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Pbintkd and Publishxd bt tub Tims Pbintiko Compavy. 1872. /PlXifftutj rg> VILLE DE MONTREAL COLLECTION GAGNON , ) G-'2598 2'^ 31249 Forme 1580—1-20 / Entered according to Act of Parliament of Canada, In the year one thousand eight hundred and seventy-two, by H. B. Small, In the Office of the Min- ister of Agriculture. THE RESOURCES OF THE OTTAWA DISTRICT. ■ I ain There is perhaps no section of the Dominion with such numerous and varied resources to aid in its development, as the whole valley of the Ottawa, and yet, strange to say, it has been almost entirely passed by or its existence ignored, as a district which ought to attract immigration and settlement. • One cause for this may be attributed to the fact that with most of the emigrants leaving the shores of the Old Country, the West is the goal of their ambition, and Toronto and its adjacent country, the site of their proposed future home. 'They know they will land at Quebec ; they have heard they must pass through Montreal ; but of the middle country through which they must pass to reach Toronto, — Central Canada, and especially the Ottawa District w^hich lies off the main line of travel, — they are utterly ig. norant; and as a natural consequence, the back country of that section is still less likely to be known to them. Another cause which may be said to have contributed to retard settlement along the Ottawa, is to be found in the reluctance the holders of large Timber Limits, or berths, have had for many years in allowing settlers to intrude on their land, their object being naturally to keep down wa^es as ranch as possible, and at the same time retain the timber in their own hands. That settlement follows in the train of lumbering operations, will be shown under the heading of Agricultural resources, and ]iow that the lumbering resources of the Ottawa Valley, have assumed such gigantic proportions within the last few years, its other resources have attracted atten- tion, and it is now regarded as one of the finest fields for enterprising and industrious settlers, manu- facturers, and miners. The removal of the seat of Grovernnient perma- nently to Ottawa itself a few years ago, and the con- tinually increasing facilities of communication by railroads with all parts of the country, has been a material means of opening up what was recently all but the virgin forest; and the numerous lumber mills and manufactories that the last few years have witnessed, springing into existence and flourishing in Ottawa and the various towns along the river, attest more than pen can describe, the unlimited amount and value of the resources of the whole Ottawa Valley. These may be divided under the diiferent head- ings of Agricultural resources, Mineral resources, Lumber resources, General resources ; each of these will be described and treated under its own head- ing. Before doing so however a slight sketch of this section of Cau'ida will be necessary. LOCALITY AND DESCRIPTIO^. The River Ottawa, which falls into the St. Law- rence, at the western extremity of the Island of 8 Montreal divides the Provinces of Quebec and Ontario, its northern shore Ijrig in the former and its southern in the latter. Its length is about 600 miles. On its course the G-atineau which is about 300 miles in len^ th, separates the valley towards its centre, in a line nearly perpendicular running from north to south. It is estimated that over 30,000 square miles of territory are drained by the Ottawa and its tributaries. The district of the Ottawa Yalley may be said to commence about Grenville and Hawkesbury on the east and to extend to DesJoachims, in the "West, the head of river navigation at present, comprising on the North Shore the Counties of Ottawa and Pontiac, the two largest counties of Canada, abounding in lumber and mineral wealth, and the rich and fertile counties, subdivided into townships of about 10 miles square, of Prescott, Russell, G-renville, Carleton, Lanarlv and Renfrew, with a total population, ac- cording to the census of last year, of 234,129 inhabi- tants. It is intersected throughout, on both sides of the Ottawa River, with numerous large tributary streams many of them surpassing the largest rivers of the Old Country. Of those flowing from the north, the principal are the Nation, the duLievre, the G-atinoau, the Coulonge, and the duMoine. On the south side are the Madawaska, the Bonne- Chere and the Petewawa. The southern side of the Ottawa is sx)]ondidly adapted lor agricultural purposes, being less mountainous than the north shore : but the valleys along the rivers, traversing the latter, and tlie tract lying between the Lauren- tian Hills and the Ottawa with which they run paral- lel, at a distance of some thirty or forty miles, also afford good land for liirining-. Numerous thriving towns and villages, are located along the Ottawa and in the country adjacent; indeed, travel where you may in those portions where the forest has been broken by settlement, you will find in every ten miles at least, a village with stores, post office, black- smith's shop, churches, school house, &c. The rapidly increasing City of Ottawa itself^ with a po- pulation of 21,545, the capital of the Dominion, is a centre from w^hich supplies of all kinds can be procured, and offers a ready market for all the pro- duce of the Upper and Lower Ottawa, as the country east and west of it is commonly called. Connection between the head of navigation on the Ottawa River and the waters of Lake Huron, is contemplated by way of FrenchRiver and Lake Nipissing ; a railway from Quebec along the North Shore to Lake Huron is projected, and on the South side the Canada Central now open from Ottawa to Carleton Place, is being pushed forward ; the Montreal and Ottawa Junction will be commenced at an early date, and a line from Pembroke to Kingston is in course of construction. Communication w^th the St. Lawrence, and the G-rand Trunk Railway is established by means of the Brockville and Ottawa, and St. Lawrence and Ottawa Railways and Rideau Canal, thus giving easy access to all parts of the Dominion and the United States. Steamers ply daily along the Lower Ottawa to and from Montreal ; and the Upper Ottawa has a number of fine vessels making daily trips up and down. Thus every facility is afforded to the settlers for transport and traffic. AGRICULTURAL RESOURCES. The quality of the soil may be called on the whole, first rate ; in some parts a rich deep loam, in others a rich vegetable mould, with clay subsoil mixed with sand, and capable of producing the finest yield 'of wheat, beans, oats, or almost any crop. The average yield of Fall wheat is 30 bushels to the acre, and of Spring Wheat, 23 bushels. But if half the care were bestowed upon the prej)aration of land for wheat which is devoted to that operation in Great Britain, 50 instead of 30 bushels would be the average yield. Subsoil draining is unknown here ; a proper rotation of crops scarcely ever adopt- ed, and yet the fertile soil produces most abundant crops. The complaint with some of the farmers is that their land is too rich — no necessity for manure. A farmer at Fitzroy harbor, originally from the neighborhood of Belfast, states that he has taken in succession, fourteen crops of wheat and oats, with- out any manure, and the last crop was the best. He will sow the same field this year, in Spring wheat, which will be the fifteenth crop of grain. The following extract from a letter in the Dublin Express, 29th November, 1871, dated Fitzroy Harbor, and signed A. Gordon, a scientific farmer well known in Belfast, speaks for itself. " # =* In this section " manure is regarded more as a nuisance than any- " thing else. I thought of how the Down and " Antrim farmers economise their manure ; there 6 " are many from these conntios settled here. The "land is well adaj)tod for the growth of flax, and " wonld produce the finest quality ; any quantity " could be grown here if there were a market for it, " The North of Ireland will soon be flaxed out, and " I thing if the millowners at home directed their "t- " tention to Canada, they could get all they would "require ; besides the adai^tability of the soil, there is " the advantage of quick transit ; from Montreal to " Liverpool the trip is made on an average in ten " days. ^ ^ Farm hands get more than double what " they get at home, and good board, with meat three " times a day." All through the valley of the Ottawa, patches of Pine and Hardwood are irregularly mingled, and it is a wise dispensation of Providence, that they should be so; for as the hardwood land, is that which best repays the farmers toil, so is the pine grove the mainstay of the lumberer, and each must remain dependent on the other, while yet at an in- convenient distance from railways or navigable waters. Thus it is that the lumber shanties atford a certain and profitable market for all the settler's surplus produce of Beef, Pork, Flour, Peas, Potatoes, Oats and Hay. Settlers are general] -^^ poor, and not able to make roads for themselves in the Bush. But in the vicinity of lumbering operations, they get the advantage of all the roads and bridges used in taking off