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The following diagrams illustrate the method: Les cartes, planches, tableaux, etc., peuvent Atre filmte A des taux de reduction diff6rents. Lorsque le document est trop grand pour Atre reproduit en un seul ciichA, 11 est filmA A partir de I'angle supArieur gauche, de gauche A droite, et de haut en bas, en prenant le nombre d'images nAcessaire. Les diagrammes suivants illustrent la mithode. 1 2 3 32X 1 2 3 4 5 6 ^ JiS^%,v. H. n. SMALL. * ~. ..te-. \V , IWonlvcal : 1>.\\V>(>N |!i;nT||i;|;s. I'l r,I,ls|| I.K-s. 1 HH I . _ ^' ":> •^ / TSl BOMimOir LIHB OF STEAMSHIPS — RUNNING IN CONNECTION WITH — THE GRAND TRUNK RAILWAY OF CANADA BROOKLYN, 4,500 Tons SARNIA 3,750 " MONTREAL 3,300 " ONTARIO 3,200 " TEXAS 2,750 " OREGON, - 3,750 Tons TORONTO 3,300 " .DOMINION 3,300 " 1 MISSISSIPPI 2,600 " VANCOUVER, 5,300 Tons. QUEBEC 2,600 " -TO- AND THE These Steuiners are all full powered, Clyde huilt, in water-tight tompartiuents, and of the highept class, conunanded by men of large experience, and carry a full stair of stewarcls, stewardesses, and also a surgeon for the comtort and convenience of passengers. Th*' Stvertnii'H are loftv and well ventilated, and it has always been the aim of the Company to please their passengers. That they have so succeeded in the jmst, IS aoundantly proved by the numerous and flattering testimonials now in their posse.^.^ion. The Ste'iniers sail, weekly, from Lh'frpoofvvevy ThiivtttUrif for Quebec, during the spminer months, till the end of Octol)er, and from that time till the middle of April, or during the winter months, for l:*ortfan*i, Maine, carryinj' passengers on Thronffh Tlehvts to all parts of Ctrnada, the I'niteil States, and the i'anatliaii \ortfi- It'est, where the finest Prairie Lands in America are to be found, easy of cultivation, and with abundant facilities for trans|>ortatioii. The jxissage to Qaehee being rjOO miles shorter than to New York, and three days of it in the comoaratively smooth waters of the O'mY/' atuf itii'er St. J^awreHee, makes tnis route the uio>t desirable one for passengers to the lI'etttefH States of Atueriea^ as well as to Canaila, while the rates are lower than by any other route. iJoveritmeHt AsHtsted VasHaifes are granted to Meehanien, Xan'ies, Affi'ieattiirat and Heneral Laban-rn and their families, and also to I'Ynuile thtniestie Si-reantn, at greatly reduced ratos, applications for which are to be made upon the Speeiaf l^tvniM provided tor the pur|x)se, which can lie procured from the undersigned, or their local Agents. For further particulars apply to OR iC'IK dc liriVTKR, - KOIIKRT 1»V!VC'4IV A CO.. HE!VRY tiOM A!\% J€»II!V l>Afl(M»!V A CO.. - - tt7 Union Ml.. OI.AMJOW. i:i Tlotorin Nt.. REI.F.4MT. Or t. FLINN, UAIN & UONTGOIIERT, Miithi^'im: /'/)/,A>/.f, X i..-- ■y \ '^■•■■^ T fy" ) C.A.]Sr.A.IDIj^IT IFOEESTS ii FOREST TREES, TIMBER AND FOREST PRODUCTS BY H . B. SMALL. y .■ - / 6^-1 , ^^ -*• 4 f«* '^'-'•,» ■ MONTRKAL • DAWSON BROTHERS, PUBLISHERS 1884. . .^ Enloml aooordin}! to Aot of rmlianH-nt of Canatlu, in tlie year 1884, by H. B. Sm.m.i-, in tlit< Ofliro of tlio ISlinisttM- of Ajiricultuic \ \ CONTENTS. Pace The Forests of Canada 1 Ex|K)rts of the Vorest 4 Timl)er Distrirts of the Doniitiioii 7 Tinibt^r districts of the I'roviiices, and tlieir Trees 8 Timljer l.imits— Kejnilations 38 Canadian Tnxis and tlieir Woods 41 List of WochIs and Uees 54 Minor rroducts of tlie Forest = 55 Forest Fineniies 62 How J Aiuil)ering is Carried on G3 THE CANADIAN PACIFIC RAILWAY CO'Y Offer Farming and Grazing Lands for Sale in Manitoba and the Canadian North-West on the following terms. Regulations for the Sale of Land. THK coiiiplotidii of the Cai miles westward frmn \\'\ duriiiK the piist sea!ii>i till- siihiililHldl fur mul v.itiicil those hlthfrln in/nrvv- TERMS OP PAYMENT. If imid for in full at time of purchase, a Deed of ronvcyance of the land will bo uivon ; but the purchaser nniy pay one-sixlh in cash, i»id the bivlance in five annual instalments with in- terest at six per cent- per aniiuni, payable m advance. Payments nniy be made in Land (Jrant Honds, which will be acccpled at id per r'eiit . lUTmium on their par value anil accrued interest. These IJonds can be oblaiiied on jipplication at the l!ank of Montreal, Montreal, or at any of its agencies in Canada or the Uuited t-^tates. REBATE. A rebaie of from 1 25 dols. to .T.5(l dols. (Ss. to 1 1s Sterling) per acre, according to the price paid for the land, will be allowed on the acreage actually cropped on the following conditions:— 1. The purchaser will not be entitled to rebaie unless at lime of purchase he enters into an un- dertaking to cultivate the land. 2 One-half of the land contracted for to be brought under cultivation within f(jur years from dale of contract. In cases where purchasers do not reside continuously on the land, at least one-eighth of the whole i|iiantity purchased shall be cultivated during each of the four years. 0. Where a purchaser faih to carry out fully the conditions as to cultivation within the time named, he will be rcquircil to pay the full purclnise price on all the land contracted for. lUil if fnuu causes bcyiiiKl his control, proved to the satisfaction of the 4\)uii>any, a settler so fails, he may be allowed the rclKite on the land actually cultivated during the four years, on p.iyment of the balance due, including the full purchase price of the rcuniinder of the land contracted for. GENERAL CONDITIONS. All sales are subject to the following getienil conditions :— 1. All iinprovements placed upon land |iurchased to be nniintained thereon until Anal payment has been nnule. 2- All tires and assessments lawfully imposed upon the land or improvements to be paid by the purchaser 3. The t'ompany reserves from ^.nle, under these regulations, all mineral and coal lands, and lands containing timber in (luantities. stone, slate, and luarblu iinarries, lands with water j)ower thereon and tracts for Town sites .ind K.iilway purj oses. 4. Mineral, coal, ami timber lands ami iiiiairies, and lands controlling water-power, will t)e dis- posed of on very moderate terms to persons giving satisfactory evidence of their intention and ability to utilise the same. 5. The ('ompany reserves the right to take witliout reinuneration (except for the value id' buildings and improvements on the rec|iiired iiortion ot land) a strip or strips of land 2(Ht feet wide, to be us«!d for right of way, or other Railway purposes, wherever the line of the Canadian Pacific Knilway. or any branch thereof, is or shall be located. Liberal rates for settlers and tiieir cH'ccts will be granted by the Company over its U^iilway. For further particulars apply to the Company's Land Connuissioncr, .lohn II. McTavish, Winnipeg. Ity onler of the Hoard. CHARLES DRINKWATER, Secretai-y. Montreal, December, 1882. TIm> fiamlM of th« ('oniyHuy nr« rritlrnlly exnmtned by «*oin|>eteu( Miir> vpy»rM, nnd no IiiiuIh Hr«> H«'«-<'|»te«l Ooiii (li«> Dominion Government iin- l«>NN NHltnble I'or nirrleultiirail |»nr|M»M«M; therefore tli« 4'nnadlnn Pacltte Kallwny t'ompnny nave NOT AN ACRE OF POOF LAND TO OFFER FOR SALE. ,JEi>*"Full information with regard to the country, its resources, and the best moans of rouching it, may be obtained by addressing the Company's (I.E. Agent in London, by whom corretpondonce is invited. Alexam(c>r Begs, (]. E. Agent, Canadian Paoifio Railway Co, 88 Cannon St., London, E- C< THE FORESTS OF CANADA. rs into un un- If Canada has been highly distinguished in any respect by the bounty of nature, it is in the number and variety of its trees. An English traveller, writing on this subject, said : " I was never tired of the forest scenery of America, the endless diversity of its foliage always preventing it from being monotonous." A stranger gazing for the first time on the unbroken forest is peculiarly struck with admiration at the surprising and to him novel scenery it presents, a scenery peculiarly it^ own. A wide expanse of unknown extent, canopied above by the dark mass of spreading foliage; countless columns of tninks, which, far as the eye can reach, mile after mile, rise tall and erect, supporting that living roof, and long-drawn vistas through which the eye seeks in vain to pene- trate the depths of the forest solitude ; such is tlie scene which meets the eye. But it is when the first frost has touches! the trees, and tlie change of colour in the leaves has sot in, that the forests put on their greatest beauty. Each kind has its own hue — above all the maple — and every hue is lovely. The leaf of the maple, the first to colour, remains throughout the most beautiful in its golden yellow and crimson. Lofty trees and humble undergrowth, and climbing creepers, all alike dock the landscape with every tint that can be borrowed from the light, till the whole looks like the scenery of a fairy tale, and presents a s{)ectacle unknown to the residents of the Old 'World. McGregor, in his work on British America, speaking of the forests, says : " Two or three frosty nights in the decline of autumn transform the boundless verdure of a whole empire into every jwssible tint of brilliant scarlet, rich violet, every shade of brown, vivid crimson, and glittering yellow. The stern, inexorable fir triljes alone maintain their eternal sombre grtien; all others, in mountains or in valleys, burst into the most glorious vegetable beauty, and exhibit the most splendid and most enchanting panorama on earth." Dr. Hough, in his Forestry report to Congress in 1877, saye : " The reciprocal influences tliat operate Iwtween wootUands and climate appear to indicate a close relation between them. It is observed that certain conswiuences follow the clearing ofl" of forests, such as the diminution of rivers and the drying up of streams and springs; ot'.i(»r efl'ects scarcely less certain are seen in the occurrence of destructive floods and of unseasonable and prolonged droughts, with other vicissitudes of climate which, it is alleged, did not occur when the country was covered witli forests. Tliese appear to have been brought about by their removal, and might in a great extent be alleviated by the restoration of woodlaiids to a degree consistent with agricultural interests." To such an extent has this forest destruction aflFected the rivers of the Northern States that a Commission was recently appointed to examine and report to the State Legislature of New York the real facts, and the conclusion arrived at was that this destruction of the forests, if continued in a wholesale manner, would affect not only "the climate and rainfall of the State, but its most important commercial interests in the welfare of its canals ; and not only the latter interests would be assailed, but even more largely the railroads, river-towing, mills, ship and house building, carjientry generally, banking, and every other allied and connected busine!'ing and gilding establishments ■■ . Match factories Trunk and box factories- • • Bark extract factories • • Billiard table factories Car and locomotive works Fishing tackle factories Last factories Pai 1 and tub factories Picture frame factories Planing mills Shook factories Stave factories Tree nail factories Window shade factories Pulp Mills • Factories. Hands. Products. 2M XKMi $ 4,405,397 1,16^ o.'.iv; 5.471,742 2,494 5,7.'-^ 3393,910 3,143 8,7«i-: 6,579,082 1,430 3.^1 1,808,929 5,390 42,085 38,569,652 801 2,38{> 766.W-; 1,012 5.491 15.1 M, .35 216 421 173,837 91 %7 762.884 225 m 345,096 2C7 ITf- 377,975 3.T«J 2.S7^ 4,872,362 227 4,4*4 3,557,258 6S 227 ■>5.651 32 8;! 70,030 22 41 24,912 80 604 4.31,797 82 500 516,«w5 22 1,062 511,250 49 626 677,877 4 140 286,250 3 20 44.827 17 2 3,154 6 3,1>J6.361 7,(),'50 11 118 77.900 20 150 120.935 1 2 5,0(X) 66 633 992,201 31) 80 228,78;> 31 265 138,520 1 2 1,400 11 5.3 59,4.50 5 6S g;3,;w 17,577 95,741 $95,029,828 In addition to the foregoing there are numerous other l)ranches of trade that could not ha carried on without the aid of wom sound hemlock, oak, larch or cedar trees, selected of a size just aufiicient to furnish one or two ties only (the tree being simply hewn on two sides, and leaving the heart entire), the destruction of choice timl^er approaching a size suitable for sawing is immense. The timber also used l)y railroads in erecting bridges and trestlework and in fencing is a, great item, and the cons'. :nption of wood fo* fuel by locomotives ha* attained such proportions that other kinds of fuel are being resorted to by many of the roads, owing to the high price and difficulty of obtaining^ wood, even where the roads traverse a partially wooded district. As- an instance of the amount of wood so consumed, an official reix)rt show» that on the New York Central Kailroad there is requiretl for each twenty-five miles passed over by each locomotive one and three-quarters', cords of wood, and this even is supposed to be one-third less than the amount actually burned by them. The value of timber as an article of commerce may he ascertained from the fact that the production in 1881, as given by the census, yqnals. 111,683,862 cubic feet of partially manufactured timber alone, the conse- quent operations on which involve an enormous outlay. The term partial manufacture is used because it only reully embraces the opera- tions necessary to prepare the timber from the tree, whicli is not, strictly speaking, manufactured at all. It is simply analogous to pig iron or crude petroleum, or other mineral productions separated from their earthy particles previous to trans i)ortation. Thus timber squared, sawn and planed cannot bo said to be manufactureil, l)ecause it is not actually made into the particular shajie in which it could enter domestic service,, oxcept in very rough or ordinary caees, but only sufficient of the useless material has been removed tt) render it available for the hands of skilloct workmen, or to prevent useless exiwnditure in freight. In addition to the cubic feet of timber alluded to, the census enumerates 22,324,407 pine logs, 2<),025,684 other logs, 192,241 masts and spars, 41,881 thousan«ls of staves, «8,311 cords of laths, 400,415 cords of tan bark and 10,993,234 cordst of firowooil as the prtKluct of the year, whilst the value of the pearl and I>otash produced was $;J45,09(), and of bark extract for tanning purpose.-* $280,250. EXPORTS OF THE FOREST. The export of square timlwr, deals, 8tav«w, masts, birch and other hardwu(Kl timlH>r for furniture purjtoses to (ireat Hritain, and of .«awii luml>er and boards to the United Statw, to the Went Indi(v» and to South America forms one of the most imiK)rtant sectioi i of the imlustrial pur- suits (if this country. The total exiK)rt of forest pHnlucts of Canada is biiown nn follows, the tigun^s Inung taken from the Trade and Navigation Ketiirus for the last throe yoari : — IHHI. mz ISS.!. !'..n.-; iiniiiiH'td MiMiiilin'iiin-i' of w pearl and ig purpose* and other id of Hanii n\ to South istrial pur- ' Canada if* Navigation $ii'>,.'t7(t,T:j(J i,;«tl,it« A full table, giving the details of the alx)ve, and siiecifying the Pro- vinces from which the exports were made, is here appended:— 1831, 1882. Ontaeio : RuuKh products !5> 6,57t),332 Agrieultunil implements Carriages Hemlock bark extract.. iShips Furniture _. . .. I)()iir.'«, .sashe.x and blind? AVotidenwarc a»,44S 35;il() 32.5 ll.»0 I 92,513 14,*t7 I 82,508 I $ 8,015,485 43.2S4 19,210 ;{1 7.9fi5 I IfovA Scotia : Rough pHHlUCtH Agricultural implements. Curriage.x Heudock l)ark extract .. Shm Furniture DoorH, s:islic!< and Minds, Woodenwaro Hy\v Hrinswhk: Rough priKiucts Carriages Hemlock bark extract .Ship." •« Furniture W oudenware • • HkITISH Cul.lTMHIA : Rough priMluets, PuiNCK Edwakii Imi.a.ni>.' Rough products •■ Agricullurnl implemuuli« > Carriage."! t,118 ',t4,4!tt) l2!t.4;i.S 5.t>47 2.0«i7 180,025 1,. 587 ,941 l.lt.iV »'.<.171 »5h572 2SiM 1. 721. 422 ti'.t.'i ij'.t.'^rj llll,S42 55,514 11,05 050,002 ()18 5,t')54 71,581 .58, Xi ;5,424 9,.54i> 255,501 l,ft50.811 l.two 4'.»,'.t!lll 101M29 1.8SX.t '£HW) 4.4(H,2i):; 25(» lH.i.i,l,t7 18t),ii7t> 19,.521» 407,634 22^5 4 1,57ft ■■■■» *20.70 1.872 j I «i H 6 In addition to tlie exports, the quantity of timber usotl in the Dominion is about two-til'ths of the wliole. The amount of capital invested in timlter lands and si \v mill property is at least *3o,(»(M,000, the value of the output is !?;»8,000,0(>0, and the amount annually invested in workinij: capital is $20,000,00(1. Fifty jjer (\mt. of the whole products of the forest represents labour, and thirty-five per cent, for stumpajre, ground rents^ interest on mill projjerty, cost of limits and working capital. There an* employed in producing this timlK*r in the woods during the winter about 13,000 men, during the summer in the mills about ir>,000, and over .'),(»()(! are employeil in loading and manning the craft that convey it to market. These s;5,(iOO men, the greater proportion of whom have families, repre- sent a large population. Looking at the indirect InMietits derived from this industry, ^udi us the construction and Repair of mills, machinery, barges and steamboats, and the l)enefit deriveil from tiie numlxir of ships which take away our timlx>r and timlx^r prmlucts, it is hard to over- estimate its imiKirtance. l^ueUM' for the past ten years has loadetl on an average Ol'O vessels, r(ii»n.'sentingSOO tons each, and carrying about four hun- dred million ftiet of lumlttirand limlxT, whilst as nuu-h more wa« shipjxMl in otlK^r ports of tiie Dominion on seagoing craft. Montreal exjxirtod iu liSSi', by jstcamsliips principally, eightynMght million ftx^t of thrtx^ inch deals to Eurojtt*, and twenty-two million feet of boards and plunks to South America. The lumlx'.rmen, moreover, cnmte a home demand for farm products, generally at U'ttcr jirices than cduld \h.