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1

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6

NORTH AM. FAUNA, No. M .

Frontispiece.

Bridled Weasel, Putorius frenatus

Valley of Mexico.

//

Black-footed Ferret, Putorius niejripes.

Woiteni Kansas.

onlispcecp.

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUR
DIVISION OF ORNITHOLOdY AND MAMMALOGY

K^^ — ^

NORTH AMERICAN FAUNA

]sro. 11

[Actual date of publlcutiou Juue 30, 1896]

SYNOPSIS (3F THE WEASELS OF NORTH AMERICA

C. HART MERRIAM

WASHINGTON

^ f^ ^QYB^NMENT PRINTING OFFICE

i«9« LIBRARY

i^ATIONAL MUSEUM
OF CANADA

[} ±i J ^. O

1]

A

LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL.

U. S. Department of Aubicultube,

Waihinofon, D. C, May .9, 1896.
Sir: I have the honor to tninsmit licrewith for imblicatioii, as No.
11 of North, American Fauna, a Synopsis of the Weasels of North
America.

Kespectfully, o. Hart Merriam,

Chief of nipision of Omithologj/ and Mammalogy.
Dr. Chas. W. Dahney, Jr.,

Actinff ^Secretary of Agriculture.

3

CONTENTS.

Page.

Introduction 5-7

SiibgeniiH Putoriua (the ferrets) 7-9

8iil»geunR Ictia (the weasels) 9

List of North Aniericau weasels 10

Descriptions of species 10-32

Table of cranial measurenieuta 33

ILLUSTRATIONS.

(All natural hizu.)

PLATES.

Frontispiece. Heads of Black-footed Ferret and Bridled Weasel.

1. Sktilk of PutoriuH nigripea and P. putoriua.

2. Skulls of Putoriua arvticus, alaacenaia, cicognani, streatori, and rijcoaua.

3. SkuWa o{ Putoriua frcnaiua, longivauda, and tropicalia.

4. Skulls of Putoriua noveboracenaia, waahingtoni, nm\j)eninaulu\

5. Skulls of Putoriua longieauda, cicognani, noveboracenaia, rixoaua, peninaula', and

arc<tcH8.

TEXT FIGURES.

1. Putoriua nigripea, $ old. Trego County, Kans.
2, 3. Putoriua cicognani, $ ad. Elk Itiver, Minnesota.
4-6. Putoriua noveboracenaia, <? ad. A«lironduck8, New York.
7-9. Putoriua longieauda, $ ad. Fort Sisseton, 8. Dakota.
10, 11. Putoriua longieauda apadix, $ . Elk River, Minnesota.
12-14. Putoriua arizonenaia, i ad. Boulder County, Colo.

15. Putoriua frenatua, 9 ad. Cofre de Perote, Vera Cruz. Mexico.

16. Putoriua trojncalia, $ ad. Jico, Vera Cruz, Mexico.

i

€5

No. 11.

NORTH AMERICAN FAUNA.

June, 1896.

SYNOPSIS OF THE WEASELS OF NORTH AMERICA.

By C. Hart Mehriam.

The present synopsis includes the one ferret and all of the weasels
yet discovered in North America north of Panama. Of the true weasels
(subgenus Ictis ) no less than 22 species and subspecies are here recog-
nized, 11 of which are described for the first time.

Until very recently the group has been in a state of chaos, but now,
thanks to Outram J^angs's excellent paper entitled 'A review of the
weasels of eastern North America," the obscurity that has so long
surrounded our eastern species has been cleared away and the task of
revising the whole group is rendered comparatively easy. Additional
material is needed from certain parts of the West, particularly from
southeastern Alaska and the middle and northern parts of the Great
Basin, and much remains to be learned respecting the extent to which
intergradation exists between allied forms having contiguous ranges.

Excepting the circumpolar type, represented in America by the weasel
of the barren grounds {Putoritis arcticua nob.), and in Eurasia by the
closely related P. crminea^ the weasels of North America fall naturally
into two groups, characterized by important cranial difl'erences, and
having complementary geographic ranges. The first is a boreal group
comprising five forms: riehardsoni, alascensia, cicognani, streatori, and
rixoHUSy the southernmost of which {cicognani) reaches only the northern
United States. The other is an austral group comprising the/rc»a<M«
and longicauda series and including P. peninsula; of Florida. Of this
series only a single species (P. arizonensia) reaches the lowermost of the
boreal zones, and this only in the mountains.

Between these two groups are two very interesting species, novehora-
censis and tropicalitt — the former inhabfting the eastern United States,
the latter the tropical belt of Mexico. Mr. Bangs has already shown
that the female of P. noveboracensis resembles P. cieognanij while the
male resembles P. longicauda. The case of P. tropicalis is exactly
parallel, the female resembling ctcognani, while the male resembles
frenatm.

' Proc. Biol. Soc. Waahingtou, X, pp. 1-24, Feb. 25, 1896.

NORTH AMKIllCAN FAUNA.

[No. 11.

Ainoiif^ iiuiininiils tho fuiiiiilu is ot't4>ii Iush s|hh iali/od tlian tlio male
and coiise(|iieiitly hvuvH iiioro rcscMublanci'- to the ancostial Ntix^k, thus
giving a cUnv t(t the line of descent wlien this (;an not be determined
from the male alone. In the present instance tlie females of lunuhora-
censhimA troplrolin have, small, smootidy rounded skulls without sagit
tal crestH and with mirrow au<lital bullic and inMated s(|uainosals, as
in the cicognani stuies, while the nniles have lar};e angular skulls with
well-developed sagittal crests, relatively broad audital bulla', and Hat
squamosals, as in the hnujlcauda-J'rnuUuH series. The inference is that
the austral lonffUunuhifienntUH series was derived from the boreal
cicognani stock, and that the dit!erentiation took place in the Houth.
P. novehoracensis o(!(!Ui>ies middle ground geographically, and may have
become dift'erentiated from cicognani under existing conditions in the
area it now inhabits; but 1\ iropicalin, which inhabits tropical Mexico,
must either have originated from the cicognani stock when the latter
was driven southward by the (;old of the Olacial epoch, or must have
accomplished a very rennirkable migration.

Turidng now to the weasel of the tundras ( /*. arcUciiH)^ the female is
also found to resemble the cicognani type, indicating — at least so far
as the American species go — that the whole group (subgenus IcUh) has
sprung from jin au(!estral tj'i)e related to /'. cicognani.

Probably cicognani itself is a strongly specialized type, although the
special i/ation took place a long time ago and seems to have been in
the direction of greater simplicity. The tendenciy has been toward a
narrowing of the skull as a whole and the obliteration of its i)romi-
iiences and angles. The zygomata have been reduced ami drawn in
close to the sides of the <;ranium, and the braiu case has been nar-
rowed, elongated, and smoothly rounded oH', as if to eiuible the head to
pass through small oi)enings. The body as a whole has undergone
parallel modification, ])resenting the extreme degree of sleuderuess
known among the mammalia. This type of weasel seems to have been
developed for the express purpose of preying uimn field mice or voles,
its narrow skull and cylindrical body enabling it to enter and follow
■ heir runways and subterranean galleries. The extreme development
of the type is presented in P. rixosus and P. strcatori, whose exceed-
ingly small size and almost serpentine form make it possible for them
to triiverse the burrows of even the smaller mice.

It is an interesting fact that the geographic range of the cicognani
group is almost coincident with that of the field mice of the subgenus
Microtus. Farther south, where these mice occur sparingly or not at
all, the cicognani series of weasels is replaced by the larger and more
powerful longicauda-frcnatus series. Where the ranges of the two
overlap, as on the northern ])hiins, the large weasel (P. longicauda)
preys chiefly on pocket gophers [Thomomys and Oeomym) and ground
squirrels {Spermophilns franklini and ^\ 13lincatUH), while the smaller
species {cicognani and rixosus) prey cliiefly on mice.

Junk, 1896.] SYNOPSIS OP THE WEASELS OP NORTH AMEHICA. 7

Hiniilarly in the far North, where the fro/.en tuiidras are inhabited by
]enimin;;H as well as voles, two weasels are i)resent: the tiny, nariow-
sUnlled rijoHus, which feeds nuiinly on mice, and the largo, hroadsknlled
an'tirnSf which feeds chiefly on lemmings and rabbits.

1 1 seems clear, therefore, that the different types of weasels have been
developed by adaptation to particnhir kinds of food.

It is mnch to be regretted tiiat spe«imens of the South American
weasels are not available for study in connecticm with the North Amer-
i«!an species. The only one 1 have seen is /*. o^Tinis iiray, whi«;h ranges
from Costa Kica to northern South America. While differing specif-
ically ii'imifrenatuH it clearly behnigs to the same group.

Except in winter, weasels are usually so <liHicnll, to ])rocnre in imy-
thing like satisfactory series that but few are available from most of
the hxialities represented in collections. As u rule, the number is too
small to afford reliable average measurements; hence the averages hero
given are subject to correction.

The skull drawings in 1*1. 1 and tliose in the text (except flgs. 10,
11, 15, and 10) were made by Benjamin Mortimer. Those in Tls. II to
V, inclusive, were drawn by Dr. James C. McConnell under the sui)er-
vision of the author. About half of the skulls shown in the latter
jjlates were used by Mr. Bangs in his ])aper .:lready referred to.

pjxcept where the contrary is distinctly stated, all the measurements
in this i)aper were taken in the flesh by the collector. It is hardly
necessary to add that all ineasurements are in millimeters.

Genus PUTORIUS Cuvier, 1817.

Key to subgenera (for Americnu forma only) :

Size large, abont equaling the mink {Lutreola); facial bar black; legs and feet
abruptly darker than upper parts subgenus Pntofiiia.

Size medium or small, never more than half as large as tUo mink (Liitreola);
facial bar white or absent; legs and feet concolor with or paler than up]»er
parts subgenus Jvtia.

Subgenus PUTORIUS Cuvier, 1817.

Putorina Cuvier : R»-gne Animal, I, 147-149, 1817.
Cyiiomjionax Conem Fur-Bearing Animals, 99, 147-148, 1877,

iMJTORIUS NIGRIPES And. &- «ach. lUac^k-footed Ferret.

(PI. I, ligs. 1, la, lb.)

1851. Patoriua nigripea Aud. & Bach. : Quadrupeds N. Am., Vol. II, pp. 297-299, pi.

93, 1851.
1877. Cooes: Fur- Bearing Animals, 149-153, 1877.

Type locality. — Plains of the Platte lliver, in Nebraska.

Oeographic range. — Great Plains, from western North Dakota and
northern Montana to Texas ; not known west of eastern base of Kocky
Mountains.

Characters. — Size of the mink; ears rather large; color buffy, with a

8

NORTH AMERICAN FAUNA.

(Ko.n

ilui'k aron in miiMIc of lm<'k; foro mid liiiul feet, cinl of tail, and band

across liU'e (inclndinf;: eyes) lilaek.

Color. — ( I round eolor palo yellowish or butfy above and below,

clouded on top of head (and sometimes on neck also) by dark-tipped
liairs; fac(^ <n<)ssed by a broad band of sooty bla(;k, which includes the
eyes; feet, lower ))art of le;;a, terminal third of tail, and preputial
rejjion, sooty black; back, about nudway between fore and hind legs,
marked by a large patcdi of dark umber-brown, which fades insensibly
into the buify of surrounding parts; muzzle, lips, chin, a small spot
over each eye, a iuirr(»w band behind black facial bar, and sides of
head to and including ears, soiled white; anterior margin of ear near
base (ilouded with dusky.

Cranial rhardctrrs. — Skull large and massive, very broad between
orbits, and deeply constricted behind postorbital processes,' which are
strongly developed; zygomata strongly bowed outward; audital bulhe
obli(piely liattmied on outer side; a prominent bead over lachrymal
opening.