the timber, and many live for years in the old lumber shanties. Were it not for these advantages, the pioneer settlers would be shut up in the bush and isolated from all markets ; whereas the lumberer provides a market almost at his own door for every- thing the settler can raise, and furnishes profitable employment in winter, for himself and family. In many cases the lumberer advances seed to the set- tler, and assists him in putting it in, by lending him cattle and implements. The climate here being so different from that of the United Kingdom, the system of farming, and the rotation of crops, must necessarily be dissimilar. Potatoes and wheat are the first crops generally raised upon new land, as it is too rich for almost any others. Wheat is the crop that generally succf^':»ds the Potato, and it is sown in the Potato soil as in new land. Oats follow the Wheat, but the Wheat stub- ble must be ploughed for its i^eception. All crops here, thorg"; put in later in the Sring, mature earli'^^ than in England. Grenerally speaking the snow is off, and the ground is fit for ploughing between the 20th April and 1st May. Haying (mowing) generally commences about the 12th July. An acre and a quarter is the average quantify of meadow that a man will cut per diem. The expense of saving the hay is considerably less than in England. It may be judged of by the fact that light meadow has been known to have been cut and put into the barn stack on the same dap. The more usual system however, is to shake it out soon after being cut, then to rake it into " wind- rows," make small stacks of it by the evening, and next evening put it into large stacks or the barn, The reaping of the wheat tha! has been sown in ! 1 8 the fall (autumn) begins about 1st August. If it be not lodged it can be " cradled," — which means being cut "with an implement called a cradle, resembling a scythe, and by means of which a man will cut at least four times as ifiuch as with lAe reaping-hook. Spring Wheat comes in about 10th August, and may also be " cradled" if not lodged. Oati are usually fit for cutting by the 14th August, and are most frequently " cradled." Peas ripen by the 5th August, and are cut with the scythe and reaping-hock. Indian Corn is gathered in about the 8th Sep- tember, and it takes about lour men to the acre. Women and children are almost as useful at this work, as men. Potatoes ripen according to the time at which they have been planted. By the 10th of October the harvest is generally housed, and then underbrushing — which cannot well be done in winter in consequence of the deep snow — is commenced. Potash is now being made, and sleighs, &c., put in order for the winter's work. All kinds of cereals, vegetables and fruit grow well, and by the man who is capa,ble of doing his own farming, they can be produced at comparatively little cost, and to him they are sure to yield a profit- able return for his labour. But, as in all new coun- tries, labour is scarce, and consequently expensive, he who is incapable of taking the axe, the plough, the scythe and sickle, in his own hand, and using them effectively, cannot hope to r ;alize much profit from pursuits exclusively agricultural. In grain — wheat, rye, oats, barley, buckwheat and Indian corn, or maize, are each a sure crop, Potatoes, turnips, beets, carrots, parsnips, beans and peas, squash, pumpkins, melons, tomatoes, &., are raised in large quantities. Sixty bushels of Indian corn, is not an unusual crop per acre. Beetroots, for sugar, broom-corn and tobacco Lave been suc- cessfully experimented with. All vegetables and fruit that are raised in New England and the West- ern States of America may be successfully grown in the Ottawa district, A farm of one hundred, or even fifty acres, is quite large enough for any industrious and practical farmer. Emigrants wishing to come to this part of the country would do well to club together in joint stock companies of ten or twelve, and each company purchase a block of 1,000 acres in the best agricultu- ral districts, and divide it among them by lot or other- wise. In this way each would possess a farm quite large enough, and with sufiicient land under cultiva- tion to enable him to begin business at once, and get good returns the first season. In Europe much misconception exists with respect to the amount of capital necessary for a farm settler in Canada to be possessed of Let it then be distinctly understood that the single man, of temper- ate habits, with a will to work, needs but a stout heart and a strong arm to realise for himself aa in- dependence in a very few years Wild Lands are usually sold subject to the obli- gations of actual residence, and the cultivation of a few acres annually ; and the payments for them are usually made in four annual instalments. JO In the newer Townships the taxes rajely exceed a very few pence in the pound upon the assessed value, but all who are on the assessment roll are compelled to do a few days statute labor annually upon the roads. The wages of a good working man is usually ^£30 to <£40 a year, with board and lodging, and that of servant girls from 10s. to .£1 sterling a month also with board. A party consisting of upwards of 60 agricultural laborers brought out to Ottawa last year by the Kev. Mr. Fletcher, from Calne, Wiltshire, were all disposed of in twenty-four hours by Mr. Wills, the Immigrant Agent, at $24, $20 and $14 per month, according to their capabilities. Shoemakers, tailors, blacksmiths and carpenters, are the trades- men most useful in the newer parts of the country, and such will find ready and remunerative employ- ment in the various towns, villages and settlements. Masons, bricklayers, glaziers, &c., &c., &c., will also have no difficulty in getting immediate and constant work at high wages in the large towns and in Ottawa. In fine, there is plenty to do for all who are able and willing to do it ; but for the indolent or the intern,' perate there is no room, and such characters will certainly not better their circumstances by coming here. Mr. Wills last year received 4813 applications for laborers of different kinds. So far from being a draw-back to the farmer, the winter is of the greatest benefit to him in many ways. The clearing of the land, is most frequently lone in winter, and threshing and milling are also xclusively winter employments. Besides purifying 11 tie aftoosphere, and enriching the earth, the frost and snow fill up mud-holes, almost impassable in Summer, and convert Lakes and Rivers into excel- lent toads, over which the farmer takes large sleigh loads of produce to the mill and to the market. In the preservation of meats the frost is also of very great advantage. It obviates the necessity of feed- ing fat cattle or poultry through the winter, and thus saves an incalculable amount of labor and expense. Cattle are permitted to roam at large through the woods in summer, and in the fall such as are intend- ed for beef are in fine condition. When the cold weather sets in they are slaughtered, and the meat being allowed to freeze, and being then put in a cold place, it keeps perfectly fresh till spring. Poultry are preserved by the same simple process, and milk may also be kept through the winter in frozen cakes, — a lump being chopped ofi" and thawed out as occasion may require. Were it not for the frost and snow, the climate would be less healthful, the soil less fruitful, the valuable products of the forest could never be made subservient to the use of man, and Canada would not be, what she now un. undeniably is, a prosperous, a progressive, and a happy country. MINERAL RESOURCES. The mineral wealth of the Northern shore of the Ottawa Valley is not surpassed, if indeed it be equalled by any other section of the country in variety and richness. It has not yet however re- ceived anything like the attention it deserves, and Ifi may be said to be almost entirely undeveloped. To mention some of the principal minerals, we have iron, lead, plumbago, manganese, heavy spar, calc spar, gypsum or plaster of paris, marble pronounced by good judges as fully equal to that of Carrara and Vermont ; and building stone, all of the latter in large quantities near the surface. G-old has also been found, but not as yet in quantities sufficient to pay the working. IRON. Magnetic Iron ore is found more or less all through the Laurentian chain of Mountains travers- ing the North side of the Ottawa river, but the only place where this mineral is as yet worked is in the Township of Hull, within a few miles of the capital, where a village called " Ironsides" has sprung into existence since the opening of the mine. There is no reason why, when properly conducted, the same success should not attend the manufacture of iron as has attended it in other countries where similar conditions exist. In Sweden and in Norway, as in Canada, the ores are generally magnetic, the fuel charcoal, the motive power water, the means of transport and communication imperfect ; labor is certainly cheaper, but the ores are less rich (33 per cent being the average in Norway, while here it is estimated at 69 per cent.) The same conditions as to ore, fuel, &c., obtain in New York State, where the