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Skction IV, 1887.

[ 45 ]

TiiANrf. Roy. Snc. Canada.

-A Jii vieir of (7aii(i(/l(nt Bntntiy front the First ISrlthincnt of S'l ir Francf to tlit
N'uieternth Crtitiiri). I\irt I. Bfi U. V. Pknhai-low.

(lifiia May L'(i, KS87.)

80 far as wo arc aware, no attempt has yet been made to hrini'' toijether in lonnected
form, the more important farts relatinu; to the development of l)otanical .srienee in Canada.
To the active botani^^t, the de.sirahilily of .sueh a work beini^' nndertaken and executed, i,s
fre(|uently ai)parent, more especially a.s our general knowledge of the earlier botani.sts is
far too meagre and scattered. The present paper has been prepared, therefore, with a view
to meeting thi.s want. As the first two hundred and sixty odd years in the history of this
country constituted a jn'riod of very slow scientilic progress, and as with the comiUiMicc-
ment of the present century, an era of great activity was opened, the year 1800 oilers a
natural and fitting division in the consideration of our subject. The present paper deals
with the progress made up to that yi'ar, though I'ertain i)ul)lications are noted, even when
their date is a few years later, because they are the last works of men wlio properly be-
longed to, and who really accomplished their labors in the period preceding the date stated.
Thus. Michau.v's '' Klora IJoreali-Ameriiana."' published in 180:}, is propi-rlv incliided here.
As .'Vndre Michaux and Menzies closed the history of the lirst period, so did F. A.
^lichaux and I'ursh begin the second period — a period rich in discovtMV, and remarkal)le for
botanical progress, and which will be dealt with separately in a subsecjuent [)aper.

In the list of explorers, missionaries and inituralists, appended to this paper, an ell'ort
has been made to give correit biographical data. This has not been altogether possible
in a fi'W instances, but, from numerous verilications, we believe the data, so far as given,
to be correct. lu the list of writings appended to each name, we have included all such
as have a dire<t or indirect reference to the Canadian llora. And, although not entitled to
any claims as liotanists, we have thought it l)est to include the works of Jell'erys, Denis.
Weld. Ilearne and one or two others, as they ju'etend to give an account of the natural
history of the countrv. This, however, at least so far as tin- botany is concerned, is often
dealt with very briefly, and in a most unsatisfactory manner.

In the preparation of this paper, we are greatly indebted to Mr. Gerald E. Hart, for
aecess to his very valuable library of works on the early history of Canada. AVe would
also express our obligations to Messrs. I\. W. Uoodle, J. Readi- and S. E. Dawson, for valu-
able suggestions ; likewise to Prof. Sereno Watson, of Cambridge, Mass., to Mr. I). Morris,
of Kew, and to Rev. Iv I. Rexford and Mr. St Cyr, of (Quebec, for va^ ble assistance in
verifying data. Among the works of reference to which we have had access, special men-
tion should be made of several valuable manuscripts on Canadian historv by Ribaml " le
jeune." kindly jdaeed at our disposal bv the Lil)rarian of the Fraser Institute.

One of the first and most striking facts the student encoiuittM's, is the verv great
paucity of botanical works, prior to the present century, which can be regarded as in any
sense Canadian. During a period of two hundred and sixty-live years, the total numl)er

'

jl!

m

if m\

46

VKNII ALLOW ON

ofthosi' who wi-rt' in iiiiy way r()niu'<tc(l with hcdiuiiial woik in Canii(hi, i>rol)ahly did iiol
t'Xi'ft'd twt'utv-loiir' — an avi'raiiv nl' alxiut li"i lov I'ach riMilnvy. Nor did all tlu'sc ron-
tril)uti' divi'it hotani -al work or writiiiiis. 'Phis is I'xplainfd, however, wlien we re. idl
the stale of hiii;ini<al siien<e in JMUdpe liir tlie same period, and realise that the ini|)nlst'
to ex()loration ( anio IVoni tlie liope <>[' exlendini;' domain. Tlie i<lea ol' exploration lor
seiei\tilie purposes, even as siilionlinate to other ohjei is. did not develop until ahoiil (he
middle ol the eiuhteenth century — Kalni lieinu- the lirst to visit the.se shore.s in hehallOr
.seiene(>.

Ol' the t \v I'll ty- lour whom we may thus claim as our early hotanists, ^2.■'> per I'eiit. were
missionaries : '■]■',:■] per cent, were explorers with whom the natural history of the (oiintry
was onlv incidental — many explorers takiiiu' im noti<e of it at all : — while, if we may he
permitted to im hide certain state oliicials who were only indirectly inleresttd, the lemain-
iui;' •")4.l! percent, were naturalists.

.\L;ain. ol'all these. Tl'.l per cent, in'ated of the liolany of Canada directly. Tli<' re-
maininii" -'i '•' per cut. dealt wiiii our IJora only incidentally, e. y,. Tournelorl and
L'lleri'tier, who described certain lollei tioiis : liariram. in his account ol' the \orth
Ameri<an species of the vine; and to the sann- category helonii" Liiimeus, I'orstei' and
Kichard. <M' those who dclt with the ('anaiiian ll<ir;i dire( tly, were Sarrasin, Newen-
ham. (') Men/ii s. l.alitau, Kalm. Hennepin. Caultiir, Dieri'ville, Cornut, Charlevoix,
Thevet, Michaux, Champlain, I'.oucher. llearne. Weld, llcnis and .lell'erys. Another note-
worthy tact is, that none ol' these men were native horn. Sarrasin married and died in
Canada, rxmcher and Champlain also died here. Olhers. as Cornut. Kichard, Tournei'ort
ami L'lleiilier, did not even visit the count ry. hut accomplished tiieir work throuirh the
medium of collections made hy others. Ami if we impure into their nationality, we liml
there were — l'"ren< h. rourteeu : Knuilish, iive ; .Americans, two ; Swedes, two; Germans, one.
While, therefore, the early Canadian hotany was wholly dependent for its development
upon aliens, the French had hy far the u-reater luimher of workers in the held. This was
the necessary result of (1) tin- fact that the centrl'^ of JULi'iier education wi're all in iMirope,
and such institutions as possi'ssed any facilities lor hotaiiicid instruction on this eontinent
were not in a position to i)roj>erly tjualify men in this direction, until a comparatively late
period ; (-) the oecitpation of Canada as French territory. We may note, however, that
the heiiinnitig of hotanical work here, was practically simultaneous with the origin of
the siience in iMirope, and in all its later |)hases of development, Canadian hotany has
i'oUowi d and been dependi'iit ujxin the advances made in the Old World and also in the
United Stall's. It is only within a comparatively short time that we have hetMi able to
prodiK'o independent work.

Finally, it mu.st be kept in miml that the titles tiiven to the wiitinus of many of the
early traveller.^, are often sa<lly misleadinti' as to the actual contents of the volume; and
while an el;d)orate title conveys the impression that a rich store of information may be
round within, nothine' but disappointment is often met with. When the natural history
is treated of, it is often with sole reference to aninnils and lish, while in other eases plants
are dealt with but brielly. This linds its illustration, ainoni;' other work.-s, in Jeirory.s'

' It is (juiic ]iri]lial)l(> that this dues iicii n'lui'.ii'iil the lull iiiiiiii'tT (il'tlic ciirly ('aiiailiiiii licilaiiiHt.s. 'I'lic lajwi?
iif H(i Iniitr a irtTiiiil withmit aii\ clciinitc rcciinl (if tlieir iiiiiiics and \vnrl<, ]n\» sullifwl lo rolcjriiti.' tu olisciirity all
t'Xicjii tlii'se wliiiSi; jiiit)li.ili("d worli.s iia\o .siuviMd In llm jircsciit liiiic.

t

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OAXADIAN l!OTANV.

47

"Niiiural and Civil History ol' \h<' Imvm' h Doiniiiions in Novtli Aincriia" Also in Denis's
" Dcsrription (it'-on'raphicim' d llis(()ii(|uc dcs (oirs Ic rAinrri(iui'-Sr|((cnirioiiiilt', av.'f
rilisloirc Xatnri'lli' dc cf Pays." In Dievcvillr's • ]l lalioii du Voya<4f du TorMloyal dtt
rAcadit'," wliirh is hall' piox' and half verse, there appears to he nothini^oi' special value
relatinii' to the vegetation of the (oiinlry. Nor are we at liberty to infer tliat the a|)pear-
ane.' of '•N<n'th Auierira"' on tlie title paiiv indicates that Canada is referred to in the text.
As a matter of fact, it fre(j\iently ocmrs tliat when sn<h title is used, only a portion of this
eontinent is dealt with, and that Canada is not referred to at all.

