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Les diagrammes suivants illustrent la m6thode. srrata to pelure, )n d n 32X 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 ud f (/- mmmi m iis cEiEiBniiiB ii m rai 131 and Advice on the planting and sewing of joust trees Published for frer distribution, at the roquRst of tUo Forestry Association of the Province oi' Quebec, by order of tlie Comissioner of Crown Luiuls m QUEBEC 1885 1*» % :^ v'l ^ Quebec, April 20Ui 1885, Sir, The following pages contain the programme drawn up by the goi ern- ment of the rrovince of Quebec, with ihe help of the Forestry Association? for the ceiebration of Ahp.or Day. I iraf:,L yon will kindly do all m your power to contribute towards th.e celebration of this holiday which is now one of our national institutions, rhe observations and advice contain- ed m this pamx>hlet, and w^hich the Forestry Association has recoraman- some lexocl 1 day f the eeiitli 11, are ^up it slionld 1)0 detached from the pamphlet and addressed to the hono- rabb^ the Commissioner of Crown Lands at Quebec. '■' vy.;:.:. w. W. Lynch,-. ''.■• ■ ,^ Commissioner of ' • Crown Lands. L may i I \rers is tne have iphlet ill be tering :)r the cality, certain Ion or oil are s filled >.' {1 u ■ '^'''''?A K 1 L.H. MASSON. Province oiQueber, J [L. S.] •-*b L, by the Grace of God, of the kingdom of Great l^ritain and VIGTOEIA, United Ki Ireland, Qlieen, Defender of the Faith, &c., ^,, c^c^ To all to whom these presents siiall come or whom the same may con- cern— GREETLNrc : L 0. Taillo.n\ I whereas by- an Act AtL Gen. J of the Legislature of oar Province of Quebec, pabsed in the orty-llfth year of OurReign, intituled : ■^ An act to encourage the planting of 'Oiest trees/' it was amongst other li.i'igs enacted that the Lieutenant- Governor in Council may appoint by noclaraalion a day to be observed as ' i\.rbor day," for tiie planting of forest ■rees : — 8 m ^ Anp whereas tlie ciimaie oi" out Provin:*o is not. uniform and would no I admit, otTixiiii; the same day thvoughoiU tho Province for llio planting of forest trees, we deem it advisable to divide our said M^ovince for tho purposes of the said act, into two sections, wliich shall be respectively called the Western divi- sion and the liiastern division, and to fix a difTerent day for each of these divisions as '' Arbor day." WiiKRKr-'ORE we iiave ruled and or- dered, and do hereby rule and order, tliat our Province of Quebec shall bo dividt'd for the purposes of the said act, into two secliens, to wit : the '* Western Division " which shall comprise the fol- lowing electoral districts: Argenteuil, Bagol, Beauharnois, Borlhie]-, Ihome, Chambly,Ghateauguay,Compton,Deux- Monta^n^es, Drummond, Hochelaga, iiuntiiigdon, Iberville, Jacques-Cartier, JoliottoJ^aprairie, L'Assomplion, I.ava), Maskinonge, Missisquoi. Montcalm, Montreal, Napier vi lie, Ottawa, Pontiac, Kichelieu, Richmond, Piouville, Shei- lord, c^herhrooke, Souianges, Stanstead, St. Hyacinthe, St. »lean, St. Maurice, Terrebonne, Trois-Ptivieres, Vaudreuil, Vercheres and \arnaska ; and the ^' Eastern Division " shall comprise the following electoral districts : Beauce, ~'J — OUT' id 110 1 L:;hout forest le our )f the shall [) divi- uid to these nd or- ordcr, lali be lid act, esiern he rel- ate ail, florae, , Deux- leiaga, 'artier, l;aval, itcaim, ontiac, , Shei- ristead, aurice, [dreuil, fid the rise the Beanoe, lieliechasse, Bouaveritnre, Champlam, Charlevoix, Ghicouiimi et Saguenay, Oorchesteri Arthahaska, Gaspe, Ka- mouraska, Levis, L'Islet, Lotbiniere, Megantic, ' Montmagny, MonLmorericy, Nicolel, Portneuf, Quebec (citvj Quebec rcouuty^ Woiie, Riinouski aud Temis- rouata. And we have luled and ordered, and do hereby rule and order that the fifth abbob . av "a th<; '^ Ea'-tern Division " afores-aia. Aiid by ihese presents we do nr.^ently rer.oriimand to all the inhabitanls] of our' said Piovince to set a part the here before menrioned days for the planta- liou of forest treei: and we beg ail municipal, reli'xious and school corDora- lions to coopfiiat? in the success of this new work in this Province and which promises, in tiie near future, important (■esults. Oi all which our loving subjects and all others whom these presents jnay oncern are l>ereby reqtnred to take notice and to govern themselves accor- dingly. if'- ^(1 10 In Testimony W>iereof, We ha^e caused iiiese Oar Letters to be made Patent, and the Great Seal of Our said rrovince of Quei)ec to be hereunto affixed : Witness, our Trustv and Well-Beloved the ITouo- rable " Louis - Fi^anqois - Eodiugui: Masson, Lieutenant Governor of Our said Province of Quebec, menfi- ber of Our Privy Council for Canada, At Our Governuient Bouse, in Our Cilv of Quebec, in Our said Pro- vince of Quebec, this Twentieth dav of April, in the year of Ouv Lord, one thousand eight hundred and eighty five, and in the forty eighth year of Our Reign. Bv command, (signed) .1. IJlanchet, Secretar-v. ■4 : J ♦..