\ obtained else- where. To give an idea <>f the larg«< consumption of agricultural produce, in this business, the following statement of the n.Hiuirenjent« of one large firm in ihe Ottawa district for one s(^ason answers for all others iu itK general outline. This firm consumes 7o(> t<^ns of buy, U.'», 000 bushels of oats, .'),( 100 bu^hels of t urn 11 Kx, 0,000 bushels of jiotuttHW, 1,0(K) barn^ls of jMjrk, 0,0(Ki barn^ls of tlour, l',oo0 barrels of oatmeal in the wo«k1s alone, or in round figures -,400 tons of agricultural pnMluce an* rt«juired l)y this one tlrin. Sawn himlier is, to a grejit exttmt, taking tlie placid of S(|UanA timlxAr for exitortation, a >>tt']i in tho right direction, as it savos much waste in the WoikI, ui well as costly froight in nearly worthless wotid containtMl i;i tht^ wntre of nearly every piece of square timUir, as wt^ll as keeping a lurgt* amount of labour in the <'ountry, rquan>, and must carry the same thickness throughout, ju very slight tajH^r oidy Uiing allowablti ; it nnist U\ thirty fe<^t in length, and should siiiinre at l««ust lifttH'n inches. The loss in jtN manufacture is. very great, es|iticially when of large growth and squaring eightiwtn inches. or trtH^s of tliis i<':'.;t i «^ le Dominion invested in the value of ill workinjr I the forest ■ound rents. There art* '"'Iter about «>\er o.OOft to market. iJies, rej)re- irived from i»acliinej-y, >t*'' of shiii,* ■<1 to ovei-- ided on an tfourhun- *« shipptul cjK)rted in hree inch planks to "land for hied else- produce* «»ne lar^tv i^rs in it» 'iishels of ImrntJs of lis ahine, uirotl by «nl)er for '> ill the <1 ia till* I tt Inriu'i* '"^tjuan* tniiKht, iitist \h\ :ln>Ut, JL loUKtll. •turn i.s. iitcheN left on ith thiv ree« of indi(tr> in fis» are utilized on the spot, being 4uauufiictured into tonguetl and grooved Inndwr by portable steam machinery taken into the woods, a plan which sooner or later will have to be resorted to here. The lumbtn' trailo and its products may bo said to bo associated with the wants of man from Ins cradle to his grave. The stately thret*-master that sails the ocean antl the tiny matcb that ligiits the lamp ecpially owe their existence to this industry, ;ind from the very sawdust, which has so long been looked upon as an incumbrance, are now i)roduced artificial boards. TIMIJER DI.^^TRICTS OF THE DOMINION. Tiu( most important and extensive^ tindx>r districts or limits of the Dominion can l)o brietly stated, leaving a more detailed description oi themtob(< given under tbt^ir resiK«'tive provinces. Begiiming from the Pacific siioret-, the forests of British ('olumV)ia, |K)ssessing som(» of the finest timber in the world, iiave yet scarcely been attacked by the lumbermen to any exU>nt, and the tn^es assuuie a size exc(Hnling other ilistricts, supjMisedly from the mildness and humidity of the climatti. The ff)rcst is not confined to any aiw part of the province, but extends through nearly the whole of it. Progressing eastwards from the Kocky Mountains to the i'rovince of Ontari(t there ani si'att«>red here and there tracts of well timlnired land, but not of an extiMit to class them with other timber laudN wben* the material is got out for ex|>ort. In the filder pnivinct^s the timlK\vnslMps of (2uebe<' and south sbon^ offlu* St. l.awnMict* to tlu* arly re*ache*el the he*ael wat»*rs e>f all its tribntarie>s, the ISouui*. the* ilu Lie-vre*, the* (ialiue*au, the* .Ie*ttn de* Te*rn*, bake* Kake'lNinga and Lac des Uapide*s, anel the*y are e*xt«>nding their o|Hr the*y are* as far up as bake* ManeM)ran,ein the* wt*«t, niiel em its e'nstcrn si'i* the* P.ostouais and IJivie're* CriK'be have- Ikh'U el«*s|N»ile*owor Saguenay, Ste. Marguerite, and Petit Ste. Jean. As for the large rivers that flow into Lake St. John the large pine has nearly all disappeared on the lower part, and the remainder of the course of these rivers is through an immense burnt wilderness, where even the vegetable soil has 1x>ien destroyed by fire. The large district between the St. Maurice and the Ottawa is thinned through and through, and the lumlwrman of the Ottawa has met his fellow-workman of the St. Maurice on the shores of Lake Manooran. Northward from Lake Temiscamingue and the Montreal river there is not much country Ijefore the height of land is reached, the waterslied dividing the streams that flow into the St. Lawrence from those that flow into Hudson Bay. Fine jtine grows there along the head waters of the Ottawa. Over this height of land the streams all run north, and the rivers flowing into Hudson Bay, the Rupert, the Notway, and the Hurricanaw will doubtless with the oi)en- ing of navigation through Hudson Straits encourage our lumliermeu to turn their eflbrts in that direction, and a supply of timl)er may l)e got at there not only for export, but also largely for home consumption in the treel&ss districts of the great North-West. There remains in all the above districts a great deal of spruce and second rate pine, which for generations to come will meet our Icwal wants with can>.; but the first quality pine, requisite to keep up our great timber exjM^rt trade to its standard, is getting, with the exception of British ("olund)ia,scar(v and inaccessible. Ke6i)ecting the supply of pine luml)er remaining some startling facts were mentioned at the Forestry Convention in Montreal, in 1882, by Mr. Little and other W(^ll known authorities on this subject. 3Ir. Little stated that in Canada (this apparently was not inclusive of British Columbia) we have but ten thousand million feet of first ([Uality pine ((JuelxM' 5,000, Ontario :»,r>00. and the Maritin.e I'rovinces 1,.'5(K») remain- ing, while we are at present cutting one thousand million feet annually. At this calculation it is only a question of time when the supply will cease. TIMBER DISTRICTS OF THE I'HOVINCKS AND THEIR TREES. PUOVINCK OF ONTARIO. ExiniKTS. HHl. ' 18H2. 1)»3. Utki 711 1 317 Ji.'i<> 1 '^"^ "lu MiLiiul'iLfiturAfl nrcMluolM ul' thi* f orait It is a diflicult matter to state with any accuracy Ww timU^r districts of Ontario, ns n«) inventory of 'he total amount of tiint " stnrvin^ and replanting fort«sts, says, the north-west territory* of Ontario, >r that jtart known as the disputiki Imjuu* 9 >vS dary distriot, contains a large quantity of very valuable tim]>er, compris- ing one of the chief timlier nwerves in all the north-west, so far as present information is obtainable. This timlxir is in a position where it will always command reatly sale, and comparatively untouched by the lum- bermen or settler, offers as yet a most excellent opportunity not only for procuring timlier, but also for maintaining the supply. In Muskoka, Parry Sound, Algoma, and the (Jciorgian Bay district there are forests of some size, and on the north-t^ast of the Province a large extent of forest exists. The great Mater-shed which crosses the eastern part of Ontario stretches from north-west to north-east, from near Nipissing till it strikes the St. Lawronce near Kingston. This height of land separates the waters running into the lakes, and those running into the Ottawa River. It is emphatically a land of moisture and of streams. It alwunds with numerous and l>eautiful lakes, rivers and water powers that would delight tlie eyes of a manufacturer. The great sloi»ii leading to this wateifshed from the Ottawa River, bordering the north-east of the settled IK)rtion of Ontario, is, bo far as fire has yet spared them, clothed with woods. Partly the lumlH^rman has here and there taken out timl^er, partly they are untouched by his axe. lint the s(>ttler is gradually encroaching on this district, and all along the northern Itorder its e Ige is annually Ixnng fretted, and piernvl with roads. Isolated farms are l>eing cleared in its solitude, ami the forest is yearly U'cuining drier and more dry, and its outer edge j)resents a most inviting nsiHMt f-ir tires to run through it in a dry summer. This, tlu* j)rincipal fonvst n\serve, as the one which fet^ds the sources of most of the streanie oast of Toronto, is likely, under present conditions, to disapiKmr mmh more rapien em this more deeply ixmetrated by the settler is that the land is not nearly so good for agricultural i>uriKises an that in the older s(^ttlesHs of agri- cidture, an.vthin>! lik(« the n^tnrn it is v-apable of producing if ntaintainoil in contintud piiKwUtaring fon placcry lurge amount of valuable pine to 1m< cut without clearing the land «>r in any way injuring the forest oa])acity for prcMluction. i. It would Ih* far Ix^tter to commenn* the pn*«ervation of forest areas along the pnweut (*xistinir line of c'lmring than to commence similar ^ 4 1 10 ()j)erations much farther back. If, as is stated, the land is much better farther to the north, it would be better to renew the clearing there, so as to leave a broad l)elt of forest to the south of the new settlements; for a forest district to the south (without prejudice to the height of lands con- (sitlerations) will attract summer showers t^ the cleared land north of it, while from a north forest comes little rain at the season when most needed. Ho then goes on further to remark in this connection, " This region of country jKissessee many and valuable water-courses, which would dry up were the country cleared, but which the retention of the forests will retain in full value. I wt uld alxo state, that the (juality of the water flowing (»ver the granite Ited, it Iming frtH) from lime, is remarkably well adapted to various textile manufactunw, and would suggest that largo manufacturing villages and towns might find occasion for i»rolitablo t\xistence in the heart of the large forests whidi, I conceive. Government should retain in this part of the country. Such towns and villages will by no means lack comnuinication with other j)arts of the country, as the Canada Pacitic, and its connecting railways, will pass through the jiresent wilderness near the vicinity when^ it is desirable these forests should bo maii'tainod. I wt»uld here suggest that large iK)rtions of forest might 1)e preserveil, let us say, after the merciiantul)le lunil)er has betm carried off by the lumberman, by alloting them in free grants to i)ersons who would undertake to maintain the land in its wcxxled condition." The whole great {K'ninsula to tiie west is destitute of most of the original fiiri'sts on the elevated lands which gave her rivers water, and lias little in the way of woods save the small reserves farmers have kept for themselves. These are l)eing rapidly used; they fade away and are not n'placed. The list at the end of this section will show exactly the aornage under wooil still left in each county, out of what a century ago was all forest, and judging therefrom, if thi< pn'.sent system goes on with- out remedial measures l)e.ing ap])li(Hl, the great (teninsula of Ontario will, in a few yt^ars, l)tH'om«< a disforested land. Mr. riiipps says, " If we pass through much of the forest whicl> Ontario still retains in governmental hands, we shall tind, heni and then^ many a largo expanse desolated by lire an-l growing up again, a brushwood ilioking itstOf to uselessnt^ss, covering a burnt ami imiMtverlslunl soil. We shall lind great areas of forest the lum])ormen have culled e had fallen; while the whole distance In-twinMi, if roiind tindnir had Ikhmi got otit, shows nothing but u few scattonvl side lind)K, but if stjuare it is |>aved with immense ]iine fragments — short th and 6triiightnes8 o'wiiidi show how deftly the liandler of the bronrolitable lovernment illages will >try, as the the jiresent 5 should be it niight lie carried off who would ost of the water, and have ke])t ly and are xactly the ntury ago IS on with- itario will, . ch Ontario «avod loan ctit of thoM(t <»ne side, er of tho o stump, 11 and it has been heavy timber squareil for the English market, you will tind in great masses, hewn off, thrown away and rotting, as much clear timber as, sold at Toronto priies, would go far towards the whole sum the lumberman will over get for the log. The piles of debris are every- Avhere, and form a moet inflammable portion of the touchwood of a forest. Then Ixifore the strong oxen could drag the great log to the river down which it had to be floated an avenue of smaller trees had sometimes to be cleared from the way, and these likewise piled in desicating heajM, their skelotuu l)ranches protruding among the green undergrowth, like the ghastly relics of mortality on a forgotten battlefield, cumber the forest Hoor." You will find many places where trees are choking one another for want of air anJ light, until in lajtse of years some stronger one shall tower above his fellows. You will find places where hurricanes have cut their way through the forest, and the trees Ho for miles, as the ranks mown down by the mitrailleuse. You will jniss the solitary bush roail, the trees whicli onco grew therein chop])ed right and left into the forest by the makers of the track, whero they lie in dry heaps l">)r miles on miles forming as ]»retty a fire-track as one could wish to sec. And everywhere you will tind millions of young trees giving full promise, if spared axe and fire, of becoming trws as sturdy as any the lumlx^rman has carried away, but nevertheless, the impression produced on Vdu by the whole pilgrimage will be that, if no i)reiventive measures bo ust.ul, the fire which has taken so much alreatly will sooner or later take the rest. When one compares the state of our forests with lliat of those in some parts of Eurojte, and thinks of th(< long avenu«'s of lire-breaks, the forest-rangers on the watch, the careful management, the incessant thinning and ixiplanting, the long succession t)f goodly trees yearly ready for the axe, and the certainty, with etiual care, of such a succession for all time to come, ttue is apt to think 1; full time that some such system were intro- duced here. — {l^hipjts' Jiq>urt). FoHEST ExiSTlNO JN (JNTAUIO CofNTlBS. (i'Vojd ^lijricuHurdl t'ommiKKinn.) PnscoU and litusdl. — A1h)UI !■ i ty-seven ami a half jxt cent, of the entim area is under timl)er, consisting oi' heiidock, ce lar, tamarac, lxit\ch, bircii, elm, basswo(Ml, ash, balsam, pine, spruce, wul mt, butternut, whitewood, «l.tgwoi»il, soft maple, and red anertMl with hard and soft nuiple, beech, birch, ash, tanuirac, elm, basswr, railway ties, telegraph i>osts and shin<;!«'s. CurUlon. — About -'87,000 acres of land in this county are still unclHanxl. *: '& 12 Leeds and Grenville. — In all the townships, except South Burgess and North Crosby, which have suffered from the ravages of bush fires, there is a large amount of standing timber, consisting mainly of hard and soft woods ; used for firewood, fencing, lumber, buckets and pails. Lanark. — About twenty-four per cent, of the uncleared land is covered with timber or bush. The timber is chiefly pine, beech, maple, basswood, ash, birch, cedar and ta.marac. A considerable export trade in hardwood Is carried on, and there is a large local consumption for railway ties, fencing, fuel, etc. A great destruction of pine took place from the great fire in 1870. Renfreu: — About forty-six per cent, of the entire area is still timbered. Red and white pine exist in large quantities. There is also an abundant supply of ash, elm, maple, basswood, spruce, cedar, tamarac, balsam, IKiplar, l)eech and hemlock. T.uml)ering is extensively carried on for exportation to European and American markets. The hard woods are chiefly used for fuel and cedar for fencing. Frontenac. — As nearly as can Ije computed, about fifty per cent, of the land in Frontenac is still timbered with i)ine, basswooeech, birch, hemlock, basswood, ehn, ash, june, tamarac and (^dar; used for lumber, fencing, railway ties, telegraph jwles, shingles, Iwlts, saw-logs, etc. Pelirhorough. — A large proportion — not far short of one-half of the area — is under timln^r, consisting of pine, redar, lieech, maple, hemlock, basswfKKl, tamarac, birch and ash; used for timlwr, fencing, firewood, «l»ingles, lH)lts, railway ticv and telegraph jwlef. Bush fires have ber, fuel, building and fencing. Ontario — About seventeen per cent of the area of Ontario is still under timber (excepting the township of Reach, which rettirns no percentage). The timber consists of pine, maple, beech, basswood, tamarac, balsam, cedar, black ash, hemlock and elm; used mainly for lumber, fuel, fences,, staves and domestic uses. York. — About twenty-two and a half per cent, of the area of York is still under timber, consisting of beech, maple, elm, basswood, pine, hemlock, cedar, tamarac and birch ; used for building purposes, fencing and firewood. Simcoe.— It is impossible to glean from the returns the total acreage under timber, but probably over one-half of the entire county area i» under maple, beech, elm, basswood, tamarac, pine, hemlock, cedar, balsam, birch, ash and oak. Lumliering oi)erations &rv> very extensively carried on in several of the townshiiw, and there is a large amount of business done in hemlock bark (whicli is largely used within the county,, and also exported for tanning purposes), and in railway ties, telegraph poles and shingles. Tlie hardwoods aio principally used for fuel, and the soft woods for building au'l fencing. Peel. — About eleven per cent, of the entire acreage is still under timber, consisting of beech, maple, hemlock, cedar, white and nnl oak, ash, elm, hickory and basswood. A few pine are scatteretl in Chinguacousy and Toronto townships. The timber is generally used for fuel, fencing and domestic purposes. Halton. — About seventeen i)er t^nt. of the entire area is still timbered, chiefly with hardwood and a limited amount of pine. The timber is principally used for lumlwr, fencing and fuel. Wentuorth. — Fourteen and a half per cent, probably under timber, con- sisting of pine, beech, maple, elm, black ash, cedar, tamarac, oak, hickory, walnut and chestnut; used for lunilwr, firewood, fencing, building and general imrjKDses. Lincoln. — Exclusive of tlio township of Taistor, which does not report the area of land still tlnil)ered, Lincoln has over 24,000 acres still covered with iHH^ch, black asli, maple, elm, oak, hickory and some pine ; used for firewoo,000,( 00 feet b. m. ; hardwootl, cedar, &c., equal to 5,000,000 feet— making in the aggregate 03.'),500,000 feet b. m. ; paying to the Vrovincial Government for timlier dues JoOl ,000, and ground rents $46,000, with eighteen thousand S(iuare miles under license. 