IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) ''// % Ss M, m. o / V & V 3 >" m? % C^- w. i< (/l & 1.0 I.I ' m • IB iiij3^ Its 11^ 12.0 1.8 1.25 1.4 1.6 — 1 = M 6" ► Vi <^ /} 'e: e. e). f . ^ -^'^ o ^\ /Ai / / //a Photographic Sciences Corporation « iV Ai.kxam.i.k ortlcc <•{ tlie MinisttT of A^TiculUiiv. Toronto: l-mSTKD BV nOWSKLL AND iniCHIHUN, KINO aTRKKT. PREFACE. The uorl:, now before the reader, lias been prepared with the object of directint; the atten- tion of the student of Natural History, and the youth of our country, to the attracti\'c and deeply interesting^ study of Canadian I^ito- molo;;}'. The want of a work descriptive of our Ruttcrflics and Moths, that would be accessible in consequence of its moderate price and untcchnical style, has been keenly felt by students of Natural History, i\Iy aim has been to familiarize the subject by plain and brief descriptions ; I have con- sequently avoided all unnecessary technicalities and abstruse questions of identity, ^^•hich \\ould tend to perplex rather than instruct. The insects described in this work are repre- sented by specimens in my owji collection, wliich has been made in Ontario, Ouebcc. and New Brunswick. IV Picjacc, In the classification and selection of names for our ButtcrHies and Moths, I have encoun- tered much annoyance, owin- to the existin- chaos of synonymy in hLntomolo-y ; but have selected, both from old and new names, such as I considered most expressive of the charac- teristics of the insects described. No one can be more sensible than myself of the deficiencies of this work ; yet I hope it may contribute somethin- toward the progress of a science which in itself is extremely inter- esting, and, to an agricultural country like Canada, of great importance. A. M. R. EVRRGKEKN CiKOVK, To RUN TO, May, 1^T3. -♦-♦• coNT}':N'rs. .. - » — I NTRt )I )IC'11( ).\ xi ^^]uttcvnic$ and "^M\\$ of tfanadir. (jKoL'P I. — Papilioncs. — l^uttcrflics i Group II. - .S7'/////v/^/c<7.— Hawk IMoths ... 21 Group \\\.—P liaUciuc.~VioW\'s }^:^ Group I. Papilio)iiii(C. — Pai)i!io l^iniily r PicridiC. — Yellow orWhitc IkittcrHy I^'aniily. 5 Xyniplialidic. — Nyniplialis Family 6 SatyridiV. — Satyms r'ainily 18 Ilcspcridcc. — Skipper Fanii ly . ::c) Lycccnidic. — Azure l^utterfly Family 21 Group II. S/>/iifigida\ — Mawk Moth Family 2 J .Plgcrida\ — I^gcrian I^imily 29 Xygti-nidcc. — Glaucopidian Family 32 grou!' hi. Bowdycidiv. -Silk Worm Family 33 JVoctmi/i/a\~0\\'\ct Moth Family 54 GcometridiV. — Geometric! Family 5/ VI Contents. ' rAOE. /^j'/w//,/^?*.— Delta Moth Va\\\\ Toytriciilc.— \A'.\{ Rollinu^ 1'-' 7V;/r/^/.7'.-'I"itHv. I'.unily Iv C 1. I'yramci Vanessa Grapta . Junonia Satynis Nconyn Chrysoi Hiccla Gk Sphinx Thyrcu rhilanr Smcrin Scsia . Avj^crin 6i 6 6 lO 1 z 1 6 ^9 19 _o 7 29 31 Con fill f.s Vll GroI'!' III.— /V/^7/r/7^r.— (!\Totlis.) I'M.r. l.ithosia /, ;! I )ii(>i)Lia 3 1 Caliinorpha 34 Cmcata 35 Arctia ; 35 Spilosoma 36 Lcucarctia ■},■; I lypliantria }^-; 1 lalcsidota 3.S 0\'ii,y\:\ 39 Notodont.u 40 Lai^oa 40 Liniacodcs 40 Psyche 41 Pcmphonu ,11 Actias 43 Platysamia 45 Callosaniia 45 Telca 47 Ilyperchiria 49 Cithcronia 50 JCacles 50 Anisota 52 Clisiocampa 52 llepialus 53 Xyleutes 53 Catocala 54 Brephos 55 i viii Cou tents. FAOK I.L'ucani';»' ?3 Aijrotis 3.-> Gortyna 5^' Apatcki 5^' Anisoptcryx 57 1 1 ibcniia -v"^ ICnnomos ^'^ Aiv^croiKi 5^> Ncmatocaiiipd 59 ChitMotlcs 5'J lMulr()i)i.i 59 Ampliidasys ^^^'^ Acidalia ^^ lioannia ^^^ luipithccia ^'^ Hypena ^^' Aglossa ^1 Pyralis ^^ Gallcnie ^2 Pempclia? ^" Anchylopcra "3 Carpocapsa ^4 Lozoto?nia ^4 Tineaj ^5 Instructions for Catching" and Preserving Butterflies and Moths 6/ Synopsis of Butterflies and Moths of Canada. 7 1 . ■ <» ' — ■ L LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. Ens'J I.J ScnlJInjt, Toroiilo. ♦ PAIil!. Paf^ilio tuniits. — Yellow Swallow-tail 2 astcrias. — l^lack Swallow-tail 4 fJincnitis arf/iL>:!s. — Circled Lnipcror 7 Daiiais arc/iif^/its. — Ouccn of Spain lUitLorlly 8 Argyiiiiis Jiroditc- Silvcr-spottctl iM-itil- lary rj J//AVcrrt; ///^r/ur- -Drapplcd IMilitjua 11 ryranicis cardiii.- -VaxwS^qA Latly 12 Pyranicis atalauta. — Keel A Jmiral 13 ViDicssa antiopcc. — Canibcrwcll Ik-auty 14 Milbcrtii. — Red Linpress 15 G rapid iutcrrogationis. — Seiiii-colon lUitter- ^y 16 Ucspcria LcoiHxrdis. — Leonard's Skipper.... 20 SpJiinx qniiKjucDiacuIatns. — J-'ive- spotted Sphinx 2^ SiticriutJuis cxcdxata. — Klind Snicrintlius ... 27 Scsia tliysbc. — Ike moth 28 Thyrais Abhottii. — Abb(jt's Hawk Moth ... 25 Philaiiipdis acluinon. -- \c\\Q.\\\()\i Hawk Moth . 26 Endryas grakv. — l^eautiful Wood Nyniph ... 