smelting of iron ores seems to be very success- ful, and if care be taken to employ the same skill, and the same apparatus and processes which are there applied, ' iron could be as successfully made in II Canada as in New York. The New York Journal of Commerce in calling attention to the vast number of iron deposits known to exist in Canada, says under the heading of an article on Canadian iron, that there is every probability of a heavy rivalry between the two countries in the manufacture of this metal, not only because of the remarkably excellent quality of the Canadian metal, but on account of the low prices of labour and material employed here in iis production, and the writer ex- emplifies its quality from a test made by the super- intendent of the West Point Foundry, who reported a square inch of Canadian iron resisting 20,000 lbs. more pressure than that from the most popular works in the U. S. The same iron he says has been manu- factured into beautiful specimens of steel. The Hull iron mine, belonging to Mr. Bald- win, is distant from the Gratineau River, about two miles, by a road constructed from the blast furnace to the ore bed. The facilities for working"the mine are good, as are those for getting out the products to market. The mine is situated on elevated ground, and the ore is approached not from above, but from the face or below, which avoids the expense and labour of underground working. The products are conveyed to the wharf on the G-atineau in wagons or sledges ; and from thence shipped to Cleveland by barge and boat, at a cost of something like $2.75 per ton for freight from the G-atineau. The ore shipped to Cleveland, has there been mixed with the inferior ores of Lake Superior and ot];i^er places, and has yielded iron of an excellent Il 14 quality for the furnace. As a proof of this, we may state that the Toronto Car "Wheel Company has purchased some of the iron made from Hull ore and used it in the construction of wheels and other castings, and Mr. G-artshore, the manager of the Company's works, has stated tha' it is a most excel- lent description of metal for their purposes. The ore has given so much satisfaction in Cleveland, from the ease with which it can be smelted and the quality of iron produced, that larger orders have been given at advanced prices. During this winter and next season, the proprietors propose to take out at least twenty thousand tons, for the whole of which they will find a ready market in Cleveland. Tell thousand tons were taken out last year. Some months ago an analysis was made of a fair sample by Professor Chandler, of Boston which gave the following result : — Magnetic oxydof Iron 93.82 Alumina .79 Lime .45 Magnesia .94 Sesqui oxyd Manganese 12 Silica 3.75 Sulphur 11 Phosphorous .08 100.06 Equivalent to Metallic Iron 67.94 to Sulphur 11 " to Phosphorous 03 The quantity of the ore may be said to be un- limited. The ground is strewn with large and small blocks of ore, slightly oxidized by exposure to tliei 15 atmosphere, and the geological strata, where tke workings have laid it bare, are seen to be intersect- ed with veins running in every direction. The direction of what appears to be the principal vein— ■ which is about forty feet in width, judging from surface indications — is towards the south west ; but as there are radiating veins of ^ery considerable thickness, it is utterly impossible to fix the location of the parent vein, or to say what limit should b© placed upon the abundance of the ore. But the- merest tyro in mining matters could not fail to see^ that the ore is present on the surface and in the strata in immense quantities. In enlarging the working bed at the entrance to the mine, large veins have- been " struck " to the right and the left, and dipping at every imaginable angle. From one of these, at a single blast, not less than twenty tons of magnificent ore was thrown out. The disastrous fires of last year went over the ground in the neighborhood of the mine, doing great damage to forest and fields, but resulting in one piece of good at least, that is, disclosing the fact that the ore was of greater extent than had been supposed. Since these fires the ore has been traced a distance of about one mile and a half. Here the richuess and quantity of the ore may be better estimated than in any other part. A small hill rises from slightly swampy ground to a height of about one hundred feet, having a base of about one hundred and thirty feet. The hill exposes a wall-like face, from which, from top to bottom, there may be seen protruding immense blocks of ore ; and the whole bears the ap- pearance of having been thrust through the crust of 16 the earth by some violent volcanic disturbance. Roughly estimated, the cubic contents of this hill, as far as the ore has been traced from the front back- wards, are 100x130x150=1,950,000 feet, or about 288,000 tons. This is what we may term surface ore, which is found in abundance along the whole of the course mentioned above, and it would not be extra- vagant to estimate the exposed or easily accessible mineral at 100,000,000 of tons. The wealth con- cealed below it is impossible to estimate ; but there can be no doubt that the hidden treasures are of enor- mous extent and great richness. In the present^ working, the fact has been disclosed that the veins have an inclination downwards, that the deeper it is obtained the richer it is, and this will, in all pro- babiUty, be the character of the veins throughout the whole course of the ore bearing strata. In this mine there is iron for a nation for ages to come, and it will be a source of great wealth to its owners as well as profit to the country. If worked only as now — for ore for shipment to a foreign country — it will employ labourers, our ships and canals, and put monev into circulation ; but if made still more use- ful by the conversion of its ore into iron, its influ- encce for good upon the industries of the country, and the Ottawa district especially, would be ten-fold greater. PLUMBAGO. In the valley of the Ottawa, pumbago or graphite is found in the townships of G-renville, Lochaber, Buckingham, Templeton, the Seigniory of Petite Nation, and in the township of Burgess, south of the Ottawa River. It occurs in a disseminated form throughout the Laurentian limestone ; but the sec- tion of country where this mineral is bein^ princi- pally worked is in the townships of Buckingham, Lochaber, and Templeton. Of late the attention of explorers has been given for the most part to the ridges of land lying between the river Blanche in Templeton, and the River du Lievre in Buckingham, It is only four or five years since the mines in the latter were opened under the present system of work- ing, but there are already two crushing mills in full operation, and several others in the course of pre- paration. The facility of obtaining water power for the machinery, and the short distance the prepared article has to be conveyed to navigable water, greatly enhances the \ alue of the deposits in these town- ships. The following description of the crushing mill working at Buckingham will partly explain the operation. A powerful head of water by the construction of a dam being first of all obtained as the motive power, huge square blocks ol iron each weighing several hundred weight, called stamp-heads, are allowed to fall alternately upon the crude ore pre- viously broken into pieces, which they by repeated blows crush fine in water. The matter thus obtain- ed is then conveyed into the buddies, which are cir- cular vats or shallo\ tubs in which four cross bars, each furnished with a strong brush nearly but not quite touching the bottom, rotate, giving a circular motion to the whole of the contents, which are of the consistency of thin mud ; by this motion the graphite and the minerals associated with it are separated from one another according to their specific 18 gravity, and deposited in rings aronnd the centre of the buddle. The graphite l)eing the lightest of the minerals gradually reaches the outer ring, while the heavier stony matter remains in the centre, where the heaviest particles concentrate. Gold to the value of $4.38 per ton has been obtained, and it is not im- probable that the greater the depth from which the ore is dug, the larger the yield of gold will prove. "When proper steps have been taken to separate and collect this, the precious metal will go a great way towards paying the working expenses of the mill, and thus enhance materially the value of its products. The graphite being thus cleaned, is then dried on a furnace or kiln, and subjected to other processes, one of which is not made public, and the mineral is ultimately collected iniine scales or grains in a condition of great purity. It is then barrelled up and is ready for shipment. The price obtained for the material in England Avhen manufactured is about S^130 per ton of 2,000 lbs. The iDrice of coursR varies according to quality. LEAD. A rich deposit of lead associated with sulphate of barytes has been discovered and partly worked near Buckingham, and though the veins have only been uncovered for a short distance, sufhcient idea of their richness has been gained to warrant extensive operations. The locality is very favourable for work- ing, being on the summit of a steep bank surmount- ing a small creek which affords natural facilities for draining off" the water from the workings. It has been ascertained that this lead is argentiferous. 