15 eage is still ing, fuel and I is still tirn- oak, maple, railway ties, naple, beech, ootl. i area is still ck. ered, chiefly fit cedar for red. Mai)le, inate; there r ; hard and ■, consisting e, hemlock, e, elm, ash, nous woods pine. hn, beech, 1, hickory, and some hitewood, ch, mai>Ie, equal to KX) foet of bet b. m. ; eijual to )aying to ind reuts PROVINCE OF QUEBEC. -Ai Exports. lasi. 1SS2. iss;j. Rough products of the forest IVfnniifiiptiiret] Tkroflu(*ts of the forost 47();?27 ioi rill) t ioir»ii The timber districts of Quelxjc are that i)ortiou of it lying east of th(< Ottawa River; the district of the St. Mauric'o, a river whicli, with its tributaries, drains an area of 22,000 miles, rich in pine, spruce, l)irch, maple and elm; the Saguenay country, with an area of 21,000 square miles, affording pine, spruce, birch and tamarac; and the Gasjie iienin- sula. Important operations are also carried on upon the rivers north of the St. Lawrence. The groat forest of Canada, jxir excellence, says the Hon. Jlr. .Toly, is spread over the vast territory watered by the Ottawa, the St. Maurice, the Saguenay and their tributaries, over one hundred thou- sand square miles in extent, and the tables of exixjrts of the rough pro- ducts of the forest from Queliec show, to a great extent, the amount of its production. The Province of Queljec in particular, is highly favoured by its numerous streams and lakes, many of which are turned to gooil account by the lumbermen, who build dams at the outlets of the latter, thus creating great reservoirs of water, which are held in raserve to Ix^ used when the streams get low, thus enabling them to get down their logs and timber the first year after they are cut, wliilst without these artificial means they might not reach their destination for two or three years. By the adoption of these dams, what are known as rear limits have become almost as valuable as those fronting a main river. The same wholesale destruction of the forests in Quebec has prevailed for many years as in Ontario, and on this jwint the Hon. Mr. .Toly, in his valuable article on Forestry, says : I do not fear so much on tlie score of deficient supply for our home necessities, but it is our great exjKirt trade that is in jeopardy. We have still got an enormous (juantity of common timter on the Crown Lands, and our people, l>eginning to appreciate the value of the wood that grows on their own farms, have generally ceased to look upon it as an incum- brance to be got rid of at any cost. But it was not always so, nor is it so everywhere even now. As far back as the year 1G06 the attention of the French Governors of Canada was drawn to the wasteful destruction of the forests, and they were called upon to check it. Nothing, however, was done by them, and little has been done since. The result stares us leproachfully in the face, esiKJcially in the Province of Quebec, the oldest in the Dominion. The old settlements are painfully bare of trees; you «iin somet'mes go miles without seeing any tree worth looking at, and the passing stranger fancies himself in a country more denuded of trees than the oldest parts of Europe. There is u large district of very goollation of the Provinces is made use of, a list is appended enumerating the English, French and botanical names : Ash, Black Frene, Xoir Fruxinus Sdmbucifolin. Ash, Red Frene, Rouge rnixinm Pubescens. Ash, White Frene, Blanc Fra.riniis Amencdita. Basswood Bois, Blunc Tilia Amcricawi. Beech Iletre fagns Fvrrufiini'ti. Birch, Black Merisier, Rouge Bitula (hcidcrittilu. Birch, Canoe Bouleau h Canot lietula Pupi/nivm. Birch, Red Boulcuu, Noir Bctula Lenta. Birch, White Bouleau, Rougo Jlaula Albn. Birch, Yellow Bouleau, Blanc Ihttilu Lutca. Butternut Noyer, Tendrc J giant Cinerea. Cedar, White Cedre, Elanc Thuya Occidentalu. Cherrj', Black Prune /Vimiw ,Svrotina. Coffee Tree Bbnduc, Chicot Hymnodadus CanademU- Elm, Red or Slippery .Orme, Rouge Vlmm Fu'vu. Elm, White Orme, Blar.c L'lmus Americana. Fir Sapin, Blanc Abies liulmmea. Hemlock Pruclic Ttuga Canadtnui*. Hickory, Swamp or Bitfer • Noyer, Dur. Carya Amaru, Hickory, Shcll-bnrk Xoycr, Tendre Carya Alba. Hickor>', 'Whiteheart Noix, Blanche Carya Tomentom. Hickory, Pignut Noyer, Brun Carya Fureina. Hornbeam Charmo Carpimn Caroliniana. Ironwood Bois, Dur ; Bois, Fer Ontrya Virginica. Larch (Tamarac) Epipettc, Rouge Larij: Americana. Maple, Red Plaine Wr Dnimnwndii. Maple, Ruck or Sugar Emble k Sucre Acer Saechartnum, Maple, Striped Bois, Barre Acer Striatum. Maple, White Erable, Blanche Acer Iktsycarpum. i n tely the process me. )0 square miles, n., and 1,308,000 red pine timber Kxl, 51,000 cubic et each, making [1 spruce round lemlock, 34,000 49,976,000 feet, rees as belong- '.: Birch, white, id whitelieart , Spruce, white, ar, striped and iternut; Eur, 3thed, balsam, ; Plane Tree; ouNTAiN Ash; he above trees ise of, a list is lames : iibucifolia. 'maceni. erinvM. inn. iiwa. mtulis. (tven. 'itulit. M. Canndeneit. ma. n. iniana. ;a. Id. JU. urn. tm. Mountain Ash Oak, Chestnut Oak, Red Oak, White Pine, Red or Norway. Pine, Scrub Pine.AVhite. •Cormier PiVim Americana. .Cheno, .Taune QucreiM I'riiiiis. .Chenc, Rouge Quercun IMmt. .Chene, Blanc (Jiiercun AUm. .Pin, Rcsincux Pitiiig lieniniKia. .Pin, (iris Piiiun Bmikumn % .Pin. JauQc PinitH Stiftlmo. Planetree Platane do Virginie Platanim Ocfidentalls. Poplar, A?pen Tremble PojiuIuh Tmiiuloidrt. Poplar, Balsam Baumier Popidus Bulumn ifera. Poplar, Cottonwood Liard Populm Monilifent. Poplar, Large-toothed Peuplicr Populm Grandidentata, Spmee, Black Epinetto .Taune Puei> Nigra. Spruce, White Petite Epinette PUxi Allm. Willow, White Saulc Sidir Cnrdata. Willow, Yellow Saule Jaune ^alix yigra. There are several other trees, but, not being indigenous, they are not given above, such as the Lombardy Poplar (Peuplicr de Lombardie), Popuhis Pyramidolis, the Locust Tree (Acacia), Eohbiin Pseudo Acacia, and some few otl ■•>;. The Lombardy Poplar appears to have been one of the trees alway.s plantetl where one of the early mission stations was establishetl, and is to bo found especially around churches and old seignorial mansions. PROVINCE OF NOVA SCOTIA. Exports. 1881. 1882, 1873. Rough products of the forest Manufactured prod icts of the forest . .•i;l,.'i2.'..L'Ho 107,163 $l..')87,Vt41 ia5,441 $1.(V>0,811 186,268 {Report of W. A: Hendry, Deputy-Commismoner of Croxvn Lands.) So well adapted is this province to the growth of timber, that with a judicious system of felling trees, viz., not to cut them under a certain size, the forest if preserved from fires would continue for many generations to supply the present demand. Every portion of the unoccupied portions of the province would now be covered with a heavy growth of wood were it not for the destruction to the soil and foiest by fires in the woods which scourge the country oNery season. Fort^sts crtrnte and gradually improve a soil ; the axe, it is truj, makes sad havoc with the trees, but fires are terrible. The trees of Nova Scotia may be described as follows — Lakcii or JuNU'ER — Aboriginal name — Hackmatack. — This is thestrong- e4st and most durable of all the pine kind which we have. For ship- building purposes it is even superior to oak itself; in old vessels the timbers made of hackmatack have been found entirely sound when those of white oak were completely decayed. This wood is universally used in every part of the province for treenails and knees, and, indeed, is exten- sively exported in that shape to tlui United States. It grows naturally 2 !' 18 ti|K)n jKior ffravolly soil, in cold mosriv swamps, and very l)arren places iili <»vcr tlio province. It is very easily raised from seed or seedlings, grows rapitlly, but rarely exceeds eijihteen inches diameter. Ilaokiuatack, <:u account of its very valuable qualitias, deserves to bo extensively cultivated ; there are thousands of acres in every county in tlu* pnnince of worthless barren and swampy land that might be covered with these trees or with the Euroi)ean larch, which is nearly the same in iesi»ect to excellence of its qualities butsui)erior in rapidity of growth. Wn: I'H TiNK. — This tree is so valuable that it is ditiicult to conceive how its place could be supi)lie(l were our white pine forests to become exhausted. "With ordinary care to prevent destructive fii-es, this can hardly ever luipi)en as it growa upon every kind of i)oor soil, and if the youufi trees are jtrotoi'ted a supply is certain, as the tree is a rapitl gr^r Pitch Pine. Formerly ttiere wer(\ largt^ trtnw of this sjiecies, but now it would Wi ditiicult to find a tr(M> cxciuxding IS inches dianaett>ir at 5 feet from t\m ground, and 40 feet of clear stem. On the sandy plains of Aylesford and Wilmot there are Iwautiful groves of this tiiH\ T\n\ leaves an* in twos, live or six incluvs long, form- ing large coi\spicui>iis tufts or brushes at the end of tlu^ branchlets. Tlu^ young are very handsome in form; tlll^ showy tufts of massive dark gnn^n foliage contrasted with ilu* lighter grwui of deciduoUM titnw is particularly lH^anti^ul. IIkmumk. — Of this trt'o we have two kinds, the nvl and white; the w liite makes the U'st ([uality of boanls and is comparatively free from sh ik»»s and cracks, but the red is v(«ry shakey. It has Hom(^wllat the IL'urc of tluv white i>ine ; the trunk diminisluvs very little tintil it reaciuvs ilic lirancluvs, uanal y from forty to forty-lho IW^t from the ground. The wiMul i.s \isrd for till frames of wocnlon houses, for planks and boards, for boanling in and rough tl(H)ring; it is also usi'd for split laths ami lUAuy n-y l)arren places eed or seedlings, 3ter. s, deserves to bo every county in might be covered )arly the same in lity ofgrowtli. icult to conceive orests to become e fims, this can soil, and if the is a rapid grower, news itself e\ery 1 our forests; it ' feet high, and ground— this we further west in 200 feet to the i in Xovu Scotia ing to the high 0 j)osition occu- xposes them to -This I am in- sery like it. It rautiful lies long, fortn- anclilets. The mnssivo dark duoUM trees is iid white; tlio \ely free from sniiiowlint tint intil it r«\ach(vs ground. The lid hoardM, for :hs and uuuiy 10 other puriMisos. All the wharves in Halifax arn built of this wood, and the top or covering of the wharves is made of hemlock plank. Hoards of white henilock for many jmriMses are esteemed ec^ual to white pine — shingles made of the same wood are e(iual to cedar. It grows upon a better quality of soil than white pine, sometimes uikiu a clayey, which is very g(M)d. The trunk of the hemlock is covered by a redilish grey bark, somewhat rough, with long furrows when old. The bark contains a large quantity of tannin combined with coloring matter, which makes it objectionable for the best kinds of leather. By a simple process chn colouring matter may be removed, and the leather is then (juite equal to leather i)repared with oak bark. The foliage is much and justly admired for its graceful apiH^arance. In the beginning of summer each twig is termiiiati«l witii a tuft ot'yi>.llowish green leaves, surmounted by the darker gnnMi of the fori ihm- year ; the effect is an object of beauty it would be dilHcult to surpass of late years this has bticomo a favorite ornamental treti for lawns, and is much admired in Britain. MoixTAiN Pink. — This tree is only found on tlio lops of high bills of comparatively ban^ rock ; its leaves are not more than half the length of those of the white pine. It differs from other pines in several particu- lars,— it is short and scrul)l)ed. the eones which idiitaiu tll^^ seeds are nearly as hard as bone and mature the third year from the llowi'r. It is tof> stunted to be of value. Baus.xm ok Sii.vhk Fin. — This is not a large treis being seMom more than fifteen inches (liHm^^t(^r ; it is straight and tall and forms with its branches a cont^. It is slightly diilenMit from, but a nobler triM* thai., t!>e 8ilvie woi>d is liirht and docs not impart any dis- agr(H\able taste to l)Uttt>r. This tnni is hardy, easily transplanted, irrows rapidly witli great vigor — its lH>ai!tirul gnnm bark and decjt git^^'u foliage — r(\gular pyramidical form — iarge upright cones with which the upjuM branches ar(^ often loa Hometinu^s t«rfectl\ straight, and regularly taiH>ring from tht^ ground to the top, often "otoNiftHit high, and two fi«et at i\w ground; th(« bark is inclined to U\ «inlli, rovertMl with small scah's ; tlu* braiuhes are in whorls (»f f«ix or eight, and W Uio tW) ljeech in the i)rovince. The difleronco in the api)earance of the woo one stn^w old pastures taken |M'sscssion of by young lK^eches no one has ever made an effort to grow a iH^tM'h )uMlg(\. It woidd grow in uliout half the time of the common thorn htMl'^'c, and pn^Mtn' a nnrli mon^ pl(«asing a]t|iiwrance, and in every way ns useful, indiHvl Initter, as u shelter. II.viM), l{o«K or S( OAK Maim. i;.— This tnn* is t^asily dlstinguisluvl from the otiier maples by the roundutvsH of \\\^\ notch lH(twiH*u the loUw of the knaves and tho upi*' irunce of the luirk. Tlie w<»od is hartl and compact, henc<^ the name hart orriK-k. It is «-aIl(Hl HUgar maple from the sap or juic<» which it \u\h\ , Tlio wo- itifactureil into ood used here, •hiof supply of nearly always maple. The )wer is a hairy Jgments. The is a rich, oily quality of the ut short lived, f the red and "o is only one aarance of the (xluced hy the ihito l)ee('h is 10 mechanical ^and turning, -handles, &c., nK)othest and h1 l)eing more r 70 fiiot, and istures it is a has no equal, il>lo to theat- iiger than any o the wood, it imontal trws. lown a iHHich ifiil, and it in istures taken ort to grow a nimon thorn 11 o\ (»ry way uishod from IoIh^s of tho nd compact, II tlm Hap or »ntly curloti^ at ia <>ull(Mi at irregular ■I ?.l "intervals, throwing out a variable point of light, gi*. ing the appearance of a roundish i)rqjection, having a distant rftsemblance to the eye of a bird. All the varieties of this wood, particularly the last, are used in the manufacture of articles of furniture, pianos, sideboards, bedsteads, desks, l>icture frames, &c. It is highly esteemed and preferred to every other wo«jd in the making of lasts, and for this puri)Ose is largely oxi)orted to Boston and the neighbouring towns. It is preferred on account of its sui)erior compactness and cohesivencss of its fibre for keels of ships. As fuel the wood of the rock mapl*^ holds the first place in this I*rovinco; the aalxw abound in alkali, and the best charcoal is made from it. ^lichaux says that the wocmI of this troe may be easily distinguished from that of the red maplt^ or scarlet maple by jvjuring a few drops of suli>hate of iron u]>on it. This wood turns greenish ; that of the scarlet maple turns a dw^) blue. The sap or juice wiiich yields the sugar will run from t]w tre(*s if cut or wounded any warm day after l>eceml>er. It ceases to How about the middle of April, when the weather Iwicomes so warm as to swell th<^ buds of the tnn's and loose the bark. The i)roi»er .season for making sugar is in March. Tlie sap runs only on warm days which are preceded by keen frosty nights. The sap first sed situation will yicM more sugar for tlui same quantity of saj*. The trees ought to Iw tap|M^d with a chisel or an auger, and not with an axe, as is too common. In a gcxxl season fair-sized treas yield from two to three pounds each. \{\)u Flowwimno, Wihtk or ScAHi-irr Mai'I.ic — This tnw grows up\Vooi) M.M'i.ii — This JM a small fnws very rarely mort^ than four inchrs dianu^ter. It is nut used fo>- ir.iy ])ur|M>Hc that 1 know of except for fencing stakes. It is nf \eiy «|Uick gruwtb, and the wocs not oft»Mi grow on v(^ry barren land. It is most plentiful near snudl lirooks on stony hemlock lands. MnrvTMN or PwAiiK Mm'i.k. — This is not al>ovc half the size of the last-mentioned s|KM'ies. Il is a very troubkv^ome bush uinin new cluared land, as it grows very fast, and it is not easily dtwtroyiMl. Ih.AcK or Yi-.i.i.ow lliiHM.— The bark of this trtn* when young i> of a yello\\ colour, but as the tree nuitunvs the bark becoino dark and the lrtH< is lIuMi known as ' lllack Itirch." It is a larue tnM' frenuently thre<» fuet diamet(>r, but takiranch of the industry of the country. Cart and waggon wheels as also the frames of waggons and carts are made from it. Ash or oak would Ite sujierior for many purix)8e8 to birch, but these are not so plentiful, consequently the wood is dearer, lilack birch grows on good land, and is said to enrich the land it grows upon. The bark is often used to tan leather, but is inferior for that i)urix)8e to hemlock or oak. White Canoe or Paper Bikcii. — This tree is of little value. The white stem is very jiretty to lorovince at all to compare witii it. It is found from thret* to live fin^t diameter, and seventy to ninety IW^t high. The w((id is firm and solid and is highly estetMuwl for 8hi{>>building and inches diametiir. It gntws most conimoidy on barntn land near the water. It is a remarkal>le Uowering trt«.<, and bears very good fruit about the si//i of cherries; it is, however, very frc^tpiently blast helv(W. lioUMiEAM.— This tn« grows only uiH>n giKKl lands ; it is a small triH) — seldom exciH«ls 8 to !(• inches diameter. It is i1h< hardi.>st and strongoMt wofKl wo have. It is heavier than water, and sinks in a swift-running stream. It is easily distinguishiMl from llu« F.nglish hornlHiam ; is well Hdapttnl to make levers, rake t4««th, cogs in mill whtHark is often >t'k or oak. Tlio white stems. The oan.xvs from also manu- onuimented o olm in this >rook inter- ^arco tree, uh '• It is easily Qerican ehn I" «ixiciniena he rivers to ITS in Cape lay assume, '' it. It is ' fwt high, lilding and e has lH>eii <'J and tho jf the hard ; it seldom irren land ^•'O- good 'y hlaNt<«|. ^ for axo lall tree— sIroMjfest, t-»'u lining ' ; is well >■< Ntttkos, 23 Rko Oak. — We have hut one spooies of this tree that I have seen ; it resembles the red oak in the States, but is harder and stroufror. It grows ohieliy uj)on poor land ; the best I have seen was upon very sandy inter- vales. It is more durable when exposi-.d to the weatlier than any other wootl we have. It is used for planks and tlnibors for ships, for staves, for fish and pork barrels, cart wheels and many otlicr j)nriHises. It is scattered over every part of the I'roviucc, but that which is of a size to be valuable is mostly in the eastern district. The red oak is of little value for fuel ; the bark is nearly worthless for the use of the tanner. It is, however, a beautiful tree, a rapid grower, and flourishes in every situation, liut grf>ws In^st on a jHwr, gravelly or sandy soil. WniTB Asr:. — This is a very tall trt»e, and a veiy strong and useful kind of wofxl, except when it grows in cold swamps, Vvhere it is soft and brittle. It usually grows on rich lands and by the sides of brooks ; it is very light and easy to split. It is the most suitabU^ timUtr to make handles for tools, ])longhs, carriage wheels and lor many other pur^Kises- When green it is better fuel than any other wc iiave. Black Ash. — This grows only in swamps, wiiich, though rich, are some- times so wet as to recjuire draining to produce grass. The Canada flour barrels are made from this tree, but 1 have never seen any great tiuantity of it of a size tit for staves in this Provim-e. It is here U6ead to saw, and o'' little value. It makes lut poor fuel for common use, yot it is very good for charcoal. Recently ji process for manufacttiring papt>r from the aspen poplar and willow has been introduced into this Province. If this enterprise becomes a success it Avill render a very useless but plentiful tree of some commercial value. MoiNTAix Asn or Fowler's Sbrvicb. — This is a small tree, very rarely 0 inches in diameter. It jirowe most frecpiently on very poor land. The hark of this has very nearly the same taste as that of the cherry tree. It is the favorite food of the Ixmver, and I believe it is the natural breeding j)lace of the insect "Aphis," which destroys so many apple trees near Halifax by covering the branches with small nests which resemble lice. I ha\e frecjuently observed the bark of this tree covered by them in j)lace8 which were 20 miles from any settlement. PROVINCE OF NEW BRUNSWICK. Exports. IHSl, 1H82. 