinal angular ridj;e. 'i'he cells of the tissue which
fills the outer area, slope upwards and outwards."

It will thus be seen that biuh authorities differ widely a.s to the structure of the conds
•which comiio.se the ^'enus Clisiiijihi/I/Kiii. The most piominent distiuiiuishini; character of
theuenus is admitted to be the presence of a conical bos^s or projection at the bottom of the
calice ; but there are grave discrepancies of statement as to the m;inner in which this projec-
tion is formed. According to .Milne Kdwards and Haime the boss is formed by the risinu' of
the septa of the coral toward.s the centre .so as to constitute a spurious lamellar columella —
the t.ibukc being comparatively poorly developed, and the genus being thus widely removed
from Ziiiiliniiti.-i. According to McCoy, again, there are no central tabula), in the proper
sense of the term, and the central projection is formed by the elevation and converuence of the
cells of a central vesicular area — this also removiui;' the izenus widely from Zaitlurntis.
Lastly. Mr. Billings con.sidors that the central bo.ss is formed by the elevation of a .series of
well-developed tabuhc ; and he places the ^enus in tlie immediate neighbourhood oi' Zaj'hi en-
tin, or considers, at any rate, that the two genera are very closely .allied.

The above discrepancies are so gnsat that it seems probable that several forms, in reality
belonging to different genera have been reterred to tli.sio/tlii//liim. Without, however, pre-
tendinu; to decide this point, I shall simply describe here the previously recorded Clisiophi/lhim
Oiii'idiifiisc I Millings), from the Corniferous Limestone of Ontario, together with a related but
undescribed form, merely remarking that neither appears referable to the genus ClUiujjhylluin
as deiined by McCoy.

9. Clisiopiiyllum Onkidaknse (Billings).

(Plate IV. Figs. 4, 5).

Clisiopiiyllum Oneidoense (Billinirs), Canadian Journal^ New Series, Vol. iv, p. 128.

Corallum simple, turbinate, cylindrical or cylindro-conic, often curved. Central area
occupied by strong transverse diaphragms or tabulae, which are more or less strongly elevated

21

!ic outer nre»
»s tlian from
cifio Value or
iuii.'U.s which

oldfrists riiiv-
litl'tTfiues in
iius jiivL'ii by
iH 118 follows:
entre of the

3r afrjzrejjjite,
rt'— ( vc'itieal
,' or aruliing
central axis;
rds and out-
ncarly hori-
ular eollular
0 zont) with
d secondary

JVC the same

re is also the
orin a small
in an outer
jieeiniens its
rvli it'll, being
tis.-rue which

of tlie corjJs
character of
(ttoni of the

this prnjoc-
tbe ri.^in;.' of
colunielia —
jly removed
1 the proper
uence ofthe

ZiiiiJtniitis.

fa series of
of Zaiihi en-

!, in reality
)wever, i^re-

lisioplii/llum
related but
lisivphyUam

p. 128.

entral area
;ly elevated

SO as to form a central boss or projection. Jludiiting »«cpta numerous (from oiirhty to on
hundred), varying much in the extent to whielithey encrouch upon the central tabulitc area-
External area thin, vesicular, its eells formed on the one hand by the septa, and on the other
by a seriex oi curved plates, which extend in an archin;; maniuT and in a direction nearly
parallel with the axis of the coral, obliipiely from the central area to the <'pitlieca. When the
epithica is removi'd, the apertures ofthe cells of this external area app'ar on the surface iu
the Inrin of rectangular openiniis directed very obli(|uely inwards. In s|vcimcn-« in which
the epilheca is pres<rvcd, the surface exhibits cncircliui: rid;„'es and annulations of i:rowtJj,
Varvinu' inuch in their comparative remoteness, sometimes rounded, sometimes sharj) edired.
There are also numerous costfp, vary'.nt; fnun four to six In a space of two lines iu specimens
ofdifl'ereni sizes. A well-marked sept.i' fo^sette can usually be detected.

As already remarked, the interna! jtruetiireof (hi-' species d ^es not conform with th<^
definition of CUsiophiiHinn iriven either oy Kdwards and llaimeor McCoy; and it seems
doulrtful if 't can be retaineil in this i'cnus. in mo-^t rc-^pects the species cumes nearest to
tlie characters of Ainji/rriis, but it i- distiii_'uishe(l by the presenee of a cone and the posses-
sion of an external vesicular area. The cone or cent>-al bo<s is certainly formed IpV an eleva-
tion of the tabnl.i) of the central area, aiid the condition of the septa varies very much in
different exam]iles wiiieh appear to be otherwise releridile to this species. Sometime-: the
septM extend as far as the centre of the coral, beiii;,' eontinued across the upper surfaees of
th<' tabnhc iu a diminished and rudimentary torm. Sueii ex mipies would, jierhap-;, eomi' under
the Jetinition of (iisioji/n/l/inii •/wen by Milne Kdwards and Hainu,'. .More commonly, the
.septa are comparatively rudimentary, and extend but a short distance from the outer wall,
leaviiiL' the central tabuliu exposed, very much a> occurs in Aiiijikxus.

Kxamples of this species from which the epitheca has been removed, may u<u illy be
determined by the peculiar reetani,'ular and obli(pu'ly-descendinir cells of the outer vesicular
area. It must be admitted, howt^ver, that if the internal structure is not shown it i^ some-
times dillieult to distiiii:uish such specimens from examj^les of Jilollin'ji/ii/lhon dccorticntnni,
which have been denuded down to the centr.il cote.

L'i''(ifitij' ami Fiirniiitidii. — Not uncommon in the Cornifcrous Limestone of Port Colbornc,
and very abundant in the same ionnatiou at llagersville.

•
10. Cusiopuvi.i.rM l'i.ri;ii;.vi)l.\l.!': (Nicholson).

Corallum simple, turbinate or cylindro-conic, straight or curved, of lar<;e size. Central
area tabulate, the tabuhc stron;,dy elevated so as to form a median Imssor jirojeetion. iJadiat-
incr septa exceedindy numerous, alt.M-nately lari^^e and small, being about one hundred and
twenty in specimens of an inch and a half in diameter, and rising to one hundred and eighty
in a specimen two inches and a (|uarter across, 'j'ho septa extend a considi-rable distance
inwards, and a septal fosscttc is jn-esent. Surface marked with numerous roundeil encircling
folds and annulation.s, and also with stronir and unusually well marked septal ridL'Cs. about
four of which occupy a space of two lines. Dimensions unknown, but great, larire specimens
havinir a length of half a foot or more and a <liameter of nearly two inches and a half.

Tiiis species is clearly separable i'roni 0. Onriduensi', by its generally greater dimensions,
the much irreatcr number of its septa in examples of similar dimensions, the absence of an
external vesicular area, and the surface characters. Whether it is truly referable to the
genus (Tisiiqihjilhm, however, may be reirarded as very doubtful — the central elevation, as in
C. (Jiii'iddi nxf, beinir clearly ibrmed by the tabuhu alone.

Locality and Fortnutidii. — Not uncommon in the Cornifcrous Limestone of Ridgeway.

Gimis Zai'HRE.ntis (llafinesque).

Corallum simple, turbinate or cylindrical ; calico deep, with a single strongly-developed
septal fossette occupying the place of one of the septa ; no columella ; tabulai well developed,
bearing upon their upper surface a scries of septa, which extend from the epitheca, nearly or
quite to the centre of the corallum. The interseptal loculi usually uninterrupted except by
the tabulne, but sometimes interfered with by dissepiments at the circumference of the coral,
giving ri.se to an outer area of vesicular tissue.

Tlie genus Zaphmitis of Rafinesque is identical with the genus Caninia of Michelin,
and is one of the most natural groups of the Cyathophylloil corals. The most typical forms

22

of the (zenus arc rcndily recoirnizod by their tfiiti epitlieca, the presence of uhuln) extending
quite ncro»« tlio thoca nn unbrukcn partitions, tlio *'Xtun.Hi(»n of tlic septa to or near to tlie
centre of tlio tluea, the ubw-nco of n eoluiuella, and the f.'enerally <»|icn and uninterrupted
condition of the inlcrwptiil Inculi, except for tlicir beinj^ fmrtitioned off by the tabui<D. In
Homo of »he forms of the <:enU8, however, the continuity of tlie inter»eptal ioeuli is interfered
with, not only by the tabiiliu, but by vesicular dissepiments whieh ap|tcar to bo independent
of the tabulaj ; m that there is a central tubulate area, and an external vesicular area. There
is also evidence that the tabula), thouL'h extcndiiiLj quite to the epitheca, arc, in their exterior
portion at any rate, of the nature of dissepiments placed nearly at the same level in successive
interseptal Ioeuli. Accordinj^ to Mr. iiilliiij;s, also, a well developed or rudimentary columella
may be present in /. jnatijirii, this structure bein^' otlurwi.-e unknown in the i;cnus.

Three sjieeies of /nji/inittis, viz. : /. ijiiiniili-a (Lcsueur), Z. pmlifirK (Hillin<.'s), and
Z. s/ifiti(is(i (Hilling's), have been already recorded from the Corniferous Limestone of Western
Ontario, all of whieh liave como under my nt)tice, whilst I have to record an apparently un-
described furm. I have also a small cylindrical, spinulose form, allied to /f. ajiiiiuliwi (Kdw.
& II.), or to /. .^pl II II / iff in [ II n\\}, thouirh apparently di>tiiict, which, iu the absuuce of specimens
showinj^ the internal structure, I shall leave undescribed.

11. Zai'hkkntis (ji(;antea (Lesucur).

(Plato III. Fi-H. 1, 1«).

Cnri/i'jihi/Ilia (fifumlea (Lcsueur).

^(<;;///y'«//,s r//(/(«y//t!« (Kd wards & llaimc). Pol. Fnxs.il-6 Ti'rn. Pnl. TM. IV., Fig. 1.

Zdiikrnitis ijiijiinfrii (Billings). Canadian Journal, New Svriis, Vol. IV'., p. I'll.

Corallum simple, eylindro conic, varying from a few inches up to two feet or more in
length, and fmni mio and a half to three inches in diameter, usuafly more or less curved.
Cavity of the theea partitiomd off by a well developed series of tabula), which arc more or
loss flexuous centrally and are bent downwards as they appniuch the epitheca Septa from
seventy to one hundred or more in number, unequally develnped, or alternately large and small,
extending upun the uj'per surface of the tabul;u nearly to the centre, where they are usually
more or less tlcxtious. A single well marked septal fos.sette upon one side, extending nearly to
the centre. Epitheca with numerous shallow encireling ridges and annulationsol" growth, which
vary in size but are not sharp-edged ; and also with costa) corresponding with the .septa within.

According to Mr. Hiliiiiu's, the septa in this species vary in number from seventy to
eighty. In the exanqiles which I have seen, however, the septa arc alternately large and
small and, cnunfini:- in those of both sizes, attain to the number of one hundred or more.
They thus come to resemble large specimens of the I'orm de,>icribed hy Mr. Hillings, under
the name of X. jim/ijira,, frum which they may be distinguished by the fact that the latter
species is not said to attain a leoirth ( f over five inche.s, or a little more, whilst the radiating
septa reach the number of one hundred and twenty, or one hundred and til'ty. Our specimens,
on the other hand, nmst have attaitud a leuirth ol from nine to twelve inches or more, and do not
appear to have more tlinn one hundnul and ten septa at the utmost, whilst their form is cylin-
drical, or eylindro Clinical, and not turbinate. 1 am not .siiistied, however, that all the exanq)les
which I have here included under /f. /////(//(/('«, are really referrible to this spci ies, nor that the
large and small forms of /. jinihjira (Billings), can be retained under a single specific title.
Zap/ii'i'iiti.1 i/if/fuiti'ti (Lesueur) must not be confounded with the large Carboniferous species
described by Alichelin and McCoy, under the name of Cniilnia ( Zajjiirentis) (jiyantea, and by
Edwards and llaime, under the name oi' Ztijihi en (is ci/liiidrira.

Liicality and Formation. — Corniferous Limestoue of llidgcway, Port Colbornc, Walpole,
and numerous other localities in Western Ontario.

12. Zaphrentls fk.nestrata (Nicholson).

(Plate IV. Fig. 1.)

ZaphraiUx fcncstrata, (Nichol.son), Canadian NatnraUst, Vol. vii., No. 3, 1873.
Corallum simple, cylindro-conical, curved. Tabula) well developed, remote, bending
downwards m they approach the outer wall. Septa strong, equally developed, extending

Z

I

4

23

BO extending
near to the
nintorruplud
tabula). In
is interfered
indi'pendent
rcn. There
heir exterior
in Nuccessive
ry culuiuella

illin;;<t), and
! of Western
)areiitly un-
ilcf^d (Edw.

)f MpCcilliCDS

Fi?. I.

1.

or more in
U88 curved,
re nioro or
Septa from
! and small,
are usually
,ir nearly to

til, which
ifa within,
'oventy to
lari,'c and

or more.
ifTs, under
the latter

radiating
pocimens,
md do not
n is cylin-

cxam[)les

that the
cilic title,
us species
a, and by

Walpole,

bending
xtcnding

nearly to the cei<tre of the coral, apfmrontly fdrtyeiirht in number. Kpitbeca tliin, with it
fnWHiii'llow undulations of '.'lowth, but ap|i;irenlly destitute of costju.

Tliis Hpceies is clo.Hely allied to the preeedinu'. but appears to be clearly distinct, thouj;li
tbo above detcription in foundcil upt)ii but a simple specimen. It dit!ers from /ii/>liri'iilit
gpfiiiiiiii chi(fly in the j,'reater pro|iortiui);itc thickness and much smaller numl)erof the septa,
«nd the L're.itcr remoteness of the tabul.r. The former ot' thes>' chanictcrs, uh well a.s (he fact
that th.- se|ita are e(|uully developed. se|i;irates it from /. jiiiilijini.

Tlie tabuiiw of the circiiuifercnce of the coral, where they bend downwards to meet tho
epitheca seem to be dearly of tne nature of dis.sepinu'nts, as they an^ not placed at exactly
the sime level in coiitiLfMous inter.-epl.il loculi. The >pieilie uinie is intended to cominemo-
rat<' the [Kcu'iar fenestrated appe.irance exhibited by portions of the coral from which the
«pitheca h.i- been removed, when the intcr>e()tal locnlj are seen to be cro^.scd at inttirvalsof from
two to threi'liiies, by the (iblii|Uely clc-iceinlinir tiibiihv proilueiri'.' ;i series of obloni; feiiestrules.

Len^'th ol' the only specimen observed, livi' inches ; diameter of summit, one and a half
inches ; caliec and fossette, unknown.

L'l'dhfi/ ititd Formation. — Corniferous Limestone, Tort Colborno.

1,'j. Z.VI'iniENTI.S PROLIKK A (15illing«).

(Plate III., Ki-;s. 2, '2n.)

Zitjihi idh proUfica (Hillings;, i-'atiudian JouriKil, New Series, Vol. iv., p. I'Jl. fi^s. 2-,
23.

"Oorallum simple, turbinate, curved, with a few broad, shallow, encirelin-.^ folds. Scj)-
tal fossette of a pyrif irm s'lape, ^'radually eiilari;ini,' from the maru'in towards, but not (|uite
reacbiiiii, the centre; variable in its position in relation to the curv:iture of the fossil Radiat-
ing septa in the adult specimens between sixty and .seventy of the lariror i^izo, alternatini.' with
a like number of smaller ones ; the former, in >onic of the individuals, extending to the centre
on the bottom of the cup, where they are spiially twi.-ted or irregularly contorted ; in othcT
8|)ecimcns, not reaching the centre, which is then occufiicd by .i smooth space, or often with
a columella elongated in a direction from t!ie septal fossette towards the opposite side. The
sejita are al.-o sharp edged for almost half the di-t:iriee from tbo bnifom of the eiip to the
niaigin. then become gradually less project iu'.'. until .at the edi^e of tin; cup they are reduced
to mere ll.it rounded ridi^es. Length, fnun four to live inches, or a little more ; width of cup,
from two iticlies to two inches and .-i-b.-dl' ; ilepth of eup, about one inch."

" Vv'iy numerous specimens ol' young individiials of this species, cme ineli and a h.ilf ami
upwards in len;;th, and with tifiy or more prineip.il radiating septi, occur with those full
grown. These small ones might perhaps be re-.inled as constituting a distinct spi-cics, but
when uood s|peciineiis can be observed th"y all e.vhibit the characti-rs whi(;!i are peiiisteat iit
the l.irue individuals" (Billings).

Whil.-t having the impression that the small examjiles just allmled to arc specilieally di':
tinct I'rom the larger ones with which they Jiie united by .^Ir. Billiie.'s, I nmst, freely admit
that our collections are imt suihcieiitly extensive for mo to pronounce a decidi'd opinion upon
the subject. Ijarge specimens, indeed, having the charactcs ascribed by .^ir. HilliiiLis to /f.
jiroliji'ii. are |':ir from common, and I have not ooau^ across more than four or live ; whilst the
.smaller exani]jles are exceedingly almndant.

The lari:er cxamplesare distin::uished from /f. i/i;/iiii/ ti, by their smaller dimeu'-ions, their
turbinate form, the shape of the fossule, and the nincli greater numbiT of the septa and their
rounded edges where they approach the mari;in of the cup. i

The smaller examples, as a rule, exhibit characters by which they can be readily distin-
guished. They are most commoidy about an im-h and a half in lenirth, but vary from three
quarters of an inch up to three inches. The caliec is very deep, but is extremely obli(|ue, its I
greatest blight being on the side of the convex curvature of the coral. The .septa arc alter-
nately large and .small, and the primary septa are always more or less bent and contorted as- i
they approach the centre. The tabula; are bent downwards on approaihing the wall. Thej
epitheca in perfect specimens exhibits a few broad and rounded undulations of growth, with!
obscurely marked costac corresponding with the .septa within. More oommonK the epithec i
is denuded, being very thin, when the edges of the septa appear conspicuously on the surface oil
the coral.

The occasional presence of a columella is » very anomalous feature in this species, not bein^
known to occur in other nienibers of tlin ^onus. Mr. Billings, from an oxaminatioa of a
largo number of specimens, concludi.'s, however, that the species must be retained in Zttphren-
tia, as he finds a graduated series ol' forms between those with no columella and those in which
this structure is large and well developed.

j'.iinilili/ (Dili Fitnnntidii. — Extremely abuiid:int in the Corniferous Limestone of Kama's
r;;rm, I'ort Colborne. Also, in the Hamilton (jruup of IJosaiKjuet, near Widder.

1-i. Zapiiuentis sp.ATiosA (Billings).

" Corallum short, turbinate, moderately curved and very broadly expanding. At the
margin of the cup about ninety radiating sepia, rtlternately a little une(|ual, and with their
edges broadly rounded, as in /f. prolifint. Length, measured on the side of the gn^iter cur-
vature, about three inches; width of cup two inches and a half Septal fossettc unknown.

'• This species is closely 'illied to /. /iro/ijir.i, and may, perhaps, be united willi it when
its ch'.racters become more fully known" (Hillings).

1 have nothing to aiid to the above brii'i'description, which has evidently been drawn from
im]'eri'ect specimens. There arc only a few examples in my collection, whieh 1 should be
disposed to refer to this species ; but the reference is uncertain, as hardly anything can be
made out of the internal cliaracters of the specimens in question, beyon.l the fact that they
are almost certainly referable to /n/ikn ii/i.-<, and that the very broadly expanding form sepa-
rates fiiem IVom any other known Corniferous species.

Liiaditti II 11(1 Forindtion. — Corniferous Limestone, Kama's Farm, Port Colborne (Hillings).
Kidgeway and Hagersville (Collection of the author).

Gcnvs Heliophyllum (Hall).

The genu- ndiophiiUnm is very clr.sely allied to Ci/rifhoplii/IIinii, and the tollowi;ig arc the
definitions of ii given res[)ectively by Milne Edwards and llaime, and Mr. Hillings :-

1. •' Corallum simple. Septal apparatus well "loped and producing lator.il lamellar
prolongations, which extend from the wall towards the centre of tlie visceral chanibei-, .so as
lo represent ascending arches, and to constitute irregular central inlmhr, and which .ire uniti'd
towards the circumference by means of vertical dissepiments." (.Milne Edwards ami llaime.)

2. " Corallum simple or aggregate ; radiating septa well developed, obli(|Uely striated (Ui
their sides by thin elevated ridges, whieh extend from the outer wall in an upward curved
Course towards the centre. These rid<.'e> arc connected by numerous thin laminic, whieh

.livide the spaces between the septa into small sublenticular cells. The transverse diaphragms
are thin, fle.xuous, and confined to the central portion of the coral " (Hillings).

The interna! characters which distinguish corals of the genus //</i(>/ili/)Uinii (ITall) are
thus of a somewhiu comi)licatcd description. 'J'he septa are well developed, and extend nearly
or quite to the centre of ihe theca, where they are often somewhat twisted ; but there is no
columella. A central tabulate area exists, but of very circumscribed dimension.s. Externally
to this tabulate area, theintcr.septal loculi are divided into cells or small compartments by the
intersection of two sets of dis.sepiments having different directions. The dissepiments of
the first and most conspicuous set are directed from the internal surface of the wall ohliquely,
inwards and upwards towards the centre, in a succession of arches the convexities of which are
turned upwards. These dissepiments doubtless correspond with that circumferential portion
of the tabula; which is bent downwards towards the base of the coral in species q[ Z'iphr.'niis,
(:lisiop}uiUum,J)iphiiphiiUHin, &c. When these dissepiments are more or less imperfect or have
,<iuffered destruction, they leave upon the flat surfaces of the septa a corresponding number of
arched strinc or ridges. Similarl}', in the calice of the coral these dissepiments appear on the
free edges of the septa as so many short spines. The dissepiments of the second series ar
more delicate, more disconnected and much more variable in their direction than those - f the
preceding series. Sometimes they are nearly vertical, or in other words, are pretty nearly
concentric with the thcca. Sometimes they are not far from the horizontal, and intersect the
dissepiments of the former series at a very acute angle. Most commonly they are directed
inwards and downwards from the theca towards the centre, so as to cut the dissepiments of
the ])receding scries nearly at right angles. Decorticated examples of ff(iitr/i!ii//linii. from the
Oornil'erous Limestone exhibit a most characteristic appearance, due to the intersection of the

<eptn

#ay

4kurv(

*l;e

'ti '
the
Unde
Also

"'%

iJd

2s, not beinji;
liniitios of a
in Ziiiiliren-
osc in which

e of Rama' 8

iir. At the
d witli their
,'r('iitor cur-
iiikiiown.
*itli it when

drawn from

sliiiiild be

liinu can be

}t tliat they

form sepa-

e (Hillings).

I'ing are tho
rs I —

A lamellar
111 her, so jis

are united
id Ifaimo. )
striated on
ai'd curved
iM;v;, which
liajihragms

(Hall) are

lend nearly

tlicrc i.s no

I Externally

nts hy the

jiinieiits of

()li!ii|ucly,

' which are

ial portion

'^o/i/nvniis,

ct or have

number of

ear on the

scries ar

lose "f the

ty nearly

tcr.«cct the

e directed

)iments of

from the
ion of the

«p(n and filled up interseptal loculi with the dissepiments of the first-mentioned series. In this
#ay is produced a succession of vertical ridfj;es and intervening sulci crossed by numerous
eurved or sliarplyzig-zafrgcd encircling ridges.

The species of Ur/pi/i/n/lhini which have been described by Mr. IHllings as occurring in
tl:e I k'vonian l{ocks of Canada are Jl. Erinn.,, II. ( 'ni/iij/driisc, If. i'aiuidi'vsc, II. fiil/ii/nlnm,
}; ■Ji'iu'iiii, H. I lain, and //. Iiiniisrjilaluin, the first five from the Corniferous formatinn, and
the !■'" two from the Ilamiltim Shales. All of these, except //. tenuiKcylntum, have come
under my notice as occurring in the Corniferpus Limestone of Western Ontario ; and I have
Ulsu suni'j new Ibrms to record.

15. llFJ.ioi'HYi.i.iM GUnadense (Billings).

(Plate V. Fig. 1.)

Ileliiiphjlbnn C\ntiuh-nsp. — Billings, C'lnvilinn Jovrval, new scries, Vol. IV. p. 125.

i Coralluni simple, turbinate. Septa between eighty and ninety at a diameter of an inch
*i>i<' a half, carrying on tlicir flat surfaces strong arelied stria; at distances of from two thirds
Ol ' line to om; lino, ami on tlieir free edges bluiit spines jitaced at similar distances. Kpitheca
wi 1 Strom; sli,ir}i-e(iged encircling iblds and aiiniilations of growth. "In the bottom of the
our the septa reach the centre, and are there twisted together so as to form a somewlnt solid
■«U . ated pseudocoluuiell.i, around which there is a deep space occupied only by the septa."
(Billinir-)

Dimensions varying from two inches up to half a foot or more in length. One specimen
;|n a perfect state of preservation measured two inches and a half along its convex curvature,
And one inch and a quarter along its concave curvature, the iliamotcr of the cup being a little
over an inch and a half ; and other specinn ns are still more broadly expanding. This is,
perliaps, the coninmnest species of Jleliiip/ii/lliDn in the C'ornilerous Limestone of ^\'estern
Canada. It is closely allied to //. Caiinijdi iisc (Billings) and //. llnHi (Edwards and llaime) ;
difleriiig from the former chiefly in not liaviii'.'' a smooth s]iace at the bottom of the cup, and
in tiie fact that the arched sejital stria) are on the whole a little nearer toge'her ; whilst it is
distinguished from the latter by its generally smaller dimensions, and by aaving the septal
4Bpiiics and stria3 more remote.

According to Mr. Billings, the epitheca is sometimes smooth, and there appears to be a
ieptal fbssette.

Lutvlit;! aihl ForDhilim/. - ('oniiferous Limestone, Port Colborne; Lot G, Con. 1, Wain-
iflcet; and other ii.c:ii:iics in V.'r.lerii Ontario.

'G. Helidi'iiyllum Colboune.xse (Nicholson.

(Plate V. Fig. 4.)

Ilr/iojihi/lbni^ ('olbiiih iis,\ (Nicholson) '• Canadian Naturalist," Vol. VII. No. ,^, 1S73.

Corallum simple, cylindrical, not expanding towards the calico. Septa sixty at a diameter
of one inch, carrying on their flat surfaces arched striii' at distances of from one-tliird to half
a line. E])itheca with numerous rounded or sharp-edy:ed constrictions and annulations of
growth. A flat space at the bottom of the cup, to the centre of which the septa extend. Cup
'deej) : fossette unknown.

\ _ This species is nearly relat<>d to //. ('>n/vi/n,'n.<^n and If. Cnvaden.^t' (lii\\'m<jH) ; but it is, I
Ahink, decidedly distinct. It is distinguished from //. CinHuInise by its cylindrical and not
broadly expanding form, the cup being erpial to or less than the diameter of the coral at a
point ap].arently a little above the base, by the flattening of the bottom of the calice. by the
imaller number of septa, and by the greater closeness of the arched septal striae. From //.
Cawit!nnt!ii\ the present species is distinguished by its much smaller thickness, its cylindrical
but not expanding form, the smaller number of septa, and the closeness of the septal striae.

'F he length of IL CoUxynx'nse must have been over three or four inches, but none of my
^specimens are perfect. The dimensions of a broken individual are : length two inches and a

I

jhalf ; diameter of broken base one inch ; diameter of cup ten lines ; depth of cup four lines.
an another, also broken, specimen, the length is two inches and a quarter ; the diameter at the

86

frticturcd bane thirteen lines ; the diameter of the cup one inch, and the deptli of the cup fivt
lines. Other examples apparently referable to this species exhibit a diameter of from one inch
and a quarter to one inch and a half

Locality and Formation. — Coruiferous Limestone of Port Colborne.

17. HELiornYLLUM Oaycoaense (Billings).
(IMatr V. Fiir. 2.)

Ildiophyllum Cayiujaemc (Billings), I'tiiiadian JouriatI, new scries, Vol. IV. p. 124.

Corallum simple, turbinate, straight o# curved. Septa ninety at a diameter of twt
inches ; one hundred and eighty at a diameter of three inches and a half Arched septal
striie and spines thick and strung, sepnrated from one another by intervals of a line or a little
less. Calico with a flattened space at the bottom, and a septal ibssettc on one side. Epitheca
with numerous sharp encircling ridges and folds of growth.

This species is closely related to //. Canailensc, (Billings), from which it is separated bj
the possession of a flattened space at the bottom of the cup, and by the somewhat greater
remoteness of the septal striae and spines,

Specimens with a calice of two inches across, seem to have been about five or six inchcp
in length, but individuals of the species appear to have attained a much larger size,

Liycality and Formation. — Hare in the Coruiforoua Limestone of Port Colborne, and
other localities in Wainfleet.

18. IIemopuyllum IIai.m (Edwards and Ilaime).

Strnnihodcs hc.lianfhokh'x (Phillips) ,• Pal. Foss. p. 10. Plate V. Fig. 13. a.
J/flio/diyllui:. llalli i Edwards and Ilaime); Brit. Foss. Corals, p. 235, Plate IL
Fig. 3, and Pol. Foss. des Terr. Pali'-ozoiqaes, p. 408, PI. VII, p. G.

JlcUn/ihyllum lluUi; (Billings) (''inadiaii Journal, New Scries, Vol. IV. Fig. 126.

Corallum simple, broadly turbinate, cylindriciil, or cylindro-conic, often variously curved
Septa 80 to 85, slightly twisted towards the centre. Septal ridges and spines sepiiraled 1>J
intervals of from lialf to one-third of a line, or even luss. Calice circular, moderately deep, with
a small r-eptal fossule. Epitheca with encircling anuulations of growth, but seldom exhibiting
.septal ridges when perfect, or at most very faintly.

The form and curvature of this spocies are extremely variable, and the size no less so:
whilst the intorv.ils between the septal s[)ino> and strin' vary so much that it seems doubtful
if much reliance can be placed on this character in the discrimination of species. The exam-
ples of this species from the Corniferous Limestone are mostly of large size, and are not parti-
cularly well jireserved. Those from the Hamilton group are as a rule small, and occur in a
state of exquisite preservation.

One very marked feature in IliliojihyUum Halli, as exhibi
ted in all the Hamilton examples except the smallest, is the
mode of growth, which is by a peculiar form of calicular
geminalion. When the coralhas grown to a certain length,
the epitheca gradually extends over tiie original calice in
whole or in part, and a fre.-h corallite is produced from the
primitive oral disc by calicular gemmation, generally from
one side of the old cup After this has lived for a certain
period, a third cup is produced in a similar manner; and
BO the process may be continucil, till an aged specimen may
consist of six or eight cups arranged in a vertical series,
each springing from some portion of the calice of its prede-
cessor. Tins mode of growth, also, causes a singular irreg-
ularity in the form of corals of this species, old examplcF
^' *' often looking like a succession of inverted cones inserted

■°Bp"£Mrom t'hriiLuta^^^^^^^ one into the other, whilst the curvature of the whole become.'

of Arkoiia. equally irregular by the bending of the successively produced

with

exani)

»nd

27

h of the cup five
of from one inch

IV. p. 124.

diameter of tw(

Arched septal

a line or a little

B side. Epitheca

t is separated hj
)mewhat greatei

ive or six in chef

er size.

t Colborne, and

!. a.

135. Plate II,

Fig. 120.

ariously curved
es separated l)j
ratcly dorp, with
ildom oxliibitinj.'

size no less so ;

seems doubtful
les. The exam-
id arc not parti-

and occur in a

lain, as exhibi-

smallest, is the

»rni of caliculur

certain length,

igiual calicc in

luced from (he

generally from

1 for a certain

• manner; and

1 specimen may

vertical series.

e of its prede-

singular irreg-

5, old examplef

cones inserted

whole becomes

jivoly produced

9ups in different directions. True parietal gemmation, on the oth^r hand, t have never
noticed to occur in this species. As a similar mode of increase exists in Ci/stijilii/l/nm
ife!<ii''iliisum, as occuring in the Hamilton Group, and as it has not, so far as I know, been
Abserved in the examples of //. Ilalli from the Corniferous Limestone, it seems possible that
«tis a habit of growth induced by some peculiarity in the .'surroundings of the coral — such, ibr
instance, as the .slow but regular deposition of fine clayey sediment.

Ili'liophijllum Ilalli is very closely allied to //. Canadeuxe, and I should be inclined to doubt
if any distinction of importance between the two species can be maintained. Large examples
of //. //«///, such as occur in the Corniferous, are separated from //. Canadeiisi; by their more
riiallow calice, the comparative closeness of the septal stria;, and their cylindrical or cylindro-
Conical form ; but young specimens of //. IlaUi are often very broadly expanding aiid turbi-
nate, and the intervals between the septal spines and striae do not appear to be constant.

Small examples of I/elidphi/llitia ILilli have a length of half or three-quarters of an inch,
with a diameter of calice of from threeciuarters of an inch to an inch and a (|uarter. Large
examples may have a length of from fire to six inches, with a diameter of calice of two inches
»nd a half. There are also more cylindrical specimens, apjiarently not separable from this
gpecies, which may have a length of two inches or over, with a diameter of calice of not more
than from three-fiuarters of au inch to an inch.

Localiti/ and Fanaatioh. — Corniferous Limestone of I'ort Colborne ; Con. 1, lot 0, Wain-
fleet; Hagersville. Extraordinarily abundant in the Hamilton Formation of 15osaiiquet, along
th(! course of the KiviiTC aux Sables. Also in the Devonian Limestone of Devonshire,
England (Phillips, and Edwards and llaime).

^ 19. Hei.iui'IIYLLUM sub-c^spitosum (Nicholson).

m IleJiophi/lluiv, suh-cwapitotsum (Nicholson), Genhgical Ma(fa::iiie, Feb., 187i.

'" Corallum, small, simple or compound, cylindrical, or slightly expanding towards the
calice. Arched .septal stria) and spines tVom a third to a quarter of a line apart. Calice oval
or circular, shallow. Septa apparently sixty in number, at a diameter of eight lines. Hpi-
theca with numerous annulations and constrictions of growth. Occasional
iinlividuals, with the otlier characters of the species, appear to be simple,
but tiie majority of examples increase by the production of lateral biuLs.
The new corallitcs thus produced are lew in number (generally nut more
than one, two, or three), and are directed upwards nearly in the direction
ol' the ])arcnt corallite. In some cases calicular gemmation appears also
to occur.

//. siih-nr.f/iitosi^in has a general resemblance to Ci/at/iophi/lhim m-y/tl'
hi.onn of Goldl'uss ; but the presence of well-marked si-ptal striic and septal
spines proves it to be a true JL/iifplii/llinn. Tiie latter sj)ecies al>o is
■• fasciculated or astriviform.'' and increa.^ies principally by calicular jiem-
mation ; wliereas II. .';iiJi--asiiU<i!<i()n. never j)roducis sufficient buds to
form aggregations of any sijc. and the increase is princiiially by lateral
gemmation. It is, further, distinguished from the otlier forms of llilio-
)ihiillitiit by its comparatively small -ize, its cylindrical form, and its mode
of growth. //. jiridi/vrinii (Nieli.) increases in the same way, but is a
much larger species, and is distinguished by other characters as well.

Y'oung indi\ iduals of //. xiih-fasjiitiiMim are usually strongly nodulated
with irregular growth-swellings, and have a length of from half an inch
to an inch, with a di.imeter at the cup of from two to three lines. Large
individuals have a length of from two to three inches, with a diameter of
calice of from eight to ten lines.

Lomliftf (Hid Forwatidn. — Common in the Hamilton Formation at

Kit'. •'•
Uelloiihiilliim iiub-C(t'D])itii

(!«l» (.Mill.),

lliUIUltnll

Fornialiun, Arkoiia.

Bartlett's Mills, near Arkoua, in the Township of Bosanquct,

20. Helioi'hyllum ruoLiKKUUM (Nicholson'.
Corallum large, simple or compouni, growing socially in particular localities, where

numerous individuals occur together nearly in contact though not organically
Form cylindrictd, with numerous irregular growth-swollipgs in the majority o:

connected,
of instauuea.

I

28

Calice moderately deep, with about sixty septa at a diameter of fourteen lines. Tlio septa
arcui)e(|n;illy developed, and extend to the centre of the calice, where they are usually more
or less twisted, and are sometimes elevated in tie form of a central boss. Anhed septal
stria; and spines from a third of a line to half a line apart. Some individuals appear to be
simple, but most increase by the production of lateral buds, which spring from the parent
corallitc in an obliquely ascending manner. The epitlieca exhibits numerous encircling .«triie
and annulations of growth.

//. piriUfcnitii is readily distinguished from the other species of the genus, by its elongated
cylindrical form ; its increase; by lateral geinniation, and its social habit. Not only is the species
composite, in thesonse that most of the individuals produce laieral buds, but, so far as I have ob-
served,it is strictly social, vast numbers ol' individuals occurring together, growing vertically side
by side biitseparate. I have not seen more than one or twobuds borne by a single parent corallite,
and calicular gemmation appears to be unknown. The only other //(V;V'^'// ////«?// known to increase
by lateral gemmation is //. suh-nrsjiitoanvi, but this is a very much smaller form, and is solitary
in its habits. Detached individuals of JJ. jirofifcniiii in which budding appears not to have
taken place, may usually bo recogni.sed by their great length and almost strictiy cylindrical
form, there being little or no increase of diameter as the cup is approached. Jiarge indi-
viduals have a length of seven or eight inches or more, with a calicine diameter of an inch
and a half, and a similar diameter throughout.

Liii'd/i/// tiiiil Format'on. — K.v.tranrdinarily abundant in one bed in the Corniferous Lime-
stone of llidgeway.

21. IIeliopiiyllum Eriensk (Billings).

IlelinplnjUum Eriense, (Billings); Canadian Journal, New Series, Vol. IV. p. \'2\.

Coralluin elongate, turbinate, straight or curved. Septa from sevcuty-four to one hun-
dred and iii'ty in young and old individuals respectively. Sej)ta extending to the centre of the
calice carrying on their side's delicate arched strinc separated by intervals of from a quarter of
a line to a sixth of a line. Free edges of the septa " denticulated with from tivc to seven short
spines in the space of one line." Kpitheca with sharp annulations and encircling ridges of growth.

This species is readily distinguished by '' the closeness of the arched striic on the sides
of the .septa, and the minute dent'culation on their free edges" (Billings). //. Erinisr is
exceedingly variable in its dimensions, varying in length from an inch and a half uf) to nearly
a foot, and as regards the diameter of the calice from an inch and a quarter up to thrceinches
and a half. The calice is dee]!, and there Mj-jioars to be an obscure septal fossula on one side.

Loadilfi and Formation. — t orniferous Limestone, Lot 'I'd, Con. .'{. Walpole ; and I'ort
Colborue. Very rare.

22. Heliopiivih.31 colliqatum, (Billings).

(Plate V. Figs. 3, ;3(/).
irvliophyllnm coUirjatarn (Billings) ; Canadian Journal, New Scries, Vol. IV. p. 126.

" Corallum forming large masses of long slender corallites, which are connected together
at intervals uf from two to four lines by periodic expansions of the cup ; radiating septa about
fifty two; diameter of the corallites where constricted five lines ; and of the expanded cup
six to ten lines. Among the full grown there are interspersed some that arc immature and of
smaller size. The cup is shallow, the sides of the septa striated with from six to eight arched
ridges in one line, and their free edges denticulated with the same number of minute sjjines.
In the central area the transverse diaphragms are well developed, and sometimes constitute
a pseu'^o-columella, which exhibits itself in the shape of a small elevated boss in the centre of
the cup" (Billings).

This species cannot be confounded with any other. It is remarkable amonirst the typical
species of this genus in being compound instead of simple ; and it has the tabulae unusually
well developed, constituting a central area into which the septa, as a rule at any rate, do not
enter. The opitheca is transversely ringed with annulations of growth, and, in the periodic
expansions of the cup, with numerous tine encircling striae, which arc cros.sed by the longitu-
dinal lines which mark the position of the septa. As pointed out by Mr. Billings, //. colli-
(ja turn i'orms a transition between lleliophiilhnn and rhillipsaalra'pa.

Locality and Formation. — Corniferous Limestone of Rama's Farm, Port Colborno, and
Walpole.

29

Tlin septa

nsunlly more

Arched septal

ippp.'ir ti) be

0111 tlie parent

icirelinp- stria'

7 its cloiif^ated
is the species
ras T haveob-
vertieally side
arentcorallite,
iwn to increase
and is solitary
rs not to have
tiy cylindrical
Jiar^'o ipdi-
:er of an inch

if'crous Lime-

p. 124.

r to one hun-
centi'i! of the
Q a quarter of
to seven short
ges of fjrowth.
' on the siiles
//. Kriciisr is
f uf) to nearly

0 three inches

1 on one side,
le ; and Port

V. p. 126.

cted tojjether
g septa about
expanded cup
iiiatnreand of

oii!;ht arched
iiinnte sfiines.
les constitute

the centre of

st the typical
Ia3 unusually
' rate, do not
the periodic
' the lonufitu-
n,i;s, //. colli-

Jolborne, and

23. Heliopiiyllum exiouum (Billings).

fleliophyUum exigHiun{Bi\\mg>i), Canadian Jour. New Series, Vol. V. p. 2G1. Figs. 9
[& 10.

" Small, turbinate, more or less curved, often flattened on the side of the conve.v curva-
ture : radiating septa between si.vty and eighty ; about six obscure arched striae to one line
on their flat sides, and the same number of spines on their edges. The depth of the cup is
equal to one fourth or one third of the whole length of the coral. In small specimens, the
martrin of the cup is thin and sharp ; but in large ones rounded, and one line or a little more
in width. About one half of the radiating septa reach the centre, and fcirm a small munded
elevation on the bottom of the cup. There is a septal fossetto on one side, which, in all the
spociiiiens I have seen, reaches the centre. The surface exhil)its a few sharp constrictions of
growth, with rounded annulations between them, the latter often abruptly terminated on their
utiper sides. In very perfict specimens, fine eneirelinir stria? of variable >\zi}., appartiiitly from
ei"-ht to tifteen in the width of one line. The horizontal strite. svhijli indicate tiie number of
septa, are distinctly visible but not Mrongly marked. The position of the septal fossetto is
indicated on the out.side ol" the cup by two septal ridges which extend the whole length of tiie
ciral, and constitute one of the lines along which the younger -septa were added from time to
time.

" The greater number of the s])ecimens are from six to nine lines in length, but some are
full one inch. The width of the rup is always a little le>s than the length of the entire Ibssil.
The most common number of septa is sixty. The arched strite and spines arc not often pre-
served" (Billings).

I have been thus particular in quoting the description given by Mr. Billings of th'ia
speciesat full length, as in studyinir it, I have met with great difficulties, which I cannot yet
entirely explain. The few exunples which I collected at Itania's Farm, I'ort Colborn-j, (tiie
locality given by Mr. Billings), tint I should oe disposed to refer to this species, exhibit only
the fiiriuof the corallum. the epitheca. and the ed.e of the caliee ; and the characters of these
are siifliciontly distinctive, so far at any rate, as the other Caiiadiiiii .species of Hi'liiiphijIliDii
are concerned. The coral is small and turbinate, and is distinctly flattened along its convex
curvature ; the epitheca is thick and contiimous. and is throWii into strong encii cling ridges
and annulations of growth, the vertical lines indicating the septa being very f atitly marked,
and the septa are alternately large and small, and are not denticulated on their flat sides.
One jierfect specimen only (Fig. •">) have I obtained, showing all the internal character!?,
from the Corniferous Limestone of Ilauersville ; and this shows conclusively the distinctness
of //. i.i-'Kjimm as a separate species o\'/fr/.inj,iii//liiiii. This speeiinen is small, turbinate, with
a constricted pedunculate base, the longest side being flattened. The total length alonir the
longe>t side is eight lines, on the shortest side four lines, the diameter of the caliee lieing
seven lines. The caliee is distinctly (juadrangular, moderately deep, with thickened inaruinfr,
and a \ery well marked septal fosette. The septa an' sixty-four in number, alternately largo
and small, with about five arched striicon their flat sides and the same number of -short spines
on (heir edges. The septal io-suh; (jorresponds with tw.) priinary .septa, which extend the
whole loii'.'tli of the coral, and frmn the two sides of wliich the other sejita divori^e ; a pecu-
liarity which I have failed to observe in tiie examples from I'ort Colborue. The epitlieca
shows vertical septal stria;, and encircling aiinuiations of growth.

AccompanyiiiL;- the specimens of //. rxif/innn ( Bill-
ings), at Port ( 'olborne, I have found a large number of
speciiiK.'ns which agree in soiiui striking characters with
J/, r.nijninn. but which diff"er from this species in other
characters equally striking — and that to such an extent
that 1 do not see liow they can be referred to the genus
JJe/i<ijt/ii/lli(miit all, seeming rather to belong to "the
genus J'etraia. The discrepancies of observation indi-
cated heie, 1 do not pretend to reconcile ; but I shall
^'s'- ^- provisionally describe the specimens in question as dis-

fl<!jiV)n/ii/((„nifii(7iiu»i(Biiiin(r.'<);a, Front view tinct. Under the name of Fetraiu Logani,

ihowiiiK tlw talice; b, Dor-sal view of the same.
Corniferous LiuicBtone, UogeravUle.

a

30

24. Petraia Looani (Nicholson).

(Plate in. Fif^s. 3-3 f.)

Petritia Logani, (Nicholson), " Canadian Naturalist," Vol. VII. No. '.i, 1873.

(^orallum small, turbinate, more or less curved, almost trij,'onal in transverse section,
owing to its beinii flattened on the side of the convex curvature, and also on the lateral sur-
faces. Septa twenty-six or twenty-eii:;ht a little above the base, but sixty or more at the cup,
the increase of number being due to the bifurcation of each primary seiitum at a distance
about a line and a half above the base, and also to the intercalation of new septa along both
sides of a line which runs along the dorsal or convex side of the coral from top to bottom.
This line is marked on the exterior by two primary septa, which form a prominent ridgo exter-
nally and pass inwiirds to the centre of the coral. At the margin of the cup the septa are
eonu'wliat unequally developed, being alternately larger and smaller, the larger jjrimary septa
being piolonged inwards to the centre of the coral, where they become somewhat bent and
twisted together. No columella appears to be present, nor are there any tnhnhf. The flat
sides of the septa are furrrowed with a succession of deep grooves, about four or five in the
space of one line, which are directed in an obliquely ascending and arching manner from the
wall towards the centre, the interspaces between them being tumid and rounded, and thus
imparting a crenulated appearance to the outer edges of (he septa when exposed. These arch-
ing grooves are not connected with lamellar dissepiments having a similar direction, but the
septa for some little distance belov/ tlK^eup are united by delicate transverse dissepiments. The
cpitheca is marked with a few annulations of growth, which are mostly very ob.scure, and with
well marked costre correspo'-.ling with the septa.

In mme of the specimens in my possession docs the cpitheca extend more than half an
inch (' ften less) above the base of the corallum. IJeyond this point to tiio margin of the calice
the edges of the septa are seen with their characteristic crenulated appearance, and united
here and there by minute dissepiments. As already noted, the flattened convex side of the
'coral always exhibits two pre-eminently large septa produced by the splitting of one, which
run from the top to the bottom of the coval in a straight lino. The remaining septa arc
directed obli((uely from both sides towards this central pair ; so that new septa are interca-
lated along this line in pioceeding from t^ie base to the calice. It is probable that these two
septa may mark tiie position of a fossule in the cup, but none of my specimens exhibit the
interior of tiie calice, and I am, therefore, unable to speak positively on this point. For
the same rcasou I can say nothing as to the condition of the free edges of the septa inter-
nally.

The total length of the corallum is from three-quarters of an inch to one inch, the diameter
of the cup varying from half an inch to nearly three-quarters. The calice is obli<iue, so that
the greatest length of the coral is along its convex curvature.

Pi'h-ithi Lwjniil is closely allied to I'vlndu {Tiirbiimlop/i^) pluriradialis {J*\\\\\\\^^)., with
ffhich I wa.s at first sight disposed to identify it. It is, however, readily distinguished by the
flattening of the convex curvature and lateral aspects of the coral, and by the smaller number
of radiating septa. As regards other more minute characters, the published descriptions of
P. ji/itriiaiiidfis are not .sufiicieni to enable any closer comparison to be instituted with advant-
w" bi^tween the two species.

With regard to J/fll(>iiIii/l/iini, e.riiiuinn (Billings), it may be well to present, in a summary
. ...I'C the points of agreement and difterencc which appeiir to exist between the two species :—

', IJoth corals are of the same general form and size, and both occur in the same forma-
ti.-i, :md at the same locality.

2. Both possess a principal pair of septa, which are visible externally as two straight
ridges extending from the top to the bottom of the coral, the remaining septa being directed
obliiiucly towards this line on both .sides, (When writing my original description of P. Lor/a7ii
in the VnmuHan Ndtunilid, 1873, I had not ,''ucceeded in detecting this feature in //. e.dguurn.)

3, The number of septa in the cup appears to be about the same in both, though stated
to be sometimes as many as eighty in //, cxiijanm, whilst they never appear to exceed sixty-
five in /*. Logani.

The above arc the chief points of agreement, but there are the following points of differ-
ence : —

I lit' the
I .jr is '1

Ti

31

873.

averse section,
he lateral sur-
ore at the cup,
1 at a distance
pta alonj^ both
top to bottom,
nt ri(lj;o oxter-
) the .septa are
])rim:iry .septa
what bent and
ulir. The fl.it
or five in tho
nner from the
idud, and thus
These arcli-
ction. but the
L'pinients. The
cure, and with

c than half an
in of thecalice
', and united
ex side of the
of one, which
ning ,s(!pta arc
ta are iiiterca-
lliat these two
n.s exhibit the
i point. For
le septa inter-

, the diameter
ili(|ue, so that

^hillips), with
uished by the
tailor number
cscripLion.s of
with advant-

in a (summary
0 species : —
i same forma-

two straight
eing directed
of P. Lor/ani
II. exigHum.)
hough stated
exceed sixty-

1 . If('Uoph>/lhi7n exifjuum, though this is uot specially alluded to, must pos.se.ss more or
less well develop'?d tabiihr. ; but no traces of such structures can bo detected in P. Loijaiii, in
longitudinal sections or in fractured specimens.

2. The septa in //. ex'Kjnnm exhibit on their flat sides "about six obscure arched slr'nt
to one line." Those of /'. Loi/ruii exhibit a succession of arched (jntnvm of considerable width,
separated by somewhat tumid interspaces ; and there are only about four or five of these
grooves in the space of one line. Nor does it appear possible that this discrepancy is duo to
any confusion on my part between casU of P. Lminiti and the actual coral itself, such a mistake
.■^eeniiiiL' to be out of the question in dealing with the well-preserved specimens of the Corni-
ferous Formation.

3. The septa in P. Lnqiini bifurcate regularly in proceeding from the base to the cup,
thus being always arranired in pairs in the upper part of the coral ; whilst those of H. crlijiiun
arc alternately large and small, and do not appear to bifurcate.

•1. When looked at in trausver.se sections of the cup, the septa of H. rxitjuuin appear to
posses> plain or but sligiitly denticulated sides, whilst tliose of /*. Lnfiuni are furnished with
strong tooth-like dis.sepinients or spines, which sometimes extend to the contiguous septum.

.1. The septal ridges on the exterior of P. Lof/ani are more strongly marked than iu
J[. ixi-imiiii. ; and the epitheca of the former rarely or never appears to extend to the lUMrLria
111' the ciilice, though it is certainly difficult to say piisitively whether this appearance is natural,
or is due to the partial decortication of the coral.

I'lmii the wliole, I tiiink that the fos here described as Priraia hnjani is distinct from
previiMi-ly de«cribcd forms, and I do not see liow it can, under any circumstances, be referred
fo the genus JfJinfthj/l/inii.

Ln-'i/Hfl mid Foniintioii. — Not uncommon in tho Corniferous Limestone of Rama's Farm,
Tort Culborne, and also at Ilagersvillc.

Genus A.aiplexijs (Sowerby).

In this genus the corallum is simple, and in all essential respects similar to /^n/ilnnif i.i
•except tliat the .septa are much less higiily developed, and do not extend to the centre of the
-corul, so that the tabulaa are left exposed and free to view over a wide central area. The
i'ollowiiig is the only speeie^; which has as yet been detected in the Corniferous Limestone of
; Ontario. .

• 25. A.MPLEXUs Yandelli (Edw. & II.).

Amjtlcxm Yamlelli (Edwards & Haime). Pol. Foss. des Terr. PaJdozoique.'^, p. 314, IM. III.
Tigs. 2. 2a.

AiiiiiJirH:i Vdiiihlli (Hillings). CuiHul'uin Jtmrnal, New Series, Vol. IV., p. 123.

Corallum simple, cylindrical, straight or curved. Calice varying in diameter from half
an ineh up to an inch and a half Epitheca marked with from forty-five to sixty-five strong
and anuui.ir septal ridues. which in well-preserved examples are cro.«sed by fine encirclinir stri;»,
Jind a few remote and regular folds of irrowth. The septa do not extend more than from half
a line to two lines from the wnll, leaving the tabulie exposed over a large central are:i. The
rtabvlic appear to be generally flat ; and the septa have plain sides, and are alternately largo
•and small.

Aiii/>/<:r>i.^ Yinhhtli is not a common species in the Corniferous Limestone, and does not
^appe■lr, .so I'ar as known, to occur at all in tiie Hamilton Group. As a rule, it may readily be
Ireeounised, even in fraL'iuentary specimens, by the surface-characters, which are unlike tho.se
*f any otlier of the simple corals of the Corniferous with which'l am aeijuaintec'.

L'i..(l,f,i tjDii Formation. — Corniferous Limestone of Port Colborne. Also near Wood-
ato-jk ( Hillings).

Cninu^ DiPiiYPnYLLUAi (Lonsdale).

< orallum simple, associated into large aggregations of long slender cylindrical flexuous
^oraliites. increasing by parietal or calicinal gemmation, and placed usually at agreat('ror less
...distance Irom one anotiier. Internally a central area occupied solely by tabuhe, and usually

nts of differ- %»?*' ^'"^•""•'^''cd upon by the septa, with au exterior vesicular zone occupied by tho septa,
',i.No columella.

32

■ I 1

Thero has been much difference of opinion as to the validity of the j^enus Diphypliiillum
of Lonsdale, chiefly arisinf^ from the fact that its original founder erroneously made it.s sup.
posed fissi[)arou.s mode of division, a {generic character, Milne Edwards and Ilainie, how.
ever, pointed out that the mode of increase in the corals refsrred here is truly by gemmation.
and not by fission. Hence, they refused to accept the uenus. and placed the corals jtreviously
referred here under Ciiuthophijlhim and LilhosfrD'nni. Upon the whole, however, there can be
little hesitation in adopting the view advocated by Mr. Billing.s, (Can. Journal, new series,
Vol. IV. p. 134,) and in retaining lJi/iki//>/ii///iim as a distinct genus.

J)ij)hi//ihi/lltiin, as above defined, differs from Ci/iil/tojiluilluiii in its distinctly bi-arcal
structure, the septa not extending to the centre, as they do in tlie latter geuus, nor being
twisted togetiier, so as to produce the appe;ir.incc of a small columella.

From Lillioslrodoii, which it closely rcscsinbles in most respect.s, Jiiphi/pki/lfuni is separatcj
by the invariable absence of a columella. Milne Edwards and llaime. (•' Briti.sh Fossil doral^'
p. l'Jr>,) express their opinion that the absence of the columella in Diphiii'liiilhnii is aeeideiit:i;
and due to the process of fos.silisation. As pointed out by Mr iiillintrs, however, there can ii-
no (juestiim as to the incorrectness of this opinion, the columella being entirely wanting in the
most bcMutifully preserved examples of />/y/A ///-// ////"///.

From .Lmpkxus, Diphiiphiillam is separated by the general form of the coral, by the
greater development of the septa, and by t'le absence of a septal f(i.s.sule.

In all essential points of thi ir structure the genera EridnplniUinn and iJiplu/phi/lliun arc
identical, the sole difference of importance being that the eorallites in the former genus are
united to one another laterally by horizontal root like prolon^^itions of tl-.e epitheca. It must
be admitted, however, that specimens oi' Dlphi/plii/l/inii, occasionally cxiiibit similar connectiiii;
processtis, though those are never developed to any extent, and can only be detected by a care-
ful examination.

Tiic eharacters of the genus Diphiphi/lliim (I'al. N. Y., Vol. II. p. 11.")), founded by lliil
for the reception of a common coral from the Niagara Jiimestone, do not appear to differ
essentially from those of Dip/iiiphi/ll'iui, except tiiat the outt^r vesicular layer in the former is
stated to be separated from the central tabulate area by a distinct mural investment. It l
probable, however, that 3Ir. Billings is correct in uniting the two genera.

Two species oi' Jfij)lit/p!ii/llHni have been dcscribi'd by Mr. Biilings from ihe Corniferou>
Limestone of Western Ontario, being amongst the most consjiicuous corals ol the formatinii,
I have also detected specimens insoparabli! from J), i/niri/c of McCoy, if indeed the latter i-
not truly identical with J). Mraminiain (Billings).

20. DiPHVPriYM.U.M AUUNDINACEUM (Billings).

(Plate VL Fig. I.)

D'lphiiphyUum anmdinaceum (Billings), Caiiadlan Journal, N'jw Series, Vol. IV, p. I'M

"Corallum forming large masses of long cylindrical str.ii:;ht or flexuous stems, froit
three to four lines in diameter, but usually distant from one to three lines from each otlur
radiating septa thin, betwen forty and fifty in number, rarely reaching the centre; transvoi>r
diaphragms turning downwards on approaching the margin ; two to four in one line. In .soni;
of the eorallites the walls are so thin and closely united that no separation can be observed, bui
in others of the same cluster an outer area is distinctly visible. There is usually a circular
space in the centre of the eorallites, into which the radi iting septa do not penetrate ; oltin
however they reach the centre. The young eorallites sometimes spring from the .^iJn
of the parent with a slender base, and curving upwardM immediately become parallel with tiio-e
of the whole group. In large colonies frequent instances may be seen, where, instead of thi?
lateral budding, a bifurcation takes place, both branches being of the same size. In l.iii:e_
groups, owing to the numerous additions of young, the eorallites diverge slightly, as if radiat-
ing from a point. The colonies are from six inches to several feet in diameter, and larije
blocks of stone are of frequent occurrence, which are penetrated at right angles to the stratiti-
cation by the closely crowded stems " (Hillings).