19 OTHER MINERALS. The iron pyrites of the Laiireiitian rocks has frequently been found to contain small portions of nickel, and cobalt, which metals might be profitably extracted from the residue left after its calcination in the manufacture of sulphuric acid. Cobalt ore is rare, and much soug'ht after, its price being- about $3 j)er pound in England. An estimate of the ex- pense of extracting cobalt from pyrites and the mar- ginal profit resulting from it is shown as follows : — Expense of excavation, calcining, freight, &c., |14 per ton. That amount as ascertained by analysis of pyrites taken from near Brockville yielded at the rate of 8 lbs. cobalt— worth $2 i— leaving a clear pro- fit of $10, without taking into consideration the sulphuric acid obtainable during the process. The time will come sooner or later when our increasing industry will warrant the establishment of large chemical works in the Dominion, and then the long neglected and despised pyrites will become available. Large quantities of sulphuric acid are now used in refining coal oil and petroleum. Amongst the other economic minerals of the Ottawa valley, may be mentioned Steatite or Soap- stone, used for lining furnaces, and when ground to a powder and mixed with oil, consituting the so-called fire proof paint. Kaolin, or porcelain clay, is met with in a few localities, and feldspar which enters largely into composition of porcelain, is found in considerable quantities in granitic veins among the Laurentian rocks, and in some places of sufiicient s I I i 90 purity to he available for the use ot potters. Speci- mens of sandstone from Vaudreuil on the Ottawa at the London Exhibition, attracted the attention of English glass manufacturers, who import a similar material from the United States, and who made en- quiries as to the price at which the sandstone could be furnished in England, though without as yet leading to any direct results. The minerals of the Ottawa Valley are already yielding in most instances remunerative returns, and a source of wealth is opened which must swell the revenue of the country, and build up settlements in localities where other- wise sterility of soil forbade permanent improve- ments. A few years ago the population were depen- dant upon the lumbering firms, who took the produce of the farmer at what prices they chose, without consulting the producer, who w^as invariably in debt to them. Money was very little used, and the whole country bore an air of poverty and hardship. Go now through the same section, and a very different prospect is presented. Produce of ail descriptions commands a high price in cash ; teams which had to be sent far up the rivers for lumbering in the winter, are now in demand for drawing ore from the mine ; the farmers are rapidly accumulating if not wealth, at least a sufiiciency of means to whi'^h they have hitherto been strangers ; the influx of strangers con- nected with the various workings is swelling out the population of the villages, and the additional revenue derived in the form of taxes from the increased value of the lands, add to the municipal wealth, while the lands surrounding the district are rapidly rising in 31 ralne, and now command a price, that a few years ago would have purchased the best lands in the West. TIMBER TRADE AND RESOURCES. The principal trees of the Canadian Forest, used in lumbering, are the white and red pine, the spruce, the hemlock, the balsam, the larch or tamarack, and the cedar. Where the soil is adapted for agricul- tural purposes, hardwood abounds, and in such sections of the country the pine tribe are only met with to any extent, in belts or hills, commonly- known as " pine ridges." Of all trees the pine is the most valuable, l.q white pine occasionally reaching 200 feet in height, and making square timber 60 feet long by 20 inches. As the principal timber producing districts are in the possession of G-overnment, the first step of the manufacturer is to obtain what is called a timber berth or limit. These are sold by auction to the highest bidder, the price ranging generally from one dollar to a dollar and a half per square mile. The limit holder becomes a yearly tenant of the G-overn- ment at a fixed rent, and in addition pays a slight duty per cubic foot of square timber, taken out, and on each standard log of 12 feet long and 21 inches in diameter. About twenty five per cent of the standing pine is available for squared timber ; forty per cent for saw-logs ; the remaining thirty-five per cent is undergrowth, useless, or da- 22 maged. Having secured the limit, a party of expe- rienced scouts, generally Indians or half-breeds, are sent out to examine the land and seek out groves of valuable timber. These self-taught surveyors are very sharp, exploring the length and breadth of the unknown territory and reporting upon the value of its timber, the situation and capabilities of its streams for floating out timber, and the facilities for hauling and transportation. Having with the aid of these scouts selected a desirable grove, a shanty is constructed of the simples^^ description, being generally built of rough logs with a raised hearth in the centre for a fireplace, and an opening in the roof for a chimney. A double row of berths all round serves for sleeping accommodation, while from a wooden crane over the perpetual lire, swings the huge kettle, which with the accompanying x)ot serves all the purposes of cooking. The stores of the lumbermen are usually sent up to their forest shanty late in the autumn, and all preparations are made to commence the work of felling as soon as the sap is down. White pine is generally found on undulating ground, mixed with other timber, and has to be selected with consider- able care, — none but lumbermen being able to detect sound from unsound trees. Red pine on the con- trary grows in unmixed groves, and among thou- sands of trees there will not be found one diseased trunk. Around you stretches a vast sandy plain from which thousands of smooth straight trees spring •to a height of forty or fifty feet without branch or 28 leaf, then spreading out into the magnificent ever- green foliage, which distinguishes what is common- ly called the Norway pine. In connection with the lumbermen there usually works a cheaper class of men, who cut roads and haul the levelled trees to the stream or to the main road from the forest. The number of logs which the lumbermen cut in a single winter is almost incredible, and the business of conveying them to the nearest lake or river, gives employment to numbers of additional men and oxen. By hauling the logs over cliffs, and dragging them down ravines, the lumberers, before the thaw sets in, collect along the banks of the various tributaries, millions of cubic feet of timber ; and when the ice- bound streams become free, their more arduous and dangerous labor commences, and great activity is displayed in getting ready for the start or drive usually about March or April. If the stream is not large enough for cribs, i. e. small rafts containing about twenty sticks of square timber fastened be- tween two round logs called floats, it is drifted down separately, the lumbermen keeping up with it either along shore or in canoes, and keeping the stragglers well togethor with long poles. When the larger stream is reached cribs are formed, the round logs at the sides and heavy transverse pieces on the top keeping the enclosed square timber from injury, and the stream carrys it down with its gang of men and provisions to the broad bosom of the Ottawa. This river from its upper waters to its mouth, is navigable for cribs and rafts of timber, though it is sometimes necessary at rapids or falls where no u slides are yet constructed, to break up the crib and remake it after the separate sticks have floated over the falls. A boom is usually thrown across the stream below the rapids to prevent the timber float- ing down too far. In i)laces where the width of the river will admit it, many cribs are fastened together forming a raft, on board which with plenty of provi- sions, sail set, and a fair wind, the lumberman enjoys some rest after his previous toils. The life of lum- bermen is full of adventure and peril, but they are a hardy vigorous race, and seem to enjoy the most ro- bust health, and care little for the fatigues they un- dergo. During the summer the shanties and lakes become a perfect solitude, for the log chopper has become a log driver, and the toiling oxen are permit- ted to enjoy their summer rest on the farms of their masters. The trade in timber is yearly becoming more extensive and the following statistics will con- vey some idea of its importance. During the last year, the Yalley of the Ottawa furnished 100,000,000 feet of sawn deals, and 285,000,000 feet of sawn boards ; the St. Lawrence Valley furnishing 226,000,- 000 feet of sawn deals, and 150,000,000 feet of sawn boards. There were exported to G-reat Britain alone 21,500,000 cubic feet of square timber, and 180,000,000 feet of deals. To the United States were sent 1,092,- 000 cubic feet of square timber, and 125,000,000 feet of deals, planks and boards, a large stock being also shipped to other countries. To cut down and pre- pare the timber, 15,000 men are employed in the forests, and in the saw and x)laning mills where it is manufactured for exportation there are some 10,000 men employed besides. 