Compared with our American weasels, the skull of PutoriuH nigripeft

may be told at a glance
by its great size, the
basilar length in adult
males averaging about
G5 mm., and in females
about 02 mm. Compared
with P. cversmanni of
southern Siberia, it may
be distinguished by the
greater postmolar pro-
duction of the palate,
and by other minor cra-
nial characteis. From
the common ])olecat of luirope {Putorius putorim) it ditters in several
important characters, as may be seen by reference to PI. I. In P. puto-
ritis the postorbital region is very broad, the postmolar part of the
palate ex(!eedingly long, and the anterior part of the audital bullae very
• different.

Rcmarla. — The black-footed ferret bears no resemblance whatever to
any other American mammal, but is very closely related to the Sibe-
rian Putorius ercrsmanni. It differs from the latter in having much
shorter and coarser fur, larger ears, and longer postmolar extension
of the palate.

In some specimens of Putorius niffripcs the pale buify of the under
parts is clouded across the breast between the fore legs, suggesting the
dark breast of 7'. crersmanni. The <lark facial mask encircles the eyes

'This constriction decpena with ago, ns in all the weaselfl. It is very deep in the
slcnll shown in the accompanying text figure ((ig. 1), which is that of an old indi-
vidual; much less deep in the younger specimen shown on PI. I, fig. 1.

Fifi. I— Putorius nignpes rf aH, Trego County, Kann.

ivo.n

JiniB,l8Wi.] HYNUPfllS OP THE WEASELS OF NORTH AMERICA.

9

(including the wliitisli nupraorbittil npot) nnd dipn sligtitly forward
before iiaHsiiig transverHi'ly uitohs tlio f'lU'e, so that Its i>o8terior border
is in front of the phme of tlie outer angles of the eyoH. Its anterior
l)order RometiineH extends forward abnoHt to the nasal pad, but this is
unusual. The blaclv of the feet reaches up and rovers the fore leg to
the elbow, exeept along the outer si<le, and the hind leg to near the
knee, except posteriorly.

Measurements.^ — Average of .i males: Total length, TiTO; tail verte-
bra', 133; hind foot, 00. Average of 2 females: Total length, r>0(>; tall
vertebra', 120; hind foot, 55.

Crnnial meaHuremeniH. — Average of 4 skulls of adult males: Hasal
length, 04; basilar length of I lensel, 02.5; zygomatic breadth, 43; mas
toid breadth, 37; breadth across postorbltal i)ro(!e8Mes, 22.5; intcror
bital breadth, 18; breadth of constricti(»n, 12.5; palat.al length, 3."i;
postpalatal length, 31. .5. Average of 2 skulls of a<lult females:
Basal length, 60.5; basilar length of Hensel "S.5; zygomatic breadth,
39; mastoid breadth, 34.5; breadtli across ]»> I orbital processes, 20;
interorbital breadth, 10.5; breadth of constriction, 12; palatal length,
31; postpalatal length, 20.

Siihgenns ICTIS Kaup, 1829.

leiis Kanp: Entwickelnngs-Cieschichte nnd Natnilii;h»>s System dor Enropiilsrhen

Tbierwelt, pp. 40-41, 1829. (('ontainH only n ningle speoieH, Mualela rulijarin.)

Sclinlze: Fanniu Saxouiot*, Mnmmalia, p. 170, 1898.
Arctogale Kanp: KntwickeluugH-Oescbichto nnd Naturliclien SyBteiii der Knropiii-

schen Thierwelt, p. 30, 182{>. (Contains two species, erminea and hoccamela.)
Oa/e Wagner: Snpplenient Schrober's Siingtliiere, II, p. 2IW, IS'll. (Contains font

species, /r<!nff<M«, erminea, hoccamela, anA vnlgaria.)

The names Ictis and Arctogale were i)ropo8ed simultaneously in the
same publication. Each is accompanied by a diagnosis and included spe-
cies. The two immes, therefore, according to Canon 18 of the A. O. U.
Code of Nonjenclature, are equally pertinent. In sequence of pagina-
tion Arcfogfaie comes 10 pages ahead of Ictis. Ictis contains a single
species {vulgaris = niralis Linn.), while Arctogale has two {erminea
and hoccamela). The reasons for choosing Ictis instead of Arctogale are :

(1) The type of IcHs is fixed beforehand, since it contained only a single
sijecies, while in Arctogale the type must be established arbitrarily;

(2) Arctogale is now in current use for another genus of small carniv-
ora;* to transfer it to a different group would lead to mucli confusion,
and would be a great and seemingly unnecessary calamity. Hence,
since there is no rule to the contrary, the better course seems to be to
adopt Ictis and allow Arctogale *o fall into synonymy.

■ The nnmber of speoimeus of wbicli reliable tlesh measurements are available is
too small to afford satisfactory averages.

^Arctogale Peters, 1864, a genuH of Vivcrridjp ; Gray, Proc. Zool, Soc. London, 1864,
pp.508, 542-543; Blanford, Fanna Britisb India, M.amiualia, p. 114, 1888; Flower and
Lydekker, Introduction to Study of Mammals, p. 533, 1891; Lydekkcr, Royal Nat.
Hist., I, p. 461, 1893-94.

10

NORTH AMERICAN FAUNA.

[No. 11.

Furthermore, Ictis has been already revived by Schul/.e (Fauiue
Saxonicib, Mammalia, 170, 1893), though used by him iu a much more
compreheusive sense than that originally intended.^

Lint o.; North American Ifeaneh with type localities.

4
5
6

7
8
9
lU
11
12
13
14
15
]()
17
18
IQ
20
21
22

No-i

Nnmo.

Type locality.

Puioriui eieognani ! Xoi-theasteni North America (north of lat. 41°)

cicngnani rickartlsoni | Fori Franklin, Great Bear Lake.

richardsoni alascenain •ruiicau, Alanka.

Htreaton Skagit Valley, Washington.

rixomis 0«ler, Saskatchcn'an.

arcticni I'oint Barrow, Alaska.

arctieuf kaiUacenxia Kiidiak Island, Alaska.

noveboraeensis ^ State of Now York.

wathingtoni Trout Lake, Mount Adani^ ^Va.shington.

peninsula; Tarpon Sprin gs, Florida.

Inngicauda Carlton llou.sc, Saskatchewan.

longicavda spadix Fort Suelling, Minn.

taturatuH Siskiyou Mountains, Oregon.

arizoiieiisu Flagstaff, Arizona.

alleni ' Black Hills, South Dakota.

xanthogeiiyn Southern California.

xanthagetiys oirgimensig llogue ""Jiver Valley, Oregon. ■

frenatns A'i.lley of Mex ico.

frenatus goldmani I'inabete, Chiapas, Mexioo.

frenatus leucoparia I'at'/iouaro, Michoacan, Mexico.

tropicalis Jico, Vera Cruz, Mexico.

affinit Colombia, South America.

PUT0RIU8 CICOGNANI Honap. Honaimrto's Weasel.

(PI. II, figs. 3, 3a, 4, 4a.)

1829. MuateJa (Patoriiis) vulgaris Richardson: Fauna BoreaU-Americana, Mammalia,
pp. 45-16, 1829.

1838. Mustela cicognanii Bonaparte: Ic.onografia Fauna Italica, I, fasc. XXII, p. 4,

18;«; Cliarlesworth's Maj;-. Nat. Hist., II, p. 37, .Ian., 1838.

1839. Piitorius cicognanii llicLanlson : Zoology Beechey's Voyage, p. 10*, 1839.
1857. Bainl : Mammals North America, pp. 161-163, 1857.

1891. Mearns: Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., N. Y., Ill, p. 2.35, May, 1891.

1896. I'litorius richardsoni cicognani Bangs : Proc. Biol, Soc.Wash., X, pp. 18-21, Feb. 25,

1896.
1877. Piitorius vulgaris Cones: Fur- Bearing Animals, pp. 102-109, 1877. Merrlam:

Mammals Adirondacks, pp. 54-56, 1882 (habits) ; and most recent authors.

Type locality. — Northeastern North Ameri(*a.

Oeographic distribution. — Boreal forest coveied parts of North Amer-
ica from New England and Labrador to coast of southeastern Alaska
(Juneau, Wrangol, and Loring), and south in the Rocky Mountains to
Colorado (Silverton). It occurs in the interior of British Columbia (at
Sicamous), but in tlie Puget Sound region is replaced by a smaller and

' Hehulze included in Tctis the two Kuntpean weasels, ruhjaria and erminea, and
4tlao the miuk, hUreola, and polecat, imtoria.

'jcME,i896.] SYNOPSIS OF THE WEASELS OF NORTH AMERICA.

11

darker form, P. strmtori. In tlie Fnited States it is common in New
England and New York, and in the tbrest-(!overed parts of Minnesota.
It i>robably o(!cnrs also in northern Micihigan and AViscousin.
' General characters. — Size small; tail slender and rather short; (tolor
of under i)arts covering toes and inner sides of hoth fore and hind feet;
color of upper parts never encroaching on belly, but ending along a
straight line.

Color. — l'pi)er parts in summer pelage : uniform dark brown, hardly
darker on head; end of tail blackish ; no dark spot behind coiners of
month; under parts, usually including upper lip, white, more or less
tinged with yellow. In iri titer pelage: jiurc white with a strong yellow-
ish tinge on rump, tail, and under i)arts; end of tail black.

Cranial characters. — Skull small, light, narrow, and elongated with-
out marked postorbital processes, and only a slight ]>ostorbital constric-
tion; xygonuita narrow, and not bowed outward; brain case elongate
and subcylindric; audital bulhe small, narrow, and subcylindric, almost
continuous anteriorly (except in old age)
with the greatly inflated squamosals;
palate mirrow; the tooth rows more
nearly i)arallel than in the other spe
cies; skull of female similar to that
of male, but smaller. Contrasted with
richardsoui, the skull of cieof/nani is
smaller, the audital bulhe deci<l<dly
smaller, and the dentition lighter. In
nearly every series of cieoynani there are
one or two old males whose skulls are
.abnormally large and closely resembh^
skulls of rich(U'(h(nii^ except that the
audital bulhe are always smaller.

Measurements. — Average of 5 males from Ossipee, N. H. : Total
length, 278; tail vertebr;i', SO; hind foot, 3(»..j. Average of 3 females:
Total length, 230; tail vertebra', CD ; hind foot, 30. o.

I'UTORirS ("ICOONANI laCHAKDSONI (Itoiiiip.). Rieliiinlson's Weiisel.

182f). Muntela (Putorins) erminea Richardson: I'iiiina ISoroali-Aiiicricaiia, ])]>. KJ-IT,
1829. (In part: spociineii from Fort Franklin, (Jreut IJcar Lake. Not M.
(Tmii.ea Linn.)

1838. Mimteht richarthoui lionap. : Charlcsworth's Mag. Nat. Hist., \u\. XI, p. 38,

1838. (hasiid on liiclianlsson's Hpeoinien from (iroat Mcar Lak<<).

1839. I'litoritiH richardxoiti Rich. : Zool. Heechey's Voyaji;t! uflSlosboni, Mammalia, 10*,

1839.
18!HJ. Itangci: Proc. Hiol. Soc. Washn., X, pp. 1-24, Fob. 2ri, 189(J. (In part.)

Type locality. — Fort Franklin, Great Bear Lake.

Geographic ilistrihntion. — Iludsonian timber bc^lt from Hudson Bay
to interior of Alaska and liritish Columbia.

General charavt-rs. — Similar to /'. eieognani but larger; tail of
medium length, its terminal third black.

Fios. 2 and 3.— i'. cicoynani </ ud. Elk
Kivur, Miuuesota.

12

NORTH AMERICAN FAUNA.

[So. 11.

Color. — Upper parts dull chocolate brown, tbis color reacliiuj? down
on both fore and hind feet to base of toes; underparts whitish, more
or less suffused with yellowish, the pale color extending out in a very
narrow and sometimes interrupted strip along inner side of hind feet
to toes; tail concolor all around except at tip, which is black for about
onC'third the total length of tail. In irinler pelage: white all over
except terminal third of tail, which is black; rump and belly more or
less tinged with yellowish.