DiphjipJiijUum arundinaceum (Billings) is distinguished from the following speciesi
chiefly by the almost uniformly greater size of the eorallites, wliich average three or four linc3|
in diameter when fully grown. In shape the eorallites are cylindrical, with annulations aad|

33

la DiphjiplniHm
y made its sup
id Iluiinu, Imw.
f by fremniiition.
corals ])reviouslj
ler, there c:in be
null, new series,

stinctly bi-arcal
;^euU8, nor bciic

Ifitia is separati
li Kossil (loraK,"
'((/// is aceideiitui
?er, there can If,
y wuntiuj; in the

he coral, by tlie

yiphyphjUiitn arc
ioruier ticiius are
itheca. U must
imilar coiinccling
litected by a care-

,founded by 11 .ill

appear to ditFir

r in the Ibrnicr i-

ivestment. It i^

ilie Cornifcr(iu>
ol the tbnu.iiiiiii.
deed the latter i-

Vol. IV, p. VA

10U3 stems, from
from each otliur
centre ; trans veis^
)ne line. lu sdiu;
n be observed, bui
usually a circular
penetrate ; olttii
r from the .-iJi'
parallel with tiii)?e
re, instead of tiiisi
me size. In large]
rrhtly, as if radiat-j
iameter, and largej
;les to the stratifi-j

following species I
three or four lines <
;h annulations aadi

constrictions of giowth ; they may be straight, or more or less flexuous ; and they vary in
their distance apart. The epitheca is marked with numerous extremely close-sot and delicate
encircling strife, toirether with mure or less conspicuous vertical striao, which mark the posi-
tion of the septa within. Occasionally, the corallites are united by lateral connecting pro-
cesses dt;rive<l from the epitheca, similar to those which characterise the genus Eriih>pluillitm. ;
but those processes are always remote, and are only an occasional feature. The septa nro
from forty to forty-two, alternately large and small, and rarely encroachini; upon the central
tabulate are.i. The tabulao are reirularly depres.sed and bent downwards as they pass through
the outer vesicular zone on their way to reach the margin ; but they are sometimes more or less
flexuous. Increase of size, so far as I have observed, seems to be always by the production
oflatiT.il l)iid-i. but it is possible that calicular gemmation sometimes occurs, and Mr. Billings
states that bifurcation of the corallites takes place occasionally.

Very commonly the corallites of this species liavc attached to their surface the singular
adnate coral wliich t have described under the name of Aiili>jiorii{^ Camidenm, along with
the tubes of a species oi' Spiror/ii-^.

Ln.-iiliti/ ttnil Formation. — Common in the (^rniferous Limestone of Port Colborne, and
IjOtf). Con. 1. Wainfloet ; also "in various localities in the town.ships of Walpole, Oneida,
Cayuj^a, and Wainfleet " (Billings).

DiPIIYPIlYLI.UM STR.\MINEUM (Billings).

(I'lateV., Fig. ().)

Dlphi/phiiJhim straminaim (Billings), Canadian Jonrnal, New Series, Vol. iv , p. 135.
(Compare Dijihi/phiiUvm gracile (McCoy), British Pal. Foss. p. 88, figs, il, e, /).

'' ( 'orallnm forminglarge masses of cylindrical tubes, averaging two lines in diameter, and
either so closely aggregated as to be nearly in contact, ^r separated from one another by inter-
vals of I'rom one to five lines, the distance varying in different clusters and in difft^rent parts
of the siiu". Sometimes numerous siiiirle tubes occur .-cattered through the rock, which were
probably derived from some disintegrated group. The tubes are either straight or flexuous,
smooth, or annulated liy short encircling folds of growth, the surface striated longitudinally
by the outer edges of the septa. The latter are about forty in number, and do not reach the
centre. The transverse diaphragms are well developed, slightly convex in the centre, and
appear to be suddenly turned down on aoproaching the margin. The outer vesicular area is
thin, seldom exceeding one-sixth of the whole diameter. The central area altogether occupied
by the traiiSN frse diaphragms ; .'jometimeg in well-preserved specimens, the septa may be seen
extending; about half way to tlie centre, upon the surface of some of tlu diaphragms, but in
general they are confined to the outer area. In the more dense colonies, the corallites often
inosculate, and are .sometimes coimected by lateral , processes, as in the species of the sub-
genus l-:i-'ol„i,!ntllniti "(Billings).

I doubt if the distinctness of this species from DiiihjiphijUam (jracile (McCoy) can be
maintained. The distjnction given hy Mr. Billinirs is that the septa of the latter are altcr-
nately large and small, whereas in />. straiaincain they are all nearly equal in size ; but it miy

: be questioned if this distinction would be alone sufficient to separate the two forms. At any
rate, I have found in the Corniferous Limestone, a number of specimens which agree with y>.

JT/mciVc in most respects, and which I shall, therefi)re, describe under that name.

Looility (Ui'l Formation. — Common in the Corniferous Limestone of Port Colborne and
Lot 6, Con. 1, Wainfleet.

28. DiPHYPHYLLUM ORACILE (McCoy).

(Plate V. Fig. 5.)

DiphjiphylUm gracile (McCoy), Hrit. Pal. Foss., p. 88, figs, d, e, f.

Corallum forming colonies of cylindrical, straight, or flexuous corallites, the diameter of
J which varies from two to three lines, being most commonly about two lines and a half Surface
jwith annulations of growth, aad vertical lines marking the position of the septa. These latter

84

from forty to forty-four in number, alternately large and small, the small ones bcinp very
minute. A well-marked central tabulate area, upon which the septa do not encroach. Tabuhi;
bent downwards on approaching the margin.

1 can not distinguish our forms from the species described by McCoy from the Carbo -
niferous Limestone of Northumberland, under the name of 1). f/rucile {J'uL Fuss. p. 88).
Milne Kdwards and llaimo suji-jrest that /). (jracilc was founded upon a specimen of l.ithoslro-
tion irrniiifari'. in which the columella had been accidentally destroyed in the process of fossili-
zation {lirit, fossil Cunils, p. 19'.)). This explanation would certain'^ not apply to our exam-
ples, which are exceedinirly well preserved, and exhibit no trace of a columella. Tiie only
diHiinction that I can find between the Corniferous specimens and D. grnrilr is that the for-
jncr are j^onerally rather over two lines in diameter, but it docs not appear that much value
fihouhl bo attached to this.

Localili/ (iiid Formation. — Not uncommon in the Corniferous Limestone of Kidgeway.

Genus Kridopuvllum (Edwards and Haime).

" Corallum composite, and increasinir by lateral gemmation. Corallites tall, cylindroid, and
provided with a thick epithecp, which irives rise to a vertical sivi ^ of short and thick sub-
ridieiform productions that extend to the next individual and unite them tojicthcr. Taljulae
well developed, and occupying the central area circumscribed by the inner wall. Septal
anparalus occupying the annular area situated between the outer and inner mural investment,
but not extending into the inner or central area." (Edw. d' H. Jlrit. Fossil Coral.'i. Intro-
duction p. Ixxi.)

The only difference botwecn Diphiphilhnn and Eridophi/llinn is that the corallites of the
latter are united at greater or loss intervals by horizontal connecting processes. We have
pocn, however, that similar processes, though not so well developed, are sometimes present
in species of Dijihi/plii/lhtm ; and there are also examples of Fridophi/Ilum in which the con-
necting pr.icesscs are few and I'ar between, and are by no means a conspicuous feature. It
may be questioned, therefore, if the distinction between Eridophyllum and Dipliiphijllum is
one that can be maintained.

Three species of Eridoplnjlhim have been recorded by Mr. Billings from the CorniferouB
Limestone of Western Ontario, viz. : E. VvnnuUanuin (Edwards and Haime), E. Siiitcvense
(Hillings), and E. slriciani (Edwards and Haime) ; but only the first two of these have come
under my notice.

29. Eridophyllum Simcoense (BilUngs).

(Plate VI. Fig. 5.)

Erhhpliyllnm Simcoense. — (Billings), Canadian Journal, New Series, Vol. IV. p. 131,
Fig. 27.

Corallum forming colonies of cylindrical, straight, flexuous, or crooked corallites, from two
to three lines in diameter, distant from one another from one to three lines, and united by
sliort hoiizontal connecting processes at intervals varying from two to six lines. The con-
necting processes are thick where they spring from the wall of the corallite, thin in the
middle, and again thick where they join the contiguous corallite ; and they are often, though
by no means universally, all turned the same way in the same colony. The surface usually
exhibits encircling folds of growth, along with vortical ridges corresponding with the septa.
There is a well developed central tabulate area, into which the septa penetrate slightly or not
at all. The septa are between forty and fifty in number, alternately large and small.

Typical examples have the corallites straight, with the connecting processes placed at
tolerably uniform distances, but many examples occur in which the corallites are very crooked
and the intervals between the connecting processes extremely variable. Increase by parietal
gemmation, the young individual bending upwards and becoming parallel with the older coral-
lites, is a phenomenon which can ''ommonly be observed.

It is possible, as hinted by Mr. Billings himself, that Eridophyllum Simcoense may turn
out to be identical with the Upper Silurian species described by Milne Edwards and Haime
under the name of E. rugosum. The corallites of the latter, however, appear to be decidedly
more slender in tbeir dimensions, and they are stated to possess only twenty septa, though.

35

)cin<? very
Tabuhij

le

Uiirbo -

,«. p. 88).
' Lilhoslro-
i of fossili-
nur c'Xiim-
Thc only
at the f'or-
luch vulue

geway.

jioid, and
lliick 8ub-
Talmto
I. Septal
ivestnient,
tk. Intro-
ton of the
We have
es preBent
1 the con-
iture. It
iihi/H(im in

orniferouB

Siiiicce.nse
lave come

7. p. 131,

from two
united by
'I'he con-
ill in the
1, though
e usually
he septa.
ly or not

)laced at
y crooked
y parietal
Jer coral-
may turn
d Haimc
decidedly
though

this latter character may depend simply upon the fact that the small secondary septa were
ncj.'lected in the enumeration. Upon the whole, however, it is safer to keep K. Siincocnsf
distinct.

Locality and Furmulo.;. - Common in the Cornifcrous Limestone of Port Colborne,
Ridgeway, LotG, Con. 1, Wainfleet, and also, according to Billings, near the Town of Simcoe.

Eridopiiylli:.M VEENEUHiANUM (Kdwanls and Haime).

EridopluiUiim Vernenihimnii (Edwards and Haime), Pol. Foss. des Terr. PaU''ozoi(iues,
p. 424, Plate VIII. Figs. h,h, a.

Eriuojjhyllum F(:rneui/(tnu>n(]ii\\'m^),CaniulianJourn(il, New Series, Vol. IV. p. 131,
Fig. 26.

Oorallum consisting of cylindrical, straight or slightly flexuous corallitcs, from four to
six lines in diameter, united by horizontal connecting processes, placed at intervals of from
half an inch to bn inch and a-half apart. Septa about forty five in number, alternately laigc
and small, extending very nearly to the centre of the corallite, and thus invading the central
tabulate area. Septa connected in the outer zone of the corallite by numerous dissepiments.
The distance l)etween the different corallites of the colony varies much, being sometimes half
an inch or more, whilst in other cases the corallitcs are nearly or quite in contact.

Eriili^plii/l/uni Vcrneiiilanum is readily
distingui>hed from IJ. S'lnon'iis', by the
much greater size of the corallitcs, the
much greater remoteness of the connecting
processes, and the greater develojtment
and inward extension of the septa. In-
crea.se by parictul gemmation can often be
observed. The cpitheca is marked with
ob.scure annulations of growth and vertical
striae corresponding with the septa.

In the original description by Milne
Edwards and Haime, the septa in this
species arc said to lie only twenty-two in
number. As pointed out by Mr. Billings,
however, this depends upon their hav-
ing counted the primary septa only, the
total number of .septa being thus the same
as in our Canadian examples.

Localitij (ind Formation, — Cornifcrous

Limestone of Kidgeway, common. Also,

according to Mr. liilling.s, in the Cornifer-

, Walpole, and near Woodstock.

Fit;. 7.

Eridnphiilbini Vfrneinlanuiii, (Edwards and Haiino) ; n, Twit
tor.illitcs, iif tlie natural size; h, Tninsvorsc sectmn nf curallite ;
c. Transverse section of one of tlie ccirallitcs of tWUliiphylluin Sim-
coeiiKf (Hillings). Cornifcrous I.iniestoiio.

ous Limestone of Port Colborne, Lot 10, Con. ^

Genu.s Cystiphvllu.m (Lon.sdale).

Corallum simple, turbinate or cylindrical, rarely aggregate. Interior of the theca filled
with vesicular tis.sue ; the septa rudimentary or absent.

Five species of this genus, viz. : (/. Scncniaise, Billings, C. grande (Billings), C. sulcatum,
(Billings), (J. ^?)ic/7ran«»i (Ed wards and Haime), and 0. a(/;in'(/a(iim,(Bi\]'mgs), have been des-
cribed by Mr. Billings, as occcurring in the Devonian rocks of Western Ontario ; and of these
all but the last have come under my notice as oecuring in the Cornifcrous Limestone. C. vesi-
mlosum (Goldfuss), also occurs in the Corniferous, and very abundantly in the Hamilton
formation.

31. Cystiphyllum Senecaense (Billings).

(Plate VI. Fig. 6.)

Cystiphyllum Senecaense (iHWiags), Canadian Journal, New Series, Vol. IV, p. 137.

Corallum simple, cylindroconic, or cylindrical, elongated, straight or variously curved.
Epitheca thm, almost invariably decorticated. Calice deep, smooth, or tuberculated,

36

Boiiictimes with riJi.'cs representing the septa. Interior of the coral entirely occupied \>y
vcHiuular tissue, tliecclla of which are oxtrenioly f)bli(|uc to the surface, or almost piirallel with
it, and vary from half a lino to a line and a half or more in hcii^ht, the largest being neaf
the centre. Length most usually from two inches and a half to a foot ; diameter from threo
quarters of an inch to an inch imd a half.

This species is the commonest of the forms nf f'l/stifiiii/Unm in the Corn iferoua Lime-
stone. It is allied to C. rcsinihisnni ((JoMfuss), but difTcrs in its lart'er and more obli(|ue
cells, and its thinner epitheca. .Most generally the coral is found in a completely decorticated
condition, when the cells are generally seen to Ix; plainly arranged in a succession of infundi*
buliform layers, each of which represents a por'odic calico ; so that the specimen looks as if it
wt re composed of a series of hollow cones fitting into one another. According to Mr. Hillings,
specimens sometimes reach a length of two feet ; but they arc most commonly from four ot
five to nine inches long.

Loralitij (iiiil, Fuiinulion. — Commoa in the Coruifcrous Limestone almost everywhere ia
Western Ontario.

32. Cy.stiphyllu.m (ir.vndk (Liillings).

CiidiphiUum (jrande (Billings), Cunailian Jminial, New Scries, Vol. IV. p. 138.

" This species is very large turbinate, more or less curved, and enveloped in a thiu
wrinkled epitheca. Cup deep, bell-shaped, cither .striated with the rudimentary radiating
septa, or consisting of an uniform surlace of the small depressed convex cellular elevationSi
The growth appears to have been intermittent, or by the formation of successive layers of cells,
ui'on the inner surface of the cup, and eonsequently in longitudinal sections the substance of
the whole mass is seen to be arranged in a stiries of funnel-shaned strata, placed one withia
another. The separation between the layers is much more distinct in some specimens than in
others ' (Hillings).

U. f/ratiile is closely allied to C. vesicidosvni; (Goldfuss), and C. Senecaensr, (Billings) ; but it
is distinguished from the former by its much larger dimensions, and from the laiter by its
bioadly expanding instead of cylindrical form. Though mostly from six inches to afoot in
length, Mr. Hilling mentions that it attains a length of three ieetaud a diameter of five inches?.
It is not a common species.

Locaittjj and I'nnitalinn. — Corniferous Limestone, ^Valpole ; and Lot 6, Con, 1, Wuia*
fleet.

33. Cy.stii'HYLI.u.m A.aikuicanu.m (Edwards and Haime).

(Plato VI. Fig. 8.)

Ci/stiphi/lliim Ainericanum (Edwards and Haime s .Pol. Fos. des Terr. Palcozoiques, p,
464. Plate XI LI. Fig. 4.

CijstipItijUuni cjjlindricum (Hall), Geology of New York, ?art 4, p. 209, No. 48, Figs. 1
and 2. (Not Ci/stijihi/llum ajluidririnn. Edwards and llaime).

Cji^tiplujllam Ainericanum (Billings), Canadian Journal, New Series, Vol., IV. p. 139.

Corallum simple, very variable in form, mostly more or less curved, elongated, cylindri-
cal, sometimes increasing in diameter towards the cup, sometimes diminishing. Epitheca
thin, sometimes nearly smooth and with but a few encircling annulations of growth and fine
stria;, more commonly with numerous [ironounced encircling folds, which are usually sharp-
edged and imbricating, but sometimes rounded. Calice moderately deep, usually circular,
sometimes disproportionately small as compared with the size of the corallum. Septal fur-
rows in the interior of the calice usually well-marked, but generally consisting of rows of
elongated vesicles. The bottom of the calice, also, ia usually occupied by a group of
larger or smaller buUte. Internal structure vesicular throughout, the vesicles near the ex-
terior varying from le-s than half a line to a line and a half in width and those of the centre
being a little larger. The smallest individual observed had a length of one inch,and a diame*
ter of the cup of half an inch ; the largest had a length of four inches and a diameter of the
calice an inch and a quarter, but larger individuals than this appear to occur.

In form C. Americanum is extremely variable, the most common type being perfectly
straight ; and the next most common type being abruptly curved, nearly at right angles, from a

87

littlo above the base, and then contlnuin>r Ktrniirhf to the cup. The species is allied to ().
Sctn'i'iirn.'ii; (HillintiH), but is distinguished from this by its cylindrical form, and its >»urfjice-
chaructors, and by the fact that its cells do not iipjioar to \>o arranircd in infundibulifiinn
layers. From T. rcsintlosiDii ((Joldfuss), it is distiiiiruishcd by its smalK-r size (as a ruli'\
Its comparatively smooth epitheca, its shallower ami smaller ealice, and its cylindrical shajio.
It also rarely exhibits the ''.ilicular gemmation wliieh is so common in the lattor species,
though this phenomenon cim occasionally be observed.

Lociiliti/ and Fornintiiiii.-RuTe in the Cornifcrons Limestone of Port Colborne. ^'(Ty
abundant in the Hamilton Formation, at liartlett's Mills, near Arkona, Township of Bosiiu-
quct.

34. Cystii'Hyllum vesrui.oscm (iioldfuss).

Ci/fithnphyllnin vesiciilosum (Goldluss). Petref. Germ. p. r)S, PI. XVII, Fig. 5, and PI.
XVIlt, fig. 1.

L'i/.-<t(jilii/llum resicnlo8V7ii (Vhi\\il>s), I'^il. /•'-.«., p. 10, PI. IV', lig. 12.

Oj/slijilii/l/am nsiculijsam (Milu'i Edwards and Juici llaime), /'(//. /W des Tt n:
P(ih'o"()i<jHr.'i. p. 4t'>2.

Ci/slij)hi/lluiii rcsiralosum (McCoy), J!ri/. J'al. Fn.^i., p. 71.

Corallura simple, elongated, turbinate or cylindro-conic, sometimes nearly cylindrical.
Epitheca exceedingly strong, exhibiting numerous fine encircling stria>, along with many well-
marked annulations of irrowth, which sometimes have
the form of circular wrinkles, but which at other times
arc sharp edL.'cd and imbricating. Not uneonimonl"
tlie folds of the epitheca arc laterally prolonged in the
I'rni of wing-like extensions. Calice very deep, its
Malls extraordinarily thickened in aired examples, and
its bottom usually occupied liy a group of bulloc.
Sofit.d gtri;e in the interior of the calice usually very
distinct, .but appearing to be made up of a succession
1 I elongated vesicles. Internal structure vesicular,
t^ie li rarest of the vesicles beinir central, and having a
li'imeter of a lino to a line and a half Young indi-
\ iduals are truly simple, but older examples iiicre;ise
by calicular gemmation, a succession of vertically
superimposed corallites being thus produced. In an
individual of average size, the length is three inches,
the diameter of the calice is an inch and a quarter, and
the depth of the ealice is an inch and a (juarter.
Large individuals occur, however, in which the length
must have been between half-a-foot and a foot, whilst
the diameter is nearly three inches.

Our specimens a^roe exactly with those figured by
OoMfuss in his great work, and there cannot be the
smallest doubt as to their identity. Our specimens
.show, also, in a most marked manner, a feature which
is present in most oCthe examples figured by Goldf'uss
— viz,, growth by means of calicular gemmation, just
as has been already described in UilinplniJlinn IlaUi.
In this peculiar mode of increase (fig. S) the coral
attains a certain growth, and the calice becomes then
more or less obliterated by the extension over it of the
epitheca. Then a new bud is thrown up from the
calice, generally directly above the old ou*^. and this
too continues to grow for a certain period. A third
bud is then produced in a similar manner, and a fourth,
fifth, or sixth may be similarly produced, until the

CsUi,ir,nnm ve^iomm (Cidfuss) otthe natural ^"^"""^ corallum may consist of a scries of .^hort turbi-
lUe, naraiiton Formation, Arkona. nate cups, Or inverted concs, superimposed ono above

1

I

Pig. 8.

Ill

88

the other, the younger upon the older. As the direction of the new cups does not always
accord with that of the old ones, the general form produced by this mode of increase is often
very peculiar and irregular. Some specimens also show extraordinary lateral prolongations of
the epitheca.

In many respects, C. resiculosum resembles C. Senecaense and C. rjrande, but it is on an
average larger than the former and smaller than the latter. It is also distinguished by its
mode of increase, the disposition of its cells, its very deep calice, and its surface-characters.
From C. Amerkanum it is distinguished by its larger size, more turbinate form, larger
calioe, and wrinkled epitheca.

Locality and Formation. — Rare in the Corniferous Limestone of Port Colbornc and
Hagersville. Very abundant in the Hamilton Formation of Bartlett's JMills, near Arkona,
Township of Bosanc[uet.

35. Cystiphyllum sulcatum (Billings).

(Plato VT. rig. 7).

Cijst'qihjllum sulcabnn (Billings), Caixulian Jmirnal, New Scries, Vol. IV, p. 1.3G.

" Uorallum simple, short, turbinate, much curved, expanding at the rate of between forty
and forty-five degrees from the minute sharp curved point uTjwards ; cup oblique, the lower
margin being on the side of the lesser curvature, moderately deep, and nearly regularly con-
cave, the bottom covered with obscure coarse rounded radiating ridges ; a shallow rounded
groove or fossette extending from the centre to the higher margin, and in some specimens two
others much less distinct, radiating to the sides at right angles to the main groove. Exterior
encircled by obscure undulations, and longitudinally striated by the rudimentary radiating
septa. The vesicular structure consists of irregular sub lenticular cells, from half a line to two
lines in width ; length of the convex side, from one inch and a half to three inches ; the usual
length appears to be about two inches or a little more ; width of cup from one inch to one inch
and a half ; depth about half an inch" (Billings).

This pretty little species, in its external appearance, presents a close resemblance at first
sight to small specimens of Ziqihrentis pvUfica (Billings,) frojn which, of course, its internal
structure separates it at once. The epitheca is tolerably thick, and exhibits with unusual
distinctness the vertical ridges which marl: the position of the septa, along with numerous
rounded annulations and folds of growth, these latter being sometimes obscure. 0. siikaium
can readily be distinguished from all other species of the genus by its general form, its surface-
charaotcrs, the great obliquity of thr calice and the fossular furrow.

Locality and Formation. — Corniferous Limestone, Rama's Farm, Port Colborne.

Genus Microcyclus (Meek and Worthen).

" Corallum fr ^v with a minute central point of attachment, discoidal, without colum-
ella ; calice very sha-ow or nearly obsolete, and provided with a single small fossctte ; septa
short, nearly regularly radiating, or with a few of those nearest the fossette converging a little
towards its sides ; epitheca well developed.

" This little coral seems to be nearly related to Comhoph'jllum and Bari/phi/lbtm, (Ed
wards and Haimo), but differs from the first in having a well-developed epitheca, and from the
latter, not only in that character, but in having its fossette simple, and its costsB nearly regu-
larly radiating. It also presents similar differences from Hadrophyllum of Edwards and
Haime." (Meek and Worthen, Geology of Illinois, Vol. III. p. 420).

36. Microcyclus discus. (Meek and Worthen).

Minvci/clus discKS. (Meek and Worthen,) Geol. of Illinois, Vol. Ill p. 420, PI. XL
Fig. 7, a. b.'

" Corallum depressed-discoid ; periphery sharp, under side flat, and protected by the
concentrically-wrinkled epitheca ; upper side slightly convex, flat or a little concave in the
middle ; fossette small, shallow, and extending from the centre to the margin. Septa very

m

ry

Btort, thick, and extending only about half-way in from the margin towards the middle (the
central rei;ion being smooth), numbering from twenty to twenty-tive at their inner ends, but
each bifurcating so as to double this number at the margin ; sometimes the one on the side
opposite the fossette is divided into three." (Meek and Worthen, loc. cit.).

Having only obtained a
single vrell preserved spe-
cimen of this pretty little
coral, nowfor thetirst time
recorded from Canada, I
7 "^^^ havenothiasofimportanco
to add to the above des-
cription. Our specimen
^''«-^- has a diameter of five lines,

MicrncyclundiscusCiileck andWoTthcn); « upper surface, enliiru'cd. (The cross shows and a height of half a line;
tiie true dhiieiisions) ; 6 under surface of the same specimen, of the natural size. ,.j, i fV^nflof (•anfr-il lirpa of

the calice is at one point elevated into a small pointed boss.

Locality and Ftmnation. — Rare, in the Hamilton formation, at Bartlett's Mills, near
Arkona, Township of Bosanquet.

I Genus Haimeophtllum (Billings).

" Corallum aggregate, consisting of colonies of long slender sub-parallel corallites, united
laterally by periodic expansions of the cup. Internal structure of vesicular diaphragms, as in
the genus iMicheliuia ; radiating septa rudimentary" (Billings), The fol) )wing species,
from the Corniferous Limestone is at present the only one known.

37. Haimeophyllum ohdinatum (Hillings).

Hameophyllum ordinatum (Billings), Canadian Journal, New Series, Vol. IV. p. 131),
Fig. 29.

" Corallum forming large, sub-globular or flat hemispheric masses ; average diameter of
the corallites in the constricted portions one line and a half to two lines, and of the expansions
iwo and a half to three and a half lines. The epitheca, ^diere it can be seen between the
expansions, is more or less distinctly marked with the horizontal septal striae. There appears
to be abo'it forty internal striaj. The expansions which connect the corallites are periodical,
or occur at the same level in all the individuals at distances of from one to three lines"
(Billings).

This remarkable coral cannot be confounded with any other, its peculiar mode of growth
appearing alone to bcijuite distinctive. The larger masses appear to bo formed of successive
strata, the corallites of each stratum being usually short (half an inch in height), and being
superimposed upon those of the inferior strata, not directly but altcr?iatcly, so that the coral-
lites of one stratum appear to spring from the periodic calicine expansions of the corallite.« ia
the stratum below. All examples, however, do not show this ; and it is possible that the spe-
cimens exhibiting this peculiarity arc rcferrible to a new species.

Localitij and Formation. — Corniferous Limestone of Port Colborne, Hiigersville, and
Lot 6, Con. 1, Wainfleet.

Gams Syrinqopoua (Goldfuss).

Corallum aggregate, at first creeping, after the manner of Aulopora, then sending up
numerous vertical, cylindrical corallites, which arc usually flexuous and sub-parallel, and arc
connected together laterally by numerous transverse connecting processes. Epitheca well
developed ; septa, rudimentary ; tabula), close-set and infundibuliform, or placed within on e
another like a series of funnels.

The characters of the genus Si/rinrfopora are very well marked, and as a rule there is not
the sraiUest difficulty in recognising any example of this gonus. If, however, the S'lrinijoporit
laxata, and .iJ. nohil'is of Mr. liiltings are to be retained here, then the definition of the
genus uust be somewhat modified, since the corallites of the former species have the habit of

40

'I f

a Diphi/phi/Uum a.nd are not connected by horizontal processes ; whilst the latter in its adult
state seems to have entirely the habit of an ylalajjora with the internal structure of .S'yrin^w-
pura, but equally without connecting proces.-5e8.

Five species of Syringopcrra have;becn recorded by ^Ir. Killings from the Corniferous Lime-
stone of Western Ontario, all of which have come under my observation in the same formation.

38. Syringopoua nobilis (Billings).

Syringopora nohilis (Billings), Canadian Journal, New Series, Vol, iv., p. 118.

Corallum, lax, spreading, increasing by the production of lateral buds,
Corallites very large, varying with age from one and a half lines to five
lines in diameter, apparently not connected by transvert^e jirocesses.
Septa obsolete; tabuhx: infundibulif .rm. Epitheca thick, with en-
circling strioe and stronger annulations.

Internally this species has all the characters of Syringoparn ; but
the corallites are much larger than in any other known spcoits of this
genus, and I have never seen any specimen in which transverse con-
necting processes are developed. It is doubtfnl, therefore, if the spe-
cies can with propriety be retained under Syringopora. The usual
diameter of the cor.illites is about three linos, but young examples
have a diameter of one and a half lines, whilst Mr. Billings states
tliat full grown specimens sometimes attain a diameter of no less than
five lines. As regards its mode of growth, ;>. nohili.i is exceedingly
like a gigantic .lulnjiora, except that the branches are produced at com-
jiaratively longer intervals. Mr. Billings also states that the iufundi-
liuliform tahuhe are " so blended together as to product^ a structure
somewhat similar to the vesicular tissue of the genus t'l/stiji/iyllum.''
This singul-ir species can always be recnunised by the internal struc-
ture, mode of growth, and great size of tl." ' )r. '.Hu ■

Locality and Fonmifion. — Rare in the Ocrniferou' ^ 'uiestone of Port
S!i,-i>i!iui„,r(, nohiiii, (Hill- ('olbornc. Al.so, Lot o, Concession \r. VValuolo J'' iings).

iii«>», a Ir.iyiiiti.l I.I the iiaKi- ' ' ^ '~ '

ml Nizo. Corniferous Liiiie-

stouo.

39. SyuiNGoroii.v IIisiivcim;- , ilillings).

Syringopora H'lsingerl (Billings), CaiKidlan Joiirud, New Series, Vol. IV., p. IIG.

" This species forms large mas.ses of very long, nearly parallel or slightly varying, slender
corallites, which are closely aguregated, and present a rugi^ed or knobby appearance i'rom the
great number of the connecting tubes. 'J'lie diameter oi' the corallites is one-third of a line,
or a little more. The lubes of connexion are distant from two-thirds of a line lo 'iie line
and a half. The distmiee between the corallites is for the greater part less than their dia-
meter. The young corallites branch fr.im tiie sides of the adult iiidividuals, and inuuediately
become parallel with the parent, and connected with it again by the usual tubes of con-
nexion." (Billings).

This elegant species is very readily recognized by the comparatively small size of the
corallites, the closeness with which they are crowded together, and the great nunjber of the
connecting processes. It seems to me, however, somewliat (|ue-Honable if this species is really
distinct from the previously described .S. Vc rnc ii illi oi' the Devonian Rocks of Ohio, (Milne
J^ldwards and llainie, /•"'//. /V/.sw. dca 'JVnrs I'tthhcoitiiic!^, p. L'S!), ) The distinction relied on
by Mr. Billings in separating the two species is, that the corallites in S. Hisingcri are distant
from one another for the most part by less than their own diameter ; whereas in S. r<'nicuiMi
tliey are distant twice or thrice their diameter. If tliis distinction could be shown to hold
good in a large number of examples of both forms, it would doubtless constitute a difference
of specific value; but the distance between the coral! ite; is not absolutely uniform in either,
and it is therefore not improbable that the difference is one of variety only. In the meanwhile,
lu»wever, it is safer to retain ^'. Hisiiigcri as a separate species, very easily distinguished from the
other species of Syrliigopora which have been detected in the Corniferous Jiimestoneof Canadn.

Luadity and Formation. — Not uncommon in the Corniferous Limestone of Port Colborne.

Ki),'. 10.

41

}

40. Syringopoba pebeleqans (Billings).

Syriugopom pereh'ijans (Billirif^s,) Canadian Jmirnal, New Scries, Vol. IV., p. 117,
fig. 19!

Corallites averatring about one line in diameter, straight or slightly flexuous, distunt
from one another their own diameter or a little more, connecting tubes horizontal or .slightly
oblique, varying in their di><tance apart, but u-^ually from two to four linos distant on the
same side of any given corallite ; surface ob.scurely or deeply annulated.

This species is very closely allied to Si/riwjoporu reticulata (Goldfuss), from the Carbo-
niferous rocks of Europe, differing perhajis in nothing except that the connecting processes
are not quite so clo.sely set. It is also nearly related in many respects to S. Mtaiurci (Hil-
lings), it being very difficult to decide with regard to certain specimens to which of the two
forms they should be rightly referred.

Locullfii and FoniKttimi. — Not uncommon in the Corniferous Limestone of Port Colborne,
and very abundant at Lot G, Con. 1, Wainfleet ; also in the Corniferous Limestone of Wood-
stock (Billings).

41. SYRiNGOPonA Maclurei (Billings).

Syrinriopom (uhipor'iidcs (BillingsV Can. Jovr., New Series. Vol. IV., p. 115, fig. 17.
Si/rimjiipora Maiiiini (Billing.s), Ibid. Vol. V., }>. 'Ihi^.

''This species is found in large mas.ses of long slightly fl'wuous corallites. These have
a diameter of about one line and a-half, and owing to thoir flexuo.sity. are at times in contact,
and often two, three, or four lines apart. In large colonics which have grown luxuriantly
without the interference of disturbing causes, the corallites are more regular than in the
smnller or stunted groups, in wliich the corallites are mucii bent and confused. The
connecting processes are very short and distant, and appear to be sometimes mere inoscula-
tions ot the stems The corallites, after growing separately for a short distance, approach
each other and seem to grow together or adhere to each other for the space of a line and
a-lialf, or more ; they then diverge and again unite. These points of contact occur at distances
varying from three lines to six, nine, or even twelve lines. Externally they exhibit numerous
other indistinct annulations. and also faint indications of lon;iitnuiiial striae " ( Billings :.

The most striking character wliicli would separate S, Mdilurei from S. jx-relnjans is the
diameter of the corallites, stated in the above description as being one line and a-hall'in the
former, whereas it is only a line in the latter. In a later paper {i'aintdiun Jmir., New Series,
Vol. v., p. I'oiS) Mr. Billings, however, states that the width of the cornllitcs in S. Mnrbtrci is
tnoie generally only about a line, tlius corning to agreo in this charr.cter with .S'. jienhijans.
'i lie surface characters of the corallites in the two species are also the same. The chief dis-
tinctions, therefoie, between the two forms are to be found in the fact, that the corallites of
IS. Muchirij are soniewhat more robust on an average those of S. jicrr/ci/dus, that they are at
the same time more flexuons and bent, that they are not pi iced at such uniform distances
apart, and that the horizontal connecting processes are not by any means a marked feature,
being delicale and separated by wide interv;ils, whilst the cnralHtes ofum inosculate directly
without tlie intervention of connecting proee,«sos at all. Many examples of S. Marlnn i are
undoubtedly dii-tinct from all other described forms, and the sjiccies may be regarded as being
in many rejiects a connecting link between such an aberrant type as S. loiliilis and the typi-
cal forms like S. pmliijiiaa. Some specimens, however, occur which can with difficulty be
certainly referred to either S. Marlu.-ci or S. pere/f(jar,n.

Local'iltj and Fvrinulion. — Not uncommon in the Corniferous Limestone of Ridgcway.

42. Syrinoopora laxata (Billings).
(Flate Vi. Ki- 2.)

Siirinr/opira Jurafa (Billings), fmiadiKu J-nnnal, New Series, Vol. IV. p. 118.

Corallites cylindrical, flexuous, sometimes geniculated, but not connected together by
transverse ]trocesses. Epitheca with numerous encircling striae and anntdations. Diameter of
the corallites from one and a half to two lines, tiie distance between theuj beinu very variable,

In the absence of connecting processes, the present siinrular species diffi^rs from all the
typical examples of the genus, aud it seems doubtful whether it can be retained in Syrinf/opvra

4f2

at all. The only traces of the connecting processes consist in occasional Hpiniform or tubercu-
lar projections of the epitheca, which do not, however, reach contij^uous corallites. Accordinp^
to Mr. lUUings, the distance between the coriillitcs varies from three to eiiiht lines ; but in all
tlie specimens I have seen, the distance is less than this. In fact, owing to the flexuous
course taken by the corallites, and more especially to their being by no means strictly par-
allel, their distance apart is very variable ; and they are very often in contact for considerable
distances. In the absence of septa and in possessing infundibuliforra tabuloc, the present form
agrees with the normal examples of Si/riivjopora.

LocalUji and Forinalion. — Rare in the Corniferous Limestone of Lot G, Con. 1. Wainflect.
Also at Woodstock (Billings).

Gemis AuLOPORA (Goldfuss).

Corallum creeping, increasing by parietal gemmation ; the corallites pyriform, trumpet-
shaped, or cylindrical, the cavity of each communicating with that of the one from which it
springs. No tabuloB ; septa absent, or represented in a rudimentary form by longitudinal
striae, or rows of minute spines.

The corals of the genus Anlopora have often the closest resemblance to young colonies of
Sijringiypura, before the latter have commenced to throw up corallites vertically. There is thus
reason to think that some of the described species of Anlnpora may be truly of the nature of im-
mature examples of Si/riii/jupom, though others appear to be undoubtedly mature and distinct.

Mr. Billings has described three species of this genus, all peculiar to Canada, from the
Corniferous Limestone of Western Ontario, and all of these have come under my notice. I
have also to record specimens which appear to be in every respect undistinguishable from A,
tuhceformU (Goldfuss).

43. AuLOPOKA FiLiFOiiMis (Billings).

Aulopom fiUformis (QiWvQgs,), Canadian Journal, New Series, Vol. IV. p. 119.

Corallum fixed, creeping, forming somewhat confused groups, which adhere parasitically
to foreign bodies. Corallites about one-third of a line in diameter. Epitheca thick, with
numerous fine encircling stria). Corallites usually budded forth at intervals of from one-third
of a line to a line, sometimes further apart, their length being from half a line to a line and
a-half Generally, the young corallites are produced in an alternating manner upon the two
sides of the parent stem, but not uncommonly two, three, or four tubes may be produced at a
single point, and any individual corallite may commence to throw out buds for itself The
tubes are often more or less bent, and their apertures are elevated above the surface upon
which the coral grows.

This beautiful little species

is of common occurrence in the

Hamilton formation, growing

parasitically upon iSpirifera

inucroiiata, CyrUfui Ilamilto-

nenm, Ihliophyllwn Halli, Cys-

liphijllum veskulosvm, the

epitheca of species oi Farositcs,

&c. It is readily distinguished

from the other species of the

genus by the small size of the

tubes, and also by its peculiar

• mode of growth. It is allied

to A idopora arachmmha (Hall)

in more reticulating and com-

a

Fig. 11.

a. /4t(ioporrtyifi/()r»;ii«(nilliii{rs),Kn)ttiii);iKirasiticnU.v upDii SjiirifiTii mMcrona
ta. b. I'ortion of the same oiilar(;eii. Hainiltdii Forniatiim, Arkona.

of the Trenton Limestone, but is a larger form, and occurs
pressed groups.

Locality and Formation. — Common in the Hamilton Formation of the Township of Bosan
quet. Very rare in the Corniferous Limestone (Billings).*

*Tlic fossil which I described under the name of Alectot Canadenieis (Canadian Nafuralitt, Vol. vil., No. 3), wan
founded upon ca-sts obtained in the Corniferous Limestone. Having now obtained examples from the Hamilton (froup, in
whieii the actual fossil itself is preserved, I am disiw-.cd to rcifard this sii.jtular form as a somewhat anomabus Aulopora. I
Bhall, therefuru, describe it in the Appendix to thU Report, under the name o( Atdopora Canademit.

that
six

4-t. AuLOPORA coRNUTA (Billings).

Corallites tubular, trumpet-shaped, the diameter of their mouths being two lines, whilst
that of the parent stem is about one line. The corallites produced at intervals of from one to
six lines. The epitheca thick and apparently smooth, and destitute of encircling striiv.

I was at first disposed to doubt if this species were really distinct from A. tnlKcformis of
Goldfuss ; but an examination of a considerable number of specimens has satisfied me that it
is a good species. A. cwnuta is distinguished from .4. taha'furini-' by the fact that the coral-
lites are less crowded, and the diameter of the culice often is nearly or quite twice as great.
In A. tuhcefarmis the tubes seem to have a diameter at their mouths of about a line, judging,
that is, from the figure of the species given by Goldfuss, who states no measurement. Some
examples of A. cornuta have the mouths of the tubes not more tlian one line and a-half, or
even less, across, and there thus remains the possibility that specimens may be obtained
which will ultimately show A. cornuta to be only a large variety of A. iubcrforinis.

Lomlitji and Formation. — Rare in the Corniferous Limestone, Lot 6, Con 1, Wainflcet,
and Port Colborne. Common in the Hamilton formation of the Township of Bosanquet,
adhering to Brachiopods and Corals.

45. AULOPOKA TUB^EFORMIS (GoldfuSS).

# (Plate VL Fig. 3.)

Aidopora tnbccformis (Goldfuss), Pctref. Germ. PI. xxix. Fig. 2.

Corallites tubular, more or less curved, expanding slightly towards the mouth. Diameter
of the calice, one lins or a little more or less ; the diameter of the tube the same or a little less.

Whatever may be the value of A. cornuta as a distinct species, the Corniferous Lime-
stone of Western Ontario unquestionably yields examples of an Aulopwa, which cannot be
distinguished from the well-known species of the Devonian of P]urope, A. iuha^orniis of Go\d-
fuss. It is unfortunate that Goldfuss does not give any measurements ; but accepting the
accuracy of his figure (Petrefakten, PI. xxix. fig. 2), the proportions and general form of our
specimens agree exactly with those of this species. I have not seen any specimens in which
the corallites are as crowded as they are in the upper portion of Goldfuss' figure ; but our
specimens agree exactly with the portions of the same colony which appear ou the right
hand side and near the base of the figure in question ; and, under any circumstances, the
approximation of the corallites is very liable to vary in different portions of a colony of
Aulojiom. Upon the whole, therefore, I have no hesitation in identifying some of the exam-
ples from the Corniferous Limestone with the Eifel species.

Locality and Formation. — Not uncommon in the Corniferous Limestone of Port Colborne,

^ 4G. AuLoroRA umbellifera (Billings).

(Plate VI. Fig. 4.)

Aidopora umhclUf era (Billings), Canadian Journal, New Series, Vtil. iv. p. 119, fig. 21.

Corallum growing in a lax and spreading manner ; the primary stems remaining un-
divided for a distance of a quarter or half an inch, and then giving origin to a cluster of coral-
lites in an umbellate manner, some of these proliferating in a similar fashion, and at similar
intervals. The number of corallites in a cluster varies from five or six to as many as ten or
twelve, and though united at their point of origin they ultimately radiate more or less out-
wards like the spokes of a wheel. The epitheca is thick, with encircling striae and annu-
tions ; the diameter of the corallites is about one line ; and the septa are well represented by
from six to ten rows of short spines.

This species is at once distinguished by its very peculiar mode of growth. As suggested
by Mr. Billings, it seems questionable if it can be retained in the genus Aulopora, and it is
quite probable that a new genus should be formed for its reception.

Locality and formation. — Not very uncommon in the Corniferous Limestone of Port
Colborne. Also in Lot G, Con. 1, Wainfleet (Billings).

11

■H

44

I'

I'

l!

I

ll

Genus Favosites (Lamarck).

The genus Farosifes (Lamarck), comprises branched or massive corals, composed of numer-
ous more or less polygonal corallites, which are divided internally by transverse partitions or
" tabulae," sometimes quite rudimentary. The walls of the corallites are perforated by one,
two, three, or more rows of " mural pores," by which the separate corallites are placed iu
communication. The septa are absent or rudimentary, being at most represented by tuber-
cles or short spines.

Tlie generic limits of Faromtrs liave not been universally agreed upon by palreontologists,
and the genera Frnmansin, (Kdw. and H.), and Aatrocerhun (Hall), have' been founded upon
differences which Mr. Billings rightly regards as not of generic value. Thus, Eivmonsia is
distinguished from Favosites simply by the incompleteness of the tabula3 ; but this same
peeuli:irity can sometin:es be observed even in /''. Oothhindini, the type-species of /"(nYw/^.s, indi-
vidual examples of which not very uncommonly exhibit portions with the complete tabulne of
Ftirasitcs and other portions with the imperfect tabulae lA' FiniDonsia. In ihc same way, there
arc many examples of FiivosiUs, of more than one s])ecies, in which the tabulae, whether natu-
rally or from some pecaliarity in the manner iu which they were preserved, are quite rudi-
mentary and are even more iuij ■■)"Nct than they arc in ordinary' specimens of Favosites hcmis-
pherii'd, upon which the gt .i is / , ,Misia was founded.

The genus Astrocarivm, agmii, wa.s founded by Hall (Pal. New York, Vol. 2, p. 120,) to
include corals exceedingly lil'o Fdro^ift'.^ in all superfioial characters, but diflfering in the pos-
session of spiniform scpi.i. 1* woul' 'tear, also, though this character is not specially
mentioned, that Hall belic\od the coral.^ which he referred to Asfroreriinn to be destitute of
mural porvs. This latter point, if it could be proved, would amply suffice to separate AMro-
Ciriinu generically from Furositcs ; but there is much reason to think tliat the apparent absence
of mural pores may be due to niinei'.ilisation merely. At any rate, it is far from uncommon
to meet with examples of undoubted species of FuvoMtis in which no pores can be detected.
The other point— namely, the presence of spiniform septa — is also nut a sati.- factory distinc-
tion, partly because some examples of Fdmsitcs exhibit the s:inie tiling, and partly because
some examples which would generally be referred to Astmcrrium from their geological po.sition
and general appearance, are without any traces of septa. Upon the whole, therefore, it would
appear that the genera Astit>rcrii(ui and Emmnnsia can not be retained.

The numerous species of Favosites ni'iy bo divided into two groups, according as they are
massive or ramose, /'. Golldandica being the type of the former, and F. pfili/indrji/id of the
latter. The characters which have been relied on as separating the species of this genus are
chiefly the following , — 1. The diameter of the corallites; '2. The equality or inoquality in
size presented by the corallites ; 3. The completeness or in^.'on;))leteness df the tabulse : 4. 'Ihe
number of rows of mural pores ; 5. The position of the mural pores, whether on the flat laces
t.f (lie polygonal corallites or on their angles ; (i. The preseni'? or absence of rndimcntary
eejita. For convenience of reference the more inijinrtant s]ieeies of Fdfa.^itcs may be arranged
as in the following tabl., it being remembered that S'^nie of the species here eflumerated, are
perhaps not valid, and the characters derived from the number ot rows oi' mural pores are not
Cdiistiint, even in the limits of the same species: —

A. Massive Species.

a. Tabulae complete. One row of mural pores, placed on the faces of the corallites.

1. Favosili's Jidsdtlira (Gold).

2. Famtiitfis turOiidita (Hillings).

/;. TabulfT! complete. Two rows of mural pores, placed <m tiie faces of the corallites.
.'i. Farosifes Ihillihindiea (Lam).

4. Fdvnsites iSidijiirensis (Hall).

c. Tabulae complete. Three rows of mural pores, placed on the faces of the corallites.

5. Fdrosites niiillijidra (Lonsd).
G. Favosites Troosfi (Edwards and H'linie).

/, Tabulae complete. Mural pores situated in the angles formed by the prismatic walls

of the corallites.

7. Favosites alreohiris (Gold).

8. Favosites asjiera (D'Orb).

4#

J

e. Tabula? more or less incomplete. Mural pores in one, or more commonly in two rows.
9. Favosites /lemispherica (Yandell and Shumard).

10. Famsites Forhesi (Edwards and Haimo).

B. Ramose Species.

a. With one row of mural pores, on the faces of the corallites.

11. Farositeii poli/inorplui (Gold).

12. Fmmite.^ rerricuniis (T)eB\amv'i\\e).

13. Favosites reticulata (De Blainville).

h. Withone row of pores, placed in the aniilosfornredbythe prismatic anirlosofthecorallites.

14. Farosites fibrosa (Gold).

No less than ten species o[ Favosites have been recot^nized as occurring in the Devonian
Rocks of Canada, of which Favosites Gothhmdica, F. hasaUica (?) F. Forheii, F. hemispherira,
F. pi)/i/iiiorplui, F. cerrlniriiis, F. retiridata, and /'. duhia are found in the same formation in
Europe ; whilst /'. turbituUa and F. Chapr^'ini are as yet not known elsewhere.

47. Favosites Gotulandica (Lamarck).

Famsites Gothlandiai (Lamarck), Hist, des Anini. smis Vert., vol, ii, p. 206.

Calamopora Gothlandica (Goldfuss), Petref. Germ., vol. i, p. 78, plute xxvi, figs. 3«, 36,
Zc, and .3*;.

Favosites basaltica (Hisinger\ Lcth. Suec, p. 96, pi. xxvii, fig. 5. Not F. basaltica of
Goldfuss.

F'avositeshasaltira (Goldfuss), Petref. Germ., pi. xxvi, figs. 4c and id{cs6t. exclusis).

Favosites snb-basulticd (D'Orbigny), Prodr. de Pali'oitt., vol. i, p. 49.

Favosites Gothlandica (McCoy), Brit. Pal. Foss., p. 20.

Favosites Goldfh.isi {D'Or[n>j:ny), Prodr. de Paleout., vol. i, p. 107.

Favosites Goldfassi (^lilno Edwards and Haimc), P(d. Foss. des Terr. Paleozoiques
p. 235, jil. XX, fig. 3 ; and British Fo.'^sil Corals, pi. xlvii, figs. 3-3f.

Favosites Gothlandica ^ Billings), Canadian Journal, New Series, vol.iv, p. 99, figs. 2, 3, 4.

Favosites Niagarensis (Hall), Pal. N. Y., vol. ii, pi. xxxiv. A, Fig. 4.
(Many more references could be given, l)ut the above are the most important).

The following is the diagnosis given by Mr. Billings of this cosmopolitan species in the
paper already referred to : — " Corallum forming spheroidal, pyriform, or large hemispheric
or flattened masses ; corallites in general betwicn one line and one and a half lines wide,
sometimes less or more, often two lines ; transverse diaphragms usually complete, rarely in-
complete ; mural pores in one, two. or three series, usually two, those of the same series about
half a line distant, sometimes less ; pores surrounded by an elevated margin ; faces of tho
tubes with one or two longitudinal stn;e,^more or less distinctly developed ; radiating septa
represented by a series of small spines, often in the rudimentary form of tubercles."

The chief characters which may be relied upon as distinguishing typical examples of
Favosites Gothlandica (Lam.), are the folLjwing : — -1. The corallites are of comparatively largo
size, usually about one and a halt' lines in diameter, but varying from one to two lines. 2.
The corallites are generally markedly polygonal, and are for the most part tolerably uniform
in their dimensions. 3. The mural pores are in two rows, placed alternately or sometimes
oppositely on the faces of the corallites, and surrounded by elevated margins. 4. The tabulre
are com[)lete, that is, ex! end from one side of the theca to the other. 5. Perfect examiJes
are usually of a more or less hcmispiierio or pyriform shape, and have their lower surface
enveloped in a thicker or thinner concentrically wrinkled epitheca.

Whilst the above characters are generally found to coexist in typical specimens of F.
Gothbmdica, there are, nevertheless, numerous departures from this state of things which
must be attended to in studyintr this protean species : —

The size of the corallites in some specimens not otherwise separable from F. Gutiilandica
is sometimes uniformly below the average in an entire colony, not exceeding one line, or even
a little less than this. This might not seem an important difference, but, as noticed by
.Air. Billings, it gives the coral an apparently very distinct general appearance.

The corallites, though usually distinctly polygonal, are sometimes nearly round, through,
out an entire colony ; and their relative size in the same mass may vary to some extent.

40

Thus, it is not uncommon to meet with colonies, in which the threat majority of the coral-
litcH have a diameter one and a half lines, whilst some few have a diameter of a line or a
little less.

Wliilst the mural pores are usually in two rows, there is sometimes but a single row. anS
fiomotimcs three rows ; and single colonies may be found to combine all these variations in
different corallites. It is probable that the typical forms upon which Goldfuss founded his
species /•'. hasaltira, asbelieved by Lonsdale and AfcCoy, are truly rcferrible to specimens of F.
Golhldudim, (Lam), in which but a single row of pores is present. F. Goldfvssi 'Edvuirdannd
Ilaime, again seems untjuestionably to be nothing more than a variety cf /''. GothJaiuHca
as asserted by Mr. Billings, the only distinctive characters brought forward by its authors
being the unreliable ones that the rows of pores vary from one to three, and that they arc
more closely approximated than in typical examples of the latter. Lastly, the elevated ring
which is often found surrounding the pores in /'. Gnfhhuulini, is in many cases absent, single
specimens often exhibiting both conditions. It may be added that the pores themselves, even
in specimens otherwise well preserved, can by no means universally be detected.

The tabulae are for the most part complete, extending from one side of the theca to the
other ; but this condition of parts is by no means constant. Specimens, otherwise well pre-
served, sometimes exhibit a complete ab.sence of the talmlre, the corallites being hollow.
Others exhibit a condition of things similar to what occurs in Favositrs Forliesl, though not so
marked. The inner surfaces, namely, of the corallites, exhibit rudimentary and imperfect
tabulae, in the form of little projecting lamella or ridges which project into the cavity of
the theca. Specimens exhibiting this peculiarity can usually be distinguished from examples
of /''. Forhesi, without difficulty, by the fact that the ridges representing the tabula^ are not so
closely set, are more delicate and plate like, usually run acro.ss the whole width of the corallite,
and do not give to the interior of the theca the extraordinary roughness of appearance which
is characteristic of F. Forbcsi. In other specir-eus, again, the tabulae have the characters
which arc distinctive of F. heiimph erica, being closely set and incomplete, often more or less
bent, and commonly interlocking. Such specimens, however, are readily separated from those
which are rightly referred to F. liemisphcrica, by the fact that in the former some of the coral-
lites are always found to exhibit the complete tabuhe of F. GallilaiuUcd, whilst the size nf the
corallites is on the average much more considerable. In fact, the commonest condition in the
specimens here alluded to, is that alternating portions of the mass cxhiliit the complete ttibulac
characteristic of F. Gollihmdira, and the incomplete tabulae characteristic of /'. lunnixph.rira.
Mr. Billings has also pointed out that the same corallite sometimes exhibits complete tabulae
in one portion of its course and incomplete tabulse in another.

As to the condition of the septa, the diagnosis of the species would, perhaps, be altered
for the better by the statement that as a general rule the septa are absent, or at any rate are
nideterminable. They are, however, not uncommonly to be recognised in the form of small
niequalitics or minute tubercles on the interior of the walls of the corallites; and they .some-
times exist in the condition of distinct spines, though I have never noticed this state of things
in any of the specimens frmn the Corniferous jjimestone. It is, however, not uncommon in
Silurian specimens, and it has been observed and figured by Mr. Billing,", from Canadian
examples found in the Corniferous.

Adult colonies of /'. Giiihhnidira usually have the form of much depressed pyriform
masses, but great variations exist in this respect; and young colonies are usuflly spheroidal
or simply pyriform, whilst the largest and oldest masses tend to assume the form of dome-
shaped or hemispheric masses. The colony is ba.sed upon a concentrically wrinkled epitheca,
which is very commonly wanting in decorticated specimens, and attains a considerable thick-
ness in aged examples.

Localilj/ and Formation. — Common throughout ihe Corniferous Limestone in Canada
West, and also in the Hamilton formation.

!

48. Favositks basaltica (Goldfuss).

Calamopora basaltica (Goldfuss\ Petref. Germ. PI. XXVI. Figs. 4«, 4d.

Farmites basaltica ; (Billings), Canadian Journal, New Series, Vol. IV. p. 106, (in part).

It is with regard to this species that I find myself compelled, though with great diffi-
dence, to differ from the conclusions arrived at by Mr. Billings ((.'c(na(//a/t Jour. ^'A. IV. p.

47

f the coral-
a line or a

e row. and
nations ia
jundcd his
mens of F.
Iwards and
(itJiJarulica
ts authors
t tliey arc
vatod rinjr
ent. sindc
elves, even

icca to the
well pre-
ig hollow,
jgh not so
imperfect
cavity of
examples
are not so
3 corallitc,
ace which
characters
)re or less
rom those
the coral-
«ize of the
ion in the
'te tabulae
lixphi rim.
ite tabul.'B

»e altered
f rate are
of small
bey somc-
of things
nnmon in
Canadian

pyriform
pheroidal
of domc-
epitheca,
sle thick-
Canada

(in part).

sal diffi-
. IV. p.

lOG), more widely than as concerns any other form described by him. Having, however,
had the opportunity of examining a very extensive scries of specimens, I cannot at present
accept his views with regard to the limits of this species. It seems pretty certain, to begin
with, that the forms included by Goldfuss {Pelrcf. PI. XXVI. Figs. 4(1 — d) under the name
of /'. Iidsdllicd. ditfer from one another in their characters to such an extent that they would
usually be (as they actually have been) separated into two distinct species. On the one hand,
making the exis+enae of a single row of mural porc-i the distinguishing character of the species,
(ioldfuss includes under this head forms which differ only in this character from /'. O'ofJir
liiiidint, ; and on the other hand he associates with these forms wliicii differ very widely from
F. Gothhmdlra in most of their characters, but which are believed to agree with thepreceding
in the above mentioned feature. We may, therefore, consider that F. hasaltka of Goldfuss was
made originally to include the following two groups of specimens :

1. Specimens agreeing with /'. Gothlandica (Lam.), in pos.sessing prismatic corallitcs, ihe
size of which is upon the whole generally uniform, but which differ from /'. Gothkindka in
possessing but a single row of mural pores. {I'ltrif. 1*1. XXVI., Figs. 40, \d).

2. Sj)ecimens which agree with the preceding in having sometimes (not always) a single
row of pores, but wliich differ in having nearly rounded or cylindrical corallites, the sizes of
which are exceedingly uncfjual ; whilst the place of complete tabulae is taken by numerous
short projecting lamellae, which impart a peculiar and characteristic appearance to the inner
surface oi' the corallites. {I'ctrcf. PI. XXVI., Figs. 4«, \b).