31 yligeria cxitosa. — Pcach-trcc liorer 29 X . Contents. Diiopcia ^7A?. —Beautiful DciojKM'.i 34 /lf//V?.v /////(t.— l^niprcss Luna 4- Tiica poly t/icin U.S. -Polyllicnuis ^loth 4'*^ llvpcrcliiria varia. IVacock Molli 49 luulcs inipciiali.s. Imperial Moth S' Callosauiia pyouiclhca. -I'roiiicthca Moth ... 46 Lli.siocanipd ixnicyicanns. — American lent Caterpillar Moth 5- riatysaniia cccropia -- h:m])er()r Ceeropia Moth 44 r^^r/m-.— Leaf Roller ^^.> Tinea ^5 INTRODUCTIOX The Order of Lcpidoptcra, or scalc-wiiu^cd insects, may l)e divided into three i^roups, com- prising;- all tlie rour-\vni[4ed insects commonly known as Hutterflics, 1 fawk-Moths, and Moths. They differ in size, figure, and cok)r, but are uniform in havini;- tlieir bodies covered witli fme hair, and their whv^^, witli what, to tlie naked eye, appears like dust, but, when exann'ned by a powerful microscope, are seen to be beautifully ornamented feathery scales, with microscoi)ic lines. The ton^i^ue, or suckin^- tube, of nearly all the insects of this order, when at rest, is rolled up like a watch-sprin,^-, but is capable of beini,^ darted forth in an instant, and of suckiiiL,^ up with rapidity the nectareous lluids, on which its i;ay possessor lives. The insects of this order, thoui^h small in si/e, are ^rcat by their vast numbers, their varieties of ft)rm and color, their extremely delicate organizations, their remark- able instincts, and the extraordinar)- transfor- mations of their larvie. l;^ Xll lutyodiiction. Group F.— ^^^ainUauci— y.uttcvfUc.'Si. The lUitterllics :irc readily distit\<^uishccl from the Ilawk-Moths, aiul Mollis, by the briUiant color'-^-- of their \\inL;"s ; their thread-hke and knobbed antenna' ; the elevated position of their win^^s when at rest ; and the fact that tliey fi\' by dav onl\'. The insects of this in-ou[) are the most power- ful and robust of the order. They are princi- pally distin<4uished b\' their rapid and vii^orous lli^dit, and the larL^e size of many of the species. They generally fly durini^ the eveninc^- or early liours of the mornini;-. A few species bel(^n<;in(^- to this group lly durin.'; the bright-sunshine ; otiiers are called hunmiing-bird moths, on account of the noise they make in fUing, and their habit of hovering ovx'r (lowers while they extract the delicious juices with their tubular tongues. All the insects of this I'roui) have the bod\' thick in the middle and tapering toward each end : the wings, long, slender, and pointed. When at rest, the wings are inclined lil:e a roof, the upper covering the lower. Group Tir.—intalacuac.-Wothi This group is the ku\<';est of the order, and comprises all the lepidoptera that cannot fntroduciiou. XII 1 properl)' hj placed in the proccdinc^ ^i^roups. The nu)ths arc nocturnal in their habits. Tlic)' differ in size, color, and figure : their \\in<'s present a i;reat diversit}' of form. When at rest the upper \\in<;s co\-cr the lower. The females belouL^in;;- to a few specie.-, are win<;lcss, and an.- destined to li\-e 'M\\\ sufiicientU' Ion"- to deposit their e;;|;s. Some of the species are beautiful I \- colored, while the 'greater number are dark-<;ra\', moitlcd witli black, white, and l)ro\\n. Over twent)' thousand different species of butterhies and moths beloniM'n-'; to the old world, and full\' three thousand belonoini^ to this continent ha\e been identified b)- entomolo- gists, and each species is distinguished from its nearest relation by some modification of structure best ada[)ted to its jjeculiar sphere of life. .Mi;rAMoRi^iiosis of thk Larwi-: of lUlTTFRFFIl-.S AXI) IMoTHS. The young of Ikitterllies and Moths are called caterpillars. Nearly all the caterpillars of the Order of Lepidoptera are destructive to vegeta- tion ; they differ in size, color, and form, and {i:ci\ upon leaves, blossoms, buds, seeds, roots, furs, grease, grain, and woollens. I'lach female butter- fly or moth will la)' from one lumdred to five hundred eggs, from which the caterpillars are XIV Tntroductioii. produced ; and, by that wonderful provision of nature, instinct, the insect almost invariabi}' deposits its eggs on the food necessary to its caterpillar state. During its life as a caterpillar it cats voraciously, and almost incessantl)', changing its skin several times before it attains its full growth, when it exchanges its caterpillar dress for that of a chrysalis, which it accomplishes by bursting open the skin on the back, and with- drawing the fore-part of the body, until it is emancipated. It is then a chr\'salis, apparently without head or limbs, and remains in this state for a variable length of time, motionless without taking food, l^ut during this period of apparent rest, this total seclusion from the outer world, the greatest activity prevails within : all the organs required by the perfect insect are being- developed. Some of these chrysalides are beauti- fully ornamented with golden spots, from which circumstance the name of chrysalis is derived- When the period for the second transformation arrives the chrysalis swells, and bursts the skin on the back, from which emerges the gay and beautiful liutterfl}' t(^ spend it; brief life in sipping the juices of su'eet-scented (lowers, in making love to its mates, laying its eggs, and !