Cranial characters. — Skull long, narrow, and snbcylindric like that of
dcoffnani, from whicli it differs chiefly in larger size, larger audital
bulhii, and heavier dentition.

RemarTis. — P. riehardsoni, as pointed out by Mr.Bangs, is simply a more
northern form of cicoflnani, with which it intergrades completely. It
inhabits the Hudsonian timber /one while cieognani inhabits the Cana-
dian. On the north, where the timber ends and the tundra begins, the
range of riehardsoni meets that of nrctieus. The two species differ
widely in both cranial and external characters. The light subcylindric
skulls oi riehardsoni^ with the narrow frontals and oppressed zygomata,
require no comparison with the broa<l massive skulls of arctictts with
their broadly flattened frontals and widely spreading zygomata. Tlio
external differences are almost as marked. In riehardsoni the under-
parts are nearly white or, at most, only tinged with pale yellowish ; the
color of the upper parts covers both fore and hind feet, reaching the
base of the toes; the tail is relatively long, con(U)lor except at the tip,
which is black for about one-third its length. In arctieus the under
parts are deep yellow ; the color of the upper parts stops short of the
fore feet and reaches only halfway down the hind feet; the tail is short,
yellow below on its basal half, and hys a long, black pencil covering at
least half its entire length.'

Measurements. — (From ury skin of male from Fort Simpson): Total
length, 390; tail vertebrae, 95; hind toot, 43 (probably 45).

PUTORIUS RICHARDS^NI ALASCENSIS subsp. nov. .Inneaii Weasel.

(PI. II, Hg8. 2, 2a.)

Jj^j>«from Jnnean, Alaska. No. 74423, <? a»l., U. S. National Mnsenm, Depi. Agric.
coll. Collected August 22, 1895, by Clark P. Streator. Original number 480G.

General characters. — Similar in size and general appearance to P.
riehardsoni, but white tips of fore and hind feet more extensive and
interorbital region very much broader.

Color. — Upper parts dull chocolate brown, this color reaching down
on fore legs to wrists and on hind legs to middle of upper side of feet;

'It is not strange that Mr. Bangs failed to discriminate between arcileus and
Hohardaoni. Tlie available material is scanty and mostly of poor «juality, and most
of the skins had the skulls inside. Through the kindness of Mr. F. W. True, cura-
tor of mammals in the United States National Museum, the skulls have been removed
and placed at my disposal.

JpNic,1896.] SYNOPSIS OP THE WEASELS OP NOKTH AMERICA.

13

terminal third of tail black 5 under parts, including upper li]), fore feet,
and distal half of liind feet, soiled white, tinged with yellowish. Winter
pelage probably white.

Cranial characters. — Skull siutilar to that of P. richardMoni, but very
much broader between orbits and across muzzle; postorbital processes
more strongly developed; constriction deeper.

Remarks. — Mr. Streator obtained two males of this new weasel at
Juneau in the latter part of August. He obtained also, at the same i)lace
and time, three females, which in color and markings agree with the
males, but are hardly half as large. Their skulls are as small as those
of true cicognani, which they closely resemble. If they are the females
of alascensis, as seems probable, then this weasel exhibits as great
sexual difference in size as P. noveboracensis, in which resi)ect it stands
unique as a member of the cicognani group. The only alternate possi-
bility is that cicognani and alascensis occur together at Juneau, and that
of the 5 specimens collected there by Streator the 2 males are alascensis
and the 3 females cicognani.

Measurements. — Average of two males from Juneau, Alaska: Total
length, 335; tail vertebra^, 95; hind foot, 48. Average of three females
from same place: Total length, 270; tail vertebrae, 77; hind foot, 34.

PUTOKIUS STREATORI sp. iiov. Puget Sound Weasel.

(PI. II, figs. 5, 5a, 6, 60.)

Type from Mouut Vemoii, Skagit Valley, Washington. No. 76646, <? ad., U. S. Nat.
Mus., Dept. Agric. coll. Coll. Feb. 29, 1896, by D. R. Luckey. (Original number 3 )

Geographic distribution. — Puget Sound and coast region of Washing-
ton and Oregon; south at least to Yaquina Bay (Newport), Oregon.
Confined to a narrow strip along the coast.

General characters. — Similar to Putorius cicognani, but smaller and
darker, with color of upper parts encroaching on belly.

Color. — Upper parts, including upper lip and fore and hind feet,
uniform dark chocolate brown, darkest on head, and encroaching far
on beily and throat (often meeting along middle of belly); terminal
third of tail black; under parts narrowly and irregularly white, faintly
tinged with yellowish. In winter pelage at low altitudes the color of
the upper parts is paler (almost drab brown) and the toes may become
white ; at higher altitudes the whole animal changes to white, ' except
the end of the tail, which always remains black.

Cranial characters. — Skull of male similar to that of male cicognani,
but smaller, slightly broader interorbi tally, and with somewhat more

'Mr. R. E, Darrell, of Port Moody, British C'^lumbia, writes mo : " I have discovered
that, although the weasels do not change color down near suit water, they do change) to
the white winter coat in tlie mountains." Specimens in the Department collection
from Mount Adams, Washington, killed in February and March, are in the white
winter pcla<ie. The typo and u female from the same locality (Mount VefuoUj
Skagit Valley) are iu the drab-browu winter )*ela(|re.

14

NORTH AMKltlCAN FAUNA.

[No. 11.

I)romiiieiit postorbitjil i)roccsfsc.s uiul Hiniillcr iiii(1it:il bulla'. Skull of
female very mucli sniiilNH" nud more delicate than that of luale,
reseuibliug female o( < ivotjiiuiii, but. .simiUer.

Remarks. — PuUmnH ntnniori is a dark l'acili(5 Coast form of cicognani,
with which it may be fouiul to intergrade. It diH'ers conspicuously
from cicoonani in the color of the under parts, tlie dark cho(;olate brown
of the back and sides encroaching far on the throat and usually meet-
ing along the median line of the belly, thus reducing the white to a
narrow and irregular strip, whi(;h expands on the anterior i)art of the
throat, on the breast behind the foie legs, and immediately in front of
the hind legs, and stops abruptly on the under surface of the thighs.

Five winter specimens from Sunias, IJritish Columbia, kindly loaned
by Mr. Ontram Jiangs, point toward intergradation with cicognam. In
three out of the five, the toes of both fore and hind feet are white, and
the color of the upT>er parts is much paler than in summer i)elage.
Two of these specimens have the bellies broadly white, as in cicognani.
They are also much larger than strcatori. Specimens from Sicamous,
in the interior of British Columbia, are fairly typical cieognani, having
the uiuler parts broadly white; the upper lip, a strip along the inner
border of the hind feet, and the toes of both fore and hind feet, white.
Specimens Irom southeastern Alaska (.Tuneau, Wrangel, and Loring)
must also be referred to cicognani, and not streatori.

MeasnremenU. — Unfortunately, no flesh measurements are available
from the type locality. Specimens from Trout Lake, near Mount Adams,
Washington, are slightly smaller than the Mount Vernon specimens,
and measure as follows: Average of two adult males: Total length,
270; tail vertebra', 83; hind foot, 33. An adult female: Total length,
210; tail vertebrae, 51; hind foot, 24.

1857.

PUTOKIUS KIXOSUS Kau<r8. Bang's Weasel.
(PI. II, iifjs. 7, 7a.)
MaintnaLs N. Am., pp. 159-161, 1857.

(In part: speci-

Patorim pusiUiis Baird ;
men from PiimMna.)
1896. T'nforim rixomii llaiif>-8: Proc. Biol. Boc. Wash., Vol. X, pp. 21-22, Feb., 1896.

Tgpe locality. — Osier, Saskatchewan, Canada.

GeograpJiic difitrihi<ti(nt. — Boreal America from Fludson Bay to coast
of Alaska (St. Michaels); scmth to northern Minnesota (Pembina) and
Montana (Sun liiver).

General characters. — Smallest weasel known; tail short and without
black tip; only American weasel lacking the black tip.

Color. — Summer pelage: Upper parts dark reddish brown; tip of tail
not darker; under parts white. In icinter pelage: Pure white all over,
including end of tail.

Cranial characters. — Skull (of type specimen, 9 ad., No. 042 Bangs'
Coll.') very much smaller than the smallest female of any other known

' I am indehtod to Mr, Bangs for the privilege of examining this specimen, llnfor-
tuuatoly, the busioccipital is broken oil'; hence the basilar length is estimated,

JuNE,i8oe.] SYNOPSIS OP THE WEASELS OP NORTH AMERICA.

15

si)ecies (total length t'roni occijuit to front of premaxillsH, 28.5; basal
length, 2(!.r); zygomatic breadth, 14 ; length of palate, 1 1 ; interorbital
breadth, 5.5: breadth across postorbital processes, 7.5; length of audi-
ta! bullae, 9.5). The skull is a miniature of i*. cicognani except that the
postorbital processes are more prominent, the brain case more com-
pressed, and there is a distinct sagittal ridge.

Meosiirements. — Typo specimen, female, measured in flesh: Total
length, 150; tail vertebra^ 31; hind foot in dry skins, 20-22.

PUTOKIUS ARCTICUS sp. iiov. Tinulia Weasel.
(PI. II, ligH. 1, la; PI. V, figs, fi, Vui.)

Tjipe from Point Harrow, Alaska. Xo i;!),'?;^ ^ ad. U. 8. Nat. Mus. CollcctedJiily
16, 1883, by John Minilocb. Original nuuibor, 1672.

Oeoflraphic difftrihution. — Arctic coast «and tundras. Specimens ex-
amined from Ander>son Kiver, Franklin Bay, old Fort (lood Hope, lower
Mackenzie Kivei, Point Barrow, and St. Michaels.

General characters. — Size large; ears small; tail short btit with very
long black pencil; underi>arts yellow (including underside of basal half
of tail).

Color — (Type specimen, male adult.) Upper parts, including upper
lip, dark yellowish brown ; chin white ; under parts deep ochraceous yel-
low, broadly including inner and posterior sides of fore legs, whole of
fore feet, distal half and inner side of hind feet, and under side of tall
to or nearly to black tij); black tip very long, <overiiig at least half of
tail (including long ternnnal hairs); color of upper parts not encroach-
ing on belly. Imrinfer pelage, white all over ('xcei)t iong black tip of
tail; the white tinged with yellow posteriorly.

Cranial characters. — Skull rather large, broad, and massive; frontal
very broad interorbitally; muzzle broad and blunt; postorbital proc-
esses moderately develcped; postorbital constriction marked; zygo-
mata strongly bowed outwjird; brain case subtriangular and rather
short; audita! bullic subcylindric; postglenoid space smaller than in
richardsoni and hardly inflated except in female. Contrasted with
P. richardsoni, the skull of P. arcticus is somewhat larger, much broader,
ind more massive; brain case subtriangular instead of subcylindric;
:5ygomata bowed far outward instead of appressod; postorbital i>ro-
cesses more prominent; postorbital constriction much deeper; frontal
much broader interorbitally; ])alato broader posteriorly; dentition
heavier. Adult male skulls of P. arcticus resemble certain old males
of iiuishingtonij but difier in much greater breadth of frontal between
orbits, broader muzzle, and blunter postorbital processes. /*. arcticus
resembles true erminea of Sweden mu(!h more cilosely than it does any
American species.

Remarks. — Pntorius arcticus, which has been heretofore confounded
with erminea. or richardsoni, is one of the most strongly characterized
species of the genus. It is a large animal with deep ochraceous yellow

16

NORTH AMERICAN FAUNA.

[No.U.

under parts and a rather short tail which ends in a remarkably long
black pencil. The skull differs from all other American weasels in the
great breadth of the frontal region and the breadth and bluntuess of
the muzzle, in both of which respects it resembles true erminea. The
only Amerii-an species whose skull approaches it at all is P. washing-
toni, as mentioned above. In external characters the differences are
too great to require comparison.