18H,'5. Roiiiih pnxlucta of the f»irc.-!t,80(> i .-^4.4<»S,2t« 389,947 The principal timber limits or Ix^rths, as they are styled in New Bruns- wick, are enumerated as lying in the counties of Ri«tigouche, Gloucester, ^latlawaska, Northuml norland, Victoria, Carleton, York, Sunbury, Kent, and part of Westmoreland and < ^uimmi's. The whole surface of the pro- vince in its natural state is, with few exceptions, covered witli a dense ioreet of timlwr trees. Tiie black spruce constitutes a tiiird part of this, and nowhere is it founing all in use in s]iii>-liuilding. which is largely carried ituations the iMiech is so abundant as to constitute* extensive forests, the linest tnu's growing in a dt^ep moist soil, or level, or "(Uitly sloj)ing lands. Tlu^ birclu's, InHMJies, and maples all furnish excel- lent fuel, the sugar-nuiple allonliug the Ih'sI, ans in jKNrfection only in a northern cli- i;.;ife. both tlu* nnl and the wbittM^lni ai"e abtmdant, the former mon* (>:;K'cinlly, it 1ighting in the low humid and substantial soil.s known as *'iutenale land*?." Th(* hmI o'm, on the contrary, requires ti soil free from moisture, and ojKMi ami < Ifvated situations. The white spruce is ■'.*», ^alue. It makes rcoal. Recently and willow has icomes a success mmercial value. >e, very rarely 0 x)or land. The cherry tree. It atural breeding [>ple trees near I resemble lice, sd by them in imi. 4-2-2 m) 389,947 n New Bruns- e, Gloucester, "bury, Kent, e of the pn)- vith a dense part of thi.s, well known ijst the most tion of New 1 the('lipj)er avo attained ^ircli, l)eecli, "NW irk, and «t St. .Johns, *«• is always ^) constiiut<» or level, or rnish excel- ' rich in the f>ther; it is <»od in the f »lii.s tree >Hliern cli- •in«^r more I known as II Noi! fr(H> sjtruce in ^IP 4 25 abundant, but its wood is of an inferior (juality, although the rleals made from it are mixed with those of the black spnice, without distinction. A resin exudes from knots and wounds in the trunk of this tree, whence it is gathered, molted, and boiled to free it from impurities, and it is uni- versally known in the province as " gum," l)eing used for rendering water- tight the seams of water-pails and bark canoes. The l>alsam or silver fir is found in greater or less abundance all through New Bninswick. As the white pine decreases the silver fir will come more into noti(;e and demand, it having been undervalued when compared with the former. Canada Balsam, which must not be confused with the " gum " mentioned above, is procured from this tree. The white pine is annually Ix^coming scarcer in this Province, as in all the other Provinces, but is still extensively exported from New Bruns- wick, not only as square timber, but also in the shjiixj of masts, spars, deals, plank, boards, scantling, clapboards, palings, shinglas and laths; also in boxes, barrels, water-pails and tubs. Almost all this timJjer within roach cf the tributaries of the St. John has been cut, except on the streams flowing into that river from Maine. The hemlock or hem- lock spruce forms a large proportion of the evergreen forests of the Pro- vince, but is only of secondary importance. Large quantities are shipi)ed to Great Britain in the shape of lathwood, from which split laths are made Tho butternut is abundant on the rich alluvial l)anks of the rivers, and considerable quantities of furniture are made from it for home use. Very little is as yet exikorted, but the large size which it attains here and its various good qualities must soon cause a demand to spring up. Tlioi-e are two siiecit« of ash here (the white and the black ash); abundant everywiiere. As tlie wood of these trees differs more owing to soil or situation than that of any other, several varieties have iMwn stated as existing, but a close examination reveals the fact that they may all \w referred to one or other of the two siiecies named. It is among the oxjiorts of the Province in the form of staves and planks. Tho black ash is of smaller size tiian tho white ash, and its wood is neither so strong nor so durable, and is not tiierefore in as great request- Kasily separating into strijw, it is largely used in the manufacture of baskj^ts. Tiio cedar aboiinds throughout New Brunswick, t lie Irws stand- ing HO thick that the light can hardly lH^netrate their foliaga It is chiefly oxiM)rted in the form of posts and i)alings and railway sleepers, but, us it enters now into the list of wo(k1s used for tho top timlmr of the higher class of colonial 8hii>s, more attention is given to it than formerly. Th^^ oak, of which three siHM'ies are found in this Proviiu'e (tho white, red and grey), is abundant in the iuterior, and is in demand for many pur- poses. Tho basswood tree grows to a large size in the New Brunswick forests, but is not much valued as tind)er, and is not extensively used. It grows in laruie quantities in tlu> norlliern part of the Provinciv There are three sihm'Ics of jxiplar in tlie IVovim^ — the bnlKam pi>plar, the American atiitcu and tho comuiou poplnr. Tlie wood of the latter is used for naw gates iu water>power saw mills, but none of the above trees 26 are in jireat demand. Tim hornlx^am or ironwood tree is found in lurjro (quantities in various parts of the Province wliere the soil is deep and ricli. Its wood is largely in demand for domestic puri)oses where tough- ness and (plasticity is retiuired. The wild cherry is common, but its wood is very little used. The willow, of which there are three kinds, known Locally as the ewamp, the black and the basket willow, are abun- dant, the two former especially so, and they attain a very largo size. The wood is not used for any mechanical purpose. Owing to the disap- pearance of the white pine, a numl)er of mills in New Brunswick are now engaged in the manufacture of l>ox shooks for Cuba, and a large trade is carried on in that business, the coarser kind of pine being used. 'Mr. Ward states as follows, si)eaking of New Brunswick: "Cut on Government lands ecjual to 1(){),0(X),(X;«I feet of all classes, principally spruce, the pine in this Province, once so famed, l)eing almost exhausted. There l>eing a large extent of i)rivato lands in this Province, I think it is safe to estimate that there is not lass than 500,000,000 feet of lumber and timl)er produced, consideral)ly n\ore than thi-ee-fourths of which is exported, the balance lieing for home use. The extent of territory is 17,500,000 acres, ten millions of which is grant(Ml and located, leaving seven and one half millionth still vacant, und giving to the Province $152,000 for timl)er dues, gnjund rent, ♦Sic." PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND. Kxi'difTs. Rough i)r,424 1882. $ 20,0St8 108,915 1883. $ 28,385 154,041 This Pnninco does not pnHluco more lumlier than is re(piired for home consumption. The following is a hst of the trees native to the Island, all of which are found in the other Provinies. It is a noti^worthy fact that the white ctnlar is wanting in this list, that tree not IxMug indigenous :— Poplar leaved birch, canw birch, yellow birch, black birch and rtnl birch, born- V)eani, whit(^ spr-.ce, N(>r\vay spruce, black spruce, nioimtain nmi)lo, rock or sugar maple, strijHMl maple, red maple, black, whit<\ red and green Ufh, nwl cedar, b«H^h, Ian ii and tamarac, white elm, ironwootl, largo n«j)en, balsam, white and cottonwood poplar, asix^n, white pine, cypress orbanksian pin(\ red pirn, bendock wpruco, balsam and double balsam» lir, w lute and yellow willow. 1 found in largo 3il is deep and 5 where tough- mmon, but its re three kinds, How, are abun- •ery largo size. J to the disaji- iswick are now I largo trade is used. ick: "Cut on es, principally lost exhausted, ^e, I think it is 3f luml)er and of which is of territory is •cated, leaving > the Province im 115 1883. $28,385 154,041 ired for home of which are hat the white 10U8 :— Poplar 1 birch, liorn- IX maple, rock h1 anst. Neither its habit nor liabitat aro in accord with eastern ideas. In its northern homo it is a stately tree, rising, with little diminution in size, to tho height of 100 feet, and often having a diameter of nearly four foot. It is no uncommon occurrence to seo fifty tre(« to an acriA, averaging thirty inches in ^liamett^r. Its habitat,, inKtt^ad of being on sand or in wet fiwam|>s, is always on the uu^sy slop- ing-bank or side-hill or on tho alluvial flats along a river. ^sa 28 Bi.ACK Sprite {Afnen nigra) is an important tree, north of lat. 54°. It is a curious fact that the writer never saw this sixicies a foot in diameter in any part of Ontario, hut after passing nortli of lat. 54° it was found nearly Ihree feet in diameter south of Green Lake. As this is certainly the most northern species of fir, it is probable that the spruce forests, north of lat. 57°, may 1)6 comjx)sed exclusively of this tree. In Ontario, it loves the deep, cool, iieaty swamp, but west of Prince Albert it leaves the bogs and is found on dry but mossy ground. Bankhian PixB (P/jfits Bankdana) has often been confounded with Nor- way or Red Pine. It and Hnm conlorta are the " Cypre " of the Half- breeds. The Cypress Hills get their name from the groves of the latter species at their western extremity. The former loves almost pure sand for a habitat, and hence, wherever there is a barren or sandy tract in the forest region of the North-West, this species is sure to be there. It is seen at Point-aux-Pins, Avest of Sault St«. Marie, and attains a large size in many places along the Dawson Route, west of Lake Superior, and along the Thunder Bay Branch of the C. P. R. to and lieyond Rat Portage. It is common lietween Duck Lake and Prince Albert, and near Fort d la Corne and in all the sandy country west and north of the Saskatchewan River. Cvi'itEss, Sugar Pine, Black Pine or Twisted Pine {Pinux Contorta) grows in tine and extensive groves on the western end of the Cypress Hills, but disai»i)earH al)out 500 feet l)elow the summit or 3,500 feet above the sea. About the same altitude, on suitable soil (it delights in jxtor soil,) it is found along the eastern base of the Rockies, as far north as lat. 56°. In northern British Columbia, it is the most abundant forest tree. Neither of the last two species ever attain a large size, being seldom over eighteen inches in diameter. Balsam Poplak {Populw> halsamifira) is a very important tree, both as regards its size and distribution. In the forest region where the soil is permanently damp or subject to overflow at certain seasons of the year, it takes the place of the A8ix'.n. In all river valleys it is the most valu- able tree, as it attains a largo size and makes ex(.'ollent luml^er. Lan'o quantities of boards were manufacturetl from logs cut in the Assiniboine Valley, above Portage la Prairie, in 1879. It is on Peace River, the Liard and the Mackenzie, where this tree assumes those dimensions which cause it to be reckoned the king of the northern forests. Here, a diameter of from ^ix to eight feet is not uncommon, and trees froni sixty to one hundred feet in height without a branch are found in groves. It is a curious fact that this tn\*\ delights in the alluvial flats along the northern rivers, and not one aapin is ever found in this situation. It wr.a only when we saw the asjKin that we knew we were on the old bank of the Peace and Athabaska, wlien traversing the deltas of these rivers. Trees of this siKicios are larger oa the Liard in lat. (il" than anywhere else, and fine forests of it grow down the Mackenzie, north of the Arctic Circle, at Fort Good Ho^je. 29 of lat. 54°. It is ot in diameter in yas found nearly 5 is certainly the ice forests, north Ontario, it loves t leaves the bogs unded with Nor- re " of the Half- )ves of the latter Imost pure sand mdy tract in the there. It is seen s a large size in )erior, and along Rat Portage. It d near Fort d la le Saskatchewan Pinus Contorta) I of the Cypress ■ 3,500 feet above ielights in poor far north as lat. dant forest tree, ing seldom over int tree, both as rhere the soil is ons of the year, tlie most valu- luml)er. Large ;he Assiniboine liver, the Liard tensions Avhich ere, a diameter m sixty to one roves. It is a ig the northern It W{!3 only 1 bank of the rivers. Trees where else, and Arctic Circle, at Aspen Poplar {Fopulm ircmnloidcn) may lie called the characteristic tree of the plains. Wherever there is dry soil, not too sandy, outside of allu- vium, there is aspen. I have passed repeatedly from aspen " bluffs " on the prairies, not twenty foot high, and with the trees not thicker than a walking stick, to continuous forests of stately tnnis, with their white trunks towering to the skies. Each time I liave noticed that the forest was only kept in check by the annual fires. Until the willow and aspen roots had lost their vitality, they persisted in sending up crop after crop of stems ever increasing in number, until death by exhaustion took place and permanent prairie was formed. It has be^m fretpieiitly stated that asjjeu seeds remain in the soil, but this is not so. The reason it reclothes the ground so many times after being SM'ept off by tire, is the fact that it throws up shoots from every root after a fire has kilknl the stem. It ix)s- sesses this quality, in common with all members of the Willow family, which it is well known grow indiscriminately from either roots or planted stems, and very seldom from seeds. This provision geems neces- sary to this order {Salicao'tr), as in all cases the fiowers are diciecious and two trees in close proximity are necessan^' to jierfoct the seed. Two- notable instances of this are found in tlie White Poplar ( Popidus alba) and Lombardy Poplar, which produce no fertile seed in the absence of the staminato tree. Tub Cottonwood {Popidm monilifera) is found in the deep river val- leys of the " Great Plains," and occasionally amongst sand hills, but in no place is it so abundant as to deserve particular notice for its economic importance, though, when found, it is \isually of large size. It is the last remnant of the former forests of the south. Its thick coarse bark, like that of the oak, preserves it from the repeated assaults of the annual fires, and enables it to escape when thin-barked trees succumb. Tin: Oak {Quercus niacrocarpa var.) grows to a large size in many parts of ^lanitoba, but it is unknown to the west of it. In that part of Mani- toba, south of the Assiniboine and west of the Pembina Mountain, there are numerous groves of fine trees and much of the timber is valuable for a variety of purposes. It is also comniou on the White ]N[ud River, and is fre(iuently seen in groves along Laiio Manit<^)ba. Ei,ji ( r7»trw AmeriauKi) is never found outside of river bottoms, except along LHkes ^Manitoba and Winniixigcxisie. It grows to a very large size in the valleys of the Red and Assiniboine Rivers, and often forms groves of large extent In lat. 53°, along tlie Red Dt^er River, which empties into the northern end of Lake Winnipegoosis, are large groves of very fine elms often four feet in diameter. It is found in some abundance on Carrot Hivor and the Saskatchewan, but is confined to low alluvial flats. Asm (Fi'djinw puhi'sccvx) grows iu the valleys of the Assiniboine and Red Rivers, often forming groves, Imt the timber, though frequently tall, never attains a large size. It is scattered throughout all the prairie country, and is found as a small tree in the river valleys and along the broken face of the Coteau and Cypress Hills. It is of no value for tim- ber, but makes excellent firewood even when green. 30 " Sugar Maple," or Ash leaved Maple {Ncgundo accroidc!