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Sr.cTioN IV . 1 ><:•:;.

[ o;:i

Tl; \NS. \ln\. <.in\ ('a.nada.

\ I.— On Xt.r A/;,,/,. ,/r,v /,„,„„. I>l„„ls i);„n Vnur,„n;r /./„,>,/.

Hy Sir .1 William I)\\\sn.\, I' 1,' s.. .•!,•.

n!eii>i Miiv iVi, isicj.)

(•oNTEVTs:-r. .!eolo«u.aI NoU-s ; II. Oescri,.ti.ns of Specie. ; III. F,«sil Plant, in IWuti.m to Cli.uu.o and A,e.

1

nw uivi.tor pMft of tlu. material t,> wlii, h this papor ivlatos wa.^ oUot,'.! I.v Dr G
M. Dawson, I••.1^S., at I'ort M-'Neill, on (lu- iiortlioast .oast oi' Vanromvr Islaii.l. in 1S«.^
To (liis has h,M-n a.l.h.,1 a rnlh.,ti(,n sul)M.,i,„.nl ly mad.' al tlie Wrllinotou (',.Ili..ry
Naiiaimu, also „„ Vancouver Island, laither south, an.) sun,,. sp,.,i,i„.ns ohiain.d at ih,-
Vancouver ('olli,.ry. Nanaiino. hy Mr S. Kohins, and kindiv pla,-,d hv hini in il,,. hands
oT Dr. Dawson.

A pndimmary notir,. ,,|' ihr [.an ,.! th^ rull,., lions ir,)in Ton M. X,.ill was piv-.nt.'d
to this Society in May. jsss, j,, whi, h ih,- lnll,,win- statmimts were nia.Ic as m ilinr
oi-i'urrcnec :

'•Th>' precise locality is situated on the north shot- ol I'ori Mcx\eill, heariijo' .\. •;.-, !•:
(mag.) ironi the Kel Kecf. The h.ds hen- he at an and„ „f ahout ten deo^eesror not lar
from horizontal; and the plants are lonn.I in shales or shaly sandstones ahout hve h-et
jibove a small setim of coal from one to two inches thick.

■' The (.'reta.eous ro.ks of the northern part of Van. ouver Island appear to hehnm' to
il basin or depositiou-area distin.t from that of the ("oniox aiul Xanaimo distriets to"!],,,
south, and more closely eoiine.ted with that ol ihe(^u.vn ('harl.He Islands lo the north.
The hesi general sei-tion uf the locks in question, so far ol)se,ved. is that in (^)natsin,>
Sound, where there .seem to i)e repKvsented the three hiuher memheis of the Cretaceous
seetion of the Queen Charlotte islands, as it exists in the viemity ,,r Skiden-ate Inlet.
The Cretaeeous ro.ks whieh extend alon-- I he northeast coast of Vancouver Island. Irom
I'ort McNeill to Beaver llarhour, may in pari represent the lowest or coal■l)earin^■ portion
of the tjuatsino se.tion. A few .' -il jdants ol.taiiu'd at Be.aver llarhour are J^'ddle
Cretaceous, and possibly relerable lo a horizon near that of the lowest heds at (.^uatsiiio
Thi' I'.irt McNeill beds are, so far as stratigraphieal evidence .'xists. i)robably uim h later
than tliese; but their stratigraphieal position has not been fully delermiiieil, and as no
fossils but plants have been found in them, ihe.se constitute the best evidence as to their
pre.i.se age at pn'sent available. (See I'art I?, Aiiniud liei>ort (leolotricai Survev of
Canada, 1880.)"