■, -/ i! to be eal of : to be our IIoiio- )iaGui: or oC merrj- i for 1 Our I Pro- if Guv ndred forty ar-v. -ARBOR DAY<" > ''*■■• ■'■'.• KEABONS FOR ITS EXISTENCE. Aithougli the province of Quebec lias already been twice called iTj^oii, by specially procLimation, to observe Aj'bor Day, it is perhaps well to make known to those who may yet be unaware of it, the main object of the celebration of this holiday. In order to pv^rfectly comprehend this object a retrospective glance is - neeessar}'. This glance will show^ us that one or two srenerations aco UieKsettler had no worse enemy than the tree occupy ii]g the ground he V wished to cultivate. To a certain «3xtent, indeed, trees w^ere his ene- laies, and he cut them down. But (1) Lecture t)y Ml. -1. C, Cbajjais before ihe Koresiry Association ':'[' the province of QuoJ3ec il il3 moetjng heldon the 1 1tli Jn^t 12 from the fact that a tree, occupying; certain ground, was prejudicial, the settler erroneously concluded that all trees were a nuisance and he cut down indiscriminately, imprudently and above all improvidently all forest trees. He carried his cutting, his burning, his distroying to such an extent that in many places he is obliged to travel as far as twelve miles and even more in order to get his fire-wood. In other places, it is necessary to import wood from uncleared districts or to make use of coaL The result of this destruction of forest trees is desastrous. In the first place it produces a scarcity of fuel and moroever it increases enormously the cost of building ; it causes inun- dations by stripx:)ing the mountains of the trees' which formerly held back, by their roots and the ground they grew in, the rain-fall and the melting snow which now descend in unimpeded torrents and i>eriodi- cally flood the plains and the valleys. On account of these divers draw- I £f^' 13 the :hat cut backs, land is decreasing in value. Such alarm which. would be worth thirty dollars on acre were it near a place where' (ire - wood could be obtained, is only worth tcii or fifteen dollars because :6.re-wood has to be brought ixorn a distance. We will soon be in a position similar to that of European countries. We must plant forest trees if we wish to aA'oid being inundated, without mention- ing the fact that we will have to f suffer the lot of all entirely woodless countries. We will suffer from 4 hose long droughts which invariably make themselves felt in places where there are no longer any trees to x>re- serve a beneficent moisture in the air. We will likewise be exx)osed to epidemies which invade woodless countries much more quickly than others. It is a fact recognized by medical science that vegetation, especially trees, act as a powerful filter which purifies the atmosphere and pre vent iS hurtful effluvia from . rising and occupying'" the air we breathe. u 14 All thoso considerations should induce its to protect and preserve forests where they now exists, and, thank Heaven, they still exist in many places in owe Province, and should make us think of replacino' them where they have been destroyed. It was with the- intention of bring- (ymg these considerations under the notice of our rural population that the Forestry Association of the Pro- vince of Quebec deemed it expedient to institute Arbor Day and to ask the Legislature to set apart a da^^ for its celebration. I thought that, as a member of the Associatiorx, I Avould be acting in a patriotic manner by laying down a few principles relating to the reasons for the existence of Arbor Day as v/ell as to the means of celebrating it so as to make it produce the best possible results. WHO SHOULD OEIiEBBATE IT ? Certain persons only look upon Arbor Day as a day for planting 15- trcfs ; they are mistaken. There is something more than that in. the object for which we celebrate this festival. It is not only those who reside in nnwooded places who can proiitably obseiVe the day. No, the setter, who is i?till in the midst of the forest, will, on that day, set apart the portion of his land which he will make his utmost efforts to keep wooded as a reserve for iiiture wants, and he will thin, thereon the trees where they are too thick to grow well. If he is fortunate enough to have a strip .of land covered with maples, he will lix its limits and will, at the same time, take the resolution ot shielding it from the axe, being couvincod that in fifty years his descendants will bless him for his foresight. In the gchools of forest regiojis, wliere colonization has only just penetrated, school . teachers will endeavor on that day to make the ehiidren understand that the ibrest whicli now seems so formidable and so embarrassing has, however, it^ l-i 16 utility. They, will point out to them the future with its scarcity of wood if the settler is not henceibrtli wase enough to preserve a part of this forest that he lias just attacked. They will cite the example of districts covered