Our review projjerly bcL'ins with the lirst voyaiiv of .ra((|ues Cartier to New Franee,
in \.}'.]l. The shores he visited were then I'lad with a vegetation as yet unniodiiied by the
aj,?eiie.v of man. lOvervwhere a rieh uiowtli of viriiin forest spread over hill and valley,
and lent its poti'iit iidlnenee to i^ive tliese early explorers abundant assurance oi' the
wealth of natural resource whi<li tlie .duntry contained. Within the three hundred and
lifly years that have since passed, however, chaniifs of an important character havi' taken
place to a si 'ikin^' deiirce ; and an cxi)lorer now. visilinu' our shores for the lirst tiint', would
l)e obliiied t ) base his estiniali' of natural ronurces upon sinnewhat diU'erent evidence
tliantlnt u^ 'd by Cartier. N'or are those rhaniics completed. They are ii-oini>' on at the
present da_; at ace elerat ini^' rates, and i anse us lo scan tlio future, into which they mixst
extend with results we cannot foresee, with a measun- of jusliliable solicitude. The
niodilit ation of our llora throuiih the ii\troduction of new species from aln-oad ; the
practical destruction of speiics in certain localities, and their extension to new areas of
distribution ; the denudation of larLi'e areas formerly heavily clothed with valuable timber,
and, toi^ether with these, the various attendant clianiics allectiuii- man's comfort and
welfare — tliese are all changes still in progress, which not only present many prol)lemsof
the hiirhest botanical interest, but in their relation to our future welfare, they are also
changes which may well cause the prudent economist and statesman to pause and
consider.

Jacques Cartier, like most of his immediate successors in the discoveries of the New
World, appears to have been a far better naviiiator than naturalist, if we are to Judu'e by
his jouriuUs,' which are most barren oi botanical information. Nor is this at all a matter
of surprise when we coiisider the development of the natural sciences in his time. It
was, therefore, to be expected, that his immediate f(dlowers siiould also deal only with
very ii'eneral obser\ ations.

Champlain appears to have been imbued with a broad spirit of enterprise, both as
an explorer and natiiralist, sii\ce his jourmils bear evidence of serious attempts to do Justice
to the natural history (d' the country explored. He landed at (Quebec on July :?rd, ItJOH,
and, on Uctoi)er 'J Ith, he r.'cords having planted grape-vines Immuht from I'iUrope. His
journals are somewhat i)rofuscly illustrated with animals and plants, but his skill as a
delineator was, unfortunately, not of a very highorder. Some of his plants are recognisable,
othiTs are not ; and, as then- were no attempts at classilication, his use of local names, or
of common Uiinies derived from France, renders their identilication a nudter of some
doubt. kSuch notes as le made of the vegetation of the districts through which he passed,

' Voyagt's lie ,Iai'<iut'« CiirtiiT, IStll.

■' I.es Viijiitrcs ilii SiiMir ilo ('liiiiii|iliiiii, liii;i. djiviv.s ilc ('iiain|ilain, Quebui.', 1S70.

'(■II

5'

1

i

48

PKNITATiLOW ON

;iri' of ii most lit'iii'iiil ili;\r;n tcr. iiinl iiliiiost whoUv rclati' Id tliusc I'oiiiis wliifli vvoiild
ii;iiuv;illy aiiriht his atti'iii ion, Iti'iiiusc oT lln'ir (liirct rclutimi to sul)sistimi c, or (ln'ir
appiii Miioii t(i lidiisc iiiitl slii|> Imildiiiy. Xcvcrllick'ss, it would appear that colh'ctioiis of
phiiils iimsl have Ix'i'ii niiKlc ahoiit this liiiic I'ithcr l)y incmhiTs ot' llic cxpi'ditioii or hy
those who shditly loUowt'd it, since ("omul's " C'anaih'Usiuui riaularuin llistoria," thi'
lirst work on Canadian hoiaiiy. was i>uhlished in lt!;5").

La Salle, in his voyaiie down the Mississippi in tlie years MT'.' to KIS-J, possessed
unrivalled opporiunilies lor obst'rvation on the llora ol' that vast ren-ion, hut his interest
was too i'uUy roneentrated upon tiie primary ohjeet of Iiis expedition, and the only notes
ol' inl'ormalion whieli he h,is lei't, are suih as were i;athered and preserved hy his attend-
ants. Similarly, La Ilontan's journey, in ITi'-"), ' lias lel't us nothinii' ol' value in this
direction.

hi the year ITnC. Diereville- visited the coast of America, an account of whiili he has
lefi in his •■ Voya-i-e du Porl-Koyal (h' I'Acadie," published at Amsterdam in 170S. He
carried a luunher of i)lants hack to France, aiul suhmitted them to Tournefort, one of the
three great hotanists of that (hiy, Amon<r other plants, was a sp(>cimeu of the l)ush honey-
suckle, a plant entirely new to Ttmrnt'fort, who dedicated it to its discoverer under the
generic name of Dirrril/d.

lollowiim- Diereville ]>y nearly half a century was Mark Catesby, a naturalist explorer,
who left an important contribution to our knowledge of the North American ilora in his
•' Hortus llritannico-Americanus, or the Trees aiul Shrubs of North Ameri.a," pul)lished at
London, m ITii;]. Yet this work can not be rcuMrded as properly bearini>' upon the
Canadian ilora. since the cii:hty-liv(> specie's which it desi ribes. are dealt with as beloii<ring
to the Southern States. A few of the species, viz., oak, maple, dogwood, etc are also
Canadian, ()Ut that they were .so was not within his knowledue.

Mackenzie, in ITSH. penetrated the her.rt of British North America to the mouth of
the river ])earing his name, lie also reached th.' Facilic Coast in the vicinity of Vancouver.
Yet beyond a few casual observations upon the common trees m.'t with, nothiuii- was
recorded. There were no attempts at scientiiic observations upon the llora of the ccmntrv,
which might have been expected to be one of the le.idinu' features of such an expedition.
But this is accounted for, to a large extent, by the liut that there was no professiomd
naturalist attached. Mackenzie hinis(di'. who appears to have had some appreciation of
the desirability of such work. < ould not attend to its details, for, as he says in excuse, " 1
do not possess the science of the naturalist, aiul even if th(> i|ualilications of that character
had been attained ])y me. its curious spirit could not have b.'cn gratilied. I could not
stop to dig into the earth, over whose surface I was compelled to ]>ass with rapid steps ;
nor could I turn aside to c(dlect the plants which Nature nught have scattered in my wav,
when my thouuhts were anxiously employed in making i)rovjsior. for the day that was
passing over me," Moreover, as he recorded later, the numerous jjcrils of the voyage and
a turbulent crew of men, fully engaged his attention, had it beiMi otherwise po.ssible to

' N'MVaL'c cii- la lijirciii ilo I.a Ilimtaii ilaii.s l'.\iiirriiiiie Scptcntridiialc 17(i;!.

- 'I'hc availatiji' iiifiiiinalidii rcs^icctiii'.' tliis early (iN|)l(irt'r is most rrairniiMitary ami uiisatisfactory. .\ care-
ful ^I'anh throu.'h several lar;.'i' lihraries, lias tailed tn ilisrover anylliin<r CMneeriiiiiL' liim lieyi.ini ilm verv scanty
iul'uniialidii usually rcjiunl in lii(i^'ra|)liii'al (licll'iuaries, aiwl wliiili is slated iu tlie aecdiupain iiiuf list.

' Maeken/ie's \'oyat.'es, etc., ISOl.

-'

CANADIAN ROTANY.

49

1

l.n.s.vut,. .su.li inv.-slioations. As il was. his ..|i;.rts woiv ronr..ntnitc(l uimu liiidini.- a.-w
iivcim.'s r..r Had.', aii.l. if possiM.., solvill^r i},,. ,,„..slioii o|' a north-w.'sl i)as.s;,if,. to Iiulia.

Ill Ills voyair.. („ 11... I'arilir IVom 17!m) to 170:.. Van.'ouv.T ' visit. ul ih.. w.-st ,'.>ast of
Amn-ica. His was the lirsl .-xiM-dition to visit Canada, liaviii- a pror-ssioiial naluialist
uttarhod to it, and it was at that tini.- that Mr AivhihaUl M,.n/i.'s, a sur-ivon in the J{(,yal
Navy, a.vomi.lishr.l that work whi.h has siii-v nuuh' his naiiv a lamiliar on.- in Canadian
botany.

That, for two huiidn-1 aixl sixty.fnv y.'ars, th.' oxphm-rs of this yivat country <-on-
(ril)ut.'d hut littl- t.. th.' advan.'.-.ni'nt of our l.otani.al l<nowh"d-.v. standsasa .onspiVuous
la-l ; thou-h anion-.- th.>m all, th.'iv or.asionally app.'aivd one who s.-.-mi'd in a incasuri'
to r.^d.vni th.- ivpulalion of th.. .hiss. It will ho i^ossihl.-. how.'V.'r. to mor.' I'ully
appiv.iat.'th." tru.. position ol' th.'s.' .sirly .-xplon-rs, and und.'rstan.l th.' i.',.n.'ral a])SiMi.>.'
of hotani.al ..l.s.'rvalioiis IVoin th.'ir ivsults, if w.' hri.'lly iv. all the stat.' of hotani.'al
scicnc' in Kurop.' iVom the sixt.'.'iith to th.' .los.' of th.' .'iu'hi.'.'iith c'liturv.

