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6

OTHER WORKS ON BUTTERFLIES
BY THE AUTHOR.

THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE EASTERN UNITED STATES
AND CANADA, with special reference to New EiiKland. 3 vols.,
imp. 8vo. 1889. 44 + 1958 pp.; 96 plates and maps, plain and colored,
Half-lcvant, gilt top, $75.00,

Published by Houghton^ Mifflin b" Co., Boston, Mass.

BUTTERFLIES : Their Structure, Changes, and Life-Histories, with
special reference to American Forms. With an Appendix of Practical
Instructions, izmo. 1881. 10 -f 322 pp. ; 201 figures. Cloth, $1.50.

Published by Henry Holt &> Co., New York, N. V.

FOSSIL BUTTERFLIES. 410. 1875. 100 pp. ; 3 plates. Paper, $2.00.

Published by the American Association for the Advancement
of Science, Salem, Mass.

HISTORICAL SKETCH OF THE GENERIC NAMES PRO-
POSED FOR BUTTERFLIES : A Contribution to Systematic
Nomenclature. 8vo. 1875. 203 pp. Paper, $1.00.

Sold by the Cambridge Entomological Club, Cambridge, .ftass.

THE LIFE OF A BUTTERFLY : A Chapter in Natural History for
the General Reader. i6mo. 1893. 186 pp. ; 4 plates. Cloth.

Publishtdby Henry Holt &• Co., New York, N. V.

IM PREPARMT/OM:

A STUDENT'S MANUAL OF THE BUTTERFLIES OF NORTH
AMERICA, NORTH OP MEXICO.

BRIEF GUIDE TO THE COMMONER
BUTTERFLIES OF THE NORTHERN
UNITED STATES AND CANADA

Xcim an f ntroDuction to a fcnowlcOdc ot tbeir
Xife«1)i0toricd

BT

SAMUEL HUBBARD SCUDDER

NEW YORK

HENRY HOLT AND COMPANY

1893

Copyright, 1893,

BY

HENRY HOLT & CO.

ROBERT DRl'MMOND, KLECTROTVPeR A^l) PRr?fT|CR, NRW YQRK

PREFACE.

1)uk:n(; the preparutioii of u loiiii^-projccted and still
unpublished Manual of the Butterflies of North Anieiica, it
oeourred to me that when that was ready there would still
be needed something less teehiiieal; something whieh
should introduce to the voung student the names and
somewhat of the relationships and lives of our commoner
butterflies; and tnat if such a guide were restricted to the
commoner butterflies of the region where it would be most
used, viz., our Northern States east of the Great Plains —
much the same territory as was originally and wisely
covered by Gray's Manual of Botany — the actual extent of
the work would be so limited as to bring it within the
reach of all, not alarm the beginner by its magnitude, arid,
l)ecause they are better known, permit a fuller account of
their interesting life-histories.

I have accordingly selected the butterflies — less than a
hundred of them — which would almost surely be met with
by any industrious collector in the course of a year's or two
years' work in the more populous Northern States and in
Canada, and have here treated them as if they were the
only ones found there. I have omitted many species which
are common enough in certain restricted localities (such, for
instance, as our White Mountain butterfly) and included
only those which are common over wide areas. As the
earlier stages of theao insects are just as varied, as interest-

iii

IV

rUKFACK.

■ 1

■ : 1

iiig, and aH iniportaiit ;m tlic |K*rfcc't ntago, descriptions arc
given of these und<T tlie giiidunee of the same principle,
«miy such stages as won hi be more commonly met with
being fully describe<l, and the i'.)i,\:, and earliest forms of
ca^^erpillar omitted as rsirities and as also too difficult for the
beginner's study. If, tln^n, a young student can find noth-
ing in this work to correspond with his particular capture,
then he may rest assured that it is not one of the more
common kinds, and he will have to go to the larger and
more technical works to discover what it is. At any rate,
he is likely to be pleaH<Ml : (-iiher he has found out what it
is and can therel)y learn something of what is already
known about it ; or In; has found a rarity, a discovery not
always distressing to the anmteur.

To aid in these determiruitions, separate keys are
appended for each of the three stages, caterpillar, chry-
salis, and butterfly, by which any insect included in the
work may be tracked.

There is another a<l vantage in this restriction of the
work to the commoner butterflies, for these are better
known in the various stage's of their lives, and interest in
them is thereby greatly enhanced. I should be loath
indeed to treat of butterflies jih if they were so many mere
postage-stamps to be clartsified and arranged in a cabinet ;
and if, by adding to tlu; mere descriptions of the different
species in their various most obvious stages some of the
curious facts concerning their periodicity, their habits of
life, and their relations to the world around them, I may
spread before the eyes of tlu; young some of the attractions
which lie at the open door of Nature and induce some to
wander into the by-ways for more eager personal search, I
shall have gained my end.

Those wishing still further accounts of the different
species here described, anrl particularly descriptions and
figures of the m^^ and earlier stages of the caterpillar of

PREFACK.

any one of them, are rcferre*! to my '• Butterflies of the
KsMtern United States and Canada," and to Edwards's
" Biirtcrflies of North America/* in one or the other of
which ample accounts will often he found.

S|W!cie8 which are found in the region embraced in this
work, but not regarded as sufficiently common therein to
merit a place in it, are mentioned by name in their
a[»propriate places in smaller type; they number just
nUtwi as many as those of which descriptions arc given,
and fidl accounts of most of them will also be found in
the wr»rks above mentioned.

A j^hort Introduction to the study of Butterflies in gen-
eral, with special application to our own, is prefixed to the
lK>dy of the work, and is followed by a brief section show-
ing where the principal literature upon the subject is to be
found. An explanation of some of the terms used is
appended, and a figure added on p. CO explanatory of the
nomenclature of the wing.

Cambridge, April 13, 1893.

Pi
111

'\
1
1
)

1

3

'1

Son

Kej

\{

E

K

Xoi

riie

CONTENTS.

Preface ••'*?.:

Introduction "'

What are BiillerHies? . f

Tlie Slmcttire of tlie I\i feet luseet or Imago' . . , 2
The Appeaiunce of the Eirir

What tbe Cateipiihir is like

The Chiuacter of the Chrysalis ......,' »

A Few Words about the Eg«,'s .....'.'*'

The Lives aud Habits of Caterpillars . . . * '

How the Chrysalis Hangs " Jt

The General History of Butterflies .....' ,4

Variation in the Butterfly ,*

Some Remarkable Diflfereiices between the Sexes * ' ' ' J^
The Senses of Butterflies 00

Mimicry and Protective Kesemblance . . . . ' ' ot

The Classiflc.if ion of Btatterflies ......'' it

Some Works on American Butterflies 07

Keys to the various Groups ......', 1

Key to tlie Groups, based on the Perfect Butterfly ' ' ' .^

Key to the Groups, based on the Caterpillni- . . . ' 4-

Key to the Groups, based on the Chrysalis. ^o

Nomenclature of the Parts of the Wing . gf

The Commoner Butterflies of the Northern United States and

Canada

Family Brush-footed Butterflies «?

Subfamily Danaids . ! . «q

Genus Anosia . .

Anosia plexippus ...

Subfamily Nymphs " ^^

Tribe Crescent-Spots .... . .' . . . ' " g?

Genus Euphydryas .... f?

60

vii

VIU

VONTKNTS.

:

PAOE

Euphydryu** plmttoii .... 66

Genus Ciiiclidiii .... 68

Cinclidiu Imnisii 68

Gomis t'haridryus 69

Olmridryas uy< ids 69

Gt'iiu.s I'liytiixUs 71

l*liy(;i()dt.'S thuros 71

Tribe Frilillarics ^'-i

(Jenus Brenthis 72

Breii tills l)t'll()iia 72

Hreiithis inyriiui 74

Gouus Aigyiuiis 76

Argyunis atlantis 76

Argyunis aphrodite 77

Argyunis alceslis 78

Argynnis cybele 79

Genus Spcyeria 80

Spcyeria idalia 80

Genus Euptoieta 81

Euptoieta claudia 81

Tribe Angle-Wings 82

Genus Junonia 82

Junonia coenla 83

Genus Vanessa 84

Vane.ssa cardui 84

Vanessa buntera 85

Vanessa atalanta 87

Genus Aglais 89

Aglais milberti 89

Genus Euvanessa 80

Euvanessa autiopa 80

Genus Eugonia 82

Eugonia j-album 82

Genus Polygonia 83

Polygonia progne 83

Polygonia fauuus 84

Polygonia comma 85

Polygonia interrogationis 87

Tribe Sovereigns 88

Genus Basilarcbia 88

Basilarcliia ai'tUemis t . 98

CONTKNTS.

IX

PAOE

Baailarchiii iistyanax HU

Basiiiircliiii arcbippus 102

Tribe Emperors 104

Genus Anaca 104

Anaea andria 104

Genus Chlorippe 105

Chlorippe clyton 105

Chlorippe celtis 106

Subfamily Meadow Browns or Satyrs 107

Oenjis Cissia 107

Cissia eurytus 107

Genus Satyrodes 108

Satyrodes eurydicc ^^"*

Genus Enodia lO:*

Euodia portlandia 109

Genus Cercyonis 110

Cereyouis alope 110

Cercyonis nci-ii tie Ill

Family Gossa-'^'^r-winged Butterflies il8

Tribe Hair-Streaks 113

Genus Strymon . 113

Strynioii titus 113

Genus Incisalia 114

Incisalia niplion 114

Incisalia irus 115

Incisalia augustus 110

Genus Uranotes 117

Uranotes melinus 117

Genus Mitura 118

Mitura damon 118

Genus Thecla 119

Thecla liparops 119

Thecla calanus 120

Thecla edwardsii 121

Thecla acadica 122

Tribe Blues 123

Genus Everes 123

Everes comyntas 123

Genus Cyaniris 125

Cyaniris pseudargiolus • . 125

aaaaamnui' « •

mrmmmmmummm

CONTENTS.

Tribe Coppers ....
Genus Chrysophauus .
Chrysophauus thoe .
Genus Epidemia . .
Epideinia epixanthe
Genus Heodes . . .
Heodes hypophlaeas
Genus Feniseca . . .
Feiiiseca Urquinius .
Family Typical Butterflies .
Subfamily Pierids . . .
Tribe Red-Horns . . .
Genus Callidryas . .
Callidryas eubule .
Genus Zerene . . •
Zerene caesonia . .
Genus Eurymus . .
Eurymus pliilodice .
Eurymus eurytbeme
Genus Xanthidia . .
Xanthidia nieippe .
Genus Eurema . .
Eurema lisa . . .
Genus Natbalis . . .
Nathalis iole . . .
Tribe Orange-Tips . .
Genus Antbocharis .
Antbocbaris genutia
Tribe Wbites ....
Genus Ponlia . . •
Poutia protodice . .
Genus Pieris . . . .
Pieris oleracea . .
Pieris rapae . . •
Subfamily S wallow-Tails .
Genus Laertias . . .
Laertias pb lienor .
Genus Ipbiclides . .
Ipbiclides ajax . .
Genus Jasoniades . .

PAQE

137
12V
127
128
128
128
128
130
130
132
132
132
133
133
183
133
134
134
135
137
137
138
138
139
139
140
, 140
, 140
, 141
. 141
. 141
. 143
. 143
. 144
. 145
. 14S
. 146
. 146
. 14(1
. 148

CONTENTS.

XI

PAOK

Jusoniades glaucus 14y

Geuus Euphoeades 150

Euphouades troilus 150

Geuus Heraclidcs 151

Hemclides cresphoiites 151

Geuus Piipilio J53

Pupilio polyxeues 153

Family Skippers 155

Tribe Larger Skippers 155

Genus Epargyreus 155

Epargyreus tityrus 155

Genus Thorybes , 15(j

Thorybes py lades 15(j

Genus Thanuos .... 158

Thanaos lucilius Igg

Tbanaos persius 159

Thanaos juvenalis Kjl

Tbanaos brizo jg.j

Tbanaos icelus kj^

Genus Pbolisora Kjl

Pbolisora catullus I(j4

Genus Ilesperiu jy-,

Hesperia niontivaga I(j5

Tribe Smaller Skippers Kj^j

Geuu3 Ancyloxipba Kjj;

Ancyloxipba uumitor • . . . 1G6

Genus Atrytone Ig-j-

Atrytone zubulon 1Q7

Geuus Erynnis Kjq

Eryunis si»ssacu3 1(59

Genus Anthomaster .170

Autbouiaster leonardus 170

Geuus Polites 170

Polites peekius 170

Genus Tiiymelicus 17 j

Thymelicus mystic 171

Genus Limochores 173

Limocbores tauraas 17;>

Explanalion of some Terms ! 175

Appendix : Instructions for Collecting, etc .179

INTRODXTCTION.

1. What are BuTTErtFLiES ?

One of the great groups or "orders" into which in-
sects are divided is called Lepidoptera (derived from two
Greek words meaning scaly-wings). This group differs
from all other insects by having in the perfect stage a long,
hollow, thread-like tongue, through which fluids may be
sucked or rather pumped up, and which, when not in use,
is coiled up like a watch-spring; and by having four rather
broad wings covered with colored scales ov.i lying one
another in rows like shingles, slates, or tiles on a roof.
These insects undergo striking changes in the course of
their lives; for they are hatched from the egg as crawling
worms having a globular head with biting jaws, and a body
supported not only by the three pairs cf short horny legs
found in the young of most insects, but by several, gener-
ally five, pairs of stumpy, fleshy legs behind them; while the
two joints of the body next following those with horny
legs and some other joints near the hinder end levcr
have any; from this they change into a pupa or chrysalis,
a mummy-like object with the legs, wings, and other
members swathed upon the breast and with no possible
motion except in the wriggling of the joints of the abdomen

2

THE COMMONER BUTTERFLIES.

or hinaer end of the body; from this temportiry prison
escapes in due time the winged ('reuture of beauty which
iidds such u charm to the summer hind scape.

liutterflies differ from other Lepidoptera by having
(dubbed or knol)bed antennte in their perfect stage, and
generally in their transformations, for most of them are
hung up by silken cords attached to hooks on the tail, and
sometimes also by a girth around the waist; they are rarely
enclosed in cocoons, or, if so, the chrysalis is in most cases
also supported within; while n^oths (i.e., all other Lepi-
doptera) usually construct silken cocoons, often of very
close texture, or make cells in tiie ground, in either of
which cases the chrysalis lies loosely within or attached by
the tail only. lUitterflies usually fly by day, moths usually
by night. liutterflies usually rest with their wings erect;
moths usually with wings flatly expanded or sloping down-
ward on either side like a tent.

2. The Structure of the Perfect Insect or Imago.

The body of a butterfly is distinctly separated into three
divisions: the head, to which the antennae and the coiled
tongue are attached ; the chest, trunk, or thorax, which
supports the four wings and three pairs of legs; and the
abdomen.

The head is the smallest part, but contains a wonderful
lot of interesting organs. The sides are almost entirely oc-
cupied by large faceted eyes; from the summit spring a
pair of slender thread-like but apically clubbed antennae;
while beneath, between the scaly and hairy upcurved
three-jointed appendages, called labial palpi, the spiral
tongue (maxillae) is coiled.

The most interesting of these organs is this tongue. It
coils up just like a watch-spring, but may be extended at
full length, as when plunged into the depths of a flower

INTRODUCriON.

8

in search of honey. It appears as if single and solid, but
is really composed of two exactly similar lateral halves
grooved along their inner surface, so that when placed
together the opposing grooves form a fine tube; and to
secure them in place, so that the tube shall not leak, the
edges of the grooves are delicately notched so as to dove-
tail into corresponding teeth on the edge of the opposing
groove, by which they become closely interlocked.

To enable the butterfly to puni}) into its body through
this tube the honeyed sweets of flowers, the throat at the
base of the tube expands into a sac with muscles radiating
toward the walls of the head and others encircling it;
when the first set of muscles contracts, the interior space
oi the sac is enlarged ; when the encircling muscles con-
tract, it is diminished. By the alternating action of these
sets, a pumping process goes on aided by a little flap at the
base of the tube which lets the fluids pass in but not out;
so thft*^^ the squeezing of the full sac presses the fluids into
the stomach; its enlargement creates a vacuum which
causes the honey in the flower to ascend the tube past the
valve into the sac.

The antennae may be divided into a base consisting of
two joints stouter than those beyond , a thread-like stalk,
slender and equal, consisting of many joints; and the club,
which is composed of the swollen tip, sometimes arising
almost insensibly from the stalk, sometimes abruptly; and
in the Skippers having usually a recurved hook at the tip;
the club is usually at least twice as thick as the middle of
the stalk, generally naked beneath and often flattened.

The eyes are usually very convex, but vary in different
groups in this respect as well as in the amount of space
they cover; they are ordinarily naked, but sometimes deli-
cately hairy, and in the Skippers are overhung by a curv-
ing tuft of bristles. The number of facets in the eye is
very great, numbering thousands to each eye.

THE COMMONER BUTTEllFUES.

The thorax is divisible into three })arts, called from in
front backward prothorax or fore-trunk, niesothorax or
mid-trunk, and metathorax or after-trunk. The protho-
rax, however, is scarcely more than a flattened plate in
front, and is easily overlooked ; the division between the
other two masses is readily seen behind when the scales
are rubbed off, and the niesothorax is seen to be much the
largest part of the thorax.

The fore wings are attached to the mesothorax, the hind
pair to the metathorax, and both are composed of two
Alms supported by a system of branching hollow rods and
the surface covered with scales.

Of these rods there are ordinarily four or five to each
wing, but when all are present there are six. The two
middle ones of the six are the only ones that branch, and
are called respectively the subcostal (the upper one) and
the median; generally they meet or nearly meet near the
middle of tlie wing and enclose what is called the discoi-
dal cell, and the subordinate rods or nervules appear to
diverge from its margin.

The scales are hollow flattened sacs, covered with longi-
tudinal strije on the upper surface and generally toothed
or serrate at the tip, with a short bulbed stem by whi(;h
they are fixed in the wing membrane; ujwn which they lie
like shingles on a roof, and by their pigment and the re-
fraction of light by their surface striae give to the wing nil
its color and delicate markings.

Certain scales, however, are peculiar to the male sex and
are curiously distributed in special jiatches or conce.aled
positions so as scarcely to be visible even under the micro-
scope until they have been uncovered. These are often
fringed with tassels at the end, each thread of the tassel a
canal leading through tlie body of the scale to a gland at
the base and so serving as scent-organs — the odors being
sometimes appreciable to human senses and then in all

INTRODUCTION.

5

known cases agreeable perfumes like flowers, sanilal-wood,
and musk.

The legs are six in number, one pair to eadi division of
the thorax; they are always very slender and stick-like.
The front pair, however, as we pass from the lower to the
higher butterflies becomes more and more atrophied and
useless, first in the males, then in the females, until in the
highest family they are utterly useless, often not easy to
detect, and render this group practically four-legged in-
stead of six-legged.

Their principal divisions are the femur (plural, femora)
or thigh, the tibia or shank— these two parts generally of
about equal length and indivisible; and the tarsus, the last
composed of five always unequal joints, armed beneath
with short spines Jind at tip with claws, a pad, and often
with paronychia or whitlows, a sort of membranous imita-
tive accompaniment of the claws, perhaps best seen in the
Pierids.

The abdomen is formed of nine essentially simple seg-
ments. The males may be distinguished from the females
by the structure of the last segment, the females being pro-
vided with a pair of minute flaps, one on each side, which
protect and form part of the ovipositor, while the males
liave side clasps and an upper median hook for clasping
the body of the female. The abdomen of the female when
filled with eggs is very much larger and fuller than that of
the male, and the sex can thus often be told at a glance.

3. Thk Ai'pearaxck of the Ego.

The eggs of butterflies are very various in sculj)ture,an(l
though often very simple, are at other times exquisitely
ornamented. They are usually broad and flat at the base,
and more or less rounded above. One class may be called,
in general, barrel-shaped; but this would include minor

6

THE COMMON EU BIf'ITEliFUES.

divisions, such as thimble-, sugar hmf-, flask-, or acorn-
shaped, or even fusiform; otljcrrf are globular, or hemi-
spherical, or tiarate. The surface may be more or less
deeply pitted, or delicately reticulate, or broken up by ver-
tical ribs connected by raised croHs lines, or may be per-
fectly smooth and uniform; but all have a collection of
microscopic cells at the centre of the summit perforated
by little pores, forming the micropyle, through which the
c^g is fertilized; and these microscopic parts are often of
exceeding beauty.

M

4. What the Catek pillar ls like.

Caterpillars of butterflies do not differ from those of
moths by any single characteristic. Each family of Lepi-
doptera has certain peculiarities, and one has to become
more or less familiar with them to determine whether or
not a given kind falls in thin or that family.

They are worm-like creatures, but with a distinct horny
head, separable from the body.

The head is very different from that of the future but-
terfly, having biting jawK, no compound eyes, but in their
place a semicirclet of simple ocelli, and antennae hardly
visible without a glass; thewj last, indeed, are very like the
palpi, a series of two to four rapidly-diminishing rounded
joints ending in a bristle.

The body is composed of thirteen (apparently twelve)
segments of which the first three, corresponding to the
joints of the future thorax, have each a pair of horny five-
jointed legs ending with a single claw; while the third to
sixth and last abdominal segments bear each a pair of two-
jointed fleshy "prolegs," armed at tip with a single or
double series of minute booklets. Breathing pores or
spiracles are found on the sides of the first thoracic and
the first eight abdominal segments. Besides this, the whole

INTRODUCTION. 7

body is clothed, when adult, with short liairs or longer
spines set on little pimples, or with flesliy tihuuents or
tubercles of some sort, all arranged to a greater or less
extent (excepting generally the short hairs) in longitudinal
series, but these are often not precisely aligned on the tho-
racic and abdominal segments.

In their earliest stage, however, before their first moult
and sometimes for a stage or two after it, the clothing of
the caterpillar is very different from what it is at maturity,
tije appendages usually consisting at first of longer or
shorter bristles, often tubular and conveying fluids to the
enlarged summit, and arranged in longitudinal series differ-
ent from those of the spines or filaments of the mature
caterpillar. This earliest stage, therefore, needs special
attention in the study of butterflies, although the creature
is then exceedingly minute, and, therefore, not considered
in the present work.

Certain caterpillars (and this jieculiarity usually runs
through whole groups of allied forms), have certain glands
opening externally which may secrete fluids or odors of
various kinds; some of these are eversible like the Y-shaped
appendages on the top of the segment behind the head of
the Swallow-Tails and here termed "osmateria"; or the
lateral polypiform extrusions called " caruncles " on both
sides of one of the hinder segments of some of the Blues,
both kinds of organs being thrown out only under provo-
cation.

5. The Character of the Chrysalis.

In this state the creature is a sort of mummy, all the
appendages, both of head and thorax, folded over upon the
breast, packed closely and tightly glued, extending usually
to the fourth abdominal segment. In a few of the lower
butterflies, the tongue extends still further and is then

'

8

rnK COMMONKU liUTTKIiF/JKS.

more or less free. All of tlio uppendugcs, liowevcr, ave not
Huon, for the palpi and liind legs are entirely eoneeuled
beneath the other members, and tlie organs that appear aro
ranged in the following order from the middle line out-
ward : tongue, fore legs, middle legs, antennje, fore wings,
hind wings, of the latter of which very little is seen, they
being mostly covered by the fore pair.

The body is compact, but there are usually some marked
prominences upon the surface, notably in certain places,
such as the front of the head, which usually has a pair of
projections, sometimes only one; the middle of the back of
the mesothorax, often ridged or with a pointed projection ;
the extreme base of each of the wings, which are usually
tuberculate or humped ; and the middle line of the back of
the abdomen or the sides of the same, which are often
ridged. In the highest family, where the caterpillars are
spined, there arc often rows of conical tubercles on the
chrysalis corresponding generally to the position of ihe
larger spines of the caterpillar.

This is all that need be said regarding the actual struc-
ture of butterllies in their different stages to one beginning
their study, for it is better to dwell rather upon their live:]
and protean changes, their histories and habits, if we wish
to gain a true and favorable insight into their character-
istics.

G. A Few Words about the Eggs.

The eggs of butterflies are always laid in full view, ex-
cepting that in a few instances they are i)artially concealed
by being thrust into crevices. Ordinarily they are laid
on one or the other surface of the leaves of the food-plant
of the caterpillar or on the stem of the same, and usually
on or in contiguity to the tenderer growing leaves. As a

INTRODUCTION.

0

general rule, the eggs are laid singly, in some instances on
the extreme tip of a pointed leaf; but in not a few cases
they are laid in clusters of from two or three to several
hundreds. Sometimes these are rude bunches i)iled loosely
or in layers one upon another; sometimes they are laid in
more or less regular single or double rows; sometimes in a
single column of three or four or even as many as ten eggs,
one atop another; or they may girdle a twig like a fairy
ring. Tlie duration of the Ggg state is commonly from
one to two weeks, but it varies in different species in the
summer-time from five or even less days to about a montli ;
there are, however, some butterflies which pass the winter
in the egg state. In all such cases the eggs are laid ui)on
the stem, never upon the leaf, and some spot is chosen, like
the neighborhood of a leaf-scar, which affords a certain
amount of protection during the winter.

i.

The Lives and Habits of Caterpillars.

When eggs of butterflies are laid in clusters, the cater-
pillars are almost invariably social to a greater or less de-
gree, at least in early life, sometimes to maturity ; if they
are laid singly and it is only by accident that several are
laid near together, the caterpillars are solitary. In the
majority of cases where the agg is laid singly, the first act
of the escaping caterpillar is to devour it entirely or in
greater part.

Solitary caterpillars may live exposed on the upper or
the under sides of leaves, or they may retire to the stem of
the food-plant for greater security, or they may construct,
each for itself, some kind of concealment, or live within
fruits. When fully exposed, they usually remain quite
motionless, stretched at full length when not feeding, and
may select for their resting-place peculiar spots. The most
curious is one adopted by some Brush-footed Butterflies (and

10

TUM COMMONKH IlUTTKIiFLIKS.

the egg is then commonly hiid at or near the extreme tip of
the leaf) which devour the aj)i('al portion of the leaf, leav-
ing the midrib untouched, and perch themselves upon this
midrib after having attached to it by a few threads a small
packet of bits of leaf and frass which is moved by every
breath of wind, — probably to distract the attention of its
enemies from itself.

Others construct shelters more or less complicated.
Some merely spin transverse threads across the floor of a
leaf, causing its sides to curl, and then recline, half hidden,
in the shallow trough; others make it so complete that
the edges meet and the leaf forms a cylinder; still others
fasten the opposite edges by silk and by biting weaken the
resistant ribs and also the main rib so that the leaf droops;
others bite channels into the leaf at two distant points and
turn the flap thus formed over upon the leaf, securing it
in place by silken strands; while for winter use the partly
grown caterpillar of the later brood of Basilarchia and
some allied genera not only coils a leaf into a cylinder but
lines it within and without with silk, leaves a ledge to crawl
out upon, and secures the leaf to the twig by strong silken
fastenings. In nearly all these cases the caterpillar seems
to rest upon the upper surface of a leaf and curl the sides
upward, very rarely the reverse.

But there are others which fasten several leaves together,
generally very slightly, to form a leafy bower, or in the
case of grasses a tubular burrow; and in a few instances,
as in Vanessa huntera, bits of the inflorescence of the plant
are caught in the slight meshes of the net to make a more
perfect concealment. Among our Larger Skippers many
which live half their life in a nest formed of a single leaf
finish it in a bower made of many.

Social caterpillars often construct nests in company,
which then often embrace in an irregular web the whole
or nearly the whole of a branch of the food-plant. Usually

INTRODUCTION.

11

Iho web is thin and hardly conceals the surface, but some-
times it is almost like parchment, as in the Mexican
Eticheira socialis. Winter is sometimes passed in one of
these webs, and when constructed, as it sometimes is, on an
annual, the shrinkage after the death of tlie stalk makes a
compact mass of leaves, frass, web, and caterpillars, from
which it would seem as if no caterpillar could escape in
the spring. When social caterpillars construct no shelter,
they usually feed side by side in rows, and move from place
to place in files.

A very large number of our caterpillars live through the
winter, and this is often the only means by which a
species survives the inclrment season; most of them hiber-
nate when about half gi <>wn ; others, strange to say, jusc
from the c^g, without having eaten anything but the shell
from which they came; still others hibernate full grown
and full fed, changing to chrysalis just when vegetation
starts in the spring. Some of these caterpillars, especially
those partly or fully grown, construct nests for hiberna-
tion; others use the same nest which has served their
larval life, strengthening it against the greater needs of
winter; others seek crannies of any kind.

In some cases where the caterpillars of a second brood
hibernate when half-grown, the caterpillars of the first
brood at the hibernating age, but in midsummer, will fall
into lethargy, from which some will arouse after say a fort-
night's quiescence, while others will prolong their pre-
mature into actual hibernation, and in the following spring
caterpillars of the same stage but of two successive broods
will mingle together.

It is apparent, then, that there is considerable variety
in the duration of life of caterpillars. Instances are on
record where the time from birth to chrysalis was only
about ten days; ordinarily it is at least a month; with
those that hibernate it may be in some cases nearly a year;

12

rim COMMONER BUTTERFLIES.

while there are several instances known where caterpillars
l»ave lived over two winters and might therefore take from
eighteen to twenty or more months for their larval ex-
istence alone.

fills

8. IIow THE Chrysalis Hangs.

In making its preparation for its final moult, when the
change to chrysalis is to take jilace, the caterpillar i)roceeds
in exactly the same manner as in preceding moults, except
that it spins more silk and, in addition to the carpet on
which it stands, adds other strands of a special nature,
according to the method in which the chrysalis is to swing.
The chrysalis is provided with special hooks at its posterior
end with which to engage the silken pad prei)ared for it,
excepting in the case of a few which change on the surface
of the ground.

One mode of suspension is to hang pendent by the tail
alone from a pad of silk. Oenerally free to swing with
every jar or breeze, the more so as the pad is usually more
or less loosely woven, there are some in wiiich the hooks
are distributed over a more or less elongated area, and, the
caterpillars having constructed a more compact pad, the
attachments are firmer and more extended, so that the
clirysalis may be more or less rigid and even hang in a
position by no means verticud but inclined strongly toward
the horizontal.

The movements of chrysalids of the pendent type are
not confined to the looseness of attachment of the hooks
or the nature of the web to which they cling, but in all
there is more or less capability of motion by the sliding of
the abdominal joints ^pon one another, and the chrysalis
may thus effect voluntary motion, sometimes, when dis-
turbed, of an extraordinarily active kind. Some chrysalids,
nioreover, nuiko slow periodic diurnal movements, helio-

INTliODUCTION.

13

tropic or phaotropic, i.e. toward or away from the sun or
light, sometimes lateral, sometimes forward and backward.

Other chrysalids are attached not only by the tail but
also by a girth, whether tight or loose, slung around the
middle of the body in the dorsal depression or saddle wliich
always exists between the thoracic and abdominal regions.
If the girth be tight, the ventral surface of the chrysalis,
which touches the surface of rest, is nearly or quite straight ;
if loose, it is often bent to a greater or a less degree oppo-
site the girth, or describes a curve with the same point as
the middle of the arc.

A modification of this mode of suspension is seen in some
Skij)pors, which make cocoons in which both the median
girth and sometimes to a less extent the tail attachments
form Y-shaped straiuls, wliich are attached at their ex-
tremities to the walls of the cocoon ; into the centre of one
set the hooks of the tail are plunged, while the middle of
the body is slung between the longer arms of the other and
larger set of strands.

There is but one family oL' butterflies in which all the
members construct cocoons — the Skippers. Their cocoons
are usually of a rather fragile nature and consist (usually)
of leaves, blades of grass, or other vegetable material, gen-
erally living, shaped into a more or less oval or cylindrical
cell by silken attachments ; sometimes the interior is more
or less perfectly lined with a thin membrane of silk; within
this, as just stated, the cluysalis hangs by means of Y-
shaped shrouds, the form of the smaller one sometimes
difficult to determine from the mingling of its threads with
those forming the extremity of the cocoon.

Chrysalids whi(.*h give binh to butterllies the same sea-
son vary in their duration from about three days to a month,
but usually from ten days to a fortnight. But a consider-
able number pass the winter in this sliajie, and may then
endure from live to eleven months, and sometimes this lat-

11

14

THF COMMONER BUTTERFLIES.

ter variation may occur in a single species having several
broods, in wliich an increasing proportion of each succes-
sive brood of chrysalids of one season pass over tlie ensuing
winter. Instances are on record in whicli chrysalids, nor-
mally hibernating, have been known to pass over a second
winter and then give birth to the butterfly.

9. Ttik Oenekal History of Butterflies.

Beginning life as an egg which usually hatches within
a few days after being laid, the young caterpillar finds
its sole duty to be to eat and escape being eaten. It
feeds vcraciously, and outgrows its skin so often that it
is obliged to moult four or five times before it is full
grown. On each of these occasions it stops feeding for a
while, spins a carpet of silk, and fastens its claws therein;
when the time for change comes, the old skin splits along
the middle of the back of the thoracic segments by violent
muscular effort, the old head-case (from which the new
head was first withdrawn) is shaken off and the creature
crawls out of its old skin, which in nuiiiy instances it there-
upon devours. In the last change, to chrysalis, the head
is not removed from the old skin, but itself splits in the
middle and down one or both sides of the frontal triangle,
and the chrysalis emerges. After hanging awhile, the
chrysalis skin splits at much the same points and the but-
terfly emerges to begin tlie cycle again with the laying of

The cycle of changes through which a butterfly moves is
in temperate climates commonly passed once each year, —
or rather once each season, for it is winter that usually in-
terferes with the activities by robbing the creature of its
means of sustenance and paralyzing its action. Inasmuch
as the pupal stage is in the higher insects the period of
longest inactivity, one would presume beforehand that

INTRODUCTION.

16

this period would coincide with winter ; and so it does in
a large number of cases. Yet among butterflies the ex-
ceptions to such a rule are not only exceedingly common,
but, as might be expected were there any departure, they
are very varied and winter is passed, by one sjjecies or an-
other, in every conceivable stage of existence, including
every part of caterpillar life. Indeed, cases are not un-
known,especially in high latitudes and altitudes, where more
than one season is required to bring a butterfly to maturity.
On the other hand, a large number of our butterflies, and
this is especially true southward, complete the cycle of their
changes twice or oftener in a season, and there are not a
few having an extended latitudinal range which vary in this
respect, having one or more broods in the northern part of
their range, and an added brood or more in the southern.
The end of the season generally surprising multiple-brooded
butterflies in all stages of existence, an opportunity has
easily arisen for every possible form of hibernation or
lethargic life, which accounts for the variation discoverable
in the lives of our butterflies, each form settling at last
upon that series of changes wliich is best fltted for it.

10. VaUIATIOX TX the liUTTEHFLY.

Like most creatures, butterflies, when they are found
over a wide territory, show great difference between indi-
viduals found in the extremes of the range, so that it is
sometimes difficult to tell, at least until collections are
made over the intervening country, whether specimens
from distant places should be regarded as distinct species
or as geographical varieties. The most skilled may make
mistakes for lack of proper material.

But quite apart from this, butterflies appear to be ex-
ceptionally sensitive to the environment and to offer an
unusual amount of variation of a different sort ; for di-

r^'i

:>,\

16

THE COMMONER BUTTERFLIES.

morphism or polymorphism of various kinds, that is, the
existence of a given species under recognizably distinct
forms (two or more, even sometimes to five or six) is by no
means uncommon.

This distinction is often sexual; indeed there are relative-
ly few species in which the outward aspect of the two sexes
does not diifer, in some cases to a remarkable degree. It is
universal in the numerous s^jecies of Eurymus, for example,
where in general the inner margin of the dark outer bor-
dering of the wings is sharp and 2)recise in the male, con-
fused and irregular in the female. In very many cases,
however, it is accompanied by a simple dimorphism, some-
times affecting one sex only (and then usually til? female),
as in many species of Eurymus, where one form of female
has the bright ground color of the male, the other a pallid
ground color ; at other times affecting both sexes, as in
some species of Polygonia : in P, iriterrogationis, for ex-
ample, there are four sets of individuals differing in the
general coloring of both surfaces of the wings and even in
the form of the wings— differences all of which may occur
in the progeny of a single individual and fed on the same
plant.

But these differences are very often correlated with,
generally contin«.'d to, differences of brood. One of the
most striking and at the same time one of the simplest
examples is in the double-brooded European species
Araschnia prorsa, where the first brood is composed of
individuals of one type with highly variegated markings
(levana), the second of a very distinct type with more
sharply-contrasted coloring (prorsa), which, until they
were bred from each other, were universally, and reason-
ably, regarded as distinct species. This is called seasonal
dimorphism.

Numerous striking examples occur in this country, not
a few of which are excellently shown in Edwards's Butter-

I

INTHODUVTION.

17

)re
ley
)n-
lal

hot
ler-

t

flies of North America, siicli us iiuiny species of Polygonia
(in r. interrdyationis they are hirgely seasonal, the latest
brood being all of one type), Phyriodes fJntros, the species of
Pieris, and esi)ecially IphirHdes ajax. The latter instance
is the more remarkable, because tlie three forms (marcel-
liis, telamonides, and ajax), though sequent in the order
named, do not strictly represent distinct broods, since the
earlier emerging individuals of the tirst brood are nnircel-
lus, the later-appearing individuals of the sttnie brood are
telamonides, while the subsequent broods, of which there
aro several, are ajax.

Distinct climatal differences, whether temperature or
moisture (or both), are unquestionably the prime cause of
seasonal dimorphism, the former in temperate, the latter in
tropical, regions. The first has been practically proved by
experiment, the latter by the correspondence of the phe-
nomena to that of temperate climates and their synchro-
nism with the dry and wet seasons.

Many cases of dimorphism are compound. Instances of
this have already been given; indeed, most cases of dimor-
phism involve some distinct element, such as season or lati-
tude, or temperatiP'e in some form. Thus, Ja.soiiiades
gJaucuSy which exhibits dimorphism in the female, does so
only in the south, for the dark form of the female (in
which the conspicuous normal stripes of the male are ob-
scured) occurs but rarely north of Pennsylvania, although
there is a distinct tendency in botli sexes to a broadening
of the darker markings and the partial suppression of the
yellow in liigh northern latitudes or their equivalent, as
among the Wliite Mountains of New Hampshire. A sim-
ilar instance occurs in Everef^ corny nf as with the boundary
limits of the dark female at about the same place.

Nearly all the above instances of dimorphism where it is
not of the simplest kind (whether seasonal or not) may be
termed polymorphic, since more than two types of individ-

18

Tim COMMON Elt BUTTERFLIES.

uals appear iu a single species; especially is this the case
where a sort of double diniorphisin occurs, like that of
IphicUdes ajax or of Polyyunia iuterruyationi'i mentioned
above. Instances have also been cited where the geo-
graphical element entered; but polymorphism is most con-
spicuous and compli'^ated wheie all the above elements are
combined, — where dimorphism between the sexes, dimor-
phism also between the members of one sex confined to
distinct portions of the range of the species, and seasonal
dimorphism more or less limited in its geographical range
and in its correlation with the broods (as the species may
be multiple-brooded or not), may be further complicated
by geographical variations independent of and running
through all the others. Two cases nucy be cited as remark-
able instances of complicated polymor2)hism if the facts
shall prove well grounded.

In the extreme north, Ci/anin's p'^^cudaryiolus is single-
brooded and a})pea"s in two forms, an earlier with heavier
markings (lucia) and a later (violacea) ; the males of both
are blue above; the females paler blue with broad dark
margins to the fore wings. In Xew England it is double-
brooded, the sexes diifering as before; the first brood is
trimorphic and serial, the earliest individuals having heavy
markings (lucia), the next intermediate nnirkings (vio-
lacea), the last light markings (neglecta), while the second
brood is composed entirely of neglecta; in the northern
part of the belt in which the first brood is trimorphic, the
form neglecta is comparatively rare, and lucia the most
abundant, while the reverse is the case in the southern
part of the same belt (and lucia itself is so variable that
one typo of it has been separated as marginata). Farther
south lucia disappears altogether and the first brood is di-
ih f! ' •, — violacea and neglecta in theorder of their appear-
n:»;„v bat now a new element is introduced, for the males

INTRODUCTION.

19

eavy
vio-
cond
hern
the
most
hern
that
'tlier
s (li-
peur-
ales

I

of viohwiea become dimorphic, one form resembling the
males of the same found farther uortli, the otiier being
uniformly dark above (violacea-nigra). In the southern
part of its range, the latest individuals (neglecta) of tlie
tirst brood are usually nnich larger than the members of
the second brood, all of which are otherwise of the same
type. This butterfly flies not only from Hudson liay to
Georgia, but also from the Atlantic to the Pacific, and in
California we have a new form (piasus), hardly distinguish-
able from neglecta, wiiich appears to be double-brooded in
the south but to show no difference between the broods.
Farther north, however, near the liritish boundary, the
conditions of New England are at least in part repeated,
while in Arizomi an ashen variety (cinerea) occurs.

The different forms assumed by KnrymuH eurythenw
have caused their descrii)tion as distinct species on four or
five occasions. It, too, has an immense ntnge. In Texas
the cycle begins in November (the summer and not the
winter interfering with its activities) with a yellow type
(ariadne) succeeded by a yellow-orange type (keewaydin)
and finally by an orange type (amphidusa), each a distinct
brood, the last-named indeed double-brooded; with the in-
crease of temperature, the size and the depth and brilliancy
of color increase; the form keewaydin has a sexually di-
morphic female, one resembling the male in ground color,
the other pallid (keewaydin-pallida), and the form amphi-
dusa is similarly favored (amphidusa-alba). In the north-
ern part of the range of the species, the earliest (May) form,
a yellow one, differs so much from the earliest (November)
type of the south as to be given a distinct name (eriphyle),
and when keewaydin and amphidusa have had their turn,
it again appears in the latter part of the season, and
though the autumn form has not received a distinct name,
it can be distinguished from the spring form, at least in

20

TIIR COMMONER nUTTERFLIES.

the male sex, tlie Kpriii;^ irwlividujils being uniform clirome
yellow above, wbibj tlie ()(;tober males are of a whitish yel-
low and the hind wirigH are dusted with gray.

11. SOMK IJkMAUKABLK DfFFKRKNf'llS liKTWEEX THE

Skxks.

Many male IjutterflieH may l>e readily distinguished ]>y
characteristie tiiflK, rown, or wis])s of hairs or patehes of
special scales or m(;mbranouH folds generally rendered in
some way fonHpi<'Uoiis, and which do not occur in the
female. Of tlio firnt we have a good example in our
species of Argynnis, which show a row of long semi-recum-
bent hairs on the upper surface of tlie hind wings between
the costal and subco«tal nervures; of the second in the
mealy-looking margins of the upper surface of the wings
of (/allitlryas, t!»e di«cal patch on the fore wings of many
llair-streaks, tlie apparently blackened and thickened veins
of the fore wings of Arg}'nriis, or the discal streak accom-
panied by large tilted Hcah\s so common in the Smaller
Skippers; of the last in the blackened pocket of the hind
wings of Anosia, the plaited fold of the hind wings of
Laertias, or the deftly inconspicuous costal fold of the
Larger Skippers.

These very patches or folds usually conceal scales differ-
ing to a greater or Ichs extent from the surrounding scales
and peculiar to thcj inah'S, called scent-scales or androconia,
i.e., male-scales. They do not, however, always occur in
these patches (where they are usually cor^ealed from view
to some degree), but nuiy be simjdy scattered among the
other scales ami then, being almost invariably much
smaller, almost completely concealed from view.

While the ordinarv scales of butterflies, common to both
sexes, show very little variety in their structure, being
striate, more or less fan-Hhaped or shingle-shaped laminae

^

INTRODUCTION.

21

f

with fincly-toothed apical margin, tlic androconia show an
extraordinary variety of structure, but are rarely toothed at
the tip. They may be shaj)cd like an Indian club, a
shepherd's crook, a long needle ending with a »vhip-lash, a
twisted ribbon, a battledore, an elongated fan, a row of
beads, a si)atula, a tapering ribbon with fringed tip, or nuiy
assume many other forms which could oidy l)e described at
lengf li ; they are generally very slender and minute. Where
they are fringed, it is highly probable that the separate
threads of the fringe are so many canals conducting to
glands at the base of the scale, for in many instances odors
plainly perceptible have been traced to this source.

These odors Jire in all cases of an agreeable nature and
have generally been compared either to the fragrance of
certain flowers or to the musky odors of quadrupeds; the
last is a very common scent among insects and is known in
such different creatures as the imago of the beetles Prionua
and Osmoderma, the imago of the butterfly Argynnis, and
the half-grown caterpillar of the moth Arctia parthenos.

These androconia are very capricious in their occurrence
both as to exact location and as to their presence or absence
in allied forms. They appear to be almost invariably pres-
ent in all the species of any given genus or else absent from
all, but allied genera in a single tribe often vary in this
particular. They occur in all families and in most, per-
haps all, tribes of butterflies.

They are usually found upon the njiper surface of the
fore wings, very rarely, if ever, upon the under surface of
any; they may be scattered indiscriminately over the wing,
be collected into definite but vague areas traversing the in-
terspaces, assemble along the princi{)al nervures or at the
extremity of the discal cell, or in a narrow discal streak or
costal fold, or be confined to a little pocket on the broad
face of the hind wings, or lie in a closed plait next the anal
margin, or in various otlier positions.

22

THE COMMONER BVTTEliFLlElS.

12. TiiK Sexsks of IUttkrflies.

The power and range of vision in l)iitterflie8 (and in
insects in general) have without doubt been popularly
overestimated, lioth direct experiments and study of tho
structure of the compound eye lead to the same conclusion:
that while insects have a quick perception of moving objects
or of objects among which they are moving, they have no
power of distinguishing precise form or delicate distinc-
tions of color or patterns, their visu.il perception being
confused or vague.