^oon after (providing it escapes its many enemies) dying a natural death. Many of the caterpillars of the moths are remarkable for the perfection of their silken Tntroditctiou. XV cocoons (to which \\v owe the beautiful material called silk), with which they enclose their bodies for the hrst traiisfonnatio]!. Some caterpillar.-, suspend themselves by a silken thread, and tr.insform without makin-; a cocoon. Other., ijurrow in the i^i'ound, and underL;() their meta- morphosis in the earth ; and a few species transform in the interior (\{ roots and stems. \\\ either case they hnally burst open the skin on the top of the back, cast it, and enter the pupa- state. y\t the pro[)er time the pu[);'» skin bursts, and the moth comes forth, expands its wint^s ^n-adually, until it has ^yained strength, and then flics away to enjoy its brief existence. I ilr BUTTERFLIES AND MOTHS OF CANADA. BUTTERFLIES. PAPILIONID.E.— Swallow-tail Family. This family embraces the most conspicuous butterflies of the group. The hind wings are extended into a tail-like appendage, from which they derive their family name. Genus Papilio. Papilio turniis. — The Yellow Swallow-tail. This is the largest and most beautiful butterfly of those commonly known as " Swallow-tails." 2 Ihttterjlics and Moths It expands five inches. Tlie color is brilliant yellow, bordered and striped with black ; on the forward wings are nine yellow spots ; on the hind wings, six oblong yellow spots. This of Canada. ^ elegant butterfly flics in June, July, and Au<^ust; and frequents groves, orchards, and gardens! The caterpillar is about three inches long, of a green color; and feeds upon the apple and other fruit trees. Papilio troilus.—'Wx^ Orange Spotted Swallow tail. This elegant butterfly bears a striking resem- blance to the preceding insect, but is smaller in size: the spots on the wings are much larger. The orange spots on the hind angle of the wings have not the black centre which charac- terizes the Asterias. It flies in June, July, and August. The caterpillar is two and a half inches long; and feeds principally upon the sassafras and lilac. Papilio asterias.— -T\\^ Black Swallow-tail. This butterfly expands about four inches. Color ; rich velvety-black, with a double row of bright yellow spots on the back, and a band of bright yellow spots across the wings, and seven blue spots between the double row of yellow spots, and a brilliant orange spot, with a black Butter flies and MotJis centre near the hind ant^Ie of the wings. This butterfly flies in July and AuLjust ; and frequents H is % OB o < u a groves and gardens. The caterpillar is two and a half inches long, of a pale green color ; and feeds upon carrots, parsley, and celery. of Canada. c PIKRID/E.— White liuttcrfly l-amily. The insects of this family have the winj^s rounded, and entire, on the ed^jes ; the inner cd[,res form a [groove, which is a receptacle for the abdomen. Gcuns Pi KRIS. Piois okracca.--\:\\^i Pot-lierb J^jtterf])-. This deh'cate and very pretty butterfly is pure white ; and expands two inches. The first brood appears in May, and a second in July. It fre- quents gardens and meadows. The caterpillar is light-green ; and [Kl^^l^ upon cabbage, radish, and turnip leaves. Pieris ;v?/^— Garden White iiutterfly. This butterfly resembles the preceding insect, but is inferior in size. The caterpillar is pale- green, with a yellow line along the back. It feeds upon the cabba The Red Admiral expands nearly three inches. Color : black, with a band of reddish-orancre across the middle of the fore wings, and spots of white near the tips ; on the hind wings is a marginal red band on which is a row of black dots. Mies from June to September. I/'requents open fields and roadsides. The caterpillar feeds upon the nettle. (u'liiis \ \ \ i:s^ A, All the butterfhes of this genus ha\'e the wings angulatcd on the (.'dgi's. m h 4.' jyH 14 HutttrJIits atui Moths. Tin-: CAMHKIiWKI.L I'.KAITV. / 'a)tessa autiopa. — CanibcrwcU licauty. This is one of our most coininon buttcrilics. It expands about tlirce and a half inches. Color : rich purpHsh-brown, with a broad yellow margin, near the inner edge of which there is a row of blue spots. Flies from June to September and specimens are frequenth' seen in October. I have often found this butterfly in hollow trees and sheltered places in the winter, in a semi- torpid state. The caterpillar is black, dotted with white ; and feeds upon the leaves of the elm, poplar, and willow. ; ii I Ii ¥ of Canada^ Vanessa J-albuiu. — TIic J. Ikittcrfly. 