This evidence, as staled in the iireliminary note, wouhl placi' the I'ort McNeill hi'ds
in the Pppi'r Cretaceous, and not far from the horizon of the co.il-measuivs i>r Comox aiul

ir '

34

sii; ,1. wiLi i\M hwvsov (>\

Niinaimu. hut pro))al)ly a little hitihcr. Th.^y .crtMiiily b.'loiiir t.. the " N'aiiaiinn Group"
nl Dr. Dawson, as doliiiiMl in his paper iii Tlu" Ain.Mi< an .Fnniiial ol" Scit'iic',' vol. xxxix.,
IS'.HI, p, 180. This will h.> better understood by a rel'eremv to the followinir sertiou of
the t'omox Cretaceous i-oal-lieM. IVoni the report ol' the late Mr. Hirhard.son, quoted by
Dr. Dawson in the paper just rererri<l to (order desceudinij) : —

G. T'pp«>r (•(iiij.'lniii«r;ite Si'ii feet

I'. I'piwr sliiiles 77(i «

E. Miilille con^'loiimrato l.lee "

!>■ -Miililln sliiiles 7ti "

('. Ijcihit con^jlonierale ., 7(hi "

B. Lower sliulas \,{)»(\ "

A. I'roductive coal-ineasuros 7:lo "

Tlie lower iiieiiiber.s (A i<. D in, lusive) ha\ e afforded fossils i)Oth animal and ve-retable,
and ar.> approximati'ly ideniili.'d in asT'' with lii.' ("hir,> t-roup ot California. The hiirher
division.^ have aiiorded no fossils, but are evidently a portion rd' th.- same Cretaceous series,
but belonging to its newest parts. The Tort MeXeiU beds are l)elieved to overlie tho.se of
(^latsino. and these are prot)ably somewhat older than th>' Comox coal-measures Thus
the I'uri MeXeill b ds uKi.y be approximately equivalent to those of Comox and Nanaimo,
either to the productive .-oal-measiires ,.r t„ ..,„. ot th- upi).-r members ,.f the section.
Some of the species of plants are the same, and the ditferenccs may be merely local and
accidental, thouuh, .so far as they go, they might be hel.l to indieate a horizon sliirhtly
hi-her. A pra.tical poiin m this coniieciion is that it is po.ssible that the productive .^oal-
measure,- may immediatelv umbTiie t!ie planl-bruriug beds at Port McNeill.

For species previou.sly .les.^ribed from the Cretaceous of the west coast of British
Columbia. I may refer to my paper in the Transactions' of this Society for 1882.

I only add here that certain layers at Port McXeili ;,re unusually rich in well-
preserved fos.sil leaves. ,,nd that Dr Dnwson. when at th. ioealitv, loaded his boat with
slabs from the more producive layers, to be sidit open witli care subsequently. In this
way more perfect specimens wen- obtained than could otherwise have been'possible in
the case of a materia! so friable

In this, as m luvvious pai^ers, i ihinl. i, proper to say that I eaunot be expected to
pled-e myself lor tlie amuacy of the generic names attached to mere leaves. When the
fruit shall be fouad connected with them, they may re.iuire very dilferent reference. At
pivsent they merely stand as forms of .ertain types chara. leristic ot a certain geological
aire, and admitting of more or less accurate comparison with modern plants.

1 am indebted to Miss Cora Blanche B. Evans. B A., lor the drawings reproduced in
t lie pbiles.

Jh

t

NKW SI'KCIKS OF CKlvrACKuLs I'l.AXTs. gg

11.

I. Mac !OT.i..\ii)rri.;i;is Van((iu\ i:ri:xsis, >. n.

riatc V, ligs 1, L'. ;j.

L-;.(|.-t lar?,.. ofton six in.h.«s in h-nirth. .■loiiirat.- ol.ovate, ohtus^ly iM„ni...l at 1 1,,- l.i.e ■
ap-x rouiKl.d or Irun.-at... Midril, strono-, st>ai..l,i ; via,, d-li-ato. v.mv nutnorou. oiu-n
obscur.', parallel to .-ach oth.r, ami M.-arly at ridit ani.!.-. r., the mi.lril., ..x.-pt t„u-ar.l

the distal .Mid, where they turn with -radually (iiminishiiiir aii-les t-.ward the iiu ' th.'

midrib. Lentrih of the larrest l,.af!ets, nil... iu.l.e^, ; l>readlh wh-re wid-st, thr,... indies
I i-'ive the outline of a nearls .'niirr pinnule .nd iwu lrajr„i,.nts. to .how v,.n.,ii.,M and
basf.