The delicacy of the sense of smell in insects, and espe-
cially in Lepidoptera, makes full amend for defective vision.
The quick advent of males among many tribes to secluded
and concealed females, the possession of many odoriferous
organs, the evidence tliat many others exist where tho odors
are imperceptible to human sense, all point to a delicate
and keen perceptive power in this direction. It is alto-
gether probable — and no other explanation has so great
l)robability — that it is by the exercise of this sense that
the parent butterfly discovers the proper food-plant for the
deposition of her eggs. The organs for this senso are
probably resident in the antennae.

The fondness of butterflies for the honeyed sweets of
flowers at once suggests a high development of the sense
of taste ; for that it is not purely a matter of hunger or the
need of nourishment may be seen in the cases so often
noted where butterflies fill their bodies until they can
scarcely fly, which is far beyond any need of nourishment;
or in the groups which continue for hours around a moist
spot in a road imbibing the innutritive fluids. The organs
for this sense are probably resident in the tongue-jiapillaB.

There seem to be no reasons for believing that any high
degree of power in hearing is to be found among butter-

1

I
■J

INTIWDIWTION.

23

fliosi, as tliciT jin.' no or^'aiis known to serve us receptive
elernentri, and the sounds made by butterflies are apparently
duo simply to the rustling of the wings. All motions that
look as if possibly meant to convey sound (where none can
be ileteet(>d by the human ear), such as the quivering of
the wings in sexual approximation, may be solely to waft
emitted odors the more effectively.

Litthf can be said or presumed regarding touch of
animals whose external parts are all crustaceous; but it is
plain that warmth aiul cold, which deal with the same
nervous elements, have decided influences in every stage
beyond the (}g^. 'Die ordiiuiry inactivity of caterpillars in
the night can not be laid to the absence of light, for their
behavior in darkened ai)artments is much the same as out
of doors; the movements of chrysalids tell the same story;
and we know that a measurable amount of movement of
the antennae occurs with changing temperature in hiber-
nating, practically dormant, butterflies.

13. MiMlCKY AND PkOTKCTIVE RrSEMBLAXCE.

Most butterflies when at comj)lete rest close their hind
wings back to back and sink the fore Avings as far as pos-
sible into concealment behind them. The area of these
wings then exposed to view is in a very large proportion of
butterflies so colored and mottled or marbled as to render
the butterfly immensely less conspicuous in its re^ing-
place than if settled with wings expanded or the front pair
not mostly concealed; in very many cases so little con-
spicuous as to be difficult to detect. Rarely are any other
parts similarly colored. That this resemblance is protective
there can be no doubt, especially in view of its common
occurrence.

• There are, however, innumerable instances of special and
striking provisions in this direetion, of which one of the

'I !

24

THE COMMONER BUTTERFLIES.

'
i'

most generally known is that of the oriental genus Kullima,
tiie species of which are higlily colored on the upper sur-
face and conspicuous ohjects when in lliglit, hut which arc
so colored and marked upon the under side that when
alighted upon a twig, as they do with the fore wings thrown
well forward and all wings closed, the pattern and color
of the under surface arc such as to make a perfect resem-
hlance to a leaf whose midrib, a colored stripe crossing
both wings and terniiiuiting at the apex of the fore pair,
takes its rise from a tail-like extension of tlie hind wings
which just reaches the twig from which the mock leaf
thus springs, the tail of the wing corresponding to the
pedicel of the leaf !

These phenomena, however, reach their culmination in
the examples of mimicry of one butterfly by another, of
which there are numerous examples of an extraordinary
kind such as perhaps no other group of animals can pro-
duce. A large proportion of the objects of mimicry beloug
to the subfamily Euplceinae, known to be a group protected
to a large extent against foes by the possession of nauseous
qualities, and it is therefore presumed that all other objects
of mimicry have from some cause or other some immunity
from early death above their fellows. 8ucli a supposition
is the only one, and a sufficient one, to account for the
extraordinary resemblance of otherwise unprotected butter-
flies, especially in the female sex (for not always do the
male% become mimickers), to such nauseous or protected
butterflies, a resemblance not only striking for its exceed-
ingly impressive quality, but for the depnrh;re required
from the normal type of coloring or pattern of the group,
or even from that of the other sex alone; for its extension
to structural features, such as length of antennae and form
of wing, and to mode of flight; and also for the fact that
the mimicker seems to fly only in the territory occupied by
the mimicked, wjiile in neighboring territory occupied by

INTRODUCTION.

25

another of the protected j^roup another mimicker more
nearly resemhlinp^ it will represent it. Wo have one
remarkable example of this mimicry in our own country
in the resemblance of Basilarchia arrhippuH to Anosia
phxippits.

14. The Classiftcatiox of Butterflies.

The number of family groups into which butterflies
should be primarily divided has been variously given by
naturalists as from two to sixteen. Writers who have in-
sisted on any largo number have, however, relied niaiidy
upon single and relatively unimportant characters, mostly
drawn from the neuration of the wings of the inuigo, and
almost ignoring the earlier stages of tbe insects. Those
who have paid serious attention to the latter and have re-
garded all parts of the structure have generally considered
the number as from four to six. In the present work they
are regarded as but four in number, called Skippers (Ifes-
peridae). Typical Butterflies (Papilionidae), Gossarner-
winged Butterflies (Lyca?nidae), and Brush-footed Butter-
flies (Nymphalidae).

If we examine these different groups with regard to
their interrelationship it is plain that the Skippers show
by far the greatest and most numerous points of resem-
blance to the moths; and if we look to the sum of, the
characters of each as regards their departure from the char-
acteristics of the lower Lepidoptera, we shall see thjit they
unquestionably fall into the order in which they are here
placed. In addition to this we shall find two very distinct
parallel series in structure and transformations which fol-
low precisely the same course, each independent of the
other, each pointing out the lines along which develop-
ment has proceeded and thus indicating a natural classifi-
cation.

^w

26

THE COMMONER BUTTERFLIES.

One of these concerns the mode of transformation. In
the moths, witli very few exceptions, a cocoon or cell is
formed wiihin which the transformations take jdacc. The
Skipp' I's form a (!Ocoon, bnt lighter than is common among
the moths, and in addition (])erhaps not universally, but
very generall}^) the chrysalids are loosely swung up within
the cocoon by the Y-8ha])ed shrouds mentioned above.
The Typical IJutterflies retain the shrouds though they drop
the cocoon, but, as the result, the hinder shrouds become a
mere pad of silk, the median shrouds a loose loop. The
only change in the Gossamer-winged Butterflies is the tight-
ening of the median loop and the flattening of the ventral
surface of the chrysalis to correspond. Lastly in the Brush-
footed Butterflies the median loop is dropped and the chry-
salis hangs by the tail-fastenings alone, while the straight
ventral surface is generally retained — a significant atavistic
indication of the girt stage.

The other regards the structure of the forelegs of the
imago. In the Skippers these agree perfectly with the other
legs (as in the moths), except in the presence of a median
spine on the tibia^. The same is true of the Typical Butter-
Hies excepting that the median spine is wanting in one of
the two subfamilies (Pierids) regarded as the further re-
moved from the Skippers. In the Gossamer-winged But-
terflies atrophy has begun, but is insignificant excei)ting
in the male sex. While in the Brush-footed l^utterflies
atrophy in both sexes bus extended to ccmplete disuse in
both, though usually more excessive in the male than the
female; one subfamily, nearest to the Gossamer-winged
Butterflies, partakes in this particular of the characters of
the latter, namely, the Snout Butterflies or Long Beaks
(Libytheinae).

SOME W0liK8 ON AMElilCAN BUTTERFLIES. 27

on. In
• cell is
c. The
I among
illy, but
) within
above.
ley drop
ecome a
). The
le tight-
ventral
! Briish-
10 chrv-
straight
tavistic

of the
le other
median
Bntter-

one of
licr re-
id But-
3ei)ting
terflies
5use in
an the
^vinged
iters of

Beaks

SOME WORKS ON AMEIUCAN BUTTERFLIES.

The tirst im})ort:int work on American Butterflies was
published in England nearly a century ago by Sir Edward
Smith, and contained the observations and colored illus-
trations of John Abbot, an Englishman some time resident
in Georgia. The work* was issued in two folio volumes,
but only a part of the first volume treated of butterflies,
the remainder relating to moths. Drawings of caterpillar,
chrysalis, and butterfly were given in every case, and as a
rule they were very well executed. A single page of text
accompanied each plate, and 24 plates of butterflies are
given, representing as many species. Mn,)iy unpublished
drawings of Abbot are still preserved, as lie supported him.-
self by their sale and was a most industrious entomological
artist.

The first substantial addition to our knowledge, so far
as the early stages a:e concerned, was derived principally
from the same source — Abbot's drawings. This was a
smaller octavo volume f prepared by Dr. Boisduval of
Paris in collaboration with Major LeConte of New York,
published in jiarts but never completed. The twenty-six
parts contained 78 plates, illustrating i:,bout 93 s[ ';ies,
while the text only covei(;d 85 species, not all of v ' oh

* The Natural History of the niror Lepidoptorous Insects of Georgia.
2 vols. fol. London, 1797. 104 pi.

f Histoire generale et Iconographie des Lepidopteres et des che-
nilles de rAmerique septentrionale. 8vo. Paris, 1829-43, 228 pp
78 pi.

28

THE COMMONER DUTTEUFLIES.

were figured. The illustrations, in color, are inferior to
those of the preceding work. Both the above works can
now be obtained only by chance through the second-hand
dealers of Europe, and are high-priced.

Two other richly illustrated and costly works upon our
native butterflies have been jiublished in our own country.
The first is Edwards's Butterflies,* a serial work, irregularly
issued and of which the third volume is now nearly com-
pleted. The plan of thi;.' work is to describe and figure
rare or interesting species or those of which the life-history
has been discovered, the species following no regular order.
Usually only a single species is given on a plate, but some-
times two or more of one genus appear, or a species may
cover two or three plates. The wealth, delicacy, and ac-
curacy of the drawings in certain species has never been sur-
passed or even nearly equalled in any work ever published in
any country; nowhere else have the eggs, caterpillars^ and
chrysalids of single species or the variations of the perfect
butterfly been illvtstrated with such copiousness; while the
text is often full of the most interesting accounts of the
habits and life of the insects. Each volume contains 50
plates or more, and on the 1G2 which have apjieared up to
this writing about as many different butterflies have been
depicted; of 57 of the species more or less abundant details
of the early stages are given and often a surprising number
of illustrjitions. Through this work the early lives of some
of our butterflies are better known than those of any other
country, and this often applies to species from far-distant
and inaccessible parts of tho country like the Rocky
Mountains. Nearly all tlie illustrations are in color.

The other work is of a more limited scope, but h^
the advantage of completeness as far as it goes, and of a
systematic arrangement whereby our knowledge becomes

*Tlie Butterflies of North America. 3 vols. 4to. Boston, 1868-93.

SOME WORKS ON AMERICAN BUTTERFLIES. 29

clearer.* It covers only the butterflies of nearly the same
region as the present volume, but describes them all, and
as far as |)ossil)le in every stage of life with exceptionally
full accounts of their distribution and life-histories, and
full detinitions of tlie characters of all the higher grou})S
as well as of the species, drawn from every stage of life.
1G4 species are described, and some account of the early
stages is given of all but 35 of them, of many far fuller de-
tails than ever before.

Two other books published a generation or more ago on
the insects of limited regions may be mentioned, because
they gave particular attention to our butterflies. The first f
was by Emmons, describing such species as he knew from
New York and giving figures of them. This work con-
tjtined a bare description of the perfect butterflies (31
species), and colored illustrations (occupying the part or
whole of G plates) poorly engraved and colored ; it contained
nothing new and was very poorly executed. It is not now
of the least value.

Quite otherwise is the less pretentious but classic work of
IIarris,J which, though purporting to treat only of injurious
insects and mainly those of Massachusetts, contained in
tlie last edition (to a far less extent in the earlier editions
of 1841 and 1852) descriptions and figures of a number of
New Enirlarid butterflies as defoliators of trees, etc., in-
cludi':' '^Ic :a"i^?tion8 of some new forms ; 54 species are
described., and, when known, — which was not then the case
with uuinv, I'iief descriptions are given of the earlier

*Tbe Butterflies of tbe Eastern rnited States and Canada. By S.
H. Scudder. 3 vols. imp. 8vo. Boston, 1889. 44 + 1958 pp., 96 pi.,
of which 41 8:e ccdored.

f The Afr-ii^ulture of New York, Vol. V. 4to. Albany, 1854. 8 +
37S.-'0., 50 pi.

\ *. rrof.iise on some of tbe Insects injurious to V q-etatlon. 3d ed.
Bvo. r tan, 862. 640 pp., 278 figures, 8 col. pi.

iiitl

30

THE COMMONER BUTTERFLIES.

stages and full accounts of the habits, perhaps half of the
text being given up to these latter features. The figures,
54 of them, are, with 9 exceptions, woodcuts and remark-
able examples of the woodcutter's art, all being ( ngraved
by Henry Marsh.

Two other books of my own may be mentioned here,
since thoy deal largely with the life-histories of our butter-
flies. The first * is based upon a course of lectures upon
butterflies in general, and has something in particular to
say about 74 of our butterflies, with figures illustrative of
many of them. The other f treats in the fullest possible
manner of the structure, life '\istory, distribution, and habits
of a single butterfly, Anosia^^ I /Wa', at every point draw-
ing comparisons with others, so . it it serves in a measure
as a popular introduction to all.

Finally, attention may be directed to three or four works
which deal almost exclusively with thebutterfly stage and
give descriptions either of all our known species or of all
found in a definite portion of our country. The first J pre-
tends to be nothing but a compilation of published de-
scriptions (many of them translations from the French)
arranged in a systematic order, preceded by a very meagre
key to the genera. It contains ^^40 species, but is now
quite out of date.

The second § is an original systematic description of the

* Butterflies : their Structure, Changes and Life-histories, with spe-
cial reference to American forms. 13mo. New York, 1881. 10 +
323 pp., 201 figs.

fThe Life of a Butterfly. lOmo. New York, 1893. 186 pp., 4
plates.

\ Synopsis of the described Lepidoptera of North America, Part L
Diuinal and Crepuscular Lepidoptera. Compiled by J. G. Morris.
8vo. Wasaington, 1862. 27 -{- 368 pp.

8 The Butterflies of the Eastern United States, for the use of classes
in zoology and private students, li^ U. H. French. 12mo, Phila-
delphia, 1886. 402 pp., 93 figs.

ii %

iL.

SOME WOliKS ON AMERICAN BUTTERFLIES. 31

butterflies of tlie same region as the present work, but in-
cluding also tlie Southern States east of the Mississippi.
'^'01 si)ecios are included in the work, which is preceded by
an analytical key for tlie determination of the species, but
which is largely based on color; the genera arc nowhere
characterized except in this key, and there too vaguely or
scantily to be of much assistance. The early stages are
treated of only under the species, the descriptions being
compiled and condensed from preceding writers.

The third * is called a manual and covers the whole
North American field north of Mexico; but it is diflficult
to understand how it can well be used as such, us it con-
sists of bare descriptions of the species, with scarcely the
slightest aid to discovering the genera; consequently one
may have to wade through the whole to find the one sought.
Its redeeming features are the cuts, wliich, though very
rude, are generally confined to some characteristic part, a
single wing or even a part of a wing. C'^T) species are
given, and each of the woodcuts contains several figures.
The plates are exceedingly poor. No attention whatever
is paid ^o the early stages. The work reflects no credit
upon the author beyond his industry. Nor does an earlier
work, by the same,f on New England butterflies, in which
an attempt is made to characterize the genera and higher
groups and some little attention is given to the caterpillars
and chrysalids; for the work is so filled with errors as to
be quite untrustworthy, and the figures so very poor as to
be available only when the butterfly has little resemblance
to any other; when most needed they are of least use.

The liistories of our butterflies, however, are by no

*A Manual of North American Butterflies. By C. J. Maynard.
8vo. Boston, 1891. 4 + 326 pp., 60 figs., 10 pi.

fThe Butterflies of New England,
pp., 8 pi. col.

4to. Boston, 1886. 4-f-08

82 THE COMMONER BUTTERFLIES.

means related only in the works we have mentioned.
Others are spread broadcast in 'ill manner of places and
only the diligent student can find them. The greater por-
tion of these scattered acronnts will be found in the mis-
cellaneous writings of Henry Edwards, W. H. Edwards,
Fitch, Fletcher, Cosse, Lintner, Riley, Saunders, and
Scudder; and are particularly to be looked for in the pages
of the different entomological publications of our country,
past and present, and especially in the " Canadian Ento-
mologist," " Psyche," and " Papilio."

A

KEYS TO THE VARIOUS GliOUPS

33

mentioned,
places and
Teater por-
n the niis-
. Edwards,
iiders, and
II the pages
\r country,
dian Ento-

KEYS TO THE VARIOUS GROUPS.

In using the following keys the student has only to keep
in mind three points:

1. That there are always two contrasting alternates to
choose from (occasionally three).

i. That these alternates are marked by similar initial
letters, A, B, c, d, etc., and by similar indentation on tho
page, and distinguished by superior numerals. A', B', c\
etc.

3. That the contrasting alternate is the nearest line in
the same set which begins witli the same indentation and
the same initial letter, though with a different numeral.

For example, in the first table, the A' on p. b-: has its
alternate A', which is a long way off (on p. 42), but is never-
tlieless the next line beginning with an A, and it has the
same indentation, while D' on p. 34 is immediately followed
byD'.

When alternates relate, one or the other or both of them,
to tribes or higher groups, an initial capital is prefixed ;
when both refer to genera, or pairs of genera, a small letter
is prefixed. The final terms are the numbered genera.

For the explanation of the numbered veins in the first
table, see the figure on p. 60.

I' (

34

TJ/K (JOMMONEH BUTTEUFLlEti.

Key to the Ouori»H, P»a.sed on the Perfect Butterfly.

tl

A'. Antennae lU'ur Utfrvxhcv at base, less than half as fur

a]»art as tlie heiglit of the eye, the
end c-lubbed but not hooked : eyes
witli no overarching jjencil of bristles.
IV. Resting on four legs only, tlie fore legs being un-
used, much shorter than the others,
without claws at the end, and folded
against the l)reast.

(Fam. Brush-footed Butterflies.)
C. None of the veins of fore wings swollen at the

base.
D'. Antennae without any scales.

(Subfamily Danaids.) 1. Anosia.
D'. Antennae covered, at least above, with numerous

scales. (Subfamily Nymphs.)

E'. Club of antennae short and stout, three or
more times as broad as the stem,
more or less abruptly thickened.
F'. Naked portion of club of antennae with only
a single longitudinal ridge or none.
U'. Club of antennae about three or four times
as long as broad ; palpi slender, com-
pact, the last joint from one third to
one half as long as middle joint.

(Tribe Crescent-Spots.)

h'. Middle joint of palpi of nearly equal

size throughout; fore tibia of male

stout and swollen, not more than five

or six times longer than broad.

, I

t

TERFLY.

If as far
eye, the
3(1 ; eyes
'briKtles.
>eing UH-
le others,
1(1 folded

tterflieK.)
ill at the

. AnoHia.
lunierous
S'^ymphs.)
three or
le stem,
eued.
with only
or none,
our times
der, com-
e third to
joint.
nt-Spois.)
iirly equal
X of male
than five
oad.

KEY TO THE GROUPS-BUTTERFLY. 35

i'. Outer margin of fore wing scarcely
shorter tlian tlie liind nuirgin.

2. I'Jnphi/d/\i/(is.

i'. Outer margin of fore wing much
shorter than the hind margin.

:]. CincUdiu.
h'. Middle joint of palpi tapering consider-
ably on apical half ; fore tibia of
male very slender and of equal size
tliroughout, at least ten times longer
than broad.

i'. Ijast joint of palpi nearly half as long
as the middle joint ; fore tibia of
male mucli sliorter than tlie femur.

4. Charidryas.

i'. Last joint of palpi less than one third
as long as the middle joint; fore
tibia of male scarcely shorter than

the femur 5. Phyciodes.

G'. Club of antenna? spoon-shaped, about
twice as long as broad ; palpi large
and bushy, the last joint extremely

short (Tribe Fritillaries.)

h'. Vein 2* of fore wings arising before the
end of the cell.

i'. Middle joint of palpi more than three
fourths longer than the greatest
length of the eye 7. Argynnis.

i'. Middle joint of jmlpi only about one
fourth longer than the greatest

length of the eye 8. Speyeria,

h*. Vein 2' of fore wings arising beyond the
end of the cell.

i'. Curve of outer margin of fore wings
opening outwardly 6. Brenthis.

I

86

THE COMMONER BUTTEliFLIES.

■ i

i'. Curve of outer luurgiii oi fore wings
opening inwardly . . . .!). Euptuieta.
F'. Naked portion of club of antenniw with three
distinct longitudinal ridges.

(Tri])e Angle-Wings.)

g'. Fore wings rounded in the interspace

between 2, and '2^.

h'. Eyes naked ; conspicuous eye-like spots

on fore wings above. . . 10. JunonUt.

h'. Eyes hairy ; no conspicuous eye-like

spots on upjier surface of fore wings.

11. Vanessa.
g'. Fore wings sharply angulated in the inter-
space between '^J, and 2,.
li'. Basal three fifths of hind wings uni-
formly dark above ; no silvery comma
in middle of hind wings beneath,
i'. Hinds wings without spinous hairs on

under surface 12. Aglais.

i\ Hind wings with numerous straight
spinous hairs beneath.

13. Euvanessa.

h'. Basal three fifths of hind wings above

more or less spotted with black;

centre of hind wings beneath with a

white or silvery comma-like mark.

i'. Hind border of fore wings straight.

14. Eugonia.
i'. Hind border of fore wings strongly

sinuous 15. Polygonia.

E\ Club of antennae long and slender, hardly

more than twice as broad as the stem,

gradually thickened.

F'. Club of antennae with four longitudinal

ridges on naked portion ; vein 0 of

i i

'^,

I

n-o wings

Uiptoieta.

vith tliree

s.

D-Wings.)

nterspace

■like spots

J 11)1011 in.

3 eye-like

ore wings.

Vanessa.

the inter-

vings uni-
}ry comma
eneath.
18 hairs on
2. Aglais,
IS straight

^uvanessa.
ings above
ith black;
jath with a
ke mark,
straight.
:. Eugorda.
rs strongly
Polyyonia.
ler, hardly
as the stem,

Dngitudinal
; vein 0 of

B

KEY TO THE li ROUPS— BUTTERFLY. 87

hind wings arising opposite the part-
ing of veins 1 and 2.
(Tribe Sovereigns.) IG. Basilarchia.
F'. Club of antennae with three longitudinal
ridges on naked portion ; vein 0 of
hind wings arising beyond the part-
ing of veins 1 and 2.

(Tribe Emperors.)
g'. Antennae fully as long as the width of the

fore Avings 18. Chlorippe.

g\ Antennae much shorter than the width of

the fore wings 17. Aima.

i?. Some of the veins of the fore wings swollen at the

base.

(Subfam. Satyrs or Meadow-Browns.)
d'. Antennas gradually thickened from just beyond

the middle .19. Cissia.

d\ Antennae gradually thickened only on the apical
third or fourth,
e'. Eyes hairy,
f. Tibial spines of middle legs very numerous;
antennae composed of less than 36

joints 30. Satyrodes.

i\ Tibial spines of middle legs infrequent; an-
tennae composed of more than 40

joints 21. Enodia.

q\ Eyes naked 22. Cercyonis.

\ testing on six legs, the fore legs, however, some-
times a little shorter and with dimin-
ished armature, at least in the male.
C. Of small size. Face between eyes much narrower

than high; eyes notched to give
room for the antennae.
(Fam. Gossamer-winged Butterflies.)
D". Vein 2' of fore wings simple; under side of hind

1

88

TlIK COMMONKU BUTTERFLIES.

11

wings generally witli continuous
markings. . . . ('J'ribe Hair-Streaks.)
e*. Hind wings without tliread-like tails.

f '. Hind wings of very different shape in the two
sexes, the outer border not crenu-

late 23. Stnjmon.

f. Hind wings of similar form in the two sexes,
the outer border crenulate.

24. lucisnliff.
e'. Hind wings v/ith one or two thread-like taiLs.
f '. Interspace of hind wings between veins 4 and
5 apically lobed ; male with no stigma

on fore wing 25. Uranotes.

f. Interspace of hind wings between veins 4 and

5 not produced ; male with stigma

on fore wing above.

g'. Club of antennae comparatively short and

stout, only five tih es as long as

broad 2C. Mitnra.

g'. Club of antennae comparatively long and
slender, eight times as long as broad.

27. Theda.
''. Vein 2' of fore wings forked ; under side of hind
wings generally with discontinuous
markings.
E'. Spines on under side of tarsi comparatively
few and ranged in pretty regular se-
ries; colors of upper surface usually
more or less violet and dark brown.

(Tribe Blues.)
f '. Hind wings with thread-like tails. 28. Everes.

r. Hind wings without tails 29. Cyaniris.

W. Spines on under side of tarsi numerous and
clustered irregularly at the sides ;
colors of upper surface more or less

'I:

KEY TO THE UHOlTS-BUrThmFLY.

39

continuous
air-Streaks.)
ails.

pe in the two
r not crenu-
23. Strymon.
;he two sexes,
late.

J4. Inchalia.
id-like tails.
in veins 4 and
rith no stigma
25. Urn notes,
m veins 4 and
! with stigma

ely short and
3 as long as
.26. Mitura.
^ely long and
long as broad.
27. TUda.
3r side of hind
discontinuous

comparatively
tty regular sc-
urf ace usually
dark brown.
[Tribe Blues.)
lis. 28. Uveres.
.29. Cyaniris.
mmerous and
at the sides ;
e more or less

coppery or fulvous and dark brown.

(Tribe Coppers.)
V, Vein 2' of fore wings arising at the tip of the
cell,
g'. First joint of middle and hind tarsi not
greatly enlarged in male ; ground
color of upi)er surfac^* of fore and
hind wings the same, or different
only in the female,
h'. Fore tarsi of male jointed; ground colcir
of upper surface of fore and hind
wings in the female different.

oO. Chry,soj)hanus,
h\ Fore tarsi of male not jointed; ground
color of upper surface of all wings the
same in the female. . .31. Ejndcmia.
g'. First joint of middle and hind tai,4 of
male twice as stout as rest of tar-
sus; ground color of all wings above
the same in both sexes . . 32. Jfeodcs.
f . Vein 2' of fore wings arising far bc} ond the

tip of the cell 33. Fcniscca.

C\ Of medium or large size, rarely small. Face be-
tween eyes as broad as high ; eyes
not notched next the base of the
antennae.

(Family Typical Butterflies.)
D'. Antenna3 straight ; vein 3 of fore wings with
three branches; each claw bifid.

(Subfamily Pierids.)
E'. AnteunaB generally very gradually increasing
in size to form the club; palpi stout,
the last joint short.

(Tribe Yellows or Red-Horns.)

m^

40

THE COMMONER BUTTEIiFLIES.

I

i\ Club of antoiiiife cj-lindrical, broadly
rounded at tip.
g'. Middle joint of palpi but little longer

than broad 34. CalUdryas.

g'. Middle joint of palpi fully twice as long
as l)road.
h". Vein 2' of fore wings arising at the tip
of the cell ; front margin of fore
wiiigs very strongly arched.

35. Zerene.

h'. Vein V of fore wings arising beyond

the tip of the cell ; front margin of

fore wings only moderately arched,

36. Evrymns.

f. Club of antenna distinctly flattened, the

last joint more or less pointed.

g\ Club of antenuFe very gradually formed

aiid several times longer than broad.

li'. Hind femora only about thi"e filths as

long as the middle femora.

37. Xnnthidia.
\i'. Hind femora abf)ut three fourths as
long as the middle femora.

38. Eurema.
g*. Club of antennae abruptly formed, hardly
more than twice as long as broad.

39. Nathalh.
W. Antennae with an abi'upt broad flattened
club; palpi slender, the last joint
about as long as the middle joint.
Y\ Voin 2' of fore wings forked near the mid-
dle ; middle tibise shorter than

femora (Tribe

Orange Tipe.) 40. AnthochaiHs.

KEY TO THE GROUPS— BUTTERFLY.

41

broadly

! longer

lidryas.

as long

; the tip
of fore

Zerene.

beyond

irgin of

arched.

ed, the
3d.

formed
1 broad.
liiLs as

tliiilla.
rths as

iirema.

hardly
road.
rfhah's.
Eittened
t joint
oint.
le mid-
than

(Tribe
charts.

F'. Vein 3' of fore wings forked only at the
tip; middle tibiae at least as long as
the femora. (Tribe Whites.)

g'. Vein 2' of fore wings arising at or beyond
the tip of the cell; fore tibife very
much shorter than middle tibiae.

41. Pont in.
g' Vein 2' of fore wings arising distinctly
before the tip of tlie cell; fore and
middle tibiae of equal length.

42. Pieris.
D'. Antennae more or less arched; vein 3 of foro
wings with four branches; each
claw simple.

(Subfamily Swallow-Tails.)
e'. Club of antennae nearly straight, almost im-
perceptibly upcurved ; tip of abdo-
men almost reaching emargination

of hind wings 43. Lncrtias.

e\ Club of antenna? curved strongly upward
throughout; tip of abdomen not
nearly reaching emargination of
hind wings,
f. Club of antennae relatively short; hind
wings, exclusive of tails, nearly
twice as long as broad.

44. JphicUdcs.

f. Club of antennti? relatively long ; hind

wings, exclusive of tails, hardly more

than half as long again as broad.

g'. Fore tibiae decidedly shorter than the

tarsi; tails of hind wings broadened

at the end.

h'. Vein 4 of hind wings nearly straight;

vein 2* of fore wings arising at about

ir

42

THE COMMONER BUTTERFLIES.

A

one third the distance from the tip
of the cell to the apex of the wing,
i'. Vein closing the cell of hind wings
and connecting veins 2 and 3 not
inuch shorter than the short vein
above it ; no transverse stripes on
upper side of fore wings.

45. Jasoniades.
i'. Vein closing the cell of hind wings
and connecting veins 2 and 6 less
than half as long as the short vein
above it; transverse stripes on upper
side of fore wings. . .40. Euphoeades.
h'. Vein 4 of hind wings strongly sinuous;
vein 2* of fore wings arising at much
less than one third the distance from
the tip of the cell to the apex of the

wing 47. Heraclidcs.

g". Fore tibiae decidedly longer than the
tarsi; tails of hind wings not broad-
ened at the end .48. Papilio.

'. Antennae distant at base, more than hal. as far apart

as the height of the eye, the tip of
the club more or less distinctly
pointed and recurved; eyes usually
overhung next antenna3 with a curv-
ing pencil of bristly hairs.

(Family Skippers.)

B'. Recurved part of antennal club nearly or quite as

long as the thicker part; abdomen
generally shorter than the hind

wings (Tribe Larger Skippers.)

c'. Hind wings tailed or distinctly angulate at the tip

of vein 4; vein 3' arising hardly or
no nearer the base of the hind wing

KEY TO THE GROUPS-BUTTERFLY.

43

n the tip
le wing,
id wings
id 3 not
ort vein
ripes on

oniades.
d wings
id 6 less
lort \ain
n\ upper
ikoeades.
sinuous;
at much
ice from
X of the
'aclidcs.
lan the
t broad-
Papilio.
ir apart
e tip of
istinctly
usually
a curv-

ippers.)
luite as
t)domen
e hind
ippers.)
the tip
irdly or
id wing

than 2'; club of antennae abruptly
bent in the middle,
d'. Hind wings with a distinct tail or tooth at tip of

vein 4 49. Ejiargi/rens.

d'. Hind wings merely broadly augulate at ti]) of

vein 4 50. Thunjbes.

c'. Hind wings regularly rounded at tip of vein 4 as

elsewhere; vein 3' arising much

nearer the base of the wing than 2';

club of antennte curved throughout.

d'. Club of ancennjfi generally ending in a long-drawn

point; if not, the antennae half as

long as the fore wing. .51. TItanaos.

d'. Club of antennae tapering but little on apical

half, the tip bluntly pointed, the

whole antenna less than half as long

as the fore wing.

e'. Club of antenna? six or seven times as long as

broad, tapering from the middle

equally in both directions.

52. PhoUsora.

e\ Club of antennas not more than four or five

times as long as broad, tapering more

rapidly from the middle toward the

tip than in the opposite direction.

53. Jksperia.
B'. Recurved jmrt of antennal club brief as compared

with the thicker part, occasionally
absent; abdomen reaching to or be-
yond the outer margin of the hind

wing (Tribe Smaller Skippers.)

c'. Club of autenna3 with no apical hook.

54. Ancijloxipha.
c*. Club of antennae with a distinct, though some-
times slight, apical hook,

14

THE COMMONER BUTTERFLIES.

d'. Hind tarsi shorter than, though sometimes nearly

equal in length to, the middle tarsi.

e'. Hook of antennal club as long as the width of

the club 55. Atrytoue.

e'. Hook of antennal club shorter, generally much

shorter, than the width of the club.

i\ Cell of fore wings two thirds as long as the

wing 56. Ery nnis.

V. Cell of fore wings only about three fifths as
long as the wing,
g'. First joint of palpi greatly expanded at
tip; middle and hind tibiae conspic-
uously spined on the upper surface

as elsewhere 57. Anthomastei'.

g'. First joint of palpi not expanded at tip;
middle and hind tibiae with no con-
spicuous spines on upper surface.

58. Polites.
d'. Hind tarsi longer than the middle tarsi,
e'. Cell of fore wings only three fifths as long as

the wing 59. Thymelicus.

e'. Cell of fore wings nearly two thirds as long as
the wing 60. Limochores,

KEY TO THE GROUPS— CATERPILLAR.

45

Key to the Groups, based on the Caterpillar.

A'. Head and body not separated by a strongly and ab-
ruptly strangled neck.
B*. Body generally covered with spines ; when naked or

merely covered with pile, either the
head is tuberculate, or the last seg-
ment ends in a fork, or the body
joints are crossed by not more than
three creases.

(Family Brush-footed Butterflies.)
C Last segment entire, rounded.
D'. Body with no spines,
e'. Body furnished with a few long fleshy fila-
ments.
(Subfamily Danaids.) 1. Anosia.

e'. Body covered with pile only 17. Ancea.

D^ Body covered with spines.

(Most of Subfamily Nymphs.)
E'. Body uniform, with uniform series of taper-
ing spines.
F'. Spines more like tubercles, leathery, not
horny, their sides crowded with
needles, no one at tip distinguished
from the others.

(Tribe Crescent-Spots.)
g'. Body distinctly tapering in front, cross-
striped on all but the front seg-
ments.

46

THE COMMONER BUTTERFLIES.

I !■

I

m

\ 1

h'. A tubercle just below the spiracle-line
on the third thoracic segment.*

2. Eufliydryas.
h\ No tubercle just below the spiracle-line
on the third thoracic segment.

3. CincUdia.
g*. Body scarcely tapering in front, striped
longitudinally,
h'. Tubercles slender, tapering but little,
three times as high as broad.

4. Charidryas.
h.' Tubercles stout, conical, less than twice

as high as broad 5. Phyciodes.

F'. Spines horny, their sides supporting scat-
tered needles, one at tip crowning
the whole.
G'. No spines along the middle line of the

back (Tribe Fritillaries.)

h'. S2)ines only about half as long as the

joints of the body G. Brenthis.

h'. Spines fully as long as the joints of the
body,
i'. All the spines of upper row equal or
subequal and like the rest.

7. Argynnis.
i\ Most of the upper spines of ab-
dominal segments a little longer
than the rest, the others nearly

equal 8. Speyeria.

i\ Upper spines of first thoracic segment
longer than the rest and distinctly
enlarged at tip, the others equal.

9. Enptoieta.

* There is of course no spiracle on this segment ; the spiracle-liue
may be determined by comparing those of the segments next suc-
ceeding.

■

KEY TO TUE GR0UP8-CATERP1LLA1L

47

G'. Some spines on the middle line of the
back, especially on the seventh or
eighth abdominal segment.

(Tribe Angle-Wings.)

h'. Head with no conspicuous spines above.

i'. Second abdominal segment with a

spine on the middle line of the back.

j'. First abdominal segment with a

similar spine 11. Vanesm.

y. First abdominal segment with no

similar spine 12. Aglaif^.

1'. Second abdominal segment with no
spine on middle line above.

13. Euvanessa.

h'. Head crowned with prominent spines.

i'. Spinules of body spines not arranged

in a stellate manner.

j'. Spines of thoracic segments with

spinules throughout. ..10. Jnnonia.

j\ Spines of thoracic segments with no

spinules on basal half. 14. Eugonia.

i'. Spinules of body spines arranged in a

stellate manner 15. Polygonia,

Body hunched, with irregularly-developed
series of tubercles.
(Tribe Sovereigns.) 16. Basilarchia.
C. Last segment bifurcate.

D'. Head crowned by a branching appendage.

18. Chlorippe.
D'. No coronal spines, or else simple ones on the
head.

(Subfam. Satyrs or Meadow-Browns.)
e'. Head with coronal spines or tubercles,
f. Coronal spines slight and inconspicuous.

19. Cissia.
f . Coronal spines nearly as long as the head.

E'

48

THE COMMONER BUTTERFLIE8.

i I

g'. Head Blender »nci, including the spines,
twice as high as broad.

20. Satyrodeg.

g'. TIea<l stout and, inchiding the spines, half

as high again as broad.. 21. Enodia.

e'. ITeml uniformly rounded above 22. Cercyonis.

B'. Body never furninhed with spines; the joints crossed

by more than three creases, the last
joint never forked.
C Body oval and slug-shaped, flattened beneath,

rarely almost cylindrical, with very
small head.

(Fam. Gossamer-winged Butterflies.)
D'. Head not one fourth, sometimes not one sixth,
the width of the body; dorsal shield
behind head wanting or covered with
hairs like the parts about it.

(Tribe Blues.)
e'. Last segment of body broad and greatly flat-
tened 28. Everes.

e'. Last segment of body comparatively slender

and less flattened 29. Cyan iris.

D'. Head generally at least one third the width of
the }x>dy; dorsal shield behind bead
distinct and naked or covered with
many fewer hairs than the parts
about it.
E*. Segments of botly highest next hind edge, or
at least with the hinder slope the
more abrupt. Head capable of im-
mense extension.

(Tribe Hair-Streaks.*)

* The genera of tbi)5 group are not sufficiently known to give a
key to them.

KEY TO THE GROVPS-CATEIiPlLLAH.

49

E'. Segments of ]jo<ly liigliest next front erlgo, or
with the front sloju' the more abrupt.
Head not capable of special extension.
i\ Body flattened, covered with short hairs
II nif ormly distri bu ted . 30. Ch rt/so-
pha?i2(s. ;}1. Ejwlemia. \Vl. Jleodes.
i\ Body hardly flattened, covered with long
hairs arranged in transverse masses.

33. Fenisera,
C". Body cylindrical or enlarged in front, with head of

ordinary size.

(Family Typical Butterflies.)
D'. Back of head descending from summit ; body
with numerous papillae and no scent-
organs (Subfamily Pierids. )

E'. Papillae (supporting hairs) nearly equal in
size, or if not, the larger ones are
numerous and distinctly arranged
in transverse and not longitudinal
series on the abdominal segments.
(Tribe Yellows or Red -Horns.)
i\ No anterior process on first thoracic seg-
ment, above.
g\ Papillae (supporting hairs) elevated, dis-
tinctly higher than broad,
h". Papillae of two sizes, the larger ar-
ranged in definite transverse rows,

34. Callidrijas.
h'. Papilla of nearly uniform size with no
definite transverse arrangement,
i". Largest papilla3 on head larger than

largest ocelli 37. Xanthidia,

i'. Largest papilla? on head smaller than
largest ocelli 38. Eurema.

'! ■)

u 1

> i

t

60 2 HE COMMONER BUTTERFLIES.

g'. Papillae (supporting hairs) mere raised
points, not distinctly higher than
broad.
h*. A shining lenticle just above the spir-
acle-line on second and third tho-
racic segments 35. Zerene.

h'. No shining lenticle just above the spir-
acle-line 3G. Eurymus.

V. A pair of anterior processes on first thoracic

segment above 39. Nathalis.

E'. Papillae (supporting hairs) of unequal size,
the larger arranged in longitudinal
as well as sometimes in transverse
series on the abdominal segments,
F". Body slender ; head much broader than
high.

(Tr. Orange Tips.) 40. Anthocharis,

F*. Body less slender ; head scarcely or not

broader than high . . (Tribe Whites.)

g'. Larger hair-bearing papillae broader than

high 41. Pontia.

g". Larger hair-bearing papillse higher than

broad 42. Pieris.

W. Back of head with no descent from summit;
body almost naked, with exceedingly
few papillae and with scent-organs
which can be thrust out of the seg-
ment behind the head.

(Subfamily Swallow-Tails.)
e*. Body with long fleshy filaments on the sides.

43. Laertias.
e^ Body with no permanent fleshy filaments,
f. Hinder thoracic segments noticeably larger
than the next succeeding segments.

KEY TO THE GliOUl'S-CATEHPlLLAH.

51

g'. Tliird thoracic segment witli no trunsvcr.so
ritlge above,
h'. Middle of tliird tuoracic segment with-
out markings 44. Iphklidcs.

h'. Middle of third thoracic segment with
a pair of eye-like spots.
i'. First abdominal segment with no
large bright patches above.

45. Jumnimles,
V. First abdominal segment with a pair
of bright patches above, nearly as
large as the eye-like spots in front.

4G. Eiqihoeades.
g'. Third thoracic segment ^vith a trans-
verse dorsal ridge ... 47. Heraclides.
r. Hinder thoracic segments scarcely larger
than the succeeding segments.

48. Papilio.
A*. Head and body separated by a strongly and abruptly

strangled neck . . (Family Skippers.)
B'. Body comparatively stout ; upper half of head as

seen from in front rounded or quad-
rangular. . . (Tribe Larger Skippers.)
c\ Head at least as high as broad, the highest point of

each hemisphere lying within the
middle line of that hemisphere;
dorsal shield obvious.
d\ Papillae of body inconspicuous except from col-
oring 49. Epargyreus.

d'. Papillae of body conspicuous, giving a granulat-
ed appearance 50. Thoryheft.

c'. Head distinctly broader than high, the highest

point of each hemisphere at or out-
side the middle line of that henii-

'

52 THE COMMONER BUTTERFLIES.

e}»liero: dorsul sliicld inooiiPpifuous
ox(!ei)t sometimes ul. liin«lor edjro.
(!'. Head as seen from in front aiifriilated at iij)i)er
outer corners ; hairs of head simple.

51. Tlt((}u(<is.

d*. Head regularly rounded at upi)er outer corners;

hairs of hejwl branching.

o'. None of the hairs on abdominal segments

longer than the shorter sections of

those segments 52. PhoUsora.

e'. Among the hairs on abdominal segments are
som^ serially arranged which are
mucn long3r than the Eections of

those segments 53. Ilesperia,

B'. Body very elongated ; upper half of head as seen

from in front tapering above.

(Tribe Smaller Skippers.)
c'. Head pyramidal, much higher than broad, the

front facing upward when at rest.

54. Ancyloxipha.
c'. Head more or less rounded, the front facing for-
ward when at rest.

[The further analysis of the genera of Smaller Skippers
can hardly be attempted with our present slight infornui-
tion about them.]

B

KEY TO .^UE (JHOUPiS-CUUy^ALlS,

b'6

Key to the Guocps, maskf) ov the rnRv^ALis.

A'. More or Iosh unguluto.l .,r with projecting .houMors.

or if smootli juid rfMindcl, tlieii vorv
.short and stout, the tlionieie spiraefe
incoiK«i,icnouH. Xot concealed in a
cocoon.
B'. Hanging by the tail only, or else with no hookn at

the tail to hang by. "

f" AVfl n -^'"'"'^ I^n,si,.f;,oted Buitcrflies.)

C . W ,th generally nnnierous conspienons prornineruu-s.

T). TFo 1 f • . (►'^"hfamily Nymphs.)

D . Head fornnng a .single mass witi. tlio tli-.rax.

^, . , , , (Tnbe Creseent.8i)ots.)

c . A tu1)ercle on second abdominal segment just

above the spiracle-line.

f. Tubercles of eighth abdominal segment

nearly as prominent as on the pre-

f . No distinct tubercles, but only dark spots
on eighth abdominal segment.

e . No tubercle just above spiracle-line on second
abdominal segment,
f '. No distinct ridge uniting tubercles of fourth

f^ A A- .■ ''^f'!f''''^ segment.. 4. Charidryas,

t . A distmct ridge uniting tubercles of fourth

. *^b^«"»"^il segment ... 5. Phyciodes,

JJ . He d projecting independently beyond the

thorax.

T.

"

I) I

? »

54 THE COMMONER DUTrERFUES.

E'. Base of wings marked by a pair of tubercles.
F'. Tail-piece short and stout.

(Tribe Fritillaries.)
g'. Upper row of tubercles on abdominal seg-
ments distinctly unequal in size.

G. Brenthis.
g'. Upper row of tubercles on abdominal seg-
m.ents equal in size,
h'. Front of head between the smooth
crescents tuberculate at the side.

i. Argynnia. 8. Speyeria.
li\ Front of head between the smooth
crescents regularly arched.

9. Euptoieta.
F'. Tail-piece long, slender, and tapering.

(Tribe Angle- Wings.)
g\ Ocellar tubercles blunt and rounded,
h'. Ridge following upper margin of wings
blunt, the dentations rounded.

10. ,hinonia.
h'. Ridge following upper margin of wings

sharp, the dentations pointed.

11. Vanessa.
g'. Ocellar tubercles pointed.

h'. No tubercle on middle liiits of second
abdominal segment.. 13. Euvanessa.
h'. A small tubercle on middle line of
second abdominal segment.
i'. Middle prominence of thorax moder-
ate, almost uniformly tectate.

12. Aglais.
i'. Middle prominence of thorax large
and compressed, at least at tip.
j'. Tubercle just above spiracle-liue ou

KEY TO TUE GROUPS-CHRYSALIS. 55

eighth abdominal segment scarcely

perceptible 14. FAiyonia,

]\ Tubercle just above spiracle-line on
eighth abdominal segment minute

but distinct 15. Polyyoiiia.