Now, it is the first of these groups of sficcimens that pala3ontologists have generally
agreed in regarding as the ty[ie-form of F. iKtsallicn (Gold.); and the chief difference of
opinion has simply concerned the question whether these forms are separable from F. Gothlandica
(Lam.), or not. Some authorities, such as McCoy k Lonsdale, maintain, apparently with
good rea.'^on, that these forms are truly referrible to F. Gothlandica ; whilst others, such as
jMilno Edwards and Ilainie, retain these forms under a separate species under the name of
F. Inisdltica. Whichever of these views may be ultimately adopted, I, at any rate, have seen
n) specimens from the Corniferous Ijimestone of Western Ontario which appear to me to be
truly referrible to the type here alluded to. We do meet, certainly, with specimens exhibiting
prismatic basaltiforni tubes, in every respect resembling /'. Gothltnidica, oxccT^t that the corallites
are on the average a little smaller, and they exhibit but a single row of mural pores. These
specimens I was at first sight disposed to set down as belonging to F. hasalticu, and T have
seen them so named by others. I have, however, succeeded in fully satisfying myself that
the s].ecimeus in question are truly decorticated examples of /'. turbinuta (Billings), in which
there is also but a single row of pores. Examples of this species can be found with the char-
acteristic epitheca in all stages and at all degrees of removal ; and when it has entirely dis-
appeared, all the characters of this first section of i*'. bcsaltica (Gold.), are assumed, the only
distinguishing mark, perhaps, being that the walls of the corallites have the comparatively
great thickness which is characteristic of /'. turhinata. It need only be added in this connec-
tion, that unmistakable examples oi F. GotJdandica not uncommonly exhibit, as has been often
noticed by other observers, the single rows of pores which Goldfuss believed to be character-
istic of /'. h(is(dlica ; though I am not aware that any colony of /'. Gattdandica has ever been
observed in which all the corallites po.«!5esscd but one row of mural pores.

We have now to consider the other group of specimens included by Goldfuss under the
head of /•'. basaldca, namely, tho.se in which the corallites are more or less circular or cylindri-
cal in shape, and are very une(|ual in size, whilst they possess other peculiarities as well.
These specimens were separated from F. basidtica by Milne Edwards & Haime, under the
name of Farosifcn Fnrbisi ; but they were subse<:|uently re-united with the preceding group of
forms by Mr. Billings, the name hasaltica being retained for the combined groups. My own
opinion, as I have already said, is that the colonies with small, nearly uniformly-sized, pris-
matic and uniporous corallites (as occuring in the Corniferous Limestone) are referable to
decorticated examples of /'. turbinata (Billings). I, therefore, am at present disposed to
believe that Farosifcn Forbcsi (Edw. & Haime), is a good species, clearly separable from the
type-form of F. basultica, as generally accepted (though including part of F. basoltica of
Goldfuss) ; and I .«hall describe under this name the second group of specimens to which I
have drawn attention.

< »

48

49. Favosites Forbksi (Edw. & Ilaime).

(Plate VII. Fig. 8 and PI. VIII. Fig. 4.)

Calarnoporn hasaltim (Goldfuss), Pi'tref. Germ. PI. xxvi. Figs. 4 a and 4 //.
Favosiks Forbesi (Milne Edwards and Haime\ FoL Foas des Terr, Palroziqnes, p,
238.

Fiirosites hdsnlfim (Billinjis), CaninVuxn Joimial, New Series, Vol. iv. p. 106. (In part.)

Corallum forming spheroidal, pyriform, cylindroidal, or depressed hcmisphoric masses,
composed of corallites which arc generally circular or cylindrical in .«hape, and which arc
usually of very une([ual sizes ; mural pores usually in two alternating rows, rarely in a single
row; tabulae mostly rudimentary, and represented by very close-set projecting lamella', which
rouirhen the interior of the corallites ; radiating septa represented, sometimes clearly, some-
times indistinctly, by a number of longitudinal ridges or striio.

The typical examples of this species are usually 8])heroidal, cylindroidal, or club-shaped^
and possess almost perfectly cylindrical corallites. The cnrallites arc large and small, eaili
larger one being surrounded by a ring of .smaller. The larger corallites are uniformly about
a lino and a half or a line and three quarters in diameter; but the smaller corallites vary
considerably in size, from an eigl th of a line up to about a lino. The mural pores often can-
not be made out, but in all the specimens I have seen there arc constantly two rows of pores
on the larger corallite.s, thus differing materially from /'. hamtUini (Gold.). ]\Ir. liillin<:s, how-
ever, states that the smaller tubes possess but a single row of mural pores. The condition of
the tabulae is exceedingly peculiar, and I do not think it can bo due, as suggested by Mr. llil-»
lings, to the manner in which fossilisation wa.s cfFected ; since it is constantly present in all
our Canadian examples of this .species, whilst these occur side by side \vith examples of /''.
Gotliliiudica in which the tabula- are complete. Exactly the same condition of the tabulae is
shown also in one of the figures of F. Foihcsl given by Milne Edwards and Haime, and
drawn from a specimen from the Upper Silurian Rocks of England. (Hrit. Fossil Corals. I'l.
()0. fig. 2. f ). The tabula;, namely, are present in an incomplete and rudimentary form, being
represented by numerous close-set lamelhe, ridges, or short spines, which proji'C*^^ a short way
into the interior of the corallite, giving it a most peculiar and easily recognised appearance.
The most perfectly preserved specimen in my possession, in which the tubes are lilled up,
instead of being as usual hollow, exhibits tabulae which are slightly more developed tban tho.se
just described, approximating clo.sely to what is observable in /''. /;*■/// /.-.////('/vVk. The tabulai,
namely, in this specimen are close-set, thin, flexuous lamellaj which' for the most part extend
about half-way across the corallite, often bifurcating or interlocking at their free ends; but
which, in some instances, actually become complete, and fia.ss right across the corallite. The
radiating septa are quite rudimentary, and, when discernible at all, have the form of obscurely-
maikcd longitudinal striae. Lastly, I have observed in .several specimens, especially in those
of a cylindroidal or clavate form, the peculiar feature that the calicos of a yreater or smaller
moiety of the colony are closed by an epitheca, closely resembling what is observed in /'. tur-
hinata (Billings).

Mr. Billings has shown that small specimens, having the characters above mentioned,
pass by a perfect transition into much larger pyriform specimens, which present the peculiarity
that the corallites at the base of the mass are large and une(|ual in size, whilst those at the
summit are on the average smaller, and are nearly equal in size. The same eminent palaeon-
tologist has also pointed out that the younger pyriform colonies also pass, by an cfjually per-
fect tran.sition into elongated cylindrical forms, often of eonsiilerable length. Both these
statements I am enabled to confirm from my own observation.

Besides the typical examples of F. Forhesi which I have just described, there occur not
uncommonly others which I cannot at present separate from this species, though they present
several more or less well marked peculiarities. The corallum in the examples in question re-
sembles in shape the more ordinary individuals of F. Gofhlandim, being circular and flattened
above, and springing from a pointed and attenuated base, which was doubtless enclosed in an
epitheca. The corallites are not distinctly circular, but are cylindroidal or sub-prismatic, and
they are nearly equal in size, having an average width of one line. Interspersed, however,
with the ordinary corallites are some smaller ones having a diameter of half a line or a little
less. The mural pores appear to form a double series. The radiating septa are well marked

4f)

and form a series of about twelve stroni^ rid'^cs which run loni^itudinaUy in the interior of the
corallites. These septal ridj^cs are crossed by rudimentary tabalic in the form of short spine-
like lamella), about three or four in the space of u line, and not placed on the same level in con-
tiguous ridges. It is possible that these forms arc specifically distinct from those which I
have here referred to, /. luirhi'si ; but I do not fool that it is safe to separate them at present.
Ijocality and Formation, — Corniferoug Limestone, Port Colborne, and Lot Ct, Conoession
1, Wainfleet.

50. Favosites hemispherica (Yandell and Shumard).
(Plate VIII. Fig. 3.)

Famsites hemispherica (Yandell and Shumard), Contrib. to Geol. of Kentucky, p. 7.

Alveolites hemispherira (D'Orbigny), Prodr. dc Pal(5ont, Vol. I., p. 49.

Emmonsia hemisiiherica (Milne Edwards and Jules [laime), Pol. Foss. des Terr. PaU'-oz.
p. 247 i and Brit. Fossil Corals, Plate XLVIIL, figs. 4, 4a.

Favosites hemispherica (Billings) Canadian Journal, Now Series, Vol. IV., p. 105, figs.
5, G, 7.

• In its essential characters this species is very closely allied to F. Gothlamlim. Externally,
however, it may in general be distinguished from the latter by the much smaller size of the
corallites, which are usually only from one twenty-fourth to one twentieth of an inch in dia-
meter, though they sometimes reach one line. Internally, the species is distinguished by the
fact that the tabuliu are incomplete, very thin and closely set, usually cxt«Dding only about
half way across the corallitc, and often interlocked towards its centre. Some of the tabuUe,
however, are usually complete. The mural pores arc stated to be in one, two, or three rows,
(Milne Edwards and Uaime, and Billings) but I have not succeeded in detecting their ar-
rangement in any of the Canadian examples which have come under my own notice. Accord-
ing to Milne Edwards and Haime, also, there are twelve well developed septa, but these are
indeterminable in the Canadian specimens. This species may possibly turn out, as suggested
by Mr. Billings, to be identical with F. Gothhuulica, but its distinctive characters can usually
be recognised with such ease as to justify placing it under a separate specific title. There
can be no hesitation, however, in following Mr. Billings in his refusal to adopt the genus
Emmon.Kia, proposed by Edwards and Haime to receive this sjiccies. and founded simply upon
the incomplete condition of the tabulae.

Localitii and Formation. — Common in the Comiferous Limestone of Ridgeway, Port
Colborne, and many other localities in Westeni Ontario. Also, in tho Hamilton Formation
of Bosanquet.

51. Favosites turbinata (Billings).

(Plate VIII. Figs. I and 2.)

Favosites turbinata (Billings), Canadian Journal, New Series, Vi/ V p. 109, and Vol.
v., p. 258, fig. 7.

" Corallum forming elongate turbinate masses, sometimes two feet in length and six
inches in diameter, often curved at the base. Corallites nearly of an uniform size, usually
somewhat less than a line in width ; transverse diaphragms thin, flat, flexuous, complete or
incomplete. Only one row of pores has been observed. Whole surface except the upper part
covered with a strong epitheea which closes the mouths of the cells '' (Billings).

There can be no question as to the specific distinctness of this most remarkable species,
the most singular representative of the genus. The form of the colony varies much, but is in
typical specimens that of a straight or curved cone, which varies in length from less than one
inch up to two feet. Other examples are more or less cylindrical, either straight like Ortho-
ceratites, or more commonly curved or twisted, and of irregular diameter. Other specimens,
again are irregular curved masses, which look like large potatoes.

In perfectly preserved specimens, the whole of the colony, except the upper surface, is

covered by a thinner or thicker epitheea, which seals up the calicos of the corallites. The

summit of the colony is usually somewhat cup-shaped (though this may not be a natural

appearance) ; and it is only here that the corallites are open. In most specimens, the epitheea

4

A

HI

50

1 i

I I

is smooth, an J is sufficiently thin to allow of the walls of the corallitcs to be distinctly traced
through it. In such cases, the mouth or calice of the corallites nppears to bo closed with a
kind of disc, which is sometimes level with the general surface, often depressed slightly below
it, and S( nietimes elevated in the form of a rounded boss. •

In a very large number of specimens, the epithcca has been more or less denuded over
parts where it originally existed. In such cases, it is mostly only the cpithecu which ha>
been removed, and the corallitcs arc left intact and uninjured, with their calii es (|uitc eir
In other cases, the cpitheca has been entirely decorticated, whilst the corallites may rei
uninjured, or mny be more or less broken away towards their outer ends. Such specimens
can in general bo readily recognized by the general shape of the colony ind the peeuliiir char
acters of the corallitcs. In other eases, lastly, the epithecu is .sufficiently thick to render the
calices of the corallites below, ob.scure or invisible. In these instances, concentric lines of
growth are u.sually exhibited by the epithcca, and these are sometimes developed into such
strong and irregular annulations as to simulate pretty closely the appearance of perfect speci-
mens of Clis'tOjihiiUnm Onridumac (Billings).

The corallites radiate from the imaginary axis of the colony, either in -traight 'ines or
curves ; and the size of the mass in the turbinate specimens increases rapidly by the inter-
stitial addition of fresh corallites. In shape the corallites are rounded, sub prismatic, or, more
commonly, distinctly prismatic. In .'^ize they are by no means uniform, there being generally
a considerable number of under-sized corallites intercalated amongst the nearly eci'ial-sizcd
larger tubes. The larger corallites have most commonly a diameter of from a line to a tenth
of an inch, whilst the smaller ones may bo half a line or less in width.

The tabula) are commonly complete, sometimes incomplete, and are about three or fo'ir
in the .sptice of a line.

The mural pores, so far as I have ob.servad, aro uniformly in single rows, placed oi
flat surfaces of the corallites, not surrounded by an elevated border, and of comparaii,. ^
largo size. Their distance apart is most commonly about half a line, but is sometimes as
much as a lino.

The walls of the corallitcs are of unusual thickness, in the great majority of cases ; and
they are not undistinguishably fused with those of contiguous corallites. Hence the linca of
division between the walls of neighbouring tubes . n be plainly seen in parts from which the
epithcca has been removed, or even through the epithcca when the latter is of no great thick-
ness.

Completely decorticated specimens might very readily be referred to one of the two
groups of forms usually placed in /'. kimllira (Gold.) ; the gtoup, namely, comprising forms
with prismatic corallites of small size, with but a single row of cells. Specimens, again, exhibit-
ing longitudinal sections, but not exhibiting the outer surface, would also, almost certainly, be
referred to F. bamillai. In the former case, the thickness of the walls of the corallites, and
their being generally quite distinct and not fused with one another, would usually suffice for
their determination. In the latter case, a positive determination would probably be impossi
ble, unless some portion of the outer surface could be observed.

Lot'iilitij and Fwmofion. — Common in the Corniferous Limestone of Ridgeway, Port
Colborne, and other localities in Western Ontario. Also in the Hamilton Formation of the
Township of Bosanquet.

Favosites roLYMORPHA (Goldfuss).

(Plate VII. Fig. 7.)

Caliiwopm-a 2)oh/mor])ha (Goldfuss), Pdref. Genu. Plate XXVII. figs. 2b, '2c. 2d, 3b, Sr
caet. exclusis).

Corallum sub-massive or dendroid, often dichotomously branched, or reticulated ; dia-
meter of brapches varying from a little over a line to more than an inch. Corallites radiatini;
in all directions from an imaginary axis, nearly at right angles or obliquely, more or less con-
tracted internally and widening as they approach the surface. Diameter of corallites from hall
to three-fiuarters of a line in branches of half an inch across, often with smaller ones interca-
lated. Calices in reality more or less polygonal, but often rendered circular by the thickening
of their walls. Mural pores in single series. .^ , '

inctly trnced
loi-ou with a
lightly below

enured over
I which has
juitc cir
miiy rci
h specimens
jcuhiir char
0 render the
itrio lines of
d into such
)crf'ect spcci-

ifiht 'ines (iv
ay the inter-
tic, or, more
ing j^encrally
y eii'iul-sizcd
le to a tenth

three or fo'ir

:)laced oi
omparaii.- ,
jometimes as

f cases; and
e the linca of
>m which the
> great thick-

B of the two
prising forms
gain, exhibit-
certainly, be
lorallites, and
Uy suflBce for
y be imposs^i

Jgeway, Port
[nation of the

2c. U, 36, 3r

iculated ; dia-
litcs radiatini;
re or less con-
lites from hali
r ones interca-
;hc thickening
i ,

81

The above would stand as a general definition for a number of branching Hpecios of
Fonvitfs, which Home eminent palaeontologists, such as Lonsdale, McCoy and Billings, regard
as belonging to ii single natural group ; whilst other high authorities us Do IJlainvillo, and
Milne Edwards and Haime, distribute them amongst several species. My own view would
coincide with the former of these— namely, that the forms in (jucstion should be regarded as
belonging to a single very variable specific type, the Fdmsifi-s poliimorphn. of (Joldfuss. As
this view, however, has not been universally accepted by the leading authorities on the sub-
ject, I shall describe the branching forms of FaroHifrs which occur in the Corniferous Lime-
stone of Western Ontario, under the names of /''. poh/ttiorj)/in, F. rdicvlntn, F. thihin, and F.
eeri'iruniis. To these I have to add an allied but apparently distinct and uudescribed form,
which T shall designate by the name of F. i'/ia/midai, ami which appears to be in some res-
pects intermediate between the genera /''acositfs and A/r,'i,/lt('s.

Taking this view of the subject, Farosl/i's pnli/morji/i.t proper will bo restricted to suci;
forms as are more or less massive or lobate, thus constituting a transition between the truly
massive species and the regularly dendroid types such as /'. relic nhita and /''. dulm. The
calices are polygonal, of unequal sizes, there being small ones intercalated amongst the larger.
The diameter of the larger calices is generally about two-thirds of a line ; and their walls are
not particularly thick.

As thus restricted, /''. pnhiviorphu can not be said to be of common occurrence in the Cor-
niferous Limestone of Western Canada ; and I have met with comparatively few specimens
which would conform with the figures given by Gol luss in his great work, {rclnfaclcii,
Plate XXVII. Figs, ih, 'Ic, 2(1, Sh and 3c'.) This is the more singular, as the regularly
branched forms which constitute /*'. reticidatn and /'. dnbia, arc of exceeding common occur-
rence.

Locality ami Formation. — Corniferous Limestone of Port Colborne and Ridgcway.

53. Favosites reticulata (Dc Blainville).
(Plate Vn. Fig. 2).

Cii/arnoponi n/ioiigites (var. rarnosa) (Goldfuss), PetreJ. Germ. Plato XXVIIL Figs.
•2a — '2g, (cajt. exclu.sis).

Afn'.olites reticidatu (De Blainville), Diet. "Vol. LX. p. Sfii),

Fiirosites Orbiytujaiut (Dc Vcrneuil and Jules Uaimc), Bull. Soc. Giol. de France, 2nd
series. Vol. VII. p. 162.

Foroiiites reticulata (Milne Edwards and Jules Haime), Pol. Foss (lea Terr. PaUoz. p.
241. ; and Brit. Foss. Corals, p. 215, Plate XLVIII. Fig. 1, 1/;.

Corallum dendroid, branched, the branches inosculating and reticulated in most instances,
diameter of the branches a line and a half to two lines, calices nearly equal, circular or nearly
so. with very thick walls, their diameter about half a line or a little less (counting in the
thickness of the wall).

This form is distinguished by its branched and usually reticulate form, and its equal or
sub-equal calices, which open on the surface with hardly any obliquity.

Localitji and Foiination. — Abundant in the Corniferous Limestone of Port Colborne and
Ridgcway.

54. Favosites dubia (De Blainville).

Plate VII, Fig. 5. ■

Calamopora pobpnorpha (var. (jrncilis) (Goldfuss), Petref. Germ. Plate XXVII, fig. 5.
Jfreolites dnhia (De Blainville), Diet. Vol. LX, p. 370.

Farosites dubia (Edwards and Haime), Pol. Foss. des Terr. Paleoz., p. 243, ; and
Brit. Foss. Corals, p. 210.

This species is very closely allied to F. reticulata, from which it i;-, unsatisfactorily
distinguished by the fact that the branches do not coalesce and inosculate, and by the
iuequidity in the size of the corallites, a few very small calices being intercalated amongst

^2

:/

the larger ones. The diameter of the larger calices is from half a line to two thirds of a
line. The calices are more or le&s rounded, and their walls thick. The diameter of the
branches is mostly from three to four lines.

In some specimens, in place of there being a few minute corallitea interspersed amongst
a great number of larger-sized ones, the corallites are only moderately unequal, and tlie
number of small ones is about equal to that of the large ones.

A considerable number of examples, again, occur, which do not appear to be separable
from the preceding, but in which the dimensions are decidedly smaller, the branches being
only from one and a half lines to two lines in diameter, and the width of the calices being
from one third of a line to half a line.

Localitij ami Fwmatlon. — Abundant in the Corniferous Limestone of Port Colborne and
Ridgeway.

55. Favosites oervicorni.s (De Blainville).

♦

Calamopora pol ijmorpha (van ramoso-divarkata) (Goldfuss), Petref. Germ., PI. XXVII,
figs. .3«, 4ft, 4i, 40 (cajt exclusis).

Alceolites cervkornis (De Blainville), Dkt., Vol. LX, p. 369.

Fai'osites cervkornis (Milne Edwards and Haime), Pol Pons, des Terr. Faldoz., p. 243 ;
and Brit Foss. Corals, p. 21G, PI. XLVIII, fig, 2.

Favositex j)ol!jmorpha (McCoy), Brit Pal. Foss., p. 68.

Favodtes cervkornis (Billings), Canadmn Journal, Hevf Series, Vol. IV, p. 110, fig. 9.

Corallum forming lobate or branched masses, the divisions of which are usually thick,
blunt and irregular. The corallites oblique to the axis of the branches, unequal in point of
size, with thin walls. The calices unequally sized, rounded or polygonal, about a line in
diameter, sometimes less.

F. cerokornk diffi.n's from F. poh/morpha in its more branched and antler-like form,
the much greater obliquity of the corallites, and the thinner walls of the calices ; but it is
questionable if there exists any ditterence of specific value. Mr. Billings mentions that he
has specimens which agree well with those figured by Goldfuss (Petref adeii, PI. XXVII, fi<;s.
3a, 4rt, 4/*, 4() ; and I have also several examples which appear to belong to the snme form.
The Farositcs cristata of Edwards and Haime appears to be founded upon examples of F.
cerricornis, in which the calices are somewhat below the average in width.

Loaditi/ and Fonuatinn. — Rare in the Corniferous Limestone of Lot G, Con. 1, Wain-
fleet, Ridgeway, and Port Colborne.

i

i

m

«

56. Favosites Chapmani (Nicholson).

(Plate VII, Fig. 6.)

Corallum branching, apparently not retic ' "^ed, the diameter of the branches being from
two to four lines. Corallites exceedingly ob ., forming a very acute angle with the axis
of the branch, slightly unecjual in point of -. Calices rounded or transversely oval, very
oblique, but not triangular when perfect. The internal wall of the corallito is prolonged alon«»
the next corallito above, whilst the external or lower wall is truncated ; so that whilst the
corallite is obliques in its course, the opening of the calice is parallel with the surface. The
diameter of the calices varies from lialf a line to one line. The wall is comparatively thin.

This species is distinguisiied from all others known to me by the extremely small angle
which the corallites make with the axis of the branch, and by the extraordinary obliquity of
the calice. In this last respect /'. Chapmani makes a near approach to the genus Alveolites ,
but the aperture; of the calico is not triangular, unless worn down, the walls of the
corallites arc quite thin, and there are no traces of septal teeth. The species to which /'.
('hapmani approaches most closely is F. cemcornis (De Blainville). Our form, howfvcr, is
ramose and composed of cylindrical branches, instead of being lobate and divided into obtuse
finger-like processes ; whilst the aperture ot the calice is considerably more oblique. Indeed,
/■'. Cliiipmani not only resembles Alrcoliks'm the obliquity of the calice, but also in the fact
(as regards the more typical members of the latter genus) that the exterior wall of each

63

243;

corallite is free for a certain space, and is not overlapped by the corallite below, whereas in
Favosites the walls of the corallites arc contiguous throughout, and arc nowhere free. I have
dedicated the species to my distinguished colleague, Professor E. J. Chapman.

Locality and Formation. — Not uncommon in the Coraiferous Limestone of Port Col-
borne, and Lot 0, Con. 1, Wainfleet.

GenuK Alveolites (Lamarck).

(^orallum dendroid, massive, or encrusting ; composed of short, pri.smatic or cylindrical
corallites, with inseparably united walls, often arranged in superimposed concentric layers.
Tabula3 complete. Mural pores few in number. Calices oblique to the surface, sub-triangu-
lar or crescentic, the lower lip most prominent. Septa absent, or represented by from one to
three vertical toothlike projections.

The genus Alveolites is very nearly allied to Favositen, but is distinguished by the much
greater shortness of the corallites, the common presence of one or more toothlike ridges repre-
senting the septa, and the oblique calico with its sul)-tri)ingular, crescentic, or semi-circular
aperture and prominent lower lip. In the obliquity of the calice, however, Favositcs Chap-
mani closely approaches Alveolites. From Cluvtetes and Stenopora, again, the genus Alveolites
is distinguiJhod by the po.'^session of mural pores, and, as a general rule, by the much greater
thickness of the walls of the corallites. As in the genus FavositeA i\\c 9,T^Qc\ci^ of Alveolites
may be divided into massive and ramose forms; but some of the former are truly encrusting,
ami simply become massive by the superposition with advancing age of successive concentric
layers of corallites.

Mr. Billings records two species of Alveolites as occuring in the Corniferous Limestone
of Western Ontario, and four species from the Hamilton formation of the same region. All
of these except A. squamosa, have come under my notice, and two o;" the Hamilton species
(viz. A. Konneri, and A. Fii^cheri,) I have also dc^tected in the Corniferous. I have likewise
to add five species from the Corniferous Limestone, which appear to bo altogether new, to-
gether with a single undescribed form from the Hamilton group.

57. Alveolites labiosa (Billings).

Alveolites labiosa (Billings), Canadian Journal, New Series, Vol. IV. p.] 14, Figs. 14, 15.

Corallum ramose, or sometimes sub-palmate, the stems cylindrical or sub cylindrical,
branching at intervals of from a (|uartcr of an inch to half an inch, generally at angles of from
60" to 70^', but not anastomosing or forming network Diameter of the stems from a little
over aline to two lines. Corallites oblique, oval or sub-triangular, with a projecting lower lip.
Calices transversely uval, or triangular when worn, with the ape.K of the triangle directed
downwards. Caliccs distant from one another from a third to half a litic measured verti
eally, and from a fourth of a line to a third of a line measured diagonally or transversely.
Longest diameter of the calicos, when unworn, about a fourth or a fiftli of a line.

Sections of this species present a close
resembles to .llreoliles verniinilaris ( M cCoy ),
{see Milno Edwards and llaime, British
Fossil Corals, Plate 48, Fig. n), but the
branching takes place at more acute angles
in the pre.<ent form, no interlacing of the
stems seems to occur, and the corallites,
though somewhat curved, are not flcxuous.
In one specimen which may perhap.s be a
variety of A. labiosa, the interior of each
corallite exhibits on the upper wall, on one

a. Pm«mentof AiveoHu, ^"puuUn,, (Hillings) ; natural siio. b. S'^lp, a single strong .septal ridge, dividing the
Krairniont of 4<i).v)/i7f)(<ofcii>sa, (UiiiiiiBsi; natural size. c. Kra(f- calicc Vertically into two communicatinu

nieiitanf ,</i)C()a7encnii/«r«a, (Nicholson); natural 8i7,e. All from . . ''

thf Corniferous Limestone, Compartments. ,

Ijocality ami Formation. — Abundant everywhere in the Corniferous limestone of Western
Ontario.

'4\

54

i!

58. Alveolites Rcemehi (Billings).

Alveolites Bremen (Billings), Cwnadian Jnuriial, New Series, Vol. v., p. 255.

Corallum ramose, of cylindrical, sometimes 8ul>-palmate, branched stems, from one and a
half to three linos in diameter. Calicos transversely oval, about half a line in width, and one
fourth of a line in length, usually distant from one another about half a line measured in
the longitudinal direction of the stem, and one fourth of a line in the transverse direction.

In some examples, as noticed by Mr. Billings, the calicos are more closely set than as
above stated, but this point is certainly not of specific value. The only two forms with which
A. Tuinwri could easily be confounded, are^^. lahiima (Billings), and .). cri/plodens (Billing's).
From the former of these it is distinguished by the transversely-elongated oval form of the
calicos, and their comparatively great width, the cells of A. lahiosa being markedly triangular
and not having a width of more than a ((uarter of a line. In A. cryptodens, on the other hand,
the calicos are more of a triangular shape than in A. lUrmeri, and they are much c dis-
tant and remote. Mr. Billings describes A. liamiri from specimens obtained in the amilton
formation, but examples also occur not very rarely in the Cornifrrous Limestone.

LoadiUj and Eorrnat'ioii. — Corniferous Limestone of Port Colborne. Abundant in the
Hamilton group at Bartlett's 3Iills, near Arkona, Township of Bosancjuet.

59. Alveolites cryptodens (Billings).

Alveolites cr}ii4odens(Q\\\mgi), Camulian Joimud, New Series, Vol. IV., p. 115, fig ll5.

Corallum dendroid, the branches cylindrical, or sub-cylindrical, from two to three lines
in diameter, not inosculating or forming a network. Corallites oblique, the calices transversely
oval, or sub-triangular, arranged in spiral or sub-spiral lines. The calices possess prominent
lower lips, and usually open in an obliquely and not directly transverse direction as regards
the axis of the branch. The long diameter of the calices is about half a line. Calices distant
less than a line measured either transversely or diagonally, and about a line measured verti-
cally. " Two small tooth like ridges occupy the inner surface on the side towards the exterior,
apparently half a line from the mouth or lower lip of the cell" (Billings).

The characteristic tooth-like septal ridges of this species are only rarely preserved, and I
have never seen them ; but specimens with the proportions mentioned by Mr. Billings are by
no means very uncommon. Apart from this character, the species (Fig. 12, a,) is readily
distinguished by the ramose but not reticulated corallum, the large size and obliquity ol' Hie
transversely oval calices, and their comparative remoteness from one another.

Locality and Formation. — Corniferous Limestone of Port Colborne and Ridgeway.

60. Alveolites conferta (Nicholson).

Alveolites conferta (Nicholson), Geological Magadne, Feb., 1874.

Corallum ramose, composed of cylindrical or elliptical branching stems, which bifurcate,
but do not interlace. Diameter of the stems from two to three lines, Corallites minute,
oblique to the surface, opening by calices which are arranged in irregular diagonal lines, and
have a circular, or transversely oval, hardly sub-triangular shape. Calices oblique, minute,
and excessively crowded, about one-sixth to one-eighth of a line in their longest diameter, and
separated by intervals of from one-fifth to one-fourth of a line transversely, or the same dis-
tance, or less, measured vertically. There are, thus, from three to four calices, and from two
to three interspaces in the space of one line, measured either diagonally across a branch or
vertically (Fig. 12, c).

This species is allied to tlie preceding in its general configuration, but it appears to be
decidedly distinct from these or from any previously described forms. It is distinguished by
its very minute and extremely close-set corallites, and by the fact that the calices are, as a
rule, not distinctly sub-triangular, and have not a markedly prominent lower lip. In soQie
respects, A. conferta has the aspect of a Ccenites, especially in the fact that the corallites appear
at first sight, to be surrounded by a copious coenenchyma. This appearance, however, is
deceptive, and I have no doubt as to the correct reference of the species to AlreoUtes.

Locality and Formation. — Rare in the Corniferous Limestone of Ridgeway and Po' t (Jol-
borne.

65

lb'.

61. Alveolites (ccenites?) distans (Nicholson).

Alveolites {Ccenites 1} distans, (Nicholson), Geohifieal Magazine, Feb., 1874.

Corallum ramose, the branches cylindrical, of a diameter of from a line and a half to
two lines, dividing diohotomously at intervals of about half an inch, but not aLastomosinij;.
Corallites oblique to the surface, with exceedingly thick walls. Calices exceedingly minute,
about one-eighth of a line in their longest diameter, sub-circular, transversely oval, or sub-
triangular, level with the surface, and having the lower lip hardly or not at all prominent.
Intervals between the calices proportionately very wide — about half a line. (Fig. 13.)

At first sight, this remarkable species ha.s very much the appear-
ance of a Ca'aites (such as (/. intirtexlus) or of the uncertain form
Alwolilcs {?) seridtoporoiih's (Edw. and H.) It is, however, distin-
guished from the former by the not prominent and not markedly
triangular calices, and from the latter (which is almost certainly not
an A hndili's) by the fact that the corallites are arranged obliquely to
the surface.

Alrealitcs distans is readily distinguished from the other ramose forms
\l\*-\ of the genus by the exceedingly small size of the calices, and the pro-
f,';.*| portionately great width of the intervals between them, and by the fact
that the calices are level with the general surface, or nearly so. There
is thus produced tlic fallacious appearance that the corallites are im-
bedded in an abui.dant co'nenchyma,

Loraliti/ and Formation. — Rare in the Corniferous Limestone of
>■''<»■". Port C'olborne.

FniKiiieiit nf Alveolites
iUitati.1 (Xiclinl.srml, natural
>ize, a I'lirliciM of the same
enlargwl. Coniiferuus,

62. Alveolites ramclosa (Nicholson).
(Plate VII. Fig. 3.)

Alveolites ramulnsa (Nicholson), Geolofical Magazine, Feb., 1874.

Corallum reticulated, composed of flattened sub-cylindrical or cylindrical stems from two-
thirds of a line to one and a half lines in diameter, branching with great frequency, and inter-
lacing to form a close network, the meshes of which vary from one to two lines in diameter.
(Corallites very minute, about tiiree in the space of a line measured diagonally, the calices very
small, oval or triangular, separated by intervals of rather more than a third of a line, and
about a sixth to an eighth of a line in their longest diameter (Fig. 14, a and h).

This species represents in the genus Alrrolitc<, the anastomosing /'. rcfirulata in the
genus /'r/?'as//('i. It is distinguished from A. lahiosa, with which it is structurally most
closely allied, not only by the reticulated form of the corallum, but also by the much more
minute corallites. It differs from .1. rdiifr/la in forming a network, in the corallites being
more remote, and in the fact that the calices are distinctly sub triangular or even triangular,
as a general rule.

Lvcality and Formation. — Not very uncommon in the Corniferous Limestone of Port
Colborne, and Lot G, Con. 1. Wainfloet.

63. xVl,veolites Billingsi (Nicholson).
(Plate VII. Fig, 1.)

Alveolites Billingsi, (Nicholson), Geological Magazine, Feb., 1874.

Corallum reticulated, composed of cylindrical or sub cylindrical stenH, from two to three
lines in diameter, which branch diohotomously, for the most part at angles of about 40'^', and
anastomose to form an open network, the meshes of which arc oval or dianiond-sh ipod, and
vary in length from three lines to three quarters of an inch. As in the preceding species, the
network is not always in a single plane, and the branches often coalesce at lie nodes of the

56

in

network to form flattened sub-palmate expansions. Corallites small, crowded, with thin walls ;
the calioes sub-triangular, or, when worn, markedly triangular, with the point of the triangle
directed downwards ; about three in the space of one line measured either diagonally or ver-
tically. The long diameter of the calices is about one-fourth of a line, and the interspaces
between them are about half as much. (Fig. 14, b.)

A. Billingsi is allied to A. ramu-
losa, but is distinguished by the larger
size of the stems, the dichotomous mode
of division, the more open network,
and the larger size of the corallites.
From A. labiosa it is distinguished by
its reticulated form and closer coral-
lites.

Locality and Formation, — Not very
rare in the Corniferous Limestone of
Port Colborne and Lot 6, Con.
Wainfleet.

1,

Fio. 14.

a Fragment of Alveolites ramulosa (Nich.), of the natural size. 6
Portion of the same, enlarged, c Fragment of Alveolitet Billingsi
Nich. I, of tho natural size. Corniferous Limestone.

64. Alveolites Selwynii (Nicholson).
(Plate VII. Fig. 4.)

Alveolites Sdwynii (Nicholson), Geological Magazine, Jan., 1874.

Corallum forming an irregularly shaped crust or depressed mass about a line in thick-
ness. The corallites are extremely oblique to the surface, and open by calices which have the
form of curved or lunate slits, the length of which is about three quarters of a line, whilst
their width is only about a tenth of a line in the centre. The calices are placed in irregu-
larly alternating rows, or sometimes in an indistinctly sub-spiral manner, and are about
half a line or three quarters of a line apart.

This curious form belongs to the same section of
A Iveolites as A . sub-orhcularia, ( Lam. ) // . Goldfotssi, (Bil-
lings), and^. dep-essa (Edwards and Haime). It is
distinguished by the remote, curved, fissuro-likc cali-
ces, with nearly parallel walls, and by the absence of
any distinct concentric arrangement of the corallites.
In the shape of the calices it somewhat resembles
Ccenites labrosus (Edwards and Haime), but it is in
reality totally different both in its general form and in
its real structure.

Fig. 15. I have only seen a single example of the species.

A fragment of the upper Rurface of the Aiveo- It is dedicated to Alfred R. C. Selwyn, Esq., F. G. S.,
iu.^seiu„nii.mch)., enlarged. Corniferous Lime- ^^^ Director of the Geological Survcy of Canada.

Locality and Fwmation. — Corniferous Limestone, Port Colborne.
65. Alveolites Goldfussi (Billings).,'

Alveolites Ooldfussi (Billings), Canadian Journal, New Series, Vol. V. p. 255, Fig. 5.

Corallum forming irregular undulated expansions, or depressed discoidal masses, several
inches in width and from two lines up to two inches in thickness. Under surface covered
with a thin concentrically-wrinkled epitheca, similar in every respect to that of a Favosites.

57

The cpitheoa carries in young examples one, and in aged examples many layers of corallites,
which are arranged in a radiating manner round the central point of the coral, and which open
very obliquely on the surface. The oalices are of large size, in general from three-fourths of
aline to one line across, and half a line in height. Their shape is usually transversely oval,
or three-sided, theouterside being curved, and the two inner sidesstraight. Owingto the thin
ness of the walls of the corallites, the calices do not appear to be separated by any interspaces
transversely, but overlap one another. There are no traces of teeth or grooves on the interior
of the corallite.

Alveolites Goldfussi is nearly related to three European species, viz., A. sub-orbicularis,
(Lam.) A.Labechei (Edwards and Haime), and A. Grayl (Edwards and Haime), the first from
the Devonian formation, and the two last from the Upper Silurian Rocks. From the first of
these the present species is separated by the slightly larger dimensions of the corallites, and
by the fact that the calices are destitute of the groove and corresponding process or ridge
which are such a marked feature in the former. Alveolites Labechei, again, has decidedly
smaller corallites, and the calices have an internal process, similar to that of A. snb-orbicularis,
though not so prominent.

Lastly, Alveolites Gmyi, though larger than A. sub-oi'bicularis or A. Labechei, neverthe-
less has smaller corallites than those of ^. GoUlfiissi ; whilst the inner surface of the inferior
calicinal edge carries a distinct elevated process. As regards the species o{ Alveolites known in
the Devonian Rocks of North America, A. Goldfussi is too distinct to render any confusion
possible.

Locality and Formation. — Abundant, and attaining a large size, in the Hamilton for-
mation of Bartlett's Mills, near Arkona, Township of Bosanquet.

66. Alveolites Fischeri (Billings).

Alveolites Fischeri (Billings), Canadian Jotirnal, New Series, vol. V., p. 256, fig. 6.

Corallum in the form of a flattened, palmate or undulating expansion, which appears to
have grown in an erect position from a strong root-stalk, and which is celluliferous on both
sides. Size of the entire corallum unknown, but certainly large, fragments of several square
inches in area being apparently not uncommon. Thickness from less than one line to four
lines ; corallites oblique to the surface, the calices being transversely oval on the whole, usually
with one curved and two straight sides, sometimes diamond-shaped, with four straight sides.
In typical examples the calicos have a long diameter of about half a line (sometimes more)
and a short diameter of about a fourth of a line ; and they are separated by intervals of about
half a line or less, measured either vertically or transversely across the frond. The interior
of the calice exhibits no internal process or ridge.

AcfiorJing to Mr. Billings, the calices in this species are " distant from each other about
two thirds of a line in the vertical, and a little less in the transverse direction of the frond."
I have, however, seen no examples in which the calices are so remote as this ; and I can only "
suppose that Mr. Billings must have taken his measurements from older and larger specimens
than any which have come under my observation.

Alveolites Fisclieri in some respects is closely allied to A. Goldfussi and A. sub-orhiculari.i ;
but it differs in its general form altogether, since it is celluliferous on both of its sides ; instead
of having the corallites opening on the upper surface, whilst the under surface is covered by an
epitheca. It is also distinguished by the proportions of its corallites, which arc uniformly
smaller than in A. Goldfussi, and which do not carry the internal process of .1. sub-m-bicat a-
ris. Mr. Billings records the species from the Hamilton formation, but I have also found it,
though rarely, in the Corniferous Limestone.

Locality and Fowiation. — Corniferous Limestone of Port Colborne. Hamilton formation,
Bartlett's Mills, near Arkona, Township of Bosanquet.

67. Alveolites prondosa (Nicholson).

Alveolites frondoaa CSicholmo), Geological Magazine, Feb., 1874.

Corallum forming elongated, sometimes palmate expansions, which appear to have,
grown in an erect position from a rooted base, and which are celluliferous on the two sides.

58

¥

The width of these expansions appears never to have been over an inch and a quarter, often
less, and the thickness rarely exceeds two lines, but the height is unknown, and certainly ex-
ceeded two inches in some (probably in many) cases. The corallites spring from the median
plane of the frond on both sides, are very oblique to the surface, and have very thick walls.
The calices are small, transversely oval, or sub-triangular, arranged in oblique lines, their long
diameter being not more than from one-fourth to one-third of a line, with a transverse diame-
ter one-half less. The inferior lip of the calice is thin and prominent, but there are no traces
of any internal ridge or tooth. The calices are separated by intervals of about one-third of a
line in the vertical direction of the frond, and one-fourth of a line or less in the transverse
direction of the frond. There can be no question as to the entire distinctness of this not

uncommon species. It is readily distinguished
from all other species of the genus except A.
Fifichcri, Billings, by its peculiar form and mode
of growth, and it is separated from this by the
very much smaller size of the corallites, and
their much closer arrangement. The only re-
maining species which has been recorded from
the Devonian rocks of Canada is j1. squamosa
(Hillings), but a reference to the subjoined de-
scription will show the entire distinctness of
this from A. fromhsn. "This sjiecies " (.1.
squamosa) " is found in wide, flat, irregular
expansions, sometimes six or seven inches in
breadth, and from half an inch to one inch and
a half in thickness ; composed of successive, and
a often much distorted, layers, the cells opening
out upon the surface very obli(|uely, and sepa
rated from one another by exceedingly thin par-
titions, which, when silicified and well brought
1,'jg 1^ out by the action of the weather, present a pe-

Portion of thetronAotAiveomes frondosa fNichoison]. ""'^^''.ly ""o^S^^ squamosc appearance. The cells
o Kraginent of the same magiiined. From the Hamilton are hncar, in general about halt a Ime m
'°""''"""- length, and apparently about one-tenth of a

line in width. One of the specimens examined exhibits two spots, one-fourth of an inch wide
each, where the cells are less than half the average size. There are obscure indications of a
central ridge on one side of the cell in this species, as there is in A. suh-orhiculan's.'' (Bil-
ings, Can. Jour., New Scr., Vol. V., p. 257.)

From the above description, it is obvious that A. squamosa belongs to the same natural
group of Alveolites as A. Goldfussi, A. sub-mbicularis A. Labechei, and A. Graifi On the other
hand A. frondosa agrees with A. Fisrheri in the fact that the corallum had the form of a flat-
tened expansion, which was attached below to some foreign object by a strong foot-stalk, and
which carried the corallites on both sides. Whilst agreeing in this respect with A. Fisclieri,
the present species is nevertheless readily distinguished by the dimensions of t^e corallites.

Locality and. Formation. — Common in the Hamilton Formation at Bartlett s Mills, near
Arkona, in the Township of Bosanquet.

Genus Stbiatopora (Ilall).

" Ramose, ooralla solid ; stems composed of angular cells ; apertures of cells opening upon
the surface into expanded angular cup-like depressions ; interior of the cell rayed or striated ;
strioB extending beyond the aperture of the cell." (Hall, Pal. New York, Vol. II. p. 156).

As regards the typical species of this genus, viz. : S. Jlexuosa {\\s\\), from the Niagara
group, some doubt has obtained as to its Coelenterate character, and it has been referred to the
class of the Pohjzoa. There is, however, no doubt as to its being a true coral. One species
of the genus, viz. ; S. Linneana (Billings) has been recorded from the Devonian Rocks of
Canada, and the close relationship between this and the ramose species of Favosites is obvious.
Professor Hall has also recorded a species of the genus from the Hamilton group of Iowa,
(viz. : Striaiopora rugosa, Hall, Geology of Iowa, Vol. I., Part 2, p. 479, Plate I. Fig. 6),

59

though it would appear that this is really identical with the previously described S.{Cifathop(ra)
lowensis of Dale Owen. Lastly a species of the genus has been recorded by Messrs. Meek &
Worthen, from the Lower Helderberg group of Missouri, under the name of S. Missouriensis
(Geology of Illinois, Vol. III. p. 369, Plate VII. Fig. 4).

■ 68. Striatopora Linneana (Billings).

Striatopora Linneana (Billings), Canadian Journal, New Series, Vol. V. p. 253, Fig. 1.

" Stems, two or three lines in diameter, branching at an angle of 75° to 80°; cells variable
in size, the greater number with the expanded mouth one line wide, and the circular cavity at
the bottom from one-third to one-half of a line ; the smaller or younger cells, of all sizes, are
somewhat uniformly distributed amongst the larger. In the perfect specimens the mouths of
the cells are everywhere in contact with each other, the edges of the walls between them sharp,
and the form more or less polygonal, generally five or six-sided. In worn specimens the
cells are more nearly circular, and the walls obtusely rounded ou the edge. The striae in the
cell-mouths not observed " (Billings, loc. cit. p. 253).

This species is by no means of common occurrence. The few examples which exhibit
the internal contracted aperture at the bottom of the expanded calice, can be determined with
ease ; but those in which these apertures are concealed, can hardly be separated from a small
undetermined iarosi'to which abounds in the same beds. The Favosites in question occurs in
the form of small sub-cylindrical, irregularly lobed, or sub-palmate masses, generally from an
inch to an inch and a half in height, the corallites being unequally sized, polygonal, and thin-
walled. The difficulty is still further increased by the fact that Striatopora Linneana docs
not appear to possess the radiating striae which are so characteristic of the genus.

Localitij and Formation. — Rare in the Hamilton Formation of Bartlett's Mills, near
Arkona, Township of Bosanquet.

Genus Trachtpora (Edwards and Haime).

" Corallum dendroid, the branches presenting calices which are only slightly salient, and
in which there are no radiating septa ; coenenchyma ve.-y abundant, solid, and with the surface
marked by strong irregular, vermicular, and sub-echinulated striae." (Edwards and Haime,
J'ol. Fosi:. des Terr. Paleoz. p. 305).

M. M. Edwards and Haime have described one species of this genus {T. Davidsoni) from
the Devonian Rocks of Europe, and Mr. Billings has recorded another {T. elegantida) from the
Hamilton group of Ontario.

69. Trachypora elegantula (Billings).

Trachypora elegantida (Billings), Canadian Journal, New Scries, Vol. V. p. 254.

Corallum solid, ramose ; the stems from one and a half to two lines in diameter, branch-
ing at an angle of 75°. Corallites arranged in four or five rows, parallel with the direction
of the axis of the branch. Calices excavated in the coenenchyma, oval, about two-thirds of a
line in their long or vertical diameter, and half a line in their short or transverse diameter.
The calices are surrounded by a prominent margin, and are usually separated by intervals of
about half a line. Not uncommonly an extra corallite is intercalated between the regular
vertical rows. The surface of the cwnenchyma is ornamented with slightly flexuous broken
stria), four or five of which occupy the space of one line.

This elegant species is readily distinguished from the only other known form of the
genus (viz., T. Davidsoni) by its cells arranged in a linear series, and its non-echinulate striae.

Locality and F&rmdion.—E.ami\ton Formation of Bartlett'9 Mills, near Arkona, I'own-
ship of Bosanquet.

Genus CHiCTETES (Fischer).

Corallum ramose, massive, or incrusting, composed of elongated basaltiform cornllites,
which are in close contact, and are not united by any ccerjenohyma. Tabulae well developed ',
septa absent ; no mural pores.

60

The genus Chcetetes is nearly allied to Favosites, but is separated by the absence of mural
pores. Very similar in all essential respects to Chcetetes is the genus Stenopora, of Lonsdale,
the diflferential character of which is stated to be the presence of minute styliform processes
at the angles of the calicos. Good authorities, however, reject the genus Sfeno^iora altogether,
and refer the forms placed here partly to Favosites and partly to Chcetetes. Lastly, the genus
Monticfidipcrra has been founded by D'Orbigny to include species of Chcetetes which increase
by gemmation, instead of fissiphrously, as is ordinarily the case iu the genus.

In the present state of our knowledge, it seems almost impossible to separate these three
genera ; or, at any rate, it is certainly often impossible, after the most careful examination
and comparison, to decide positively to which one of them a given specimen belongs. In the
Hamilton Formation of Western Ontario occur three small corals which are certainly referable
to one or other of these three genera, and which I shall provisionally consider as belonging
to the genus Chcetetes. All three I have been unable to identify with previously described
forms ; and I have, therefore, been compelled, though with great reluctance, to consider them
as new.

70. Chcetetes moniliformis (Nicholson).

Chcetetes moniliformis (Nicholson), Geological Magazine, Feb., 1874.

Corallum ramose, the branches having a diameter of from three to five lines. Corallites
polygonal, with thin walls, for the most part nearly equal in size, but having a few very small
ones intercalated amongst the larger ones. The surface exhibits rounded eminences
("mamelons") placed at distances of rather more than a line, over which the calices are larger
than in the intervals between them. About four calices in the space of one line. At each
of tlie angles of each calice is a minute nodular thickening, which gives a peculiar beaded
appearance to the surface, but which is not prolonged inwards into the interior of the corallite
in the form of a spine. On the contrary, well preserved specimens show that these bead-like
or moniliform thickenings of the angles of the «alices are continued above the general surface
in the form of short, blunt spines, which communicate to the coral a roughness readily per-
ceptible to the touch.

Chcetetes moniliformis appears to be readily distinguished from
previously recorded examples of the genera Cha;tetes, Montiailipora,
and Stenopora, by the moniliform thickenings of the angles of the
calices and the spiniform surface-projections therefrom proceed-
ing (fig. 17, h). The walls of the calices are thin, and are themselves
destitute of spines or tubercles, the spines exclusively proceeding
from the points where the angles of contiguous calices come to-
gether. Stenopora spinigera (Lonsdale) carries spines, as its name
implies, but these are borne by the walls of the calices all round,
and the other characters of the fossil are different. Stenopora
exilis (Dawson), from the Carboniferous Rocks of Nova Scotia,
also possesses spines, but these likewise spring from the margins
of the calices, are much more numerous than in the present species,
and are different in form and arrangement, whilst the calices are
., . . ^. , , .,. oval instead of being polygonal, and the entire coral is of a more

fm-wh (Nich.), eninrKcd ; 6. a por- slendcr and branching habit. In addition to its peculiar spines,
Sc^enirrsedTcl'a'porZ^^ OMetes momlifmnis, is further characterised by the compara-

t\iTttMentchcetetesBarrandi{K\c\\.), tivcly large sizc of the caliccs, their thin walls, their polygonal
Cgroup."""^""- *'■■'"" '"" "*'""" form, and (with the exception of those occupying the " mamelons" )

their nearly equal dimensions.
Locality and Foi-mation. — Rare in the Hamilton group of Widder, Township of Bosan-
quet.

71. Ch^tetes Babrandi (Nicholson).

Cluvtcti's Ba,rrandi (Nicholson), Geological Magazine, Feb., 1874.

Corallum ramose, or forming small lobate masses, with a diameter of from two to five
lines, Corallites polygonal, nearly equal, though with some smaller ones intercalated amongst
the larger ones, with thin walls. The surface does not exhibit distinct eminences, but here

Fig. 17.

61

f-^^

i

and there are groups of corallites slightly larger than the ordinary ones, and separated by
intervals of about a line'and a half. From four to five oalioes in the space of one line.

This species is very closely allied to C. Goldfussi (Edw. and H.), but is distinguished by
the fact that the oalices are markedly polygonal, instead of being circular or oval, and that
they are sub-equal, with very few smaller ones interspersed amongst them, whereas, in the
latter species, there are intercalated amongst the ordinary calices a number of exceedingly
minute ones. From the well-known ClmteJes tumidus of the Carboniferous rocks, aglin, the
present species is distinguished by the polygonal shape of the calices, their thin walls, and
their much larger size, the corallites of the former being thick-walled and nearly circular, and
there being about eight of them in the space of a line.

Locality and formation. — Not uncommon in the Hamilton group, at Widder, Township
of Bosanquet,

72. Cn.«)TETE8 QUADRAN0ULARI8 (Nicholson).

ChHctex quadrantjularis (Nicholson), Geological Magazine, Feb., 1874.

Corallum forming thin crusts of from one-tenth to one-sixth of a line in thickness
Corallites sub-equal, with very thin walls, about eight in the space of one line, for the most
part polygonal, but often quadrangular in shape. The surface is smooth, and destitute of
eminences^ nor are there groups of larger coralUt«s regularly interspersed amongst the smaller
ones.

''^"iiiiii^^^ll^i^^^i^-

(L

Fig. 18.

o. Portion of the cruat of Ch(etetef quadrangularis,
(Nich.), (jrowinj; upon fleliophyllum Haiti, slijfhtli'
enlarged ; 6. a few cells of the same greatly enlarged.
From the Hamilton group.

This species is found commonly encrusting Helio-
phyllum Ilalli, and often forming expansions of con-
siderable extent, but apparently never composed of
more than one layer of corallites. It is distinguished
from C. tuberculatus (Edw. and H.) by the smaller
size of the corallites, the absence of distinct eminen
ces or gibbosities of the surface (" mamelons,") and
the very commonly quadrangular form of the calices.

Locality and formation. — Not uncommon in the
Hamilton group of Bartlett's Mills, near Arkoua,
Township of Bosanquet.

Gemis Callopora (Hall).

Corallum compound, massive, encrusting, or ramose, the corallites minute, tubular,
separated by a still more minutely tubular coenenchyma. The coonench3'ma always rendered
vesicular by transverse diaphragms, and the corallites also usually tabulate. Septa rudimen-
tary or absent.

The genus Callopora includes a number of corals, which range from the Upper Silurian
(Niagara group) to the Devonian, and which, in some instances, have decidedly the aspect of
Polyzoa. The affinities of the genus are, however, beyond all question, so far at any rate, as
the species which have come under my observation are concerned. Callopora, beyond all
doubt, is a genus of Tabulate corals, and finds its nearest allies in the genera Heliolites and
Fistidipora. From the former of these, Callopora is separated by the absence of septa, and
from the latter by the fact that the tubuli of the coenenchyma are regularly tabulate, whilst
the corallites themselves have the theca cither open, or partitioned oiF by few remote horizon-
tal tabulaa.

One large species, which perhaps may subsequently be found to admit of subdivision
into two, has occurred to me in the Corniferous Limestone and Hamilton Formation of Wes
tern Ontario, and this is very clearly distinct from all previously recorded forms.

73. Callopora incbassata (Nicholson).

Callopora incrassata (Nicholson), Gcoldgical Magazine, Jan., 1874.
CoriUlum sometimes encrusting foreign bodies, sometimes forming large expansions, or
sometimes constituting large hemispheric masses which are composed of numerous concentric

62

l>

layers, superimposed one upon the other, Corallites very minute, tubular, their circular call-
ces slightly elevated above the general surface, and surrounded by a prominent margin.
From three to five caliocs in the space of one line, separated by intervals of from half to two-
thirds of their own width. Corallites, sometimes with the theca undivided, but more com-
monly partitioned off by a few remotely placed horizontal tabulae. Camenchyma composed
of exqpedingly minute tubuli, which are partitioned off by numerous close-set horizontal diaph-
ragms. No traces of septa. The surface exhibits at intervals of about two lines elongated,
star-shaped spaces, sometimes smooth, sometimes punctate or minutely pitted, which are not
penetrated by tubes of any kind, and appear to be quite solid. There are generally from three
to six corallitoa .surrounding these vacant spaces, which are larger than the others ; and the
.spaces themselves have a long diameter of about a line or more, by a shorter diameter of half
u line. In some specimens, also, the surface exhibits occasional large conical elevations pierced
each by a single canal, the diameter of which is about a line, and which descends vertically
into the mass.

The cliaracters of Cdlhrpm-a incrdssafa are most remarkable, and I am not satisfied that
two closely related species have not been included under the above description. That we have

^ , to deal here with a Tabulate coral allied to

FisluUpora or Hdioliks is sutHciently clear ; but
a there are many anomalous points presented b}
the fossil. The specimens which I have included
under this head occur in at least three forms.
Some of them form thin crusts upon Heliophyl-
lum Ilulli or Cystiphi/llum vesicnlosum, them-
selves in turn supporting the tubes of Ortonw
or Spirorbis, or the creeping Biohns of Anlopoi-a.
Others form flattened or undulating expansions,
and others appear as irregular or hemispheric
masses, varying from an inch in diameter or
less, up to the size of a man's head, and com-
posed of numerous concentric layers. The
majority of examples exhibit the extraordinary
clear spaces on the surface, which are neither pene-
trated by the corallites nor by the tubuli of the
, ca^nenchyma. These spaces are usually elon-
gated, and often somewhat depressed below the
a. A frafrraent, natural general .surface, and prolongations extend from
si/e. 6. A portion <>f the surface nmMrnifled.showii.gthecaiices^f^ j^ ^ gtar-Ukc manner. The corallites in

and caMienthynial tubuli. c. A portion of the surface less . , • i i. i j i n

hl^'hly nia(fiiitied showing a vacant space surrounded hy coral- their immediate neighbourhood are also USUally.

H^liitonKroup."''''""" "'*'"*'"'""* '"'"^'^^ ^'"'" *''" somc or all, larger than the ordinary ones.
Only a few specimens exhibit the large conical elevations perforated by large vertical canals ;
butin those that do, these structures appear to belong properly to the fossil, and not to be
extraneous. In other minor respects the fossils differ very considerably amongst themselves.
The specimens from the Corniferous Limestone arc mostly of large size, the corallites arc of
comparatively small size, the intervals ocupied by the cojnenchyma are proportionately wider,
and the fact that the ccenenchyma is composed of minute tubuli can not be determined. I feel,
however, pretty sure that these peculiarities are simply to be ascribed to the method in which
the specimens from this formation have been fossilised. In the specimensirom the Hamilton
formation, again, the peculiar vacant spaces are not always recognisable, and appear to be cer-
tainly absent in some instances over areas of considerable extent. Most of the Hamilton
specimens show very clearly the tubular nature of the co^nenchyma, but there is a good deal
of difference as to the amount of cojnenchyma. Some examples have the corallites separated
by intervals of nearly their own width, the interspaces being filled with circular or polygonal
tubules. Others, on the other hand, have the corallites nearly in contact, with but a single
row of exceedingly minute tubuli separating them. An epitheca, so far as I have seen, is
only occasionally present, and the flattened expansions often carry corallites on both sides.