with forests thirty years ago and where the inhabitants have now ♦ to pay six or seven dollars a cord for hard wood and three or Tour dollars for soft Wood, Above all. thev will point out to the children the great - drawbacks resulting from these^" useless fires so often lighted fpr pleasure in the woods and w^hi";!! frequently become conilagrations that destroy whole tracts of lores t. And in the evening of Arbor Day, these shoo] masters and mistresses will have the satisfaction of thinking ' that thev have made a friend of the forest out of everv one of their scholars. The same work, performed in the pulpit, by the priest or the minister announcing and- commenting upon the day set ai)art for the observance jf this holiday will produce still 11 greater results. In this manner districts still covered, with forests will contribute their share of zeal and activity to th^ general celebra- tion of Arbor Day. Ve have still the good fortune to be able to protect and preserve our forests. How many countries would be happy to be in a similar position in this respect. Let us remember that it is much easier to preserve than to create, and let us ])egin our work by preserving our trees. As a matter of course, besides this first class of persons who should contribue towards the celebration of Arbor Day, there is a second class much more numerous still. This second class comprises all those who reside in tin wooded districts, which unfortunately are already too exten- sive in our x)rovince. These persons have only one way of taking a direct part in the holiday, and that is by planting. But in order to plant with profit we must plant with discretion, know what and how to plant. ! ; 18 ! t: !! WHAT IS TO BE PLANTED. As it is not a question, on Arbor Day, of amateur planting, of planting for experiment, but of planting tr^es that we are sure will live and grow, it is irnportivnt not to plant withont sufficient knowledge. For tliis reason we must take into account tlie climate, the site, the soil as we""! as the utility of the trees to be planted. The Province of Quebec, by reason of its geographical position, offers a great diversity of climate, so that certain trees grow vigourously in some places -^^ hereas they are not to be net with in other localities. We shall therefore begin hy stating what varieties suit th'e different regions of the Province. We can plant with certainty of success almost everywhere, provided we secure suitable soil and exposure, the following trees : Birches. Spruces including While pine. Yellow pine Norway spruce. Black ash. Red ash. Red pino. t'irs. 19 — Tamarack, p.alsaia poplar. American aspen. Mountain ash. While cedar. From the Saguenay upwards, to the above list may be added the fol- lowing : Maples, except the sil- Large poplar. ver maple, White elm. White and yellow willow. In all localities above Cap Tour- meute there is no risk in planting the following varieties : Red oak. White ash. Hemlock spruce. Bass-wood. From Quebec upw ards to the above varieties the following may be added: White oak. Beech. Butternut. And finally above Three Rivers, the following can be planted. Shell-bark, b i i te\\ Red elm. white-heart hickory. . Silver maple. Cotton-wood. I might add that from the Sague- nay upwards, the box-elder or ash- I w leaved mapie, v.^hich seems to lie a great favorite, can be planted, but I would at the same time remark that the red m.aple appears to me to oiler the same qualities we find in the box- elder whilst it is moreover a much longer lived tree. The folio will i;- are the soils suitable for the above mentioned trees : Trees Birclies. W)iit3 oak. Red oak. Spruces i ii c 1 n d i n Norway spruce. 'Mountain maple. Silver maple. Sugar maple. Striped maple. lied mapie. Black ash. White ash. Red ash. Beech. Tamarack. Box-older. ■ SOILS Cool, sandy, shallow. Clayey, deep, dry. C I ay c y , co o 1 , d eep , dr y . r > Cool, gravelly. Stony, dry, mountai- nous. Alluvium, damp, Hat, Gra^iJelly, ligJit, moun- tainous, stony, rich and dry. "Vfoimtainour;, dry. Alluvium, gravelly, damp, fiat. * Low, damp, marshy. Cool, deep, rich. Cool, deap, rich. Cool, gravelly, moun- tainous, shallow. Low* damp, marshy. Alluvium, gravelly, damp^ flat. ■are 21 Butt.ernut,Blftck Wal- Cool, flat, deep, rich, nut. Alluvium, gravelly, damp, flat. Cool, maintainoua, rich. Low, cool, light. Cool, damp, light, sandy. Cool, sandy. Sandy, dry. Light, mountainous, stony. Low, damp, marshy. Clayey, low, cool, damp, "light, marshy, poor, flat, deep, rich. Cool, mountainous. i'"ow, marshy. vjool, damp, deep,rich. White elm. Red elm. Poplars. White pine Ye.ilow pine Hed pine. HemJock, Firs. Willows. Mountain ash. White cedar. Bass-wood. It is a well understood that in the foregoing list I have only mentioned the most useful trees and which con- sequently should be chosen for plant- ing. There are many others that can be successfully planted but which offer" little interest as regards