15 This insect derives its name from a white J- shaped mark on tlie under side of the hind win^s. It expands two and a half inches. Color: tawny- red ; each wini,r lias a white spot between two black spots, near the outer angle. Flies in July and AuL^ust ; and frequents <,rardens and fields. The cateri)illar feeds upon the leaves of the elm Vanessa Milberti.—'WvQ \l<:^\ Empress. This beautiful butterfly expands about two and a half inches. The prevailing- color is black, with a wide orange-red band near the hiiul margin of all the wings. On the hind wings is a row of rich blue crescents, on the fore wings is a white .spot near the tips, and reddish-orange spots in the centre of the front margin. Flics in June and July, and a second brood in August. Frequents roadsides. The caterpillar is bro'^wn ; and feeds upon the nettle. l:-l 16 Bnttcrjlics and Moths (uVUlS GRAI'TA. Tlic butterflies of tin's faintly arc 'generally of a reddish-brown color ; beneath the winijs is a curved line and dot of a i^olden or silvery color; the win^^s are deeply incised. Tin: >-i >n('>)!A)N lh'itk 'Fi.v. G rapt a in tcr rogation is. — -The S e n i i co 1 o n l^utterfl)-. Tliis very prelt}' butlerfh' is ri.adil}- di-ilir.- guished by a pale-)'ello\v semicolon near llu centre of the inner surface of the hip.d uini's. It expands nearly three inches. Color: brownish- orange, with spots of d'ep brown. I'Mies from June to August; and frecpients gardens and road- sides. The caterpillar feeds upon tlie leaves of the elm and grape. of Canada. j n Grapta r^ww^.— The Comma Butterfly. The Comma iiutterfly is so called from a brilliant white coinma-shapcd mark beneath the hind wings. Color : dark orange, marked with black and brown. Expands two inches. Flics in July and August ; and frequents gardens and road.sides. The caterpillar is reddish-brown; and feeds upon the leaves of the elm. Grapta c- argent cum. —The Silver L Butterfly. This butterfly expands about two inches, and is tawny-orange above, bordered and spotted with black ; underneath, gray, with a bright silvery L spot. Flies in July and August ; fre- quents gardens and open fields. The caterpillar is white, spotted with gray; and feeds upon the elm and hop. Grapta fannns.~T\\c Cinnamon Butterfly. The general color of this species resembles the preceding insect, but is darker and larger in size, and beautifully marbled underneath. Genus JUNONIA. Junonia aenia.—TXx^ Peacock Butterfly. This very rare and pretty butterfly expands three inches. Color : reddish-brown, with two ft < il '1 u i8 Buttcrjlics and Moths grayish cyc-likc spots, encircled with black on the hind wings; on the front wings are two spots with a white centre, l-lies in August. The cater- pillar is jet black, covered with small white spots, and feeds upon the nettle and thistle. SATYR TDAv— Family Satyrus. In this family the prevailing color is dark- brown. Wings entire, with eye-like spots be- neath. Their flight is quick, and with a jerking motion. Genus Satyrus. Satyrus alopc.—T\\w/j- NE0NVMPIL4-:. Nconympha airytyis.— n\ 20 Ihittirflus ami Moths IIKSrEKI.\>f HKSPERIDyE.— Skipper Family. This family comprises a lar^^c number of very pretty little butterflies commonly called skippers, from their manner of flying with a skipping, jerk- ing motion. In some sections of Canada the llesperians appear in larger numbers, while in others they are very rare. They fly from June until September ; and frequent the borders of w^oods, and shaded roadsides. In their habits and structure they somewhat resemble the moths. Their prevailing color is reddish-brown, marked with yellovv', black, and white ; they expand from three-fourth* s of an inch to two inches and a quarter ; t]icir feet are six in number. The cater- pillars of the Hespcrians feed upon the thistle and nettle. They are solitary in their habits : many of them hide in folded leaves, w^here they form a kind of cocoon, and undergo their trans- formation. of Canada. 21 LYC/liNID/l^.