E'. Base of wings marked by only a single tuber-
cle.
F'. Middle prominence of thorax very high and
strongly compressed.
(Tribe Sovereigns.) IG. Basilar cliia.
F\ Middle prominence of thorax not highly

developed (Tribe Emperors.)

g'. Abdomen transversely ridged on the
fourth segment, with no longitudinal

nc^ge ...17. AmBa,

g'. Abdomen longitudinally ridged along the
middle of the back, wiMi no trans-
verse ridge 18. Chhrippc.

C\ With no conspicuous prominences.

D'. Back of abdomen with a transverse series of
tubercles.

(Subfamily Danaids.) 1. A)/o.sia.
J)\ Back of abdomen with no transverse series of
tubercles.

(Subfam. Satyrs or Meadow-Browns.)
e'. Front jind lower planes of head forming less
than a right angle,
f. Abdomen with a pair of distinct longitudi-
nal ridges 19. Cissia.

P. Abdomen with no longitudinal ridges,
g'. Abdomen lieyond tip of wings as long as

the wings '^0. Saff/rode.^.

g'. Abdomen beyond tip of wings shorter
than the wings ':,>1. Enodia.

m

THE COMMONER BUTTERFLIES.

it .:•■■

Iffi

e'. Front and lower phines of head not forming
Ici^s than a right angle.

22. Ce?'r I/O ills.
B'. Fastened around tho middle hy a silken sling as well

as by the tail.
0'. Body stout, short, and with all i)rojections

rounded, the front end broadly
rounded.

(Fam. Gossamer-winged Butterflies.)
D'. ITair-like appendages of the skin cylindrical,
pointed, or else stellate at tip.
E". These appendages tai)ering only at tip, the
abdomen rarely more than half as
long again as broad.

(Tribe I lair-Streaks.*)
f . A delicate rid^-e aloiiij middle of thorax.

24. Tncimlia.
V. No distinct ridge along middle of thorax,
g'. Abdomen much wider than thorax,
h'. Longest hairs nearly ludf as long as
segments of abdomen. , 25. Urmiotes.

li\ Tiongest hairs not one fourth the length
of abdominal segments. 2G. Mittira.
g'. Abdomen scarcely wider than thorax.

27. Thcda.
E'. These appendages tapering throughout or
stellate at tip, the iirljdomen gener-
ally almost twice as long as broad.

(Tribe Blues.)
f. Body much more than three times as long

as broad 28. Evcres.

f. Body much less than three times as long as
broad 20. Cyan iris.

* Cbrvsalis of Strviiioii not exaininod.

KEY TO THE GROUPS-CIinYSAUS.

57

D'. Hair-like ap2)eiiclages of the skin short, mnsh-

room-sliaped (Tribe Coppers.*)

e'. Abdomen rounded, tlie last segments not sepa-
rately protuberant,
f. Only the lower half of ninth abdominal seg-
ment sloi)ing forward.

t\ The whole of ninth abdominal segment

sloping forward \]2. Ifeodes.

(i\ Abdomen witli irregular surface, the hind
segments protruding and expanded.

31). Fcnisecn.
C\ Body elongate witli angular projections, tlie front

with one or two projecting tubercles.
I)'. Fro!it end witli a single conical projection or
rounded prominence.

(f^nbfamily Pierids.)
E'. Wing-cases distinctly protuberant below the
general under surface of the body.
F'. The head well distinguished from the frontal
l)rojection.

(Tribe Yellows or Red Horns.) f

g'. Ventral protuberance of wings doubling

the depth of the body.

h'. Fourth abdominal segment with a

distinct sliarp ridge along the sides.

M. Callidryas.
h'. Fourth abdominal segment with no

distinct ridge ;};'. Xanthidea.

g'. Ventral protuberance of wings not
doubling the depth of the body,
h'. Frontal process slender, acuminate.

38. Eurema.

* CbrysalLs of Epidemia unknown.
f Excepting Nathalis.

— •»

1

H

\

I!

68 TUE COMMON Eli BUTTERFLIES.

h'. Frontal process blunt, angulate.

35. Zerene. 36. Eurymus,
F'. Head insensibly merging into the frontal
process.
G'. Head with no marked projection.

39. Nathalis.

G\ Head with an excessively long frontal

projection.

(Tribe Orange Tips.) 4U. Anthocharis.

E\ Wing-cases scarcely protuberant below the

general under surface of the body.

(Tribe Whites.)
f. Frontal process stout, no longer than broad.

41. Pontia.
f. Frontal process slender, very much longer

than broad 42. Pieris.

1)\ Front end with two projecting tubercles.

(Subfamily Swallow-Tails.)

e'. Surface of body except the large projections

tolerably smooth.

f. Distinct ridges along the sides of abdomen

above.

g'. Abdomen greatly expanded next the base.

43. Lacrtias.
g'. Abdomen gently enlarged in the middle.

44. Ipliiclidcs.
t\ Xo ridges along sides of abdomen above.

46. Fi(2)h(Bades.
e'. Surface of body very much roughened.

f. Under surface of body, as seen from the

side, hardly bent. . . 45. Janoniades.

i\ Under surface of body, as seen from the

side, strongly bent.

g'. Base of antennae with a distinct tubercle.

47. Heraclides.

KEY TO THE OliOUPS-VIIRTSALIS. 59

g'. Base of antennae with no tubercle.

48. Papilio.
A\ Smooth and rounded, elongate, the thoracic spiracle

conspicuous. Concealed in a co-
coon (Family Skippers.)

B'. Tongue-case not free, not extending beyond the

wings (Tribe Larger Skippers.)

c'. Abdomen exclusive of tail-piece no longer than the

rest of the body,
d'. Thoracic spiracle with no posterior elevated

flaring lip 49. Epargyrens.

d'. Thoracic spiracle witli a posterior elevated flar-
ing lip 50. ThonjbcH.

c'. Abdomen exclusive of tail-piece longer than the

rest of the body,
d'. Hinder lip of thoracic spiracle scarcely raised,

not flaring 51. Thnnaos.

d*. Hinder lip of thoracic spiracle much elevated,
flaring, fluted,
e'. The hinder equal part of tail-piece, scon from
above, scarcely longer than broad.

52. Phoh'sora.
e*. The hinder equal part of tail-piece, seen from
above, twice as long as broad.

53. Hesjm'la.
B'. Tongue-case free at tip, extending beyond, some-
times much beyond, the wings.

(Tribe Smaller Skippers.)

[The genera of Smaller Skippers are too little known to
separate them by their chrysalids.]

«♦

4i

NOMENCLATURE OF THE PAKTS OF THE WING.

Neuration ok Anosia plexippus

cm eoatal margin.

om outer margin.

ini inner margin.

dc discoidal cell.

aa anal angle.

PC (0) precostal vein.

c (1) costal vein.

«c (2) subcostal vein.

"' (3) median vein.

sm (4) swbmedian vein

i (5) internal vein.

60

NOMENCLATURE OF llIE PARTS OF THE WINO. 61

The veins may for conciseness, as in our " Key to tlie

Groups/' be numbered from above downward from 0 to 5

as in their explanation above, and tlieir brandies may be

further indicated by adding to the number one whicli sliall

designate wlietlier it is tlie first branch, second branch, etc.,

and also whether it is tlirown off from the upper or lunhn-

edge. Thus the branches striking the margin of the fore

wing in the above figure, beginning above, would have tliis

consecutive designation: 1, 2', 2% 2', 2\ 2, 2„ 2,, 83, 3,., :j,, 4

(the internal running into the submediun); while'tliose of

the hind wing (including the postcostal, wliicli does not

quite reach the margin) w^ould be : 0, 1 , 2 ', 2', 2\ ',] , 3, , 3 4

r>. In this way equivalent nervules of the two wings', or'of

the same wings in different butterflies, would have a similar
symbol.

THE COMMONER BUTTERFLIES

OF TH?:

NORTHERN UNITED STATES AND CANADA.

FAMILY BRUSH-FOOTED BUTTERFLIES.

Subfamily Danaids.

1. Genus Anosia.

ANOSIA FLEXIPPUS— THE MONARCH OR MILK-WEED

BUTTERFLY.

(Danais arcbippus, Danais erippus.)

Butterfly.— Wings above and fore wings beneath rather light
tawny brown, the veins margined with black, and tlie wings
broadly margined with the same enlivened by a double row of
small whitish spots; besides, all the apex of the fore wings is
more or less black, but contains two or three daslies of obscure
tawny and, just beyond the cell, a couple of oblique series of
large buff- tawny spots, those nearest the front margin smaller,
elongate, and white. Beneath, the ground color of the hind
wings is buff, and the black veins are edged with some whitish
scales. The male is distinguished by a conspicuous thickened
black patch (really a pocket containing special scales) next one of
the veins near the middle of the hind wings. Expanse 4 inches.

Caterpillar. — Head smooth and rounded, yellow, conspicuously
banded with black. Body cylindrical, tapering a little in front,

63

64

TUE VOMMONER JiUTTEIihLlES.

\

naked, but with two pairs of long and very sloiidcr black thread-
like filaments, one pair, the longer, on the second thoracic, the
other on the eighth abdominal, segment. The body is wiiite with
numerous slender black and yellow, and especially black, trans-
verse stripes, repeated witii considerable regularity on each of
the segments, so that there are nowhere any broad i)atches of
color. Length nearly 2 inches.

Chrysalis. — Pea-green. Stout and not elongated, largest in
the middle of the abdomen, where it is transversely ridged; else-
where it is smooth and rounded, with no striking prominences,
but with little conical projections at most of the elevated points
like those which half encircle the body at tlie abdominal ridge,
all of a golden color except the latter, which are situated in a
tri-colored band, black in front, nacreous in the middle (these
dividing the points between them), and gilt behind. Length
more than 1 inch.

We begin with one of tlie most interesting of our butter-
flies, about which a volume might be written, but of which
we have still much to learn. It is found in the summer-
time over almost the entire* continent, certainly as far north
as into the Dominion of Canada; and yet it is probable
that it does not exist in the Avinter further north than the
Gulf States. It has extraordinary powers of flight, more
so than any known butterfly, and every autumn when
abundant (after first collecting in vast flocks or bevies of
hundreds of thousands, changing the color of the trees or
shrubs on which it alights for the night) migrates south-
ward in streams, like our migrating birds. After passing
the winter on the wing, without so far as known hibernat-
ing in torpidity, it leaves its winter quarters in the extreme
south with the opening sjiring and flies northward, not in
flocks or streams, but singly. The females lay their eggs
when they are ripe wherever they may chance to be, some
flying even as far as southern New York and Minnesota
before concluding their life-duties. The caterpillars born
from these eggs develop into butterflies, many of which
again fly northward before they lay their eggs; while the

FA MIL y nii mil fo o ted n uttkufl ifs.

Gf)

l

!

butterrties developing from these last do not lay ejr^s the
same season (unless possibly in the warmer south), hut
migrate southward at the end of the season, to return again
the next spring. Morth, therefore, of the farthest points
to which the wintering butterflies have journeyed in the
spring, there appears to be but one brood a year, south of
it two, and in the extreme south possibly more.

As a further jiroof of the transcendent i)owers of flight
of this butterfly, it may be mentioned that it has been
seen at sea five hundred miles from land and has within
thirty rears si)read over nearly all the i.^lands of the
Pacific and even to Australia and Java. Undoubtedly
carried in the first place by trading or other vessels to
the Hawaiian Islands and thence to Micronesia, it has un-
questionably Jlown from island to island many hundreds
of miles apart. It has also appeared at various times
in different jdaces on the sea-coast of P^urope, here also
probably transported accidentally by vessel. In liSSf), for
instance, no less than nine specimens were captured in
four different counties of England, and in 1880 it was
reported at different points from England to Gibraltar.

The Q^g is long oval in shape, with over twenty low up-
right ridges aiul many cross lines, is of a pale green color,
and is laid singly on the food-plant of the caterpillar
(various kinds of milk- weed, especially the commonest
kind, Asclepiai^ coDiuti) and usually upon the under sur-
face of the teiider uj^turned ai)ical leaves near the middle.
It hatches in about four days, the caterpillar feeds quite
exposed upon the leaves, generally resting, however, upon
the under surface, and takes two or three weeks to grow
to its full size. In New England the eggs are usually laid
during July, and belated caterpillars may be found even
in September. The chrysalis hangs from nine to fifteen
days.

But the chief interest attaching to this butterfly is that

66

THE COMMONEH DUTTEHFLIES.

i

it belongs to si favored nice, us, like all the members of its
tribe, it is proteeted from its luitural enemies among the
birds by some nauseous peculiarities. The nuiles ean pro-
trude from the end of the abdomen on cither side a buncli
or brush of hairs which may bo the means of producing an
olfciisive smell; but l)esides this the whole body of both
sexes seems to have a rank odor, and its protection is the
cause of its unconscious mimicry by another of our butter-
flies, B((HlI(irrhi(f arrhippitfi. It is the best example of
mimicry known in North iVmerica.

The sul)fainily of TTcliconians is rcprosontcd in tlie southern part
of our district l)y tlie ^'^onus Agraulis, with one species, A. vanillde,
a sf)utlit'rn species whicli has occasionally been taken us far north as
Pennsylvania.

Sin^FAMILY NyMIMIS.
TRIBE (IHESC'ENT-SPOTS.

2. GKNUS EurilYDIlYAS.

EUPHYDRYAS PHAETON— THE BALTIMORE.

(Melimea phaeton.)

Butterfly. — Wings black, nuirkod with red and pale straw-
yellow, the markings larger on the under than on the upper sur-
face ; the red is confined to two or three si)ots (more below) near
the base of each wing and to a broad outer margin, divided by
the black veins ; the yellow mostly to four jKirallel series (two on
the upper surface of hind win,<j;s) of small round or squarish spots
(the outer row lunulate) between the veins in the outer half of
the wing, before the marginal band. Expanse of male 2 inches;
of female 2^ inches.

Caterpillar. — Head black with low conical summits. Body
spined, dark orange transversely ringed with black lines, the
thoracic segments tapering, mostly black ; spines bluisii black,
about as long as the segments with numerous long black bristles,
set on papillae ; there is a dorsal series, two others on each side
equally dividing the space between that and the spiracles, and one

li

I

FA yfIL Y BU USII FO 0 Th7) li L "VTKUFL lEfi.

67

'I'

;l

1:4

;5

Other ])C'lo\v the s|)ir,'iol('S, iiicludiiiu; niio nii flic tliird thoracio sr»-
iiH'iit ; ji row of siiiiillcr spinrs, two to u .scmiiciit, occurs at the
base of tin- i»r<»lc;js. Lciij;lli 1 inch.

Chrysalis. — Very pah) hhiish white, marked with velvety black
and i>ah' oraiijjje ; little conical oranj^e tul)ercle.s mark the po.sition
of tli«^ .spines of the caterpilh.r, black dots or small dashes arc
sprinkled over the body especially on the abdomen, and lar;;er
daslu'S divided by orange la'rvules cro.ss the middlt; of the wintj.s
in a continuon.s .series T^egs oranijo markt'd with black. Tubercles
of elt^hth abdominal .sej?ment distinct. Lenjjth nearly '\ inch.

Tlie cg<^s are iar;rest below, taper ahovo to a very hroad
and (le})rc'.ssed sunimit, the sides vertically ril)i)t'il on upper
half, at first yellow, afterwards piirplisli; they are laid in
lar<(e irregular clusters, several layers deep, upon the under
surface of a leaf of the food-plant, and liateli in about
twenty d;»ys. During the season in wbicli they are born
the caterpillars feed in society, living in a web witb which
tliey line and envelop their food-plant, the snake-head,
Clti'lone (jlahra,'A\\<\ less commonly other Scirophulariaceous
l»lants. After moulting three times, which the caterpillars
do under and within their webs, the whole colony hiber-
nates within the web, made more dense for the purpose,
which, contracting as the winter dries the foliage, becomes
a compact rounded mass as large as an Q^g, filled with
caterpillars, cast skins, and filth. In the s})ring the cater-
})illars nuike their way out, disperse, and no longer con-
struct webs but feed openly, frequently choosing other food-
plants, Lonicera or Viburnum, Caprifoliaceous plants.
The chrysalis hangs from fourteen to eighteen days. The
butterfly is extremely local, often confining its wanderings
to an acre of ground, and is only found near or in swampy
l)laces; it flies heavily — indeed it is our most sluggish but-
terfly— and is single-brooded, appearing early in June and
flying for more than a month.

de
ne

i

(>8

THE COMMONER BUTTERFLIES.

¥)

3. (Jknus Cinclidia.

CIKCLIDIA HABRISII— HARRIS'S BUTTERFLY.

(Meiitaea barri.sii, Phyciodes burrisii.)

Butterfly.— Upper surface of wings nearly black, the fore
wings wilb a broad sinuous band of dull orange across tlie middle
broken by the black veins, followed outwardly by a sinuous row
of similar unequal spots and inwardly by a few irregular orange
spots ; hind wings with most of the disk dull orange, begrimed
with black and cut by black veins. Under surface brownisii
orange, the veins mostly l)]ack, marked with usually black-edged
white si)ots, conspicuous on the hind wings where the median
spots are sordid cut l)y a l)lack line, the subbasal and lunular
su'oapical spots sliining. Expanse 1 J inches.

Caterpillar. —Head shining black, summits tuberculate and
low conical. Body spined, tapering on the thoracic segments,
deep orange with a black donsal line, and ringed narrowly with
black strip(>s throughout ; spines jet-black, a little shorter than
the segments, covered wit^ black needles set on papillae ; they
are arninged as in Euj)hydryas excepting that there is no spine
on the third thoracic segment in the row just below the spiracles.
Lengtii nearly 1 inch.

Chrysalis. —Snow-white, marked much as in Eiiphydryas
phaeton, but with the darker markings mostly confined to edgings
of the orange tubercles. Legs white tipped with black. No dis-
tinct tubercles on the eighth abdominal segment, but their place
marked by spots. Length h inch.

The eggs, will oh are sluaped us in Eupliydryas but with a
smaller summit, are pale lemon-yellow and are laid in
patches of twenty or more in a closely-crowded single layer
on the under side of a leaf of the food-plant; their period
in unknown. So far as known, the caterpillars have but a
single food-})lant, A^icr {DoelUngcrla) iimhdlatus. They
first eat the parencliyma of the under surface of the leaf on
which tliey are born and then move in company down the
plant;, devouring the parencliyma of each surface of every
leaf as they go, covering everything with a thin web,
beneath and upon wliich they live until the end of tlic

FAMILY BIWSII- FOOTED BUTTEUFLIES.

m

reason, tlicir nests rest'inl)liii<^ tliosc of Ku|tliy(1ryji9 but less
dense. Early in He2)tenil)ertiiRl after two or tliree moults
they desert these nests and hibernate in crannies, probably
to some degree in comi)any; for in the early spring they
may be found again in loose companies, but living openly,
often four or five on a single leaf of their fo()d-j)lants and
in close vicinity to their birthplace. The caterpillars
change to chrysalis at the end of May or early in June and
hang from ten to sixteeii, usually about thirteen, days.
The butterfly is extremely local, occui'riu':; only in the im-
mediate vicinity of places where the food-j.lunt grows; but
not always there, for the butterfly hardly occurs south of
hit. 42° or west of Wisconsin, wdiile Doellingeria extends
to Georgia and Arkansas. It is single-brooded, appearing
upon the wing about the middle of June and flying
throughout July.

4. Genus Charidkyas.

CHARIDEYAS NYCTEIS-THE SILVER CRESCENT.

(Melitaea nycteis, Pliycioues nycteis.)

Butterfly. — Upper surface of wings jiale orange fulvous,
marked with black; fore wings with outer border very broadly
margined with black, ospf^^^i'iDy above, where it nearly reaches a
broad bar descending i<oin fie costa to the middle of the wing ;
base and cell witli w K\r<rio or black lines ; hind wings tnostly
black with an excu d igly broad snbequal transverse fulvous
b(^lt, broken in the mid>'ie by a brown stripe and with a row of
round spots in outer half. Lnder surface of fore wings much
like upper (but washed out) excepting for varied li^ht markinjjs
near apex; hind wings pale buff marked with dark brown, the
veins brown, dull silvery spots next the base and one or two n
the costal and apical margins, on the latter in the middle of a
broad brown tield. Expanse 1^ inches.

Caterpillar.- Head shining black, rounded on summits.
Body spined, scarcely tapering on thoracic segments, velvety
black above with a dull orange stigraatal band; >*pines black or

i 'I

i

V ■

U

t I

70

THE COMMONER lil'TTKllFLlES.

blackish, slender, at least three times as high as broad, arranged
much as in Eupliydryas. Length n'jarly 1 incli.

Chrysalis. —" S()in(i are iiglit-colored, nearly white, with
delicate blackish spots and fine streaks of brown over the
surface; others are almost wholly black, while others again are
be'tween the two extremes" (Edwards). It closely resembles that
of Cindidia Jiarn'sf'i, from which it may b(! distinguished by
having no suprastigmatal tuben-lc on the second abdominal
segment, and by the wing spots hafdly forming a definite baiid.
licngth }, inch.

The ogf^s, the sides of wliicli are ribbed al)Ove, pitted in
tlie middle, and sniootli below, are pale <!^reeii and are laid
on the under surface of a leaf of the food-plant in clusters
of from a few up to a Inmdred, side by side in regular rows:
tlioy hatch in from nine to fourteen days. The caterpillars
feed on various Composite plants, i)articu]ar]y sunflower
and Actinomeris; when young- they are gregarious and
feed on tlie parencliyma of tlie leaf; later they eat tlie
whole leaf, but at no time do tliey si)in a web for conceal-
ment or protection; they hibernate when partly grown,
doubtless in crevices, and se})arate in s})ring, feeding
singly. The chrysalis hangs from ten to fifteen days.
'Vhe butterfly is not at all local and is far more common in
the West tlian in the East, where it has not been recog-
nized east of the middle of Maine. It ai)pears to be single-
brooded in the North, flying in the latter half of June and
in July; but a«Tording to observations in West \'irginia
and.Missouri it appears to be there partly single- and partly
double-brooded, a first generation a]>pearing in May and a
second, partial generation in July, some of the caterpillars
from the May butterflies going into early liibernation, others
passing forward to form the second generation.

Another species of this genus is (\ inmervt, wbidi is a southern
form, hut in the West occurs as far north as Colorado and Montana
and has even been reported from Brandon. Manitoba,

«

FAMILY DliUSIl-FOOTED BUTrEltFLlES.

71

5. (lEXUS PlIYCIODES.

PHYCIODES THAROS— THE PEARL CRESCENT.

(Melitaea tliaros, Melitaca marcia, Melitaea pharos )

Butterfly. — Wings dull orange, heavily marked with blackish
brown, the markings heavier in the female and found on the
upper surface principally in a broad outer margin, a broad
divided bar across the middle of the fore wings, and a tnesli of
lines, confused in the female, at the base of the wings ; a pre-
apieal series of dots on the hind wings. On the under surface the
dark markings of the fore wings are mostly confined to irregular
patches at the middle of the costal and at the middle and just
before the tip of the inner border; tlu; hind wings areoehraceous
with a transverse median tracery of lunulate cinnamon lines, and
a large brown cloud on the hind margin ; the preapieal dots of
the upper surface are repeated. Expanse \\ inches.

Caterpillar. — Ifead shining bronze, marked with white,
rounded on summits. Body spined, scarcely tapering on thoracic
segi.;. !,\s, blackish, dotted al)ov(Mvith yellow, wiin a black dorsal
stri; ■ f 'ften wanting), a yellow line in the middle of the sides,
and a yellow band just !;eneath the s[)iraclcs; spines mostly
yellowish, stout, less than twice as high as broad, arranged
much as in Euphydryas. Length l inch.

Chrysalis.— (irayish white, the effect of brownish creases on a
white ground, darker on the abdomen, where there is a dull band
below the spiracles ; no band on the wings. Length f inch.

The eggs, which taper so that tlie summit is only half as
broad as the base and are ribbed above on tlio sides, are
light yellow-green and arc laid in clusters of from twenty
to two hundred on the niulcr side of the leaves of the food-
plant, crowded together, sometimes in one layer, at others
in several ; they hatch in from five to ten days. The cat-
erpillars feed on asters, but their proper food-plant appears
to be only Aster novae rnif/Iiae. They feed in company, de-
vouring at first only the parencliyma of the nnder surface
of tlie leaf, later in life the cnlire leaf, s{)inning no web at
any time. The cater})illars of the latest brood become
letiiargic after the second or tiiird moult and then hibcr-

wmm

72

TIW COMMONER BUTTEUFLIES.

nate. Tlic clirysalis luiiig.s for an uncertain }n'ri<)(I, gener-
ally from six to thirteen days, sometimes prolonged to a
month. The butterfly ilies slowly and for short distances
only ; it is everywhere abundant in open i)laces and is
single- or double-brooded according to locality, triple- or
even quadruple-ljrooded further south. In New England
it is double-brooded, the first brood appearing in the latter
half of May and ilying until the end of the first week in
.July ; the second brood appears about the middle of July
and may be found even to October, there being great irreg-
ularity in the development of different caterpillars, among
which there is sometimes a certain amount of temporary
lethargy. The full accounts of the behavior of the cater-
pillars of this species given by Mr. W. II. Edwards are
well worthy of close attention. The s})ecies is dimorphic,
the butterflies of the first brood (wherever there are more
than two) differing from those of the later in having more
accentuated markings.

A second species of this <ifeniis, P. batem, has been taken sparinfrly
east of the A])palac]iians ; and a third, /*. {/orgonc, an extreme soutli-
ern species, has been recorded from Kansas,

THIHE FRITILLAKIES.

6. (Jknus Bkentiiis.

BRENTHIS BELLONA— THE MEADOW FRITILLARY.

(Argynnis bellona.)

Butterfly. — Upper surface of wiui^s fulvous, heavily marked
with black ; ou most of the basal half or uioro, bounded by iiu
angulate dentate outer line, the i)]a('k predominates, touched wi'h
fulvous (lashes ; outer margin l)ordere(l with black reduced to
small T-shaped spots on tlie hind wings, preceded by two rows
of spots, the inner circular and crossing the middle of the fulvous
ueld. On the uiuler side tlie foiv; wings are fulvous heavily blotched
with black excepting on the outer fourth, where there are cinna-
moucous clouds ; hiud wings ciunumoueous fulvous on the basfvl

' i

FAMILY BliUSII-FOOTED BUTTEUFLIKS.

73

half, one or the other tint i)n'(l<>iuin;itiii<^ inlarire spots, traversed
by brown lines, the outer hall" purplish brown, obscurely clouded
and marked with brown. Exi)ans(? nearly 'i inches.

Caterpillar. — Head shining i/iackish green, the summits round-
ed. Body spined, i)urplish black, mottled witii yellowish and
with a velvety-black broken la^eral stripe ; s[)ines leathery, dull
luteous tipped with fulvous, all of nearly the same size. Length
nearly 1 inch.

Chrysalis.— Dark yellowish brown, resulting from brown
creases on a yellowish-brown ground ; laterodorsal tubercles of
abdomen (very prominent oti third segment) constricted before
the ti}), those of first and s(!con<l segments of eipial size. Length
more than ^ inch.

Tlie eggs, which arc tall sugar-loai'-sliaped with twenty
or more prominent vortical ribs, arc dull olive-yellow and
are probably laid singly on the food-plant ; one observer
says ho has seen the female dro}) her eggs loosely while
hovering in the air ; they hatch in from live to nine days.
The cateri)ilhirs feed singly and o})enly upon violets, but
only at night, making no web and concealing themselves
about the roots of the herbage by day. Winter is passed by
the caterpillars when half grown. The chrysalis hangs tor
about a week. The butterfly is i-iost commonly found
about wet meadows and bogs, and is \i northern species,
hardly found south of hit. 41'; it has a moderately ra})id
but low zigzag flight. There are three broods annually:
the first appears about the middle of May and fresh speci-
mens continue to emerge throughout June : the eggs, how-
ever, ap})ear not to be laid until the middle of June and
may be laid all through the rest of the month and July,
for the butterfly is very long-lived; the second brood ap-
])ears about the middle of July before the first bnK>d has
disa[)peared ami continues on the wing into Septeniber; the
thiril brood ap])ears late in August and continues up to the
time of frosts.

There are some strange anwinalies about the development

N<

1

74

77/A' COMMONER BUTTERFLIES.

of this butterfly. It would appear that iu tlie first brood
of butterflies, and sometimes but not always in the second,
the ef]^gs are not developed in the bodies of the females wo
as to be ready to lay until the butterfly has been on the
wing two or three weeks ; while in part of tlie second and
all of the third brood the eggs are fully developed as soon
as the butterflies emerge from the chrysalis, or at any rate in
a day or two. So, too, the behavior of the caterpillars is
very difl'erent, at least in the second brood, some feeding
regularly and passing forward to form the chi'ysalids from
which the Ijiitterflies of the third brood emerge ; others be-
coming lethargic in midsummer, when half grown, and
passing into premature hibernation curled up in crannies.
As the caterpillars from the eggs of the final brood of but-
terflies probably hibernate before moulting at all, the spring
opens with caterpillars of difl'erent stages of growth and of
different generations of the preceding year, which passing
on to chrysalis combine to make the first long-drawn-out
brood of butterflies. Whether any of the caterpillars of
the first brood behave in this way (so that the spring brood
of butterflies shall be made up of parts of all the generations
of the preceding season) is not yet determined, but it seems
probable from the irregularity and long continuance of the
second brood of butterflies.

}\

i'

BRENTHIS MYRINA— THE SILVER BORDERED FRITILLARY.

( A rgy nn is my riuu. )

Butterfly. — Upper surface of wings fulvous marked with black ;
the markings consist principally of an outer margin inwardly
dentate and enclosing fulvous dot,s, a curving series of round
s()ots beyond middle of outer half of wing, and across the base
and middle a coarse and irregular mesh of subcontinuous dashes.
Und«'r surface of fore wings fulvous with black markings feebly
r(>peat<Ml, a cinnainoncous cloud at apex and apical silvery spots ;
of liiu<l wings mixed ciiniamoneous and ochruccous, with two

F. 1 MIL Y nii C81I- tV 0 TED B UTTEliFLlES.

75

tnmsverso sorit's of silvery si)()ts, besides those at base and apex.
Expanse IJ inches.

Caterpillar. — Head dark metallic green, the summits rounded.
Hodyspineil, mottled with dark green, purple, and luteous ; spines
leath(!ry, blackish fuscous or i)artly luteous, those on the back of
the first thoracic segment several times longer than the others.
Length | inch.

Chrysalis.— Dark luteous, the abdomen darker, the whole
mai'ked with fuscous ; laterodorsal tubercles of abdomen (very
prominent on the third segment) uniformly conical, those of
first segment smaller than those of second. Length i inch.

The eggs, wliicli are tall sugar-loaf-shaped, with si.xteen
or seventeen prominent vertical ribs, are olivaceous yellow
and are laid singly on the leaves or stems of the food-plant
or on immediately adjoining vegetation; also, according to
some observers, dropped loosely on the wing; they hatch
in from six to ten, sometimes fourteen, days. The cater-
pillars feed hy night upon violets, and hide by day, and are
very (juick in their movements and easily dioturl)ed. The
chrysalis hangs from seven to eleven days. The haunts
and (light of the butterfly are the same as those of />*.
hi'Uonn and its life-history probably identical; certainly it
passes the winter in the caterpillar state, both just from
the egg and half grown, but the lethargic features noticed
in the preceding species have not been observed, though
they probably occur, in this; the butterfly, however, is a
few days later than IL heUona in ajipearing in its successive
broods in a given locality.

Three other s])ecies of Hrenthis fx-ciir in the nort.iern parts of our
district, two in the high north. />. chavidtn and Ji.frnjn, both of
them cir('unii>(>lar insects, soinctinics taken in Canada not far from
our border; and li. niontimix, known otdy from the subalpine dis-
tricts of tlu' Wlilte Mountains of \ew Ibuiipshire, and thought by
som*» to l>e merely a variety of li. charicl^.a,

76

rilK COMMOyEU JirTTKUFLIKS.

7, <fKM « AlUJVNXIS.

ARGYNNIS ATLANTI8-THE MOUNTAIN SILVER SPOT.

Butterfly. — IpixT surfacf? of wiiig.s orange fulvous, with wcll-
(lefiiit'd black riiarkingri, TIh.-.-m; consist, in all our species of
Argynnis, in the fore wingH, of three sinuate bars across the
outer part of the cell \H'mU:n a .ntraight and a sinuate bar at the
tip. a more or less disconnected 7Af^7.n{^ banrl across the middU; of
the wing, and a series of rounded .spf)tson the middle of its outer
half, besides a submarginal w.-ries of sagittate spots on a dusky
border. On tiie undt-r surface the design of tlie fore wing; is a
vague re[)etition of the iipix-r markings, while the hind wings
have submarginal, exlram<'«ial, intramesial, and picbasal scries
of very large silvery spots. tlK»w; of the outer series usually tl)e
larger. The peculiarili<.'s of each sj)ecies are seen principally on
the under surface of the hind wings, which in the present species
is distinguished by the depth and griminess of the basal tint and
by the width of the buff Im.-Ii b«;tween the two outer rows of silver
spots, which is intermediate in this particular between A. aphro-
dite and A. cyhele. Kxpanw; 2J inches.

Caterpillar. — Head dark. H^hIv spinous, dark velvety purple
above, scarcely i)aler beneath ; «pines corneous, livid at base, the
spinules nearly half as long a.<^ the spinc's. Length \^ inches.

Chrysalis,— Chestnut-brown irrorate witli black, basal seg-
ments of abdomen unicoloroiis; dorsal and ventral surfaces of
front part of body set at an angle of about 50'. Length ^ inch.

The eggs, which are Kliort niigar-loaf-shaped, as high as
broad, with twelve to fourt<?en vortical ribs and honey-yel-
low, are laid singly on the food-]»lant and liateh in about
a fortnight. Tiie caterpillars go into winter quarters im-
mediately after emerginjr from the q^^ without tasting of
vegetable food, a-vake early in the spring, and feed singly
and hy night upon violets, hiding in crevices by day. The
chrysalids are found uttar-liod to the under side of logs
lying on the ground and in .similar places; their period is
unknown. The butterfly in wilder than the succeeding
species of the genus and i.s a more northern form, being
limited southwardly by alKjut the annual isotherm of 45° J\

FAMILY BJiUaiJ FOOTED BUTTEJi FLIES.

77

It is aiiigle-brooded, appeiiring about the middle of June,
but not becoming common until the middle of August,
jind is still on the wing in .September; although the males
appear some time before the females, the latter may be
found long before they are ready to lay their eggs, which
is not until the latter half of August. The males have a
very perceptible odor of sandal-wood.

ARGYNNIS APHRODITE— THE SILVER SPOT FRITILLART.

Butterfly. — The ground color of the uiuUt surface oi the hind
wings is a pure cinnauioneous, and the butf l)and between the
two outer rows of silver spots is very narrov, narrower than the
outermost brown margin, and at its extremities often disappears.
Expanse 3 inches.

Caterpillar.— Head black, reddish yellow behind. Body
spined, blackish brown, wii'ii a velvet-black spot at base of each
spine, not so dark heiuMtli: spines corneous, black, some reddish
yellow at base. Length fu y H inclics.

Chrysalis. — Livid brown and blackish, less coarsely rugose,
and with less prominent tubercles than in A. eybele^ the basal seg-
ments of the abdomen bicolored. Length nearly 1 incli.

The eggs, which are short sugar-loaf -shaped, as high as
broad, with sixteen to nineteen vertical ribs and honey-
yellow, are laid singly on the food-plant and hatch in
a fortnight. After 'devouring their egg shells, the cater-
pillars move actively about as if searching for winter quar-
ters, utterly declining all vegetable food. After hiberna-
tion they feed by night on all kinds of wild violets, and
during the day lie concealed on tiie ground under chii>s
and stones; they sire very active. The chrysalis hangs
from seventeen to twenty days. The butterfly is very fond
of the blossoms of the thistle, and when feeding can readily
be taken with the fingers. Though a more northern but-
terfly than A. cf/beh', it is more southern than A. atlantis
and more eastern than A. i/resfift. It is found throughout
New England, excepting in the heart of the White Moun-

78

THE COMMONER BUTTERFLIES.

I

tains. It is sijigle-brooded and a little later in appearance
than its companion-species, lirst appearing about the
beginning of July; the butterflies are seldom abundant
l)efore tiie end of the first week in July, and disa])[)ear by
the middle of September; the eggs are not laid, apparently,
before the middle of August. The males have no percep-
tible odor.

ARGYNNIS ALCESTI8— THE RUDDY SILVER SPOT.

Buttterfly. — Tlie ground color of the under surface of the
hind wings is a nearly unifonu and pure deep cinnamoneous,
with no distinct band of buff between the outer rows of silvery
spots. Expanse 3 inches.

Caterpillar. — Head black, yellowish behind. Body spinous,
velvety black; si)ines corneous, black above the yellowish base.
Length If inches.

Chrysalis.— Red, brown, or drab, irregularly mottled and
creased with black; alxloininal segments drab, edged in front
witli black. Length 1 inch.

'i'lie eggs, which are short sugar-loaf -shaped, much
higher than broad, with about eighteen vertical ribs, are
presumably laid on the food-plant and hatch in from
twenty-five to thirty days. Nearly all the caterpillars,
after devouring their egg-shells, go at once into hiberna-
tion, but some have been known (in captivity, in a region
south of their native home) to feed and moult once or
twice before winter; they feed readily on violets. The
chrysalis hangs for three weeks or more. The butterfly is
fond of the open country and is found only in the West,
occurring in the Mississippi Valley from Michigan to Mon-
tana north of hit. 40°. Its seasons are all similar to those
of our eastern species of Argynnis. The male has been
credited with no odor.

FAMILY nnrsir FooTKi) buttkhfliks.

7i)

ABOYNNIS CYBELE THE OBEAT SPANOLED FBITILLABY.

Butterfly. — The yroiiiid color of the under siirfjiee of tlie hind
wings is nitlier ilull einniunoncous, more or h-ss spriiikU'd wiili
huff, and the butf Ijand l)et\veen the twooutei* rows of silver spots
is very broad, broaih'r than llie outeruKjst brown boi'der, and
extends from marj^in to mar<,dn. Expanse fidly 13 inehes.

Caterpillar.— Head chdl blaek, eastaneons l)ehind. Body
spilled, dull black, the more exi)osed parts somewhat velvety;
spines corneals, .>shinin<; blackish eastaneons, the base of many
dull orange Inteons. Length 1', inches.

Chrysalis.— Dark brown, creased and mottled with drab or
reddish brown, or ahiiost wholly dead-leaf brown, more coarsely
rngulose and with more prominent tubercles than in A. aphrodite^
the basal segments of al)d()men unicolorous. Length more than
1 inch.

Tlie eggs, which are short sugar-loaf-sliaped, liigher
than broad, witli sixteen to eighteen vertical ribs, and
honey-yellow, are laid singly on the food-phmt, and also,
according to some observers, loosely dropped by the mother
while i)oising in the air; they hatch in ai)oiit tifteen days.
The caterpillars go at once into hibernation, and become
fnll fed on violets during the next June. When about to
pupate, the caterpillar seeks the under surface of stones
and of bark lying on the ground, and the chrysalis hangs
from fourteen to twenty-four days. The butterflies are
found in open fields and are single-brooded, the earliest
appearing the last of June and continuing to emerge from
the chrysalis until at least the middle of July; they re-
main on the wing until the middle of September or later;
although pairing by the end of July, the earliest females
not appearing until the beginning of that month, eggs are
hardly laid before the middle of August. Further south,
according to W. II. Edwards, the butterflies appear at the
end of May, but by the first of July have all disai)peared, a
fresh brood appearing about the middle of August; yet
he has never been able to get butterflies of this first brood

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80

THE COMMON mi DUTTEUFLIES,

to lay eggs, nor has he found mature eggs in the bodies of
females at that season. The male lias no perneptible odor.

j

8. (JENUS SlMOYEUIA.

SPETERIA IDALIA— THE BEOAL FSITILLABY.

(Argynnis idaliu.)

Bntterfly. — Upper surface of fore wings brilliant orange,
marked with black, much after the pattern of Argynnis ; of hind
v/ings purplish black, with an extraniesial bent series of cream-
colored roundish spots and a submarginal series of similar spots,
cream-colored in the female, orange in the male. Under surface
of fore winjfs as in Argynnis, of hind wings dark olivaceous,
heavily nuirked, Argyinii.s-fasiii.)!?, with series of large silvery
spots, edged, especially on the basal hide, with black. Expanse
3i-4 inches.

Caterpillax. — Head black below, reddish above. Body spinous,
velvety black, heavily banded and striped witii ochrey yellow or
reddish; spines corneous, mostly yellowish, the spinules black.
Length If inches.

Chrysalis. — Brown, tinged with pink and marked with black in
rather sm^'l spots, scattered over the thorax and wings and in
front of, sometimes including, the tubercles. Length more than
1 inch.

The eggs, which are short sugar-loaf -shaped, broader
than high, tapering rapidly, with sixteen to eighteen verti-
cal ribs and pale green, arc laid singly on the food-plant,
probably on the nnder side of the leaves; they hatch in
about thirty days. The caterpillars at once hibernate after
devouring their egg-shells, or possibly some remain in the
Qgg all winter. The remainder of the life-history transpires
the next season, the caterpillar feeding upon violets (and
Compositae ?), the chrysalis hanging (in the sing'e instance
recorded, in West Virginia) seventeen days. The butter-
fly is somewhat local and is found in open breezy places, oc-
curring only in a relatively narrow belt across the cauntry,
following the annual isotherm of 50° F.; it flies low and

FAMILY BRUSH FOOTED BUTTEHFUKS.

81

witli 110 great rapidity, settling suddenly, and is single-
brooded, the males appearing at the very end of June or
early in July, the females about ten days later, and both
(continuing on the wing until near the end ot September,
fresh specimens coming from the chrysalis until after the
middle of August, indicating probably some lethargy in the
caterpillars. The eggs are not laid until the last of August
and usually not until September. This is one of our sliow-
iest butterflies and the male has a slight musky odor.

9. Genus Euptoieta.

EUITOIETA CLAUDIA— THE VARIEGATED FRITILLABT.

(Argynuis columbina )

Butterfly. — Upper surface of wings pale fulvous, darker in the
basal half, with an irregular, transverse, black mesial line, darker,
broader, and much more al)ruptly zigzaj; on the fore than on the
hind wing, and a pair of extramesial, more or less wavy brown
lines enclosing between them a series of round blackish spots.
Under surface of fore wings much like the upper, with the addi-
tion of a large apical clouded patch of gray and brown, obliquely
divided; of hind wings dark yellowish brown with the markings
of the upper surface obscurely repeated and overlaid by hoary
patches and streaks, especially forming a marginal and a broad
extramesial band, in both more intensw in tint toward the costal
margin. Expanse more than 2 to nearly 3 inches.

Caterpillar.— Head l)lackish, orange above. Body spinous,
very variable in color but generally of some glistening shade of
reddish orange, twice longitudinally banded on each side with
black, enclosing or partly enclosing squarish white spots. Length
\\ inches.

Chrysalis.— Silvery white, dotted and blotched with black ;
wings much blotched with black; tubercles gilt, but sometimes
silvery behind, nearly encircled with black. Length J inch.

The eggs, which are short sugar-loaf-shaped, with from
thirty to forty vertical ribs ami pale green, are laid singly
on the food-plant and hatcli in. from five to twelve days.

JT^

82

THE COMMONER BUTTERFLIES.

i

The ciiterpillar feeds on a considerable variety of polypeta-
lous plants, but particularly on Passitiora and Sedum; it
feeds readily on violets and has been known to be injurious
to the garden pansy; it probably feeds only by night. The
chrysalis hangs for about eleven days. The butterfly fre-
quents open fields and is a southern form, though occurring
farther north in tlie Mississippi Valley than in the East; it
is rarely found in southern New England and perhaps does
not winter there. It is apparently triple-brooded ; the last
brood is the most numerous and appears so late that, taking
into account the appearance of butterflies very early in the
spring, it seems probable either that the butterfly itself
hibernjites or else that some of the autumn chrysalids con-
tinue over the winter, or both ; but it is not unlikely also that
caterpillars from eggs laid late in the season may hibernate
as soon as hatched or when partly grown. It is only by
further careful observation and experiment in the Middle
and Southern States that the life-history of this butterfly
can be determined. The inequality of the broods would
indicate lethargic tendencies in midsummer caterpillars.

The genus Semnopsyche (N, diaiia) also occurs in the southernmost
part of our district.

TRIBE ANGLE-WINGS.
10. Genus Junonia.

JUN^IA CffiHIA— THE BUCKEYE.

(Vanessa coenia, Junonia lavinia).

Butterfly.— Upper surface of wings blackish brown, marked
with orange patches and with i>eacock-eye spots; on the fore
wings two parallel orange bars cross the cell, and between them
and the tip a broad bent whitish band crosses the wing, broaden-
ing below and enclosing near the lower outer angle a large pea-
cock-eye with a velvet-black ground; on the outer half of the
hind wings are two such spots, the smaller the lower, and between

FAMILY BRUSH FOOTED BUTTERFLIES.

83

ypeta-
im; it
iirious

The
ly fre-
urring
ast; it
IS does
he hist
taking
' in the
r itself
is con-
Iso that
bernate
Qnly by
Middle
utterfly

would
liars.

iernmost

marked
the fore
en them
jroaden-
irge pea-
f of the
between

them and the brown margin an orange band, rndor surface
gray-l)rown, more or loss ferruginous, only the markings of tlM»
fore wing repeated, the spots of the himl wing bi'coining small
and inconspicuous ocelli. Expanse more than 2 inches-
Caterpillar.— Head dark glossy brown, sprinkled with yellow
tubercles, the summits crowned witli an equal spine of moderate
height. Body spinous, blaek-gray, marked with minute, black-
edged orange daslies and dots transversely arranged and a pair
of maculate pale stripes next the spiracles ; spines nearly as long
as the segments, all furnished th/oughout with spinules, not stel-
late, luteo-fuscous with a metallic lustre. Length \\ inches.