eco- nomy. As may ha seen, there are several kinds of trees that can be planted in a great variety of soils and are there- fore useful for the greater number of persons. ■SMB — 22 — Evi^iy ono is now in a position to ohoc&e his plants knowingly so that they may suit the soil and the climate of the region where they aic to he planted. It now remains ibr us to see now TO PEOCURS PLANTS. Plants may to procured in three way. The first consist in sowing, one or two years before plainting, according to the varieties, the seed of the trees one wishes to set out*^ With the exception of tlie varieties that come easily from the seed, such as maples, oaks, butter nuts, bpx- elders, I would not recommend the others for sowing. This practice only suits skilled horticulturists. Maple seed should be sown in good garden land immediately after maturity which occurs for the red mai>ie at the end of June or at the beginning of July, and. in the autumn ibr the other kinds of maples. It should be covered with one inch of earth The seedlinji's should be 23 (or transplanted in the autumn of the second year or in the spring of the third. The same may be said of the box-elder. Acorns should be Hown, when it is possible to do so, in the i:)lace, where the oak is to grow. They must be sown immediately after maturity, in the autumn, in well prepared ground, about two inches deep. Hickary nuts and butter nuts should be own in the same manner. These remarks ux)on sowing will be sufficient for those«, a.vIio wish to experiment witli the above-men- tioned seeds. The second way of procuring plants consists in taking from the forest well shaped plants which would be lost in the undeibrush where they are pressed together, but which, when once transplanted, will become fine trees. This is quite prac- ticable for those who reside in loca- lities w^here patches of wood are not too far distant. But if jdants are thus got from the forest, care must be taken to avoid the very common error 24 which consists in transplanting trees eight, ten,fifteen and even twenty feet high. These trees arriye at the place where they are to be planted depri- ved of nearly all their roots,mutilated and already half dead. Such plants can never become fine trees, and moreover eighty per cent of them perish. - There is a third way of procuring plants, and in my opinion and from my personal exi:)erience and from that of maiiy otlier persons, I believe it by far tho, most economical and the surest, if a great number of trees arc to be planted. It consists in buying nursery plants from specia- lists who pay particular attention to the raising of young forest trees. Without wishing to i)uil any one in particular, I deem it my duty to mention the names of three nursery- men who furnish plants that I can recommend. Those wlio wish to plant good trees, a little advanced, well , taken up and arranged with scrupulous care for trans^iort can, apply in all safety to Mr. Augus^te Dti- 25 puis, nurseryman, Village des Aul- naies, Islet countyj and to Mr. "William Evans, 93 McGill street Montreal. As for those who wish to make exten- sive plantations and who either cannot or prefer not to resort to sowing, they can procure, by mail, postage paid, plants from four to six inches high, of all the varieties herein mentioned for prices ranging from one to five dollars a hundred and from three to fifteen dollars a thousand, according to the varieties, by applying to Mr. W. W. Johnson, Snowflake, Antrim County, Michi- gan. I have had plants from this nursery, evergreens as well as deciduous tress, and I can certify that they arrive in excellent condi- tion.^ With proper care eighty per cent are sure to take. Knowisig how to procure plants, we must moreover learn — SC) — - ' HOW TO TREAT PLANTS BEFORE PLANTfNG. Indeed the success in planting of- ten depends upon the manner in which trees are treated before they are planted. I have seen trees fifteen feet high taken up with about a foot of roots in diameter, without rootlets, mutilated, Sec. "What can be expected of trees treated thus ? nothing but failure. Such trees can not give satisfaction unless they are taken up with a large clump of earth, and even then they are slow to grow. It is for that reason that people are advised to plant young ti^ees from three to four feet liigh. All their rootlets are dug up with them and they are sure to take. The rooti of trees once dug up must be prevented from drying before being planted. This care should De more especially taken with coni- ferous or ever green trees which are very delicate in that respect. Here is a good way of preventing^ the roots of plants from drying : if 27 xhey have arrived by mail, prepare before unpacking them a kind of thick slusL composed of clay and cow dnng- mixed with water. As soon as the plants are nnpacked, dip them into the slush which will cover the roots with an air-proof coating. We must proceed in the same manner with all