—Azurc-nutterny Ivimily. The family Lyca'nida' embraces several deli- cate and extremelybeautiful little butterflies of an azure-blue color, marked with minute black spots. They expand about three-fourths of an inch, and fly from July to September. They fre(iuent open fields and hillsides, flyin^r low, and oftentimes collecting together in numbers of twenty and thirty, and alighting on the flowers of the clover. The caterpillars of the Lyciena are green, with dark stripes. Genus TiiKcr.A. The insects of this family arc distinguished from the preceding by two thread-like tails on each wing. They expand about one inch and a quarter, and are of a dusky-brown and red color. The caterpillars are green; and feed on the hop pine, and willow. \m I '"M I ccc >^J^ivM ^^ :zt^o Buttcyflics and Moths (Jkoup II.— ^^ijhinoesi JIAW K ]\[0TI!8. SPIIINCilD.E.- Hawk Moth Family. This faniil)' embraces several of the largest and stoutest insects of tlic <;"roup. The)' fly generally at twilight. Their wings are long, pointed, and well-suited for rai)id flight. Their caterpillars have sixteen legs. When at rest they assume a sphinx-like attitude, from which the family name is derixed. 'Idiey are very large, and generall)' green colored. About the beginning of September the\' enter the ground for trans- tormatit)n, and the pupa remains there during the winter. In the i'ollowing summer the chrysalis skin bursts, and the perfect insect comes to the surface ^ white sub- stance ; the legs arc purple-brown. It expands from five inches to five and a half; and flies in June and July. The caterpillar is pale greenish- blue, with a yellow .stripe on each side of the body, and the back is crossed, between the rings, by bands of the same color. It measures about three inches in length; feeds upon the walnut and hickory; and constructs its cocoon by drawling two or more leaves together, and spinning its cocoon inside, in which it remains until the following spring, when the last meta- morphosis occurs, and the perfect insect appears. 44 Ihittcyjlus avul Moths H O o OS w o pi w w of CiViada. 45 (iCiniS I'l. A r\S AMIA. Platysaniia ca-yvpia.— '\\\(i I'lnipc.Tor Ccciopi.i Moth. The Knipcror Cccmpla IMoUi is the larL;est of Canadian moths ; it (wpands from five and a hall to six and a (piarter inches. Color: redch'sl: rusty-brown ; the In'nd niari^ins of tlie wini^s are slate-colored; near tlie centre of each win-- is a dark red kidney-shaped si)()t, with a narrow bkick cdi^e and a h'-ht centre. The hind uin-s are rounded; the fore win-s are marked with a white stripe, which is wavy, and of a biick-red color on the outer ed-e ; the .same stripe crosses the hind win^i,rs near the mar^i^rin ; near the tip of the fore win-s is a black spot, with a bluish crescent. The caterpillar is green ; three inches long; and feeds upon the cherry, plum, and apple tree, and also on the barberry and other bushes. m Gcjius Caij.o.samia. Callosamia promctJiea.--l\\<^ I'romethea M. .th. This fme moth expands four inches. Color: smoky-brown ; the win-s are crossed b^.- a ^\■avy whitish line, with a cla>'-c<)lored bonier; nea'r the tips of the fore wings is an e^-e-likc spot within a whitish-blue crescent. The female 46 Ihittcr flics and Mot/is moth differs in color, buiiv^ li^lit ^rcddisli-browii, witli the same inarkiiv's as the male. I'"lies in O U H U ^< O u »— * H June, July, and August. The caterpillar feeds upon the sassafras tree. of Canada. Gams Tkli;a. 47 Tilca A^/jy^//^7////^\— rolyphciiuis Moth. 'Ihc I'olyplicmus is named after one of the niytholo-^n'cal L,n'ant.s. It expands from four and a half to five and three ciuarter inehes. 'I'jic ;;eneral color is dark yellow, clonded and shaded with black. Near the mari^^'n of the fore wini^s is a grayish colored band; near the shoulders are two short curved red and white lines; within the outer edL,^e of the hind win-s is a dark i^rayish band, with an outer ed<4e of ivddish- white. In the centre of each hind win;.;- is a transparent spot, divided by a fnie line, and encircled by rings of yellow and black, the whole surrounded by a large blue spot shaded into black. The transparent si)ot on the fore wings is smaller than that on the hind wings, and has no dark surrounding rings. It flics in June and July. The caterpillar is pale green ; and feeds upon the oak and hickory. (Page ^S). Ihittcrjlics and Moths of Canada. 49 Cains Ih ri:K( IHKIA. I'EACOCK MOTII. Ilypnr/iiria varia. — The Peacock Moth. Tlic prevailii^i^ color of this beautiful insect is rich sulphur yellow ; spotted on the fra\'. It expands about three cpiarters of an inch. Flies in May and June. The caterpillars are pale green, and feed upon gooseberries and currants. ^rl:!; 1 1 . '-vi l! ]1 >i of Cdf/nda. 63 TORTRKID.I.; Tlu- l.,..,f-K„lli„,, |.-.„„i,j. IK.M' i:'>i,i.i:i:. 