This genus has not hitherto been nvoMiii/ed m ij,,. ('reta •.■nuv ,ji Vaneouvci Miuui.
It is an old type, more .hararteristie of the Lowr Creraceous. and here probably vergin-
on extin.tion, .1/. rrifr„nf>„s, Fontaine, fnmi lie' Lowr ('r.-ta..'ou- ..i ih. Snuiheasierii
?'tates. is a near ally.'

Colloeted by Mr. Kobiiis at the Vancouver Colliers, Xauamio

2, ("l,AlH)|-lll,i;i!IS ( '(iMMur \.\A (j. „
riale v., ii-s. 4, .-.

Pinnate, rinnules larg.', oblon-x, w ith waving margins. «li<rhily bent upward, obtus,-
or bluntly pointed, attached by th.' whol.. basr to tlie stoui mulnl). Midrib ..f piniuile
slender, evanescent at the apex; nerves soinewlial distant, apparently forkinu ou.-e.
T.-nninal pinna elongated, and ( onllurut wiih th.' upper pinnul.-s.

A lartri' and line species, of a type abundant in tli.' ( 'reia. .'uus. Tii-' aenus is a
provisional one, and will stand only in the abseu.c of fruttiti.alion Th.- sperics is near
to P/er is frig idn of Heer, from (ireenland. From the state of tin- specimen, the liiru
scarcely shows the broad attachment of the pinnules ■>]■ ih.- forkinir of the nerves.

re

;i. AdIANTITES l'lM;LuMlfs, ])aw.-on.

Plate VI., 'ig <i.

'Transactions Royal Society of ranada. \S>^2,' p. 2;'i. Plat.- V . lisr. IM.

This leaf appears to be the same with the above named species, collcicd bv Dr
Dawson at Baynes' Sound, in Vancouver Island, iii bedv su[>po>cd id he somewhat lower
in the series than the coal-measures of Nunaimo. The present s[)ecimens were obtained
at Welliiiirton Mine, .Vanaimo. I have reuarded these Ibs.sils as ferns, but ii .ulmits of
doubt whether they may not be leaves of Taxine-trees, allied to Salishmi'i. or pixsiblv to
Phi/lldihidiis, a genus which occurs in the Dakota group of the United States. Their want
of true ix'tiojes, their thin and delicate texture, and the great temiity of the llabellnte v. ins
are, however, adverse to this supposition.

'• itejNirt 111! till' I'lnra ef tlie t'eli'iiiac I'eiiiKitidii."

S6

UK .1. WILLIAM ItAWSoN ( »N

4. NiKiKIKUATIIlOlSIS |{oi;iNsl, .>. 11.

I'li.tr VI . litr, 7

I iitjure this p.N'uliar lorin iii ilie hopr tluu olln'i ;iii(i iiiorc coiupli'tc spcfiincns uiiiy
l)i' t'oniul. It is a laiij^t' parallel-voiuccl leal' ol linn texture and jjlossy surface, narrowing
to the hasf, and iittachcd diivrtiy to a riblx'd or striated stoin or pctiolo. Otiicr t'raa-nicnts
show that it souu'iiiiK s ailaiiu'd lo hiruvr diiin'iisinus tiian the spcriuicii tiiiuii'd, hut
unrortiuiatt'ly tiie ap'-x i> not presiTVi'd, so that we do not know its ibrni. it may liave
l)elonffed to a gymnospeniioiis plant alli>«l to Ntfj^iiTraDda, or to a cyead of I lie Ivpe of the
modern Ihiceiihularlo^, or it may ha\e been a sjjecies of palm

Vaneauver Colliery. Nanaimo Cidh'ited l)y ^Ir. Iloiiiiis.