Chrysalis. — Brown with dusky shades and more or less
mottled and marked with black and cream color, the latter on
the abdomen; tubercles and alar ridge blunt and rounded.
Length 1 inch or less.

The eggs, which are globose, with ten very thin high
vertical ribs and dark green in color, are laid singly on tlie
tips and nnJer side of the leaves of the food-plant and
hatch in four days. The caterpillar feeds on Gerardia and
a few other Scropluilariaceae, as well as on some other plants,
at first upon the under surface leaving only a skeleton,
afterwards openly and at all times with no web. The
clirysalis hangs from seven to seventeen days, according
to the season. TMie butterfly lives in the open country,
lias a strong and vigorous flight, and is a soutliern spe-
cies, though it is seen occasionally as far north as south-
ern New England and the southern edge of the Great
Lakes. In the South there are several broods annually,
the butterfly hibernating; in the northern part of its range
there may more probably be only two, and it is doubtful
whether in the farthest points at which it is found it is
iiuligenous, as all captures have been made late in the sea-
son, perhaps the progeny of individuals which have flown
far north beyond the natural limits. A single specimen
was even taken by Geddes in the Rocky Mountains of
Canada, to which it must certainly have flown from a dis-
tant point.

^4

77/A; common KH liUrTEHFI.IKA.

11. (Jkms Vankssa.

VANESSA CA'rDUI-THE PAINTED LADT, or THISTLE

BUTTERFLY.

(f'ynthia cnr'liii, I'yraiiu'is cardiij.)

Butterfly. — UpiM;r surface of wiii;,'.s blacki.sli l>r<)\vn, lit-avilv
{Hid irreji;iil!irly marked witli orange; apical half of fore wings
iiii('(iualiy spotted with white and hind wings with a prenia'-ginal
.series of round black spots. Under surfac*; of fore wings like
the upper with exaggerated markings; of hind wings heavily
marbled and tran.sver.sely lined with a mingling of white, oliva-
ceous brown, and gray, the submarginal spots of the upper sur-
face becoming more or less perfect and unequal peacock-eye
ocelli, occurring in nearly all the interspaces. Expanse 2^-3
inches.

Caterpillar.— Head blackish with pale hairs, not spined on
summit. Body spinous, dingy olivaceous yellow, with a niore or
le.ss inconspicuous delicate tracery of paler color and a mottling
of velvety black, varying considerably in relative amount," and
with a conspicuous iufrastigmatal yellow stripe; spines, including
a mediodorstil one on both first and second abdominal segments,
yellowi.sh, the spinules of the ajncal circlet as long as the spine
below the circlet; hairs on body much more than half as long as
the spines. Length 1^ inches.

Chrysalis. — Greenish, acreous, or bluish white, delicately
crea.sed with black and banded with light brown or livid, the
tubercles often gold-tipped; no distinct supralateral tubercle on
eighth abdominal segment, and tho wing tubercles blunter tluin
in the other species of the genus. Length somewhat less than 1
inch.

The eggs, which are barrel-shaped, a third liigher than
broad, with about sixteen thin high vertical ribs and pale
green, are laid singly upon the upper surface of the leaves
of the food-plant and hatch in from six to eight days.
The caterpillar feeds upon almost any kind of thistle,
which is its favorite plant, but also upon other Composite
plants, especially Anaphalis, and it is also partial to Mal-
vaceae. On hatching the caterj)illar leaves its egg-shell

«i'

FAyriLY nnusif FooTfi:/) nurrhmFi.iKs

85

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K'tivily

ivgiiial
gs like
heavily
, olivca-
)er sur-
oek-eye
Be 2i-3

lined on
more or
mottling
int," and
ncluding
igments,
he spine
s long as

lelicately
ivid, the
)erclo on
Iter ihau
IsR than 1

lier than
md pale
le leaves
^ht days.

thistle,
|oniposite

to Mai-
I egg-shell

uneaten, and after a meal or two on tlio i)aroiu'hy!nji of
the uj)per side of tlie leaf passes to tijo under surface and
makes a filmy solitary nest next one of the ribs, into whieh
from time to time, as it needs to e?darg<> it, it weaves bitten
partioles of the leaf or leaf-hairs; later it makes a larger
nest or tent, often at the summit of tlie jdant, sf)njetime8
impliirating several of its leaves, or stretcidnsjj across ine«jual-
ities of surface in a sin<(Ie leaf l)eneatii which it lives. 'I'he
chrysalis hangs from eiglit to fourteen days. 'I'he butter-
fly inhabits open fields and is more nearly cosmopolitan in
its distribution than any butterfly known, being found in
almost every quarter of the globe except in South Anu'rica
(in the northern parts oidy of wiiich is it found) ami the
arctic regions. It is generally regarded as single-brooded
tiironghout the greater j)art of P'urope, but with us, even
as far north as New England and Canada, it is certainly
double-brooded. It hibernates in the butterfly state (per-
haps also some autumn chrysalids pass over the winter)
ami so appears early in the spring. Kggs are laid late in
May and early in Juiu); the cater[>illars become fully grown
l)etween the middle of June ami the end of July, ami before
the middle of July the first brood of butterflies makes its
appearance. Eggs are agjiin laid by the end of this month
and during August, and late in August or early in Septem-
ber a secoiul brood of butterflies a])pears. More than most
Itntterflies this species is subject to extensive fluctuations
in numbers, and in Europe at least has been known to
migrate in vast flocks.

VANESSA HUNTERA-THE PAINTED BEAUTY.

(Cynthia liuntera, Pyranie|s huntera, Pyrameis virginiensis,
Pyraiut'is tcrpsichore.)

Bntterfiy. — Upper surface of wings much as in T". rartfuf,
excepting that the largest p;ile spot in the apical half of the fore
wings is white in the male but orange in the feruale, and that the

86

THE COMMONER BUTTERFLIES.

n

\^

proniarsjfiiial series of spots on the hind wing becomes a more or
less eontiniious band with the blue pupil of an ocellus in two of
the interspaces. The under surface of the hind wings is smoky
brown, with a conspicuous tracery of whitish cross lines on the
basal half, and a brocad, irregular, mesial white l)and, Ix'yond
which are two moderatcily larg(% ex(pnsitely formed, round pea-
cock-cyo spots. Expanse 2-2 i iiu;hes. .

Caterpillar. — Head black, without spines on summits. Body
spinous, velvety black, with delicate, transverse, yellowish lines
ne.xt the incisures, and at the front ba.se of the supralateral
spines, from the second abdominal segment backward, a con-
spicuous, round, silvery-white spot ; spines, including a medio-
dorsal one on both first and second abdominal segments, black;
hairs short. LcMigth \\ inches.

Chrysalis. — Dull grayish white marked with brown or oliva-
ceous, sometimes golden green marked with purple, the darker
markings in part forming an irregular broad band along the
sides from one end of the body to the other ; tubercles orange-
tipped, the supralateral series, including one on the eighth ab-
dominal segment, bluntly conical. Length '{ inch.

Tlie eggs, which are barrel-shaped, slightly higher than
broad, with tiiirteen to sixteen thin high vertical ribs and
yellowish green, arc laid singly on the npper surface of
the leaves of tiie food-plant and crowded down between
the hairs which cover it; their period has never been re-
corded. The caterpillars feed almost exclusively on
Gnaphalieae, a group of Composite plants nearly allied to
the thistles, and particularly on "everlasting," Gnaphaliuni,
but they have also been found on a number of other plants,
including thistles. On emerging from the dgg, they bur-
row beneath the silken hairs of the food-plant, bite them
off and, mingling them with much silk, form at once a
dense white mat; beneath this they devour the paren-
chyma and then enlarge the nest, never leaving it for food
but enclosing larger and larger areas, until finally many
leaves are drawn together, the bitten-off inflorescence of
the Gnaphaliuni interwoven with the web, and a nest

1 I

; 1

FA MIL Y Bli U8II FOOTED li UTTKUFl IKS.

87

formed as large as a pigeon's egg; only in the last few
•lays of their life do they leave the ne.st and devour the
entire leaf. The chrvsalis, sometimes formed witliin the
final nest, hangs from ten to twelve days. Tiie butterfly
is a vigorous flyer and is i'onnd in oj»en fields. It is double-
brooded in the North, hibernating iis a butterfly and also
to some extent as a chrysalis. The hilx'rnating butterflies
leave their winter quarters alx>ut the middle of May and
the chrysalids give forth their contents a few weeks later;
eggs are laid early in June, and from the middle of July
to the end of the first week in August the butterflies of
the first brood (proper) of the sejison make their appear-
ance. Eggs are again laid in August, and the second
brood of butterflies flies from the middle of September to
the end of the season. As the butterfly is long-lived, indi-
viduals may be seen on the wing throughout the entire
season from the middle of May to the end of October. In
the South the number of broods is certainly greater, and
the winter is passed in the butterfly state, if not also in
the chrysalis.

VANESSA ATALANTA— THE RED ADMIRAL.

(Cynthia atalanta, Pyrameis atalanta.)

Butterfly. — Upper surface of wings purplisli black, the foro
wings with white markings at the aiwx as in otlier species of
Vanessa, but also with a couspicuon.s, oblique, curved belt of
bright orange across the middle of the wing ; hind wings mar-
gined with the same. Under surface of hind wings greatly
varied with marbling and transverse wavy lineation of pale
brown olivaceous gray and black markings of intricate pattern,
including a triangular gray patch on the middle of the costal
border and a dusting of metallic green on a submarginal series
of obscure dark ocelli. Expanse 2A inches.

Caterpillar. — Very similar to that of V. canlui, including
mediodorsal spines on first and second abdominal segments, but
perhaps even more variable in coloring ; usually, however, more

88

TIIK COM MONK It nUTTKliFUKS.

lit

II

i! 1

i I

or less of a saftron tint, tlic di.stiiicl li^lit lateral band more com-
monly macular iliaii in V. audni, the hairs notably sliorter, be-
in}{ less than half as long as the spines, and tint spinules of tho
apical circlet not one third as loi'fj; as the spino below the circlet.
Length 1} inches.

Chrysalis.— Ashen brown, more or less clouded with blackish
fuscous and with a dark .stigmatal band, but enlivened by some
brilliant more or less golden spots and dotted with black ; tuljcr-
cles brownish yellow except some golden ones in the constricted
l)ase of the abdomen, the supralateral series extending upon tho
eighth abdominal segment and sharply conical. Length more
than I inch.

TIjo e^j^s, which are barrel-shaped with nine thin liigh
vortical ribs and delicate green in color, are laid singly on
the upper surface of the food-plant and hatch in five or
si.x (lays. The caterpillar feeds on Urticaceous plants and
almost exclusively on true nettle (Urtica). On quitting
the egg the caterpillar partially devours it and then gener-
ally makes its way to another leaf— by preference one of
the half-opened ones at the summit of the plant — and fast-
ening together different ])oints of the leaf makes a canopy
under wliicli it lives, eating only the surface of the leaf
beneath the web; later it catches the outer edges of a
lager leaf together with silk, and lives in the tube thus
formed, devouring the lower edges until it has eaten itself
out of house and home; it then forms another nest, first
biting the stem partly through so as to cause it to droop.
The chrysalis often transforms in one of these bowers
after hanging for about ten days. This butterfly, again,
is an inhabitant of the open field and is found all over
Europe as well as North America. Its life-history is much
like that of V. hnntera, it being double-brooded and hi-
bernating principally as a butterfly, but also as a chrysalis.
About the second week in May the butterfly conies out of
winter quarters, and by the first week in June the chrysa-
lids begin to disclose their inmates, both sets of butterflies

FAMIl. Y Itnusil FooTh'I) IH'TTKIiFIJ KS

ao

laying o;r^'« Jit or jilxmt tlu^ saim^ liiiic, so that cutrrpillurs
may bo foiiiul tlirou^rliout tiic whole of -lime aiui tlio first
half of Julv, and butterflies of the new broo<i ejuer«je from

tl

le chrysalis throu<;hout .July. K^jj^s are laid at ouee, and
then a fresh lot of eateritillars mav be found dire(!tlv the
old ones have disai»|)eared, or even before that. Theso
develop into butterflies by the very last of August, and
continue on the wing until they disapj)ear into their win-
ter hiding-i)laces. This they do among the very bust of
our hibernating butterflies. Further south there are
doubtless a i;reater inimber of broods.

1'2. (iKM S AOI.AIS.

A01.AI8 MILBERTI -AMERICAN TORTOISE SHELL.

(Vanessa inillHTtiKNyniplialis tnill><>rti, Vntirssa fiirrillata. )

Butterfly. — Upper surface of wiiijjjs blackish brown witii two
orange fulvous spots in th(; cell of the fore wings and a very
broad preinarginal band of the same crossing lK)th wings, on the
fore wings divided at its upper cxtrciniity ; a marginal series of
small blue luiuilcs. Under surface slatc-l)rown, th<; i)remarginal
band gray-brown, crowded with cross-threads of blackish l)rown,
the basal half with distant black cross-threads. Expanse 2
inches.

Caterpillar. — Head black, with white papillae, not spincd on
summits. Body spinous, the spines shorter than the segments,
with a medioilorsal spine on second but not on first abdominal
segment ; velvety ])]ack above, profusely dotted, except on dorsal
Hue, with whitish papillae, givingasnulT-gray appearance, green-
ish vellovv beneath. Lenj'tli nearlv 1 inch.

Chrysalis. — Pale brown, everywhere creased and flecked with
dark fuliginous ; or pale golden green with indistinct ferruguious
creases and then marked with salmon and livid tints ; ocellar
tubercles pointed, a mediodorsal tubercle on second abdominal
segment, the mesothoracic prominence not compressed at tip.
Length f inch.

The eggs, which are barrel -shaped, as broad as high, with
jiine or ten thin ^iid high vertical ribs and pale grass-green.

00

rilK COMMON Kit ItUrrmtFLlKH.

: I

aro hiid in masses close to^^etlier in several superposed layers
or heai)s to the number of several hundred on the under
side of leaves of the food-plant near the summit: Miey
liatch in ahout six days. 'I'he ('ater])illars feed upon nettles
and are social in the ilrst half of their life, at once, without
devouriii},' the e^'t^-shell, cliinbinj^ to the summit of the
]»lant, lining' it with a web beneath which they swarm;
when half j^rown they dis]>erse and live more openly or in
l)artial shelters, as where three or four may bo found to-
gether in incomi)letcly closed leaves of nettle, open at tip
but closed at base, by which a reversed pocket is formed
within which they live when not feeding. The chrysalids
usually hang for ten or twelve days. The butterfly has a
lively flight, is found l»y roadsides in Canada and the North-
ern United States as far south as the latitude of New York
City, or higher than tliat in the Mississippi Valley. It is
triple-brooded, hibernating in both the butterfly and the
chrysalis state, in the former under piled stones. The
wintering butterllies come out wiiile the snow still lies on the
ground, and in Ai)ril the wintering chrysalids give birth
to the enclosed butterflies which may l)e found on the wing
through May. Eggs are first laid late in April, and by
about the middle of June the butterflies from caterpillars
of the same season begin to fly; by the end of July a sec-
ond, and by the first of September a th: '^ brood of butter-
flies appears, though some of the later chrysalids continue
ovffr the winter; even as late as November the butterfly
may sometimes be seen on the wing.

13. Genus P^uvankssa.

EUVANESSA ANTIOFA— THE MOURNING CLOAK.

(Vanessa antiopa.)

Butterfly. — Upper surface of wings rich maroon, deepening
into black next the straw yellow, ])lack-dusted, outer margin, and
in the black enlivened by small dashes of blue. Under surface

i;

FAMILY liliUSlIFOOTEl) DUTTKUFUHH.

91

nearly nniforni black-^ray through a mingling of crowdrd trans-
vcrne thrrads of black and bliu; (as seen under a lens), the broad
outer margin ashen white, much flecked with brown. Kxpanse
;J-!JA inches.

Caterpillar. — Head black, not .spined on summits. Body
spinous, \\w spines much longer liwin the seginent.s, but no me-
diod(trsal spines on either first or second abdomiiuil .segments;
velvety black, sprinkled with white papillae and with a row of
largo mediodorsal orange spots; prolegs reddish. Length 2
inches.

Chrysalis. — Dark yellow-brown marked with blackish fu.st.'ou.s,
often with a pah; bloom and tinged with roscnie ; larger tubercles
red-tipped ; ocellar tubercles pointed; no medio,' 'sal tubercle
on .second abdominal segment. Length 1 inch or laore.

Tlio eggs arc burrcl-sluiped, slij^litly Li^t^licr tliar 'i)roa(l,
with sc I'l' or oi^^lit thin hi^^h vertical ribs fiidi vi^next ])a.so
{i'"d Hvc of a iKilo yellow at lirs(, (dum^^i'ig tr dark brown
and tlioii to inky black; they are laid in a sii.i,l(i layer in
rinffs eneirclin*,' or nearly encircling one of the teriniiuil
twigs of the food-plant near it.s tip and liatoh \v from nine
to sixteen days. The caterpillars feed principally npon
wiHows and elm, but also on poplars and to a less extent on
a number of allied 2>lnnts; they arc gregarious throughout
life, and in feeding ut first range themselves side bysidein
eompa(rt columns; they spin, liowever but little web and
this merely to make a track upon the stems of the food-
plant, along which they travel in a procession when moving
from place to })lacc. The chrysalis state lasts from eight
to sixteen days a<'cording to the season, and the butterfly is
double-brooded, hibernating in the perfect stage. The
butterflies come out the first of the h.itterfly hibernators—
any .varm winter day may lure them — and lay eggs early in
May, from which a first brood of the season's butterflies
springs into being very late in June or early in July; by
the middle or last of July eggs are again laid, and the sec-
ond brood of butterflies is on the wing early in September

92

run: coM.woNh'ii nvrrKnhiJKs.

siiid remains on tlio \v:?i,i( until ojirly in November. In the
nortlicM-n part of its ninge, however, as in the White Moun-
tains of New Hampsliire, the butterfly is single-brooded,
appearing early in August.

14. (jfKNrs Ei:ooNiA.
EUOONIA J-ALBUM— THE COMFTON TORTOISE.

(Vanessa j-albuin, (ilrapta j -album, Xyinplialis j-album.)

Butterfly. — Upper surface of wiiij^s tawny orange, paling into
yellow on the outer Iialf (»f the wings, marked heavily witli
black especially on the fore wings, when^ three large black
patches depend from the costal margin, while four. snjaller patches
occur in the middle of the lower half of the wing ; a small white
transverse bar near apex of fore wings, njpctatcd nearer the base
on the hind wing. Under surface brownish cinereous, darker on
basal half, everywhere transversely streaked with dark threads
or clouded with fuliginous shades ; an L-shaped white spot at
aiwx of cell of hind wings, the lower limb subobsolete. Expanse
nearly 3 inches.

Caterpillar. — Head lighter or darker, but dark above and
crowned with i)rominent black spiue.s. Body spinous, variable
in color but darker above than below, and more or less green,
doited with white and with longitudinal, light-colored, often
whiti.sh, macidate stripes ; the upper spines black with rufous
base, the lower lighter colored, those of the thoracic segments
with no spinules on the basal half. Length l|-2 Inches.

Chrysalis.- Green of various shades, often covered with a
whitish bloom, sometimes clouded with brown, sometimes
roseate, the tubercles in the saddle metallic golden, the meso-
thoracic prominence apically compres.sed, a mediodorsal tubercle
on second alxlominal segment, the suprastigmatal tubercle on
eighth abdominal segment obsolete. Length 1 inch.

The eggs are doubtless laid in small clusters on the food-
plant, but they have never yet been found. The caterpil-
lars feed upon the white birch in company (fifteen have
been found together), but no web has been mentioned.
The chrysalis hangs for about ten days. The butterfly i?

i !

K'

FAMILY BliV8U FOiriHI) lUfrTEHP'LIES.

o;i

a northern species, huvin<^ in ojustern Anicricji almost
|)recis«*ly tlic range of Af/htis niilberliy and i.s found in
forest rojids and open woodland. It is })robably single-
brooded and winters as a bntterlly, appearing fresh on the
wing at the very end of June and early in July, but
becoming mucli more numerous later in the season an<l
hibernating in October, appearing again in the early spring
and laying eggs early in May. A swarm of this butterfly
invaded one of the Nantucket light-houses one September
night, perhaps iij migration.

15. Genus PoiiVOONiA.

The butterflies of this genus may be distinguished al-
most at a glance by their greatly angulated and excised
wings. All are tawny-colored above, heavily spotted and,
especially the hind wings, broadly bordered with black;
the dark markings of the fore wings consist mainly of two
stout bars depending from the costal margin and, around
the inner bar, of a series of five or six rounded spots
arranged in a line bent at right angles, one limb parallel
to, the other depending from, the costal margin. The
species differ principally in the colorings and markings of
the under surface of the hind wings.

pi

POLTOONIA PBOONE— THE ORAT COMMA.

(Vanessa progne, (irapta progne, Grapta c-argenteum.)

Butterfly. — Middle of outer
crenulate ; tail of hind wings
broad ; under surface of same
verse blackish threads, with si
ings, and a central thin silvery
E.xpanse fully 2 inches.

Caterpillar. — Head brown,
spines having lateral spinules
not so long as the portion of

margin of fore wings distinctly
not more than twice as long as

wings gray, traversed by trana-
ight greenish submarginal mark-
L, the upper limb pointed at tip.

crowned by long and slender

thrown off from the middle, and

the central spine beyond them ;

1

94

THE COMMON Eli BUTTERFLIES.

body spinous, yellowish brown, uniformly variejjated above with
blaekisli olivaceous ; spines mostly black. Length more than
1 inch.

Chrysalis. —Greatly variegated with buff, olive-green, brown,
white and salmon-red; ocellar tubercles equal on basal half, con-
ical beyond, the notch between them broader than deep ; largest
al)dofninal tubercles not very much larger than the others. Length
nearly 1 inch.

The eggs, which are pale green, barrel-shaped and ribbed,
arc laid singly on the upper surface of the leaves of the
food-plant and hatch in four or five days." The caterpillar
feeds openly on species of Ribes (currant, gooseberry,
etc.) and probably other Grossulaceae and will eat elm.
The chrysalis state varies from ten to sixteen days and has
been known to be as short as seven. The butterfly is a
northern species, hardly occurring south of lat. 40", is
fond of lanes and the vicinity of barns, and is greatly ad-
dicted to the moisture from drying fruit. It is double-
brooded, hibernating as a butterfly, coming out in March,
laying eggs about the middle of May, and continuing on
the wing into June. At the very end of June or early in
July the new butterflies begin to appear, lay eggs the same
month, and the second brood, which is the more abundant,
comes upon the stage in the latter part of August and
ear\y in September; very few have not sought their winter
(juarters by the middle of October.

FOLTOONIA FAUNUS— THE GREEN COMMA.

(Qrapta faunus, Vanessa f annus, Nymphalis faunus.)

Butterfly. — Middle of outer margin of fore wings conspicuous-
ly crenatc ; tail of hind wings not more than twice as long as
broad ; under surface of same wings dark gray brown, much
enlivened by green and ashen along the outer third, especially in
the male, and with a central, heavy, silvery comma with expand-
ed tips. Expanse fully 2 inches.

Caterpillar.— Head black with a pale W on the front, crowned

FAMILY BRU8H.F00TED BUTTERFLIES.

95

iter

t'lied

by not very long black spines. Body spinous, brownish yellow,
with a large dorsal white patch on posterior half of body in strik-
ing contrast to the rest ; spines white. Length \\ inches.

Chrysalis. — Pale wood-brown, streaked with dusky green ;
ocellar tubercles equal on basal half, conical beyond, the notch
between them deeper than broad ; largest tul)ercles of alxlominal
segments not very much larger than the others. Length nearly
1 inch.

The grass-green, barrel -shaped, ribbed eggs are laid
singly on the u^^^ier surface of the leaves of the food-plant
and hatch in one week. The caterpillar feeds principally
on willow and black birch, but has also been taken on
alder, currant, and wild gooseberry; it does not devour its
egg-shell on hatching, but immediately crawls to the under
side of the leaf, otherwise living openly and making no
sort of nest. The chrysalis state lasts from eight to fifteen
days. The butterfly is a northern species, not occurring
iu the east south of Massachusetts (except along the Ap-
palachians), though in the Mississippi Valley it comes as
far south as Iowa and northern Nebraska. It is very
active in its movements, partial to roadways, especially
through the forest, and although on the wing the entire
summer appears to be only single-brooded. It hibernates
as a butterfly and lays eggs in the latter half of May and
throughout June, and about the middle of July the brood
of butterflies of the season appears while some of the
hibernators are still on the wing; butterflies continue to
emerge from the chrysalis for a month, and it is not until
the middle of October that they have all retired to winter
quarters.

FOLTOONIA COMMA—THE HOP MERCHANT.

(Vanessa comma, Qrapta comma. Vanessa c-album, Grapta dryas,

Nympbalis dryas.)

Batterfly. — Middle of the outer margin of fore wings distinctly
crenate ; tail of hind wings not more than twice as long as broad;

06

THE COMMONER BUTTEUFLIES.

\

niuler surface of same wiiif^s dark hrowii on basal half, lighter
brown (more or less ciinnvous in llio male) on apical half, consider-
able variegated (especially in (he nnilej and traversed by short
transverse threads of darker brown throughout, with a central
heavy silvery comma expanded at the ends. Expanse 3-2i inches.

Caterpillar. — Head black, more or less faced with green,
crowned by stout and not very long black spines, the spinules of
which, emitted from the middle, are about as long as the part of
the spine beyond them. Body spinous, varying in different in-
dividuals from green to dark brown, in the latter case light below,
and transversely and narrowly lined with lighter colors above ;
spines pellucid. Length 1 inch.

Chrysalis. — Pale wood-brown, tinged and streaked with pale
green ; ocellar tubercles conical throughout, the largest abdominal
tubercles strikingly larger than the others, mesothoracic tubercle
triangular on side view. Length nearly 1 inch.

The pale green, barrel-shaped, ribbed eggs are laid singly
or more commonly in columns of from two to nine upon
the under surface or stems of the leaves of the food-plant
and hatch in four or five days. The caterpillars feed on
Urticaceous plants, particularly on the hop, to which they
are sometimes destructive. The top egg of the column
hatches first and the rest in succession down, or rather up,
the column ; the eggs are not eaten and the caterpillar is
strictly solitary, two being rarely found on one leaf ; at first
it lives openly, but later in life it draws together the edges
of the leaf on the under side of which it is living, sufficiently
to protect it from sight and the weather, emerging from it
at night to feed. The chrysalis generally hangs from seven
to eleven days, but late in the season tlie time is sometimes
prolonged to eighteen days. The butterfly is wary and
active, inhabits the open country, fields, etc., and is double-
brooded. The butterfly hibernates and is on the wing from
March to May and sometimes early June, lays eggs on the
tender leaves as soon as they burst, and the first fresh but-
terflies of the season appear at the end of June and fly
through August. Eggs are again laid late in July and

FAMILY BRUSH-FOOTED BUTTERFLIES.

97

in August and the butterflies of the second brood appear
tlie last week in August ; they have all or almost all gone
into winter quarters before October.

There are two very distinct forms of this butterfly, one
(dryas) with the upper surface of the hiiul wings much
darker than the other (harrisii); most of the first brood are
of the former, most of the second of the latter, but not in-
variably.

but-

id fly

and

POLTOONIA INTERROOATIONIS— THE VIOLET TIF.

(Vanessa iuterrogationis, (fra])ta interrogatiouis, (jrapta fabricii,

Orapta umbrosa.)

Butterfly. — lifiddle of outer margin of fore wings scarcely
crenulate; tail of hind wings several times longer than broad;
under surface of same wings highly variegated with patches and
transverse stripes of various shades of ferruginous brown and
ochraceous in the male, nearly uniform reddish brown in tlie
female, in both with a central silver reversed semicolon. Ex-
panse 2i-3 inches.

Caterpillar. — Head lighter or darker brown, crowned by
moderately stout spines, the lateral spinules of which are emitted
from below the middle. Body spinous, castaneous, uniformly
flecked with light dots so distributed as to form longitudinal
faintly oblique stripes on each segment ; spines luteous or rufous.
Length nearly \^ inches.

Chrysalis. — Various shades of wood-brown tinged with oliva-
ceous, with a fine web of brown in impressed lines, the tubercles
of the saddle nacreous ; ocellar tubercles conical throughout, the
larger abdominal tubercles strikingly larger than the others,
mesothoracic tubercle quadrate as seen from the side. Length
nearly 1 inch.

The bluish-green, barrel -shaped, ribbed eggs are laid on
the under surface of the leaves of the food-plant, either
singly or in columns of from three to eight, and hatch in
from three to eleven days according to the season. The
caterpillars feed upon Urticaceous plants of which hoj)
and elm are the favorites, and also upon linden. They are

I \

'm^^

fii I

98

THE COMMONER BUTTEIiFLIES.

(>

partially gregarious, several being often found in a loose
company; they rarely seek concealment, though they some-
times do so after the manner of F. comma. The chrysalis
hangs from seven to twenty-six days according to the sea-
son and locality. ^J'he butterfly is a southern species rarely
found north of the Canadian border. In the northern part
f its range it is double-brooded, but at least triple-brooded
in the Southern States, probably everywhere hibernating
as a butterfly ; in the region with which we are concerned
it leaves its winter quarters early in May and flies until
the early part or middle of June, laying eggs late in May
and early in June. The first brood of the season's butter-
flies appears eai'ly in July or the last days of June and con-
tinues flying until the middle of August ; the second brood
appears toward the last of August aiul continues to emerge
from the chrysalis even into October.

This butterfly is dimorphic in much the same way as
P. comma, one form (umbi'osa) having the upper surface of
the hind wings much darker than the otlier (fabricii), but
differing also in the form of the wings ; as in P. comma
the butterflies of the first brood are mostly of the dark type,
but those of the second invariably, or with very rare excep_
tions, of the lighter type.

Other species of this genus occurring in our district -are P. gracilis^
at the White Mountains of New Flanipshire and northwestward ; anc'
P. satyriis, a Pacific coast species occasionally found in southern
Canada.

TRIBE SOVEREIGNS.

16. Genus Basilakchia.

BA8ILARCHIA ARTHEMIS— THE BANDED PURPLE.

(Limenitis arthemis, Nympbalis arthemis, Nympbalis lamina.)

Butterfly. — Upper surface of wings velvety choeolate-blaok,
with a broad white bow crossing both wings just beyond the
middle. Under surface vc y dark brown, with a similar bow, a

M

^

tUern

a.)

|)laok,
the
low, a

FAMILY BUUSILFOOTED DUTTEIiFLIES.

90

few black-bordered orange spots at the base, and a premarginal
series of plain orange simts, besides a doul)le series of erenulate
blue lines, next outer margin. Expanse nearly 3 inches.

Caterpillar.— Head dark drab, tuberculate, the summits
crowned with a large tubercle, rounded at tip but with raised
points; the principal tubercle behind it tumid, but little higlier
tiian broad. Body naked, humped, and irregularly tuberculate,
of various shades of green, especially olive, with a dorsal patch
of pal ! bulf ; a pair of long, clubbed, prickly tubercles on seccmd
thoracic segment; not more than about twenty minute smooth
warts on any one segment above the spiracles. Length nearly 1^
inches.

Chrysalis. — Varying from creamy white to silvery gray, the
wings margined with greenish brown, the body grotesquely
streaked; basal wing-tubercle produced to a minute, backward-
directed point; tail-piece, seen from above, less than twice as
long as its width at apex. Length nearly 1 inch.

The eggs, which are globular, pitted, studded wath short
filaments, and grayish green, are laid singly on the upper
surface of the extreme tips of the pointed leaves of the
food-plant, leaves on young plants, only a few feet above
the ground, being usually selected; they hatch in from
seven to nine days. The caterpillars usually feed upon
black and yellow birch, preferably the former, willow and
poplar, but have also been found on shadbush and some
other plants. As soon as it has hatched the young cater-
pillar devours its egg, and then begins to feed upon the
leaf upon which it was born, begirning at the extreme
tip, but always leaving the midrib untouched as it proceeds
toward the base; when resting after a meal, it always
takes its station on the stripped midrib, to which it fastens
with much silk minute bits of leaf to strengthen it; and
like all the other species of the genus it makes while
young a loose ball of the size of a small pea out of bitten
scraps of leaf held together by a few strands of silk and
hangs it by a thread or two to the stripped midrib, so that
it is moved by every braatli of wind — a device, perhaps, to

IB i!.,

1
'.

!

1

f

L

ffl

100

THE COMMON EH BUTTEllFLIES.

I<

distract from itself tlie attention of an enemy; for, by 3on-
Btant removals, it is always kept close to the eaten edge of
tlie leaf, while its own perch is as far out on the 8trij>j)ed
midrib as it can find a good footing. After the second
moult it pays no further attention to this packet, ami
retires for its siesta to the leaf-stalk or neighboring twisjr,
but it does not quit its feeding spot until the leaf, alwa\s
exce])ting the midril), is almost or quite devoured, when it
passes to a neighboring leaf. The chrysalis state lasts from
nine to fourteen, usually ten to twelve, days. The butter-
fly, one of our most striking species, is a northern form,
hardly occurring, except in elevated regions, south of New
llampsliire, and frequents shaded roads, particularly in the
forest. It is perhaps as a rule single-brooded, though a
second brood, feeble in numbers, is known to occur; the
first brood appears in the latter half of June and remains
upon the wing until early in August; the second brood,
when it appears, comes very late in August and early in
September. The insect hibernates as a half-grown cater-
pillar, and to do this constructs, like all the species of the
genus, a singular hibernaculum: selecting a growing leaf
of its food-plant, it eats away the apical third or fourth,
excepting tiie midrib and a narrow flange on each side of it;
or it uses the leaf it has been eating, already trimmed in
this fashion; it then draws together, above, the outer edges
of the uneaten portion to construct a tube, which it lines
very heavily with brown silk, within and without; further
than this, it binds the leaf-stalk to the stem with repeated
windings of silk to prevent its falling to the ground in the
winter; by means of the ledge formed by the projecting
midrib, it then enters its tube head foremost and com-
pletely fills it, so that the opening is just closed by the
roughened end of the body. In the spring it quits its
winter home as soon as the first tender leaves have appeared.
A form called proserpina, a hybrid between this species

it;

in

gcs
ines

bel-
ated

the
ting
■com-

the
s its
ared.
ecies

FAMILY BRUSH-FOOTED BUTTEUFUE8.

101

and the next, but more nearly resembHng tlie hitter with
more or less distinct traces of the white bow peculiar to the
former, is found at places along the southern limit of
B. arthemis; by some it is regarded Jis a dimorphic form
of the present species.

BASILARCHIA ASTTANAX— THE RED SPOTTED PURPLE.

(Limenitis astyanax, Nympbalis eph«*!stioii, Nyinphalis ursula,

Limeniti.s uniula.)

Butterfly.— Upper surface of wings blackisli, the outer third
of the hind wings with three series of pale bluo or green spots,
the inner of variable width and sometimes suffusing nearly the
whole wing, at least in some lights. Under surface brown, with
a double submarginal series of blue lunulatc lines, a submarginal
series of orange spots in a black settin/^, and a few black-edged
orange spots at the base. E.xpanse 3-4 incheti.

Caterpillar. — Head brownish red, tul)erculate, the summits
crowned with a large nearly spherical tubercle with small pro-
jections. Body naked, humped and irregularly tuberculate,
strangely streaked, blotched and mottled with brown, olivaceous,
and creamy tints ; a pair of long, clubbed, and prickly blackish
tubercles on second thoracic segment ; considerably more than
twenty minute smooth warts on most .segments above the
spiracles. length U inches.

Chrysalis.— Grotesquely variegated with patches and streaks
of pale salmon, dark olivaceous, inky pluinlKJOus, and yellow-
brown, the lighter tints prevailing; ba.sal wing-tubercle rounded
or partially suppressed; tail- piece, seen from above, less than
twice as long as its width at apex. length nearly 1 inch.

The eggs, which are globular, pitted, briefly filamentous,
and bright yellowish green, are laid as in the last species,
but their duration has not been definitely ascertained. The
caterpillar is polyphagous, but seems to prefer Eosaceous
plants, especially Prunus, Crataegus, and Pyrus; its habits
are precisely those of the preceding species in every par-
ticular mentioned above. The chrysalis han^s for ten or

t,

If

102

THIS COMMON EH BUTTEHFLIES.

twelve days. Tlie butterfly ia somewhat of a forest species
like the last, but not to so considerable a degree, is often
found in orchards, and is strangely attracted by a manure-
heap. It is a southern species having its northern limits
at just about the southern extension of the preceding
species. In the north it appears to be partly single-, partly
double-brooded, some caterpillars from the first eggs of the
season going into their hibernacula when half grown,
others continuing to feed, changing to chrysalis and pro-
ducing a new brood of butterflies late in the season ; these
lay eggs, the caterpillars from which enter their hiber-
nacula and in the next season dt^velop into butterflies side
by side with those from the first brood. The butterflies of
the first brood appear in the northern part of their range,
i.e., in our district, about the middle of June, continue to
emerge from the chrysalis for a month and are still to be
seen early in August, about the middle of which month
the second, less abundant brood appears and flies through
September.

In the South this butterfly is mimicked by the female
of Sennwpsi/che diana.

It :

BASILARCHIA ARCHIPFUS— THE VICEROY.

(Limenitis arcLippus, Limenitis misippus, Liinenitis disippu^s )

Butterfly. — Wings orange with heavy black veins, a broad
black outer border enclosing a row of white spots (beneath, a
double series of wiiite Innules), a triangular black spot enclosing
two white spots and ending in a streak across the fore wings
beyond the middle, and, on the hind wings, a heavy, curved,
black, extramesial line. Expanse 3-3J inches.

Caterpillar. — Head reddish brown, tuberculate, the summits
crowned with a large tubercle heavily denticulate at tip, the
principal tubercle behind it denticle-shaped, many times higher
than broad. Body naked, humped, and irregularly tuberculate,
dark olivaceous, often tinged with brownish yellow, and with a
cream-colored ragged-edged patch on top of middle abdomiijal

FAMILY BUUSUFOOTKJ) BUTTKliFUES.

103

segments ; a pair of long, clubbed, and i)rickly tul)ercl('s on
second thoracic segment; not more than al)out twenty minute,
smooth warts on any one segment above the spiracles. Length
more than 1 inch.

Chrysalis.— Strangely streaked and blotched with blackish
green, yellowish brown, pale salmon, and plumbeous, lightest on
the abdomen; tail-piece, viewed from above, twice as long as its
apical width. Length nearly 1 inch.

The eggs, which are globular, pitted, briefly filamentous,
and deep green, an; laid as in the other species, but
occasionally also on the under surface of the leaf, and
hatch in from four to eight days. The caterpillar feeds
upon various Salicaceae, particularly willow and poplar; its
habits are precisely like those of the other species jis
recorded above, but it is remarkable that, being everywhere
at least double-brooded, the caterpillars of the first brood
never form hibernacula, so that we have here an instinct
inherited only by alternate generations. The chrysalis
hangs from seven to ten days. The butterfly lives in the
open country and is widespread; as stated above, it is
double-brooded, and probably in the Southern States there
is a third brood, which may perhaps sometimes appear as
a supplementary feeble brood further north. About the
latitude of central New England the first butterflies, from
the caterpillars which have hibernated in their first or
second, rarely their third, stage, appear the first week in
June, continue to emerge throughout this month and begin
to lay eggs about a fortnight after they first appear; the
second brood appears about the middle of July, while many
of the butterflies of the first brood are still on the wing;
as butterflies are still to be found laying eggs late in
August and even in September, there may possibly be a
third brood.

This butterfly has a special interest from its remarkable
departure in coloring and pattern from the other species

Mi

If'

104

TUB COMMONER BUTTERFLIES.

of the genus, thereby mimicking to an extraordinary degree
the general appearance of Anosia plexippus.

•1

TRIBE EMPERORS.
17. Genus Anaea.

AN.EA ANDRIA— THE OOATWEED BUTTEBFLT.

(Pqphia glycerium, Papbia troglodyta.)

Butterfly.— Foro wings fulcatc, hind wings tailed. Upper sur-
face either dark orange, margined feebly with brown (male) or
paler orange, heavily marginod with brown, and with a very
irregular, broad, paler band edged with dark brown crossing
both wings (female). Under surface nearly uniform dry-loaf
brown. Expanse 2i -3 inches.

Caterpillar.— Head gray -green, with minute tubercles which
are slightly larger on the summits. Body naked, gray-green,
studded with numerous and well-distributed raised paler points.
Length H inches.

Chrysalis.— Stout and plump, light green, granulated with
white, sometimes speckled with brown, transversely ridged above
the wings in the middle of the abdomen. Length nearly f inch.

The eggs, which are nearly spherical, encircled near
summit with raised points, and sky-blue when first laid,
afterwards turning opaque yellow, are usually laid singly
on the under side of the leaf of the food-plant, though
often two will be found on a single leaf; they hatch in
four to six days. The caterpillar feeds on species of
Croton, goat-weed ; in its earlier life it devours the tip ot
the leaf except the midrib, on which it res^s as a perch
after the manner of Basilarchia, strengthening it by
pellets of the loaf attached by silk; after its second moult
it lines the upper surface of a leaf with silk, bringing the
upper edges together without fastenings, and thus makes
a nest like that of Euphoeades, within which it lies con-
cealed, eating the base of the leaf; when this becomes too
email it makes a similar nest from another leaf, but goes

FAMILY UUUSU-bVOTieV BUTTEUFLIKS.

J05

outsidu to feed on neighboring; leaves, generally toward
evening. The chrysalis hangs from seven to twenty days.
The butterfly is rapid in flight and shy of approach; it is
found in the Mississippi Valley from southern Illinois
southward, and west to the Great Plains. The butterfly
hil)ernate8 early in November, and there are said to be two
broods annually, the eggs of the flrst brood being laid
from the middle of May on, of the second apparently in
July.

There is said to be " a decided seasonal dimorphism in
the two broods of the fennilos."

18. (J EN us ClILOUIl'l'E.

CHLOBIPPE CLTTON— THE TAWNT EMPEBOB.

(Apatura clyton, Doxocopa lierse, Apatura herse, Apaturaproserpina.)

Butterfly. — Upper surface of wings dark tawny marked with
blackish brown, the outer half of (he fore wings mostly dark, so
that the tawny tlune appears only in two sinuous rows of round-
ish spots; while the liind wings are wholly tawny except a dark
outer margin and a sinuous premarginal row of round black
spots. Under surface light brown, with pallid and blackish
transverse markings and, on the hind wings only, a rinuous pre-
marginal series of small, nearly round, bluc-pupilled ocelli. Ex-
panse 2-3 inches.

Caterpillar. — Head pale green, with two white facial stripes,
lateral spines, and the suinmits crowned by a long spine- like
tubercle, having numerous long spinules throughout. Body
naked, minutely papillate throughout, striped in green, yellow,
and white in continuous and equal bands from head to the forked
tail. Length \\ inches.

Chrysalis. — Pale grass-green, with a yellow stripe marking
the dorsal crest which extends tlie length of the body, and faint
oblique stripes on the abdominal segments. Length nearly 1
inch.

The eggs, which are snbglobular, with about twenty
slight vertical ribs, and yellowish white, ar^ laid on the

!f

IOC

TilhJ COMMONEU BUTTEUFLIE8.

uiidur Bide of the leaves of the food-i)hiiit in dense patches
of from two to five tiers to the number sometimes of five
liuiidred; they hatch in eiglit or nine days. The cater-
pillars feed on species of Celtis, the hackberry; they do
not devour the egg-shell, and are gregarious in their first
three stages, feeding side by side in rows, eating the leaf
from the tip backward, but leaving the stouter ribs; they
form a pathway of silk wherever they go, but construct no
concealment of any kind; after the third moult they dis-
perse and feed singly. The chrysalis state lasts about ten
days. The butterfly is a southern species and is therefore
fouiul only in the southern part of our district, about as
far north as the Ohio Iliver, but occurs in southern Iowa
and has been once reported from southern Michigan. It
is single-brooded, appearing on the wing in June and July,
and the caterpillars hibernate in fallen leaves and crevices
of bark at about the time of their third moult.

The species is dimorphic, one form (proserjuna) having
the upper surface of the hind wings, at least in the female,
obscured with brown, while in the other (clyton) it is not
so obscured.

CHLORIPFE CELTIS— THE OKAY EMPEROR.

(Ai)atura celtis, Doxocopa lycaon, Apatura lycaon.)

Butterfly. — Upper surface of wings sordid or gray fulvous,
marked much as in the preceding species, but with the lightei'
spots of the outer half of the fore wings wijitc and therefore very
conspicuous, a premarginal ocellus in the lower half of the wing
and, on the hind wings, a distinct sinuous black stripe between
the (lark margin and the row of black spots. On the under sur-
face it differs in a similar way, and also in the larger, more oval,
Ujorc largely })lue-pupi]led ocelli of tlie hind wings, found also to
some extent (but usually white-pupilled) on the fore wings.
E.xpanse about 3 inches.

Caterpillar. — Head green, with four jjale facial stripes, lateral
spines and the summits crowned by a long, apically forked,

FAMILY BRUSH FOOTED BUTTERFLTES.

107

scarcely spinous tubercle. Body naked, minutely papillate, yel-
low-green on the br.ck, blue-green on the sides, with faint paler
stripes connecting the base of the head tubercles and of the
deeply forked caudal spines. Length \\ inches.

Chrysalis. — Yellow-green or bluo-green, finely specked
throughout with pale yellow, with a crenm-yellow line along the
dorsal crest, which extends the length of the body. Length more
than f inch.