1 lie ninths of this family arc ciuitc small ; thr fore wino-s ornanicntc.! uith spots and Ixiiuls the hind u'in-s plain, and their inner ed-cs folded a-ainst the side of tiie bod)- They generally fly by nic^ht, and rest durin- tlie da)- on the plant on which the caterpillar feeds Ihe caterpillars roll the ed<;e.s of leaves to<,rcther "ito rolls, which are left open at each end. ''J'hey fccd upon the buds and tender leaves of various plants and trees. (ic/ins Axciivi.oi'KRA. A ur/o'ioJ^cTa //vr-.mV^.—The Strawberry Leaf Moth. The fore win-sof this moth are reddish-brown With spots and streaks of black and white The female deposits her c-os on the plants, as soon as tlic caterpillars are hatched, they fold the leaves to-cther and feed upon the inner surface 'inhere are two broods of caterpillars in the )-ear. They are very destructive. 64 Buitcrjlics and Moths Genus Carpocapsa. Carpocapsa ponwnclla. — The Apple Moth. The fore wings of this Httle niotli are gray, with darker lines. The female deposits her eggs on the apples and pears. As soon as the caterpillars are hatched, they burrow into the core of the fruit, which is soon destroyed, and falls to the ground. Genus LozoT.ENlA. LozoteEJiia rosaceana. — The Rose Moth. This prett}^ little ni(jth flies in July and August ; is light-brow 11, witli bands of rusty- brown. The male has a fold of scales which extend to the tip of the fore wings, which are slightly turned upwards. The caterpillar feeds on the folded leaves of the rose and strawberry, which are d^-awn together by a silken thread. of Canada. TINEIDyE.— Tinea Family 65 TrXKA. The Tincids arc the sniallest insects of the order, and comprise a c,n-eat number of species. Th.y difVer from the moths of the precedin^i; families, not only by their smaller size, but also by their narrow wings, which are usually rolled round the body when at rest. The caterpillars arc extremely destructive in many respects. Genus Tinea. Tinea JIaviJIrontcUa.—ThQ Cloth Moth. The wings of this pretty little moth are long and slender, and fringed with a delicate silken fringe. The female lays her eggs in woollens, upon whicli the caterpillars feed. Tinea Ar/^/jr/A^— The Carpet Moth. 1 he fore wings of the Carpet Moth arc ycllow- ish-whitc, and black at the base ; hind wings, dark-gray; head, white. The caterpillar feeds upon carpets. 9 Bssssasam 66 BiiitcrJIics and Mot lis Tinea grandla. — The Grain Moth. This moth is found fiyin^^ in granaries during July and August. The female lays from fift" to a hundred extremely minute eggs on the grains of wheat. In a {aw days the caterpillars are hatched, and prove very destructive. of CaJiada. 67 0 IS C IXSTlirCTIOXS CATCHING Ay,\) j'Ri:si.:R\i\r; Suttcvflic^ and h\Um. "J^Yttk Tlic articles required for catchin<; and preserv- incr butterflies and moths are few, simple,, and inexpensive. Tliey consist of i.^t. A njt (F/^. iX which is made as follows :— Make a rin^ with a diameter of ten inches, out of brass wire, to which have soldered a screw two inches in leni,rth to fasten in a socket on the end of a stick about six feet Ion- llie bag should be twenty inches deep, and made of gauze, or other very light mate- rial, which should be sewed to a narrow border of cotton cloth placed around the ring. The whole should be sufficient 1\' light to easily handle with one hand. PH Miril •Wll" . I« . ■ J, 111 !! , iL f ^_!M.,iiBII Butterflies and Mot /is 2nd. A small L;lass stoppered bottle, to hold chloroform with which to L'ill the insect after it is cauf^ht. 3rd. A lii;lit wood or tin pocket-box, with a cork bottom, in which to carry the captured insects home. 4th. A "s('ttin[;-box," twelve niches square and four deep, with a cork bottom, c^rooved, to hold the bodies of the insects (^/^V- -A and facilitate Fic. •_'. the .spreading- of their wings into the desired position. 5th. An assortment of long, slender, and small headed pins of difiterent sizes. 6th. A cabinet or box, with a glass top and cork bottom, in which to permanently place the collection of insects. When a butterfly or a moth is caught, seize it by the thorax with the thumb and forefniLicr i->^'» of Canada. 69 and press it until it is stupified ; this can be done wliile the insect is in the net ; (be careful not to derange the deHcate scales with which the wini^-s arc covered), then pour a drop of chloroform on its head, which will generally kill it at once, unless it is a lar^e moth ; then pass a pin through the side of the thorax, and pin the the insect on its side to the cork bottom of the pocket-box until you return, when it should be at once placed in the "settino--box." The method of "setting'' butterflies and moths is as follows : I lace the body of the insect in the L;r()ove, expand and arrange the wings and antenn.e, and secure them with card braces, transfixed with pins, as in Fig-. 