At th.'tini.. of Carti.'i-'s voyauvs, hotany as a s.i.'n..' was unknown. Plants w.-rc
r.'.jard.'d as of value only so far as they w.t.' dir.'.tly appli-ablc to .'.■oii..iHi.' purpos.'s and
to m.'di.al pra.ti,-.'. No att.'inpt had th.'ii Ixvii mad.' to study plants .s.imtili.ally and
ri'du.'.' th.'in t<. a sy.si..ni of .lassiliralion, nor was it until s.'v.'ial y.'ais lat.'r. that Konrad
(i.'sn.'r. of Zuri. h. iv.-on-nis.'d th.' valu.' of a .la.ssili.'ation l.a.s.'d up.)ntli.' niihryo : althouuh
th.' appli.atioii ..f th.' |.riii.ipl.' was n.)t mad.' until a y.'t later period, wh.'ii Aiidiea C.'s-
ali)ini, an Italian, put it I.. ;i pia. ti.al, lhoui>'h not \vh..lly su.v.-.ssful. t.'st. Th.' date ol
Champlaiirs v.>yaii-.' arriv.'d, th.'h'foiv, with hotani.al s.i.'n.v in an uiifonued state. In
Ih.' latt.'r part <.f th.' s.'v.'iit.'.'iith eeiitiiry, h.)W.'V.'r, th.' two uivat liii-hts in th.' hotaiii.'al
world, h'ay in luiiiland and T.)urii.'iort in I'ran.v, .^u.ve.'d.'d in .■stahlishin- ind.'p.'udent
sysl..ins of .l.assili.ation. wliiih. while th.'v liav.' Ions? sin.v h.'.'ii ivpla.vd, aiv y.'t justly
re^rard.'d as .-onstitutini.- ih.' lirst ival hasis of s.i.'niill.' In.tany. l!ut it yet ivmaiiied for
the brilliant jjenius of Linnn-us to .'stablish that syst.'ui of binomial .lassilh-ation, whi.h
not only r.'iid.'r.'d him th.' fath.'r of botany, but whi.h has b.vn in us. until a very re.ent
period. Th.' y.'ar IT.-.T. in whi.h th.- artili. ial .syst.'ia of LiniKeus was aiinoun.-.'d. may
well be .onsid.'r.'d that from whi.li hotani.al s.i.'n.v dat.'s its -rowth. Nt.r should wo
los.' siirht of the fa.t that, b.-foiv Linim'us. and .'v.'ii for .som.' time alt.'r, th.'re was no
very tr,,,u.ral dilfusion of hotani.al knowl.'.luv. Su.h as was a.-quhvd. was eonliiied to a
f.'w sp,., ialists, to th.' m.'di.al profession, and to th.' pri.'sthood, whose m.'ml)ers, fr.mi
th.'ir ,studi..us habits of lite, w.mld be aiuoii- th.' lirst to a.-.juire su.h iniormation as
was extant.

Kollowinj,' Linn;eus, or .■ont.'mporary with him in (he ei-i'ht.'enth .'cntury, there wore
several whose names ar.' illustii.ius in th.' history of hotani.al progress, and whos.' labors
gave a sp.'.'ial inipuls,' t.i th.' n.'W s.i.'ii.e. Th.' discovery of n.'W lands, and th.> explora-
ti.m of hitherto unknown re<«'i..ns, w.'re .ontinual .sour.vs of new and valual)h' material,
upon th.'.'xamination of whi.h, th.'re w.'iv almndant opportunities to found a r.^putatiou.
Thus, within th.' .'i^ht.'eiith .'entury. the nain.'s of Heriiard d.' Jussicu, the cont.'mporary
of Liniiii'us ; of Adan.son, his pupil ; of A. L. Jussieu, his nephew, and at the close of the
century, of D.' Candolle, appear as bright lights in a brilliant period of hotani.al progress.

' ViiiuMiiver'.s Voyii^res, isoi.

Hue. iv, 1887.

BO

PKNn.MiT.OW OX

It is. lli.-vi'lni-i'. ill iin icspc. t vtiaiiuv that the iMrliiT ••xplnivrs like Cuvti'T, MiiisnniitMi\ c,
CliMiiiphiiii, l.ii Sail.' and oiIht.-. slioiiiil liav.' i'ail.-il to atl:i<li any vi'vy unMt d'liTt''' nl' iiii-
ptirtaiiii' to l)iitaiii' al it'.Tar>li ; tlicniu'li oiii- caiinol iiclp liii- li'<'linu' tliat tli>' s|»f< ial activity
in tiiis (lirt'ciiou. whirh was maiiilot in tlic t inn' til' Mat kcn/ic and dliiiT I'XplonMs oi' tlial
licriod, slionld have li'dilimi to atlarli niorr iuiportanic to lln' lal)>rs ol' tli<' natuvalisl than
appears to have hern tlii' rase. r>ut it is 1.1 cntirclv dill'cr.'nt liaiids tiiat Wi- must look I'or
any Very laimilili' icsiills: and thi'sc av tin- priots. tlic resident physirians and otlici'
colonial (dliccrs. and a lew eativr naturalists who were di'spatdied on special niis>i(ins, to
gain olory lor tlieniselves, hut most 'j'.'ncrally at Lireat ix'cuniary sacriiii e, and oltcn, also,
at tilt.' pernianeiit expense ol' their health.

l'"or our earli<'st know'ledii'e ol' Canadian l)otaii\. we are i\v>\ ol' all iiidehted to that
noMe class of sell-sacrilicini;' men. ihi' earlv I'rcnch missionaries, who preceded or accoiii-
jiaiiicd the various explorers in their expeditions, and to whom we owe much for some
ol'the m<'si important rc^-ults achieved duriiiu' those times of Lireat dilliculty and personal
sacrilice.

< hie ol' the earliest priests to leave aiiv special notes upon the veu-etation ol' Canada,
was the l'"ranci>caii, Hennepin, who sailed from I'rance in company with Fraiieois de Laval,
ai'terwards liishoj) of (^hiehec. and who aicttmiiaiiied La Salle in his famous voyau'es durinif
the ])eriml I'rom 107'.' to l(iSi». To his care and lorevii-ht we larudy owe the preservation
(d" the records of that ill-fated exiiediiion. Hennepin explored the country throuuh iho
entire rcuion of the St. Lawreinf and the ureal lakes; westward into Wisconsin, where
he was carried as a captive, and southward to New Orleans. Of the veu'etatioii. he has
comparatively little lo >ay. l)eyoiid iiotinu- thi' occurrence o\' wcdl-known trees. He cer-
tainly appears to have made no collections, nor did he liive any written ac.(.iiiit ol
si)ecial <|Uestions touchiiiii' the Itotaiiy of the districts he visited. He refers, on several
occasions, to the u'reat density of the forests, whi<h rendered travel hy any other vehicle
than the ( aiioe, impra< ticable. He also speaks on more than one occasion, of the i>i'eat
al)U)ulauce of era]>e vines, whii h were everywhere desiu'iiated hy the I'reiich as '' Viu'iies
de Batturob"; and to the prevalence of walnut, chestnut and plum trees al)out liake I'^rie.
. le makes menti:in of one fad which possesses a somewhat peculiar interest, viz., that he
frequently made blazes on trees, as was then customary, in order to mark the trail. These
he refers to as made in the form of a cross.

In the Peter Rodpath Museum of McGill rniversity. there is a specimen of a Maze
upon a beech tree, which may have been made for the ])urpose al)ove indicated.-' The
iiiTUro was made with a knife, and is in the form of a crowned arch eiiclosinu- the initials
./. C. M.J. and 7''., with a heart surmounted by a cross. Aceordini^' to the testimony
of Sisters of the Vilie Marie Convent, this indicates, as would naturally be inferrt'd. the
work of a Franciscan monk. The tre(> upon w'hi( h the blaze was made, ajjj^ears to have
beeu about four and one-half iiu lies in diamoter, while in tlie wood which subse(|uently
formed external to the l)lazi'. at least KIO riiiirs of annual u'rowth have been <()unled.
Two impressions are to be observed — one repri'.sentinu' the ori<.;inal blaze, and the other
a cast from it, made ])y the overgrowing wood, both being very clearly deliued. The

^'

i

]■']-. lii'iiiK'iiiii's l)isciivcry in Aiiicrica, with l.a Salle's N'dva^'cfc, etc, Hisii,
' Bcieiicc, iii, li.)4.

\

<'ANAI)IAN liOTANV.