*) is fountl in more or less abundanco in all the river valleys, as far west as the 110th meridian, and probably farther. When dry, it makes good firewood, but the fact that it l)ecomes very crooked with age, in the wild state, pi-e- vents it from l^einjj of any value as a timber tree, even if it should attain the dimensions of one. Indians frequently make sugar from its sap, but the amount made is of little account, as groves of this tree are infrequent in most localities. In the foregoing synopsis, all species jieculiar to the plains have l)een noticed, except Taniarac {Larix Americana) and Black Willow {Salix nigra). The latter fretiuently liecomes a tree in the river valleys, but is scarce and of no value as wood, for it rots in the centre long before it shows signs of decay on the outside. The Tamarac forms fine groves of tall, straight trees in many parts, especially on the watersheds, and in basin-like depressions found in the northern forests. In the swamps the trees are generally small, but on the drier margins and mixing with the White Spruce on the hill sides or in river valleys are numerous fine tree.s often forming groves of manj* acres in extent. Birch {Bctvla papifracea) is frequent in the north, and a very excellent syrup is made from its sap by the Northern Indians in spring. Along the rivers flowing into Lake Winnipegoosis, on islands in that Lake, on the Fairford River, and at Ebb and Flow Lake are fine groves of spruce untouched, except by ]Mr. Pratt, who owns a saw mill at Totogon. Enough Spriice grows in the neighborhood of these lakes to supjjly the country to the south for many years. Were saw-mills erected at Lake Francis, the southern end of Lake Manitoba, and a tramway built thence to the C. P. R. — less than eight miles — a never failing source of supj^ly to the whole country would 1)e optMied up. Besides the above, very valuable timber — Spruce, Aspen, Tamarac and Balsam Poplar — grows continuously along the eastern face of the Riding and Duck Mountains. All this timber can be drawn to the before mentioned lakes, and so reach a market without difficulty. Rapid City, Minnedosa and Odanah will receive their supply from the Riding Mountain by the Little Saskatchewan, while Birtle and the adjoining country will obtain theii-s from the same region, by means of Bird Tail Creek, on which there is ;; saw mill at present. Shell River jienetrates the Duck Mountain, n.ii' fine Spruce was floated down this river and the Assiniboine to Brandon last fall, where it is now being sawn into lumber for the use of settlers. On the head waters of the Assini- boine, there are groves of great extent in which, besides Spruce and Tamarac, both species of Poplar attain a large size. My own observation,! and all the knowledge I could pick up from other sources lead me to beli jve that valuable Spruce and Poplar forests are found around every po nt of the Porcupine Mountain. I know that the eastern and Northern sides are continuous Spruce forests, along the base and far up the slopes. At the southern end I penetrated the hills, and found fine Spruce in groves of very considerable size occupying the slopes «i 31 raidi'i*) is found in ■ west as the llOth ?ood firewood, but le wild state, i)i-e- if it should attain ir from its sap, but ;ree are infrequent plains have l^een ick Willow {Salix ver valleys, but is itre long before it "nis fine groves of atersheds, and in n the swamps the mixing with the amerous fine trees [Betvla pap yr ace a ) nade from its sap 3n islands in that ke are fine groves wmillatTotogon. ikes to supjjly the erected at Lake iway built thence jurceofsupi>ly to ive, very valuable ows continuously ntains. All this io reach a market supply from the Birtle and the ion, by means of it. Shell River mted down this now being sawn 'S of the Assini- ies Spruce and up from other fplar forests are [know that the along the base the hills, and bying the slopes of the hilly or undulating country where I was, and forests crowning their summits. Dr. Bell's assistant reached the top of the range at the head of Salt River, and reported spruce trees 42 inches in diameter. Dr. Smith, who explored here in 1879, says : — " Careful exploration of the country north of the Reserve, for 12 miles, revealed a magnificent district, land excellent and much large Poplar, 24 to 30 inches in diameter. This was tlie character of all the region from the junction of Thunder Bay with Moody River and far northward, while southward, there was a .stretch of rich but wot land extending to Swan River. "Westward of the Reserve, the country was heavily wooded with very fine timber, Poplar, Spruce and Tamarac." The countrj' sj)oken of above was that to the north and west of Thunder Hill on Swan River. From a j)oint, a little east f)f Fort a, la Oirnc, and northwards, toward Green Lake, valuable Spruce, Tamarac and Poplar forests, without a break, extend westward to near Lac laBiche. North-east of Carleton and north of Prince All>ert are fine forests which are easy of access at present and on that account more valuable than those further m.rth. Much fine Spruce ex'sts in tlio valley of the Athabaska ami on its upper tributaries, but, without the aid of a railway, as the river fiows to the north it will be of little value for commercial purposes. Above Edmonton, on the Brazeau and all the uj)i)er tributaries of it and the north Saskatchewan, are line forests of Spruce, Tan.'ara*' and Balsam Poplar. Here a large area will be found, well stntcd for Ir.niber- ing purposes, as it is protected from fire by numerous marslujs, and u]> to the present has remained in a primitive state. Returning to the soutli, we find wood of considerable value in many parts of south-western Manitoba ; as much of this has fallen into private hands, it will l^e well preserved and become invalual'le in the cour.se of a few years. Oak and Poplar are the principal trees. On Little Cypress River, which flows into the Assiniboine, there is some Spruce. At Mil- ford, on Cypress River, a saw mill has been built, which iij a great boon to the settlers in the vicinity. On Turtle Mountain and Moose Mountain, Aspea an1. J>a\vso!i saw PlmtK contorta in some abundance, hv.c not of large size. Towards the lieads of other branchtw of Bt^lly liiver. Col. ^IcLeod says, ■• good I'ine is found <)n the slopes of the mountains and for some ilistanoo from their base, while Cottonwood trees of good eize grow along the river bottoms." While in the mountains at Bow River in 1879, 1 made a careful exami- nation of the timl>er in the valley, as far as time would ixirmit. The principal sfxicies were Douglas Pine and beautiful Spruce, the latter growing tall and straight and forming groves on the flats. The other s{)ecies preferred the nvicy sloi)es, and were often of a large size, numbers being seen thrw^ ft^it in diameU^r. Fine groves of timber were observed on the south side of the Bow River, from the mouth of the Kananaskis up its pass and over the luoiintains l>etwib in its valley and tiie vnufnit o|teMing into it. Balsam Poplar and r<.ttonwt «hI {I'v/tulun vi Elbow of the convert it into I for its whole it 1«)SS. uhw«XKl Hills, I abundanw) of the hills. This 0 building for supply for the umt its entire 1 Iwth sides of or waters and m through a lat, 52°, but, in the country lering cotUac. 0 ho supplied, accTiunt. No •s of the rivor, There an* no lowc^r part of ;on8 out of the 1 forest on any ly line groves I to the nioun- (alsam Poplar e B\u\ at the m al)oveCal'- ^. gary. The whole country, on both sides of the rivor, is absolutely without wood, except in the tributary valleys, on the south of the main stream, (iuantitios of very good Spruce and Douglas Pine can 1^ obtained on Dead Man's Kivor on the north, on the Kananaskis on the south, and up thl^ valley of the main stream for at least sixty miles above Morloyville. No dilliculty will Ix^ exi)erience(I in floating down either logs or boards, as the river for many miles into the Rocky Mountains is free from dangerous rapids. It wid be seen by the foregt>ing remarks that wood is scarce in the southern part of the i)rairie section. Mr. Ward states that the annual i)roduct of Manitoba and the North- West Territories may bo set down at 75,000,000 feet. BRITISH C(1LUMBIA. Exports. 1881. 1882. lHs;{. Rough products ot the forest. *1(<2,747 ,t;;«)::,871 , ,'i;4(.".o;{4 British Co'umbia i? amply and well provided with wikkI for constnic- tion and for oilioi purposes, but i\w Coii-st Kegidu of the Provimie has the pre-eminence at present, owing to its fai ilitic^s for cxjioil. The gmat stores of forest wealth in BritiKh ( olumbia must load, sooner or later, to a very larg(» trade. The West i 'ascade regiou is densely wocmIimI, chit>tl> with many sptwies of gigantic conifers, but a larj;e part nf t!lt^ East ("siscadti mgiou is giMu^ rally unwood(Ml, or only thinly covered. The rivers nf this Province, jjenerally SIH^aking, ai-e not well a«laptcd for logging purposes, l)eini.^ Interrui>tod fretpiently by rapids, being cuinpreascHl lK^tw^HUl rocky walls, and being apt to rise and I'all with gnat rapidity. The "Vnst t'ascado region is dillici.lt to trav(^rst^, and lias only Iteen partisdly (vjploreil willi regard to its iiunlHU'ing iiiiaUli' ;.<.ons. Anotiicial pamphlet publisheil ly t!ie Provincial (Joveri iuent gives Urn following list of tluj principal triMouglas Pine, I>ougla« Hi. and coninuircially Oregon Pin<*; Western Hemlock, Engl(Mnann's Spruce, ^all, straight, over tlir(H> foet in diameter. Eastern part of Province and inu.rior plateau forming dtMise fo»-.'Mis in the mountains. Menzies Spruce, very large, numtly on coast. Gre it Silv«^r Fir, coast tree of great size. Palsain Spruce* abounds in <"lotd and SiUkirl ges, auil »>ast of Mclx'od's lake. \Villiamc<»ir>i AlpiUM lieni- lorU, ttio scarce and tf Calilt.rnia and Oregon, very handsome; four I'eel in dinmoter. WI < u J'.no (Mountain Pine) (V)himbia reirion — Shusw^p nnd .Vdam's L.-'ls— interior of Van- couver I.iland. While barked Pine, snuill. \Ve«t<.*rii i i^'ar {( .iaut (."e«iar a man 84 or Red Cedar), wood palo, yellowisli or reddish color — very durable— often found 100 to 150 feet hisih and 15 feet tliick. Yellow Cypress (Yel- low Cedar), mainland coast, Vancouver and Queen Charlotte Islands. Western Larch (Taniarac), Rcx'ky INIountains, Selkirk and Gold ranges, west to Okana^an Lake, lar>re tree, yielding a strong, coarse, durable wook. ;Mai>l(», valuable hard wood ; V.incouver and aur feet, ^'ine Maple, very strong, tough wliite wood, confined to coast. Yew. Vancouver and opjK>site mainland shores, very tough and hard and of a beautiful rose colour. Crab Apple, all along the coasts; wood very bard ; tuke^ good pilish anigbt, threo feet in tliameter. Dogwocnl, Van- i'ouver and coast opposite. Arbutus, closo grained, heavy, resembling box; reaches fifty feet in height and twenty incht« in diameter; found on Vancouver and ncvighbouring islands. Asjten Poplar abounds over lh<» whole interior, reaching a thickness of two feet. Three other varie- tii's of l\)piurB are found, commonly included under the name of Cotton- W(K)d. (Jne d(x>8 not extend above Yale, and is the same Moo-S0 a list of tj-^H^s, and giH's very fidly into the limits of their habitat. Tiie substance (if Ills rejMirt is condenstnl as far as consistent with practical infonnation. Doi'(;i,AS Si'iuTB OK OiuxioN PiNB (/*.■»» iw/rt/Mtnt from the higher portiims of tli(\ SoUirk and (lold ranges. Its north(>rn limit is singularly irn^irular. U occurs abuntlanlly on lii«» coast us far north as opixwito the north t«nd of Vancouver Island, but In^yontl that is only fou ml fin tlie sliores of inlets at some distance from the sea. The ImisI grown s|HHimens are found near tlie const. Mere it frequently sur- pasw^s eitfht ftml in dianu^tor at a considerabK\ height fnun the ground, Rud attains a hcuglit of from '_'0»t to :WMi f»iot, forming dark and prodiglotis forests. Tin* wo(mI varies cousidoralily in apivaranc<» and Htnjngth, 85 according to locality. It is admirably adapted for all ordinary purpisas of construction and for shipbuilding, remaining sound in water for a long time. For spars and masts it is unsurpassi^d both as to strength, atraightness and length. Masts for exjiort are hewn octagonally from twenty to thirty-two inches in diameter and 00 to 100 in length, wiiilst on special orders they have been cnt 4'_' inches by 120 feet, and yards 12 to 24 inches by 50 to 120 feet long. These arc^ generally sent to Great Britain. Wrstbrn Hemlock (Tmga Mrrteimana) occurs everywhere in the vici- nity of the coast, and up the Fraser and other rivers to tiie limit of the region of abundant rainfall. It attains a larg(» size on tiie coast, reacliing a height of 200 feet, and yields a good wood not yet mncii used. It closely resend)les the Eastern Hemlock, but attains a much larger size. Williamson's IIhmi.cx'k, only little kno .n was foinifl by ^Ir. Sargent on Silver Mountain at an elevation of from 400 to 500 feet, and is essentially alpine in its habits. TJed CaoAR, ou Whstbrn' Aanon Yn\K{Thuja(,loiintfa) — This nearly fol- k;i' 3 th'^ Hemlock in its distribution, abonndin'^ along the coast and }o\ ■• parts of the rivers of tlu^ Coast rantre. It is unknown in the dry « -intral plateau, but re-apjiears in the sIojhw of V.m Selkirk and Gold ranges, on Shuswap Lake, and in the Nortii Tliom]Ksou valley. On the coast it Ufit unfroquontly surpasses lift<'en feet in diameter, and attains a height of 1(»0 to 150 feet, but the large trees are apt to be hollow. The wood is good, pale yellow or red and very durable; it is nul yet. much used except for shingUvs. Enoblman's Si'Imch (I'iroi Emjilmnmn) — This tree freiiuently sur- passes three fet^t in diameter, and runs up tall, straight, and to a great height. It apiH^ars to cliaract(een extensivclv used, but is excellent, ani'- S.'i.'.'.H (/*/<•('( Minz'um'i) — This tret\ is conliiUMl to tlio inuuL diate V,- :,,ii ., "if the coast, where it attains a very large size, and is used for li nl . rinr viiri)o«es. Its W(hm1 is while and line. RiMittm, .'/iV* /jr.ni'/i")— This has no common nai'xv is conlnuvl totlie vic'.nity i.f '.;. • ii.*i, wlu^re its ran.:e apiK^ars to be even more s.rictly I'nuted than tiin (Vdar or Hemlock. Tim wo(m1 is wliite and soft, but t(K> hrittlo for ordhuhy purinwes, and mon««ver, liable to ile»'ay rapidly. It jitrowH tea large* size. HalsamSi'imci; (.!'«'( ;« in('«///»i»i'()— This is abundant in (iold and Selkirk rang«w, niul in tlie region east ot tim coiwt rauiies, but is not found in tlie Bout! ei„ «lrr interior plateau. It the U(.rth»>rn portion it occurs in scat- llW'.t Tovew. It often excin^ds two f«*ta in diameter, but tlm woml is COhv, .nAtv.ely wortldess. Rk. .)(.!/'. * ,1»i<('.i7m)— Little is known of this tnn* which is placet' on the !ihi on the authority of Mr. Saru'eul. Ybllow, Ukdou I'lTtii I'lNH (/'•''»' iV»if/«r«iio)— A nunarkably liand- p^ 30 some tree, prowinj; only in the (Antral dry region of the Trovince. It is extensively used, yielding sawn lumber of good appearance but rather brittle, and not very durable when exposed to the weather. Its diameter does not exceed four feet, though further south it is said to reach a diameter of from twelve to fifteen feet. AVusTimN ScRVK, Bull or Black I'inb {Pinus contorta) — This is met with from the sea coast to the eastern slope of the Rocky Mountair.8, densely covering large areas, and ie the characteristic tree of the north- ern part of tho interior plateau. The trees attain a height of from 00 to 100 feet, but rarely exceed two feet in diameter. The wood is sel- dom used as lumber on account of its email size, is white and fairly durable. A layer of its b&rk contains a large proportion of sugar, which is eaten by the Indians. White o^ Wiiitb Barkfip Pine (Pinus albicaidu) — A small tree, and generally in unacwssible situatio Wtxxl not used owing to this circumstance. The seeds are used a^ i the Indians. WuiTU PiNB {Pvnui montiadd)— This ■■ resembles its namesake of the eastern Provincec, but is not conside;.*! CMjual to the latter. It is abundant in the interior of Vancouver Island, and in all parts of tho southern i>t)rtion of the Coast Range where there is abundant rainfall. It attains sixty to eighty feet in height, with a diameter of two or thrc« feet, but grows generally in very inaccessible situatious. Its wood is (;oming rajtidly into use. Yhi.i.ow rvi'KKKS OR Ckpar {O'limarifpares Nuthunft'iH) — This tree is con- ll'xwl to the coast vicinity of the mainland, and to the interior of Van- couver Island, and is abundant in some parts of the Quwn Charlolte Islands. It oi'Um exctn^ls six feet in diameter. Tho wooil is strong^ friHi and of fine grain, with a {tale yi^Uow tint, very durable, and has l)een us(^d to a limited extent tor boat building and for various ornamental pur|)oses. It is aa yet comparatively unknown in commerce. ■\Vksti;rn Lakcii ( Ijorii: ocritfcnhdiii) — Th(< limit of this trtni is ccx^xistent with that of abundant rainfall, but is not found on the coast. Tho tiuilK^^r is strong and dunil>ie, but coarse. LvALB Larch {Larix LiiallU). — Found in tho (ialton range, but very littlo known. Yi;\vTifi)ii (TdJiin hri'rlftnia)—T]nH li'60o«'ciirs on Vancouver Islan«*\ grows Npanngly on tbn coast on Vancouver and ailjartxnt islands, on tho tiuiMHi Charlotte Islands, but iii'vcr iidaiul. Ociasionally attains a diameter of four fiH^t. A valu- able lianl vvoo'l?naZa»f/(i(r ahiifnJia) — This is more of a shrub than a tree, abundant in t'lo interior plattniu and on Vancouver Island. Tlie wood is hard and used for various purposes by the Indians. It produces berries which are dried and stored away in large '(uantities IVir winter use. Oak (Qiwrciis garri/ann) — This tree is liy no iiK^ans abundant, but is found on Vancouver Island and near Yaln. It attains a lieiglit of about seventy feet with a diameter of three feet. Wood hard but not tougli. Ai.OBR {Alnus nihni) — Tliis tree attains cdnsideralilt* siz(^ on Vancouver and Queen Charlotte Islands and the coast, of th(* mainland. On the Lower Friuser it is sometimes found two feet in diameter. Th(^w.•".d is easily worked, is well adaptiwl for turning, and tak<»s a good polish. It is largely emplciyed in Portland, Oregon, for tlie manufacturt* of furniture. It is also largely manufactured into cliiircoal. AViosTKUX BiKcii {Bitidn nceiilmUt/in) — Tliis is a small treo linlonginjj to the dry interior region. Taper Ihncii {Ihttild pupiiracin) — Tliistr(>e occurs in a numl)or of locali- ties, but neither of these trees are used for timl)er purposes. AsPiON I'oPi.AK [Popvlivf (mnnhi'idin) abounils over tlie wiiole of the intiirior, and is characteristic of tin* most fertiln lands. It forms the usual second growth after fln((/»'» tri('hnc(irp(t)—\ variety of I'ojjlars ar(^ inchided under this name, found in tlic valli^vs of stroanis and rivers tiirougiiout the Province, and attaining sometimes a diami^tor of stavi^s for strrar barrols which aro used at San Vranciaco for tlio Sandwich Island crop. AiMUTis (,4r'Mt/it(» yfrmicull) — This tr(«> is mi^ with on Vancouver and the n(»iglibouring islanvernmonts of both Ontario and Quebec never relincjuish their proprie- tary rights, they invariably retain thofiud or proprietary right, merely using tlie usufruct. The leasing of these limits in Ontario and Quel)ec is Sold by auction or at private sale, at so much the square mile. Licenses have to be renewed annually, and the license holders pay an annunl ground rent of two dollars jK»r mile. In addition to this, all timber, iiaw- logs, wood or lumlier of .my kind cut under lii^ense in Ontario is subject to the payment of the fol'owing Crown dues : ONTAKIO. t e. IMiick Wiilnut mill Onk, per oul ic foot 0 03 Hl>n, A.'il luul White I'iiic. ISirdi, Tin iswooil, Codiir, Buttoiiwood and Cottonwood, and all IlodinTiiiiln'r, pcrculiii foot 0 01] All otliiT Woods 0 Ot Ut'd and Wliito Pino, lla^swood, lluttonwood and 0)ttonwood, inw-loirfl, per Htandard of ax) fwt hotiril iiu'iuiiire 0 1ft Walnut, Oak and Maplo, Maw-lo^H, jut HtiindHrd of 200fc« 0 02 timber ) Pino logs 13i feet long, measuring 17 inches or more in least diameter, including culls, each 0 2"J Pino logs 13i feet long, measuring less than 17 inches in least diameter, including culls, each 0 U Spruce logs 13^ feet long, each 0 05i Staves, Pipe, per thousand 7 00 do. W.I. do. 2 25 Cordwood (hard) per cord 0 16 do. (soft) do 0 03 Cedar Rails 10 to 12 feet in length, per 100 0 25 Cedar Pickets, per 100 0 15 Cedar or Pine Shingles, short, per 1,000 0 08 Cedar or Pino Shingles, long, per 1,000 0 15 Cedar Telegraph Poles, eacii 0 U6 Cedar Fence Posts, per foot in length 0 OOi Cedar Polos for block fence, per toot in length 0 (X)i Cedar Hop Poles, per 100 0 20 Rails of other Wood than Cedar, per 100 0 10 Pickets of other Wood than Codur per 100 0 06 Railroad Ties of any kind of timber, each 0 02 Hemlock Lathwood, per cord > 0 15 Hemlock Bark, per conl 0 32 Hemlock Logs 13Heet in length, each 0 OG Balsam Logs, 131 feet in length, each 0 05 Hardwood Logs, round, same iu4 Pine, each 0 22 Tamarac Logs, round, same u.