The eggs, which are subglobular, witli about eighteen
slight vertical ribs and pale green, are laid on the under
side of the leaf of the food-plant, either singly or in small
clusters of a dozen or less, and hatch in three or four days. ,
The caterpillars feed upon Celtis, hackberr^, and, lining
the upper surface of a leaf so as to cause the sides to curl
slightly upward, are partially concealed from view. The
chrysalis hangs from seven to ten days. The butterfly is a
southern species and extends nearly but not quite so far
north as C. chiton. It apjiears to be double-brooded, but
some of the caterpillars of the first as well as of the secoiul
brood hibernate when half grown and, in the opinion of
Edwards, some butterflies also hibernate. The first brood
of butterflies of the season appears in June, the second in
August: the butterfly life is long, so that some are flying
most of the season, while the caterpillars (except those
that hibernate) often feed so rai)idly that all the earlier
stages are jmsscd within a mouth.

SuHFAMiLY Meadow Bkownh or Satyrs.

19. (iKNUS ClSSIA.

CI88IA EURYTUS— THE LITTLE WOOD SATYR.

(Euptychia euj'jtus, ^Megisto (uirytus, Ilipparchia eiirytris, Neonym-

j)ha eurytrif*.J

Butterfly. — Upper surface of wings uniform dark brown, with
two distant, premarginal, moderately large, circular ocelli, the
upper one of hind wings small and inconspicuous, sometimes ob-
solete. Under surface lighier brown, the ocelli larger, all (Jis-

i

I

I

I

1 '

108

I'JIE COMMONER BU2TERFLIE8.

*

tinct, more distinctly ringed with yellow, those of the hind wings
with satellites; two distant nearly straight brown lines cross
the middle of the wings. Expanse If inches.

Caterpillar. — Head dirty white, heavily mottled with brown,
densely papillate, the summits angulate, almost tuberculate.
Body naked, but covered with dense pile arising from papillae in
tiansverse series, pale brown with a greenish tinge, with a dark
dorsal stripe and obscure brown longitudinal markings ; a dis-
tinctly constricted neck and short caudal fork. Length fully |
inch.

Chrysalis. — Pallid brown, heavily flecked with griseous, the
abdomen with a pair of distinct, distant, longitudinal ridges.
Length less than | inch.

The siibglobular, retiouhited, very pale green eggs are
laid singly on blades of grass, living or dead, and hatch in
about thirteen days. The caterpillars feed upon grasses
and usually only by night, concealing themselves by day
among the roots or on dry sticks on the ground; they are
exceedingly sluggish in movement and are lethargic and
long-lived, hibernating when more than half grown but
not mature. The chrysalis hangs for sixteen days. The
butterfly is a southern vspecies, but extends far northward
into nearly all the settled parts of Canada except Mani-
toba, and it has not been reported from Minnesota, though
it probably occurs there. It haunts groves and open spots
and roads in the forest, is single-brooded, and flies from
the last week in May through July, with accessions to the
brood certainly through June.

Another H])ecios of Cisssia, C. aosyhius, a southern form, occurs as
fi'.r north as West Virginia.

20. Genus Satvrodes.

SATTBODES EURTDICE— THE EYED BBOWN

(Argus eurydice, ^^j^^^u^^mh^L t'anthus, Pararge canthus, Hipparcbia

boisduvalii.)

jdutterfly. — Upper snrf.ace of wings mouse-brown, beyond the
middle paler, especially in the female ; iv series of four or flv?

FAMILY BRVSH-FOOTED BUTTEliFLIES.

109

small black ocelli distant from the margin. Under surface slaty
brown, paler beyond a strongly-waved median brown line, the
ocelli repeated, but larger and more complex. Expanse 2 inches
or more.

Caterpillar. — Head green, the coronal tubercles very high,
conical, red with brown stripes. Body naked, briefly pilose,
green, longitudinally striped with darker or lighter green ; a di.s-
tinctly constricted neck and long caudal fork. Length 1^ inches.

Chrysalis. — Green with buff longitudinal stripes ; head acut-
angulate as seen from sides ; abdomen with no longitudinal
ridges, the part beyond the wings as long as they are. Length
f inch.

The smooth, subglobuhir, pale green eggs, laid singly,
hutch in from seven to nine days. The caterpillars, on
leaving them, sometimes devour a part or the whole of the
egg-shell and feed on grasses and sedges, having been found
on Scirpus and Carex ; they feed and mature very slowly,
are €at first exceedingly sluggish and when not feeding re-
main on the blade of grass serving as food ; but later in
life they move about restlessly though slowly and eat with
more relish, feeding apparently only by day and mostly in
the early morning; they hibernate in the larval condition,
nearly grown. The chrysalis hangs for about nine days.
The butterfly is found from low^a to the Atlantic, but does
not appear to extend further south than central Ohio jind
Pennsylvania,* though reaching northward to Hudson
Bay. It is found in elevated, moist meadows, and is
single-brooded, flying in July and the first half of August.

21. (lENUs Enodfa.

ENODIA FORTLANDIA— THE PEARLY EYE.

(Satyrus portlandia, Debis portlandia, Hi[»i)archia andromacha.)
Butterfly. — Wings soft brown, slightly paler beyond a median,
sinuate (on hind wings doubly arcuate), blackish transverse
stripe, beneath with a second nearly straight dark stripe nearer

* It has, however, been once taken by Smythe iu South Carolina.

no

TUE COMMONEli BUTTEHFLIE8.

the base ; a preinarginal series of unequal, mostly very largo,
blaek ocelli, beneath far more distinctly occUate than above, and
also there encircled witli a cominon pale lilac loop. Expanse 2^
inches.

Caterpillar. — Head yellowish green, the coronal tubercles
moderately liigh, conical, red-ti[)ped. Body naked, green,
sprinkled with very minute white papillae, with a dark green dor-
sal lin(; and faint side stripes of yellow; a distinctly constricted
neck and long caudal fork. Length \\ inches.

Chrysalis.— (Jreen, lighter ventrally, the wing ridges creamy ;
head acutangnlate as seen from side ; abdomen with no longitu-
dinal ridges, the part beyond the wing-cases much shorter than
they are. Length ;,' inch.

The smooth, subglobular, pure wliite eggs Imtcli in from
four to six days. 'Vho caterpilhir feeds on grasses and
liibernates wlien about half grown. Tlie chrysalis hangs
for thirteen or f(;iirteen days. The butterfly is a forest
species, very gamesome, and has the habit of pitching on
tree trunks, head downward. In tlie North the butterfly
is single-brooded, flying from the last of June to the first
of August; but in the Southern States it is probably double-
brooded, as it appears in West Virginia in the latter half of
May, and fresh specimens have been taken in August.

ii

23. Uenis C'khcvtonis.

CERCYONIS ALOPE— THE BLUE EYED GRAYLING.

(Sutyrus alope, llippurcliia tilope, Mhiois alope.)

Butterfly. — Wings dark brown, nearly uniform above except
for a minute, generally blind, ocellus in the lower median inter-
si)ace of the hind wings and a pair of distant large black ocelli
enclosed in a very l)road premarginal yellow band nearly cross-
ing the fore wing. On the under surface the markings of the fore
wing are repeated, but the ocellus of the hind wings forms one
of a sinuous series of perfect ocelli ; while botli wings, except the
yellow band, are traversed by short transverse dark threads.
Expanse 2i-2f inches.

Caterpillar.— Head green, papillate, with no summit tubercles.
Body naked, finely pilose from minute papillae, green, with a faint

FAMILY BIWSILFOOTRD BUTrBliFLlES.

Ill

slender yellow stripe on the side, tiie lateral fold also yellow ; no
distinctly constricted neck, the tail with a slender but short fork,
Lenj^th li inches.

Chrysalis. — Pea-green, mottled with paler green, the ridges
pale straw-yellow, the surface feel)ly shagreened ; head rectangu-
late as viewed from the side. Length % inch.

The egn^s, which are short harrel-shaped but tumid,
witli about twonty-tive vertical ribs, and honey-yellow,
afterwards pinkish, are laid singly and hatch in from twenty
to twenty-seven days. The cater})illars do not devour the
egg-shell, but go into hibernation at once ui)on escape; in
the spring they feed upon grasses, but are lethargic and
mature slowly, not reaching the chrysalis state until July;
this lasts about a fortnight. Tiie butterlly is limited in its
northward extension by about the line of the annual
isotherm of 4r>° F., being found in the southern half of
New England and westward to Nebraska. It Hies in open
woods and on the outskirts of shrubbery, is single-brooded,
appears about the end of the first week in July and Hies
into September.

CERCYONIS NEPHELE— THE DULL-EYED GRAYLING.

(Hipparcliia nephele, Erebia nepbele, Satyrus nepbrlc, Minois

nephele.)

Butterfly. — Differs principally from the preceding species in
the total absence of the yellow band of the fore wings, or its sub-
stitution by a faint pallid cloud. Expanse 2-2.1^ inches.

Caterpillar. — Head emerald-green, papillate, with no summit
tubercles. Body naked, finely pilose from minute papillae, dull
yellow-green, the sides slightly darker, with a yellow stripe along
lateral fold ; no distinctly constricted neck, the tail with a slender
but short fork. Length 1 J inches.

Chrysalis. — Yellow-green with white granulations, the ridges
cream-white ; head rectangulate as viewed from the side. Length
} inch.

The eggs, which are like those of C. ahtpCy are laid
singly and hatch in about twenty-eight days. The cater-

112

THE COMMONER BUTTERFLIES.

\

t i

i

■ 'i

pillars live on grass and behave precisely as in the other
species, and the chrysalis hangs a fortnight. The butterfly
flies from Maine to Montana and in Canada, and extends
southward so as to overlap a little the northern limits of
C. alojjc ; it flies in similar places and like it is single-
brooded, and in northern New England usually appears
about the middle of July and disappears by the end of
August.

Along the belt where this species and the preceding
overlap, at least in New England, intergrades occur which
must probably be looked upon as hybrids.

Cercyouix pcydlti, by some regarded as a form of C. nlope, occasion-
ally occurring in New Jersey, is a soutliern species in which one of
the large ocelli <jf the fore wings is obsolete.

Other genera of this subfamily occurring in our district are:
(1) Neonympha, of which there are three species: X. phocion, a
southern species which has occurred, rarely, in New Jersey; N. Cor-
nelius, also a southern s})ecies, taken as fur north as West Virginia
and southern Illinois; and JV. mitchcUii, known (mly in southern
Michigan and New Jersey. (3) Coenonympha with one species, G. inor-
natii, a northwestern form which has been taken on Lake Winnipeg
and even in Newfoundland. And (8) Oeneis, an interesting boreal
and ali)ine genus, of which we hav(; no less than four species: Oe.
raltu'n, a l)oreal form found as far south as the southeastern extremity
of Hudson Bay and southern Newfoundlaml; Oe . macouitii, known
only from Nepigon on the north shore of liake Superior and at the
base of the liocky Mountains in Alberta; O'.jtitta, a boreal and cir-
cumpolar species which has been taken in some numbers in restricted
localities as far south as Ottawa and Quebec in Canada and near
Bangor, Maine; and finally Oe. seinidfa, an aljiine form found on the
barren summits of the White Mountains, N. II., above 5000 feet, and
on the highest peaks of the Hocky Mountains of Colorado above
12.000 feet.

Ift/patus bachmanii, of the subfamily of Long-Beaks, is a southern
sjiecies, very erratic in appearance, which has sometimes occurred in
considerable numbers in our district, especially in the West, and even
HO far north as Wisconsin; it has on very rare occasions been taken
in New England.

FAMILY Q088AMERWINQED BUTTERFLIES. 113

FAMILY GOSSAMER-WINGED BUTTERFLIES.

The subfamily of Erycinids is represented in our district by the
genus Calephelis, with a single species, C. borealis, which has once
or twice been taken in New York. All our other members of this
family are Lycaenids.

TRIBE HAIR-STREAKS.

oreal
Oe.
inity
lown
the
cir-
icted
near
1 the
, and
,bove

id in
I even
laken

23. Genus Strymon.

8TRTM0N TITUS— THE CORAL HAIR STREAK.

(Thecla^titus, Thecla mopsus.)

Butterfly.— The hind wings are slightly lobed at the anal
angle in the male, rounded in the female. Upper surface of
wings uniform blackish brown, the fore wings of the male with a
stigma at the end of the cell. Under surface with a sinuous
series of very small, pale-edged, black spots across the middle of
the outer half of both wings, and, on the hind wings, a submar-
ginal series of larger coral-red spots, bordered within and without
with black. Expanse li inches.

Caterpillar. — Onisciform. Head minute, black. Body
naked, with fine pile, dull yellowish green, with a rosy patch on
the back of the thoracic and a larger one on that of the hinder
abdominal segments. Length | inch.

Chrysalis. — Pale glossy brown, dotted everywhere with dark
brown and blackish, the dots forming a faint dorsal stripe on the
hinder abdominal segments. Length nearly ^ inch.

This lively butterfly is spread over most of our territory,
though rarely found as far north as Canada and never east
of western Maine; it is to be found about flowers in open
places near thickets. Winter is passed in the egg state,
the eggs being deep green, broadly domed, and thickly
covered with raised prominences ; they are laid singly upon

I

il

'

114

THE COMMON EH BUTTEliFLlES.

a twig of the food-plant (wild cherry is the only one cer-
tainly known, but the caterpillars will eat plum), tucked
into some protected spot, and 1; h just as the foliage
begins to open in the spring. The caterpillar bites a round
hole in the top of the egg to escape, does not further disturb
it, and at first eats circular holes in the parenchyma of the
leaf, then ploughs jagged tracks tlirough it; it will hang
by a thread when disturbed, at least when young. It
reaches maturity by the last of June or later, the chrysalis
state continues for twelve days, and the first butterflies
appear about the middle of July; they become abundant
by the last of the month, and continue to fly throughout
August. There is but a single brood.

S I'W

p (i:

24. Genus Incisalia.

INCISALIA NIPHON— THE BANDED ELFIN.

(Tbecla nipbon.)

Butterfly. — Upper surface of wings dark glossy brown, in the
female deeply tinged except at base by ferruginous, the fore wings
of the male with an obscure stigma at the end of the cell. Under
surface of fore wings yellowish brown with some transverse mark-
ings mostly confined to the upper half, according with those of
the hind wings, which are cinnamon-brown, crossed before the
middle by an exceedingly broad slightly darker band, the borders
of which are still darker and very irregular, the outer edged with
white ; between it and the margin an almost equally irregular
series of large ferruginous spots, capped inwardly with blackish.
Expanse about 1 inch.

Caterpillar. — Onisciform. Head miuute, yellowish brown.
Body naked, with fine pile, green, with two distinct whitish-yel-
low lines along each side. Length fully | inch.

Chrysalis. — Mingled blackish and yellowish brown, the dark
markings of the abdomen extending over the whole surface
above the spiracles, the delicate raised reticulation black ; a
slender dorsal ridge on mesothorax. Length nearly | inch.

This active butterfly is often seen at a considerable height
above the ground, as about the tops of trees, and is to be

FAMILY Q 088AM ER- WING ED BUTTEHFLIES. 115

looked for in open places in the neighborhood of pine
woods. In our district it has not heen taken west of New
York, but it extends north into Canada. Winter is passed
in the chrysalis state, and the buttertly, which is single-
brooded, appears at the very end of April or early in May
and seldom flies beyond this month. The eggs are regu-
larly turban-shaped, rather pale green with white raised
reticulation, are laid singly in the latter part of May and
iiatch in ten days. The caterpillars feed upon pines and
one was once found eating into the pod of a garden-pea;
they may take a long time to mature, for the chrysalis is
sometimes not formed until September.

ark
'ace

INGISALIA IRUS-THE HOART ELFIN.

(Tb^clairus, Tbecla arsace, Tbecla henrici.)

Butterfly. — Upper surface of wings dark glossy brown, occa-
sionally, especially in female, with slight ferruginous tints, the
fore wings of the male with an obscure stigma at the end of the
cell. Under surface reddish brown, darkest on basal half of hind
wings, the fore wings with slight markings consonant with those
of the hind wings, the latter with the ba.sal color outwardly lim-
ited by a strongly indented line, l^yond which, especially on the
inner side, a hoary bloom is conspicuous by a sprinkling of lilac
scales ; an arcuate series of dusky lunules in middle of outer half.
Expanse fully 1 inch.

Caterpillar. — Onisciform. Head minute, yellowish green.
Body naked, with fine pile, yellow-green above, red-brown on
sides, threaded by a faint green line, green on the lateral fold.
Length i inch.

Chrysalis. — Black or brown -black with obscure red bands; a
narrow black stripe on each side in the middle of the abdomen,
not extending to the thorax ; a slender dorsal ridge on mesotho-
rax. Length ^^ inch.

This butterfly is about the least active of the lively group
of Hair-Streaks and is found about shrubbery in roads or
open spots. It is a southern form, but occurs as far north

116

THE COMMONER BUTTERFLIES.

as southern Wisconsin in the West and central New York
in the East. It hibernates as a chrysalis, and the but-
terfly, which is single-brooded, appears about the last week
in April, the females about a week later than the males,
though some do not make their appearance much before
June, after the middle of which month they disappear.
The eggs are regularly turban-shaped, deep green, with pale-
green raised reticulation, and are laid early in June, per-
haps earlier, at the base of the flower-stem of the food-
plant, and hatch in less than a week. The caterpillar feeds
upon the wild plum and possibly other plants, boring into
the fruit and inserting its body as far as needed imtil the
entire inside of the fruit is devoured.

INCI8ALIA AUOUSTUS-THE BitOWH ELFIH.

(Tliecla augustus.)

Butterfly. — Upper surface of wings dark slate-brown, the fore
wings of the male with an obscure stigma at the end of the cell.
Under surface of fore wings reddish tawny at base, ochraceous
beyond, separated by a nearly straight extramesial brown stripe ;
of hind wings dark reddish tawny, much infuscated on basal
half, which is limited by a deeply indented line ; a series of faint
dusky dots in middle of outer half. Expanse about 1 inch.

Caterpillar.— Onisei form. Head minute. Body naked, with
fine pile, carmine-red. Length ^ inch.

Chrysalis. — Pitchy brown with sparsely-scattered fuscous spots,
on the abdomen forming two rows on each side ; tracery of raised
lines obscure fuscous; a slender dorsal ridge on mesothorax.
Length | inch.

The butterfly inhabits shrubby rocky heaths, alights by
preference on dead vegetation or rocks, a protective resem-
blance to which will be found in its coloring, and at once
on alighting (like many other Hair-Streaks) slides the up-
raised hind wings repeatedly past each other, while it sidles
about in a twitching manner. It is a northern insect found

FAMILY G088AMEli-WINGED BUTTEliFUES. 117

mostly in Canada and extending southward over the whole
of New England and along the Appalachian chain, but
not known elsewhere in the East. The butterfly is single-
brooded and appears from the wintering chrysalis toward
the end of April or very early in May, preceding by a few
days the last species (where both occur), and flying till the
middle of June. Eggs are laid in May or June, but what
the caterpillar feeds on is unknown ; it probably matures
by the middle of July, and the rest of the year is spent in
chrysalis.

)ts,
sed

IX.

by
Im-

ice

'P-
les

id

25. Genus Ubanotes.

UBANOTES MELINTTS— THE OBAT HAIR STREAK.

(Strymon melinus, Thecla melinus, Thecla hyperici, Thecla favonius,
*^ Thecla humuli.)

Butterfly. — Hind wings with a very long thread-like tail and a
smaller secondary one. Upper surface of wings bluish black, the
hind wings with a large orange lunule seated on a marginal black
spot, between which latter and the anal angle is a similar blue-
edged black spot. Under surface pearly clay-brown, the hind
wings with two orange spots near anal angle, more or less enclos-
ing margimil black spots, separated by blue and interrupting the
submarginal series of blackish spots which crosses both wings ;
an extramesial series of nearly connected slender black bars edged
without with white, within faintly with orange, nearly straight on
fore wings, faintly W-shaped on hind wings. Expanse \\ inches.

Caterpillar.— Onisciform. Head minute. Body naked, pur-
plish white without markings. Length | inch or more.

Chrysalis. — Testaceous, discolored and flecked with dark
fuscous ; abdomen much wider than thorax, its longest hairs
nearly half as long as the segments. Length fully \ inch.

This is the only one of our Hair-Streaks which flies
almost continuously from May to September; it is found
throughout our district, although it has very rarely been
taken in any part of Canada; it is to be looked for about
shrubbery and vines. The insect is double-brooded and

118

THE COMMON Kit BUTTERFLIES.

long-lived, which accounts for its continuous presence; it
first appears in the early days of May and this brood con-
tinues some way into June, while the second brood appears
early in July and flies througliout August and sometimes
far into September. The eggs are shaped like sea-urchins,
and are very delicately reticulate with raised lines and pea-
green. The caterpillars feed on the heads of hops and on
the pods of beans, Cynoglossum and other plants; they
are very active when young and change their form con-
siderably, leech-like, when moving about. It is altogether
probable that the insect winters in the chrysalis.

i;

Is.?

26. Genus Mituua.

MITURA DAMON— THE OLIVE HAIR STBEAK.

(Thecia danion, Thela siuilacis, Tbecla auburniana.)

Butterfly. — Fore wings of male with a gray stigma at tip of
cell ; hind wings with a moderately long thread-like tail. Upper
surface of wings blackish brown, the larger part of the disk,
excepting the veins, dull tawny. Under surface green, the fore
wings with a submarginal white stripe edged within with reddish,
the hind wings with two basal white bars edged without, and a
very tortuous extramesial white stripe edged within, with reddish,
besides a slender white margin and a marginal series of powdery
spots enlarging toward the anal angle aitd made up of mingled
white, black, and red scales in subocelKito ;iV.;m. Expanse fully
1 inch.

Caterpillar. — Onisciform. Head miiinte, pale green. Body
naked, pilose, dark green, with three rows of white or whitish
slightly oblique dashes on each side. Length f inch.

Chrysalis. — Wood-brown, heavily and irregularly marked with
blackish fuscous, the abdomen much wider than the thorax,
tinged with ferruginous, its longest hairs not more than a third
the length of the segments. Length fully ^ inch.

This is a southern butterfly, flying about as far north as
the latitude of 43° and in the West a little further. It
seems to occur only in the vicinity of red cedars, on which

m

FAMILY O0SSA}fEIi- WINGED BUTTEItFLIES. 119

the caterpillar feeds, and prefers a height of about twenty
feet from the ground, near the tops of tlie cedars, where
its active play with its fellows is a very pretty sight. The
insect is partly single-, partly double-brooded, aiul hibernates
in the chrysalis state; the earliest butterflies appear about
the first of May aiul continue on the wing throughout
June. The eggs, which are turban-shaped with a broad
saucer-like depression above, pale bluish gi'een in color and
studded with knobs, are laid singly near the tips of the
blossoming twigs, tucked into chinks, and hatch in about
a week. The caterpillar is of precisely the color of the
cedar, feeds on the tips, its head while feeding covered by
the segment behind as by f, cowl, and takes about five
weeks to mature. The caterpillars begin to go into
chrysalis toward the end of June; some of these chrysalids
hibernate, while others give out the butterfly in about a
fortnight, the new brood of butterflies, much less abundant
than the first, appearing toward the end of July and con-
tinuing through August.

27. Genus Thecla.

THECLA LIPAROFS— THE STRIPED HAIR STREAK.

(Thecla strigosa.)

Butterfly. — Fore wings of male with a discal stigma; hind
wings with a short thread-like tail and the indication of a supple-
mentary one. Upper surface of wings blackish brown. Under
surface dark brown, the disk crossed by four subequidistant
more or less complete and subcontinuous white threads shifted in
position below the median veins, besides the red, blue, and black,
white-edged, lunulate marginal markings common to the genus.
Expanse 1^ inches.

Caterpillar.— Onisciform. Head minute, pale brown with a
transverse facial black belt. Body naked, pilose, grass-green,
very faintly and obliquely striped with greenish yellow. Length
nearly ^ inch.

Chrysalis. — Dull yellowish brown, dotted with brownish

P: i

I

120

THE COMMONER BUTTERFLIES.

fuscous, the reticulation darker ; abdomen scarcely wider than
th< ihorax, its hairs half as long as the segments. Length fully
\ inch.

This pretty butterfly is widely distributed throughout
nearly all our district, failing in the northernmost parts
and nowhere very abundant; it has an active nervous
flight and is to be looked for in the vicinity of thickets.
It is single-brooded, hibernating in the egg state. The
eggs are laid on the terminal twigs of the food-plant under
the lea of some prominence like a leaf -scar and hatch early
in May. The food-plants of the caterpillar are various:
thorn, shadbush, and other Rosaceous plants, the common
swamp blueberry and doubtless other species of Vaccinium,
oaks and willows; Vaccinium and shadbush are probably
its favorites. At first the young caterpillar eats little holes
through the leaf; afterwards eats holes or bites the edge
indifferently, or it may bore into fruit like plums and
extract the softer parts; it matures late in June, the
chrysalis state lasts from twelve to sixteen days, and the
first butterflies appear early in July, sometimes not until
the middle of the month, and remain on the wing but a
very short time, being rarely seen in August.

THECLA CALANUSj-THE BANDED HAIB STBEAK.

(Thecla falacer, Thecla iiiorata.)

Butterfly.— Fore wings of male with a discal stigma ; hind
wings with a short thread-like tail. Upper surface of wings
blackish brown. Under surface slate-brown, the disk crossed by
four subcontinuous white threads in two distant pairs, the inner
pair brief, the outer crossing the wing with tolerable regularity
but in a broken fashion, each pair including a darker ground ;
besides which are the marginal markings peculiar to the genus.
Expanse 1^ inches.

Caterpillar. — Onisciform. Head minute, very pale green.
Body nakedf pilose, nearly equal and tapering but little behind,
bright grass-green, with ligiiter and darker green longitudinal

V

A

f

FAMILY GOSSAMER- WING ED BUTTERFLIES. 121

lines, or pinkish brown without markings or with heavy dark
markings in front and behind. Length i inch.

Chrysalis. — Lighter or darker brown, more or less sprinkled
with blackish fuscous dots and blotches and with an obscure
dorsal stripe on abdomen ; reticulation with larger meshes than
in the other species and not elevated at points of intersection ;
abdomen scarcely wider than the thorax, its hairs not more than
one fourth the length of the segments. Length about f inch.

This butterfly is found about shrubbery in all parts of our
district, and is single-brooded, hibernating in all probabil-
ity in the egg, though eggs have been known to hatch the
same season, so that it may also hibernate in an early larval
stage. The eggs are pale green, of a turban shape and
studded profusely with knobs; they hatch in a few days if in
the same season, or mature early in the spring; the cater-
pillars, which feed on oaks, hickory, and butternut, eat
holes in the leaves and mature the last of June and early
in July, the chrysalis state continues from fourteen to
twenty days, and the butterflies appear at the end of June
or early in July, and are to be found through August and
occasionally in September. Eggs are known to be laid all
through July and early in August.

THEGLA EOWARDSII— EDWABDS S HAIR Sf REAK.

I

Butterfly. — Fore wings of male with a discal stigma; hind
wings with a short thread-like tail. Upper surfnce of wings very
dark brown. Undjr surface slate-b'*own, the ^ tremity of the
ceU marked by a dark bar edged with whit<3, a-,d, besides the
marginal markings peculiar to the genus, an extramesial series of
transversely oval, dark brown, white-ringed spots. Expanse 1|
inch.

Caterpillar. — Onisciform. Head minute, black. Body naked,
pilose, tapering but little posteriorly, dark brown marked with
yellowish brown, with a broad dorsal dork stripe. Length
^ inch.

Chrysalis. — Yellowish brown, 8(.reaKt'd and bl6tched with
darker brown, with a dark obscatt) bund on the sides; reticular

122

THE COMMONER BUTTEUFLIES.

tion with smaller meshes than usual, elevated at ix)ints of inter-
section; abdomen scarcely wider than thorax, its hairs not more
than one fourth the length of the segments. Length | inch.

So far as known, this butterfly inhabits only a narrow
strip across tlie Eastern United States, being rarely found
north of lat. 42° or south of 40°; but it is reported in the
extreme West beyond our district at widely remote spots,
even in the Canadian Rockies. It is an exceedingly lively
insect, especially the male, and the story of its life is very
similar to that of the last si)ecies. It hibernates in the
Qgg state, feeds on oak, biting holes in the leaves, and flies
from July to September. As in T. calanus, eggs have been
known to hatch the same season.

THECLA ACADIGA— THE ACADIAN HAIR-STREAK.

(Thecla californica, Thecla souhegan, Thecla bonis, Thecla cygnus.)

Butterfly. — Fore wings of male with a discal stigma; hind
wings with a long thread-like tail. Upper surface lustrous dark
slate-brown, with an orange lunule on outer margin of hind
wings. Under surface pearl-gray with a white-edged narrow
bar at end of cell, an extramesial series of white-edged, round,
occasio'.iaiiy oval, black snots, and the usual marginal markings
of the genus, here more conspicuous, more continuous, and with
more orange than u«ual. Expanse 1^ inches.

Caterpillar. — Onisciforra. Head minute, pale greenish brown.
Body naked, pilose, tapering considerably behind, grass-green,
with many oblique yellowish stripes on the sides. Length f inch.

Chrysalis. — Dull yellowish brown, spotted with blackish brown,
and with a dark dor.sal stripe; reticulation with larger meshes than
usual, elevated at intersec^^ion; abdomen scarcely wider than
thorax, its hairs but little more than a fourth the length of
the segments. Length f inch.

The distribution of this butterfly in the East is similar to
that of the preceding species except that the belt is removed
a little further nortli, the butterfly being found a short
distance only on either side of the Canadian border; it Is

FAMILY OOSSAMEU-WINGED BUTTERFLIES. 123

to be found about 'thickets on the borders of streams where
willows, tlie food-plant of the caterpillar, abound. The
caterpillars are very supple in their movements, much Hive
a snail, and eat the willow leaves from the edges inward.
The butterfly generally appears just before the middle of
July, occasionally earlier, and remains upon the wing
during August and possibly later. TJie eggs then remain
unhatched until spring, when the caterpillars attack the
tender foliage; they mature at the usual rate, and after
from eight to fourteen days in the chrysalis, the butter-
flies appear.

Thecla Ontario is another species of the genus occurring in our
district, but is exceedingly rare, and is known chiefly from Ontario
and New England; and T. lonitn, a great rarity known only from
Virginia, possibly not distinct from T. iiwvata.

Other genera of Hair-Streaks found in our territory are : Erora,
with one species, £7. laetn,digvc&i rarity though found in widely distant
places and to be looked for anywhere; Callicista, represented by
C. columella, a species of the Gulf States, once taken at BulTalo, N. Y. ;
Calycopis, with one species, G. cecrops, a southern species occurring
as far north as Kentucky and West Virginia; Eupsyche, one southern
Hrricies of which, E. m-cUbian, has occasionally been taken in New
,f"irsoy, Pennsyb'ania, a,nd Ohio; and Atlides, with one specios, A.
tatesKS, a somewhat common species of the extreme South, which has
hcen taken in Illinois.

TRIBE BLUES.

28. Genus Faeres.

EVERES GOMYNTAS-THE TAILED BLUE.

(Polyommatus comyntas, Argus comyntas, Lycaena coinyniaa^^)

Butterfly. — Hind wings with a .s! ^rt thread-like tail. Upper
Surface of wings either dark violet (male) or dark brown (fenvile),
the hind wings with a marginal scries of dark spots, of \\\nfth the
one next the tail is surmounted with orange. Under surface
«atin-gray, wit'^ a very delicate extramesial series of dark brown

124

THE COMMONER BUTTERFLIES.

spots, and with marginal spots much as above. Expanse about
1 inch.

Caterpillar. — Onisciform. Head minute, black. Body naked,
pilose, dark green specked with pale points, with a fuscous dorsal
stripe, and on either side obscure oblique fuscous markings; last
segment broad and flattened. Length nearly ^ inch.

Chrysalis. — Body more than three times as long as broad, . pale
green, the abdomen brownish yellow, with an interrupted blackish
dorsal stripe, and on each side a row of oblique blackish dashes.
Length fully \ inch.

This butterfly, found "V"'- vbcre. is a lively insect, often
difficult to follow in its n. >n among the herbage, above
which, unless very low, it is seldom seen. Its eggs, which
are sea-urchin-shaped, pea-green, and studded with pale
prominences, are laid singly, tucked into crevices about the
inflorescence of flowers of the Leguminous plants on which
the caterpillar feeds — Lespedeza, Desmodiur.i, clover, etc. —
and hatch in four days or less; the caterpillar seems to pre-
fer the flower-heads and tender leaves for food ard will
burrow into the calyx in search of nutriment. . The insect
is triple-brooded : the first butterflies appear early in May,
soon become plenty, and disappear some time in the flrst
half of June ; the caterpillars attain their growth rapidly,
the chrysalis state is short, and in the first half of July
the butterflies of the second brood appear and continue to
emerge throughout the month; the same story is again re-
peated, the chrysalis continuing from nine to eleven days,
and the third generation makes its appearance after the
middle of August while some worn buttei flies of the second
brcod are still on the wing; the third brood may still be
found until after the middle of September. How the
winter is passed is not known, but probably as a full-grown
caterpillar. Further north it is probable that there are but
two broods, as is the case in the White Mountains of New
Hampshire.

In southern regions, and as far north as Long Island,

FAMILY Q088AMER.WINQBD BUTTERFLIES. 125

there are two kinds of females, one almost uniformly dark
on the upper surface as described above, the other more
nearly resembling the male, being blue with broad black
margins.

29. Genus Cyaniris.

CTANIBIS PSEUDABOIOLUS— THE SPRING AZURE.

(Lycaena pseudargiolus, Cupido ptieudargiolus, Polyominatus lucia,
Eycaena violacea, Lycaena neglecta.)

Butterfly. — Hind wings with no tsiis. Upper surface of wings
either pale violet with a slight brownisli rim or slate-brown
(male), or else pallid, more or less tinged with violet, with a very
broad brown edging to the fore wings both on costal and outer
margins (female). Under surface pale ash-gray with brown
markings very variable in extent, especially upon tlie hind wing,
the markings of the disk here varying from a thread terminating
the cell and an extramesial series of delicate dots, to a large ir-
regularly-margined blotch covering most of the surface, and only
separated from similarly heavy marginal markings by a slender,
dentate, extramesial, pallid band. Expanse 1-H inches.

Caterpillar.— Onisciform. Head minute, dark brown. Body
naked, pilose, white, with a dusky dorsal line and marked with
greenish on the sides ; last segment comparatively slender and but
moderately depressed. Length | inch.

Chrysalis.— Body less than three times as long as broad, light
brownish yellow, with a faint dusky dorsal line, and more or less
marked minutely with blackish. Length nearly \ inch.

This highly variable butterfly is found over an immense
territory (much more than our district), and the distribution
and times of appearance of the different forms which it
assumes are mentioned in the Introduction (see p. 18). It
occurs in and at the borders of open deciduous woods or by
roadsides through them, often settling (with much waver-
ing) in crowds about damp spots. The eggs, which closely
resemble those of Everes comynias in color and markings,
but are not so flat, are laid singly on the buds or the calyx
of the flowers of the plant on which the caterpillar is to

126

THE COMMONER BUTTERFLIES.

m

feed, tucked in ])etweeii tlie flowers well out of sight, and
hutch in from four to eight days, according to the season.
The phints used as food by the caterpillars are extremely
various, those already known belonging to as many as fif-
teen different families, but their principal food is thought
to be Cornus in the early spring, Cimicifuga in June, and
Actinomeris later in the season, a plant in, or soon to be
in, flower being choseir by the parent; the caterpillars eat
buds, flowers, and leaves indiscriminately, but preferably
bore into the calyx of flowers and eat out the heart; they
are accompanied by ants, which tend them carefully and
caress them with their antennae to induce them to emit
from their abdominal glands the honeyed secretions thence
exuded and whi(;h the ants lap up. The butterfly is one
of the first to appear nosh from the chrysalis in the spring;
the earliest (form lucia) generally appear about the middle
of April, and m the first week of May the numbers are
materially increased by the advent of the form violacea,
and both fly together through tiiis month, further accom-
panied, after the middle of May, by the third form, neglec-
ta, so that in the hist half of this month all may be taken
together. In June, lucia is rarely seen and the others dis-
appear one after the other; but in July the second brood
proper appears, consisting wholly of neglecta, and contin-
ues to emerge from the chrysalis all through this month ;
it is not so abundant, however, as the preceding, though
butterflies may be found even into September. The cater-
pillars of the second brood when full-fed go into chrysalis,
in which state they pass the winter; the summer chrysalids
give birth to butterflies generally in ten or eleven days.
The above statement is made for southern New England
only; there is probably some variation for these dates for
places with cooler or warmer climates, for some points re-
garding which see the Introduction.

FAMILY GOSSAMER-WINGED BUTTERFLIES. 127

Two otlier genera of Blues also occur in our district, each with two
species : Nomiades, represented l)y al)oreal species, N. couperi, not un-
common about the (hilf of St. Lawrence, and a southern form.
N. lygdamus, sometimes found in Ohio and even in Michigan anil
Wisconsin ; and Rusticus, likewise represented l>y a l)oreal species,
R. scudderii, taken as far south as Albany, X. Y., and a southern,
R. striatiis, first described from Texas and little known, but said to
have been also taken at Hacine, Wisconsin.

TRIBE COPPEKS.
30. Genus Chuvsoimianus.
CHRYSOPHANUS THOE— THE BRONZE COPPER.

(Polyommatus thoe, Chrysophanus hyllus.)

Butterfly. — Upper surface of wings coppery brown (male) or
blackish brown (female), the female with all but the outer border
of the fore wings orange fulvous and marked with rows of small
black spots which are smaller and obscure in the male; both sexes
have an orange band next the outer border of the hind wings.
Under surface of fore wings fulvous, oJ hind wings silvery gray,
bordered as above; both wings have a double submarginal series
and an extraraesial tortuous series of blackish spots, besides a
number of others, mostly round, nearer the base. Expanse IJ
inches or more.

Caterpillar. — Onisciform. Head minute, pale. Body bright
transparent yellowish green having a velvety appearance, with a
dark green dorsal stripe edged with yellow, the whole profusely
dotted with minute white mushroom-siiaped appendages. Length
nearly 1 inch. (From unpublished notes of J. Fletcher.)

Chrysalis. — Light yellowish brown, the abdomen with six longi-
tudinal series of obscure fuscous dots on each f.ide (including
those beneath) and a few other dots on the thorax. Length more
than ^ inch.

This butterfly, nowhere abundant, is nevertlieless found
throughout our district except in the eastern half of New
England, and eastward; it frequents moist places and flies
with less activity than its sprightly allies. It is double-
brooded, wintering in the egg state, the butterflies appear-
ing late in June, laying their eggs early in July and con-
tinuing through the month. The second brood flies from
the middle of August to the middle of September. The

! v\

'. v

I i

ii

128

THE COMMONER BUTTERFLIES.

pale-green eggs are shaped like a tiny sea-urchin and are

laid singly on the seed-pods of the food-plants, Polygonum

and Rumex.

31. Genus Ei'Idemia.

EFIDEMIA EPIXANTHE— THE FUHPLE DISK.

(Polyommotus epixanthe, Chrysophanuscpixanthe, Lycaena epix-

anthe.)

Butterfly. — Upper surface of wings dark brown, the male hav-
ing a burnished chocolate tint with violaceous reflections on the
basal half, with three or four blackish dots on the disk. Under
surface pale straw-yellow with blackish markings, heavier on the
fore than on the hind wings, similar to those of Chrysophanus
thoey and on the hind wings a marginal series of slight orange
lunules. Expanse fully 1 inch. »

Caterpillar and Chrysalis unknown.

This is a very local butterfly, found only in peaty
meadows, but there often very abundant. It is found
all over New England and its borders and near the Cana-
dian boundary westward to the Great Lakes and beyond,
but its distribution there is imperfectly known; it is said
to have been taken in Kansas. It seems to be single-
brooded, appearing at the end of June, continuing to
emerge from the chrysalis until beyond the middle of July
and flying until the end of the first week in August. The
eggs, which are very similar to those of Ch7'ysophamis thoe,
are laid in July, singly, and apparently do not hatch until
the next season. The caterpillar will probably be found to
feed upon some dock or knot-weed.

Twootber species of Epidemia inhabit our district; E, dorcas, found
in its northernmost limits, and E. helloides, a Pacific coast species re-
ported to be found in Iowa.

33. Genus Heodes.

HEODES HTFOFHL£AS— THE AMERICAN COPPER

(Chrysophanus^ h^jrgophlaeas, Chrysophanus americanus.)
Butterfly. — Upper surface of the fore wings fiery red, the outer
border blackish brown; this is reversed on the'hind wings, though

I

FAMILY GOSSAMER WINGED BUTTERFLTES. 120

here the red border is interrupted by dark marginal spots; the
fore wings are also furnished with two black bars in the cell and
an extramesial series of similar oblique bars. Under surface
light brown, tinged on the disk of the fore wings with red and
spotted as above ; the hind wings are traversed by a submarginal
sinuous red stripe, an extramesial sinuous series, and an intra-
mesial straight series of black dots. Expanse 1-1| inches.

Catexpillar. — Onisciform. Head minute, yellowish green.
Body naked, pilose, grass-green with a faint dusky dorsal line and
darker, sometimes roseate, along the middle of the sides. Length
nearly \ inch.

Chrysalis. — Light brown or livid, tinged slightly with yellow-
ish green, dotted with blackish, the dots on the abdomen arranged
longitudinally in a dorsal series and on either side, above and in-
cluding the spiracles, five series, sometimes faint. Length nearly
f inch.

This lively and pugnacious butterfly is found everywhere
in our district, always iu the full sunshine. Even the
lovers of nature shut up within the walls of our large cities
can enjoy in any public park a sight of these ubiquitous
flutterers, can watch them in their hymeneal dance as they
toss themselves up and down in contra-unison and then
dash away to repeat the sport elsewhere; they are fearless
little brilliants and heed not an approaching footstep until
just upon them. They are double-brooded in the northern,
triple-brooded in the southern, part of our district, changing
in New England at about the latitude of Concord, N. H.
In the double-brooded district, the first brood usually ap-
pears in the first week of June and lasts until the middle
of July; the second appears at about the close of the first
week of August and flies nearly through September. In
the triple-brooded district it first appears about the middle
of May and continues nearly to the end of June; the next
brood flies from about the end of the first week of July
until the middle or latter part of August; the third appears
toward the end of August and flies through September.
Winter is passed in the chrysalis state, or possibly, in some

130

THE COMMONER BUTTERFLIES.

cases, the full-grown caterpillar may hibernate. The eggs,
which are pale green, nearly hemispherical, with very large
white- walled cells, are laid singly on the stem or leaf of the
sorrel, the food-plant of the caterpillar, and hatch in from
six to ten days according to the season. In escaping from
the egg, the caterpillar eats only a small hole at the top,
and then feeds on the thick parenchyma of the leaf,
ploughing its way, first on the under, afterwards indiffer-
ently on the upper or the under surface. It goes to the
under surface of stones to change to chrysalis, and this
state continues, except in winter, from ten to nineteen days
according to the season.

33. Genus Feniseca.

ITNISECA^TABQUINrgS-THE WANDEBEB.

(Polyommatus tarquinius, Cbrysophanus tarquinius, Polyommatus
porsenna, Polyommatus crataegi.)

Butterfly . — Upper surface of wings pale fulvous, broadly and,
especially on the fore wings, irregularly marked with dark brown,
marginal on the fore wings, basal on the hind wings, varying
greatly in the amount of encroachment on the fulvous disk.
Under surface pale reddish brown, tlie fore wings pale on the
disk, and both wings, but especially the hind pair, mottled with
pretty large, white-edged, dark spots, arranged on the hind wings
in transverse series. Expanse nearly 1^ inches.

Caterpillar. — Head small, pale green. Body largest in the
middle and tapering in each direction, naked except for rather
short hairs arranged in transverse patches across each segment,
and smoky brown marked with smoky stripes. Length nearly ^
inch.

Chrysalis.- -Plump with swollen abdomen, which is covered
with slight bosses and the hinder extremity flattened and lateral-
ly expanded; pallid on the thorax, flecked with brown, dark
greenish brown on the abdomen, flecked or blotched with cream
yellow. Length ^ inch.

This is a southern butterfly, which, however, extends to
the northernmost parts of our district in the East, but in

FAMILY GOSSAMER WINQ ED BUTTERFLIES. 131

the West lias not been found nearly so far north. It
occurs only in the vicinity of water where alders flourish
and is consequently a local insect and flies but short dis-
tances. The most remarkable feature in its life-history is
the food of the caterpillar, it being the first and almost the
only case known among butterflies in any part of the world
of a strictly carnivorous habit; its food is confined to plant-
lice (aphides) and especially those kinds which exude a
fluffy secretion and live in close colonies; into these
colonies the caterpillar intrudes, ploughing its way into
the mass, and as one after another of the bodies of its vic-
tims are sucked dry, their skins are utilized by being
involved in the thin loose lining of silken tissue which the
caterpillar weaves as it works its way. With a view to this
life the butterfly lays its eggs singly upon the twigs of the
plant infested by the colonies of plant-lice and in their im-
mediate vicinity or even directly among them. These eggs
are of a flattened spheroidal shape with exceedingly delicate
reticulation and of a faint green color, nearly pellucid, and
hatch in three or four days. The caterpillars attain their
growth with unusual rapidity and moult but three times,
so that sometimes the chrysalis state is assumed within a
fortnight of the laying of the eggs from which the cater-
pillars are born ; the chrysalis, however, hangs an ordinary
length of time, from eight to eleven days. In our district
there seem to be three broods of this butterfly, which
hibernates as a chrysalis, though possibly also r i butter-
fly ; farther south the number of broods is probably greater.
With us the first brood flies from the latter part of May to
the middle of June; the second brood appears early in
July and flies into August; the third from the middle of
August until near the end of September.

to
in

Another and western genus of Coppers, Oaeides, is represented in
our district by 0. dione, which occurs from Missouri to Iowa.

132

THE COMMONER BUTTERFLIES.

FAMILY TYPICAL BUTTERFLIES.

