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6

imi'AUTMKNT OF TUB INTHUIOU

U. S. GEOGRAPHICAL AND QEOLOiilCAL SUKTEY OF THE ROCKY MOUNTAIN REGION

J. W. I'OWKLL IN CiiAliOB

OBSERVATIONS

on

CUr-SJlAPEI) AND OTHER LAPIUARIAN SCULPTURES

ta

THE OLD WORLJ) AND IN AMERICA

BY

CHARLES RAU

WASniNCJTON

aOVERNMKNT I'UINTINU OFFIOR

188L

UBRARY

NATIONAL MUSEUM

OF CANADA

CONTENTS.

P»ge.

INTIIOWIITIOK 7

1'aht I.— rriiiiitivd lapiiliiriiiii mnilpturos in Kiiropo iind Asiu ij

Kv«llitnil,t<tc IJ

KiiKliinil I[v

IrrliiMil 17

Kniiii^i' in

.S\vil>i('rlan<l 5>1

Ucriuiiiiy anil Anslria o-j

DfUinurk «)>■,

Swptlcii .jy

Iniliii Ill

Part II.— I'rimilivo liiplilni'.iin KiiUptnri'S in Aini'rioji 41

Niirtli AnuM'li'ti 4I

Onlial AmiTiia .. gO

Paut hi.— VIcwHconinTninu tlio Hipiilicanec of ciip-slinpoil nml olln-r priniitivu Hi-nlptun-s 71

Si i'i'i.i:>ti:NT.\iiY .noth (|;,

Si- M MA It Y ,,7

'M'Kx .....y.[y.[y^z m

3

LlJi^'-'T^.^^L >.■ ,-"? ■ \-

LIST OK ILLUSTRATIONS.

Via

1.-

Via

a.-

I'lO

:i.-

Kio

4.-

I'Kl

r>.-

J-Kl

(i-

Km

7.-

ri.i

H.-

Fi(i

0.-

Vm

10.-

Vu:

II.-

Kid

\-i.-

Kid

1.1.-

Kid

11.-

Klii

lo.-

Kio.

l(i.-

Fio.

17.-

Kid.

ly.-

Kio.

10.-

Kio

mh-

Kio.

81.-

Fid.

aa.-

Kio.

2:1.-

Kid.

ai.-

Kio.

ar..-

Ki<i.

ac).-

Kid.

a?.-

Kl(i.

an.-

VUiH

. 3!),

Kid.

:«.-

Kid.

:ui.-

Kid.

:i4.-

Ki(i.

X).-

Kid.

;«i.-

Kid.

:!7.-

Kid.

:w.-

Kio.

3U.-

-Common fypcii of European cii|» nn<l ring-riilliiiKd.

-Chiif deviations from the Renrriil t,v|M>H of Knro|H-nn nip ami riiiKcuflingN.

-SiuiptnrtMl riM'lt-HiirfiMiH at Ancliiialin-aili, Aru.vlcHliin-, 8<ollnn<l.

-Cnp mill rir'i-iuUlnKi on n minliir nf llnllyimimcli, ArB.vIcHliiri-, Soolluinl.

-Uolmi'n Willi ciip-marki-il lap-stiinc, mar ClyiiiiOK Knwr, ('lurnnrvoiiHliiri-, Wulrg.

-KiHlvai-ii Niirroiiiiili'd l.y 1.I<h1(h, om- of wliiili \h lup-iiiarkiil. OatlamiN, IsltH.f Man.

-Cnpiioil HUmiy in a clianil>ir<Ml tiiiniiliiH at (.'lava, liiviriKwi-Hliin-, Scollaml.

-t'lipiH-il moiiolilh near Diinliar, KaHl-Lolliian, Kiotlaml.

-LnrRo ciip'Htonn near Ilalvralil, InvrmrHH-Hliiri', Hcollaml.

-Cnppi'il Blono foiiml nt Lawn, KorrarNhiri', Rt'otlaml.

Stoni- with inp anil liii"; rtitlln),'», Coniily of Kerry, Irilanil. -Inrlm'il Ntinic in llin Inmiilim at LohkIi Crew, Iri'lniiil.

-Carvinii "f " ri'lt in a pliiniiil liamllf, on tlui n.iif of a ilolmin near U>cinariakcr, UriUoii}-. -Inriwd iliamlx-r-stoiics in tlir tiiiiinlnHof CJavr' Iiiix, Ilritlaiiy. -"La lloiili! do fJarKantiia," a luppj-d lionlilor nnir lltlloy, Aln, Krancc. -Ciip-i'iittiiiBH on a rock in-ar C'liirar, Lozi^ro, Kranri'. -Cnpppil bloik iiiNir Slont-la-Villc, Canton of Vimd, Switzirland. -Kac-wmiln ropn'wnlalion of a ciippvil rock mar Oliir-KaiTinHtiiilt, I'mssiun Saxony. -Kac-Bimilo ri'prcMMitation of a rnp|M'il rork near Moiimpii, .Snxoiiy. -Cnpped liaokKidf of a rniilc' ntoiii' at IJavnklldr, JHllanil, Diiimark. -TraiiiiKH of Nliips and wlu.ds on the r«M.f-Hli.m. of a fiiiaral iliamltcT near Hurrestrnp, Seelaiid,

Uoiiinark. -Tlio " Haider .'<tom'," mar KalUiipinf!, .'<\vi'dcii.

-8toni. Klal) »IiowliiKonpH and enKrnvid designs. From a tiimiiliiN in Koanitt, Swcdiin. -One of llic .•iiHravi'd Hlalm of tlii> Kivik moniiim'iit, Keaiila, Swrdni. -Kock-Honlpturi'H in (Jiiillr Iliiiail, Liiii of Uoliiis, Swi'di'ii. -Cnp and rinK-ciitliiiHH at Cliaiidiwliwar, India. -Si'ction of a stone Maliadeo in tlie temple of CliaiideHlnvar, Imliii. -Maliiidi'o in a Hliiine al Itemires, India.

:«>, and :il.— Maliadeo syinlp.ilN engraved on stone slalis in tlie temple of Cliumli'Hhwar, India. -I'itled Htoiie foiinil near Kranklin, WilliaiiiHon Ciiimly, 'renneH.si'e. -Kitted Htone from Miiney, Lyeiiniiiit; Coiinly, I'l'iinsylvania.

^'"•■••' f"'"' <•><• neif^lilMiili 1 of Londoii, London (.N.iinly, Ti iNsee.

-Cnpped Nionef iniiil nenrCroveimrt, Franklin Connty, Oliio!

-Cniiped stone from tlie nei),'Iil(orlii)od of rortsmoiitli, Ohio.

Clipped Htone from .Sniniiiit Connty, Ohio.

■Kartlieiiware paiiit-eiipH used liy the ZiiniN, New Mexieo.

Stone uiortur and pe«tlc with a cup shaped eovily. From tho Tesuiino Imlians, New Mexico.

:iMm»fm^'^:

0

Liar OF ILUTHTUATIONa

rid.i. 4(1

I'KI. K'.-

I'Ki. i;i.- IKi. II.- I'Hi. ir..-

I'ld. K!,- Kl(l. 17.- I'ld. |H..- I'KIH. Ill,

rid. nw.- Thi. r>;i.-

I'KIH. 51,

Km. r>H,- FiQ. 60.-

Kio. m.-

Fio, 01.-

iiikI <I.— TiTrn-ii(lln»i.iii.lli wliorlH Irom Ti-jiimo, Mi-xini.

-(•|i|.|««l mui\HU„w l.l.K k, ilimnv.r..,! in Lnwr.n.o ( oui.ty, Olilo; now ii. Cli,oli.ti»tl

-Cii|.|hmI Kriiiiit.. l.oiil.l..r al Niiiiitir, N.-w I,..i,.loi, foiinly, (•...iii.Tli.iH.

<'np|><"l(f) rock in tin- niittlilioilimHl of Oriziii.ii, Mrxi.o. -l-iirui. iMinMir witli niorliir-iuvili.H. Hiintit lljirlmru County, Ci.iiroruin.

N. iil|)tiir(H on lliil.l I-ii.ir I?.«k In tli.' Sn>«|n<'luuina River, MurvlnnU. -Srnlplnml hIuIi from lliild Kriar Kook. -Norllii'iiHtrrii cinl of IhM IVjar Km-k.

ro, iinil ,M.— SculplnriH on lliilil Kriiir Kmk. -Hinlplnnd ImmiIiI.t In tin' (iiln Vjillcy, Arizonn. -Ifoik-iiirvinn In tln< Kiin IVti- Viilliyl t'inli. r>r., ritl, nml rj.— Itock-iminllnKN in I.iiko County, Omf;"<i- -Kock-wulplurfH nenr Dnvi.l, Cliirlipil, nnd No'rthnnil.rinn tyixa. -Holy-wnl..r Htono in n olinrcli nt Ktrii in Sninin, Sweden. -Holy-wnter stoue in a elinrcli iit Oennorp, Soanin, Sweden. -CniM. and furrows ou the wall of ijaint Mary's Churoli, at Qrolftwald, Pomerania.

OnSKUVATlONS ON (;II|'-SHAPKI) AND OTIIKU I.AIMIMUIAN SCULl'TUItKS IN THE OI.l) WoitM) AND IN AAIEUICA.

UY CUAItl.KH KAl!

INTI{()I)l;t;TI()N.

'J'lio attention of Kiirojunin arcluvolofriHts Iuih htv m dircctc*! for several years to tliat very ciirioiiH and widoly-distrihiittnl class of anti(iiiitie.s, wliicli are t-allod picnrs a rcuvllcs in Frencli, and Srhaloislciur in (Icrnian, and to wliicli the English dcsifrnation "cnp-stonos" niij^lit with propriety bo applied. In a {jenoral way, tliey may b<; defined as stones and nicks npon wliicli cup- shaped cavities, varyin^r in size and nnndjcr, are executed by the hand of man. IJnt as these cup-like excavations often ajjpear, more especially in the Old World, associated with engraved figures of a different character, it will be necessary to consider iheni in connection with the latter.

Though the knowledge of the existence of cup-stones in Europe dates back many years, it is only of late that arcluvologi.sts have commenced to view them in a broader light, and to speculate on their ethnics significance. IVofessor E. Desor, iii ])articidar, published not long ago a panii)hlet, enti- tled "Les Tierres h iM-nelles" ((Jenive, 1H7H),* in which he describes, with liis usual clearness, their occurrence in different countries, making tliis dis- tril)ution a basis for drawing inferences bearing on the important question of the migration of man in long-past ages.

' Kci.iintrd in: Mii)<<iiiiiix jioiir rUiHtciie I'riiiiitiv.' .t Naliiicllr ilr I'niimiiir 1«:h p •>.VI ,.|c I'n.f.-NHor n..K»r nimMisl,.'.! this ..s^ay, ei.ridiod l.y utUlitioi.ul fuctB, in Liu "Mdluiim-8 SiiiiitWiiVu.iH " I'liiiN, NViiiliiitfl, I'l Griiuvc, lS7y.

•^•swiS!?^!^

8

tUI'HIIAl'KD AND DTIIKIl LAIMDAKIAN HfirLPTlJKKH.

It iH ccrtJiiiily » nmttor of gruHt iiitoroHt that cup-HtoiiuH, analog<.iiH U, tlumi) of tho Kastorii lIomiHphoro, aro found in tlio United StJitoM, and, aH it appuara, in other parts of tho Western Continent. Heforo entering upon the task of deHcribing them ho far as my present information permits, I will give, for the sake of comparison and direct reference, a brief account of tlie cup-stones of tho Old World, relying chiefly on Professor Dosor's oxcollent panjphlet, yet availing myself in addition of such other writings of similar bearing as happen to bo at my command. In consideration of tho scanti- ness of my literary sources, I cannot claim for this rt«sumt« anything like completeness; but, noVortlieloss, I hope it will bring out tho principal fea- tures of the subject.

PA.IiT I.

I'llIMITIVK LAPIDARIAN 8CULPTUUKS IN EUUOIM: AND ASIA

SCOTLAND, KTC.

Foremost aiiioiig tlio workn rulatiii^ to tlio |M'"Mlinr kind of H(>iil{)tiiro iiiider coiiHidcratioii Btaiids tliat entitled "Arcliaiv u-ulittiires of (Jups, (!ir- eles, (■'.■-. 'ipon Stones and HoekH in Srotland, Knjjiand, and other Coun- tries," by Professor J Y. Simpson.* Tlie author's den riptions ehietly rehito to the oecurrenco of cupped and other enffraved Btones in Seothmd; but also those that have been observed in Enghmd, Wales, Ireland, Urittuny, Sweden, and Denmark are mentioned bv way of comparison.

Accordinjr to Professor Simpson, the cup-shaped cavities and other sculptured figures (presently to be described) occur in the Uritish Islands, more especially in Scotland, as follows: —

I. On stones connected with archaic sepidture, as —

1. On stones of niegalithic circles,

2. On stones of niegalithic avenues,

3. On stones of dolmens,

4. On chambered tunudi,

5. On stone cists and covers of urns,

6. On standing stones or monoliths.

• rnlilinliiMl in: rnMe<'iliii({H of lh« Socivly of Ai)lic|iiiirliH of .Sditlaiiil, KiKlily-liflli .Siwiioii ( IHf(4 -Tm) ; KilinbiirKli, 18(57. Tlio copy ut my diHposal (from llic I,il>rnry of CoiinrfMM) liiw no Hpi-<'ial til li', mill 1 liiiil timt till- work iH qiiotdl iiiiiUt ilimnnl titled. I wUmI tliiit niviii l.y rrofiHtM.r Dowir in liiH oNHay on oiip-iitonoN.

It iH n n<ninrkabln fact tliat Sir JaiiicH Y. SinipMin, tlm iliHtinKiiixlicil iinil niiii'li-m'nipii'il KiliiihurKli pliysiciiHi, whonnitrmployiMl iiniixitlHticH iiiolmtflrli! priutiie, foiiiiil Icimirc toiluvoteliiniwlf to tkoniiiKli urvbicoIi)f(ivaI JiivostiKationfi, ami to prmliicu a work of lii){li ill.

10

CIIPSIIAPKI) AND OTFIKK LAIMDAUIAN SDULl'TirUES.

II. On stones connci-ted willi lucliaic liabitations, as —

7. In wot'ins, or undorj^roiind houses, * H. In fortified buildings,

I). In and near ancient towns and camps, 10. On the surface of istdated ro(d<s (in places probably once inhabited).

III. On isolated stones.

Professor Simpson reduces the forms of the senl|)tures in q.ue.stion to seven elementary types, here reproduced and con)j)rised under I'^ig. 1, in \vhi(di each type is distinctly indicated. I also briefly present such extracts from the author's accompanying;- explanations as will serve to allbrd addi- tional information on the subject.

FiKST TYPK.- Sniffle cups. — They are the simplest type of these ancient stone-cuttinfjs. Their diameter varies from' one inch to three ii.ches ami more, while they are often only half an inch deep, but rarely deeper than an inch or an inch and a half They counnonly appear in difTerent sizes on the same stone or rock, and althonnji they sometimes form the only sculpt- ures ou a surface, they are more fre(pu'ntly associated with fiynres of a different cliavacter. lie observes that tliey are in ginieral scattered without order over the surface, but that occasionally four or live or nnire of them are placed in move or less regular groups, exhibiting a constellation-like arrangement.

.Si'.coM) TVPK. — ('iip.'isin-f()iiii(/((l hi) a siiif/lc liiiff. — Tlu; incised ring.sare usually much shallower than the cups, and mostl}' sin-round cups of com- paratively largo .size. The ring is either complete or broken, and in the latter case it is often traversed by a radial groove which runs from the cen- tral cap through and even bevond the ring.

Tiiiun TVPi;. — Ciijis siirrouiiilnl h// a srric.'i of roiHciitiiv <(iiiijilrl( riiiffs. — "In this comidete amndar form," says Professor Simpson, "the central cuj) is generally more deeply cut than the surrounding rings, but m)t alwavs." The nundjer of rings varies from two to seven, or even more.

l'\)nRTil TYPK. — Cups sur>'iuiiili'(l hi/ II series nf rittnriitiir hut iinnwphlc liiif/s, Jidi'ii.ff a simif/lil rud/ul in'i<nr.~'Vh\s type. Professor Simpson thiidis, constitutes, perhaps, the most t-unnuoii fo.-iu of the (innlar (-arvings. The

IlAU.l

TYI'K« OF SCULPTIIKHS.

II

riiijfs ffciiorally toiicli tlic radial liiu! at both oxlrciiiitics, l)iif soniotimcs tlicy tcnniiiato on ((ucli si(l(> of it without toiichiii''- it. The radial {ijroovo occasion- ally (.'xtends considerably beyond the outer circle, ijnd in most cases it runs in a more or less downward direction on the stone or rock. "Souietinies it runs on and unites into a connnon line with other ducts or j^rooves cf)niinfi[ I'roui other circles, till thus several series of" concentric rings are conjoined info a largoi" or smaller cluster .I'lited together bj- the extension of their radial branch-like grooves." This typo usually exhibits from three to six rings, the outermost having a diameter of from ten to sixteen inches. But the author measured one specimen at Auchnabreach, Argyle.shire, Scotland, three feet in diameter and (-omposed of eight circles.

Fifth tvi'i;. — ('iij>s sKrroiOKh'd liif coiicodt-ic riDf/s mid flexed lines. — "'i1io nundjor of inclosing or concentric rings is generally fewer in this ty])o than in the two last i)receding types, and seldom exceeds two or three in nund)er."

Sixth tvi'K. — Coiircnfrie riiifis wUlhud a eeidntl cup. — In a compara- tively limited nundier of cases th(^ concentric rings of the types already described appear without a central cup or (le])ression, which is, however, most fre(pienlly wanting in the complete concentric circles of the third ty|)e. Skvknth tyi'i:. — (^meodrie eirndar lines nf tlie fonii of a siiiral or rolide. — The! central beginning of the spiral line is usually, but not always, marked by a cup-like excavation. "'J'he volute or spiral is, |)erhaps, the r.arost of the forms of circular ring-ci'ttings in (-Jreat ]5rit;iin; but this t}pe seems common on the incised stones of Ireland and IJrittany."

It often occurs that two, three, or more of these various types are found on the same stone or rock, a fact proving, to use Professor Simpson's lan- guage, "that they are intimately allied to each other, l)elong t(t the same archaic S''hool of art, and have a communitv of character and orimn."

In I'late II of his work Professor Simpson represents what he calls "the chief de\'ations from the })iiucipal types." 1 reproduce here this plate as Fig. 2 without fV.rther comment, drawing oidy attention to tlu; fn'st four designs, which represent cups connect(>(l by grooves. This is a noticeable and fre(p:ently occurring feature, as will l»e seen hereafter. In order to show the co-existence of dilferent types on the sumo stone surface, and the manner

I

12

CUPSHAIMM) AND OTUEK LAIMDAHIAN SCDLPTURKS.

in which they are grouped, I give in Fig. 3 (copied from Plato XXIII of Simpson's work) views of sculptured rock-surfaces at Auchnabreach, Argyleshiro, Scotland. Simple cups, cups surrounded by one ring or by concentric rings with radial grooves, and spirals, appear hero promiscuously mingled. Fig. 4, taken from Simpson's work (Plate XVII, 3), exhibits isolated as well as connected cups, a cup surrounded by a ring, and con- centric rings with radial grooves, on a standing stone (menhir) belonging to a grou}) of seven at Ballymenach, in the parish of Kilmichael-Glassary, in Argyleshire, Scotland.

In the many examples of rock-sculpture mentioned and illustrated by designs by Professor Simpson, groups of simple cups appear not very fre- quently as the onl}- markings on a stone-surface; in most cases, as exemplified by Figures 3 and 4, they are accompanied with cups suirounded by rings or associated with other figures of a more or less complex character. But in view of the occurrence of simple cups on stones and rocks in North America, I Avill, for the present, direct my attention to corresponding sculp- tures in the Old World, and briefly enumerate the stones noticed by the Scottish savant on which the cup-like cavities appear unmixed with other figures, excepting the before-mentioned grooves by which they are now and then connected. These simple carvings, it will be seen, mostly occur on stones of megalithic monuments.

1. — Prop-stone of a dolmen at Lancresse, in the Island of Guernsey. It shows eleven cups of from three to four inches diameter, arranged in a row close to one of the edges of the stone and ftdlowing its curvature (Simpson, Plate VIII, L»).

2. — Cap-stone of a dolmen in the vicinity of the village of Katho, in Edinburghshire, Scotland. On its upper surface is sculptured a row of twenty cups, which rtuis in a straight median line from one end of the stono to the other. In addition, there is a cup ])laced on either side of the central row. The largest cups measure about three inches in <liaineter, and are half an inch deep. The cap-stone is a block ol secondary basalt, or wiiin- stone, about twelve feet long, ten in breadth, and two in thickness (Simps(m, Plate IX, 1).

3. — Cap-stone of a dolmen near the village of Clynnog Fawr, in Caer-

IIAF.)

SCOTLAND, ETC.

13

it'

narvoiisliire, Wales. Its upper surfiice is covered witli a large number of cups nnuiing in oblique, but almost parallel, lines. Two long grooves, form- ing an acute angle, connect a number of the cups (Simpson, Plato IX, 2). This dolmen is represented as Fig. .'J on Plate III of Desor's " Pierres i\ Ecuelles," but eiToneously marked Dolmen dc llatho. I reproduce Professor Simpson's view of the dolmen as Fig. 5.

4. — Large stone which formerly occupied the centre of a still complete stone circle at Mon.^rieff, a few miles south of Perth, Scotland.* It has carved ujion its surface about seventeen irregularly-distributed cups of difterent sizes (Simpson, Plate IV, 2).

5. — Block of a small circle surrounding a ki.stvaen, or stone cist, at Oat- lands, in the Isle of Man. The design shows in one corner of the block eighteen cup-nuirkings, which form five irregular rows (Sinipson, Plate VIII, 1). Fig. 6 of this publication.

fi. — One of the roofing-stones in the chamber of the largo elongated tumulus, Mont Saint-Michel, at Carnac, lirittany. It shows on the inner side six apparently large cups, placed without special order (Simpson, Plato XI, G).

7. — Two stones in chambered tumuli at Clava, in Inverness-shire, Scot- land. Upon the surface of one of them are seen twelve cups, apparently of equal size; the other stone shows five of them, which arc placed in the shape of an irregular cross (Simpson, Plate X, 3 aiul 4). Fig. 7 represents the fir.st-mentioned of these .stones.

8 — Stone probably belonging to a chamber within a stone circle on Cloughton Moor, near Scarborough, Englaiul. One side shows four cups, the other thr'C (Simpson, Plate XI, 4).

9.— -Monolith standing near Dunbar, Kast-Lothian, Scotland. Upon one of its sides appear five cups, so placed that they might mark the angles of an irregular pentagon (Simpson, Plato IV, 3). Reproduced as Fig. 8.

10.— Conical standing stone in the bourg or village of the Forest, in the Island of Gnernsoy. There are upon it three apparently largo cups, forming a row in the longitudinal direction of the stone, but placed far apart (Simpson, Plato VIII, 2).

•Tlio Hizo of flu^ Dlijcets finiircil in Siiiiimnn'H work is riiri'ly iiulic'ivtctl.

14

CUP SHAPED AND OTHER LAPIDAUIAN SCULPTURES.

11. — Standing stone, nearly ten feet liigli, in tlie neighborhood of Edin- burgh, where it is known as the "Caiy Stone." Between two and three feet from the ground is sculptured on one of its sides a horizontal row of six cups, i)laced closely together (Simpson, Plate XVII, 1). A view of this stone, differing from Simpson's representation, is given by Professor Daniel Wilson.^'

12. — Isolated stone near Balvniid, in Inverness-shire, Scotland. It measures above six feet in length, and is covered with many cups, five pairs of which are joined by straight or ciu-ved grooves (Simpson, Plate XIV, 2). Reproduced as Fig. 9.

13. — Stone found among the ruins of an ancient fortification at Laws, in Forfarshire, Scotland. The stone shows sixteen cups, which form an irregidar oval group (Sinipson, ^late XII, 5). Fig. 10 in this publication.

14. — Rock lying in a wood behind the church-yard of Kirk Braddan, in the Isle of Man. On one side eight cups are distributed without order; on the other an equal number i.s recognizable, and here two pairs are con- joined by straight grooves (Simpson, Plate XXVI, 4).

15. — The Baal or Balder Stone, near Falkciping, Sweden (Simpson, Plate XXXI, 1). It will be described and figured in my notice of Swedish cup-stones.

Professor Simpson represents in all about a hundred stones upon which figiu-es are sculptured, and my enumeration shows that among these only sixteen bear exclusively cup-shaped cavities, which are in some instances conjoined by grooves. I have to mention, however, that ho also alludes in his work to a number of simple cup-cuttings which ho does not figure. I presented the preceding summary simply for the' purpose of showing that cups unaccompanied by other figures are not very frequently met with on stones in Scotland, England, and the smaller islands belonging to Groat Britain.

• Wilson : The Arclitrology and Prcliistoric AnnulH of Scotland ; Edinburgh, 1601, p. 90.

UAU.l

SCOTLAND. KTC;.— KNtiLANl).

15

ENGLAND.

An important publication relating to Phiglish rock-sculpture of the peculiar kind hero examined is that by Mr. George Tate, entitled "The Ancient British Sculptured Rocks of Northumberland and the Eastern Bor- ders" (Alnwick, 18C5).* While Professor Simpson chiefly treats of Scot- tish sculptures, yet draws also those of other countries within the sphere of his observations, Mr. Tate's work, as its title indicates, is mainly devoted to a narrower district in the North of England.

The rock-sculptures of Northumberland described by Mr. Tate are almost absolutely analogous to those hitherto considered, and appear to be of contemporaneous origin with them. The well-developed spiral lino, however, does not occur among the English sculptures figured by Mr. Tate. For the rest, we behold here the same rings with central cups and radial grooves, etc., which form most curious and complicated groups, and are frequently accompanied by simple cups. Yet, in none of the illustrations published by the author do they constitute the solo sculptures of a rock- surface. The general results of Mr. Tate's investigations in Northumber- land are summed up in the following rt'sumc on page 27 of his treatise: —

"From this survey we find that fifty-three sculptured stones have been observed in Northumberland, and that there are inscribed on them about three hundred and fifty figi -es. All of them are more or less connected with ancient British remains. Four of them formed the covers of cisls; four were probably covers of cists ; two are within a few yards of barrows, beneath which are similar small sepulchral chambers ; five of them are within ancient British camps ; eight of them are not more distant from such camps than a hundred yards, most of the others are less distant than half a mile, and none further away than a mile. Their relation, however, to the campp, forts, and hut-circles — the dwellings of the aiu-ient British people — is more apparent than to their sepulchres."

To this I will add that the sculptin-es observed by Mr. Tate within or

' The illimtratod work on incised ninrkings on stone in Nortlinmlieiland, etc., publiMlietl in 18(i;i by illrection of (lie late Ilnke of Nortlinmbrrliind, \\a» not within my reacli.

16

CUP-SnAPED AND OTHER LAPIDAKIAN SCULPTURES.

in the neighborhood of cnnips and fortifications arc mostly executed on sandstone rock in situ.

I shall have occasion to refer again to Mr. Tate's interesting nionogniph.

Of particular interest is a class of small English cup-stones, which the Rev. William Greenwell found in no inconsiderable number during his extensive exploration of English barrows. He refers to them repeatedlj% but with special minuteness in his account of a baiTOw in the parish of Kilburn, in Yorkshire. This ban-ow, which measured forty-two feet in diameter, was no longer in its original state, having been much disturbed in recent times for the sake of the stones which formed it. No traces of any interment remained, a fact ascribed by Mr. Greenwell to the total dis- appearance of the bones by decay. According to his opinion, a burned body had never been interred in this mound, for in that case some fragments of calcined bones would have come to light. On the east side of the baiTow was found a stone with two grooves running crosswise, and probably pro- duced by the sharpening of some stone implement.

"A remarkable feature in this barrow," Mr. Greenwell continues, "was tiie very large number of stones (more than twenty) of various sizes, from five inches to eighteen inches square, and of different and irregular shai)es, on which pit or cup-markings had been formed. These hollows were both circular and oval, and differed in size from one incii in diameter to three inches, and their depth was about two inches. The oval pits, as a rule, were not very regular in outline. Some of the stones had only one pit- marking upon them, others had as many as six; oii some they were quite separate from each other, on others they were connected by a shallow but wide groove. They were all formed in a soft and very light oolitic sand- stone, and the pits were in most cases as fresh as if only made yesterday, showing most distinctly the marks of the tool, which appeared to have been a sharp-pointed instrument, and very probably of flint. It is not easy to attribute any special purpose to these stones or to their markings. The condition of the pits, showing no signs of wear (for had anything been ground or rubbed in them, the marks of the tooling upon so soft a stone would have been speedily effaced), seems to preclude the idea that they were intended for any domestic or manufacturing process. On the whole,

RAU.i

ENGLAND-IRELAND.

17

I prefer to regard them as symbolic representations, though as to what their significancy may be, I confess myself unable to offer anything more than conjecture." He then draws attention to their resemblance "to the sim- ilarly-shaped pits which, found sometimes alone and sometimes in connection - ith incomplete circles, have been discovered so extensively in Nttrthum- berland, Yorkshire, Arg3leshire, Kerry, and other parts of the United Kingdom, occurring in many cases upon rocks, but very frequently upon detached .stones of greater or loss size"* In general, Mr. Greenvvell met with such cup-stones in barrows containing burned human remains. He lays particular stress on the freshness of their cavities, and the latter cir- cumstance— if, indeed, these cu[)-stones were designed for any practical purpose— renders the sf»lution of the question of their use extremely diffi- cult, or jjerhaps im2)Ossible.

IRELAND.

Sculptures analogous to those hitherto considered have been discovered in Ireland, more especially, as it appears, in the southern part of the king- dom. A large stone .slab, found in tlie County of Kerry, and figured by Profess: r Simpson on 1'lute XXVII, shows on its surface single cups aa well as others sin-rouna. d by circles, the latter being in part traversed and connected by grooves. Mr. 'I'ate likewise mentions similar Irish sculjitures, and represents on Plate XI (Fig. 8) a stone found in the ai^ove-named county underneath .several feet of peat In lieu of a description of this stone, I i)resent in Fig. 1 1 a ('(ipy of Jlr. Tate's design of the same.

These simpler sculptures are often as.sociated in Ireland with other devices, such as .stars, ro.settes, crosses, triangles, zigzags, etc., which, as far as I know, have not been oltserved in Gn>at Britain. Such an assem- blage of figures is exhibited on the side-surface of a block fashioned as a rude seat, and belonging to the stone circle which surrounds a large cairn at Lough Crew, near Oldcastle, Leinster. This block, of more than ten

2 L s

• Grcfinvell and Rollcston : Urifisli Barrows, etc. ; Oxford, 1877, p. 341, etc.

18

<Ml|'.SIIAI'i:i) AM) OTIIKU LAIMDAIMAN SCrLl'TUUES.

tons wcij^lit, and known iis "tlic IIa;r's Cliair," lias lu'cn (U'scrilK'd and fij^nri'd by .Mr. .Ijjmk's IVr^russon.* JIany i>f tlu! stont's Tunning tlio cliani- Ikt of tlio tnniuliis at Louj^li Crew aro liki-wiso ornaniciitod witii various devices, as seen in ilio rL'|uosontiitions of two of tlieni given by Mr. Fer- gusson t I present as Fig. 12 a eopy of one of liia designs. The sonlptnro on this stone is (>ven more charaeteristie than that on the Hag's Chair.

Of a still more artistic eharaeter aro the sciil[)tures on the stones in the celebrated eairns oi' New Grange and Dowth, in tiio neighborhood of Drogheda. Here are seen graceful groups of (K)uble spirals, serolls, niatii- eniatii-al devices, and even designs resembling palm or fern-like ])lants — in general forms evidently belonging to a later period than the cup and ring-cuttings jjrevionsly treated. Mr. Fergusson takes occailon to draw attention to the progressive development shown in Irish sculpture.!

FRANCK.

The dolmen- stones of IJrittany likewise exhibit sculptures ftir superior in design to those of Scotland and England, and doubtless belonging to a more advaiu-ed stage of primitive art. Though we behoUl here curious concentric circles and sj)iral lines, which bear a distant resemblance to the sculptures of Great Britain, wo also meet with real ornaments, snake-like designs, and representations of hafted and uuhafted celts. Some of the sculptures of Brittany are raised and not incised. A very characteristic o\itline of a celt in a plumed handle is seen on the roof of a dolmen called "the Merchant's Table,'' near Locmariaker. It is here reproduced as Fig. l."».

The tumulus on the Ishuid of (!avr" Iiiis, in the Bay of Morbihan, a

* Fcr^iisaoii ; Riulo Sloiin Muiiimii'iits in all t'oiiniiicn ; I.iinilon, 1M72, ]>. S!15.

t Uii.i., 11. ■.'111.

t Il)i(l.. ji. ■-'','•.2. Ill ailililion, liowi'vc'P, In- .says iiii tlir .-iaiiu' pap' ; " It wipiild he an rxtriuu ly ilan- p'Kins line «( ai'!;iiini'nt to ajiply llii.s law ol' iinij;ii'ssivi' (IrvclninniMit to ali oonnliiis. In Inilia, osiirrially, it i:i very IVi'iiiii ntly ii'vrr.scd. Tlii' nnlcst art i.t dl'trii niucli nicirc nii ilcni than tlii' must ri'llnrd, Imt in Irt'lainl Iliis appanntly iuvit was tlie casi". I-idiu tlic carlicsl scratcliiiiK.s im pillar- Btono.s down tn the l',ii^li.-*li rdncpicNt lior art Nrems to have bcoti iinl'altcrinf;ly proyri .■<.'*iv<'."

Illnstraliiinsdl' llio scidptiircs of New Graiigo and Dowth ar« given by Simpson and rirgiis.son in tliiir wiirk.s hen' ipiolfd.

IIAII 1

lUKLAND— FHANdK.

11)

few miles oast of Loi'inariiikor, is of frri'iit interost to arcliivolo<^ists, on account of tlio snilptiircd stones fonninjf its clianibcr, upon wliicli fjronps of intricate concentric uiid spiral linos, and outlines of objects ffcnerally considered as celts are tnicod. Tiiese stones have repeatedly lieen repre- sented. V'lg. 14 is a copy ,»f one of Mr. Fer^nisst)irs illustrations.

Yet, the fact that cup-cuttin^rs are not wantiiiir in this part of Fraiu'o is oxoniplified by the rooliny-stone of Mont Saint-Michel, at Carnac, which has been alluded to on a precediii}^ I'iif^i'. 'I'l'i* Ucv. W. C. Lukis, moreover, connnunicatcd to Mr. E. T. Stevens that he had found in twelve eases cup-cuttinj^s cmi dolmen-stones of Hrittany (mostly upon cai)-.stones), and in one case on a slab near the entrance of a jralleried chamber. Ue further observed them twice on menhirs, once on n rock in ,sifi(, and apain on a loose stone block, all in the same region.* It is not menfimied whether these cups occur alone or, as is more ])robabl(>, accompanied by other liffures.

1 am not aware that elaborate sculptures similar to those of ISrittany liavo been dL-Jcovered in the southern parts of France. Simple cup-cuttin^i-s, on the other hand, are not wantin;; there, and more of them doubtless will become known in th(^ course of further investigation. Professor Desor draws in his pamphlet attention to the report of Messr.s. I'iette and Saca/.e, who lately examined in the nei^-hborhood of Liudion, in the I'vreuees, a largo number of megalithic monunu-nts, one oi' which, calleil Lr ('(lilliaou iks Pour it's (the chicken-stone), has sculptured on its surface si.\ty-two cnj)s, from five to six centimeters in diameter and from two to three centimeters in di'pth. Four cups in the middle of the stone are conjoined by grooves in such a mamu-r that they form a cross.f Flscwliere in his ]iamplilet (page 21) Professor Desor observes that thus far cup-stones have not been noticed in the Fast of Franco, notwithstanding the alyundance (tf erratic blocks in that region. Shortly afterward, however, 31. .\. Falsan described two cui)-.sti)nes which ho had discovered in the valley of the IJliuiie. One of them, in the neighborhood of Helley, in the Department of the Ain, deserves particular mention. It is a sandstone b( udder of oval slia])e, a

•Sti'Vi'iia; Flint Cliips; L.indiHi, IS70, p. 490.

t I'ii'tli" I'l Satiizo: Lcs MomiiiK'iit.'i ilr In Moutagiio <l'lv<iii;ii'ii (I'yruiu'cs) ; Matcriaiix, 1S7,-', p. •.'Hi.

20

CITPailAPRD AND OTHKR LAI'inATSIAX SClTLPTrTRKa.

motor and a Imll' lonj; mid sixty contimotorH in tliii-knoHs, hii\in<r Mtidptiirod on ita nppor Hurfiico about sixty round cupK, (li«tril)utod in irrejfularjrroupH, and in Honio instances conjt)inod hy grooves, which, to jndgo from the very good accompanying ilhistration, here ropro(hu'.ed as Kig. If), are niuch shal- h)\vor than tlio cavities. Tlic largest cii|) measures eight centimeters in diameter; the otliers are smaller, and their deptli varies between a few mil- limeters aiul thri'c centirneters. 'i'he pe(»ple of the neighborhood call this block La JSoidc dr (lan/aiitiut, attaching to it tho legend that it was hurled from a distance to its present place by tho giant of that name, tho impres- hIous t>f his lingers being tho very cups seen on its surface.

. iM. Falsan alludes to the existisnce of other yet unexamintMl cup-stonos in that region, and a further search probabl}' will am})ly reward tho investi- gator.*

Quite recently M Louis do Malafosso has pointed out tho occurrence of cup-cuttings on rocks in the Loziro Department, mentioning in particular a schistose rock in situ near the rivulet Hioulong, not far from a jjhice called (-hirac. A cornice-like projection of this rf)ck shows about forty cups, app/u'eiitly grouped without order, and in some instances coiuiected by grooves, as indicated in Fig. 10, which is a copy of M. de Malafosse's illustration. The grooves aro shallower than the cups, the latt.r being from three to four centimeters in diameter and from three and a half to four centimeters deep. Tiio cup marked A is larger than the others. These cavities are conical in shape and sonio terminate in a fiat bottom. M. de Malafo.s.se thinks that, though the rock is ver}- hard, the cavities might have been produced by the rotation of a flint im])lement.t

Additit>nal discoveries of cap-stones in ditFerent parts of France may be coniideutly expected.

"Knlsan: De la I'rdsoncc de qmli|ii(s i'lcrrrs ik r.iinlliH dans la lunion .Mojcimo ilu llasNiii dii Iili6i»'; Mattriaiix, MX, p. -JSO.

tDv MulaluHsc: Li>8 I'ii'irva ik Uuiuiim vt lea Rocbcrg i!k £cticllc8 daiiH la Lozi^ro; MaKSiiauz, 1S70, 1>. 97.