2. The insects should remain in the "setting-box" for ten days, before they are permanently placed in the cabinet. lUit one pin should transfix the insect, and that should be passed through the thorax to the extent of half an inch, so that the specimen, when placed in the cabinet, will be fully one quarter of an inch from the bottom. A piece of gum camphor shojkl be kei)t in the "setting- box "to prevent the ravages of destructive larva*. As buttertbes have a chosen locality, their capture is in some respects cas)-. It should be remembered, however, that butterflies do not fly during the prevalence of a north or north-east ^o Ihitterjiics and Mot lis I - wind, however fa\orab!e the locality may be at other times. Mawk Moths frequent flowers and llower [gardens durin^^^ the mornini'- or evening" twiHHit, and, consequent!}', sliould be sou^-ht for while they are on the win^.^ in search of food. From the buzzinij noise they make in [\y\\vg, and tlicir habit of hovering- over the flowers wliile they extract the sweets, they are often mistaken for humming- birds. When one of these hi rs^e- bodied insects is caught and killed, it is well to slit open the abdomen, remo\e the contents, and insert cotton wool saturated with spirits of camphor. Moths, in general, iiy b}' night onl\', and, con- sequently, must be sought for at night. A plan 1 have found very successful in catching theni, is, to mix a little rum or whiske\' with some common molasses, and appl\' it to the trunks of trees growing on the skirts of woods and fields, especially such as have a western aspect. Do this about sunset, and retire for an Iiour or two ; then return with a lighted lamp, approach the trees cautiously, holding your net in readi- ness to catch such moths as arc hoverinsj' about, or have fallen from the trees intoxicated. Calm, warm, and dark nights, are the most favorable for catchine moths. of Canada. S Y N O r S I S OF HUTTERFLIIIS AND MOTIIS OF CANADA. Group I.— l^apiliOUCSi.— ^^uttCVfUfiS. PAPILIONID/E,— Swallow-tail Family. Cuius Tai'ILIo. Papilio tioiiHs. — Yellow Swallow-tail. " astcrias. — Black Swallow-tail. " /;v/7//^-.— Oraiigc-spottcd Swallow-tail riERID/E.~Whitc Ikittcrfly Family. Cuius PlERIS. Picris olcracra, — Pot Herb ])uttcrf]\-. rapa;. — Garden White Butterfly. protodicc, — Cabbage Buttcrfl}-. Ccnus Co LI AS. Colias pJiilodicc. — Yellow Butterfl\'. 72 Biittcrflics (vui Moths NYMPHALIDyE.— Nymphalis Family. (icuus LiMj;xriis. L iuicnitis cpJicstiou. — Oran<,^c-spottcd Buttcrfl \-. arthcniis. — Circled Emperor. misippus. — Dark Veinlet. « Genus Danais. Dauais arcliippus. — Queen of Spain Butterfly Genus ARGVNxrs. A rgynnis apJiroditc. — Silver-spotted Fritillar)'. " bdlona. — Brimstone Butterfl}-. " inyri)ia. — Black-spotted Fritillary. Genus MiLlTyEA. Militeea phactou: — IMack Militoca. tharos. — Drappled Militc'ea. Harrissii. — Harris's Butterfl \'. Genus P VRAM EI s. Pyranicis eardui. — Painted Lady. Huntem. — Marbled Cynthia. atalanta. — Red Admiral. Genus Van i;ssa. Vanessa aniiopa, — Cambcruell Ikauty. J. album.— ]. ]kittcrfl\-. " Milbertii. — Red P^mpress. ij' Canada. G CI ins Gkapia. /3 Grapta intcrvogatiouis.—^QxmcoXow Butterfly. coNiJua. — Comma Huttcrny. c-argaifcnw.—SWycv L Ikittcrfly. /■?//////.\-.— Cinnamon Butterfly. r/rAV/^f JUNOXIA. Jnuoiiia r.c7//^r.— -The Peacock liutterfly. Gains Satyr us. Satynis alopc. — Brown lUitterfl}'. ^V/W/zT-a////.— ]5oisduvall's l^uttcrlly. Gains NeonvmpiI/K. Nconympluc atrytris. — I •: u ry t r i s 1 ki 1 1 crfly . Gains CiiRVsoriiANUS. Clirysophanns aina'icana.—CoY>Y)QY Butterfly. IfESPERTD/E.-Skipper Family. LYC/EXID/E.— Azure-Butterfly ianiily. Gains Tnv.{:\,\. 10 74 Butterflies and Met /is (hioi I- II. ^nhiniir^.-itiuvk-^Hoths. SPlIIi\GIl)/K.— ILnvk Moth I'aniily. 6V7///.f Si'iilNX. Sp//jii.x (juinqucuiaciilaiHS.- — l'"iv('-sp< >ttccl vS] iliinx. ({ntf^ifcraniiii. — V\\\\\\ Sphinx. i:;ordii(s. — Apple Sphinx. clicrsis. — Lilac Sphinx. Genus TnvRia's. 77^r/v7/.s- J /v////.— Abbot's Hawk IMoth. Genus l'ii[LAMi'K[,US. riiilajnf'elns aeJienion. — Avclicnion Hawk Moth. Genus SMi:kiNTiiiJS, Smer'nitJuis exceecata. — Blind Snicrinthus. Genus Sl':si.\. Sesia lliysbe. — ]u:c Moth, " dijfinis. — Green Bee IMoth. isi. iinx. .KCI' KII).K.-/K.;r.l;,u r.,niiK :if^ulifoni!c. Ciinanl ])iis!i ISoivi " atriirbiUr. S(iii;isli viiu- Immci'. '* [■olislifoi-iins-. — ( irai)i'- r; >, .t I ;. )rci Giiiiis l'".li>k\'.\s. liitdryas y-ralir. l^caulifiil Wood X\'in!.i ZYG/l'^N II ).'!':. (ilaucopidian I'.niii!). 75 (I 111. IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) #^ / {■/ o v^ C. .