LoaiUty and Foniudion. — Corniferous Limestone of Port Colborne, and more abundanth
in the same formation at Hagersville. Common in the Hamilton formation at Widder, and
also at Jjartlett's Mills, near Arkona, in the Townships of Bosanquet and South Williams.

Fig. 19.
Callopora incraHnnia, (i\ilii>.

.t

m

63

Genus Fistulipora (McCoy).

• Cornllum cncrustinj,' or forming large masses, composed of long, simple, cylindrical, thick-
walled tuhes, the mouths of which opcu as simple, equal, circular, smooth-edged cells on the sur-
face, and have numerous transverse diaphragms at variable distances ; intervals between the tubes
occupit^l by a cellular network of small vesicular plates, or capillary tubules traversed by dia-
phragms." (Brit. Pal. Foss. p. 11). The genus Fi.s/ulipnra presents close iiffinities to the
genus J/efinliti's pnd also to (Julloi'm-d. From the former, Fisfulijinni is distinguished by the
fact that the corallites are destitute of septa, whilst it differs from the latter genus in the fact
that the ccenenchyma is regularly tubular, and that both the corallites and the intervening
tubuli are traversed by numerous and regular tabula-.

One species of the genus, viz. /''. Canadensis (Billings), has been recognised as occuring
in the Devonian rocks of Canada. ' ^

74. FisTULiPOBA Canadensis (Billing^).
FisiuUpora Canadensis (Billings); Gcol. Survey, Canada, Rep. for 1857, p. 175

C>'.
08,

nadiaa Xaturalist, Vol. III., p. 420 ; and Camulian Journal, New Series, Vol
Fig. 1

Corallum forming irregular masses, or, more commonly, large undulating crusts or ex-
pansions, from half an inch to an inch or more in thickness. Under surface covered with a
thin concentrically-wrinkled epitheca. Corallites perfectly cylindrical, from a third of a line
to half a line in diameter, usually about half a line distant from one another, sometimes one
line or more, their mouths slightly projecting above the general surface. Ccenenchyma com-
posed of minute, polygonal or sub circular tubuli, of which from two to four occupy the space
of one line. The number of tubuli separating the various corallites varies from a single row
up to three or four rows. Both the corallites and the intermediate tubuli of the ccenenchyma
exhibit numerous close-set and well developed tabuliie.

Fistidipora Canadensis occurs very abundantly in both the Corniferous Limestone and
the Hamilton formation of Western Ontario ; and though there are some slight differences
between the examples from these two formations, these differences do not appear to be of spc-
3ific value. /'. C«rt(«(/c?^s/s is very closely allied to i^. (/m;)/c//s (McCoy), from the Upper
Silurian Rocks, the chief or only distinction of importance being that the tubuli of the ccen-
enchyma are considerably larger in the former than they are in the latter.

Locality and Formation. — Common in the Cornifsrous Limestone of Port Colbornc,
Ridgeway, Hagersville, ilc. Also in the Hamilton formation at Bartletts's Mills, near
Arkona, Township of Bosanquet.

Genus MlCHELlNiA (De Koninck).

Corallum composite, forming hemispherical, depressed, or pyriform masses of prismatic or
sub-cylindrical corallites. Walls of the corallites perforated by mural pores. Tabute well de-
veloped, vesicular. Septa represented by vertical striarj or ridges. Epitheca concentrically
wrinkled, with root-like prolongations.

The corals of the genus Michelinia approximate closely in their general characters to
those belonging to Favosites. Michelinia is distinguished, however, by the vesicular nature of
the tabula), the generally larger size of the corallites, and the fact that the septa are present
merely in the form of stria;.

Mr. Billings has described three species of Michelinia, (viz., M. convex.a, M. inteiiniUens,
and M. favosoidea,) as occuring in the Corniferous Limestone of Western Ontario. Of the-ee,
only the well known M. convexa has come under my notice.

75. Michelinia convexa (D'Orbigny) .

Mi helinia convexa (D'Orbigny ), Prodr. de Paleont, t. I. p. 107.

Michelinia convexa (Billings), Canadian Journal, New Series, Vol. IV. p. 112, Fig. 13.

Corallum forming hemispherical or pyriform masses of largo ^ize. Corallites polygonal,
of unequal sizes, the larger ones from four to five lines in diameter, the smaller ones from ote

M

> I l!
ili- 1

64

to two lines in diameter, Septa represented by numerous (about forty) vertical stria;. Mural
pores generally in two or three rows on each of the prismatic faces of the corallites. sometimes
in one row, sometimes in several, distant from one another vertically from half a line to over
one line. Tabulm exceedinj^ly convex and gibbous, usually with two, three, or four vesicular
.swellings round their margins, distant from one another from half a lino to a line and a half.
Loaility ami Formation. — This fine Hpecies is of not uncommon occurrence at various local-
ities in the Corniferous Limestone of Western Ontario. Amongst localities where it has been
observed, may be mentioned Port Colbornc ; Lot 6, Con. 1, Wainfleet ; Oxford, near Wood-
stock, Kidgoway and Hagorsville. It has also been recorded from the I^evoniau rocks of
Michigan, and Preston County, Virginia.

CHAPTER III.

Brachiopoda of the Corniferous anp Hamilton Formations.

The number of Brachiopoda in the Devonian Rocks of Western Ontario is very consider-
able, but good specimens are not obtainable in many parts of the Corniferous Limestone, and
our collection of these fossils is not so complete as that of the corals. For this reason, I have,
in treating of this group of fossils, availed myself largely of the published papers on this sub-
ject by Mr. Billings {Canadian Journ., New Series. Vols. v. and vi.), and also of Prof. Hall's
magnificent work on the Brachiopoda of the Devonian Formation of the State of New York
(Pal. N. Y. Vol. IV). More especially our spocimens, except in a few instances, do not exhi-
bit the internal characters of the valves, so important in this class of fossils , and these I have
generally quoted at length, for the benefit of Canadian students, from the works of one or
other of the above mentioned eminent palaeontologists.

Altogether, I have identified about forty-three species of Brachiopods from the Devonian
of Ontario, belonging to the following genera: — Strophomena (■'even species), Sfrcptorhynchiis
(one species) Orthia (two species), Clumdes (seven species), P/WMc/eWa (one species), Spirifera
(five species), Cyrtina (one species), Atrypa (two species), Alhjiris (two species), Lciorhijn-
rhus (two species), Spirigera (three species), Itetzia (one species), Amphigmia (one species),
Co'lospira (one species), Centronella (two species), Lingida (two species), Pholidops (one spe-
cies), and Crania (^one species).

Of the above, a few species (such as Strophomena rhomlmdalis, Spirifera mucronata, and
Atrypa reticularis) are well known European forms; and others are nearly allied to European
species, if not quite identical with them ; but the greater number are peculiar to the American
Continent.

76. Strophomena perplana (Conrad).

Strophomena perplana (Conrad), Journ. Acad. Nat. Science, Vol. viii. p. i. XIV.

fig. 11.

Strophomena pluristriata (Conrad,) op. cit., p. 259.

Stropliomena delthyris (Conrad), op. cit., p. 258.

Strophomena crenistiia (Hall), Report Fourth Geological District. New York, p. 171,'
fig. 4.

Strophomena fragilis (Hall), Tenth Report on the State Cabinet, p. 143 ; and Rep, Geol.
Survey of Iowa, p. 4'JG. PI. iii. fig. G a, 6 c.

Strophomena perplana (Billings), Journ. Can. Institute, New Series, Vol. VI. p. 343.

StropJwdonta perplana ; (Hall), Pal. N Y., Vol. iv. p. 98. Pis. XI. XII. XVIII. and
XIX.

Form semi-elliptical or semi-circular ; the width exceeding the length, though not greatly ■
Valves flattened, or slightly concavo-convex, regularly rounded in front. Hinge-line straight,
:xs long as, or longer than, the greatest width of the shell, which is sometimes extended to-
wards the cardinal angles or almost auriculate. Ventral valve slightly convex, with its
greatest convexity at about one-third from the beak ; the dorsal valve gently concave or

65

Doarlj flat. Area of the ventral valve about one line wide at the beak, that of the dorsal
valve being about half as wide. Both areas are striated, and they form with one another an
angle of 90^ ur a little more. There is no foramen, but sometimes a flat triangular space with
a narrow median callosity.

Surface with numerous flne, eaunl or subequul striso, which increase in number in pro-
ceeding from the beaks to the margins, both by bifurcation and intercalation. Six to nine
stria) occupy the space of a line ; and these iire crossed by close-set ooucentric striae, from
ten to twelvif in the space of a line. Besides the close cancellation thus produced, there
are often irregular concentric undulations of both valve.s, and sometimes the bases of minute
spines onn be detected.

Average examples have a width of about an inch by a length of about throe quarters of
an inch ; but the width on tho hinge-line varies fnm half nn inch to two inches.

As regards the internal characters, Prof. Hall states ( Pal. N. Y. Vol iv. p. ) 00) that
'• the iuterior of the ventral valve is marked by large flubelliform divaricator muscular im-
pres.sions, cxtemling more than half the length of the shell ; narrow above, with sides nearly
straight, curving below and deeply dividotl in front, each division showing four or five lobes.
The occlusor impressions are two semi-oval elevated spots a little below the apex, the centre
becoming a thickened ridge or process lying beneath the place of the foramen, with a cavity
on each side for the insertion of the bifurcate dorsal cardinal procesis. * * * 'f i,^ mus-
cular impressions of the dorsal valve are distinctly but not strongly marked ; these are sepa-
rated above by a median ridge which divides in the bifurcating cardinal process, and this is
8upportcd«on each side by an oblique pustulose ridge which gradually merges into the sur-
face of the shell."

Strnphomena perplnna (Conrad), belongs to a
group of Strophomenoid shells separated by Prof.
Hall from Strophomtna proper, to form a new
genus, which he terms Shvphodonla. The chief
peculiarity of the forms included by Flail in
bis genus Slrophodonta is the absence of a foramen
in the area of the ventral valve ; but as the
^ forms in question are in most respects other-
wise undistiuguishable from the typical species of
A medium-sized >'</wn/wmc/i«, it would Seem advisable not to reg-ird

nirtiuii of the 8ur- ai • i* •. i • o ii_ . .

face of the winie, enlarged, c.rniferuiw Limostcne. t">s peculiarity as being ot morc than at any rate
sub generic value. S. perplana is an extremely characteristic species of tiie Devonian Rocks of
North America, and is in general readily recngnised by its flattened form, its fine equal striae,
and the close concentric striation of the surface in well preserved specimens.

Ldcaiity and Formation, — Common in the Cornilerous Limestone of Port Colborne, and
lot 6, Con. 1, Wainfleet.

77. Strophomena demissa (Conrad).

Strophomena demissa (Conrad), Journ. Acad. ^at. Sciences, Philadelphia, Vol. VIII, p.
258, pi. 14, fig. U.

Strophomena demissa (Hall), Tenth Report on the State Cabinet, p. 137.

Strophodoiita demissa (Hall), lleport on the Geological Survey of Iowa, p. 495, Pi. Ill,

Kio. 20.
Strnphnm'na perplnna (Conrad).

fig. 6.
116-1

Strophomena demissa (Billings), Joum. Can. Institute, New Series, Vol. VI, p. 341, figs.

Slrophodonta demissa (Hall), Pal. N. Y., Vol, IV, pp. 81, 101, 114.

Shell very variable both in form and in dimensions. The form is u.sually semi-elliptical,
but may be sub-quadrate or sub-triangular. Usually the width of the shell exceeds the
length, but sometimes both dimensions are equal, and occasionally the width is less than the
lengt; . The hinge line is usually equal to or greater than the greatest width of the shell,
and the cardinal angles are often extended or auriculate. Specimens vary from a third of
an inch to an inch and a half in width.

The ventral valve is convex, sometimes strongly so, and the convexity is usually uniform
and regular from the umbo to the ventral margin. The dorsal valve is moderately concave.

', I

il

«6

The beak of the ventral valve is small, prominent, and slightly incurved ; the area of
III' derate width, and sometimes with a smooth triangular space occupying the place of the
iiTiimen. The dorsal area narrow.

The surface is marked with " numerous crowded striae, about nine or ten of which are
much stronger and more elevated on the umbo of the ventral valve, with finer ones coming in
between and on either side ; striae frequently increasing by intercalation and bifurcation, until
tliey become very numerous and much finer at the margin. On the dorsal valve, the striae
are similar to those of the ventral valve " (Hall).

According to the obserrer just quoted, " the interior of the ventral valve, and casts of
tlie same, show a largeflabelliform divaricator muscular impression, which is somewhat widely
separated in front, and each division distinctly lobed. The occlusor muscular impressions
occupy a semi-elliptioal space on each side of a narrow central depression, the marking on
either side being double in well preserved specimens. The upper extremities of this im-
pression are close under the arch of the umbo, and separated by a smooth space from the
divaricator impressions. Beyond the muscular impressions, the interior surfac(^ is minutely
pustiilose, the points beinir more promiiunt just wit'uout their limits ; beyond which the
course of the vascular impressions can be distinctly traced. In the dorsal vulve the anterior
smd pdStcrior occlusor muscular impressions are very conspicuous and deej)ly marked, and
often limited by an elevated ridge, a narrow longitudinal ridgc dividing the two pairs. On
each side, and below the muscular impressions, the surface is mirked by small pustules or
tubercles ; and beyond these the surface is minutely pustulose, the vascular impressions be-
coming distinct towards the margin. The cardinal process is divided from the biise, the
divisions strongly diverging." (I*ii/<eoiif(iloii[/ of iXtir i'mk, Vol. IV, p. 103.

S. deiiiissu, like the preceding, belongs to the section elevated by Hall to the rank of
a genus under the name of /Stnijilioddnfa. It is a variable species, and unless the hinge-lino
be preserved with the area, it is not alwiys possible to refer examples to it with certainty.
The species occurs in almost every sub-division of the Devonian scries of North America.

Ldcalifi/dJiil FoniKtIioii. — Cornilerous Limestone of Port Colborne and of numerous other
localities in Western Ontario.

78. Strophomena inequistriata (Conrad).

Strojiltomenn ini'tjuisfriafa (Conrad), Journal Acad. Nat. Sciences, Philadelphia, Vol.
VIII., p. 2r)4, Plate XIV. Fig. 2.

Stivphiiinena iiieqiiidriata (Mall), Geol. Rep. 4th District, p. 200, Fig. 4; and Tenth
lleport on the State Cabinet, p. 142.

Strophuniena inequistriata (Billings), Jourmil Canadian Institute, New Scries, Vol. VI.,
p. 338.

Stro])hodonta inequistriata (Hall), Pal. New York, Vol. IV., p. lOG, Plate XVllI, Figs.
2a—/,-.

[Compare Orthis intersirialif. (Phillips), Pal, Foss. p. Gl, Plate XXV. Fiirs. 103 a-d;
Lepla'iia iulrrsfi-iidis (Davidson), Brit. Fnssil lirachiopoda, p. 8."), Plate XVIII , Figs. 15-18 ;
Sfrojihodoiifa rarititridta, \iir. arafa <IIall). i'al. New Vork.Vol. III., p. 183, Plate! IS. Kigs.
la-/; Sl<q>hodonta te.ctdis (Hall), Pal. New York. Vol. IV., p. lOS, Plate XVIIl. Fig. 3;
and Strqdioiloida coneava (Hall), Pal. New York, Vol. IV., p. UG, Plate XVI.]

Shell semi-oval or semi circular, widi'st jit the hinirc-line, which varies from one to three
inches in length. Cardinal angles usunlly somewhat acute, and .sometimes eared. Width of
the shell usually from a fourth to a third greater than the leni^th. Valves concavo convex ;
the ventral valve convex, with a variable curvature, often abruptly arched towards the margin ;
the dorsal valve concave, but genernliy less s'.rongly curved than the ventral. Heak of the
ventral valve apparently very variable in its prominence ; the area narrow, vertically striated,
and crenulated in the neighbourhood of the beak.

!*urf ice marked with distant elevated simple 8tria\ which increase towards the margins
of the shell by interstitial additions, and which are separated by fl it or sliglitly concavo inter
spaces, distant from half a line to a line at the margin. Thesis interspaces are occupied by
exceedingly fine and close longitudinal strijc, from four to eight existing in one intersjiacc.
Further, the coarse and fine radiating stria) are cancellated by a crowded series of txceedi»f.rly
fine and cl so set concentric striae.

d ; the area of
he place of the

n of which are
3ne8 coiniog in
urcMtion, until
alve, the striae

e, aud casts of
uewhat widely
ar impressions
le marking on
OS of tliis im-
3pace from the
Bt^ is minutely
id which the
'e the anterior
y marked, and
wn pairs. On
all pustules or
mpressions be-
tlie base, the

0 the rank of
the hinge-line
ritli certainty.

1 America,
umerous other

hiphia, VoL

\; and Tenth

ies, Vol. VI.,

XVI II, Figs.

Il's. 101} a-il;
Figs. 15-18;
late IS, Kiga.
VIU. Fig. 3;

one to three
W idth of
leavo-convex ;
■i the margin ;

iieak of the,
ially striated,

the margins
!onc!ave inter
! (lecupieii by
10 interspace,
t t'Xceodui;.'Iy

As regards the internal characters of this species, according to Professor Hall, " in
the interior of the ventral valve, the occlusor muscular impressions occupy a narrow, sub
quadrangular elevated space, just beneath the apex , whilst the divaricator muscular imprints
occupy a short broad space on each side, and are limited by nearly vertical or slightly
curving ridges which have in some degree the appearance of dental lamellae ; within the limits
of these ridges the muscular imprints are not strongly marked. In the dorsal valve the pos-
terior occlusor imprints are broad and extending far towards the cardinal line, and often limited
externally by alow pustulose ridge; the anterior impres.sions are small and narrow, separated
by a narrow mesial ridLje, and margined by diverging elevated ridges, which, above the impres-
sion, are united in the mesial ridge from which proceeds the bifurcating cardinal process."

S. inequhtriata is placed by Hall in his genus Strnplmlonta, and is stated to possess no
foramen ; but Mr. l>illings asserts that a small linear foramen is present. In most respects
S. inequistridta appears to be identical, as pointed out by Hall, with Lcjita'nn {(hfhi.t) inti r-
striiilis, (Phillips), from the Middle Devonian of England and Europe; and no other distinct-
ons can be at present laid down between the two forms, except that the latter is upon the whole
somewhat smaller, aud that it does not seem to possess the fine concentric stria) of the former.
When the internal characters of L. iiifcK-itrialis are known, other differences may perhaps
appear. It may also be doubted, as pointed out by Mr. Billings, if aS'. inrqnistrktfn is specifically
distinct from the Devonian forms described by Hall under the names of .S'. terfUh and >'. con-
cam. Lastly, *S'. hicqulstriata is rlosely allied to the S. varistriata of the Lower Ilolderberg
Eocks, and has decided affinities with the still more ancient S. alternnta of the Lower Silurian.
I am unable to sec that there are any differences of specific value between this and S.
mequiradiata Hall, though the opposite is maintained by Hall. S. iiicquistridfn may iu
general be readily recognized by the characters of its surface-ornamentation and by its shape.

Localitij II lid Fonmifinn. — Coiniferous Limestone, Port (Jolborne; liOt 6, C'on. 1, Wain-
fleet ; Kidgeway, and generally throughout the Corniferous and Hamilton formations of Western
Ontario.

79. Strophomena Patersoni (Hall).

Strophomana Patcrsoiii (Hall), Tenth Report on the State Cabinet, p. 114.
Strophomena Fatcrsoni (Billings), Juiir. Can. Indituk, New Series, Vol. VI., p. 340,
Fig. 115.

Shell semi-oval, ventral valve convex, depressed towards the cardinal angles, which are
slightly extended or auriculate. " Surface marked by distant elevated radiating striic, and
the intermediate spaces by undulating fine stria', aud crossed by short al)ruptly arching
wrinkles, which are interrupted by the strong radiating striic. The finer radiating striie on the
ventral valve are from three to ten or twelve between the stronger ones ; whilst on the dorsal
valve the spaces are wider, and there are from ten to twenty finer stria; between the stronger
ones. The finer stria' are crossed by equally fine concentric striiu, giving the entire surface
a delicately cancellated appearance," (Hall, Pal. N. Y., Vol. IV., p. 8'.)).

S. I'uicrsoni is very closely allied to N. iiirtiiu.stri(i/a, from which it is perhaps not speci-
fically distinct. The chief points of distinction are to be found in the smaller convexity of
the ventral valve in S. Patirf^iuii, in the greater number of the fine intermediate stria), and
in the presence of well-marked concentric wrinkles. .V. J'atcrsoiii is also allied to the Silu-
rian S. ronngdla of I'ortlock, but tlie latter is a flatter and smaller form.

LiwaJitij ami Formatinn. — Not uncommon in the Corniferous Limestone of Kidgeway,
and Lot 6, Con. 1, Waiuflect.

80. Strophomena ampla (Hall).

Strophomena ampla (Hall), Tenth Report on the State Cabinet, p. 111.
Sirophomaia ampla (Hillings), Jonr. Ciin. Instiliite, New Series, Vol. V^L, p. 345.
Strophodonta ampla (Hall), Pal. N. Y., Vol. IV., p. 93, PI. XIV., 1 «— 1 i.

Shell large, from two to three inches wide, the length from a fourth to a third less,
semi-oval or semi-circular, the hinge-line as wide or wider than the greatest width of the shell
below. Ventral valve concave, with a slight convexity near the beak ; dorsal valve convex,
with a concavity in the neighbourhood of the beak, following the curvature of the ventral

S8

■*

valvo. Area of the ventral valve from one to three lines in width, transversely striated for
from one-third to one half of the distance from the beak to tha cardinal angles. Dursal area
narrow and linear.

•' Surface marked by angular, sub-equal, interrupted or rugose striiB, which are often
made to appear more uniform by the partial exfoliation of the shell. The striae are bifur-
catod two or three times before reaching the margin, and they are sometimes increased by
intercalation. As usually preserved, they rise at intervals into sharp ridges or elongated
nodes ; and ia well-preserved specimens these are produced into short spines. When the shell
is exfoliated, the surface between the stria? is marked by minute pores or tubular openings,
which communicate with pustulose elevations on the interior surface of the shell. In the en-
tire cast, these pores mark the surface with considerable regularity, varying in size, and uni-
formly larger below the middle, where the valve is more abruptly reflected

" The muscular impressions of the ventral valve are very large and broad, and the mar- 'i^

gins distinctly limited by a curving elevated border. It is divided in the middle by a more .■|

or less developed septum, which terminates in a prominent ciUosity beneath the place of the
foramen : this callosity gives a bilobate character to the cast of the rostral cavity. The
place of thcocclusor muscles is strongly marked, and that of the divaricator muscles distinctly "%*

bilobed. The muscular imprints are about two-thirds as long as wide, and the width is often
nearly equal to half the width of the she!!. The muscular impressions of the dorsal valve
are narrow and elongate, and are separated by a rounded median ridge, which divides above
and continues in two diverging processes, the full extent of which is not shown in any of our
specimens," (Hall, Pal. KY., Vol. IV., p. 9-t).

Professor Hall places S. amph in his genus Strophodonta, and states that the place of a fora-
men is tak^n by a smooth triangular space with a narrow callosity along its centre. According
to Mr. Hillings, however, there is a small linear closed foramen, one-third of an line in width.
It seems very doubtful if there is any difference of specific value between S. ampla and the
more ancient Lower Helderberg species. S. pundnlifem Conrad), S. Ihadkyana (Hall), and i,S. g.

mvnmhnna (Hall >. Mr. Billings points out that .S. ampla and S. pundnliferd are substantially %-

identical, the Corniferous specimens, however, being on an average larger than those figured
by Hall from the l>owcr Heldelbevg. I have, hdwevcr, collected examples of S. piiiirtali/era
the dimensions of which are fully equal to those of the Devonian form. It would probably be
wise, therefore, to substitute .S'. punctidifera lor S. mnpla, retaining the names Headlejidiia
and cariiiiiboiia in the meanwhile as designations of varietal or sub specific value, thus carrying
out Professor Hall's own view that a more extensive series i f specimens will show that all these
forms belong to '•' one species presenting variations of size, degree of convexity, width of area,
and diflference of surface-markings due to the influence of the sediment and other surrounding
conditions which affect the development of animal life." (For descriptions and figures ot'-S".
Hend'eijirna. S. cumunhona, and »!5. puiiclnfifi'.rii, see Pala3ontol gy of New York. Vol. Ill,
p. 185, PI XX., Figs. 1— .3 ; p. 187, PI. XXI, Fi-s. 1 -3, and p. 18.S, Plate XXI, Fig. 4, \4:

and PI. XX I II, Figs. 4—7.

Stioph'inviin (iiiijilii may as a rule be recognized by its peculiar form and the characteris-
tic ornamentation of the surface. The commonest appearance is when the shell is partially ex-
foliated and the puncta between the stria; are visible. Spines cannot usually be detected,
but Mr. Billings has figured a specimen in which the whole surface is adorned with short
spines.

Locality and Formation. — Corniferous Limestone of Port Colborne.

81. Strophome.na nacrea (Hall).

i i!

Strophnmena [Slrophndovta) nacrea (Hall), Tenth Report on the State Cabinet, p. 144.
iSirophodonla lepida (Hallj, Gcol. Report, Iowa, Vol. 1., Part ii., p. 493, PI. III., figs. 3,

a, b, c.
Strofihomena lepida (Billings), Joiirn. Can. Institute, New Series, Vol. VI. p. 344.
Strophodoida nacrea (Hall), I'al. N. Y., Vol. IV., p. 101, PI. XVIII., figs. 1, a, b.

Shell small, from four to nine lines wide, and from three to six lines long, semi-circular,
or sub-quadrate, the hinge-lino crcnulatcd and as wide as. or wider than, the shell below.
Front margin rounded, cardinal ungleH rounded or extended and angular. Ventral valve

69

regularly but not greatly convex, depres^sed towards the cardinal angles. Area narrow, linear^
without foramen ; beak small. Dorsal valve concave.

Surface shining, smooth, without radiating striae, but with very faint concentric lines
of growth.

" The muscular impressions in the ventral valve extend more than half the length of the
shell. The divaricator muscular imprints are deeply depressed, elongate-ovate, narrowing
above, and somewhat widely separated below ; while the occlusor impressions are narrow
ovate spots on the thickened portion of the shell, and below these extends a narrow elevated
band separating the other impressions. In the dorsal valve, the anterior and posterior occlu-
Bor impressions are small and not strongly defined. The cardinal proces-s is slender, bifurcat-
ing, with a narrow rounded ridge extending from its base down the njiddle of the valve. The
intcrior,of the shell, excepting the muscular impressions, is studded with prominent scattered
granules or papilla). The crenulations on the hinge-line are rather distant but conspicuous."
fHall, Pal. N. Y., Vol. IV., p. 104).

Sirojihodonta vacrea is readily recognised by its general form and smooth
surface, and, when the shell is preserved, by its pearly lustre. It is nearly
allied to the Strojihowcnu (Oiihis) hpis of Bronn, from the Devonian Rocks of
Europe ; but according to Hall, it is distinguished by being much less dis-
strophotnena tinctly Striated, and by having only about half as many crenulations on the
ttocera, (Haii),of hinffcline.

Ihe natural size. "

CorniferousLime-

Itoiie.

Locality and formation, — Bare in the Corniferous Limestone of Port Colborne.

82. Strophomena riiomboidalis (Wahlenbcrg).

This well-known species is so familiar to all students of Palseozoic Geology, and its char-
ewters are so readily recognised, that it seems unnecessary to occupy space here with a des-
cription of its peculiarities, or a recapitulation of its ponderous synonymy. It may, as a
rule, be determined at once by its rhomboidal form, the deep concentric wrinkling of the vis-
ceral disc, and the abrupt geniculation of both valves towards the dorsal side at a point situ-
ated at from one half to two-thirds of the length measured from the beak. S. rh(miboidal'i> is
known to have commenced its existence as early as the Lower Silurian period ; it is in
abundant Upper Silurian fossil ; it is found throughout the Devonian ; and it even extends
into the Carboniferous rocks.

Loadiiy and fm-mation. — Comn^on throughout the Corniferous I imcstone of Western
Ontario. Also in the Haniiltor/ gro j' of the same district, though not known in the Hamil-
ton series of the State of New York.

Genus Streptorhynctitjs (King).

The genus Strepforhynrhvs includes strophonicnoid shells of a semi-circular or semi-
elHptical shape, " concavo-convex or plann-convex, and sometimes with both valves convex ;
they are externally striated with rounded bifurcating thread-like striae, which are crossed
by fine concentric lines; and in some forms the stronger striae are distant, with finer
radiating and concentric stria? canccllating the intermediate spaces. The ventral het.' . is
sometimes produced and bent or twisted, and the fissure beneath the beak is closed or par-
tially closed by a solid deltidium, while the area is sabject to great variation. A narrow
area often exists on the dorsal valve, but this is not a constant character." (Hall, Pal.
N.r., vol iv,p. 64).

The genuB Streptorhynchns is very closely allied to Strophomena proper, the most obvious
external character by which the former is distinguished being the irregular twisting of the
beak of the ventral valve. The genus is represented in all the great palaeozoic formations,
from the Lower Silurian upwards, and appears to be very abundantly represented in the
Devonian Rocks of North America, so far as individuals are concerned, Prof Hall, how-
ever, refers all the Devonian forms of this genus to one exceedingly variable species, the
Strepforhynchus Clirmungenm of Conrad. Only one form of the group has been recorded an
yet from the Devonian Rocks of Canada, namely, the S. Pandora of Mr. Billings.

B' li

m

i 1.

83. Streptorhynchus Pandora (Billings/.

Streptorhijiichns Pandwa (Billings), Canadian Journal, New Scries, vol. v. p. 266, figs,
12, 13.

Streptmhynchus Chenmngensis, var. Pandora (Hall), Pal. N.Y., vol. iv, PI. IV, figs. 11,
19 ; and PI. I'X, figs. 18, 25, and 27.

[Compare Strophomeiia IFoolworthana (Hall), Pal. N. Y., vol. iii, PI. XVI, figs.
1 and 2J.

Shell semi-oval, about one-fourth wider than long; the hinge-line equal to the greatest
width of the shell, and forming right angles with the nearly straight sides, whilst the front
margin is broadly rounded. Ventral valve elevated at the umbo, whence the surface slopes in
all directions to the margin. Area of the ventral valve large and triangular, extenjling the
whole length of the hinge-line. Foramen large, triangular, about twice as wide at the base
as the height, nearly or quite closed by a convex deltidium. Dorsal valve moderately con-
vex, sliglitly dcprcy.«ed towards the cardinal angles, with a narrow area.

Surface marked liy fine .strongly elevated thread-like striae, which are sometimes alter-
nately large and small, and which increase in approaching the margin both by bifurcation and
interstitial addition. About four strife in the width of one line, sometimes more.

" The interior of t^ie ventral valve is marked by strong dental lamelUw and a broad
flabellate muscular impression, which in well preserved specimens shows the cordiform im-
print of the adductors, and a short low mesial septum in the upper part. The interior of
the dorsal valve preserves deep dental sockets, with thick socket plates which support the
duplicate cardinal process, each division of which is grooved at the extremity. There is like-
wise a small process between the two branches of the cardinal process ; and below the hinge
line, the flabelliform muscular impression is divided by a low rounded mesial
ridge or obsolete septum." (Hall, Pal. N. Y., vol. iv, p. 68.)

Average specimens have a width of about an inch and a quarter by an inch in length,
but larger individuals are known to occur.

According to Hall, Slreptorhi/nchus Pandora is merely a form of the vary variable >S'.
Chemun(jensis,{Conr!id). There is, however, some doubt as to whether the specimens examined
by Hall really belong to (S'. Pnndora, (Billings) ; since he states that the longitudinal striaJ
ore " crenulated by tine closely arranged concentric striae." This is certainly not the case
,n\.\\ any of the specimens which have come under my notice, and Mr. Billings explicitly
notes the absence of concentric striae in the exanii)les upon which he founded the gpi.'cics.
Hall, also, states that a small centra) process exists between the two divisions of the cardinal
process, but Mr. Billings states that no such process exists in ^'. Pandora. It thus remains
uncertain whether the New York specimens are identical with these from Ontario. *S'. Pandora
is nearly related to the well known European species .V. crcnidria., from which its only import-
ant external difference is the absence of crenulating striae.

Locality and Pormutioii. — Corniferous Limestone, of Port (Jolborne, and Hagersville.

longitudinal

Gemis Orthis (Dalman).

" Shell variable in shape, sub-circular or (juadrate ; valves equally or unequally convex ;
socket valve sometimes slightly concave, with or without a mesial fold or sinus ; hinge line
straight, generally shorter than the width of the shell ; both valves furnished with an area
divided by a triangular open fissure for the passage of the pedicle fibres ; beaks more or le.^s
incurved, that of the larger valve generally more produced ; surface, smooth, striated, or
ornamented by simple, bifurcated, or intercalated ribs ; structure minutely or largely punc-
tated; valves articulating by means of teeth and sockets. In the interior of the larger or
ventral valve the vertical dental plates form the walls )f the fissure, and extends from the
beak to the bottom of the shell ; between these a small rounded mesial ridge divides the mus-
cular scars, which extend over two elongated depressions margined on their outer side by the
prolonged bases of the dental plates ; the cardinal muscles appear to have occupied the greater
portion of the anterior division of these two depressions, the pedicle muscles occupying the
external and posterior part of the same space ; the adductor was probably attached to each
side and close to the mesial ridge. In the socket vtdve the fissure is partially or entirely
occupied by a more or less produced simple shelly process, to which wore affixed the oardiual

71

. 266, figs,
V, figs. 11,
XVI, figs.

;he greatest
it the front
ce slopes in
tenjling the
at the base
rately con-
times alter-
rcation and

nd a broad
dif'orm im-

interior of
lupport the
ere is like-

the hinge-
)ngitudinal

in length,

variable S.
i examined
linal striaj
)t the case
< explicitly
he species,
le cardinal
us remains
S'. Pandora
ily import-

;rsville.

ly convex ;
hinge line
h an area
ore or lef*8
triated, or
sjely punc-
larger or
i from the
3 the mua-
ide by the
he greater
ipying the
ed to each
r entirely
le cardinal

muscular fibres; the inner socket walls are considerably prolonjred into the cavity of thu shell,
under the sliape of projecting huninse, to the extremity of which free fleshy spiral anus may,
perhaps, have been atlixed. Under this shelly process a longitudinal ridue separates the
quadruple impressions of the adductor, which on each side forms two deep oval depressions,
placed obli(iuely one above the other, and separated by lateral ridges branching from the
centre one." (Davidson, Brit. Foss. Brachinpoda. Introduction, p. 102).

The genus Orthis is very nearly related to Strophomemi, from which the more typical
forms may in general be easily separated by their usually greater convexity, and the rounder
and shorter hinge-line. Two species of the genus, viz. : 0. Liiia and 0. Famixeini have been
recorded by .Mr. Billings as occurring in the Devonian Rooks of Ontario, and both of these
have come under my oljservation.

84. Orthis Livia (Billings).

Oiihk Lima (Billings), Canmlinn Jmirnal. New Series, Vol, V. p. :.'G7, Figs. 14-l(i.
Or/his Livia (?) (Hall >, Pal. New York, Vol. IV., Fius. 4«-4c.

" Sub-orbicular or sub-((uadrate ; length about eight ninths of the width ; greatest width,
usually a little in front of the middle ; length of hinge line, one-half to two thirds the width
of the shell ; cardinal extremities rounded ; sides in most specimens somewhat straight, often
sufficiently curved to give a circular aspect to the shell ; front angles obtusely rounded ; front
margin in licneral broadly convex, sometimes with a small space in the middle nearly straight.
Dor.sal valve of a medium convexity, most elevated about the middle ; the outline forming a
uniform arch from the depressed beak to the front margin ; the slope from the umbo towards
the cardinal angles, gently concave; sometimes a barely perceptible mesial depression, coni-
mencinu' in a point at the beak, and becoming obsolete at one-half or two-thirds the length ;
area smidl, lying in the plane of the lateral marijins ; beak minute, forming a small triangular
projection, rising scarcely one-fourth of a line above the edge of the area, the point not incuvcd
over, but situated in the plane of the area. Ventral valve moderately convex, most elevated
at between one-fourth and one-third the length from the beak, thence descending with a some
what flat or ijently convex slope, to the front and sides, and with a more sudden and somu.\ hat
concave slope to the hinge line and cardinal angles ; the umbo small, prominent, neatly
defined, torminatinui: in a sm.all rounded beak, which is incurved so as to overhang the e iueof
the area, either not at all or scarcely one tenth of a line ; area triangular, about one t' urtli
larger than that of the dorsal valve, forming an antrle of about 10,5^ with the plane of the
lateral margin. The foramen not ohserved. but appears to be wider than hiirh. On leokiuL!;
at the dorsal valve in a direction perpendicular to the plane of the shell, the small rou ideu
umbo (if the ventral valve can be seen rising about nne-third of a line above the dorsal be.i!^.

" Surface with small sub-angular radiating riil^es, of nearly a uniform size, from ('it;h^
to ten in the width of three lines, increasing by bifurcation, strongly curved outwards to tho
upper part of the sides and cardinal angles, the interveninir grooves sub-angular in the l)!ittoin,
and e()ual to the ridges in width. In very perfect specimens, very fine concentric sub-la-
mellar concentric stria) are visible, seven or einht to one line. In certain conditions of preser-
vation also, the radiating ridges are seen to be sub tubular, and exhibit numerous small ovai
or circular openings on their edges, each about tiio eighth or tenth of a line in width, and
from one-fourth to two-thirds of a line distant from each other.

" Width of largest specimen examined, ei<i;hteen line s ; length, sixteen lines ; thiekne.'is
or depth of both valves, seven lines ; height of area of ventral valve at the beak, one line ; :\vv:\ of
dorsal valve four-fifths of a line ; distance between the beaks, one line ; length of hinge-line, ten
lines. The most common size appears to be one inch in width. The beak of the ventral vaive
is incurved, so that it would touch a plane projected horizontally through the valve, at one half
the depth of the cavity.

" In some specimens the ventral valve has a faint, barely perceptible mesial fold, extend-
ing from the umbo towards the front." (Hillings).

I have very little to add to the above exhaustive description of 0. Livin, by IMr. Bil-
lings, the only two additional points of importance that I have observed being the folln-.v-
ing: — 1. The foramen is very large, and is more than twice as wide at the base as it is hi.,di.
2. The margin of the .shell exiiibils, in adult .specimens, several well-marked concentric ridu^es
of growth, which are quite independent of the fine concentric strite which some examples present.

mm

n

iji'

'"•'

Orthis Livia is an exceedingly elegant species, and can usually bfl recognised without any
difficulty. It is allied to 0. Vunuxenii, (Hall), but is a larger form, and is more coarsely
ribbed.

Locality aiid Formation. — Corniferous Limestone of Port Colbome, and Lot 6, Con. 1,
Wainfleet.

85. Obthis Vanuxemi (Hall).

Orthis Vanuxemi (Hall), Tenth Report on the St.ite Cabinet, p. 136.
Orthis Vanuxemi (Billings), Canadian Journal, New Series, Vol. V., p. 269, figs. 17,
18, 19.

Orthis Vanuxemi (Hall), Pal. N.Y., Vol, IV. Plate VI., fig. 3.

Shell very nearly circular, compressed and flattened ; hinge-line very short, rounded.
Dorsal valve gently and regularly convex ; the beak hardly prominent, not incurved ; the
area narrow and linear. Ventral valve with its greatest convexity in the neighbourhood of
the beak, nearly flat, or commonly slightly concave towards the front; the beak small, but
more prominent than that of the dorsal valve, somewhat arched. Area narrow and curved,
about one-third wider than the area of the dorsal valve. Foramen comparatively large, wider
than high, triangular. Surface covered with close-set, fine, elevated striae, which increase
both by bifurcation and interstitial addition, and which are indistinctly cancellated by concen-
tric striaj. About five striae in the space of a line, but more in the neighbourhood of th«
beaks. Entire surface minutely punctate ; a few concentric, imbricating lines of growth.

As regards the characters of the interior, " the dorsal valve shows a strong cardinal process,
which is continued in a prominent rounded median ridge for half the length of the shell, where
it sometimes divides, or gradually becomes obsolete; there are sometimes visible low trans-
Terse ridges, which divide the muscular impression. The crural processes are prominent, and
sustained below by strong obiiciuc ridges. In the interior of young specimens, the marks of
the externiil striae are visible nearly or quite to the muscular impression; while in older speci-
mens these mnrk.s extend little beyond the margin. The interior of the ventral valve is marked
by a largo flabelliform muscular impression, which reaches from one-half to two thirds the
length of the shell. The central or adductor impression is sometimes simple, and sometimes
longitudinally divided by a slight median ridge, which is stronger below. In the older shellB
the ovarian spaces are pustuloe. The dental lamellae are strong and divergent, supported
below by the ridge which margins the muscular impression. Vascular impressions are rarely
seen extending beyond the muscular area. Under a lens, the interior surface is distinctly
punctate. In all well-preserved specimens the exterior shows minute tubular openings in the
striae ; and when the striae are much worn, these also are to be seen to be tubular, while a
farther wearing of the .surface shows more distinctly the minute punctate character of the
«hell."-(Hall, Pal. N.Y., vol. iv., p. 47.)

Oiihis Vanuxemi is one of the most characteristic of the Brachiopods of the Hamilton
Formation, and though not particularly abundant in Western Ontario, it is a very com-
mon species in the State of New York. It is distinguished from 0. Livia by its finer striation
and its more circular form. It is also a smaller species, average specimens having a width of
about thirteen lines, and a length of about eleven lines and a half, though examples both
smaller and larger than this are not uncommon. Small specimens are not at all unlike the Orthis
hyhrida (Sowerby), of the Silurian Kocks of Europe and North America. There is, also,
considerable doubt as to whether the 0. leuconia and 0. Penelope of Hall, from the Hamilton
group of the State of New York, can be regarded as more than mere varieties of 0. Vamixemi.

Locality aiid formation. — Hamilton group of Widder and Bartlett's Mills, near Arkona,
in the Township of Bosanquet. Also at Canandaigua and at various other localities in the
Hamilton Formation of the State of New York.

' Genus Chonetes (Fischer).

Shell semi-oval or transversely oblong, with a wide straight hinge-line. External margin
of. the area of the ventral valve furnished with a row of tubular spines. Surface radiately
striated, often spinose. Foramen in the ventral area distinct, but partially closed by a pseudo-
deltidium. Valves articulated by teeth. Dorsal valve with a cardinal process which is simple
at the base, but bifid or grooved at the extremity. Interior of the shell pustulose or papillose.

78

without any
ore coarsely

; 6, Con. 1,

9, figs. 17,

;, rounded,
urvcd ; the
ourhood of
small, but
od curved,
arge, wider
ih increase
by coDcen-
ood of the
,'iowth.
lal process,
hell, where
low trans-
linent, and
e marks of
)Idcr 3peci.
: is marked
thirds the
sometimes
)ldcr sliells
supported
are rarely
distinctly
ngs in the
r, while a
ter of the

Hamilton
i^ery com-
r striatiou
I width of
pies both
the Orthii^
e is, also,
Hamilton
''anv.remi.
r Arkona,
ies in the

al margin
radiately
a p.><eudo-
is simple
papillose.

'^■

The genus Chonetes is nearly allied to Producta, from which it h distinguished by its arti-
culated valves and row of tubular spines on the margin of the ventra! area, as well as by other
oharacters of less importance. The spines, unfortunately, are prescrvf'd only in the smaller
number of specimens, and thus the affinities of a given example have often to be decided apart
from this character. Even in the absence of this, however, Chonetes may generally be distin-
guished with ease from Producta by the fact that the ventral valve is proportionately less
gibbous and ventricose, and the surface striation is finer. On the other hand, the genus
Chmeles in form and external appearance makes an approach to the genera Stroj^hcniuma and
Lepta-na, and it may thus be regarded as being to some extent a link between the families of
the Stroj)}umenid(e and Produdidce.

Six or seven species of Chonetes occur in the Corniferous and Hamilton formations of
Canada, of which one, viz., C. hemispherica has previously been recorded by Mr. iJillings'
and all are found in the same formations in the State of New York.

85. Chonetes lineata (Vanuxcm).

Strophomena lineata fVanuxem), Geol. Reportofthe 3rd District, New York, p. 139, Fig.Jg.
Chonetes glabra (UM), Tenth Hefort on the State Cabinet, p. 117.
Chonetes lineata (Hall), Pal. N. Y. Vol. IV. p. 121, PI. XX. Pig. 3.

Shell semi-oval, the length about four-fifths of the width ; hinge line equal to the greatest
width of the shell, and forming about right angles with the sides of the shell. Ventral valve
very convex, or ventricose, regularly curved from the umbo to the front, the cardinal angles
alightly flattened. The sides of the ventral valve nearly straight and the front margin broadly
rounded. The dorsal valve concave, the concavity being less than the convexity of the ven-
tral valve. Area of both valves very narrow, that of the dorsal valve linear. Cardinal .spines
rarely preserved, small, slightly oblique to the hinge-line, rarely more than two or three visible
on each side of the hinge line. Surface marked with numerous slightly elevated rounded
stria3, about ten in the space of one line, which increase in number by bifurcation and inter-
culation in proceeding from the beak to the margin. In well prf erved specimens extremely
fine concentric stria; can also be observed. The inteiior of the dorsal valve exhibits lines of
pustules, corresponding with the striae outside.

Chonetes lineata is of not uncommon occurrence
in the Devonian Rocks of Canada, both in the Cor-
niferous Limestone and the Hamilton formation,
but especially in the latter. Average examples have
a width of five lines and a length of about four lines.
It is readily distinguished by its general form and
surface characters, and it seems very probable that
Yandellana of Hall (Pal. N. Y., Vol.
^^^^'^:;:^"'m\:;^^^^^'^^"- iv., pi. xx_. Fig. 4.) is nothing more than a variety

of this species.
Locality and foiTnntion. — Corniferous Limestone of Hagersville and Port Colborne.
Abundant in the Hamilton Formation of Rartlctt's Mill, near Arkona, in the Township of
Bosanquet.

87. Chonetes scitula (Hall).

Chonetes scitula (Hall), Tenth Pe port on the State Cahinef, p. 147. - '

Chonetes scitula (Hall), Pal. N.Y.,Vol. iv., PL XXI., Fig. 4.

Shell small, semi-oval or semi-circular, the width exceeding the length by from one fourth
to nearly a third (usually about five lines in width, by three and a half in length). Hinge-
line usually not quite equal to the greatest width of the shell, generally producing rectangular
cardinal angles. Sides nearly straight ; anterior margin rounded broadly. Ventral valve
convex, depressed towards the cardinal angles, sometimes regularly curved from the beak to
the front, sometimes with a slight mesial depression almost approaching a regular sinus. Dor-
>>al valve very concave, c'csely applied to the convexity of the ventral valve. Area of the
ventral valve, narrow, broadest in the middle, its plane coincidinewith thatof the cardinal an-
gles. Foramen partially closed by a convex deltidium, partially filled with the cardinal piocess
of the dorsal valve ; its shape broadly triangular. Dorsal area linear, about half the width

Fig. 22.

. Ventral vatvo of Chnneten lineata. Hall, natural »"'^*''^« i.imia
! ; 6. Ventral valve of the same, aft«rHall, enlartfcd the ChoncteS

i. :r

74:

W 'I

I ' .1

of the ventral. The cardinal marj^n of the ventral valve f,'ciiei!illy slicw.s very distinctly the
bases of five tubular spines on each side of the umbo. The eurlVce is marked by fine, sub-
equal, usually rounded, radiatiu" stria;, those near the marj^in often alternatin;,' in size. There
arc about six of the larger striae in the space of one line, and there are between fifty and
sixty stria; at the margin of tlie shell, the increase in proceeding from the beak being offoeted
partly by bifurcation and partly by intercalation. In well preserved .specimens fine concentric
fltrito are also visible.

This pretty little species occurs quite com-
monly in the decomposed shales nf the llaniilton
group at Widdcr, g^inoraliy in a state of boauti-
tul preservation. It is nearly alied to Chmiites
lini'atn,the most satisfactory distinction seciuing:
Fijf. 23. to be that the dorsal valve is much more deeply

a. CWf«yci«ufa, Hall, n.'iturai size. »• Area of tho ^ g.^yg tjjan in the latter spccics, whilst the

same, L'liliirtjed. c. CnoneliK leimln. Hall, natural sizu. c. . . , • / • i

Tliesamuunlarged. All from the Hamilton grmip. striae are morC prOIUUlCnt. C. siltldd, IS ulso

very nearly related to C. lepida ( Hall), and I .should doubt if the latter is truly more than the
young of the former. The chief cliaracter relied upo* to separate these spe.iios is that (/.
scHulii, has the ventral valve uniformly convex, whilst there is a mesial depression in that of
C. le/iida. I have, however, specimens in other respects entirely agreeing with 6'. scilnla, but with
a slight mesial sinus of the ventral valve. Nevertheless, in deference to the authority of the
great American pi<la'.ontologist, I shall in the meanwhile retain C. lejdda as a distinct species.
Loc'UUij awl formiUioa. — Common in the Hamilton Formation of Widder, in the Towa-
fihip of Bosanquet.

88. Chonetes lepiua (Hall).

Chonetes lepidd (Hall), Tenth Report on the State Cabinet, p. 148.
Choneies lepida (Hall), Pal. N. Y., Vol. IV., p. 132, PI. XXL, fig. 5.

The shell in this species in all essential respects agrees with that of C. scite/a (Hall), and
the following may be noted as the only points of distinction : —

1. The form of the shell is sometimes nearly hemispherical, and the width of the hinge-
line ecjuals that of the shell below.

2. The gibbous ventral valve exhibits a longitudinal mesial depression, bounded o': ;ach
side by striae rather larger and more prominent tlian the rest.

3. The hinge-line usually exhibits the bases of two or three spines on each side of the
beak, but as many as five on each side can sometimes be detected.

4. The number of the radiating striiT2 on the margin is only about twenty four or twenty-
five ; but smaller striai are sometimes intercalated between these, raising the total number to
about fifty.

As before stated, my own impression is, that Chonetes lepida is the young of C. acitida.
Upon this subject, however, Prof Hall has the i'ellowing remarks : —

" The original specimens designated as V. /rpuht, are very small shells of almost hemis-
pheric form, and one of the characteristics is tiie mesial depression of the ventral valve. The
etriiB are rather strong, angular, and, from dividing below, have the appearance of being fasci-
culate. More extensive collections have brought to'^fther a large number of individuals ; and
while the characteristic features are preserved in most of the specimens, there are others of the
same size which seem like the young of C. s ■iliiki, but the well-marked specynens of this
species have a convexity which precludes them from acciuiring by growth the form and con-
vexity of C.scitula in its characteristic phases," [Pal. A. Y. Vol. IV., p. 133).

LoaiUty ami formation. — Small specimens having the characters ascribed to C. lepida
are not unoommoa in the decomposed shales of the Hamilton group, at Widder, Township of
Bosanquet.

89. Chonetes mucronata (Hall).

Strophomena mucronata (Hall), Geol. Rcpmi, ith District, New York, p. 180, fig. 3.
•, Chonetes laticosta (Hall). Tenth Report on tlie State Cabinet, p. 119.

C/wii^tes mucronata (Hall), Pal. N. Y., Vol. IV., PI. XX., fig. 1, and PI. XXI., fig. 1.

Shell small, semi-oval, or more or less auriculate, the hinge-line equal to or greater than
the greatest width of the shell below. Ventral valve strongly convex, depressed towards the

7«

m

I

cardiral an<^les ; dorsal vulvc very moderately concave or nearly flat. The surface ia marked
by from twenty to twenty four simple, sub-angular ribs, some of which are occasionally bifur-
cated towards the mar^'in, and which are sepnrated by interspaces wider than themselves. In
the eared examples the ribs are obsolete towards the cardinal angles. " The cardinal margin
shows two and rarely three spines on each side of the centre, which arc abruptly bent outwards
so as to lie nearly parallel to the hinge-line, and the outer one extending much beyond the
cardinal extremity. The a:ea is very narrow," (Ilnll),

Some of the points mentioned in the above description I have
not been able toverify from ourspecimens, as theyare mostly imper
feet. Thus, I have never seen either a dorsal valve, or a ventral
valve exhibiting the spines. Upon the whole, however, I have no
doubt but that our specimens are truly referable to C. mucronufa,
as they agree with li all's description of this species in all essential
characters, so far as observed. As occurring in the Marccllus
Shale, the ventral valve is stated by Hall as being only slightly
convex or nearly flat ; but as occurring in the Corniferous Lime-
siw', aftri- ii;iii; ((. Tiiu huiiic en- stonc and Hamilton group, it is said to be "often quite gibbous.

larked; h A tipeoiiiRn uf c. mu- (jy,. examples agree with the latter in this, and only diflFer in hav-
en (i«^( from the Coriiiteriius . . i- i i i ,1 ^ f ^ 1
Limestone of Ontario. Natural ing tiie cardinal angles more or less produced and salient — a piie-

*'''"-'• nomenon, however, wliich Hall states to be of occasional occurrence.

The species is nearly allied to C'/iO/iefe dcjlcda (Hall), and the two are, perhaps, only varieties

of a single species.

Loraiihj and jmiimt'mi. — Rather abundant in the Corniferous Limestone of Kama's Farm,

near Port Colborne.

90. Chonetes heaiispiierica (Hall).

Chondcs lieinhphrrica (Hall), Tenth Report on the State Cabinet, p. 116.
Chonetes hemispherka (hillings), Canminui Juurual, New Series, Vol. VI. p. 349, Figs,
12 1-1 ".'3.

Chonetes hemispherica (Hall), Pal. N. Y. Vol. IV. PI. XX. Fig. G.

Shell semi-oval or semi-circular, the greatest width being along the hinge-line. Cardinal
angles usually considerably produced and auriculate, sometimes reflfccted. Ventral valve very
convex and ventricose, depressed in the neigiibourhood of the ears, and sometimes showing a
shallow mesial depression extending towards the front from the beak. Umbo very prominent,
incurved, the area being often " inverted, or brought under the body of the shell at right
angles to the plane of the margin " (Billings). The area has a width of about half a line, and
is obli(iuely striated, whilst its outer margin carries the bases of from three to four small spines
on each side of the umbo, which, however, appear to be very rarely preserved. Dorsal valve
concave, following the ventral valve, but with a concavity less than the convexity of the latter.
Area of the dorsal valve narrow and almost linear, marked with a row of small transverse de-
pressions or pits, which are most obvious near the umbo.

8urf;ice marked with radiating, rounded, simple ribs, which become obsolete on the ears.
A few of the ribs bifurcate. There arc from four to five ribs in the space of one line, and
they are separated by interspaces about e((ual to thoir own width.

The dorsal valve of this species appearti to be extremely rare. Hall having nevrr observed
it, and Billings havin<); seen but two fragments. I have only come across a single sjtocimcn,
which exhibits the interior. This example shows the cardinal process to consist of two nearly
parallel and closely contiguous divisions, each of which is bifid at the tip. From the bate
nf the cardinal process is continued a mesial ridge, which dies away towards the front of the
shell ; and on either side of this are two diverging ridges which coalesce with the preceding at
the base of the cardinal process. The radiating ribs are just as conspicuous in the inteiior as
externally, and are marked by minute remote pustules arranged in a single row on each rib.
The muscular impressions cannot be made out.

Chonetes Iismispherica is readily distinguished by its general form and its coarse stria-
tion. The largest specimen 1 have seen appears to be about sixteen lines along the binge-line
by twelve lines in length ; but average examples are somewhat smaller than this.

Lomlity and Formation. — Rare in the Corniferous Limestone of Port Colborne. (Also
in the Schoharie Grit and Corniferous Limestone of the State of New York.) .

1*

m

\'M\

m

iiii

ni;

78

91. Chonetes arcuata (Hall).

Chonetes arcuata (Hall), Tenth Report on the State Cabinet, 116,
Chonetes arcuata (Hall), Pal. New York. Vol. IV., Plate XX., Fig. 7.

Shell semi-elliptical, or nearly scmi-ciroular ; the hin-jje line equal to, or slightly longer
than, the greatest width of the Hhell ; the cardinal angles produced into distinct ears, which,
however, are usually short and compresned.

Ventral valve extremely convex or ventricose, often with a shallow longitudinal depres-
sion, extending from the umbo to near the middle of the shell. Beak prominent and in-
curved ; hinge-line supporting ten to twelve tubular spines, which are directed obliquely out-
wards, and are rarely preserved. Dorsal valve deeply concave, following the convexity of the
ventral valve.

Surface marked by fine rounded striae, which both bifurcate and increase by interstitial
addition. From six to seven striaj occupy the space of one line, and the intervals between
them are not only narrower than the width of the ribs themselves, but often have the charac-
ter, especially in partially exfoliated specimens, rather of rows of elongated pits than of ex-
tinct grooves.

This species is very closely allied to C. hemispherica in its form and general character.
It is readily distinguished from the latter by its much more numerous and finer striae.

Locality and Fmmation. — Not uncommon in the Corniferous Limestone of Port Colboriif.

92. — ClIONETKS ACUTI-RADIATA (Hall),

Strophomena acuti-radiata (UnW), Geol. Report, 4th Dist., New York, p. 171,
Chonetes acuti-radiata (Hall), Tenth Reiiort on the State Cabinet, p. 117.
Chonetes acuti-radiata (Hall), Pal. N.Y., Vol. IV., Plate XX., Fig. 5.

Shell semi-elliptical, it width along the hinge-line nearly or more than twice as great a»
its length ; cardinal angles produced.

Ventral valve convex, but not excessively so, depressed towards the flattened ears, some-
times abruptly arched or bent downwards from the middle towards the margin, so that th«
marginal portion of the shell forms nearly a right angle with the umbonal region. Sometimes
a slight mesial furrow or depression, extending from the beak to the front margin. Dorsal
valve, characters of the area, and interior markings unknown. Surface marked by sub-equal,
rounded, or sub-angular radiating ribs, about six in the space of one line, which increase by
bifurcation and interstitial addition in proceeding from the beak to the margin. On the ciir-
. dinal extremities the ribs are faintly marked, or obsolete.