It is interesting to find in this country an Arctic circumpolar weasel
which, though specifically distinct, is strictly the American representa-
tive of the Old World erminea. The pattern of coloration, as described
above (under color), is precisely as in erminea, but the tints differ
materially. The upper parts in erminea lack the golden brown of
arcticuH, and the under parts are very much paler and of a different
tint, being pale sulphur yellow instead of ochraceous. Moreover,
arcticuH lacks the whitish border to the ear which is present in erminea.
In winter pelage the two seem to be indistinguishable except by cranial
characters.

A small form of aretieus occurs on Kadiak Island, Alaska. It has
smaller and narrower audital bulla;, less spreading zygomata, less
divergent tooth rows, and decidedly shorter postmolar production of
palate. It is probably worthy of recognition as subspecies Jcadia<;ensis.
An adult male (No. 05290) collected April 25, 1804, by B. J. Bretherton,
measured in the iiesh: Total length, 318; tail vertebra?, 80; hind foot,
44. It is in the white winter pelage, just beginning to change, and the
terminal half of the tail is black.

Measurements. — From dry skin of type, male adult, Point Barrow,
Alaska: Total length, 3S0; tail vertebra?, 75; pencil, 55; hind foot, 48
(at least 50 in the Hesh).

PUTORIUS NOVEBORACENSIS De Kay. New York Weasel.

(PL IV, figs. 1, la, 2, 2a; PI. V, ligs. 3,3a.
1840. J'uioriua novehoracenais De Kay : Catal. Mammalia New York, j). 18, 1840 inomen

nudum); Zoology of New York, Mammalia, p. 36, 18<^2,
1840. Emmons : Kept. Quadrupeds Massachusetts, p. 45, 1840.
1857. Baird : Mammals N. Am., pp. 1(56-169, 1857.
1896. Bangs: Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., X, pp. 13-16, Feb. 25, 1896.
1877. Putoriiia ( Gale) erminea Cones : Fur-Bearing Animals, pp. 109-136 ( in part), 1877.
Putorius erminea Thompson, And. & Bach, (part), Allen, Merriam, and moat recent
authors.

Type locality. — New York State.

Geographic iUHtrihution. — Eastern United States from southern Maine
to North Carolina, and west to Illinois.

General characters. — Male large; female small; tail long and bushy,
much longer than in cicognoni, but shorter than in longicauda; the
black terminal part longer than in any other species except artictis,
covering one-third to one-half *he tail and measuring 50 to 75 mm.
Animal turns white in winter in northern part of range. Extraordinary
aexual difference in size and cranial characters.

Jrj»it,1806.] SYNOPSIS OP THE WEA!r>ELS OF NORTH AMERICA.

17

Color. — ^Summer pelaf/e: Upper parts, including; fore and liiiid leot
and aual region, and often encroacliiiig irregularly on belly, rieli dark
chocolate brown, sometimes suggesting seal brown ; under j tarts (usually
including upper lij)) white, more or less washed witli yoHowish; no
yellow on under side of tail or on hind feet, the color of under i)arts
sto])ping short of ankle. Winter pihuje: In southern i)art of range
similar to summer pelage, but upi>er parts paler, nearly drab brown.
Northern specimens white all over except terminal third of tail, which

is Jet black; throat, belly, ]H)sterior
half of back and tail always suffused
with yellowish.

Cninifil characters. — kSkull of male
large, heavy, and elongate; sagittal
ridge present in adults; postorbital
l>r<)cesses and constriction mod-
erately develoi>ed; zygomatu not

Fia.4. — Pvtoniis wwehiiraeeniis (f art
(larks, New York.

Atllron-

bowed outirartl; audita! bulla' rather
narrowly oval, usually rounded an-
teriorly as well as posteriorly. Skull of female very small, light, and
narrow, with brain case elongate and subcylindric, uiuch as in cicof/nani;
audital bulhe small, narrow, and not rising abruptly anteriorly from
inflated scjuamosals, which latter are elongated and strongly inflat'd as
in cicognani. Skulls of nudes may be distinguished from those of male
longicamhi by shorter i)ostorbital processes, less marked postorbital
constriction, less triangular brain case, lower sagittal ridge, very much
narrower zygomata, which arc not botved ontirard, narrower palate, and
narrower audital bulhe, which are more rounde«l anteriorly. The resem-
blance to 1\ washingtoni is very much closer, but male skulls of norebo-

}

Fl(iS. 5 and 0. — I'ulnriua nurfhiintciiinis. Ailii'oiiilack.s, >itnv York.

racensin nmy be distinguished by larger si/e and mu<'h larger audital
bullee. The lemale skull, owing to the inflation of its squamosals
inferiorly, needs no comparison with either irashingtoni or longicauda,
but is with dithculty separated from cicognani in regions where the two
species overlap. The postorbital processes are longer and the «;ar-
nassial and sectorial teeth larger in the feimiles of noreboracenxis than
in cicognani from the same localities.

RcmarhH. — Putorius noveboracensls may usually be distinguished from
P. cicognani by larger size and also by the longer and more bushy tail,
16932— No. 11 2

18

NORTH AMERICAN FAUNA.

[No, 11.

and greater length of the black terminal part. Females of novtbora-
rcnsifi, however, sometimes resemble males of cicognani rather elosely.
They may be distinguished not only by the greater length of the tail
but also, if in summer pelage, by the absence of yellow from the under
sideof tl»e tail and inner sides of the hind feet, which parts in cicognani
usually show more or less yellow.

MeaHurementH. — Average of 10 males: Total length, 407; tail ver-
tebra', 140; hiiul foot, 47. Average of 10 females: Total length, 3:i4;
tail vertebra', 108; hind foot, MS).

I'lJTOlilUS WASlIINfJTONI sp. iiov. Washiugton Woasel.

(in.iv, life's. :{,;su, 1,1a.)

Tyiw Iroui Trout Lake, buHO of Mount Adams, State of Washington. Xo. 7<>;,22, ^
ad., U. S. Nat. Mus., Dept. Agriculture collection. Collected Deceuiber 15, 1895, by
D. N. Kaegi.

General characters. — Similar to P. novehoraccnsia in size and general
a])pearance, but with longer tail and shorter bla(!k tip. Female very
nuich smaller than male, as in novehoracensis.

Color. — Color in summer i)elago unknown (probably dark chocolate
brown). There are two winter pelages, i)robably dependent on alti-
tude. In (Irah winter pelage: Upper parts uniform drab brown; end
of tail black; under i)art8 Avhite, more or less suflused with pale yel-
lowish. The color of the upper parts encroaches on the sides of the
belly as in norehoracensis, and a brown spot is present behind the cor-
ners of the mouth, which may or Tiay not be confluent with the brown
of the cheeks. In the type and two other specimens the hind legs and
feet are the same color as the upper parts except that the toes are
tipped with whitish and the tips of the fore feet are white. In another
specimen, collected January 22, the white is more extensive, covering
all of the fore feet and about half of the hind feet. In summer pelage
the legs and feet are doubtless the same color as the upper parts, the
white of the belly stopping high up on the thighs. In white winter
pelage: White all over except black tip of tail; tail, rump, and belly
strongly suffused with yellow. In one specimen (No. 76604, male,
February 7, 1890) the yellow reaches forward over the back nearly to
the shoulders; in another (No. 70588, male, February 4, 1896) the whole
back is white.

Cranial characters. — The skulls of the two sexes differ greatly: that
of'the male resembles novehoracensis closely in size and general char-
acters, but differs in having the audital bulhe much shorter and the
postorbital processes less strongly developed. The postorbital constric-
tion is equally marked. The skull of the female is very much smaller
than that of the male, averaging about 38 mm. in length, while the
male averages 45 mm. Contrasted with the female of novehoracensis
the brain case is broader»posteriorly and less cylindric. The audital
bulhe are more sharply separated from the squamosal inflation and the
latter is only slightly marked,,uot reaching the plane of the bullae. The

.liTNB.189fi.| SYNOPSIS OP THE WEASKLS OF NORTH AMERICA.

10

that
cbar-

the
stric-
aller

the

resenibhiiue therefore to /'. ricoffnani is much less ii>arke<l in the foiimle
iranhiiifftoui tliaii in the feiiiide norchoracensix.

Kemnrkti. — This new speeies is represented in the collection by 14
skulls and 0 skins, of which the peater nnnd)er are males. The female
is darker than the males, und the top of the head is darker anteriorly
than the rest of the upper parts, while in the males it is (joncolor with
the back. Tliese diflferences are probably seasonal, the female not
hiiving completed tlie change frcnn summer to winter pelage, though
collected Decend»er II. All are from the Mount Adams region.

MeasuremenU. — The skins, which are well made, afford the following
approximate measurements: Male, total length, 240; tail vertebra', 155;
hind foot, 44. Female, total length, 3<)0; tail vertebra', 12U; hind foot, 37.

PUTOKIUS PENINSULyE Hhoads. Floridii Weasel.
(PI . IV, (igs. 5, r.a; PI. V, fifj. 5.)

I'll lorliis pen inauhv Rhoails: Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philu., .June 1894, 152-155.
BiiiigH: Proc. Biol. Soc, Wash., X, pp. 10-13, Feb. 25, 1896.

Type hvalitif. — 'lludsons,' 14 miles north of Tarpon Springs, Fla.

Geogropkic lUstribution. — Peninsula of Florida; limits of range
unknown.

General characters. — Si/e rather large, about equaling male of I'tcto-
riim novehoraceiish ; skull similar to that of longicavda, but with very
large audital bulla'.

Color. — Upper parts dull chocolate brown, darkest on head; upper
li]) and chin whitish ; rest of under parts, including fore feet and toes
of hind feet, yellowish ; a brown s{)ot behind corners of mouth ; a small
tuft of white hairs under anterior root of ear. The color of the under
parts covers the belly broadly and is not encroached ui)on by the color
of tlie upper parts. Irregular and inconstant white markings are some-
times present between and behind the eyes.

Cranial characters. — Skull rather massive, resembling that of longi-
ca n(la,hiit with higher sagittal crest ; less spreading zygomata ; narrower,
higher, and more swollen audital bulla',, and less prominent postorbital
l)rocesses. Contrasted with /'. norehorarensis the postorbital constric-
tion is deeper, the brain case higher and more subtriangular, the audital
bullie higher and more swollen, the upper carnassial tooth decidedly
larger, ami the molar snmller. The upi)er molar is peculiar : It is short,
hardly expanded at either end, <ind inqdauted at right angles to the
premolar series.

MeasnremcntH. — An adult female from Tarpon Springs, Fla. : Total
length, 374; tail vertebne, 127; hind foot, 44.5.

PUTORIUS LONGICAUDA Bonaparte. Lonjr-tailed Weasel.
(PI. Ill, «j,'8. 3, 3a, 4, 4a; PI. V, figs. 1, lii.)

1829. Mustela (Futoriua) erminea Richardson: Fauna Boreali-Aniericana, pp. 46-47,^

1829 (in part: Specimen from Carlton House).
J838. Musiela longicauda Boniiparto: Charlesworth's Magazine Nat. Hist. N. S.,

II, p. 37-38, 1838 (based on Richardson's long-tailed variety of erminea from

Carltou House),

20

NORTH AMERICAN FAUNA.

(No. 11.

Fui. 7.

-I'tUurini lungieauiia.
a. Duk.

Furt SisHeton,

1830. I'utorius lonyicautla Rich. : Zool. Beerhey's V(iyaK« «f Hlossoin, p. 10," 18"*).

18.">7. Bainl: Munuiials N. Am., pp. 169-171, 18r>7.

1877. Cones: Fur-Hoiirinj,' AniiimlM, pp. 13&-142, 1877.

1896. Banns: Proo. Biol. Soc Wash., X, pp. 7-8, Fob. -'5, 189«5.

Type locality. — Carlton House, on Noitli BiiHkutcliewun River,
Canada.