SUHFAMILY PiKUIDS.

TRIBE HED-IIORNS Oil YELLOWS.

34. Genus Calltdhyas.

CALLIDRTAS EUBULE— THE CLOUDLESS SULPHUB.

Bntterfly. — Upper surface of wings canary-yellow, the tips of
the nervules, especially in the females and on the fore wings,
touched with dark brown. Under surface of a similar but less
pure color more or less, in the female often very much, marked
by scattered flecks of ferruginous in somewi at definite transverse
series ; at the tip of the cell a more distinct small ferruginous
spot, silver-pupilled on the hind wing. Expanse 3i-3 inches.

Caterpillar,— Head pale green. Body naked but sparsely pilose,
pale green with a bluish tinge, especially above, and a yellow
stigmatal band ; each section of the segments with a straight
transverse row of small, black, distant papillae. Length If
inches.

Chrysalis. —Body as a whole distinctly bent in the middle ;
wing-cases excessively protuberant ; frontal horn very long ; color
usually pale glaucous green with yellow stripes, but sometimes
pale yellowish green or roseate, minutely dotted on back with
lighter points. Length \\ inches.

This is a southern butterfly, very abundant in our South-
ern States and extending northward into the southern por-
tions of our district, occasionally as far north as southern
New York. In the South it sometimes migrates in flocks,
apparently always in a southern direction. It seems to be
double-brooded, the second brood much more abundant
than the first, and as the latter is the only one which has
been seen in the North (in August), its occurrence in our
district may be entirely due to migration, which its known

FAMILY TYPICAL BUTTERFLIES.

133

luibits render not iiiiprol)iil)le; in wluit stji<;e it hibernates
is unknown, but proljubly as a butterfly, or else as a cater-
pillar. The eggs, which are yellow, subfusiforrn, about
twice as high as broad and with about seventeen vertical
ribs, are laid singly on the more tender leaves of the food-
plant, Cassia. The chrysalis hangs ten or twelve days.
The male butterfly has an odor like violets.

Two other species of Callidryas occnr rarely in the extreme south-
ern limits of our district, in the \\ est: C neiiinii' and (J. philen.

35. (lENUs Zeuene.
ZERENE CAESONIA— THE DOG'S HEAD.

(Colias caesonia, Meganostoma caesonia, Zerene cesonia.)

Butterfly. — Upper surface of wings lemon-yellow, the fore
wings having the outer border very broadly margined with black,
its inner limit so deeply indented, esjjccially in the male, that,
with the black dusting of the basal part of the cell and a large
round black spot at the tip of the cell, a dog's head is vividly
outlined, the round spot forming the eye. Under surface almost
uniform yellow, more or less edged and dotted with roseate, the
black spot of the fore wings repeated, here with a silvery pupil,
and the hind wings with a pair of silver spots enclosed in a
roseate or ferruginous nebida. Expanse 3J-2g inches.

Caterpillar. — Head yellow-green. Body naked but sparsely
pilose, yellow-green, usually with narrow transverse bands of
yellow or black or both, and studded on each segment with a
single transverse series of black or concolorous papillae. Length
nearly | inch.

Chrysalis. — Body not bent in the middle, the wing-cases only
moderately protuberant, frontal horn short; bluish green with
whitish creases and above with two longitudinal rows of black
dots, the wings dark green. Length nearly \ inch.

This, a common species in the Southern States and
especially in the West, occurs in some abundance in the
southernmost parts of our district, and has been found as
far north as Pennsylvania, southern Ontario, Wisconsin,

134

THE COMMONER BUTTERFLIES.

and Kansas. The eggs, which are thick fusiform, with
about eighteen low vertical ribs and yellow-green in color,
are laid singly on the under side of the tender end-leaflets
of Amorpha and hatch in about four days. The chrysalis
hangs from seven to thirteen days. The butterflj is
apparently at least double-brooded and shows some indi-
cations of seasonal dimorphism, the later brood or broods
having much more roseate on the under surface than the
earliest. It is on the wing during every month from April
to November, but much is still to be learned of its exact
life- history.

.1 i

36. Genus Euiiymus.

SUBTMUB PHILODICE— THE CLOUDED SULPHUX.

(Coli;"/? philodice, Zerene anthyale.)

Eatterfly. — Upper surface of wing-s yellow, the fore wings with
a broad, blackish brown outer margin, incurved at the extremi-
ties (and in the female broken by yellow spots), together with a
small black spot at the tip of the cell; hind wings with a similar
border nt.rrowing at the extremities and in the female much
narrower and less pure than in the male, in addition to which is
a paie orange circular spot at the tip of the cell. Under surface
sulphur-yellow, the spots at the tip of the cells repeated, on the
fore wings black with a transverse white dash in the centre, on the
hind wings ferruginous with a large silver pupil and sometimes
accompanied above by a similar satellite. Expanse about 2
inches.

Caterpillar. — Head grass-green with white dots. Body naked,
pilose, grass-green, with a faint darker dorsal line and a pale
roseate stigmatal band, usually bordered beneath in the middle
of most of the segments with velvety black; whole body covered
with raised points. Length more than 1 inch.

Chrysalis. — Body not bent in the middle, the wing-cases but
little protuberant; frontal hor.i short conical, the colors on either
side of its lateral ridge similar; color of body grass-green, ver-
mioulute with yellowish white, with a narrow yellowish stigmatal
stripe. Length f inch,

FAMILY TYPICAL BUTTERFLIES.

ISf)

This is our commonest butterfly, found everywhere in
open fields, flying rapidly in a zigzag course but little
above the herbage, and delighting to assemble in flocks at
the edges of pools of standing v/ater, particularly in road-
ways. It has three broods each year, and probably hiber-
nates as a nearly full-grown caterpillar. The first brood,
which is the least numerous, appears at the end of April
unless delayed by iucl foment weather, the males about ten
days before the females; its period of greatest abundance
is toward the end of May, and early in June only worn
specimens can be found; the second brood appears at the
end of June and flies until the third brood appears in the
latter half of August, and this last is on the wing until the
first severe frosts appear. The eggs are laid singly on the
upper side of clover-leaves near the middle, and hatch in
four or five days; they are fusiform with about eighteen
vertical ribs and numerous cross lines; when laid whitish,
then faint yellowish green, they turn to a salmon-color,
at first faint, afterwards deep, and just before hatching
become of a leaden hue. The escaping caterpillar eats its
way out at the side, devours a small additional portion of
the shell, and then attacks the loaf, resHng always upon
the midrib while young, on the stalk when older. The
chrysalis hangs from nine to eleven days,.

The females are dimorphic, many being of a pallid
whitish hue instead of yellow, a distinction rarely found in
the first brood. One or two instances have occurred of
pallid males.

EURTMUS EURTTHEME— THE ORANOE SULPHUR.

(Colias eurytlieme, Colias chrysotbeuT^, Colias keewaydin, Coliaa

ampliidusa, etc.)

Butterfly.— Differs principally from the foregoing in having
the upper surface of the wings orange instead of yellow, and in
being tinged with orange beneath. Expanse nearly 2^ inchei?.

I

136

THE COMMONER BUTTERFLIES.

Caterpillar. — Head grass-green with black dots. Body naked,
pilose, grass-green with a faint dorsal line and a white stigmatal
stripe, which is tracked through the middle by a discontinuous
thread of yellow or red and followed beneath by scattered dusky
markings, sometimes collected in the middle of the segments into
inky spots; whole body covered with raised points. Length 1^
inches.

Chrysalis. — Body not bent in the middle, the rting-cases but
little protuberant; frontal horn short conical, the colors on ' her
side of its lateral ridge contrasted; color of body pea-greei ver-
miculate with pallid and having a yellow stigmatal band. Length
^ inch.

This is a wide-spread and abundant western and southern
species, in our district rarely found east of Ohio (though it
has been taken even in Maine), with habits like those of
ihe preceding species, but more active in flight and more
often flying high in the air. In our district it is triple-
brooded, with seasons much as in the preceding species or
perhaps a trifle later, and is said to hibernate both as a
caterpillar and as a butterfly. The dggs closely resemble
tliose of E. phhlodice but have less numerous cross lines,
and hatch in from four to nine days. The caterpillar
feeds on clover, and the chrysalis hangs from nine to
fifteen days.

This butterfly is remarkable for the extraordinary variety
of forms whi'^h it assumes, a brief account of which will be
found in the Introduction, page 19.

A third species of the genus, E. interior, closely resembling E.
philodice and sometimes mistaken for it, is found in high northern
regions, is abundant on the northern shore of Lake Superior, and lias
occasionally been taken in northern New England.

k

to

E.

FAMILY TYPICAL BUTTERFLIES.

37. Genus Xanthidia.

137

XANTHIDIA NICIPPE— TH£ BLACK BORDERED YELLOW.

(Terias nicippe, Eurema nicippe.)

Butterfly. — Upper surface of wings bright orange, the fore
wings with a little dark mark at tip of cell and the outer border
broadly margined with blackish brown, which extends above to
the middle of the costal margin; in the male it is narrowest in the
middle and bends inward on the inner margin; in the lemale it is
broader and fails to reach the inner margin; hind wings with a
similar bordering broadest in the middle and, in the female only,
nearly obliterated in the lower half. Under surface bright yellow,
the fore wings with an orange tinge, the hind wings with some
short transverse streaks of ferruginous, especially in the female,
where the centre of the disk is often dingy white. Expanse
about 2 inches.

Caterpillar. — Head pea-green dotted with black, the papillae
high and numerous. Body naked, pilose, the black papillae not
transversely arranged, the color green, darkest above, with a
broad yellow stigmatal band, edged slightly below with blue.
Length 1 inch.

Chrysalis. — Body not bent in the middle, the wing cases very
protuberant; frontal horn rather long conical; color green, the
raised corrugations white, more or less sprinkled, especially on
the wings, with fuscous. Length | inch.

This southern butterfly occurs in the southern part of
our district as far north, though not abundantly, as the
southern borders of New York; it is common enough in
southern but not in northern Ohio. It is found in open
fields and has an active flight. It is apparently double-
brooded and lives a long time as a butterfly, flying in the
South from the time of its first appearance fresh from the
chrysalis about the middle of May until the middle of
November, with a notable accession in numbers about the
middle of August, marking the apparition of the second
Irood. In keeping with this longevity, the butterfly hiber-
nates and is seen again in the earliest days of spring. The
eggs, which are fusiform, with about thirty vertical ribs

1

138

THE COMMONER BUTTERFLIES.

and of a yellowish-green color, are laid singly (but often
many upon the same branch) on the leaves of Cassia and
usually upon the under side; they hatch in two or three
days. The caterpillars eat first the extreme leaflets of the
Cassia, beginning at the tip of the leaf; the chrysalis hangs
from five to eight days. As the larval stages are passed
rapidly, at least in midsummer, it is possible that the
broods may be much more numerous than stated above;
but if so, the striking accession to the numbers in flight in
August remains to be explained.

38. Genus Eurema.
EUBEMA LISA— THE LITTLE SULPHUR.

(Xanthidia lisa, Teriasjisa.)

Batterfly. — Upper surface of wings canary-yellow, the apex
and whole outer margin (the latter not quite to the outer angle
in the female) broadly bordered with blackish brown on the fore
wings ; hind wings rather narrowly margined with the same in
the male, with a large spot at the upper angle only in the female.
Under surface duller yellow, sparsely sprinkled with brownish
dots, especially on the hind wings, which are more or less flecked
with ferruginous and have also a ferruginous spot in both sexes
opposite the blackish spot of the upper surface of the female.
Expanse \\ inches.

Caterpillar. — Head grass-green, the white papillae moderately
high and not numerous. Body naked, pilose, the white papillae
not in transverse lines ; color grass-green, deepening in color
down the sides, with a white stigmatal line. Length more than
f inch.

Chrysalis. — Body not bent in the middle, wing-cases but little
protuberant ; frontal horn slender, conical ; translucent green,
sparsely dotted with blackish. Length | inch.

The distribution of this butterfly is almost i)recisely that
of the preceding species, but it has been found in the East
a little farther north than it, having apparently a permanent
foothold qh the southern shores of New England. Probably

I

FAMILY TYPICAL BUTTERFLIES.

139

triple-brooded in the South, it seems within our district to
be only double-brooded, and probably hibernates every-
where as a butterfly. In the North the first brood of fresh
butterflies appears about the middle of June and flies for
five or six weeks; the second and much more numerous
brood appears early in August, receives accessions through-
out the month, and flies tlirough September. The eggs,
which are light green, slender fusiform, and wita very
numerous vertical ribs, are laid singly on the upper side of
the midrib between the leaflets of Cassia, species with
small and finely-divided leaflets being preferred, and hatch
in five or six days. The caterpillar escapes from the side
of the egg, and generally devours a considerable part of the
rest before touching the leaves, when it crawls to the under
surface and remains there, at first eating only holes in the
leaf so as to leave the skeleton of the leaf untouched; it
rests on the midrib of the leaf or on the stalk, and is then
difficult to detect, so closely does its color accord with that
of the plant; if much disturbed it will drop from the leaf
by a thread. In the autumn the chrysalids hang for a
month.

An immense swarm of these delicate butterflies, thou-
sands in number, was once blown like a cloud to Bermuda
from the mainland, fully six hundred miles away.

39. Genus Nathalis.

NATHALIS lOLE— THE DAINTY SULFHUB.

(Nathalis Irene.)

Batterfiy. — Wings pale canary-yellow with dark brown mark-
ings, which, on the upper surface of the fore wings, consist of a
largo apical spot bounded by an obUque line connecting the
costal and outer margins near their middle, and a broad bar
along the inner margin, not reaching the outer margin ; this
bar is repeated on the under surface accompanied by a couple of
blackish spots above its outer extremity ; under surface of the

-

r

f

M

140

fHE COMMONER BUTTERFLIES.

hind wings, except next outer margin, much besprinkled with
dusky scales. Expanse 1 inch or more.

Caterpillar. — Head green. Body green with a purple dorsal
stripe and on each side a double stigmatal stripe of purple and
yellow; a pair of reddish, conical, forward-projecting processes on
back of first thoracic segment. Length | inch.

Chrysalis. --Body not bent in the middle, wing-cases but little
protuberant; front rounded, with no distinct horn; yellow-green,
thickly dotted with yellow-white. Length f inch.

This pretty butterfly is very common indeed in the South-
western States and occurs in our district in southern
Illinois and Missouri. Its transformations have been fol-
lowed by Mr. AV. H. Edwards, through whom the above
as yet unpublished details are given. The caterpillar
feeds on Tagetes, but its seasons are not yet known except
that the butterfly flies at the end of June and in July and
again very late in the season ; doubtless also at other times.

i!

Two other genera of Red- Horns occur in the district: Fhoebis, with
one species, P. agaritJie, an extreme southern type said to have been
taken in Nebraska; and Fyrisitia, also with a single southern species,
P. mexicana, which has been taken occasionally in the West, as far
north as Iowa and Wisconsin, and once even in southern Ontario.

TRIBE ORANGE-TIPS.

40. Genus Anthociiaris.

ANTHOCHABIS GENUTIA-THE FALCATE ORANOE-TIF.

Butterfly. — Upper surface of wings dull white, the fore wings
with a minute black spot at the tip of the cell, the edge of the
falcate portion of the wing brown with white dots, and, in the
male, the whole apex orange. Under surface of fore wings like
the upper, but with no orange tip in either sex; hind wings
flecked with light brown collected into large open blotches.
Expanse If inches.

Caterpillar. — Head pallid with greenish inky blotches, crowned
with papillae. Body very slender, naked, pilose, numerously
striped with orange, green, dark blue, white, and yellow, but

FAMILY TYPICAL BUTTERFLIES.

141

. with

dorsal
le and

;ses on

t little
green,

:)Outh-
ithern
;n fol-

above
rpillar
except
ly and

times.

lis, with
,ve been
species,
as far
ario.

IP.

wings
of the
in the
igs like
i wings
lotches.

rowned
erously
)W, but

principally bluish green, the broader lighter bands being dorsal
and stigmatal; numerous black papillae of two different sizes, the
larger arranged in series. Length \ inch.

Chrysalis. — Fusiform, pointed at each end; frontal horn
plumbeous, thorax pallid, wing-cases yellowish, abdomen pale
yellow, the whole dotted with black. Length J inch.

A southern and eastern butterfly, found also in the
eastern half of the southern portion of our district, even
into New England; it occurs also in southern Illinois
and Ohio. It is found in open woods and flies leisurely in
a somewhat zigzag course and rarely alights. It is single-
brooded and hibernates as a chrysalis. It appears with the
first foliage early in May and flies only through this month
or for a few days into June. The eggs are tall sugar-loaf-
shaped with about fourteen vertical ribs and of an orange
color and hatch in four or more days ; they are laid singly
on the stems and leaves of Cruciferous plants of a slender
habit, Sisymbrium and Arabis, and the caterpillars feed on
the flowers and buds, and later on the seed-pods. The
change to chrysalis is somewhat curious, as related by
W. H. Edwards.

Another of the Orange tips, Synehloe olympia, has been found at
distant intervals and in scanty numbers in the western and southern
parts of our district — Kansas, Nebraska, Missouri, Illinois, Indiana,
and West Virginia.

TRIBE WHITES.
41. Genus Pontia.

po'ntia pbotodtge— the ghegkebed white.

(Pieris protodice, Pieris vernalis, Pieris occidentalis.)

Butterfly. — Wings white, the fore wings marked above with
grayish brown by a broad bar across the end of the cell, an inter-
rupted, transverse, unequal belt across the outer third of the
wing (subobsolete in the male; and triangular marginal spots at

142

THE COMMONER BUTTERFLIES.

|!ii

the nervure tips, especially the upper ones; the hind wings have
somewhat similar markings in the female. Under surface with
similar but heavier markings, both sexes as in the female, but
inclining to yellowish brown. Expanse about 2 inches.

Caterpillar. — Head pale straw-yellow, dotted with^dark ferru-
ginous. Body slender, naked, pilose, striped with golden yellow
and dark greenish purple, dotted with black papillae, which are
broader than high. Length nearly 1 inch.

Chrysalis. — With compressed conical elevations above on mid-
dle of thorax and on sides of third abdominal segment, the frontal
projection not longer than broad, the wing-cases not protruding
beneath ; light bluish gray with yellowish dorsal and side stripes
and dotted with black. Length f inch.

This is a southern and western butterfly, flying in
abundance farther north in the West than in the East,
where it is rarely found north of Ohio, Pennsylvania, and
the southern seashore of New England. It has a rapid
flight and is most common about vegetable gardens near
cities, the caterpillar being destructive to cabbages; since
the introduction of Pieris rapae to this country, however,
it has been largely superseded in this respect by that pest.
It is triple-brooded, each succeeding generation more
abundant than the preceding, and hibernates as a chrysalis;
the first brood appears in ]\Iay, the second late in June or
early in July, the third the last of August. The eggs,
which are very tall and regular in form and vertically
marked with about fourteen ribs, are laid singly and hatch
in four days. The caterpillars feed upon various Crucifer-
ous plants, and in the case of the cabbage devour only the
outer leaves of the head and are thus much less destructive
in habit than Pieris rapae.

The spring butterflies are more heavily marked than
those of the subsequent broods.

FAMILY TYPICAL BUTTERFLIES.

143

than

42. Genus Pier is.

PIEBIS OLERACEA— THE GRAY VEINED WHITE.

(Pontia oleracea, Pontia casta, Pieris napi, Pieris frigida, Pieris

cruciferarum. )

Butterfly. — Wings white without markings, or with the veins
more or less broadly mapped beneath with gray, especially on the
hind wings and on the tips of the fore wings, and the same regions
washed with pale yellow. Expanse about 2 inches.

Caterpillar. — Head green. Body slender, naked, pilose, green,
minutely dotted with black, except on a dorsal stripe which is not
otherwise distinguished. Length f inch.

Chrysalis. — With compressed conical elevations above on the
middle of the thorax and on sides of second and third abdominal
segments, those of the third distinctly flaring, the frontal projec-
tion much longer than broad, the wing-cases not protruding be-
neath ; color green, the elevated portions infuscated. Length
fully f inch.

This northern species occurs throughout all but the
southern parts of our region, though in scanty numbers
except in mountainous districts; it appears, however, to be
absent from the prairies west of the Mississippi, and
wherever it has come in contact with P. rapae, it has be-
come relatively rare; it seems to be more commonly found
in open places in the vicinity of woods than about farms
(where P, rapae is most common) and is in every respect
more feral than the introduced pest. It is triple-brooded,
wintering in the chrysalis; the first brood appears at the
end of April or early in May, according to the season, and
flies somewhat into June ; the second at the very end of
June or early in July and flies nearly to the end of the
latter month ; the third early in August or occasionally at
the end of July and disappears early in September. The
eggs, which are Florence-flask-shaped, tapering from the
middle upward and with about thirteen vertical ribs, are
pale greenish yellow, and are laid singly or; the under sur-
face of leaves, often several on a leaf, and hatch in from five

144

THE COMMONER BUTTERFLIES.

to eight (lays. The caterpillar feeds on various Crucifer-
ous plants, of which turnip appears to be the favorite, and
eats to repletion, the skin of the body being tense and
glistening after a meal ; it feeds only on the under surface,
biting holes through the leaves and never attacking them
at the edges. The chrysalis, when not hibernating, hangs
from seven to eleven days.

The summer broods are almost pure white beneath, while
tlie spring brood is heavily, often (especially in northern-
most localities) very heavily, marked.

FIERIS BAPAE— THE CABBAGE BUTTERFLY.

Butterfly. — Wings dull white, the hind wings pale lemon-yel-
low beneath, flecked uniformly with griseous; fore wings with the
extreme apex blackish brown above, more broadly washed with
yellow beneath ; besides, on both surfaces is a round black spot
on the middle of the outer half of the fore wing and beneath it,
on the under surface, a small spot on the inner margin, opposite
which, on the costal margin of the upper surface of the hind
wings, is a short black bar. Expauf about 2 inches.

Caterpillar. — Head green. Body slender, naked, pilose, green,
with a yellowish dorsal band and a similar but slender and inter-
rupted stigmatal band. Length nearly ^ inch.

Chrysalis. — With compressed conical elevations above on the
middle of the thorax and the sides of the second and third ab-
dominal segments, the latter not flaring, the frontal projection
much larger than broad, tlie wing-cases not protruding beneath ;
color green, the elevated portions infuscated at tip. Length
nearly f inch.

This butterfly was introduced into this country from
Europe at Quebec about 18G0, and again at New York in
18G8, and has thence spread over our entire region and far
beyond, largely displacing our native butterflies, Pontia
protodice and Pieris oleracea, apparently from the earlier
appearance of some of the broods and its extreme fecun-
dity; there is no cultivated spot where it cannot be found.

FAMILY TYPICAL BVTTEllFLIES.

Hf)

and it especially aboiiiHls ahout veiifctablo <j^ar(ltMi.s both in
coiiiitrv aii.l city, it is ti-iplc-broodcd and liii)cniatcs as a
chrysalis; the earlier broods ap[)ear in any locality where
r. oleriti-ea also occurs, about a week or a litth' less before
that species, but the last brood is ap[)arently conten)])ora-
neous. The eggs, wli'ch are Florence-llask-sliajted, taper
only on the ui)per third, have about twelve vertical rihs,
are pale yellow and are laid erect in large numbers, but
not in close proximity (exeei)t accidentally), on the under
surface of leaves; they hatch in about a week. The cater-
pillar feeds on a great variety of Cruciferous plants, espe-
cially on cabbage (to which it is very destructive, often
totally ruining a crop), but also on some other ])lants and
especially mignonette; in cabbages it bores into the heart
and fills the passages with its excrement. When not hi-
bernating, the chrysalis state lasts ten or twelve days. The
male butterfly has a very faint but agreeable odor.

Seasonal dimorphism is shown in the heavier nuirkings
of the first brood of the season; and a variety sometimes
occurs (and was especially prevalent when it was first in-
troduced) of a pale caiuiry-yellow tlirougliout.

from
kk in
id far
\onlia
larlier
jcun-
)und,

SUBFAMI LY SWA LLOW-TAILS.
43. Genus Laektias.

LAERTIAS PHILENOR— THE BLUE SWALLOW-TAIL.

(Papilio ])luleuor.)

Buttorfly. — Upper surface of wings blackish brown with yel-
lowish lunules in the fringe and asubmargiiial series of pearl-gray
spots. Under surface of fore wings nearly the same with larger
markings; of liind wings shite-brown at base, b(;yond varying
from metallic green to blue with seven largo premarginal rounded
orange spots; broadly bordered with black and tipped above
with white. Expanse about 4^ inches.

Caterpillar. — Head black. Body naked, nearly cylindrical,
nearly black, with two series of small orange spots . eacli side,
and at both ends of the body, on either side, a series of long black

146

TllH (OMMoNKli lii'TTHliF/JES.

fleshy tiliimriils, llioso of the first thoracic .scgineiil longest.
Length fully 2 inches.

Chxysalis. — Body greatly expandcl laterally at the third ab-
dominal sejrMicnt, where tiie wings foi'ni a sharp ridge; a similar
compressed ridg«' on each side f)f the hack of the middle abdomi-
nal segments; of a (h-ad leaf color, more or less infnscated on tlie
elevations. Length more than 1 inch.

A southern butterfly, found over the southern luilf of
our district almost or quite to tlio southern extremities of
the (Jreat fiaket lond of the blossoms of trees and the
damp s])ots in roads, hying low and rather slowly. It is
double- bi'ooded and ajipears to hibernate as a Initterfly, the
fresh butterflies appearing in July and Se])tember. The
eggs, which are subsplierical and covered with a gummy red
substance, are laid in small clusters, generally of two or
three rows of three or four each, but sometimes as many as
thirty or more, on the ui)i)er side of leaves or more gen-
erally on the smaller stems or tendrils of the food-plant,
and hatch in from seven to nine days. The caterpillars
feed mostly on l^utchman's pii)e (Aristolochia), but some-
times on other members of the family, like Asarum, or even
on Polygonum and Ii)omoea, neighboring plants; they do
not devour their egg-shells and at first feed side by side in
close company, lying tit right angles to the edge of the leaf,
heads out; afterwards they are semigregarious, living near
together but apart and without concealment. The odor
from the scent-organs behind the head is much slighter an'^
less disagreeable than with our other swallow-tails,
chrysalis state lasts three or four weeks.

44. Genus Iphiclides.
IPHICLIDES AJAX— THE ZEBRA SWALLOW-TAIL.

(Papilio ajax, Papilio marcellus, Papilio telamonides.)

Butterfly. — Wings black, transversely marked with broad and
narrow whitish stripes, partly common to both wings, narrowing

FAMILY TYPTCAL DUTTERFLTES.

147

ail'

from above downward, and with a lari;e blood-red spot on inner
margin of hind wings be')n^ Die anal angle, generally aceom-
panied within by another. Jiesides these markings the nnder
surfaces of the hind wings siiow adjacent median red and white
stripes across the wing, and both surfaces blue submarginal
lunulea in the interspaces Ix'low the long tails. Abdomen with
yellow sides. Expanse; .'{-33 inches.

Caterpillar. — Head green, liody naked, largest at the third
thoracic segment pea-green, with transverse nuirkings, consist-
ing of l)la('k dots and lines and slender lemon-yellow stripes,
l)esides a conspicuous broad velvety black stripe on the third
thoracic segment, edged with lemon-yellow. Length more than
'i inches.

Chrysalis. — Compact, with relatively low prominences except
the IrJJiuetral elevation on dorsum of thorax; a slender median
carina on thorax and a similar pair on upper side of abdomen ;
dead-loaf brown, or bright green with .slight infuscated markings.
Length nearly 1 inch.

This butterfly, a southern form, is eoii{iiicd to the easton*
luilf of the eoutinent and is found only in tlie southern
part of our district witli about the .^anie limits as the j)re-
eeding species; it flies low and rapidly among thickets.
The insect winters as a clirysalis and has several broods a
season; the first brood is dimor])hic, one form, marcellus,
appearing with the })each-blossoins ; the other, telanioni-
des, some weeks thereafter; the second and later broods,
ajax projier, also differ from either of the preceding; mar-
cellus disappears about the first of June, telanionides during
the same month, while the earliest ajax ai)i)ear by the time
that marcellus has gone, flying with telanionides; there-
after the broods seem to overlap so that they are not easy
to distinguish. The eggs, which are oblate spheroidal in
^ajie and pea-green in color, afterward turning black, are
laid singly, usually on the upper surface of a leaf and in
from four to eight days according to the time of year. The
young caterpillar usually devours most of ^its egg-shell be-
iore feeding on the papaw (Aslmina) on which it is to live.

t,

I •

"S&sxnaim

SmBmBi

148

THE COMMONER BUTTEltFLIES.

Avliich it does without eoiiceulnieiit. Tlie chrysalis hangs
irom ten to I'oiirtc'n days, when it hatches thesanio season,
but an increasing number of eacli brood do not disclose
their inniates at ;dl until the next season ; whether tliis has
any ileiiiiite relation to the dimorphism of the first brood
is not yet known. ^Fhe odor from the scent-organs of the
cateri>illar is particula^'ly nauseating.

45. (lENUP Jahoxiades.
JASONIADES GLAUCU8— THE TIGER SWALLOW-TAIL.

(Pai>ilio gluucus, Papilio turuiiss, Jusouiades turuus.)

Butterfly. — AVing.s bright straw-yellow (paler beneath) with
a very broad black outer margin in whicli are yellow lunules and
on the fore wingj^ four black bars descending from tlie costal
margin, tlio innermost of whicli, tapering throughout, nearly
crosses also the hind wings; besides there is an orange lunule next
the anal angle of the liind wings and much dusting with metallic
l)lu(', })articul;irly on the under surface on the inner portion of
the black border of the same. Abdomen Avith yellow sides. Ex-
panse 3J-4| inche;].

Caterpillar. — Head ferruginous. Body naked, largest at the
division between tliuracic and abdominal segments, deep green,
paicr below, with a black transverse stripe above at front edge
of second abdominal segment, bordered in front by yellow; npi)cr
sides of third tiioracic segmeiii with a small black-edged greenish
yellow spot having a black-edged tunpioise pupil. Length 2
inches.

Chrysalis. — Roughened and straight, the wing cases not
prominent beneath, all the higher projections antc-ior and
directed more oi- less forward; griseous with a yellow olivaceous
tinge, often with greenish patches in front and specked and
lined with ))lackish. Length 1} inches.

Found everywhere in our district and far beyond it,
often swarnung in abundance particularly in hilly regions
and especially in narrow wooded valleys, often also
assembling in vast numbers abimt tlamp spots or ordure or
decaying aninnd sul)stances. It winters as a chrysalis and

5

Ml

FAMILY TYPICAL BUTTERFLIES.

149

not
land

land

it,
ions
til so

or
and

IS double-brooded, the first biitterllies of tlio season appear-
ing about the last of May and Hying into July, often until
the middle of the month, when the second brood, which is
less abundant than the first, makes its appearance. The
eggs, which are subspherical and leaf-green, are laid singly
on the upper surface of leaves and usually hatch in about
eight days. I'he caterpillar feeds on a greater variety of
plants than any yet recorded; in all about a dozen families
and thirty or more species are already known, among which
bi/cli, poplar, ash, and Liriodeiulron appear to ])o the favor-
ites; when young it feeds at the edge of the leaf and
retires after feeding to the middle of the ui)per side of the
drooping leaf, where it spins a silken carpet whereon to
rest head upward ; as soon as it moults it chooses a fresh
leaf for its residence and spins a new carpet, going to some
neighboring leaf to feed; when it grows larger (having
moulted three times) it spins {i web across a new leaf so
tightly as to draw the opposite sides somewhat together
and to make of the leaf a sort of trough, the web touching
the leaf only at the sides and forming an elastic bed where
the caterpillar rests, concealed on a side view. The chrysa-
lis state lasts two or three weeks in the summer.

This butterfly is remarkjible for being dimorphic, but
with curious restrictions, the dimorphism being limited
sexually and geographically; for in the most southern
parts of our district and southward there are two forms of
female, one resembling the male, as is invariably the case
in the north, the other one in which the black has sup-
planted the yellow to such an extent that the stripes can
only be vaguely seen.

!; m

t!l

T

160

THE COMMONER BUTTERFLIES.

46. Genus Euphoeades.

EUPH(EADES TROILUS— THE OBEEN-GLOUDED SWALLOW-
TAIL.

(Papilio troll us.)

Butterfly. — Wings blackish brown, the upper surface with a
submarginal series of spots, which are round and pale straw -coior
on the fore wings, larger, semilunate, and pale blue-green on the
hind wings, which have, besides, an orange spot next the middle
of the costal margin, an orange and green spot next the anal
angle, and the middle of the wing dusted with green and metallic
blue in varying quantity. On the under surface of the hind
wings this last is replaced by an arcuate series of broad orange
lunules, edged within with yellow^ and without with black, and
followed outwardly by metallic blue dusting ; but the series is
interrupted in the middle by one of the lunules and its appurte-
nances becoming a comet-like mass of green scales. Expanse
about 4 inches.

Caterpillar. — Head |)ale green. Body naked, largest at the
third thorficic segment, dark green, paler beneath, the sides of
the third thoracic segment with a large, circular, finely black-
edged, buff spot, containing above a small turquoise spot and
below a larger velvety black spot ; first abdominal segment
above with a pair of ai)proximatod, finely black-edged, large
ovoid buff spots having a small turquoise spot within ; and the
hinder abdominal segments with transverse series of six small,
ovoid, black-edged, turquoise spots. Length 1^ inches.

Chrysalis. — Relatively smooth with no striking prominences
except the divergent frontal projections and moderate thoracic
elevation; a lateral ridge the whole length of the body, the wing-
cases protuberant beneath ; pale yellowish green above, all
prominences and ridges reddish brown, pale green beneath ; or
griseous with mingled yellowish and brown dottings above.
Length 1| inches.

This though a southern butterfly extends north to about
the 43d degree of Latitude, though it appears to be limited
westward by about the Or)th degree of longitude. Its flight
is rather swift and unwearied, in long zigzags, usually only
just above the low bushes which it frequents. It winters

3

I

FAMILY TYPICAL BUTTERFLIES.

151

as a chrysalis and is double-brooded; the first butterflies
appear in the last part of May and continue far into July;
the second brood is on the wing by the middle of August
or earlier, but does not become abundant until toward the
end of August. The eggs, which are subspherical and
pale green, are laid singly on the under surface of leaves
and hatch in probably a week's time. The caterpillar
feeds upon various Lauraceae and some other plants, but
spice-bush and sassafras appear to be the favorites; after
eating its egg-shell it bites a channel through one side of
the leaf not far from the tip down to the midrib, and folds
the end-flap over to form a concealment; it does not fasten
the edge itself in any way, but keeps the flap in place by
numerous transverse strands of silk upon the fold of the
leaf, and does it so neatly that the edge of the flap just
touches the opposite side of the leaf; later in life it brings
the two edges of an entire leaf together in the same way
and lives therein, feeding upon the neighboring leaves.
The chrysalis state lasts about a fortnight.

A second species of Eu])lioea(les, E. j)i(l(imedes, equally common at
the South, does not extend so far north as E. troilus, but has been
taken in Virginia and Missouri and probably may occur at any point
on the extreme southern border of our district.

all
or

47. Genus Heraclides.

HEBACLIDES CRESFHONTES— THE OBANOE DOO, OR €M\NT

SWALLOWTAIL.

(Papilio cresphontes, Papilio thoas.)

Bntterfly. — Upper surface of wings black-brown with two vc-y
arcuate series of very heavy yellow discontinuous markings
crossing each other, one passing; from the tips of i .e fore wings
to the base of the inner margin of the hind pair, the other, more
curved, from beyond the middle of the costal margin of the fore
wings to the anal angle of the hind pair, just above which is an

WP

■■na^

152

THE COMMONER BUTTERFLIES.

I I

r -^

orange lunule. Under surface mostly clay-yellow, the markings
of the ui)per surface repeated considerably modified, with great
extension of yellow, tlie hind wings with a median lunulate black
belt, marked with blue and centrally with orange. Abdomen
with yellow sides. Expanse 4-5| inches.

Caterpillar. — Head brown. Body naked, much swollen
anteriorly, ferruginous brown with a lateral stripe in front, the
hinder end of which (including two or three segments and a broad
saddle in the middle) is cream yellow, flecked with brownish, as
other parts of the back are slenderly streaked with dirty yellow.
Length more than 2 inches.

Chrysalis. — Body roughened and a little bent, the wing-cases
protuberant beneath, all the larger projections anterior and
directed for\sard ; griseousor dead-leaf brown, often tinged with
green and more or less marked with dark brown, especially in
front, on the wings except apically, and on the sides of the basal
segments of the abdomen. Length more than 1^ inches.

This largest of our butterflies is a tropical species, but
it extends far northward and in recent years has invaded
our district, where it is now occasionally found in scattered
localities in all the southern portions, having even occurred
within thirty miles of Ivlontrefil. It rests with its wings
expanded and a little depressed and has a sailing flight.
It hibernates as a chrysalis and in our district is double-
brooded, the first brood appearing early in June and the
second at the end of July and mucli later, flying through
September. The eggs, which are subspherical and overlaid
by a brownish-yellow secretion, are deposited singly on tlie
tips of the budding leaves in spring, on the older leaves and
the twigs later in the year, and hatch in ten or twelve
days, or sooner according to some. The caterpillar will
probably feed upon Mvy plants of the Rue family and is
particularly addicted to tlie orange, whicli it sometimes
defoliates; it has also been found on plants of allied
families; it eats leaves and also the tenderer shoots, and
when young remains on the under side of the leaves and
devours only the tenderer parts between the ribs of older

FAMILY TYPICAL BUTTERFLIES.

153

•ill
is

les
lied
liid
Ind
her

leaves; later it devours the whole leaf, but even when old
it excepts the midrib and rests on the twigs and branches.
The summer chrysalids ordinarily hang from six to six-
teen days.

48. Genus Papilio.

FAFILIO FOLYXENES— THE BLACK SWALLOW TAIL.

(Papilio asterias.)

Butterfly. — Wing.s black with nuirkings mainly yellow ; fore
wings witli two straight rows of spots parallel to liie outor
margin, the outer rounded, the inner triangular ; upi)er ssiirfjice
of hind wings with a median row of spots, in the male forming ji
maculate band, and a submarginal series of lunules, between
which, especially in the female, are many congregated blue
scales ; at the anal angle a black-pupilled orange demi-ocellus ;
on the under surface of the hind wings the yellow markings
become mostly orange and are heavier. Abdomen with two rows
of yellow dots on each side. Expanse 3i-4J inches.

Caterpillar. — Head green, broadly striped vertically with
black. Body naked, nearly cylindrical,, pea green, marked with
black in transverse bands on each segment, broadening into
rounded spots at regular intervals by enclosing small, round,
yellow spots at their anterior margins. Length nearly 2 inches.

Chrysalis. — Roughened, with the front half bent backward by
the protrusion beneath of the wing-cases, all the higher pro-
jections anterior and directed more or less forward ; dirty yellow-
ish brown, more or less marked with griseous and dotted with
black or blackish points. Length IJ inches.

Found everywhere in our district in cultivated fields and
hilly pastures, flying rather swiftly near the ground and
often half doubling on its course. Winter is passed in the
chrysalis state and there are two broods annually, the first
making its appearance in the latter half of May, the second
about the middle of July, and each brood flying about two
months. The eggs, which are subspherical and honey-
yellow, afterward changing in parts to reddish l)rown, are
laid singly on the finely-cut leaves of the food-plant and

^■^I

154

THE COMMONER BUTTERFLIES.

hatch iu from five to nine days. The caterpillars feed on
any Umbelliferous plants, and seem to be found on carrot
and parsley as often as on anything else; they eat vora-
ciously and live fully exposed, and do not, like most of
our Swallow-tail caterpillars, devour their cast skins after
moulting. The chrysalis state varies in the summer from
nine to eighteen days.

A second species of Papilio, P. hrevicaudii, remarkable for its short
tails, lias been found in Newfoundland and along the shores of the
Gulf of St. Lawrence.

FAMILY SKIPPERS.

165

FAMILY SKIPPERS.

TRIBE LARUER SKIPPEKS.

49. Genus Epargykeus,

EPABOTREUS TITYBUS— THE SILVER SPOTTED HESPERID.

(Eudamus titjrus, (ioniloba tityrus, Thyiuele tityrus.)

Butterfly. — Upper surface of wiuj^.s dark chocolate-brown, the
fore wings with a belt of four large, contiguous, gleaming, amber-
yellow spots, with another smaller one outside of them, and three
little fenestrate white spots, one below the other next the costal
border a little before the tip. Under surface blackish brown,
with a faint gray bloom next the outer margins, the markings of
the fore wings repented, and across the middle of the hind wings,
but not reaching either border, a very largo unequal silvery
white patch. Expanse 3-3A inches.

Caterpillar. — Head ferruginous with a large orange spot at
base of mandibles. Body naked, briefly pilose, greenish yellow,
marked with transverse lines, blotches, and dots of grassy green,
the lines encircling the body above, the blotches abundant at the
sides, and the dots at the anterior edge of efch segment ; first
thoracic segment orange-red with brown shield. Length nearly
1.^ inches.

Chrysalis.— Very stout and plump, the abdomen (exclusive of
tail-piece) no longer tlian the rest of the body ; prothoracic
spiracle with posterior lip flat ; tongue-case not extending beyond
the wings ; dark brown, marked with blackish and testaceous.
Length nearly 1 inch.

This butterfly is found tliroughout all of our district
except the northernmost portions and the eastern provinces ;
it is found about gardens and has a dashing impetuous
flight, starting and stopping abruptly, being perliaps our
most robust and vigorous butterfly. It winters in the
chrysalis and is single-brooded, although tlier^ are two

156

THE COMMONER BUTTERFLIES.

t

broods in the Southern States, and this may be the case in
the southern parts of our district. Tlie butterflies make
their appearance with us early in June, sometimes late in
May, and continue to emerge from the chrysalis throughout
June and fly throughout July and often into August.
The eggs, which are domed, heavily ribbed and cross-lined,
and of a grass-green color, are laid singly, from the middle
of June on, upon the upper surface of leaves, and hatch in
about four days. The caterpillars feed upon a number of
different plants of the Pulse family (proper), and very
likely will eat any of them, but they seem to prefer locusts
and especially the rose-acacia; during its first two stages
the caterpillar makes a nest by nearly cutting a rounded
piece out of a leaf, folding it over and binding the edges
to the leaf at a few points with silken cords so that it is
open at the sides ; when larger it connects two leaves or
sometimes more in a similar manner, and often changes to
chrysalis therein, first making the nest more secure by a
silken interior lining; at other times it makes a cocoon of
dead leaves or bits of rotten wood entangled with its silk.

50. Genus Tiiorybes.

THORYBES FYLADES— THE NOBTHERN CLOUOY-WINO.

(Eudamus pxliid^.)

Butterfly. —Upper surface of wings dark glistening brown, the
fore wings with a few very small, slender, mostly transverse,
fenestrate spots, three just beyond the middle in a triangle, and
two sets on the costal margin, one at the middle, the other half
way from there to the tip. Under surface as above, but with
pale clouds next the margin, and the hind wings crossed by a
pair of dark-edged, light-brown, narrow, tremulous bands. Ex-
panse li-l| inches.

Caterpillar. — Head black. Body naked, briefly pilose, rather
dark green, with a slender darker dorsal stripe, a dull salmon
lateral stripe and the infrastigmatal fold pale salmon ; first tho-

FAMILY SKIPPERS.

157

[ise in
make
ite in
ghoiit
ugust.
■lined,
diddle
tell in
ber of
i very
ociists
stages
•nnded
1 edges
it it is
ives or
nges to
re by a
joon of
3 silk.

[\vn, the
isverse,
'le, and
ier half
It with
}d by a
. Ex-

rather
jsahnon
Irst tho-

racic segment black, edged in front with red or orange and red on
the sides below. Length more than 1 incii.

Chrysalis. — Rather slender-lxxiied, the abdomen (excln.sive of
tail-piece) shorter than the rest of the lK)dy, theprothoraeic spir-
acle with elevated posterior lip, the tongue-case not extendiiii,'
beyond tiie wings; fusco-luteous speckled profusely with blac kish
fuscous, becoming blackish tran.svei*se broken bands on the
abdomen. Length J inch.

This butterfly occurs througliout our district unless we
except the eastern provinces, from which it has not yet
been recorded ; it is found in open fields and meadows aiul
flies with extreme rapidity and uncertain direction, gener-
ally two or three feet only above the ground. It winters
as a clirysalis and is double-brooded, the first brood appear-
ing the last week in May, becoming abundant in less than
a week, and not wholly disappearing until some time, often
late, in July; the second brood is much less abundant than
the first, appears in August, usually not until tlie middle
of the month and flies till the middle of September or later.
The eggs, which are subglobular but with a broad base and
with moderately low vertical ribs to the number of fifteen,
are very pale green, almost white, and are laid on the under
side of leaves, singly, and hatch in from five to eleven,
generally about six, days. The caterpillar feeds on almost
any Leguminous plant, but appears to prefer clover and
bush clover (Lespedeza); on emerging the caterpillar
usually devours about half its egg-shell and then travels to
another leaf to prepare its nest, which it makes by cutting
two parallel channels inwards from the edge of the leaf and
folding over and securing by silken strands the flap thus
formed; later in life it makes a larger nest from one or
more leaves after the habit of Epargyreus; it is very clean-
ly, always ejecting its excrement outside its nest with a
snap which sends it to a distance. The chrysalis state in
summer lasts about twenty days.

ir)8

TIIK COMMONER BUTTERFLIES.

%

A soUiu«'rn spccii's of TlionlM's, T. f><tt/i//Ui/s, very close to this but
with larger sjjots, has Imh'Ii oc'cusiomiliy found far north, even as far
as Massacljusetts and Wisconsin ; and another species, T. electra, is
known only from Hamilton, Ontario.

M

m

:j«

J

T

51, Genus Thanaos.
THANAOS LUCILIUS-LUCILIUS'S DUSKT-WINO.