51

liuuri' WHS .l.'iirly rut with ii kiiii'<', ;i.s shown hy thr Wfll-pn'siTVcd iiuistd lines; ihoiiirh
till' oiitiT liist, Itrinii' ill l»l:iik, at lirsl li'iids (tiic'to Miiiposc a hot iron to havi- hi'fii t'liiitloycd.
Upon ihoiT rxiiiiiinalioii, liowi'vi-r, it apju'Mis tliat tlic hhnk or rarl)<)nisi'd portions wi-re
till' i-i'sult oi' partial decay. I he di-cayed i>i.rtions hi'inii' siiltse(pieiilly covered, and thus

prodncinii' liie appearance oli>.rved. Tiie sj iini'ii was I'oiind at Helle Itiviere, in tho

parish of Two Mountains, and was only discovered hy accident, when cutlinii' up lire-wood.
It was rescued and piesenied to tije nuiseiiiii hy Mr. William ( )swald, Jun. Mr. John
Heade has recently drawn my atteiilioii to the lad that Ahhe 'ranvniay ' irives the year
I7-I as tin- dali' wlf'ii llii^ parish was esiahlishi'd. This would exactly I'oiiicide with the
pn l)altle lime that has .'lapsed since the Maze was i lit. and siiUL'ests the possihility of its
havinii' l»'<'n one oj' sevral other houndary Ma/.es. IT this he the case, it is not iniproh-
ahle that others may he loiind on the line of the old parish houmlary.

The next missionary ol' note who claims mir attention, was thf Jesuit, Charlevoix,-'
who leai lied (^hiehec on Septenilier L'.'.rd. I7-". Travellin<>' hv way ol' the St. Lawrenet*
and the Lireal Lakes, he descended tlie Mississippi and visited St. Doniinuo, whence ho
returned to I'raiii »■, without anain visitinii' Canada.

Althouiih like so many ol his ])re(le( es.sors, Charlevoix appean-d to devote his attention
cjiielly to the Indians, his journals contain notes on the l)otany ol' the country, whieh are
not without interest. Spi'akiiui- of t he Lirandeur ol' the forests, and si/.e of the trees, which
seem to have made a u'leat im|iression upon him. he says, " Xothiiiii' ean present a nohler
or more maii'iiiiiceiit prosjx'it to the (>yes ; the trees hide their t((i)s in the clouds, and tho
variety u| diljerent species of them is so prodiuioiis. that even ainoii<>-st all those who have
most applied themselves to a kiiowledu'e of them, ihere is not [lerhaps one. who is not
iliiioraiit of at hast one-half ol' them." lie refers to the abundance of hoth red {Jiiiii/wriis
I'ir^iindnii. L) and whit.- cedar | '/'//////(( ocriih nhilia. L.). lie also distinctly speaks of tho
u'eiieral distrihiition all over Canada — prohahly inteiidiiui' to refer more particularly to
(hitario and the West — oi lioth white ((J//rrri/.f n/hn, L.) and re<l {(^hirn-ii^ nihra, L.)
oak Of the walnuts he mentions three kinds. Imt from his description, he evi<lently
includes the hutlernut and two of the hickories in this list. IIo recoi'-nised tho hop.
{Ifiniiiiliis lupiilii^i. Ii ) tliouu'h an old world species, as also clearly iiidiii'onous to this con-
tinent lie also makes the somewhat surprisiim- statement that " The Indians wore
ae(piaiiited before oui arrival in their country, with tin' coinmi>n and watermelon. Tho
former are as pfood as those in Franee, especially in this ishiiid (Montreal) where they are
in tjreat plenty."' There is an obvious error of observation here. Do Candollo distinetly
Slates what is eoinnionlv accepted by botanists — and in eontradietion of whieh wo havo
seen no good proof — when he says that tlie water nndoii was introdueed into Amoriea l)y
Europeans,' and the same may also be said of tht> common melon." Yot, as we shall soo
aii'ain, later travellers in Canada appear to havo boon misled into ifiving' curroney to the
.same opinion.

Among other observations of interest, ho mentions tho milkweed (Axrh'/iiag Cornnli)

i

I

n

I

' IMctiDnnnirc <ii'ii(''aleL'iiiii(', i. ''HI.

■ liistdirc el l>i'siii|itinii j.'t'iu''r!ile do hi NenvcUe I'ranco, I'aris, 1711. .leiinial ef a Viiyat;o to Xortli America,
TaiiiiIoii, 17(10.

' VoyiiOT til N'ortli Am^rii'ii, i. 24.5. ' IhUI., i. '-'.■lO.

(Irigin of Cullivaled riaiit.>f, J). 21)4. '• Ihid.,\\.'H\\.

B2

1'i:mi.\ij-o\v on

« all I'd li\ I 111' Iinli:iiis ('oil oil \ ]•<;•" ( >l this, hi' sjiys. " In I hi' inoniinu'. hi •lore tin' th-w is
oil', >lroki' till' llo\v.'r>. and iIuti' lails I'loni tln'in a liiml of hoiii'v, uhi<li. In' hoiliiiu', is
ri'duiiil In a kind ol siiuai'"' II'' appari'Mtly rt'l'iTs to the nntar i.l' tin' llowcrs, which,
dil\il''d Ity di'W. may then In' i olli'rti'd, thus roii^tinit iiiii' a kind of iiiiiiua. The siin-
lloWi'V i> nii'iU ioiii'd a- riiltivati'd hy tin' Indians lor t In' sci'd, I'lom which tlu'V pnpaii'd
an oil lor aiioiiii in'j I h.' hail'. .Ii'lli'vys iiimlions ihi' sain«' use oT tin' miiiIIowc .h Ilt'lio-
tropi'. CiinMiii:' \\a> lountl to he in (dimnon Use annmii' the Miami Indians, ahoiit the
southern exireiiiity of hake Miehiiian. and the same Indians were al>o in the hahit ol'
niakiu'^' i i-ith Iroiii the liltious hark oT the whitewood ('l'i/i,i .\inn-ii nun), a pra. liie w hi. h
iinds a parallel in the maniilaelure of eloth IVom the lihroiis hark of the r/nuis iiioiiliunt.
var. Idiininhi. ]»y the Aiiios of iiorlhern Japan ami eastern Siheria

The prod'.n lii>n nt maple simar appears to ha\e heeii a pro, e>s whieh aioiised more
than u>ual interest in I he minds ol' these early travellers. Charlevoix enters somewhat into
(h'tail eoiuernini;' its mode of preparation and virtues. He ,savs that "'i'he Indians, who
are perl'eeily Well aei|uainled with all the virtues ol their plants, have at all times, as well
as at lhi> day. made . luistaiit use ol this li(|Uor (the iresh sap). I!ut it is eertain, they were
iiiiioraiii ol the ari of making- sunar from it. whieli we have siini' lau'jht them." Later
w riters al>o seem lo have heeii impressed with this produilion ol' simar. notahly Weld.' who
makes sonn'what detailed o])servatioiis ol' interest. Thus he states ;hat, " A pound ol' suyar
is rr>'<iuently i)rodueed from two or three uallous ol the sap ol tin eurled maple, whiTeas.
no more than the same (piantily ran he had from six or seven irallons ol' that ol the
.Nwamp. A maple tree, ol' the diameter of twenty imhes, will eommonlv yield sulliiieiil
siij) lor makint:' live jiounds of suLiar eaeh year, and iustanees have heeu known oi trees
yieldiuLT nearly this ([uantity, annually, I'or a series of thirty years. " Dr. Xooth o|' (^uel)ei',
is spoken of as havinu' ilennmst rated the possihility of produeinu' whiti' suear of the liin'st
(luality, with l)Ut little trouhle.

("harlevoix linally \entures a remark whieh, with slitjhi modilieatiou. miiiht he made
to a[)ply to-day. that ■ It is suritrisino- that in l"'raine. where there are so often nn-t with
persons who have .spent ii li'reat part of their lives in Canada, they should liave so imper-
feet a notion of the eonntry." Anmni:' other useful lahors performed })y Charlevoix, in
the interest ol' Canadian hotany, was the translation of Cornut's work, to wliieh he made
sevLM'al important additions.

Contemporary witli Charlevoix, was the Jesuit Lalitau. resident at Caui>-hniiwaa:a.
He does not ap])ear to have yivt'ii any marki.'d attention to tho llora of the country ; never-
theless, to liini we are iiidehted for the discovery of <rinsenu' on the hanks of the St. Law-
rence in ITl'l. Throu^li his eilbrts there a;ose an important commerce in the roots of this
plant, as noted hy Kahn at the time of his visit simie thirty years later.

From this it would appear that, useful as thi'y were in other directions, the early
missionaries did not. in any very laruv degree, promote our knowled<>e of Canadian botany ;
novertheh'ss. in tliis. as in other lields of labor, they aceomplished important work as
pioneers, a position winch should always command the respectful I'onsideration of those

' N'nyaiii' til Xnrtli .Vinorii'ii, i. L'.')".

' Viiyaj^o. to AiniTira, i. l!'!'.

" Vnyafrc tu Nortli America, i. LTi!-!.