Geographic dlHtrilmtion. — Groat IMains from KansaH northward.
General characters. — Size large (adult males averaging about A")() mm.

in total length); tail very long (ver-
tebra- 155 mm. or niore in males),
its black tip rather short: utnler
parts always strongly yeUowish or
ochraceous.

Color. — Ui>per parts juile yel-
lowish brown, or ])ale raw innber
brown, becoming darker on head;
terminal ])art of tail black; chiu
and upper lip all the way round
white; rest of under parts varying
from strong bnffy yellow to ochraceous orange, the coh»r extending from
throat posteriorly, including upper side of fore feet, inner side of hind
feet, and upper side of hind toes; under 8i<le of tail more (u* less suffused
with yellowish; soles of hind feet brownish. In worn summer pelage
the color of ujiper parts is decidedly paler, and in sonu? old specimens
the upper and lower surfaces are not sharply differentiated. The
orange tinge of the under
parts is strongest on the
throat.

Cran ial charactern. —
Skull large, broad, and
massive, with well-devel-
oped post orbital proc-
esses, strongly marked
postorbital constriction,
and a moderate sagittal
crest; zygomata bowed
strongly outward; brain
case subtriangular as seen
from above; audital bulla}
rather broad and subrect-
angular; palate broad;
dentition heavy; audital bulhe anteriorly rising abrujjtly from squa-
mosal, which is not inflated in either sex; skull of fennile similar to
male, but smaller, and with only a slight sagittal ridge. Contrasted
with male skulls of noveboraccnsis and irashingfoni, the male of longi-
cauda is broader and relatively shorter, with more spreading zygomatic
9<rcbes, longer postorbital processes, deeper postorbital constriction,

Fios. 8 ami 9.—/'. loriffieauda d ad. Fort Sissetoii, S. Dak.

JiTfEiBflfl) SYNOrslS OV THK WEAfiELS OF NORTH AMEBICA.

21

)iih1 iniK-li brontlcr and more UM'ttm^iilar undital biillir, wliicli as a rule
an* lnoiully trmicato instead of narrowly rounded anteriorly.

MvuHunmeHtH. — Average of 4 males from plains of Saskatchewan and
AiluMta: Total lenjjtli, 4r»0; tail vertelme, 105; hind foot, r»l. Averaj^e
of.'l females: Total lenj^th, .'W7; tail vertebra', 144: hind foot, 44.

ITTOWIIIrt L<>X(JIC'AII>A SPADIX Maiiffs.
I'uloriuii l(ni<it((i»i(la Hpadir Hiid^'h: I'roi'. Iliol. Soc. WohIi., X, pp. 8-{>, F«l». '2't, IH!K».

Tifpe localiti/. — l''ort Snellin};, near Minneapolis, Minn.

(}vo(jraphH' tlintrihution. — Edge of timber belt in Minnesota, along
boundary between Transitioii snid IJoreal zones.

(iCHcral choractcrn. — Similar to 7*. lonflieauda, but much darker.

(Jolor. — Summer pelaffc : Upper i)arts (;hoco1ate brown, darkest on the
hesul, but paler than in nove-
horacniftis ; chin and upper lip
whitish all round; rest of under
parts, including upper snrfa(!es
of fore feet and toes of hind
feet, buity yellow ; terminal part
of tail black. Winter pehufe:
Snow-white eveiywhere excejjt
black tip of tail and a yellow-
ish sulfusion on rest of tail, and
sometimes also on under side of
hintl feet.

(Jroiiiul chanu-ivrs. — As in P.
loiilfmiuda.

MeanurementaJ — Average of 0
males from Fort Snelling, Minn. : Total length, 460; tail vertebra;, ICC.'i;
hind foot, 54.ri. Average of 3 females: Total length, 3oG; tail verte
bra*, 132; hind foot, 43.5.

PUTOKIUS SATURATUS sp. iiov. CiiHcade Momitaiii Woasel.

Ti/pe from Siskiyou, near Hontbern boundary of Oregcm (altitude, about 4,000 feet).
No. 65930, c( ad,, U. S. Nat. Mns., Diparlnieiit of Aj^ricnlturo colU'ction. Coll<'(!ted
.Tune (5, 1894, by Clark 1'. Streator. Orijr. No. 3905.

General characters. — Similar to /'. arizouensis, but larger and darker,
with belly more ochraceous, and with distinct spots behind the (corners
of the mouth.

Color. — Color of upper parts in summer pelage (June) dark raw
umber brown, becoming much darker on the top of the head and nose;
terminal ])art of tail black ; a brown spot at corner of mouth which
may be confluent with brown of cheeks ; color of ui)per parts extending
over outer side of forearm to wrist, and over hind foot to toes; chin

Futf. lu ami 11.— I'utoriun I. tptulix 9 ad. Klk iiiver,
AliiiKeHotii.

■TheHH uieasureiuenls were takeu iu the flesh by Dr. £. A. Mearus, to whom I am
indebted for them.

22

NORTH AMKUICAN FAITNA.

rNo.u.

whito; rost of \uu\or pints «H'liriir«'ous ov nruuno yt'Ilow, iiichulin^ tlio
fore I'lM^t, uiid rcnrliiii^ iiiirrowly down tlio uihU'i* side of hind U>^' to
ankle, whence it may or may not extend in a narrow line alonj; inner
HJdo of toot to toeH; under side of tail more or less suffused with pddeu
chestnut; anal rejjion clieatnut brown; in worn ])elaji[e the t'olors are
eveiywluue nuudi paler.

('raiiial vharavlrrH. — Skull similar to that of /'. nrizotu'HHiM hut with
l)ostorhital imwesses broader at base ami less pey: like.

RcmarkH. — This handsonui weasel replacu-s lotojlcuvila on the Cascade
and Hiskiyou mountains of Orej;;(>ii and Washington, reachin;; a short
distam;e into British C(dumbia. The only s])ecimens examined have
come from Siskiyiui, Orejfon, and Chilliwack, British ('ohnnbia (the
latter, No. 355.'$, collection of E. A. and O. ]iang8).

MeanuremeutH. — Averajfi? of 2 males from Siskiyou Mountains, Ore-
jjfou: T«)tal leufith, 423; tail vertebra^,- 101; hind foot, 18.

rilToRirS AKIZONKNSIS Mourns. Moiiiitnin WeiiHel.

I'titoiiuH arizonrnma Meurim: Bull. American MiiHoum Nat. Kist., Vol. Ill, No. 2, pp.

:.':it-2H5, May, 1891.
I'utoriiiH louijicamla Morriain : MamiiiulH of Idaho, N. Am. Fanna, No. 5, pp. 8H-S4, Ang.

ISftl (from niountainH of Idaho).

T}ipe lomliiy. — San Prancis»!o forest, Arizona (a few nules south of
Flagstatl).

Oeofjraphic dinirihutioit. — Uroadly, the Sierra Nevada aud Rocky

Mountain systems, reaching' British
C'olumbia in the Kocky Mountain re-
gion, but not known north of the Sis-
kiyou Mountains in the Sierra-Cascade
system.

General characters. — Similar to Puto-
riuH longicauda in color and markings,
but much smaller in size.

Color. — Upper i)art8 from occiput to
black tip of tail, raw umber brown; head decidedly darker; end of tail
black; chin and upper lip all round white; rest of under parts includ-
ing upper surfaces of fore feet and inner half of hind feet and upper
surfaces of hind toes ochraceous or ochraceous yellow, varying in tint.
Cranial characters. — Skull similar to that of lornjicanda but decidedly
smaller and less triangular; narrower across mastoids and more bulg-
ing ill parietals.

Remarks. — Putorlns arizonensis is a mountain form of longicauda,
which it closely resembles except in size. The type specimen, colle(!ted
by Dr. Mearns on the pine i)latcau of Arizona a few miles south of
Flagstaff, is an immature female and is of unusually small size. A
male obtained by him near the same place is of the normal size, as is
another male iu the Department collection from Springerville, Ariz.,

Fio. 13,— P. arizimensiii d a«l.
County, Colo.

lioiildci

JusMSWl] BYNOl'SIS OF THE WKASKLS OP NOIITII AMEUICA.

23

rolh'(!tp«I by E. VV. Nelson. Hpt'ciiiicMis from tlio iiortlH'in IJocky
Mouiitiiiti r(>};i(Mi (St. Mary liiikr, IMoiitaiiti, iiiiil 811I111011 Kivci- and
ralisinuirni Monnhiins, Idaho) ditlcr in coloi- iVoin tlio t,v]ii<'a1 .iiiinial
from Arizona and ( 'olorado, and a^r(>o with aH(!nl from the llhui< Hills
in haviiif; the nppor parts slronjjly sntfuscil with p)ld<'n In-own, thr
yellow of the nnder parts y(>llow rather than ochiaeeons, and the nnder
side of the tail stronj^ly yellow on tlie b.isal half or two thinls. The
skulls, however, lack the flattened audital bnlhe (»f olleiii. Hp«'einu'n8
from the Sierra Nevada in California are hardly distin<>'uishable fnnn
the Koeky IVlonntiiin animal. The only apparent external <lillerenees
are that the yellow of the nnder i>arts reaches np farther nnder the
ehin, the white of the upper lip is less extensive, and the under sid s of
the tail is more suft'used with yellowish. But none of those ehara<!ters is
eonstant. In one si)eeimen from Donner, Calif. (No. !*<».")(), fenude, Afer-
riam C(dl.), even the white upper lip is as marked as in Koeky Mountain
specimens; it reaches all the
way round, tills the space under
the nasal pad to the nostrils,
and broadens str()njnlv under
the eyes. In cranial (rharac-
ters also the difterenees are
slight .and inconstant. The
l)Ostorbital i»rocesse8are longer
and more fc, ender, often becom-
ing peg like in old males. The
audital bulla* average: smaller
and more convex anteriorly,
and in the female are decidedly
inirrower and more subcylin-
dric. But in an adult female
from Fort Klamath, Oreg., the bulhe are nearly as broad as in llocky
Mountain females. The three female skulls I have seen of the Sierra
form are decidedly smaller than females from the Kocky Mcmntains.

The Sierra specimens show a strong tendency to grade into, or at
leasttoward ivanthogcnys. In nearly half the specrimens examined white
liairs are present between the eyes, and in several they are sulliciently
numerous to form a conspicuous white spot, though the sjKit is not
large and rectangular as in true .runthoyenjjfi. The white cheek spots I
have not seen in Sierra specimens, but the brown spots behind the cor-
ners of the mouth are sometimes present (as in No. 3()G.5o, male, from
Upper Cottonwood Meadows, uear Mount Whitney, ('alif.).

A specimen from St. George, Utah, an old female, differs in some
respects from typical arizonensis. The skull is small and relatively
short, and the shortening is mainly in the palate and rostral part, which
measures 2 mm. less than the average of adult females of arizonensia of

Fuis. 13 and 14.— P. anzonenth if ml.
Colo.

IJoiiWiT County,

24

NORTH AMERICAN FAUNA.

[No.lL

tlio same size. Moreover, the ]»ostorl)ltal pro<!es8es iwe longer and more
slender tluin in any female of arizoiienxifi I have examine<l from either
the Rocky ISIonntain or Sierra systems. Externally the St. George
speeinu'u differs from ty pie jil arizontnisis iu the following particulars:
Yellow of underparts more strongly tinged with ochraceous; white of
npi)er lip narrow and not reaching aronnd anteriorly; brown of upper
l)arts reaching down on outer side of arm to wrist; a small brown spot
benringtwobristles just lu^hind each corner of mouth. In thisre&pect,
}ind this only, it resembh;s .tuntlioffenys; there is no trace of white on
the cheeks or between tiie eyes.

MmHuremantH. — Average of 5 nniles from the llocky Mountains:
Total length, .'J.S5; tail vertebra', 144; hind foot, 44.r). Average of 4
females: Total length, ."558; tail vertebra', l.'M); hind foot, 40.

PUTOUIUS ALLKNI Hp. iiov. lUack Hills Weasel.