-t I'ine, euuh 0 22 Floors of Birch, generally 28 feet in length, each 25(a),'«)o Knees, according to size, each f)i»'25ij Futtocks, according to size, each l(itf/:r)o Cedar for Shingles, per curd. 0 1<> Pino for Shingles, per cord 0 20 Boom Timber, Spruce, round or sided, per lineal foot 0 OOi Boom, Timber, Pino or Tumiiriie, round or sided, per lineal foot. 0 01 Small rttund Sprueo S|iars, less than 10 inches in dlumuter, per lineal foot 0 00] Smoll round Pine orTanmnio Spars, less than 10 inches in diameter, per lineal loot 0 OOi Whito Birch, per conl 0 30 Pino trees under twelve inches in diuuietor are j»ruliibiU)d from l)eing cut. 40 NEW BRUNSWICK. In New Brunswick timl)er limits rarely bring over the upset price of $8 jier mile, subject to the following " stumpage" on dues : $ c. Fpruco and Pine Saw Lops, i)cr M. superficial feet 1 00 Hardwood Timber, up to an average of 14 inches square, per ton 0 90 Hardwood Timber, above 14 inches, per inch ;■ Jditional per ton 0 10 Pino Timber, up to 14 inches square, per ton 1 00 Pino Tiiul)er, additional for each inch, per ton 0 25 Hacmatac Timber, per ton 0 SO Spruce Timber, i>er ton 0 50 Cedar Logs, per M. superficial feet 0 80 Railway Tics, each 0 02 Boom Poles, each 0 04 Shingles, Per M 0 20 Si>ruce or Pine Spars, per lineal foot 0 01 Hemlock, per M. superficial feet (after 31st March, 1884,) 0 60 And for all other descriptions of Lumber, such as Knees, &r., &c., twelve and one-half jier cent, of the market value thereof at the mill, I>laco of shipment or place of consumption in the Province. During each succeeding year for which the License is renewed, it shall be as ft)llow(Li ; — $ c Spruce and Pine Saw Logs, per M. superficial feet 1 25 Hardwood Timber, up toanavemgo of 14 inches square, per ton 0 90 Hardwivod Timber, above 14 inches, per inch additional per ton 0 10 Pine timber, up to 14 inches square, per ton 1 00 Pine timluT additional per inch, per ton 0 25 Hacmatac Timber, per ton 0 50 Si)ruce Timber, per ton 0 50 And all other descriptions of Lumber as may be fixed by Regulation. Spnice and Pine are i)rohibited from Imng cut which M'ill not make a lug at least eighteen feet in length, and ten inches at the small end. NOVA SCOTIA. In Nova Scotia there are no i ules or regulations under which licenses can issue. To proi-urn tlie right in that Province to carry on luml)ering ojierations, the land itself must bo purchased from the Crown. MANITOBA AND THE N. W. TERRITORIES. In ^lanitobaand the North- West Territorit^s and on all other Dominion liuuls iiuld by the Fivleral (iovernmonts, tliere is a ground rent of $,') per hijuaro mile, and a royalty of five jHsr cent, on the amount of tho sales of all products of each 1 'itorlH^rth. imiTTSH COLI'MniA. In ?.rifish Tolumbia there are no rcjgulations, but the land must be jiiirciiahcil outriglitlx^fore any timl»er can l>e cut. Tiu.re is a I>oniini(m Act of Parliament, 42 Vic, cap. ,11, .prohibiting imder heavy inuialties wanton destruction of standing timlH^r, and calling for a strict and constat. t watchfulness to prevent t bo occurrence of lirt^H in the woods. 41 This is supplemented by a Provincia. Act of the Quebec Legislature, 34 Vic, cap. 19 (1871), fixing the time for fallow-burning ami protecting the forests from fire, and another still more stringent Act, 40 Vic, cap. 10 (1883), by a Provincial Act of the Ontario Logislatare, 41 Vic, cap. 23 (1878), and by a Now Brunswick Act of the Ilevised Statutes of that Pro- vince, cajp. 107 (1877). All of the above Acts specify heavy penalties for their infringement. CANADIAN TREES AND THEIR WOODS. The extent of our foi-este is not more romarkablo than the various kinds of trees which comjiose them. Some s[x>cies are not only very widely diffused, but are also povsistout over great areas, being found almost everywhere within the limits of their distribution, while others, although having an extensive range, are nowhere very common, and are sometimes absent for considerable intervals. Otiiers again are confined to comparatively small tracts. As a general rule, says Dr. Bell in his report in the Geological Survey proceedings of 187i>-SO, the more northern siKJcies occupy the greatest extent of country, while the southern ones are progressively more and more restricted even in a more rapid ratio than would be implied by the narrowing of the continent from north to south. This is owing to the great ditt'ercnces experienced in climatic conditions in going from east to west in the more soutliern latitudes. Some kinds of trees in approaching their northern limits, show a tend- ency to diminish gradually in size, and to become more and more scat- tered, rendering it difficult to draw any boundary of the species, while others vanish abruptly. Tlu» latter hal)it is more ciiaractoristic of southern than northern sin^cies, as far as the Dominion is concerned. The various si)ecies appear to die out more graihuilly as they range northward in the wastern than in the eastern riurions. Forest i'*ees oast of the Roc^ky Mountuins may Ix^ divided, says Dr. Bell, into four groups, as regards their geological distribution within the Dominion : jirst, a northern group including the white and black Spruce, Larch, Banksian Pine, Balsam Fir, Asihmi, Balsam Poplar, Canw l?irch. Willows and Alder. These cover the vast territory, down to the line of the white Pino : Second, a central group, occupying the belt of country from the white Pine line to that of the Plano-TnHt or Button-Wood : Third, a southern group, eml)racing the Plane-Tre<>, black Walnut, Sassa- fras and flowering dogwrnxl, wliicli an^ found only in a small area in tlio soutliern part of Ontario : Fourth, a western group, consisting of tlie ash leaved Maple, burr (»ak. Cottonwood and grwm Asli, which are scattered sparingly over the prairies and wcMjdt^l ^(^gions west of Red River and Lake Winniix>g. In the western iKsninsula of Ontario the forests present a remarkable richness in the munl)er of sixvcics to be found growing together. In some localities as many as fifty different kinds may Ui countcNd in a single farm lot. A mon\ varied mixtiiro is proltably not to \m\ met witli in any otiior part of the continent, or iH^rhaps in tiio world. .:■ '-'J' JJ '»"!«■ 42 Many of the more important classes of forest trees are common both to the Old and New World, such as the Oak, Ash and Elm, and these resemble each other closely, although in almost every instance, says Browne in his " Sylva Americana," the resemblance stops short of com- plete exactness. In many cases there are varieties in which the differ- ence is so slight as to be only perceptible to the botanist, and yet they are differentia which a careful examination plainly shows, and the varying qualities may materially affect the purpose or use to which the wood is to be applied. Where the exact line is to be drawn distinguishing a tree from a shrub is a question more appropriately in the province of a botanical work than in a plain descriptive treatise, and there are several species attain- • ing the proj)ortions of trees in one part of the country which in another are mere shrubs. The following description is made as concise as is practicable, giving the scientific and ordinary names of all our trees. The wood each tree produces is also described, together vith the purposes to which it is applied. The order in whith the forest trees are here given follows the arrange- ment adopted in the United States " OfHcial Catalogue of Forest Trees of North America " by Professor Sargent of Harvard College, published by the Department of the Interior at W^ashington in 1880. Trup Tree, Ybli.ow Poplar, or White wootl (Liriodendron Ttdipifera), a tree by no means common, and annually becoming scarcer, attains a large size, reaching a height of from fifty to seventy feet, with a trunk from tliree to five feet in diameter. When young the bark is light brown and smooth, whilst on old trees it is deeply furrowed by longitudinal fissures, giving it almost the appearance of a fluted column. It present* a beautiful apiiearance when covered with its large tulip shaped flowers after the middle of June. Its wood is very valuable, being light, close-grained, strong and easily worked; it is extensively used for interior work, carriage panels and the finer fittings of cabinet work, such as drawers and fancy boxes. Being easily bent it is in demand for curved work of all kinds. This tree seems to be confined, with the exception of ii straggler here and there to that portion of Ontario bordering on Lake Erie ami tlie Niagara district. Basswood, Linden or American Lime {Tilia Americana), resembles the Maple in growth, but the trunk is more i)illar-like, and free from the knots which characterize the latter. It attains a considerable size, reaching from sixty to eighty feet in height, with a trunk of from three to four foot in diameter. Its leaves are smooth and large, rendering it a fine shade tree for ])astureH, as the denseness of its foliage resists the great Imnts of si.inmer. Its wood is white, light, tough and durable, soft and ea.sily worked, and is used for carriage panels, seats of chairs, fan- ning iiiills, sleighs, and for sounding boards for pianos, being a wood that will not warp. It is largely employed in inside work, and is sought after by carvers for toys and for the figure heads of ships, and for the curved 43 parts of staircases. It is used in turning for wooden bowls and wooden- ware generally, for band boxes, and for a variety of minor articles where strength and lightness are requisite. A coarse paper is made from its shavings which are first reduced to pulj), and the inner Imrk is manufac- tured into bast, an article described amongst the minor products of the forest The Maplb, {Acer) whose leaf is the emblem of Canada, as the rose is of England, contains several species, but a similarity ijervades all, so that the description applies to them collectively. It is a lofty tree, with branches nearly at right angles, bent and contortetl in every direction. It grows on the best of land, and is always indicative of a rich soil. Its foliage is particularly luxuriant, and when touched by the frosts of autumn is remarkable for its brilliancy of colouring. The wood of the Maple is very close-grained and hard, highly ornamental and esteemed for the beauty of its fibre ; when polished it possesses a silky lustre. Strong and heavy, it lacks durabihty, and from its early decay when exposed to moisture it is not sought after in civil or naval architecture. It is used for heavy furniture, cabinet work and for railway carriages where strength is required. A peculiar arrangement of fibre in some spocu- mens, in concentric circles, resembling tlie eye of a bird, has given the name " birds eye " to such varieties, which make handsome artifcles of furniture and picture frames, and command a higii price From the sap of several varieties of this tree is manul'actured " maple sugar " and syrup, described elsewhere. Maple when obtainable is universally ])re- ferred for fuel, from the great heat it throws out. The White Maple {Acer Dasycarpum), is a large tree from sixty to eighty feet high, with a trunk five to six feet in diameter, common in the east, with wood of little value, soft and white. The Strijied Majtlo ( I. Pcnnmjlramcum,) not abundant, seldom attains more than thirty feet in heiglit, with small trunk ; wood white, close-grained and very hard. The Ked Swami> or Soft Maple (.1. Rubnim), is a largo tree generally in swampy and low grounds, wood whitish or rose-coloured, closo-grained, nioderately hard, and susceptible of a fine polish; largely used iu cal)inet-making, for turning and for woodenware. The Sugar or Rock Maple (J. Saecharimim), grows from sixty to eighty feet high, witli a trunk two to four feet iu diameter, and thrives in uplands, or rocky ridges; its wood is hard, close-grained, smooth or compact, and is extensively used for flooring, cabinet work, turning, and preference is given to it for shoe-lasts. Sugar is largely obtained from this sixu-ies. The Mountain Maple (.1. 8]ncatum), a rorthern species, cited by Professor :\Iacoun, is but little known. The Vim, Maple (A. Circinatum), of the Pacific coast, a tree thirty to forty foot high, or at times only a shrub forming dense thickets along streams, whose vine-like stems, take root wherever they toudt the ground, aftbrds a white, close-grained, tough wood, used in tlie absence of ash for tool handles. Dr. Dawson says this tree is never found inland. Another Pacific coast Maple {A. Glabrum), is mentioned by Professor Macoun, but is apparently little known. .1. Macrophyllum oi Biitish Columbia attains 44 a height of from sixty to eighty feet, with occasionally a diameter of four feet, and like tlio previous one is confined to the coast; its wood is valu- able, lianl, close-grained and takes a good polish; is well-adapted for cabinet-making, and is a good substitute for the hickory of the east ; hats, mats and baskets are made from its inner bark. The Ash-leaved Maple [Negrmdo Aceroidci), is abundant in the North-West, but rarer in the eastern Provinces. It is a tree from thirty to fifty feet high, with a trunk of some two feet in diameter, found along river banks and in rich soil. Its wood is soft and of little value, but the tree is destined from its rapid and easy growth to be the shade tree of the prairie farms. The Coffrb Tree {Gimiiockuius Caiiadmm), so scarce in Canada that it cannot be styled as a tree contributing to man's use, attains a height of from 60 to 80 feet with a trunk in proportion. Its wood is rose coloured, close-grained and compact, but said to be difficult to season and work. So scarce is this tree in Canada now, that in IMacoun's Catalogue the location of the only known trees existing are given. The Ciibruy Tijee {Prunua). — There are two sijecies of this tree, the Red or Wild Cherry (PrumiK Pcmwjlrmnca), a small tree from 20 to 30 feet high, of no comparative value. It delights in sandy soil and in Eastern Canada takes possession where ihe forests have been cleared by fire; its fruit is very small, sour, and istringent. The Black Cherry (Prunus serotina), is a fine tree, attaining a height of 60 or 80 feet, with a trunk often 4 feet in diameter. The 'jark is used medicinally, and its fruit of a purplish black colour is used for the same purpose, being made into a cordial. Its wood is light red, liecoming darker with age, close-grained, comimct, easily worked and not liable to warp. It is largely used in cabinet-making, for which purpose it is one of the most valuable of our woods. Tub Mountain Asu (Pirm Americana), is a small tree favouring swampy groves and moist woods, and is of no commercial value. It forms an ornamental tree Mhen planted oiit and cared for. The Cuau Apple {Pirus coronaria), is a small tree with small yellowish green sour fruit, and yields a very hard, yellow, close-grained wood, use- ful in machinery. The Oregon Crab Apple {P. Rintlaris), found on the Pacific coast, is a small tree with a very hard wood, susceptible of a high polish. It is especially valuable in those parts of mill machinery intended to stand great wear. The Service Tree {Amelanckirr Canadenm), more pro|)erly a shrub, runs into a tree in the west. The wood is ex(^eedingly hard, heavy and strong. The Pacific coast si)ecies, A. ahxyolki , is very similar, ant ( Uhnuit rnccmosa), is a large tree jwssobsing wood of a fine grain, compact, flexible, heavy, strong and susceptible of a beautiful ])oIish ; it is largely used in tl»e manufacture of agricultural implements, heavy furniture, and for all purposes combining strength, toughness and soliility. Hackukkuy or Falee Elm {Ciltii* orci'h'ntaliit), a small tree closely re- soniblliig the elm is not common, being met with only occasionally and at rare intervals. Its wimhI is white, soft and probably of little value. I'l.ANioor Bnttonwood (Platdiim oecidnitdih) is found chiefly along the shores of hakes Erie and Ontario, and occasiotuilly hero and there else- where. Tt attains a great size, read ling in rich soil a height of SO feet and upwards, witli trunk S to 10 feet in diameter. Its wood is reildish, close grainetl, unwodgable, not «lurab'c when (Axpns(«l to tlu^ weather and liable to warp. It is but little tised. It is frequently mistaken for one of the maples. Tnio BnTF.RNiT (JiKjhDtn dncnn), from the similarity of its foliage with the white asli, is often confounded witli tiiat tree. It is of very elegant growth, small or medium sized, and apjHmrs to tlie best advantage in pastures and on tlio sides of rouils or along finccvs. The nuts it Invars are eage'ly sought after, ami the k(^rnels biding very oily were in forin»^r time.s pound(Ml by the Indians and boiled; iliis opi^rat ion snparated the oily substance whicli rose to the surface and was used by them as Me uso butter, lience its name. Its wood is ligiit, of littln stn^ngth and of b brownish h\H\, soft, ejusily work»Ml, dural)le, and taUt^n a good polish; it possiwses