RAUI

FUANCK— HWlT/KULANn.

21

SWITZKULANI).

In this country crratif bhtc-ks lu-arin}; cnp-cuttinjrs arc not rare. Acconl- inf; to Prol'i'ssor Dcsor, alxnit iil'ly wcru known houk; years afjo, twi'iity of tlicni Iiavinj; been found in the French cantons of tlic republic; and owin<( to tho closer search on the part of yeoloyists and archaoloyists their nuni- bor Hteadily incroasos by \w\v discovericw.

Ho fi}^ures on Plate I of his j)ainphlet the cup-stone observed as early as 184!) by IVofesnor V. Troyon at tho foot of the .Fiira, lu'ar Mont la-Ville, in the Canton of V^iud, and then and afterwanl describcid by him.* This block consists of chlorite slate, is ten feet and a half lonj;-, and from four to five feet in breadth. Its surface exhii>its twenty-seven irre;;ularly-distributed cups, of which the larf^est measures nine inches in diameter and four inches and a half in depth; the others are considerably smaller. Some of the cups foimin^f the central ffroupare connected l)y undMlalinf^ furrows of insi^fuili- ciint depth, and a short straij^ht j^roove conjoins two cups near the upper ei d of the rock. I ^rive Professor De.sor's illustration as V'\<x. 17.

Dr. Ferdinand Keller has describdl the cup-stones of Switzerland in a memoir which is not witliin my rench.t lu <). F L<'e's translation of Dr. Keller's reports on the lake-dwellin<js of Switzerland I find the description and representation of a block in the Lutcrhol: near Hienne, in the Can- ton of IJerne, which shows twenty-one cups, arrani^ed without apparent order, and partly connected by grooves, 'i'he ldo(dc weij^His about twenty hundred- weight, and consists of gneiss J Professor Desoi refers (on page 14) to the discovery of similar blocks in th<' neighborhood of Hienne, with- out describing them in detail ; he also alludes to several cup-stones in the environs of Ziirich.

Cup-cuttings appear to occur in Switzerland mostly on boulders of granite and gneiss, and, as a rule, una.s.sociated with other sculptured figures.

"Triiyon: II;iliitiitii>ii.t I.iicustrrH di's T('iii|w .ViuiciiH ct MiHlcniis; I.iiiisiiniH', l-'W, p. Ifiw, iiiilo.

t Oil' Zriclii'ii-ddcr .SihiiU'iistciiic drr Scliwriz, in : " Mil tli(iliin;;ci) <lcr Aiilii|ii:iiiHilii'ii (iiwllacliaft ill Ziiiioli," B<1. XVH.

tKidlcr: I'jn^ I,aki'-l)wclllii;;s of Switzorlttnil and oilier Pniis nl' Kuropc ; traiislaird li.v J. K. hw; London, IHTS, Vol. I., |i 1(,(); Vol. II, rialuXXXlX, M. In llic dn,iii|iliiin i'IhIiImiiii ciipn ans Iiiou-

tllMK'd ; tlu' lif"!!!'!' HJIOWS tWt'llt.V-OllL'.

22

cuphiiaim:!) and ornmi laimdaiman sculptijhkh.

Y«t, lUTonliiiff to I'rot'csHor I)c«or (|mjj;« 12), arock uxliil>itiii;r u niuiihcr of Hiiiiplt* cupH iiiitl olio cup HiiiToiiiitU'd hy two i-irrlcH wiis fonncrly mocii iioar tlio villii^r(4 of iMt'lM, ill tli(^ ('aiito)i of Saint Gall. IJiifoi'tiiiiatcly, tliiH rock lias Ix't'ii (l('stroy«'(l. 'I'liis isolated caHc, Iiowcvcr, is in ho far of interest, as it oxuinpiilics tlio transition from tlio siin|)lcr and earlier cup-typu to u Hoinewliat inoro develoiied tunii.

Dr. Keller states that sinalh'r cupped stoiicH liavo been found in tlio liiiko of Neiicliatel, at Corcolettes, at Font, aliovo Mstavayc^r, and at tlio lake-dwellin<,' of (Jortaillod, just opposite tlio hIioi'o, almost always in places which are dry at low water.

"The iinphineiits met with in the neij^hlxahood of these, hollow stones," he continues, "lielonjf in j^eneral to the hroii/.e aj^e. The cups vary from tliroo to ton inches in diameter; they arc .seldom more than an inch in depth. They are made on the surface of tho stono without any kind of order, ox- cejit that when they are three in nuinher, they form, as it were, tho points of an (Mpiilatt-ral trian<j;l('."* Thoufih he alludes on tim sanu; paf^c* to a relation lietween the^e stones and the hiv^v cnp-hearin^r lionlders of Switz- erland, he seems to have afterward clianj,red his view, and to re^fard tho former as utonsils desij^iied for .some domestic, purpose, perhaps for {frindinj^ cereals or other suhstancea (Desor, pajjo H). This was Professor Troyon's ori<riiial opiniou.f

(lEltMANV AND AUHTUIA.

As far as I could leant, no cup-stones havo yet been discovered iii Southern (Jermany, hut it hardly admits of any doubt that they will bo found in that district, when diligent search is made for them. TluMr occur- ronco ill North Germany, however, is well established. Mr. C. Jesson describes in tho " Zcit.schrift fiir Ethnologie" (V(d. IV, 1872, p 223) a real cup-stono discovered by liini not far from Eckernfordo (Schleswig), and to

"KcIIit: I.uki'-DwcUiiijjH, <'ti'.,V<il. I, ji. KiO. FIkm. 1- iinil Hi, on I'liili' XXX1.\ (il'Ou' .snini' work rqiri'Heut twii dI' th«'Hiitiiii|io<l nIhiicn, nne willi tlirec, tlic iitliir willi four iiivilicK; Init llicir hI/.i' is not iiiilii'ikti'il, I'itliir uii IliK pluli' or in tlir li'xi.

t " II'iiiili<'H i>i<rriH imrli'iit dupi'lits IiiishIiih, ilit '.i I'l :s pniii'i'H (lt< ijiiiinclri' siir .''>i\ H li);ni'» il>'l>n>. t'liiiilciii', iliKliiK H huiiHilniilr ii lnojrr lU's gi'uiiih, ijiaiH <li)nl Tiihu;;!' ii pii fliv loll vaiic"'."— Yio^oii ; lliilii tatioH» LavuulrtD, elc, p. l.'iS,

IIAI< I

HVMTZKULAISl)— (IKUMANY AND AISTKIA.

23

wlii»;li lut altnl)ii((s, (loiihtlcss ornmcDUwIy, tlit* cliarncfcr of ii Htoiic upon wliicli Htoju> axes wen; ^roiiixl. 'I'liis hlock, which is li^nn'cd in the* "Zcit- Hchril't" (I'hitc XIV). fonwists of Knmitc, in live I'l'iit U>n<^, liaH' uh \vi(h', uimI oxhihits upon its surfaco twenty-four cups of unctiual size. Miss ,J. Mcstorf, tho acconiphshcd custodian of tlie AnOundoffical A[us»'uni at Kiel (ll(d- Hti'in), mentions, n» tlio resuU of her carefid examination of varicuis records, that sixteen cup-stonoH liuvo been fiumd in the (hudues of Stdih^swi;,'' anil llolstein, of which five only are still known to exist, the others bein;; either destroyed or no loiifjcr traceai)le. She refers tt» a specimen taken out of a, {furden-wall in Sehkswi},'', and presevveil in the Museum of Kiel, upon which four of the cups are joined by {,'rooves, tlms presentiuj,'' the shape of a cross. Another specimen in tli»( same museum, whii h c<msists of white marble and is only 7.5 centimeters in size, shows on both si(h's a numlier of dimin- utive cups, resenddiu},' tho.se seen on lar<re stones and rocks It was found in a burial-urn from a cemet<'ry pertaining,'' to the early aj^e of iron, near Altiuia (llolstein), and is considered as an anndet. There is further men- ticmed a cupped stone near Albersdorf (llolstein), whicdi formed one of the three 'id-stones tf a cist covered by a mouml of earth, and containiu','' only a fnn Hired flint lance-head. On the nj)per side of the stone, which has not been removed, are sculptured more than a hundred cups and a (if^ure like a wheel with four spokes — a desijfu not unconunon in Denmark and the Scan- dinavian countries, as will be seen in the secpu'l. Another stone, found in u tnnudus at IMsby (Schleswt^'), shcnvs a curious system of cups and con- necting; grooves, both rather shallow, to judf^e from a representation by Dr. Henry Petersen.* This relic is now in the Museum of (Copenhagen. A stone found in a tumulus near Arrild (Schleswig) had cups .sculptured on one side, and on the other the word Foliir, in runic characters. This remarkable piece of lajjidarian sculjiture was put out of sight by its last owner, who used it in building the foundation of a barn. Five or si.x of the cup-stones traced by Miss Mestorf occurred in or in coimeetion with burial-pluces.f

• In: M(''iiiiiii('M dr la Si)ii<^ti5 Itovftlc <li'« Aiiliiiiiiiirt'H dii Nonl, 1H77, ]i. :i;t.">.

t.I. McMtorf: I'cbcr ScliiilciiNltiiir. I., in: Coinspciiiili'iiz lilall (Ur IViilsilu'ii .^iithropolci^jisiihcii fliscllwliiit'l, 1H7!I, S. :i:- WoiMaar: IHc Vmyc siliiclitr ilrs Norilciis iiaili gli'icli/.cili(icti Doiikiiiiili'rii ; ill's iJciitsclii- iilii'i'tra)!i'ii vim .1. Mfntinl'; llainlmrt;, 1H7S, S. II.

tSiiicii lliu itbovo was wiiKoii, I liitve been fuvorcil Willi a lillii' rnim MIks Misliiif, daUil A|>iil :l,

24

CUrSnAPED AND OTHER LAPIDARIAN SCULPTURES.

Ai-'cordiiig to Mr. Fricdol, cup-cuttings occur on n>ogalitJiic inonunicnts in the Islnnd of Kiigcu, situated in the Baltic Sea, opposite Stralsund, Prus- sia, and OH nH'ks in dillVront parts of Silesia, lie refers to a rock called the Bmhofs-Siein (Bishop's Stone), at or near Xieniegk, in the Province of Braiidenhurg, Prussia, njjon which are sculptured, on one side a Maltese cross and the date la'.K), and on the other a chalice, across, and several cups, while its top shows a trough-shai)ed cavity.* The connnnnications of that gentleman relative to the cnp-like cavities executed on the walls of many churches in Germany and Sweden, «nd thus hearing witness to the practice of cup-cutting Avithin comparatively recent times, are of great in- terest.f But as I shall revert to this subject in another section of tiiis essay, I refrain from eidarging on it in this place.

Though of late years much has been said in Germany concerning cupped stoies, it appears that two of them, long ago briefly described and figured by Samuel Ghristoph Wagener, have recently escaped the notice of German archaeologists. One of tliem is thus mentioned l)y Wagener among the antiquities in the neighborhood of Obi'r-Farrenstiidt, near Qnerfnrt, in Prussian Saxony : "There was also found in this district the memorial stone, Fig. ^^ll'*, with many dtill-holes" iyAnch /and fiivh in hlcsiijrr (iifioul dcr Ik'iik- stciii, Fiji s;i,"», iHit rich'ii Itohiiikhcni) J The illustration, a very mule out- line sketch, of which Fig. IS is a fac-simile, evidently represents a cup-stone. The size of the stone is not indicated. The oihev cupped stone, rejjresented in u equally rnihj manner ]tv I'^ig. l.'5(!7 ih-Wageuer's work, is a granite block near Zadel, in the neigliborhood of Meissen, Saxony. Tiie people of the neighborhood call it Uic.so/sfviii or (iiant Stone. It is six feet high and seven feet broad, and markeil witli niany ciip-excavations, of which the upper ones, ])laced in mws, are oval, three inciies long, tVom oui' inch to an inch and a half wide, and from a I'.iurth of an inch tnlialf an iiu'li in (h'pth.

l"'.*0, in wliidi hIio ciimnciatrs the nip-stonea wliirli liiivc Ihodiiui known in the ilniliics cif Sclilrswig anil Holstrin np to tho ypar 1-<S0. ThiTo avo oitililiin in all, of which tlii' last in tlio lint has not vet liccn ilisorihod. If was (liscovrml al or mar Unnsoh < llolntrin\ is iciiiical in sliaii(',»ixti'cu cpnlinit-trrs liiKh, anil hliowsf wontv-si'vi'n riips, tliii'o of wliiih air surroiiiiilrd hv singli' rin);s.

* As early as IT.M niinlion is luailo of <'U]i]iril lionlilrrs in tin' rrovinci' of Itraiiilrrilmi;; in a his- torical work on that provinco liy .1. C lii'knianu. Tlir author lalls thi'in .Vii/p/i/iciiAViinc.

t Vinhandliu.aiMi dcr Uorlinor Anthropoloj;isi hrn (irsillsihaft ; .'^il/niiK Mun Hi. I'rlniiar If^TH,

«. ■->;!.

I Waj;uu('r: Huudbuih drr vorziiglichsirn mi Dintschland i ntdi< Ulin Aliiitliiliiur ans luiilnii-i her Zoif ; Wiimar. l-l','. 8. 4:n.

-I

RAU.J

GEItarANY AND AUSTHIA— DlilNMAKK.

25

Tlui lower oiiiw iiro i-irciilar, ami vary fVom hvo to tlireo inches and a lialf ill (lianictiT.* Fig. I!) h a copy of AVajrcncr's skotcii -.f this rock.

I was totally in the dark as to the occn. vnce of cnjj-stoncs in Anstria until my esteemed correspondent, Dr. M Much, of Vienna, favored mo with a full reply to a letter of inj-.iry addressed to him. 'i'houjrh cup-stones have thus far been mentioned only in a transient manner in the publications of the Anthropolofrical Society of V'". una, they are, nevertheless, by no means unconnnon in Austria, more especially in Bohemia and in that" part of the empire where the three i)ro\ince-. Bohemia, Jloravia, and Lower Austria border upon each other. In thi:, district the soil is often covered with rounded gTanitc blocks, .some of which are cupped like the boulders of Switzerland and Northern Europe. The sketches of JJohemian cup- stones sent to me by Di. Mnch show rather large cups, either isolated or in groups, and frequently connected b}- grooves. "These are only hasty sketches," he sa}s, " and, moreover, not based upon jtersonal obserNation, but connnunicated to me iiy others. Absolute correctness caimot be claimed for them. Ar any rate, however, they prove the existence of cup-stones in Austria; and I ;;;n of <.piid(m that they are not at all rare in Bohemia, in the northwestern part of Austria, and in Northern I'ppi.r Austria. 'I'hose which I hav<; seen on the Vitusberg and Stolzenberg, both in the neighbor- hood of Kggenbm-g, occurred in a region cliaract.'rized by prehistoric set- tlements an<l i)laces<.f sacrifice; yet I am not prepared'to state whether these are to be ieferred to the age of polished stone or to a later period, though the la* ten- appears to me more [jrobablo."

DExNMAKK.

My statements r.'Iative to primitive lapidarian sculptures in Denmark, called HdlcristHhuier in that cnuntry, are almost cxclusivelv taken from an articl.. by I)r. TI,.nry l\.t,M-sen, publishe.l in the "MemoirJs" of the Royal S(»ciety of Northern Antiquaries.f

* Wii^.iHi-: Iliinaiiiicli, itc; S. TrCi,

tlVtcrwii; N'.plin. Hill- Ic.sri.'nvM.viriili,!,:,.^ ,1,, niiii.iiiaiK An(l.|iiaiica(lii Nord; CoiifiiliiiKiif, 1^77. p. ;(:)(I-;m-j.

ill : Mcmiiiiva ilr la S.ni.Ho Um.ilr ilc

26

CUP SHAPED AND OTHER LAPIDAIIIAN SCULPTUIIES.

According to his account, cup-cuttinga are found in most of tlie Danish islands (Seoland, Laahnul, Fiinen, Langeland, Bornhohu) and in Jiitland. "Tho stones uj)on which these cup-cuttings occur," lie says, "arc generally large erratic Mocks lying in the midst of tields ; but there is a special inter- est attached to them when they are sculptured on stones tlir^t have served in the construction of sopulclires of the ago of stone, namolv, covered gal- leries, oblong or round dolmens, or, as is often the case, on the surface of slabs forn;ing the coverings of funeral chambers, 'i'lieir presence on these slabs is not in itself a decisive proof that they were made; in the stone age, for the slabs were rarely covered with earth, and the tignres may Iwive been engraved upon them long afterward, as upon any stone found in the fields But the motive whicli led to the selection of stones of dolmens jirobabl}' is to be sought in tho peculiar jirotection these nKinuments affonled, to which an almost sacred character was attributed. A more conclusive proof, how- ever, that these cup-cuttings reach as far back as the stone age is furnished in the fact of their presence u[)on tho inner walls of sepulchral chambers; for it is evident that they could not have been engraved on those stones after their application in the construction of the chambers" (page i5ii'2). lie cites several examples in support of his view ; but he also states that cup- stones have been found in Denmark in connection with burials of tho bronze age, mentioning in particular a tumidus at Borreby, in the Southwest of Seelaiid, which inclosed a stone of considerable size, exiiibiting on its upper convex surface from seventy-live to eighty cup-cuttings. There 1 iivc; been found in Denmark several stones bearing runic inscriptions, dating from tho ninth to tho eleventh century, on which cups, in all jimbability of earlier origin, are sculj)tured. In a few instances the runic lines even traverse the cup-shaped cavities. Fig. 20, copied from Dr. Petersen's article, •■epresents the cupped backside of a runic stone at Kavnkilde, in Jiitland.

Some artificial foot-tracks, set in pairs, have l)een ol)served in Dennuirk: in one instance on a slab belonging to the covering of a gallery in Seeland ; in another on one of the blocks surrounding an oblong tunndiis >n the Island of Laaland. The first-nanuMl sculptures, figured by the author on page 3iJ7, are not mdike tho well-known foot-sculptures so often seen on rocks

Jt.VIJ.I

DENMARK.

27

in tho L'niteil States.* Danish popular legends refer to those tracks as to real inii)res.sio!is of Iminan fi'ct. Figures resembling wheels with four spokes have repeatedly been found in Denmark on isolated jjlo.'ks auil on stones of megalithic structures, and in one case in connection with cup-cuttings on a rock in tho Island of Bornholni. Dr. Petersen's statements rencfer it probable, if not certain, that these wheel-shaped sculptures pertain to the stone age as well as to that of bronze (page ;J37).

Sometimes they ai)pear associated with rude designs of ships, the crew of winch is indicated by upright straight lines. A group of this kind is seen on the capstone of a fu -eral chandler near Ilerrestn p, in the North- west of Seeland. According to Professor Simpson (who quotes from Ilolm- berg), the chamber was entirely concealed within an earthen mound until discovered by treasme-diggers, and hence there is a stsN.ng probability that the sculptures are coeval with the clunnber. The latter contained some urns, with tools and pieces of Hint. The sculptured group consists of three wheel-shaped figures and three very rudely executed manned ships, ton-ether with some imperfect linear markings, perhaps not of artilicial ori-in " I'he figures are so slightly carved that they become very distinct onlx^in a good hght.t I give in Fig. 21 a representation of this structure, copied fnmi Fergusson's " Kude Stone Monun)ents" (Fig. 100 „n page ;i03). In 187.5, Dr. Petersen states (page 33 s), two blocks with si.nilar figures (a wheel,' manne.l ves.sels, and hmnan figures of the most prindtive chai'acter) were d.scovcre.l in the neighborhood of the denuded clnunber. The latter has been thought by ..omo to have been erecte.l during the s.une age; but Worsaaet as well as Petersen incline to the ophdon that Danish .srulp- tures among which ligures of .ships ,K-cur, generallv belong t„ li,e a-v <,f ln-.)"ze. The last-named genthman takes occasion to draw .special iUten- <"'" •'> <n,al.,guus designs of sidps and other iig.nvs .ngraved on Danish bronze kn.Nc.s (n.zors^)^s-^'^^,l,i,|, he represents on page ULj Mr

lsiiri|isi)ii: Anhaii: Sfiil]iliir,.», cU'.. ji. 7-,',

t\Viir.s,iiic: Tlicriiim'ViilAnliMiiilics.il'Ociiiiiiiik- irinsr,(.,n,v «■ I'li

.av,„t'-^^n^::""'"-"' ■-— = --St::i^^:;'K::;;;;^;^;;:i:;:;;;;i

28

CUPSnAPED AND OTHER LAPIDARIAN SCULPTURES.

Forf^iiHson is oven inclined to ascribe to t le stone chamber in question a still more recent origin.*

Sculptures on rocks in situ are not fouiMl in Denmark, becanso, as Dr. Petersen atates, rock-formations suitable for their execution are, exceptinfr l)orliiijJ8 the Island of Honiiidlm, wanting witliin the present limits of the Kingdom of Denmark (page 332).

SWEDEN.

The primitive sculptures forming the subject of this essay are, so far as variety is concerned, perhaps better represented in the territory of Sweden than in any other jiart of Europe. Simple cup-cuttings on erratic blocks are not wanting in that country; but cu[)s also occur there among the more elaborate figures engraved on boulders and stones of megalithic structures as well as on natural rock-formations.

Reference was made on a i)receding i)age to the Baal or Balder Stone, at Ranten, near Falk(i[)ing, in the Liin of Mariestad. This block was first described by Professor Sven Nilsson, who states that it is a granite boulder from six to seven feet in length, oval in shape, and more than three feet high. On the upper slightly convex siuTace are numerous cu})-cuttings of unecpial size, the largest of which occupies nearly the centre; and a |irojection near the base of tiie block exhibits additional cup-like excavations. Jig. 22 is a copy of Professor Nilsson's representation of the stone.f He is of opinion that this block and others of the same description served as sacrifu'ial altars in the worshi[) of Baal or Balder, which, he thinks, was at one lime prevalent in the North of I'^uropi'; and that the cup-sha|)ed cavities wt're designed ior the reception of the l)loo(l of the victims. I'his view will be considered in another part of this essay. A cup-stone in the Liin of Ilalland is figured in the "Matcriaux" for lH'(8((m page 2fi8); another in the ".\rchiv fiir Anthropologic" (Vol. XII, page lOi'i). The latter, which wns found near

* For;iiis80ii : Rmln .Stono MoiiHiiii'nta, etc.; p. 303.

tNilssoii: I>ii' Kiciinvoliiicr ill's SiaiiilinavisilKMi NoriUiist; iliis nronzcaltcr ; mis di'in .Sc'iwo- tliHcliiMi iiljirsi'lzl ; Uaiiiljiiig, IHiki; Naclilrag, S. I'l.

RAU.J

Pi:N]\rAl?K— SWEDEN.

20

G<>tel)or<?, and is now preserved in the Historical Museum of that city, is apparently a boulder, and of small size, having ono side entirely covered with cups, while there are only three on the opposite surface. The cups are not over six centimeters in diameter. Other cu|)ped stones are known to exist in varioii« p.u-ts of Sweden, where, indeed, these remarkable antiqui- ties are so familiar to the people that they desi<>nato them by the name elfhteuar, or elf-stones, connectin;f with them curious superstitions — either descended from ancient times or of later origin — to which allusion will bo made hereafter.

Dr. Petersen figures on jmgo 331 of his previousl^'-quoted article in the " Memoires" of the Royal Society of Northern Antiquaries two erratic blocks found in the Province of Scania, iq)on which cups as well as figures resendjling wheels with four spokes are sculptured, and which appear to be of contemporaneous origin.

Professor Nilsson rej)resents in his work on the bronze age a heavy diorite slab from a tumulus in Scania, called Willfarahrig.* This slab shows the designs of two horses drawing a two-wheeled chariot, and of three ships, two of them manned. In addition, the stone shows thirteen cup- markings, two of which are inclosed by the figure of one of tlie ships, while a third is traversed by its lower line, as seen in Fig. 23, which is a some- what reduced copy of Nilsson's delineation. Professor Sinq)son is certainly right in believing that the cup-cuttings are in this case of earlier date than the incised figures.f Nilsson, however, draws no such inference, but finds in the presence of the cups a support for his view that the slab occupied a horizontal position in the tnnailus, and served as a sacrificial altar. In this tumulus, which inclosed no stone chamber, were found a rotten tooth of a hor.se, fragments of a day urn, pieces of charcoal, a lance-head and an arrow-head, both of flint, ai' I ^- fine fiii'; dagger; and, in addition, a medallion-like piece of bronze, oniamcntt'd with graceful spiral lines, such as are peculiar to the earlier I)ninze ago. Professor Nilsson, therefore, lias good reason for ascribing the Willfara tunndus to the age of bronzcf He points out the analogy existing between the sculptures on the Will-

'NilssiMi: DiiH lironzcalliM-; Naclitrai;, S. li,

tSiin|isuii: Art'liaio SculptmcH, etc. ; p. 7S.

t OUjuitu of Hint and biouzo an* ofti'U aasociad-'d in biiiiala of llio bronze age.

-a.Ki

30

CUP-SnAPRD AND OTHER LAPIDARIAN SCUTl.PTURKS.

fiira slab and on the clianibor-stones of the well-known nionui icnt at Kivik, in Christianstad Liin, Scania, which, according to his view, was erected by Baal-worshiping Plicenicians, wlui, he thinks, had colonies in the North of" Enrope, and introdnced there the nse of bronze. The Kivik scnlptnres, executed on seven inigronnd granite slalts, four ftset high and three feet wide, exhibit a variety of iigures, among them a man standing on a two- wheeled chariot drawn by two horses, several unharnessed horses, ships, groups of men (supposed to represent warriors, musicians, prisoners, and priests), various ornamental (perhaps symbolical) designs, four wheel-shaj)ed figures, a cone or obelisk (the emblem of Baal or the sun-god, according to Nilsson), and two handled axes, evidently' representing weapons of metal (see Fig. 24). Cup-cuttings are entirely wanting on the Kivik slabs. The sculptures on them, as interpreted by Nilsson, commemorate a victoiy, probably a naval one, and the succeeding sacrilice of prisoners of war.*

Dr. Petersen claims, as it were, the Kivik and similar Scanian sculptures for Denmark, not only becaus-> Scania formed a part of that country until the year IG'iO, but also for the reason that the Scanian monuments of the ages of stone and bronze partake more of a Danish than a Swedish character.f

Lastly, I must refer to the sculptures which are often seen on nat- ural rock-surfaces in different parts of the Scandinavian Peninsula, but are particularly abundant in the Liin of Bohuf^ They represent scenes of war and hunting, manned and empty ships, etc., and some of these groups seem to be executed in a quite spirited manner. There appear among the figures warri'jrs armed with weai)ons resembling the leaf-shaped swords j)eculiar to the bronze age, to which, indeed, these rock-engravings have been referred by several authors. Professor Nilsson, however, believes that they originated during the age of iron, ascribing them to the Vikings of the eighth and ninth centuries.J A. E. Ilolmberg's work on the subject, entitled "Scandinaviens Iliillrisfningar" (Stockholm, 1848), is not witliin my reach; lint I am able to give in Fig. 25 a specimen illustration of this kind of sculpture, which I

•Tbo siilyoct is frcatoil quite in dotail by Nilsson in his work on llin bronze age. His illuslrations of tbi' Kivik slaljs liave been copied by Simpson iu his "Arcliaic SenlptureB," wlicio also o rCsnnn5 of Nilsson''* intcrprctatior. is given.

< I, eit., J). :rfn.

■TOu: Das I!r()ni;cal(<'r; S. "JO.

ItAir.)

aWKDRN— INDIA.

31

Imve taken fi-om an nrticlo by Dr. I.onnurt Aborg.* It will bo soon that cups and wheel-shaped figures accompany the more olaborato representa- tions.

INDIA.

Professor Desor lays particular stress on the. circumstance that cup-stones are found in various parts of India. "Wo touch here upon the main point of our the..is,"t he says in his often-quoted pamphlet (page 33), in order to render his appreciation of the fact more conspicuous, lie mentions that a number of years ago, Colonel Meadows Taylor and Dr. Wilson have drawn attention to the analogy between the megnlithic monuments of India | and those of Gi-eat Britain, while recently the similarity of the figures sculpt- ured on thorn was pointed out by Mr. J. 11. Kivett-Carnac, an officer of the Bengal civil service. Just at the time when I was engaged in preparing this treatise, that gentleman .sent eoi)ies of his publications to the Smith" sonian Institution, and I became thus enabled to draw my information from the original sources.

In the district of Nagpoor, tumuli surrounded by single, or, less fre- quently, by double stone circles are quite numerous ; Imt the most extensivo groups of this cluss of barrows arc situated near Junapani, a handet lyin-. about five miles westward of the civil station of Nagpoor, on the hight road to Katole. These mounds were explored in 1 8U 7 by Mr. Ri vett-Carnac and two other gentlemen.

"From the people of the neighborhood," he says, "and even from the Brahmans and oilier learned persons of Nagpoo.-, who speak with authority on the ancient history of the province, no satisfactory information re-ard- ing the tribes who constructed these barrows is to be obtained. Some" will tell you the story that these mouml^n-e the work of giants, or of the Gao-

i'lalo ^l:i-. "^""■'"'"'"«'"- "'* «-""«'»". '" = Aiumler^r Nordi»kOhllc^aiBhe;^7^a;„«e:,'^ t •'\ims t.nKlions ioi an pniut cni)Uiil dc noire tlu-^se "

w.

mi^'

82

OUPSII.VPl!:!) AND OTIIKU IiAPIDAU[AN SUtlLlTUUfX

lees or Slicplu'id Kings, rogfiidiiig whoso rule in Centnil Indiii, at a period prior to the Aryan invasion, a deep-rooted tradition exists. That the circles are very old, tlio condition in which they are now found distinctly shows, and the remains discovered therein leave no doubt that they were once the burial-i)laces of a })eople of whom these circles are now the only trace that remains to us." *

The tumuli forming tliese groups are all of the same type, consisting of circular moui\ds of earth, at })iosent not cxceeding»four feet in height, and the circles surroundiiiir them, from twenty to iifty-six feet in diameter, are constructed of trap boulders, sucli as occur abundantly in the neighbor- hood. A map of the locality, accomj)aiiying Mr. Kivett-Carnac's descrip- tion, shows no less than sixty-four tiunuli, distributed in several groups, the largest of which comprises fifty-four. Each ('ircle contains a few stones larger than 'he rest and comparatively regular in shape, perhaps in conse- quence of artificial modification; and such stones are di.stiiiguislied by the peculiarity tliat their uj)per surfaces or si<les exhibit cup-cuttings, differing in size, and mostly arranged in regular groups formed l)y ])arallel lines or other nearly synunetrical dispo.sitions, as shown on one of the plates illus- trating Mr. Uivett-Carnac's report. Tims far ring-sculptures have not been discovered by him on stones belonging to circles; Lathe thinks "they may be yet brought to light, together with perliajjs other and more striking particulars, linking these tumuli still more closely to the remaiiis foiuul at home."t

The few of the mounds under notice which have been opened inclosed no cists, the objects found in them l)eing covered, without au}"- special pro- tection, wi>h the now nmcli-hardened earth composing the mound. The contents dug out from the centres of the barrows were fragments of urns, accompanied by a whitish earth, probably produced by the decom})osition of bones, and articles of iro)i, thickly covered with rust and of antique forms (celts, daggers, spear-heads, a L,naflle-bit in good preservation, stir- rups (?), etc ). Ornamented bangles or bracelets of copper, supposed to be alloyetl Avith gold or silver, Ijut containing neither tin nor zinc, are also

* Kivi'tt-Cainac; rrchistdiic Hi'iiiaiiis in Central India; roprintuil iVom the Journal of tlie Asiatic Society of Ueugul; Calcutta, l>i7'J, {>. 'i. t Ibid., pp. 3,4, 15.

nAD.i

INDIA.

38

inontioned and iigurod. T\w luitlior ascribes the absence of vaults in the Junapani mounds to the want of .ntones suitable for their construction, drawing .attention to the circumstance that they are not wanting in tho tumuli of other parts of Tiulia where the proper material is within reach. Finally he enumerates the points of resemblance between • the barrows of Europe and those of India, referring in particular to tho cup-marks found on stones surrounding tumuli in both regions,*

Somewhat later Mr. Rivett-Carnac discovered on stones and on rocks in situ in the mountains of Kiunaou not only cup-sculptures, but also such of rings, resembling very closely those seen in Great Britain and other countries of Europe. The results of his explorations in this region and the deductions therefrom made by him hardly can be overestimated, in view of their bearing on a most interesting problem of prehistoric arclijuology. The locality chiefl}' examined by j\Ir. liivett-Carnac is thus described : —

"At a point about two miles and a half south of Dwara-llath, and twelve miles north of the military .station of Ranikhet in Kumaon, the bridle- road leading from the plains through Naini Tal and Ranikhet to Baijnath, and thence on to the celebrated shrine at Bidranath, is carried through a narrow gorge, at the mouth of which is a temple sacred to Mahaeleo, where the pilgrims who follow this route generally halt for a short time, and wherOj from the position of the temple in tho deiile, the priest in chaige can con- veniently levy contrilmtions on all i)assers-by. The temple will not bo found marked on the one-inch-to-the-mile map of the Great Trigonometri- cal Survey, but it is locally known by the name of Chandeshwar."f

About two hundred yards south of the temple, toward the middle of the defde, rises a rdck at an angle of forty-five degrees, presenting a surface upon which, in a space measuring fourteen feet in height by twelve in breadth, more tliau two hundred cups are sculptured. The}' vary from an inch and a half to six inches in diameter, and from half an inch to an inch in depth, and are arranged in groups composed of a})pn>ximately parallel rovv-s, as seen in Fig. 26, which is a coi)y of Mr. Rivett-Carnac's repro-

* Rlvctt-Civniac : I'lvliistniic Hcmuins in Contral India : p. 5, <t«.

i Rivctt-Ciriiai' : Arclia'uldjrUal Notes on Aniii'Ml .S(iil|iliiiiiif;s iiii Ilocks in Knniaiin, India, Hinii- lar to tUose t'onnd on Monolillis ami Rocks in Knropi", etc. ; rc'inintrd from tho .lonrnal of tho Asiatlu Society of Hongal; Cahiitla, 187!t, i>. I.

' 3 I, S

IWP*

84

CUP-SHAPED AND OTHER LAPIDAIIIAN SCULPTURES.

sentation of a portion of tlio Clmndeslm'nr rock. Tlio cups, it will be noticed, arc mostly of the HJinplo type, and only oxcoptionally surrounded by Hinglo rings or connected by grooves. Somewhat more elaborate combinations wore seen by tlio explorer upon other portions of the same rock. "EVom the villagers and from the old priest at the temple hard by no information was to bo obtained of the origin of those markings, beyond 'that they were so old that tlie oldest man in the village had no knowledge of who had made them, nor had they been made in the time of their fathers' fathers, but they were most probably the work of the giants or the goalas (herdsmen) in days gone by.'"*

It may not bo superfluous to state in this jdaco that "Mahadeo" (Mahadeva) is ono of the many names given to Siva, the third in the Trimurti or Hindoo triad. ]\Ioor characterizes him in these words: "He is Time, the Sun ; he is Fire, the destroyer, tlu* generator. His consort, Bha- vani, is the symbol of created nature, and in that character named PracriH As the deity presiding over generation, his type is the Liiifja, the origin probably of the Phallic emblem of Egypt and Greece. As the God of Jus- tice, which character he shares with Ymna and other deities, he rides a bull, the symbol of divine justice. Ho holds, as his commonest attribute, a trident, called Trisida, in this, and in some other points, resembling our Neptune: his consort also has u rcdationship to water, although Vinhnu be generally the deit}- presiding over humidity. - - - As emblems of immortality, serpents are a common ornament with many deities ; but MahadeiH- seems most abundantly bedecked with them : bound in his hair, round his neck, wrists, waist, arms, and legs, as well as for rings, snakes are his coiLStant attendants."t

Mahadeo is worshiped by the Hindoo sect called the Saivas under the form of a i)hallu8, sometimes represented by an upright stone pillar, more or less modified by art, but often in the same shape, in conjunction with the Yoni, the female organ of generation, and the special emblem of Bhavani. These symbolic representations are seen in Hindoostan of all sizes, from a large, rudely-executed sculpture to a diminutive object of art; but they generally present a conventional shape, in which the uninitiated

" RivettCamac : ArchiEological Notes, etc. ; p. '3. tMoor: The Hiudu PnntUoou ; Loudon, 1810, p. 36.

•8

UAUI

INDIA.

35

liiiidly woultl ri'ct)}>iiize what they aro intendiMl to recall; and it may bo added that no obijcenu conceptions are niin<{led in tlie minds of the many tlionsands ot" Hindoos who venerate under this I'orni the {^L-nerative ener{j;y of natnre. The ^reat centre of Siva-worship in India is tlie (Mfy of Heiuires. After this d!},M'ession, I insert Mr. KMvett-Carnac's description of tlie Chan- deshwar temple: —

"On visiting the temjjle sacred to Mahadeo at the entrance to the prorge, I could not help being strnck by the peculiar construction of many of its shrines as bearing a marked resemblance to these rock-marking,s. In addition to the princi|)al shrine, placed within the temi)le itself, a massive little structure built up of large stones, many of which would appear to have been taken from Buddhist ruins so plentiful in the neighborhood of Dwara-llath, I counted thirty-seven minor shrines within the walled in- closure by which the temjile is surrounded. The.se consist mostly of a rough pedestal formed of loose stones surmounted by a Alahadeo and Voni. The Yoni, in the largest of these shrines, was a solid block of stone, cut to the well-known 'jew's-harp' shape, the upright Mahadeo being .slightly carved at the sunnnit and base. Some half a dozen others were more or less solid and w ell made, according to the conventional con.struction of these symb(ds. In one case the stono which did service for the Yoni was the cushion-shaped finial of some Buddhist temple, the Mahadeo being repre- sented by a carved head with high-raised cap, broken off from some Jieigh- boring ruin. The fnlgment had been inserted, cap downward, in the square hole by which the cushion had been ii.xed on to the top of the original structure."

I interrupt hero the author's account in order to direct attention to Figures 27 and 28, thelh-st of which, copied from Plate III of the pamphlet under notice, represents the section of a large stone Mahadeo and Yoni in the Cliandeshwar temple ; while Fig. 28 shows the same symbol in a more elaborate form, as seen by the author in a temple or shrine at Benares, and ill istrates the "jew's-harp" shape to which he alludes. In this in.stance, by way of attribute, a serpent is coiled aroinid the emblem of Mahadeo. The figure is tak(;n from another pamphlet by j\Ir. Rivott-Carnac, relating to the snake symbol in India. Le.aving aside the serpent, a ground-plan of

UmiAEY

NATIONAL MUSEUM

Qi] CANADA

i^'

36

I'lri' hiiaim:i) and otiiku lai'idaiuan s(!iri,i'Tiiui;s.