25 The trade, which has already reached such large dimensions is annually increasing — the lumbermen are yearly advancing farther and farther up the Ottawa and its tributarici, in search of the timber which has grown for ceuturies to m.'tturity on their banks ; and every year many of these men settle on the lands which they have observed in their wanderings to be favorable for agricultural pur- poses. Thus the country of the Upper Ottawa is becoming rapidly opened up for settlement and ci- vilization, the settler following the adventurous footsteps of the lumber merchant and his sturdy workmen. A few figures will show what supplies of provisions a firm consumes in the course of a year in getting out 150,000 logs, the average amount manufactured at each of the firms at the Chaudiere in addition to their other branches of business, equi- valent to about 30 million feet of lumber. This service requires, during the winter season, in the woods, 450 men getting out the logs, 300 men piling and forwarding, and 300 teamsters, with the same number of teams. The average number of men employed by each establishment throughout the year is 637, receiving for pay, $306,000. From this it will be seen that the lumber merchants of the Chaudiere alone employ about 4,000 men, pay- ing annually $1,836,000, which is all spent in and around the neighborhood to the benefit of the Irade of the country generally. The amount of supplies consumed in the win- ter season by the gang of men required to get out 26 150,000 logs, is as follows :— 825 bbls. pork, 900 bbls. flour, 925 bush, beans. 37,000 do. oats, 300 tons hay, 3,750 gals, syrup, 7,500 lbs tea, 1,875 do. soap, 1,000 grindstones, 6,000 lbs. tobacco, 75 boxes axes, (one doz. each,) 60 cross-cut saws, 225 sleighs, 3,750 lbs. rope, 1,500 boom chains, (7 feet each,) 45 boats, 900 pairs blankets ; costing, at a low estimate, about 154,367.50. Of the agricultural i^roduce used by the Hon. John Hamilton and Brother at Hawkesbury, there are expended 750 tons of hay. 25,000 bushels of oats, 5,000 bushels of turnips, 6,000 bushels of pota- toes, 1,000 barrels of pork, 9,000 barrels of flour, and 2,000 barrels of oatmeal in the woods alone. So that 2,000 tons of agricultural produce is consumed by this firm alone. These figures will tend to show that the lumber trade of the Ottawa consumes a large amount of the products of the country anuually. The large lumber factories in the Ottawa Valley, more especially those of the Chaudiere — as the falls of the river at Ottawa are called — give some idea of the magnitude of this, the staple trade of Canada, and its great importance to the country at large, on account of the numerous branches of industry con- nected with and dependant upon this trade. They are in full work usually about five months of the year, from 1st of May to the 1st October, and al- though much of the machinery employed is self act- ing and labour saving to an extraordinary degree, a large number of hands are employed. There are besides these larger establishments numerous smaller 21 10 bbls. s hay, 1,000 3s, (one 50 lbs. ts, 900 about le Hon. there shels of of pota- 3f flour, one. So nsumed > lumber nt of the a Valley, the falls e idea of Canada, large, on stry con- ). They IS of the , and al- ; self act- iegree, a here are .s smaller mills scattered over the country, engaged generally in local trade. At the Chaudiere, a series of well de- vised hydraulic works have rendered available for manufacturing- purposes a fall about twenty-nine feet, and as the lowest water ever known gave a dis- charge of 811,956 cubic feet, the power would be equal to 33,956 horse power ; in high water the dis- charge is equal to 7,467,360 cubic feet per minute, with a mean fall of sixteen feet, equal to 168,745 horse power. The following establishments may be men- tioned to show to what an extent the manufacture of lumber has increased in a few years in this district. Messrs. Bronsons & Weston established them- selves in 1853, and were the first to take up land at the Chaudiere Falls, lor the purpose of establish- ing a saw mill on a large scale. They are now proprietors of two large saw mills, a carding and grist-mill, lath and splitting mills. They get out annually about 175,000 logs, producing between 30 and 40 million feet of lumber. Mr. A. H. Baldwin commenced business here in 1853 and owns two saw mills, a machine and blacksmith's shop, and a ship yard fo_ building barges. He gets out annually about 125,000 logs, making 25,000,000 feet of lumber. Mr. J. R. Booth first established business at the Chaudiere in the year 1858. He manufactures annually from 26 to 30 million foot of pine lumber, He gives employment, in the winter time, in the woods to about 850 men, and 300 teams, and in the 28 summer time at the mills to 400 men and 40 teams. Messrs. Perley & Pattee established themselves in the year 1857, and have very extensive mills on the Chaudiere Falls. They get out annually about 150,- 000 logs, producing 30 to 40 million feet of pine lumber, independent of 500,000 feet of square timber. They employ on an average over 800 men through the year. Mr. Levi Young first established his business at the Chaudiere in 1854, and owns one saw mill, get- ting out and sawing about 20,000,000 feet of pine timber in the year. The mills belonging to Mr. Eddy, one of the largest manufacturers, consist of one large Pail Factory built solidly of stone ; a match factory also of stone ; four saw mills of great extent, built princi- pally of wood, and numerous other buildings, offices, &c., necessary to such extensive operations, including a sash, door, and blind factory, and a general store. About 40 million feet of pine lumber are manufac- tured annually by him, of which there are always from 8 to 10 million feet on the piling grounds. He also manufactures annually 600,000 pails, 45,000 wash tubs, 72,000 zinc w^ash boards and 270,000 gross of matches, besides the productions of the sash, door and blind Factory. These mills give employ- ment to from 1700 to 1800 persons, many of whom are girls employed in the manufacture of matches. In addition to these there are about four or five hun- dred men employed in the woods, where Mr. Eddy owns " limits" — a tract of land of about 500 square miles in extent. 29 "Wright, Batson, & Currier's Steam Mill situated in the Village of Hull, has a capacity of about 30,- 000,000 feet; the quantity usually cut averaging from 16,000,000 to 25,000,000. The timber limits belonging to this firm are situated on the river Ma- dawaska, and are six in number, containing in all 275 square miles. The Steam mill of Law & Johnson manufactures about four million ; and those of Messrs. H. Crandall & Co turn out about ten million feet annually. The Hon. James Skead had a large mill destroy- ed by fire last fall, but it will be re-built this year on an enlarged scale. He cuts 500,000 feet square timber for the Quebec market, 8,000 pieces of flat timber for railroad sleepers, each 7 x 14, and pro- poses, besides, to get out 35,000 saw logs this year. He employs about 500 men. At the junction of the Rideau River with the Ottawa, are the mills of Messrs. MacLaren & Co, known as the New Edinburgh Mills, which manu- facture about sixteen million feet of boards annually. The G-atineau Mills, belonging to Messrs. Gril- mour & Co., are situated at the village of Chelsea about eight miles from the city of Ottawa and nine miles from the junction of the Gatineau with the Ottawa river. Messrs. Gilmour & Co. possess tim- ber limits to the extentof 1,700 square miles, whence they obtain the requisite number of saw-logs to sup. ply these extensive works, manufacturing about 35 millions of feet per season and 1,000 men receive employment from them during the winter, and 500 in summer, including lumbermen, farmers, survey- ors, &c. This firm pays out from $275,000 to 8280,- 000 in wages annually. 