Tijpc. ironi Cnster, Ulack Hills, Sontli Dakota.. No. I^^fl, $ ad., Merriaiii collection.
Collected .Inly 12, 1888, by Vernon Bailey. <)ri|atinal No. 90.

(fcof/rajyliir dlstrihutiou. — Black Hills, South Dakota.

Characivm. — Similar to /'. (irizoneims in size and general characters,
but upi)er parts more suffused with yellowish and audital bulhe flatter.

Colot'. — Upper parts from occii)ut to bla(;k tip of tail golden or yel-
lowish-brown, in some lights with an olivaceous tinge; head dark
brown, without yellowish tinge; upper lip and chin white; rest of
undi'rparts, including inner sides <>f legs, whole of fore feet, toes of
hind feet and under side of basal part of tail, intense buffy yellow.

('ranial choracters. — Skull similar to that of arizonensin, but audital
bulla' much flatter and somewhat smaller; brain case slightly flatter
and bulging laterally immediately behind constriction; frontal some-
what broader interorbitally; skiill as a whole shorter. The skull of an
old female (No. 7441, Am. Mus. Nat. Hist.) is nunh smaller than the
male, and the audital bulla' are narrow and not flattened. In both
sexes the postorbital processes are strongly develoi)ed.

Rrmarls. — Pntorius alleni is an isolated and only slightly differen-
tiated form of P. anzonensis, from which it is completely cut off geo-
grai)hically. It is surrounded on all sides by the large weasel of the
idains, /*. hmgiatfiula. In worn summer i)elage the (!olor differences
that distinguish it from arizoncnsis are not apparent.

I take ])leasure in naming the species in honor of Dr. J. A. Allen,
of the American Museum of Natural History, New York, who has
recently published an important paper on the mammals of the Blaciv
Hills, and to whom I am indebted for the loan of three additional
specimens.

MeasKremcnta (of type specimen, nuile adult). — Total length, 372; tail
vertebra*, 137; hind foot, 44.

JtmE,1896.] SYNOPSIS OP THE WEASELS OP NORTH AMERICA.
PUTORIUS XANTH0GENY8 (Gray). California Weasel.

25

1843. Mustela jranihogcnija iiray: Annals aud Maga/.iue Nat. Mist., XI, pp. 118, 1843.
1857. PutofiuB xanthogmya Bainl: Mauinials N. Am., pp. 17(>-177, 18.")7.
1877. Putor'iua {Gale) brasilietiaiH frenatub Conen: Fur- Bearing Aniinals, pp. 142-146,
1877 (in part).

Type locality. — Soiithrni Califoniij., probably vicinitj' of San l^iego.

Geographic distriimtion. — Sonoran siiul Transition faunas of Califor-
nia, on both sides of the Sierra Nevr la.

General characters. — Size medinni; tail long; face conspicuously
marked with whitish, but rest of head not, black; under parts
ochraceous.

Color. — Upper parts from back of head to terminal part of tail in
Hummer pelage raw-umber brown, tinged with golden; in winter pelage,
drab brown, without yellowish suftusion; head always darker, becom-
ing dusky over nose; a large rect.mgular spot between eyes, and a
broad oblique band between eye and e«r, whitish; end of tail black;
a brown spot behind corners of mouth ; chin white ; rest of under parts,
including fore feet all round and inner side and toes of hind feet , vary-
ing from buft'y ochraceous to oiihraceoiis orange. In some specimens
the ochraceous covers the greater i)art of the hind feet as well as the
toes.

Cranial characters. — Skull of the longicauila tyi)e and practically
indistinguishable in size and characters from /'. arizonensis; skull as a
whole short and broad ; zygomata bowed outward ; postorbital processes
strongly developed; sagittal ridge distinct; audital bulla* moderate,
usually truacate anteriorly; skull of female similar to that of male,
but smaller.

Remarks. — Putoritts xanthogenys inhabits the San Joaquin and Owens
valleys and the w hole of southern California except the higher moun-
tains. In ascending the mountains it gradually loses the facial mark-
ings and seems to grade into P. arizonensis, the weasel of the mountain
summits.

Measurements. — Average of 7 males from southern California: Total
length, 402; tail ^'ertebra', 156; hind foot, 43.5. Average of 3 females:
Total length, 3(J8; tail vertebrse, 135; hmd foot, 40.5.

PUTORIUS XANTHOGENYS OREGONENSIS snbsp. nov. OreKon Weasel,

Type from Grants Puss, Uogne River Valley, Oregon. No. UWi> 9 a^^v U- *^- Nat. Mus.,
Dept. Agric. Coll. Collected December 19, 1891, by Clurk P. Streator. Original
nuiubei- 1404.

Geographic distribution. — Rogue Kiver Valley, Oregon; limits of
range unknown.

General characters. — Similar to P. xanthogenys but decidedly larger,
darker in color, and with face markings much restricted.

Color. — Upi»er parts in winter ])elage i)ale chocolate brown, slightly
darker on head; a small and ill-detined ))atch between eyes, and a nar-

26

NORTH AMERICAN FAUNA.

tNo.ll.

row vertical bar between eye and ear, white; throat while; rest of
under parts, including fore feet and inner sides and distal half of hind
feet, pale yellowish; terminal one-fifth of tail black; rest of tail above
and below concolor with back and without the yellowish tinge which
is characteristic of .ranthoflenys.

Cranial characterti. — Skull similar to that of .ranihogeni/s but larger
and decidedly broader. The sknll of the type, an adult female, com-
pared with skulls of .vauthogenys of the same sex and age from south-
ern California, difl'ers in the foHowing jmrticulars : Skull everywhere
broader; muzzle, palate, interorbital breadth and (sonstriction very
much broader ; zygomata more spreading.

MeasiirementN. — Type specimen, female adult: Total length, 412; tail
vertebra;, 155; hind foot, 44.

PUTORirS FRENATIJS (IJcliteiiHteiii). Kridled Wf,as«l.
(PI. Ill, tigs. 1,1.-., 11), 2.)

1813. Miisiela hrasilivisix Sovastianod": Mem. Acad. Imp. Sci. St. Petersburg, IV,
.^56-3(53, Table I \', 1813. (Name on ])late only; diagjiosis in text.) Preoc-
cupied by Afaslvla hraailieiiHia [an otter] Guieliu, 1788.

1832. Mnstela fnnata liichtenstpin: DarstoUnng neucr oder venig bekannter Sau-
gethit're, PI. XLII and correspondinj; text (unpaged), 1832.

18.'>7. I'litonitsfrenatiis Hainl: iManunals N. Am., 173-176, 1857.

Type locaiity. — Valley of Mexico, near Oity of Mexico.

General characiers. — Size large; tail long; its black tip relatively
short; head black, Avith conspicuous Avhite markings.

Color, — Top of head blackish, interrupted between eye and ear by a
broad, whitish b.and, whicih is nearly contiuent with a patch of same
color between the eyes; rest of ui)per parts brown; a dark spot behind
corners of mouth; chin and throat whitish; rest of under parts ochra-
ceous yellow; forefeet to or above Avrists whitish or pale butty yellow-
ish, continuous with and shading into ochra icons of under parts; color
of under parts extending down on inner side of hind legs aud feet to
toes, which are whitish or yellowish white.

Cranial characters. — Skull large and massive, with strongly devel-
oped i)ostorbital processes, deep postorbitai onstriction, marked sagit-
tal crest, and pe(!uliar audital bulhv, which are obliquely truncated
anteriorily (the inner side reaching fartiiest forward) and abruptly
highest on inner side, falling away suddenly on outer side so as to
form a rounded ridge along the inner s'de of the longitudinal axis of
the bulla. The skull of frenatus resembles that of longicauda, but is
considerably larger, and difl'ers in the form of the audital bulhe just
described, and also in the extent of the postglenoid space, which is
much larger than in longicaufla. The dentition is heavy aud the
vipper carnassial tooth relatively shorter than in longicauda. The
ramus of the under jaw is much more convex iuferiorly.

liemarlctt. — Lichtenstein, in his original de8crii)tion of Mustela frcnata^
Btates that the tail ia about oue-third longer than that of the European

JnNKimc.l SYNOPSIS OF THK WEASELS OP NORTH AMERICA.

27

weasel {crminea) ; Jiat only its oxtreihe tip is black , that the head, ears,
aD<l(!rowii are black, this cohniiift- fading" into the red«lisli brown of the
upper parts on the back of the head behind the ears; that the facial
' markings, throat, and breast are white; the lemaindcr of the nnder
]).irts ocher yellow. The white spot between the eyes is desj-rilied as
heartshaped, and in the colored plate it is shown to be nearly, bnt not
quite, conHuent with the white patch between the eye and ear. The
colors in the plate are not j^ood, as the whole under parts are white
H instead «)f o<'her yellow, and the black tip of the tail is not shown. The

si)ecinien seems to have been in worn pelage. Lichtenstcin hiid two
ti]>ecimens, both collected by Deppe near the (Jity of Mexi(!o.

Fortunately, the l)ei)artment collection contains two specimens (!ol-
lected by E. W. Nelson at Tlalpauj, in the A^allcy of JNIexico, Avhich may
be considered topotyj»es oi frcnntus, for they not only came from the
same locality as Lichtenstein's types, but also agree essentially in every
detail with his excellent description. The only points in which the
description fails to .igree absolntely with tlie specimens i.i tliat in the
latter the white of the throat is less pure and the black tip of the tail
l)erhaps a tritie more extensive than one would infer fiom tiu! descrip-
tion; but tlie throat is white in contrast with the strongly ochraceous
yellow of the rest of the under parts, and a specimen in the ITnited
States National Museum from tlie City of Mexico (No. liH'A), 9 ad.,
J. Potts) has both throat and breast white, as in the original description.

Tlie statement that only the extreme tij) of the tail is black was made
in comparison with the l*]uroi)ean weasel (erminca), in which nearly half
of the tail is black. Hence the description agrees entirely with the
S])ecimens in hand. One point not mentioned in the descrii)tion is
sh«)wn in the plate, namely, that the hind feet and toes are in large
l>art wliitish or yellowish white. The quantity of white is variable.
In a young male from TUilpam (No. 50827) it is restricted to the inner
side of the foot, hardly reaching the toes, while in an adult male from
the same locality (No. 50820) it includes the toes. The whitish sjmt
between the eyes is also variable, both in form and extent. Lichtensteiu
described it as heart-shaped, and his figure shows that it is narrow
where it approaches closest to the stripe between the eye and ear, with
Avhich it is nearly, but not (piite, confluent. This is i)recisely its con-
dition in the adult male from Tlalpam, which may be considered a
duplicate type of the species. In this specimen the median white spot
is almost divided by the dark color of the forehead, which pushes down
between the eyes, so that the whitish s[)ot might be described as a
narrow stripe over each eye, the two becoming confluent below. In
the young specimen the white 8i)ot is subrectangular and not divided
by the black of the forehead.

Note on Putoriux brasHimtiis. — In 1813 a Kussiaii naturalist, Sevas-
tianoff, gave the name ^Mnstela hrasiUeimn^ to a weasel brought to
St. Petersburg by Capt. A. J. Krusensterii 04i his returu from a voyage

28

NORTH AMEniCAN FAUNA.

(No. 11.

around the world. The animsil was said to liave come from Hriizil, but
no definite locality was given. In the numerous publications thiit liave
since appeared relating to the mammals of IJra/.il nnd adjacent terri-
tory, no wensels are mentioned as inhabiting that country, and the
species described from the mountains to tlie westward differ so Avidely
from Sevastianoff's hrt siliennis that it is almost certain his animal did
not come from Brazil. The original description (including measnre-
ments) agrees in every respect with P. frenatns of Lichtonstien from
the Valley of Mexico, indicating that tlie two animals are identical.
On this assumpticm the well-known and appropriate name frenafiis
would have to fall before the earlier and inappropriate '■hrasilienHiH.''
Fortunately, however, Sevastianoff ])laced his animal in the genus
Mu8tela, and the name Mustela brasiliensis is preoccupied by Gmclin
for a South American otter. (Syst. Nat., ed. 1.3, p. 93, 1788.) Hence,
unless some earlier name is found, fr<matus will stand for the Mexican
bridled weasel.