Fi;^''. *J8 would corruHpoiKl vory closely to Siinpann'ri fiflli typo (Fig. 1 of this piiltlicatioii).

"Tlic rcmaiiiiiig sliiiiu's," Im coiitiimuH, "wore of ii inm-li jujorer typo. But tliis last class was to mo much tho luost iutorcstiug, as suggosting a po8sil)lo couuuctioii botwoon tho rock-markings ami ijiiigam worship. Rough sketches of these types will ho fomul in Plate HI, which uccom- pnnies this pajjor (iient given as Figures 21), .'iO, and .'Jl ). The j)osition and arrangement of these symbols and tho veneration j)aid to them, some having boon quite recently decked with small olYerings of flowers, left no doubt that they ecpially with tho larger and more solid shrines rei)resented tho Mahadeo and Voni. But whereas in tho iirst-noticed and bettor class tho Mahadeo is represented by an u|)right stone, this other and poorer typo is without th(( ujjright, and is apparently a conventional reiuleringor sketch of those symbols roughly cutout on tho stone, the inner circle repre.sonting tho Mahadeo, the outer circle tho Yoni, tho lino or lines tho gutter by which tho libations and oll'erings are drained off from this as well as from tho moro elaborate class of Mahadeos. In tho centre f»f tho yard is a monolith Mahadeo of four feet and a half in height above tho ground. It has no nuirkings on it, but together with all its surroundings seems very old. The* priest in charge of tho temple held that most of the shrines wore very old, and accounted for their large nundjor by saying that the yard was tho burial-place of men of great sanctity, some of whom had l,^>en brought from great distances for interment there, and that Mahadeos ot ;. l^lborato or poor class were placed over the tombs according to tho moaiio ' "^he deceased's i'riends."*

The rosomblanco of the sculptures ropresonted by Figures 29, 30, and 31 to a class of cuttings on boulders, rocks, and niegalithic monuments in Europe cannot be denied; but this is a subject to which 1 shall ttvort ii- tho sequel.

In the neighborhood of Chandeshwar tho explorer noticed Hom'» temples or enclosures lonsisting ot concentric stone walls of rude v^<}'>-iiruction, open in one place, with the Mahadeos, represented by stone pillars, in the centre. Tho construction of the temples, he thinks, appears of some inter-

*Klvot^Caruac: Arohicological Xotea, otc. ; pp. 3, 4, 6.

UAII.I

INDIA.

;}?

<st wlic'ii ((iiiHi^lcrcd w ciiimcctidii with tlic r(i('k-riiltiiij,''s iind sliriiios at Clunuk'sliwiir, lirtccn niilfs disfaiit.*

Mr Wivt'tt-Ciiriiac icIVts to a letter received in 1H77 fVoiii a },'eiitl('inaii then in India, Mr. (-'ainphel! of Inlay, who is nnich intoro«ted in tho Huh- jeet of Scottish fock-inarkini^s. Heiny at Ayodhya with a IIiu(h)o wh<» K|)oke jj'o(td Kn;;lish, Mr Canipheli |irucnred a fakir, and drew on tlie sand two concentric circles with a dot in the middle, askinj;' what the li^iin-e meant. The fakir at onco answered ".Mahadeo." lie then drew a similar lif^nro with a radial line l^ejiimiin^ in the c(!ntre, and received tho saino answer. The ineaninjy of these lifjuros, Mr. Campbell says, is familiarly known thronjihont India. At Delhi he learned from a friend tliat theyaro chalked on stones in Kan^ra (Punjal)) liy people marching- in marria<,'e-]»rocessions,f 'I'his fact is certainly si<rnillcant, to .say the least. I'rofe.s.sor Desor, more- over, states, probaldy on the stren{>tli of private commnnications from Mr. l{i\ott-Carnac,t thai Hindoo women carry, in pil;rrinia<,'cs, water from tho («an<res to the nioinitains of tho Pin'" ^' for the ])nrposo of boHprinklinjr with it these signs in the temples, where they invoke tho divinity to bestow on them the favor of motherhood (pap^e .'i4).

The final conclusions arrived at by Mr. Hivett-Carnac are snnmied np in tho dosinji' parayrnph of his article on the .snake synd)ol in India, written subsequently to In's investigations in Nagpoor and Kumaon.

"I may add in conclu.sion," he observes, "that no ono who has boon in this country and who has noticed tho monolith Mahadoos of tho Western (Jhats of tho Himalayas and otluT parts of India, can fail to bo struck with tho resemblance that tho menhirs of Carnac in Brittany and its neighbor- hood bear to the Siva onddems of India. I visited the.se remarkable remains when at home last year, and was quite taken aback by their rosom- blanco to well-known Indian typos. Tho moiudiths of Scotland covered with what 1 believe to be 'Mahadeo' symb(ds are of the same class. Added to this, in the recesses of the Pyrenees, the people whose language suggests their descent from the tribes who erected the tnuuili and menhirs, not only in this neighborhood, but also in other parts of Eurojie, still proser^'o tra-

•Kivclt-Caruac: Arclia!olo);Uiil Notes, cto. ; p. 5. tibid., \>. 15.

t I'rDlVtwor nr.sipi- iilliiflia I" a ('(irri'.xponilcm'c « ilU Mr KivuU-Caruuv (Corrcspumlenz-Ulatt tlur DtMilsclii'ii Aiilliioiiiilotjischoii Ueai'llscliaft, 1^77, S. '^).

h

i:

■:JP^4«W«»-

38

CL'PSUAl'ED AND OTIIKR LAinDAIMAN SCULPTrRES.

flitions connected with these monoliths, and have actually retained some traces of what I will call Siva-worship* With this evidence, added to the points noticed in my papers on the Jnnapani barrows and the Kumaon markings, the connection between the marks in India and Europe may then, I hojje, be conaidered tolerably complete."t

It slionld bo mentioned that cupped boulders of gneissoid porphyry were discovered by Dr. Verchcre on the banks of the Indus, in Cashmere, prior to Mr. Rivett-Carnac'a explorations. Yet the iirst-nanied traveler, not knowing the character of cup cuttings, was inclined to ascribe the artificial cavities to the action of glaciers. "This suppo.sition," says Pro- fessor Desor, " apjjears to ns totally inadmissible. The action of glaciers doubtless tends to modify the rocks upon which they move, Tliey polish them and leave upon them characteristic furrows and striaj. Though we have ourselves devoted long years to the study of glaciers, we have never noticed that they produce cavities: like ba.sins or cups. It nuist therefore be conceded that these latter are the work of man. J[. Verchere doubtless would have felt less scruple in admitting this origin, if he had been acquainted with the frequent occurrence of cups on erratic blocks in Europe" (page ."6).

At the close of his essay Professor Desor, availing himself of the remarkable results obtained bj- Mr. Rivett-Carnac, sets forth the inferences he draws from the occurrence of cups and other archaic figures upon stones ami rocks in countries as far disti'.nt from erxch other as India and Ireland. He ascribes the practice of executing such sculptures to people of the Aryan stock, who, he thinks, transferi-ed this peculiar custom from tlieii' Asiatic homes to the countries of Europe. He connects with this innnigration the

"The author rofora to certain siipcrstitiouspmcti^jesin comiootiou wilb Micri'dstoiiuH, but lately or cvfii still in vogiio among the pi'ople in the Pyrcnci s, as Htated liy M<'.ssrs. Pit'llo and S.icazn in tlio article <|Uiitc<l in my acrount of ( iip-stom n in I'ranco. Speaking of a lioulder, called /.c <'iiilli(ii)ii d'Arriba-Pardin, they siiy: —

"Autrefois, il y a trente ans i\ peine, Ic:, Ji lines gens do I'oulieau allnii'nt en procession, le soir dn ninr<li-gras, faire snr ei'tle pierre nu grand fen dc jiaille pour lecpiid eli;iiine chef ih' niaison touriiissait nne liotte. lis niurcliaient nii il nn, ch;ieuii tenant par deiriOre eelui ipii le proic^dait, et s'avanfaient dans une attilmle et avee des gcsles !\ la fnis hnrlesi|neH r't oliscenes."

With reference to a nu'uhir ni the same dislrici the follcwing stalenieni is made ; —

"ICneore anjonrd'hni, lors(ine Ics hahilanls de lionrg-d'Oncil vont do <" cftt*'', pins d'nno jeuno fennnc \ a baiser le me:iliir en cachet le." — Pi ft If d .S'ficrt^c: l.fn Moiutmriits tff hi Monfaijnr tVKs]}ifiup {riin'- n«»); Materianx, I'^T'^, p. 'J.")7-.>.

t Rivett-Caniai-: liimgh Notes nn llii' SnaKc Symbol in India, etc.; ri!i)rinlid fumi ibo Journal of tho.Vhiatic Society of Ueiigal; i'alentla, H71I. \>. 11.

ItAU.J

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39

erection of moofalithic stnictiires in those countries,* and believes, in short, that tile neoUthic period dates in Europe from the arrival of those Asiatics, who sujjplanted there the troglodytic tribes (probably Mongolian), of which the Laps are the last remnant in Europe. The Arvcan new-comers, he be- lieves, brought with them several species of domestic animals and of cereals, the remains of m hicii are found abundantly in the Swiss lacustrine settle- ments of earliest date, and likewise the celts of jadeite and nephrite dis- covered in the dolmens of lirittanj- and in lake-dwellings, and consisting of materials not found in Europe, but by no means rare in the East.

"It would remain to us," he says, "to investigate by what routes these colonists from Asia reached Europe ; whether they followed the same track or came in successive waves, as it were, advancing in different direc- tions. This is a vast and arduous task, which cannot be entered upon in u rapid sketch like the present one, but which, perhaps, we shall make one day tlie subject cf a- special treatise" (page 43).

Reserving my observations on the theories advanced by Professor Desor and other arclneologists for a subsequent part of this treatise, I close my brief account of primitive sculptures in the Old World and pass over to a consideration of analogous lapidarian work in the Western Hemi- sphere.

It sboul.l be remembered," ho says, " that, aceording to the majority of archjeologists, the mega- l.thic monuments otKurope belong to the age of polished stone, considering that amis and utensils almos exc nsu-dy of stono have been found in the hirge dolmens of Brittany, and that among the One Lolts they have furui.hed, several are made of jadeito and other kinds of stono peculiar to The Ka«t Copper beads, it .. trne, have been taken fron> several dohuens in the South of Trance, and Messrs. Piette and S.acaEe, n.ore.ncr, hove not long ago discovered in the cromlechs of the Pyrenees bronze braeelot8 low that 'trn?M'n'' "f,^""" '!" 1!'" o^-'-'ents of the later ^ron^e age; but hence i, doe,, not fol- low that tlie metal was introduced m Lurope simeltaneonsly with tho megalithic structures. The latter may be of antenor date an.l th ir use may hav,- o.om cont.nned attei -ho introduction of bronze, .-M perhaps ovon lougor."— Pierrts d £cMlhfi, p. 40. '

PA.RT II.

t

PRIMITIVE LAPIDAlilAN SCULPT[JliES IN AMERICA.

NORTH AMEIM<!A.

IJeforo entorino- upon tlio subject indicated in tlie above ]muliu<r, 1 J.-ivo to allude, for the sake of gradual demonstration, to the so-called hannnor- stones, a well-known class of aboriginal rc-lics found in considerable nund,.>r throuohout .he IFuitod States. They are ^a-nerally roun<lish or oval pebbl..s ot a son.eu-hat compressed or iiattene.l innn, pn-sentiufr in tlu-ir side view the outhne ot a n.ore or less eloiifrated ellipse. Their only artiliciid alter- ation consists in two small pits „r cavities, so placed to form the centres of the opposit.. broader sides. In these cavities the workn.an is supposed to have placed the flunnb and n.id.lle lln^vr of the rinhf han.l, while the fore- Im-er pressed a-ainst the upper circumference nf the stone. The material ot these iu.plements is usually .puutzite, «Taywa,-k,s or som'e other kind of corapact sandstone.

As siuu-lar .stones occur in Europe, specuiati..ns upon their use are nut - .u.tn.o. an.l I'n.fes.sor xXiksVu, in particular, has tried f,. prove they had hm employed in chippiun- t..nls and weapons ..f (liut.f {"will adn.i"t that •Lev r^ay have been used, in Europ,. as weli as iu Amcri,.a, In,- tashion- H.« nn.oh unpleuuMits and for llakiu- „(f pic-ces of flint, .■(,•., wln.l, were eventually to be brou-ht into defun-te shapes; but they are by far too clumsy and possess too nnu'h roundness on all shies to have been the tools for fabricating arrow-heads and other delicate arti.-les of fliut How woul.l it be po,ssible, for iustaucv, to pro.luce a stemmed dart with Ion;.-

hi

■.<(V

42

CUP-SHAPED AND OTHER LAPIDAUIAN SOULPTUUES.

barbs bj- means of such u liamnier-stone ? The art of making stone arrow- heads, moreover, is no h)nger a mystery, at least not in the United States,' wliere several methods still arc employed by certain western tribes for fashioning them. They })robabiy were mostly chipped into their final shape by pressure with tools of horn or bone, a nnmber of which, obtained from still existing tribes, can be seen in the United States National Museum. The fine neolithic fiint objects of Northern Europe, such as barbed and stemmed arrow and spear-heads, daggers, crescent-shaped implements, etc., doubtless were produced by similar methods.

Whether the hruised pitted stones were : '•i<r';'ally designed for ham- mers, or whether, in view of the diverse purpo;>' "h implements some- times have to serve in the hands of uncivilized mn' liieir use as hannners was a secondary one, are questions upon which I will not enlarge in this place.* It is certain, however, that a large number of the pitted stones, usually called hanuner-stones in the United States, are perfectly intact at their circumferences, and consequently cannot have served as imagined. Of the many pitted stones in the National Museum, sixty — derived from New York, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Illinois, Tennessee, Kentucky, Louisiana, and California — ai'o now on exhibition, and of these only twelve show the marks of hannnering. There is a single pit either on each of the opposite broad sides or only on one side of the stones now considered, and their cavities, differing in size and depth, are not ground, but apparently pro- duced, sometimes quite dumsil}', by means of a tool of fiint or other hard stone. May not such stones have been nsed by the aborigines for cracking UDon them, by means of other stones, the difli'erent kinds of hard-shelled fruits so abundant in North America? The cavities mostly are of sufiicient depth to hold any kind of nut in j)lace. This kind of work Mould chiefly have devolved upon women and children (particularly girls), and h>nce it would not be difficult to account for the large number of these stones, f And

• The real North Aiiicriciiu liaiumor-stones, I am uow iucliiicd to beliovo, arc jiebbles or frafjiupiits (if (|uartzit(' or lliiity inati'rial.H, soiinnimcM modilioil liy art niid nnicli battered by use. Tboy tell their own .itory, lis it weio. I'.xaetiv siinil^ic stones are found in Kurojie. Mr. Kvans figures two of thorn on page 'iiW of his well-known work on the siotie iin]ilenient», ole., of Great liritaiu.

tTl.at theuieihoil here inilieaieil was in vogue among the jirohistorie people of Europe is almost deniouslialeil by Sir t'liarli's I. yell's deseription of a log-ialiin, discovered ill l^-Xtby Captain Miiilge, R. N., ill DrnniKellin bog, in Donegal, Ireland, at a ileplh of fourteen feet from the snrfaee. It was twelve feet sijiiaro aud nine feet high, beiug divided into two stories, eaeh foiir feet high. The planking

KAH.]

NORTH AJIEUICAN PITTED STONES.

43

fiirtlior, fm intact flattisli stone, used with its broad sido as a lianuner for beating upon the end of a flint tool — an operation prol)abIy often per- formed in savage life — would graduall}- receive at the point of contact the impression of the liarder flint. Hence a number of pitted stones may owe tlieir cavities to such a mode of application.

Fig. i)2 represents a stone of the class under notice, which was found near PVanklin, Williamson County, 'J'ennessee, and belongs to the series exhibited in the National Jluseum. It is a somewhat flattisli pebble of oval shape, about two inches In thickness, and showing oidy on one side a small cavity, worked out very carelessly, and just large enough to receive an object of the size of a nut. The material is a clayey sandstone.

Sometimes these stones exhibit two cavities close together, as though it had been intended to ci-ack with one blow two nuts placed in these pits. Such u stone is represented by Fig. 3o. The original belongs to a series of jiitted stones whicli were sent to me, many years ago, by m\- friend, Mr. J. JI. M. Gernerd, of Muncy, Lycoming County, Pennsylvania, and had been collected by him in that neighborhood, nu>re especially near the banks of the Susquehanna Kiver. This specimen, a graywacke pebble not exceeding an inch and one-quarter in thickness, shows on both sides two shallow con- tiguous cavities When the iirst white settlers penetrated to that part of the Susquehanna Valley, they found on or near the present site of Muncv a village of the Miusi or Munsey Indians, the Wolf clan of the great Lenni- Leiuipe or Delaware nation; and the name " Muncy," indeed, perpetuates the designation of that clan. There is still a tradition, I am informed bv ]\rr. Gernerd, that they were in the habit of <'atlu'riu<r lar"-e supplies of shell-bark hickory-nuts, wliich formerly grew plentifully in the neighborhood.

It should 1)0 boriu^ in mind that nuts played a conspicuous ])art in the household of the North American Indians. The flrst adventurers of the

[Hi

(iinsi.mcil iifoali, split with wedgt's of 8tono, ivml the roof wus fliit. A stoim cflt and a tliiit arrow-lii\iiI

I'omid ill III!' interior of tliis primilivr liMil(lin;r I'liriiisli aililiiioiiiil proofs of its n'liioti' niitiiiiiity. "On llir lloor (if thi: dw.lliiii;,'' olisi-rvi'.-t Captain Miiiliic, " lay a slab of frci'stoni', three fci't loiifj and foiir- lecn incliis iliick, in tlio ifiitro of wliiili was a small pit, lliicc-ipiarli'rs of an inch drop, wUifli had been ihiscled out. This is presumed to liavo been used for holdiiiff nuts to be eraeKed by nieaiis of one of the round sliinnle-slones, also foimd then', wliii li liadserved iisa liainmcr. ^oiin' entire ha/el-iiiils anil a yreat iinanlity of brokeu shells were strewed iiboiit the Uoor."— Li/t//; Jiitiquilii of Man ; London and Philadelphia, IsT.). p. ;«.

H is;

t f. *->^^j'^ '-

44

oup-siiArKD AND otii1':r lapidauian sculptures.

Latin race who came in contact with thcMn (Cabe(;a de Vaca, the anony- mous Knij^ht of Elvas, Bicdma), and many authors of moro modern times, n.'cntion these fruits .'is an important article of food of the aboriginal inhabit- ants. It can bo imagined that they consumed a large quantity in a raw state; but they also prepared from them an oily, milk-like liquid, which they used as an ingredient in the preparation of other food. Full details in regard to this subject have been published by Colonel Charles C. Jones in his work on the antiquities of the Southern Indians, to which I would refer those specially interested in the subject.*

Ho there also draws for the first time attention to a class of utensils which ho designates as "nut-stones," and to which he ascribes, as the name im- ])lies, the same mode of employment which I feel inclined to claim for the pitted stones just described. Colonel Jones found the relics called nut- stones l)y him in considerable number in Middle and Upper Georgia, but most abundantly on the site of an old Indian village near the confluence of the Great Kiokeo Creek and the Savaimah River (Columbia County). More than thirty were there seen by him within the space of a few acres. He thus describes them : —

" They consist of irregular masses of compact sandstone or soapstonc, weighing from two to ten pounds, in whoso surfaces occur circular depres- sions, from ;m inch to an inch and a half in diameter, and from one-(jnarter to three-quarters of an inch in depth. Upon the broadest and flattest sides these '^''^; vossions, from three to five in number, are located close together. 1\) ])roduce them the harder stones had been pecked and the softer gouged. Not only on one side do they appear, but frequenth' on both sides, and often in the ends, so that the stone, when set up in the earth on any one of its faces, would always present one or more of these cu[)-shaped cavities ready for use. Their cavities are so located that one, two, three, four, five, and sometimes more nuts could be cracked at a single l)low delivered by means of the circular flat crushing-stones so connnon and so often found in direct connection with the rude articles now under consideration. The cups are just large enough to hold a hickory-nut or a walnut in proper position, so that, when struck, its pieces would be iircvcnted from being widely scat-

'.loiii'S (t'lLiili's ('.): Aiiliiiuitii'n i>f ihr Npiillifi'ii liiiliaii^ : N'lW VcnU, 1ST:'>, p. :!!.">, clc.

m

RAU]

NOUTII AJIEHIOAN NUT-BTONES.

45

terecl. Particularly do the soapstones indicate the impressions left by the convex surfaces of the harder nuts. Upon some of tliem the depressions seem to have been caused simply by repeatedly crackinj^ the nuts upon the same spot, so that in tune a concavity was produced corresponding to the half of the spherical or spheroidal nut. Such is the most natural explanation we can ofier with regard to the use of these stones,"*

• It should be added that Colonel Jones found in some instances the sites where he collected the stones even now overshadowed by hickory and walnut-trees. I had frequent occasion to examine the specimens of this class brought together by him, and I never doubted for a moment the cor- rectness of his view as to the use of these utensils.

A nut-stone of coarse-grained sandstone, found in the neighborhood of Loudon, Loudon County, Tennessee, and preserved in the National Museum, is represented by Fig. ■i4. It shows on the figured surface ten irregular con- ical depressions, four of which are considerably larger than the rest. The lower side is provided with eight unequal cavities of the same character.

The cavities in the North American stone utensils thus far described are produced, as stated, in a manner betokening but little care. I now pass over to another class of objects, which bear in their genei-al appearance much resemblance to the iir.st-mentioned stones (typified by Fig. 32), birt which, to judge from the character of their cavities, were designed for a totally different purpose. They are pebbles, or more or less flattish frag- ments, exhibiting either on one of the broad surfaces or on both, a reg- ular cup-shaped cavity from an inch to an inch and a half in diameter, which has almost invariably been produced by means of a rotating grind- ing tool.

Fig. 35 shows the character of a specimen of this class in the National Museum. It is a somewhat liattisli dioritic p-bble, two inches and a half thick, which exhibits on ihe ligured surface a circular cup-shaped cavity, measuring an inch and a half in diameter and nine-sixteenths of an inch in depth. There is a similar cavity on the opjjosite side of the stone. This specimen was found near Groveport, Franklin County, Ohio.

" Jones (CbarleaC): Aiiliquitics of the Somliiiii Indians; pp. ;!15. 31S.

M

i ?

l!:|

w

46

CUPSEIAPED AND OTHim LAPIDAUIAX SCULPTDKES.

In Fi<T. 36 I give the representation of anotlier stono of this type, derived from the neighborhood of Portsmoutli, Oiiio, and likewise preserved in the National M>iseum. It is a pebble of fine-grained sandstone, almost quadrilateral in shape, about an inch and a half thick, and provided on each side with a rather shallow depression. Both cavities are covered with red paint, which seems to have penetrated into tho stone. Several other speci- mens in the archajnlogical collection of the National Museum are character- ized by the same peculiarity, and hence it may bo assumed that the stones under notice are cups in which the aborigines rubbed or dissolved the colors used in face-painting and for other purposes. Indeed, paint-mortars of stone, not much differing from the utensils in question, are still employed by remote western tribes.

I must now proceed to consider another very remarkable class of North American relics, namely, stones of larger size, upon which sevral cup- like cavities are worked out. The material of these stones i.-s almost exclusively sandstone, and thoy occur mostly in the shape of flat fragments without definite contours. The cups are either on one of the flat sides or on both, and their number on a surface varies, as far as I have observed, from two to ten. They are irregularly distributed, being placed close together or more or less a[)art from each other. In general they measure an inch and a half in diameter, bu; sometimes less. The cavities are pro- duced by grinding, and usually approach a semi-spherical form; occasion- ally, however, they are somewhat conical or funnel-shaped. Their inner surfaces exhibit different degrees of smoothness, being often, in conse- quence of weathering, rather rough, like the remaining surface of the stone. These cup-stones bear some resemblance to those found in certain lacustrine stations of Switzerland; but they seem to differ in appearance and destina- tion from the English cupped stones described by Mr. Greonwell.

A cup-stone in the National Museum, derived from Summit County. Ohio, and weighing eleven pounds, is represented by I'ig. 37. The level surface shows nine cups, of which six are perfect, and three, placed near the broken sides, more or less incoini)lete. The stone, it will be seen, is a fragment, and may originally have been provided with more than nine cav- ities. There are now eleven of these cup-stones in the National Museum,

i

RAU.)

NORTH AMERICAN OGl'-STONES.

47

five of which have been found in Pennsylvania, Tennessee, Kentucky, and Illinois, while the remaining six are derived from Ohio, which State, I believe, has furnished the majority of the known specimens.

An Ohio cup-stone in the National Museum deserves particular men- tion, on account of one of its cavities being covered with red jiaint, which cannot be removed by moistening. It is the only case of this kind noticed by me, and the use of the cavity as a paint-cup in this instance may bo accidental. I therefore will not venture to express the opinion that all North American cup-stones of the typo represented by Fig. iil are to be considered as utensils designed to hold colors. Yet the possibility of this mode of application cannot be denied, considering that the Indian inhab- itants of the East and of the Mississippi Valley employed different kinds of paints, each of which had to be made ready for use in a separate recep- tacle. Small paint-cups of earthenware, joined together, and certainly reminding one by their arrangement of the i»avities in the stones under notice, are in use among the Zuui Indians of New Me.xico. Several speci- mens were obtained by Mr. James Stevenson in 1879, during his expedition to New Mexico and Arizona, undertaken under the auspices of the Bureau of Etiniology. Fig. 38 represents one of the articles in question. It con- sists of four uniteil cups of an inch and a half in diameter and about an inch in depth.* The paints still adhering to the inner surfaces of these cups are red, white, yellow, and blue. There is but little difference be- tween the dimensions of the cups and the cavities of the cup-stones just described.

j\Ir. Stevenson obtained on the same occasion from Indians of the Puol)lo of Tesuque, New Mexico, a small mortar and i)estle, both of stone, which were used by tlunn in the preparation of piunt. Tliis simple appa- ratus, represented by Fig. 39, hardly would attract particular attention, if it were not for a cup-shaped cavity excavated on one side of the pestle, and perfectly corresponding in shape and size with the artificial depressions of the cnp-stones. The cavity .s(?rved to receive a portion of the liquid \y,\'mt prepared in the mortar. Such at least Avas the account given to Mr. Ste- venson Ijy the Tesuque Indians. They probably poured into the cavity a

* The number of cups in the spcoimons obtniucd by Mr. Stevenson varies between two and five.

48

(nxrsirAi'Ki) and otiiku laimdauian scuhi'TuitKa.

small fjiiiintit}' of the iluiil i)i{^niont, in order to uao it I'rocd from the piir- ticlos of coloring mineral substance remainin^f in the mortar.*

These two illustrations of the use of paint-cups among Indians of our time certairdy afford no direct evidence that the cup-stones in question were made to serve in a similar manner, though they certaitdy heighten the probability of such an application.

The first notice of an American cui)-stone, I believe, is contained in "The Ancient ]\[onumcnts of the Mississippi Valley," by Scjuier and Davis, the well-known work published in 1848 as the lirst volume (»f Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge. On page 20G (Fig. 1*2) a sandstone block, said to have been found in one of the mounds of Ohio, is hgin-ed. The block, weighing between thirty anil forty jjounds, exhibited on its surface a number of cups of diifercnt sizes, rcsendding, as the authors state, in all respects those in work-blocks of cop])ersuiiths, in which ])lat('s of metal are hammered to give them convexity. Hence it ajjjjoared to thorn prob- able that the block had been used in the manufactun; of such concavo- convex discs of native copper as are sometimes mot with in the mounds of the Mississipi)i Valley. While living in New Ycjrk, I had often occasion to see a fragment of this block in the collection of Dr. 10. II. Davis, and a careful examination of the relic made it evident to mo that the cavities had not ])eeu u.sed as Messrs. Squier and Davis supposed. By the sale of the Davis collection, which comprised the bulk of the mound-relics obtained by the two explorers, to the late Mr. William Ulackmore, the fragment in question was transferred to the Blackmore Museum, in Salisbury, England, and Mr. E. T. Stevens has since described it as follows : —

"The oblong fragment in the Blackmore collection measures six inches by eight, and has upon it three perfect detached cups, two cups Avhich arc confluent, j)ortions of three rniished cups, one half finished, and several which have been commenced. It may be well to remark that these 'cups' are oval, there being a difference in the two diameters of about one-eii-hth of an inch. They measure in their greater diameter about one inch and a half, and are about seven-eighths of an inch in depth. Judging from the

* III ]):iiiiting pottery, etc., tbuy aiil)ly tlic color witli ii brusli strijjped from the leaves of tho yucca plaut.

JUU 1

NORTH AMi;itM^\N CUP HTONIW.

49

enfrniviii),' in tli(f 'Aiicicut Moiuiiiioiits of tli(^ Mississippi V'all(!y.' flic cups upon tlitf oriiriiial mass were not all of tlin sanu^ siz(!. ()n»i corner (»f tli« fnifrniont indicates that it has been oxposod to tlio a(;tion of iirc Scpiior and Davis have HUgf^cstod that these cups were used in hannnerin-,' phites of (^(ppcr into the convex form needed for niakinj;' bosses. Tlie circnm- stances that two of tlie cups are confhient, tliat the surfacci of the hhu'k has not been smoothed, and that there is no evi(h*nce of bruising from haumiering, all militatt! against the idea that this block was used, or was even intended to be used, as an anvil."*

Of lato years Colonel Charles Whittlesey has devoted special attention to cup-stones. According to his statement, they occur (piite frecjuently in Northern Ohio, more particularly in the valley of the Cuyahoga Wivcr; but he informs nie by lettec that, to his knowledge, nont? have been obtained from the numerous mounds of Ohio. He brings the cnp-stones in connec- tion with tlie spirniing process of the natives, sup|)osing the (cavities had served as sockets in whi(;h spindles wcjre made to revolve, and hence ho calls the stones "si)indle-socket-8tones."t I nuist confess that I carniot share CVdonel Whittlesey's ojunion, in view of the absence of spindle- whorls in tlios(i parts of the United States wl ere cup-stones thus far have been found. If spindle-whorls had been in use ainiuig the fornu-r inhal)- itants of this country, it is very probable that, in conf(»riiiity with their well-known tasto, they would have made them of stone or clay, and iji that case they would be as abundant in the eastern half of the United States as they are in Kurope, where the i)ra(;tice of spinning by means of this simi)le contrivance dates as far back as the neolithic period. J Adair, it is true, in describing the mode of weaving in vogue among the Southern Indians (iMu.skokis, etc.), s])eaks of an apparatus which muji liav(; been a spindle. "Formerly," he observes, "the Indians made very handsome carpets, 'i'hey have a wild hemp that grows about six feet high, in open, rich, level lands, and which usually ripens in .Inly. It is plenty on our frontie-' ; -^illements. When it is iitfor use, they pull, steep, peel, and beat it; and tii, i.! women

•Sli^vons: Flint i'liips; l,ii:Ml()n, l»-7l), p. 'I"!!.

t Wliittlfwy ; Aiiciriit Kaitli I'm! » of Ihc Ciiyiilmgii Valley, Ohio; Clivcliiinl, li"7l, \<. X',. ! It limy hv nu|)p(wcil that wliirovcr Kiiiiidli-wlioiiH wcru ciiiiilDycd in )ir<lii.st(iric tinictt, eaiili Woman anil girl imsMcitscct at least cine of tliesc uteusilH. 4 I, S

'

50

(HIPSIIAIKI) AND OTilKU LAIMDAUIAN SOULmJJtKS.

spin it off tlic distaffs \f\t\i Avoodon iiiiu-liiiies, luiviii;^; soino clay on tlu; niiddlo of tlicni to hasten tlitj motion. Wlicn tlio coarse thread is jircpared, tiiey pnt it into a Cninic aljont six feet siinaio, and instead of a sluittle thc^y thrnst thmno-h tlie tin-eadwith u lon-^ cane, having a lar^e strinj^ thn)n},di tho weh, wiiicdi th(!y shift at every second conrst; of tlio tin-ead Wlien t\wy liavo tl:".s fniished tlieir arduons labour, thoy paint each side of tho carpet with HUch tijjuros of various c^ohiurs as their fruitful imaginations d-svise, particu- larly the images of thos(! hirds and Ixtasts they are accpnunted with, and likewise of tiu'mseives, acting in their social and martial stations."* Had iho contrivances, called "machines" by Adair, l)een real sjtindles, he i)roba- bly would have recognized them as such, a^; !ie undoubtedly had witnessed thoir use in Great Ihitain, which countn he left during the first half of tho eighteenth century, and where spinning with distaff and spindle has not yet entirely fallen into disuse in our tinu^

Certain Indian trilu's in remote western districts, tlie Navajos and Pueblo Indians, for instance, use at tiie present time spindles for spinning the cotton and sheeps' wool employed in tho manufacture of blankt^ts and other textile articles Their whorls are disc, of wood, stone, bone, horn, and burned clay. The arduiMdogical collection of the United States National Museum contains no North vmerican object of stone or clay, found north of ^lexico, in wiiicli I can recognize a spindle-whorl. In Mexico, it is well known, s[)indl!'s were in general use, and the wdiorls {iitalaratl) are among the commo.i oljects seen in collections of Aztec antiquities. They are represented in the National Museum by many spe(;imens, all made of terra-cotta, and in some instaiu-es tastefully ornamented, like the originals of Figures 40 and 41, which were obtained by tho late Cohmel Urantz Mayer at Tezcnco, and presented to tho Smithsonian Institution in 18(j2. The Mexican method of spinning is illustrated b}' designs in the Mendoza Codex, published by Lord Kingsborongh.

It doubtless will be a matter of great interest to arclucologists, both in this country and in lOurope, to learn that large cujjped blocks, fully resem- bling those of the Old World, have of late years been observed in the

"AJair: The History of the. Aiiuiicau Iiidiiiii't • I.(>''..i<)ii, I77ri, ji. '2ii. — Tlio romains of trxtilo fabrics having been found in mounds of tlii» couutry, it follows that .soirio Bort of wonviug was iirac- tiscd hore in timos Ion;; past.

i

KADI

NORTH AMKklCAN' riJI'l'IM* ItOCLMKIJH.

fil

United SUitt'8. As yot n fow only uro knowi), l)iit oio loiij;, T •ira coiifidont, tlio exiatenco of others will l)o ascertuiiicd. Wiionovcr iiivcstigutors liivvo their attention drawn to a new (dass of antifpiities, they endeavor to iind them, and are usually sneoessfnl in their efforts.

Fifr. 42 shows the appearance of a enpped block preserved in the building of the Society of Natural History in Cincinnati, to which associa- tion it was presented by the discoverer. Dr. H. II. Hill, a resident of that city. His letters and a coininunicatiou from IVofessor J. Jlickelhorough, also of Cinciiniati, enable nie to jrive the ftdlowin;,' account: —

The block was found by Dr. Hill durinjf an iircha'olo<,qcal excursion, in May, 1874, a mile and a half above Irouton, Lawrence County, Ohio, near the bank of the Ohio. It was, indeed, washed by the water of that river, and covered with debris that had fallen from the upper ])ortion of the bank, from which latter circumstance Dr. Hill concludcil it had also rolled from this hifrher level to the lower Uiar^rin of the; rivii-b.ink. , Having bought the block from the owner of the land, he had ii removed from its position and conveyed by steamboat to Cinciruiati, wiiere it arrived in .lune, 1874. In the same year he presented it to the Cincinnati Society of Natural His- tory. The block or boulder, which consists of coarse-grained dark-gray sandstone, is three feet long, two feet and seven inches wide, and a foot and a half high, and measures eight feet seven inches in circumference. It weighs between a thousand and twelve hundred pounds. According to Dr. Hill, the surface of the stone shows one hundred and sixteen cups, either rounded or conical in shape.* Professor Jlickelborough mentions one hun- dred and twenty cups, which he describes as being circular in outline, and apparently produced by attrition with some blunt implement. The average diameter of the cups is an inch and a half, and their depth about half an inch; but some are five-eighths of an inch deep, and others again more shallow. The inside of the cups, he says, is rather smooth. }-et not as

•Fur pliotnirniplis aftor wliioli flic iltiistratioii was cxecuti'd, I am imlchtid lo Dr. IIUI and .Jinlfjo 51. r. rorci', of Ciiiciiiiiati. I had flir hIoiic drawn on wood in liad-]Mii(il, and In Ion' liandinff ov<'r tlui liliiek to I hi' \vood-in;;iavi'r, I wnl a i)lnito;;rai)li <dllii' drawinjjlo .Ind;;i' Kiinc rori'oiiiiiarisoii willi flic orifrinal. lie rciilicd (.lainniry 1(1, l^-rtl) as follows: " I think this dois virv will a.s a ri'incsonta- tion of the ciiii-Klone. Of oouisi', tlieic ii an cxa^'Kcratid distinctness in the inps— that is, the shadow in tllo hollows is not so distinct, at least in onr snnlighl, as it is in the jiiitnie "—I hope the slightly exaggerated distinctness of the cups, allnded to li.v Judge Force, will be deemed uUonable, the more so ns tbn boulder was exi)ospd to the artion of water, and formerly doubtless exhibited more distinct cups

52 CUPSnAI'ED AND OTDEIl LAIMDAUIAN SCULPTU.^ES.

smooth as tlic cavities of anotlier smaller specimen in the collection of tho Society of Natural History. In one cup, ho further observes, is a central depression about one-fourth of an inch in depth and of equal diameter. This central pit seems to have been made by means of some sharp-pointed instrument. But for this j)eculiarity the cup resemble;; the others excavated on the block. To jud<re froni Dr. Hill's description, the feature just alluded to is not contined to a sin-le cup, but is likewi.n^ noticed m others.

(Jn one side of the block, says Professor Jlickclborou-h, are some grooves four or hve inclies lon<;-, and likewise of artilicial origin. They have the appearance of being worn down by rubbing continuously in one direction. The diameter of the grooves is e(|unl to that of the cups, inso- much that a cylindrical stone applied in the direction of its longitmlinal axis would have produced the grooves, and its end, by rotation, tlie cup- shaped cavities.

The correspondents who have f-a-nished me with the material for this description offer no definite opinions as to tlie use uf this remarkable cup- stone. Dr. Hill can t'-iidc of no practical purpose to which the cups might have been applied b}- those who excavate<l them, nnhiss they served "as means for imparting information to their friends." Similar Aiews, as will be .een. liave been advanced in Europe with reference to the large cup- stones ii: that pan of the world.

Dr. Hill speaks of two nnu-h lar-jer sandstone boulders, one with tweu^y-.iine and the other with thirty-seven cups, which he saw near tho baidv of the Ohio, a few miles beh.w "\Ianc]u^ster, in Adams County, Ohio No further particulars a., '.. their appearance are given; but Dr. Hill intends to e.xan.ine them again. Ho thinks it very difluadt to remove

them.