'■ La i'laiitu (111 <;iii.s('ii_' ilii 'I'ailario ilnfi)UV(\rte en Caiiaila, I'aris, ITl-*. (-'aiiailian Naturalist, iii. 4()(i.

-' Hi.stiiry of tlio rrciicli Dumiiiinn, |i. 42.
' Trav(^l.s in Nortli .Amnrira, i. lis).

CANAIHAX ISOTANV.

38

J

wlui, in roll(»\viiiir. art- to ifiip tln' l»i'iii'lit <>|' liiud-woii vit lorii'y jiml |i(»()rly-ri'(iiiil('(| lull.
Wf iirt' thus lnoiiylit to roiisidcr tin- third i hiss, iliiil whirh iiirlmlcs thi- piMrcssioniil
iiiitunilist.

Ill ltIo.'>. .Tiir(|iics rhillippf Corinii ol I'liiis. |iiihli.«lii(l ,1 li.st ol' ('iiiiii(li;in pluiits. under
tht> tith- <d' " ('iiiiiidt'iisiuiii I'hiiitiiniiii Aiiiiruiii<|Ui iiondiiiii I'ditiuiiiii hisioiiii." 'I'his
< oiistiliiti'd I III' iii'ht piildiiatioii rchitiv <> to Ciiiiadiaii liotiiii}. It 1 oniiiiiis (Ii's<'riptioii> u|
a Vi'iv (•oiisi(l.'ial)h' iniiiilicr of our 1 Mimiioii phiMl> whirh arc limirrd in {idmiiahly ''xcrutrd
philcs. Wi- hfii', also, uiift willi n'ciii'rii iiaiiics uhiili arc slill rciaiiu'd in our modern
chissilicatioii, thouirh ascrihcd to later hotaiiists, such as 'i'ouriicl'orl and Linnicus. w lu/
must have derived ilicni IVoiii Coriiui without credit. .ludLicd iVom our present stand-
point ol' iioiaiiical knowlede'c, the descriplions are not w Iwdly scientilic, and the crudi'
attempts at dassilicatioii show no scii'iitilic hasis The work was translated a century
later, hy Charlevoix, who added many notes to it.

The earliest physician, whose name is |iroinineiitly ((uuiected with the hotaiiv ol' this
country, was Sarrasiii, resident physici.m at the « ourt ol' (^uchc •. iu the carlv part o[' tlu'
•'iirhteeiith century, a position he hch! until his death, in IT-'H, at the ane ol' .scveiity-live
years, lie was, theridore, at (Jiiehec ai the lime of Charlevoix's visit : indeed, the latter
Npeeially refers to him on more than one occasion. Althous^h he lelt ao special writiiiLfs
on the (^inadiaii II mii, he sent ( Ik'ctioiis ol' pliMiis to Miiropc, and particularlv to France,
AuKtiii? others, he ,seiit the common ,>itclier plant, which he had discovered, and which
Tournerort dedi( aicd to him under thi' ii'eiu'ric name of Stn-nueiiid.

Sarrasiii died jusi as Liiin.i'Us was reachiiiu' fame. Ilis collections, however, were
prohahly amouii' the lirst o,'' those to r'ucli l"]uroi)e, and which servt'd as the source
w hence Linmeus lirst derived the material for hi.s de.scriplions. Certain it is that, within
the early and middle part of the eie-hleonth ciMitury, many plants were de.-.vihed hy
Linmi'us, in which the name of Canada is prominent. Thus the low blackberry, (Hiil>ns
CaiKii/i'Nsis. L,). the Canadian violet {I'di/a <'(inti(/riisis. L.), the blood root (Snt/ii^iiindrid Otnn-
t/riisis. \j}, the dwarf cormd {('oniiia Cuniii/iiisis, L.), and many others, will remain monu-
ments to the /oalous work of those earlv botanists, and memorials of our countiy, as Ioiil"-
as l)otunical science exists.

Boucher, who was u'overuor of Three Rivers, and who published a work entitled
" Ilistoire Naturidle de la Nouv<'!!e I'rance, vulgairement dite le Canada." preceded Sar-
rasiii by a few years, Ui-yoiid the work nu'iitioned, he has left us nothini>-of im^tortanee,

Followinu' Dr, Sarrasiii, and rei)lacing him as lioyal Physician, was Dr. Gaultier, who
was living at (^ueltec at the time of Kalms visit. Th(> two appear to have established an
intimate friendship, and though (.laultier left no writings, he seemed to have been an
enthusiastic botanist, Ilis memory is perpetuated in our common little wintor-greeu,
which Kalm dedicated to I'is friend under the generic name of Clitiiilheria}

I'i'
1

k
fl

PI

I

• V.

' Tliorc ii|i|K^ars to Ix' ,S(inie confu.sidn iiiiuni;.' liotanisl.s ri'siicctiiii: tlie triii>(irtlioLrrapliy of tliisnamo. Kalm
I'oiitinualiy s|hmU.s ^if Pr. li.aitliier us " (iuii/tliier," aiul to liiiu we doublk'ss owe tlie iiii.stiiUo siiu'o pcriietiiated,
I>r. (Iray says, "Tiii.s is written in tho Qnt-liiM' Keconls as (laultit'i-. 'I'liis tJiwuis slioiiKi i.ot be written Gnnl-
llariii,. , , nor < S'liilUrin, ddiilimi, etc. If I'liani-'i'il at all. tin- riiilit orlhotrraiiliv wmild hn (laiiUuni." (Klora
of Xortli Anioiii'a, 1. i. I'll.) Tliis .stateiiwnt apjxuirs to liavo Iiccn liascd upon inl'or. nation dcriveil at lirat hand
from tlie late -Milie littmi't; yet wo find the latter sayinj: that " Some botanists liavo vonttired to chani.'e the nanid
of this plant to (•'(lulicrii, l)ut the true ortliography of the name of its discoverer is (ianlliier, as ajijiears from the

i

4

i

84

PKNII ALLOW ON

On Ootober ItUh, 1747, Pror Pt'lor Ki.iin. of Abo, Swi'dcn, aiul a lonnor pupil of
Linnams, aocompaiiiod by one ol' his irardfiiors as assistant, sot sail lor Nin'tii Anii'rica.
This I'vont oniirnHl ten years alter Linntvus announced his system of elassilication ; and
we may, therelore, consider the period in which Kalm undertook his journey, as one oi"
;j'reat activity and interest in liotanical research. The proposition oi" Kalm to undertal<e
lae task, was not based upon purely scientilic unrounds, however, lor, as Linnieiis himself
said, in justiiication ol'the undertaking, "A journey through North America would be yet
oi'a more extensive utility than that through the northern parts ol' Siberia and Iceland,
•or the plants ol' America wi're then but little known and scientilically described, and by
several trials it seemed probable that the greatest part ol'the North American plants
would bear well the Swedish winters; and, what was more important, a y-reat m:iny
American plants promised to l)e useful in husbandry and physic." Indeed, Kalm himself
felt indill'erent to the adverse public ''rilicisms freely bestowed upon him, in view of the
great public utility likely to result, and this he reu'arded as " the true reward of his pains
and expenses." lie was aided very materially by Dr. Linuicus, to whose ell'orts in his
behalf, he probably owed the iinal success of his mission, at least, in a vi'rv larue degree.

Kalm reached I'liiladelphia on September •Jlith. 1T4S. and after spending sometime in
the Stat(>s — during which he discovered the laurel which Linnanis dedicated to him
under the generic name of Ktiliina ' — he proceeded by way of .Mbanv and Lake Champlain
to Caiutda, making a somewhat prolouiicd stay at <Jueb(H-, where hi' met \)\\ (laultier,-
with whom he formed an intinuite friendship. It was at this time that he dedicated the
genus (idnltlien'ii to his friend, who diseovered our i)rettv litih- winter-green.

Alter an abst^ice of three years and i-iuht months, Kalm returned to his old position
at Abo, and then", in a small g:U'den of his own, he cultivated huiulreds of American
plants, since he wished " to see what plants would bear the climate and bear yood and
ripe seeds so far north." As yet. the university had no botanic <>'arden, ami in all jM'oba-
bility Kalm's ell'orts were the means of establishing the earliest institution of the kind
in northern Europe.

Kalm's observations were embodied in a numbi'r of commiini<alions transmitted to
the Swedish Academy. In the Journal of his travel,'<. only general observations of scien-

re^i.slers nf Notre Ihitiie ihi ijiicln'i' (Koj-'isler, Aii^r. -'itli, ITol). It Wduld, bi',siil('.>j, hi^ uiicl(>.siral)l<i tn cliaiijie aniiino
cniiKociatt'ii like thi.s by leiijr ii.si'." {< 'an. Nat. N. ."^er., i. ;i:iL'). 'I'lu'.sc variatioiLs, hii\v((vt'r, a.s well as Kalm's orit,'iiial
iiii.stakc, are not straii;.'e, in view nf the fait whiih 'raiitriiay ( Pirt. (ien. i, L'.")7) imint.s out, that llie name !.>; vari-
misly .sjielleil, (J mtlnii-, (imiliir aii,l (iinilli,'i,r. A I'.iiirth Inriii nl' the name is (•>i\iUi,r, a.s already iHiintcil mit, ami
an also oi'eur> in Kalm's Traxels, y. (UU-.").