According to Hall, the hinge-linecarries,
on each side of the umbo, four or five
strong tubular spines, which are obliquely
directed outwards ; but no traces of these
are preserved in the few specimens col-
lected by me. C. acuti-radiata is nearly
allied to both C. hemispherica and C. arcu-
size nta ; but it is distinguished by the dis-

T\g. 25.
a. Ventral valve of Chonetes acvti-radiata (Hall), natural

(after Hall); b, Ventral valve of another specimen of the same from T,_nnnrtionnf/> width nf the shell alontr th«
the Ci.rniferous Limestone of Ontario, natural hIzo. proportionate WlQin 01 ine BOeil ai0D„ ID«

hinge-line as compared with the length, the flattening of the cardinal extremities, and the lesn
convexity of the ventral valve. The striation is also finer than it is in S. hemispherica.
Localty and Formation. — Rare in the Corniferous Limestone of Port Colborne.

Genus Productella (Hall).

" Shells having the general form of Eroductus, but uniformly with a narrow area on each
valve, a foramen or callosity on the ventral area, small teeth, and more or less distinct teeth-
Bockets. The reniform vascular impression, rising from between the anterior and posterior
occlnsor muscular impressions, curves gently outwards, and following a curvature somewhat
parallel with the margin of the shell to below the middle of its length, is abruptly recurved,
and the extremity, turned a little backwards, terminates about half way between the margin

4

77

fhtlj loujfer
ars, which,

inal deprcs-
ent and in-
iqoelj out-
sxity of the

interstitial
lis between
the charuo-
lan of (^i-

charactiM-.
•ise.
tCoIborN»'.

) great a»

ars, somc-
0 that th«
SometimeH
Dorsal
iub-equal,
crease by
n the cur-

ie carries,
r or five
obliquely
I of these
nens coK
s nearly
C. arcn-
the dis-
long th«
le lesw
ca.

on each
t teeth-
losterior
mewhat
(curved,
: margin

and the anterior extremity of the mesial septum. The cardinal process, seen from the inner
side is bilobed, and from the exterior side euoh of these divisions is usually bilobed.

" These shells differ from Stivpluilosia in the extremely narrow linear cardinal area,
greater extension of the hinge-line, more extreme arcuation or ventricosity of the ventral valve
in many or most of the species, and especially in the direction and termination of the reniform
vascular impressions, which resemble those nf Auloakges, and of some species of Froductu.'i. It
differs from I'rndurtus'xn the constant presence of an area, hiuge-teeth, and sockets." (llall.
Pal. New York, Vol. IV., p. 153).

I'rodudi'lla is con.sidered by Hall as a mere sub-genus of Productu, but it seems to mo
that the articulation of the valves by distinct teeth and the presence of a distinct hinge-area
are quite sufl5cient characters to sep;irate Pvodnctella geiiericully from Produdti. Whetl-.er
J'mdnctdla can be kept apart from .S77V)yVm/(w/a of King is another matter, the chief characters
by which the two are separated being merely questions of degree. In external appearance,
however, the shells referred to J'rodurtella resemble I'roduda, much more nearly than do those
referred to 6lroj)halosia.

Professor Hall has described many species of Produdella from the Devonian Rocks of
the State of New York, chiefly from the Hamilton and Chemung groups, but also from the
('orniferous Limestone. I liave only met with a single form of the genus in the Devonian
formation of Western Ontario, and this, thou^^h exceedingly abundant in the Corniferous
liimestone in several localities, i.s certainly distinct from any of those recorded by Hall. I
shall, therefore, describe it as new, under the name oi' ProducteUa'Erieiisis.

93. Froductella Eriensis (Nicholson).

Shell minute, thick, semi-oval or nearly semicircular, the length about one-fourth less
than the width as a general rule. Hinge Hue as wide as, or wider than, the greatest width of
the shell; the cardinal angles rounded, or, more commonly, distmctly auriculate.

Ventral valve exceedingly gibbous and vontricose. strongly and regularly arched from the
beak to the front margin, but depressed towaids the cardinal angles. Umbo obtu.se, prominent,
strongly incurved. Area very narrow and difficult to inake out. The cast of the ventral
valve exhibits a longitudinal slit extending from the beak about one-fourth or one-third of the
length of the shell, and iudic:iting that the cavity of the beak was divided by a low me^^ial
partition ("rostral septum "). In front of this slit there is often a hor.^ie-shoe shaped elevation
representing the cast of the pit to which the divaricator muscles were attached, but this can-
not always be made out. On one or both sides of the niesiul slit there is also generally a
slighter and shallower groove bounding the umbo laterally ; but the general surface of the cast
is quite smooth and not pitted.

Dorsal valve dcpres.«ed convex, not gibbous, depresfsed towards the cardinal angles. When
partially decorticated, the dorsal valve shows very distinctly from si.x; to eight concentrio
imbricating lines of growth. In this condition it also exhibits a more or less defined median
longitudinal ridge which extends from a small, but constant elongated pit, placed Justin front
of the umbo, to the front marjiin — two generally stronger ridges diverging outwards, one on
each side of the central line, from the umbo towards the margin. The beak of the dorsal
valve is scarcely prominent, whilst there is an extremely narrow linear area, and a small car-
dinal process.

The interior of the dorsal valve exhibits radiating lines of minute elongated pits, which
cover its whole surface, or are most abundant in the central portion of the valve, and diminish
as the margin is approached. IJcsides these, on either side of the middle line are two pairs
of deep, slightly curved sulci, which extend from beneath the beak to near the margin. Those
of the innermost pair are most (onstant, .and are placed quite close to the central line of the
valve. Those of the outer pair arc more variable, and there are often two or three radiating
grooves on either side in place of only one. Immediately beneath the beak, lastly, are placed
two elongatea grooves, one on each side, which only diverge slightly from the direction of the
hinge-line, and extend only a short distance into the shell. These are apparently dental sockets.

The surface of the vental valve is rarely preserved, but appears to be quite smooth ; the
surface of the dorsal valve exhibits faint concentric striae. No radiating striae can be made
out ; nor are there any traces of spines either on the hinge-margin of the ventral valve or
upon the surface of either valve.

n

The width of the hinge-lino of the ventrul valve is two lines, the length ubout u line and
two thirds, uiid the height about three quarterw of a line to a lino. The dinienKions of the
dorwal valve are the siime, except that tlie height '\n much less. Hardly any departure frona
these ineasurements can be observed, even amongst a largo number of specimens, but a fow
individuals are very slightly larger, and a good many have the proportion of the length to the
breadth slightly less, owing to the greater extension of the cardinal angles.

a I

a

Fltf. 2fi.

Amongst the numerous species of

Produrtiila described by I'rofessor Hall
from the Devonian Rocks of the .State of
New York, there are only two, viz., l*.
siilxicidcata and /'. Tullia, which have the
_.,.,., , , , , o I , „ L' ■ • rv. 1 1 dorsal valve convex, all the others being
Bdiil iPiirtmiiy uxfniiiiud, .iiittrRod ; 6,cii»t of ihf vciiinii vulve ..f uooneiivo-convex. r roni those, however,

riitlur liirKer individual iif the miiiiu, tnliirRtd ; «, inturior of 1 1 ., :, J J f.^^ ii jj -^ Priitl iiitilln
dorsal Milvc of 111.' Hiiiiif.inliirKcd; (/, ciuit of llio vuntnil Mil\t; of.ui"', "'"l-'-U^ 1™"1 »" UlC rtSl, / KlillUldia
liidivlduiil Willi uiuiMuilly extended ears, enlurged. AWimmVhuVAtT-Em'nsis is roadilv distinguished by the
nlferi>us Poriimtlnii. »ili„ c • lUi.!-..

li, total absence oi spines, and by the intor-

I nal characters of both valves. There may, in fact, lie some doubt as to the reference of this

form to Prdiiurti'/la at all, and for the positive decision of this doubt our materials are unfor-
tunately insutlicient ; since, though 1 have exaiuii'od some liundreds of specimens, I have
not succeeded in finding one single example in which the characters of the hinge-line and
areas arc satisfactorily shown. Still the ventral valve, in its great gibbosity, in its extended
hinge-line, and its jiroduced and depressed ears, is singularly I'roductoid ; and the presence
of distinct areas in each valve, and the fact that the valves arc articulated by teeth and sockets,
would remove the species from J'ni'lufJd, and would seem to warrant its reference to Pnnhir-
tella. The muscular impressions in the ventral valve, unluckily, cannot be m.ide out, and con-
sequently no help can be derived from this source ; whilst the interior of the dorsal valve is
certainly unlike that of tho typical I'roilurtdla, and in some respects approaches Lepfona.

There remain two well known Devonian lirachiopods to which at first sight the present
form bears afar from slight resemblance, viz., the S/iiriJ'era Urli of Fleming, and the Sjnrijern
(y} mhoco'lia) umhonata of Conrad, and it may therefore be as well to indicate the points by
which our species is distinguished.

Spirifcra Urii (Fleming), is a small suborbicular shell with a very convex and gibbous
ventral valve, a promment and incurved umbo, and a semi-circular flat or slightly convex dor-
sal valve. The hinge-line, however, is shorter than the greatest width of the shell ; the car-
dinal angles are rounded ; the dorsal valve has a shallow medial furrow which commences
near the beak and extends to the front ; the ventral valve tias a longitudinal furrow commen-
cing at the extremity of the beak and extending to the front ; and there is a sufficiently
conspicuous area. These characters fully distinguish Spirifcra fh-ii from Proihidella J'Jrimiiis.

Amhocmlia nmhoiudii (Conrad), [Orthi.s viiil'Oiui, Conrad, and Orthis nucleus, Hall,] is
also a small semi-circular Brachiopod, which is very nearly related to Spirifera Urii. It pre-
sents a superficial resemblance to Produdrlla Erieims, owing to its gibbous ventral valve, and
comparatively wide and straight hinge line. It is however, readily distinguished by its
very elevated umbo, the existence of a mesial sinus in the ventral valve extending from the
beak to the front of the shell, and the presence of a comparatively large and high area, which
extends " conspicuously to the cardinal extremities." The surface also is marked by fine
radiating and concentric stria3.

LocuUfi/ and Formation. — Very abundant in certain beds of the Corniferous Limestone
at Port Colborne and Hagersville.

Genus Atrypa (Dalman).

Shell impunctate and fibrous ; surface usually ijbbed and often furnished with imbri-
cating lines of growth often produced into foliacoous expansions ; valves articulated by teeth
and sockets ; the ventral valve often depressed in front, with or without a mesial sinus, it -
beak incurved and perforated at the apex by a minute foramen, which is sometimes boundt d
in front by a deltidium. Dorsal valve convex and often very veutricose, with or without a

lit u Hue and
isions of tho
parture from
IS, but a few
length to the

IS fipecies of
rofcHsor Hall
[■ the State of
two, viz., /'.
liich have the
others being
ise, however,
,, I'riiihutt/la
ifehed by the
by the iiitcr-
jrence of this
uls are unfor-
mens, I have
in<:;e-liiie and
I its extended

the presence
li and sockets,
3e to Pnnhir-
out, and con-
orsal valve is
hes Lepfirnn.
it the present

the Spirijeni
the points by

and gibbous
y convex dor-
ell ; the car-
1 commences
prow commen-
a sufficiently
tella ysV/Vw.-i/s.
ens, Hall,] is
Vrii. It pre-
•al valve, and
lished by its
iing from the
h area, which
rked by fine

us Limestone

id with imbri-
lated by teeth
isial sinus, it -
imes boundtd
or without a

79

mesial fold ; the hin;:e-plate divided, and supporting two largo conical spiros which aro
directed into the hollow of the dorsal valve.

Two species of this genus, viz., -I. rdinthtris (Linn ), and Atiijpa njnnosa (Hall), (if,
indeed, the latter is truly distinct from the farmer) are known to mo as occurring in the Cor-
niferous and Hamilton Formations of \\ estern Ontario.

9-4. Atbypa HETICULARI8 (Linnaius).

'Aiwmia reiicuhirk (Linnoous), Sjisf. Nat., Ed. XTL, p. 1132.

A tri//)a rcliciiliiri-: (DiiUivm), Vet. Ac. llduill., I'l' IV., &^^. 2.

Tirrlrrtituld 2>iisni (Von Buch), Crhi'r Tireliriitiila, p. 71.

Terebmtula {.\tr;//,a) /nisnt (Fhillips). !',>/. F,ms. ufCormniUM; PI- XXXIIL, fig. 144.

tSjilnr/f'riiia nlicuuins (D'Orbigny), J'nnlr. ik Piik'oiiL, Vol. I., p. 99.

Alni/iit ntirnldris (Davidson), lirilish Fuss. JJrachiopuda, lutiviludiun, PI. VIL, figs. 87—
03, and Part VI , p. 53.

Siiiriiimna reticularis (McCoy), Brit. Pal. Foss., p. 379.

Alr,iim reticidarts {UMj, I'uL N. ¥., Vol. III., I'l. XLII., fig. 1, and Vol. IV., Pis.
LL,-Lin., A.

.Itrijpa reticularis (Billings), Canadian Journal, New Series, Vol. VII., p. 2C1, tigs. 84-
87.

(Tlie above list compri.ses only the most important of the numerous synonyms of this
persistent and cosmopolitan species).

Shell exceedingly variable, both in form and dimensions ; usually oblong-ovate, with tho
widest yiortion of the sliiU a little below the hinge-line. Ventral valve usually modeiately
convex in the vicinity of the beak, flattened towards the sides, and markedly depressed in
front, with occasionally a broad but shallow sinus towards the front margin. At other times
the anterior depression and sinus arc inconspicuous. The beak of the ventral valve small,
incurved, and so appressed to the dorsal beak as to conceal the minute foramen by which it is
perforated. Dorsal v.ilve always convex and uniformly more so than the ventral valve, though
sometimes only slightly .so; usually very gibbous, but becoming slightly concave towards the
rounded cardinal angles, and for the most part without a defined fold corresponding with
the sinus in the ventral valve.

Surface covered with small radiating rounded ribs, generally two or three in the width of
a line, increa.siug by bii'urcatiun and interstitial addition in pr<icceding from the beaks to the
front margin. The radiating ribs are crossed by numerous concentric lines of growth, which
usually I'orm distinctly elevated or produced and squamose lines, and which, near the margin,
are sufficiently close to give the ribs a characteristic nodose appearance.

In the interior of the ventral valve is a broad mesial spoon-shaped depression, which
gradually grows shallower in proceeding from the beak to the margin, and which is bounded
by two well defined semicircular ridges. This gives origin chiefly to the divaricator muscles,
and gives rise to a corresponding elevation, bounded by two semicircular depressions in the
cast of the valve. The interior of the dorsal valve is chiefly occupied by the greatly developed
spiral supports of the arms.

AtrijiM rcticidnris ranges from the middle of the Silurian series to the summit of the
Devoni.in.and is a well-known shell both in Europe and North America. In Western Ontario
it occurs plentifully both in the Corniferous Limestone and the Hamilton Group. As a
rule, the Corniferous examples are of larger size, and have more gibbous dorsal valves than
those from the Hamilton .series. An average Hamilton specimen has a greatest width of ten
lines, its length being the same, and its height being five lines. An averiige specimen from
the Corniferous has a greatest width of thirteen lines. A larger specimen from the same for-
mation, with a more gibbous dorsal valve, has a width of fourteen lines, a length of eighteen
lines, and a height of thirteen lines.

Loral if 1/ and Farjaar inn. — Corniferovia Limestone of Port Colborne, Ridgeway, Hagers-
ville, &C. Hamilton Group of Widder, and Bartlett's Mills, near Arkona, in the Townsliip
of Bosanquet.

80

ill /V 1

95. Atrypa spinosa (Hall).

Alrypa spinosa (Hall), Report 4th, Gi!ol. Dist. New York, p. 200, Piga. I and 2.
Atrypa dumosa (Hall), ibid, p. 271, Fig. 1.

Atri/pa spinosa (Hall), Pal. N.Y., Vol. IV., PI. LIII. A., Figs. 1-14, 18, 24, 25.
(Compare the Atrypa asperi or Alri/pa reticularis, var, aspcra of Dalmau, Phillips^
McCoy and Davidson. Compare also the Atrypa squamosa of Sowerby.)

This species in form and in ail its general characters is identical with Atrypa reticularis,
(Linn.), but its surface ornamentation is peculiar and distinctive. The surfaceis " marked by
strong, rounded, radiating costae, bifurcating at unequal intervals, which are much stronger
in the middle of the valve, and become obsolete or appear as gentle undulations towards the
cardinal angles. In the middle of the valves there are about seven or eight of these costi« in
the space of half an inch. The shell is also marked by strong concertric lamelhB, which are
often about a line apart. In perfect shells those lamellye, at the ciossings of the costa), are
produced into tubular spines, which when worn off, leave the ordinary lamellosc surface.
The spaces between the lamella3 are marked by fine thread l''.>.e stria3." (Hall, Pal. N.Y., Vol.
IV., ]). 322).

I have only seen two specimens from the Cornifcious Limestone exhibiting the above
characters, but these are well marked. _! agree W'^n Hall in thinking that the characters of
this shell are sufficiently distinct to entitle it io specific distinction ; but if it should prove,
jw is probable, to be identical with the Atrr^a aspera of European authorities, the latter name
has the priority.

Locality and formation. — Rare in the Corniferous Limestone of Hagersville.

m

Genus Spibifera {'Sowerby).

Shell-structure fibrous and impunctate ; form very variable, but typically more or less three-
sided or quadrate, sometimes oval or subcireular. Hinge-line straight, mostly as long as or
longer than the greatest width of the shell, sometimes shorter. The cardinal angles some-
times obtusely rounded, more commonly produced or extended, sometimes greatly so. Sur-
face usually with radiating ribs, or smooth, or striated. Generally an elevated fold in one
Talvo and a corresponding sinus on the other. Valves articulated by teeth and sockets ; the
ventral valve the larger, with a more or less prominent beak, a well-marked area, and a tri-
angular foramen which is sometimes closed by a pseudo-deltidium. Dorsal valve with a
narrow area and a wide triangular foramen. Interior more or less occupied by two spirally-
rolled lamellae, forming two cones, the apices of which are directed towards the cardinal
angles.

A large number of species of Spirijera have been described from the Devonian Rocks of
North America. With the exception, however, of the extraordinarily abundant S. laucronata,
our collections of the species of this genus are very imperfect. 1 have only been able to
•atisfactorily identify .S. varicosa, S daodenaria, S. mricO'ta, S. fiinbriata, and iS". mmronata,
— the last from the Hamilton group, and the others from the Corniferous Limestone.

96. Spiripera mucronata (Conrad).

Ddthyris mucronata (Conrad). Ann. Report on the Geology of New York, p. 54.
Delthyris mucronata (Hall) Geol. Report, 4th District New York, p. I'j8.
Spirif era mucronata (Billings), Canadian Journal, New Series, Vol. VI., p. 254, tigs. 5'J-
62.

Shell semi-circular or semi-oval, ir.ually siib-trigonal or triansiular, the cardinal angles
sometimes truncated, but more commonly acute and extended, often produced into long luu-
cronate extensions. In a few instances, the hinge line is very little longer than the greatest
width of the shell lielow, but it is generally twice or thrice the length of the shell measured
from the beak to the front margin, and (ccasionally four, five, or six times as great. The
hiides of the shell are straight, or curved slightly, and the front margin is straight or concave.

The ventral valve is more convex than the dorsal, though sometimes only slightly so,
with a small incurved beak, and a narrow linear area, the height of which, when most

81

m one

locka of

un'ouafa,

ublu to

'ivnata,

developed, is only from half a line to three quarters of a line, and is often less. Commeno-
ini; at the beak and extending to the front of the ventral valve is a well-defined mesial sinus,
which is usually shallow and rounded, and is bounded laterally by plications stronger than
the rest.

Dorsal valve moderately convex, not so convex as the ventral valve, its beak incurved,
but not in contact with that of the ventral valve, its area extremely narrow and linear. Cor-
responding with the sinus of the ventral valve, there is a prominent mesial fold extending
from the beak to the front margin.

Surface marked by .sub-angular radiating ribs or plications, usually from eight to twelve
on each side of mesial fold rind sinus, the outermost not reaching the beak, and the cardinal
angles bui:ig free from them. The plications are crossed by numerou.s imbricating zig-zag
concentric strl;ie, which I'ccome very much crowded together as the margin of the shell is
apjtroached, and which, close to the margin, are often interrupted by stronger lines of growth.

The dinieusions and form of Sj)irif('ra iiuirronuta are excessively variable — so much so
tliMt the extreme terms of the series have all the appearance of being distinct species. The
following gives the form and measurements of the leading varieties of this species as seen in
the liamiiton Formation of Ontario, where it is a wonderfully abundant species, and is found
in a state of beautil'ul preservation : —

(/. A semi-circular, and very gibbous form, with the cardinal angles acute, but hardly
produced, width of hinge-line one inch ; length eight lines ; height seven lines.

h. A moderately convex form, witli the cardinal angles moderately but not excessively
produced; the general figure of the shell becoming trigonal. Width at hinge line one inch and
.seven lines ; length, eleven lines ; thickness, seven lines. This may be regarded as the normal
form of the species.

r. A form upon the whole resembling the preceding in outline, but with straighter sides,
so that the shell is of a reuular triangular .shape, the apex of the triangle being truncated at the
mesial sinus and fold. The shell is also much thinner owing to the smaller convexity of tlie
valves, and especially of the dorsal valve, which is gently arelx d near I' .■ umbo, but is more
or le>s abruptly reflected all round the mnrgin at about two-thirds of it • length from the b(nik.
The cardinal angles are also more extended, increasing the disprojiKi'tion between the width
and length. Width at hinge-line, twenty two lines ; length nini' lines ; height, only fmir lines.
This foiin occurs not uncommonly in the railway-cutting at Widiier, and can l.c traced by
insensible gradations into the preceding, just as that i;i.;duates into the form first described.

'/. Lastly, a form in which the cardinal angles of the shell are immensely produced, the
total width at the hinge-line thus coming to be thriie, four, five, or even six times as great as
the leni:th at the l)eaks. There are, also, from tifteen to twenty plications on either side of the
mesial fold and sinus. Width at hinge line in a small s])ccinien twenty-two lines ; length,
seven lines ; height, three lines and a quarter. Width at hinge-line in a fully grown specimen
three inches; length, six lines: height npjiarently between four and five line.s.

Liirii/itii iiiiii /■'iiiiiiiillii/i. — \'ery abundant and beautifully preserved in the decomposed
shales of the Hamilton group, on the line of the (Jrand Trunk Hallway, near Widder Station,
wiiere only tln' first three of the varieties here described are known to occur. Also, eimmon
in the caleareous or ealcareo-arenaeeous beds of the same I'crmation at Bartletts Mills, near
Arkona, in the Township of Bosan(|uet, where the extremely mucronate variety is the chief,
or only, one to occur. Also, in the Cornifenuis Limestone of Port Colborne an i Kidgeway.

tiirs. 5D-

!K. Si'IRlKKUA \A1U('0S.\ (Hall).

Spirifcf rnrirosiis{l\n\\\ Tenth h'eport on the State Cabinet, p. I.'io.

S/iirifrni Viirirosit (iJillinu's), ('tiituilldii Jminial, New Series. Vol. VI., p. J.');'), Fisrs
i'^^, t')l.

Siurifrra nnyvs,> (Hall), ]>,il. Xo'- York, Vol. IV., I'late XXXI . I"igs. 1-1.

This species is very closely allied to Sjiirifi'rn mnnvxala, with which it agrees in its general
fiiriu and il> surface characters. The chief point by which N. rarirosah distinguished is Uie
com])aratively great height of the ventral area, and the prominence of the beak of the ventral
valve. Thus in S. iUKcronadi, the ventral area rarely exceeds half a line in height, whilst in S.

')iros(i it mny havo a height of as much as two lines and a half.
0

The latter species is also in

82

jreneral a smaller species than the former. I have only seen a few detached valves of this species
in the Coruiferous Limestone.

Locality and Fonnatioii. — Corniferous Limestone of Port Colborne and Hagersville.

98. SriRIPERA DUODENARIA (tiall).

Delthyris dundcnaria (Hall), Geol. Report, 4th Dist, New York, p. 171.

Spiii/er duodmarla (Hall), Catalogue in Report on State Cabinet.

Spirijan duodenaria (Billings), Canadian Journal, New Series, Vol. VL, p. 256, Figs'.
65-07.

Spirifem daodemuia (Hall), Pal. New York, Vol,, IV., p. 189, Plate XXVIL, Fig,-*.
13-lG ; Plate XXVIIL Figs. 24-33.

Shell semi-circular, or sub-triangular, the hinge-line equal to the greatest width of the
shell ; the cardinal angles rounded or acute, rarely pointed. Ventral valve slightly more convex
than the dorsal, depressed towards the cardinal extremites, with a prominent beak, a narrow
area, and a racHiul sinus of moderate width and depth. Dorsal valve moderately convex,
with a narrow and prominent mesial fold corresponding with the ventral sinus, its area linear.
Surface exhibiting six or seven strong rounded simple ribs on each side of the mesial fold and
sinus. The ribs arc broad and are separated by rounded intervals, and they decrease in size in
proceeding I'rom the middle line tcjwards the cardinal extremities.

Most examples show a completely smooth surface, but the shell, in perfect examples, is
marked by '' lamellose concentric striie, giving a papillose or sub fimbriated aspect at their
junction." (Hall;.

S/iiriJ'era ilinnlciKiria is not uncommon in the Corniferous Limestone of Western Ontario,
and i.s usually readily rcrognised by its large rounded ribs and generally smooth surface. It
varies a good deal in its dimensions, average specimens having a width of eight or ten lines
along the hinge-line, and a length of five or six lines.

Lwdliti/ and Formation.-— Covuil'i^rous Limestone of Port Colborne, Ridgeway, Hagers-
ville, &c.

9y. Spiripera raricosta (Conrad).

Ddlhijris raricosta (Conrad). Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. of I'hiladvlphia, Vol. VIII., p 2G2,
PI. 14, Fig. 18.

JJel/luiris nndulatm (Vanuxem), Geol. Jicpmi, Third Disl. Ni;w I'/rA', p. 132, Fig. 3.

Spirifera raricoda (IJillings), Canadian Journal, New Scries, Vol. VI., p. 258, Figs.
71-73.

Spirifrra rariroMa (Hall), Pal N. ¥., Vol. IV., PI. XXVTI., Figs. 30-34, PI. XXX.,
Figs. 1-9'.

Having only obtained a few imperfect specimens of this fine species, I shall content my-
self with simply noting its existence, without giving its description.

S'liiriji ra raricasta is at once distingnished from the other Sjiiiifcra' of the Corniferous
Limestone by its possession of from two to four strong, prominent, rounded or sub-angular
plications on each side of the mesial fold and sinus. The ventral valve also is very gibbous
above, and the beak much elevated, whilst the cardinal angles are rounded.

Loadiiij and Funnntimi. — Rare in the Corniferous Limestone of Port Colborne.

100. Spiripera pimhriata (Conrad).

DeUhiiris Jinihriota (Conrnd), Jonrn. Arad. Nat. Sci. of Philadelphia, Vol. VIII., p. 203.

Sjiirifna' fiinhiiafa (BiWhi'^s), Canadian Journal, New Scries, Vol. VI,, p. 257, Figs.
G8-70.

tipirifra fimhriata (Hall), Pal. N. J'., Vol. IV., PI. XXXIII., Figs. 1-21.

Shell tran.svcrsely oval, bi-convex, the Mngcline shorter than the greatest width of the
shell, and the cardinal angles rounded and not produced. Ventral valve gibbous in the up|ier
half, the benk small but prciminent. incurved over the area, the latter being high and concave.
The sinus is well defined, sometimes rounded sometimes angular, and extending fro ■\ the
beak to the front of the shell, willi a variable number (usually three or four, but so? Jnies
eight or nine) of low and obscure plications on each side. Dorsal valve moderately gibbous.

lis specie^
ille.

256, Fig?.

II., Fig*.

1th of the
)re convex
a narrow
y convex,
irea linear.
1 fold and
) in size in

amples, is
ct at their

•n Ontario,

irfuce. It

ten lines

y, Hagcrs-

[I, p 2G2,

ig. 3.
58, Figs.

ontent my-

!orniferous
ub-aniiiilar
ry gibbous

e.

II., p. 203.
257, Figfs.

dth of the
the upper

id concave.

fro '1 the

so? .inies

l.y gibbous.

83

with a minute beak and a rounded, mesial fold, and a narrow sub-linear area. Plications
obscure, becoming obsolete towu ds the cardinal angles, and dying away in the neighbourhood
of the hinge-line. Surface marked with shallow concentric furrows separated by interspaces
which are studded with elongated tubercles. There are from three to four or more furrows
in the space of two lines, and from five to eight elongated tubercles in the space of one line
transversely. In casts of the exterior, the elongated tubercles are I'cpre.sented by narrow
elongated pits arranged in concentric bands.

Spiriferd Jiiiib7'iiita not uncommonly attains a width of an inch and three quarters by a
length of thirteen lines, but avcra<i;e examples are smaller than this. It is readily r'^coguised
by its comparatively short hinge-line, its rounded cardinal angles, its obscure plication, and
its surfice ornamentation.

Liicalily and Formation. — Cornifcrous Limestone of Port Colborne. Also, according to
Mr. Billings, in the Hamilton Shales of Bosanquet.

Gemis Cyrtina (Davidson).

Shell small and resembling that of Spirifrro in its general form. Shell-structure punc-
tate. Valves very uncqu;il; the ventral valve elevated and pyramidal in sliape ; the area very
high with a long narrow foramen, closed by a pseudo-deltidium • the dental lamellie converg-
ing from the margins of the foramen, and uniting to form a mesial plate or septum, which
divides the cavity of the ventral valve into two compartments. Dorsal valve nearly flat or
moderately convex. Spires well-developed, and resembling those of Spirlfcra and Spivi-
f''rina.

The genus C//)-</«« is closely allied to Ciirtia (Dalman), and *S/;/?v7e'j'mffi(D'0rbigny), and
i -IS also near relationship with the ueniis S/iirifrni. Two species liavc been recorded by Mr.
Billings, as occurring in the Devonian Rocks of Western Ontario, namely ('i/rti)i(( muti-nta
(Hall), from the Cornifcrous Limestone, and C. Jfoiiiil/onensis (Hall ), from the Hamilton group.
The latter is a common .species, but the few examples of ('/fiiiim, which I have seen from the
Cornifcrous Limestone are too imperfect to admit of specific determination.

101. C'YiniNA HA>nLTONENSIS (Hall).

Ci/rtia namUtonensis (Hall), Tenth Report on the State Cabinet, p. 160.

Ci/rti(i niimiUoiU'iLik (Billings), Cdnudinii Joiirim/, New Series, Vol. VT., p. 202. Figs,
80-82!

C)irflnaI[,(willo,i(')i<is{\U\\), PaJ.yew York, Vol. IV., p. 208. Plate XXVIT., Fi-s. 1-4,
and I'iatc XLIV., Figs. 20-:i;j, and :i8-52.

"Shell more or less triangular or .^ub-pyraniidal ; hinge-line equal to the greatest width of
the shell ; projiortioiis of length, fcroadth, and height variable, but ftv(iuently the width is
0(iual to the length of the ventral valve, and the hei^lit of area is equal to the length of the
dorsal valve ; surface plicate. Ventral varfve (juadrilateral in outline, obli(|Uely sub-pyramidal,
most prominent at the Iteak, which is very variable in elevation and straight or a little arched
over tiie area, and not unirocpicntly attfiiuate and distorted or turned to one side ; me>ial
sinus wide and strongly defined, rounded or .<5ub-angular in the bottom ; iima variable, large
and elevated, plane or arcuate in different degrees, with the lateral margins anizular, dis-
tinctly striate in both directions ; fissure narrow, closed by a convex pseudo-deliidiuni, which
is perforated above by an oval or narrowly ovate foramen. Dorsal valve depressed, convex,
with a broad, more or le.^s prominent mesi.il fold, which is bounded by broader furrows than
those between the plications, and is sometimes extrenifly elevated in front ; the beak scarcely
rising above the hinge line ; area narrow, linear, but quite distinct ; surface marked by about
six to eight (rarely one or two more) simple rounded plications on cither side of the mesial
fold and sinus, and these are crossed by very fine concentric llnesof growth, which at intervals
became crowded and sub imbricate, espeeia'ly towards the niarj,'ins of oliler shells. The finer
surface marking is minutely granulose or papillose, and the shell-structure is distinctly
punctate. In some of the larger individuals there is an obscure elevation on (^^mix slope oi'
tiie sinus, resembling .m obsolete plication. The longitudinal median septum estei<d^ 'ir
more than half the length of the ventral valve, and is continued into the co.iiy l;one;i:ii the
pseudo-deltidium. These features are shown in casts and in transverse se'tioDa of the vahe,.

'tX

4l

84

The dorsal valve shows a double or bilobod cardinal process, with the strong crural bases
supporting spiral arms which are directed into the two compartments of the ventral valve, and
making numerous turns, terminate in the rostral part of the shell." (Hall, Pal. New York,
Vol. IV., p. 268).

I have little to add to the above detailed description of this pretty little Brachiopod by
Professor Hall. Ci/rtina IIainil.toaeniii.i occurs commonly, and in a state of beautiful preser-
vation, in the Hamilton Formation of Ontario, and I have also seen casts apparently belong-
ing to this species from the Corniferous Limestone. Many of the Hamilton specimens have
a fl it area without an incurved beak, and thus come to agree with Hall's Cyrtbui Hamilton-
ensis var. recta ; but I am of opinion that this variety is by no means sufficiently distinct to
deserve a separate designation. In fiict there appear to be three chief variations as regards
the above mentioned points within the limits of this mutable species, and all three are con-
nected together by transitional forms. In one of these, the area is nearly or quite plane, and
is directed forwards almost or quite at right angles to the plane of the dorsal valve or hinge-
line, whilst the beak is very slightly elevated, and little or not at all incurved. In these forms
the thickness of the shell (measured at right angles to the hinge-line, instead of from the hinge-
line to the beak) is proportionately very great. In otlier forms, the hinge area is moderately
elevated and furuis a very obtuse angle with the plane of the dorsal valve, whilst the beak is
moderately prominent and is incurved. These forms may be regarded as being the normal
form of the species. In other examples, again, which are otherwise undistinguishable from
the preceding, the beak of the ventral valve is extraordinarily elevated and prominent, and
is markedly incurved ; whilst the plane of the arcuate area approximates to the plane of the
dorsal valve and forms with it an acute angle. The result of this is that the thickness of
the shell measured at right angles to the liingeline becomes very much smaller than in the
preceding forms. The last mentioned form appears at first sight to be a distinct species from
those with a flat area directed perpendicularly to the plane of the dorsal valve, but I am
satisfied that all the above mentioned varieties may be safely brought under the limits of a
single species.

The dimensions of this species vary considerably. In an adult example of the variety in
which the area is flat and perpendicular to the plane of the dorsal valve, the width of the
hinge-line is ten lines, the length of the dorsal valve is live lines, the length of the ventral valve
is eight lines, the height of the area is five lines, and the thickness of the shell measured at
right angles tu the hinge-line is also five lines, and is thus equal to the height of the area. In
another also fully-grown cxam])lc, with a very oblique area, the width of the hinge-line is
nine lines (the cardinal angles being much more rounded than in the preceding), the length of
the dorsal valve is six lines, the length of the ventral valve is ten lines, the height of the mucli
curved area is nearly four lines, and the thickness of the shell at right angles to the hinge-line
is only three lines and a half, and is thus much less as compared with the size of the sliell than
in the preceding.

Small examples as well as large arc not uncommon, showing the variations in the plane
of the area here described, proving that the latter are not due to variations of age.

LoraJitfi and Forinatioit, — Common in the Hamilton Shales of Widder, in the Township
of Bosanquet.

Genus Sl'lRlGEKA (D'Orbigny),

Shell variable in form, with convex valves which are articulated by teeth and sockets;
beak of the ventral valve short and incurved, and truncj.ted by a small foramen, which is in
contact with the beak of the dorsal valve, or is separated from it by a deltidium of two pieces ;
a mesial fold and sinus present or absent; surface smooth or striated, with numerous con-
centric lines of growth ; dorsal valve without any mesial septum, but with s]»iral cones, the
extremities of which are dii'ccted outwards towards tho lateral mvrgins of tlie shell.

It seems unnecessary to enter here into the controver.sy which has been carried on as to
the genera iSj'irii/cnt, Alhi/r/n, Mrnsfa, and MnislcUa. or to attempt to decide which of those
divisions can be retained, and which must be rejected. It is sufficient to state that I shall
here adopt the arrangement proposed by jMr Davidson, and followed by Mr. Hillings, in which
S/iiritirra is made to include .shells without a mesial septum and with the beak of the ventral
valve perforated by a conspicuous foramen, whilst Alhi/rh includes shells with an imperforate
beak (in the adult state at any rate), and generally with a mesial septum. Adopting this

85

hiopod by
rul preser-
ly boloag-
nens have
Hamilfon-
iistiact to
s regards
!C are con-
plane, and
! or hingc-
iGse forms

variety in

1th of the

itral valve

easured at

e area. In

iareline is

G length of

the much

hinge-line

iheli than

the plane

Township

d socket* ;
vhieh is in
tt'o jiicccs ;
crous con-
cones, the

'd on as to
1 of those
hat I shall
s. in which
;ho vontnil
nipori'oratc
jiting this

arrangement, some of the shells referred by Hall to Meristella will be considered here under
the head of Sinrif/cra, whilst others will come under Athijris.

Tiie species of Sjnridura, as here understood, which have come under my notice in the
Devonian Kocks of Ontario, are three in number, viz. : H. sjiirifmiide.-^ (= S. concenhica /), S.
scihila, and S. roslratu.

102, Spiuioera spiuiferoides (Eaton),

TcrchratuJa spiriferoiihs (Eaton), Ameriain Jonruul of Science, Vol XXT., p. 137.

Alri/pa conccvtrica i Conral), Annual Eeport on Pal. New York, p. 111.

Atnipii. eviieentrica (Hall), Keport Fourth Dist., New ^'o^k, p. I'JS, Fig. 5.

Spiiie/era sjMriferoides (Hall), Tenth Report on the State Cabinet, j). Ifi."}.

Spirie/era concenirica (Eillings), Canadian Journal, New Series, Vol. VI., p. 145, Figs. 52,
and 5 4-.') 7.

Athinisspirifiroides (Hall), Pal. New York, Vol. IV. Plate XLVT, Figs. 5-31.

rroniparc S/iirii/eni, (Atli;/ris) concentrica, of European palaeontologists].

Shell transversely sub-oval, sub-orbicular, or sub-quadrate, with its greatest width near
the middle, slightly truncated anteriorly, or more commonly having the front margin pro-
duced into a tongue-shaped rounded projection. Hinge-line very short, the cardinal extremi-
ties rounded off. Both valves convex, but not excessively so ; the ventral valve with a shallow
mesial sinus which dies out towards the beak ; the dorsal valve with a corresponding mesial
fold. The beak of the ventral valve incurved, and perforated by a small but conspicuous
foramen. Dorsal valve more convex than the ven.ral, with a small rounded beak which is
concealed beneath that of the ventral tnlvc. Surface'marked by closc-.set concentric lines of
growth, which are often produced into imbricated thin lamella', and which are always more
crowded towards the front margin of the .shell.

The interior of the ventral valve exhibits two strong dental lamella', extending to the
base of the rostral cavity, where the muscular impressions commence. The interior of the
dorsal valve exhibits a strong cardinal ])roccss, with elevated socket-margins behind, and a
narrow elliptical muscular impression which is " divided by a low median crest '' (Hall). The
spires show about fifteen turns each.

Whether >///>/(/("/■« .yiiriferoidcA (Eaton) is identical with S/>iri(ieri( (.Ifhi/ris) eoncentrica
(P>ronn,) from the Devonian Kocks of Europe or not, is a question which 1 have no means of
deciding, not having at present access to authentic specimens of the latter. I should, however,
be strongly inclined to think that the two forms, as believed by l)e Verneuil, Sharpe, Hillings,
and others, are in reality identical ; though, in deference to the views of Professor Hall, I
have retained our form as a separate species. In any case, even supposing the two to be the
same, the name of sjiiriferoidvs will have to be retained, as having the priority over that of
eoncentrica.

S. spiriferiiides is of rare occurrence in the Corniferous Limestone, but is found coinnionly
in the Hamilton group. Our specimens present no special peculiarity except that, without
exception, so far as 1 have seen, they are smaller than those from the same formations in the
State of New York. Thus, the largest specimen in our colleetinn has only a width of nine
lines, and a length of eight lines ; whereas specimens from New York sometimes h;ive a width
of nearly an inch and three-quarters, and a length of an inch and a half or more.

Loetdih/ anti Forniatinn. — Corniferous Limestoiie, iragersville; Hamilton Group, Widder.
and Bartlett's Mills near Arkona, in the Township of Hosanquet,

lO.S. Sl'IRI(!I-',RA I!OSTR.\TA (Hall).

Alri/pa roslrofa (HalO. Peport on the Fourth Cieol. Dist. New York, p. 202, Fig, 3.

/ithiiris (?) rosfrctii (Billings), Canadian Jemrnal, New Series, Vol. V., p. 281, Figs,
43-44.

Afnistrlla roslnda (Hall), P,d. Xeir ]'»,?•/,•, VqI, IV., Plate L, Figs. l:]-17.

Shell .small, ovate or sub trigonal, sometinr'S sub attenuate; above. Both valves convex.
the ventral scarcely more so than the dorsal. \'''nitral valve most convex above the middle,
usually with a shallow rounded mesial sinus in front, which, however, is sometimes almo t
obsolete; tlie beak prominent, incurved over that of the dorsal valve, but not in c'intaet with
it, and perforated by a conspicuous Toramen. Dorsal valve regularly convex, sometimes with

{ _

■i i

86

an obsure mesial elevation in front, corresponding with the sinus of the ventral valve ; the
beak incurved, and buried beneath that of tlic ventral valve. Surface with numerous very
delicate concentric lines of growth, which become crowded together and conspicuous towards
the front margin.

This species is somewhat variable in shape ; some specimens have their greatest width a
little in front of the middle of the shell ; but others (and these are perhaps the commonest)
have the greatest width at about two-thirds of the distance from the beak, or even nearer the
front than this, the shell thus assuming a sub-triangular form. Average specimens have a
length of six lines, a width of live lines, and a depth of about three lines.

In the most perfect specimens I have seen, the foramen is large and conspicuous, and is
perforated in the summit of the beak of the a entral valve, so as to look upwards.

LicaViti/ and Foriivdion. — Kare in the Cornifcrous Limestone of Port Colborne. Hamil-
ton formation of Widder.

104. Spirioera scitula (Hall).

Atrypa sctttda (il&W), Report on the Fourth Geol. Dist. New York, p. 171, Fig. 1.

Athyris (?) scitula (Billings), Canadian Journal, New Series, Vol. V., p. 278, Figs. 35,
,"JG ; rri't. erclusis).

Meriaielht scitula (Hall), Pal New York, Vol. IV., Plate XLVII., Figs. 34-38.

Shell ovate, both vahcs convex, the ventral valve the most so, somewhat compressed to-
wards the front. Ventral valve with a prominent beak, which is incur\ ed over that of the
dorsal valve, and is perforated by a con.spicuous foramen. Dorsal valve most con\ ex above
the middle, depressed towards the front, with a small beak, which is buried beneath that of
the dorsal valve. Surface marked by fine concentric stria;. Length of an average example one
inch ; width, nine lines ; depth, six lines.

I have only one well pre.scr\ed example of this species, and am therefore, not prepared
to discuss its affinities. Hall's species certainly seems to me to be identical in part with that
figureil by Mr. Billings. The C/utrimtclhi circe of jMr. liilllngs appears to mo to be quite dis-
tinct, though it is asserted by Hall to be identical with his Mrriddia scitula.

Localitij and Formation.- -Hare in the Cornifcrous Limestone of Port Colborne.

Genus Athyris (McCoy).

Shell variable in shape, the valves unequally convex., with or without a mesial sinus ! nd
fold, articulated by teeth and sockets. Beak of the ventral valve incurved, usually overly. ug
and in contact with the beak of the dorsal valve, not perforated by a foramen, or with the
foramen concealed when fully grown. " In the interior of larger or ventral vulve the dent d
plates are fixed to and along the sides of a longitudinal prominence or convex arch-shaped
plate, which extends to less than a third of the length of the shell, with its narrow end fitting
into the extremity of the beak, and its lator;il divci'uing edges to the bottom of the valve.

The interior ol' tlu smaller ur dorsal valve is partly divided by a large, deep

lou2;itudinal septum, which extends from the extremity of tiio umbo to about two thirds of
the length of the shell, supporting at its origin the hinge-plate, which is divided into two por-
tions by a narrow gradually widening channel ; to the socket ridges are aflUxed the spiral cones,
the extremities cf which are dinvted towards the lateral margin of the shell ; on either side
of the septum are seen two muscular scars formed by the adductor" (Davidson, British Fossil
Brnchiopoda, Geni ml Intrndactioii, p. 85.)

Accepting the above definition of the genus Atlijiris, there are only two forms which have

coiae under my notice in the Devonian Bocks of Ontario, which appear to be referable to this

^enus, and the position of one of these somewhat doubtful, The forms in (|Uestion are Athyris

iKS'if'i (Conrad ,sp. = ./. ('A(/Vi!, Billings), and .4. il/t/Af (Billings), of which the last is referred

by Mall to the genus Sjtiri/era.

105. Athyris nasuta (Conrad).

Jtrypa nasuta (Conrad), Ann. llcport on the Palaeontology of New York, p. 18.
Mi'iistella nasuta (Hall), Thirteenth Beport on the^Statc Cabinet, p. 93.
Meristella elissa (Hall), Fourteenth Report on the State Cabinet, p. 100.

87

the

, and is
Hauiil-

I
I

Athifris rlara (Billinirs), Canadinn Journal, New Series, Vol. V. p. 274, Ficrs. 29-32.

MmdcIJa nasabt (lli.U), Pal. Nvw York,Yo\. IV., Hate XLVIII., Fijrs. l-:;;').

" Nearly smooth, ovate or suh-rhomboidal ; greatest width, about the middle ; a ^hort
linguiform projection in the middle of the front margin ; both valves convex ; ventral valve the
larger, with its beak strongly incurved. Length from one to two inches ; width ccjual to. a
little less, or a little greater, than the length. The ordinary size is about one inch and a iialf in
length.

" The ventral valve is strongly and smoothly convex, the outline evenly arched from beak
to front, more abruptly curved above than below, the umbo prominent, the beak rather sniiill,
neatly rounded at the sides, and clo.^ely incurved. The linguiform projection in the middle
of the front margin is often a simple extension of a portion of the shell, without a sinus, but
ocea.sionally there is either a .short, shallow depression, or a narrow rounded mesial fold, whicii
seldom, however, extends towards the beak more than three or four lines. The upper half of
the dorsal valve is sometimes evenly convex, but in general an indistinct, more or less broadly
rounded carination, can be traced from the umbo along the middle to the front, where it
becnnies abruptly elevated into a short, prominent, rounded fold, which extends into the lingui-
form projection. On each side of the median line, this valve is gently convex, and often exhi-
bits a rather flat slope to the lateral margins. The beak is strongly incurved, and appears to
be deeply buried in the cavity beneath the umbo of the ventral valve.

" If a line be drawn across the sliell at niid-longth, and another at one-fmirth the length
from the front, the greatest width will bo found to range between the two. Many of the speci-
mens are obtusely angular at the sides, and in such the margins above and below the angles
arc somewhat straight, the xipper two sides converging to the l)cak. and the lower two to the
linguiform extension in front, giving to the shell a rhoniboidal instead of an ovate outline.

" At first sight, the .surface appears to be smooth, with a few concentric .squamose lines
of growth. On closer examination, numerous indistinct, nidiating lines may be seen. Of these
there are from two to four in the width of one line, and they sometimes appear to lie beneath
the .-urface of the shell. In very perfect specimens, the surface exhibits fine concentric striae,
from ten to fifteen in the width of one line, and these are most distinct towards the front
margin.

" Beneath the beak of the detached ventral valves, there is a wide, triangular foramen, not
visib'e when the valves are united. The inside of the beak is entirely hollowed out into a
deep pit or channel, which opens directly into the cavity of the shell. The impressions of the
diviiricator muscles occupy part of a sub-tviangular space, the upper angle of which is .situated
just where the excavation beneath the beak opens out into the visceral cavity. The lower
side of this space is nearly straight, and the two lower angles rounded. The lateral margins
of the space are usually sub-parallel in the lower half, while in the upper half they approach
each other, and meet above to form the upper angle. In some specimens the space is more
nearly triangular, and it would appear, therefore, that its furm is a little variable. The length
of the .space is about one-third the whole length of the ventral valve, and its width at the lower
margin a little less than its length. The lower margin is situated a little above a line drawn
across the shell at mid length. The lower three-fourths of the .space is striated longitudinally,
and divided into two equal portions by an obscure median groove.

■' On each side, at the base of the foramen, there is a short stout tooth. The dental
plates below the teeth extend but a short distance into tlie visceral cavity, when, becoming
.suddenly much diminished in height, they form a low ridge along the upper margin of the
muscular space. The upper part of the muscular space is deeply excavated into the substance
of the shell, which is very thick and solid in the rostral hali'" (iiillings).

There is not much to add to the above (|Uoted full description of this eomnion (.'ornifer-
ous species by Mr. Hillings ; but there are a few points which may be noted. Thu nasute or
linuuiform extension of the front of the ventral valve, and the correspondi'ig fold on the dor
sal valve, are only fully developed in adult examples, Hence in young examples, the front of
the shell may exliibit nothing more than a hardly perceptible uudulaticm. Snudl specimens
are also proportionately more circular. The beak of t!ie ventral valve is imperforate, appar-
ently at all stages of growth ; but there is a triangular fissure beneath the beak, which by the
incurvation of the beak is entirely closed in the perfect shell, and which can only be seen in
the detached valve.

Casts of the interior of the ventral valve of this species are extremely common in the

88

a

d

Fm. 27.

Corniferous Limestone, and present a very characteristic appearance. The umbonal region of
the cast exhibits the filling:; up of the rostral cavity, in the furra of a sub cylindrical or tongue-
shaped projection, which is usually grooved on its upper surface, and which is biundcd later-
ally by the deep fissures left by the dental lamelhe. In front the cast of the rostral cavity
passes into a great hump or abrupt prominence formed by the cast of the muscular impression.
The umbonal slope of this prominence is smooth, and has a median ridge running into the
rostral cast ; and the front slope is conspicuously striated with longitudinal striae, and often
divided into two halves by a mesial ridge.

" The interior of the dorsal valve shows
a strong cardinal process, with a shallow
spoon-shaped depression in the centre, mar-
gined by deep teeth sockets. The muscular
area is elongate-ovate, broader above, and
divided through the centre by a thin ele-
vated septum. . . . The crura appar-
ently bend downwards from near their
origin ; thence recurving, they follow very
closely the contour of the dorsal valve,
making thirteen or more turns in an indivi-
dual of medium size. Spires, slender and

a. Cast of the interior of the ventral viilvo of AilwfHH nmnitn , • 1 " /m n p / A' V /< V 1 TV
(Conrad), from the Corniferous Uniest.im;(<iri!{inal); i, Interior of "'"IP'G (riaU, 1 lU. i\eiO I01K, VOL, IV.,
the ventral valve of tile saiiio (after Hillings). p_ 301).

Lomlitji and Formation. — Common in the Corniferous Limestone of Port Colbornc and
Hagersville.

106. Atiiyri8(?) Maia (Billings).

A/hijris Maia (Billings), Canadian Journal, New Series, Vol. V., p. 270, Figs. 33, 34.

(?)Spirifera Maia (Hall), Pal. New York, Vol. IV., Plate XLTIL, Figs. (5-13.

Shell broadly ovate, or sub-rhomboidal ; valves convex, the ventral valve most so. Ventral
valve strongly convex, exceedingly gibbous in the umbonal region, the beak prominent and
strongly incurved, but not touching the surface of the dorsal valve ; a shallow rounded mesial
sinus extending from the beak to the front margin, where it is produced into a linguiform
extension. Dorsal valve moderately convex, with a small beak, and a rounded mesial fold
which sometimes extends to beak or sometimes falls short of tliis point. Hinge-line short and
straight, the cardinal angles rounded. Surface nearly smooth, with a few lines of growth, and
in well preserved specimens, numerous fine and close-set concentric strioc.

According to Billipgs, there exists " a short false area" beneath the beak of the ventral
valve, a feature which our specimens do not enable me to confirm, as the space below the in-
curved beak is generally concealed by adherent matrix.

The dimensions of an individual of medium size are as follows: — Length, one inch and a
quarter; greatest width, fourteen lines, at a point a little in front of the middle; depth, ten
lines. Larger individuals than the above are of by no means uncommon occurrence.

Hall lias described and figured {loc. cit.) under the name of Spirifera Maia, a shell which
he believes to be identical with ylthi/ris Maia of Billings, to which it presents a strong resem-
blance in its general shape. According to Hall, Spirifera Maia has a narrow cardinal area,
which is sometimes hidden by the beak, whilst there exists a moderate but conspicuous
fissure of a subtriangular shape beneath the beak of the ventral valve. Neither of these
features are alluded to by Mr. Billings in his description of Atlii/rls Maia, nor have I suc-
ceeded in detecting either a hinge-area or a fissure in any of the specimens which have come
under my own notice. I am disposed to believe, therefore, that the Spirifera Maia of Hall is
distinct from the present species, a view which is further borne out by the apparently much
greater dimensions of the latter ; though on this point I can only judge by Professor Hall's
figures, and by his statement that the shell of Spirifera Maia is " below the medium generic
size," which is certainly not true of y[fhi/ris Maia. At the same time, in the absence of any
definite knowledge of the internal characters o^ Athjiris Maia, beyond the general statement,
by Mr. Ijillings, that its internal structure resembles that of A. nasvJa, (=A. clura), it is per-
haps hardly safe to assert positively that it belongs to the genus Athyrix.

Locality and Foi-mation. — Corniferous Limestone of St. Mary's (Collected by Mr. Hiude).

K

89

and

which
resem-
al area,
picuous
these
I suc-
c come
Hall is
much
Hall's
aeneric
of any
emcnt,
is per-

liude).

fe

4

Genus Retzia (King),

The typical species of this genus may be considered as in some respects related to the
Bhi/7irh(iii('l/i(l(i', but more closely to the Spirifcrlihr, and in particular to the genus Spiriijira.
The shell is in fjcncral small, and somewhat similar in form to li'/ii/nc/imiclla or to Tercln(tliil<i,
from both of which it is distinguished by the possession of calcareous spires. The shell-struc-
ture, unlike that oi Spirifrra, is punctate; but there is not an extended hinge-line, and there
is either no true area or a small one. The beak of the ventral valve is perforated by a small
foramen, and the surface is usually ornamented with radiating strin* or ribs. The aflSnitics of
this genus are obscure, and it is uncertain what forms should properly be referred to it. Only
one Ijrachiopod, viz.: Iiel,:i(i Eucjiniia, (Billings), has been referred to this genus amongst the
forms hitherto discovered in the Devonian Rocks of Ontario, and in the absence of any cer-
tain knowledge as to its internal structure, it cannot be said that this reference is free from
doubt.

107. Retzia (?) Eugenia (Billings),

^r/.:7rt ^?<(7f«/« (Billings), Canadian Journal, New Series, Vol. VI., p. 147, Fig. 58.

" Shell small, sub-globular, with from ten to twelve strong angular ribs on each valve.
Ventral valve convex, most prominent on the upper half, a slight mesial depression the width
of three or four of the ribs in the lower half; beak elevated, incurved, but not in contact with
the umbo of the dorsal valve, perforated at the point ; a flat solid deltidium or area beneath
the aperture. Dorsal valve rather strongly and uniformly convex, most prominent along the
middle, where slight indications of a mesial fold are evident ; umbo small, rounded ; lieak
buried beneath the lower edge of the deltidium or area of the ventral valve " (Billings).

Average individuals appears to have a length of about four lines, with a width of about
the same or slightly less ; but larger and smaller examples are not unknown.

I have seen only a few detached valves of this species, and can offer no opinion as to its
real affinities. By Profe,s.sor Hall it is considered, with .some doubt, as being identical with
his Tremalosplra (jibbosa {Pal. Neic York, Vol, IV., p. 272) ; but it is considered by Mr. Bil-
ling to be distinct.

Localiti/ and Formatkm. — Rare in the Corniferous Limestone of Port Colborne,

Genus Leioriiynciius (Hall).

" The shells of this genus are ovate, circular, or transverse, with valves une(jually convex,
and marked by a median sinus and fold in the ventral and dorsal valves respectively. The
surface is plicated by rounded bifurcating plications which are always more conspicuous on
the mesial fold and sinus, whilst they ofr .Z become obsolete on the lateral portions of the
shell ; concentrically marked by strong lines of growth. Substance of the shell fibrous, u>u-
ally thin. Valves articulating by teeth and sockets ; the apex of the ventral valve perforate
at some period of its growth, the lower side being completed by deltidial plates. On the
interior of the ventral valve, two .short diverging dental lamella! extend into and are joined to
the sides or bottom of the rostral cavity ; the musculur impression occupies a narrow triangular
or ovate-triangulur space, below the dental lamellae. The dorsal valve has a. well defined
septum, often reaching below the middle of the valve, and divided above, leaving a triangular
or spoon-shaped depression. The hinge-plates are narrow, stroiiy- processes, with sockets em-
bracing the teeth of the opposite valve " (Hall. Pal. Nnv Vnd; Vol. IV.. p. 355).

I am not in the position to pronounce any opinion as to the validity of the genus Lcu-rlnju-
clnts, or as to the ))ropriety of separating it from Ii/ti/)tchonella, to which it is certainly most
closely allied. Tn the meantime, I shall accept it for the reception of the following species
from the Hamilton Group ; several allied species having been described by Professor Hall
under this title from the Hamilton and Chemung Formations.

108. LEIORnVNCHUS MULTIOOSTA (Hall),

Leiorhipirhus multicoda (Hall), Thirteenth Report on the State Cabinet, p. 85,
lihftHrhonclla (?) Laura (Billings), Camdian Journal, New Scries, Vol. V.,Figs. 20-28.
Ldorhijnchus niullUvda (Hall), Fal. New York, Vol. IV., Plate LVL, Figs. 20-40,

90

Shell ovate, the length and r.r.ute«t width being nciirly equal, or the width grciitcr than
the lenglh in young or in compressed specimens. The greatest width is placed near the front
of the shell, the sides curving gently from the beak for about two-thirds of the length, and then
being bent abruptly inwards. Ventral valve convex, most elevated in the umbonal region,
curving to the side? , wiHi a broad shallow mesial sinus which is occupied by from three to six
plications. Beak of the ventral valve small, incurved, and in contact with the umbo of the
diirsal valve, with a minute circular foramen at its apex. Dorsal valve more convex than the
ventral, most gibbous a little above the middle, with its central portion elevated into a mesial
fold, which corresponds with the ventral sinus, and is occupied by from three to six plications.
Beak buried beneath that of the ventral valve. Surface marked with rounded or sub angular
plications, of which those on the mesial fold and sinus bifurcate, whilst all are obssurc or
obsolete towards the beaks. Concentric stria3 and lines of growth are also present.