In Oct.dKM-, 1S7S, the Uev. John .1. :\lcCu.)k, ..f Hartford, Connecticut, addressed to the SmithsDuian Institution a letter in which he describes a rui.ped granite l)ouMer cf large size, ly ng on the edge of the cliff not far from bis cottage at Niantic, in New f.ondon County, Connecticut. A scale- drawing (d' the bonl.ler, here repro.luced in half-size, and without^ any artistic"end)ellishment, as Fig. 43, mx-ompanied his account, of which 1 give the following e.Ktraet almost in his own words.

RAtT.]

NOKTII AMERICAN (UTPPEO BOULDERS.

53

When Mr. McCJook Ijocaine cognizant of tlie existence of the block, it had been only five year.s in its present position. For several generations it had formed part of the foundation of a wall, and when the wall ^\as removed, it was found almost imbedded in 'lie soil. At that time he did not notice the peculiar markings upon it; but from the location of the moss \/hich covers all below the dotted line ab r i;i the sketch, and is entirely absent upon what is now the njiper surface, iio concluded that the stone was ov(,'rset in the remo\al. Not far frt>m this bonhh'r arc several others, one of them weighing many tons, and nic(;ly jioised upon the very edge of the rocky cliiT. Yet he searched in vain for any mai-ks upon them, l)earing the slightest resemblance to those upon the subject of his sketch. His atten- tion was hrst drawn to these peculiar marks (ive or six years ago, while visiting the ueighl)oring beach, the i)ath U admg there passing close by the c ipped boidder. Ilis hrst theory in regard to them was, thaf tlujy might be the work of tlu; Niantic Indians, a small tribe, extiiu-t since 187U, to wliom all the land in the innnediate neighl)orhood of Niantic once be- l.inged. But frouA the beginning he was at a loss to ii;i erstand for what ))urpose they could have nnide these cu|)-sha])ed cavities. He thought they were too smai! to have served as mortars, and too symmetrical in their arrangement to have been uscmI for grinding down the ends of pestles;'. In the meantime, however, Mr. McCook read in the "Journal de Geneve"' a review of some publications on cup-stones, and hence it occiu'red to him that the boulder under notice " might be one of that system of marked stones which are found all over the M'orld, and are thought to have some relation to the religinus life of ])riinitive man." *

The cups belonging ti> the central group, II, 111, IV, and V, are .strik- ini'lv re^'ular and smooth. Nr. 1 is much less regular, and Nr. VI is so shallow and irregular that Mr. McCoo'c discov< led it only on do.se exam- ination, and, indeed, is (h)ubtful whether i ^loserves to be indicated as bi'longi'ig to the same class with the rest, riie dime'isions of the cu^s aro us follows : —

I. Diameter, L'i: inches. Depth, ".inch.

II. Diameter, Swindles. Depth, 'I. inch.

HI. Diameter, ,5g inches. Depth, ";„ inch.

54 CUPSUAl'EU ANO OTHER LAI'IDAUIAN S0ULPTUKE8.

IV. Diameter, 3' inches. Depth, f^ inch.

V. Diameter, 2| inches. Depth, ? inch.

VI. Diameter, i;;;X 2s inches. Depth, J inch. The centre of UI is a triHe out of the line between the centres of II

and IV.

Of the lines or grooves upon the side of the boulder, tlio irregular curved one may simply mark the boundary of erosion caused by the ele- ments, nd the straight ones may be nothing but common strl«. Tlie stone is a hard granite of tolerably fme texture. Its present upper surface is clean and snu)oth, and entirely free from moss. The portion of the side below the dotted line in the sketch and the present under-surface, as far as Mr. McCook could ascertain without turning the stone quite over, are cov- ered with moss. The boulder measures nearly six feet and a half in its greatest dimension.

So far ilr. :\rcCook. It beccnies evident by his description that the cavities on the Niantic boulder are some\.'hat diifercnt from those on the Cincinnati Ijlock, and possibly may have been designed for another pur- pose. Rounded stones with single cavities not larger and deeper than those described by Mr. McCook arc not rare in the United States, and were evidently used as mortars ; and larger cavities wliic-b have served for the same piu-pose are excavated on rocks in .^itn in certain parts of this couaU-y, as I shall have occasion to state more in detail hereafter. However, not having seen • Niantic boulder, I will refrain from expressing with any degree of positiveness an opinion at variance witli Mr. ]\IcCook's view.

For the present my information with regard to large cupped stones or boulders in the United States goes no further. The discovery of others is a mere question <if time. They will be found when properly looked for.

As early as 1 805, Captain William Dui)aix, charged by the King of Spain

with an exploration of the antiquities of Mexico, saw not far from Orizaba what has been thought to be a cup-stone. Many years afterward a dupli- cate of his report ami copies of the designs made 1)) his artist, Castafieda, were published in Uord Kingsborough's "ilexican Antiquities" (Volumes IV, V, and VI, I8;j0-'3l). A few years later, in I«;U, the work entitled "Antiipiites Mexicaines" (by Alexandre Lenoir) -was published at Pans.

RAU,

NORTH AMERICAN CITPPEI) BOULDERS.

55

It embodies Ciiptaiu Dupaix's oiiginul ropoii with illustrations nuide di- rectly after Castafioda's drawings. Both publications ••ive a representation of the stone in question; but these designs are so unlike e.-tch other that it is im[)ossible to form a correct idea of its character. Fig. 4i is a copy of I.ord Kingsborough's illustration.* The figure shows fourteen weli-delined cup-shaj)ed cavities, perfectly resembling those on the stones heretofore described. In the later work--"Antiquites Mexicaines" — which might be supposed to be the more reliable one, the stone is iigured on a larger scale,t but bears onl}' in outline a resemblance to Kingsborough's illustration. Instead of distinct cups it merely shows a number of irregular cavities, totall}- different from the cups indicated on Kingsborough's plate. Hence there remains a doubt as to the real appearance of the stone, Avhich will not be removed before it has been examined again by some explorer. I translate the description of the stone, as given by Dupaix in "Antiquitcs Slexicaines": —

"From this place (Orizaba) we proceeded toward the bridge across the river Blanco, sixteen leagui s southeast of the city, in order to examine a rock called Tcololintfa. It is spherical in slia.pe, very hard, of a bluish-black color, and emits no fire when struck witli a steel. It has been skillfully placed in the midst of an extensive savann It measures about twenty- two feet and a half in circumference and a iiili- moii than six feet in diam- eter. This stone, poised upon its axis by those who formerly fashioned it, has the p</culiarity that, when touched only with the little linger, it moves and corun.ues to vibrate for some time; while it remains apparently motinn- less wjien a greater force is applied, (^n its surface are seen some circular holes {troiis circulain'ti) of little depth, \fhicli can hold water in sea m mis of rain. It appears to have served in olden times as a boundary or land-mark (de borne on dc Ihnite), for there is anotlu-r one at a distance of two leagues from it."t

* Vol. IV, Tlio Monnino'.its of Nrw S|iiiiii, by M. Onp.iix, t'.irt I. Pliito IV, Vif,. Id,

t.Ml.is. rii'inii'ic rarlic. IManclir VIII.

t AiiliiiMiK's Mi'xir.iinos ; Iti'lalioii (li- la I'lriiiicrf" Kxpcditiim du Capitaino Diipaix rn l»(i,'i, Vol, I, p. 7. — Fur tlio H.'iko of I'oiiiparisoii 1 cupy luTo tlu> k'SH ciimplrtt' ili'sciiiition puliliKlicd liy I,i>id KiiiRs- lHirim!:Ii;--" Fn>m licnco (Orizabal \vi' went ti> tlio liridiji' of llic river Itlaiud, aliiiiil rnrly-i'i;;lit iiii'rs Himth-nisl of Orizulia, in scanh of a larm" hIihu' ralli'd Ti'(ilolitii;a, 'I'liis Hiniii' is upliirical in its furni, vi'rv liard (llinii^li it will imt I'liiil lir(< when stnirk liy the Nti'ol), and "f ii darU-ldnc cidnnr. U liascvi- di'iilly Ih'iii wrought into its pirsint nltapc, and plaiuil in llio niiildlcola spaiiimfi plain, liy the ani'icnt

i

56

CUl'SHAPKD AND OTHHU LAPIDAKIAN HClTfA'TIJURS.

I iiiii iKit iiwiiic tliiit otlier stones of iuialo;rous cliJiractor liavo ])oen noticed ill Mexico ; nor liiiv(! I thus I'ar obtained precise int'orination as to tlie occuiTenc(' of cupped stones or boulders in parts of the Aniericaa con- tinent wbicli are situated soutli of Mexico.*

In connection with Nortii American cup-stones should be mentioned boul(U'rs or rocks with an artitieial cavity, »tr with cuviti«;s, servinj^ for the trituration of yrain, and tints formiu}^ what nuf>-lit l)e calU'd stationary mor- tars. Tiieir occurrence extends over a iarnr portion of North America; but there is considerable dilfereiu^e in the character of the cavities, as the following .statements will show.

( 'olonel Jones saw in tlm middle and upper parts of Georj^ia "large boulders — .some of them waist-higli — permanent in their locatir»u, whose tops had been hollowetl out for mortars. These cavities were circulai- in form, and capable of holding a half peck or more. They may be regarded as public property, and atl'ord proof of the stability of the agricultural popu- lation by whi(di they wer(! used."f In historical times, however, the south- ern trilx's to whom ( 'oloncl .loiics refers are known to ha\e generally used wooden nu>rtars for pounding maize. Adair alhuh'S to their use and describes the method of hollowing them out by means of fire.} Hunter notices the wooden mortars of the Indians among whom he lived; but "in addition," he .say.s, "each village has one or two large stone mortars for poinuliug corn: they are placed in a central situation, are ])ublic jnoperty, and are used in rotation by the different familie.s."§

iiilialiiliiiiN 111' tlir iMiiiiliy. U is so aill'iillv iMl.'incril iipoii ilH iixis ;in to iivolvt! at tlir «li;"Iili'hl lonclr of till" tin;,'!'!'; Iiiil if a uriali r liircc Im' iisnl ll will slaiiil willimil llic Irast .'i]i|iar>'nl iniilicni. Its nih- fai'i' contains siiiiii' liiilrs capalili' of lioliliii^ a small <]iianlity of water. I' appiars to havi' anciiiitly Hcrvnl us a lanil-iiiai'lc. TliiT*' is allot lit- r ol tliTsc stoiit'N to the i-ast, a1>onl six iiiilcs illHtant." \'nl. \'I, Tilt' .Vntiiiim'titu !»/■ \t'U' Spain, hij M. Ihtjmir, p. l-.'i.

*I c|iiotr, liowcvi'i', from llif " Mali'i iaiix '' ( I'liT, p. Ji'JH) the followiii); iioto, aililri>>Ml to M. Gitbriol lie Mortillct liy I'volissor I'. Sliolnl, and daliil llinnos .\yns, May Jil, iHKi:—

"ApifS les ;ir'ii'li'H (Ic Moi'iot, A,\ m;iitl Simoiiiii ct Hoiivet. snr Ics pii-rrcs a eciirlli's rt a bassiiis, il no Kora pas sans inti'-ri't pour vons trapjii'i'mlro tin'on on ti'ouvo do srmldaliU's dans la t^iorra do San Luis. On y voit do tri's-nomlni'iix liassiiis rrousos dans la roilic, di' divrrsos dimonsions. lis oiiti scrvi aiix Iiidions pour i^i rasor of liroyii los fruits ol los (jrainos, d, pont-olri' iiioino, a nno opoipii' moiiis aiioii'iini', pour iriliiror lo miiKiai aurifi'ro ilo cos nirintaftnos. II cxisto aiissi clos pioms a liassius dans los nionia;,'nos di' Mondo^ta, datant <lo r('po(|iio dcs liuas. Cos ilivois lia^sins out po M•r^ il iltidis iiHa^os bioii dillV'Toiils : ri'-lii^inix, ^astrouoniiqiio ot nii''tallur)ii<|Uo."

t.loMis(('liallos I". ) ; Aiitiipiitios of llio Sonlliorn Iiicliniis: |i. IIIII,

t Adair: TIjo History of tlio Ainorii'aii Indians; p. tlli.

vMliintor: .Manuors anil Cnsloms of .Sov< ral Indian Tribes loialiil wist of llu' SIiH.si.>^«ippi ; I'liila- dplpliin, H'.'ll. p. 'jrrt.

Ti

KAU.

NOKTIT AMi:iUCAN BOULDEKS WITH MORTAK CAVITIKS. 57

A bouMfi- foinuil}- iisod as a mortar is tlms (U'scribod by Protessor Sainuc-1 Aiif^lioy, of the University of Nebraska:— "Four miles northwest of Nebraska City, on the farm of Hon. J. F. Kinney, is a granitic boulder as I»r«,re as a small house, on whose top smooth holes have been worn by the I n<lians in <,n-in(linLf or jjonndinf,' corn. This boulder is ind)odded in a Loess deposit, throufih which it extends from the Drift below."* Upon inquiry by letter, I leariu-d from Professor Aughey that the most conspicuous of the cavities measures fourteen inches in diameter and six in d(i)th Its inside, he says, is worn' as smooth as glass. The other cavities on this boulder are shallow and faint compared to this one.

Tn the Hierra Waco, in the extreme northwestern corner of Texas, al)out thirty miles east of Kl Paso, State of (Jhihuahua, Mexico, the Hon. John R. IJartlett noticed "an overhanging rock extending for some distance, the whole surface of which is covered with rude paintings and sculptures, nip- resenting men, animals, birds, snakes, and fantastic; figures. On the

shelving portion of the ])lace in (pu'stlon are several circular holes in the solid granite, from twelve to fifteen inches deej), wdiich the Indians have made and used as mortars for ])ounding their ccu-n in; similar ones being found all over the country where the al)origines have had their habitations."t Afterward, while proceeding in ( ■liiluiahua from Correlitos t(^ Kl Paso, Mr. liartlett saw a smooth rock covering about half an acre, to the right of the road. In this rock he counted twenty-six cavities within a few feet of each other. Tlx'y were from twelve to eighteen inches deep and aliout six in diameter, and had been dug out to serve as mortars.t In a letter addressed to me he aihls :— "I rcnu'inber that there was at that place a great (puuitity of tii^.t chip^)ings, l)rok('n arrow and spear-heads, fragments of pottery, etc., .showing that the Indians had spent much time here in making their stone

implements."

1 am indebted to Mr. Stt ,,hen l^owers, at presei.t residing in (Jlintou, Wisconsin, for the foHowing account of rocks with lufn-tar-cavities seen by him in California. lie says; —

"These are not nnfrequently met with in Santa Uarbara County, Cali-

•AiiKhcy: Skitrli.'S ofllii' l'li,VM<al (;ro^iii|iliy iind (iinlnt^.v of Nil)rii»ka ; Onialin, N( liiUBlvii, lH-0,

tU.iitlcll: IVrwiiial Nim.ilivc mC Kxiiloralinns ami Im idi'iits in T.xas, Ni.w Mfxifii, t'ulildrnia, tioncira, aii'l Cliiliualina, it,.; N'l'W Vmk, K>l, Vnl. 1, \i. Kn.

t/6id., Vol. II, p. 3*11. •

58

CUP SHAPED AND OTHER LAPIDARIAN SCULPTURES.

fornia. I have also seen them in Napa Valley, fifty miles north of San Francisco; indeed, I deem it safe to say they may bo found in nearly every portion of California, especially on and near the old village sites once inhabited by the less nomadic tribes.

" But the most remarkable of these excavations I discovered on the summit of the Santa Inez range of mountains, in Santa Barbara County, about one mile west of the stage-road-crossing, and at an elevation of 2,6<i0 feet above the sea-level. Here is an open space of nearly level land, sev- eral acres in extent, whero springs of cool sweet water rise, and, uniting, send a sparkling rividet down the mountain-side. Elevations, covered with timber, form this into an amphitheater, while mountain-peaks rise in every direction. In this romantic spot the aborigines founded a village, which must have been occupied for a great length of time. Although the place is now enclosed as a field, and the site of the old village has been ploughed and tilled by white men, yet the circular depressions indicating the dwelling-places of the Indians are plainly seen. Marine shells, brought from the ocean, six or seven miles distant, are scattered over the entire surface of the old village site, with bones and other kitchen di'bris. Near this village site is a sort of natural grotto in the solid rock, covered with rude paintings of a very interesting character, which probably record the more important events in the lives of the villagers.

"Within the confines of the old town are two large boulders of sand- stone, into which conical excavations have been made, and used as mortars for triturating grain, acorns, etc.; also cup-shaped depressions, the purpose of which is not clear to my mind. The largest of these boulders (Fig. 45) is twenty-five feet in length, by about ten feet in width, and shows twenty- five excavations, measuring from six to twenty-six inches in diameter at the top, and from five to sixteen inches in depth, 'riin average width of these mortar- cavities is a little over thirteen inches, and the depth something more than eleven inches. The smallest is six inches in diameter and five inches deep, while the largest is twenty-six inches in diameter and sixteen inciies in depth. In one instance a wide groove is cut between two of thebc exca- vations, one being probably used for pulverizing the grain, and the other as a receptacle for the meal. In another in.stance two of the cavities are

U^

BAH.] NORTH AMERICAN BOULDERS WITH MORTAR CAVITIES. 59

worn until thoy meet. With one exception, these mortar-shaped excavations are circular, and nearly as perfect, usually, as if laid out with dividers. The exception is an oblong excavation, the greater axis measuring seventeen inches, the shorter about eight inches.

" Tiie boulder has doubtless been used for this purpose a great length of time, indicating the comparative stability of the tribe once living here. I was unable to find the pestles which were used in these mortars. It was the practice of the Santa Barbara Indians to bury pestles and other objects with the dead, and I presume there was no exception in this case.

" The smaller boulder measures about eleven feet by nine and a half on the surface, rising to the height of six feet above the earth. It contains eleven depressions, two or three of which seem to have been used as mortars ; but the others, which are quite shallow, probably served some other purpose.

" In the canons and on the foot-hills along the Santa Inez range, I hfive frequently met with boulders containing from one to three or four mortar- excavations."

It appears to me that some of the boulders and rocks called pienes a bassins by French, and Muldcnsieinc by German archseologists, may be con- sidered as stationary mortars. Their resemblance to undoubted American mortars of this kind at least would lead me to that conclusion. M. Morlot, for instance, describes such a block near the new road passing over Mount Sniiplon (Canton of Valais). It has the shape of a rough column or a trunk of a tree, is one meter and five centimeters high, and ninety centimeters in diameter. In the centre of its upper surface is a cavity of twenty-one centimeters diameter and nine centimeters depth. There are ihree smaller cavities on the same surface.* The height of the block and the dimensions of the cavity certainly favor mj' view. Though I could furnish many similar examples, I confine myself to the one just given, not wisliing to enlarge on a ([uestion which must be decided by Ein-opean archifologists.

•Morlot: Picrics il ficuellcs; Matdiiaux, 1»>6, p. ' ..—This periodicnl contains several articles rolatiiig to stones with ciivitioH, which apparently I'a nerved as mortars.—

In reading Or. L. Zapf's article "Die Muldjnsti ine des l"iclitelgel)ir};e,s" in " Bcitriige zur Anthro- pologic und Urgeschichto Bayerna" (Bd. Ill, S. W), I eoiiUl not help tliinUing that the cavities descrihcd l)y him might he, in part at least, the mortars in whicii i!ic prehistoric people of that rffgion pounded fruits or cereals.

V:\

60

Ci;P«IIAl>i:i) AND OTIllOU LAlMDAHfAN SCULl'TURKS.

1 can perceivo, however, tliat their nomenchiture in regard to stones bearing cups anil larger cavities is not sufficiently precise. The terms picrrcs d ecueUi'S and picnrs a bass'nis are indiscriniinateh' uscnl, whereas, in my opinion, a i)roper distinction between the two chisses of cavities indicated by them miglit witii advantage be made.

Since my attention was directe<l to the subject treated in these l)ages, I have examined many representations of figures sculptured or painted on rocks in the United States, in order to ascertain whether tiiere occur among them any designs aiudogous to those of tlie Old World. While engaged in this investigation, I received from Dr. Charles li. Stnbbs, of Wakefield, Lancaster County, Pennsylvania, lithographic representations of a sculpt- ured rock, called IJald Friar Rock, in the Susquehanna River, not far from its end)oguement into the Chesapeake Bay.* I discovered by means of the lithographs that several figures on that rock recall certain types of the lapidarian sculptures of fJreat Britain, and mentioned the fact to the Sec- retary of the Smithsonian Institution, Professor S[)encer F. Baird, who there- upon instructed Mr. F. G. Galbraith, of Lancaster County, Pennsylvania, to examine the locality and to make drawings of the figures in qnestion.f His report and several communications from Dr. Stubbs are embodied in the followi.^e account : —

Bald i^'riar Rock is situated in the Lower Susquehanna, in Cecil County, Maryland, and is about three-eighths of a mile distant from Bald Friar, a station of the Colundjia and Port Dejjosit Railroad. Tlie rock stands nearer the eastern than the western bank of the Susquehanna— here three-quarters of a mile wide— and its distance from the mouth of the river is nearly twelve miles. It rises fi'om a small island to a height of eight feet and a few inches above low-water level, and can be reached by land at very low water. According to ^Ir. Galln-aith's measurement, the rock was originally seventy-one feet long and ten feet wide; but oidy sixteen feet of its eastern and seventeen of its western portion remain, tlie

•ThcHamr plntcs illiistrntp now tlio "Second Ocolojjifnl Survey of rcniiKvlvania" (Or(ilii};j of LiiiniistiT C'diinty, Uariislmi;;, IHt^O).

t Acknowli'd^iiiciila an- also due to Dr. L. 1!. Kirk, of Kisiiij; Sun, Cecil Comity, Maryland, for ii vory good drawitif; of liald I'riar Hock, sent by luni to tlic Snii lisonian Inst it ut ion, U was ol great n8« as a medium of comparison.

KAV.]

UOCKSCniil'TlTRES IN MAUYLAND.

61

centre— tliirty-tsight feet— having been blasted away many ye.irs ago, and the stone nsed in the construction of a shad-fishery. Hy this process many carvings were destroyed, traces of which I\Ir. (Jaii)raitii discovered upon fragments of rock scattered over the U[)i)er end of tiie ishmd. The rock evidently was entirely covered with sculpturings. A large portion of its northeastern end is lu^sonnng detached from the main body, and Mill in the course of a few }'ears topple over into the river, for which reason Mr. Galbraith was particularly anxious to trace all the carvings on it. To judge from a detached sculptured i)iece sent by Mr. <^ialbraitli to tiie Smith- sonian Institutit>n, the rock is of a chloritic character, and conse(pu>ntly not very hard, insonmch that the scidpturing of the figures by means of pecking or punching with stone imj)lements was not a very diiKcult task. All who have examined the sculptures agree as to their very ancient a])- pearance. They are of a heterogeneous and peculiar character, and in many respects unlike any rock-cuttings of which I have seen representations. There is, for instance, a ciuious cond)ination of straight and curved lines, forming a labjrinthic figin-e, which cannot be compared to any known object. In anotlier group, shown in Fig. Ki, cup-shaped depressions, from three-eighths to three-fourths of an inch in depth, are mingled with curiously- formed lines, tin' whole jjroducing ;i sendjlance to charicters, which the makers certainly vlid not intend to reprv\sent. Rows of fi.ur, five or more parallel, or ni-arly parallel, lines are not uidrequent, and in one instance a design appears which has been compared to a gridiron. i'N'veral of tim figures resemble a plant with a median stem aiul lateral l)ranches. Tiie most cons])icn()us of these carvings happens to be on the .slai) i'orwarded to the Smithsonian Institution by iMr. Galbraith, and is Jiere represented as Fig. 47. It measures two'feet in length and fifteen inches and a half in its largest width. The ci'Utral stem of the carving ternnnates in a figure in which a lively imagination might discover a fruit or Hower. Tiie incised lines forming tluf design ar(> shallow, not exceeding one-fourth or three- eigliths of an inch in depth, on an aM'rage an inch wide, and be*oKen just such skill in scidpture as might be expected from a [)riniiti\e people iliat had only tools of store at its connnaiid.

The northeastern end of the rock, the one in danger of falling one day

t^mm

'^^':

62

CUP SHAPED AND OTHER LAPIDARLVN StiULPTlJllKS,

into the river, is represented by Fig. 48, after a i)li()tograi)li kindly loaned to nio by Dr. Stnbbs.* It shc.va fonr figures soniewliat resembling human faces, and four euneentric rings with a eui)-shai)e(l depression in the middle. These circles aj)pear foreshortened in the sketch, but are ct)rrectly repre- sented in Fig. 4!i, in one-twelfth of the real size. This type, as has been seen, occurs frequently among the primitive lapidarian sculptures of Europe; but hardly ,iny ethnic significance can be ascribed to the presence of the same desig.i on Hald Friar Rock. It is a form which, on account of its simpleness and regtdarity, doubtless suggested itself to nations who never came in contact with each other, and who employed it either as an orna- ment or for some symbolical pm-pose.t Of far greater interest, on the other hand, are Figures 50 and 51, carefully copied by Mr. Galbraith from the rock in the Susquehanna River. Both consist of concentric rings, the outer of which has an appendage in the shape of a long straight groove, a feature which assimilates these carvings in a high degree to types of the Old World heretofore described, more especially to Figures 2',), 30, and 31, which represent Mahadeos in the Ohandeshwar temj)le. Upon examination, it Avill be foiind that the resemblance is very great— indeed so* striking, that an enthusiastic theorist might feel tempted to claim a kinship between the Asiatic Mahadeo-worshipers and those who sculptured the figures in ques- tion on Bald Friar Rock. Yet, notwithstanding the similarity the latter bear to the Chandeshwar sculjjtures, they may have been intended to express a totally different idea. We must wait for more convincing dis- closures.

* For f he sake of greater distiiK'fuoss, I liail llic carved figures oxeciited iu black. Oii the upper part of tlie rock are seen a few single cups.

t Coiieonlrie circles, S( nlpdircd as well as painted on rocks, were frequently seen by Major Powell and Ills a.ssistants in TJtali, Ari/ovia, and New Mexico. Many of thetn are known to have been executed by till' aboiiKincs of Ibiise ilislricts. rurllier on it will be seen lliat tliey are perbapscvcu now painted on rocks iu the district ot tin' Klauiatlis in Oregon, and were formerly carved on boulders in Central America. In li^Tll the Sinilhsonirui Instilnticui received from Mr. W. VV. Hays photograiihs of paintings on a rock iu San Luis Obispo County, California. They ccuisist of liguns of a most complicated char- acter, among which several concentric circles apj/car. The colors, as Mr. Hays states in an aeconi|i.any- ing letter, are red, white, and black. The locality is mentioned in liancrofl's "Nativi- Races'' (Vol. IV, p. (i'Jl). Indeed, concentric circles seem to be nbiquitons. Tlio late Professor C. 1'. Hartt observed them associated with a variety of othiT tignrcs, iu dilferent parts of Urazil, as shown by his account in (he "Anurican Naturalist," May, 1H71.

Among the Ojib-vnys ((inccniric circles coustiluted, according to Schoolcraft, thi' symbol of time (Vol. I, p. 409; Piute OH, Fig. 07).

KAii.;

ROCKSCDU'TUUKS IN MARYLAND AND AUiZONA.

03

A similar fiifuro, consiHting of two concentric circles with a straif^ht line niiiuin<,' ont iVoni tli«' larj^cr circle, occiu's, anion<f other carviiij^s, on ono of the many sculptnred lioulderH s(hmi by Mr. Harthftt in the valley of tho (Jila Hivor, in Arizona. HiH re])reHentation of tiiis honlder is here eoj)ied as Fig. 52. "1 fonnd hundreds of the.se boulders," i.e says, "covered with rude figures of men, animals, and otlun- objects of grotesque forms, idl pecked in with a shar[» instrument. Many of them, however, were so much defaced by louge.xi)osnre to the weather, and by subsequent nuirkings, that it was imjxissible to make them out. Among these rocks I found several which contained scul))tnres on tlie lower side, in such a position that it would be impossible to cut them where they then lay. Some of them weigh(;d many tons, and it would have reqnired inmiense laljor to place them there, and that too without an apparent object. The natural infer- once was, tliat they had fallen down from the summit of the mountain after the sculptures were made on them.* A few oidy seemed recent; the others bore the marks of great antitjnity.

"Like most of tho rude Indian sculptures or markings which I have seen, I do not think these possess any historic value, as many sup])ose. Where an ingenious Indian, for the want of other employment, cuts a rude figure of a man or an animal on a rock in some prominent place which his people make it a i)ractice to resort to, oth.ers, with the example before them, endeavor to compete with their brother artist, and show their skill by sim- ilar pockings. Ono draws an animal such as he sees ; another makes ono according to his own fancy; and a third amuses himself with devising gro- tesque or unmeaning figures of other sorts. ITenco we find those sculptured rocks in prominent places."

Referring to the special assemldago to which tin; block here figured belongs, he ob.serves: —

"After cro.ssing a plain for about five miles, we reacheil the object of our search, Avhich consisted of a ])ile of large boulders, lieaped up some forty or fifty feet above the plain, and standing entirely alone. Such of those rocks as j)resent smooth sides are covered with sculptures, rudely pecked in, of animals and men, as well as of various figures, apparently

•Tlie boulilure wore lying lit the linsc of ii blnir.

G4

CUI'SIIAIMJ) AND OrilKK LAIMDAHIAN SC^ULl'TUUES.

witlioiit nlenninj,^ 'riu'ie nio liiimlrt'dH of tlioin ho oriiaiiu'titcd, showing tliat the i)la('(t lias loiijf lu'i'ii tlio icHort of the liuUans for this piirpOHo; for thoYo Hci'iiis to bi) nothiiif,' else to attract them liere. Many of the inscrij)- tions, like those before (k'scribed, bear the Htainp of jfreat age; others having been made over them repeatedly, render it impossible to traeo out either the early or the later markings. 1 do not attempt any explana- tion of these rude figiu-es, but must leave the reader to exercise his own ingenuity in finding out their meaning, if any."*

Mr. IJartlett |)resents delineations of eleven of these blocks, thus enabling the reader to become acquainted with the character of the 8cul|)tures upon them. I hardly can imagine that the latter should bo absolutely without some meaning, though they may not express anything like a detinite record. I lay no great stress on the presence of a Mahadeo-like carving on the boulder represented by Fig. b2 ; but I thought it proper to draw attention n it.

A similar motive induces me to present in Fig. i'i the design of a por- tion of a group curved on a cliiT in the Ban Pete Valley, at the city of lilanti, Utah. A lino drawn horizontally through the middle of the parallel lines connecting the concentric circles would divide the figure into two halves, each bearing a close resendjlance to Professor Simpson's fifth type in Fig. 1 of this treatise. A copy of the group in (piestion was made and published by the ill-fated Lieutenant J. W. Gunnison, who also informs us that the Mormon leaders made this aboriginal inscription subservient to their n-ligious liocus-pocus by giving the following trai>lation of it: "I, Mahanti, the second King of the Lamanites, in five valh ys in the mount- ains, make this record in the twelve-hundredth year since we came out of Jerusalem — And I have three sons gone to the south country to live by hunting antelope and deer.''t 'J'ruly, mioidiis vult (kc'qti! Schoolcraft attempts (Vol. Ill, p. 4114) something like an interpretation, which appears to me fanciful and unsatisfactory.

* Barfli'tt : Pcrson.il Narrative, etc. ; Vol. II, pp. 195, 206.

t (iiinnisori : The Mormons or l.attorDrtV Saints, otc. ; Phila<U'lpliia, 1^53, p. (13.— The illuHtration is taliin from liaiicrolt's "\ative Kacen" (Vol. IV, p. 717). I havo chanKi-l, however, in aecordance with Lieutenant Guuuison'H (leaigu, the position of the grotesque hnmun fignrc to the left of the con- centric cireltH.

liAii KOtK MAUKlNdH IN ARIZONA, UTAH, AND <>|{K(1()N.

(55

Amoiifr tlio Klainiitli IiuliiiiiH in On-jroji, it Ht'civiH, tli»' jmicficc of piiiiit- 111^ (Ijriii'cs Oil rocks liji.s not yet ciitirclx i^onc into (Umisc. 'I'liroii^ili tlio nuiliiitioii ol' Mr. A 11)1 it S. (Jiitsclict 1 ivccivcd t'roni Dr. .JmiicH S. Dciiison, jtliyHi'iiin iit tln^ Kiiinmtli A^ciu}', Liilvo ('ount}', Dn-jron, a (•oiMnuini<'iitioii rclntivo to tin- snhjcct. Acconliiif^' to my coiTcspondcnt, tin re iirc in tliat ncMglilxirliood nmny i-ocKh l)oarin;,'' painted ii<rnro,s ; hut lii.>< dcsciiption nl'cis Hiu'ciaiiy to a njiij^l*' rock, called Kln-i 'I'liiidlcslii (sfjiiidiiij;- rock), .situated ahoiit fifty ynrds north of Spra^'iu; Kiver, and one Inindnil and fifty \ards from the junction of S|)ra<,'iie and Williainson Uiver.s. it is ahoiit ti'ii feet lii^di, fourteen feet lon<f, and twelve or fourteen feet deep, 'riu! atu-ompa- nyin},^ Fif^ures f)4, 5.0, Alj, and 57, all drawn in oiie-twelftli of the natural size, after Dr. Deiiison'H copies, illustrate th(^ chaiactcr of tlio paintings seen on the sniootli sontherii surface of this roek. '^i'lie most frecpient designs are single or conceiiti'ic circles, like Fig. 54, whi<'h consists of a dark-red circle surrounded hy a white one, the centre heiiig formed hy a red round spot. Fig. 55, ])ainted in dark-red ami white colors, e.xhiltits a somewhat Mahadeo-like shape; the straight apjX'iidage of the circle is pro\ided <tn each side with short proj(ictiiig lines, alternately nd and white, and almost producing the effect of the .so-called herring-bone ornament. Figures 50 and 57, executed in dark-red color, an; other characteristic designs seen on the rock in (jiiestion. Tlu' colors, which, as my informant thinks, are rubbed on with grejise, appear (piite distinct on the dark surface of the rock.

" I have conver.sed," he says, "with all the leading men and women of the tribe about these pictures and others in the neighborhood ; but none of them know, so they .say, when and how they wen^ made. It is, however, the generally-received opinion tiiat ICDinhanduli, the Creator*, j)ainted tlieui himself when he made this country. "^I'lie oldest peo|)l(; say that tlicy were there when they were yonng, and that the oldest people tcdd them that tlusy were there whciii fhrii were young, and so on. There are many rocks with j)ictuies on them all over this country. These places are all sacred, and there are many legends concerning them. (Children are taught not to iiijuie or deface the pictures. Jfy own o])inion is, that these pictures have no more definite meaning than those made by children without any design;

* " Tlio Olil Man of Our I'orifallii'iK," a<i(>i<lhiK tii Mr. A. S. G.'itsiliet. ■• 5 L S

'. lifl

J

,. I

6G

CUP-SnArED AND OTHER LAPIDAI-.AN SCULPTURES.

that tlioy last perhaps for ages unimpaired; but that, Avhen they do got dim, tliere is always some enterprising; doetor ready to brighten them up, and, pcrluips, to execute new designs. One can see blotches on the rocks which are very dim, but look as tliough they had been figures. The pictures arc not criticall', examined bv the Indians, and as no one sees the man making tliem, it is . asy to claim that they have always existed ; for Indians, like wliites, have no objection to pious frauds and lies. They are such liars thixt it is hard work to find out even tlie h^gends concerning the places. 'I'hey either change them to make them like something tliey have h'.'ard of as being mentioned in the Bi])le, or leave out a part, insonuu-h that one can hardly find two Avho relate the same story in the same way."

Such are Dr. Denison's remarks, complimentary neither to Indians nor to whites, lie then gives a Klamath tradition relating to K'nn'dcamtsh, wdii(di I deem it unnecessary to insert, as it has no reference to the rock- painti.igs just described.

CENTRAL AMERICA.

Lastly, I will draw attention to the curious rock-sculptures whi(di Dr. Berthohl Seemann, the distil. guished l)otanist, e.v.imined in Chiriqui, in the State of Panama, United States of Colombia, and in wliidi lie discovers a great resemblance to those of No.-thumbv rland, Scotland, and other parts of Great Ih-itain. Alter some prelinunar}- remarks, of no particular interest to tJie reader who has thus far followed me, he contiinies: —

" It is, therefore, all the more singular tliat, thousands of miles away, in a remote corner of tropical America, we .should find the coticentric rings and several other cliaracters typically identical with those engraved on the British rocks. I discovered them near the town of David, in ('liiri(pii, in the s])ring of 184S, and read a paper on the subject before the Andia'ological Institute, shortly after my rciturn to London in 18;")!. A brief account of it, was gi\('u in my 'Narrative of the Voyage of II. ^L S. Herald' (Vol. I, ]). 312, London, 1853), but the drawings illustrating them were uni'ortiinalely

m

Hi

r.Aii.i

EOCK SClTLrTTlKES TN OIIIRIQTTI.

G7

omitted, the pu])lislier oltjectiiifr to tlioin on account of tlio oxponso; but soma of them were afterward i)i'»cc'd l)y mo at the disposal of Mr. Bolluert, and published l)y that {^eutleinan in liis ' Anticputiea, etc , of South America, (London, 18G0), whilst others have i)een, it is feared, entirely lost, especially those which would h:' re established the identity of the British and Chiricpii inscriptions beyond doubt in the minds of others. For my own part, I was sonuich struck with thofrcncral resombhince, not to say identity, of the two, that when the jdatts of Mr. Tate's work were first shown to me, and I was quite ignorant to wliat country they related, I fully believed them to rep- resent Chiriqui rock-inscriptions, l^en from the drawings 1 still retain of a Chiriqui rock I am able to pick out some of the nu)st ty[)ical characters fouiid on th(> Ih-itish rocks, as the accompanying diagrams — here Fig. 58 —

wil

snow.

The characters inCliiricpii are, liki' tho.so of Great Britain, incised on large stones, the surface of which has not previou.sly undergone any snu)oth- iiig process. The incised stones occur in a disti'ict of Veraguas (Chiriqui or Alanjci), which is now tliiidy inha1)ited, but which, judging from tho numerous t.()nd)s, was onco densely })eopled by a nation whicli l)ee.une known to Columbus in his fourth vojage of disco\ ery, manul'actured some elegautU -shaped pottery, wore ornaments made of gold of a low standard, called qitanin, and buried their derd in stone cists, accdinpanied )jy their weapons, ornaments, pottery, and othi^r houseliold articles.!