Mr. .^t. f'yr of <^ncliei- I'niilirin.s llie .\|.h.'- lirmiei's determination of the eou-ei't form of the name as (lunltin- ;
then^fore the < lauthier as it ai>|iears in tlie Cm, nil Inn .Xnlin-u/i!'!, would appear to he an error in I rod need, in makiiii;
tlii' translation. The same ^-entleman ha.s also kindly supplied the following notes of interest :-"' M. < lauthier,
luedi'cin (111 J{,ii,et Aeademieian i|i;i 111 en Canada de.s ohservalions holaniiines, mi'ti'orolM;;i,|nes el ni'^dicales di^
17-lL' il 174.'!.' (('eel est uiie erreur, ear M, < lauthier etait a <^ii"hee dans rantomum Pl'.ti. ' II d('r,,n\rit le the dii
Canada I't drinfinstra a I'-Xeadeiine des .'^eiences, la snpi'rioriti' de. notre lapiilaire sur le eapillaiie fran(,'ais. ete.
II jpaila en meme teiniw de. notre the qu'il, di'si^na eomme. un hreuvaire exi'ellent, etc., ete. l.'Arnd.'mii. ful si
satisfaite dii Monioire, (ju'elle vonlut, que eette plaiile jiortat le nom de. ,M. < iaulhiir, et qu'ille IVil ap|H'lli'e
Gnultliiriii.' Ulliand, I>ii'tionnaire IIistorii|iie, iL'O.

" Dans nn raptM.rt de I'inteiident liitrot, an ministre franeais idatid (^iiehee, ( irt. l.Mh, 171!'), il est dit i|Ue'le
Sr, Kaliu, ne .s'est oeeuii<'', suivaiit le enmjite i|iii noii.s en a OW^ rendu par le Sieiir (iautier, nu'decin, iju'il a loiijoiirs
ue('oin[iai»!ie, ete., ete.' Documents relatifs il la Nouvelle I'rame, iii. 4ii:.'."

' Travels in North America, i. lili'!. ■ y'/e/., iii. llii).

"

CANADIAN BOTANY.

55

J

till.' inttMcst tin- rycordt'd, but Irom them we gather the I'ollowing, us bearing- upon the
hxal llora.

The red mulberry {Moms rubra, L.) is relerred to as grovviiig in the vicinity of Montreal
in 1749. where it had, /r(il)ahly, l)een introduced to cultivation,' He also remarks upon
the trade in ainscng. which, at that time, had reached most encouraging proportions,
though only a lew years later ihis thri\ ing conunerce came to a sudden end, through the
loo eagor haste ol' the people to realise all they could. The inl'eriority ol' the native oaks,
as compared with the l^iglish limber, is commented upou.

Kalm appears to have been much impressed with the striking- re,seml)lance of many
of our plants to those of the xVortli European flora, since he r.'marks that, " about the
Lower Ht. Liwrence, the plants bear a striking- similarity (o those of Sweden, while many
water i)lants in Lake St. Peter are identical." -' Plums, red currants, aud other fruits,
introduced to Quebec from luirope, are spokt>n of as doing well, but the French grapes,
cultivated at Montreal, di<l not sucveed. Melons are referred to as cultivated before the
advent of Europeans, but this appears to be an error, Imrrow^ed fniu some of the earlier
missionaries. Wo find also that the same mistake is repeated l)y Jelferys, who ij-ives a
brief account of the trees and plants of Canada, apparently borrowed from Charlevoix.'

The Iruil of K-dm's eiibrts wiis secured to him, in very Inrge measure, only indirectly.
His extensive collections went to Liiimeus, of whose herbarium they formed a part, yet
disiiniiui.shed from the coll.vtions of others by the initial A', prelixed to the name of each
specimen.

The liibors of Kalra i>av(> so decided iiii impulse to Caiuidian ])otany ; his collection,s
formed .so conspicuous a \y.\r\ of th(> materijil upon which Linnieus based his de.scriptions
ol' Anu-riciin plants; and as moreover, he wns e.ssentially the iirst botanist in the field, he
may justly ho regarded as [\\o father of Canadian botany. Nor could it hav(> had a more
res])ectal)le origin than at the hands of the celebrated disciple of the great Linmeus.

Following Kalm. after an interval of thirty-eight years, there api>eared another bright
light ill the development of Canadian botany. In the year 178")-8t;, Andre Michaux visited
America on a mission ^ilnililr to that of Kiilin. He was a native of France, aiul had
studied under the celebrated botanist IJeriuird de .Tussieu, from whom he gained a prestige
scarcely inferior to that enjoyed by Kalm. In further prosecuting preparations for his
contemplated journey, he visit. >d Englaiul. Spain and Persia, whence he returned to France
with vi'ry lariiv collections of plants and seeds.' From the French Crovernment he received
a commi,s.sion to visit tlie continent of America, and collect trees and .seeds for .shipment to
Fran<-e; also to send sudi shrubs and plants as might serve to ornament the King's
gardens, it will thus l)e seen that the primary object of his mission was similar to that
which resulted in Kalm's voya^;e ; but Michaux appears to have attached a much wider
importance to bis prospective work, and to have regarded it more from a scientific point of
view, since he had already conceivi-d the idea that the distribution of the trees of America
sliould be studied, and that it would l>e possil)le to ascertain their origimd centres of dis-

' 'I'nncls in NUrlh .Aniorica, iii. (il. ■' //,),/., iii, Jio.

' lli.steiy uC 111.' I'lTiuh Diiiiiiiii.iii. Th.i.s. ,li'(lt>i_\s, l.iiii.liiii, ITiiO.

'V.iyairc d'Aii.lrt'' Michniix imi (';ui!iclii ili>puis In In.' Cliatiiplaiii .insqu'A la Haio .l'Hiiilf.(.ii, par l'.\Mi(5
Hrniift. .1. .unify ..I' .Micliaux U\ < aiia.la, Can. Nat. N. .S>r., i. \Vi:>. .I.miiu'y to I'no liigli iM.mntaina of Curolinii in
17SS. Am. .fiiiir. .S., xxxii. -Kid. Floru Uoroali-Aiiieri.aiia, I'ari.s, ISO:!.

ii

:

S6

PEXHALLOW ON^

tril)ution throunh laivful obscvvation of thoir tliraonsioiis and ]>rt'doininaiif(' in difFi'Vcnt
parts oltho lountry. It was tho elaboration of this idoa that hirgi'ly h'd him in so many
din'i'tious, and ovor so wido a rang'i* of territory.

In pursuance of his object, Miehanx, accomponicd by a i^ardencr as assistant, reached
New York on October 1st. n>*."). AVith this city as his head quarters, the lirst .seven years
of his work were directed to an exploration of the southern states as far as I'Morida,
and durinu' that time he gathered a rich harvest of material. In 1T02, he carried into
execution liis plans for a visit to Canada. Proceeding by way of Saratoy-a and Lake
C'hamplain, he reached Montreal on June oOth. and Quebec on July Kith. I'rom this latter
jdace as a reiide/vous. he at once prepared for his projected journey into the interior.
Visiting Montmorency, Lorette and Tadousac, he proceeded by way of the Sag'uenay to
Lakes St. John and Mistassini, and thence towards Hudson Bay, through an unl)roken
wililcrncss. The unwillingness of his guides, however, to face the dangers an<l hard.ships
ot the winter then close at haiul. compelled him to turn back after reaching' tho liupert
River. It was to thii-' journey that we owe our knowledge of the pretty little primro.se
which Michaux named in memory of Lake Mistassini, I'limiihi Mis/assinicd.

Amonsr the most imiwrtant results of tliis expedition, was a determination of tho
northern limits of distribution of many of our well kni>wn ibrest trees. Michaux's diary
is also replete with notes concerniiiir the clinnite and the vegetable prodixcts of all tho
districts vi.>itcd by him. Keturning as he went, he took his final departure from Canada
on the approaih of winter. rea<hing Philadelphia on December 8th. Thouti'h only live
months in Canada, his mission was most fruitful of results to Canadian l)otany, and to him
we owe. not only the earliest dcterminatic/us relative to northern limits of distribution,
but also the names of a very large number of our forest trees, as well as many of our
smaller plants.

Michaux is known less by his writings than by his colle<tions, y<>t he has left one (n-
two works which remain monuments to his zealous industry. His " History of the North
American Caks " was published in isOl, the last publication before^ his death, which
occurred in tho following year. His notes and collections, however, served as the basis
of his '•Flora Boreali-Americmia,"' which was published by the eminent botanist, Claude
Louis Kichard, in 180;i. — a work containing descriptions oi l,T<iO jdants with illustrations.
More plants of our llora owe their names to him than to any other botanist of the [leriod,
except Linmeus.