(Nis«)niades lucilius.)

Butterfly. — Upper siirfuce of wings dark grayish brown, the
fore wings with the basc'il half bhiekisli, a double row of premar-
ginal gray spots and, next the costal margin beyond the blackish
base, a large and distinct cinereous patch, followed oiitwa^Jly by
three minute vitreous spots one above the other. Under surface
fuliginous brown with pallid spots and dots in submarginal series.
Expanse about 1^ inches.

Caterpillar. — Head with the summits considerably elevated,
black with three reddish spots .and streaks on the sides. Body
naked, briefly pilose, with a slender pale yellowish lateral line.
Length | inch.

Chrysalis.— Slender, the abdomen (exclusive of tail-piece)
longer than the rest of the body, the posterior lip of thoracic
spiracle scarcely raised, not flaring, the tongue-case scarcely ex-
tending beyond the wings ; pale green. Length somewhat more
than ^ inch.

Tliis butterfly probably occurs throughout our district,
but it has never been reported from Canada excepting in
southern Ontario, nor west of this locality except in distant
Dakota; nor in New England, where it is best known, has
it been found north of Plymontli, N. IL, nor in Maine
or beyond that; it occurs in wooded rocky spots and win-
ters as a full-fed caterpillar. It is partly single-, partly
double-, and partly triple-brooded, there being annually
three apparitions of the butterfly in decreasing numbers :
early in May, the middle of July, and the middle of August,
some of the caterpillars of each of the first two broods as
well as all of the last ceasing to feed after they are full

FAMILY SKIPPERS.

\m

) this but
en as tar
dectra, is

[•own, the
f premar-
i blackish

fi{\rS\y by

er surface
nal series.

' elevated,
es. Body
teral line.

tail-piece)
if thoracic
arcely ex-
lat more

district,
pting in
n distant
lown, has
in Maine
and win-
e-, partly

annually
numbers :
f August,
roods as

are

full

grown and passing the winter in the larval nest, closing it
tightly, and only changing to chrysalis very early in the
following spring; but the last brood of the season is made
up not only by direct descent from the second, but also l)y
a certain proportion of the lethargic caterpillars of the first
brood, which, when the regular time for change in the sec-
ond brood of caterpillars occurs, cliango tlwn to chrysalis,
instead of doing so as soon as full fed or of waiting still
longer until the succeeding spring. The eggs, which are
subspherical with broad base and twelve to fifteen com-
pressed and not very high vertical ribs, are at first whitish
green, afterwards salmon-red, and are laid singly on the
under surface of the leaves of the food-plant and hatch in
about ten days in June. The caterpillar feeds on wild
columbine, Aquilegia canadensis^ and has also been found
in the South on Chenopodium album; althougli it does not
eat much of its egg-shell, it generally takes the caterpillar
about twenty-four hours to eat its way out, and this delib-
erate manner it retains through life; it makes its first nest
much after tlie manner of Thorybes, and after it has bitten
the channels requires three or four hours of continuous
work to bring the flap to the proper angle required for the
nest; when it leaves a nest to form a larger one it always
first bites off the strands which have kept the old flap in
place; it goes to another leaf to feed, and when mature
makes a nest of a whole leaf or of several leaves. The
chrysalis state in summer lasts from eleven to fifteen days.

THANAOS PERSIUS— FERSIUS'S DU8KT WINO.

(Nisoniades persius.)

Butterfly. — Upper surface of fore wings dark grayish brown,
the basal half and a band across the middle of the outer half
blackish; between the two, next the costal margin, an indistinct
cinereous patch, followed outwardly by a descending row of four
or five minute vitreous spots ; hind wings chocolate - brown.

160

TIIK COMMON EH lUrrrKHFLIE8.

r

1*''

Uiulor surface dark fuliginous, with the vitroous spots of tho
foro wings repeated and a cinereous ajjcx. Expanse about 1|
inches.

Caterpillar. — Head with summits rounded and slightly ele-
vated, ferruginous brown with pale vertical streaks, or piceous
marked with ferruginous. Body naked, briefly pilose, pale green
witii pale yellowish lateral lines and sprinkled profusely with
white dots. Length more than 1 inch.

Chrysalis.— Dull olivaceous green, much infuscated, abdomen
pinkish brown, motthnl faintly with i)ale dots, the rest as in tho
preceding species. Length somewhat more than i inch.

Probably found over tlie wliole of our region, but not
yet noticed in the northernmost portions; it occurs mostly
in sluidy roadsides by wood.s and is strong, rapid, and
restless in Higbt, often Hying in little circles as if about to
alight and then darting off again. It hibernates as a full-
grown (niteri)illar and changes to chrysalis before vegetation
has started. It first ai)pears as a butterfly early in May
and continues to emerge from tlie chrysalis throughout the
month, after spending sixteen days or more in chrysalis;
by the middle of June it has disappeared. It is possible
that there is a second brood, .is fresh specimens have been
taken in the latter half of July; but if so, it is but a small
one and the insect partly single-, partly double-brooded,
most of the caterpillars of the first brood remaining un-
changed until the succeeding year. The eggs, which are
shaped as in the preceding species with from eleven to
fourteen vertical ril)s, more elevated above than in T.
JuriUus, are yellowish green in color, changing afterwards
to blood-red ; they are laid singly on the upper surface of
tender terminal leaves and hatch in about a week. The
caterpillar feeds upon Avillows and poplars, and on emerging
from the Qgg eats only the crown ; it constructs a flap-nest
like tlie last species, the flap being at first folded downward,
later ones upward; when very young it eats only the
parenchyma of the surface of the leaf near its nest; later

FAMIL Y SKirrKIiS.

101

little holes tlirou<(h the leaf, giving it a riddled appearaiu'e;
when half givwn it always rests with the two ends of its
body beut J,t right angles.

urging
p-nest
ward,
y the
later

THANAOS JUVENALIS— JUVENAL'S DUSKY WING.

(Nisouiade.s juvenalis, Nisoniudcs eiinius.)

Butterfly. — Upper surface of fore wings dark grayish brown,
paler in the female, much besprink!e<l with gray scales, with a
vitreous spot at tip of cell and a transverse series of similar spots
in the middle of the outer half, interrupted beyond the (clI,
and those beneath duller, all set in a l)roken obscure bhickish
band, distinct only at their margins ; hind wings cloudy blackish
brown, the outer half ol)scuroly marked with slightly paler spots.
Under surface dark purplish brown with a grayish tinge, tlie
spots of the ui)per surface repeated more distinctly, and besides,
on the hind wings, a pair of small brown-edged yellowish spots
near upper outer angle. Expanse about 1| inches.

Caterpillar.— Head with summits rounded and somewhat ele-
vated, varying from greenish fuscous to fawn color, heavily
marked on the sides with pale orange. Body naked, brietly
pilose, light or dark green, with slender pale - lemon lateral
stripes, and dotted profusely with pale yellow. Length 1 inch
or a little less.

Chrysalis. —Pale or livid above, the abdomen faintly tinged
with salmon above and below, the metathorax slightly infuscated;
all the appendages in great part black or blackish fuscous, the
disk of the wings dark olivaceo-fuscous, the rest as in the other
species. Length more than i inch.

Found throughout our district, except in some of the
northernmost portions, in open oak thickets flying vigor-
ously. The winter is passed as a full-fed caterpillar and
the species is probably both single- and double-brooded,
the second brood of butterflies being very much less nu-
merous than the first. The butterflies first appear on the
wing at the very beginning of May and fly until the middle
of June, being most abundant about the middle of May;
the second brood appears after the middle of July and flies

162

THE COMMONER BUTTEliFLIES.

M

if

t

I

through August. The eggs ure sliaped as in the other
species, witli Jibout sixteen vertical ribs, highest above, and
are pea-green, oliatigiiig after two days to a salmon-red;
they are laid singly on the stems and perhaps also on the
leaves of the food-])lant. and hatch in eight or nint days.
The caterpillar feeds principally upon oaks, but also upon
some Leguminous plants, and makes a nest like tl e pre-
ceding species, but always, even when young, travels to a
distance for its food. When winter approaches, the hiber-
nating caterpillar takes on a vinous tint. In the spring
the chrysalis state; lasts a full month.

THANAO*? BRIZO— THE SLEEPY DUSKY-WING

(Nisoniades brizo.)

Butterfly. — Upper surface of wings very dark grayish brown,
the fore wings Heckcd with white scales especially toward the
apex, with no vitreous spots, but crossed by two distant dark
bands with jagged black edges, the outer band the more distinct;
hind wings with a few small obscure pallid spots on outer half.
Under surface dark fuliginous brown, the fore wings gray
apically and both with a marginal nnd premarginal series of small
whitish spots. Expanse somewhat more than 1^ inches.

Caterpillar. — Head dark brown, paler above, with an orange
spot at base of mandibles. Body naked, briefly pilose, pale green
with an indistinct paler lateral stripe and dotted with darker
green. Length more than 1 incli.

Chrysalis. — Green, the appendages infuseated, the rest as in
the other species. Length ^ inch.

Occurs in every part of our district in moist shady spots
and forest openings, flying swiftly about three feet from
the ground with sudden lateral movements. It hibernates
as a full-grown caterpillar and is single-brooded, appearing
on the wing very early in May, becoming abundant by the
tenth of the month and flying until the middle of July.
The eggs, shaped as in the other sjiecics'^, have fifteen ribs
of uniform height. The caterpillar feeds upon scrub oak

FAMTL Y SKIPPERS.

im

and perhaps (Jalactia, and its habits are in general like
those of the other species of the genns. In the spring tlie
chrysalis state lasts but nine days in the Southern States,
probably longer in the Northern.

gi'f^y
small

spots
I from
mates
sarin g
)y the
July.
In ribs
lb oak

THANAOS ICELUS— THE DREAMY DUSXY-WING.

(NisoniaI> .-: icelus.)

Butterfly. — Upper surface of wings very dark grayish brown,
the fore wings heavily flecked with cinereous, especially on the
apical half and in a large roundish patch next the costal margin
between the two dark bands which traverse the wing and which
it shares with N. bn'20, but the inner of which is usually less dis-
tinct than in that species; between the outer band and the mar-
gin is a uniform series of small round brown spots ; otherwise as
in N. brizo. Expanse H inches.

Caterpillar. — Head light reddish brown, with slightly raised
summits. Body naked, pilose, pale green dotted with white,
giving a gray-green appearance, and with a pallid lateral stripe.
Length nearly | inch.

Chrysalis. — Anterior portion of body reddish or yellowish
brown, the abdomen pale flesh-color, the rest as in the other spe-
cies. Lei:gth fully ^ inch.

Found every where in our district in damp wooded re-
gions, es" eciiUly among the hills, rarely flying at all in
companies It is single-brooded and hibernates as a full-fed
caterpillar, ciumging to chrysalis in the spring, remaining
in that state at least two or three weeks and appearing on the
wing about the middle of May; it becomes ^uickly abun-
dant and flies until and into July. The eggs are very pale
green with from ten to fourteen vertical ribs, highest above,
and are laid singly upon the upper surface of leaves, those
tolerably young but fully e\}»an(l<'d being preferred; they
hatch in about ten days. Tlic caterpillars feed upon aspen,
willow, and witch-hazel, and make \n-^\< like the other spe-
cies, but with the attaching stramls of silk unusually long,
shortening them when they wish to change their skin

164

THE COMMONER BUTTERFLIES.

witliiii before desertion for another nest; they line this nest
within with silk for winter qnarters. All the speeies of
'J'hunuos rest with fully expanded wings.

Other species of Tlianaos that (X'cur within our district are 7'. ho-
ralluH, a southern form which has been found along tlie Atlantic
coast as far north as Massachusetts, but is very rare; 2\ tmntias, a
much rarer species, of which the same may be said; T. tiidrtudix, a
wide-spread s]>ecies occurring in at least the southern half of our dis-
trict from Massachusetts to Kansas, but which seems to l)e nowhere
common excejit in the Southern States ; and T. ausonius, which is so
far certainly known only from Albany, N. Y.

52. Genus Puolisora,

PHOLISOaA CATULLUS— THE SOOTY WING.

(Nisoniades catullus.)

Butterfly. — AVings nearly black, the fore wings with an oblique
deseeiidiiig series of three small white spots just before the tip,
followed by an arcuate series of five white dots beginning at right
angles with the former (frequently obsolete beneath), and a sim-
ilar white dot in tlie cell. Expanse IJ^ inches.

Caterpillar. — Head black, suir.niits rounded. Body naked,
briefly pilose, dull pale green ; thoracic shield velvety black,
slender, pallid at the (Mlges ; second ]>air of legs resembling the
third pair more than the first. Length | inch.

Chrysalis. — Body slender, tiie abdomen (exclusive of tail-piece)
longer than the rest of the body, jmsterior lip of thoracic spiracle
elevated, flaring; equal apical portion of tail-piece as seen from
above scarcely longer tliau broad ; color yellowish green, with
brownish dorsal line, and similar ventral line on abdomen.
Length \ inch.

Found in all our district except perhaps some northern-
most portions, from few of wiiich it has been reported,
flying in fjardens and fields. Jt hiberiuites like the species
of Thanaos as a full-fed caterpillar tind is ji])parently donble-
brooded in our district, but triple-brooded in the Southern
States; it first appears about the middle of May and again

s iiost
ies of

T. ho-
Ul antic
1 1 till X, a
tiidix, a
()»ir dis-
inwlitTf
ich is so

I oblique

the tip,

; at right

id a sim-

{ naked,
bUick,
jhiig the

ail -piece)
spiracle

ecu from
'M, with

ibdomen.

ortlicrn-
eported,
\i species
dotible-
Mmtlicrn
i\d again

FAMFLY SKIPPERS.

165

late in July, theu flying until September. The eggs are
very broad sugar-loaf-shaped, broader than high and with
vertical ribs wiiich are very coarse and thick at summits,
of a yellow color inclining to carneous, and are laid singly
on tlie upper surface of leaves; they hatch in about five
days. The caterpillar feeds principally upon Chenopodia-
ceae and Aramantaceae, especially Chenopodium and Ara-
mantus ; when young, nests are made like those of t.he young
ThaiKKJs; later a whole leaf is used, bent at the midrib
and tlie edges fastened at wide intervals by very short
strajids of wliite silk; th(>se nests are entirely closed with
silk previous to a moult, aiul similarly closed and lined
when prepared for the winter's sojourn. The chrysalis
state lasts seven or eiulit davs.

Another speries of this genus, /*. Inifihnrxtu, found in the Southern
States, occurs as far north as Kansas, West Virginia and Maryland.

53. Gencs Hespehia.

HESPERIA MONTIVAGA— THE VARIEGATED TESSELLATE.

(I'yrgus montivagus, llesperia tesselhita, Syrichtu.s communis.)

Butterfly. — Upper surface of wings bhtckish brown, largely
checkered with white spots, prominent among which is a broad
median series of .squarish spotrs, longer than broad, a premar-
ginal series of small triangular in' scpiarish spots, followed by a
row of dots; and on the fore wings, between tlu! two principal
series in the upper half of the wing, two .series of elongate white
spots. On the under side of both wings the.se markings are
repeated, but on the hind wings, the ground of which is greenish
brown, there is also a basal white l>an(l. Expanse H iJiches.

^Caterpillar. — Head piceous, the sunnnits rounded. Body
naked, brielly pilose, green with a dark interru|ited dorsal line,
dark lateral bands, and a palli«l band below the .spiracles; tho-
racic shield blackish brown ; second pjiir of legs resembling the
first pair rather than the second. Length I inch.

Chrysalis.— Body slender, the abdomen (exclusive of tail-piece)
lengor than the rest of the body, posterior lip of thoracic .spiracle
Cicvated, daring ; e([nal apical portion of tail-piece as seen from

r t

166

THE COMMONER BUTTERFLIES.

W, ' I

above twice as long as bi-oad ; yellowish white, (lotted above with
black. Length nearly ii inch.

A southern and western specieis found in nearly or quite
all the western ])art of our distriet (but s])aring]y in tlie
^'ortli),and in the East hardly occurring north of soutliern
Ohio and Pennsylvania; in the far West it is perhaps tiie
commonest of butterflies; its llight is very raj)id and close
to the ground. Its life-history is insulliciently known, but
it appears to winter in the chrysalis aiul to be triple-
brooded, the successive broods appearing eai'ly in s])riiig,
again in June and July, and once more, and more abun-
dantly, in August and Septcmljer, actually Hying continu-
ously from early si)ring until late autumn. I'he eggs
which arc niicreous-white, nearly spherical, with twenty-
four prominent vertical ribs, are laid singly upon the upper
surface of leaves. The caterjiillar feeds upon various nnil-
lows: Sida, Malva, Althaea, and Abiitilon. In summer the
chrysalis state lasts from eight to twelve days.

Another spocics of Hesperia, //. cciiUiKrcdC, a high boreal and cir-
ciunpolar form, has been taken in one or two instances in the extreme
east of our district even as far south as West Virginia.

Other genera of Larger Skippers found in our district are Eudamus.
•with (me speries, E. proti'VH, a tropical type occasionally found on the
Atlantic Imrder as far north as New York ; Achalarus, representt'(!
by A. li/cidas, a soutliern form which has been occasionally taken in
Wisconsin, Illinois, Michigan, New Jersey, New York, and soutliern
New p]ngland ; and Rhabdoides, with one species, R. ccUus, again si
southern type which is found at least as far north as West Virginia
and Kentucky.

TIUBE SMALLER SKIPPERS.
54. Gknus Ancyi.oxii'iia.

ANCYLOXIPHA NUMITOB— THE LEAST SKIPPER.

** — ^

(Thymelicus nuniitor, lleteropterus marginatus.)

Butterfly. —Antcnnal ehib with no recurved hook at tip
Upper surface of wings tawny, very broadly bordered with dark

.'

FAMILY SKIPPERS.

167

e with

quite
n the
itliern
ps the
1 dose

11, but
triple-

abun-
)ntinu-
) eggs
vveuty-
I uppt'i'
lis niiil-
ncr the

and cir-
extreme

;udamus.

id on tlu'
irescnto!

tukcM in

southcni

ngfiin a

Virginiii

brown, the fore wings so broiidly as to l)e almost wholly brown ;
male with no discal dash. Tnder surface golden tawny, all but
tin; broad costal and outer margins of fore wings blackish fuligi-
nous. Ex[)anse about 1 inch.

Caterpillar. — Mead blackish brown. Body naked, pale green-
ish yellow, dotted with fuscous, the thoracic shield biownish
fuscous (immature ; full^rown caterpillar unknown).

Chrysalis. — Reddish ash coloi-, minutely sprinkled with brown
dots, the tongue-case reaching the l^ase of the tail-piece.

Known from all but the iiorthorninost portions of our
district, northern New Eiighmd and the Eastern Provinces;
it occurs in the vicinity of running water and in marshy
meadows and Hies in a hiiiguid leisurely manner close to
the ground. It is triple-brooded and passes the winter
either as a mature caterpillar or as a chrysalis, probably
the latter. The butterllies come early in June and disap-
pear before the end of the month; again late in July, dis-
appearing by the middle of August or soon after it; and
once more in the last week of August, flying nearly to the
end of Septeml)er. Th»> eggs, wliich are low hemispheri-
cal, smooth and shining yellow, afterward orange-red, are
laid singly and hatch iii from five to ten days according to
the season. The cater})illar feeds upon common grasses,
probably in nature upon some scmiarpiatic species; when
flrst hatched it makes a nest in a blade of grass by pulling
the edges partially together with five or ten strong strands
of silk, broadest at their bases, and lives behind the strands;
later it fills in the interstices with a finer web. Tlie
chrysalis state in summer lasts in (leorgia about ten days.

at tip
ilh dark

55. lilENUS ArUYTOXE.

ATRYTONE ZABULON— THE MORMON.

(Pamphila zabulon, Hespcria liobomok. liesperia ]>orabontas.)

Butterfly. — Upper surface of winirs blackish brown, heavily
marked centrally with tawny, formintr -m the ^ind wings a large,
central, more or less angular pairh, on the fv>rc wings a number

m-

mamm

108

TUB COMMONER BUTTEKFLIES.

1^

i

i

m

1

of irregular and very untqual simts in the interspaces ; male with
no (liscal dash. Under surface dark cinnamon-brown, on the
outer margin flecked witli lilac, and centrally marked heavily
with lemon-tawny as above, but the markings on the fore wings
are blended with an oblique black line at the end of the cell, and
on the hind wings form a definite transverse band abruptly and
considerably broadened in the middle. Expanse about If inches.

Caterpillar. — Head dark ferruginous. sca!)r(tiis. Body naked,
briefly pilose, yellowish brown, willi dark dorsal and lateral lines
au4 dotted with fuscous ; a narrow, interrupted, fuscous thoracic
shield, in front of which the segment is greenish. Length ^ inch.

Chrysalis. — Uniformly livid, somewhat infuscatedon head and
thorax, the appendages with a whitish bloom ; tojigue-case ex-
tending to the eighth abdominal segment. Length nearly \ inch.

This butterfly is fouiul throughout our district, in
meadows, flying swiftly and abruptly, close to the ground.
It is single-brooded and passes the winter sometimes as a
full-grown caterpillar, sometimes as a chrysalis. The but-
terfly appears the last week in May, becomes abundant
early in June, and disappears before the end of that month.
The eggs, which are smooth, hemispherical, and of a very
pale green color, are laid singly and hatch in from eleven
to thirteen days. The caterpillar feeds on grasses; it is a
long time, sometimes several clays, in making its exit from
the shell, which it then devours and next proceeds to make
a rude nest near the joint of a blade of grass by drawing the
edges nearly together by silken threads; if at any time it is
at all disturbed, it quits its habitation and makes a new nest,
occupying much time in its construction, the edges of the
blade being drawn closer and closer by continually shorten-
ing threads; when about to change to chrysalis, it forms a
tube for its concealment by uniting adjoining grass-blades
and lines the cavity closely with silk.

The female of this species is dimorphic, oii« form re-
sembling the mak^ in color, the other (pocahontas) melanic.
all the darker markings bi'ing extended iiud the briuhter
ones obscured.

FA MIL Y SKIPPERS.

100

?■ with
n the
eavily
wings
[1, and
ly and
nches.
naked,
\\ lines
lioracic
I inch.
3ad and
asc ex-
^ inch.

ict, in
;roiind.
cs as a
he but-
undaiit
month,
a very
eleven
it is a
it from
,0 make
ing tlie
e it is
iW nest,
of the
lliorten-
ornis a
l)lades

|)rm re-

|i('lani«'.

ri-rlit-t^:*

Another species of this genus, .1. lofjttn, a southern form, is found
over nearly the same parts of our district as .1. zubnlon, hut is far less
ahundant, though it is not uncommon in the West and espcciuliy be-
yond the Mississippi ; and another species, found in New .Jersey and
descril)ed under the name of PampliUit naroiii, is said to he closely
allied to these two species and may belong in the same genus.

56, Genus Erynnis.

ERYNNIS SASSACUS— THE INDIAN HESFERID.

(Hesperia sassacus, Pamphila sassacus.)
Butterfly. — Upper surface of wings tawny, the outer margin of
the fore wings and all the margins of the hind wings heavily bor-
dered with blackish brown, the bordering of the fore wings in-
dented beyond the cell as if to receive the dark longitudinal patch
lying just outside it ; discal dash of the male velvety black,
slender, slightly arcuate, tapering a little at each end. Under
surface pale greenish buff, the i markings of the fore wings ob-
scurely traced, and beyond the middle of the hind wings a faint
bent row of five not very large, square, pallid spots. Expanse
about If inches.
Caterpillar and Chrysalis undescribed.

This butterfly is found everywhere in the southern half
of our district in fields and meadows. It is single-brooded
and probably winters as a chrysalis. The butterfly appears
about the last of May and disappears by the middle of July.
The eggs, which are smooth, hemispherical, and almost
chalk-white when laid, become dirty yellow afterwards;
they are laid singly and hatch in about twelve or fifteen
days. The (;aterpillar is very plump at birth and feeds on
grasses, — Panicum and doubtless otliers; it is very sluggish
and less cleanly than others of the tribe and makes, at least
at first, scarcely an apology for a nest, living near tlie joints
of grasses where the blade embraces the stem.

Several other species of this genus are found in our district :
E. manitoba, sparingly in its northernmost limits ; E. 7net((i, known
only in a few localities in southern New England and in Wisconsin ;
E. attains, a southern species occasionally occurring in our .southern
borders ; and E. inir((s, which has been taken in Pennsylvania and
extends to Colorado.

170

rUE COMMONER BUTTERFLIES.

"l*

\i.

I;

? ,1

, V

\ ■

57. Genus Axtiiomaktkk.

ANTHOMASTER LEONARDUS-LEONARD'S HESFERID.

(l'ainj)liila loonurdusj

Butterfly.— Upixn* surfiico of wings dark brown, the fore wings
witli an extraniesial series of tawny si)ots, all but the uppermost
large ; discal dash of male black, largest and arcuate at base,
very long and slender ; hind wings with a moderately broad ex-
tramesial pale tawny band, crossed l)y dark nervures. under
surface cinnamoneous, the markings of the upper side repeated
but paler, on the hind wings white and the band narrowed,
lengthened, and more definite. Expanse more than li inches.

Caterpillar. — Head black. Body naked, briefly pilose, pale
green dotted with black, the thoracic shield fu.scous with black
margins (immature ; full-grown caterpillar unknown).

Chrysalis. — Unknown.

Fouiul throughout most or all of our district in open
country, but unrecorded from Minnesota and Wisconsin,
eastern Maine and eastward. It hibernates as a partly-grown
caterpillar, possibly before moulting, and is single-brooded,
flying at the end of August and in September. The eggs,
which are high hemispherical, smooth and white, are laid
upon the blades of the food-plant singly and hatch in from
fifteen to twenty days. The caterpillar feeds upon Agrostis
and doubtless other grasses, wandering about the blades in
the autumn and constructing then no neat of any kind.

58. Genus Polites.

POLiTES PECKIUS— THE YELLOW SPOT.

(Pamphila peckhis, Hesperia wamsutta.)

Butterfly. — Upper surface of wings dark brown, marked with
tawny in an extraniesial series of elongate spots, reduced to dots
and removed outwardly beyond the cell of the fore wings, and
crossing but half of the hind wings ; discal dash of male velvety
black, sinuous and interrupted before the middle. Under surface
cinnamoneous, the markings of the fore wings repeated in yellow,
on the hind wings consisting of a very large and very irregular

I

J

FAMILY SKIPPERS.

171

re wings
»pcrmost
at base,
road ex-
Inder
repeated
arrowed,
inches,
ose, pale
ith black

in open
isconsin,
ly-grown
-brooded,
Che eggs,
, are laid
1 in from
, Agrostis
blades in
kind.

polypoid patch of lively yellow, made up of an ol)liqne basal and
a very broad transverse extraniesial band wliich is abruptly
broadened in the middle and thus blends with the basal band.
Expanse IjL inches.

Caterpillar.— Head pieeous, rugnlose. Body naked, briefly
pilose, pale brown, thickly dotted with inky black, giving tlie
whole a griseous appearance : a blackish dorsal line ; thoracic
shield broad and black (immature; full-grown caterpillar un-
known).

Chrysalis. —Unknown.

Found everywhere in our district in open country, and
one of our cotunionest butterflies. It probably hibernates
either as a full-grown cato. pillar or as a chrysalis; it is
single-broodi I ii^ the northernmost parts of our district,
flying from t ic last of June to the middle of August, while
in the other portions it is double-brooded, flying first from
the end of May to the middle of July or later, aiul again
in August and September. The eggs, whicli are smooth,
hemispherical, at first white with a greenish tinge, after-
wards decorated with coarse red dendritic markings, arc
laid singly and hatch in from ten to fifteen days according
to the season. The caterpillar feeds on grasses and is very
uneasy, roaming about a great deal, making very slight and
delicate nests, otherwise similar to those of its allies, and is
easily alarmed.

arked with
ed to dots
wings, and
ale velvety
ler surface

iny

ellow.

ly irregular

59. Genus TnYMEi.icus.

THYMELICUS MYSTIC— THE LONG-DASH.

(Ilesperia mystic, Pamphila mysticj

Butterfly. — Upper surface of fore wings tawny, brightest in the
male, with a very broad outer margin of dark brown and two
large dark patches, one just beyond the tip of the cell, tlie other
beneath it at the base ; discal dash of male very slender, slightly
arcuate, blackish brown, followed below by a rather large,
rounded, soft brown patch : hind wings dark brown with an
equal, slioi-t, (Wtr.uiicsial tawny band and a t.'twny spot at base.

172

THE COMMONER BUTTERFLIES.

m

if

iii
i,^'

ji

Under surface orange buff (mule) or tawny cinnamoneous
(female), often infuscated, the brigiiter markings of the upper
surface vaguely repeated and paler, the band of the hind wings
generally indistinct in the male. Expanse H inches.

Caterpillar. — Head reddish brown. Body naked, briefly
pilose, dull l)ro\vnish green, sprinkled with darker dots and
having a dark dorsal line ; thoracic shield brownish black, in
front of it dirty white. Length 1 inch.

Chrysalis. — Unknown.

Tills butterfly is undoubtedly found over the wliole of
our district, though it is recorded from few localities in the
West; it frequents open grassy fields, and hibernates as a
caterpillar; it appears to be single-brooded a\ the northern-
most imrts of its range, flying toward the end of June; but
over most of our district it is double-brooded, first appear-
ing very early in June or even late in May and rarely
flying into July, and being again on the wing from the
middle of July to September; but probably in somewhat
scantier numbers, for some of the caterpillars of the first
brood, though full fed, have not changed to chrysalis when
winter appears, when the caterj^illars of the second brood
are 2>JW'tly grown. The eggs are smooth, heijiispherical, and
very pale green, are laid singly very lightly afUxed to grass-
blades, and hatch in from eight to fourteen days, accord-
ing to place and season. The caterpillar feeds on grasses,
does not devour its forsaken egg-shell, and makes a tubular
nest of grass-blades, to which it retires on the slightest
alarm ; it is firmly constructed of many blades and many
tiireads and the interstices covered with a gauze-like open
framework.

Other species of this genus found in our district are T. aetna, a
southern species not very uncommon as far north as Canada ; and
T. hrcttns, known mostly from the southern coast, but extending
northward into Connecticut, and reported also from Wisconsin.

3ncons

upper

L wings

briefly
•ts and
tick, in

hole of
s in the
lies as a
Dvthcru-
uie; but
, appear-
ed rarely
trom the
omewhat
the first
alls when
lid brood
Irical, and
to grass-
s, accord-
Ill grasses,
a tubular
slightest
,iid many
■like open

T. aetna, a
lanada ; and
extending
bonsin.

FAMILY SKIPrKliS. 173

GO. tiKMS lilMOCIUHlKS.

LIMOCHORES TAUMAS-THE TAWNY EDGED SKIPPER.

(I'uniphilu ccriH's, Ilt-siH'ria ahuton.)

Butterfly. — Upper surface of wings dark brown, the foro wlng.s
with a large costal bright tawny patch (male), or an obscure
tawny .streak along outer half of cell ffeniale), the female with an
extramesial series of three upper small yellow dashes and two or
three lower large .squarish yellow spots, sometimes found indi-
cated in the male ; discal djish of male black, sinuous, heavy.
Under surface rather dark brown, flecked uniformly on hind
wings with greenish yellow giving a grayish olivaceous effect,
the lighter markings of fore wings repeated. Expan.sc scarcely
1^ inches.

Caterpillar. — Head black, coarsely punctured. Body naked,
briefly pilose, rich purplish brown with a green tinge, finely
mottled with gray and dark purplish brown ; first thoracic
segment milk-white above, the shield piceous. Length 1 inch.

Chrysalis. — Light brown wnth slight and delicate infuscations,
the thorax darker, the head black, the whole dotted sparsely with
fusco-ferruginous; surface vermicuLate; tongue reaching the
eighth abdominal segment. Length fully \ inch.

Everywhere a common insect in open fields. It hiber-
nates in the chrysalis and is single-brooded in the north-
ernmost parts of our district, flying late in June an(^ in
July; but double-brooded over most of it, the first brood
appearing the last week in May, abundant in June, and
seen in scanty numbers all through July; the second brood,
less abundant thaii the first (probably because some chrys-
rdids of the first brood winter over), ai)pearing pretty early
in August and fiying through September. The eggs,
wliich are smooth, hemispherical, and pale green, are
attached lightly and singly to grass-blades and hatch in
from eleven to fifteen days. The caterpillars feed upon
grasses, such as Panicum and Triticum, and are indolent,
passive, and timorous, feeding only by day, rarely leaving
their nests and then going buf a little distance. For

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IMAGE EVALUATION
TEST TARGET (MT-3)

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Photographic

Sciences

Corporation

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33 WEST MAIN STREET

WEBSTER, NY. 14580

(716) 872-4503

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174

THE COMMONER BUTTERFLIES.

change to chrysalis tliey make a light, nearly erect cocoon
about an inch long by catching a few blades of grass
together and lining them with silk.

Other species of this genus found in our territory are L. himacula
and L. manataaqua, both found throughout its southern half and
tolerably common; L. poutiar, found in the same places but much
rarer, commoner in the West than in the Jiast; and L. palatka, found
only in the West — Nebraska, Illinois, and Indiana — and little known.

A number of other genera of the Smaller Skippers are found in our
district, some of them not uncommonly, l)ut they are mostly obscure
forms and their distribution imperfi^ctly known, and they have there-
fore been omitted from consid»;ration. Such are Oariama, with one
species, 0. poircfiliick, a western form found in northern Illinois,
Iowa, Nebraska, and westward; Fotanthus, represented by/*, oruahii,
known only from West Virginia and Colorado; Pamphila, a highly
intiTesting type with one species, A. mandan, found in the high north
and invading our northern border; Amblyscirtes, with two species, A.
iHalis, found sparingly over all our region, and A. samosci, known
mostly from New England but also from as far west as Iowa and
south as i jeorgia; Foanes, with a single conspicuously marked species,
P. masxaxoit, occurring here and there in the southern half of our
district; Fhycanassa, with one species, P. viator, a southern form
which has once or twice occurred far north at widely separated local-
ities; Hylephila, represented by //. pht/laeux, a very abundant south-
ern type which occasionally invades our southern borders, even as
far as southern N».'W England; Atalopedes, with one species, A. huron,
a southern form reaching northward over half of our district; Enphyes,
with three sp(!cies : E. mctacomet, found over all but the extreme east-
ern part of our district and sometimes i)retty common; E. vcrna, which
ranges nearly as far and is rarer; and E. onyka, a southern species
which has been taken ia northern Indiana; Lerodea, one species of
which, L. fused, a southern form, is said to be common about Phil-
adelphia, Penn. ; Prenes, with two species, P. ocola and P. panoquin,
both southern types but occasionally taken in our district, the former
in Indiana and Pennsylvania, the latter in New Jersey; Calpodes, with
one species, C. etJdiuH, a tropical form which has been once taken in
New York; Oligoria, represented by O. mncvlnta, a southern type
also once taken in New York; an<l fiiuiUy Lerema, represented by two
species, //. areius, a southern coast species occurring rarely as far
north as Massachusetts, and L /liciiiKi, which has been found in
scanty numbers from Massachusetts to Nebraska.

EXPLANATION OF SOME TERMS.

175

b cocoou
Df grass

himacula

half aud

Dut much

ka, found

le known.

md in our
y obsour«i
%\e tliere-
wltb one
1 Illinois,
P. ontuhii,
a highly
ligh north
pecies, A.
vt, known
Iowa and
d species,
If of our
cm form
ted local -
int south-
even as
. huron,
Enphyea,
leme east-
<t, which
species
ecies of
ut Phil-
anoquin,
e former
es, with
taken in
rn type
by two
as far
ound in

EXPLANATION OF SOME TERMS.
Other words are explained by the context.

Aoutangulate: forming less than a riglit angle.

Anal angle (of the wing): see Figure, p. GO.

Antennae (of the butterfly) : the two long slender rods pro-
jecting from the top of the head.

Armature (of the legs) : the corneous attachments or ap-
pendages, spines, claws, etc.

Atavistic: pointing backward to ancestry.

Bifurcate: with two prongs.

Blind (said of ocelli on wings) : with no pupil.

liorder and Margin are used interchangeably.

Cell, or Discoidal cell: see Figure, p. GO.

Coronal : at the summit.

Corneous : of a horny texture.

Costa or Costal margin : see Figure, p. 60.

Costal vein : see Figure, p. GO.

Crenate : wavy or scalloped.

Crenulate: the same, but to a less degree.

(Jycle: regularly recurring series.

Denticulate: covered with tooth-like points, or with a
toothed margin.

Dimorphic: appearing under two distinct forms.

Discal dash or stigma: a small spot (peculiar to the male
of some IJ.air-Streaks and Skippers) on the fore wings,
at the end of the cell.

Discoidal cell : see Figure, p. CO.

Disk : central portion of the wing.

Dorsal shield (of the caterpillar) : the thickened plate on
top of first thoracic segment.

Emarginatiou : a notch or rounded excision.

r

176

THE COMMONER BUTTERFLIES.

Entire (of a margin) : whole and even.

Environment: .surroiindings and their influence.

Evcrsible: capable of being turned inside out.

Extramesial : beyond the middle.

Ealcate: sickle-shaped, convex on one side, concave on the

other.
Fenestrate : resembling a window or opening.
Frontal triangle (of the caterpillar) : the large triangular

piece on the face.
Granulated : covered with small, grain-like elevations.
Hemisphere (of. the caterpillar) : one lateral half of the

head.
IIil)ernaculum: wintering nest of the caterpillar.
Incisures: impressed lines, separating the segments of the

body.
Infralateral: just below the lateral line or a line midway

between the middle of the back and the spiracles.
Infrastigmatal : just below the spiracles, or the spiracle-
line.
Inner margin (of the wing) : see Figure, p. 60.
Tntergrades: forms intermediate between others.
Internal vein: see Figure, p. 60.
Intersjiace : space between two adjoining nervules.
Intramesial : before the middle.
Irrorate: bedewed or uniformly sprinkled.
Isotherm: line of equal temperature.
Lateral (of the caterpillar) : along a line midway between

the middle of the back and the spiracles. Sometimes

applied loosely to the sides in general.
Laterodorsal : situated midway between the lateral and

mediodorsal (which see).
Lunulate : in the form of lunules or moon-shaped crescents.
Mandibles (of the caterpillar) : the biting jaws.
Margin and Border are used interchangeably.
Median vein : see Figure, p. 60.

i

! I

EXPLANATION OF SOME TERMS.

177

e on the

[•iangular

ions.

if of the

its of the

) midway
icles.
spiracle-

ss.

'*»

,y between
Sometimes

iteral and

i crescents.

Mediodorsal: Wuvr alonn; the middle line of the back.

Mesial (of the wing): along the middle.

Obsolete: very nearly or (juite wanting.

Ocelhir tubercles (of the chrysalis): the prominences aris-
ing from the region of the eyes.

Ocelli (of the caterpillar): the simple eyes, each composed
of a single facet.

Ocelli (of the wing) : eye-like spots.

Onisciform: shaped likj a wood-louse (Oniscus), or slug-
shaped, i.e., flattoned beneath and more or less ovate Tn
outline.

Outer angle (of the fore wing): the angle at the lower
limit of the outer margin.

Outer margin: see Figure, p. GO.

Papillae: small, pimple-like elevations.

Papillate : covered with papillae.

Parenchyma: the softer cellular tissue of a leaf.

Pilose: covered with a nap of short hairs.

Polymorphic : appearir.g under many different forms.

Polyphagous: feeding on many different plants, omnivo-
rous.

Prebasal (of the wing) : next but not at the base.
Precostal vein : see Figure, p. GO.

Premarginal: just before the margin (especially outer

margin).
Process : any projecting appendage or part.
Produced: extended.
Rectangulate : forming a right angle.
Saddle (of the chrysalis) : the depressed part of the back

at the base of the abdomen.
Shield : see Dorsal shield.
Stigma : see Discal dash or stigma.

Stigmata: spiracles or breathing-pores.
Stigmatal : along the line of the spiracles.
Sub- (as a prefix) signifies nearly, as subglobular = nearly
globular.

178

THE COMMONEli BUTTKliFLlKS.

Subcostal vein: see Figure, p. GO.

Submarginal : next to but not on the margin; usually ap-
plied to the outer margin.

Submedian vein: see Figure, p. GO.

Subobsolete: present, but faint, nearly obsolete.

Si!2)rahitoral: just above the lateral line, or a line midway
between the middle of the back and the spiracles.

Tsctate: inclined obliquely on opposite sides, like the roof
of a tent.

Thoracic! shield: see Dorsal shield.

Tiarate: shaped like a turban.

'I'rirnorpliic: appearing uiuler three distinct forms.

Tubercles: see Wing-tubercles.

Vermiculate: resembling interlacing worm-tracks.

Wing-tubercles (of the chrysalis): elevations at the base of
the wing-cases; the front one, when there are two,
is distinguished as the basal wing-tubercle.

I' !

ly ap-

lidway
lie roof

APPENDIX.

3 base of
ire two,

INSTRUCTIONS FOR COLLECTING, REARING,
PRESERVINC;, AND STUDYING.

(From the author's " Butterflies, their Structure," etc.; with slight clianges.)

Happily the time is past when butterfly-collectors de-
vote their entire attention to the perfect insect. They at
least rear them from the cateri)ilhir or chrysalis to obtain
fresher and more beautiful specimens for their cabinets ;
and it is to bo lioped that any young enthusiasts who may
use this book will be quite as ready to collect, preserve, and
study the earlier stages as the full-grown insect. It
therefore needs no apology from me in giving here more
space to instructions concerning the pursuit of the imma-
ture than of the mature form.

The best method of raising butterflies is to obtain eggs
from the parent and rear them to maturity. This is by
no means difficult and is full of interest ; it is only neces-
sary to know the food -plant of the caterpillar — and that
of nearly all our northern species is ascertained ; or if it
is not known, it may often be inferred from that of neigh-
boring species, or discovered by patiently following the
female as she flits from leaf to leaf, and noticing the
plants she chooses whereon to lay hir eggs. The butterfly
generally selects the middle of the day for this duty, but

179

180

APPEXDTX.

the eager youtli niui?t not expert at once to obtain lier
secret, for lie will find liim.-if'If oiilv too often foiled. Once
known, the way is croin|>anitivelv easy ; catch a female,
selecting for the iuir|»o??c* one which has evidently been fly-
ing for at least a few <Iay.«, and which is gravid with eggs,
and inclose her l>eneath a gauze covering upon tlie grow-
ing plant. If it Ik* a tree or bush, tic a bag of mosquito-
netting over a Ijongh, taking care that there are some
tender leaves \}\mu it (anil no ants), and so arrange the
bag that the butterfly may rest naturally upon tliem ; in-
close the butterfly and she will pretty certainly deposit
eggs in the court?c of a day or two. Or, if the plant be
one of small size, u»« a headless keg, covered at one end
with gauze ; even a di.-scarded vegetable-can will serve the
purpose ; or again, a canopy can be made over a plant by
thrusting the ends of a couple of bent twigs into the
ground and covering with gauze. A bit of sugared apple
or other fruit should lie inclosed as food.

After a few days* confinement the prisoner should be
set free. If she has not then laid eggs, she probably can-
not, and she should be released. If she has yielded the
desired harvest, she should be rewarded with liberty.
When obtained, the leaves or twigs upon which the eggs
are found may either be left where they are or carried
home to more convenient quarters.

It is not easy to preserve eggs entire. If they do not
hatch they are apt to shrivel, excepting such as have a
dense pellicle, like the hemispherical eggs- of the smaller
skippers or the tiarate eggs of the blues and coj^pers; it is
nearly imiKJSsible, t<fj>o, to prick the (\gg and save its form.
The best way is to watch for the egress of the caterpillar
and the moment it is free separate it from the shell,
which it will otherwise devour; in that way I have ob-
tained a considerable collection of these little gems. Or
they may be obtjiined from the plants on which they have

APPENDIX.

181

1 her
Once
male,
n Uy-

grow-

quito-

some

re the

n ; in-
leposit

lant be
no end
rvc the
ilant by
iito the
id apple

ould be

bly can-

ded the

liberty.

he eggs

carried

y do not

J have a
smaller

ers; it is
its form.

aterpillar
he shell,
have ob-
ems. Or
hey have

been laid naturally, by soarchiiig tlie food-plants cure-
fully ; they are not so ditlicult to detect as might be sup-
posed ; many of these will 1)0 found attacked by minute
parasites, which generally make their exit througli a single
minute hole, leaving the egg in an admirable condition
for the cabinet. The eggs can then be gnuimed, with or
without the leaf on which they are laid, upon triangular
bits of car(l-l)oard, pinned and transferred to the cabinet.
Inspissated ox-gall, diluted witli aii equal quantity of
thick gum arable, makes the best material for attachment
to the card.

In rearing from the agg the greatest ditticulty is during
early life ; young caterpillars must liave the freshest and
tcnderest food and not too much confinement. With all
precautions many will be lost, for they are so small that
it is difficult to keep track of them, and some are very
prone to wander Avhen their food does not suit them.
Some open vessel with the growing plant is the best re-
ceptacle ; in place of this a similar vessel (the larger the
better) holding moist sand in which a sprig of the food-
plant is plunged may be used — covered if convenient
with gauze to prevent the escape of the caterpillar. The
vessel should be placed in the light, but not in the sun,
and for many kiiuls it is well to lay chips or bits of bark
upon the ground, beneath which the caterpillars may hide.
At each moult the caterpillar remains motionless, refusing
to feed for twenty-four hours or more, and at such times
it should not be disturbed. It is best never to touch
them, and, when necessary to change the food, the old leaf
with the caterpillar upon it should bo put aside or upon
the fresh food, and only removed when deserted by the
caterpillar. When older the creature Avill bear rougher
treatment and may often be confined in a nearly tight
tin or earthen vessel with freshly-plucked leaves; but all
caterpillars will not bear this treatment, and care should

r

182

AVVKNniX.