'Tlio ixplaiiutiouR actoniimn.viiig Fig. 58 aiv likcwiso Dr. Sciinaiin'H.

t Dr. Si'Ciuinin adils lii'ir tlir t'oHdwiiilt noli': ' 'I liis ^i■l'v saiiic lin)|)li', Hiipirosrcl to liavo licrn tli(" Dnriirlins or Dora /t I Ill's, liail also iikhIo consitli rablr. jiro^^n-ss in sculpturing col tiinns. ami placini; on Itioin raisoil I'liaraclors. Sovcral of tln'si' colnnins, aliout lin to Iwclvi' iVi'l Ion;;, won' KnocKinK alioni llio Htrci^ta of David, tho capital of Alanji', or ('liiriipii. dnrinc my visit in ISls, and nnndicrs arc said to oocnr in other places, li.'iiscd cliaraclcrs rccpiirc, of I'oursc, more artistic sUill than incised ones, and hence di'not<' a lil;;her chfine ol civili;'.;tlion. U', therefore, tin' people who reaililv enfxraved their thonnUts on the iiicilm jihilnl, and oilier stones of which il is the tyiie, are assnmed to have lieen llie Kiinii' as those who cx|ircssed them in r.iiscd eharaeleis on the colnnins of which 1 saw speelniens at David, a lonn iicriod niiisl have elapsed hefore tools conld lie hronehl to such perfection an to allow tlio cmploynienl of inscriptions in relief. l!nt there is no idenlilyof, orevcn di.'4tnnt reseinhlancc lyetwi'eii, the incised and rai U'd characters, and we need, therefore, not tl'onlile oiirselvi'S any fiirihcr aiioiil this i.mint. The identity of the two li"inj; ahandoni'd, it may Jnst tie worth while to consider the possiliiliiy of their licin;; exei'iited liy conlei.iporarics. In highly civili/ed coiintrii's, such as ancient India, IOf;v|il, aia! modern Europe, dilVerent nn des of expri'ssinf; thoiiehl liavc lieen .'inil are praetiscd; lint llie most advani'cd iieople who ever inhahiled ('hirii|iii had not at t. 'lined mi lii^;!i a de};rei' of civili/atioM as would jiislify lis in asBiimin^; that they rcsoiled to two entiri'ly dill'en nl systems of reeoriliiij; llii'ir ideas. If iH. thcrefori', scarcely possilde to escape thi' com Insioii that the imiseil charactirs were hy a dilierciil, letM eivili/.oil, and more ainienl race than Ihe cliaiactcrH iu reliel'.'

1^^

68

cursuAPEi) aj;d otiieu lai-idahian sculptuees.

•1!

"From information rocoivod during my two visits to Chiriqui, and from wliat lias been publislii'd since I iirst drew attention to this subject, I am led to believe that there are a great nniny inscribed rocks in that dis- trict. But I myself have seen only one, the now i'iwnons jiicdra jjiiital (i.e. painted stone), which is found on a ])laiii at Caldera, a few leagues from the town of David. It is lifteen feet high, nearly lifty feet in circumference, and rather tiat on the top. Every part, especially the eastern side, is cov- ered with incised characters about an inch or half an inch deep. The tirst figure on tlK> left-hand side rcjiresents a radiant sun, followed by a series of heads, or what appear to be heads, all with some variation. It is these heads, particularly the appendages (perhaps intended for hair?), which show a certain resemblance to one of the most curious characters found on the British rocks {2b in Fig. 58), and calling to mind the so-called 'Ogliam chai-^cters.' Those 'heads' are succeeded by scorpion like, or Ijranchcd, and other fantastic iigures. The toj) of the stone, and the other sides, are covered with a great number of concentric rings and ovals, crossed bv lines. It is especially these which bear so striking a resemblance to the Northum- brian characters.

"Synnnetry Ijeing the first aim of barbarous nations in their attempt at ornamentation, I have alwavs rejected t;.e iilea that these ti<nires are intendecl for mere ornament, and have taken them to be sj-mbols full of meaning, and recording ideas held to be of vital importance to the people who used them, and whose ^■ery name has become a matter of doul^t. However, to speculate on their meaning must be labor thrown awav, until we shall have become acquainted wiih all tlie inscrij)tions, of which tho.se on the j.ieifra jiiiital are specimens.

"At present • j can hardly say more than that there is a remarkalde family likeness, if nothing more, between the ancient British and ('hiri(iui inscriptions, — a relationship entirely unsusjiected by mo until Mr. 'i'ate's remarkable work fell into my hands. Could an klriitit// between these rocks, so widely separateil geograjihically, be establisiied, we should lie in a position to indulge in legitimate sj)ecnlation. We should have to con- cede— 1 .say it without hesitation — that, in prehistoric times, an intercourse existc'd between the British Islands and Central .Vnierica ; that tiiis inter-

KAU.)

ROCK-SCULPTUKEa IN CrUKIQUI.

69

course could not be niiiiiitainetl by the small crafts which so rude a ci\ iliza- tion could send across the wide Atlantic Ocean; that a land connnnnication was abs()lutol\- necessary to ensure such an intercourse ; that it could iu>t liave been cari'ied on by way of Asia without leav!nj>' numerous traces oeliind; that no such truces have been found ; and tliat, consequently, it must have taken place when the Island of Atlantis — in the hands of modern science no longer an Egyptian myth — w«s so intimately coimecting Europe and America ; that the woods, which then covered Europe, were identical in charac'ter with those stiU ex'istlnfj in the southern })arts of North Anu'ricu. But before science can concede conclusions of these, or similar, speculations, we want more facts, which, it is hoped, ma}' be forthcoming now that it has been shown what great interest attaches to them."*

Leaving aside Dr. Seemann's far-reaching sj)cculations, I must confess that 1 caiuiot share his enthusiasm in the matter of the Chiriqui rock-sculp- ture described l)y him. Being in possession of Mr. Bollaert's work which c »ntains Dr. Seemann's representation of the phdra p'uital, I was ena1)l(;d to compare the sculptures on the latter with those figured by Messrs. Tate Riul Simpson, "^^riiat there is a general resendjlance l)etween the Northum- brian and Scottish and the Chiriqui sculptures camK>t be denied: but I can discover no figures on the pialra p'udal whicli are identical in shape with European lapidarian scul]itures, excepting concentric circles and a few carvings resembling wheels with four spokes. Simple devices like these, when found in difiereut countries, are no proof of the ethnic affinity of those who executed them, but may rather be considered as 'he result of independent invention. It requires a far greater an.dog^■ in iletails to establish an ab.sohite identity.

However, it would be interesting to know the character of other Ciiiri- qni rock-sculjitures, which, according to Dr. Seeniann, arc (piifc fre(pient in that district.

I

* Pirn and Sccmauu : Duttinga on the Rondaidc, in Pananiii, Ni( aragiiu, and JluMiiiito : Lomliin, l^Oit, p. ',7, etc.

F^RT III.

VIEWS CONCERNING THE SIGNIFICANCE OF CUP-SITAPED AND OTHER TRIMITIVE SCULPTURES.

Ill

111 a preceding section, of this essay I have described the eupiicd granite boidder, called the liiilder Stone, near Falkiipiiig, Sweden. As stated, it was first brought into notice by Professor Nilsson, who thinks it served in the worship of Baal as a sacriii''ial altar, the cuj)-slia])ed cavities of which weni dcisigned to receive the blood of victims. The ciijis on the WilU'ara slab (Fig. 23), he believes, were excavated for the same i)urpose. We have al.-^o seen that he ascribes the introduction of limiize in the North of Europe to Baal-worsliii)ing Phoenicians, who, according to his view, liad established factories oi settlements in those parts, for the purpose of trading with the natives. Tie considers the sculjitured concentric circles in general as emblematic of sun (or Baal)-worship, drawing at the same time atten- tion to their similarity to ornaments seen on weapons and other ol)jects of the bronze ajie and even of the early inm age. In order to show bv what mode of reasoning Professor Nilsson was led ti) these conclu.'^ioiis, it will be necessarv to devote some space to a consideration df his remarkalde work on the bronze age, in which his views are laid down. Yet, if I were to irive a resume of its contents, and comments thereon, I would enter upon a task most ably perfnrmed by Sir John Lubbock, and I therefore (piote his conci.-^e observations in full: —

" Profcss(tr Nilsscai's arguments," he says, "may be redviced to seven, naiiielv, the small size of the; sword-haudles, bracelets, (itc. ; the churacter of the onianieiits on the bronze innilemeiits ; the engravings in bronze-age tumuli; ihi- worship of IJaal ; certain peculiar nu'thods of reajiing and fishing; and the use t»f war-chariots.

71

72

CUP-SllAl'I::!) AND OTIIEU LAl'lUAlllAX SCir LPT HUES.

" 'Vhe inipltMiieiita sind ornaiiionts of liroiizo certainly appoiir to liavo Ix'loiigi'il to a race with smaller liaiulfi than those of the present Euroj)eau nations; the ornaments on tliem are also peculiar, ami lutve, in Professor Nilsson's opinion, a symholic nieanin<;-. Although the great stones in tunnili attributed to the bron-^e age ar(> very seldom ornamented, or even hewn into shape still ther-^ ave some i'vw exceptions; one of these being the remark- able monument near Kivik in Christianstad. From the general character of tlui engravings Professor Nilssonhas no hesitation in referring this tinn\ilus to the bronze age, and on two of the stones are rei)resentations of human iigures, wdiich may fairly be said to have a Phtx'nician or Egyptian appearance.

"On aiiotlier of the stones an obelisk is represented, which Professor Nilsson regards as syml)olical of the sun-god ; * and it is (-ertainly remark- able that in an ancient ruin in JIalta, characterized by other decorations of the bronze-ag(! types, a somewhat similar obelisk av. s discovered; we know also that in many countries Baal, the god of the Pha'nici;ins, was worshiped under the form of a conical stone.

" Nor Is this, by any means, the only case in which Professor Nilsson linds traces of Baal-wor.shii) in Scandinavia. Indeed, the festival of Baal, or Balder, was, he tells us, celebrated on Jlidsunnner's-niglit in Scania, and far u\^ in Norway, almost to the LofFoden Islands, luitil within the last fifty \ears. A wood lire was made upon a hill or mountain, and the people of the neighborhood gathered together, in (M-dt/r, like P)aars pi-ophets of old, to daiu'o round it, shouting and singing. TIum Midsununer's-night hre has even retained in somi^ parts the ancient name of ' Baldersbal', or Balder's tire. Leopold \ nn \>uc]i long ago snggesteil that tlii.s custom could not have originated in a country where at Slidsummer the sua is never lost sight of, and where, consecjuently, the smoke only, not the (ire, is visible. A similar custom also prevailed until lately in some parts of our island.*?. Baal has given his name to many Scandlnasian localities, as, for instance, the Baltic, the (Ireat and Little I')elt, Belteberga, Baleshaugen, Balestr.Jiden, etc.

"The ornamentation characteristic of the bronze age is, in tiie opinion of Professor Nilsson, decidedly Seniitic i-atlier tli:in Tudo-Liiropenn. lie

' .Si'c I'i^;. M 111 llii> pill ill. alii 111.

HAU.l

NILBSON'S TIIKOHY.

73

lays considerable stress on two curious vasfc-carriagea, one found in Sweden and tl)(i other in Mccklcnburfj;-, wliicli certiiinly a])i)('i)r to liave l)ecn very lik(! file 'vases' niade for Solomon's temple, and dL'seriljed in the iirst Hook of Kini;s. Finally, he beheves that the use of war-chariots, the practice of reaping dose to the ear, and a certain method of iishing, are all evidences of l'h(enician intercourse.

" Professor Nilsson is so great an authority, as an archieologist his labors have contributed so much to place tiie science on a sound basis, that his opinions are deserving of the most carefid consideration. Nor can they fairly be judged by the very short abstract which has been given above, as many of his arguments nuist be followed in detail befon; they can be prop- erly appreciated. That the Pli(enicians liav(; left their traites in Norway is, however, in my opini(jn, all tliat can fairly be ileilwced from the facts on which lie relies, eve.i if we attribute to them all the signilicance claimed for them by him. Further evidence is required In-fore it would be safe to con- nect them with the bronze age. As regards the smallness of the hands, we nuist remember that Hindoos share this jieculiarity with Egy|)tiaus. This character is therefore not less reconcilable with an Indo-Kuropean than Avith a I'licenician origin of the. bronze-age civilization.

"There are three .strong objections to tlie theory so ablj' advocated by Professor Nilsson. The tirst is the character of the ornamentation on the br(»nze weapons and im])lements. This almost always consists of geo- metrical iigures, and w(; rarely, if ever, find u[)on them representations of animals or plants; while on the ornamented shields, etc,, described by Homer, as well as in the decoration of Solomon's temple, luiinials and plants wt're altundantiy represented. Secondly, tiie burial-customs of the PlKcnicians dilfered altogether iVom those of the bronze age, and although it may be said tiiat tlio.se who attribute the presence of In'oiizo in Northern and Western Eiu'ope to Pluenician coiiuncrce, do not necessarily, on that account, assume that the population of those countries liecame Phee- nician, still in this case the hypothesis explains the presence of bronze, but not the liroiize age, of which th(j use of lironze, though the most striking, is bv no means the only characteristic. Thirdly, the Ph(enicians, as far as we know them, were well ac(piainted with the use ol' iron; in Homer we

14.

OUP SUAPED AND OTUEU LAPlDAltlAN SCULPTUUES.

find tlio warriors already armed with iron wea))c»ns,* and the tools used in propurinj;; the materials for Solomon's temple were ot'lhis metal It is very remarkable that searecly any traces of ancient conuneree have been found in Cornwall, and it is nuicli to be regretted that our nuiseums possess so i'iiw specimens of Pha'iiician art. When these wants shall have been sup- plied, as we may hope that ere long- they will be, there is no doubt that much light will be thrown on the subject."!

Professor Nilsson, T may add, finds distinct traces ol the Phaiiicians in Ireland, Avliich country lie visited in 18G0, with a view to examine its anti(juities. lie ascribes to that entca-prising people the cairns of Dowth and New Grange, the chambers of which show sculptured figures (zigzags, wheels with four spokes, etc.) resembling those on the slabs of tlie Kivik monument. He lays particular stress on the fact that the custom of lighting a Midsummer's-night fire, and of dancing around or jumjiing through it, was still in vogue among the Irish vuitil within a recent period. 'I'ljis ceremony, called Dalstelii l)y the people, has been alx)lished through tlie efibrts of the clergy, who were desirous of putting an end to the excesses arising from the iiractice.J 'i'lie structures of Avebury and Stonehenge, in Wiltshire, England, I may further state, are considered by Professor Nilsson as tem-

" Thii'o is rc]iciiUMlly rclVri'iico iiiiido to iniii in tlio IlnnuTio poi'iiw (II. IV, 4ri'J ; V, *»'•,' ; XXIII, K'X, oti'.), ami (!Vcii tho hiirdiiiini; i\( irim liy iiiinicrsiDii in walrr i.s alliMlcd (d (Oil. IX, li'.U). Iriin is also iiirnlidiii'il by llonicr in connection willi more prccions metals, a circinnslancc inilicalivi! of the valne in which it was held. Thus, bronze, gold, an<l '•innch-workod" iron — ^(V.l^OJ' rf ,if/jrooj' Tf, iruAix/ii/rui' TF (5/>5;/^joi'— eonslilnled the treasnn' of UlyHses(Oil. XIV, li'J-l). Vet spears, swonl.s, and other \vea|ions used dnrini; the Trojan war are ile,seril)eil as lieinfj made of lironze.

Dr. Schlieniaim, however, hasairived at dill'i rent results. In an address d(divered at tlii^ Kli'venlh Annual Mc'elini; of the f!erman Antluojiological .Society, held at I?erliu in Anjjust, 16S(t, lie expresscB himself as follows :—

■' I wish it were in my power to prove that Homer was an eyi'-witnessof the Trojan war. I'nl'oitu- nately I cannot. In his time swords wen.; in general nsi^ and iron was known ; at Troy swords were as yet lolally unliiiown, and the iieople had no Unowled};e of iron. The eivilizaliini descrihcd liy him post- dates several centuries thai which was hroui;ht to lij;ht by my excavations. Homer gives us the legend of Ilicm's tragic fate as it was transmitted to him by fornu'r lianls, and, in doing so, he clothes the tradi- tion of I 111' w;ir and the deslruclion of Troy in the g.irb of his own time. Vi't he was not wilhoul per- sonal knowledge of lli(> localities, as his descriptions (d' the Troas in general, and of the plain of Troy in particular, are in the main correct.'' — Xnlihij ('. Hiiii.

tSir.Iohn laibbock: Prehistoriir Times; New York, IHT'J, ]<. 71, etc.

t .Mr. Ilolden, of tlio well-known linn Harvey & Holdeii, cd' this city, told me that, in his boy- hood, he used to assist in collect iiig till! wood for these tiros and in building llnin. I obt.'iiiied similar infoniiatiou from other natives of Ireland. However, the custom of lighting tires mi Saint .John's ovo also prevailed, ami still survives to .some extent, in (Jermany, I'ranei'. and oilier p.'irls id' the ljiio|>can Continent.

ItAlI.)

NIL.SSON'S TIIKDKY— VIHWS OK OTIII'.lt AliTllOKS.

pics erected l)y tlie I'lianiicians, aiul dcdictited to the worship oi' tli<( .suu-

Nilsson's riKJL'iiiciim theory has hec'n discusse<l at <4reat Ieii;;th, and in 11 scholarly manner, by I'rolessor Sini[)son, who is very far iVoni sharin;,' his views, and is even inclined to attribnto ii Cimbrian rather than u I'hdMii- cian orij^in to the Kivik scidptnres, to which tlie Swedish archa'dlof^ist so ol'ten refers in his arginnentatioii.* in more recent writings relating to tho introdnction of bronzo in Europe I have not met with alhisions to Pro- fessor Kilsson's theory, which thus ai)pears to have been abandoned at tlio l)r<'sent time.f Yet, though the author has failed to (;onviiu'e his fellow- laborers in th(> field of archaology of the cornictness of his views, his work, lu'vertlu'less, possesses unconunon merit, on account of the vast amount of research end)odicd in it, and Miss Mest((rf deserves great (-redit for having translated it into (lerman — :i language num^ generally understood than the Swedish of the original.

As a coiisequouco of the foregoing, it would ap[)ear that tin; Swedish cujipcd stones wen! notsacridcial altars serving in tin; worship of a l'h<euician deity; and grave doubts have been expressed l)y prominent authorities whether cupped boulders were at all used as ahars, considering that tiio cups often occur on i)erpcndicalar or strongly-inclined sin-faces, and thus could not have served as the receptacles of liquid substances.

In addition to the altar theory, cup and ring-cuttings have, as may be imagined, given rise to a vari(!ty of speculations as to tin; purpose for which they wen; made. Some of these views, recordeil and conunented on in Professor Simpson's woik, may be presenteil in this place.

'I'he Ivev. ]\Ir. Oreenwell, Sir (iardner Wilkinson, l>r. Ciraves, and others, consider them as archaic maps or plans of old circular camps and cities in their lu'ighlxjrhood, telling possibly of their direction and character. "But 1 believe," says Simpson, "this idea has now been abandoned as untenable by .some, if not by all, of the anticpiaries wiio iirst suggested it."

"The car\ings," Professor Simp.son continues, "have been held by some as intended Ibi' dials, the light of the sun marking time upon them — or

"■ SiuipMiii : Aicliaic SiMilpliirca, olc; )>. HI, etc.

t Vii'ws .--iiiiil.'ir tn lliDsii (if I'l-iilKssoi- Nilssoii :ii<' osiUT.s.scil liy I'rrili rir di- l;(iu;;ini(iiil iii '' I.'A;;t'

(111 IfliMl.-c (111 lr> S.llllll ,s cll (111 l.lclll ;" I'lllls, iMili.

76

CUPSnAl't;!) AND OTIIEU LAIMDAUIAN SCUM'TIJIJKS.

upon a Htii'k phioed in tlicir central on])s — and its shadow corrospondinjr witii one of the central radial {,n-oove.s ; hut they have been found in local- lies wliich neither sun nor shadow could reach, as in the dark interiors of stone sepulchres and nnderf,''roun<l houses. Others liave rejjarded theui as sonio form of gamblinjic table; but thoy occur on perpendicular and slaiitiu},'- as well as flat rocks; and besides, if such wrr(> their use, they would scarcely have been emijloycd to cover the ashes of the dead.

"1 have hoard them spoken of a.s rude representations of the sun and stars, and of other material and even corporeal objects of natural or Sabeau wor.ship; Imt all attenifjls to connect the peculiar conli^^urations and rela- tions wliich they show with any celestial or terrestrial matters have as )-et confessedly failed. Nor have we tiie slifrlitest particle of evidi'uce in favor of any of the nmnerous additional conjectures which have been proj)osed — as that these British cup and ring-carvinj^s are s} lubolic emnnerations of families or tril)es; or some variety of archaic writing; or eud)lenis of the philosophical views of the Druids; or stone tables for Druidical sacrihces; or objects for the practice of magic and necromancy."

One of Profes.sor Simpson's friends, Mr. Dickson, of Alnwick, in re- ferring to incised stones in Northumberland, "has suggested that these carvings relate to the god Mithras (the name under which the sun was worshiped in Persia); that about the end of the second century the religion of Mithras had extended over all the western empire, and was the favorite religion of the Romans — a system of astrological theology; that in the sculptured Northumberland rocks the central cup signifies the sun, the concentric circles jn'obably the orbits of the [danets, and the radial straight groove the way through the sun. In consequence, Mr. Dickson holds these rock-sculptures to be the work of the Romans, and not Celtic — having been cut, he su])posos, as emblems of their religion by Roman sol- diers near old Rritisli camps, after they had driven out their native defend- ers. But if tlujy were of Roman origin, they would surely be found in and around Roman stations, and not in and around British localities — in Roman graves, and not in old British kistvacns. The fact, however, is that they al)Ound in localities Avhich no Roman soldiers e\cr rcacluul, as in j\rgyleshire, in 0)-kney, and in Ireland. And possil)lv even most (»f them

ItAU.I

M1T1115AS AND LINGAM WOUSIIII'.

77

were cut Ijcforc tho mythic tinio when lidniiHiis drew liis first ciM'ln'lIii;,' fiirniw iiromid tlui Piilatii ■ Mount, antl ioiiiulcd tliiit ju'tty villii;r(>, wliiili WHS dcstiiu'd to uccomc — within seven or eii^ht short centuries — tlic Miiijiress of the civihzed worhl."

Tho i(h'ii tliat the niarkinj^s shouhl have any hearin;^'- on tlic worshij) ot" the reciprocal princlpk's of nature is summarily dismissed l)y Professor Simpson in a sliort note on l>a;ro 80 of his work. IIo say,'. . "'Two arclin-- oh>ifical friends of mine — both dignitaries of the l']piscoj)al (Mun-cli — have separately formed tlio i(h^a tliat th(^ laplchny cups and iji'des ai'e end)h'nis of ohl female Linjifam worship, a supposition wlr di a|»pears to me totally without any anatomical or other foundation, and one altoi^-ether o[)posed hy all wo know of the specific class of symbols used in that worship, either in ancient or modern times."

This note is thus conuiicnted on by Mr. Kivett-Carnac: " I am Hanjjnine that, if the late Sir J. Simpson had seen tlui sketches of what I have called the 'conventional syndj(ds' on the shrines at Chandeshwar, and had been aide to compare them with some of the types llpjunHl in his uurk, lienii;;iit have been inclined to modify tlu^ opinion above extracteil. I'he treatment of these syndxds is purely conventional, they bear no anatomical i'(\seni- blance to anythin<,>', they an^ uidiko many of the lai'i^c, w<dbkiiown, and acknowledged representations of the ^lahadeo and Yoni. Still tliev nev- ertludess represent tho same idea. And hero it niay be noticed that the sanm aryuuK'nt of anatomical non-resenddanoo might be advanced in regard to the well-known representations, common throughout India, of the mean- ing of whicli to the iintiated there is no i' iid)t at all. 'I'o the uninitiated, however, the siiapes convey nothing, and 1 have known cases of Europeans who have been many years in the cotintry, who were quite unsuspicious of •what 'that Jew's-harp idol,' as they called it, was intended to n-present. .\s the old ju'iestat Ciiandeshwar said, 'Those who can atVord it, i)ut nj) a liig Mahadeo; those who can't, put up these slabs.' And so also with us. Tho ri(di ndations or friends of the Christian may put ov(>r his grave a solid, richly-carved stone cross. Tho grave of a poor man, if marked at all, has over it jierhaps two ])ieces of wood nailed together in the shape of a cross, or a cross roughly cut on a jiiece of stone. The Christian (diurcli is luiilt

78

(JUl'SIIArKl) AN.JOTDCU LAI'lDAIilAN HL'lLl'KiltH.S.

ill tlio form of a cross In Piiiidiikoli Jind many other spots tlu^ Mnliailco temples iiro built in the shape of tlu* convcnlioiial symbols of that faith."* lie then observes that the symbols of iho Mahadco and Yoni ean be more cnnvmiently indicated on stone by what may be calhMl a ;jround-plan than l)y a section, and refers for illiistriition to desi<;iis accompanyin<r his pnb- licaticm. 1( wouhl bo ditlicnlt to find fanltwith this refutation of Professor Simpson's assertion coiu'crninff tho character of lhos(( symbolic representa- tions.

I Vofessor Simpson himself does not attempt to explain th(( s])ecial sijr- nilicance of the Scottish and Mn},dish cup and rin;:;--cuttinys ; but in view of tlieir thorouf,ddy homo<>eneous character, ho considers them as exprcssivcMtf some reh^nons conce|)lion of those ^v\u> made ihem — a conclusion hardly admittiu"' of any d(iul)t. On the other hand, he Indds that the more com- ])lieatod carved fi^^urcs seen on mejjralilhii' structures in Ireland and Ihit- tany are, in part at least, of an ornamental (diaractcr; and this view seems to me eciuallv correct. Indeed, some of the i\'\Y illustrations of Irish and Ih'eton carviii;!;s jjiven in this publication (Figmrs 12 and 1 t) ))resent an appearance calculateil to corroborate Professor Simpson's tipinion.

The learned Si'ottish author refers the cup and rin;^-carviujis to a remote period of anticputy. "The very simplicity of ihe cup and circle forms", he says, "is one strong reason for our regarding these t3-pes of sculpture as the most archaic stone-earvings that have been left to ns" (page lOo). ile draws particular attention to their ])recedence of letters and of traditiot.sof auv kind, and to the fact that they a[)pear on uiegalithicmonmnenls erected at a time wlien metal was not yet in use. Concerning this point he says: "At present I am not aware thai wiliiin any of tlu' sepulchres, wliose stones are marked only with the incised ring and cup-cuttings, any kind or form of metallio tool or instrument has yet been fouml. Should further and more extended ob.servation confirm this remark, then it will naturally fol- low that iha com mcnrcmcnt of thc^tiG scnljituiings nnist tie thiowu back to the so-called Stone period, or to an era anteiior to liie use of nieials. — — — J have no doubt, however, that at whatever time the simple cup and ring- sculptures were fn-st begun to be cut, the ])ractice of carving them — if it

* Jiivill-Carn.ii : Arilia'oldgical Ndlrs, ilr. ; p. II.

nAH)

COMMIINTS l!V SIMI'SOX.

70

dill iKif iiiiliiitc ill — WiiH at Iciist coiitiiiiicd into, mid iiidi'cd cxtciidod during tlu) No-t'idlcd IJnm/.ti orii, iiiid iicrlnips till a later iiciiod ; for lnoiizo tfxds and ornaiiii'iits luivc occasiunally Ik'cii t'oiinil in lucalitics in Ar;4\l('Hliiro, Norllniiiilicrland, ,nid ol.M'wlicri! near to spots wlicnt the sculptures exist in unnsiial ntiiiibers ; tlioii^^li iiono 3-et have Iteeii disciiveied, as tar as I ain aware, in iimiiediate or direct connection witli tlioso carved stones or cist^i tlicniselves" (pajros llf), 1"2()).

Professor Simpson's remarlvs concennn<jf tlio iac(; that tiist intioduced tlut {'arviii^ of the hipidarlan cup and riii;4--sciilptiires jiro of <rreat interest. 'J'ho earhest really historical records of j>ritain, la* (djserves, date from tho timo of .lidius Cicsar's expeditions to the island, antedatiii;jf the Christian onx about half a century. .\t that piriod the population appears to have eliiefl)' consisted of ("elts, with an adiiiixtiiic of lieli^iaii and prohahlv of Lignrian olcnients. When Scotland was first invaded hv the Ifoiiians (HI nftor (Jhrisi), tlio inlialiitants made use of war chariots, and. liaviiiji' aln>ady passed tiiront,di the era of lironzo weapons, foiii^ht in tiie battle of tlu! Ciram]iiaii Moimtaiiis, in which Ap'iccda defeated tli(i native forces under Galjfaciis, with huge blinit-pointed swords {fiinniics f/ldilii siiir iiiKrroiic)* which form of weapon, Simpson thinks, can only be snpi)Osed to have been made of iron.

The remarks followiiiif next in his work (pa<ii;o V2')) tnv of su(di striking character that I cannot refrain from (piofing- them in full. He says: —

"Wo have no ade([uale data as y to iix the date of advent to onr Khoresof the Cymry and Oael, and to determine whether or not thev brought ahmg with them, at their lirst arrival, as some hold, a kiiowleilge of tiui metallnrgic arts, lint much evidence has been gradually accumulating of Lite years to prove that there had existed somo pro-Celtic races in Ih-itain. V^ithout venturing in the least to point out all, let me simplv note two or throe. A ri.ce of Jregalithic liuildens — if we may so call them — who lia\o not loft in thoir sopulchres, and thoreforo wo infer did not jiossoss, in their earlier era at least, any metal t0(ds or weapons, seem to have either pre- ceded the Colts, or to have formed our lirst Celtic or Arvaii wave; and judging from the extent of their remains in massive cliambored cata(!ombs

Tiuitiis: Vila Agriculii'. XXWI.

80

CUPSIIAPED AND OTIIlOIl LAPIDAKIAX SCULI'TIJRES.

iind cromlechs, i.i nnraerous cycloi)can forts, [>i;;'antic stoiio circles, etc., they must have held the country for a considerable length of time, and overspread the whole of it by the dilTiisiou of their population. From their remains, as left in tlieir tombs and els/where, we know that they employed weapons and tools of horn, wool, and poUnJicd stone; maini- factured rude hand-made pottery; had ornanu'ntsof jet, bone, etc.; partially reared and u^ed cereals, as indicated by their stone muller.s and querns; and possessed the dog, ox, sheep, and other domestic cpiadrupeds. I do not stop to dis'uss the various questions whether these j\regalithic Builders did or did not i oUow (int and i.se the an liaic single-tree canoes found on our shores, river>, ai.d lakes; — whether they were the people that amiently whaled in the Firth of Foul, with harpoons of deer-horn, when its upper ANMter.s were e-iher nnich liigher or its shores nmch lower than at present; — whether the^ or another race built tlie earliest stom-age crannoges or lake- habitations; — and agaii' whether there \\as not an antecedent population of sini le lislicrs and hunters, totally unacoi iited with the reavinir of corn and enule. and who have bequeathed to anlucology all their s]iarse and sole historic rcH'ords in c'lsuai relics of their food, dicss and wea})ons burled in lieaps and mounds of kitchei'-refu.-^e, whirh they ha\e ineidenlally uccu- nudat.Hl and left upon our own and upon other northern and westvTU coasts of Europ(\ Wliether these formed one, or t\v(;, or nmre races, h-t me add, that long anterior to the l\Iogalitliic Builders there certaiidy existed in our island a tribe of inlialiitauts that dwelt, in part at least, in natund or arti- ficial caves, where their bones and their contemporaneous relics jiavc been found; who possessed implements 'nid weapons of stone and Hint, but rough, and not polished like tho^<» of ,he Megalithic Builders; who seem- ingly possessed no pottery; who — if we may judge from the want of rubbei's and querns to grind corn-f( xl — had liillc or no knowledge of agri( nlture; and who lived in those ftr-distant limes when the colossal fossil elephant or m;immoth, tlie w lolly-Iiaired rliinoceros, the gigantic cave-bear, the great hyicna, etc., wen; contenq)oraneous inhabilants with l-.i; . of the soil of Britain; when the British lion was a \eritable realit;>- and not '! heraldic myth; and wiien possil)ly lOngland was still geolog',;';dly Uiiited to the Continent, and the Thames was only a tributary ol' tlie Kiiine.

ItAl-

I'OMMENTrt I'.V SniPSOX AND TATK.

81

I am not awaiv lliat \vc liavc yet sullicii-nt i-vitlciico to coiisidcr as of the su'.iit' l'aiiiil\ with thi.'sc ancient ("ave-uien, or as of a raco still anterior to the <i, the Flint-folk of tiie southern eounties of England, whose nvpoJished tlint hatchets — besides being- found in great abundance on the banks of tlu^ Sounne and Loire — have been discovered in various parts in the river-drifts of South Ensiland, and an excellent specimen of which, alony- with the bones of an (de|iliant, was dug nj), in 'i • last ci'ntury, from u gTavel-[)it near (,iray's Inn J.anc, in the centre ot l.ondon itself.''*

The question to whicli of these races of man the first sculpturings ot Clips and rings are to be referriMJ, is one \vhicii, Professor Sim]isnn thinks, cannot be positively answered in the present state of arclueoUigical knowl- edge, lie wants furthei- data as to tlieir <listribution in iMWope and in other parts of the woild. Admitting the fact that such carvings were executed b_v the "Meg.ilitliic IJuildeis" of the age n\' /m/isl/id stowe, he thinks tlie ])ractice mav l)ossil)l\ lia\e antedated the era of that race, and, further, expresses his l)elief in its contiiuiance through the bronze period and e\(ii later times. f

Mr. 'i'ate arrives ai ..:'iiiewliat dllferent comdusions. He infers from the \vide distribution of the cup a.nd circle-carvings over the British Islands "that at the pe.'-iod when they were maile, the wlude of Britain was peopled b\' tribes of one race, who were indiu<d with tiie same suju rslitions, and Q< essed them b\- the same symbols" lie refers to the in\ ariable a.s.so- ci; vion of thi'se < ii'\ings with ancient British forts, op|)ida, villages and sepulchres as an e\idence of all ha\ing lieeii the work of the people who dwelt ii. ihese places, and wci'e buried in these tomb--. 'J'hoiigh alluding to the existence of ante Cellii races in Britain, lie thinks it may be infei'red "that the old remains in Northnmlieiiaiiii. tlie sculptures incbnled, belong to the ( 'eltic race, thiin;^]i the\ in.iy tell the history of many centuries prior to the ( 'hristian era" I'he NortliunilM'ian sculptures lieiiig executed on sandstone, he does not den\- the possibility of their h;t\ing been car\cd with stone instrunieiits ; vet he is of opinion that iiieial was known in the district when the sculptures were made, .'is bron/e and coppi r (■bjects occur

' Thisolun iiiriuioned siH-iiiiU'ii, luisi rvid in ilu- liiili~hSliis(Miii, is ligmcii mi p. SyV-l ol' liviuisV "Anciciif Stiiiic Iiiiiileiii'iits, etc., of (irent Bntiiiii." t Siiiiiisoii : Arolinii' S'lillitiircs. itc. : p. 7'.(-l;il.

(i ;. s

82

(I I' siiAi'i;i> AND (>;!ii:i; i.ai'Idaim an scim.i'I'i l-ks.

in llu'ir iicii^lilxtrliodd. Fii Xnrtli Nortliiiinlicrhiiil, iudrcil. roiisidcralilc iniiuhiM's (if hroiizo celts liii\c \)vvn disci ivcrcd, iuid also Iprcnzc dafij^-crs. spcar-lieads and suwu-ds. .Mr. Tate fiirtlicr refers foijin-rns talu'ii tVoni so-.no Nortluuiil)riaii Inrts. .nid made el' iiard. unlractaljle [mrphx i'\', which, li(> l)elie\i'S, cnulil nut iiavc lieen lasliloned 1)\ an\ st(inc tool, anil lie tlK'ri'forc! argues that tlie Xnrt'iinnliriaii smlptures ^leneralh' were made li\ means nt' timls i)f metal. |iri>l)alil\' nt' liron/.e. Mr Tale seems tu iinderrah' the etlii i,'nc\' ot' Hint instruments, when applied to hard stones.*

Mr. 'Tate oilers no delinite \ie\v with rej;ar(l to tlie meaninu ot tlu'se rock-sciilptures. hut considers them as symbolical — most prohabU' of reliu'-

lons Ideas.

Ill

owever, he seems to ha\"e a leaning;' toward the lielief ijial

tlie\' ol'lliinateij \vi

th the 1),

mil

and were eolineeteil in dlllerent \\a\swilh

the rUes ot tiiat piiwertid ]iiiesthoiid.

aihanced \ iew he qnotes passa'_i'es trom I'linv. .Mela and Strabi

I support ot this vei\ cantioush

i|iirstii>ii \\:i.s imii'Iirally

)lvrll I

; llii' IiitiTiMtiiiiiul .\Mllin>|iiiliiKii':il ('niijrriMt, lii'l<l ;it

Talis ill Uii' vi'ar I -(i". 'I'liin' air in llir .Mmmiuii nt' Saiiif-licnii.nii lasls at the wiilptmi'il nIiiih' plalis

riiniiiii;; porlidiis o

r llii' niiiiiiliis lid

on llii' Islaml of (iavr' nils, liiillaiiv. Tliisi> stalls.

iii^ of iii:apai'l uraniti'. i'.\

tiiliit.

as \M* Iiavi* seen. siirlafi'S iiuTrril all o\cr with inli'icato rnr\i'ii |i

III ollll

iliM;;

Till' savant i win

' pri'sciit I'lMisiJriTtl il iiiipi

iliirt'

CMTUll' Sllrll

llptl

it' I 111

laiiii'

inniitr was

uitlii'iit iiiiployin^ tools of sli'iO or liarili'iioil luoii/c. Iliil .M. .Mi'xaiiili'i' Iti rtraiiil, llio iliriilor of ilic niiisriiiii, was of ilitl'iTi'iil opinion, anil piori'riloil to nialii' a trial. A jii workiil with stoni' iinpli'ii u I'inli' anil a lew linrs \

iinil till

M"

i-iit 111

il to III

a pi'rtrcl :.iir

Allrr il ihn's lalii

1' i'ii,i;ravi'il. A i liisol of polislnil Hint imril iliirinu llir v.lioli' tinir was hi'.rilly iii.iiiriil; onr of nrplirito liail lioroini' soiiii'wlial liliiiilril, anil a simitar iiiipli'niriii of K'l'i'ustoni' sti'l more. Hut tin* tiIl;!' of a tiron/r axi- iis.eil in tin* opri-atioii was instantly lii-nl, ami if lii'ranir I'vi- ilrnt that lliiisi' sriilptnri'S tiail not linn I'Nn'iitrit with liioiizo, liiil witti stiinr. Tills arroiint is j^ivi'ii

liy I'rofrssor < arl VoKt in <

if a scrii's of li'llris ailill'i'.ssril, in HiiT, froni I'aris to thr <'olo;r|,(. (;a::ctlr

II

ia\i' i|i

lit I'll il licfoi'i' this in tin' Siiiitlisoniaii piililiralion riitillril "'I'lii' rali'Mi|iir TaMrt i:. tin' I'niii'il

Slatrs National Miisriini."