the advantage of iKiing ai)le to n^sist tlio effects of herd and moisture, and is .secure from the ravages of worms. It ent(^rs largely into the manufacture of furniture and cabiiu^ making, atid when stained ha.s all tlio apIH^arance of blark wiilnut I'or wainscotting aiul fitting up librarii'S or chunlms it is well adapt what it wjis a. few years ago. Tiie section oi" country where it is still to \y^^ foimd is in the |N\ninsula Ik31w(mui LakiM KrU\ and Huron, but it is «r, and 47 the walnut groves boing froe from undorbriish afford a pleasant contrast to the generality of bush sconcry. Its wood is li;,'hl, soft, easily worked and very durable, close grained and l\i;j;hly ornamental, is of a dark brown hue and unequalled for boanty on tho Aiuorican continent. It is largely in demand for cabinet work, furniture, ai\d tbe flnor branches of the joiner's art. From its scarcity it (;omniaude a high price. The Hickory {Canja), i.s a tree of stiff growth and appearance, attain- ing a considerable size, and from its pinniliar foaturtvs gives at once lui idea of solidity. It attains a considerable size, and is ;j;euerally found growing in clumps or groves, froe from undergrowtli. Its woo i is heavy, strong, tenacious, and elastic, ami furnisluvs the l)ost and most valuable firewood of any of our trotvs. It is largely used for iuii)leiu(>.nts of hus- bandry, carriages, and from its toughness, pliahility, and elasticity, is in demanil for Jishing-rods, axe-lumdles, i<:c. The nuts it produces are highly esteemed. There arc* several si)ec;ies of this tnn\ The tSliell-bark {('arya alha), is a tree from 50 to 70 ftnU in height, with a trunk '2 to 5 feet in diameter, preferring dry upland soil. Its W(M)(1 is very heavy, strong, and tenacious. The Butternut, or Swamp Hickory {(/'( Amint], is a small or medium-sized tree, generally found in low grounds; the nut is thin shelled, oxccuvlingly bitter, and not cmtuble. Its wood has the general characteristics of tho lamily, l)ut is lighter, and in cwery way less valuable. The Pignut (Orn/osivs ; also for railway ties, jMists. piles, and for fuel. The Whitcx < )ak {Qwrrm iilha), is a lariro trees tiO to SO fcvt in height, and InMugof the very lirst economic value, and miinvrior to all othcM- oaks in the* (luality and value of its wockI. ranks high, 'i'liis siHMic>s lias the ])ecMharity of tcuia- ciouslv holding on its dricid leaves (hiring tlu\ winter season, its wood is light-t'olourcHl, strong, c^la.stic, lu>avy, and dttral'le ; is largc^ly employcvl in cooiH^ragt^. The Swamp White Oak t(,>»(^rci(W)iVr)/ur, is a largc» tree with gn wood is said to Im* »M|ual to white oak. The Scarlet Oak (Qwmu> cnrriiiKi), a middle-si/.cvl tree, pn^fc rs liglit san.ly soil (larrv's Oak ((M '■''"•"'''"'''.""""'•''"""' "" ^'"* '''^''''"' ''•"<•■*•- 'li<'>igh not abundant, is a inn^ of from 7(» to 1(m» f.H tinctoria), a lar^'o trot* from 80 to 1(X) feet high, is very common. Its wood is close- graine^l, strong, durable, and largely in demand. The bark is rich in tannin, and the inner bark yields a valuable yellow dye. Tub Chestnit {Castanca rvlgaris), mot with along the shores of Lakes Erie and Ontario, is a very handsome tree, but seldom attains the full growth it reach(« in a more southerly climat<% and the fruit or nuts it~ bears are smaller than thogo grown in the South, which, in their turn are smaller than the fruit of the Eurojxmn trea Its woofl is light-coloured, CDarse-grainetl, moderately strong, very durable, but diflicult to season and liable to warp; it is largely employed in cabinet-making, and for railway ties, posts, «S:c. Tub Biofx'H {FitrjtiK ftrmginco), has a straight trunk and smooth bark, witli larger and straighter brandies than the maple, and which come to a finer ixiint. When crowded in the forest its stem rises pillar-like even to SO foet in undiminished thickm«s b<*f<»re branching into a tufty crown. Standing ai)art, it sends for*h l)ranciies at from 10 to !}0 ftnit above the root fur and \vid»*. It prefers dtvo soil of good tpiality. Ita wootl is light- coloured or rc(l(lish, close-grained, "ompact, heavy, and takes a good polish; it is incorriiptiMe if k(*pt und(ir wati^r, but decays rapiul railway • nrriagcs ; it is larg«Oy us(((l for tln^wood. The Ww]\ jtnxlnces every alternate y(*ar a la^g(^ yic^ld of nuts, i>n whicli hogs fatt«alled by that nnnie. It attains its gr(uit«t('.il f)r piles, foundation timl)ers, sluices and simil'-r works. It. is also usod in (•ai)inet work and ftir agri- cultural inii)Ie-iients. There are several sixn-ies as follow: Tlio Whitt* Birch {Ihinl-L alba), a small tree growing in dry or gravelly soil with white, hard wood, extensivc^ly used in making spools; BUuk or Cherry Birch (7>. X(')>7(0, si 'uivlium-si/AMl tree, ]. referring rich woodhiuds, with reddish wood, good for cabin(^t work ; Yellow or Gray Bircli (/>'. LittnO, one of tho largest, of hardwood trees, rcaehing up to eighty feet, with a trunk three to four feet in diamc^ter; its wood n^scmhles but surpass** that of the Blai'k Birch, and is ex(•^^llel)t for fuel as produ<'ing gnvil heat; PaiRU' or Can(X) Birch (/>. /'(f/^.vracc'O, a largo tree which extends to a higher latittide than any other deciihious tree; its wood is white and compact an'. occidditaltK) of tht» Paeilic 8Io|k> and found also in tlu^ North-West, is rojKtrted as abundant, and largt^lv used by settKrs for fencing and for general pTirixwes. TuiiJ Ai.r)i;u {Ahiun), n»*ver attains any great si/.e in the Kasi, but is nevertheU'ss a useful tree. Tlie Speckled or Black .Aider (.l/**"." Innniii) found along streams and in swamps, furnishes a heavy hurdwood us(hI for foundry patterns, for tin* mannfactnre of ehan-oal. ami for the fnuil baking of bricks. The Ut»d .Miier (Mnm linhra) attains tho dimensions of a small 111*0 on VanouiinL' islands, nml on the coast of t lie nuiiidand of British Cohimhia, soineiini'vs aitainingtwo f«H^t in diami\t(M'. The woimI is easily worUeil, is well ailapted foi' turning, and takes agood ixtlish. It is used for tht* better (juality offurnituro, and is sent to ( >ri'gon for nuimifacturo there. TiMi Willow (SiH r), grows alMindaiitly find is a gracet'ul tree, not only from being ouooftho first to us>nnio a gro«'n tinge iiisprin_', l'U( also from th»» fact of its nMaining its foliage far int«i tiie autumn. lis woud is u,s(m1 by wheelwri'.'iits and forBiindry artieles of householil \\r*\ when elasticity and llrmness are r((.|uir»*d. Its young shoots when pio|K'rIy ti-eafed aro used for bu-kels, hnt th.To is abundant , great value except for ornanieutal purj/oses, although it is occasionally used in the manufacture of carriages and sleighs, and as charcoal for smelting purposes. Spools and bobbins are made from it, an industry that is growing, and pajx^r is now IxMiiir made from Poplar wood shavings reduced to jmlp, an industry that l)id.s fair ere long to aissume largo projwjrtions. The Poplar is one of the principal trees in the North-Wost. The Narrow-leaved Poi)lar [P. A)i(/n!>tljt)H(i)of\iw Pacific coast is a medium-sized tree, not much known, .its wening, the odour being esiKicially jK^rcei)tiblo in the evening, or Ix^fore and after rain. It is a large tree, biit its wooc' is very brittU* and of little use. The large toothed Poplar {P. Gr1i)ituht) is a medimn-sized tree from seventy to eighty feet high, with a trunk some- times two feet in dianu^ter. Its wooer. The Cottonwood (P. .)fonilij()'(i) in a very large tn^e from 80 to IdO feet high, and with a trunk from four to eight fent in diameter. Abundant in the North-West and in British Coluniliia. It is a handsome tree, and throws up from its roots numer- ous sncktMs wliich form (juite an undergrowth around it. When its lloW((rs anniver. their stems art* covcM'ed with a lihny down jiot unlike cotton. wluMice its name. lh\ I)awson mentions a speci(^s of this Poplar (/*. Trllior(ir}i(i), growing in open spaces along streams and in river bot- toms in Piritish ("olumbia which reaches a height of from sixty to one liundnMl feet. t\w wood of which is largely employed at some j)laces on PuL'et sountl in tlit^ manufacture of staves for sugar barrels, which are used at San I'rancisco for the Sandwich Islands crop. Tnn Ahpkn {P. Tri ihuIouIih), the leaves of which are np|>arently always in Jnotion on llu* c.'iliiiest sumin(>r day, from tlu* pfMiiliar niann(>r in which they are attached to the bough, is a sMiall tree s(|•^ feet in diameter. It is ark ; it grows in swamps or wet ground, and .so (Uaist^ly as to render a "cedar trwamp" almost impenetrable. It is rare in Nova Scotia, when^ Professor Macoun only found it sparingly, and very rare in Prince Edward Island, in fact it is doubtful if it is indigenous there. It attains a consideral>le size although not a very large diamet(>r. Its wood is light, soft, limigrained and easily wrought- It splits easily, and is hirgc^iy used for shingles and for fencing Its great value consists in its dnrahility, almost incor- ruptibility, for it may be exposed to every vicissitudt* of weather for years without numifesting any symptom of decay. It is in great demand in oonsetjuence of this pn)lH^rty, for fencing and for railway ties. It mtits also largely into the manufacture of pails, tubs, and other domestic articles where lightness is reijuired. Balsam Em(.l'(i'('» ]i<,'(iiihit) is one of the most elegant of the pino family ; it grows v»>ry straight, its branches jiroject at an angUi and grow to a length (liminishing with gnuit reu'ularity as they ajiproat h tliotop giving the tr(sinous, but does not make jtockI bt)ards; It is, bowev(M", valualile for slav«'s of casks and pails, and the tnnik Is U8(id for ma-sts am! Hcalfold poK>s. In British Colunibia there occtir the Balsam Spruce* (.1 '//'(. v Siiliiifjiliin) often exctHMling two fet^t in diam(Nler, Init its woikI is worthless, and another fir (Ahis i or hilh), growing to a large si/.e, with wood while and soft, but too brittle avitt for most i»urposen and liable to decay very rai'idly, 52 Tub Doi'GLAS Fm, Spru-'e, or Oreucon Pine (Fscwtotsuga Douglasd) is the most important timl)er tme of ^iritish Columbia, and the only one of which the wotjcl has as yet become an article of export on a largo scale. It Teaches n lu'lght of from 200 to 300 feet, forming prodigious and dark forests, find frecinontly exceeds 8 feet in diameter. Its wood is yellow or reddish, coarse-grained, heavy and strong and is unsurpassed for strength, length and straightnoes for spars and masts. The best grown trees are those near the coast, Hbjii-ik'K [Tmgi Canafleimn) is a tree of majestic growth, and its apijearanco when young is quite diflferont from that of an old tree, as it possesses a feathery lightness, graceful, and bending to the slightest breeze; but when old it becomes sturdy, with rough bark and deeply furrowed, is full of gnarled aiitl broken limbs, the top generally blighted and deatl, and the foliage deprived, to a great extent, of the pensile grace which gives tlio charm to its youthful growth. Its wooil is light coloured, coarse and crooked grained, and very liable to splinter. It is largely ?a.wn into Ijoards of an infi^rior quality, but well adapted for mining pur x)ses, wharves, flooring of barns and other puriwses in farm buildings. It g.vos a tight hold to r.ails, and as inch boards is in common use for the first covering of frame houses. It is said that iron, when driven into it, will Jiot corrode, either in or out of water. Split laths are also largely maniifactunul from this wood. The bark is largely used for tanning puri»oses, and for making au extract for tanning, the manufacture of which is (juite an iutlustry in the Province of QuoIkic. The Western Hemlock {Tmga Mirtmsiana), abundant on the Pacific Coast, reaches a height of 200 feet, and yields a good wood, not yet, however, much used. AN'iiiTH Si'iu'cio {Picta Alba), a small tree of from thirty to forty feet in height, with a trunk from eighteen inches to two feet in diameter. Its wood is of an inferior (juality, light coloured, Mnd used more for masts of boats and snuill spars than for any other purposs'?. Black Spruce (Picra yigra) is abundant; it attains a height of from ninety to one hundred feet, with a trunk two to three feet in diameter. Its bark when young is l>rownish, and always covered with small scales. Its wood is light coloured or redilish, light, elastic, strong, and is largely sawn into boards and square timlx^r. Tlie spruce timlKT of the ea.stern nuirkets is derived (Voin this tree, known as spruce d(^als or battens, whicli contribute a valiitil)lt» ((xpcirt. Tlie tree fiirnisli(^s exct^Uent yards and topmasts for ships. Ki\g('linaniis, or the Western IWack Spruce (T. Knt/dmauui) of tiio Pacitic Tonst, closely restunbles the former, and allbrds excellent and of the piii(( family, sht»t...fi-A>^.-. .■.s.-^^,.„_^^ ^,g^f^ 53 or more in height, and upwards of two feet in diameter. It is found in most uplands and intervales, and in cold, wet swamps. Its wood unites all the proi)ertie8 of the Euroix^an larcli, is li-rlit eoloun^l, strong, dural)le, close grained and hard when seasoned. It is used for ships' knees, for posts, railway tii«, and is excellent for ship plauks and shi]) timber; it is used also in the more trivial purposes of liouse building. It is well adapted for door and window frames, as it does not shrink or warp. Joists and rafters made of it support an almost incredible weight, for it is exceedingly strong, and under water it lasts for centui'ies. Shingles made of it are more durable than tliose of ])lne or cedar. The Western Larch {L. Ocridnitali.t) of British Columltia, said to attain a height of l.")0 feet, with a trunk two to three feet in diamct^^r, yields a strong, dnrabU* timl->er, but coarse. Lyall's Lanih [L. LiinUii), of the same locality, is ))ut little known. Scmun or Guav Pinio (_Pmm Jiankmnm) extends further north tlian any other sjMwies, and varies from a scrul)by growth in extniuc northern latitudes to a tree of sixty, and in J^ritish < "oliunV)iu one inincbed, ftn^t in height. Its leaves or needles are only two to this siicatli, as ju all the other pines excei)t one, the AVhite Pine. Its \v North-AVest. Its wood is white and fairly -bnilding. AVuiTi) I'lMi (/'. Strnhiifi), in a commisrcial point of view, takes the pre- eminence of all the pint* family. This trtM^ is easily ilistiii'_'uishal>le from all tiie oth((rs by tl.c^ Hghtuess and dtslicacy of its foliairts and by l»eing llve-loav(Ml — I.I ., i)Utting forth it- lunMlles in sheaths (uich containing live. All evergn>ens l^xcept the pine are without a sheath for the leaves or niMMlles. This tnM> attaitis a height of from ll'n to ir>t> i(>et, wili\ a trunk, however, randy exct«»diiig four f»M\t in diamtder. The trunk is singularly 54 smooth and straight. The most magnificent specimens are found in the depths of our forests, in a virgin soil covered with the accumulated mould of centuries. Its wood is soft, light, free from knots, and is easily worked ; is in great demand for inside work from the •:-eady manner in which it takes paint; it is durable, and not liable to split when exposed to the sun. It furnislies timlxir of largo dimensions and boards of great widths and is employed in far more diversified uses than the wood of any other tree in America. It is rapidly becoming scarce, as far as its trees of any size are concerned, owing to the great demand for it, and the search after it has carried lumliering operations further into the back country than the search for any otiier timber would ever have occasioned. INIr. Little^ of Montreal, one of the best authorities on Canadian timber, said at the Cincinnati Forestry meeting of 1882 that the remark once made that "our native white pine may yet lie peddled in some parts of our country as a rare exotic, so scarce has it become," is certain to be realized in the future. LIST OF WOODS AND USES. The following lists enume.ate the purposes to which various wootls are applied : BriLDiNT. — Cedar, pine, spruce, fir, larch, elm, oak, birch for ship- building; pine, oak, white wood, ash, spruce, chestnut and birch for house carjientiy ; hemlock for barns and outbuildings ; hemlock, elm, beech, birch, oak, plane, alder, white cedar for wharves, docks, flumes, mines and wet foundations and for piles. ^Machinery — Ash, Ixwch, birch, pine, elm and oak for frames ; alder and pine for foundry patterns ; service tree for rollers ; crab apple for mill madiinery ; liornboam, ironwood and service tree for teeth of whi^els. FiHMTrRH and Cabinet Wouk — Beech, birch, cedar, <^herry, pine,, white wood, asli for common use; maple, oak, butternut, walnut, cherry, du'stnut, cedar, tulip wood and alder f(»r lx36t furniture. Cooi'ERAr.K — Fir, cedar, oak, ash, poplar. AciRicrLTiRAi. Imi'lemhxts and WiiHBi.wRinnTK — Beecth, elm, oak, hick- ory, ash, bass, willow; and for tool handles, birch, ash, hickory, beech, hornbeam, ironwoftd. Railway Tiis* — Larch, cedar, oak, asli, hendock, chestnut and hickory. Cakving and Tirnino — BasK, willow, arbutus, red a.der, dogwood. (iKXBRAi. — Birch and poplar for spools and bobbins; poplar and bass for pai)er making. PIIOI'KKTTES. Elasticity — Ash hickory, cliestiuit, and red-birch. ToudiiNi'iSH — Beec i, elm, oak, walnut, hornbeam, ironwood, bass, willow. I c i\ tl r- >,-i„.fe,,«*,-.v.