An apparently average specimen has a length of ten lines, and a greatest width of ten
lines and a half, with a height of six lines. A smaller individual has a length of seven lines,
a greatest width of .seven lines and a half, and a height of three lines and three-quarters.

According to Hall, the dorsal valve possos.scs a median sc])tum which reaches more than
half the length of the shell, and is divided above, so as to leave a triangular pit. There can
be no question as to the identity o^ liJujnchnndhi. {?) Lniira (Billings), with Hall's Liiorlbiin-
ckiis viulticostd.. All the specimens of this species that I have seen, have the greatest width
slightly in excess of the length, though Hall considers the two diameters to be normally nearly
equal. The species is readily recognised by its general form, its rounded plications, becoming
obsolete towards the beak, and not interlocking at the margins of the valves, its mesial fold
and sinus, and the perforated beak of the ventral valve.

LiicaHtj/ and /'''//• //w(//««. —Hamilton Group, Widdcr, Township uf Bosanquet (('ollected
by Mr. George Jennings Hinde).

109. Leioriiy.nchus Huronensis (Nicholson) .

Shell elongate-ovate, the greatest width being from one-sixth to nearly one fifth less than
the leni^tli, whilst the greatest width is placed nearly about the middle of the shell. Ventral
valve convex, very gibbous in the umbonal region, abruptly curving to the sides, and depressed
from about the middle to the front margin of the shell. A very broad and exceedingly
shallow mesial sinus, which is obsolete near the beak, but occupies almost the whole front
margin of the shell, and supports about five low rounded plications. Beak of the ventral
valve large, prominent, and incurved, apparently not perforated ■ by a foramen, and in close
contact with the umbo of the dorsal valve. Dorsal valve convex, strongly curved towards the
sides, its centre occupied by a broad mesial fold, which corresponds with the ventral sinus,
and carries five rounded plications. Margins of the fold and sinus more or less distinctly
intoiloeking. Beak of the dorsal valve buried deeply beneath that of the ventral valve. Sur-
face marked with rounded plications, which arc very ob.seurc, except upon the fold and sinus,
and whii'h become nearly ob.solete in the neighbourhood of the beaks. The plications are
crossed with very fine concentric strias, and with strong and very well marked lines of growth
which become close-set and imbricating towardfi the margin of the valves.

The dimensions of a large individual are ;- -length, one inch ; greatest width, ten lines ;
height, eight lines. A smaller and narrower individual lias a length of eleven lines, a greatest
w'dth of eight lines, and a height of six lines.

There is no doubt as to the entire
distinctness of this from the preced-
ing, though there may be some ques-
tion as to its reference to Leiorhyn-
clnix ; since Hall states that the fold
and sinus in this genus never inter-
lock, which they certainly do in some
examples of this species. In other
d -^^^^ I, ^^^ C^^^ respects, however, there is a close

general resemblance between this and

l.iiorhytichu^ lliironensin f Nicluilsoii)"; n, Dorsal view; ft, Ventral Z. milltlco.sld, especially aS regards
v,o.v ; c, Side view of a lar«e individual. Fro.., the H...,ilto„ Group. ^j^^ surfaCC-charactcrs, and I do UOt

91

eater than
r the front
1, and then
niil region,
lirec to .six
aho of the
!X than the
to a mesial
plications.
;ub angular
obs3ure or

idth of ten
seven lines,
artcrs.
1 more than

There can
's L<'iorh>)n-
iatcst width
nally nearly
H, becoming

mesial fold

t (Collected

fth less than
Ventral
d depressed
exceedingly
whole front
the ventral
and in close
towards the
ntral sinus,
ss distinctly
alvc. Sur-
ind sinus,
ications are
s of growth

ten lines ;
a greatest

to the entire

the prcced-

e some ques-

to Lmrhyn-

that the fold

never inter-

y do in some

In other

is a close

reen this and

as regards

nd I do not

think the two species can bo gcnericully separated. I.. Ilunmpusis is distinguished from L.
iiiii/liciistd by its much more elongated and contracted form, the greater convexity of its valves in
the umbonal region, the much more prominent and strongly incurved beak of the ventral valve,
till! absence of a fitramen, the much greater width and siiallowncss of the sinus and fold, and
tlio stronger and more crowded lines of growth. I have not seen any example which exhibits
the interior.

Loatlifi/ iind Fonndlioii, — Shales of the Hamilton Group, Widdcr, Town.ship of Bosanquet
(Collected by Mr. George Jennings Ilinde).

Genus Ampiiioenia (Hall).

" Shell inequivalvc, oval, ovoid, or sub-triangular, more or less convex or gibbous, witli-
out mesial fold or siuu.s. Valves articulating by tooth and .sockets, without area. The den-
tal lauiella; in the ventral valve conjoined on their dorsal sides, forming an angular trough or
pit. which opens exteriorly by a triangular lissure beneath the beak, and in its anterior exten-
sion is supported on a central septum. Dorsal valve with a strong thickenc d cardinal process
or hinge plate, bordered by the teeth sockets, anchylosed to the bottom of Jie valve and sup-
porting the crura, which extend into the cavity of the shell" (Hall, Pal. N. Y. Vol. IV., p.
38 L>).

In addition to these characters, there is a foramen which extends beneath the hinge-
plate of the dorsal valve, and ends in a perforation at the beak, and the shell-structure is dis-
tinctly punctate.

Hall has separated the genus Ampli'ujcnhi from SIrir/damlinia (IJillings) to include the
single species ,/. rloiKjula (=; Potfiimcni^ eJ<iii<j<du.H, Vanuxem), upon the ground that this
specifS possesses no area in the ventral valve, with a fovameu in the dorsal valve and a punc-
tate shell structure. On the other hand, the typical species of Stricklundiaki pos.sess an area
in the ventral valve, a smaller angular j>it, no foramen in the dorsal valve, and an impunctatc
and fibrous .^hell-structure. Without entering further into the controversy which has been
carried on as regards this question, it may he said that these differences appear sufficient to
entitle AmpJt'ujcnki to be con.sidered as distinct, if not generically, at any rate sub-generically
from SirirLiandiiiid. and I'citlioiirnia.

From li'i'iis.'^rldriii, in spite of great resemblance in external form, and also as regards
some points of internal structure, the genus Avijilthjenid is separated by the angular pit made
by the conjoined dental lamella' of the ventral valve, and by apparently having free crura in
'.he dorsal valve without a})pendages.

The only .species of this genus known in Canada, is the Amphigenia elonrjata of the
Corniferous Jjimostone.

110. Ampiiioenia elongata (Vanuxem).

Pentamervs clomjains (Vanuxem), Report Third Gcol. Dist. New York, p. 132.
Mvfjunhris donijdtua (Hall), Tenth Report on the State Cabinet, p. 123.
h'l'iit^.'ii'ldria doiHjatd (Hall), Pdl. N. Yi>rl;\o\. Ill, p. 453.

Slrkklandhmi donyatd (Billings), CamuVaui JoxniidJ, Vol. VI., p. 267, fiii-s. 91, 92.
Amphigenia elvngata (Hall), Fal. N. }'., Vol. IV., p. 383, PI. LIX.

Shell very variable in form, generally elongate oval, sometimes ovate, the length some-
times nearly twice the width, or the two diameters at other times nearly equal. Sides
gently curved, or nearly straight ; front pointed, rounded, or sob-truncate ; ventral valve
convex, in general more .so than the dorsal valve, often obtusely carinated centrally in its
upper half ; the beak incurved over the umbo of tlic dorsal valve. Dorsal valve less convex
as a rule than the ventral, often elevated along the middle line in its upper half, and de-
pressed towards the sides and front. Surface u.sually smooth, but marked with strong con-
centric ridges and lines of growth. In perfect ■^Twcimens, the. surface is stated to exhibit
rt'gular radiating flattened strise. l^ength of mall individual eighteen lines, greatest
width ten lines. Larger individuals range fr to as much as four inches in length.

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All the examples thnt I have seen of thin species
from (he Corniferous Limestone arc smaller than
the average, and appear to be immature, the largest
not exceeding an inch and ahulf in length. I
have seen no example in which radiating stria- are
exhibited, but specimens exhibiting the interior of
the ventral valve with the angular trough between
I he dental lamella; are not very rare.

Liirdli,'!/ mil FiniiMtion. — Corniferous Limestone
of Tort Colborne.

Genm Linoula (Bruguiere).

Pi^ 20, Shell oblong, compressed, sub-cquivalve, at-

Amph'fs.nia fUnujnK, (Hiiiinj.n.). n ;;Ktcri..r .,f the tachcd by a pcdiclc pa.«!sing out between the valves.

vditrai viiivo of a siimiiixnmpic; »>. ini«ii..r..f!i,c urn- Shell structure miuutelv tubular, tf'xturc horny.

Ij"iml ri'iiiiiiKif a liri.ki'ii vtritriil viilvt'."!. >«!ii({ tin- l-iiu;;h m ii i- i i • . i i i i i ■

iKtNv.cii tiif.kntai laimiiic. it..iii of .m iiat ra; tia-. hhoU "slightly gapmg at each end, truncated in
(•or.iifcr..i.» i.hmstont.. f^^^t, rather poinded at the umboncs ; dorsal v.ilve

rather shorter, with a thickened hirifje-margin, and a rai.«ed central ridge inside" (Woodward).
Only two species of this genus hiivo come under my notice as occurring in the Devonian
Rocks of Western Ontario, and in neither case, though in one instance the sjtccimens are well
preserved, have I been iible to deforinine the .species with certainty. Sooner, however, tliiin
add any fresh species to this already over-crowded genus, I have referred our forms provision-
ally to the following previously recorded s|>ecie.«.

111. Linoula 8qi:a.miformi8 (Phillips)?

Linrjuhi s(pia7vi/m-niis (Phillips). Geol. of Yorkshire, Vol. II., PI. IX., fig. 14.
IJiiriiihi .ii/Kiiniifoiiiii. (l)avid.>^on). Monograph of British Carboniferous Braehiopoda. p.
■_'0."), PI, XLIX., !igs. 1-10, and Monograph of liritish Devonian Braehiopoda, p. 105. PI.
XX., figs. 11, 12.

Liiitpild miihi (Salter), Quart. Joiim. Geol. Soc, Vol. XIX., p. 480.
'' Shell longitudinally oblong, one-third i r le.«s longer than wide, with sub-parallel sides,
the broadest towiirds the anterior extremity, the frontal margin assuming either a very slight
inward or outward curve. The anterior portion is gradually curved on either side, the beak
being rounded or but slightly angular at its extremity in the dorsi»l valve, with a thickened
margin, tapering, pointed retrally at its termination in the ventral one, which is eonse<iuently
so much longer than the opposite valve. The valves are slightly convex, but somewhat
depressed along their middle. In the dorsal one .there exists a small apex close to the
rounded margin of the beak, and from which usually radiate thrpc small rounded ridges,
separated by shallow sulci. The external surface in both valves is covered with numerous
fine concentric striai. or lines of growth, giving to the shell a beautifully and delicately sculp-
tured ap|)earance, for the minute plications of growth .succeed each other with much regu-
larity, while some stronger lines or interruptions of growth are produced at variable distances"
(Davidson).

Large individuals have a length of nineteen lines and a width of thirteen lines ; smaller
have a length of nine lines and a width of six and a half lines.

^^^^ I have several fragments of a large, oblong, tlat-

^HH|^ ^^k tened Liiiijuhi which appears to be more clo.xely

JH^^Hk Jl^^ ''''**''*^ ^'^ ^^ "iiuniiiiforwi.t, (Phill.) from the Carbo-

K^^^ealM ^^^1 niferous and Devonian Rocks of Britain, than to any

[ I ^I^P other .xpecies wiMi which I am ac(|uainted, though [

\ / ^I^F ^minot at all certain that it can be regarded as specifi-

\ / eally identical with this species. In the imperfect

condition of our specimens, however, it is best to
place them hero provisionally. The chief point in

riK. 30,

(I. FrtMfiiifiit
natiirul »i/.i', (mtii tin' ('orniffroii^ Llyii'dtoiu-

f /wMf,,-/,. ^,.mm.>rt»M (Pl.iiiii«>? „|,ic|, our examples differ from L s<imimif»rt)ii.< is

cin/(i iimii/iniiuii), natural nizt, from iiiu o.niiftMus that the beak appears to be more broadly rounded.
'""'""■ and the sides are not quite so straight. Some of

straight.

93

Mr. Davidson's figures (hir. rit) would, hoiRrcvcr, npree well enough in these rcapects with
our form, though this docs not st'em to bo the normal condition of the simjcics. The front
portion of the shell is not exhibited by any of the specimens that 1 have scon, and it is,
therefore, impossible to decide as to whether it was truncated or not. Tlie only spacies of
LliKjnlii which has been described by Ilnll from the Devonian strata of New \orV, and which
has any affinity with the preseni form, is L. Mnniti (Fa/. A'. 3'., Vol. IV., p. (». I'l. 11., fig. '.\).
If this be specifically distinct from L. s(/niniti/iinni.s, it is possible that our s|><^imcns may
belong to it, but I prefer keeping them distinct at present, as they are con.siderably larger and
bioadcr.

Limilit;/ (tioi FornuUiou. — liare in the Coruifc ous liimestone of Port Colborne.

112. Ll.NOiri.A MAIDA (Ilall)l

" Shell linguiform, elliptical, greatest width a little more than half the length, narrowing
gently towards either extremity, obtusely rounded and produced below, and more acutely oon-
vi-rging towards the beaks. Surfjiec very gently emivex bilow, and a little more ecmvex on
thf umbo, marked by fine thread-like striic, which are sometimes crowded in fa.Hcii.les' (Hall,
/'.//. X. v., Vol. IV., p. U, PI. II., fig. l;i).

I have only a single s|>ecimen, but that a remarkably well-preserved one, of this form,
which 1 identify with some douBt with L. ninliln (Hall), from the Hamilton group. (Jur
specimen is from the ("orniferous Limestone, and agrees in all essential characters with the
above (junted description, though slightly .smaller than the specimen figured by Hall. It is
apparently a ventral valve, its length being eight lines, and its greatest width abou) four
lines and a half. The surface exhibits no radiating strije, but i:> covered wi'h elevated,
thread like, concentric lines of growth, about from twelve to fourteen of which occupy the
.-pace of one line.

Locality and Funnalion. — Corniferous liimestone, llagersville, Townshij) of C)iieida.

Genus PnoLiDoi'S (Hall).

The shells of thi.s genus are small, and very similar in appearance to the dorsal valves of
small specimens of J>isrina. The valves are s(|ii.iniilorm or discoid, calcareous, and app i-
rently dt'stitute of a firamen in either valve. They difl'^i-r from tli.i genus ('ruii'hi in the fact
tiiiit the shell is apparently free and unattached to otluT bodies. The interior shows a strong
muscular callo.si^y. Kxcept in the characters of the interior, J'/m/ido/is ap]tears to agree
altiiirethcr with McCoy's genus I'srud'urauiti, with which, perhaps, I'urther observation will
unite it. I have found a single sj)eeies of the genus in the Corniferous Limestone.

113. Pni»i.ii)f»i's (iVATis (Mall).

rh„/;dn/,< or,ii,i.< (Hall) j'<,i. y. v., Voi. in. j.. I'jo. pi cm. n. Fig. 7.

shell minute, ovate, slightly lon'jer than wide, in shape Diseinoid. with a minute exeeii
trie ajiex. Surface marked with fine eoneentrie striie of growth, aljout twelve of which
oceujiy the space of one line.

1 have only a single example of this form, but 1 have no doubt as to its identity with
Hall's .'ipecic.s.

+

Klu'. Si.

HinliiliiumivntundlM)
iiiliirtft'u. KniTii till-
Crnifcrous Limcxtone

It apjtears, also, very doubtful il the /'. Jliniii/lniiin of Hall, from
the Hamilton group can be specifically separated fmni /'. oinhis. Our
specimen has a length of a line and three (|Uarters by a width of a line
and a half

Loca/Hi/ and Fii)'nin(ion.- {^ornWurouH himestone, Port Colborne.

(•'mm Cffir.osPlRA (Hall).

Shell " coneavoconve.v, having the vintral valve convex, or sometimes subangulaily
arching over the concave dorsal valve. The surface of the shell is striated or plicated, with
the plications simjilc or bifurcating, and of which two or more in the centre of the ventral

'^t;!

"I

94

vaivo lire more couHpicuDUH thun the others, forming a morcor icsa defined mesial fold ; upon
the dcniul vulve there in u corrutt|)ondin;; deprcHsion. The spuee between the valves leaves
little room for the spires, mid these appendiiges appear to be somewhut loosely arranged, with
their apiecs approaching each other. These shells are apfutrently fibrous in texture, and on
this account, and from the position of the spires, they uppitiuch more nearly to Atrifpa tlitin
to TremntoKpiiii, to the latter of which they are moi-c nearly allied in external form " (Hall,
P(U. iV. 1'., Vol. IV., p. 328).

Only one .species of this genus, vir., ('. t'oncuvd (Hall), has as yet been recognized as
occurring in the Devonian rocks of Western (.'anada.

in. ('(EI.OSI'IRA CONC.VVA (Hall).

Upineo'Ua mvara (Hall), I'.iL .V. Y.. Vol. III., p. 24."), I'l. XXXVUI., Figs. 1-7.

LijtliH(i/i<i //»//(•/(('<( (Hillings), Ciiiiuilinii ./oiininl, New Series, Vol. VI., p. X>'2, Fig. lli".

Co'liiKjtira i-DUi-inn (Mall), Sixteenth Uop(irf on the Stato Cabinet, p. (JM.

Col..Hj>irn nniram (llulh, /'<//. X. J'., Vol. IV., PI. LIII., Figs. 1:{-I9.

Shell small, ovate, or sub orbicular, the width bt-ing ecjual to or a little less than the
length. Ventral valve convex, elevated along the middle, the beak small and incurved.
Dorsal valve flattened lat<!rally and depressed in the centre, formin;; a shallow and obseure
mesial series. Surface with f ronj ten to fourteen or more rounded radiating ribs, which occa-
sionally bifurcate.

According to Hall, the dorsal valve has a small false area, and a triangular foramen
which is sometimes closed below by a deltidium.

Average individuals of this species have a length of about three linos, and a width of
the same or a little less. Detached valves are not uncommon in the Corniferous Limestone,
but I have not seen a single perfect specimen.

In general fDrm, and in i>s surface! oliaracters, Cfilosplrn cnnctira (Hall) closely resembles
fjipt<i<ii/iit llnhdlilis (('onra<i;, nnd the two species have been usually regarded as belon:.;iiig
to the same gcnu,>*. According to Mali, however, ('. mihiivu po.s^es.xes internal spires, wliich
are wantin;; in L. flfilxllitis, thus necessitating the creation of a new genus for the former and
for .some allied species.

Locality and Formatimi. — Corniferous IJmestone, I'ort Colborne and Hagersville.

Genus Centronei-i.a (Hillings).

" Shells having the general form of J'cnlinidild, Dorsal valve with a loop consisting of
two riband-like lamella), which extend about one half the length o| the .shell. These lanullir
at first curve gently outwards, and then approiieli each other gradually, until at their lower
extremities they meet at an acute angle ; then becoming united they are reflected backwards
tdwards the beak, in what appears to be a thin, flat, vertical plate. Near theii origin each
bears upon the ventral side a single triangular crural ]iroee,>is. This genus appears to stand
between Tmlirdtiiln nud J!itlilliiiii>lii. In the Hirmer the loop is short, not exceeding greatly
one-third the length of the .«hell, and not reflected. In the latter it extends nearly to the
front, and is reflected, but the laniiniu are not united until they are folded back " (Billings,
CntKiilinn Joiirnal, New Series, ^'ol. VI.. p. L'71, and I'liiniiliini Xaliinili.'yf, \'ol.IV.,p. l.'U).

Two species of this genus at lea.st occur in the Corniferous Limestone; but good speci-
mens are rarely to be procured, and I po«isess nothing more than detached valves, in which
none of the internal characters are exhibited.

11'). Ckntronei.la ulan.s-faciea (Hall).

lihijnrhnmUn ijliin.<fii(iia (Hall), Tenth Rep«irt on the State Cabinet, p. 1'_'5.

Ctnlnnnlln i/lniis-J'tD/dt (Hillings), Vatiadian Jiiurnul, New Series, Vol. VI., Fig.". 97, p.
271.

Vmlmndla tilaDs-faqci' (Hall), Sixteenth Report on the Sta^e Cabinet, p. 45, and hd.
Sfw York, Vol iV., IMat'e LXl.. A. Figs. 1-21, 2r), 20.

Shell small, ovato or sub-rhomboidul, the greatest width about the middle, from which
point the sides slope to the beaks at an angle of about ?<;"> ; front rounded , valves very un
c<(ual. Ventral valvo considerably larger than the dorsal, convex, sub-carinato along th

IcssJ

Lir

Unci

thai

95

wial fold ; upon
valves leaves
urrangcd, with
sturo, and on
> Atrifpa tliiin
form" (Hall,

recognized as

FiVfi. 1-7.
(•'•I.', Fig. 1:.'7.

<?"« than the

lid incurved.

and obsfure

', which owa-

ular foramen

d a width of
' Limestone,

ly resembli'8
>s belon-ini^
pi res, wiiicii
0 former and

'viUc.

middle, abruptly curved towards tho sides, and regularly arched from the beaks to the front,
licak extended beyond that of tho dorsal 7alve and much incurved. Dorsal valve nearly flat
or slightly cor vex above, with a wide undefined sinus, which often extends in front across the
entire width of tho shell. Surfaco smootk^, or with obscure concentric lines of growth ; shell-
otructure finely punctate.

Length from two to four or five linos, the width being ei|ual to the length or a little
less.

Detached valves of Cylnvs-fiujeit are of not uncommon occurrence in the Comifcrous
liimcstone. Occasionally individual examples arc found having a length of from six to eight
lines, and these Mr. Billings thinks may perhaps be distinct. I urn inclined to think, however,
that they are only large and tumid specimens of ('. iihiiisfdiird.

LofAilitif aiul Fiiniiulion. — Corniferous Jjimestonc of Port Colboruo.

IKi. ('entronella HEfATR (Hillings).

Vrntrnnrllii Ilerntv (Billings), ('(tiKi'linn ./niinuif, New Series, Vol. VI., p. 272. Fig. Oil.

.Shell small, " elongate, oval, or sub rhomlK)idal ; apical angle from !."» to JiO ; sides some-
what straight from the beak to about (he middle, where, making a roundt^d angle, they con-
verge towards the front margin, which is somewhat truncate for about one tliird the width.
\'entral valve strongly but broadly earinate from the beak along the middle to the front,
descending with a flat or gently convex slope to the sides ; in outline only, gently arched longi-
tudinally ; in some specimens nearly .straight ; the beak small, eloniratcd. ereet and with u trinn-
irular foramen. Dors;il valve gently convex in the upper half, and with a wide shallow sinus in
the lower half. Surface smooth. Length from two to four lines ; width abmt three-fourths
the length ' (Billings).

Our collections comprise a few specimens which appear to j.gree in their es.sential eha-
factors with the above descriptions ; but the materials at present in my hands are simply
sufficient for identiiicution.

Lwaiity and Fnriiuitiim. — Corniferous Limestone, Port Colbornc.

f P'

5on.sisting of
<'sc lanicllii^
their lower

baekwitnis
origin each
rs to stand
ling greatly
»rly to the

(Blllin-s,
v., p. WW).
U'ood speci-
, in which

'»«•"• 1>7. p.
'), and P,(l.

com which

cs very un

along th

ClIAPTEU IV.

POI.YZOA OK THE rORNIFERors AND HAMIt.TON FORMATln.Vs,

The remains of /*'»///:(»/ in the Devonian Bucks of Western Ontario are very abundant,
and they are of unu.^ual interest in many ways, riiforttinately. however, they are. for the
most part, more or le.ss fragmentary, and their stuily is thus attended with special difficulty,
»ince there is no class of organisms re<|uiring greater skill and patience in their interpretation.
.\ltogether, I have been able to identify nineteen species of /'«./(/:<»/. of which no less than
lifteen appear to be new, whilst seveial lorn!> have come to liLiht l)elonL'ing apparently to new
'.'cneric types. There remains, however, a eon^iderahle luiniber of fniin-. of which the msi-
lerials at present in my hands are too fragmentary to justify me in deseriliinL' them definitely.
The forms which I have considered my.xelf warraiited in describing, belong to the following
L'cnera : — FriicMvlItt (five speeies), lo li jmiii (two speeirs), I'li/i/jxirii (four sjiccies), Cri/fifop,, a
(one species), ('<iriuiifi<ira (one speeies), yW/y/iyir./vt (two ,sfK!eies), <'< ;v<y"»/-(( [/j (one 8|)ecics),
l)i>t)i/l/oporn (one species), Clntlirn/Kini (one species), and I'tilinlichiii (one species). The
uenera Finol'Un, liiti/x'ni, and /'ii/ii/mra are tyjiieal members of the family of the /•'« )iislilllil>> ,
and they compri.se more than half of the total number of species identified. It is to these
three genera, also, that most of the undeterminable fragments belong ; so that the FcmtitiUiibt
nmst be considered as having had a very great development in the Devonian period in North
.\merica. The genera I'ri/jilojiont and CuriiKijiord. now characterised for the first time, al^o
belong to the Fenmlcfliilir, though they exhibit many extraordinary, and inrleed, altogether
unprecedented, points of structure. The new genus Untij/ilnjiin-'i can hardly be compared
with anj( known group of the Paheozoic Fohrjia, hut the well known Silurian genus I'lilmlii'-
ii/ii is represented by at least one form ; and (^'rii/jiomi/) UnmiUoni'itsis is related to certain
well-known types in both tho Silurian and tho Carboniferous Hocks.

l^!

i

96

^

GeniH BoTRYLLOPORA (Nicholson).

■ (CanmlianJonriml, Vol. XIV., No. 2, 1874.)

Polyjoary oalcaroous, sessile and cncrustin;?. (brmiD^ sy.stcmH of !*mall circular disc.*, the
upper surfaces of which arc marked with radiutinf; rid<;c8 upon which the ccIIh arc carried.
E:tch disc is attached by its entire lower surface, slightly convex above, with a central non-
porifcrouM space, round which a number of radiatin;; poriferous ridjics occupy an csterior
BliL'htly elevated zone. Cells forminj; a double serit-s on caclf ridj^c. immersed, with rounded
uioutiis which are not elevated in any part of their circumference above the 'general surface.

I have been unable to refer these Hinjrular I'lthjum to any cxistinjj ^rroup. and have,
therefore, been compelled 'o form a new ficnus for their reception. In V)me rc8|»octs the
fii-nus is allied to hiffinirin, but the cells are not tubular, and no portion of them i-* free,
whilst the latter genus does not apjxvir to have ever been detected in roeks older than the Ju-
rassic Th(! only I'aljuozoic genus of I'oli ^im which, so far as I am aware, presents even a
su|H!rfirial resemblance to ltiitri///iij)iini, is /•Jnirlliiii/iiint of Meek and Worthen. In this latter
i:enus the polyzo: ry is star .shaped, but its internal structure is (|uite peculiar and altogether
diflTorent to that of /{n'riilliipiirn, whilst the entire organism apjieiir.'-. to liave been free.

The individual discs of /lutn/l/dji'ini present, however, a very sfrikini.' resemblance to the
[separate star shaped elevations of >7(7////()/(j inilhclnlilid (Hall), from the liower Silurian ; and
it may, therefore, be proper to .siy a few words on the structure and affinities of this genus,
of which 1 have examined authentic specimens. Slilli/ntrn tiiilhi'loi^hu occurs in the form of
fl itteiie(l expa!isi(»ns or of erect. H.ittened and sub palni.ite fronds. The surface exhibits a vast
number of little star-shaped elevations, each about a line in diameter, and consisting of a
smooth, sometimes sli'jihtly depressed space, which is traversed by five, six or more obtusely
rounded radiating ridges, which do not i|uite meet in the centre. Ivaeh of the ridges of the star
is covered with a number of rounded ealices. irregul.iily disjiosod in two, three or four rows. The
Ptars are arranged irregularly, geir rally at intervals of from half a line to a line, and the inter
spaces between them are occupied by crowded circular pores, which arc the mouths of so many
eu'iieiicbyniid tubiili. 'i'he.se pores do not eneroaeh upon the spaces between the ridges of the
stars, and the tiibuli of which tliey are the m(»utiis;ire seen on traverse; section to he Inhulut'.
bi'inir furni-hed with distinct transversi; jtarlitions. It thus .-ippcars that Slilli/mra tinflc/iiiilni
(II ill), is not a I'elyzo in, as believed by D'Orbigny, but a tiihnhiti' rar.il, allied to MniitirnH
jit.fi. and pre.siiiting in ])articular a specially clo.se resemblance to the coral which I have
described under the name of Calliijiuni iiirnis.sntn.

117. llitTRYLLOPOKA sooiALls (NicUolson).

Jliili/ifl'ijinni siiiififis (Nicholson), Ui'ohxjicitl Miuju-.'mr, April. 1874.
Polyzo.iry social, consisting of .-ystems of calcareous discoid bodies, which are clo.sely
adherent by their lower surface to the exterior of fort-iiiu objects. The upper surface of each
disc is on the whole convex, but with a central cup shaped dejinssion or flattened space, the
exterior pertion of each being t>ccupied by a series of strong elevated lidges or ribs arranged
in a radiating manner. The diameter of the dis(s is about a line or .aline and a ipiarter. and
the radiating ridges are from eighteen to twenty six or niine in number. The radiating rib-
a.v al.so unccpially developid, some extending much nearer to the centre than the others, and
each carries upon its upper surface a double row of minute round pores or apertures, the margin -
(if which are not elevated above the general surface. Tlie central sp.ice of tliei«ilyzoary is des-
titute of cells, and appears to be solid, and this seems also to be generally tlu case with the

spaces between the radiating ribs. In some cases.
however, the interradial space- apj>ear to be ixtriferous
in the immediate vicinity of the circumference.

The groups of this singul.ar /'"///:n-/« are not ot
very rare occurrence in the Hamilton formation.
/ -- growing jiara.siliciilly u;ion the exterior <>f y/< //"/'/////-

,.-j^, a.j /"/// llnJli. ]♦ has at first sit:ht, a close re.semblimce

.(. J'.irii..ii of a ..iriii «iti. u MimH Kr..u|. uf U;inii •<» ■"' .uroup of little di.seoid corals, such as Mirroci/ihis,
l„i.„r„ «..,-.„^. (Ni.h )..f tlir i.ut.iMi ..iiH ; h. .\.u,kU- attached l»v the whole of the lower surface, the ccllu-
ill-<'i)icl |KiM/.iiirv iiimriioil ; c. One i>f llii' niilialiiii.' .... ■ .'i i i • • i-i i i i

ri.M«, <iiiiirKiMH..>ii,.w iiiitcll"'. Kr.>in tlii' liiiuiii li't'rou^ ruiges lookinir just like tfie septa, and tfie
t.-iitfrouii. central space resembling the bottom of the ealice. I

vr

ar discs, the

arc carried,
central non-
f an cstcrinr
rilh rounded
i;riil surface,
ji, and have.
; rcsjtccts the

them ix J'ree.

than the Ju-
escnts even a

In this latter
ind altojicther

I IVec.

nblancc to the
Silurian ; and
1.1" this L'cnus,

in the form of
fxhihits avast
consistinj: of n
more ohtus<^ly
idsrcr' of the star
four rows. 'I'ho
.. and the inter
iiths of so many
\iv ridiies of tlu'

II to be tnliiiliit'

,il to Miiiiti'-iili-
al which 1 have

hieh are clo.*elv
Ir siirface of each
tcuL-d si>aco, Xhv
or ribs arrantred
id a .luartcr. and
|1h- radiatin<: rib-
I, ,b'' iitlicrs. and
nrf>. the marj-'in-
^M.lyzoaryis des-
n case with the
III some cases.
iitobejKiriferous
:umforcnce.
',i;,,a,i are not ot
iiilton formation.
•ior i'f llilK'iM-
•l(.>c resemhlancc
•h as Mi'-iixi/il'i--
.urfice. the cellu
10 septa, and the
of the calice. 1

do not know of any Pulteosoic forms of P<tli(:ikt with which this could be compared, and it
i(t readily separated from such forms as Ihfrnnria by the entirely different characters of the
cells, which approach closely in ibrm to those of llftf/iora, J'uli/iioni, and Fcucsttlla. The
lan;est proup that I have seen comprises about twenty of the discoid coDnu'cia, mostly iu
contact but apparently in no way connected with one another directly.

Loralitii anil Foriimtioii. — ilumilton Group, Bartlett's Mills, near Arkona, I3osanquct.

118. Cerioi'oba (?) Hamilto.nensis (Nicholson).

Cfrio/yirn (?) Hinniftimcnsis (Nicholson), (nohnjinil Mmja-jne^ April, |S74.

Polyzoary ramose ; branches cylindrical, about half a line in diameter, dividing dicho-
fomously at interviils of from a line and a half to three lines, the antfle included bctweeu
oac' pair of branches licing about 40 or 4"» . Surface covered with oval, rounded, or sub-
(jundratc cell mouths. arran<{ed in loni.'itudinal rows, which arc separated by delicate thread
like lines. The cells of each row alternate with those of the next row, so that they come to
be disposed in rc^'ular diagonal lines. About four rows (.'Sometimes five) occupy the width of
the stums, the cells having a width of about a tenth of a line ; and there arc about five cells
in the space o*' one line, measured vertically. The interspaces between the mouths of the
colls arc occupied by exceedingly minute tubuli. which form only a single row or are altogether
absent on the lines which bound the cclLs laterally, whilst they usually form a double scries
on the spaces by which the cells of a given row are separated vertically.

This beautiful little fossil occurs in great abundance in some of the
bcdsof the Hamilton Formation. It is allied to the ('rriifoni jnuirtula of
(Joldfuss (/V//r/. (term. I'l. liXIV., Fig. r_'.)and to Millqmru iuiirpdiosa,
(IMiillips, 0'„l. of y.H.</,i,', Vol. II., I'late I., Figs. :^6-H9). especially to
tilt! former, out it is distinguished from both by perfectly good and
easily recou'nized characters. I am, at present, unable to decide as to its
true generic affinities, and have simply referred it provi.Monally to Ctrio
111)10 on account of its clo.st' relation.'^hip to (.' imni'tntd, (Goldf) which
likewise occurs in the Devonian Kocks.

LtiiiiUhi I' ml Fi'iiii'ifii.u. Common in the Hamilton Formation,
Widder, Township of iJo>an<|Ut't.

f'lirlion iif tlu- slciii .i(
<''irit>jii,rn (.') Unmiltn-
nrnmn (NkIi.) imtiirni
ijze, shiiuiii^' till' iiKxIi'xf
iiramliiiitf. i> a friitfiii'iit
if Itlu >illlllr lllllirw'l'il 111
..liiiw till- (iiriii iif Itic
i'cIIh and tlic tiilnilttr in-
icri't'lliilar iiitir>|):ir(.'s.
rr.mitlii' Ilainiltniiu'riiiip

tliHUs l'Tii.<»iiirTV.\ (i..'>ii.«dale).

" ('orallum tliin, calcareous. fnli;ifi'ous. i>r lir.inch'iiu dicliotoniousiy ; briiiiclies ."•ometimoo
coalesciiiir ; a thin, laminar flattened, onciiitric-illy wrinkled (HMitral axis, set with obli(|Uf
-liort sub tubular or ovate cells on both sides, with prominent oval mouths nearly as large a.--
:lu' eeils witliin ; Itraneln- often flattened, with the mariiin suliir, sharp cilgeil. striated, and
without cells; the bouuiiiiy ridges n|' the cells -.|Uare or rhomboidal " (McCoy ).

The genus I'tilodiilHi of Lon.>dale is identical with SHilnjnifK of I fall, and includes a
.'luup of curious I'dlifjiii. which are essintially Siluiian, but whieh extend into the Devonian
Uipcks, and apjiear even tn have survived iut«» the Carbonil'erous pt>rio(l. The pre.«icnce of a
iiun cellulil'eroiis striated margin does not ap|K.'ar to be ab.soiutely e.s,seuiial or to be universally
iresent in the genus ; and the central laminar axis or septum, which separates the cells lA'
'ip|iosifc sides, is sometim<!s longitudinally striated, as well as being concentrically wrinkled.
.\ single species of the ucnus, wliieh I cannot identify with any previously recorded species,
curs plentifully in the Cornit'erous liimestone. and more rarely in the Haniilton formation
Western Ontario.

ll'.t. 1'tii,oi»ictv.\ Meeki (Nicholson).

I'liloiUiljin .J/(('/,7 (Nicholson), (ienbxjioil Mmiaziiie, yinrch, ls(74. f

Polyzoary having the form of thin, very much flattened elliptical branches, which have
I average width of about a Hue, rarely reaching a line and a half or two lines, with a thick

:l

98

i

■^

Km. 84.

Plilixtlel,ia ilft'ki (Nlcli'ilwiii) ; ,i, I'urtioii uf llic |mi!;

no88 of iibout huir ii line ; dividing dichotomously at tingles of 'lO or GO", generally ut intcr-
valB of from four to nix liries. No developed non-i)oriferous inarginH, the whole exterior surface
seeming to be occupied iiy the colls. Ccll.s tubular, curved, ojiening by ovnl mouths, arranged
in rows which arc separated by delicate thread like lines. About ten rows of cells in the
space of oiu! line, the cells of each row alternating with the next, so that the cell-mouths have
u (piincuncial arrangement. About live cell mouths in the space of one line, measured loutri
tu«iinally, the interspaces between >hem being generally considerably longer thou the long
diameter of the cellnioutbs themselves. The partition or laminar a.vis between the cells on
the two sides of the polyzoary is marked with delicate longitudinal striie, which correspond
with the rows of cells, together with obscure concentric wrinkles, the convexity of which is
direeti^d towards the apex of the fron<l.
fl^j, ^^ /» ^^■'w>n^ ''"*' ^Iiccies presents a clo.sc resemblance to

W^ ^^ ^BBB^ HyUiyi Lime.-tone of Ohio ((leol. Survey of Ohio. Talaj-

^^J^W r\ /v ■nnjpy ontology. Vol. 1.. Plate XV III.. Fig. I ) with

^^mS[w V^^v HffDCln ^^'''^''' ' ^'"■'' "' ^^'^^ di.p< »-ed to identify it. I

have, however, been comiH'lled to .separate it as
a distinct species upon tin- following grounds ;-
1. /'. (•'Hill lii is stated to have eight or ten rows
of cells in the space of two and a half lines ;
whereas /'. Muki has never less than ten in the
iimry iniitfiiiiii'ci tn s1i..h tiir i>niiKiiiiit.', mid tiir Inn. nii spiice of one line, wliicli would give twenty-five

fn,mu.»i»rr»i,..,,,,...t.(ii., .rii-;,-, TranMirnr miin,,. ^ow.-i III two and a hall liiics. _ _>. I he central
niiiijiiiiiiMi. Krciiii iiic (•'"niifiriiui. i.inicKti.iii'. laminar axis of /'. (.'///'( /// is said to be covered

with regular, arched transverse strin'; whereas that of/'. .}/<</,/ exhibits well defined looLritudinal
stria-, with cither no transverse striie, ur with but obscure transverse wrinkles. .'$. /'. liillmti,
in common with the typical species of the genus, posses.^es well-marked striated and non-pori-
ferous margins: but 1 have been unable to detect any traces of tlie.«c in the numerous s|)eci-
niens of /'. Ml I hi, which have pa.ssed under my notice. I. /'. (lillniti .«ccnis to be upon the
whole a laruiT and more roljust species, sometimes attaining a width of three lines, whereas the
ave<"age width of /'. Mfihi is only about one line or a little over. I have, therefore, thought
it .safest to .separate /'. Mi, hi under a distinct spceilie title, and I have named it in honour of
Mr. F. |{. .Meek, one of the most distinguished paljeontologists of America.

In some respects /•*. Muki presents considerable resemblance to I', fi'in stnifa (lla)l), froni
the Chii/.y Ijimestone ; but in the absence of any sufiieit ntly derailed, description of the latter
species, and especially of accurate measurements, it is impossible to suy how clo.sc this resem-
blance may re.illy be.

So fiir as at pre.'^ent known, /'. (Ullniii (Meek), and the jircsent species arc the only forms
of the genus I'lilmlii li/n, which have hitherto been detected in the Devonian Kormation.

LiiinHhi mill I'm iiiiiliiin. ( 'oinnion in the Coiniferous liitnestone of Port Colborne. Rare
in the iiamilton formation of Bartletts Mills, near Arkona, Town,>*hip of nosanquet.

(iiiiii.-i Poi.YPouA (McCoy).

'■ ( 'oralluni funning a delicate. refieulatCil. calcareous oxjiansion, usually fan-shaped;
interstices " (branches) " round, having on one side from three to live rows of cell-openings,
the margins usually not projecting; interstices connected by thin, transverse, non poriferous
disisepiincnts ; reverse rounded, striated, or granulated " (Met 'oy. /'((/. /•'"...'■•. p. 115).

According to the above definition, J'lilii/inni is distinguished from Hrlipmn by the pos.se.s-
sion of distinct di,s.sepiments, wlii^di do not bear pores ; whereas in the latter genus the
branches inosculate directly, without the development of distinct dissepiments, and the points
of junction of the branches carry cells. There are, however, certain forms, such as /'. ((iiirijiDiio)
ri/iistcriii ((loldf.) and /'. i/nicilis (Prout. ), in which the frond resembles Fi'itesti'llti anil the
typical forms of J'nli/jiDnt, in having the branches united by distinct dissepimentH, but these
dissepiiiicnts carry pores, whilst there are three or moro rows of cells on the branches. It is,
therefore, necessary either to constitute u new genus for the reception of these forms, or to
%dinit that the di.s.sepiments of I'o/iqHira may carry pores. If the latter course be adopted,
I'ohjpora will agree with Fcncsli'lla in the general structure of the polyzoary, but will be dis-
tinguished by the greater number of the rows of pores to each branch, and by the absence of

99

distinct cnrinm. From li,t,j>inv, ajjnin, I'oh/fUDii will be distinguifhi'd w)lily by iho fact tbat
the brunches in the latter irenus are united by di.stiiii-t iHirilerous or non-poriferous dissepi-
iHcntH, whilst in the former the branches dimply annstomow or inosculate.

McCoy Htatcs that no infundibuliform s|K'eiei* of /'"////<- ra hnd.come under his notice ; bat
I have Hcon ''uch, and in tliese canes the cells are born by the inner faces of the branches.

The followinir species of I'liliipma have come under my notice in the C'orniftrous Lime-
stone of Western Ontario : —

120. Poi.YlHtUA l'lt.(ilKl,i-A (Nicholson).

e only forms
latioii.

121. I'oi.Yi'nn.v Hamjana (Prout).

Pohljiom !fii/liii)iii (Prout). Prnc. St. Louis Acid. S^i,^ Vol. I., p. 5S0.

I'lifi/jinni lliilliiinii (Prout), (holittni nf Illinois^ Vol. II., pbito XXI. Kisrs. 4—4/'.

Polyzoary essentiiilly similar in its cliarncters to the proeedinL'. but ditfcrin'.' in it- dimen-
sions and the number of the rows of cells. C'aMiueciumrforminir broad flattened expansions, the
branolies of which radiate from the ba.^e, increasinj: by bifurcation at intervals of from three
lines to half an inch. The branches are round, nearly half a line in width, about four or tive
in the space of a quarter of an inch. ]>issepiment8 small, depressed, not uutre than a fiftieth
of an inch in width, often appearing: to be little more than connecting points between the
branches. Fenestrules lonjr-oval, one line or nearly in len^'th, and about half a line or less in
width ; about three in a quarter of nn inch nieatiured longitudinally, and the same number in
the space of two lines measured transversely. No pores upon the dissepiments. Cells arran^ed
in four ulternatiDg rows upon the branches, their apertures rounded ; about four to the length

HK)

of a fenohtrulo, Huparntod by obscure mid dclioaU; undulntint; striae. Rovorw npparontl^

HIUOOlll.

I huvc little doubt as to the identity of our .spcciiiit^iiH witl> ihoso dettcribed by I'rout.
tb'tuyh tluT<! are some trivial differi'iiccs. From /'./;«/'/(( /At (Nich.) the present sjietics iH
nmlily dislinj;uished by the niftre roliust branches, the greater length of the fenostruleH and
thi'irsmaller width, as well as by the ixihsession of lour, instead of three, rows ol' cells.

[.onililij iihil /'''iniinlioii. - Rare in the ( 'ornil'erous Liniestono of Lot li, (!ou. 1, Wain-
fleet.

122. Pni-YI'OUA TENK.r.L.v (Nicbolsou).

Pof>//i'>ni liiullii (Nieholson), (liDlnijinil Mtiijir.iiir, April, 1^74.

i'olyznary small, {'orniin^ a flattened expansion ; branches radiating; from the base, and
inerca.sin^ by bifurcation at intervals of about two lines. HranehcH nairow, about eight in the
space of a ijuarter of an incli, their width beini^ abnut a (juarter of a line. Kenestrules ovnl.
about ei^'ht or nine in a (juarter of an inch, meaHured lonjiitudinally, I'nd ten in the same space
measured transversely ; the lcn<;th of each about half a line, (he width a third less. Dissepi
ments vcry'slioit and narrow, without pores. Cells arrani:ed in three altcrnatinj; rows on the
branches, openiuj,' by minute rounded apertures, two or tlirec of wlucli occupy the space of a
fcoestrule. Keversc unknown.

This pretty little species is distinguished from
the preceding forms by its much more delicate pro-
portions, its narrower and more closely set branches,
and its much smaller fcncstrules.

Jjoni/ih/ aiol Fiiriiiation. — Rare in the Cornifc-
rouM liiuicstoncof Lot 0, Con. 1, Wainfleet.

K'ic. mi.
(I Krifii I'lit iif 111!' c:i.it iif I'nlii/iDra llnlbaiia,
(l'Miil),miM.'iiilleil , ■'). (rUKinuiit ci( llicfaiil of /'uf;/-
jittra rriietlii (.S'ii'h.), ctilarKoii. Knim tlio C'orni-
(ort'iiN Li ■",'stiiiif.

123. Poi-YPoB.v TiHERCii,ATA (Nicholson).

J'oh//in)fi tiiluvnilalu (Nicholson), (•'laloijiail MiKjtr.ine, April, .1.S7I.

I'dly'/oary small, forming a flattened expansion which springs from a strong foot-stalk.
Uramlics r;i(liatiiig from the ba.'^e, and incre;i.>*ing by bifurcation at intervals ol about a line
and a half, IVom a third to half a line in breaJlh. rounded, and destitute of carinas. Disscpi-
iiicnts very short, widest at their junction with the branelu's. Kenestrules somewhat irregu-
l:ii in shape, usvialiy a very long oval, always longer by from one half to two thirds than wide ;
having an average width of a third of a line t(t half a line by a length of one line or a little
less. Two fcncstruk'.s in two lines measured longitudinally, and iour in the same space meas
ured transversely, those of contiguous rows being usually opposite or nearly opposite. Disse-
]iinK'ntsiinii jHiiileror.s. Four (sonielinies three ) alternatiiigrows of cells on each l)rauch, o]i('ning
by minute roundeil pores, wliieli are prominently elevated above the general .surface. Five pores
to the length oi" a fene.strule. ileverse unknown.

'iililjiDfn fiilicrciilala dift'ers from all other
:viorded species of the genus, except I'.vtrtn-
i-iisa (McCoy), by the po.sse.s.sion of prominent-
edged pores, which give to thecelluliferoussur-
!••>— face of the branches a peculiar tuberculated
'*- appearance. The latter, however, has exceed-
ingly long and tiarrow fcncstrules, with nearly
twice as many pores to the length of a fenes-
kik. 87. trule. 1 have only seen fragmentary examples

i>. FraifiiK'Ht of Viiliiimin ^//«Tci(/aM(Nii'li.)i natural sizo: of thc SDCCicS
/ Ttic H4IMU' I'lilarKi'il ; c. I'orticm of a t)r.mrli, still fiirtliur '•

I'nIarKi.'il. Kruni the llamiltuii ta'"')).

101

hxtt/ilit mid Fiinnniion. — Riiro in llic ll.'uniltdn irroiij", IJartlctt .s .Mills, Arkoua, Township
}t' K(maii(|ti«>t.

il'inis Ki,TKI'i»i<A ( Lnmiirok).

I'olyziKiry lornjiiiLr a roticulatcd oxpaiisioii I'niipo^od of HcxiioU'* inowulatinu' l)ranl•ln•^,
which arc imt united hy distinct disHcpinxMits, jiit which anast<)in()s<> in such a manner that
the cntiif Irond lurnis a ("ontinuous network pcrl'oratcd hy rcizular ap^Tturcx or H'licstruh^i".

In tln! runnel sha|)ed species tli< lis are placed on the upper or inner surface of the cienu'-

eiuui. and there are two or more rows of cells to each branch. Outer surface striated

The irenus llil.iniyti is sepaiated from /'n/i/ifnn tiy the fact that the fcnestrule.x are
fornu'd simply hy tl' • coalescence of the flexuou-* lir.inehes at detinile points, and thus look
like [lerforations in the cuiiociiim, whereas in the latter the fenestrult^s arc formed hy a dis-
tinct series of non poriferous dissepiments. From /'</(,>',///, lufijiorii is separated by not
pos,sessin^' dis.xepiments and hy the common occurrence of more than two rows of cells to each
hranch. In the funnel >li:ipe(| sjK'cies of lliti jmi-n the cells certainly u-ually occupy iln' inter-
nal face of the funnel, whereas tlioy are ^-enerally external in those sfieeicH ol i'dnMilld which
have the same shnpo. I should be inclined to doubt, however, if this character is universal,
and it certainly cannot often bi; u.sed a.s a practical means of di.-tiiiLMiishinii the species of
ihe.sf two <.'ener.i. since its application fiils in ibe case of frai^ments • f the infundibuliform
-picies, and also of the fan-sliaped forms

The lollowim: .species of lliti jumi occur in the l>evonian Hocks of Western Ontario.

\1\. UkTKI'OUA IMllSl.A (OoMfuss).

/.V/./<'-m/(mr<( (doldfu.ss), I'etref. (i.im. I'l. XXXVI.. li^'. 1!'.
Uilijiiini /irisni (I'hillips'. I'al. Kos,s. Cornwall, itc, p. 25, Hj,'. .'J7.
l-'iii'.<frllii/iris'ii (.McCoy , l';d. Koss.. p. 7f».

I'olyzoary forming' bro.id, I'm shaped, or undulafinir expansions, which in .some instances
have the firm of an ojmmi funnel. IJranehes parallel, tiexuous. and undulatini;, alternately
and rcL'ularly lieiit from side to side, the siuee-sive convexities and concavities on each side of
each branch beitiir opposed to correspondinir convexities and concavities in the branches im-
mediately contiguous. acHial anastomosis taking place at the succe.s.sive points where two

convexities meet, so that tlie entire frond 1 onies perforated by a series of oval iipertures or

•• fenestrules." Mranehes .ib ut onc-tliinl of ji line in width. eii:lit or nint^ in a (piarter of ;iu
inch measured transversely, furni-hed with a stron^r but blunt keel on the non eelluliferous
side, so tb.'tt their iiacks .ire .anuulated. Ileverse. when well preserved, finely striated. Ken
estrules reirularly altern.'ite in e(intii:uous rows, .and thus arrantred in di.iL'onal lines, broad-
oval or di.amond shaped, half a line in leiiL'th ami i.atber less in width, three in the space of
two lines measured diaL'on.illv, and the same number in a ipiarter of an inch measured verti-
cally. Fenestrules scfiar.itecl vertically by interspaces of about half a line, alony: which the
branches .are coalescent. Cells carried in the funni 1 -hapcd examples on the inner or upper
surface of the co.'na>einm ; two rows of cells to I'ach branch, alternately arraniri'd, and those
oppesitcthe points where the branches unite larL'er than the others. Four or five cells to the
length of a fenestrule.

I have no doubt as to the identity of this abundant
species with the familiar Hiti jiki-h juisr.i of the Conti-
nent of Kurope .and tireat I'.ritain 'i'be oidy point in
which our species appear- to diiVer from //. /u'ls-tt is in
Ittl^flkYi KJfegjJj^ tlu! angulation (for it is this, r.ither th in a true carina-

liJHriAl HayffiK tion) of the noneelluiar face of the brimches. This

KttWlw;^ feature, however, is only shown in very well preserved
sp'cimens. ami is absent in others, and I'do not think
it is one of such importance as to justify the formation
Kk. as. of a new sjiecics. I do not eipnipieherid upon what

a KrBt.niicnt <■( H.-irimm inisca (<ii>lilfiis-.), crounds .McCov sh uld h.ave placed this species under

li'iHtikT till' ncinclliilifiiMii- laic, ciilart'iil. Ii , . , ,, ■ ' ■ ,. . ;. j • i i •

iViiaiiuiii i.f till' vamtfr..iii wiii.h 111,' striatrii r'i"sl,//<i. Since Its retcrenei> to Jtdi/mr'i is rendered in-
■it.r la.v.r i.a, iKii, mnoviMi, ■.ll..«i.l;;tl•.•^,u■ks ^luliiti^ ly (bc Hiarkcd abscncc of distinct dissepi-

'I till' it'll.s.iiilaneil. Iroin llu'Oirniferoiis l.iim- i i i .. i i <■ i .. i

-'.iiiie. uients, and t)y the l.ict that tlie fenestrui*s are formed

-imply by the coalescence of the flexuous ami rc',:ul.irly undulated branches,

Localiii/ (tinl FonmitiifU. — Common in the Corniferous Limestone of Hidiicway and I'ort

m

II

ir

I Ti

lOS

Colbornc ; aim in the Jlumilton group it Bartlctt's Mills, near Arkona, Township of Boun-
quet.

125. Retepora PiiiLLiPHi (Nicholson).

Jiilrjnmi I'liilfif.il (Nicholson), GeologiciU Mixjazim', April, 1874.

I'olytniiry intundibuliform, or forming a flattened expansion. Brnnohcn Hlondor, fifteen
to eighteen in a <|uartcr of un inch uieaHurcd transversely, parallel, flexuous, nut united by
dinscpimcntH, but coalcHcing at intcrvulH of about a third of a line, and over spaces of the same
Icritrth. KencstruloH ovul, six or seven in the spuco of a quarter of an inch measured vertically ,
t<evi-n or ci^ht in the same Hpace measured dia^^nally (five in two lines on an average), regu-
larly alternate in contiguous row». Cells in two alternating' rows upon each branch, the rows
separated in decorticated specimens by a distinct impressed line. Three cells to the length
ol a fencstrule, sometimes only two, and one or two opposite the points where the branches
coalesce. Ki'vorso unknown.

This is a genuine Ueiepttra, and is closely allied to the pre-
ceding in its general form and its biserial cells. It is, however,
readily distinguished by the nioic slender, crowded, and apparently
non-carinate branches, the much smaller f<i«e of the fcnostrules,
and the greater number of these openings in a given space. I havi"
named the s])ecies in honour of Professor Phillips, to whom we
owe BO many descriptions of Devonian and Carboniferous fossils.
Lniuliti/ and Formation. — Curniferous Limestone of Port
Colbornc.

GcmtH CavPTOPOBA I Nicholson).

Kiel. »».

n. Friv{iiifiit nf Krlefiiira I'hillipni,
(Nl< h.) imliiriil hIzu ; b, KniKiin'iit of
tlic >aiiii' In uliivhtlit' miU'r iikii-ccI-
liiliiiMii> liiriT linn litt'ii removed,
hIiouIii); tilt' liuuka of the vuIIh, cii-
larKcd. From tlivOurnlferouM Lime-
•unit!,

(Canadian Jnxtmnl, Vol. XIV., No. 2, and Annals of Nat. History, Feb. 1874.)
Polyzoary forming a rigid infundibuliform calcareous expansion, springing trom a strong,
solid, branching foot-stalk or rhizome. Exterior of the cuonoecium, forming a continuous,
non-perforutcd, thin, calcareous membrane, internal to which is a second or intermediate
layer, the two being com)K)sed of the amalgamated or coalcscent branches (" interstices ").
This intermediate layer is marked by shallow longitudinal and bifurcating sulci corresp inding
with the lines between the branches, and its surfaoo exhibits I'cticulating lines which corrcs-
fiond with the bases or proximal ends of the cells. The internal surface of the intermediate
layer carries the cells, which are flask-shaped, and arc arranged in double rows, forming
regularly flexuous lines, enclosing ovuHntcrspaces, exactly as in liilepora. The oval interspaces,
however, instead of constituting so many '' fcnestrules " are the bases of so many pillars, which
procoed perpendicularly inwards, across a central space, to join with an internal calcareous
membrane which forms the innermost lining of the funnel-.shapcd frond.

It follows from the above description that the mouths of the cells in C'rij/itopm'a, neither
open on the exterior of the frond, as is commonly the case in Fcnetitdia, nor open on the

interior of the polyzoa-
ry, as is the case in the
infundibuliform species
of Jleti jiDi'u. On the
contrary, we have in
tills extraordinary gen-
us the entirely unique
arrangement that both
the internal and ex-
ternal aspects of the
funnel-shajied frond are
to all appearance closed

B

larvccl

Criijitcp'ira iiiirabilin (NIoliolson).

\ snml! imrtion of the »anic, HhnwiiiK the'iiiiicr ends

Fio. 40.

A. A |mrtla1l,v dvoorticated S|)eclnien,

u Btze ; ijy a continuous -calcD

iiiiK en- •' , _.,

nntiiral
of the iicrpeniliciilur ('Oliiniiin •;■■- - , q^.