A siiiiitai' I'Nprriini'nl, iiiaih' at tin

iif I'loli'

iip^oii, is thus ilfsiTil I'll l»\ hi

I III

foiinil rspi'riniriilally that thr rin;;s ami nips ran hi' riif^nnril iliiplv ami willnuit ill

liiMilly upon till' Ar^'ylr

1 hist, ami I'vrn iipmi haul .Mii'iih'i'ii (jraiiitr, with a lliiit roll ami a wooihn

ilh't. Ill ilii' l'.iliiiliiir>;li .\iilii|naiiaii Musi'

I'lllII t llrl'<' IS a

lilorh of jiiay Alirrilii'ii jirauiti' fioiii K

On

tin

foriniii){ 11111' iif till' sriilplnri'il slonrs of Srollainl. ami i oiilaininK iipiui mii' siilr two in

Ihi' liai'k of this hunt yraniti' Mr. liolirrt Taiil, tin' ilooikiipi'r of tlio .Miisiiini. Iriio I"

tnriit I alliiili' to, ami rut, in t«ii hours. I Ho-thinls of a lirrlr witli a Hint ami a womli'ii . alli'l. Tin'

Hint nsi'il was iiliont tlirrr iiirlns Ion;;, an imh in liii'ailth, anil iihoiit ii <|iiai irofan inrli in thiikni'ss.

M"

lirrlr wliiili 111- siulpturiil wiiti it in llir ;,'raiiite was

I'lii'H in iliaini'li'i': ami tin' iin is

i.si'lf was nrarlv ttir

lartri'H of an imti hroail, alioM' a i|nai'tri of an imh in ili'plh, ami vi'iy sinnolli

oil its rut siirfaii'. In )ii'wiii;{ nut tin' riirli' with ttir llint, its sharp tips froin liiiii' to tiiin' hioki' oil', hut allot hir '-liarp cilui' was iilwiiys iuiiniiliati'ly olitaiuril liy nnnlv Inrniii;; it roiiml.

"Till' nsiilt of this siiupli' anil it 'sivi' rxpirimi'iit sirms to inr to hr iniporiaiil , as show iim that if tlii'sr ari'haii' intliiiK:- niiihl hi' sciiiiiiiiri'il iilikc cithi'r liy stoiii' or liy im tallir tools, llnir iinrr rlmrartir mill Inrin aH'oril mi I'viihiui' wliatsoi'vor that iliry wiro nut larvril till allrr Iho ilisiovrry

unil

list' ot lilt:

tallii

iipl

iinnts In otllrr wnrils, tho r.\prliuniit shows that thry liiiKht have hi

proiliiri'il I't'l'ori' till' iiilii'iltnl ion ot' ini-tals — or iliirin;: llir Stoni- ai;r.

ih,

Si uljttn

I w'-'.

HAV.

coM.Mi'.N-i's liv 'I'A'ri.;.

83

„

"As tlic fmictloiis <it' tlic Dniids wen' viiricd", lio obsorves, "so mii^Iit those SiUTcd stones l)c used lor several purposes. ( »ii them, as iiUiirs, sjicri- fioes mny hiive liec'ii slain to aver' either personal or state ealaniities; some of the iii;-nres may l)o the hierogl\ phics of the -^ods to whom tliev were dedi.ated: the ])hilosophioal views of the Druids may be symlxdicaMy rep- resented in the cireles combined with circles (.n the Routinfj;' Linn .Stone.* v.-lnvh, situated in a wiM district and |)r(>iial)iy in tlie midst of forests, -.vould be sv:ch a ])lace as the Druids would choose, whi'rein to teacii their occult ilortrinesand ])ractise their superstitious rites. Some of the {■roups of the concentric circles may show their idea of the motion of the heavenlv bodies; and the radial lines mi-rht set forth the 'inihience and ability of the innnor- l.il oods,' as extendim;- throu-ih and beyond the orbits of the heavenly bodies; the plant-like (iuiires mi-li1 (.nable them to expound -the nature of thinjis.' as seen in vegetation : jiossibly the grooves passino iVoui the c(ntr<' of one system of circles to an(.ther mif-ht symbolize the passaj-e of a soul from one state of being info another and a higher state. And in addition, I <'annot but think that oiu' of the (diief uses of those sacred stones was for nirtiific and necromancy. 'I'iie reli-ious and philosophical siniiilicancs of the liii'ures would add to their imjircssiveness on the ]iopidar mind, when used for this purpose, and ma-infy the mysterious power of the Druid priest or magician when he cast a horosco]ie, or endeavored b\- incantations to avert personal or pubic calamities."

These passages, I repeat, contain Mi\ 'I'ate's suggestions as to what the .signilicance of the sculptures po.ssibly nn'glit be, 1»eing by no means iiiteu(h-(l ito convey a malnred o]iinion ; and in order to show how far he is from con- sidering the problem as s(dved, 1 (piote iiere the conclmling jiaragraph of his work : —

"'i'hose who are not content unless ever\- mystery is full\- explained may feel di.s.s.itished, that after all the labor and research JH'sK.wed on the inscribed rocks, we cannot ri'ad them off as from a bettered book. J5efore, however, more definite results can be arrived at, lurther investigaticms must lie made in other p.irts of the world, 'j'wo lines of research ma^ vield iid'ormation : one among the Laps in the far North, and the other, with

• I(.'|.IV..I,I,,1 oil I'hitr I I.I' Ills w.ifli.

84

CUP-SIIAI'KI) AND OTOER LAPIDARIAN SCULPTURES.

more linpc of success, in the early home of tlio Aryan family. Soinotliin;,', however, has been achieved— materials for aiding- in the fuller solution ol the i)ro!)lem have been ])lace<l on n-cord — an udvanced starting-point made for future in([uirii;s — and a description and representation preserved of mar- velous sculptures, which time and llu' clenients will eventually obliterate."'*

Professor Desor devotes a consideral)le portion of his oftcn-cpioted pamphlet to a discussion of the probai>le uicanin.u- of the primitive rock- sculptures, more espei'ially those of the simple cup ty|H . In relerring to M. de Bo'nstettcn, who considers the cup-shnped cavities in fijeneral as the wm'k of nature (weathering- mit of imbedded nodules, etc.). he iulmits that such an explanation may be applied in certain cases.f but that an ihv. whole M. de I'onstetten's view appeiirs tntniiy initenable I'n.fessor Desor is not verv favorable to the iiltar thiMny, advoejiii'd by Nilsson, Troyon and others, becau.se the cups olteu ajipeiii- n\t .slanting and even veitical surfaces, and thus could not have .served for hohling the liluod of victims, or liba- tions of anv kind. Nor does he agree with Mr. Westmpp, who believes that the cups have lu) significance whatever, but were excavated hy llie prehistoric peo|)le with no other object in vii-w Ijut that of itassing the time; and ]>'■ lii^ewi.se rejects the idea, expressed by others. \h;n th>y iire simply of a. decorative eharacter. Having, in addition, alluded to several other theories— must of tlcm already brought, to the reader's n>Mict — Professor Desor ob.serves as follows- —

"If th<' cups on our erratic filocl<s are not ornammfs, biiuiilary marks, hierogivphs. .-r simjily the fancy-work of idle herdsmen— w liar flsr i-.\n thev ^i^'iiifv f We hold with Dr. Keller thai thev we^' eliielly made for the pnr|)ose of m;o-l;ing imU'libly certain lilocks des!;.>:ned to reenll n cir- cumstance or an even!, ilh ri-enllectiou of which was of a iiat\n-e to bo perpetuated. t It w.is doul)tless left t.. oral trailitlon to explain their purport and to transmit it from geiU'ration to generation. TTfiUce the .stones thus marke.l were imested with a uioiiumcntal cluiraeicr — using the term in its most primitive arcciitiitiun — liki the menhirs ,iml the blocks which the

'T.ili;: Tlio Aiioii'iit Soiil|p|iuv(l lin. ks, i-ii'.; )>. U&-44 t rrofessor Smiiismi im'ici'il i:i si'vcr;'! iii-ilaiu'i's iniliiral

1-. 3.

t in api

ilvjns tlio mm Ih'itl-fiiiH to ilie 0!)i'i-l':in\nH

:ii|> I'Xfavatiims

,Uclt

;j jt-«totlO

Wi

.—.Irilmtf Sfulphirei. • fr r r.-iar exprcswa the Baiuc

\iow. Sie pajjo 04 of t'.iU |m

l<U\alJou.

■M

■M

MHHMnMHi!

i;ai'.|

DESOIl'ri VIEWS— I'M'J'Kl) ASl'KJ.'SOinA IN SWEDEN.

85

imfruurhs piit iij) in ronuncrnoratio!) .1 important ovnits. '|'|i(.\ ui-re tlio natural aiixitiaccs ni' tradition.s, witliout being- tlu'ir interpreters. This was more tlian snfiicient to render them popular. It ia not surpri.sinjf that they were the objects of a certain Ncnoration, which, in(h;e(l, ha,-, not yet cea.sed in O'Av (lay.^i in some parts of Knropc!, wlure they are aenominated 'sacred stones' hy the jjcoiili..'"*

.Mr. HivcU Uarnac's vii ws in relation to the primitive sculptures of Indiii have been {.riven, in eomiection M-ith hi^ descriptive nccc-nnt, i;s a pre- cedin;,^ part of ^his Dublication, and I need utit revert to them for the present, 'rhouyli Profesi.^or Xilsson's theories aro likewise known lo the reader, I have to draw attention to his statements com-erninj,'- the continuance of cup-cnuinj,^ in comjiaraliNely modern times. He is of opinion that the iirst Christian missionaries who came to Sweden, found in eertain parts of the country a population still sacrilicin,i( on cupped Haal altars, [n order to wean the people inafjentle n.annerfrojn this [.ractice, he thinks, the priests lirst used the cupped bouhlers as Iioly-watei- st< ne.s, aiul afterward intro- duced a.^pcrsonn \n the sliape of cupped stone A-esseLs in the churches. Indeed, ho d.'scribes and !ig-ures several of thei^e vessels belonjjin<,r lo Scaiiian churches in uhicli. before the era of Protestantism, CathoHc wor- ship was i..n-formeu. Fin-, y.) represents (me of the holy-water basins figured by Nilsson. whi.di li still seen in a church at .Sfro, in the lilshopric of Lund. Its upper sm-face shows iive cup-e.xcavations, but is otherwise smooth. A transition fn^m this simple to a somewhat more elab(»rate device is shown by Fig. 6U, likewise copied from Nilsson's work, and representing a holy-water basin in a church uC Oeiniaip, in S.-ania. Its slightlv hollowed upper surface exhibit> five o.Kcavatious, namely, a cross in th.' eentre and a cuj) in each eoiiu r.f

Tk»t-i'e i.sbut littledoubt that thisChristiancontrivanceof employing holy- W»l«f Wsins with eup-e.tcavations i.s the survival of a preceding heathenish practice ; but i» is more than (luestionabh' whether these Christian clmrch- vesseiH ^^vl■>' designed to perpetuate, as it were, the recollection of what Professor Nikson considers as sacriticial altars. faking it tor granted that

' Dcsor : Piom- ^ ficuullcs ; p. Ii* and paaaiir •Nils.«Mi. Das »rciiuiM.!t...r ; Nactora(f S. 4-

36

Cl I'SIIAI'KI) AND OTIIKK 1,A!MI)A IM A N S( (I.l'Tl i'.KS.

ciip-cuttings wore still iiiado in Swcilcii when tlic wmk of con vert iii;^,- llio inlia!)itiints from paffiuiisni was bcfiMUi, it l>y no means follows that the orij;- inal motisc for (■ni)-cutting- tlum still a tuatol llu; iicoi)l(' of tluit conntry. W'v nnist at least lak(( into aeeonnl the jiossibility of siu'li mutations, tho more so as examples are not wanlin;;-. In most countries of Enropo and in China and Japan, for instance, popular superstition even now invcwts pre- historic stone imidements, siuh as axes, celts and arrow-lieads, with mai^ii'

f the Ix'licM'rs certainlv used such

powers, thon;^h the remote ancestors o

■\AcaiK>ns and tools.

^\■

lal was ori'iiuiiln

\U

\]\ oliject emj>loyed in daily lile

lecanie

in the course of time a charm.

1 relation to cupped stones are still in voji'uo amony- the uneducated peoph' of dilVi'rent i;uro])ean countries. As we lia\o

Some curious superstitions n

jen, they are called vlfsli'Vir in Swed

en.

'1}

s Hiss Mestorf,

are

th

uls of the dead; they fretjuently d

we

\\\ o

r below stones, and

stand ni \anons relations to the h\ in;.

It' their quiet is dl^tm•l)ed, oi

tl

r tneir

(Iwe

lin--p|;ice (Icsecrateil

due respecl is not paid to the

m.

tl

ie\- wii

reventie themsehcs bv aniictin;^' tl

le \n

rpetrators with diseases or otlier

th

mislortunes.

I'or this reason

people take care to siviire the favor of th

little ones' bv sacriiices, or to pa

cilv

hem wlieii o

{Vended. Their claims

ai'e %er

lest: a little butter or -l■ea^e, a copper com, a flower oi a rilt

ib

boa will satisfy them.

tl

10

If tlie\- lia\e iiitlicte<l di,-,ease, some object worn by II rec'.iicile them. .\ Swedisllv

iick persiHi, such as a pin or a Imtton, will recuci

proprietor of mi estate (iti Uj)pland ), who had caused an elt'stone to Ix' transporteil to his park, ibiind a few days afterward small sacriiicial -iirts lviu<;' in the cups. 1 ii the Stockholm Mn.seum are preserved ray-dolls, which

These probably lia.d be(ii dejiosited

had 1

leeii found upon an

dfstoiK

v women who wished to Ijecome mothers. Thus we see the cup-stones m

their cups, liovvever, instoail of holding'

Swi'deii aiiulie'l to the iis(M>f altai

Ilie

ood of victims, as Nilssoii conjectured, serve to receive the iiarniless

"I

fts of

a smu)le niiiiiled

.antr\-

The cup-stone (piestioii has of late I'req

1!I«'I1

tivl

)pen iliscussed in tin

tnnual meetiiiLis o

f the ( ieriuan

Aiitl

iroixilo

ricdil iSocietv as well :\> 111 the

uieetiffl}£S of the .\nthro))olo}i:ical So(

ietv of IVriin. Messrs. X'iirhow.

1>

esor,

•\t:iini»inMuliiiz-Hl:i!l <U-r Dt-uts. Inn .\iilb«i<{«*in|jirit.'hini tii wlU' liiiti, l-i'.l. S. 1.

S|T|'HItSTITI<)NS--('ll' MAItIvS ()\ (11 rilCII KS.

87

FriccU'l, Mclilis, ScliiiiiiriiimsiMi, jiikI Voss lycin;,'' cuiisiiiciKms miikhi!;- flii- par- ticipants in tiic (lihiitcs. Much nf wliat was ^ai(l in tiicsc iiici'tiui^-s licariiifr oil the sultjccl lias Ikh'U hroui^lit to the reader's notice, acconliii;,'- to oriifiiiiil sources ; in adilitioii, lio\ve\er, various coiniiiitiiicatioiis relatin^r to tlio oiTUrreiicc of r'Up-excavatioiis and furrows cui the outside of the walls of fluirclies were made tm these occasions.

It appears that Dr. Iv \'eckeiistedl, a ineudier of the lierlin Aiithro- ])oloj,ncal Hocietv, first pointed out tlie existence of these curi(Mt> marks on ji chundi at ( 'otlhiis, i:i liie Pion ince of Ihandenhurj^-. I'i'Ussia.* 'I'hey werc! afterward iioticd under .--imilar eircumstances at (iulieii, in the samo prov- iiice.t -^fi'- 1''- f'rieiiel, iHrectnrof one of the IJerliu mu.seums {M('irl:isclii>s rrorhisihtl-Mnsriini). he uniinu' nnuli interested in the suhject, succeeded in discovering- them on cliuridies in many otiier jdaces of rliat province (Spandjiii, I'reiizlan, Anuciniiimle, Stniusl)eri4', Kiirstenwalde and N'et.-ichaii). He furliier f.Hind the marks o;i churcliesin I'onieiania (( u'eifswald. Stralsnnd, (liitzkow, La'oan, .\nklani. \V(ilna>t, SaL;ariL .\heiikirclien, Ueriivii on tiu! Island of IJii'jcn; (uistow, i l.uisha^en and Neiieiikii-cdien near ( ireifswald; Morircnitzand Melienthinoii tile Island. .f I'sedom: Srt'ttin): and extendin<-- iiis reseiurhcs beyond the hoimdaries of < ormany. lie found cup-marks on (diiindies in Sweden (Mahin'.. I'psida, and U'e\ir>). Mr. Woldi n.>-Ncd them in flcrlin, and, accunlin- to Dr. \'e(d«iisn 't, thev <m -ur in (.oslar ( llanoMi I and liranswick. Dr. \'oss saw tlii<-ii! in UaireiitlM l>avaria ) t Mr. W. Sciiwarfz si'iit tuthe Anlhroiiolonic.il Smietyof lierlin a rep(n-t cmu-ern- iii^' cups on (•linrclie> in llu I'n.v iiii'c of ^o.s^■n;^^ and I'rotessor \ irchow, (iuallv. dis>(.\cnil iiimself tiiese artificial excavations on the walls of ec(desi- astic tuiildiiip- in Switzerland (Tliun and liernei and in the valley of tlio IMiine l| Ma!i\ aihliti.iiial (liseo\crie> of liie kind are to he expected.

■j'he i'ni->>ian chnr.dies uii'wliicli the>e curious markings lia\c l)e(^n observed, appei.r to lie mostl\ hiiill of brick, and tlie e\ca\.itions, of course, are ina<le in that material Tliey are usually, tliounh not always, lound on

• v-,liuiMami';<'ii.lcrli.Tliiifr.\iilliviiiMi!o,i;i-.clini(;c,.||srli;i.!i -. SI' /mi); v.. m I'.l. .liiTii l~rr..S. is. Ilnlil.: Sii.^iiiij; Mini -.'I, ,[iili 1ST7, S i.'.'. tll)i<l. : Sitzuii;; v.im Hi. I'lsliriiiir 1-<(S, S. -j;!. *TI»i<'... Sitziiii;; viim l.'i. Ndvi'ImIht IST'.l, S. IH.

|H«««|:.. Sitzimi; V..1I1 t-^. O.tiiliiT |S7!I, S. :IC,

88

CII'SIIAI'r.n ANU OTIIKU LAIMDAIMAN SClM'TrKKS.

tlici sotitliciii side ot' tlic clmrclics, iimr nii ciitiiiiKM', and, as a nilc, plarcd within tlu' rcai'li of a man's arm. 'I'lic cnjis arc smaller tlian most (it'tliosi^ seen cm hlocks, mcasni-inji- only iVdni two to loin- cciitimc'ters in diameter, iuul are comnionl}' distrihnted without apparent order. Sonu'times they arc ])artly executed on the mortar hi'twcen tho bricks, ii fact denionstratinj,'' heyond donht that they were made after the erection of tlut churches. Such a cas" is well shown in V'\>x. (II, repn'sentiiif^- a portion of th(i ])ortal of the Mariciiliinhc (Saint .Mar\"s ( 'Imrch) at Greiiswald, in I'omerania.* 'J'lie two uppermost cups, it will lie seen, ant partly e\cavat(!d in the mortar. '\\\v lowest course shows two furrows. In sonu> instances such markings have been observed on stone-built churches.

It appears more than jirolialile that the practice of thus markinj^- the out.si(U^ of these buildings indicates the continuation of a pagan custom, though in these cases the cups may not have the signiiicanco of those seen on l)oul(lers and megalithic mominieiits. 1 already lia\'e e.xjiressed a simi- lar doubt while .^peaking of the cupped holy-water liasins. The moti\es which induced i)eophi in comparatively modern times to murk churches with cups and furrows are not yet known. The theory that the^- are \\\i' work of children will not explain the wide extent and uniformity of the practice, though mischievous urchins may have anuised themselves now and then l)y adding to the niuuber of markings.f They evidently are not bullet-marks, as has Ijeen suggested: in fact, none of the \ lews tims far adsauced to account for their presence appears to me satisfactory. The cups on churches in Germany seem to have been thought to possess healing qualities. Fev(fr- sick peoph^ blew, as it wer(?, th(3 disease into the cavities. Accorrling to t)thor accounts, the i)atients swallowed the jiowder produced in grinding out the cups, 'i'he latter jiractice has not yet become obsolete in France; for Professor Desor learufil t'rom .M. Falsnn that in the clnncli of \'oanas, near Uourg, Department of the Ain. a largi- stoite, called /.a I'ici ><' fic Saiitl- Lrmp, i.s preserved, into which the sick and im])otent grind holes, and driidc the jiulveri/.ed matter, which, as they believe, cures the fever and renews

"Tile illiisii-.itioii is talion from :iii arliilc 1)\ .Miss Mcstorf. piililislicil In •■.MaliiiaiiN ". 1 '•<■■'. 1'. '-"■ I Ijavi' iiviTspd ill!' ))nsiiiiiii of tlii' illnslialiDii, sniiposiiiK llial it waa wrongly iiisi'i'Irfl in llii< I'u mil I»t-i iiMlir.U. It at ftitiniaiiini ori^iiKil!> nn<' ol" Me. I'l ii'lrr.s imMiraluins

1 VrilunOluijyi'U ilir Hirlimi Aiilliri>l"il<iui.'-i Inn (ti'Sfllttdiul't ; .SU/nuy M'Ui lii. 1 i Inu.u l-'T", S. 'Jfi.

w^

UAiM OlJPArAHKS OX CIIIJUOIIIW— TUIOORIKS AND HLFl'EHSTITIONS. 80

tlin vitiil strciintli. Aiiollicr stone, known as La I'icirr de Saint-Clciiifiit, in tlui villa^^i! of N'mniiiy, in tlio nbovc-nanied depfirtnuiiit, is used for the same purpose. In the Swiss Canton of Valais, Professor Desor fiu'ther states, fiiliuff persons drill into tlin stones of a certain chapel, and swallow the dust thus obtained.* Mr. Friedel learned from u citizen of Grcifswald that the Clips were still resorted to in his time for charming- away the fever. The niscliofs-Stfiii, near Nieme;fk, mentioned on paj^e 24 of tiiis ])uljlication, Mr. Friedel observes, is still visited by patients ajid rpiack doctors who rub it with ^^n-ase, in order to l)rin<^ about cures. In a l\'.\v instances, it seems, the inside of cups on German churches was found to exhibit traties of grease. The same gentleman has drawn attention to the anointing of stones prac- tised for rcjligions purposes by the anciisnt dews. lie refers to Genesis XXVIII, IS: "And Jacob roseup early in the morning, and took the stone that h(; had put for his pillows, and set it up for a pillar, and poured oil upon the top of it"; and to Zechariah III, {): "For behold the stone that T have laid before Joshua; upon one ston(! shall be seven eyes; behold, I will engrave the graving thereof, .saith the Lord of hosts, and I will remove the iniquity of that land in one day." The.se "eyes" were anointed with oil.f Such customs, however, may have sprung up independently among different nations.

There are some curious popular traditions connected with the cup- excavations and grooves on churches in Germany. Thus, the grooves on the cathedral at Brunswick pass for the claw-marks of the lion said to liuve followed Duke Henry of Saxony and Bavaria, surnamed "the Lion," from Palestine to Germany. This lion, the legend says, made the marks in a fit of rage, being unable to jiiter the church in which his master was praying t In Posen a tradition refers the cups to the souls of the damned, who, during their life-time, never had visited churches. They ground out the cavities during the night, and left them as tokens of their despair at not being allowed access to the closed churches.§ There are other similar

S. 24.

•CoiTcspniiiliMiz-Hliilt (li'i- Dculsclicii AMlIiicip(ilni;is(li|.ii Gpsi'llsclial't, IHTH, S. l.'ifi.

t Vprliandluii^'i'ii ilrr Hi'iliiicr Amliroiiiildjtisclii'ii (j™«llscliu('l ; Sit/iing voiii l(i. Kcliniar lH7rt,

i Uiiil., Sitziini; v<im l'.(. .Iiiui IST.'i, S. IS. vUpkI.. .Sitz-iiuj; vciiu l.'i. NovcuiIh^i- 1-<71I. S. I'.i.

90

ClM'SIIAI'llI) AND ()Tlli;it LAl'IDAItfAN S(J[JLl'Tri{KS.

stdiii's tnld, tn wliicli 1 will not iillndo, as tlicy liavc no sciciitilic valiio whatever, hiit simply sliow the cmreiit of popular t'ancv.

It is to 1)(^ hoped that the ell'orts of I'liiropoan savants — nioro especiiilly of those of (ierniany, who show so nmeh interest In the matter — will ulti- mately res\ilt in idearinLi' nj) the mystery tiiat still shnaids the ori;;iu and moaninji;' of cup-excavations and grooves on ecclesiastic, structures.

I have to allude once mcu-e to Mr. llivett-Caniac's remarkable discov- eries ill India, and to the vit^ws thereon liased hy him. No oni^ who has «3XJimined his p\il)licatious in connertion with those of Simpson and Tate can help a(hnittinfj the strikinj'' rosend)lance between the cup and rin}j;--cutting8 of India and Great Britain. Indeed, his theory that the jirimitive rock und stone-scidptures of those countries were executed l)y people akin in race, following' similar customs, and observin;,'' similar forms of worshij), deserves the hiii'hest attention. Yet, after all, we deal here for the present with ii speculation ami luit witli an established fact. The necessary evidences, based upon the discovery of cup and riui,''-car\ int^s in various countries of the Old World, wliere thus far they have not been shown to exist, are nt present Mantinn'. If tlu^y should come, to lin-ht in the course of time, we may l)e allowed to construct the etlm(doj;ical chain which is still im[)erfect.

Professor Desor's .Vryan theory, as nivcn in a preceding part of this l>ublIcation. ap|)ears to me truly captivating, although the difliculties just alluded 'o have, ;if course, also to be ovi'rcome in this case. In fact, j\Ir. liivett-l 1' • and Professor Desor are aiming at similar results. The last- named , 'man's view, formulated with great distinctness, wonhl teiul to establisu ,t kind of archicological harmony, by reducing, as it wens, u numl)er of factors, hitiierlo not pi'operly connected, to a single i)rinclple. Leaving aside for a nio\nent the ([uestiou touching megalithic monuments and primitive sculptures, how well would this theory exjtlain tlie gap existing between paheolithic and neolithic implements, and likewise the introduction of domestic animals so characteristic of the era of [)olisiied stone. The opinion that the .Vryans were still in tlie stone age at the ])eriod of tiieir (lis]iersi(in prol),i])ly ^\\\] nain more and more ground; but tlie (piestion coiiceniing the original home of this people, the existence of which was traced in a manner s(»mewhat analogous to ih.it bv which

i;.\r 1

Tiii;(H!ii:s or kksou and luvicTTrAUNAc

01

l.cvcnicr (liftcdvcrcd the plaiii't Nt'ptiiiit', i« still iiu upcn otic. It .slioiild iilso l)c (•((MsidiMX'd tliiit, tlioiifi'li till' Maliiidoo-worsliipiiijf Saiviis an^ (as 1 jiidgo) iiKirc or less iiiodilicd Aryans, lliu Kliasias ol' Bciiffal, wliu arc proiii- illOlltly iiH'Ulioucd as tlic iiiodcru builders cil' iiic^alitliic striicliircs, Ixioii;^- to a totally dillVrciil race. "It is at all cvi'Uts woilliy of remark," says Miss Biicklaiid, '"that tliosts who now in India Imild croMdeclis, erect pillars and circles of stones, and construct miniature kistvaens, are not the dom- inant Aryan lace, but the dark-skinned abori;jines, descendants of the pre- Aryan occupiers oi' the soil, and that in every country westward, wherein these' monuments an; found, tliey an; traditionally associated with a lonj;'- forjrotten race. It is remarkable, too, that some are assij^ned to i^ianls and soni.' to dwarfs."* Similar tnulitions, it will be rememliered, an- reconled by Mr. Uivett-Carnac.

After all that has l)ei;n said concernin;;- the si^nilicance of the cup and rinii-scul])tures in the Old World, I hanlly venture to ofVer an opim'on of my own. However, it ai)pears lo me that the close conneclioii Ijctweeii cups and riui^'s has not been sufliciently considered. It certainlv appears that both belonn' to one system of primitive scnl[iture, of which the former seem to be the earlier expression : and If, indeed, the combined cups and rin<.5s an' what Mr. K'lvett-C'aruac thinks them to be, a kindn'd purport should be assin-ned to those cup-excavations which occur without circles am' radial t;-n)oves on rocks and stones in I'^iirojie and .\sia. I ( annot .see how these two kinds of sculi)ture can 1)(; sejiarated tVom each other, unless by supposing- that the primary application of the cu|)s was simpl\- of a l)ractieal nature, and that afterwanl, (nvin^;- to the force of habit, they were made to enter into the composition of more elaborate carvini;s of an entirelv dilTerent character. This, however. '\a rather doubtful.

'rtn'uhiy' to .\merlc;i, we iind the dllliculty of approacliIiiL;- •■nnthimi- like a solution of the pn>blem still lireater. considerinL;- that hen' as \-et tlu; inimber of discovered cup-stones is bv far too small to pei'init the merest attempt at <,a'neralizi.tion. As to the smaller North American cup-stones, I have expressed, lliou,",h in a <^'uarded manner, mv opinions concernlnii' their

• Illlclvl^Mll (Miss A. W.U Nol. s,,M sdlllr ('(.rilisll .lllii llisll rn-I,i..i,iiir Mnni ■u\>

111 ■ .Viillir.i|M>lii;,'i(iil Iiisiiinlr cif (a-rdl liril ;iiii ;iiiil liihinil; N..vii;iliri'. l--7fi.

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92

CUP-SIIAPKI> AND OTHER LAPIDAUIAN SCULPTUUKS.

|)n>1)nble npplicniion — opinions which I nni roady to iibtindon, n» Hoctn hh more sntisfiK'toiy «'xplanations are brought forward. Hegiirding the larger North American cupped stones, more especially that belonging to the Cin- cimiati Society of Natural History, I am tinable for the |)ro8ent to offer the slightest elucidation.

The question naturally arises, whetlier the practice of excavating cups in rocks was introduced in America by inunigrants from abroad, or whether it sprang up spontaneously in the New World. Being a believer in the Darwinian doctrine of evolution, I consider man as a foreign element in America. My reasons for that belief need not be given in this place: they are known to all who follow in the wake of the great English naturalist. I am further of opinion that the present American continent received its population at a very remote period, when, perhaps, the distribution of land and sea was different from what it is now. The earliest inunigrants may have been so low in the scale of human developinent that they yet lacked the faculty of expressing thein.selves in articulate language.* However, it can hardly be supposed that the peopling of America took place at a cer- tain time and was discontinued afterward : on the contrary, there are reasons which render a continueii connection with distant parts, more especially with Asia, highly probable. The innate tendency whi' h leads man inde- pendently in different parts of the world to the same or similar invtMitions and conceptions, provided that there is a sufficient similaritj' in the external conditions of existence, will account for nniny customs and practices of the aboriginal American ; but it fails to explain, for instance, the highly arti- ficial and complicated system of reckoning time, which was in vogue among the Titltecs, Mexicans and Yucatecs, and was almost identical witli the sy.stem still applied in Thibet and Tartary. It hardly can be imagined that a method so intricate and jjcculiar in its ])rlnciple could have originated in different parts <»f the world, ami hence one is almost driven to believe in later connections between the inlia1)itants of Asia and America.f

* III wliat otlicr wiiy ciin wo acvoiint for tb» totiillv iliviTse eharacteriittk-)i of llic iiiiiiicriniii lin ({iiiKlir liiiiiilU'n of Aiiit'rii'nf

t Tlmw (lf>ii<nis of iiion^ pri'iisn inforniatinii cm tin' siili.jt'rt will tiiiil it in HiiiiiIhiIiIi'h " Viii-s ilea Conlilliri'M" (I'lirix, lr<l(i, |i, l'J.'>-l<.M), or in tlir Iriiimliilion of t but work, kiitiwii an " Iliiiiiliolill'n lio- Benirhi's" (Luniluii, If'U, Vol. 1, p. 'JTii-HW), aiud iu Tylor'-s " Aimliuiio" (Luudou, 1*11, p. 8tl, ntc).

RA0.)

CONCIUDINO REMARKS.

93

Tho oups on tlio Cincinnati boulder are |)erf©ctly similar to those on many stones in tho Old World, and it is probable that they owe their origin to tho same motives. If these motives arose from some religious concep- tion, we might foel inclined to trace the origin of American cup-cutting to Asia. Hut if, on tho other hand, the cups were designed for n practical purpo.se, the custom of excavating them may have sprung up in America as well as elsewhere.

My task is now finished. It was my chief object to draw attention to a very curious class of North American antiquities as yet but little known, and thus to bring them within the range of a closer observation, which possibly may lead to a better undorstjxnding of their meaning. As stated on the title-page, I have tried, moreover, to present the subject under dis- cussion in its entirety — a mode of treatment which, I hope, will not be deemed an objectionable feature of this publication.

SUPPi.EMEXTARY NOTE.

Wliiln troatiii}? in tlie.se pajfos of primitive Ainerican sculptures hcar- iiijr some analofry to those observed in the Old World, I ouiittod to mention the incised rock in Forsyth County, Geor<ria, hrieHy described and fi<,nired by ('(donel ( 'harles ( '. Jones on pajres (]4 and (I") of the "Journal ot the An- thropolo^ri<.al Institute of New York" (Vol. I, New York, l.s71-'72). The sniijoined illustrations are those published by Colonel Jones, who kindly loaned mo the wood-cuts.

Niirtii Hitlr iirNi-utpluriMl nu-k in Ktir-^Ntli C.iuutx, <ii>nri;i».

Siuitli »\'U- nllli.' iilmv.'.

Here follows his description: —

"In Forsyth County, (iet)r<,na, is a carved or incised boulder of fine- {fniined j-ranite, about nine feet lon<r, four feet six inches hij^h, and three feet broad at its widest point. The tij-iires are cut in the boulder from one-half to three-quarters of an inch deep.

.,.M

90

(UP SHAPED ANF) OTHER LAPIUAIMAN 8(1 LPTL'RES.

"As y«'t lU) iiiti'iprt'tation of tlioso fi<rurcs has boon »)ffero<l, nor J« it known by whom or for what purposo thoy woro tnado; but it is {fonerallv believed they woro the work of tlio Chorokoes. On tho eastern end of the boulder, running: vertically, is a line of dots, like tlrill-holes, eighteen in number, connected by an incised line."

The character of the sculptures being shown by the illustrations, I need not add any further remarks.

SUMMARY.

Introduction.— Pierrcs A ecuelks, Srhalcnstrinr, cup-stones, (It'fiiiitioii; reference to Prof. Desor's pamplilet entitled " hes I'ierres t'l ftcuelles", p. 7.— Occurrence of cup-stones in America, p. 8.

Part I. — Primitive Lapidarian Sculptures in Europe and Asia.

Scotland, f/r.— "Archaic Sculptures of Cups, Circles, etc., upon Stones and Hocks in Scotland, Knj,'land, and other Countries," l»y Prof. .1. Y. Simp- son; occurrence of cup-shaped cavities and other primitive sculptures in the liritish Islands, more especially in Scotland, on nu'^ralithic monuments, in weems or underjjround houses, in fttrtified buildings, in and near aiu-ient towns and caaips, on the surface of i.solated rocks, on isolated stones, p. 9- 10. — Simpson's Ja.ssification of primitive sculptures: sinjrle cujt.s cups sur- rounded hy a sinj,'le rin<;, cups surrounded by a serios of concentric c«mu- plete rings, cups surrounded by a series of concentric but inc(»mplete rings, having a straight radial groove, cups surrounded by concentric rings and flexed lines, concentric rings without a central cup, concentric circular lines of the form of a spiral or vcdute, p. 10-11.— Chief deviations from .he principal type.<: cups connected by grooves; examples of Scottish cup and ring-cuttings; megalithic structures, etc., mentioned by Prof Simpson, which exhibit cup-cavities unaccompanied by other sculj)tures, p. 11-14.

7;;////«W(/.— Uuference to Mr. (Jeorge Tate's work "The Ajicient Hritish Sculptured Rocks of Northumlyerland ami the Kastcrn Borders"; Northum- i)rian sculptures analogous to those liitherto considered; absence of the spiral line; cups always accompanied by other designs; the sculptures occur on megalith".' monuments or within or near ancient camps, p. l.'»-l(i.— Small cup-stones discovered by Rev. \Villian> Greenwell in British barrows; they

I L S

97

98

Cri'HIIAI'KI) AM) OTIIMK LAI'IDAIMAN SCrM'TlUKS.

jfcncnilly were ftniiul in Imiitows coiitaiiiiD^r liunu'tl liiitnaii rciniiins, p. Ifi- 17.

Inland — Ciij) and rinfj-cnttinfjs iunnd in Ireland; they arc <»fton asso- ciaU'd with otlicr di'\ ic(>s, such as stars, rosettes, crosses, trian;,des, zi^fza^^s, etc.; "the lla;>'s Chair" at Iion<fh Crew, near Ohh-a.stK*; incised stones in the cairn at IiOn<r|i (Irew, and in the cairns of New (Jranifc and Dowtli, near I)ro;rheihi: |)ro;rresHive d'jv»do|»nient sliown in Irish scnlptnre, p. 17-lM.

Fnuia: — SculptnrcH on d«dnien-stones in IJrittany, exliiliitin;r an ad- vanced stajfc «d" prinntive art; incised chandu-r-stones in the tnnndns of (Savr Inis; cnp-cnttin;.''H in Hrittany, p. IS-II). — Cnpped stones in Soiith(>rn France; "I/- C;iiliiai»n des I'onrics," near Lnclion (Pyrenees); in the valley of the Klione; " La Honle de ( Jarj^antua" in the Department of the Ain; cu|)pe(l rock in silu in tlu' Lozcre department, ]>. l!'-'2(>.

SwiUtrldiiil. — Frecpiency of cnpjted Ixudders in Switzerland; cnpped rock near .Mont-la-\'ille, Canton of Vaud; Dr. Ferdinand Keller's memoir on Swiss cnp-stones; capped honlders in tlu* nei;>;hl)orhood of ISieinie and Ziirich; oidyone case of rin^'-cnttin^^s thus far known in Switzerland; small cnp-.-tones found near lacustrine stations in the Lake of Xeuchatel ; Dr. Kel- ler's views le^^ardin;,' these stones, p. 21-J'.'.