*i— 55 Grain (for engraving)— Bass, arbutuB, and dogwood. Durability— In dry works, cedar, oak, jioplar, pine, chestnut; exposed to weather, larch ; and in wet works, white cedar, birch, hemlock, elm, alder, beech, oak, and plane. MINOR PRODUCTS OF THE FOREST. POT AND PEARL ASHES. In the early days of the settlement of Canada, and clearance of land, the greater part of the wood felled was burned on the spot, and from the residue of the fires was manufactured pot and pe^rl ash. But since wood has become more valuable, as it decreased in quantity, potasli works in the forest have been for the most part abaudom>.d, and tiie l>usincss is now confined to factories for its esiHjcial manufacture. The last census returns show that in 1881 there were 225 of tlioso factories, employing 4(57 hands and the value of their prcnluct is given at $;Uo,09C). In 1883 the exports of pot and pearl ash were 7,801 barrels, valued at $208,0r)5. HEMLOCK BARK EXTRACT. The manufacture of this extract for tanning purposes especially in the Eastern Townships of the Province of Quelxw where hemlock abounds is assuming large proi)ortions, and it is far better to manufacture the bark into a merchantable article of cuntint vaiue at the place of growth, than to send it bulky as it is in the rougi; to fo eign markets. The census of 1881 enumerates 4 factories, eini»loyiiig 14(» hands, and places the value of their products at $28(i,250. Accrrdhig t;> the customs Returns in 1881 the exports of extract amounte.l to Sl!K),(lGS, in 1882 !?234,1)08, and in 1883 !?305,42(), whilst of plain bark besides the value of exports was 8481.758, i?4;U,5('.2, $321,9U1, in the three years resi»e.ctively. To manufacture it the bark is put through a pnjcess of leaching and then the principal watery portion is eva[io rated, so that a concert '•ated solu- tion of tannin is the result. Tlio wliolesale destruction of hendock trtws for the manufacture of extract threatens to seriously diminisli tlie future supply of licndtK'k, a wood that will Imcomo nuln^ and more useful as pine disapiKiars. In a report of a Committee of Parliament tis far back as 18(18 it was estimated that an ext*int of lO.ddO acres of tlie best hem- lock land was stripped every year for tlie means nf supplying with bark the extract factories, the tindx-r being U^ft to rot in the ground. TURPENTINE. TuriHintine which with pitch an«l tar constitut(«s one of the chief products of the pine forests of the Southern Slates, has never been obtained in any (juantity here, though tliero is no mason why our pine forests should not furnish us with a large .juantity anniudly if proiK'r measures were taken to prrxluce and procure it. During the civil war in the United Stat(>8 the price of turinnitine rose to three tinu-s its i)rovious 56 value, and was then even scarcely procurable, showing how necessary it is that there should be more than one source of supply on this continent for so needful an article. Turjientino ;» procured in the .southern forests by cutting and gashing the bark y making an incision in the tree some three foot froni the ground, and receiving the li(iuid in a vessel l)ropar(^d for tlu^ j)ur])ose. Tiio genera' m(^thod is to bore a hole with an auger in tlie tnmk about an incli deep. Some cut an oblique notch with an axe, but this wounds tli^ tree unnecessarily, and causes ])remature decay. Beneath the hole or notch a semi-circular incision is made with a larg(M roll gouge called a tt^>ping iron, into which a spout made of a jiiece of Wood, guttered down t le centni, is driven to catch the sap as it flows from the hole above, and conduct it to the vessel lieneath. Those nveiving vessels are generally troughs, rudely cut otit of a log of ash or otlier soft wood; but a much handier way of catching the sap is by 5t driving a nail into tlie tree just l)elow the spout, on which is hung the bnr-kfit bv a hole in one, of tlie staves. Tlie advantage of this method is that a much shorter spout .serves, and the sap cannot he overturned by hogs or stray cattle, as freiiuently happens when it is left standing on the ground. When a frosty night is followed by a warm, bright, sunny day the sap Hows abundantly, at which time three or four gallons are obtained from a single tree in twenty-four hours. It seldom runs at night. A young tree, provided it has obtained a growth of about a foot in diameter, yields l)etter than an old one, and one growing on a clearing that has been raised there, better than a forest tree. It takes Wn gallons of sap to make one pound of grained sugar. Of the sugar produced there are two kinds— viz., the hard or (^ake sugar, and that of a friable nature, which is produced by constantly stirring the thick syrup when it is becoming cool after boiling. From the very nature of the business, tlie making of maple sugar is carried on commonly in an encampment vviiere trees are plentiful. From 200 to 300 trees are as many as can l)e conveniently attended to at one boiling place or camp. When little or no snow lies on tlu^ ground more business can be done than in ileep snow, owing to tlie greater facility of carrying the sap to the camp, but generally from the shelter of the forest, the snow continues unmelted there much later than in the fields or roads. As soon as the trees have l)een tapped and the juice begins to run into tlie wooden vessels beneath, the men of the i)arty build the ni'cessary fires and susjiend over them every vaiicty of pots, pans, and kettles, and from one end of the camp to another is presented an animated and romantic scene, which continues without intermission day and night. As has been before mentioned, the sugar is deptMident upon the weather; but even when it is prolonged to four weeks, it continues from beginning to end to be one of liilarity and gladness. When the men are not engaged in carrying the sap or boiling, they are busy felling trees and cutting an«l splitting them up for lirewood, to lie used in boiling down, as this process consumes a large quantity of fuel. For this purpose they 6(>.le<'t those hardwood trees that stand near the camp, such as suiH^rannuated maples, lieeches, birch, and other trees. The boiling kettles are susixMided over tlie fin) on a strong stick, laid across two forked ])oles, whiih are stuck into the ground. In some parts of the proc(in«l to the ])aiKU'- luakers. Considerable wood pulp in sheets is dried on cylinders as it leaves the wet macliine, wiien it is us((d ns pulp-board for making pajR^r-boxes and luind-lioxt^B without any other admixturtv The chemical pnnHvss rcipiires a large investment of capital and griMvt skill and ox|KMiep.<'n ^o mak«* a good articl(^, whilst tlie mechanical pro- cess only riMiuires sniidl outlay and but little exiH(ri«Mice, hence the largo Mumlmr of mills of the latter kind now in o|N«ration. The w«M)d is cut intochips ;iagoTudly about thnH»H»ighthH of an inch thick, thus pnmervin« the flbn». Tlu^s(^ arti plaiiHl in a !)oiler with strong caustic litpior, clomvl Zt f. I i I 1' V ii I* 61 Charcoal burnin. is an in l f '■"'"^^^- of *,, hlaa/f ",^1" S-»ta ,.„„„,„„ ,„„,„ •, ;,;X "!"''■': "'"' >.«.«, rmm 1,,, l.„„„uh<,r„, ,1 " m'V 'T' -■' """"" '" "''' «•• vl, ^ , '^ to 00 bushels of rharvo^l iuJT] '""' "' '''•>' ^vck^hI eivf^, ,v ^'l^' and 12 nVb. About 1„(, bunbo c ,.,t f T""" '"" '' ''^''^ '-'^'. J' " i I favourable cirannstan.^ to n.ak. , 'T ":^^ "'•"'''^'•' ""••♦''• M.o m -M-yrod t. a ton. At U.Iu ^ "' ^ ^'''"''^♦'"•^ '^'> ''-M^ : 1«0 >UHboJ8 to a ton.itbci„K bu . 1 Ml •'"'"'" ''""^^*« fr'"" l-'ir. > -i 't ..o.t. ,u„ivor., .t tbo n.:: l; :; ;i r™:- ^^ ••»' vi...,. ;; ' H bttli ctuWs lK^r buNbol. A vory lar^o buHin(«s has of i,.,., ,.^^^^'" «l'ippinK at variouH way s af . ^*""'' ''•''""« "'' '" ^Vntral ( "n,.* .„ • 1 J'M la.U^r rojort all that ar„ „,„ j ' ' 2 ' ^"^^'-iunn,iti.« /or buyorH iH'-o. and wbo„ a H../H..ion,.y uL on I '" T' """"^''' '<"• ^'-ir I ' ^ vanou. bop ^.n^vrn a,v..nii.^ riT ''''"'"' '■"^"'^•••' "-'" ^ .o "nrH.H«iblotoKivotbo,lotailH Hb t^ '^ '""'^'"' '•"•••" "u.n. U 62 FOREST ENEMIES. INSECTS AFFECTING FOllEST TREES. Mr. W. Saunders, of London, Ontario, tho well-known entomologist, states that forest trees in every iocality, in common with all other vege- table growths, are more or less liable to the depredations of insects. Insignificant frequently in size, they make up in numl>ers what they lack in individual power. Some attack the roots, feeding upon or boring into them, and thus saj) the foundations of the tree's existence, others burrow under the bark, eating out channels or galleries through the sap wooti, materially interfering with the flow of sap, or girdling the tree and so causing its death. Others, diminutive in size, attack the smoother bark of the twigs and branches, and puncturing their surface, suck the sap, the life of the tree ; others burrow into the terminal shoots and cause their death, while a large army of others feed <»ixinly on the leaves, consuming their substance, and materially retard the growth of the trees they attack* FOREST FIRES. Fires raging season after season throngh tho fnrest have caused a greater and more irreparabli^ destruction than all the devastation (paused by the combined lumber industries. INIany of tlu^se lin^s are caused by careii^ss ness, neglect, or utter inM^d to tliese con- flagrations. Another most iM^nicioiis otIt«'t resulting from tht^ recurring fires is tin* total destruction of t*vt'ry jtarticle of organic mattc^r in the surface soil reducing it to a state of arid, barren sand of absoh^tesU^rility. CATTLE. The injuries nwulting to tin ."irest from tlie inroads of livc^ stock are Hc»»r('»My less destructive to its pn>s(«rvation Wuin that sustained l)y lir«>. Tlie unn^stri(!ted pasturing of cattit* t^>nds slowly but surely to it« final Ption of a ' "t """iw ill nipaii- to ri""" a«. :';:!;",::?"'■ »'"-i'. "!,»», i iX:""" ;"'^' "»■« '"*>' Kndand i ''''' ■^'•"ari' tindn.,. v ' tiirn.Ml out -^uc^ 1 ;:'th'"^ r "" ^" «■-« -•' ' ^ ;• i^' tr;"f •"-• •"■ --''- r)rotif nt' '"^*'® " 'I'e public lands i.'tirV •'■''''' '"' ^'"Wh.- ''''- indi.s,.Hn.inat , , ^'"^ ""''•'^•- <"' the part of -er deix^nds on the description of the country worked, as they have to clear roads to tlie timber made. The duty of the foreman is to search for the locality of the timber, and to [Kunt it out to the liners ; to select the main road to the river by the sjjortest and mtist level route ; to l(H'ats and grararies. Tenants are hired at so nuich por day for self (teumster) and llor8e^,free «if all ex|Hin»en— that is, fcKMl for the driver and grain for the honoe ; price varying from $1.00 to $2.(H», like \ > "■''"^' <>"--, uj ;:""^ '-'-'^ '-in. on ; :',;.' ^'-'-'--o the '•'•'■"'•'PHlrivors ", ""^^•• "'<> hanks of ,|. ' ' "" •' '"''^ '<"'>iH.I ov,.,' •ii'diioii •'onios iiit, '« 'i"oiiii, •""'•i^iiiiisaro /' urns of ,.„i He i'mt ;•• "'Oil a now /i,;i( '■'■"■ in .sprinir (j, snow. [„ ^T III M low IJr ''iii.svvi(;k ,S( J'»'ll<',l,(^^ "'''•'*'y with wa( 'II roii^'l iirn <.f hiinl ";™. »"'|,in,,- „,,,,; :-';«;";n,,«,,,,^,,,, Cr.s f, ' '"'i'''^ (h(* 1, '•'I'Mli. •oni th w;^»'!A,'oiily(i,H 1 ' ■'""i'l 'illy all (I nay ir(,( 'ni|(!. 'I'uvost iik rn.s tl t^iit thronyh tl "' ^iixks. fo,. ^^1 ;,' f '•'J^vs, an,l Honio to"; 1 JUKi confn.si u tl 'i^ iinVht of ,1 "'11 OUC(. tl "'•;""i"v-.ntofaI, ' '""olostand W, (ho loiisan ''■ ivniovinir (I 1 /"»SN(ISSO,S ( '"""•If'l (o \v| '""■" nith a ion osca; «* vicinity of (I 'listarii H) oMitW I'"'^' i'.<-(ivn and "^'""•'H' it, and '■oinintwico at •'"iK'Iiido ai "xjMfri.wii'o.j, ""W«"f th((,| jam II tho si 'o IS a> '■';■•'• l^"l"^<'ii.o half d -" yn hand "' jam ca(c| "*"'' l"'«-..moMd "'■'^"•<""". When (I •n s] lore :■""""-■ M:,::r !"'-•',■"-■. T,,,, , lo ]. I OS I'lill on '^"y sii.-k of tl Is nt Nlioro, an. I it ^""'.Insoof (|,„i,',, ftlinoHt certain ,leaf7 ^'"' ""'<^ 'upi I i, „,„,,„;■ , •■"■'-'"<.ns. The men on .1 • " '" ""' r:''r'''vi-'-.-":rr:;^:;':!:'r^ ^'^•"•>- »''<"' that (hevi, •;>;■;'• as one false step nil lave Tl ."i"' o/i; the d (hoy "•'( |)reHen( I'oach (he I '""'i-'. ii'"! make! or '■'^■"i>,' in l.,.a( "'' "liiiil and ""K "nnld Iki ""'i-'iiM r,j„, ": ■:.;:::'.''''?- ""'ii Nftineplu,, is foil, M»ud. 66 Fn drivinfr timlier through a lako whero a jrood cnrrent oxlste in the middle of the stream, the timber that may liavo worked or been blown into the numerons bays with which they jjenerally abound is towed out to the current by the boats' crews and allowed to drift down ; but whore the current is too Bluggish kedgintr is adoi>te(l tf) cross the lake and roach the swift water. Wliore slides for single i)iectvs of timber exist, the timber is retained at tlj(^ head of the slide by a boom placed for that purpose, so that, when all the timlu'r has arrived in it, they ojhmi the gap and commence fivding tbrougii the slide, jdece by piece, as fast ae the nature of the slide will admit ol". 7 CONC^LUSION. In closing this sketch of the forests, and forest i)roducts of Canada, it may Ik* well to state that the informiitinii it contai.is has been obtained from oliicial sources, and consetniciitly, may be i-onsidered reliable. Through the kindness of rr(»f(*ssor Macouii, i>r. Dawson, and Professor IJell, of the (l(\ological Survey, tluur reports have b(\cn placed at the dis- posal of the writer, ; nd the various Provincial Governments riws|K»nd(vl to the utmost of thciir ability in giving such information on the subject as was at their disposal. The Trade* and Navigation lleturns, and the last Census K(*i»orta, have Ikmui used for statistics, and nothing in the whole work has been inserted without a reliable authority as its basis. Forestry is now attracting tlu* attention which shoukl hav(\ b(*en given to it years ago, and tin* ftirthcumiiig Fdnwtry Kxhibition in P^dinburgh will nuit«*rially tend to incri*ase tin* interest which so large and variivla ln'auch of commerce ev lPil,lFlIi THOMAS LOGAN. I'l'lnii/i lit. (l^IMlTKU.j JOHN MACPARUANE, Importers of Station *«"N080ir MILLS. P o""" " ». f. Q. . 8HERBROOKE P n ry ' BEAVER LINE. THE CANADA SHIPPING COMPANY'S LINE OF STEAMERS To CANADA and the UNITED STATES. The Line is oomposed of the following first class full powered Clydo-built Steamers and are nn« rarpassed for strength and oomfort. LAKB SUPERIOR, LAKE MANITOBA, - LAKE CHAMPLAIN. 6200 tons. 3300 " 2300 " LAKE HURON. - LAKE WINNIPEG, LAKE NEPIGON. 4100 tons. 3300 •• 2300 " FROM APRIL. TO NOVEMBER The Steamers of the Lino will sail weekly from Liverpool, calling at Queenstown or Belfbst t® embark Passengera for Quebec and Montreal, and durlnK the winter season ll^m Liver- pool to Ne-w York, connectiiiK at those Ports by direct rail for all points in Canada and the United States, and to which Throug'li Tlclcets aro issued. Theso Steamers aro built in water-tight compartments, and of Fiiecial strength for the Nortli Atlantic trade. In the Passenger departments the most perfect provision has been miide to a(l(I to the comfort and convenience of all. In the Cabin tho staterooms aro largo and airy and a liberal table is supplied. The Steerage is fitted with tho most approved Patent Canvas berths, is perfectly ventil- ated and heated by steam, an abundance of wholesome food, well cooked, is provided and served by the Company's Stewards three times a day. An experienced Surgeon is carried by each Steamer ; also, Steerage Stewardesses to attend to the wants of females and children, which will be found on tho fly sheet inside the cover. The Quebec Route is certainly the best and cheapest for all parts of Canada, and especially to the Canadian Provinceof Manitoba. Tho North WestTerritory and British Columbia, consistingof over two thousand millions of acres of excellent liwida, a largo portion of which aro offered in iree grants to settlers— tho distance to tineboo is some 480 miles shorter than to New York, and a good pnrt of it is run in the smooth wafers of tho Gulf and ^Iliver St. Lawrence, makingit as desirablo for passengers to tho Western States of America as those to Canada to travel by it, while tho fares to all theso points are lower than by way of New York. Government Assisted Passagrea to Quebec aro granted to Farmers, Mechanics, Labor- ers and Domestic Servants going to settle in Canada. The special forms to boused by applicants for Assisfeil Piissagos can be obtained at the Company's office, Liverpool, or tho Local Agents in (Jreat Britain and Ireland. Descriptive Pamphlets of Manitoba, the North West Territory and British Columbia, together with full information as to tho bostand cheapest way of reaching all placesin Canada and the United States, can be obtained on application to the undersigned or their Local Agents. R. MONTCOMIERIE & CO., 82 MARK LANE, LONDON. D. McGregor a. go., 17 Oswald street, Glasgow. A. A. WATT, 3 GU8TOM HOUSE SQUARE, BELFAST. N. G. SEYMOUR & GO.,, QUEENSTOWN. «"" R. W. ROBERTS, Manager Canada Chipping Co. 21 WATER STREET. LIVERPOOL. GRAND TRUNK RAILWAY OF CANADA AND ITS CONNECTIONS, Offer to Emigrants from Britiiiii iiml Europe the Cheaiiest Route to all iioints in Canada, Manitoba, the Nofth-West Territories AND THE UNITED STATE. THE OCEAN STEAMSHIP LINES TO QUEBEC lasi sxj]\^:m:er. f IN WINTER, lAZ § lOBTOM Have the Shortest ami Hest Route acros.-' the Atlantic, tlio ilistiiuee from Liverpool to Quebec be- iuK only S.ttOO mile.-'; to Portlanii. a,700 mile.«. 'I'lie steamers Utnd passengers? ami liaggage at both plaoeis On the Wharves from which Grand Trunk Trains start ; Every convenience exi.sfs jiIho at Halifax ami IJoston lor passeiiiters taking the Intercolonial Railwiiy and other lines connecting with the (jlraml Trunk Railway. ne|M»ts and NtiitloiiN for the ciaivenienci' "f Kinifrraiu.s are provided at QUEBEC, SHERBROOKE, MONTREAL, OTTAWA, KINGSTON, TORONTO, HAMILTON, LONDON AND WINNIPEG, Where full information and directions can be olitainod from the resident Oovernnieiit Emigration At^ent. With opportunities for rest and meals at ('hcii|t antl R<>afionahl« R»te«, are al.so provided at suitable plnce.-'. The immense extent of thr !traf:e .'illnweil eaeli Salnim ami ten eiiliie feet eaeli rnteniiediate aiii.l .Stei'iaj-'e Pa>.-eiit;er : any e.\i'e>s eh.ir^'eil at flio rato of ( ine Sliillint: per i'o'it. Salo(>!i llerllis can lie -eeiireil n|Min |iayincnt >>[ a ileim.-it of to eaoli li('r'ii. lliililer- lit' Kenii'ii Tiikels ran -ei-nre l!erilj> upnn ilieir excl.aiigiii.: same 'ur nj-ilinavy I'assajre 'I'ic^kels. THE ''ALLAN" LINE ILLUSTRATED GUIDE, Eui'iraeinu jiartienlars nl' " Sninnier Tmir- "" anil "ISnunil Tiii'" 'riel''ts. iliiitrlliuti'ti free tn a|i|ilieanls. Tlie .^teainer« nf iliis lane alfnril the yrealest ainniilU nf ci inti.rt In al! elassi « ef T'asseiipers beinjr fumislieil wirh every inuilern iiniirnv eiiienl. The voyiitre Ik i^iieliee lias ili>t in^iii^heil reeiiiiiliien(laliiiii> a- eunii'aretl with lla' oilier r'nites t(i the Aineri(Nin ("mitinent- Frmn land tn ImihI the a\ t'rat;e |ia>>a>;e i.- imt mure than si.\ ila.vs. Once within the Strait- nf llelle I-le. ocean Iravclliiij:' is over, and liir Ininclreil,- of miles the Pteiinnr proceeds, lirst tlumn-di the (iidl, and then through liie inMi-'ililicent Kixer.St Lawri'lice. This is an iinnienso ad\"anta?e. I'll, ti'ii'lnrx tun III' nlitliiliil fr'iiii ALLAN I'.ROTHKKS \- C(»., .Iami:s Stiikkt, LivKiii'ooi,. ALLAN IIUOTHEIIS k CO., Fovi.k Stiikkt, Lo.siKiMiKititv. .1. & \. ALLAN, TO Gkk.\t C'lvi)K StitEKi', (ii..\.s(iow, JAMLS SCOTT & CO., Qikhnstown. Or any iintlioii/.cd Agent of the JJni'.