Another )>artlal!y decortieated s|iceimcn, »)irin(fiii|f from a Ktroiij,' f..ot-stalk, rCOUS membrane. 1 llC
L' : D. I'art of tlie interior iiurfacc of the intermediate Inver, Bhowiii;; the nioutli!! Anlla gro nnt n\nr^A iitwmi
of tlieieilules and the broken (leniendienlar eoluinns, cnlarifcd ; A'. A eniall iH>rtion of the »'t"» ">« ""^ l""'-^«i "po"
frond Kn-atly enlarKed, and noinewhat diam'ainmatieaily reproscntuil ; F. TraiisiYer»o Kcetioii Clthcr of Ihe free BUr-
of pirt of the frond enlarKed, and also represented in a sIlKhtlv diatrrainmatic nm-nor ; a. The f . _ -p •},- ru\ln<»/\nKw
external inenil>rnLe ; b. The inU'niiediate sulealeil layer ; r. 'Ilie central g|>acc cniitainiiin; the lacCB OI tne pOlOEOarj,
i«ll8 and travcnrd by the |)cn«!"<l'<:t>lar columns ; d. llic internal membrane. but OCCUpy a central

108

i'lchcfl in hni^ht. Kxternnl
iiyf"* forniod of ll:c

Hpacc, which hiM iU inlornal wull fnrmod by tho innorinoHt nicinbrnnc and itn extornnl
wall by an inl«rn)edi»tc lnyt>r compoMcd of tlin laterally coulcMccnt bruiiclicH. The cvIIh arc
Hituatcd upon th*> internal Faoo of tho outer layer of this central H|)aoo (/.r-. tho intormo-
diato layer) ; and the two layers arc kept apart by a Hyxtcni of pillars which .ire attached by
their inner endH to tho internal layer and by their outer ends to the interniediute layer. Thcac
pillars IravorHO tho ci-ntral Hpaee perpendicularly, and correspond with the fencHtrulcH of a
Jlflqiiiiii. Tho water niUHt have been ndinitted to the central i«piicc, and thuH to the colU, by
openin^H in the free nd);o uf the infundibulif<<rni jwlyzoary, but none of uur .tpccimens i-xhibit
thi.x portion of tho frond.

In tho ^enuM JJiiiiHrifjin, (IMiillipH), the fcnestrulcy do not perforate the frond ho a« to
roach the outer face of the |K)lyzoary. but are filled up by a calcified membrane. The ccIIm,
however, open upon the external surface, i.istoad of into a central Hpuce, and the ntructuro of
the ca'nujcium is in other rc.>*|H(ctH very different.

The following is the only speciefl of tho ^'cuuh which 1 have an yet 'met with : —

126. C'RYTOPOIIA MIltAIUMH (NlcV vl'^on).

f'riiplo/Htrnmiiiihill.s, Nicliolson, Annils of Nat. Hint, Feb ' S74.

I'olyzoary iofundibuliform, appairntly from one to three
layer, thin, imiHirforate, mnooth, or ob'<curely htriafod. 'ntormediate

coiilescent branchoH, marked by vertical j:roove8 or kuIc' .hich are plar i about half a lino
apart, and somctimoH bifun-atc. Hesides thuHO ^^roovt -<, the outiti 'o n iho internicdiato layer
is marked ' ; '% tsculatint; lines, which map out snudl oval or \>d\' ,onul spaccH corrcsnondin^
with the cells beneath. The inner j*urfacf of the intermedi 'c liyer carricH the cells, which
are . .inj^ed bincrially in fle.\uou.s lines, and cnelo.«<e ovai or rhnmboidal interspaces. These
interspaces ".vc disposed in very rejjular diagonal lines, about foui in the space of two lines,
and they give origin to a series of short rounded pillars which extend inwardr it right angles
to meet the internal layer. Central space in which the cells are situiited about h,iit i: Vine
to two thirds of a line in depth. Internal layer thin aiid mcmbrmous. The entire frond
springs from an exceedingly strong, horizontal, branched stalk, the surface of which i^ marked
by vermicular stria*.

The materials in my hands are not sufficient to permit of an entirely full elucidation and
illustration of the characters and structure of this remarkable species. Different specimons,
however, or different parts of the .same specimen, show the following appearances (Fig. 40) : —

1. The external membrane is very thin, and is only preserved in part in any specimen
that I have seen. It corre8{)ond8 with the reverse or non |)oriferous layer of an ordinary
lli'lipura, and in reality is to be regarded as not hint' mure than the exterior portion of tho in-
termediate or ccUuliferous layer. Nothing, in fact, is commoner than to meet with precisely
similar specimens of Itdi'pora in wliicli the reverse has been stripped off, and the bases of
tlu' cells are thus ex))osed to view.

2. The intermediate l.-iyer (together with the external layer, as just remarked) is clearly
formed by tho coalescence of the branches. When viewed from the outside (F'ig. 40, E. h) it
exhibits shallow vertical grooves marking out the original branches, and it also shows the
outline of tho colls below.

;i. The structure of the interior of tlie intermediate layer, and of the central space of
which it forms the outer boundary, can bo studied in specimens which exhibit the inner sur-
fiicc of the funnel, or in those which have been broken across transvcr.sely. In specimens
which show the interior, and from which the innermost layer has been removed in whole nr
in part, we see the mouths of the cells, as rounded pores placed on the inner aspect of tho
intermediate layer (Fig. 40 I)). The cells are arranged in double rows, forming regularly
bent or undulating lines, which correspond with the inner faces of the branches, and which
enclose the oval spaces which correspond witli the fenestrulcs. just as in liiiijxnfi. When we
look, however, at a specimen which is broken across (Fig. 40 /'.), it is seen that instead of
perforations between the inosculating branches, we have a series of stout pillars, which run
perpendicularly inwards from the poriferous face, and have their internal ends connected
together by a thin calcareous membrane, which forms the innermost lining of the funnel-
shaped frond. There is thus formed a continuous central space, which is lined outwardly by
the cells, and to which water must have been admitted by the opening in the margin of
the funnel.

«

104

t t

4. Specimens which are casts of thr interior of the frond, to which the innermost mem-
brane with the ends of the perpendicular columns still remain attached, are not uncommon
rFig. 40 A & C')- These show that the columns are arranged in beautifully regular diagonal
lines ; and their inner ends seem to have been convex, as they leave in many cases concave or
cupped scars, of an oval or rhomboidal shape, upon the outside of the cast 'Fig. 40 B).

5. One specimen exhibits a strong horizontal foot-stalk, from which the frond grew up
vertically (Fig. 40 C). This foot-stolk is branched at both ends, its surface is covered in
parts with vermicular stria?, and its structure appears to have been minutely tubular or cellular.

6. Lastly, some specimens appear to show tbe extraordinary character of a second frond,
quite similar in structure to the first, invaginated within the outet one, so as to give rise to an
internal cone closely applied to the internal surface of the external funnel. It is possible,
however, that this appearance may admit of some other interpretation.

I have treated thi.s species at some length on account of its very remarkable and compli-
cated structure ; but there are still several points connected with it which I have been unable
to make nut with my present materials. Specimens are by no means particularly rare, but I
have seen none which arc not fragmentary.

L-axUfy and Formation. — (Jorniferous Limestone of Port Colborne and Lot 6, Con. 1,
Wainfleet.

Oenus Fenestella (Lonsdale).

Polyzonry for:ning a calcareous, flattened or infundibuliform expansion, composed of sub-
parallel branches, which radiate from the base, and are united laterally by cross-bars or disse-
piments, so as to form a network, the meshes of which aro in general more or less oblong or
sub-quadrate. One surface of the branches (in the infundibuliform species the innn surface)
is rounded and covered by a dense, striated or minutely porous layer. The opposite surface
of the branches (in the infundibuliform species the outer surface) is furnished with two rows of
short tubular cells, the mouths of which are separated by a more or less prominent carina or
keel. The dissepiments are usually without cells. Occasionally a row of small cells upon
the mesial keel (the Fencstrellina of D'Orbigny).

Fi'iif'.itiHa differs from Retepora in possessing distinct dissepiments, and in not having
the fenestrules formed simply hy the coalescence of the branches ; whilst the cells are separated
b<, u distinct keel. From Pohipora (McCoy), FencstdUi is separated by having only two
{.racipal rows of cells, and usually only these two, the third row if jiresent being very minute,
whilst the lines of cells are separated by a carina.

The following species of Fenestilla occur in the Corniferous Limestone and the Hamilton
group of Western Ontario ; though there are others which cannot be determined until more
complete materials shall 1iave been collected.

127. Fenestella magnipica (Nicholson).

Polyzoary forming a flattened
Branches almost perfectly straight,

a, Ptirtiiiii iif tlio p<ilyzi)ary if Feumtella
magm/ica (Nioh.), nntunii nizu ; V. a fra)(ment
of the game mlai-gcil. From the Coniiforous
LluuiUlunu.

expansion of unknown but apparently considerable size,
bifurcating at intervals of from cme quarter of aa inch to
one inch, nearly parallel, united by straight transverse
dissepiments, sub-ans.:ular or obtusely earinated and closely
striated on the non-ccUuliferous side. About four branches
in the space of a quarter of an inch measured across the
frond. Dissepiments about the same in diameter as the
branches, usually placed at intervals of from one line to a
tenth of an inch apart. Fenestrules oblong, rectangular,
nearly equal, from one line to one tenth of an inch in
length by twothinls of a line in width, nine in one inch
measured vertically, and twelve in the same space mea-
sured diagonally, placed nearly but not quite at the same
level in contiguous rows. Celluliferous face unknown.

This species (Fig. 41) is most nearly allied to Fen-
istdla laxa (Phillips), from the Carboniferous and De-
vonian Rocks of Britain ; but it is readily distinguished
by the regular dimensions of the fenestrules, their rectan-
gular shape, and their much smaller size. (The fenestrules

105

in F. lau-a are from two to four times as large aa those of F. rmgnijkn). From Polypora (Gor-
gonta) ripixteria (Goldfuss), the present species is separated by its rectangular, not oviil, fenes-
trules, the much greater proportionate and absolute width of the fcnestrules, and the straight,
not flexuous, branches.

I have only seen a single specimen of F. viagnijicn, and that only exhibits the reverse
of the ciBnoBcium ; but the general characters of the frond are so unlike any previously recorded
species of FeneMcUa with which I am acquainted, that I have thought myself justified in
forming a new species for its reception.

Localiti/ and Forinalion. — Corniferous Limestone of Port Colborne.

128. Fenestella mauoinaus (Nicholson).

Polyzoary forming a fan-shaped expansion, of unknown dimensions. Branches straight,
nearly parallel, about four in the npace of two lines. Dissepiments exceedinjrly narrow, not
more than one hundredth of an inch in width, slightly expanded at their points of junction
with the branches, quite straight, and separated bj intervals of one line, slightly alternating
in contiguous rows. No cells upon the dissepiments. Fenestrules oblong, regularly rectan-
gular, nearly twice as long as wide, (nearly one line in length and less than half a line in
width) ; three fenestrules in a quarter of an inch measured vertically, and five in the same
space measured transversely. Two marginal rows of large flask-shaped cells, between which
arc two or sometimes three rows of minute elongated cells, which probably occupied a central
keel. Four large cells to a fcnestrule, and one at the origin of each dissepiment. As in the
case of the preceding species, I have only l single fragmentary example of this species, but its
characters are so peculiar that I have no doubt as to its specific distinctness. Our specimen
is one exhibiting the back of the pulyzoary, but the outer striated non-cellulifcrous layer has
been denuded, and the proximal ends of the cells arc thus brought into view.

In its general form /''. VKin/inalix is clearly

fa genuine FenesMla, as shown by the straight
branches, the distinct straight non-celluliferous
dis.sepinients, its rectangular fenestrules, and its
possession of a row of large cells on each side of
each branch. This last character separates it from
Poljjpiira, and the others distinguish it from Rcte-
pora. The specimen does not enable one to aflirm
with certainty that the two lateral rows of cells
It were separated by a median keel, but it appears
highly probable that thi- was the case. In the
genus ov sub-genus Fi'tu'stn'lliiia (DOrbigny), the
FfneHteiia maniinaiu (Nich) a. A fraxnuiit. ii.itu- mcsial keel separating the two lateral rows of large

ral8i/.c;6 Aportion,.fthesamen.agiufle.l; ,^.\|H.rt;lJlJpe|lg g ^ central rOW of minutC Cclls. In

i)f a liranch still furtlicr iiinftiiifled, viewuil fmni beiiiiul *•"""=> . ,

A.id shdwinif the liirKO iiiaixiiml cclla and the niimite F. UUnqilUUIs, hoWCVcr, the SpaCC betWCCn the
central ccllH. Fron. the Crnlferou, Lhucxtone. j.^^^^^,, '^^^^ ^j- ^.^j,^ ^^^^^j^^ .^ ^^^j^^ ^^ ,,,1^,^,^

closely- crowded cclls, which are arranged in general in two alternating rows, but i,onietimes
in three. This character, so far as I am aware, has not hitherto been observed in any
species of /'V/u'v/cZ/rt except /•'. rigiihila (McCoy), and it may, perhaps, afford a ground of sub-
L'cneric distinction. If, aa is most probable, a median keel were present, it must have ex-
hibited the openings of two or three rows of minute cclls.

In its general form, /'. marijinali.'^ exhibits some i cmblanco to /'. magnifiro (Nich.), but
its dimensions are much smaller. The former has four branches in a space of two lines, and
five fenestrules in a (juarter of an inch measured transversely, whilst the dis.sepiments are
exceedingly thin, and the length of the fenestrules is nearly double the width. On the other
hand, in F. magnijirn there are three branches in a space of two lines, and about three fenes-
trules in a quarter of an inch measured diagonally or transversely, whilst the dissepi
nients are about as thick as the branches, and the fenestrules are only slightly longer than
wide.

Locality and Formation. — Oorniferous Limestone, Port Colborne.

i

V.

1

it

J:

1U6

^

129. Fenestella nuBRosA (Hall).

FenesMla cribrosa (Hall), Pal. N. Y., Vol. II., p. 160, Tl. XL, figs. 3a, 3/;.
Polyzoary forming a flattened expansion of unknown dimensions. Branches strong, par-
allel, often undivided for a distance of half an inch or more, verj' closely approximated, fifteen
or eighteen in a quarter of an inch. Dissepiments about the same width as the branches, or
slightly ncrrower, not dilated at their points of junction with the branches. Fenestrules oppo-
site, sub-alternate, or alternate in conti<ruoiis rows, oval or quadrangular, nnethird long' r
than wide. From ten to twelve fenestrules in a quarter of an inch measured vcfticrlly, and
from fifteen to eighteen in the same space measured transversely. Non-poriferous side closely
and finely granulated and striated. On the poriferous side, both the branches and the dis-
sepiments are keeled with a pruQiincnt and very sharp carina, and the dissepiments are ^ laced
u])on a lower plane than the branches, so that in many cases the latter alone are visible. Two
rows of cellules on each brant!\ opening by comparatively large rounded apertures on the lateral
aspects of the branch. No pores on the mesial keel or on the dis.sepiments. Two pores lo
t!ie length of a fenestrule, and one opposite the base of each dissepiment.

I have no doubt as to the identity of our specimens with Fenestella crihrum (Hall), from
the Niagara Limestone, though Halls description embraces only the non-celluliferous side.

The species is quite readily distinguished from all other
known species of the genUs by the approximation of the slender
branches and dissepiments, from which it results that an ex-
traordinarily large number of fenestrules occupy a given space,
whether measured vertically or transversely. The characters
of the celluliferous side are also sufiiciently distinctive. Some
examples exhibit proportions slightly larger than those given
in the above description, and these may possibly constitute a
distinct variety or even a distinct species.

Lora/id/ and Foiiniilion.— Not uncommon in the Harail-
iifitteiia crihroM (iiiiiij, tn tou (jroup at Widder, and at IJartlett's Mills, near Arkona,
Kroin'the Township of Bosanquet.

Ki(r. 43,
a Frajfiiient of tlie noii-celUiIiferuiin

side

r raxiii

of ri'i

side uf the same enlarged,
ilaniiltoii liri>u|i.

130. Fk.nestei.la tenuiceps (Hall).

Fenestella pri.sra ( ?) (Hall), Pal. N Y , Vol. 11. p. 50, PI. XIX., Fig. 4, a-m.
Feucstella fenvirrps (Hall), Pal. N. Y., Vol. II. p. 16.5, 1^1. XL I), Fig. 2, a-h.
Polyzoary infundilmlifbrni or forming a flattened expansion of a fan-shaped figure.
I'ranches nearly straight, sub-parallei, incre.'i.sing liy bifurcation, which usually takes place at
intt-rvals of two or three lines, though sometimes the branches remain undivided for half an
iiich or more. From eig' ; to ten branches in the space of one quarter of an inch. Dissepi-
ii.ents slightly narrower than the brandies, markedly expanded at both ends, and separated
bv i itervals of a third of a line or rather njore. Fenestrules oval, not distinctly rectangular,
marly or quite twice as long as wide, about six or .seven in a quarter of an inch, mcjisured
vertically, and from eight to ten in the same space measured transversely, sub-alternate or
alternate in contiguous rows. Non celluliferous surface, finely striated. Cells in a double row
on each branch, about four to each fenestrule.

Specimens conforming to the above characters are of
common ociurrence in both the f'orniferous Limestone and the
Hamilton Formation of Western Ontario, and little doubt can
be entertained as to their identity with the species described
by Hall under the name of F. leniilceps, from the Clinton and
Niagara Formations of the State of New York. Though seve-
ral of our spu'imens, by decortication of the non-poriferous
layer, show the proximal ends of the bi.serial cells, none of them
actually exhibit the celluliferous face of the polyzoary. Ac-
tnentof thenuturni M/.r';''"'|!l:r-''..f'the P'^'^^'"?-' '« Hall, howcvcr, the branclics arc strongly carinate on
I'mcstll'"'^'"' '■''■"'" """^'""'"'•'■""s this asjiect, with a sharp-edged keel, and the cells open on the

sides of the branches.

KIg. 44.

Friifnfvlln Irimirrjis

107

n

Pig. 4S.
FraRment of

h'enfKlella

In many resipects F. teniiicepx (Hall> very closely approximates to F. plebeia (McCoy),
from the Carboniferous and Devo liun Hocks of Britain, the chief difference of importance
InuDg that the fenestrules in the latter are said to be rectaneular, whereas they are oval in the
former. I should doubt if the t.ro forms are specifically distinct.

Locality and Fannntion. — Abundant in the Corniferous Limestone of Port Colborne,
Ridgeway, and Lot G, Con. 1. Wainfleet. Also common in the Hamilton Formation at
Bartlett's Mills, near Arkona, Township of Bosanquet.

131. Fenestella PILIFORMI8 (Nicholson).

Polyzoary exceedingly delicate, comjjosed of parallel, extremely narrow branches, about
fifteen or sixteen of which occupy the space of one quarter of an inch. Dissepiments thread-
like, narrower than tlic branches, expanded at tlmir points of junction with the branches,
.separated by intervals of about -,-^(7 inch. Fenestrules one-third wider than long, rectangu-
lar or transversely oblong, twenty four in the space of one quarter of an inch measured
vertically, and about fifteen in the same space measured transversely. Celluliferous side
unknown.

I have only fragments of this species, and none of these show
the celluliferous aspect ; but the proportion.^ of the polyzoary are so
entirely (' itinct from all other previously recorded species of the
genus, that no doubt can be entertiiincd as to its being new. It is
very readily distinguished by its filiform and closely-.set branches,
bv the unusual character that the fenestrules are markedly wider than
^/-y.)rHiiVfNicki'nahir''ii size"; long, and by the extraordinarily large number of fencitrules in a
fioT'^From \'he T.'rnulZ:.; f?'v«° «?>»«« measured vertically.

Limestone.

Lomliti/ and Formation. — Corniferous Limestone, Lot 6, Concession 1, Wainfleet.

Genus TiENioPORA (Nicholson).

Cnnoiiian Journal, Vol. XVL, No. 2, and Gi;olo(/!itil Maijaztne, March, 1874.
Polyzoary calcareous, compo.sed of a flattened, linear expansion, which branches dicho-
toraously and is celluliferous on both sides. Each side of the polyzoary (.sometimes one side
only ?) is furni.shed with a strong median ridge or keel, which ha.s a longitudinil direction,
and sej)arates the frond into two lateral halves. The cells have prominent mouths, and are
arranged in from three to five longitudinal rows on eacff side of the central keel ; the cells of
contiguous rows alternating, so that a series of whort obliijue rows of cells are produced which
diverge from the keel like the barbs of a feather. The margins of the polyzoary are usually

plain and non-cellulirerous. and the cells are not
•crfS^. c\ iHfr** f ""^r ""'itcd t)y longitudinal striic or elevated ridges.

^^"^-^"^ I .WSlJ ' jfo fenestrules* are presen*, and the entire frond

forms a continuous expansion within which the
cells are immersed.

Two species of Poh/:i)ii which agree in tlie
above characters are not uncommon in the Ha-
milton Formation of Western Ontario, and their
structure appears to me to be suflScicntly distinc-
tive to entitle them to be considered as consti-
tuting a distinct genus, which I propose to call
T:i'i)i(>i) ra. The affinities of Tirnioporn are clearly
with IWodictyu, and thdugh there are some im
portant points in the structure of the former
which I have been unable to make out. I still
think that the external characters of TiMiiopora
alone warrant generic distinction. One of the chief ehar-icters of I'lilodich/n is the presence
of a flattened laminar striated axis separating the two celluliferous aspect* of the polyzoary.
I have not been able to establish clearly either the presence or absence of such an axis in Ttr-
nil ipora. hut my specimens lead me to believe that it is absent, and that there is instead, a vor-

I

Fiu. 40.

a. Fr.itriuont "f TfvniDfura priinifnrmif (N'ii-li.) iia
tural sizo ; b. TraiisviTsc st'ctinii (i( ilji' saiiieenlnr^'ecl ; c,
Fn»(nrn'nt nf tlie same fiilark'>'il : ''. FraifiiKiil still fur
tlicr eiilarifud, sliiiwiinr the pruiiiinuiit inoiitb.i of the ccIIb
From the Haiiiilton Foniiatioii,

•f s ?S- u

I •■;

I

i'i

1(»8

4!^

i I

tical Reptum, traversing the short diameter of the frond, and prolonfred on either Bide into a
keel. Leavini; this point, however, out of the ({ucstion, as unccrtiiin. there remain the fol-
lowing differences : — 1. In I'tif(it/ich/(i th<' cells arc not furnished with prominent mouths,
but with depressed apertures, and these are arranirod in rows, which are separated by distinct
thread-like clevjited lines or strin'. On the other hand, the cells of Tir'nio/unii have pro-
minent pustuliforni openinu's, and they are usually not separated by any lines rtr ridges of
any kind. In some examples from the Hamilton group of the State of New York, the
6rst row of cells on either side of the keel has a limiting thread-like line, but I cannot
detect any such structure in our Canadian spccimeus ; and even the former have the remain-
ing rows of cells not marked off in this way. 2. There is mi mesial keel or elevated ridge in
I'tilfHfirli/d, separating the C(i>n<i'cium into two symmetrical lateral halves. On the other
hand, the most conspicuous feature in Tunioporo is a strong elevated I mgifudinal carina on
either side of which the cells are arranged in alternating lines. 3. Whilst .some examples of
Tfniiifitna show a distinct non celluliferous marginal zone on eithc- side, as exists in riiloiliiii/a,
others do not appear to possess any such structure ; and in any ca.se this zone appears, when
present, to lie smooth and not striated. Upon the whole, therefore, whilst recognizing the
general affinities of Ta'itiopom to Pljf<Hlicti/u, I think the foimer may safely be rcgardid as n
distinct genus.

The following two species of Tieuiopurn have come under my notice as occurring in the
Hamilton group ; but asall my specimens are fragmentary, there are several important points
connected with their structure, which \ have found my.«elf unable to elucidate. I have also
specimens fiom the same formation in the State of New York, some of which appeai to be
identical with one of our Canadian species, whilst others present certain differences which may
perhaps be of specific value.

l."?2. T^.MOi'OUA EXIOUA (Nicholson).

Tmimiora txifjva (Nicholson), Gmlori'inil Miiffa~ine, March, 1874.

Polyzoary forming flattened linear expan-^ions, which branch dichotomously at angles of
about (')()" and at intervals of from one and a half to three lines. The width of the frond is
about a line or a little over, and its thickness in the centre is aliout one-third of a line, from
which point it rapidly diminishes in thickness, until the sharp edged lateral margins are
reached. Both sides of the cii-no-eium carry a well marked longitudinal ridge or keel, which
occupies a mesial position, and on either side of which are thiee or four hmgitudinal rows of
cells. The cells are alternately disposed in contiguous rows, so as to form a series of short
transverse obliquely ascending lines, insisting each of three or four' cells. The cells are im-
mersed in the substance of the ctenieciuni, and their mouths are circular and prominently
elevated above the general surface. About six cells occupy the space ofpnc line measured
longitudinally, and the intervals between them are ei|ual to or slightly greater than the dia-
meter of the cell mouths themselves. The cells extend on either side of the midrib, ((uite to
the edge of the co-ntvcium, and there appears to be no I'larginal nou-ccUuliforous zone.

From the following spe-
cies, Tcciiiiipora e.iiiitia is
distinguished by its much
smaller width, its more fre-
quent division, its much
less strongly elevated me-
sial keel, and the apparent
absence of any distinct non-
ci'lluliferous marginal area.
\J? One specimen exhibits at
the ba.«e a small conical
Pj ^. expansion from which the

Taeniopora eriiitia (}i\eh). a. t'ortloii of a fr.iiul. natural Bizp ; 6. Tlic saiiio niilarjcul, ''rancllCS prOCCOd Ulstaily,
the |M>nli>n ilrawii ill cmtline bi-iint ciitiJecUiral ; c t'urtkiinit tlif same still fiirtliirun- and wllifh terminates prOX-
lanrcd. F'riiii tliv liBiniltoii Kmuii. • ii ■ ■ i i

iiiially in a singular, and
clearly natural, circular pt^rforation of about one fourth of a line in tlianieter. There are
also indications in this specimen ( fig. 47A.) that the branches of the frond were bilaterally or

i

ii)

•■

i

109

radially dispoeecl round this central point. It is to bo regretted, however, that, with the im
perfect material iit my command, T am at present compelled to leave this and other points of
intevcst in the structure of this remarkable form unclueidatcd.

LofuUtff and Finmalion. — Common in the Hamilton ^troup, at Bartlett's Mills, near
Arkona, Township of Bosanquet. (Also common in the Hamilton Hhales, at Canandai^a,
State of New York.)

133. TiENlopORA PENNIF0RMI8 (NichoLson ).

TiiniopDia pt iiiii/ornm (Nicholson), Genlogiad Mtujaziiie, March, 1874.

Polyzoary forming a linear flattened expansion, whicii probably divides dichotomously.
T'je total width of the frond is about two lines, and its thickness in the middle is about two-
thirds of a line, ttradually tapering to the margin. Both sides of the cji-mrcium (onecertainly,
iind the other probably) arc furnished with an exceedingly strong, blunt, mesial, longitudinal
ridge or keel, the height of which i% about a fourth of a line and its thickness about the
same. On cither side of the central keel are lour rows of cells in alternating lines. The
mouths of the cells are circular and prominent, ab ^ut five or six occupying the space of one
line measured longitudinally. Outside the rows of cells on either side is a plain non cellulifcr-
0U8 space, about one-third of a line in width, by which the margin is constituted.

In most of its essential characters, Taniiopimi />ennif(ynnis (fig. 46) agrees with T.eriguu,
but it is a much stronger and more robust form, with a broader and more elcvatt>d keel, and
possessing a marginal non-poriferous area which appears to be wanting in the latter. 1 hav.-
only fragments of the species, and am unable to state anything as to its general form of growth
or its total dimensions.

Liailitij and Formation. — Hamilton Formation, Hartlett's Mills, nc:ir Arkona, Town.ship
ot Bosanquet.

Genus Carinopora (NichoLson).

(Canadian Journal, Vol. XIV., No. 2, and Annals of Nat. Hist., Feb. 1874.)
Polyzoary infundibuliform, calcareous, and reticulated. The external layer of the cy-
athiform frond is composed of regularly undulated flexuous branches which anastomose with
one another after the manner of a llctcpora so as to form a series of oval fencstrules. Kxte-
riorly, the branches are angulated or carinato and arc smooth and non-celluliferous. Inter-
nally, each branch gives origin to an enormously developed keel or vertical lamina, which cor-
responds in direction with the branch and is directed inwards towards the centre of the funnel,
i'hc inner face of the branches thus presents a series of narrow, elevated parallel ridges sepa-
iiited by deep grooves at the bottom of which the cells open to all appearuuce. The fene.s-
trules also open at the bottom of these grooves. These grooves, however, appear in parts of
the frond to be rendered vesicular by means of a series of delicate calcareous lamini« which con-
nect totrethcr the oppo-
sing sides of contiguous
ridues. In some ca.ses
alx). the inner ends
lit the ridges are con-
nected together by a
continuous calcareous
iiienibraiif, so that the
inner >url:ice of the
troiid i^ eomiiletely
closL'd. The cells are
carried in alternating
double rows upon the
inner surfa< e of each
branch, their mouths

FiR. i<.

IIMistratioiif) ni l\\e tArwciwre i<l Cttriat}inrn Hinilii, iNicli).
b. iioitioii (ii the same enlariffil

a. fruimu'iit ^f the rxUTior,
natural bIzc ; h. imitioii di the same enlariff"! ; i'. aiintlior frutfiiiont <if thi- extoriur, «till fur- al)Iiearin<r tO bei-ituatcd

thcr enliir;;cil ; il. a (niiiMfUt frinu wliich tlu' txl«rimi noiirillulKirnus lavir lia.s liceii ro- ' * . T r- i

mi'.vimI, !.hii»i!i){Uhf ctlls, fiilarniMl ; c. a fni^fuiint more ilecply (liriirticiitiil, HlniMiiii: llii at tllC bottl^tin 01 the

iniiuths (if tlieoillt, oiilarnud ; /. iiml a. tran-iViThe (Hjolimis of th'u fruiiil, tii..iri.'iil ; A. ii |"ir- „rni>vo< iifnro inoiitirni

ti..n ..f the internal surface eiilanfcd; i. transverse section of a single branch, ciilarKeil. f",, "loii-iiicuiniii

>- rom the OumiferuuH LiiiiOKUjne. cd and at the base of

no

the great keel which springs from each branch internally. No cells are carried by the
areas formed by the anastomosis of contiguous branches

I have only seen a single, very liirgc and well preserved example of this gepu?, and
a careful cxuniination ot this has ^till left me entirely unable to elucidate and explain some
of the most extraordinary structural featuresw hich it presents. Tliere can, however, be no
doubt as to the complete distinctness of the genus from any previously known. A compre-
hension of the very remarkable charaoteiH presented by this genus will jn'rhaps be best ob-
tained from a detailed jiccount of the different figures of the above illustration, all of which
represent different portions of the only known specimen.

a. This figure exhibits a portion of the exterior of the frond, showing the fencstrules and
the outer mn celluliferous aspect of the branches. In the portion here illustrated of the na-
tural size, and partially shown at /;on an enlarged scale, the fencstrules are oval, and arranged
in diagonal lines, and the branches are strongly keeled ; the general appearance closely resem-
bling the non-celluliferous aspect of Uvhpora jirism (Goldfuss), and the fencstrules being
formed in the same way by the simple ino.«culation otithe branches, without the development
of distinct dissepiments, r. This represents another portion of the exterior of the frond,
near the base, where the fencstrules are polygonal and are not arranged in regular dijigonal
lines. In some cases, the fencstrules itresont the appearance of being closed by a delicate ex
ternal membrane.

d. This figure shows a small portion from which the outer non celluliferous layer of the
branches has been stripped off, showing the proximiil ends or bases of the cells, arranged in a
double inosculating row on each branch, and lying in the same plane as the fent trules.

e. This figure exhibits, on nn enlarged scale, a small portion ot the cxter" r of the frond
from which the outer non celluliferous layer and the cells themselves have been ."tripped away,
leaving to view the circular mouths of the cells arranged in two alternating rows, which are
still in the same plane as the fencstrules, and which do not encroach upf)n the spaces formed
by the inosculation of the branches.

/. This 6gurc is a greatly magnified representation of a transverse section of the frond at
a point considerably removed from the biisc, showing the branches cut acros.s. Above, the
branches are peparated by the fencstrules, and immediately beneath this are seen the dark
oval spaces contained within the body of each branch, a pair in each, and representing the
cavities of the biserial cells. Below this, again, each branch is seen to give origin to an im-
mense vertical keel or ridge, which is directed inwards towards the interior of the frond.
Tluse ridges are separated by deep intervening grooves ; and there can be doubt that the cells
opm at the bottom of these groves, those of one side of the branch opening on one side of the
ba^e of the great keel, and those of the other opening upon the opposite side of the same.

(f. This exhibits a greatly magnified transveree section of the fiond at a point a little
above the base. As in the jireceding, we can recognise without difficulty the shallow fene.>*-
trules, the divided branches carrying in their interior, each, a pair of celLs, and the great inter-
nal keels. Ilore, however, we have two new features. Firstly, the deep grooves between the
keels are sub-divided by delicate calcareous laminae which connect the opposite side of contigu-
ous keels, and divide the intervening grooves into shallow tran.sverse chambers. .Secnndly, the
grooves between the keels are closed internally by a continuous calcareous membrai . which
has a minutely porous or vesicular structure.

/(. This exhibits a fragment taken from near the base, and showing the internal surface.
\Vc see here the inner faces of the great longitudinal keels, separated by shallow grooves which
are tilled up by a continuous calcareous membrane, which is not penetrated by either the
fencstrules or the cells. No apertures, therefore, of any kind appear on the interior of the
frond near the base. In the upper portion of the frond, however, a fragment of the interior
exhibits simply the fjroat keels with deep intervening grooves, and the layer connecting the
keels caanot be distinctly made out. At the right hand corner of h, the keels and their con-
necting membrane arc broken away, and we see the cavities of the rows of cells ; whilst the
extreme corner is still further broken away, so that the fencstrules comes into view.

i. This simply represents a single branch in transverse section, greatly enlarged, and
shows the cells in the interior of the branch, and the great triangular keel proceeding from its
internal surface. <

From the above description, it will be evident that the structure of Curinopnra is quite
anomolous, and wholly unlike anything that has been hitherto observed in any member of the

Ill

carried by the

thb gepuF, and
d explain some
however, be no
n. A conipre-
ips be best ob-
Q, all of which

fenestrules and
trated of the na-
al, and arranged
ce closely reseni-
encstrules being
the development
or of the frond,
regular diagonal
by a delicate ex

Tous layer of the
lis, arranged in a
mi trules.
er" r of the frond
en stripped away,
r rows, which are
the spaces formed

on of the frond at
OSS. Above, the
,re seen the dark
representing the
origin to an im-
r of the fronJ.
ubt that the cells
one side of the
■ the siime.
a point a little
ic siutllow fcnes-
d the grciit inter-
ovcs between the
e side of contigu-
. Secondly, the
■niembrai . which

internal surface,
ow grooves which
ed by either the
ic interior of the
;nt of the interior
er connecting the
els and their con-
cells ; whil.-*t the
o view.

tly enlarged, and
roceeding I'rom its

«
Xnnopnrn is quite
ly member of the

Feneskllidcf. The most anomalous point is the position of the cells, or rather their mode of
opening on the surface. The frond i.s funnel-shaped, and the cells open towards the interior of
the funnel, as in lirlejma. Towards the upper portion of the frond, the cells seem to open
simply at the bottom of the deep grooves between the internal keels, and the fenestrules open
into the siime grooves, and there is, therefore, no speciid difficulty here, if, as seems tolerably
certain, the keels are not here connected by an imperforate connecting membrane, and the
grooves thus remain open to the access of sea water ; near the base, however, the keels are
clearly connected internally by a membrane which has no perforations in it, and the deep
intervening grooves are filled up by a vesicular calcarou.s tissue, so that the sea-water could not
have gained access to tiie mouths of the cells. The only explanation that I can offer, is that the*
basal portion of the poiyzoary may perhaps have been gradually overgrown internally by this
layer of vesicular tissue, and may thus have been practically killed, whilst the upper |>ortion
remained open to the sea, and genuinely alive. If this be not the case, I canuot explain the
undoubted facts.

The enormous internal keels, whefher free or connected together internally give an extra-
ordinary depth and thickness to the poiyzoary, and the fenestrules do not extend to more than
about a fourth of this depth, nor do the cells. In Ilriiiilri/ji<i (I'hlll.) the fenestrules do not
extend through the entire tliiekncss of the poiyzoary, but in this genus the fenestrules are
contitied to the liiuir surface of the funnel-shaped frond, and the cells open exlcraalh/. Id
('ryplitpora (Nich.) again, the outer and inner surface of the poiyzoary are both imperforate,
and the cells open internally into a central space which is cros.xed by rcgularly-plaecd pillars,
having a direction perpendicular to the plane of the frond.

The following is the only species of the genus Cari no/mm, which has come under my
notice : —

134. Carinopora iiiNDEi (Nicholson;.

Ciirhio/xira lliinhi (Nicholson), Annals of Natural History, Feb. 1874.

This being the only species <'t the genus, it is unnecessary to recapitulate its structural
characters, since these, so far as known, have been fully discussed above. It only remains to
give the mea.surcments by which the sjiccies is distinguished, along with one or two charac-
ters which are not of generic value. The only known specimen exhibits a portion of a very
large infundibuliforni frond, which, though fragmentary, hii^a height of four inches, with a
diameter above of clearly more than half a foot. The actual base is broken off. About six
branches occupy the space of two lines. Thi- fenestrules are sometimes oval, .«omctiines hex-
agonal or polygonal, and their arranirement dirters in different parts of the frond. Sometimes
tliey are arrai»ged in regular diagotial lines ; but even in this case there are often percep-
tible central longitudinal lines, on either side of which the diagonal rows of fenestrules diverge
in opposite directions, like the barl»s of a feather, giving rl-^e to a most peculiar apiwarance.
At oilier times the fenestrules are rhoniboidal, hexagonal, or f)olygonal, and arc not arranced
in distinct diagonal rows ; whilst two contiguous longitudinal rows are often .separated by an
unusually narrow and apparently quite straight branch (Sei^ Fig. 48 r). The spaces alinir
which the flexuous branches inosculate have a depth of about half a line, considerably exceed-
ing the width of the branches; .«o that whilst seven fenestrules occupy a quarter of an inch
measured diagonally, only four occupy the s;inie space measured longitudinally. The thick-
ness of the frond, measured at right an'_'les to its plane of growth, is one line or a little more,
nearly two-thirds of this being accounted for by the great internal keels. Lastly, there are
generally three cell-mouths to the length of a fenestrule, with two placed opposite the inoscu-
lation of each pair of contiguous branches.

The only known example of this singular species was discovered by my friend, Mr.
George Jennings Hinde, by whom it was submitted to me for examination, and in whose
honour I have named it.

Ijocalitij and Furmation. — Corniferous Limestone, Jarvis, County of Walpole.

Genus Clathropora (Hall).

Poiyzoary composed of membranous flattened expansions, which either branch without
anastomosis, or, more typically, divide into branches which inosculate at short intervals till
there is produced a broad frond perforated at regular intervals by rounded or oval fenestrules

m

I 1

TWS^

112

r 1

of coDsidcrablo Hize. Both Rides of the polyzoary carry oolls, but the cells which open upon
one aspect arc separated from those which open on the other side by a thin concentrically-stri-
ated laminar axis or membrane, precisely similar to the axis of Ptilodktya. In the clathr-
ate species the margins of the apertures are surrounded by a strong striated non-celluli-
ferous border.

There can be no doubt asto the very closcrelationshipbetweenCfoMro/wmand/'/t/orftc/ya ;
and it may reasonably bo doubted if the former can be retained apart from the latter. One
of the chief characters of /V//w//V///a is the presence of a thin striated membranous axis be-
tween the two series of cells on the two a.spectH of the ccenoecium. No such character appears
to have been observed by Hall in ( 'lathropora, or is alluded to in his description of this genus,
and its absence would certainly be a sufficient ground for generic distinction. I have, how-
I'VtT, determined the existence of a laminar axis exactly similar to that of Ftilndidi/d, both
in a Corniferous species of rV(t//tro;wra and in C. fmndosa (Hall), from the Niagara Lime-
stone, the type-species of the genus. The striated non-celluliferous margins of Ptilodidya
arc also represented by precisely similar margins surrqunding thefenestrae in both C.ftondosa
(Hall), and in C. inlerfcrfn (Nich.) It would appear, therefore, that the chief difference be-
tween VUithnrfmm and I'tilodidj/a is to be found in the fact that the aells of the latter arc
arranged in rows separated by distinct elevated lines, which certainly appears not to be the
case in the typical species of the former, though the contrary is a.sserted by Hall. The mode
of growth of Clafhropora in itself clearly does not afford sufficient ground for generic distinc-
tion, and the more or less quadrangular form of the cell-mouths is certainly only an occa-
sional phenomenon in the type-form C. frondosa. Upon the whole, therefore, whilst retain-
ing Clathropora in deference to the opinion of such a high authority as Prof Hall, I am
inclined to believe that the forms included under it may safely be placed under FHlodictija.

The following species i the only one which has come under my notice as occurring in
the Devonian liocks of We.'^teru Ontario.

^ 135. Clathropora intebtexta (Nicholson).

CIdtliropora inti'iicrla (Nicholson), (hudoijictd Maiprjin', March, 1874.
Polyzoary forming a thin flattened expansion, composed of broad branches which inosou
late so clo.sely as to leavo simply, rounded or oval apertures or fenestra; perforating the frond-
The width of the branches is from a line to n line and a half; and the tenestrsB are oval or
circular in shape, about a line and a hall" or a little more in diameter, and placed at intervals
of about a line or a line and a half The margins of tlu» fenestra' are surrounded by a striated
non-celluliferous zone. The I'roiid is cellulifcrous on both sides, forming two continuous layers,
their proximal ends orba.>ses being placed back to back, but separated by a delicate calcareou.s
membrane or laminar axis, which exhibits numerous close-set transver.se curved striae. I'Vom
.tix to ten cells occujiy the space of a line measured diagonally, whilst the form of the cell-
mouths is oval or circular, and the cells do not a|»peiir to be arranged in distinct lines sepa-
rated by elevated striiv.

Clathropora in'erte.iia (Nich.) is closely allied
to C froiidosa, a beautiful and not very rare spe-
cies in the Nia;;ara Limestone. In the latter
species, however in all the specimens that I have
examined, whil t the width of the branches is
much about the same as in C. interfax/a, the in
osculation is so effected as to leave very much
smaller fenestras which have a diameter of only
about half a lin , and which look simply like little
oval or circular perforations in the membranous
„, ,, ua'uojcium. This is the case, also, with one of

Cuillimiiora iiifeilerla (MdiolwinV a. Portion of.the tU • ii j u ti ii /n i x- \r tr i

frond, natural size; /,. Kraifmei.t of the Hamc, uiiiHrgt'i to ^"c Specimens hgured by Hall (Pal. N. Y., Vol.

fc'trnircrousymes'i.mr'''' """"''™""'"'* ■"""■ '•"~"' IL, PL XL., B., fig. 5b.); but another example

figured by the same {Lor. at., fig. ")<(.), has much

larger fenestrules, about the same in size as jn C. intertexia, though more elliptical. This,

however, can not bj considered as belonging to the same spoc'es as Fig. 5/*., with the smaller

fenestra^ ; and as all the sptcimens I have seen, however large, agree with the characters of

H(f. 49.

118

this form, I should be disposed to regard this as Uie typical form of C. frondosa (Hall). lo
saoh examples of C frondosa, further, as I have examined, the cells are remarkably long and
narrow, and about fourteen of them occupy the space of one line measured transvcrdelr ;
whereas, in C. intertexta the cells have a sub-quadate or rounded form, with nearly circular
mouths, and only six to eight of them occupy a line transversely. In spite, therefore, of the
close general resemblance between C. intertexta and the two forms included under Hall's C
frmdoaa, I am inclined to thinic V. intertexta to be specifically distinct. If this should subse-
quently, by a comparison of specimens, be proved not to be the case, I should propose that
tne name of C./rowlosa (Hall), should be restricted to the forms with the very small fenestraa
(Pal. N. Y., Vol. II , PI. XL., B., fig. 66), whilst the name of C. m/^rterfa should be applied
to the undoubtedly distinct forms with large fenestrse. In any case, as before remarked, both
of these s>peoies of Claihropora might, without impropriety, be looked upon as nothing more
than reticulated Fti/odictya.

Locidity and Forrnntion. — Comiferous Limestone of Jarvis, Township of Walpole.
(CoUeoted by Mr. George Jennings liinde).

CHAPTER V.

lamsllibranohiata ptbbopoda, and oa8tbropoda — of the 0rnifirou8 and

hamilton formations.

Lamblubranchiata.

Mr. Billings states, that he has met with about twenty species of Lamellibranchiata m
the Comiferous Limestone of Western Ontario, and of these he names and describes one,'viz.,
Vanuxemid Tomkinsi {Canadian Journal, New Series, Vol. VI., p. 357). This species I have
not seen, and the cnly Lamellibranch which I have met with, either in the Comiferous Lime-
stone or the Hamilton group, is the well-known Conocardium trigonale (Hall).

136. Conocardium trigomalb (Hall).

Pleurorhynchus trigonalis (Hall), Rep. 4th Geol., Dist. New York, p. 272, figs. 6a, 66.,
(not Pleurorhynchus trigonalis, Phillips).

Conocardium suh-trigonak (D Orbigny), Prodr., Vol. I., p. 80.

Conocardium trigomde (Meek), Gological Survey of Ohio, Palsaontology, Vol. I., p. 201.

Shell trigonal, with the anterior extremity distinctly cordate. " Anterior side abruptly
truncated, with a forward slope from the beuks to the more or less angular anterior basal
extremity, and flattened, or someiinies even a little concave, near the outer margins, so as to
meet the lateral surfaces at about right angles, or less, along the prominent, angular, umbo-
nal slopes, which extend to the anterior basal extremity, and are produced forward in the
form of a peculiar thin alation, that is most extended below ; dorsal margin behind the beaks
nearly straight and horizontal, or a little declining and slightly concave in outline with i\tc
edges of the valves incurved, while in front of the beaks it is more or less produced forward
in the form of a narrow (beak like ?) extension ; basal margins of the valves strongly incurved
and distinotly crenate within, nearly straight in outline, anteriorly and obliquely ascend-
ing, with a more or less convex outline posteriorly to near the hinge, below which they
are widely gaping so as to form an ovate or sub-cordate hiatus, and present a slightly sinuous
outline ; posterior extremity (when not broken or worn away) distinctly angular at the ter-
mination of the hinge-line above ; beaks moderately prominent, gibbous, and distinctly
incurved nearly at right angles to the hinge, or with a very slight backward inolinatioo.
Surface ornamented by simple, regular, radiating cost», separated by furrows of about the
same size or less ; costte smaller and more crowded on the anterior flattened face of the valves
than on the flanks behind the umbonal angle, and not defined on the anterior umbonal ala-
tion ; crossing all of these markings, there are numerous fine, > .. jur, crowded, oonoentrio
8

k\

■in

114

• t

lines, generally much more distinct in the furrows than on the ribs between them, and more
or less marked on the anterior alations ; a few stronger wrinkles of growth are also usually
Men at more distant intervals, especially near the lower margins of the valves, where they are

more crowded together,
/ and present a cig-sag ap-
C pearanoe in crossing the

costso and furrows. Length
of a mature, rather short,
gibbous specimen, from the
anterior basal angle to the
posterior extremity of the
hinge, 1.32 inches; from
beak to same, 0.65 inches ;
height of top of umbones,
0.72 inches ; convexity of
the two valves, anteriorly,
0.94 inch (Meek, Palaeon-
tology of Ohio, p. 201).

Fio. M).

f Conoeardium trigonale (Hall) ; a. Side view of • medium ilzed, mMure ipacl-
mon, heinur mainly an internal ca.it, with the umhonal alations and the Interior twak-
like appendage broken away ; b. View n( the under side of another iipccimen, retain-
ing a portion of the alation (al), which extended at least ai far forward as indicated
jV the dottvd line. (After Meek).

Specimens of Comcardium trigoiuUe appear to be common in parts of the Oorniferous
Limestone, but, so far, I have only met with exceeding fragmentary and broken specimens,
though these can readily be recognised by their surface characters, and by the singular ala-
tions produced from the margins of the truncated anterior side. I have, therefore, contented
myself with simply reproducing Meek's full description and a portion of his figures of thin
species. If Pleurorhynchus trigonalis (Phillips), be a valid species, and not identical with
Conoeardium IlibemicuJii (Sowerby), then the use of the specific name trigonalis, for the Ame-
rican form must be a abandoned, and D'Orbigny's designation of sub-trigotuUe will have to be
adopted.

Locality atid Formation. — Gorniferous Limestone of Hagersville, Township of Oneida.

Ptebopoda.
137. Tbntaculites sp.

Under this head, I can simply note the occurrence in groat abundance in the Hamilton
group of a species of Teitiaculites, which is probably not new, but which I am unable to
identify with any species previously described, in consequence of my not having access to all
the published descriptions of these fossils. In almost all respects it agrees with Tentaculites
annulatiis (Schlotheim) ( = 3". sca/am ibid), but the latter is described as havina; the surface
covered with very minute longitudinal striae, no such structures being visible in the former. On
the contrary our species agrees with Tentaculites ornatus (Sowerby), in having the interspaces
between the regular nnnulations ringed with from three to seven fine sharp encircling striso.
It is, however, apparently not identical with 7\ ornatus, as it seems to be a longer form, and
to have the annulations more closely set. In the absence, however, of authentic specimens of
either T. annulatus or T. ornatus, I can simply leave the specific determination of the Canadian
form an open question.

Locality and Formation. — Very abundant in the Hamilton Formation, Arkona, Township
of Bosanquet.

Gasteropoda.

Thel number of Gasteropoda in the Devonian Rocks of Western Canada is very consider-
able, and this is especially the case as regards the Corniferous Limestone. By far the majority
of specimens, however, occur in the state of casts, with little or none of the original surface
preserved, often crushed, or mutilated in difi"erent ways; and it is thus often impossible to
determine their true affinities or to decide with certainly to what species they may belong. I
have thus been compelled to leave altogether unnoticed a number of univalves of which noth-
ing definite can be made with the materials at prcaent in my hands ; whilst the determination
of these here recorded must be regarded as more or less doubtful and provisional. The only
Gasteropod which has come under my notice from the Hamilton group is a Platyceras, and

118

I, and more
dm UBually
are they »re
together,
sig-iag ap-
iroMing the
iTB. Length
Bther short,
en, from the
angle to the
tnity of the
iches; from
1.65 inches ;
of umbones,
sonvexity of
, anteriorly,
!ck, PalsBon-
jp. 201).
CorniferouB
a specimens,
singular ala-
re, contented
urcs of thiri
entical with
lor the Ame-
11 have to be

>f Oneida.

he Hamilton
n unable to
access to all
Tentaculites
f the surface
! former. On
3 interspaces
rcHn<» striae,
er form, and
specimens of
ho Canadian

la, Township

ry consider-
the majority
jinal surface
mpossiblc to
y belong. I
which noth-
etermination
1. The only
'atyceras, and

aeTeral speoies of the same genus occur in the Comiferoua Limestone. The Utter formatioa
alao contains examples of the genera Plaljfoatoma, Strophosttfltis, Holopea and possibly Helico-
toma.

Oenus PLATTciaAS (Conrad).

" Shells depressed, sub-globose, sub-ovoid, or obliquely sub-conioal. Spire small ; toIu-
tions few, sometimes free and sometimes contiguous, without columella ; aperture more or less
expanded, often campanulate and sometimes with the lip reflexed ; peristome entire or sinuous.
Surface striated or cancellated, often spirally ridged or plicate, and sometimes strongly lamel*
lose transversely, nodose or spiniferous." — (Bii). Pal. N. Y., Vol. IlL, p. 309).

The shells of the genus Ploiyceras are ret^'iy recogni.sed by their obliquely spiral or
straight shape, their wide aperture, their us'ially or always having a sinus in the outer lip,
and the absence of a columella. They may be <lextral or sinistral. The genus is identical
with Acnx-idia (Phillips) over which it has t'ae priority, and appears to be most nearly allied
to the recent Capulus.

The foUowmg species of Platyceras occur in the Comiferous Limestone and Hamilton
formation of Western Ontario ; but their determination is rendered uncertain by the imper-
feet and ill-preserved condition in which they are found.

138. Plattoerab ventbioosum (Conrad).

Platyceras ventricosum (Conrad), Ann. Rep. Pal. N. V., 1840, p. 206.

Platyceras ventricosum (Hall), Pal. N. Y., Vol. Ill, PI. LVL, Figs. 1, 4 & 8, and PI.
LVII, Fig. 4.

Platyceras ventricosum (Meek and Worthen), Geology of Illinois, Vol. Ill, PL XI, Figs.
ia, b.

Shell obliquely ovate, composed of two and a half or three volutions of which the last is
extraordinary expanded and ventricose. The spire is depressed below the plane of the upper
side of the body-whorl, and the inner lip is in contact with the spire. The surface is marked
by fine transverse striae, and near the aperture by coarse undulating lines or folds of growth.

I have one or two specimens, of which one is figured in pi. II., fig. 1, which consist of
the body-whorl of a large P/nti/cera.^ almost certainly to be identified With P. ventricosum. None
of our examples, however, exhibit the spire.

Locality and Formation. — Comiferous Limestone of Port Colborne.

139. Platyceras intermedium (Hall)?

(PlatelL, Fig. 2.)

" Shell arcuate, sub-spiral, making little more than two volutions, the last one free and
becoming gradually straight. The apex is very minute, consisting of little more than a single
volution, with the parts closely contiguous. Surface marked by fine lauiellosc transverse striae,

which are slightly undulatod upon the body of the shell." — (Hall,
Pal. N.Y., Vol. Ill, p. 321, PI. LVIIL, Fig. II.)

I possess two examples of the body-whorl of a species of
Platycfra.f from the Comiferous Limestone, of which all I can as-
sert is that they are of the type of P. iutermedium (Hall), if not
absolutely belonging to the same ~\ ..ies. Both consist of the
slightly curved and greatly expanded body-whorl, the lip of the
aperture being markedly undulated, and the surface exhibiting
numerous close-set transverse striae, which ai-e undulated to cor-
respond with the sinuous aperture, and are very closely arranged
near the aperture is nearly round.

Locality and Formation. — Corniferoua Limestone of Port
T\g. 51. Colborne.

Body-whorl of a specie!) of Platy-
ftran apparently identical with P.
intermedium (dall). From the
Comiferoiig Limestone.

I

M

1

I '"11

!'!

iilj

i4!

I ^

116

140. Plattobras, sp.
(Plate II., Fig. 6.)

Oar oolleotion includes a single very well preserved specimen of the body-whorl of a
PlcUyctras of the iyjpe of P. bmdcnium (Hall). It is apparently new, but with such meagre
materials I do not venture to describe it. The body-whorl is free, and the apex has evidently
been small, and has apparently been sinistrally rolled up. The aperture is expanded, and the
tip is strongly sinuated. Along the convex side of the body-whorl run two longitudinal fur-
rows, of which one is very deep, whilst the other is quite shallow and obscure. Between
theRois a strong rounded longitudinal riJge or plioation. The entire surface is marked with
strong, close-set, lamellose, transverse striie, which do not become any stronger towards the
aperture than they are near the apex.

Locality and Formation. — Corniferous Limestone, Lot 6, Con. 1, Wainfleot.

141. Flattckras, sp.

(Plate II., Fig. 7).

»
This is a much crushed specimen resembling P. lenuiliralum (Hall), but the true affini
ties of which cannot be determined. It consists of two or three volutions, the first and second
being extremely minute, and the body-whorl being greatly expanded and lengthened. The
minute, inroUed apex is not two lines in diameter, whilst the elongated body-whorl has a length
of nearly an inch and a half. The specimen is decorticated, and the surface-characters cannot
be made out.

Locality and Formation. — Corniferous Limestone, Ridgeway.

142 Platyoeras uniseriale (Nicholson).

(Plate II., Fig. 5.)

Spire small, unknown, but evidently of few volutions. Body-whorl very large, ventri-
cose, expanded towards the aperture. Aperture rounded, its margin sinuated. The margin
of the aperture is somewhat oblique, and the spire would appear to have been in contact with
the body-volution. The convex aspect of the body-whorl carries upon one side, not mesially,
a single row of large remote spines. Surface marked with tolerably conspicuous transTcrse
fltrisB, which become stronger towards the aperture, and also with very fine longitudinal
striae.

I have only a single specimen of this singular form, but its characters are so distinct
from those of any species of Platyceras known to me, that I feel justified in describing it as
a new species. The specimen exhibits only the body-whorl, with the margin of the aperture
and the commencement of the spire. The most noticeable feature, apart from the surface-
ornamentation, is the existence of a single row of spines upon one side of the body-whorl,
these spines being of large size, and ruaced very far apart. The specimen only shows two of
these spines, and only the bases of these, but they have a diameter of a line and a half, and
are placed at four lines apart. As almost the entire surface of the body-whorl is shown, and
as the shell itself is preserved, it is certain that no other spines could have been present ex-
cept those belonging to this series. It thus differs very materially both from the Devonian
species of Platyceras, with spines irregularly disposed over the whole surface, and also from
the carboniferous species, P. biseriale (Hall), in which the body-whorl is provided on both sides
with a row of long spines.

Locality and Formation. — Corniferous Limestone, Port Colbome.

1 43. Platyceras dumosum (Conrad) ?

A small spiniferous species of Platyceras is not uncommon in the Hamilton Formation of
Western Ontario, which belongs tc the group of which P. dumosum (Conrad) is the type,
and which appears to be in all probability s variety of this variable species. It is much

117

nnaller thu the typiail fonns of P. dumosum, and alao oarries muob fewer ■pinei. Upon the
whole itBeemH to he most like P. dumosum, var. rarinpinum, Hall (Fifteenth Report on the
State Cabinet, . 38), though it never appears to attain anything like suoh a size. It al
somewhat resembles P. dumotum, var. atienualum, Meek (Palnontology of Ohio, VoL I.
PI. XX., Pigs. 2 a, 6.)

»Tho shell in oar specimens is always of small siia,
I— 1^ never appearing to exceed three quarters of an inch

fc^g^ in Isngth, and is composed of about two volution*.
^1^ «V The apex is small, cloaelv enrolled, and in oontaot
J^K0 % ^>tli tno body-whorl till close to the aperture. The
^^■^ W body-whorl is greatly expanded, the aperture patu-
^^^^^w \o\a, oval, or rounded, with a diameter of about half
^^^^^ an inch, and having the lip strongly sinuated. The
** ^ surface is marked with fine close set transverse striie,

which are stronger and are undulated towards the
'''*• *'• aperture. The body-whorl carries eight to twelve or

Different viewi of » B'nall /•toti/e«raii (/*. dumo- w^-«» .t-^..» *..k..l». o^:_«_ «l:..1. ._ i •

mm.y^T.Taritpxnuf,' Hall?) from the Huniiion ">ofe Strong tubulor spincs, which are arranged m
Fomiuion. NaturK' , p somcwhat irregular longitudinal lines. It is quite

possible that oui neils are new, as they do not appear to correspond exactly with any previ-
ously recorded form ; but, in the present condition of the genus Platyceras, it would be
unsafe to give it a separate title.