Meatturements. — An adult male from Tlali>am, Valley of Mexico (type
locality) : Total Ic igth, 505 ; tail vertebra', 203 ; hind foot, 53. Average
of C males from Brownsville, Tex.: Total length, 488; tail vertebra*, 102;
hind foot, 51. Average of 3 females from Brownsville: Total length,
438; tail vertelme, 187; hind foot, 41.5.

PITTORIIIS FKENATUS (JOLDMANI snlisp. nov.

Type from Pinabete, Chiapas, Mexico. No. 77519, <? ad., V. S. Nat. Mns., Dept. Agrio.
coll. Colle<tetl Feb. 10, 185)6, by E. A. Goldman. Altitude about 8,200 feet (^2,f50O
meters). Original number 9279.

Oeographic dhtrihuUon. — Mountains of southeastern Chiapas; limits
of range unknown.

Oeneral characters. — Similar to F. frenatns in size and general char-
acters, but tail and hind feet longer; light markings more restricted;
black of head reaching muck farther back on neck ; color of upper i)art8
darker and more extensive, encroaching on sides of belly and covering
fore and hind feet; black tip of tail Nuiger.

Color. — Upper parts, including whole of fore and hind feet, dull, dark
chestnut brown, washed with black on the neck from slionlders iorwaid,
and becoming pure black on the head; face marked by a whitish ])atch
between the ej'^es, and a narrow, oblique band between eye and ear; a
blackish spot behind angle of mouth; color of under i»arts salmon
ocbraceous, reaching wrists inferiorly, but not reatdiing heels; terminal
third of tail black.

Cranial characters. — Skull rather large ; zygomata motlerately spread-
ing; squamosal inflation moderate, but large for a member of tlie./re-
natvs series; audital bull.i^ small, steep on inner side, and only slightly
elevated anteriorly above squamosal inflation. The sknll as a whole
resembles that of frenatns, but differs conspicuously in the greater
length and inflation of the postglenoid part of the squamosal, greater
breadth of the basioccipital, and in the size and form of the audital

.)iNE,18'J6.] SYNOPSIS OF THE WEASELS OF NORTH AMERICA.

20

bullit*. Tlie latter are very narrow, low anteriorly where they meet the
inflated 8quamo»al without au abrupt step, and high along the inner
side.

liemarka. — Mr. E. W. Nelson writes nie that this tine weasel is found
.s|)aringly in the forest about Pinabete, Chiapas, at au altitude of 7,0(K)
to 8,000 feet (2,100 to L',500 meters). The type s]>eeimen was shot in
the afternoon while hunting on a heavily wooded hill slope. It was
heard making long, slow leaps over the dry, crisp leaves. Coming to a
log, it stood u[) and rested its fore feet on the log, in which position it
was shot by Mr. (ioldman.

A s|>e(inien fiom Cerro San Felipe, Oaxaca, is intermediate, both
in coloration and cranial characters, between typical freiuttuH and
(joUbnani; hence tliere is little room for doubt that complete inter-
gradation exists between the two.

^Measurements. — Type specimen, male adult: Total length, 501; tail
vertebra}, 201 ; hind foot, 58.

PUTORIUS FRENATUS LEUCOPARIA 8u).8i). nov.

'■Wm, i ad

a

ead-
fre-
;htly
hole
lal er
sater
lital

U. S. Nat, Mu8., Dept.
Ori<;ina] number 2f>60.

Type from Patzcnaro, Mi«lioacan, Mexico. No.

Agric. coll. Colle<;te<l July 27, 1892, l>y E. W, Nelson.

(ieneral charactcrH. — Similar Ui Putorius frenatiis^hnt slightly larger;
black of head extending posteriorly over neck; white face markings
nnich more extensive; the spot between the eyes very much larger and
broadly confluent on both sides with whitish area between eye and ear,
which area also is much more extensive in all directions than in
freuatus.

Color. — Upper parts from shoulders to bhick tip of tail, dark brown;
neck, crown of head, nose, ears, and sides of face to a little behind the
eye, black ; black of head between eyes and ears divided by a broad
band of buli'y white which is broadly confluent with butty yellow of
throat and chin; a narrow border of whitish on upper lip; rest of
under i>arts ochraceous yellow (including whole of forefeet, inner sides
of hind legs and feet, and terminal half or nearly half of upper surfaces
of hind feet, where the col r ' omes paler, being butty ochraceous, as
on the throat).

Cntniai characters. — Skull simi.ar to that of frcn.ttus^ but larger;
audital bulhe much narrower; postorbital processes less strongly
developed.

liemarks. — This handsome weasel i)resents the maximum of black
and whit^e markings known in the Jrenatits grou]), the black of the head
reaching back over the ne(!k and the white face markings covering a
large area. In the type specimen a white stripe 50 mm. in length
extends down the middle of the nape from a i^oint between the ears
more than halfway to the shoulders. This, however, is probably ab-
normal, though a trace of it exists in a female from the same locality.
This form is the poorest subspecies described in the present paper.

30

NORTH AMERICAN FAUNA.

[No. 11.

I '

MeuHurcmentH. — Average of li males from Psitzcuaro (typo locality):
Total length, r>l(); tail vertebra', 2OI5 hind loot, 5.'}. An adult female
from same place: Total length, 4(K); tail vertebra*, l/iO; hind foot, A2.

PUTORIIJS TROIMCALIS sp. iiox . rioi)ioiil J{ritlle<l Weasel.

(I'l. Ill, ti^js., ;-), 5rt, (5, fia.)

Type from ,Jico, Vera Cruz, Mexico No. ," i!t!>4, <? sul., U. H. Nat. Mus., Dept. Agrie.
coll. Collected .July i), 1893, l.y K. W. Nelson. Altitude 6,000 leet ( ^ 1,800 ineterB).
Original uiiinber .">19.5.

(leoffruphic difitrihniiov. — 'J'he tropical coast belt of southern Mexico
and Guatemala from Vera (hu/. southward.

(ientral characters. — Similar to Putorius Jrenatus, but much smaller
and darker, with the M'hite face markings less extensive, the belly pale
orange instead of ochraceous, and under side of tail very much darker.

Color. — lJpi)er parts deep umber brown with a fulvous tone; head,
ears, and neck, black, passing gradually into brown of back just in
front of the shoulders; terminal one-fourth (or a little more) of tail,
black; face markings as in frenatns, but less extensive and whiter;
under parts ochraceous buft" on throat and fore feet, becoming rich
orange buflf on belly and inner side of thighs, whence (becoming paler)
the color reaches out in a narrow interrupted stripe along the inner
side of the hind feet to the toes, which are irregularly bufiy.

Cranial characters. — Skull of male similar in general to that of //-e-
natus, but smaller, relatively longer, with less spreading zygomata, less
strongly <leveloped postorbital processes, and probably broatler postor-
bital constriction (the type skull was infested with parasites); audital
bulhe smaller and very nnu!h narrower; carnassial teeth and upper
molar smaller. The skull of the female is very much smaller than that
of the male, and has the smoothly rounded brain case of the cicoffuaut
group, without trace of a sagittal ridge. The squamosals are strongly
inflated, resendding thoseof cic'or/H<(Mi and the female ofnoreboraccnsis.
It ditt'ers from the female frcnatiiH in much smaller size, very much
smaller audital bulhe, more intlated squamosals, smoothly rounded
brain case without trace of sagittal crest, and broader interorbital
constriction, which is immediately behind postorbital processes instead
of one-fifth the distance from the processes to the occipital crest (tig. 15).

Remarks. — On first examining the skins of this weasel sent home by
Mr. Nelson, I supposed it to be merely a tropical subspecies ot'/renatnsf
but on com]>aring the skulls I am forced to accord it full specific rank.
The diflerence is greatest in the fenmles, and is really very remarkable,
as may bo seen from the accompanying figures (figs. l.T and IG). The
female of //T'«a/?w (fig. U)) resembles the male of the same species (pi. Ill,
tig. 1), while the female of tropicalis (fig. lii) resembles the cicognani
group — representing another section of the genus. The case is imrallel
to that of /*. nowboraccnsis already described. The female of tropicalis,
like that of noveboracmsis, shows arrested development or absence of

JiTNK,189«.] SYNOPSIS OF THE WEASELS OP NORTH AMERICA.

31

gnaiu

eiisis.

much

inded

bital

istead

. 15).

ne by

atus;

aiik.

able,

The

. Ill,

piani

rallel

valifi,

ceof

Fig. 15— P,//-cno<u»? .

Fui. IG.— i'. tr(ypicalia 9-

the specialization that cliara(!terizes the male, while the females of
irasJiinfftoui and frcnatus have advanced furtluT and are more like
the male. In the case of the female skulls of /rat at m and tropicnlis
here figured, it is interesting to know that they were taken within
a few nnles of ono another — frcnatus on Cofre de I'erote. at an
altitude of about 12,500 feet;
tropical is at Ji»*o on the plain
below, at an altitude of 5,000 or
6,000 feet.'

The Department collection
contains four specimens of. this
weasel, all collected by Mr. Nel-
son in ^'era Cruz. Three of
tiiem, two iidult nudes and one
old female, are from Ji(;o; the
fourth, an immature female, is
from Catemaco, ami presents the
extreme of ditferentiation in in-
tensity of color. The hind feet
are dark throughout and the color of the upper parts is peculiarly dark
and rich, as in /*. ajffinh.

MeaHurcmenU. — Average of two adult males from Jico, Vera Cruz
(type locality): Total length, 442; tail vertebra', 175; hind foot, 50.
An old female from same place: Total length, 333; tail vertebne, 121;
hind foot, 37.

PUTDKIl'S AFFINIS ((iray).

Mnatela affinia (Jray: Aiiuals & Mag. Nat. Hist., 4th ser., XIV, p. ;}75, Nov., 1S71.

Type locality. — "New Granada" [ = Colombia].

General characters. — Size large; tail long; color very «lark, almost
black anteriorly; facial markings obsolete or nearly so.

Color. — Upper parts nearly pure black on head and neck, fa<ling
imperceptibly to rich blackish brown on back, rump, and tidl; black
tip of tail long, but not strongly contrasted with tlark color of rest of
tail; under parts narrowly ochraceous orange, narrowest behind angle
of mouth, where it is encroached on by the blackish of the cheeks. Face
usually unmarked, but a whitish streak sometimes present' in front
of ear.

Cranial characters. — The only skull of this weasel I have seen is from
a skin (No. 13770, U. S. Nat. Mus.) collected by Dr. Vi'u Patten, at San
Jose, Costa Rica. It is immature, but ditt'ers strikingly from freuatm
in the greater breadth of the frontal region and the flatness of the
audital bullse. The constriction is little marked, which may be due to

'Tho (lirt'erence in size of the two species is well shown by the flesh measurements
of these two specimens. Female fienatus, Cofre do Perote: Total length, 418; tail
vortehrir, IfiO; hind foot, 45. Female tiopicalis, .Jico: Total length 333; tail verte-
bra', 121; hind foot, 37.

32

NORTH AMERICAN FAUNA.

[Ko.lL

parasitvH in the fruiital Hinuses. Tho yoiiug skull affords the following;
iDeasureinents : Basal luiigtb, 50; zygomatic breadth, 29; poatpalatal
length, 2C; palatal length, 24; iuterorbital breadth, 12; breadth across
postorbital ]»roces8es, 15; breadth of constriction, 14.

General remarkn. — There are several specimens from Costa Rica in
the National Museum collection which apparently belong to this
species. In these specimens the color of the upx>er parts is exceed-
ingly dark from the color of the tips of the hairs; but the color imme-
diately underlying the black tips is deep fulvous brown, giving a very
rich tone to the pelage. The orange of the under parts is narrow and
does not reach the ieot; on the hind legs it stops on the thighs, and on
tht. forelegs it stops short of the wrists.