(iarmanif (iiid Aiisfria. — Cnp-stones not yet discovered in Southern (icr- many, hut doubtless will he found ; cup-stone near FckernfiJrde (Schles- wi^f) ; Miss . I. Mestorfs einnneration of cnp-stones thus far noticed in the duchies of Scldeswi;j and ilolstein; condiination of cups with wheel-shaped ti^rures and rin<,'s (note); cup-stone with runic characters tin one side. p. 2:'- 24. — Cup-cuftin;.'»* on nie^falithic monuments in the Islaiul of Kii<ren ; on rocks ill ditferent parts of Silesia ; the " Hi.scdutfs-Stein" in Hrandenhin-','', Prussia; Mr. Frieilel on cup-marks on churches in (iermany and Sweden; cup-stone near Oher-Farrenstiidt in I Vussian Saxony ; the " Kiesenstein" near Meissen, Saxony; Dr. .M. Much on cnp-stones in Austria, p. 24-2."».

Ihuiii(uh\ — Dr. II. Petersen's article on primitive lapidarian sculpturi's in Deinnark, called flcllni.sfiiinffcr in that country; cii|i-cuttinfi-s fotnal in most of the Danish islands and in .liitland, on erratic blocks as well as on stones of me^falithic structures; these sculptures referable in many ca.ses to the stone ajre, in others to the bronze jM-riod; cup-stones with later nunc

KAI' 1

aUMMAUY.

no

iiiMrriptioiH; nrtiticial foot-tnuikH on stoiioH holoiifrin^ to liiiriiil-Htruotiiros, p. '2^)-'21. — \Vlu'«'l-slia|M'(l rii-iil|)tiii'('s on isolated lilocks and nic^ralithic nion- inncntH: tlioyuro llioii^'lit to pertain to tlu> a^roH of Mone and Iminze; Honio- tinie« assoeiated witli rude desii,'n,s id' ships; ;jronp seen on tin* rap-stone of a fuiu'i-al eluunlter near Ilerrestrnp in S«'eland; ship-scnlptnres pi-olmldy refei'ahle to the hron/.e a^^e: siniihir (h'si<rns on hron/.e knives or ra/.ors; abseil. ; of senlptures on loeks in silit in Denmark, p. 'J7-2iS.

Sivnirti. — hiversity of priniitiNe sculptnres in Sweden; the cupped <;Tanit«* honhhu* called tlie Haal or Haider 8tono, in tlie nei;;id)orhood of l''idkr>pin<r; a sacriticial altar nsod in i{aal-worslii|), acconlin^ to Prof Sven Nilsson- other Swedish <Mip-stones; th«y are called «7/v/r«rtr, or «dfstones, p. 2H-2SJ. — Uonlders in Scania with t-np-excavations and whe<d-shaped sculp- tures; slal» from a Scanian tnnuihis, called Willfarahilj;, shows desi;.'ns of u chariot and of ships, an<l, in addition, cnps of earlier date; description of the tnnndus, which is as«'ribed to the i>ronz«> aj,'*- by Prof Nilsson; analo^fy between the desi^^ns on tiu' slab from the Willfarji tnnndns and those on the chamlter-sttMies of the Kivik nioiuiment in Scania; these struc- tures ascrilied l)y Nilsson to Haal-worshipin<r PhoMiicians; description of the Kivik scnl|»tin-es; absence of cn))-cnttinjfs; the Kivik monument and simi- lar Scanian structiucs claime(l for Denmark by Dr. Petersen; Scandinavian sc(dptures on natural rock-surfaces; |)articidarly frecpient in the Liin of Hohus; represent scenes of war and huntin<f, manned and empty ships, etc.; ascribed by some to the bronze-n<re ])eo|)le, but by Prof Nils.son to the Vikiuffs of the ei^rhth and ninth centuries, p. 'J'.I-.'U.

luilia. — ('np-stoncs foun<l in India; importance of their occurrence; analogy between the me^alithic monuments of India and those of (Jreat Hritain pointed (»ut by Col. M. Taylor and Dr. Wilson; later discoveries in India by Mr. .1. II. Hivett-Carnac; his wrilin;rs; he explores tumuli near tlunapani, in the district of Na;;poor; traditions rolatiufif to them, p. .U-.'t'i. — De.scription of these tnnuili: cnp-cuttin<rs on blocks surronndinj,'' them, but no rinji-sculptures; articles found in the tumuli, p. ."i2-3.'^ — ( 'up-s<'ulpfures discovered by Ikivett-Carnac on stones and rocks in situ in tlu; mountains of Kumaon; temple of .Mahadeo at Chandeshwar; cup and rinji-cutti-ifi-son a rock in the vicinity; legends relating to these sculptures; "Mahadeo," a

KK) OUI'^IIAPKn ANI> OTIIKIt LAPIDAUIAN HCCI.ITIIUKS.

|."';

nanio jfivon to Siva; hit* clinrartcr In lliiidno iiiytlioloj^y, p. .'rj-.*l4. — W«»r- Hliip of jMahadoo and Yoni in India; tlu;ir cnnvtMitional r(>|>n>H<>ntationM in jjoneral; in the Cliandeshwar temple, p. .'5J-35. — TIh'V rcHenible llio rock- H(*idptHi'eH in tlio nei^hborliood; deHcription ttt' the (Miandeslnvar t(>niph>; Maliadoo HynihoU (»f difl'erent kindn; thoHct of the poorer chiHs ron;;hlv cnt ont on Htone xhilis, p. S/J-.'IG. — Temph'H near ('han«U»8hwar hiiih in imitation of Maliadeo Hyniholn; cnstoniH in the I'linjah r(datin<r to Mahadeo-wornhip; Mr. Itiveft-C'arnae'H conrhision: ho connectM the me<>:alithi(> nionnnientM and primitive scnipttires of Knropo with those of India, p. 3C-.'IS. — Previourt discovery of enpped houUlers on the bankn of the Indus ((^aslnnere) by Dr. WTchere; the cnps considered by liiin as the resnhH of jrlaeial action; Prof. Deaor refutes this erroneous view; Prof Desor's inferences: ho aiscribes European cuj) and rinjy-cuttings, nie<^alithic monuments, etc., to Aryan innni<rrants, their arrival markin<r the beginninjr of the neolithic period, p. 3S-;J!t.

Part II. — PrhiiHiir Lnpiddiiati ^vitlplurrs in Amvr'ua.

North Atnt'iira. — I lannner-stones (so-called) in the United States; in Kurope; their application; cannttt have been used in linishing tliiit iniple- n>ent8 of superior workmanship; methods of chipping Hint among modern N(»rth American Indians, p. 41-4'.*. — Pitted stones; many of them not bruised at their circumference, and consecpiently not applied as suppo.sed ; speculations as to their use; perhaps employed in breaking hard-shelled fruits, p. 42-43. — Nuts as an article of ft>od among the North American In- dians; " nut-.stone8 " Hrst described by Col. Charles C. Jones, p. 43-45. — Small cup-8t«>i • with a cavity on one side or on both ; used as paint-mor- tars, p. 4r)-46. — (^up-stones of larger size with a nuudjer of cavities, per- liaj)s pfMut-niortars; Zufii paint-cups of earthenware ; pestle with cup-shaped cavity obtained from the Tcsu(pie Indians, p. 4(i-4H. — A cup-stone from Ohio described by Messrs. Sqnier and Davis; its transfer to the lilackmorc Museum (Knghnul) ; Mr. K. T. Stevens's view concerning this stone, |>. 4S- 4!*. — Cup-stones frecpient in ( )hit) ; calleil spindle-socket-stones by Col. Charles Whittlesey ; Adair on the method of spinning among the Southern Indians; spindles u.sed by the Navajo.s, Pueblo Indians, etc.; no an-

UAIT I

SlIMMAltY.

101

fii'iit H|)iii(ll«>-wli(>rlM t'niind iiortli of Moxini in tlut lIiiitcMl HtatcH Natiitiiiil MiiHoiiiii; M«^xicim Npiiullc-wliorls, p. 4t>-r»(). — (Vnirrcnco of lai')^«> ciipiKMl MiM-ks ill liio I'liitcd States; Haii<lstori(> l»lo<-k witli ru|M'avitios iliH«>nv(>r«-<l liy Dr. 11. li. Hill ill l^awroim) Coniity, Oliio, and |)rt'Ht'iit«*d by liini to tliu ( 'inciiinnti Society of Natural IliHtory; dost-ription of tliu block; other ciippt'd blocks ill Adaiii.s County, Ohio, p. fiO-^'J. — Lar/ft) cupped ^rnmito IkmiKUm' discovered by Huv. .loliii .F. McCook at Niantic, N«*w London County, ConiKM'ticnt; description of this boulder, ji. f>'_'-r)l. — Cupped (f) lilock seen by Captain Dupai.x near Oriicaba, Mexico, and describe<l by him, p .'il-r»(i. — Itocks and boulders with mortar-cavities, or stationary mortars, in the Unitetl States; noticed by Col. Charles C. .loiies in Cieor;,na; lliiii- t«'r's statement rejjfanliiiff such mortars; lar^e Ixmlder with mortar-cavities near Nebniska City; descril>ed by I'rof Sam. Aii^diey ; rocks with mortar- cavities seen l»y Mr. .lolin l{. Hartlett in 'i'exasand Mexico, p r»(i-'»7. — They are frcMpieiit in California ; two lafjfeoiies in Santa Mari)araCoiintj" deseriberl by Mr. Stephen Mowers, p. ^}^-'y*^. — The st(Uies called picrrca a ba-ssitif! in French and Muldctisti'mr in (ierinan probably .stationary iiuu'tars in some instances; a Swiss exaini)le f'iveii, p. 5'J-(>(). — Kock-sciilptures recalliii}^ those of the Old World on Hald Friar Ifock in the Susquehanna Hiver, Maryland; the rock examined by Mr. F. fi. (Salbraith; character of the sculptures; soiiu' resembliii},'' the eii<fruved Mahadeos of India, j). C()-G2. — A .Maliadeo-like ti^riirc aiiioii<>: other designs carved on a block in the (iila Valley; Mr. llartlett's vi«'ws refrardinjf Indian rock-sculptures; en^jnived fi}i;ures on a rock in the San I'ete Valley, Utah, noticed by Lieut. J. W. (iuiinisoii; .Mormon translation of the inscription, p. ().'5-()4. — !{ock-paintin<r amon^' the Klamath Imlians in (be;fon: a painted rock described by \h\ .lames S. Deiiisoii; character of the (ijjures; Dr iJeni.son's comments on the subject, p. Oa-(i(l.

('I'Htrtil Anwriai. — Pr. Itertludd Seeiiiann examines in Chiritpii, I'nited States of ('(doinbia, rock-sculptures, which lu -onsiders aiialo;^ous to those of Xorthumlieiland, Scotland, ami other parts of (Jreat Hritain ; tho iihtlia Ithitol near th<' town of David described Ity him; his conclusions based upon the similarity of the Chiritiui and Kuropean sculptures, p. Gfi-O'J.

i

m

III

P

I

102

rri'HIlAI'KI) ANI> OTIIKU LAIMh.VIMAN S<MT|,n'r|{KS.

Part ///. — Vini's vnucrruhifj the Sifftiijiniure uf Cuihsliupnl and uthrr Piimilhr

SiHlitturcs.

TIh' MiiltK'r Stom>, near Falkopin};, S\vt>(l«'ii : lii'Hl tlcMcrilH-d l»y IVof. Nilssoii, wlio cotiHidt'i-s it iirt u xiu'rilifiiil nltar iimmI in tlio wnrMliip nl' Haul; tlio Willfaru hIuI) Hiinilarly «*iii|))i)yc<l, afcoriliii;; to Imh o|>iiiiuii ; ho aHrrilH'H tlio introiliK-tidti of Itmiix.** in tlic North of Kiiropo to Maiil- W(»i'shi|)in)r I'liiriiiciaiiH, wlio lia<l cMtablishol Hctth-iiiciit.t in those parfs I'or thi> purpoHu of trailing' with the nativcH; tho scnlptnrnl )-oni-«*ntri«t cinh-s n-;rar<lf(l liyhiin ast'nilth'niaticnf snn (or llaal) -woi-Hhip; tht-ir siniihiiitv to ornanicntH s«'«'n on weaponrt and otlifi* ohjcfts «)f tiio hron/o a^i- and early iron a<;o ; Sir John hnlilxick's review of IVofessor Nilsson's IMiienieian theory, |). 71-74. — IVof. Nilsson's visit to Ireland; he helieves in a I'hteiiieian orijjin of tlitM-airns of Dowtli and NewiJninf^e; the li;,ditin<; of the Midsnnnner's-ni;^ht (ire in Ireland re^nirded hy him as a survival of former Haal-worship; the structures (»f Avehury and Stonehen;;e in Kn*rland supposed to lie Phienieiai. iemples dedicated to tli(> sun- )rod ; discussion <»f Nilsson's theory hy I'rof. Simpson, who is iuclin<Ml to ascrihe a Cimlirian ori^'in to the Kivik scidptnres; Prof. Nilsson's views not f^enerally acceptetl ; value of his work on the hron/ea^'e; its translation hy Miss ^festorf, p 7l-7'». — I'se (»f cupped houlders as altars (h>nhlfnl ; other views concerninjj .itones with cup and rin<,'-srulptures; rejfarded as archaic maps; as contrivances f»)r reckoiun<f time; as ;;and)lin^f tables; the sculptures supposed to r.-jtresent the hoavenly bodies; eiinm(>ra- tions of tribes; some kind of archaic writing,''; s«'rveil in drnidical rites; indicative of Itoman Mithras-worship; all the.se theories rej<'cted by I'rof. Simpson, p. ll)-ll. — The inarkin;fs have no bearin<f on the worship of the reciprocal principles of nature, accordiu',' to I'rof. Simp.son ; this view refuted by Mr. IJivett-Carnac, p. 77-7S. — ("up and riii;4-cnltin>rs ♦•onsidered by I'rof. Simpson as e.\|»ressive of some reli^riuus (ronceplion; the more complicated ti;^Mn-es on me;ralithic moiiinnents in Ihittan}* and Ireland luMhinks to be of an ornamental character; he refers the be^rjiiiiinir of the practice of cnp-cuttin<^ to the stone aj^e, but believes in its contin- uance in later times, p. 7H-79. — I'ntf. Simpson's observations on the pre- hi-storic races of the British Islands; lu; thinks the (piestion to which of

IIAI I

HDMMAUV.

103

tli(>M« rticfH tilt' first snilptiii'iii^rt of ciipH anil riii;;H an> to )m> rt<i'(>iTt>il faiiiiot 1m' |»«tnitiv«'ly aiinwcrt'd in tin' |irt'S('iit state of arrlia-olo^ricai kiiowlrd^jt', p. 7i>-Hl. — Mr. 'fate ascrilM-s tlir NorllniiMlirian Hciilptiirt's to CcltH wlio iim'd iiH'tal. prohalily liron/.c, in fxi'i'iitiii;; tliciii ; Im' otV*-rs no lU'tiniti; vi**w with rt'^raril to tli*' incaiiiii;;of iIm' scnlplnrcH, lint inrlinrs to tlif liciit-f tliat tlicy ori<rinnti><l with tlir IhiiidH, and wen' «-oiiiM'ct«'d in dilftTt'iit ways with tluMr ritt's, p Hl-S.'. — lit- attempts to explain the nieanin;r of the eiip and riii^j- exeavatioiis, lint finally admits the ditliiiiltv oi arrivin;;' at a delinite lesnlt; he expects siieeess from in\esti;;ationH anion;' the Laps and in the early home <if the Aryan family, p. 8;{-H|. — I'n f. Desor's views; the cups on eiratie liloeks, h«^ helieves, were chiefly made for recali'iiy; «'irnimstances or events, the explanation of their , uport liein<r Kt't to oral tradition; moinimental ehararter of tin- cupped stones p h|-S."i. — Nilsson on the nse of Clipped iisj)irso»iii in Swedish « hnrcl ■ s I'.irnu'rl) devoted to Catholic worship; it is donlitfiil whether the^'i- church vessels were desi;>neil to jierpetnate the recollection of sai'iiliclal altars, p. S'l-HC). — Miss Mestorf on Swedish popniar snperstitioiw in relalion to cupped sl«»m's, |i. MI. — The cup-stoiie ipiestion discussed hy (u'rinan anthropolo>rists ; cu|»-excavalions and furrows on the walls of churches ; first iioticeil liy I h'. V. Veckeiistedt ill the Province of Itrandeidiur;;', Prussia; di.scovered liy Mr. Iv I'Viedel in various cities and towns in Hrandeiiliiir^r, I'omeraiiia, and Sweden; Mr. Woldt oli.serves them in Merlin; Ih: N'eckenstedt in Goslar and Mrims- wick; Dr. VoHs in Haireuth ; Mr. W. Schwartz in I'oseii; I'rof Virchow in Swit/erland and in the valley of the Hhine; ditVeieiit thetiries as to thu ori^^in of cup-marks on churches: the cups are siippo.sed to possess healing; <|Ualities; tlury have been found anointed with ;;rease ; (iermaii traditions connected with cups and furrows on chniches, p. Kd'-KO. — Mr. Kivett- Carnac's discoveries; strikiii;; rescinliiance Iictweeii the cup and riii;;- ciittinjfs in India and (Ireat Ihitain ; more evidences needed for arriv- iiiji' at a delinite result; plaiisiliility of I'rof Desor's Aryan theory; dilli- culties .still to he overcome, p. DU-IM. — .Modern liuilders of meyallthic moinrtnents in India not .\ryaii ; Miss A. W. Ihickland's oliservations, p. !M. — The clo.st; connection Ik., veeii cups and rin<;s has not heen sutliciently cunsiderud ; both appear to helon;^' to <iti(: system of primitive .sculpture, of

104 CUl» SIIAPEI) ANI> OTHKU LAI'IDAIMAN SrULl'TUUHS.

which tho fi.nner are tho ourHer oxpiossion ; th.> mi.nher „f ctn.-stoiu-s dis- '•t.vere.l in An.orini yet too small to por.nit -oiHTalizatiou ; man u fi.roi.n. fU-niont in Anu-rica ; probably arrivo.l at a very ron.oto porio<l, whon the distribution of lunil and sea was ditlemit fron. what it is now; later immi- fenation from Asia; conclusion, p. f»l-93.

Supp/rmnit,,,-,, JVofe— Incised -ranite boulder in Forsyth County Georfria, described by Ool. Charles C. Jones, p. i)5.

IISTDEX.

A.

AIht^. 1>v. Li^nnnrt, " lliillrititnitixariitl RohunliUi".

.•»/*•.(

Ail.iir-, ilcsciiUt'A iiiiNle o( wi>nviii); Hnit'iiK th<> Suith-

t-rn liuliiins

mem ions wtKHli-n tiioiijirs

"Thf IliMtorx nfllif AincHranlmlianB", citni.

A)»o of l>:niish Hiulptiin'S

AUMTHiIiiif, IloUti'in. ciipptHl MUmo iienr

Altai llnM)t.\ ill ri't'i'it'iH'O t» nippi-il tttoiu-tt

olijfi-tioii to

Alli-iitiitrlirn. I'lUHHt:!, tiip luarkHtui t'luiiTh iu. .. . ■

Alton.1. llulHtciii. riip hIouo fnini

Aiiiriit-a. pi'opUii;; of

piiiuitivr lii|Mil:iiiaii ArtiIpturo8 fn

AiiuTii 1 I lip HtiHU'rt, Jit>*t notice nf

Antilogy liriwitii iiM'^nlithii' niuuuiuontA of India

ami Kiiiiipo :tl,37

Aiirit'iit t'iMtillt-atidti a( laiws, Srotlaml, tiipiHMl

.■*tiim- I'mm

"Am-ii'Di Miiinnut'titM <if tlii> MifiAiiiHippi Viilloy ",

b.\ Squitr ami I>a\ in, citrd

Aut'iiMit tinviiH an<I lampA. Nciitpturt'ti in iintl near Aiitfcrmiintlf. rrii^Hia, cup luark^ on clinrcli in . -

Aiiklam, I'lttHMia. t up niaiKi* on cliurch iu

Anoint innit til" Kloncs

Anti<piil> of Clip am) lin;: c.irvin;;i»

Airhaii- Intiitation.H. Hciilpliin a on Ntoiirs conn* ctiil

witli

Mi'piiltiiic. Hculptniro on stom-* conut-ctrd

Willi

"A re hi V fiir Aiittiiitpoloj;ii'", ritfd

Aii:.\ tcHJiirc. Siuilaml. st iilpimcs in

AiiKonii, I1M Iv Hculptun-sin. notii cit li.v Mr. Itartlclt. A'tilil, Sililcitwi:;, cup stoiic fiiini tiimulii'<ncar

Aititlciiit r<Hit Inukson ttluncH in Itrnniaik

At>nn tlii'orv

.' "ill, primitive lapiiluri.in icnlptuicH in

Aiiclina)>riMcli, Ar;:> Icttliiiv. Scotlanil. HCiilptuii <1

n»ck-Mur lace-* at

Aujilioy. I'lol", Saniiir), ilceirilH'H inoitar cavtlifm

Skt'tctici* of Ihc Pli>HitMil <icu!:rapliy ami (iriilo>:y

ol" Nili|imki»". citrd

Austria, Clip sculpt utcf* in

A *clmry. |-jiilati<l, stnuc i*tiiiciuri' a(

iVvcnui'A. im ;{alMhii . MculplutiA on tttonC' of

Tngp.

31

:4s

50, M *.»7. 08

■j:i

Tt.T.'t 84 87 '^J 02 41 48

Ituul ur UaMrr Stono near FalkiipiiiK, Swcdm 14, '**8

It.ial worHliip, concentric riu;:« cmlilcmulir of 71

in Svvt'ilcn, snppoHctl 30,71,73

Itairrutli, Ilavnriii, < up iiiurkA on it cbnn li in IJ7

Ikilil I'liar K»mU. MantamI 00 <( ^^7

I4.;:ij

71 U 74 14

1.1

3S, :iO 14

48.49

10. i:)

IlaliUr Stone near Falkopint;, Sweden .

HiipiHmi-d purpose i'f

Hallymcnach, Scotlanil. sculptured menhir tt- . .

lt;ilHlein circniouy in Ireland

Ihilvraid. St otland.t lips on ij»olatcil stone near.

ItamToll. Mr. 11 II . " Native ILiccm". citfd

IVirrotts, rtculplMrcd stoncH near

Itaitlctl,- Hon. John

olicei* rtcrlptured and

painted iork8

" IVison.iI Narrnlixi* ef K\p)oratiom*. etc. ',

cUfii

lick maun, J ('..mentions cup stones in Hnindeitliur;;

Helley, Fmnce, cup stoms near

Il«'rliu, riUHsia, < up niarktt on eliurt lies in

IteiliiMT Antlitnpoto};im'lie (ietM'llsctiall, " Verhaml-

liin^cn ', ritfit 'Ji,h'

■ IUtiw. Snit/eilind. ciip inarkti on cininii in

lU'rtnind, M. Al-xandre, experiment in carvini: in

I fttone

; Uliavani. a Hindoo deity

Uienne. Swii/eiland, Clip stoncM near

I'iai IioI'a Sleiii, Prussia. Hculptuni* on

' Pdackniorc Mii8euiit. Anietiean cupfttom> in ... ....

ltoliemi:i, cup stoni'H in ys

I^irnholin, Oeumaik.cup cnltin^H in 'M

wheel nhapcd nciilplnn A on

hliH k in L'7

]lnnel>\, Henmark. cupped nlone in a tiimutiirt at . . J(i

llouiders, hollowt'il out for luoi tars Met (.('/.

Howcrs, Ml Sttphen. account ot" rocks wiih mortar-

cavities fi?

Piia/il. conceniric circles noticed on ntcks in 03

I'ritish IsIantlM, pi imitive r;iei n of . . , 80, 81

Itrittaiiy, cup ciitlin::t4 on a loolliu stone in Mont

S. lint Michel, at Cartiac

sculpt iins on dolmen sion< h iti

l>ton/e, iiili»dui tioii ot' m Northern Kiirope

knives, I».inisli ...

■aj;e inipleineiitH tKiiiiil willi eiipnloden in Swit/etlind

', ta

:.7. IV4

'J4

to

87

88,80 87

83 34

21

24,80 48

n

18,10 71

|m:i

106

INDEX.

Pago.

IIronzo>a];« urnamcutation conftiilcrutl by Truf. Nils- aim 72

ItruiiHwii-k, cup niarkaon acliurcli in 87

Hu.'li, lH)()puI<l vun,ui>lniuiicouct.'rniii;; MidaiimiiuT'ei

ui'.;btni\ 72

ntu-hlait<1, Miss A. AV., " N'otcM <m Honio C'uruiuli and

Iri«h Probistorie Moiiuiucnls ", cited 01

lUiiisob, Uolatcin.c'p-Rtom'from 24

C. Cneruurvonsbire, Wulra, t'upcuItiuf:R uu ciipatouc

uf dolnu'U in 12, 13

('uilltiiuu dca Pourica H)

Cairn at Lmi^b Cn-w, Ireland 17

Cflima of Now (1 range nnii Duwil;, In bind 18

Caiy St*ino 14

Culdcin, Panama, Ht'iilptiirod atom! nrar CH

(_'alif(»inia, rocka witli mcntai-cavitica in .• 57

('ai)i]ia, nuricut. m ulpturra in anu near Id, M

Canton of Valais, S wit /crbind, stationary uiortar in. 50

Vand, Switzerland, rupHtono in 21

St. (iall, Swltzrrbincl, cup and rinK-i'arv.

inj^s in 22

Capaloue of dolmen near Clyunoj: Fnwr, Wales,

ciipcnttingson 12, ]'A

Ratbo, Scotland, cup-

cuttingaon 12

Caninc,Ilrittnny,cnp8onroofiDg-8touoof MoDtSaiut-

Micbel 13,19

Carving In atone, experimenta K2

Carvings H'.;urod by Simpson II, 12, 13, 14. 17

forms of 10, 15

In Austria 25

Central Amencii. 60 c( seq.

Denmark 25, 20, 27, 28

England 13, 14, 15, 10, 17,81, (^2

Franro Ki, 18, in, 20, 82

Germany 22, 23, 24, 80, 87, 88, 8'J

India yi etgeg.

Ireland 17,18,74

North America 41 etgeq.

Scotland 11 etseq.

Sweden 28, 21), 30

Switzerland 21 , 22

on llabl I'riar Unek, Maryland 01

Casten.ida.drawin.'; of Mexican cupped (f) atouo 54

Central America, roek-scnlpturea in QGet scq.

Cbambered tumuli, sculpturea on atones of 0,20

Cliaudoshwar. temple of, description of 33,35,30

Cliariot8,H('iiIpturrd 20,30

Cldriipii, Panama, rock-aculptures lu dOet aeq.

Chime, France, eup-eultings near 20

Christian ehurches. cupped a^peraoria in ^o

Christianslad. Hculptun a in 30,72

Cimbrlan origin of Kivik senlptures, anppoacd 75

Cintinnati ciipstont^ 51,03

0 0

13

>,23

10

13

Circles, arehaie Hcidpturta of. .

nu'gal it hie, sculpt itiTH on atouea of

Cist at Oatlands, Islo of Man, carvings on block of circle aurrouiiding

Cists, sculptures on 9,!

('laKsitb-ation nf primitive scul|itures

Clava, Scotlaiiil, cupped stones in tunndi at

Clougliton Moor, Kti;:land. euppeil atouo from cham- ber wilhin stone elnle on

PrtfiO.

Clynnog Fnwr, AVales, cup cultinga un cap-atono uf

dolmen near 12, 13

Cunipiirisun of lapidarian aculptnrea of Central

America and the Hritiah Islands .. 08,00 Concentric circles, seiiliitnied and painted, Imiuent

in the Weatof ihu Cuited States 02

eiixular Hues of the funn of u spiral or

voluto II

rings, thought tu Im^ eniblematio of aun-

w«>rship 71

without a central cup It

Connecticut, cuppid gnuiile boulder in 52,53,54

Conventional H\tulMtlrt 77

Copt*ubageu, Museum, cup atom a in 23

Curcelettes, Swit^^erlatifl, enp-t>touea found at 22

"Correaponileu/Iilatt der Deutachen Authnipolugi-

achen iJesell.scliat't ". fited 23, 37, 80, 80

C«irtnilluii, Swit/erland, cupped stones from lake-

dwellin.:zat 22

Cottltua, Prustila, cup marks on church in 87

Covera of urns, srulptuies on 0

Cup-earving.i, autii}uily of 78

Cup cut lings freqiunt in Switzerland 21

Cup* \ca vat ions, trailitiiuis couicrning 80

Cup marks on ehuielua 24,87

Cupatuui' from cemetery of early ago of iron 23

Cup-sculpt urea. (AVc Carvings.)

Cup-ail ap' (I seulptiin s 7

Cupatouii question in the Gemiau Anthropo!ogical

Si><.iety 80

Cup atoms 7

iittributed lo the bronze ago 20

atone ago 20

found in English bariowa containing

burned human remain:* 17

from loealitiea In tlie United Slat^-s 40,47

Cupped blocks (or bonldiTs) in Ohio 51,52

blocks in thn ITnited Statea , 50, 51

atunea in Scauian < hurclies 85

auppoHed purposes of 71,75, c( W7.

Cups, surrounded by a aerica of concentric but in- coniplett! rings, havingastraight

radial groove 10

by a seiiis of concentric com- plete linga 10

by concentriu rings and fleied

lines 11

by a aingic ring 10

Cuyahoga Valley, Ohio, cup-alonea from. 40

I>.

Danish bronze knives 27

Do Ilonstetten, M., vb-ws regarding cnpeuttlnga — 84 Do Maliifoase, M., " I,es Pierr<s .\ Kassina et lea

Itoclu'cs i\ ficnelles <lana la I-o/i'-re", cited 20

Denmark, archaic sculptures in 25, 20, 27, 28

artitl.'ial foot traeka on atones In 20

Denison, Dr. .anies S., enmmunleation by 05

Duaur, Prof. E., Aryan tb-ory Do

connection between the cupaculp-

turea of India and Europe 3H, 30

" Lea rierre« h Tleuelb h '. citnl . 7,8. 13, 10 ;iH, 30, 85 nu-aiiing of primitive ruck-aenlp-

turea 84

INDEX.

107

I'agc. IHMot, Prof. E., nil ccrtnin ciutoms of Hindoo

wiinit'D 37

im i'ii|iDt»iii'8iu Iiiilin 31

■ in Hiippi)m>il ^lat'ial u<-tiim 88

Di'iilai'liti Aiilliiii|M>liiKi8rlio UcMllsrhaft, "Corirs-

pmiililii Illiitt ", cilcd 23, 37, 80, 80

DeviationH fiiiiii the iiiiuciiul tvpra of cup Hhapril

HCUlptlin'B 11

DiukHoii, Ml- , opiiiiiiii coiicc'inini; iiuiaed stoui'S "0

lliviirsitj iif M'lilpliiriaun llio nanii' hIuuu 11,18

Doliiu'n at I.aiiiiism', in Mm Islaml of OuiniBcy,

nips on piii])-Hton(' tif I2

near I!a1li'', Si-iitlani), cuppt'd cait stouo of. . 12 uoar Clviinn;; Fawr.WaKs, rup-cntliiigs on

cap'.slont' of 12.13

l>olnionM, Hculpl oi-t M on tj

Dolaii'U atoni'N of lliidnuy, arulpliircs on 18.10

I>"wtli, Irrlaiii). Hcnlplurra in (-aim nt 18,74

Druiiliral niijiin of pijniilivc nnilptuKa, supposed.. 7(1, k2

l>unliar, .SkpIIiiiiiI, rup-cNtlincs on nionolillimar . . . 13 Diipaix, Capt. William, ilisrrilics a i-nppoil (!) utono

mar Orizaba, Moxii-o 04

"Tlio Monnnit'nta of Now

Spain", cited SO, M

K.

Eartluuwari' paint lupa, Now Moiican 47

Krlioinforilc. .Sibkawig, cnp stouo ilisiovorctl near. 22 Kilinliuijili, Siotland, cup cuttiUKS on atainlinKiHoiio

"'••"• 14

Ksiiinhnrj;, Anslria, oup stonos in inigliborliuod of. 23

mi'stenar, or Elf.^tonia SB 81)

l^uKland. anhalo miilpturr' in 13 efjej., 81, 82

Clou);liton .Moir, lupped atono fioni iliam-

biT uilliin atono oirclo ou 13

Ku;-liHk rock Mnlpturo j,-,

E.it.ivayir, Swit/.iilauil, iiippcd Htonrs found noar.. 23 j

l-tliiiic Mij^uilioanco of onp-aliiipi-d aiMiIpturoa 7 j

Kuiopo, primilirolapidaiinn aiiilpluna in 0 j

Evans Mr.Jobn, 'The Anibnt Klono Iiuplimi nl.s.

WrapoUH, anaornaiuculsciftinat Dritain", cited. 42,81

Exptriuii'Ula in carviiiK in stono ga j

F. I

Kalkopinu. Swcdin. Uaal or DaliUr Htono near 14,28 ■

Fals:ui, M. A., "Dcia l*iY-s<'ni't>dfi]ni'lipio8 rii-iTi-a .^ ■

fliiiclba ilant la I!i-sion Mojcuuo

tin I<aa.<,iu <lu lihuno", cited 20

Ocsviibi'H cnp atones 10,20 I

onsl inibun bat Voanas, Ffiinco. 88

FiiKusson, Jli ,Iaini«, on a^o of a Danish atono I

eh:Mulii-r 28 *

" Uiiilo ,St(tno Mouunienia

in all Cnunlrica", i'i(f((.. 18, 28, .'11

Font, SwilzdbuHl, ruppod nionrs Inuiul at 22

Fool Irarks. ailillrial, on Kliinia in Denmark . 20 ]

Folee, ,hnl^e M. F., eoniniliniealion by fll |

Forest. Villa^'i- of the, (inernsey, iiipa on slauding

"I""'' "t 13

FoiCarsbiri', .Scolhinil, euppeil stone from iiiln of an-

eient fortilleutiiin in ]4

Fcirnia exiiibitod inearviniis 1(1,1,1

Foililli'd bnihliu;:s, si iilptures on stones of 10

France, priiiiilive seulplnil's in 1.1, '■<, 10,20.82 j

Friedel. Mr. *'). (1Ih( overs nip marks on ehurilii's .. 24,87 I 7 L B

FUncn, Denmark, iupcuttin;;s found in

Funeral eliamlHrat llernstrup, IKn.nark, sculpluro

on cap atone of

Fuistennalile, Prnsaia, eiipmarks on cliureli In

(i. liulbniitb. Mr. F. (i., insltjeted to eiamino llald

FiiarKoek

Uatsebel, Mr. A. S., aaaistjiuoo rendered by

Georgia, slationary mortars in

nut stones I'l om

(jinnan Anihroiolo-ieal Soi iely. *•« Duutaebo An- tbropohi^lsebe lieaellsehaft.

(ierniany. primitive seiilptur.s in 22. 2.'I, 24, HO. 87

: (Jerneld. Mr..r. M. .M., pitti il slmu s i-ollieleU by...

I (idai!iver Valley, Aii/.ona, loek-si-ulptiires in

j (jiitebor;;, Swcilrn, eii|> tstoii" found near

, ( iiislar. Hanover, eiip-niurka nn ehiiirb in

Graves, Dr., oiiinion i-oneeriiin;: eup and iiii;;-seulp-

lures

Greenwell and Itoibalon, Messrs., •Ilrilisli liar- rows", cited

Greenwell, liuw William, ai'count of barrow in Kil-

bum Parish, Voikaliire.

deseiiption of ellp-slones

foitlid tllereill

opinion in re;;aiil to eup-

peil atones

Orelfswalil, l>rus»ia. eup marks on eliureb in

Giiatow, Prussia, eiip iiialka on ehnrili in

(inivepolt, Ohio, euppeil atone flimi

(iunniaon, I.ieilt. J. W.. ■Ibe Mormons, or Latter- Day Saints ", cited

Giitzkow, Prnnaia, eiipniarka on eliureb in

II. Habitations, arebaie, senlptiiies on stones eoiineotid

with

nag'a Chair

nnninipr-stouca

their use

IIiillristnin;:[tr

Hanover, eiip marks on ebui ebi s in

Uailt, Prof ,(■. F., notie-seiineenlrieeir, bamroeks

in South Amcriea

Ilanslla^en. Pnisr^ia, eup-inarks on eliiireli in

lla,\s. ilr. W. \V., sends pholojirapli of Calitorniaii

roek painlin;;

Ilelleiistnin;;! r

Herrestiup. Denmark, sliipi and wheels sculptured

imeapslmieof luty ral ebamber at

Hill. Dr. 11. H., ilisioveis larce euppiil Mm ks in

(iliii

\ii\v eonri-Tnili;; 1 loir purpose

llolden, Mr., on Miil.-aimmi iViii;.'lil liie 111 Inland . llolmlieic Mr. A. i: , '.Seaniliuaviiiis IliiUiistiiin-

^ar", iiientioni'd

Hi Islein. eop stones f.aind III

Holy walii basins in .Seani.ni iliiin Ins

Iloises. seltlptlireil

Iliiiiian ll:.;iiies. seiilpdiri il

Hunibobll. A von, ■■ ViiisilisC .rililleres", cited ...

Iliinler, "MaiiihiH and (.liislonis i.f Seviriil Indian

Tiiliea bleated west of the Slissisaippi",

cited ,

liieiit ions wooden nioitais

Po)!(>.

2U

27

87

(JO U3 X 41

88,88 43 G3 20 87

17

10

IG

75

87,88

87

4.'i

04

87

10

18

II, tj

42, 43

30,31

87

02

87

71

30 20 85 20, 30 27, 30 02

iill

,'■0

108

INDEX.

1.

Pngp.

47

r!= ;

Illinois, rup-Atonn fnmi

IinpU'tucutA uf lm>nr.v nge fouiul with Swiss ci p-

sliini'H ^J

luriHt-il nUhich ill ViTiiKiias, Crntrul Aniortca (i7

IntUn, ftip Hi'ulptiirrs iu 31 «/ cry.

(iiplH^il btmldiMH ill ^8

ludiau If^cml C4)UL't'riiii);; rurk puliitiii^siu ()rv}{un.. G5 Iiifrnnix'S (Irawu fmni (lie dislributioii uf i-iip ami

rint!-('iirviDKS M .

lutruUiu'tion uf bruiizi; in llu' Nortli tif KuittiH; 71 j

Clip and rin;;-rurvin;;!4 in Uiitniu 70 I

luvrntrHHNhirf.Si-ulliiud.cup-cuttiUKtt iu U, 14

In^liind, iin-baic wulptuni* iit 0,17,18,74

JluMrin tTnmony iu .'.... 74

PktL'nii'ian triicts iu, nccoiiliu;; to NiUmiu.. 74 Ironttiu, Oliiu, rupiN'd lilin-k fruiii U(i;;hbi>rIiu(Ml of . "il IsUudof Oavr' luis. Fniucc, Hciil|itiitvii) tuinuluHin. Id (iu(;niSf>,i-up-i'Ut(iu^B(>u pi op Htuiie i>f dol- men in . 12

BtiiDdiugRtoiioiu. 13 KiiKi'U, cnp-ciitliD|£8 on mepilidiir iiiouii-

mentK iu '£i

riip-niiiiUrt on tiiurrlii N in 87

* rsitloin.iupinurks uu t IiiiirliiH in 87

lalaudt) of I>rnniai'k, (-up't'iilltU|;H foiiud iu 20

Ittle of Mull, ni|M'nttin^iiou block cf rirtti'surromid-

in^ Htuui' t-iet iit l.uttaiidK, in i;i

cuppnl rot-k ut Kiik Ilradduu.iu^ 14

Isolated imUs anil hIuik-m, Keulptiirt-eon Hiii-fiu'tsof. . 10

alone near liiilviaid, Seotland, euptiou 14

J.