<$> if. i M?< ij>- i< m. i/^ 1.0 I.I IIM 11115 illM |j|||22 - IIIIIM III 1.8 1.25 1.4 1.6 1 •4 6" ► A <^ /#/ ^;. VI . Aifias /////<'/. 1 Cm [)rc'ss Lmia Moth. (iCflNS I'latvsamia. riaty.saniia ciYropia.- I'jiiprcss C\'cr()i)i:i Ahjtii. (jcuus Cai.i,osamia. Callosaniia provirllifa.— Proincthca l^.Totli. I'llca polytJiciuus. — Polythonuis Moth. (iciius IIvi'i:RCinKl.\. I lypcrchiria varia. — Peacock Moth. CiCUHS CiTIIKRONIA. CitJinvnia rcgalis. — Royal Moth. Ccnus I'^Acr.i'.s. lunics iiiipcrialis. — Imperial Molh. Gams An I SOT A. Aiiisota soiatoria. — Senator Moth. Genus Ci.isioCAMiw. Clisiocanipa anicricana. — American 'Pent Cater pillar Motli. " liisstria. — 1^'orest Tent Caterpillar. of Canada. 79 Jlipiolos ai;'\ii/c'() iiiariilala. - Silvci-spottcd ]\I(;t]]. Cu'iiiis \'\"i,!:i'i'i:s. NOCTIM'.M IVE.— Ou'lct I\Iotli Paiiiily. (icilUS Ll.l'CANl.K. (icuHS l)ki:i'in >s. (icnus A(,;k()i'!s. Genus Cati x'ALA. Cull us GoR'rvxA. (il':OAIl!:TRIDyK.— (icomctrid l^amily. Genus Axi.S()i'ri:i;Yx. Anisoi)tcryx vcrtuxta. — The Canker- worm Moth. • Genus IIn!i:RXi.\. Ilibernia tiliaria, — The Autumn Moth. ( I en us I^NXoMos. Enno;jii)s magna ria,~\)\\)^iQ([ Sulphur Moth. I ^o Hiiltcrjlics ami Mollis (icuus AXGi:i Moth 2S Blind Smerinthus 27 C. Coninion La^^^oa Moth 40 Checkered Tussock IMolh 3S Currant-busli l^orer 30 Coffee Ikittcrfly i Gray Maple Moth 56 Green Jk:e Moth 2.S (lardcn White JUitterfl)' 5 Grape-root l^orer ^o 11. Harris's Butterfly 1 1 Hickory Moth 3S Harnessed Moth 3:; Hop-\ine Moth ^n Imperial Moth 58 J- • J rnitterfly 13 l^ilac Sphinx 24 Locust Tree Carpenter Moth 53 : M. ■ Melscheinier's Sack-bearer 41 Marbled Cynthia 12 O. Orange-spotted lUittcrfl}' 6 ()rangc-spotted Swallow-tail 3 Oak Moth 38 i S6 huii'x, P. I'uI^'pluMims Moth 17 rroiiiotlua Moth ).', I'limi Spliinx 2.| I'cai Ii-licf liorcr i<) I'ot-hcrl) lUiltcrfly 5 I'aiiiUcl Lady \ ?. I'racock I)uttL'rn\- 17 I'oacock Moth y) O. (juccMi of Spain lUittcrH)' k) R. Rose Moth 64 Royal Moth 50 Red I'lniprcss , 15 \^Ki(\ y\dniiral 13 S. S[)otted Weaver ^^'j Salt Marsh Moth ^^y Soldier Moth 34 Striped Lithosian ^^^ Squash-vine Horer 30 Silver L Ikitterfly 17 Semicolon Ikitterfly 16 Strawberry-leaf Moth 63 Senator Moth 5-? I lid ex T. 87 Ti<^HT Mcnh -^(^ U. Unicorn I\Iotli ^|o V. VMnth ^o Vaporcr Moth :^n Viri^in TiV^cr INlcviii y^ Viri^n'nia ICrniinc Moth 36 \V. White-marked ?*h ih , Weaver W^'ix Motli 39 37 60 Y Yellow Swallow-tail t Yellow l^utterfly 6 INDEX OF TECHNICAL NAMES. — ♦ — ■ A. A 1 1 TAOB. Anchylopcra fragraricU 53 Angcrona crocataria cn Anisoptcryx vcrnata r- Apatcia americana ^(3 Anisota scnatoria c -» Actias luna .^ 43 Argynnis aphrodite 0 " bcllona iq " myrina jq Arctia virq C. Carpocapsa poinonella 5^ Clisiocampa disstria c 3 americana c-> 12 •^*' o Index. PAon. Cithcn)nia regalfs ^q Callosamia promcthca ^5 Ch;< Totlcs transvcrsata c;^ Col ias plii lot! ice f^ Chrysophanus anicricana i g Caliiii(jrj)ha iiiilitaris ^i ^ ■)4 D. Deiopcia bclla ^^ Danais archippus o E. ]'>uclryas grat?E , , _ ^ ^ I'viinonios niagnaria 158 Eaclcs impcrialis tQ G. Grapta intcrrooationis 15 comma _. j-r c-argciitcum jp. fauiius J 7 (jallcria ccrcana , , Co H. Hyphantria tcxtor -^y *' cunca ^-r M alcsidota carv'.-i: -y tcssclaris , «^ j< (( maculata -i^)^ Inr/c.v. ' Qi Hibernia tilian'a c;,s I f ypcna luimuli c^, . Jfepialus argcntco-macuhita :; :; I I)'pcrchiria varia w . Junonia ca,Miia 17 : L. Lozotncnia rosaccana 5 , Lagoa crispata .q Liniacodcs scapha ,q Leucarctia acr<'L\a Lithosia miniata 3^ Limenitis ephestion q arthemis - " misippus y M. Mel ita^a phaeton 11 " tharos 11 ** Ilarrisii 11 N. Notodonta unicornis aq Neonympha eurytris kj V O. Orgyia leucostigma 3^^ antiqiia ^^ 92 Index. I'AOK. l^hilampelus achemon 26 Pempelia grossularia Go IMatysamia cecropia 45 Perophora Melschcinierii 41 Papilio turnus 1 " troilus 3 " asterias 3 Pieris oleracea 5 " rapa,' 5 " protodice 5 Pyrameis cardui 12 " Huntera 12 " atalanta 13 S. Sphinx quinquemaculatus 22 drupiferaruni 24 " gordius 24 " ■ chersis 24 Smerinthus exca^cata 27 Sesia thysbe 28 " diffinis 28 Spilosoma virginica ... 36 Satyrus alope 18 Boisduvallii 18 T. " Telea polyphemus 47 Tinea flavifrontella 65 UK. iS M 1 3 -> ,•) 5 5 5 1 Index. 93 I'AUK. Tinea tapctzclla 65 '^ranclla 66 Th}'reus Abbottii 25 V, Vanessa antiopa 14 J-albuni 15 Milbcrtii 15 X. Xyleutes robinse 53 TN PRESS \\\ TiiK SAMK Author : THE FERNS OF CANADA : Described and Illustrated. Crown 8vo., cloth, fine tinted paper, extra gilt side, pp. lOO. BV THK SAME AUTIIOR : THE WILD FLOWERS OF CANADA : Described and Illustrated. Crown *i5vo., cloth, fine tinted paper, extra gilt side, pp. 150.