LocaHUj and Formation. — Common in the Hamilton Formation, Arkona, Township of
Bosanquet.

Genus Plattostoma (Conrad).

The shells of this convenient but hardly definable genus are ventricose, with a short,
depressed, or very moderately elevated Hpire, and an extremely expanded body-whorl. The
aperture is very large, and the columellar lip thickened.

Specimens which appear to have all the characters of P. ventrirosa (Conrad), from the
Lower Helderberg and Oriskany Sandstone, arc not uncommon in the Corniferous limestone
of Ontario ; but they occur entirely in the condition of casts, and do not, therefore, permit of
anything further than their mere identification.

144. Platyostoma ventricosa (Conrad).

(Plate II., Fig. 4.)

Platyostoma ventricosa (Conrad), Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci., Philadelphia, Vol. VIII.,
p. 275.

Platyostoma ventricosa (Hall), Pal. N. Y., Vol. III., p. 300, PI. LV., and p. 469, Pis.
CXII., CXIII. and CXV.

" Shell globose, or depressed globose, and often obliquely ovoid, varying in form. Spire
moderately elevated, consisting of three or four volutions, the last of which is extremely ven-
tricose : volutions flattened upon the upper side ; aperture circular or subovate ; columellar
lip reflexed. Surface marked by fine closely arranged striso parallel to the lines of growth."
(Hall, foe. cit., p. 469.)

Casts apparently belonging to this species are far from uncommon in the Corniferous
Limestone of Ontario, and I have figured one of the best that I have seen (Plate II., fig. 4).
In form and dimensions the specimens differ considerably, but they all agree in the moder-
ately elevated spire, ventricose body-whorl, and simply striated surface. The specimen
figured has the body whorl less convex below than is usual in this species as figured by Hall,
and its dimensions are as follows: — Height one inch and a half (in reality somewhat over
this) ; breadth two inches and two lines ; height of aperture, sixteen lines ; width of aperture,
seventeen lines. Many of the examples, however, have dimensions smaller than the above.

Locality and Formation. — Corniferous Limestone, Port Colborne.

Omvs Stbophosttlus (Hall).
Shell with a depressed or moderately elevated spire, and an expanded and yentrioose

^T

118

l:^

• ^,i

■|

body-whorl, which does not become free at the aperture. A distinct columella is present, and
this has a peculiar twisted form or is spirally grooved. No umbilicus. Outer lip thin.

The typical species of Strophostylua are recognised by their thin shell, commonly ex-
panded round or oval aperture, surface with simply concentric lines, and twisted columella.
The last character, however, is one which is very rarely available, and it may, therefore, be
left out of consideration. The surface ornamentation is likewise not constant, for whilst con-
sisting in the typical species of transverse striae alone, Hall has described species with longi-
tudinal or revolving striae in addition, and the Stroplwstylus f cancellatus of Meek and Wor
then has a regularly cancellated surface. In these cases, the shell comes closely to resemble
Cydonerna and some species of Holopea, and, if the columella can not be observed, the determi-
nation must rest upon the general form of the shell, which has a depressed or slightly elevated
spire and a greatly expanded body-whorl and aperture in StwphosUjius, whereas in the two
last-men tioued genera the shell is more elevated and turbinate and the body-whorl is only
moderately large. It is quite possible that these differences may often prove deceptive, but
in the numerous fossil Gasteropods in which the mouth can not be observed, it is difficult to
point to any other characters by which a generic determination may be effected.

In the Corniferous Limestone of Ontario occur two or three species of Gasteropods which
have the general form of Strophostylus with the cancellated surface of Cyclonema or Holopea
(in part). The true affinities of these, owing to their imperfect preservation, can not be made
out ; but, in accordance with the considerations above brought forward, I shall in the mean-
while refer them provisionally to Strophostylus. I have not been able to identify any of these
with previously-recorded species, and have, therefore, b en compelled reluctantly to describe
them as new. As many of the descriptions of the known species are, however, very incom-
plete, it is quite possible that they are not really new.

145. Strophostylus'? sub-globosus (Nicholson).

(Plate II., Fig. 3).

Shell globose, thick, with a depressed spire which is hardly olevated above the upper
surface of the body -whorl, except close to the aperture. Volutions three, very rapidly increas-
ing in size, convex, the body-whorl enormously expanded and somewhat flattened on its upper
surface. Height one-third less than the width. Sutures not canaliculated, and hardly
marked at all except between the body-whorl and the spire near the aperture. Aperture
large, nearly circular, the outer lip meeting the volution above at considerably less than a
right angle, and not extending any further forward than the margin of the aperture below.
Outer lip apparently not reflected ; inner lip callous ; apparently no umbilicus. Surface
with numerous revolving threau-like striii^, of which five occupy the space of one line, and
which are crossed by elevated thread-like transverse striae, which are directed obliquely back-
wards, and of which about three occupy the space of one line, thus giving rise to a system of
oblong cancelli.

Height of specimen fourteen lines ; width, twenty-two lines ; height of aperture, thirteen
lines ; width of aperture, thirteen lines.

From S. globosiis (HaW), the present species is separated by its larger dimensions, its non-
canalicnlated suture, and its much more distinct cancellation. From >Strophodyhis ' canadlatus
of Metk and Worthen, it is separated by the fact that the outer lip does not meet the
volution above at a right angle, and is not prolonged further forward than the lower margin of
aperture, whilst the shell appears to be much larger and more globose, and the cancellation
is more distinct and pronounced.

Locality and Formation. — Corniferous Limestone, Port Colborne.

146. Strophostylus? ovatus (Nicholson).

(Plate II., Fig. 10).

Shell transversely elongated or ovoid, the height being to the width as three to five.
Spire small, moderately elevated ; volutions three, regularly convex ; the sutures apparently
linear, and not canaliculated ; the body-whorl ventricose and especially dilated near the

119

is present, and
lip thin,
commonly ex-
ited columella.
', therefore, be
for whilst con-
ies with longi-
[eek and Wor
ily to resemble
d, the determi-
ightly elevated
as in the two
whorl is only
deceptive, but
t is difficult to

eropods which
ma or Holojiea
in not be made
II in the mean-
■y any of these
tly to describe
it, very incom-

aperture. The aperture transversely oval, sub-elliptioal ; the outer lip not reflected, and meet-
ing the volution above nearly at right angles, but not prolonged further forward than the
lower margin of the aperture. No umbilicus. Surface cancellated with numerous revolving
and transverse thread-like striae, the former about s^ven and the latter three or four in the
space of one line. Between the concentric strise arc numerous finer striae, having the same
direction, but po delicate that they can only be detected by the use of a high magnifying
power. On coe columellar side of the aperture the transverse striae radiate from a point, the
revolving striae running nearly parallel with the inner lip, and the cancelli are nearly square,
whereas elsewhere they are oblong. The transverse striae have a most peculiar and character-
istic curvature ; springing from the suture above, they are directed obliquely backwards with
a dorsal concavity ; they then make a great curve of which the convexity is directed dorsally,
and which is situated on the lateral aspect of the whorl, and then finally they are again curved
in the opposite direction, so that their convexities are directed towards the aperture. Whether
the form of the outer lip conforms to this curvature of the concentric striae has not been
determined.

Height of specimen, twelve lines ; breadth, twenty lines. Height of aperture ten lines ;
width of aperture:, fourteen lines.

This species, whether rightly referred to Strophostylns or not, appears to be distinguishable
by its peculiar form and the characters of its surface-ornamentation.

Locality and Formation. — Cornifcrous Limestone of Port Colborne

147. Strophostylus obliquus (Nicholson).
(Plate II., Figs. 11, 11«).

3ve the upper
apidly increas-
!d on its upper
i, and hardly
re. Aperture
ly less than a
perture below,
cus. Surface
' one line, and
bliquely back-
to a system of

•ture, thirteen

Shell obliquely elliptical, its height being to its width nearly as one to three. Spire
small, slightly elevated ; volutions three or four, rapidly increasing in diameter ; the body-
whorl greatly expanded. The volutions of the spire are simply rounded and convex but the
body-whorl is obliquely flattened above, so that its upper surface joins the volution above,
almost at an angle of 180.° Sutures obscurely canaliculated. Under surface slightly hol-
lowed out; a small umbilicus. Aperture obli(|uely ovate, slightly angulated above ; its height
nearly double it*) width ; the outer lip thin, the columellar lip unknown, i^urface cancellated
with strong revolving striae, and much finer and more clo?ely-set transverse stria).

Heijiht of specimen, about e'ght lines ; width, eighteen lines; height of aperture, four-
teen lines ; width of aperture, nine lines or less.

This species is distinguished from all other species of IStropkosfijlux, both by its surface-
characters and by its very peculiar obliquely-elongated form. It would seem to be somewhat
allied to S. transcersus (Hall), but as the columella is not known, its riiference to SlroijJwdijlus
is rendered doubtful.

Locality and Formation. — Corniferous Limestone, Port Colborne.

isions, Its non-
!W>' ' cancellatus
not meet the
iwer margin of
cancellation

three to five.
res apparently
ited near the

Genus Hor.oPEA (Hall).

"Shell conical, ventricose, more or loss obli(|ue or nearly direct; aperture round-ovate ;
margin entire ; surface marked by simple fine curved striie, or cancellated" (Hall, Pal. Aew
Vork, Vol. I., p. 169).

The limits of the genus Ilolopea can hardly be rigidly defined as far as our present
knowledge goes. In general form Holopea is closely similar to Cydonema, and the character-
istic suri'ace-ornamentation of the latter is sometimes present in the former. An umbilicus
appears to be usually present in Holopea, and is universally absent in Ci/clonetna, but it is
sometimes wanting in the former genus also. From iytrophostylns, the genus Holopea is dis-
tinguished by its more elevated spire, its turbinate form, and its less ventricose body-whorl
and less expanded aperture.

The following species from the Corniferous Limestone of Ontario may be referred, at any
ate provisionally, to the genus Uolofea.

120

''t,

148. HoLOPEA £aiENsi8 (Nicholson).
(Plate II., Fig. 9).

Shell turbinated, with a large ventricose body-whorl. Apical angle 90'*. Volutions
nearly ft- - : spire small, elevated ; all the whorls convex, and the body-whorl very strongly
rounded, and ventricose. Sutures deep. Aperture broad ovate, or sub-circular ; the outer
lip bent inwards towards the base ; the peristome thick, "nd either entire or only confluent
with the columella for a short distance. A minute umbilicus (?). Surface with no spiral
band, but with revolving thread-like striae, about eight of them in the space of one line. No
transverse striae.

Height of specimen eight lines, of which the spire occupies less than two lines ; width
(including the aperture) ten lines. Height of aperture five lines ; width the same.

This form is allied to Holopfa Guelphensis and //. Gracia (Billings), but is a smaller form
than either. I cannot identify it with any previously recorded form, and have therefore des-
cribed it as new.

Lomlitij and Formation. — Corniferous Limestone, Ridgeway.

Genus Helicotoma (Salter).

The name Helicotoma was projiosed by Salier for a group of shells which he believed to
form a sub-genus of Scalites, and to be distinguished by their depr3s.sed discoid form, their
Dearly flat spire, the obtuse angulation of the whorls externally, their broad umbilici.', and
their cirrhoid or helicoid form. In the typical species the umbilicus is wide, and the aper-
ture is deeply notched above ; but the latter feature does not appear to be constant. So far
as is certainly known, the genus is exclusively Upper Cambrian and Ix)wer Silurian

It is with extreme doubt that I refer any Devonian shell to this genus, but the Cornifer-
ous Limestone has yielded casts of a liliell whith agrees in all respects with such a form of
Helicotoma as Hcucltaris (Billings), except in the small size of the umbilicus, and which I can
not at present refer to any other recognised genus. In the meanwhile, therefore, J shall des-
cribe the following species under Helicotoma, though it is exceedingly probable that better
examples will show that this is not its true generic position,

149. Helicotoma serotina (Nicholson).

(Plate II., Figs. 8, 8rt).

Shell small, of three or four volutions, which increase gradually in size to the aper-
ture. Spire depressed, almost perfectly flat, the upper surface of the body-whorl lying on the
same plane as the spire. Upper side of the body-whorl sloping slightly to the suture. All
the whorls are angulated above, so that the shell slopes from the margin of the discoid upper
surface all round to the centre of the base. Aperture large, sub rhombic, the outer angle
not notched (?), the inner angle prolonged much further inwards than the upper ; umbilicus
small, with steep sides, not exposing the whorls within.

Surface with numerous, close set, revolving strisp, and exhibiting (in the cast) no traces
of a spiral band.

Height six lines ; width one inch ; height of aperture six lines ; from the inner to the
outer angle eight lines ; width five lines. Diameter of umbilicus one line.

I have been greatly puzzled where to lo-
cate this singular fossil. But for the marked
angularity of the whorls on their external
and superior margin and the apparent com-
plete absence of a band, I should certainly
have considered the species as being a dis-
coidal form of Pletirotomaria. As it is, the
^ X general form of the shell is singularly like

Fig. 53. that of Helicotoma or liaphistomct, and it may

a .Uiidorgurfacoof//<'jicotomn? wroMn<i(Nich.),9ho»in(t the be that it is to the latter of these types that

•"■■""' * "•*""" it should be referred, since it« umbilicus is
very small. These, however, and all the

minute umbilicus ; 6. Front view of the ume
cast from the Comifernua Limeet'One.

121

other forms allied to Scalites, are essentially Primordial and Lower,Silurian. The two or three
specimens that I have seen are simply casts, with mere fragments of the actual shell adhering
CO them, and it must at present remain doubtful to what generic group they really belong.
Locality and Fmmatim. — Cornifcrous Limestone, Port Colborne.

width

CHAPTER VI.

Annelida and Crustacea of the Coeniferous and Hamilton Formations.

it is, the
Inrly like
d it may
pes that
ilicuB is
ail the

Annelida.

The remains of Annclides, though far from uncommon in the Devonian Rocks of On-
tario, are entirely referable, so far as I iiave seen, to the genera Spirorbis and Ortonia, though
there are indications of the existence of genuine Serpulce or Vermilic. Of the two species of
Spirorbis which have come under my notice, one is the S. omphalodes of Goldfuss, a form
which occurs in the Devonian of Europe, whilst the other I cannot identify at present with
any recorded form. The genus Qrionia is apparently represented by one species, which
appears to be new.

Genus Spirorbis (Daudin).

Tube calcareous, solitary, coiled into a flat spiral, which may be dextral or sinistral,
and which is attached by one flat surface to some foreign object. The genus appears to have
commenced its existence in the Silurian period, and is well represented by living species in
existing seas.

150. Spirorbis omphalodes (Goldfuss).

Serpxda ompMorks (Goldfuss), Pctref. Germ. PI. LXVII., Fig. 3.
Tube dextral, of two and a half turns, the outer side of each turn being somewhat flat-
tened, and the upper edge obtusely angulated or gently rounded. Diameter, when adult,
about a line and a quarter, height about one- third of a line, the diameter of the slightly up-
turned mouth nearly half a line. The last turn of the tube is much the largest, and a well-
marked umbilicus is present, though the turns are contiguous. Surface smooth, and without
ridges or tubercles of any kind.

There can be no hesitation in identifying this spe-
cies with the European form, with which it agrees in
its form, size, and proportions, and in the characters of
the surface. It occurs in the Cornifcrous Limestone in
the form of casts of the tube, adhering to the corallites
of Diphi/llum (mmdinaci'itm ; and it is common in the
Hamilton group, growing upon IldiophjUum HalH, Cifx-
naturai t'P^ifP^'*''^^ rcsicidosiim, ('. Amerimtmm, and occasionally
Sp irifcra m ti crnnata .

Lncaidy aad Firrmafion. — Cornifcrous Limestone,
Lot 6, Con. 1, Wainfleet. Hamilton Formation, Bart-
lett's Mills, Arkona, Township of Bosanquet, and Widder.

■9

Fig. 54.

a Spirorbin omphalodes (HoMfuss),
size and enlarjfed ; 6 Spirnrhif A rknnfnftin{y\ch)
of the iiiitural size and enlarged ; c a dextral ex-
ample of the same, enlarged. From the Uaniil-
ton Fomiatlon.

15L Spirorbis Arkonensis (Nicholson).

Tube minute, sinistral or dextral, of two turns, rounded, and somewhat globular owing
to the elevation and large size of the last turn. Aperture circular, usually turned upwards.
Diameter of the entire spiral about a third of a line, never exceeding half a line. Surface
marked with numerous very closely-set thread-like transverse annulations or ridges, which are
not separated by more than their own width. A minute umbilicus is present.

ill

! n

[ft

I

:ii!

122

I cannot identify this pretty little form with any previously recorded. It presents the pe-
culiarity that individuals in other respects preoisely similar (^Fig. 54 b,c) are sometimes deztral
and at other times sinistral, the latter being the commonest upon the whole. The terminal por-
tion of the tube is sometimes non-adherent and elevated above the surface, and the species is
very readily recognized by its minute size, and its surface-ornamentation. It appears to be
quite distinct from S. angulatiis (Hall), which, so far as I am aware, is the only species yet
recorded from the Hamilton Formation. It occurs in great abundance attached to the ex-
terior of species of Hellophyllum and Cystiphyllum, and also occasionally attached to Bra-
ohiopods.

Locality and Formation. — Hamilton Formation, Bartlett's Mills, near Arkona, Town-
ship of Bosanquet.

Genus Ortonia (Nicholson).

Animal solitary, inhabiting a calcareous tube, which is attached along the whole of one
side to some foreign body. Tube slightly flexuous, conical, in section cylindrical, or some-
what flattened laterally and sub-triangular ; surface marked with encircling ridges or annula-
tions which may be confined to the lateral surfaces of the tube, or which pass completely
round it.

The only recorded species of the genus are Ortonia conica (Nich.), 0. minoi- (Nich.), and
0. carbonaria (Young), the first tw o from the Lower Silurian, and the last from the Carbo-
niferous Rocks. It is, therefore, interesting to find a species of the genus in the Devonian
Rocks, thus occupying an intermediate position in point of time as regards the species
already known.

152. Ortonia intermedia (Nicholson).

Tube conical, straight or flexuous, attached by the whole of one surface to some foreign
body. Length, when fully grown, from a line and a half to two lines ; diameter of the aper-
ture somewhat less than a line. Surface marked with strong encircling, sometimes lamellose
annulations or ridges, of which there are about eight or ten in the space of one line near the
mouth, but more than twice the number in the same space towards the closed end of the tube.
Sometimes, the annulations are extended into wing-like prolongations (Fig. 55^.)on thelatero-
inferior aspects of the fossil, and the tube is attached by means of these to the surface to
which it is adherent ; and in all cases they are more pronounced on the sides than on the aspect
opposite to the surface of attachment.

Ortonia intermedia is distinguished from the other
species of the genus by good and easily recognized characters.
Some examples, indeed, exhibit a structure which has not
otherwise been clearly detected in the genus — namely,
that the tube is made up of a succccssion of imbricating
conical segments, the upper edges of which produce the en-
-j^ circling ridges or annulations. A somewhat similar struc-
ture is seen in Cornutites and Conchicvlites ; but in these
genera, the segments of the tube are inversely conical, or, in
other words, have their smaller ends directed towards the
mouth of the tube. Hence in these genera the annulations
of the tube are produced by the lotver edges of the segments.
In Ortonia intermedia on the other hand, in some ex-
v^^X: e'r^lTei"" F^onf thi^Cutt ?"?!?« "t any rate, the tube is composed of a series of short
Formation. imbricating conical segments, the larger ends of which are

directed towards the aperture ; and it is, tlierefore, the upper edges of the segments which
form the annulations.

The species to which 0. intermedia is most closely allied is 0. minoi- (Nich.), but the
tube is not so strongly bent towards its closed extremity ; it is upon the whole a decidedly
larger and more robust form ; and the annulations are considerably more remote and stronger.
0. intermedia occurs attached to the exterior of various species of Cystiphyllum and He-
liophyllum ; and it is always strictly solitary, though three or four individuals often occur
"within a space of a few lines.

Fig. 55.

Ortonia intermedia (Nich.) a. Oi.e of the
tubes enlarged ; b. a..jtlier example, in

123

Locality and formation. — Not unoommoD in the Hamilton Formation, Bartlett's Mills,
near Arkona, Townskip of Bosanquet.

Cbustaosa.

The remains of Crustacea are not uncommon in both the Comiferoos Limestone and the
Hamilton Formation of Western Ontario ; but they are for the most part ill-preserved and
fragmentary, and I have only been able to identify with certainty the well known species,
Proetus crassimarginaius (Hall), Phacops rana (Green), Dalmanites Bvothii (Green), and Le-
perdiiia (?) pundulifera (Hall). Besides these, our collection includes fragments of some five
or six additional species of Trilobites, which must be retained for further examination.

153. Proetus crassimaroinatus (Hall).

Calymene crassimarginatus (Hall), C4eol. Rep. Fourth Dist. New York, p. 172, fig. 5.

PhUiipsia (1) crassimarginatus ; cited by Billings, Can. Journal, Vol. VI. p. 362.

Proetus crassimarginatus (Hall). Fifteenth Report on the State Cabinet, p. 100.

This familiar species is chiefly known by its pygidium, which is a common fossil in the
Comiferous Limestone. The pygidium is somewhat wider than long, very convex, and mar-
gined by a thick concentrically-striated border, whence the specific name is derived. The
axis is strongly convex and prominent, with thirteen or fourteen rings ; and the lateral lobes
are also very convex, and exhibit from twelve to thirteen ribs (Fig. 56). Along with the tails,
occur sometimes exceedingly convex and prominent glabellae and also free cheeks, both of
which probably belong to this species.

Locality and Formatio7i. — Comiferous Limestone, Ridgeway, Port Colborne, Lot 6, Con.
1 Wainfleet, and Hagersville.

154. Dalmanites Boothii (Green).

Cryphoeus Boothii (Green), Silliman's Am. Jour, of Science, Vol. 32, p. 344.

Cryplmus calliteles (Green), Ibid., p. 340.

Dalmanites Boothii (Hall), Fifteenth Report on the State Cabinet, p. 91.

The tail of this pretty little species ^fig. 56c.), which is commonly known by the name
of Dalmanites calliteles, is a by no means very rare fossil in the Hamilton Formation of Onta-
rio. The pygidium is semicircular, with a moderately prominent, tapering axis, which, when
complete, exhibits from nine to twelve rings. T4ie lateral lobes are depressed, and exhibit
five or six pleura?, the extremities of which are prolonged beyond the margin in the form of
so many obtusely-pointed processes or expansions which are gently curved backwards.
Between the lateral groups of these processes, occupying the centre of the pygidium is a
wider and shorter pointed process extending backwards from the rounded extremity of the
axis. The entire surface is ornamented with minute papillae or granules.

Localitji and Formation. — Hamilton group, Widder, and Bartlett's Mills, ncivr Arkona,
Township of Bosanquet.

155, Phacops rana (Green).

Calymene hnfo, var rana (Green), Monograph, p. 42.

Phacops rana (Hall), Fifteenth Report on the State Cabinet, p. 93.

This well-known species is chiefly represented by detached heads, though the pygidium
is not of very uncommon occurrence, and the body-rings are occasionally seen. The cephalic
shield (6g. 56a. ) is nearly semicircular, and the posterior angles are slightly produced back-
wards. The glabella is very gibbous, but somewhat depres.sed on the upper surface ; about
one-third wider than long ; the lobes obscurely marked out ; the neck-furrow narrow but well-
defined ; and the neck-segment wide and conspicuous. The eyes are large and prominent,
ri.«ing nearly as high as the top of the glabella, with large lenses. The thorax is one third
longer than the head, its sides nearly straiirht, and its axis about as wide as the lateral lobes,
or nearly so. The pygidium is twice as wide as long, or wider, regularly rounded behind,

itfif

iJi
I

m

■p

124

l^

Fig. 66.

o. Phaenps rana Oreen, (head shield) ; 6. Pyf^idium of Proetus croisinuirginattu (Hall) ; c. P>'itidium of DahtMniUi
£oothii (Oreen).

with from eight to ten segments. The entire surface is covered with rounded granules, which
Are of larger size on the anterior lobe of the glabella than elsewhere.

Locality and Formation. — Hamilton Formation, Widder, and near Arkona, Township of
Bosanquet

156. CTTHERE ? PUNCTULIFEBA (Hall).

Beyrichia punctuUfera (Hall), Fifteenth Report on the State Cabinet, p. 111.

" Carapace valves minute, semi-ovai, almost equilateral, the anterior end very slightly
narrower, convex and abruptly bending downwards to the dorsal margin ; marginal rim well-
developed, and sharply elevated on 'die ventral and lateral margins. The surface at the more
prominent part above the centre, and just at the bending downwards towards the dor-
sal margin, is marked by two very prominent nodes, which are nearly equidistant from the
margins and from each other. The entire surface is punctate with minute rounded pita."
(Hall, Loc. cit).

Hall states that this is the most abundant of the Ostracoda of the Hamilton group, and
I can hardly doubt that it is identical with a pretty little carapace, which is of very common
occurrence in the Hamilton shales of Bosanquet, and which has the same punctated surface
and marginal rim. If this be the case, however, the species can hardly be referred to Bey-
richia, and our specimens differ in some important respects from Prof Hall's description.
The form is not semi-oval, but somewhat elliptical, with a long diameter of about one line
and a short diameter of half a line, and having the posterior .extremity markedly broader
than the anterior. The dorsal margins arerounded, not straight, and the nodes alluded to by
Hall are very obscure.* The surface, on the other hand, is covered entirely with exceedingly
minute pits. On looking at the surface-characters of this species, one can hardly help specu-
lating as to whether it may not have been the larval form of a Trilobite, like Dalmanites
Boothi or Phacops rana, though the nature of ornamentation is far from being precisely the
same.

Locality and Formation. — Common in the Hamilton Formation, Widder, Township of
Bosanquet.

i
i

i.

i

!

i
!

i-

i'iiiii

t^^[

CHAPTER. VII.

APPENDIX.

157. Aulopora(?) Canadensis (Nicholson).

Alecto(?) Canadensis (Nicholson), Canadian Naturalist, Vol. 7, No. 3.

I originally described this fossil from casts obtained from the Corniferous Limestone, and
I referred it with doubt to the Polyzoan genus Aleclo, giving the following description of
it:—

* On looking at the specimens of this sitecies from the Hamilton Shales of Canandalfrua, I find some to exhibit well
marked nodes, whilst others, which in other respects appear to be precisely the same, Kgne with our Canadian eiamplot
in being either destitute of nodes or exhibiting them very obscurely.

im of DabnaniU*

ranulea, which
, Township of

U.

, very slightly
srinal rim well-
ce at the more
irds the dor-
itant from the
ounded pita."

on group, and
very common
itated surface
rred to Bey-
description,
)out one line
edly broader
alluded to by
1 exceedingly
y help specu-
IMmanites
precisely the

:e

Township of

mestone, and
nescription of

to MhiMt weU
hadiui eumplot

125

" Polyzoary adnata, attached parasitically to the exterior of corals, branching in an irre-
gularly dichotomous manner. Cells in reality uniserial, but so disposed by the turning ot
each cell-mouth to alternate sides as to look as if bi-serial. The terminal portion of each cell
bent outwards ; the aperture circular. The cells tubular, elongated, slightly or not at all
expanded and not at all elevated towards their apertures. Five cells in the space of two lines ;
width of cell about one-fiftieth o? an inch near the mouth.

" I have considerable doubta as to the affinities of this extraordinary little fossil ; but I
think it is certainly one of the Cyclostomatous Polyzoa, and I sec at present no better course
than to refer it to Alvdo, Jiamoroux. When not examined closely, the fossil presents a striking
resemblance to a Sertularinn Zoophyte, exhibiting exactly the appearance of a number of
tubular calycles or cells springing alternately from the two sides of a common canal or stem.
When minutely looked into, however, it is seen that this is deceptive, and that the fossil con-
sists really of an alternate or sub-alternate series of long, tubular, slii-htly flcxuous cellules,
each cell being nearly cylindrical, and having the terminal portion geniculated or bent out-
wards, in such a manner that the mouths of successive cells point in opposite directions.

" The difficulty in determining the systematic place of this fossil is much increased by
the fact that it occurs solely in the forms of casts, ramifying in the walls of moulds from
which corals have been removed. It is, therefore, impossible to determine what was the tex-
ture of the ccenoecium, whether calcareous or corneous; whilst the lines of division between the
cells, where they come in contact with one another, are only very faintly and obscurely indi-
cated. The form of the aperture of the cell ap|.'.ars to have been circular, and its position
terminal ; but some uncertainty attaches to both of these statements."

Since writing the above, I have obtained specimens of the same fossil from the Hamilton
group, in which the actual corallum itself is preserved, and these seem to ^how that the specie*
is truly referrible to Aulopora, though certainly unlike the typical species of the genus.jvK^'

Fto. 57.

Aulopora (!) Canadentii (Nich.) ; a. A fratrmcnt natural size; 6. Cast from the Coniiferoiis Limestone, in which
uniserial arrangement obtains, enlarged ; c. Cast from the Comiferniis Limestone, in which a biserial arranprcment obtains
d. A portion of the actual coral, from the Hamilton group, enlargeil ; e. A fragment of the last still further enlarged.

The examples from the Hamilton group have the form of brrinching calcareous corals
which are adherent by the whole of one surface to some foreign body, 'i he tubes are ^emi-
cylindrical or sub cylindrical, marked with extremely fine encircling striae, and having a
diameter of about one fiftieth of an inch. The lateral tubes arc produced from the sides of the
main tube, usually alternately on opposite .sides and generally at intervals of from a third of
a line to half a line. Their lencth varies from half a line to a line and a half, and their direc-
tion may be nearly parallel with the main tube, or at right anorles to it, but generally forming
angles of about 40° to 50.° The apertures of the lateral tubes are not elevated above the
ireneral surface, and usually have an elliptical form.

I do not yet feel satisfied that this singular fossil is an Aulopora, though the well-pre-
served specimens from the Hamilton group seems to prove it not to be an Aledo. A main

I'll

t

T

I ;

1: 1 1

¥

126

tube is certainly present, and the lateral tubes spring from it, and not from one another, as I
was at first led to believe by my examination of casts from the Corniferous. The arrangement
of the lateral tubes also is more variable than I had imagined. Sometimes they are entirely
produced from one side of the tube (Fig. 57 b) ; but at other times thf^y are biserial and alter-
nate regularly with one another (Fig. 57 c). The fossil differs from the typical species of Aulo-
pora in the great proportionate length of the lateral bud?, and in their regular and more or
less symmetrical method of growth, and more especially in the fact that the apertures of the
tubes open in the plane of growth of the entire corallum, and are neither elevated above the
general surface, nor perceptibly expanded.

The only species of AtUopora to which it has any affinity is A.JUiformis (Billings), but
this is a much more robust species, with larger tubes, and much more irregular method of
growth, and apertures generally distinctly elevated above the general surface.

As occurring in the Corniferous Limestone, Aulopora (?) Canadensis is found chiefly
growing on the epitheca of FistuHpora Canadensis, and JJiphyphyllum urundinaceum. In the
Hamilton Formation, it affects chiefly Heliophyllam Halli and Cystiphyllum vesiculosum, and in
both groups it is commonly accompanied by Spirarbis omphalodes.

Locality and Formation. — Corniferous Limestone, Port Colbome, and Lot 6, Concession
1, Wainfleet. Hamilton Formation, Bartlett's Mills, near Arkona, Township of Bosanquet.

158. Strinoopora intermedia (Nicholson),

Corallum lax, spreading, increasing by the production of lateral buds. Corallites cylin-
drical, often more or less crooked, having a diameter of from one line to a line and a half, or
rarely two lines, the lateral buds being produced at angles of from 90° to 40,° and at intervals
of from two to foui- lines. No connecting horizontal processes between the corallites, but
sometimes abortive spines or nodes. Epitheca with fine encircling striae, and irregular growth-
swellings and geniculations. Internal structure, of infundibuliform tabulae.

In its form and mode of tjrowth, this form agrees altogether
mth Sijringnpora nobilis (Billings), of which I at first believed it to
be simply the young. The latter, however, is a much larger form, its
corallites having an average diameter of three lines, and sometimes
as much as five lines, and its buds beinsr produced at longer intervals.
5. intermedia, on the other hand, occurs in the Hamilton formation
i^S. nobilis being a Corniferous species), and though it is very abund-
ant, I have never scon any example with a diameter exceeding two
lines, the majority of specimens having a diameter of little over one
line. The corallites also are much more crooked and irregular, and
Fragments of ,s.i/ri»ii7oporo inter- ^^^ branches are produced at much shorter intervals. Some speci-
media (Nich.) natural size. From mcns do not exhibit the internal structure, and these present a
group. resemblance to Aulopora cormda (Billings), from which, however,

they are readily distinguished by not being creeping or parasitic. Upon the whole, S. interme-
dia appears to me to be distinguished by characters of specific value.

Locality and Formation. — Common in the Hamilton Formation, Widder ; and Bartlett's
Mills, near Arkona, Township of Bosanquet.

159. Amboccelia ttmbonata (Conrad).

Fio. 68.

Orthis nmhnnata (Conrad), Journ. Acad. Nat. Science, Philadelphia, Vol. VIII., p. 264,
PI. XIV., Fig. 21.

Amboccelia ttmbonata (Hall), Thirteenth Report on the State Cabinet, p. 71.

Orthis nucleus (Hall), Geol. Rep. Fourth Dist., New York, p. 180.

Ambocwlia umbovata (Hall), Pal. N. Y., Vol IV., p. 269, PI. XLIV., Figs. 7—18.

Since the portion of this Report treating of the Brachiopoda was written, I have come
across two or three unmistakable examples of the ventral valve of this little shell, which if not
identical with Spirifera Urii (Fleming), [ = P. mujuiadus, Phillips], is certainly very close to it.
Our specimens are from the Corniferous Limestone, a formation in which they do not appear
to have been detected by Hall, and I am chiefly concerned to notice their occurrence for the
purpose of repeating that they are entirely distinct from ProducteUa Eiiensis (Nich.). to which

127

the ventral valve has a Euperficial resemblance. The ventral valve of A. un^onata is readily
recognized by its very gibbous form, its extremely elevated and incurved beak, its possession
of a distinct mesial sinus extending from the beak to the front margin, and the existence of a
high and conspicuous area with a well marked fissure.

Locality and Formation. — Corniferous Limestone, Port Colborne.

160. Crania orenistriata (Hall).

•

Crania erenistriata (Hall), Thirteenth Report on the State Cabinet, p. 78.

Crania erenistriata (Hall), Pal. N. ¥., Vol. IV, p. 28, PI. Ill, figs. 13—16,

On examining the surface of some of the Heliophylla of the Hamilton group, to which
80 many small orgunisma are attached, I find several specimens of Crania erenistriata (HalH.
The dorsal valve of this species is all with which I am acquainted, and it is depressed-conical,
nearly circular, with a central or sub-central apex. The apex is smooth, and the remainder
of the shell is covered by sharp elevated crenulate radiating strise, which increase interstitially,
and of which there are about ten in the space of one line at the margin. The diameter of
an individual of medium size is two lines and a half the height of the valve being little over
half a lino.

The ventral valve has never been detected, and Hall has only seen four specimens of the
dorsal valve ; but the species does not appear to be very rare in the Hamilton shales at Arkona.

Locality and Formation. — Hamilton Formation, Bartletts' Mills, near Arkona, Town-
ship of Bosanquet.

nd Bartlett's

LIST OF FOSSILS FROM THE CORNIFEROUS AND HA-
MILTON FORMATIONS OF WESTERN ONTARIO.

(The letters C. and H. indicate the occurrence of the fossil in the Cornifer "us Limestone
or Hamilton Formation.)

I. Protozoa.

1. Astraeospongia Hamiltonensis, Meek and Worthen ! (0).

2. Stromatopora tuberculata, Nicholson (C).

3. " perforata, Nicholson (C).

4. " granulata, Nichohon (C and H).

5. " mammillata, Nicholson (C).

6. " concentrica, Goldfuss ? (C).

II. CCRLENTERATA.

7. Blothrophyllum dccorticatum, Billinris, (C).

8. " approximatum, Nicholson (C).

9. Clisiophyllum Oneidaensc, Billings (C).

10. , " pluriradiale, Nicholson (C).

11. Zaphrentis gigantea, Lc Sueur (C).

12. " fenestrata, Nicholson (C).

13. " prolifica, Billings (C).
U. " spaticsa, Billings (C).

iikjl

128

■ 1

15. Holiophyllum Canadense, Billings (C).

16. ** Colbornense, Nicholson (C).

17. " Cayugaenso, Billings (C).

18. " Halli, Edw. and llaime (C and H).

19. " sub-cffispttosum, Nicholson (II).

20. " proliferum, Nicholson (C).

21. " Eriense, Billings (C).

22. " colligutum, Billings (C).

23. " exiguum, Billings (0 and H).

24. Petraia Logani, Nicholson (C).

25. Amplcxua Yandelli, Edw. and Haime (C).

26. Diphyphyllum arundinaceum, Billings (C).

27. " stramineum, Billings (C).

28. " gracile, McCoy (C).

29. Eridophyllum Simcocnse, Billings (C).

30. " Vemeuilanum, Hillings (C).

31. Cystiphyllum Seneoaense, Billings (C).

32. " grande, Billings (C).

33. " Americanum, Edw. and Haime (0 and H),

34. " vesiculosum, Goldfusx (C and H).

35. " sulcatum, Billings (C).

36. Microcyclus discus, Meek and fVorthen (H).

37. Haimeophyllum ordinatum, Billings (C).

38. Syringopora nobilis, Billings (C).

39. ' Hisingeri, Billings (C).

40. " pcrelegans, Billings (C).

41. " Maclurei, Billings (C).

42. " laxata, Billings (C).

43. Aulopora filiforniis, Billings (C and H).

44. " cornuta, Billings (C and H).

45. " tubaeformis, Goldfuss (C).

46. " umbellifera, Billimis (C).

47. Favosites Gothlandica, Lamarck, (C and H).

48. " basaltica, Goldfuss 1 (C).

49. " Forbesi, Edio. and Haime (C).

50. " hemispherica, Yandell and Shumard (C and H).

51. *• turbinata, Billings (C and H).
62. " polymorpha, Goldfuss (C and H).

53. " reticulata, De Blainville (C and H).

54. " dubia, De Blainville (C).

55. " cervicornis, De Blainville (C).

56. " Chapmani. Nicholson (C).

57. Alveolites labiosa, Billings (C).

58. " Roemeri, Billings (C and H).

59. " cryptodens, Billings (C).

60. " conferta, Nicholson (C).

61. " (Coenites?) distans, Niclwlson (C).

62. " ramulosa, Nicholson (C).

63. " Billingsi. Nicholson (C).

64. " Selwynii, Nicholson (C).

65. " Goldfussi, Billings (H).

66. " Fischeri, Billings (C and H).

67. •' frondosa, Nicholson (H).

68. Striatopora Linncana, Billings (H).

69. Trachypora elegantula, Billings (H).

70. Chaetetes moniliformis, Nicholson (H).

71. " Barrandi, Nicholson (H).

72. " quudrangularis, Nicholson (H).

119

73. Cnllonora incrasflata, Nichohon (C and H).

74. Fistulipora Gunadcosis, Billinga (C and H).

75. Michelinia convexa, D'Orbigny (C).

BaAOHIOPODA|

76. Strophomena perplana, Conrad (C).

77. " demis-sa, Cmrad (C).

78. " inequistriata, Conrad (C and H).

79. " Pntersoni, H<dl (C).

80. " ampla, /yrt«(C).

81. " nacrea, Hall (C).

82. " rhomboidalis, IVahhnherg (C).

83. Strcptorhynchus Pandora, Billings (C).

84. Orthis Li via, Billings (C).

85. " Vanuxemi, Hall (H).

86. Chonetcs lineata, Fanuxem (C and H).

87. " scitula, //tt«{H).

88. " lepida, //«//( H).

89. " mucronata, Hall (C).

90. " hemispherica, Hall (C).

91. " arcuata, Hall (C).

92. " acutiradiata, Hall (C).

93. Productella Eriensia, Nicholson (C).

94. Atrypa reticularis, Linnceua (0 and H).

95. " spinosa, Hall ( C}.

96. Spirifera mucronata, Conrad (C and H).

97. " varicosa. Hall (C).

98. " duodenaria, Hall (C).

99. " raricosta, Conrad (C).

100. " firabriata, Conrad (C).

101. Cyrtina Hamiltonensis, Hall (H).

102. Spirigera spiriteroides, Eaton (C and H).

103. " rostrata, Hall (H).

104. " scitula. Hall (C).

105. Attyris nasuta, Conrad (C).

106. " (?) Maia, Billings (C).

107. Retzia (?) Eugenia, Billings (C).

108. Leiorhynohus multicosta, Hall (H).

109. " Huronensis, Nicholson (H).

110. Amphigenia elongata, Fanuxem (C).

111. Lingula squamiformis, riiillips ?{C).

112. " Maida,i/a/Z? (C).

113. Pholidopsovatus, ff«W(C).

114. Coelospira concava, Hall (C).

115. Centronella glans-fagea, Hall (C).

116. » Hecate, Billings (C).

POLYZOA.

117. Botryllopora socialis, NiclioUon (H).

118. Ceriopora (?) Hamiltonensis, iVtc/to/sore (H).

119. Ptilodictya Meeki, Nicholson (C and H).

120. Polypora pulchella, Nicholson (C).

121. " Halliana, P/V5M/ (C).

122. " tenella, Nicholson (C).

123. " tuberculata, Nicholson (H).

124. Retepora prisoa, Goldfuss (C and H).
9

K^

( f

W7

'

180

125. " VhWWfM, iMchnlsun {C).

\'2it. Cryptopoiu luiriibiliH, Nicholsim (0).

127. Fenestollu lua^'niticii, Nichohon (C).

128. " uiarginalis, NidwUon (C).
139. " cribrosa, Hall (H).

180. " tenuicep.s, /fall (C and H).

131. " filiformis, Nicholson (0).

1;J2. Tusniopora exi^uu, Nichohon (11).
\XS. " pennifbrniis, Nirliolson (H).

liU. Carinoporu lliiidci, Aii/in/sdH (V,).

Lo,). CliitlirDjjuia "mtvrUxta, NicluiUnn \ij).

Lamullihuancuiata.

136. Conocaidium tiiyonalu, Hall (C).

pTfiROPODA.

137. Tcntaculites sp. (H).

G.VSTKROPODa

138.
139.
140.
141.
142.
143.
144.
14;'.
14().
147.
148.
149.

Platyceras ventricosum, Conrad (C)
" intermedium, Hall (C).

sp. (C).
sp. (C).
" uniseriale, Nicholson (C).

" dumosura, var. rari-spinum, Hall (H).
Platyostoma venlricosa, Conrad (C).
Stropho.'Jtylus ? sub-globosua, Nichohon (C)
" ? ovatus, Nichohon (C).

" ? obli(juuM, Nichohon (C).

Holopea Erionsis, Nicholson (V,).
Helicotoma ? serotina, Nichohon ((>).

Annelida.

!.')(). Spirorbis oiiiphalodeS; Otililfiiss ([' a».id H).
l.')l. " Arkononsis, Nichohon il\).
152. Ortonia intermedia, Nichohon (H).

CKir.'STArEA

\W-\. Prootus criiH.siiiiar<>inatus, Hall (C).

i.')4. Diilmauitos Eoothii, (Ircvn (H).

lr)5. Phacops rana, Orccn (H).

15(). Cy there? punctulit'era, Hall (H).

Appendix

157. Aulopora ? Canadensis, Nichohon (C and H).

158. Syriiigopora intermedia, Nicholson (H).
1")!). Aniboccclia uinbonata, Iloll {{.)).

lUO. Crania creuistriata, Hall (U).

iiN'DEX.

I'Ad 1.

Alirtof CumuleniiU 124

Alveoliteh 53

'• ■ Billingsi 55

" cervicornia 52

" conferta 54

" cryptodeim 64

" distans 55

" ilnhia 51

" Fiacheri 57

" frondosft 57

" Goldfussi 50

" hewisphetica 49

" labiostt, 53

" ramulosn 55

" reticulata 51

** Roemeri 54

" Selwynii 5G

AiMBOc'OJLiA umboiiiita 12U

Amphioenia 91

" elongata 91

Am plexus 31

" Yandelli 31

A.STR^:o.sPONoiA Humiltoneiisis 11

Athyris 80

(7am 87

Maia 88

" nasnta 80

" I tvstmtd 85

" i.icitula 80

" spirlftriniks 85

Atrypa

" coHcciUricu 85

" dninosa 80

" mmuta 80

" reticularis 79

" rostmta 85

" scitula 80

** spinoaa HO

AULOPORA 42

?Canadeu3i8 124

" conuita 43

" tilifonnis 42

" tubnuformis 43

" umbellifera 43

^cyrichia punctulifeia 124

Blothoi-hyllum 18

" appro xiiuatum 19

** decovt'catuiu 19

BOTRYLLOPORA 90

" souiiilis 90

Calamopora bi imUu-a 40

" Guthlundica 45

" poljimiirplui 50

" spoHtjitj^ 51

PAilK

CAr.i,op««KA 01

" hirroaiiuta 01

('uhjm'tie IniJ'o 123

" crasnimurginutu 123

Carinopora 109

Hindei Ill

CaryophiiUiii (jiijiinlM 22

Centronella 94

*' glans-fagea 94

" Hucatc 95

Ceriupuka ^ HamiltoneiiBis 97

CU-tTBTES 59

" Barrandi 00

" uioniliformis 60

" (iiiadrangiilaris 01

CHONKfES 72

" acutiradiata 70

" arcuata 70

" ijldlira 73

" iieniispherica 75

" latiaida 74

lepida 74

" lineata 73

" imicMinata 74

" scitula 73

Clathropora , Ill

" intertexta 112

Clihiophyllcm 20

" Oneidaense 20

' ' phirirjvdiale 21

CcELOHPlRA 93

" concjvva 94

CoNOOAhDIUM 113

" trigonale 113

Crama crenistriata 127

(Jniphii Hn Boutldi 123

" callittles 123

Cryptopora 102

" mirabilis 103

L'lntia HamxUuHtnsis 83

Cyrtina 83

" Hamiltonensis 83

Cystiphyllum 36

" Americanum 30

" cyliudricuni 36

" grande 36

" yenecaenae 35

" sulcatum 38

" vesiculoaum 37

Cytherb ? punctulifera 124

Dalmanites Boothii 123

DtUhurh fliiodenarki 82

" Jiiubriala 82

" mucronata 80

r

182

W^

II ii

p! :ii-

PAOE

Delphyrus raricosta 82

" uiidulato. 82

DiPHYPHYLLUM, 31

" arundinaceum 32

*' gracile 33

" stramineum 33

Emnwnsia hemispherica 49

Eridophyllcm 34

" Simcoense 34

" Vemeuilanum 35

Favohites 44

" basaltica 46

" cervicomis 52

" Chapmani 52

dubia 51

" Forbesi 48

Goldfussi 45

" Gothlandica 45

" hemidpherica 49

*' Niaqarenais 45

" Orbignyana 51

" polymorpha 50

" reticulata 51

" 8ub-basaltica 46

" turbinata , 49

Fenestella 104

" cribroaa 106

" filiformis 107

'* magnifica 104

" margiiialis 105

" tenuiceps ]06

FlSTCLTPOEA 63

" Canadensis 63

Haimeophyllum, 39

" ordinatum 39

Heucotoma 120

" ? serotina 120

Heliophyllum 24

'• Canadense 26

*' Cayugaense 26

♦' Colbornense 26

« colligatum 28

" Eriense 28

*' exiguum 29

•' r-'li 26

** p • .iferum 27

** Bub-c8BspitoBum 27

HOLOPBA 119

" Erionsia 120

Leiorhynchus 89

" Huronensis 90

' ' multicosta 89

Leptocoelia concava 94

IlNOULA, 92

" Maida ,.. 93

" squamiformis 92

Meganteris elongatus 91

Meristellaelism.... 86

" nasut:i 86

" rostrata 85

" scitula 86

MiCHELIMA 63

" convexa 63

MlOEOCYCLUS 38

" discus 38

page

Okthis 70

" Livia 71

" nucleus 126

" umbonata 126

" Vanuxemi 72

Ortonia 122

" intermedia 122

Pentamerus elmigatus 91

Petraia Logani 30

Phacops rana 123

Phillipsia ? crassimarginafa 123

Pholidops ovatus 93

Platyceras 115

' ' dumosum, var. rarispisum. 116

" intermedium (?) 116

sp 116

sp 116

" uniseriale 116

" ventricosum 115

Platyostoma 117

" ventricosa. . . • 117

PUurorhynchus trigonalis 113

POLYPORA 98

" HaJliana ' 99

" pulchella 99

" tenella 100

" tuberculata 100

Productella 76

" Eriensis 77

Proetus crassimarginatus 125

Ptilodictya , .. 97

Meeki 97

Rensselaeria elongata 91

Retepora 101

" Phillipsi 102

" prisca 101

Retzia 89

" Eugenia 89

Ehynchondla qlims-ffujea 94

" ? Laura 89

Serpula omphalodes 121

Spirifera 80

" duodenaria 82

" fimbriata 82

" mucronata 80

" rarioosta 82

" varicosa 81

Spirigera 84

" concentrica 85

" rostrata 85

" scitula 86

Spirigerina reticularia 79

Streptoehynuhus 69

" Pandora 70

StriatoporjV 58

" Liuneana 59

Stricklandinia elongata 91

Stromaxopora 11

" concentrica 17

" granulata 16

" mammillata , 17

" perforata 15

" tuberculata 14

Strombodes /leiianf/ioictea 26

atrophodinda mnpla 67

133

PAGK
70

71
126
126

72

122

122

91

30

123

123

93

115

116

116

116

116

116

115

117

117

113

, 98

99

99

100

100

76

77

125

97

97

91

101

102

101

89

, 89

94

89

121

, 80

, 82

. 82

, 80

, 82

, 81

84

, 85

85

, 86

, 79

69

70

. 58

, 59

. 91

, 11

. 17

. 16

. 17

. 15

. 14

. 26

. 67

PAGE

iitrophodonta demtMa 65

" inequisttia,ta 66

** iiMcvea 68

" perplana 64

Strophomena 64

" acutiradiata 76

" ampla 67

" creimtria 6-^

** delthyris 64

*' demissa 65

" fmgilis 64

** inequistriata 66

" lepida 74

" lineata 73

" mucronata 74

*' iiacrea 68

*' Patersoni 67

*' perplana 64

*' pluristriata 64

PAGE

bi'ROPHOMENA rhomboidalis 69

Stuophostylus 117

" (?)obliquu8 ! 119

" (Oovatus 118

" (?) suVglobosiis 11^

Syrin«op<j^a li()

' ' Hisingeri 40

" intermedia 126

" laxata 41

" Maclurei 41

" nobilis 40

*' perelegans 41

" tnbiporiiideii 41

TjENIopora 107

" exigua 108

" pennifonnis ]on

Tentaculites sp 114

Trachypoka 59

" elegantula 5i)

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1'

PLATE 1. .

F*ig. 1. Stromatopora ostiolata, Nich. A fragment of the natural size, from the
Guelph Formation. Introduced for comparison,
la. Portion of the same, enlarged, showing the oscula on the surface.

Fig. 2. Stromatopora tuberculata, Nich. A fragment of the natural size. (p. U.)
2a. Section of a portion of the same, enlarged.

Fig. 3. Stromatopora granulata, Nich. A fragment of the natural size. (p. 16.)
3a. Section of a portion of the same, enlarged.

Fig. 4. Stromatopora mammillata, Nich. A fragment of the natural size. (p. 17.)

Plate. I

PALyCONTUl-OGY OF ONTARIO,

I I

i

3a

' I!

'^A C Hutcinson ie[ ad nat-

P.?"certs dL C*iin.^..

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PLATE II. '

Fig. 1. Platyceras vsntbicosum, Conrad. Viewed from above. Nat. sizo. (p. 115.)

la. Portion of the surface, enlarged.

Fig. 2. Platyceras intermedium, Hall C?). Nat. size. (p. 115.)

Fig. 3. Strophostylus (1) sub-olobosus, Nich. Nat. size. (p. 118.)

3a. Portion of the surface of the same, enlarged.

Fig. 4. Platyostoma ventricosa, Conraa. Nat. size. (p. 117.)

Fig. 5. Platyceras uniseriale, Nich. Nat. size. (p. 116.)

Fig. 6. Platyceras sp. Nat. size. (p. 116.)

Fig. 7. Platyceras sp. Nat. size. (p. 116.)

Fig. 8. Helicotoma (?) serotina, Nich. Nat. size. (p. 120.)

8a. The same viewed from above. <

Fig. 9. Helopea Eriensis, Nich. Nat. size. (p. 120.)

Fig. 10. Strophostylus (1) ovatus, Nich. Nat. size. (p. 118.)

10a. Portion of the surface of the same, enlarged.

Fig. 11. Strophostylus C?) obliquus, Nich. Dorsal aspect, nat. size, (p. 119.)

11a. Front view of tlie same, nat. size.

Plate. 2.

PAL>£ONTOLOGV OF ONTARIO.

jj.-;;

aa nat.

ftc'certs d: Ci" :

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PLATE III.

Fig. 1. Zaphrentis oioantea, Lesueur. A specimen naturally split longitudinally
Nat. size. (p. 22.)
la. Another example of the same, of the natural size. Both of these figures repre-
sent immature individuals.

Fig
Fig
Fig. 3. Petbaia(]) LooANi, Nich., viewed from behind. ^. at. size. (p. 30.)

2. Zaphrentis proliftca, Billings. Nat. size. (p. 23.)
2a, Portion of the eilge of the calice of the same, enlarged.

3a. Th(s same, viewed from the front.

M. Another example, from which the epitheca has been removed, viewed from

below.
3c. Dorsal aspect of another specimen, which has not been exposed to weathering.
3d, Outline of another example of the same, showing the sub triangular form of the

calice.
3«. A few of the septa viewed from the exterior, the epitheca being wanting.

Enlarged.
3/! Transverse section of a fragment, enlarged.

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PLATE IV.

Fig. 1. Zaphbentis fenestrata, Nich. Nat. size. (p. 22.) ^

Fig. 2. Blothrophyllum appboximatum, Nich. Nat size. (p. 19.) The epitheca has
been decorticated.

Fig. 3. Blothrophyllum decorticatum, Billings. A fragment from whi'^h the eritheca
has been removed. Nat. size. (p. 19.)

Fig. 4. Clisiophyllum Onkidaense, Billings. A small example from -which the
epitheca has been removed. Nat. size. (p. 20.)

Fig. 5. Another specimen of the same, in which the epitheca is also wanting.

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PLATE V.

Fig. 1. Heliophyllum Canadense, Billings. Nat. size. (p. 26.)

Fig. 2. Heliophyllum Cayugaense, Billings. The calice viewed from abovo. Nat.
size. (p. 26.)

Fig. 3. Heliophyllum colligatum, Billings. Upper surface of a fragment. Nat.
size. (p. 28.)

3a. Side-view of the same, showing the periodic expansions of the corallites. Nat.
size.

Fig. 4. Heliophyllum Colbornense, Nich, Nat. size (p. 25.)
Fig. 5. DiPHYPHYLLUM ORACiLE, McCoy. Nat. size. (p. 33.)
Fig. 6. DiPHYPHYLLUM STRAMiNEUM, Billings. Nat size. (p. 33.)

Plate. 5.

PAL/EON^OLOGY of ONTARIO.

11 ?l

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PLATE VI.

Fig. 1. DiPHYPHTLLUM ARUNDiNACEUM, Billings. Nat. siae. (p. 32,)

Fig. 2. Syringopora laxata, Billings. Nat. size. (p. 41.)

Fig. 3. AuLOPORA TUBiEFORMis, Goldfiiss. Nat. size. (p. 43.)

Fig. 4, AuLOPORA UMBELLiFERA, Billings. An umisually large example. Nat. size.
(p. 43.)

Fig. 5. Eridophyllum Simcoense, Billings. Nat. size. (p. 34.)

Fig. 6. Oystiphyllum Senecaense, filings. A decorticated and weathered specimen,
showing the peculiar composition of the coral out of successive invaginated
conical layers. Nat. size. (p. 35.)

Fig. 7. Oystiphyllum sulcatum, Billings. Nat. size. (p. 38.)

Fig. 8. Oystiphyllum Americanum, Edw. & H. A small specimen from the Oorni-
ferous Limestone. Nat. size. (p. 36.)

Pidre. 6.

PAL/EONTOLOO/ OF ONTARIO.

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PLATE VII.

Fig. 1. Alveolites Billingsi. Nich. Nat, size. (p. 55.)
Fig. 2. Favosites reticulata, De Blain. Nat. size. (p. 51.)
Fig. 3. Alveolites ramitlosa, Nich. Nat size. (p. 55.)

Fig. 4. Alveolites Selwynii, Nich. Nat size. (p. 56.)

Fig. 5. Favosites dubia, De Blain. Nat. size. (p. 51.)

Fig. 6. Favosites Chapmani, Nich. Nat. size. (p. 52.) This figure does not satis-
factorily exhibit the extreme obliquity of the corallites, and the resulting
obliquity of the calices.

Fig. 7. Favosites polymorpha, Gold. A small fragment. Nat. »ize. (p. 50.)

Fig. 8. Favosites Fokbksi, Edw. & H. Nat. size. (p. 48.)

■Cfin:(

•^u^e.

PAL/EONTOLOGY OF ONTARIO.

t-t

■ ^' Hn? ciii^ion dc 1 aJl uf-J .

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PLATE VIII.

Fig. 1. Pavosites tubbinata, Billings. A Cjilndrical variety. Nat. size. (p. 49.)

Fig. 2. Favosites tukbinata, Billings. A turbinate variety. Nat. size.

Fig. 3. Favosites hemispherica, Yandell & Shuniard. Nat. Size. (p. 49.)

Fig. 4. Favosites Fokbesi, Edw. & H. A fragment, in which many of the calices are
closed by an epitheca. Nat. size.

iil

'■ C .^ntcJ

Pidte.8.

PALEONTOLOGY OF ONTARIO.

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