Il

always he taken tliat their quiirters do not become in the
least foul.

A very convenient form of breed in p-cago or vivarium
is shown in Fig. ;-', and is thus described by Mr. Kiley:

Fio. 2.— Breeding-cage, described in the text.

"It comprises three distinct parts: first the bottom board
{(i), consisting of a square piece of inch-thick walnut
with a rectangular ziuc \}ix\\ (ff) four inches deep fastened
to it above, to prevent cracking or warping, facilitate lift-
ing, and allow the air to pass underneath the cage.
Second, a box {b), with three glass sides and a glass door
in front, to fit over the zinc pan. Third, a cap (c) which
fits closely to the box, and has 9, top of fine wire gauze.

APPENDIX.

183

the

To tlio coiitrc of the zinc pun is soldered a zinc tii])e (d)
just large enough to contain an ordinary f[uinine ijottle.
1'he zinc pan is tilled with clean sifted earth or sand {<'),
and the fiuinine bottle is for the reception of the food-
plant. The cage admits of abundant light and air, and
also of the easy removal of excrement aiul frass which
falls to the ground; while the insects in transforming
attach themselves to the sides or the cap according to
their habits. The most convenient dimensions I find to
be twelve inches scpiare and eighteen inches high ; the
cap and the door fit closely by means of rabbets, and the
former has a depth of about four inches to admit of the
largest cocoon being spun in it without touching the l)ox
on which it rests. Tiie zinc pan migiit be nuide six or
eight inches deep, and the lower ludf filled with sand, so
as to keep the whole moist for a greater length of time. A
dozen such cages will furnish room for the annual breed-
ing of a great number of species, as several having dif-
ferent habits and appearance, and which there is no dan-
ger of confounding, may be simultaneously fed in the

same cage.

The best success will always attend efforts to place the
prisoner in conditions as nearly luitural as possible; but
in rearing out-of-doors it is more ditlicult to keep track of
your charges, and they are of course more subject to their
natural enemies, which are numerous and vigilant. More-
over it is then nearly impossible to obtain the cast-off
heads of each moult, which are well to preserve for com-
parative study at leisure, or to complete the tangible
marks of the life-history of the insect.

Such caterpillars as construct nests in which to live
when not feeding, and especially such as then live a great
while in the caterpillar state, as for instance nearly all the
skippers, are the hardest to rear satisfactorily apart from
their natural homes; they do not like to live in a dried-up

n

t r

184

APPENDIX.

I

house, nor to be coiitimiully wuHting tlieir energies in the
construction of new ones, so I hut oiic'h ingenuity is often
taxed to keep tliem happy; but patience aiul careful at-
tention to tlieir luitunil coiulitioii.s will reap their reward,
and 1 believe it is possible with care to breed any of our
species in conlinenicnt. Caterpillars found i)artly grown
in a state of nature nuiy be reared in confinement for the
rest of their lives with ecpial ease ; only one labors then
under the disadvantage, if he cares only for the butterfly,
of being rewarded for his pains merely by a fine batch of
minute hymeno]>terou8 parasites or a bristling fly or two.
To one, however, who is interested in the entire history
of these creatures, this is not altogether a loss, for he will
add perchance to his stock of butterfly parasites, of which
for some specicH many different kinds are already known.
The search for caterpillars in their haunts is often very
easy, especially if their food plant, habits, and seasons are
known ; to search for a cateri)illar out of season is an
anachronism one will not on joy. Partly-eaten leaves are
one of the best guides to the discovery of caterpillars;
while such as construct nests of any sort are very readily
detected, especially when the nests are so built as to ex-
pose the under surfaces of leaves, where their upper sur-
faces would be expected, as in the case of many of the
higher skippers. The caterpillars of the blues, coppers,
etc., are perhaps the most difficult to find, ])ecause they so
nearly resemble in color the surfaces on which they rest ;
the same is true of the caterpillar of our common yellow
butterfly ; but when one has once discovered them, and
knows how they look in their natural situations, the search
becomes much easier. Others again feed mostly by night
and retire by day to the covert of dead leaves on the
ground or beneath sticks, and must be sought by the aid
of the lantern. Such in particular are the caterpillars of
our satyrs and fritillaries.

APPENDIX.

185

ill the
5 often
fill ut-
eward,
of our
grown
[or the
•8 then
tterfly,
iitch of
or two.
history
he will
f which
known,
en very
sons are
ti is an
kves are
rpillars;
readily
s to ex-
ler sur-
of the
?.oppers,
they so
ey rest ;
yellow
em, and
search
)y night
on the
the aid
illars of

Some caterpillars pass the winter in that state, either
just Ijatched, half grown, or nearly mature. To keep
these safely through our long winter and i)revent their re-
covering from their dormancy before food for them can
bo obtained in the spring is one of the most ditVicult
tasks. It is best, as a general rule, to place them in
closed or nearly closed vessels, not too small, in a dry but
cool cellar, and not to move them until their food-plant
is again in leaf. Mr. Edwards has succeeded well with some
of those which have eaten little or 'v^thiug before going
into winter quarters, by placing them 'irough the winter
in an ice-house, which would seern to be rather heroic
treatment at first sight ; but ir .imost aiiv other situa-
tior they are liable to rouse from their lethargy too early
in the spring, the critical period, n^. doubt, of their life.
For collecting caterpillars, pocket, tin bftxes are the best
receptacles.

The satisfactory preservation of the caterpillar for the
cabinet is far easier than is generally supposed. For ana-
tomical purposes it is much better to dissect fresh sp«!ci-
mens, but very much may be done with specimens that
have been preserved in not too strong alcohol, or in
glycerine and carbolic acid. For the study of the mark-
ings or of the external features or form, nothing equals
the method known as inflation, where only the pellicle
and its appendages are preserved, and which has the ad-
vantage of allowing the caterpillar to be readily placed in
an ordinary cabinet beside the other forms of the creature's
life; also of preserving in their natural relations all the
spines and hairs which clothe the body, and of allowing
these to be studied at pleasure; specimens preserved in
any fluid, on the contrary, are difficult to handle con-
veniently, and their examination is unsatisfactory from
the matting of the hairs and spines.

The instruments necessary for inflating are a small tin

r ^

"I

186

APPENDIX.

oven, a spirit-lamp, forceps, a jmir of finely-pointed scis-
sors, a bit of rag, a little fine wire, and a wheat straw, or a
glass tube drawn to a fine point. The oven is simply an
oblong tin box, about 'Z\ inches high, 2^ inches wide, and
5 in(dies long; the cover is of glass, and one end of the
box is perforated by a circular hole 1^ inches in diameter.

Fio. 3.— Oven and lamp for preparing caterpillars by inflation.

The oven rests upon a wire standard as in the woodcut
[Fig. 3]. No soldering should be used upon the oven, as
it would soon be melted. The wire for the caterpillar
should be verv fine and annealed : the best is that wound
with green thread and used for artificial flowers. It should
not be more than half a millimetre in diameter. [Fig. 4.]
Kill the subject by a drop of ether or by a plunge in
spirits. Then placing the caterpillar in the left hand, so
as to expose its hinder extremity beyond the gently closed
thumb and first two fingers, enlarge the vent slightly at
the lower edge by a vertical cut with the scissors; next

APPENDIX.

187

,ed scis-
aw, or a
mply an
ide, and
[I of the
Liameter.

lioa.

woodcut
e oven, as
caterpillar
lat wound
It should
[Fig. 4.]
plunge in
hand, so
tly closed
lightly at
org; next

Via. 4.— Wound
wire for support-
ing caterpillars, X
20.

lay the larva eitlier upon bibulous paper on tlie table, or
upon soft cottoii cloth held in the left hand, ami press the
extremity of the body with one finger, always with the in-
terposition of cloth or paper, so as to force out some of the
contents of the body; this process is continued from points
successively farther back, a slight addi-
tional portion of the contents of the body
being gently pressed out with each new
movement. Throughout all this process
great care should be taken lest the skin
sliould be abraded by too violent pressure,
and lest any of the contents of the body
soil its exterior or become entangled in the hairs or spines;
to avoid the latter, the caterpillar should be frequently
removed to a clean part of the cloth. When a portion of
the intestinal tube itself becomes extruded, it should be
gripped with a pair of strong forceps, and, the head re-
maining in the secure hold of the left hand, the tube
should be forcibly but steadily torn from its attachments;
with this most of the contents of the body will be with-
drawn, and a delicate pressure passing with a rolling
motion from the head toward the tail will reduce the sub-
ject to a mere pellicle.

The alcohol-lamp is now lighted and placed in position
beneath the oven ; a wheat straw is selected, of the proper
size to enter the enlarged vent, and the tip, after being
cut diagonally with sharp scissors or a knife, is moistened
a little in the mouth (to prevent too great adhesion of the
skin to the straw) and carefully introduced into the open-
ing of the caterpillar; the process may be aided by blowing
gently through the straw. When the skin is slipped
upon all sides of the straw to the distance of about a fifth
of an inch, without any folding of the skin and so that
both the anal prolegs protrude, a short delicate pin (Edel-
stvn and Williams, No. 19, is best) is passed through the

188

APPENDIX.

anal plate and the straw. If a glass tube is used, the anal
plate must be fastened to it by winding with silk.

By this time the oven will be sufficiently heated to begin
the drying process, which consists simply in keeping the
caterpillar in the oven, extended horizontally by blowing
gently and steadily through the straw, as one uses a blow-
pipe. Too forcible inflation will make the caterpillar
unsightly by distending unnaturally any spot that may
have been weakened oi* bruised in the previous operation ;
the caterpillar should be kept slowly but constantly turn-
ing, and no harm will result from withdrawing the crea-
ture from the oven and allowing it to collapse, to gain
breath or rest; only this relaxation should be very brief.
The caterpillar should be first introduced into the oven
while inflated by the breath, and so placed that the hinder
extremity shall be in the hottest part, directly above the
flame, for it is essential that the animal should dry from
behind forward; yet not altogether, for as soon as the
hinder part has begun to stiffen (which can readily be de-
tected by withholding the breath for a moment) the por-
tion next in front should receive partial attention, and
the caterpillar moved backward and forward, round and
round over the flame. During this process any tendency
of the caterpillar to assume unnatural positions may be
corrected — at least in part — by withdrawing it from the
oven and manipulating it; during inflation, the parts about
the head should be the last to dry and should be kept
over the flame until a rather forcible touch will not cause
it to bend.

To secure the best results, it is essential that the oven
should not be too hot; the flame should not be more than
an inch high, and its tip should be one or two inches from
the bottom of the oven.

When the skin of the caterpillar will yield at no point,
it is ready for mounting. The pin is taken from the straw,

APPENDIX.

189

I, the anal

d to begin
jeping the
3y blowing •
ses a blow-
caterpillar
i that may
; operation;
antly turn-
g the crea-
^se, to gain
very brief,
to the oven
t the hinder
ly above the
ild dry from
soon as the
eadily be de-
int) the por-
tention, and
,, round and
iiiy tendency
ions may be
it from the
,e parts about
,uld be kept
ill not cause

that the oven
|be more than
inches from

at no point,
^om the straw,

and the caterpillar skin, which often adheres to the straw,
must be gently removed with some delicate, blunt instru-
ment, or with the finger-nail.

A piece of wire a little more than twice the length of
the caterpillar is next cut, and, by means of forceps, bent
as in Fig. 5, the tips a little incurved, a little shellac* is

Fio. 5.— Wire bent into shape to insert into ttie caterpillar; not enlarged.

placed at the distal extremity of the loop, the wire is held
by the forceps so as to prevent the free ends of the wire
from spreading, and they are introduced into the empty
body of the caterpillar as far as the forceps will allow;
holding the loop and removing the forceps, the cater-
pillar is now pushed over the wire with extreme care, until
the hinder extremity has passed half-way over the loop,
and the shellac has smeared the interior sufficiently to
hold the caterpillar in place when dry ; the extremities of
the parted wires should reach nearly to the head. Nothing
remains but to curve the doubled end of the wire tightly
around a pin with a pair of strong forceps and to place
the specimen, properly labelled, in a place where it can
dry thoroughly for several days before removal to the cab-
inet.

For more careful preservation and readier handling,
each specimen may be placed in a gla/ s tube, like the test-
tube of the chemist. The wire is then first bent .n the
middle and the bent end inserted in a hole bored in the
smaller end of a cork of suitable size, so as nearly to pass
through it; the loops are then formed as above; both ends

* To prepare this, the sbeeta of dark sbellac sliould be preferred
to the light, and dissolved in forty per cent alcohol.

■RiBinBni

190

APPENDIX.

of the cork are varnished, and a label pasted around the
portion of the cork which enters the tube, thus guarding
both specimen and label from dust, and the latter from
loss or misplacement. After two or three days the cork
with the caterpillar attached is placed in its corresponding
tube, and the tube may be freely handled.

Modifications of this system will occur to every one.
Dr. Gemminger uses a syringe for the extraction of the
contents as well as for the inflation of the emptied skin.
For an oven, the Vienna entomologists employ an ordi-
nary gas-chimney, oiien at both ends and inserted in a
sand-bath, which prevents, perhaps, the danger of too
great heat.

In rearing caterpillars for the after-stages, care must
always be taken to provide in season a suitable place in
the breeding-Ciige for the chrysalis to suspend itself: a
twig for such as prefer such situations; a bit of shingle
near the top of the cige for those tiuit suspend themselves
by the tail, or fasten themselves preferably to flat surfaces;
leaves for those tliat construct some sort of a cocoon. The
search for chrysalids in the open air is not likely to meet
with great success excepting in a few instances, such as
the imported cabbage butterfly, whose chrysalids can be
found in only too great abundance beneath palings or on
the under edge of clapboards on farm-houses; those of the
blues and their allies may often be found beneath stones,
but one must be an enthusiast to follow the search at all
successfully; such as fall into the hands of the general
entomologist must be counted as clear gain ; yet these will
often repay him who studies also the parasites of butter-
flies, so often are they found to be infested.

The preservation of chrysalids with their colors is easy
for all that are not of some green tint; and these are few.
Long-lived chrysalids are not easily killed excepting by
extreme dryness. Some will survive a twelve hours' plunge

APPENDIX.

191

round the
guarding
itter from
3 the cork
•esponding

every one.
Lion of the
ptied skin.
3y an ordi-
serted in a
iger of too

, care must
ble place in
nd itself: a
it of shingle
[1 themselves
flat surfaces;
ocoon. The
kely to meet
ices, such as
lalids can be
palings or on
those of the
neath stones,
search at all
the general
yet these will
,es of butter-

3olors is easy

Ithese are few.

excepting by

[hours' plunge

in alcoliol, and those that could not would generally lose
some of their colors by the immersion. Dry heat is the
best method, but it should be accompanied after deatli by
further drying after an opening has been made into the
body, lest the contents shoukl decay. Parasitized speci-
mens form the best material for tlie cabinet, but even
shells from whicli tlie inmate has escaped can by careful
manipulation and a little glue have their separated parts
so joined as to answer fairly the desired purpose. Solid
specimens can be pinned through one side of the thorax,
but the mere pellicle should have the hooks of the tail
securely fastened to a little ball of cotton wool or bit of
felt, through which the pin may be passed. It is not easy
to glue empty chrysalids permanently to cards, and these
are very apt to hide the parts one wishes at some future
time to examine. Skilful persons may attain some success
with thin-skinned chrysalids, like that of the milkweed
butterfly, for instance, the shape of which
is difficult to retain, by removing the con-
tents through a small opening at one side
and stuffing with cotton.

The best form of net for the capture of
butterflies is a bag fastened to a hoop or
ring of some sort, to which a handle may
be attached. The hoop should be made of
galvanized iron wire, forming a circle about
twelve to fourteen inches in diameter, and
the bag, made of double bobbinet and at-
tached to the wire by strong linen or cotton, flies, a, wire ring,
should taper regularly, have a rounded *««! ends bent to

^ o •' ' insert into the fer-

bottom, and be about thirty inches long, rule, b; c. point

so as to double over the net and and have ^"^"^ **^® p'"k

a few inches to spare. By bending the meet.

two ends of the wire as in Fig. G, they can

be dropped into a brass tube and securely fixed in place

FiQ. 6, — Net
frame for butter-

192

APPENDIX.

by a tight plug of hard wood, leaving the other end of
the tube open for the insertion of a removable handle;
or a very convenient form of net can be constructed on
the following plan shown in Fig. 7 and thus described

Fio. 7.— Folding net frame, explained in tbe text.

by Mr. Riley : " Take two pieces of stout wire, each about
twenty inches long; bend them half circularly and join
at one end by a folding hinge having a check on one
side {h). The other ends are bent and beaten into two
square sockets (/), which fit to a nut sunk and soldered
into one end of a brass tube [d). When so fitted they
are secured by a large-headed screw {e), threaded to fit
into the nut-socket, and with a groove wide enough to
receive the back of a common pocket-knife blade. The
wire hoop is easily detached and folded, as at c, for con-
venient carriage j and the handle may be made of any
desired length by cutting a stick and fitting it into the

other end of
)V{ible handle;
sonstructed on
thus described

e text.

wire, each about
Bularly and join

check on one
beaten into two
nk and soldered
n so fitted they

threaded to fit
wide enough to
life blade. The
as at c, for con-
30 made of any
ttiug it into the

APPENDIX.

193

hollow tube a^ which should be about six inches long." The
stick should be about four feet long. Mr. Lintner makes
use of a rod witli a head [Fig. 8] screwed to one end, in
which to fasten an elastic brass ribbon, on which the net is
drawn, but which when not in use may be placed inside the
hat, while the stick serves as a cane, and tlie head and bag
may be placed in the pocket. An entomologist becomes
a less conspicuous personage with such an outfit.

The " chase " for butterflies should rarely be a question
of speed; caution and stratagem are better arts; a butter-
fly should rarely be alarmed, or the game is lost; intent
upon a flower, one may even be captured with the fingers
by slow approach upon the shady side; many
have the habit of returning to a twig they
have left, and can be captured by lying in
wait near the spot; others will course up
and down a roadside, a forest lane, or a
hedgerow, and may be easily netted by taking
advantage of this habit. Nor should it be
forgotten that not a few are very limited
indeed in the selection of their haunts, and
every kind of spot should be visited; some
confine their flight to marshy spots and even pio. a. -Net-
to particular bogs; some prefer the open headforaremov-
fields; pastures where thistles and other
weeds are in flower attract a great crowd; others may be
found in openings in the forest where the fire- weed conceals
the charred timber beneath its panicles of blue flowers; one
will not look in vain upon the goldenrods and blossomed
vines which fringe the roadside or stone walls; the shrub-
bery which loves the margin of slender streams or the
edge of thickets is a favorite haunt of many; sheltered
valleys with their varying verdure are always a choice re-
sort of the entomologist; but even the tops of rugged
mountains or sandy wastes given to scrrel and feeble grasses

I

194

APPENDIX.

I \

will yield their quota; the garden too, the vegetable field,
and even the roadside puddles must not be neglected.

One soon learns to capture with a dexterous turn of the
net, and no description of the method is worth anything
beside a very little experience; when captured the net
should be turned to i)revent escape and the butterfly
gently seized from outside the net, with the wings back to
back to prevent its stniggling and so bruising itself; it
should then be removed to the cyanide bottle, where,
especially if placed in the dark pocket, it will soon be
motionless, and i?|)eedily dies; this is the quickest and
easiest mode of death, besides leaving the insect in the
most perfect condition. The "cyanide bottle " is simply
a phial with a mouth wide enough to readily admit the
largest specimens (a smaller size is better for the smaller
kinds), into which a little plaster of Paris has been poured
over a small lump of cyanide of potassium (a deadly poison,
be it noted); or, a lump of cyanide may be inclosed in a
piece of chamois-skin wrapped around and tied above
the cork, leaving the bottle clean. The cork should be re-
moved only when necessary and for as little time as pos-
sible; a season's use will exhaust its best strength even
when the utmost care is taken. Some butterflies, espe-
cially those having yellow colors, should be left in the
bottle only a short time, for they are injured by too long
exposure to the vapors, the yellow turning reddish. When
removed, on reaching home, or sooner if needed, they
should be pinned through the thickest part of the thorax,
and in an hour or two, when the fixity of the wings which
follows their violent death has passed away, removed to the
setting-board-

The best pins for butterflies are Nos. 2, 3, and 4 of
Klaeger's make. The setting-board needs no description
apart from the figure given [Fig. 9], more than to say that
beneath the groove a strip of cork or pith is attached to

APPENDIX.

195

ible fieia,
cted.

Lirn of the
anything
d the net
s butterfly
igs back to
y itself; it
tie, where,
ill soon be
lickest and
sect in the
" is simply
^ admit the
the smaller
been poured
jadly poison,
Liclosed in a
tied above
ihould be re-
time as pos-
rength even
erflies, espe-
left in the
by too long
dish. When
needed, they
f the thorax,
wings which
moved to the

3, and 4 of
0 description
»n to say that
8 attached to

the board. Bits of glass cut to different sizes answer as
well as tlie card braces represeiiti^d in tlie ilhistration and
permit one better to see whetlicr the wing is lying perfectly
flat. A needle inserted in a handle is required to move
the wings into the desired position, and "to set" the
antennae and legs in a natural attitude; to secure these in
the proper place they are supported by insect pins stuck
into the board upon one side or the other of the member,

Fio. 9.— Setting-board.

as required. The butterflies should remain upon the set-
ting-board for a fortnight or longer, and placed where
they will dry readily but not be exposed to dust. At the
expiration of that time they are ready for the cabinet.

When one is away from home conveniences, a very
simple device for transportation is to fold oblong bits of
paper (rather thin writing-paper is best) into
" triangles," as along the dotted lines in this
sketch; into this the butterfly is placed, its
wings folded back to back and antennae tucked carefully
away. The place, date, and circumstances of capture (or
a number corresponding to a journal) may be written
upon the paper. A great number may thus be packed
into a cigar-box or other receptacle, and spread for the
cabinet at leisure, months or even years after collection.
For this purpose moistening-pans are needed. A glass or

^

h

I,' (

1: I

196

APPENDIX.

stoneware dish is tlio best, the top grountl so as to allow a
sheet of glass to i^sar it perfectly; upon tlie bottom
moistened sand is placed, covered l)y line brass wire net-
ting. A few papers witli their inclosed butterflies are
placed in it, and the cover left on for twenty-four hours
f)r thereabouts, when the insects may be handled nearly as
if just caught.

J)amp, grease, and museum pests are the great destroyers
of insect collections. To avoid the first, one has only to
see that his (jabinet is in a dry place, with a play of air
around it. To avoid grease, insects should be thoroughly
dried before being admitted to the ca])inet, and all use of
cedar wood in constructing the latter should be avoided;
benzine is perhaps tlie best material for removing it.
Against museum pests one can be safe only by a constant,
vigilant, searching oversight of his collection, or the use
of boxes which they cannot enter; even then care must be
taken not to introduce them one's self by placing infested
specimens in the collection : for this purpose it is well to
establish a safe quarantine.

For a permanent cabinet nothing can excel the drawers
made after the Deyrolle model, now in use by the Boston
Society of Natural History. I have tried them for many
years and find them entirely pest-proof. They are made
[Fig. 10], with a cover of glass set in a frame which is
grooved along the lower edge, and thus fits tightly into a
narrow strip of zinc, set edgewise into a corresponding
groove in the drawer; the grooves beyond the point of in-
tersection of two sides are filled with a bit of wood firmly
glued in place. It is hardly necessary to say that the sides
of the drawer and the frame of the cover should be made
of hard wood ; soft wood would not retain the zinc strip.
The zinc should be perfectly straight and the ends well
matched; if this be done, nothing can enter the box when
it is closed. The bottom should set in a groove in the

APPENDIX.

197

,0 allow ii
e bottom
wire iiot-
ii-tties arc
our hours
I nearly as

tlestroyers
las ouly to
play of air
thoroughly
[1 all use of
)e avoided;
moving it.
a constant,
or the use
ire must be
ing infested
it is well to

the drawers
the Boston
m for many
jy are made
lie which is
ghtly into a
rresponding
point of in-
wood firmly
lat the sides
aid be made
e zinc strip,
le ends well
le box when
roove in the

sides and not be flush with their lower edge, so that the
drawer may slide easily. A similar box with a wooden
rabbet is used at the Museum of Comparative Zoology at
Cambridge; but it cannot possibly be so tight, and re-

Fio. 10.— Model of the Deyrolle insect-drawer, side view of front end, with the
cover raised. D, bottom of drawer ; C, cover of same, raised a little ; /, front
piece, with moulding (m) and handle (/i). phied to l)ottom piece ; sa, sash ; nl,
slit in cover into which the zinc strip (zt fits ; .s/'. slit in bottom, into which it
is fastened ; *;. bevelled groove, to allow the finger to raise the cover ; Hv, hind
view of one end of the bottom to show the insertion of the bottom (/>) ; Re, re-
verse of one corner of cover to show the grooves filled beyond their junction.
All the figures half size.

quires hooks on the sides to keep the cover down; it has
the advantage of greater cheapness, as it can be made of
soft wood, but is at the same time clumsier. My own
drawers are made of cherry sides, and have also a false
front attached to them, furnished with mouldings and
handles so as to present a not inelegant appearance; and,
exclusive of the cork with which they are lined, cost ^2S)^^
each; they measure inside 1S| inches long, 14 inches wide,
and 1| inches deep, not including the cork lining.

It is best always to cover the bottom of such drawers
wit!i cork or pith wood or similar soft substance, as it is
difficult both to insert and to withdraw the pins readily in
any ordinary wood, however soft; and the sides and bot-
tom should afterwards be covered with thin white paper
for neatness' sake.

198

APPENDIX.

V i

Drawers like these are rather hirge for small collections,
but any smaller size is wasteful of space for arranging the
larger species of wide expanse of wing. Some, however,
still prefer smaller sizes for convenience of study, and use
boxes shaped like a quarto volume, the cover hinged and
the whole lined with binder's cloth. 'J'he volunies can
then be lettered on the back and arranged as iti a library,
and certainly have a neat appearance. Such books can be
made safer either by a bevelled wooden rabbet where the
top and bottom meet, or l)y arranging within a second
glass cover, but they can never be made so fully proof
against pests as an unhinged drawer.

A very common box, but unsafe as soon as a collection
becomes at all large and cannot be constantly watched in
every part, is a simple wooden box nine by fourteen inches
in size, in which both top and bottom, made separate, are
put to use by being lined with cork. In this case the box
must, of course, be much deeper. Such cases can be made
in numbers for fifty cents each, exclusive of the cork, and
answer very well for beginners, but will be discarded after a
time if the collection increases, unless the owner has suffi-
cient leisure and patience to watch his treasures carefully.

The best way to begin the study of butterflies is to
attempt to follow out the life-history, write the biog-
raphy, in short, of every kind found in one's own neighbor-
hood. No one place will yield nuch above one hundred
species, and, if the rarer kinds be omitted, not nearly so
many. Yet any one who will accomplish this will add
materially to what is known, and he will find his way
pleasanter, his occupation more fascinating at every step.
He need be provided at the outset with a very moderate
stock of the articles mentioned in the preceding pages.
He should keep a journal devoted exclusively to a record
of his daily notes, which will prove more and more useful
in each succeeding year. Beginning with the eggs laid by

APPENDIX.

190

ioUcctions,
uiging the
?, however,
ly, and use
liingcfl and
ilnnies can
n a library,
)()ks can be
b where the
n a second
fully proof

a collection
watched in
irteen inches
separate, are
case the box
can be made
ihe cork, and
3arded after a
fver has suffi-
res carefully.
;terflie8 is to
;e the biog-
[wn neighbor-
lone hundred
pot nearly so
his will add
nd his way
Ji every step.
ery moderate
ceding pages.
ly to a record
more useful
eggs laid by

imprisoned females or found in tho open field, lie should
note every change which transpires, describe, and, if pos-
sible, draw in detail every stage, giving to each separate
lot a distinctive number, which it should keep until its
name is known. As his stock enlarges and his knowledge
increases, comparative study will supersede many of his
earlier descriptions ; but these will not have been without
their value ; they will have cost no more than they are
worth ; his knowledge will have been gained tlirough, as
well as at tbe expense of, his earlier work, none of which
will '^e regret; he can therefore be neither too minute
nor too exact, nor can he afford to relax any endeavor
until he has proved it unnecessary.

He should preserve in his permanent <;ollection speci-
mens to illustrate every condition of the treatire's life, as
well as all objects which illustrate its habiis and vicissi-
tudes. Especially should all variations be observed. The
iigg with the leaf upon which it is laid in a state of nature ;
not only the caterpillar at every stage, but in all the atti-
tudes it assumes, the nests it weaves, the half-devoured
leaves to show its manner of feeding, the ejectamenta, the
parasites by which it is beset ; not only the chrysalis, but
the emptied skin ; the butterflies of each brood, together
with some ^jreserved in their natural attitudes when at
rest, and when asleep; and such dissections of the external
parts as can be separately mounted and cannot otherwise
be readily seen ; also the wings and body of the butterfly
denuded of their scales, to study the structural framework
of the insect ; and, when possible, dissections of the inter-
nal parts preserved in alcohol.

Every pinned specimen, excepting such as illustrate the
anatomy only, should bear upon the pin a label giving the
place and date of capture, and, when necessary, a number
referring to a catalogue or note-book in which memoranda
may be entered to any extent that is desired. The name

rr

4 f

li I

200

ArPKNDTX.

of the species may be given on a separate label at the head
of each collection of objects which illustrate its history;
and the name may, of course, also be added at will to any
specimens which, once determined, may require redetermi-
nation if misplaced and not specially marked.

In rearing it is essential that every breeding cage or pot
should be marked with a number or by other means to in-
dicate its contents. Nothing should be left to memory in
this particular. Nor should caterpillars which are only
presumably of the same species be placed in the same cage,
as there are many allied kinds which are almost indistin-
guishable at sight, and a lack of exactitude here will viti-
ate one's observations.

Any one pursuing vigorously such a course of study and
collection of native butterflies will be enchanted to see
how fascinating the study is, how rapidly his collection
grows, what an endless source of interest attaches to these
humble but exquisite creatures, and into how many lines
of real investigation his steps are tending. No one can
undertake it without being himself the gainer by it, and
without infusing others with his own ever-fresh enthu-
siasm.

t

'. fl

E 1

at the head

its history;

will to any

redetermi-

cage or pot
leans to in-
memory in
h are only
same cage,
st indistin-
•e will viti-

stiidy and
ted to see

collection
les to these
many lines
o one can

by it, and
jsh euthu-

INDEX OF NAMES.

acadica. Thecla. 123
Achalarua Ijcidas, 166
Aglais. 86, 47. 54, 89
Aglais milberti, 89
Agraulis vanillae,66
ajax, Iphiclides, 146
alcestis, Argynuis.TS
alope, Cercyonis, 110
Amblyscirtes saraoset. 174

vial is, 174
Aaaea 37, 45, 55, 104
Anaea audiia, 104
Ancyloxiplia, 43, 52, 166
Ancyloxipba numitor, 166
andria, Anaea, 104
Anglo Wings, 36, 47. 54, 82
Anosia. 34, 45. 55, 63
Anosia plexippus. 00, 63
Anthochaiis, 40. 50. 58, 140
Anthocharis genntia, 140
Anthomaster 44, no

Antho-naster leonardus, 170
antiopa, Euvanessa, 90
Apatura celtis, 106
clytou, 105
Iieise, 105
lycaon. 106
proseipiua, 105
aphrodite, Argynnis, 77
Araschnia piorsa, 16
archippus, Basilarchia, 102
Argus comyntas, 123

eurydice, 108
Argynnis, 35, 46, 54, 76
Argynnis alcestis, 78
aphrodite, 77
atlantis, 76
bellona. 7,3
coluuibina, 81

Argynnis cybele, 79
idalia, 80
myrina, 74
arthemis, Basilarchia 98
astyanax, Basilarchia, 101
atalanta, Vanessa, 87
Atalopedes huron, 174
atlantis, Argynnis. 76
Atlides halesus, 123
Atrytone, 44. 167
Atrytone logan, 169

zabulon, 167
augustus, Incisalia, 116
Basi archia, 37, 47, 55, 98
liasilarchia archippus, 102
arthemis, 98
astyanax, 101
Proserpina, 100
bellona, Brenthis, 72
Blues, 38. 48. 56. 123
Brenthis, 35. 46, 54, 73
Brenthis bellona, 72
chariclea, 75
freija, 75
moniinus, 75
myrina. 74
, brizo. Thanaos. 162

45!'53?*^^'^ Butterflies. 25, 34.
caesonia. Zerene. 133
calanus. Thecla. 120
Calephelis borealis, 113
Calhcista columella, 123
Ca idryas. 40. 49, 57, 132
t/ailid»vas eubule, 132
philea, 133
scnnae, 133
Caipotles ethlius. 174
Calycopis cecrops, 123

201

202

INDEX OF NAMES.

V :i

cardiii. Vanessa, 84
caUillus, Pholisora, 164
celtis, Ch1t)iippe, 106
Cercyonis, 37, 48, 56, 110
Cercyonis alope, 110

nephele, 111

pegala, 113
Charidryas. 35, 46, 53, 69
Charidiyas ismeria, 70

nyctcis, 69
Chlonppe, 37, 47, 55, 105
Clilorippe celtis, 106

clyton, 105
Chrysophanus, 39, 49, 57, 127
Chrysophanus atnericauus, 128

epixantbe, 128

hyllus, 127

hypophlaeas, 128

tarquinius, 130

thoe, 127
Cinclidia, 35, 46, 53, 68
(!iiiclidia liariisii, 68
CMssia, 37, 47, 55, 107
Cissia eurytus, 107

sosybius, 108
Claudia, Euptoieta, 81
clyton, Chlorippe,105
coenia, Juuonia, 82
Coeuonympha inornata, 112
Colias ampbidusa, 135

caesonia, 133

chrysotheme, 135

eurytbeme, 132

keewaj^din, 135

philodice, 134
comma, Polygonia, 95
comyntas, Evcres, 123
Coppers. 39, 57, 127
Crescent Spots, 34, 45, 53, 6t»
cresphontes, Ilcraolides, 151
Cupido pseudargiolus, 125
Cyeniris, 38, 48, 56, 125
Cyanirls psemlargiolus, 18, 125
cybele. Argvnuis, 79
Cynthia atafanta, 87

cardui, 84

huutera, 85
damon, Mitura, 118
Danaids. 34, 45, 55, 63
Danais archippus, 68

erippus, 63
Pebis portlandia, 109

Doxocopa herse, 105

lycaon, 106
edwardsii, Thecla, 121
Emperors. 37, 55, 104
Enodia, 37, 48, 55, 109
Enodia portlandia, 109
Epargyreus, 43, 51, 59, 155
Epargyreus tityrus, 155
Epidemia, 39, 49, 57, 128
Epidemia dorcas. 128

epixantbe, 128

belloides, 128
epixantbe, Epidemia, 128
Erebia nephele, HI
Eroralaela, 123
Erycinids, 113
Erynnis, 44. 169
Erynnis attains, 169

manitoba. 169

meiea, 169

sa&sacus, 169

nncas. 169
eubule, Callidryas, 132
Eucbeirasocialis, 11
Eudamus proteus, 166

pylades, 156

tityrus, 155
Eugonia, 36, 47, 55, 92
Eugouia j-album, 92
Eupboeades, 42, 51, 58, 150
Euphoeades palamedes, 161

troilus, 150
Euphydryas, 35, 46, 53, 66
Euphydryas phaeton, 66
Eupbyes metacomet, 174

verna, 174
Eupsyche rai-album, 123
Euptoieta, 36, 46, 54, 81
Euptoieta claudia, 81
Euptychia eurytus, 107
Eurema, 40, 49, 57, 138
Eurema lisa,138

nicippe, 137
eurydice, Satyrodes, 108
Eurymus, 40, 50, 58, 134
Eurymus eurytbeme, 19, 135

interior, 186

philodice, 134
eurytbeme, Eurymus, 135J
eurytus, Cissia, 107
Euvanessa, 36, 47, 54, 90
Euvnnessa antiopa, 90

21
4
09
09

59, 155
155
r. 128
S8

a. 128

9

.132
11
166

5,92
92

I, 58, 150
ledes, 151

6, 53, 66
lou, 66
let, 174

I, 123
54,81
81

107

138

J. 108
i,134
le, 19, 136

INDEX OF NAMES.

203

uis,

135!

54,90
90

Everes, 38, 48, 56, 123
Everes comyntas, 17, 123
faunus. Polygon ia, 94
Feuiseca, 39, 49, 57, 130
Feuiseca tarqiiinius, 130
Fritillaries, 35, 46, 54. 73
Gaeides dione, 131
genutia, Anthocharis, 140
glaiicus, Jasouitides, 148
Goniloba tityrus, 155
Gossamer-wmged Butterflies, 25,

37, 48, 56, 113
Grapta c argeuteum, 93

comma, 95

dryas, 95

fabricii, 97

faunus, 94

interrogationis, 97

j-album, 93

progne, 93

umbrosa, 97
Hair Streaks, 38. 48, 56, 113
harrlsii, Cinclidia, 68
Heiicouians, 66
Heodes, 39, 49, 57, 128
Heodes hypophlaeas, 128
Heraclides, 42, 51, 58, 151
Heraclidea cresphoutes, 151
Hfisperia. 43, 53, 59, 165
Heaperia ahaton, 173

centaureae, 166

hobomok, 167

montlvaga, 165

Liiyotic, 171

pocaboutas, 167

sassacus, 169

tessellata, 165

wamsutta 170
Hesperidae, 35
Heteropterus marglnatus, 166
Hipparchia alope, 110

andromacha, 109

boisduvalii, 108

eurytris, 107

nephele. 111
huntera, Vanessa, 85
Hylephila phylaeus, 174
Hypatus bachmanii, 112
hypophlaeas, Heodes, 128
icelus, Thauaos, 163
idalia, Speyeria, 80
Incisalia, 38, 56, 114

Incisalla augustus, 116

irus. 115

niphon, 114
interrogutioiiis, Polygonia, 9?
iole, Nathalis,139
Iphiclides, 41. 51, 58, 146
Iphiclides ajax, 17, 146
irus, Incisalia. 115
j-album, Eugonia, 93
Jasouiades, 42, 51, 58. 148
Jasoniadcs glaucus, 17, 148

turuus. 148
Juuonia, 36, 47, 54, 82
Junonia coenia, 83

iaviuia, 83

J'uvcnalis, Thanaos, 161
[allima. 24

Laertias, 41, 50, 58, 145
Laeriias philenor, 145
Larger Skippers, 42, 51, 59, 155
leonardus, Authomaster, 170
Lerema accius, 174

hianua, 174
Lerodea fusca, 174
Libytheinae, 26
Limeuitis archippus, 102

arthemis, 98

astyauax. 101

disippiis, 102

misippus, 103

Ursula, 101
Limocbores, 44, 173
Limochores bi macula, 174

mauatatiqua, 174

palatka, 174

pontiac, 174

taumas, 173
liparops, Thecla, 119
lisa, Eurema, 138
Long Beaks, 113
lucilius, Thauaos, 158
Lycaeua comyntas, 123

epixauthe, 128

neglecta, 125

pseudargiolus, 125

violacea, 135
Lycaenidae, 25

Meadow Browns, 37, 47, 55, 107
Meganostoma cacsonia, 133
Megisto eurytus, 107
melinus, Uranotes, 117
Melitaea harrisii, 68

I j

mHj.

Hi|

204

INDEX OF NAMES.

i! :i>

Melitaca marcia, 71

nycteis, 69

phaeton, 66

pharos, 71

tharos, 71
inilberti, Aglals, 89
Minols alope, 110

nephele. 111
Milura, 38, 56, 118
Mitiira dainon, 118
montivaga, Hcsperia, 166
myriua, Brenthis, 74
mystic, Thymelicus, 171
Nathalis, 40, 50, 58, 139
Nathalis iole, 139

irene, 139
Neonympba canthus, 108

Cornelius, 112

eurytris, i07

mitchellii, 112,

phocion, 112
nepbele, Cercyonis, 111
nicippe, Xanthidia, 137
niphon, lucisalia, 114
Nisoniades brizo, 168

Catullus, 164

eunius, 161

icelus, 163

iuveualis, 161

lucilius, 158

persius, 159
Nomiades couperi, 127

lygdamus, 127
numitor, Ancyloxipha, 166
nycteis, Cbaridryas, 69
Nyniphalidae, 25
Nyuipbalis arthemis, 98

dryns, 95

ephestiou, 101

faun us, 94

j-album, 92

lamina, 98

milbcrtl. 89

Ursula, 101
Nymphs, 34. 45, 58, 66
Oarinma poweshiek, 174
Ocueis Calais, 112

jutta,,112

macounli, 112

semidea, 112
uleracea, Pieris, 143
Oligoria maculata, 174

Orange Tips, 40, 50, 58, 140
Pamphila aaroni, 169

cernes, 173

leonardus, 170

mandau, 174

mystic, 171

peckius, 170

sassacus, 169

ZHbulon, 167
Papbia glycerium, 104

troglodyta, 104
Papilio, 43, 51. 59, 153
Papilio ajax, 1^16

asteriiis, 153

brevicauda, 154

crespbontes, 151

glaucus, 148

marcellus, 146

philenor, 145

polyxeues, 153

telamonides, 146

tboas, 151

troilus, 150

turn us, 148
Papilfonidae, 25
Pararge canthus. 108
peckius, Polites, 170
persius, Thanaos, 159
phaeton, Euphydryas, 66
philenor, Laerlias, 145
pbilodice, Eurynius, 134
Pboebis agarithe, 140
riiolisora, 43, 53, 59, 164
Pliolisora catullus, 164

biiyhurstii, 165
Phycanassa viator, 174
Phyciodes, 35, 46, 53, 71
Phyciodes batesii, 72

gorgone, 72

harrisii, 68

nycteis, 69

tharos, 17, 71
Pierids, 39, 49, 57, 132
Pieris, 41, 50, 58, 143
Pieris cruciferarum, 143

frigida, 143

napi, 143

occidentalis, 141

oleracea, 143

protodice, 141

rapae, 144

vernalis, 141

INDEX OF NAMES.

205

)lexippus, Anosia, 63
r'oanes massasoit, 174
Oolites, 44, 170
Elites peckius, 170
;^olygoma. 36,47,55.93
r'olygouia comma, 95
faun us, 94
gracilis, 98

mterrogationis, 16. 97
progne, 93
satynis, 98
Polyommatus comyntas. 123
crataegi, 130
epixanthe, 128
lucia, 125
porseuna, 130
tarquinius, 130
thoe, 127
polyxenes, Papilio, 153
Pontia, 41, 50, 58. 141
Pontia casta, 143
oleracea, 143
protodice, 141
portlandia, Enodia, 109
Potanthus omaha, 174
Prenes ocola, 174
pa: .)quiD, 174
progne. Polygonia, 93
protodice. Poutia, 141
pseudargiolus. Cyauiris, 125
pyJades, Tliorybes, 156
Pyrameis atalauta, 87
cardui, 84
huntera, 85
terpsichore, 85
virginiensis, 85
Pyigus montivagus. 165
Pyiisitia mexicana, 140
rnpae, Pieris, 144
Red Horns, 39. 49, 57, 132
Uliabdoides cellus, 166
Kusticus scudderii, 127

striatus, 127
sjissacus. Eiynnis, 169
Satyrodes, 37, 48. 55. 108
Satyrodes eurydice, 108
Satyrs. 37. 47, 55, 107
Satyrus alope, 110
nephele, lU
portlandia, 109
bemoopsyche diana, 82
Skippers, 25. 48, 61, 59, 165

Smaller Skippers. 43 52 69. 166
Sovereigns. 37. 47 55. 98
^peyeria, 35. 46. 54, 80
bpeyeria idalia. 80
Strynion, 38. 56, 113
btryniou melinus, 117

titus. 113
Swallow Tails. 41. 50, 58, 145
oynchloe olympia, 141
Syrichtus communis, 165
tarquinius, Feniseca, 130
laumas, Limochores, 173
Terias lisa, 138

iiicippe, 137
Thanaos, 43, 52, 59. 158
luanaosausonius, 164
brizo, 162
lioratius, 164
icelus, 163
iuveualis, 161
lucilius. 158
martialis, 164
persius, 159
terentius, 164
tliaros. Phyciodes, 71
Tbecla, 38, 56. 119
Thecla acadica, 123
arsace. 115
auburniana, 118
augustus, 116
borus, 122
calanus, 120
californica, 123
costalis, 118
cygnus, 122
daraon, 118
edwardsii, 121
falacer. 120
favonfus, 117
benrici, 115
bumuli, 117
byperici, 117
inorata, 120
irus. 115
liparops, 119
lorata, 123
melinus, 117
mopsus, 113
niphon. 114
Ontario, 123
smilacis. 118
soubegau, 123

206

INDEX OF NAMES.

Thecla strigosa, 119

titns, 113
tlioe, Oljiysophanus, 127
Thorybt's, 43. 51. 59, 156
Thorybes bathyllus, 158

electra, 158

pylades, 156
Thyraele tityrus, 155
Thymelicus, 44, 171
Thynielicus aetna, 173

brettiis, 173

mystic, 171

numitor, 166
titus, Stiymou, 113
tityrus, Epargyreus, 155
troilus, Euphoeades, 150
Typical Butterflies, 35, 39, 49, 133
Xfranotes, 38, 56, 117
Urauotes meliuus, 117
Vau«^s8a, 36. 47, 54, 84
Vauessa antiopa, 90

Vanessa atalanta, 87

c- album. 95

cardui, 84

coenia, 83

comma, 95

fauuus, 94

furcillata, 89

huntera, 10, 85

interrogation is, 97

j-album, 93

milberti, 89

progue, 93
Whites. 41, 50, 58, 141
Xanthidia. 40, 49, 57, 137
Xanthidia lisa, 138

nicippe, 137
Yellows, 39, 49, 57, 133
zabulon, Atrytone, 167
Zereue, 40, 50, 58, 133
Zerene antbyale, 134

cuesouia, 133

.97

141
57, 137

,132
167
133
34