'I i !f 80 On the River Du Lievre, 20 miles belo^: Otta- wa, are the mills of Messrs. Le Moyne, Gibb & Co., which saw up about 200,000 logs a year. Opposite to them, on the same river, are the mills of Messrs. Jas. Mac. jiren & Co., owners of the New Edinburgh Mills, doing- about the same extent of business. Hamilton & Co., Hawkesbury Mills, is one of the largest of the o-reat milliner establishments of the Ottawa Yalley. It is situated about 60 miles from Ottawa city, on. the south shore of the river, near the head of the Grrenville Kapids. THE PROCESS OF MANUFACTURE OF TIMBER. The following- description is taken from the " Lumber Trade of the Ottawa Valley," by the per- mission of its author, Mr. Urquhart : — The saw-logs when got out of the forest are taken to the nearest point on the Ottawa, and left to be drifted down by the stream, each firm having a I>rivate trnde mark on each log by which they are recognized. At the Chaudiere they are caught by booms spread across the river above the falls, and guided through the different slides to the resj)ective mills where they are to be sawn. At the mills the logs are hauled up out of the water by a powerful wheel always in motion, and so placed on the cradle which guides them through the saws. There are various kinds of saws, each perform- ing its particular duty in the process. The slabber- gate, which contains from 18 to 20 saws, cuts the out i j 81 side of the log into boards of 1 in. thick, leaving the bulk in a slab of 14 inches in thickness, and of differ- ent width according- to the size of the log, 37 in. be- ing the largest. As the saw gets through the ond of the log, these outside pieces art; taken away and trimmed to the required siz(» by the butter and edger. The large slab is then turned over on the Hat side and run throuirh the stock-gang which contains from 30 to 40 saws placed about 1 inch apart and sawing the slab into 1 inch boards. These saws can be changed at will to saw 2 inch or 3 inch boards. It takes these saws about 8 minutes each to get through a log of the ordinary size. The yankee-gate is a combination of the sial)ber and stock gate, and contains about 32 saws. This gang saws ])oth ways, the teeth of the slabber facing one way and those of the stock the other. By this means the log is sawn by the slabber as described above and the slab turned over and sent back through the stock gate, so that while the slabber gang is dividing one log, the stock is finishinji: off another. The single saw is used for sawing the logs into pieces of about 3 inches scj^uare the gate acting in the same way as the other gangs, but with only one saw which performs the w^hole work. These gangs are all worked on upright pivots, the machinery underneath forcing the gate up and down at a considerable rate on the same principle as the old saw-pit fashion, where one man works on top of the log and another underneath. The butting and edging tables are lor the pur- pose of taking off the rough sides and ends of the planks as they come from the larger gangs, and are fittttd with counter saws for this purpose. 82 The planks are laid on the table, and a revolv- ing chain with catches in it, carries the wood along past the circular saw which takes oS the outside pieces leaving the plank the required width and length, and disposing of the waste and damaged wood, which is sold for firing. As the planks pass over these tables the foreman marks each one according to its size, and they are then wheeled out on hand trucks to be taken to the piling grounds. These piling grounds are of vast extent and are in many cases supplied with railways over which the lumber is drawn in horse trucks ; but in some cases the lumber is slid through a hole into a la rge trough of running water which carries it to its destination. Besides the regular lumber trade, other finer woods, for furniture, and for wheelwrights' and cabinet-makers' purposes are cbtained. Hemlock bark is used largely for tanning purposes, and as it is now ascertained that it is far better to manufac- ture the bark into a merchantable article of value at the place of growth, by making an extract of it, than to send it in the rough, this branch of peculiar- ly Canadian industry is gradually extending. QENERAL RESOUECES. Lakes, Streams, and Springs of the purest water are to be found in all directions, and to the man who understands fishing, they will yield an abund- ance of the choicest fish. One man in the settle- ment of Lake Clear, has realized as much as j620 in j '^ 83 evolv- along )utside th and maged )reman ley are to the and are lich the le cases } trough bination. er finer ats' and ilemlock nd as it oaanufac- of value act of it, peculiar- est water the man n abund- he settle- 918^20 in one season, by the sale of barri'lled fish, after sup- plying- his own i'aniily. On AVhitc Fish Lake, in the County of Ottawa, thi; Norwegian settlers have, for some years, been earrying on quite a large trade in barrelling iish ; and as the Government guards the waters of the district during the breedinii' sea- son, there is no fear of this branch of commerce being destroyinl, but rather it must increase. Deer, Partridges, and Ducks are also numerous, and well repay the labor of looking after and shooting. Cash can always be obtained for them in Ottawa, or in any of the many villages and towns of the dis- trict. The peltries of Beaver, Otter, Mhik, Martin, Musk-Ilat, and Fisher, are very valuable, and many settlers make money by trapping these animals. Wolves and Bears also inhabit " the Bush ;" but, however the idea of such neighbors may scare Eu- ropeans, they are not dangerous to man ; even when unarmed and alone they lly from him when- ever he happens to cross their path, and they seldom annoy the settler, unless in harvest, when Bruin oc- casionally helps himself to a feed of growing grain, or to a pumpkin, but for which he generally pays the penalty of his life, and his skin amply compen- sates for the few" evening meals he may have s^'ien. Potash is very remunerative to the farmer, and requires but little skill in the manufacture. The ashes of 2^ acres of ordinary hardwood land should be sufficient to make a barrel of potash worth about Cordwood, which on a new farm is looked on as an incumbrance, commands a ready s ile espe< .oMy 6 84 in Ottawa, nd is yearly risin j in value. From to S5 is the price it there commands, and in the vil- lages it is always worth at least |2.00 to $3.00. Peat is abundant in the Ottawa country, and will some day be largely used lor fuel, and probably for smelting iron ore, as the forests become cleared. Maple sugar is peculiarly a Canadian article, and has for many years been almost the only sugar used by the farmers inhabiting the back settlements. It is manufactured from the sap of the maple tree in the early spring, which is boiled like the juice of the sugar cane, and the sugar making time is quite a merry making. The average yield of each tree is from two to three p.unds; 2,000 lbs will sometimes be made by one farmer in a spring ; worth from 10 to 13 cents a pound. Wild honey is to be had in large quantities in the forest, which sells readily ; and the keeping of bees, to which but liHle attention has been given, would be a profitable addition to the farm or garden. Dairy produce always commands a ready sale, and the establishment of cheese factories in this district is commencing. Butter of a good quality always sells well, and is bought up by many store- keepers for ultimate shipment to England. One firm in Perth, the county town of Lanarlr, sold to a firm in Montreal, last fall, 2,800 packages of butter in one lot for $50,000. This quantity held by one firm was greater than that of any other retail dealer in the Dominion, and is an indication of the extent of the butter trade of the county of Lanark alone. Other large lots were also disposed of in Perth. 85 Indigenous fruit of ulinost every variety is abundant in the forests and the clearings. Of the nuts, hickory (a kind of wahiut), butter-nut, hazel, and beech are the principal ; almost all the hills abound in blueberries ; strawberries literally cover the pasture fields during early summer, and rasp- berries and blackberri'^s abound in sandy soil. A sweet red plum is also abundant in many places, which is largely used for preserving purposes, meet- ing with a ready sale everywhere. Cranberries, of which there are two kinds, are very abundant, com- manding a high price in the markets ; and elder- berries abound in all the lowlands. The manufacturing interests of this District have been greatly stimulated during the past few years, and these not only give employment to artizans and laborers, but, at the same time, create more active markets for the products of the farmer, and the settler will find himself, wherever he may locate, not very far distant from a mill at which he may have his logs made into boards and his grain made into flour. Establishments for the manufacture of cloth, woollen and cotton, boots and shoes, leather, furni- ture, carriages, staves, doors, sashes, paper, soap, agricultural implements, and stoves, are in successful operation, and yearly multiplying, all through the Ottawa country. In the city of Ottawa itself there are four flour and grisL mills, four foundries, one carding mill, one woollen mill (in New Edinburgh) which manufactures all descriptions of tweeds, blankets, &c., two marble works, three tanneries. ' 1 one of which, (E. Woodland's) turns out 6,000 sides of finished leather annuallv, and manufactories and workshops of almost every other description. "With a system of enregistration so complete as ours, capitalists who desire to lend their money on the security of real estate, run no risks whatever in doing so. The average interest paid upon first mortgages, or preferential loans of this nature, is between 6 and 8 per cent, per annum, and there is very little avail- able capital but what is bespoken in advance by some one who has property to mortgage. Our banks offer to capitalists great inducements tc invest their surplus means. They have an average capital of $2,000,000, each ; which, divided into shares ranging from '^M') up to S200, is to-day, in all of the banks, paid up. The operations of the banks resting upon so solid a basis, invariably enable their di ' .actors to declare to the shareholders a dividend of eight per cent, per annum, while, at the seme time they afford to trade an impetus, and the means of expansion. Our telegraph, insurance, navigation, gas, and manufacturing companies and building societies are based, as the banks, upon paid up capilal stock, and like them also, pay eight per cent, pe)' annum, and sometimes more, to their shareholders. Bank dividends, and those declared by Joint stock companies, are paid semi-annually. The vicissitudes of trade, and the iluctuations of the market, leave constantly available to the pur- chaser bank and stock companies' shares, at compara- tively low premiums. ! 