plants, i'vhether thev be taken from the forest and elsewhere, if we are not ready to plant them immediately. Let us now see HOW TO PREPABE THE LAND WHERE PLANTING IS TO BE DONE. If a larofe number of trees are to be i)lanted on a moderate sized piece of land, it is better to mello\\^ the land by carefully ploughing and liarrowing it. If only a few orne- mental "trees are to be set out here and there, it is sufFicient to mellow ihe spot where the tree is to be planted. In dry or moderate damp soils, a shallow trench may be du^*, just deep enough to give the plant 28 I the same depth it had in the forest or the nursery- This treneh must be wide enough to allow the roots and rootlets to spread out easily. B}^ the side of the trench a quantity of fine dry earth should be placed to fill it i\]} when the tree is in its place. In a rocky soil, a trench sufficiently wide to receive easily the roots of the young tree should he prepared, and good earth brought to fill up the trench. As to low, damp soils, trenches should not be made ; trees planted in them in such land would surely die. On the contrary, they should be set on the surface and the roots covered with mould and with the pieces of turf taken from arr^und the place M^hero the treo is planted. That is what is called planting in mounds {en hntie). In this case, the earth required to cover che roots of the trees must be brought to the place of plantation and the pieces of turf must be ready. -- 29 H0\ TO PLANT. Two planters are better than one. I'hiis tlie work is done more quickly and better. While one selects the slants and primes with a sharj) knife the broken and bruised roots and branches, proportioning the length of the branches to that of the roots, the other makes a little mound r. t the bottom of the trench with fine earth taken from its side. He who holds the plant spreads its roots well iWer the mound, and his assistant 00 vers them whith earth, taking care to carefully fill up between the lootlets. When the roots are well covered, the trench is filled uj) and the e^rth trodden down. If the. soil is dry, it should be watered before the trench is completely filled ; then the remained of the earth should be ] 'ut in and carefullv trodden close aj) to the tree and all around it. It only remains now to drive a stake firmly into the ground near the tree and to tie the tree to it by lueans of a band of straw or some — 30 1 1 ! i other substance that will not hurt the bark. HOW TO TREA.T THK TREES AFTER PLANTING. In the first place care must be taken to prevent the wind from loosening the bands that hold the tree to the stake. All weeds must be removed from around the tree as soon as they make their appearance. If the season is drv, the trees should be mulched with straw, saw-dust or tanbark, thus preserving the mois- ture. If the tree appears to take slowly, it should be boldly pruned > though this remedy is not always efficacious. It seems to me that we are all now in a position to profitably observe Arbor Day. However, it remains for us to take another good resolution before parting. Every one who, on reading this little work, has UMder- stood the imi)ortant role of trees must promise to i)reserv^e the forest, to protect it, to rci^air it wherever it is 13 31 Luri go'ng to ruin, and to replace it wlier(j is has disappeared and where its presence is again necessary. . Let the lather teach his son thii^, the tree is a friend to be respected, loved, sur- rounded with care, and which he mnst make others respect. Let all teav^hers in schools and colleges, let. aii who come in contact with the young endeavor at all times, but n«ore especially on Arbor Day, to make a prolGctor of the forest out of every one of the children under their care. The old. folks are loath to admit that we should protect the forest, lor they remember the work the forest gave them formerly when they undertook to replace it by open fields. It is to the young that we must have recourse i;i order to dispel this i)rejudice. It is above all. to the youiig that we nrast appeal if we would save the .Merest from total destruction and re|:lace it where it has disappeared. And now let us all go to work ! Let Arbor Day lind us, spade in hand, ready to i^lant. Let us make all our preparations before hand so that ^ .iilll 1,1 ! i 32 nothing may take us unawares. Let us consider where we are going to plant and provide ourselves with plants: and on the a^ipointed day, let not only individuals, but teachers, schools, academies, con v^ents, colleges, agricultural and horticultural clubs and societies act in unison so thi^t on the day after the holiday it may bo said that all have contributed towards the w^ork of rewooding the country and have shown that they under- stand the importance of the forest. J. C. CHAPAIS. 0 0 Let r to vith day, lers, >ges, lubs t on yht ards atry der- ?Q o w-» PI : !-*» o o Si 2 »: <^ -^ _o -^ »>■> 5 o C* V S. ^ c3 o CO .c3 o :5 u a o c-( r. o O ^.