In his "Flora IJoreali-Americana" ' Hooker. sj)caking of botanical work previously
accomi)lished in Xorth Anu-rica, says : — "These labours had l)een performed mainly by
British naturalists, from tho days of Newenham and Menzies. to those of Beccliy aiul the
oiiicers attached to the Hudson's Bay Company's factories." The reference here made to
Newenham, is not easy to uiulerstaud, although there must have been good reasons
for the introduction of the name of one who was iipparently contemporary with Menzies.
A thorough search has nevertheless failed to discover any trace of such a botanist ; while
by advice from the h'oyal (Jardens at Kew, we are informed that they are e(ju:illy at loss
to uiulerstand the reference. Similar application to the Botanic (Jardens of Harvard
University has also resulted in obtaining no tract* of him. The only conclusion which

' I'relaro, iv.

CANADJAX JJOTANY

37

appoars.iustil.abk. is, that Now.nham may luivo boon au eufhusiastic collector, known to
looker, but to very lew others ; and that, havini^ published nothing, the remembrance of
lum has gradually passed away, until al this date, his identity is wholly lost.

A , M !'/ -Ir''"'"^ '" '■'''"" '""' "'"■'"''>" '^^■'■"•••" the close or the eio-htc-nth century, is Ur.
An.h.bal.l Mcxies, a surge-n in the K'uyal xXavy, who was attached as naturalist to Van-
couver s expedition, and aceo.npanied him to the north-west .oast of America. Menxies
appears to have left no published works on the Canadian flora, but his extensive .ollec-
tions greatly extended our knowledge of the botany of the country. As a naturalist, he
was essentnilly the lirst I'higlishman to enter th,. field of botanical exploration in Canada,
alter the <>on(juest. ll.s work has bin. .■ommem..rated bv several I)otanists, in both genera
and species, of which the genus Mr,nicsia of .Smith, and the Ahies Menziesli oi' LindU^y are
htlu.g examples. We thus have in the labors of this naturalist, occurring as they did in
the last deeade ol ITUO, a lilting .■ondusion ..f the historv of Canadian botany in the
eighteenth .■eiitury.

I.— TlIKVKr. Am)i;i-;.

(1.) ''''■■^^^iH^idaritcs.lehiKraiiivantarctiqne, autn'nu'iit noininceAiueriqiie
ct de i.lusieurs autres terres .>t isles decouvert.-s de noire t.-mps : Paris, lor)8.

Also. ])ul)iished in I'higlish as

(2.) The New I'ounde Worlde. or Antarcti.^ke, wherein is contained won-
derlull and strange thinus, as well of humaine creatures, as l„.astes, lislu's,
loules an.l serpents, tn,,,.. p],,„ts, mines of -olde and silver; o-arni.shed with
I'lany learned authorities, travailed and written in the French ton- by that
excellent learned man. Master And.vwe Thevet ; and, now newlv translated
H'lo iMiulish. wherein is reforme.l ihe errours of .\ncient Cosmographers •
liondou, |,",(',s.

rritzefs Tiies. lioi. Li,.. u;u. |.aril>aulfs Cat. d'Ouvra-e.s sur rilist. de

1 AmerKpie: (,)ueber. IS.'.T. LiroU.s,se-s Diet. Univers. du XIXe ^5ierle.

II.-Chami.,,aix, Samuki, df. -A native of j.'rance. Governor of Canada, and the
hmnder of Quebec l!nni at l!rnuaoe. in l.-i.lT ; .lied at Qu.'be.', Dc. 2oth, Hm.
{'■].) Les Voyaii'es du Sjeur de Champlaiii : I'aris, I(il5.

(I.) V;>.\^'^-'^>^ ae la N^mvelle-lVan.e ()cci,hMitah',dit.. Canada: Paris, 1032.
(•>.) <Muvres <le Chami)laiii ; (iiiel)i'e, ISTO.

Aj.pleton's Cyc.of l!ioo>. Tani-uay-s Diet. C!..n., I. 11:!. CasselPs Hioii'. Dht.,
b!7. Pibaiid's Pant!,. Ca,i., .V.i. Itibaud's Diet. Hist., 78.
HI,— Dkm,<, Ni.'.UAs.— Governor of Aradia from liUV2.

(<!.) D..serip(ion 'leograi.hiqu.' .'t IIistori<|ue d.vs C.-.t.'s de I'Amerique
S.'i)t.-ntrionaI.'. av.'.' rilistoire \ntuivll.« de c.> Pays : Paris, l(i72.

Faribault's (\vt. .r()uvra..vs sur rilisl. d.> rAm.Mi.iue. Larouss..\s Diet.
Fnivers. du XIXe Siide.

IV.-C..i;.MiT, .Ta.'.ji Ks PiHMPiMv-Horn at I'aris, Oct. 18th, lOOO ; died at the same
plaee.^Aug. 2:ird Kir.l. Comni..morate.l by Linmeus in the gvnus Connilia.
(7.) Cana.h'iisium IManlarum Tlistoria, .'t.. : Paris, lt;3o.
Fril/.^fs Th.'s, iJot. Li, , ,;.,i. Appletons Cye. of Ihog.

i?ui'. iv, issr. s.

&

11,*;.:

dM

iali

38

PKNllALLOW ON

V._BoucHEi?, riKKHK .— aovonidv of Trois Rivieres, Canada. 1 )io(l at iJivioro-Ouolle,

May Srd. 1707.

(8.) Uistoiiv NatuivlK' do la Nonvi'llo Fraii.o, vulgaiivinent dito lo Cauada :

Tavis, Itlti.'..

rritzol's Thes. Rot. Lit,, 4t;it. Appl^'tcns Cy. of Diog. Tanguay^^ Diet.
Gon. Hibaud's Taiitli. Can , -•'.s. Hihand's Diet. Hist., .">().

Vl._TorKNi:i-oKi', Jo.mcimi Vvvros de.— A nativo of Fvan.o. liorn at Aix. .Tiuu- 5th,
163(3: difd at I'ari.s, ]).'.-. CSth. 170S.

Ho drsrrihod various rolliTtions of Canadian plants, made l)y DirvwilK',
Savrasin. and othcis.

riit/.-l's Thos. l?ot. l>it., .1-20. Applrton's Cy. of Biog., '.'•">:!.

VII.— Hk.nxkimn. Lot-is.— a Fram is.an Monl<. wIk. a.vonipanicd La Sa!!o in Ins voyage
down the Mississippi, iioin in lt!4n; died in 17'IL

(I".) A New Dis.'overy of a Vast Country in America, extending ah(mt 4.000
miles, between \.'W Framv and Mexiro : with deseriptions of the o-roat Lakes,
Catavaets, Kivers, Plants ami Animals, ."te, : Lendon, UH»H.

Appleton's Cye. of 15io-. Farih;iulfs Cat. dUuv. .suv I'llist. de rAmevique.

YIU _])lKKKVll.l.i:. N.— A Fren.h traveller, who made a voyage to Ameriea, in lO'.tO,
On his return lo Franeo. lie carried with him a number of plants, amonii' which
was the bush honeysuckle, wiiich Tournefovt iu\nu'd in his honor, thus
e.stablishing the genus Diirril/d.

(10.) Voyauv du Port-Koyal de I'Acadie ou Xouvelle l"r;iuce; Amsterdam,

1708,

I'ritzel's Thes. Hot Lit . X2. (Iray'.s Flora of N. A„ 1. "2. IS. Appleton's
Cvc, ofl?iog. Larousse's Diet. I'niv, du XIXe Siecle.

IX.—SAUii.vsiN. MiriiKi..— Horn in 1(!.^)!>; died at (Jnebe., Sej)!, iHh, 17:!4. Physician
at the Court of Quebec in H-'JO.

Savrasin left no special wrilinii-s on Canadian Ix.tany. but amouii' the plants
he sent to Tournefori, was the pilch, .r-plant dis.overcd by him: hence, in his
honor, the <>-cnus Sdrriiiciiin was established.

Prit/el-s Thes. P.ot. Lit., 278. Provandicrs Flor. Can., 2M. Appleton's
Cvc ,.f Hi(.-. Tanuuay's Diet. C.en., I, r>i\\\. lUbauds Di.t, Hist., 21t4. Ihbaud's

Panth. Can.,

•)-,-,

X.— L.VKlT.vt^ JnsKi'ii F!;\.\r()is.— A .le.-uit Missionary, resident at Caughnawaga, but
native of l''rance. Pxirn at liordcaux in lt')70 ; died 1740.

(11.) La Planle du (iiiiscng de Tartaric decouverle en Canada: Pari.s, 1718.
Prilzels Thes. Hot. Lit.. 17:1 Appleton's Cyc of I'.iog. Cassell's P.iog.
Diet., 847. P.ibaud's Diet. Hist. 17'). l'.il)aud's Pantii. Can.. 14:!.