1 87 sides apd :e as y on er ill ^ages, 6 aiid ayail- 36 by meiits 'erage [ into in all banks their idend seme means s, and ies are k, and n, and y joint nations lie pur- mpara- Iii addition to the ordinary sarino's banks of the country, there are also Post Office and Groyernmeiit Savings Banks, for full details of Avhich see adver- tisement at the end of this work. The inhabitants of the Ottawa country are of various origins, but are chiefly English, Irish, Scotch and French Canadians, Ainon'vst them the leadino- Christian denominations are well represented, and each particular creed can boast of worthy ministers and faithful followers. Grenerally speaking, reli- gious or political acerbity is almost unknown here ; the people of all creeds and shades of politics are so mixed up in business and are so dependant upon each other, that they cannot afford to quarrel about their particular forms of worship, or their political predilections, even though tlnMr better judg^.ients did not interpose to prevent them. Hospitality is a virtue freely practised by all, from the highest to the lowest, and the stranger, whoever or whatever he ma} be, is always sure of receiving kindn(?ss aud encouragement; for, in all probability, the position in which th(^ recipient may now be, is identical with that in which the donor himself was some few years pv«^viously. The laws of tiie cou^.try ;ire eiticiently admin- istered, the rights of ]>T()perty are respected, and every species of crime is comparatively trifling. Anxious to promote the settlement of the yet uncleared districts, tlie Ontario Croverument !ias thrown open, upon t fie most iilx^'al terms, a large tract of Ian.' vvhere persons may go and select for irnnn- selves the site of a future home. Every head of a : ;;'! 38 family can obtain, gratis, two hundred acres of land, and any person arrived at the age of 18 may obtain one hundred acres in the Free G-rant districts. This offer is made by the Government to all persons without distinction of sex, so that a large family, having several children in it at or past 18 years of age, may take up a large tract, and become, in a few years, when the land is cleared and improved, joint possessors of a valuable and beautiful estate. The settlement duties are : to have 15 acres on each grant of 100 acres cleared and under crop, of which at least two acres are to be cleared and cultivated annually for five years ; to build a habitable house, at least 16x 20 feet in size and to reside on the land at least six months in each year. The Free Grrant Lands are situated on the Mississippi Road, the route to which is from Ottawa to Perth by rail, and thence by stage to Gremley ; on the Ottaioa and Opeongo Road, the route to which is from Ottawa to Arnprior by rail, and thence to Egarville by stage ; on the Pembroke and Mattawan Road the route to which is to Arnprior by rail, and thence to Pembroke by stage — at these three places, Gemley, Eganville, and Pembroke, a Grovernment Land Agent resides, from whom all particulars can be obtained. GENERAL INFORMATION FOR EMIGRANTS. One of the greatest trials the emigrant is sub- ject to in coming in a new country is that of finding employment. In order to meet this difficulty, and I ^„ 39 to assist the emigrant as much' as possible on his ar- rival, the Grovernment of Ontario, obtains each season, from the heads of the various municipalities in the Province, of which there are about four hundred, a statement of the labour wants of their districts. These returns are classified, andjas emigrants arrive, they are directed by the Agent to the places where their labour is required. In this way time and money are saved to the new comer ; and he finds himself on his arrival with employment waiting for his acceptance. All the Government agents in the Province are furnished with these labour registers and are always ready to afford every information to the newly arrived emigrant. There is a G-overn- rcent Agent in the city of Ottawa, Mr. W. J. Wills, Y, lose charge is to look after the interests of the emigrant on his arrival in the Ottawa District, and from whom all information can be obtained, and who ic in constant communication with the Emigra- tion Branch of the Dominion Government. The following extract of a letter from him to Lord Fitz- maurice, on the subject of employment for immi- grants, 38 a volume in itself: " 1'ue Ottawa country is one of the few localitip " on tliip Continent, where employment can be ob- '• tuintid ai' the year round at the same high rate of *' w iges, Winter, which is the dull season in other " agricu tura] districts, is her 3 the most busy, and " to tha wn'kingman the most paying. Owing to " our immense lumbering establishments, the Ottawa " Country afibrds, every winter, employment for " 20,000 men, without taking into account the " farmers resident in its immediate neighbourhood." OTTAWA VALLEY IMMIGRATION SOCIETY. having for it^- olijeei ihe l':icilitating oi' immigration of farming hands, mechunios and Itnnale seivauts Lo tLu Valley of the Ottawa. Extract of a httcr to lari/uib- and oilier cinploijera if the Ottawa Valley: - Gkntlkmun, The Ottawa Country 1 eing oil' whit is called the rniin line of travel, emigiantsurjiving !iave ken chiefly drawn westward, where there has also lieen ;. scarcity of labor. • It is now coi tain there will be a st 1! greater demmd foi labor- ers next season, .nd ui)]::'S!j .uMitional indnrcments to those here- ic'ore olleied by the (ji >' rnrntnt to emigrants be adopted, the want of labor will becor c .ous diawback to business of all kinds. '] lie (Jltawa Valley J. migration Society has been lormed, for the purpose of supnl} ing this want, and with that view they propose to employ a ,-pecial agent to proceed to (jlreat Britain, and who, it is presumed, will be aided by the Government Agents located there. Tlus agent will be placed in a position to render material nii to such suitable emigrants s are required by farmers and othin-etu, loyeic in this locality, hy adcaucliu/ part, or jfcrhaps in some cases, all their pa.i.iayc moneij ; they entering into contract to seive cue year at lixed wages, repayi.ig the monies advanced by tUe different parties requiring their service, by monthly instal- ments or otherwise. I am tjentlemen, respectfully yours, J.M. CUKIUER. M. P. uii behulj if the Committee of Management, J. M. Currier JCsq , M, i'. is Prcsilent, Hon. James Skeal, Vice Presidetit, W .1. Wil s Esq., Local Agent of the Society. .i f w tz o o H I— I OO H^ pq 02 "ij p^ o Pm CO h^ Q O P P^tzi g^p4' o s a CO JZi o I— I 6 ■i POST OFFICE SAVTNG-S' BANKS, CANADA 1 —Post Office Savings' Banks, at 233 of the principal cities and towns of Canada, are open daily for the receipt and repayment of deposits, during the ordinary honrs of Post Office business. 2. — The direct security of the Dominion is given by the Statute for all deposits made. 3. — Any person may have a deposit account, and may deposit yearly any number of dollars, from $1 up to 8300 or more, with the permission of the Postmaster G-eneral. 4. — Deposits may be made by married women, and deposits so made, or made by women who shall afterwards marry, shall be repaid to any such woman. 5" — As respects children under ten years of age, money may be deposited. Firstly — By a parent or friend as Trustee for the child, in which case the deposits can be with- drawn by the Trustee until the child shall attain the age of ten years, after which time repayment will be made c'lly on the joint receipts of both Trustee and child. Secondly — In the child's own name, and if so deposited, repayment will not be made until the child shall attain the age of ten years. 6. — A depositor in any of the Savings Bank Post Offices may continue his deposits at any other of such Offices without notice or change of Pass- Book, and can withdraw money at that Savings Bank Office, which is most convenient to him. For instance, if he makes his first deposit at the Savings Bank at Ottawa, he may make further deposits at, or withdraw his money through, the Post Office Bank at Collingwood or Quebec, Sarnia, Brockville, or any place which may be convenient to him, whether he continue to reside at Ottawa or remove to some other place. 7.