JrH»eu, Mr.('.,deAeiibrHrup-stonciiear£ekenifonlo. '.'2

JeWH aunoiiittnl KloiieA tm

Juues, Col. l'barlea('., im nut-stones 44, 4J

on stiitionary mortals ^

" Antiijnitiea of tbc Sinitli-

eni Indians", citcii 44,40.50

Jnimpani iiioiiudn, India . :il et aeq.

Jutland, lienmark, eup-enttin^xs found in 'M

runic stone witli cupiHil bncksidu Jd 20

K.

KtUer, Dr. Ferdiuand, " Tbe Lake l>wellin;;B ipf

Switzerland, etc.", cited 21, lit! view concerning cup-cut-

tings H '

Kem Coiiuty, Ireland, srulptuies in 17 ,

Kiel. Mufo-uni at, eup stones in 23

Kilbiim Parisb, York sb ire, barrow in 10

Kilmieluol lilaHsary l*arisli. Scotbmd sculptured

nifiiltir in V2

Kiik lliiiddan. Isle nf Man, cupped rock at 14

Kistvaen at Oatlauds, Iste of ^Iiin, eu|i i ultin};u on

block of circle ^urrouuiliug 13 j

Klvik sculptures 110,72,74,73

Klauiatb Indians, rock-paintings of 65

K nuikaiutsh. tbe Creator 05

Knives i>f bron7.i> 27

Kt;M Tupiik'^bi, Stnndiuj; Kock 65

Kiinmim Mountains. India, < up sculptures 33

I..

L;utLuid, Deumark. urtilirjiil liMittraclis on lilock iu 20

tup cuttings in :.'6

Tngo.

La lUiulo de Gargant nil 20

Ljjke of NciieliAtel, Switziilfliid, cup-stones from. . 22

L:in of iwdius, Sweden, rock sculptures iu 30

Ilaltaud, Swedm, cup stnnc fum 2tt

Maii«-stail,Sueden I'miil or lUlder Stone in. . 14,28

Lancress*', tbduit n at. cup cuttings on prop-stone of. 12

Langeland, Dciiinaik.cnp-ciittings in 26

Lapiilarian sculpt iires, comparison of CO

primitive, in Kuropt-and Asia. 0

in America 41

Lassiin. rruHMia,cup -nmrks on cburdi in bl

I^iws, Scotland, cupped stone trom ruin of ancient

furtilicationut 14

U't , Mr. J. K., translation uf Ur. KvUct's reports on

lakedwellings 21

Legends concerning cnpoxcavaliuns on cburclies in

lienuany 1?0

Lenoir, M. Alesamire, "Anliquites Moxicaiues ",

ripiesentatiou of cupped {'■) stono in M

Liu;:a, sytiiliol 34

Liugam worship 77

Locniari kcr, France, sculpture on dolmen -stuun

near 18

Lord KingslHirough's "Mexican Antiquities", repro*

scntation of cupped {^i stone in 54, TiS

Loiidiiii, Teunessi e, mil hIi'Uc I'loui nei^liboiliiHtd of 45

LougliCrew, 1 nlind, sculpt uicsiin stones of cniin at 17

Lo/.i'ro Department, France, cup cuttin;;s iu 20

Lubbock, Sir John, cuniuicnts on Piitf. Xilsaon'a

riurnician tluory 71 ctaeq.

" Prehisturic Times ", cited 74

Luclum, Pyrenees, cup sculp! uns on megalithio

nionunicnts near 10

Lukis, Kev. W. C, cup cuttings fituuiUn Brittany by. 10

Luterholz.Swii/ciland, cup-stone iu tbe 21

Lyell, Sir Cbailes, "Antiipiity of Man ", cited 43

M.

Muliadeo, a IlimUmdeily 34

n presented l»y carvings 34,62

symbol of 34, 62, 78

temples, shape of 7H

Uke shapes e\liil)ited in rock-paintings. . . 65

MalacAtI, spimlli' whoil (Mi\ic u name) 50

^laluio, Swi lieu, cup-maiks on cliurch in 87

Maltese cross, scul|)tureil on rock ueor Niemogk,

rnissia 24

Manclifster, Ohio, cupped boublrm near 53

Manii, I'tab, carved umup on clilV at 64

Map theory in reference to cup and ring-Aciilptures. 75

Mariib' cnp-stoiii' in Mus' .mi nt Kiel 23

Mi'r\land, llald I'liar liocV 60

■■Malrriau\ pour rili.stoiit' IMiniitive et Xatnri'llo

dc rili.mim " cited 7, 1 !>, 20. 28, aS, 56, 59, 88

McCook. licv. John J . deseribis cupped granite

boulder at Nluntic. Connecticut 52,53,51

Hegalitbie avenues, sculpt iirtH on stones of 9

circles, sculptures on stones of 0

monurMcnts. cnp-i-iit tings on 24

Meissen, Saxony, cupped rock near 24

Mellcnthin. Island of I'si'dom, cu]i marks on church

in hi

Mels, viUagi* of, Switzeibiid, cup and liug-carvings

near 22

" i^t^-moiirs d«' la Sm-iele Itn>nle des Antir)uaii<'s du Nonl", cited 23,L'5,28

INDEX.

109

Pope.

Ueuliir, sculpt uixd, at BiillyuicLQcb, St'otlund 12

Murcbaut'lt Table, Hi ittuii>,(-arviu}; (lu 18

MoAturf, Mitut J., cuxttHliiiu of tbe ArcbuioluKlvul

MuM^uui at Kk-l 23

t'Luuu'rntion of iMip-Httiiii^s lu

ScbloHWi;; imd iluUtciu 23,*J4

iUuritnilii'u from arlielc by tiS

translutiiins by 23, 75

" Ct'lH'r Scliub'U8teiuo ", cited... 'J3

Mexican tut^tbiHl of siiiiiuiii;;, illUHtratud bO

Mcxit-o, cuppitJ {!) Htoiiu ill &4

Mi('kf1l>t)ruu^b, I'lof. J., duHcriptiuu of i-upped

bloik ut CiiK-iuUiiti 51,52

MiilttuitiiiKi H uigbt lire 73, 74

Mi|;rutiou ut' uiuu iufi-rrvd fruni uccurrt'noc of cup-

otoui'ri 17

Mitbraa-wui-Hbip 70

"Mitth(-ilunK(-ii tliT Antiquuriticbi-u Ufsvllmrbul't iu

Ziiiit-b ", citfd — 21

Moiirrlctl, SLolland, tupcuttiuiza un utuiio wltbiu

aUtuv i-iiclt) ut 13

Mouoliih m'ur Duiibur, Scotluud, canluga uu 13

Mouolilbti, aLulpturrH im 0

Mout'la-V'ilK-, Switzrilauil, ciipHloui' iii'ur 21

MiM)r, ' Tbi> lliiulu i*aulbi'4iu ", cited 34

Moravia^ tup hIuucs iu 25

Morfjt'uit", lf*hiu(l of r&otlum, tup-muika on cbun-b

iu b"

Muilot, M. A., tlvtHTibt-8 Hlatiuiiury mortar ^')iu t'uu-

tuu of X'alaiH, Snil/crtauil. ■ 59

"l*icniis u E*urlU(i' . cited »>&

Murmuu truutilalion of tuulptiiiA' in l' tab 04

Mortur anil pestlo for pit puraiiou of paint 47

^IfHturt* lu tbo t^bapo uf bouldt » witb citptihaiK'U

taviticB 56

MoiiuiU iu tbc Xu^^ptHir tlitttrici, lmli;i 31,32

Mniit 8uiiit-)[i(brl. at taiuar, iliitlauy, cup-cut-

tings on riMtliujffttouc of 13, IU

Miu'li, Ur. M., on iiipatoncs iu Austria 25

Miililt-uttleinL' i-O

Museum at t'opi-nba;:t'U, (Up aloui-d iu 23

Kiel, eupstones 23

St. Guraaiu, casr^of sculptun'S in 82

N.

>'a;;poor, Indi^i, nioumU iu 31, 32

Napu Valley, Califuiuia, nnks with niurtar-cavitics

in ' 5ri

Niipfcbeustfino 24

" Narrative of tho Voyage of U M. S. Herald ", cited 00 National Museum, U. S., pitted and cupped stones

in 42 e( »eq.

Nanuey, Fnuiee, ttuperslitiuns of i>ei jilo t>"0

Neolitbie Hint ultjtelH, how produt'ed 42

Neutukireben, riUHNi.i, i up niaiks uu ebuieb in ... 87

New (iiau>:e, 1 1 eland, t'ar\ in;;s iu I'lilrn of 18, 74

New Mexieo, paint Clips I'lom 47

Niantic, Connecticut, cupped i^iuuite lioubbTat ..- r>2, 53, M

Niemegk, TruHsia, nculptures on rock near 24

NiUflon, Prof, Sven, altar tbeory 84

ar^innenls commented on by

Sir .Tulin I.ubbock 71

describcrt liaal ut ItidderStono. 28, 71 "Hie rreinwubuerdes Scnnili- uaviiH-lien Nordens; das llron/ealter", cited. . 2(<, 20, 30, 85

Pago.

Nilssou, Prof. Sven, Interpretation of Klvlk nciilp-

turvs 30

on bnm/e-nge omaroentatiou. 72

cupped boublers in Sweden. 71

bammerstones 41 •

Pb(cnician thocuy 73 f( $eq.

"Tborriniitive Inbabitantsof

Scnniliuavia", cited 41

Nurtb America, prlmittve lapidnriausculptures in .41 ctteq^

AiuiTiean cup-stones 47

hammer-stones 42

nut stones 44

])ittc<l stoni's ... 42

rock-seidptures OOetseq.

NortbumlH'rland, rot^k sculptures iu 15, 17, 81,82

Norway, supposed Pba-nician traces in 78

N ut-stoucH 44

Nuts, nn article of food of tbo NoHb American lu-

dfnns 43

O.

Oatlauds, Isle of Man, cup-cuttbi^sou blm-k of circlo

HUiTtMindin;: stone cist at 13

OlH'lisk, embli niatic of the sun g<Hl 72

OberFan'ensliidt, IViis.xia, cnpp<>d rock near 24,85

Objections to Professor ^ilssou'slbeory eoncerniu^

Plxruieian traces iu tbc North of ICuntpe 73,76

Oceurri nee of cup stones in both b(>niispberes 8

Oeuuarp, Scauia, holy water basiu in chureli at 85

( k;:bam chanictcrs 08

Ohio, eup-^toues from 40, 47, 48, 4D

Ironton. eup\K'd block from 51

Ojibways, use coucentiic cireb-aas syDdiola . 02

Oldcastle, Irelaml, cairii near 17

On>gon, paint c<t rocks in 65

Orizaba, M- \ico. cupped (?) stnuo near 54

Oruamentutbiu of the bronze a^e 72

Ornaments from Junapaiu mounds, India 32

P.

Pracriti. a lliuiloo deiiy 34

Paint cups of carthenwaro 47

Painted and carved roik in the Siena Waco. Texas. 57

Paintinu on nicks practised by Kbunatb Inilians . . . i>5

Panama, rock sculptures iu 00

Paul, Mr. Itobcrl, expciimcuts in stonccarvin}; 82

IVbbles with cup shaped cavities 45, 40

I'ennsylvauiii, cup stones fntm 47

Peopling nf America 02

Peilb, Scotlanii, stone circle near 13

Pestle and mortar for preparation of paint 47

Petersen, I>r. lli-ury, antiquily of Ibinisb Hculp-

tuns 20,27

" Noti<'e sur b s Pierres Sculiitees du Dauemark ",

cited 25,28

Phallus worship in India 34

Pbn'uicians supposed to have coluui/t d the North of Kurope. and to have left traces fu Ireland and

Kugland 71 ctteq.

PiiMlra piutal 08

Pierro de Saint-Clement 80

T.oiip 88

Pierres k bassius 50, 60

i'cuelles 7.60

110

INDEX.

I

Pago. VMto ft Sarnvp. MoMrs., "Loa MoDnmnitii tie la

UdUtugiit' irKHi»iuii)i ", cited ID. 38

ruti'il Hluurs i'2

I'liiufriuii;), cu|i niitikd on rlninlH'H in 87

ruiUmoiilli, Oliio, pt:libl(« uilli rnp-Hliii|H*d cavitU'S

fnim 4C

PoHen, I*ruHsi;i, riipH on rlniirlicA in 67

ruwi'll, MiijiirJ. V»'., paintid nml siulptiin'il con-

ct'Dtiir ciu-ltH tViiiucnlly iiotUcil li> liini in lliu

Wi'Hl i.f llH- ruitt'tl Stalts , .. C2

rn'uzliiii, rriitiiiiii, 4-iip niai Uh vn tliuri li in t<7

ri'iniltivr htpiiluriau lu-iilptuirH in Luiuprantl A^iu. U

Auu lira 41

rrincipul t\|>ra (if t-np ni:(l lin;; Hliapi il h< iilpiuixa . lil, 11

I'ruUtu-titin ot' priniitivi; lapidariun si-uIpluriH bl,KJ i

I*n>pHtun() uf il(i)ni(.-n at LuuiTi-HSf, ciipi-uUinKH «<n. V2

yui-rfiirt, PniHHiu, luppcil Mtiiia- ni-ur '24

(Jiiillo lliiriHl, Uin of HutiiiH, Swidcn, rm-k-HculiluifM

in 30

Jl. liaru wliich iiiliotliiccil t-up uud rint;-carvings in

Kuropi> J 70

ItaccH wltieti uc rupird llio Dritinli Ulauds tJO,>iI

Ualliu, ^t'otlaml, '.npLUttin^a <^n (aputunu t>f dul-

nu u utar 12

ItuMiliildi', Jiilland, runic atouo with cupped back-

sidrul i!0

KL-lif;iuuH Hi;;nilii'an('u of iiiii and iiu{{-<'Uttini;B 78

lii.'Hi-nil)lanu- iM-tnriu nu'galilbir Hinuiuti'H vf ludiu

and Kiiiopi- 3;i, 37

]:i<*iiiUHt<)n iiuur Muiwiu, Saiiouy 24

i;iiig aud cup-curvinns. anliiiuily of 78

KingH, coiKTUtt'ic, wiilioiit a ccudal uip 11

Ititiby, 8i IiU-swig, cup ntoni- liout tunitdna at 23

llivcil-Caiuac, ilr. J. li., "Anbaultigiciil Nolis on

AiK-it nt Snilptniiu;:^

on lioi-ka in Kunmon,

India ". ci/cd ... :i.I, :;4, 30, 37, 78

Coinnirnts on I'lol'i-dmir

SiinpHun'H opinion 77

dt'Hi'iipliou of t'h'Wide-

ttlnvartt-niplo 35

nionnilH iu tlu'dtctriit of

Naypoor, Iudi.i 31

" ri(-liiMto:ic Kiiii.iin.s in

(.'intial India ", citvtl.. 32,33 " Kuu::li NottM on the ^'uako Symbol in In- dia", citrd 38

8rulptiin'8 ll.i^ut rd by, 32, 34, 35, 30 tliruiy in ii'^ard to tup

and tin;; rutlin^H 37

Rock-iminting Ci

piaclim'd by Klannitli luiliauH 05

•sculpt uicH Iu (Vntr::l Aniciica CO

iu Noitlinrnbt ilaud 15, 17

Kocks, irtolatcd. Kiulptun jion KUifat-cH of 10

witli nioit.ii (•a\ iti(8 D0<( itq.

Kouuui oii'.iu if (lip and i ing-HcnlptnivH, HUppniK'd.. 70 Kut>tiu<;-stoniMd' Monl Saiut-MJcbd, at Carnuc, lb-it- |

t;uiy, (Mip (,'utliiij;» on 13, 10 ;

Kontiu;; Ijtin Stone ¥'d '■

KUp-n, iHland of. cnp-niaikH on clinrcboa iu 87 {

lEuulo inarriptiouaun cupmtouff 23,20 I

I'ogo.

Saboan worship

Sajjuid, rrnania, rnp niarka on church In

San IVti' ViiMcy, I'lali, caivid j-roujt on i Itr in

SuudH(t)Uccniploy(tl for nut HtoncR

Suntu Ikirbara County. Calif.'niia, lockn with mortar-

cuviticnin

luc/rnugcof mountainM, Califoiiiia, rocks with

nioi tar-cavil icH in

Siivannab liivcr. (icoigia, uul-sloncs fioui

Scania, cnpiM d liotywatcr ImHluM iu cbun ikhIu

S(ailio:ou;;b, i:n;:]and, cupped atom- from ui-igblKir-

hutid of

Si'balcnati'inc

Scbb-awi^:, c-upHlouia found in

ScblicuHUiu, Hr., rcnmrks by

Hcboolcrj:ft, Mr. II. U., attempted iuti-ri>rclationuf »

rmk aculplurc in I 'tub

Schwartz, Mi-. \V., report on lupH on cburcbca in

I'oscn .'

Scotland, iirchaic aculpturca of cups and lings in ...

AuchnabriHcb, rock-aenlpturca at

cup-81-uIptun s in 1

Sculptured menhir at Didlyiueuaeh, Scot hind

loekrt in Ibi" Tnited Stuica

Sculptuns, primitive, typi» of

lucnt ioned by il r. Tate

on stitneR of cairn.s in Ireland

unstunea connected with archaic habita-

tiOUH

archaic scpnl-

tnro

primitive hipidariau, in Kuropo und A Hill

Aiueiica

ai^niitieanec of

Secland, DenuiarU.artiliclal foot-t racks on Htouca in.

cup-cuttui;;s iu

Scemunu, l>r. It., "\arrativo (d'lhe Voyagcof U. M.

S.Uer.ild", nUd

on rock :.cidpture8 in CVutral

America GO etseq.

Sepulture, archaic, alonen conueited with 0

Sliips, Hculptiiied 27, 2l», i.'0

Sierni Waco, Tcxna, nuk with mortar-cavities in. . . 57

Similarity of Central Amt-riean and IhitiHb rock-

aeulpluroi* 07

Cbaudi sliwar ami lluld I'liar lock-

aeulpturort 02

SimpHon, I'i<d'. iF. V., "Aicliaio Sculptunaof CiipM, t'irelea. etc., upon St.tucs and KiukH in Scoilantl, l^ii;;- land, and othir (.'ouiitiicH",

cited patifiui, I), 17, 20, 1 .'p, HI, 82

carviugH llguied by 11,12,13,14,17

eta.*4aillcatii:u of cup and riug-

MiuljtturiH

tb'Hi-i'ibeH experiment in earv

ing ill Mtonc

idijecii'.iiM to I'lofeHAor Nita

Nou'a riiteniciun theory

Sin;;lecupa

Siva, naiuea ;:iv( n to

-wornbiji

Soapatone eiui'loyed for nut Hton< a 44, 45

Spandau, rritrt^iia, enp marka on chiii eb in 87

SpimUc-aoekct-HtoncH, niunc given loeup-atuncs 4D

7C 87 04 45

57,58

58 44 BJ

13

7

22. 23

71

04

87

0

11,12

et acq.

12

00

10

17

18

10

W

10

82

75

10

34

34,38

INDKX.

Ill

Spindled iiM'il by Wi'fltrrn luiliiinn 50

:{|iiml fonii of i-onc<!i)trir (In iiLir liiuti 11,15,18

Hpm;,;iio Uivrr, I >t t';:i>ii, puiiitfil rm-k ut-iir 05

H<|iiiiT aiitl DuviH Mi'itHrii.,ilfH(-ril>o urtip-Htuuv 48

8tuii(lin^ Ht«>ii(Mn tli<< Villn;;<> of llio I'ort'Ht, lalund

III' (iiirrtiB< V, rupcutlitif^M 4111 13

lunr Ktliubur;;ii, ( upped 14

Slii(i'iii:ir,v iintrtarrt M*

S(i'tlii), riuHHiii, (lip mnrkBtiDiiiulth lu tf7

Klt'VrUH. Mr. K. T., dcHcribi-H ii ciip-Htuuo in tim

ItlM-kinorr MtiM'tiiu 48

"Hihl CliipM", cilfd l»,4tt

Strvt'iiHiiii, Mr. •Fiimci, obtainii paini ctiptt 47

Htuuo t-iirlr on riitii^littui Minir, Ki);;l;uid, cup-cut-

tinijH iin Hiiiiic within 13

lit Monrrii-tl', Si-otluiid, ciip-ruttinffN on

httini' witliin 13

HuriiMindint; t-ittt at OiithmdH. IhIo of

Miin, nip i-uttiit^a i>u lilui-k o( i:t

riiil.-*. Hiiilptiiri H oil 0, ir>

Stnnulit'ii^iv Kii;;hiuil. ttuppuwd to bo a IMiccuicitin

Hlnirltiro "4

Rluni-Hiif didiiH'na, H<.ulptun>ii oo U, IK, t{i

nirtfiilitliii' iiv< nui-n, fiiuliituns tiu 0

1 in bvi, tti-ulptuit'H on 0, 10

Slnl/i'iibtT^. AiiHlriii, i-tip 8l<in<-rt mi tlic ur*

Stnilftiinil, Pi UHHiu, nip iiiarkn on itiun li in H7

Kti-aiiHliir;:, I'lUHHia. rupniaikrt on cliuicb iu ^7

Sttti, Swidcn, cnpiiiil htil> wiitt-r buHin in i-liiirrh at. ^5

Stndiil. Prof, r., Iitl.rto M. (J-ib- Mortill.t. cUfii .. Mi StubhH, in. Cbaibti H., ariount uf Iltild Kiiur

K.K-k met$eg.

Siniiniit Couuty, Ohio, cup Htoni- from 4U

Sun wumliip. rtuti ititrit- 1 injiH inibb nuitii' of 71

SupiTtttilionH aliai lu'd to iirebiHtoii<' impb'nii'nts ... HG

n';:»rdiu;: cup niaik» on rliunbi'H t-H

SuHqiiehnnna Kivw, pittnl Hlont'H found mar 4:)

Swi'di-n, piiuiitivt' Hi-iilptuictt tonnd in D, :^H, 21>, ;iu

Haal or ilal<l> I Stone nt-ar Falkopin^ 14

8wi1ziMland, eup m. i. s in 21, 'J2

otatioii.u \ uiiirtnr (') in UO

t'lipinatks uii iliunlieH in ■ b7

T.

TaritiiH, " Vita At;ri*»l«i '. nV.-*.* 79

Tatt*, Mi.liiorp', infei-eneiH i'utm diMlribntiou ofeup

and rin;: eiirviuHs K| etaeq.

" riti' Auiit-iif Itiitirnb S( ulptuFfd Koi krt of Noiiounilieibiiid and

thr Kaslein lloiden* ■. rifni 15.i<4

Taybir, Col. MeadowH. on mru-iliriitnionnnienlB 31

TempU'of (:iiau(h«h\var, ileseiiplion of 33,35, :iO

Tt'nut'8800, Clip .•*toin s from 47

nut utiuie from 4."i

Teo!olin;;a. a roek iieaiOri/aliii, Mexleo Ori

Temnpie I iidianH, paint ciipH of 47

Ti'xai*, Hrulptured and painted roek in 57

Tbun, Swil/erland, < lip markH on rlnncb in H7

'rinii' reekonini;, AuMiiran and Asialir 02

Town:*- aui'ieiit, HeiilplureH in and near 10

Tratlitioimeoneernih ; eiip eiitiinuM in India !M

enp-e\eavatlonB on elinreliefi

in (lermany h9

Trirtiila, nttriliute of Mnbaibo :i4

Tioyon, M. K., " llabitaliouM I.aeimireR dea 'reiiipw

Aui'ienm't M(Mieriie8", cited ... 21,22

TniyoD, H. F., on rup iitnnr in t bo Canton of Viiuil.. 21,22

on 1180 of Hinall eup .itoneM Ti

Tnmnli at ('lava, Si-utland, eup inttini^H on ebamlH'r<

htoneH in 13

in tbv Na;:pof)r diittrit t, India 31, :i?

Tumulus ut ltorri-b>, henmaik.i'up Ktouo from 20

liiitbx, S bleHwt;:. eup Htoiio from 2:1

in Seaniii. Hciilptured rtlalt friuii .. 20

Mont SainlMit 111 1, at t'arnae, llrittany,

eiip I'll 1 1 111^^4 on iiKtUli'' Htone of 13, 10

near Anibl. SrhlrHvvi}:. i up Htoiie from ... 23

on iHlatid <if CiaM' Ini-t, Henlptuies ou

BlouiHin 18,10,82

on Nlaud of l^taland, artillcial fiKit-lrai-ka

on bliH'k of Htone i iitle of 20

Tylor, Mr. R 11. . "Aualiuae ', cittd

T>|M'8of luiuiitive hi nipt in* tt

r.

Itnib'r^roiind houHeH. HeiilptiireH on ntoneHuf

l^pHiila, Sweden, eiip iiiarkM on eliurei: in

I' rim, eovi tn ol, NeutplureN on

rHedom, Inland of. eup uiaikii on < bundles in

I'tadi, earvtd ^loup on dill' at .Manti.

V.

Valley of tlio Ilbine, eup-maikMoa elmrelieH in the. .

Itlioiie. enp tiioneH in ) lio

Vt'ckenRtedt, Dr. K., dirtenvi iHi-upiuui k8oiiebnre|ieB

in HratMleubnr^

Vera;:uaH, Ci nil tit .Ameriea, ineim'd slonea in

Veicliere, lb., dim <ivi rH eujiped botddeiM In Inilia .

Vi'tM-liim, I'ruNNia, iiip inarkn in < liuiib iu

VieHH eouet rnin;{ Ibu Hi;;nilieaueo \i( eup-Hliaped

miilpturea

Viiebow, ]*Tof. K.,diMroror8 rup-niarks onebnielu'S

iu Switzerland ami (ienuany

\'itu!*l>er^, AuHliia. eup HtoniBontbo

Vouna-*, I-'rauie, »lone in ebnnb at

Vo;;t, Prof. Carl, iieroiint of e\pi>iiuieiit ill larviu;^ in

Htoue

Voluto

W. Wanemr. S. ('., ■Ilanill'iuti dt r \or/ii-^liibHtrn in l)ent.<liland eiildeekteu Alter- tbiimor uuh liridniHetntr /eit",

cited 24, 25

mini iou8 I up-nloneH 24

Wales, ai'i'baie Heulptiiii h iu 0

didnieu iitar ('l>uui»i£ I'awr, eupeikllin;;^ on

eap.'^toiieof 12,13

WeeniH. Hi'iilptiin -•« ou Htoiiin of IU

WeHtiopp. Mr., opinion < imeiiuiu;; i up-Heulplnrea .. H4

\Ve\io, Swi dell, enp iiiaikH on ebutib in 87

W'bittlehi'y. ('ul.Cliaibs. ■ Aiuimt Kartli Fort m of the Cu.\abo;;a Valley,

Ohio' . eilrd 40

ilrsriilMfienp Htoliert 40

Wilkiimoii. Sir (liiidiier, opinion uHpielin;; tupped

HtiUies 7.'*

Wdlf.ira nl.ib, suppoMed purpone of , 71

tiiiuuIiiH, dew liptiou of 20

Wilubire, Knulanil, uie^iidilbir HlruetnreH in 74

Wilnon, l)r.. on nie};aliihie uiouiiuu-iitH 31

Wilson, Prof. Danu I. illustration of the Caiy

Stom- 14

02 10

IU 87 0 87 04

87 10

87 07

38

87 26 88

82 11

112

INDEX.

WiUon, Prof. Dauirl, "The ArrhiTOlngy nnd Pro- hlilorio Aniiiilii of Soot- land." fiud

Wolilt, I)r., Diilirps rnp-mnrkH on rhuiTlioa lu Berlin,

PruHln

WoIkiuI, rriisiia, rnn-markB on eliurrb In

Wooden mortam

Woranne, Mr. J. J. A ., nge of Dnnlab iiculptiim . . "Die VnrKearliirhto di'i Nor-

dt'HB", citfd

"Nonllskc UldaoKcr 'I di't Kongrlli;e UiiM'um i KJSbenlMvn ", ciUd

P*g«i

27

Page. WorMM, Mr.J.J. A., "Tho Primeval Antiquliies

of Denmark ", c<(«d 27

y.

Yonl, avmbol 34, 78

Torkabtre, England, decrrlpllon of Iwrrow in 10

cupped atoni-alu 17

Z. Zapf, Dr. L.. "Die Miildenateiue dra FlchU>lge-

birgea. ' ' citfd BO

Zufil Indiana, pnint-rupa of 47

ZUrlob, Switierlond, oap-stone* in the (Mvlront of. . . 21

TYPE I.

e c

o t)

TYPE 2.

TYPE 3.

TYPE 4,

TYPE 5.

TYPE e

TYPE 7.

Kic. 1. — Ciiniiimii tyiios ciC Kiirci)H>an cup anil riii);-iiittiii)p<.

iW«pp>«aMi

r-€-e^

Fio. 3. — Cbief dpviatioiiH from tb« general t.v|i«N of European cup anil ring-cuttings.

*

Kki, :1. — Siuliiiuii'il I'oc'ksiitriic'cH lit Aiii'liiiiiliri'iii'li. Ai(!,vli'»liiri', Scotland

■■pip

ii

[Wi,

N„,/^v-:-"'"~v^C;- — Ah- -i-^ -•t*vtfc*>iK,.iwj,

Fio. 4.— Cup and riiii^-ciittiiiKH <>i> «■ iiuMihir at Uallyuieuach, Argyleshirv, tjuutluuil.

LIBRARY

NATIOiNAL I^iUSKU^^

iii*

— twnona.

^•"

i

i

OS

t,J'

^iM^

Fio. »i.— Kistvii-n surroumled by blocks, <.no of which is cup-uiiirlsea. Oatlauds,

IhIo of Man.

Fig. ".— Ciijippd stiinn in a rliiiinlHTiil tiiiiuilns al lliiva. liivrriii'ss-sljiit.. Scotlanil.

m-- 'i il

mmtft

Sjsiisp**''

■<*■

5.. t<

l^f

1 1 I

.> '

/v

9> ■ \

/^'

». -

- r- ..j

,rt , 'J

r*-.

'^1

v«-^

. \

..• .'/

- '■

'',. '*. ■

/,->

/ !■;.' '■

—

'■; ■J.-'l

..'",'•'•,'«

'.■■'':

^1j|

1/

Fl(i. H.— Cui«iK'il mi.iiolitli near Dmilinr. Kast-I.dihiiii), Scodand.

■"zi^m

wmmmmmmm

RMiSSS

it.

Fig. 9.— Large cup-stone near Balvraid, Iiivcrueso-sbire, Scotland.

Fig. 10,— Cupped stouo found at Laws, Forfarshiro, Scotland.

Via

. Xl.-Stone with cup nud ring-oMttiugH. County of Kerry, IroUu.l.

Fio. ia.-Ii.fi8ea Htoi.e in tl..- tumulus at l.ougli Crew, Iroluml.

Fio. 13. — Carving of n cult in a iiIiiiidmI IiniitUe on the roof of a iloliiioii neat LtiKiunriiiki'r, liriltiuiy.

I

Fill. 14. — luuiaod cliauibtir-Htoiii's iu ibu tiiuiiilus of Oa%'r' luU, Brittauy.

f ■

• ! I i

1 1

««■:

FlO. 1.").— 'La Boiili' df (iary.ii'uii. " ■ <iii)iriI liuuldir ueai Bcllov, Ain. '•''•anci'.

_^Jfc.a^ ■

.--mimm-'^

Flu. l(i.— Cup-cuttiugs oil u rock iioar Chiia*.', Lozfcro, I'rauce.

.a|iwM«»..~.^--^;tg^wwi

'Hl^

Fig. 17.— Cuppt'il block umr Moiit-lii-Villi>, Canton of Vaiiil, 8witzorlaiul.

li'

^w* 1

Fig. 18. — Fav-simile rvprvaentiition of a cupped rook uear Obcr- Farroustiidt, Pruiwiau .Suxony.

mMfm

FlO. 19.— Fiu'-simile lopresentatiou of a cupped rork near Meissen, •Saxony.

rr

II!

Fin. '20.— Cupped liucksiilo of a runic stonn iit Ravukildo .liitinnd, Douiunrk.

ill

FlO. yi.— TraciuKS of Bhijis anil w.icels on the rool'-stonu of a Cniifral cUamTiei near Hurrcstrup, Seelauil, Ueuuiurk.

Ik

it

: i

I

Fio. aa.— Tlio "Biilder Stoiio" near ralUo|iiug, Swodoii.

^.^iSX

i

l.i

If

1''ia. 23. — Stoui- bIiiU Hliowinn cups iiiiil <'iiKravcil ili'Migiw. From u liimiiliiM ill Scaiiiii, Swi'tkii.

Pig. 24.- One of (lie tiiKriivcd hIiiIps of tlio Kivik iiioiiimiont, Scaiiiii, .Swftlcu.

.>^LSMH■■

Tio. •J.'i. — i;i>(U-s< iil|itni-(s ill ijiiillo Iliiniil, Lfiii nC liulins, Swi'ilcii.

i!"

Ill

ii

T

I'Ui. :^().— Clip :iii(l riiiK-i'UtliiiKti III ('liaudv6Uwui', Imliii,

-^■^

■iR=^

tmsm

Fig. 37 — Sectiou of a stone Miilindco in tin' temple of Cliandi'shwur, Iiiilia.

pr

ill.

I'Ki. y**. — M;iliiul('<i ill a .sliiiiic :il Itiiiiiics, Iiiilia.

r

ii

i ' li

1 .(-

witM

Fio. 29.

Fro. 30.

Klus. 'ill, 30, ami ;U. — .Miilinili-: ;. ip'mls ciiHiavid mi s;<iui' sliilm in I lie tviiiiile .'I' C'li.iiiitcslnvar, IncHa.

;

It if i

FlO. 3!i.— I'ittcil Ktonc I'lMiiKl mar rniiiklin, Williaumim County, 'ri'iiiH'KKi'i' (MiiN. Nil. I'.iiiri:!).

Via. ;i:!.— I'ittt'cl bIihic Cniiii Miimv I.vciiiiiiii): Ciniiity, ri'iinN\ Ivuiiiii.

FtG. ;{4.— Niit-Monc tVoiii till' iiii;;liliiirl I ul' I.nucldp, !.(.ii<l()ii f'Diiiiiy,

Tiiiur-.-M (• (Mil,. Nil. •Jlii. , ,.

„_-s«»"

il!

!(■

Fill. UTi.— Cupped stoiip foiuul iii'ar (tr()V(>))(irt, Fmnklla County, 01ii<i(MuM. N(>.77-l:i).

Via. 3('i, — Cupped stoiii' from tin- niMiihlinrhood of Portsinoiitli, Oliio(Mns. No. liliVJ-1).

i

fl

IS':

Tl

Fill. ;t7.— C'liiipcd Hlonu fiDiri Suimiiil I'oiiiil.v, DIiid (Miis. No. •J.-'018).

S?^l

II

M

ih

■^

Fig. 36.— Kartlieuwari- iiiihit-iiips used l>y tlio Zufiis, New Moxiio. (Mils. .No. 4m4(;).

Flu. ;!'.•.— .>^( one iiii>rl:\raiiil p.sih' witli .i iiip-sliaiii'il fiivKy. rn.iii llif 'If-siiiini. luiliaii.s, New Mi-xiiu (Mns. No. I,':1I0).

*^wrfWMi' 1 'fmiinai ■

■I '■

li

Ml

Fio. 40,

l''ius. 10 anil II.- 'IVrni colla spiiKll.'-wlinils liMni Tc/inio, Mfxic. (Mils. N.vi. ?-(l Mini 7.-7)

flip

^^^^

■^^^^

ill

Scale : 1 inch = 2 feet.

Fig. 43.— Cupped granite boulder at Niautlc, Now London County, Couuocticut.

"*r

Fi(i. '14.-Ciii)i>,.,l (?) nick ill tlio miglil.oiliu,,,! olOriziiha, Mtxioo.

^— 5k

'■'l

li

If

f

^^^

I'-I". ■I.i.-S,.,.l,„„r,.s ,„, Jl„l,| Kri,,.; I{,„.k, i„ .1... S„s.|,„.|,a,M,a

Hivci-, Miirvlniid.

Fl.l. .tT.-S,„|,,t„„.,l .lal, In,.,, |!al,| |.',i„, ,{,„,, ^.\I„H. N„. ;!■

•010).

^"^

I'll'

i il

I.:^f

.m

Tii;. 4'<.— Xorflioastirn ciid of liiild Kriar IJock,

■ ''■ '' •'"!'■■ '"' Kli. ,-.1.

Ki.is. 4!t, .->i», nmt 51 ( ,V).— ,s,i,li,tiir.'s on Halil I'li.n K(»k.

Kill. iV-i.— Sculptured bouldor in the Gila Valley, Ai'izoirj

ft

h

Fi(i. ri;t.— l{ock-tarviii(5 in the Sim I'cto Valley, I'tah.

/

e

Flu M.

Fli!. 56.

Fli!. 57.

FluK. ri4. 5.'>, r)0, ami .'w ( ,V). — Rock-paiutiugs in Lake Ciiimty, Oregon.

MHIPPIMItiillHIIIillllllM

: i

m \

In. Ir-, rA^

Ha.

1.6.

iJ^J4Ujai4Lii

Ki

'■

No

\

N(i

-

Nn

i.

.No.

t.

-Vu.

5.

4.6 0 6" .-.8.-K„ck-..o,.l,.tMiv.,, „■,■■.■■ David. ClnrHini. ,„i.l Nmil, l„i;,n lyprs.

"f .f^;;;:;-^:i';;..t,il';;,v-,;;r;"^l'i:; !!;::r" - ^ « ^ '"■• ^ -

pfj

Pi!

-.m»^

Fig. W.— Hol.v-wiiter stone in a cljurch at Stro, in Scniiia, Swodeu.

'^IW

f

ViQ. 60.— Holy-water stone in a ebmrli jit C)cmi(ir|i, Scauia.

Flo. (il.— rupi, and liiiniws MM ih,, \v:ill of .Simii Jlaiv'.-> ( liiiicli at (JicilMwnlil. Poiiicianiii ' '