XL— Chari-i:v(>i.\. PikiikI': 1m;a.N( ois-X.vvii:u ni:.— A Jesuit Missionary, luitive of
France, who travelled through Canada, down the Mississippi, and to St.
Domin'.io. Horn in 1 <)><•! ; died in 1701.

(12.) Voyage to North America: l^ondou, 1701.

sm

wm

<'ANAi)IAX MOTANV.

69

r

XII.

xiir —

xiv —

xv.

XVI.—

XVII.

(1.'3.) Hi.s(oire dc la Xouvt-llc I'^aiicc : Taris, 1744.

Applotoii's Cyc. ol" Bioir. Faribaiilf.s Cat. d'( )uv. sur rHist. do TAmerique.
I{il)nuds J);.t. Hist , 7!t. I'.ihatid's Panth. Can., 01.

-a.\u i,T I KR. HtKurKs.— Ifosidcnt i)hysiriaii at tho Court of Quoboi; from 1742 to
1743. Gaulti.'r was a naturalist, who docs not appear to luivo publishod any
spo.ial papers on th.i liora of the rountry. To him Kalm dedicated the genus
Gaidlheria.

rrilz.d's Thes, Bot. Lit., lis. I'lovancher's Flor. Can., Sfi.V Can. Nat., N.
tSer., 1. 33L'. Eil)aud's Di.t. Hist., 12!t. l}il)aud's Panth. Can., 110. Tanguay's
l^ict. Gen., I. 2o7. (iray's Flora of N. A., I. 1. 2!>.

Di'iiAMET. i)u MoNCKAu, HE.NRr-Louis.— A celebratod naturalist who was born
at Paris in 1700, and died ^n 1782. He visit.-d Canada in 1740, and made a
series of botanico-meteoroloo'ieal observations during the years 1741-1744.

(14) Observations Boiani.o-Meteorohigique faites a Quebec en Canada,
1744-174'). Dans les Memoires de 1" Academic, Paris, 174(5.

Appleton's Cyc. of Biog. Cassells Biog. Di.r., o72. Faribault's Cat. d'Ouv.
sur I'llist. de l'Amcri(|ue. Bibaud's Panth. Can.. SO.

LlNN.Kis, Carl.— A native of Sweden and Prof of Botany at Upsala. Born at
Kashutt, May 23rd, 17ti7 : died at Upsula, Jan 10th, 1778.

Linn;cus wrote nothing s])e(ially pcrtainiiiii' to the Canadian llora, but he
described large nunil)eis of plants collected by Kalm and others.
Pritzel's Thes. Bot. Lit., 190. Appleton's Cy<'. of Biog., 499.

-.iKKi-Kin .><, Thomas.

(15.) History ol' tlie French Dominion, etc. : Loiulon, 1701.
Farribault'sCat. d'Ouv. snr lllist de I'Amerique.

l\Ai,M. Pi'.Tlci:.— A native of Finland, pupil of Linn;eus, and afterwards Professor
at Abo. Born at Nerpis, in 171"); died at Abo. Nov. 10th, 1779. To him the
genus Kdlmiii, discovered on his journey to America, was dedicated l)y Linnjcus.

(It).) Travels in North America : London, 1770.

(17.) ICn 1{csa til Norra America: Stockholm, 17;")3- 170 1.

(IH.) lieschreibung der Keise nach dem Xordlichcr Amerika • Guttin<>vn
17.')4.

(19.) Norra .\meiicanska ITiriii^-orter : Abo, 170.'!.

Prit/i'l's Thes. Bot. Lit., 101. Ai)plelon's Cyc. of Biou". Provandier's Flor.
Can.. 370. Bibaud's Diet, Hist., lOA. Grav's Flora of N. A., I. 1. 37. Ca.ssell's
Biog. Diet.. 827.

-F(M{STia{, .TuirA.w Ri'iNiroLn.— Born at Dirs.hau, Oct. 22nd, 1729: died at Halle,
Dec. 0th. 179S. Professor of Natural Historv at the University of Halle from

1780.

(20.) Flora Americie Scplentrioiialis ; or a Catalogue of North American
Plants : I^mlon, 1771.

I

1^

aaaaiaii

jam

60

PKNHAl.LOW ON

rntz.-l"s Thos. T!ot. Lit., 110. Applotoii's Cy«^ of Biosr. ('assoll's Biog.
Pi.t., t;4.').

XVIII.— Bartkam, Wiijj.\m.— Th." son oC John Bartrain, iind native of ?(>nnsj-lvania.
Born at rhiladi'lphia in IT".'.); tliod in Di'lawaiv. July 2-2ii(l. 1828.

(•21.) ( )]).M'rvations etc., in Travels from Pennsylvania to Onondaga, Oswego,
and the Lake Ontario in Canada ; London, 1".'>1.

(■22.) An Aeeount of the Species, llyhrids, and oth(>r Varieties of the Vine
of North America: New York Med. Kepos., 1804, I. r.'--24.

XIX.— Hk.vunk. S.vMriu,.— a native of England. Born in 174-") ; died in n92.

(•2:1) A Journey from Trince of Wales Fort in Hudson's Bay, to the
Northern Ocean, 17G0-177'2: London, 17'.Hk

Appleton's Cye. of Biog. Cassell's Bioa'. Diet., 7<)3. F.nglish Cyclopedia.
Larousse's Diet. Tnivers. du XlXe. Siecle.

XX.— Micn.vrx, A.NnRi';.— A native of Franc(>. Born at Versailles March 7th, 174(3;
died at Mada-ras.'ar, Nov. l:!th. 1802. To him L'lloretier dedicated the genus

Jlichdn.iiii.

(24 ) Histoire des chenes de rAmcri(iut< septentrionale : Paris, 1801.

(25.) Geschichte der Amerikanischen Ei<hen : Stuttgart, 1802.

(2r..) Flora BoTcali-Amcricana : Paris, 1808.

Pritzel's Thes. Bot. Lit.. 217. Appleton's Cyc. of Biog. Cassell's Biog.
Diet., '.'27. Larousse's Did. Univers.
XXI.— L'lIl-MTlKK. CllAULKS LdT'is.— Bom at Paris in 174(;; died Aug. liUh, 1800. Com-
memorated hy Aiton in the n'enus Ilnritieni.

He hiids a place here on account of his having descrihed various Canadian
plants collected l)y Michaux and others.

Pritzel's Thes. Bot. Lit., 184.
XXII.— Kl('ii\Ri>, L<tT!s Cr.AruK Marie.— An (nninent French Ixitanist. I'orn at Ver-
sailles. Sept. 4th, 17')4 : died at Paris. June 7th, 1821 ; tlie g.'uus Kichaniin was
established by Kunth in his honor.

(27.) f'loia Boreali-Ameri.ana, si.stens charaderes plantarum, quas in
Ameiica Septenlrionali collegit et detexil Andreas Michaux: Paris, 180;!.

Pritzel's Thes. Hot. Lit.. 2<;?.. Appleton's Cye. of Biog.

XXIII— Mex/.ies. AitcuiRATii). — A native of l<]ngland; Surireon in the Hoy al Navy, and
Naturalist to Vancouver's expedition. ISorn al Weem, Perthshire, March l.")th,
17.')4; died at Kensington. Feb. l.')th, 1842. ('duniiemorated in the gemis
Memiesi(t of Smith, and in Ahm Zhiizimi, of Lindh^y. lie published no papers
specially relating to the Canadian Flora.

Pritzel's Thes Bot. Lit.. 21:'.. \\. Soc. Cat. IV., :54.'). (J ray's Flora of N.A.,

I. 1. ;}9.

XXIV —Wkm), Isaac.

(28.) Travels throuuh the S* .tes of North America and of the Provinces of
Upper and Lower Canada, 17!i.')-17'.)7 : London, 1800.

OANADIAX MOTANY.

61

A

Tilt' following iidditioiiiil works may contain inlonnation of intort'st : —

Dojnss, AwTinru.

An AccounI of the ('ouiilrics adjoining Hudson's Bay : London, 1744.

Er-Ms, Henuv.

Voyagi' for (ho Discovery of a North-AVcst Passngo by Hudson's "Jtraits to the
Western and Southern Ocean of America, in the years ]74tJ and 1747 : London. 1748.

Knox, John.

Historical Journal ol the Campaigns in North America for tho years 1757-
.'iS-;')!) and 17()it : London, 170!t.

MiM,i-Eii, Samttkl.

Voyages Irom Asia to Aniericn. and Discovery of the North-West Coast of
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lioiisoN, .TosKi'ir

AccounI of Si.\ Veins' Kesidence in Hudson's Hiiy, from IT-Vi to 173G, and from
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ITmFI!K\ n.LK. l']l)\V \I,M).

The Tresenl Shite of Hudson's r)iiy ; lontaining a full de.scription of that
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WlIITliOUIlNE, Rl('IIAi;i).

A Discourse and Discovery of Nowfoundlaiul: Loiulon, li!22.

-'*>

.JfaK^Ck.