— Each depositor is supplied with a Pass- Book, which is to be produced to the Postmaster every time the depositor pays in or withdraws money, and the sums paid in or withdrawn are entered therein by the Postmaster receiving or paying the same. 8. — Each depositor's account is kept in the Post- master G-eneral's Office, in Ottawa, and in addition to the Postmaster's receipt in the Pass-Book, a direct ACKNOWLEDGEMENT FROM THE. POSTMASTER GrE- NERAL FOR EACH SUM PAID IN is sent to the depo- sitor. If this acknowledgement does not reach the depositor within ten days from the date of his de- posit, he should apply immediately to the Postmas- ter G-eneral, by letter, being careful to give his ad- dress, and if necessary renew his application until he receives a satisfactory reply. 9. — When a depositor wishes to withdraw money, he can do so by applying to the Postmaster Greneral, who will send him, by return mail a cheque for the amount, payable at whatever Savings Bank Post office the depositor may have named in his ap- plication. 10. — Interest at the rate of 4 per cent, per annum, is allowed on deposits in the ordinary Pass- Book deposit account, and the interest is added to the principal on the 30th June in each year. 11. — Postmasters are forbidden by law to dis- close the name of any depositor, or the amount of any sum deposited or withdrawn. 12. — No charge is made to depositors on paying in or drawing out money, nor for Pass- Books, nor for postage on communications with the Post- master &eneral in relation to their deposits. 13. — The Postmaster G-eneral is always ready to receive and attend to all applications, complaints, or other communications addressed to him by depo- sitors or others, relative to Post Office Savings Bank business. 14, — A full statement of the Regulations of the Post Office Savings Bank may be seen at any of the Post Offices appointed for that purpose. SAVINaS BANK FIVEiPER CENT STOCKS. The G-overnment has established a special issue of 5 per cent Dominion Stocks into which Savings Bank deposits may be converted in sums of $100 so that the whole amount shall not exceed $1000. Such stocks are redeemable on three months notice. The dividends are payable half yearly by Receiver G-eneral's cheques on the Assistant Receiver G-eneral with whom the stock is inscribed, and all such che- ques are paid at par at the agencies of any of the chartered Banks. JOHN LANaTON. Auditor Ottawa, 17 Feb., 1872 ,;i IMPORTATION OF ANIM A L8 FOR IMPROVE- MENT OF STOCK. (JUSTOMS DEPAUTJIKNT, Ottawa, Feb. I7tb, 1872. Notice Is hereby given that His Exocllonny the Govornor (Joiipral, by an Order in Council, bearing dalP the 2;ulation.s trovornhij; tlic Iniportatiou of Animals for the Improvement of block, under 8^■<^ 1, of ,').'j Victoria, Cap. D. IIEGUL.VTIONR. 1. In all cases a certificate of purity of bloinaii^^^^^^ kinds is (during sucli period) in-oliibitcd therein, and at all other times is con- lined to angling with hook and line, nets ant allother apparatus being strictly forbidden. Application for licenses to fish should b3 addressed to the Hox. Ministbr of Marine and Fisheries. Ottawa, ^^ j^ WHITCHER, C nnmissioner of Fisheries. 1873. Through Broad Gauge Route BETWEEN THE Capital of the Domiiiioii AND ALL POINTS EAST AND WEST. ifflfEll -" AND CANADA CENTRAL The Cheapest and best Route between Ottawa, and all Points East and West. Close Connections made Avith the G-rand Trunk Railway, and THROUOH TICKETS issued to all Important Points on that Route. G-RAIN and other FREIGHT sent THROUaH between OTTAWA and ALL POINTS on the GRAND TRDNK RAILWAY without Transhipment. H. ABBOTT, Manag^inj;^ Director. I: DEPARTMENT OP CROWN LANDS, TORONTO 20TU, Feiiy. 1872. NJTICK Is hpreby Riven, that th" follnwlii? Orders and R-^j^iilatlona have he^n made t>y His Exopllon(!y th^ Lloutonant-Governor In Cminrll, under th be siibifct to the samo conditions and reservations a.s are provided by the 9th and loth sections of said Act in respect of Free Grant locations. 4. The right is reserved to the Crown to construct on any land located under said Act, or sold as hereinbefore provided, any colonization roml. or anv road in lieu of. or partly deviating from any Governm'>nt allowance for romi ; also t'lp right to take from such land any wood, gravel or other materials, required for the construction or Improvement of any such road, without mnklngany compensation for the land or materials so taken, or for any In- jury occnsloned bv the construction of such road ; and such rights may bo f^xercised by the Commissioner of Crown Lands, or any one authorised by hlra for that purpose. 5. Holders of Timber Licenses, their servants, <»n 1 atents. are to have the right to haul their timber or logs over the uncleared portion of any land locited as a Fref Grant, o r purchased as before provided, and to make such roads thereon as mav be necessary for that purpose, doing no unnecessary damage, and to use all slides, portages, roads, or oth>r work« nreviously con- strneted orexlsMng on anv Ian > so looa^e1 or sold, an 1 the right of acicess to, and free use of all streams and lakes theretofore use 1, or that m ly l>'> neces- sary for the passage of tlmbor or logs ; and all land necessary for such works Is reserved. *). All Pine Trees growinif or being unon any land hareaft^r located as a Free Grant, under the said Act. or sold unl^r the preceedlng regulations, shall be subject to anv timber license in force at t'le tlma of such lo<:!\tion or sale, or granted within five years subsequently thereto, and m ivat anv tlm:> before the Issue of the patent for such land, ho cut anl remDveJ under the aithority of any such tlm'ier license, while lawfully in force. R. ^V. SCOTT Commissioner of Crown Lands. '■ssm 1 LBPARTMENT Or CROWN LANDS, Toronto, 26th Feb., 1872. NOTICE is hereby given, that the following Order and Regulation have been made by His Excellency the Lieutenant-Grovernor in Council, under " The Public Lands Act of I860," by Order in Council, bearing date the 27th day of May, 1869. ORDER AND REGULATION Ma le unilcr "Tlip Puljlic r/uuls Act of 1S(V)," by Ordor of His Excellency the liioiite.'iiUil-Govornor in Council, dated 27th May, 1809 : All Pine Trees growing or being upon any Public Land hereafter to be sold, and which at the time of such sale, or previously, was included in any Timber License, shall be considered as reserved from such sale ; and such land shall be subject to any Timber License, covering* or including such land, in force at the time of such sale, or granted within three years from the date of such sale ; and such trees may be cut and removed from such land, under the autho- rity of any such Timber License while lawfully in force ; but the purchaser at such sale, or those claim- ing under him or her, may cut and use such trees as may be necessary for the purpose of building, fenc- ing and fuel on the land so purchased, and may also cut and dispose of all trees required to be removed i)i actually clearing said land for cultivation, but no pine trees, except for the necessary building, fencing and fuel as aforesaid, shall be cut beyond the limrt of such actual clearing before the issuing of the Patent for such land, and all pine trees so cut and disposed of (except for the necessary baildinj?, fencing and fuel as aforesaid), shall be subject to the payment of the same dues as are at the time payable by the hold- ers of licenses to cut timber or saw logs. All trees remaining on the land at the time the Patent issues, shall pass to the patentee. Provided, however, that this order shall not apply to any land to be sold as mining land, under " The General Mining Act of 1869," nor to land to be sold to any Free Grant locatee, under the regulations or Order in Council ])earing date this day. R. W. SCOTT, CoiiiinifiiiloiU'r <>(' Cro>rn Lands. 1872. Order 3lleiicy "The Jouncil, lellency thf Public : time of Timber Dm such Timber L force at •ee years may be e autho- Awfully in ►se claim- 1 trees as ng, fenc- may also removed n, but no ft'iicing he limrt< he Patent disposed cing and yment of the hold- time the not apply der " The md to be ijrulations TT, ■Jtown Lamb. m St. LAWRENCE & OTTAWA THE OLD, RELIABLE LINE, 35 Miles Shorter from all Points East, —AND — 9 Miles shorter from Brookville and all Points West to 4 TJiAINS EACH WAY DAILY. Comfortable SOFA (JARS by Nl^ht, and PALACE CARS by day. 20 Minutes allowed at Prescott Junction for MEALS. CONNECTION Witli all QRAND TRUNK TRAINS, CERTAIN. — ALSO — With those of the VERMONT CENTRAL, and the ROME, WATERTOWN, and OaDENSBURa Railways for Boston, New York, and all Points South. During Navigation the Splendid Steamers of the -Roirj^jLj :m:a.ijLi LiisrE Ca*l at this Company's Wharf, at Prescott, daily. ASK FOR TICKETS VIA PRESCOTT JUNCTION. To be had at the Principal Agencies and Stations of the Grand Trunk Railway. BAGaAQE CHECKED THROUGH. 3e'EEI0HT iimE^HOEMENTS. Shippers can havo Freight sent Through to Ottawa by this Line WI'mOUTTRANSHIPMENr, in CHANGE GUAGE CARS; and as the CHAUDIERE EXTENSION is now open for Freight Business, Merchints have the option of sending ttteir Freight to either the East or West End Station in Ottawa. THOS. REYNOLDS, Manai>ing Director, Ottawa. R. LUTTRELL, Superintendent, Prescott.