Meatfuretncntu (from dry skins in U. 8. Nat. Mus.). — Total lei-gth,
about 510; tail vertebra;, about 180; hind foot, about 52.

I i

1

JcxE,l89C.] SYNOPSIS OF THE WEASELS OF NORTH AMERICA.

Table of arvnu/e cranial niedSHremviilH of Xorth American Wtaaela.

33

Kitnitt.

Lot'ulity.

i*. cieognani

r. richardtuni.
I', alatceiitis...
P. itreatori

P.rixomin

]'. arctieun

r.kaiHacensh

r. Hovi'boracensiii

I', vatltinijtoiii

V.1^eniut%tl(v

7*. lowjicauda

P. spadix

P.mtiirattit ,

P. arizonengis

P. alleni

P.xanlhogenys

P./renatHi

P.tropicalis

Onsipec, X. H

KIklJiv.T, Minn

Do

.Mount Forrsf , Ontario. .

(in-iit SliivcLiiko

iTiinnni. Aliiska

Sliajiit Vulley, Wash ...

Do

Troiit Lake, Wa.sli

Do

OsliT, SasUatdiewan ...
Point I!;irro\v, AlaHka..
Franklin l!ay, Aretic

Coast.
St. Micluu'lH, Ala^ika...

Do

Kadiak I.slanil. Alaska. .
Adirojidacks, X. T

Do

Trout Lake, AVasli

Do

Tarpon Springs, Fla

Carlton House, Sas-
katchewan.

Do

Elk lii vor, Minn

Do

Siskiyou Mountains,
Orpgon.

Springorville, Ariz

Boulder f "ounty, Colo. . .
Sierra Xevada, Cal

Do

Black Hills, S. Dak

Do

Southern California

Do

Tlalpam, Me.\ico

("ofro do I'erote, Mexico.
.Tico, Vera Cruz, Mexico.

Do

d

?
9

d

d"

9
d"
9

9
(f

d
d
9
d
d
9
d
9
9
d

9

■ d

i ^

! d
d
d

9
d
9
d
9
d
9
d
9

a e

88.5 37.6
40.2 30

»:!. 5

32.5

41. 5

43

35

30

32. 5

31. 5

40

42

34

29.

33.5 32.5
28.5 28
'20.5126
44.5 43

43. 5; 42

43

38

'42

47

a
a

I,

21
22

18

17.5

24

24. 5

20

10. 5

18

15.5

14.2

29. 5

1

I ili s

J^ .a'l 5

22

a«

a a
u a

a

a

3;

a
-3

a
'a

n

.*«

CD

9

i.J! a

27.5.
26.5
22. "i
24

42

37
•41

45. 5 27
38.5. 37.5 20
44.2 43 I 26
38.3' 37.5 21.5
45. 5' 44 : 27
48 ; 47 i 30.5

18.6
19.5

in
10
20. 5
21

18

,5 I

10.5

13. 5!

23 i

22. 5

22. 5|

19 i
20.5
23..")'
18. 5'

»;

20

24 ■

20 i

10.5
11
10
9

n.5

14
11

10
9.8
8.5

8. 7 25. 5' 16. 6 22

0 I 26. bJ 17 I 22. 5

7.8 22 14 I 19.5

7 21.5 14 i 18
0.7 27 j 18 I 23

U i 28.5 19 24

SJt 23 ! 15 20

7.5 20 I 12 I 18

8 22

0.5 19

14.5 12.

14.5 19.5,
12.5' 10.5'

17.5 11 :'15 ;

29 i 20.5 24

43.5 42.5 26 23
48 46.5 29.5 26

44
46

43
44

42 41

44 43
44.5 43.5
39.5 38
42 40.8
38.5! 37.5

44 j 42.5'
42 I 41
52.6, 61

45 i 43.5
49 ! 47. 5
37. 5 36. 5

26
29

26 ,

28.5
28 '■
22.5

27 :

23 i
27.5'

24 I
33.5'
25.5

28 i
22. 5

23.5
25

23
23
23

20. 5
22

23.5
22. 5
27.5!
23 j
24.5
19.5'

13

13.5
12 I
12.5
14.5

11 '

12.5

10.5
14 I
15.5

12 I
1 4. 5

13 I

14 !

i
12.5
13 I
14.6
11.3
13.2
12

13.5'
12
15.5
13
15
12

11 28.5 19.5 24

12 ^28 I 19. 5 24
10 j 24.5 16.5 21
10.5 '27 ' 17.5 ^24
11.3 30 21.5 25.5

8.5' 25.5 16 22.5
10. 2! 27. 5 21 I 23

8. 7' 24 ; 17. 8 20. 5
U I 29 21 ; 5
11.5 30 23

I

10.5
11.5
10.5'

u I
10. 5;

10. 5|
10.5

9
11

9

9.5;

9.5!
12 j
10 I
10.5

9

I

26.5
30
28
28.6

I

20.5

27

28

24

26.2

=...;

27.5
26 I
33.5

29- I
32 1
24.5

20.5
23.5
20.5
21 I

20 j
20.5

21

18

20

18

20.5

19.5

24.5

19.5

22

16

22. 5
24

23.5
24 !

22

23.5

23

21

22

20.5

23. 2
22

27. 5
25
27
21.5

> Estimated.

10932— No. 11-

pcrrrr

IISTDEX.

[Synonyms
A retngaU, 0.

( ■i/iiomyonax (synonym of Putoriiw), 7.
dale (synonym of Idis), 9. I

Ictis, subgenus, 9.

littof spoclcs, 10.
Jlmtela brasilientis, 20.
ticognani, 10.
crmiuea, 9.
'•rminea, 11.
fri'nata, 26.
longicauiln, 19.
ricliardsoni, H.
vulgaris, 9.
vulgarU, 10.
xanthogenys, 25.
Piitoriiis, gonus, 7.

key to subgeneni, 7.
list of species with type looalitleH, 10
subgenus, 7.

fable of cranial measurements, 33
' iitonus aflinis, 31-32.

alascensin, 12-13.
nlleni, 24.
arcticus. ]5-16.
arizonensis, 22-24.

in italics.]

Putorius boccamcla, 0.

t^icognnni, 10-11.
• rminea, 15, 16.
enninea, 16.
eversmanni, 8.
frenatiis, 26-28.
goldmanui, 28-29,
liatliacensis, 16.
loucoi)aria, 29.
longicauila, 19-21.
nigripps, 7-0.
novoboraoensis, ift.jg.
oregoneusis, 25-26.
peninsula', 19.
pimttut, 14.
putorius, 8.
ricliardsoni, 11-12.
rixosus, 14-15.
saturatus, 21-22.
spadix, 21.
streatori, 13-14,
tropicalis, 30-31.
vulgaris, 10.
wasbingtoni, 18-19.
xanthogeuys, 25.

86

PLATE I.

Fiti. 1. Putoritts nhjripts, ^ ad., Trego County, Kiius.
(No. 4143, Merriain toll.)

1. Upper side of skull,
la. Under side of skull.
16. Hide view of skull.

2. Putoriiia piilorius, ^ ad., Hrunswiek, (Germany.
(No. 4661, Merriam coll.)

2. Upper side of skull.
2a. Under side of skull

86

North American Fauna, No. 11.

Plate I.

1. Putorius nigripea d ad. Trego County, Kansas.

2. Putorius putorius J a<l. Brunswick. (Sennany.

i '

> --m

PLATE II.

Fig. 1. I'utoriiia aroticua. Point Barrow, Alaska (type).
S ad., No, 23010, U. S. Nat. Mas,
2. Putoriua alascenaia. Juneau, Alaska (type).

^ ad.. No. 74423, U. S. Nat. Mus., Dept. Agric. coll.
3 aud 4. Putoriua cicofinani.

3. i ad., Bncksport, Me., No. 4247, Bangs coll.

4. $ ad.. Mount Forest, Ontario, No. 789, Bangs coll.
5 and 6. Putoriua streatori. Mount A'ernon, Skagit Valley, Wash.

5. i ad.. No. 76646, U. S. Nat. Mus., Dept. Agric. coll. (type).

6. $ ad.. No. 76623, IT. S. Nat. Mus., Dept. Agric. coll.
7. Putoriua rixoatia. Osier, Saskatchewan.

$ ad.. No. 642, Bangs coll. (type).

North American Fauna, No. 11.

Plate II.

1. Putorius nrcticiis.
8. P. alasceusis.

i. P. rixosut.

8, 4. P. cicogiiinii.
6, 0, P, strtuturi.

IP I

PLATE Iir.

I

Figs. 1 and 2. Putoriua fre .

1. <? ad., 1 pain, Mexico, No. 50826, IJ. S. Nat. Mus., Dept.

Agric. coll.

2. $ ad., Cofre do Perote, Vera Cniz, Mexico, No. 51278, IJ. S.

Nat. Mus., Dept. Agric. coll.
3 and i. Putoriua longicauda. Carlton House, Saskatchewan (type locality).

3. <? ad., No. 73183, U. S. Nat. Mas., Dept. Ayric. coll.

4. 9 ad.. No. 75183, U. S. Nat. Mus., Dejit. Agric. coll.
5 and 6. Putoriua tropicalia, Jico, Vera Cruz, Mexico.

5. i ad.. No. ..491U, U. S. Nat. Mus., Dept. Agric. coll. (type).

6. 5 ad., No. 54993, TJ. S. Nat. Mus., Dept. Agric. coll.
40

■'m

North American Fauna, No. 11.

Plate III.

1, 2, I'ntoitua frvnatiu;

3, -1. I\ lonyicauda.

5, (}. i\ tropicalia.

PLATE IV.

Fl(i8. 1 and 2. rutorin8 noveboraoensia, Adirondacke, New York.

1. ^ ad., No. 3843, Merriam coll.

2. $ ad., No. 5598, Merriam coll.

3 and 4. Piitoriua ivashingtoni. Trc 't Lake, Washington.

3. i ad.. No. 76322, U. o. Nat. Mus., Dept. Agric. coll. (type).

4. 9 ad. No. 67321, U. S. Nat. Mus., Dept. Agric. coll.
5. ruloritia peninsulw. Tarpon Springs, Fla.

2 ad., No. 2.S79., RLoada coll.
42

North American Fauna, No. I I

Plate IV.

»e).

1, 3. Putoi-iits iiovL-boruveHsis, 3, 4. Jf. washinytoui, o, t, ptiHiunulw.

PLATE V.

Ii(i. 1. I'utoriits hugicniida (Honap.V

1. t? ml., C'urltoii lloiiso, iSaskatchewiin, No. 7;U83, U. S. Nat. Mas.,

Dopt. Aj»:'ic. <oll.
1((. 9 !i<l| Carlton House, .SahKatclKswan, No. 75183, U. S. Nat. Mu8.,
Dept. Agiif. loll.

2. Ptitorius cinoiiiKtni (lUyuim.).

2. r?, UnclvHport, Mo. No. 4247, Huiifis coll.

2a. 9, Mount i'orcst, Ontario No. 78"J, Hanj^s coll.

3. I'lttoriiia iiovcboruvmnis Do Kay.

3. c? ad., Adirondacks, New York No. 3843, Mirriaiii coll.
3rt. 9 ad., Adirondaeks, New Y(»rk No. TwiW, Mcrriaiii coll.

4. Piitoriiis '■'uoDiin nob.

9 ad. (type), Oslor, Saskatchewan. No, tU'J, Hangs coli.

5. I'Hioriiis iH'HinHiihv Khoads.

9 olil, Tarpon Springs, Fla. No. l'37!l, Kboiids loII.
G. I'utorius nrcticuH sp. nov.

6. ^, St. Michaels, Alaska No. ;j(!2i3, U. S. Nat. Mns.
6a. 9, St. Micaaols, Alaska No. 3624G, U. S. Nat. Mns.
44

North American Faun.i, Ni II.

Plate V.

Nat. Mns.,
. Nat Mu8.,

)li.

5.

a;

151

2

L_