'.'. li vMMAi:i IK- niHiUs, •^. n.
I'laie VI.. tig. 8.

Liaf or bract < urved, lanceolate, pointed, truncate at l)ase. Surface rough, texture
.seemingly strong and resisting. It may l)e a bract or spathe of some cycadaceous plant
allied to Williiimsoiiin, l)ut uiiirht also be suj^posed to be a leaf of Dumimtrites not showing
the veins The specimens are eurved and partly di)uble(l on the middle line, which is
angular and .-ometimes like a midrib. If drawn diagramniatically uii a plane it would
present a regular lanceolat.' form, with a I)ase about a quarter of an inch wide, whit h,
however, is lookeii

Welliiicton ("oUiery. Naiiainin. (\ M Dawson

•1. SkoIoia LANdSDOKKl'll. lleer.
Plate VI.. liu-. ;..

■Small braiichlet.s ol this conimon Cretaceous species appear in the collections both
from Port McNeill and Vancouver Colliery. It was one of the species lirst recognized in
these beds by Xtnvl)erry.

1 cannot distinguish the Cretaeeous .specimens referred lu this species I'rom thu.se in
the Laramie and Middle Tertiary It would seem to range from ITjiper Cretaceous to
Miocene, inclusive. The evidence of cones is usuallv wanting.

7. Taxodiim, sp

riate VI., Hii'. 10.

Tile genus TdXinliuni iias previously been recognized at Nanaimo and elsewhere on
Vancouver iGlaud, especially 7'. cunealuni, Newberry, which, however, the
iiirured does not api)ear to resemble.

!S. kSAI.ISliURlA l'IISn,LA. S. 11,

Plate VI., ligs. 11, 12, 1;}, 14.

Leaves lan-shajied, broader than long, and scarcely, if at all, distinguishable from
half-grown leaves of the modern .S. ndiantifolia ; but as there .are numerous detached

7

-.**^,^^.^-v^s-aH*i.v.rrti<!H':iiKA-et^t

i

»

Ni;\v si'i;c:i:s nv cKKrAi kkc^ i'i,.\Nis.

B7

It'allfts, ;ill small, it is prohiil)!.' thiit ihey l)i'lon;r in n diiniiiutiv<' Civim-t'ous ri'|>n's«'Ut-
iUivt'. It is inlcrcstiim ilius tu liml so clo.-c an ally of ihf modfrii form in the \ \)[>fY
t'ri'tiiit'ous. It may l)i' ('(nupar.'d witliS. m/ianhiidri. H''t?r, iVoui tlio Tfitiary i'| Ori'cii-
laiid, and with S L'inimifnsis. Vanl. Iruia tin !/ir;iiiii.' of Poini of IJarks. Wyominu', hi-iiiui-
al)out the samt' size and a littl-' \vidi.>r in [iroporlidn. .S. /trimnfliniis. Hoi-r, >•[' th' Li)Wit
Atani' of (i-ri'iMiland iMiddli- f'r ■lac'-niisi is a .ioscly ;ilii(>il si>.'cii's, Imi larifcr :iiul coarsiT
in stiutturc

Common in ilir shalt's at Ton M.-Nt-ill. (i M l)a\v-.on.

'.'. SaHAI. IMl'liBIVMS. fin.

Plat." Xl\ . iii;-. 01.

I 1 iiuic lii'if. (»f tin- natural sizi-, an unuisually prrli'i i sperjnu'n of the ■fiitral i)art ol
till' leal' of this fan-palm, whii'h sctMns to hi' not uiii'niuinoii at \i»uaimo, luii always
hith'Ttd in irai^uiiMits It was piiil)ai)l\ a lnw-yrowint;' s|>i'cii'>. as no spi-.-inn-ns ni thi'
slt'in have hi'cn sci'ii. Thi- spi tiuumi iiuui'''l is from tin- • ulloction of Mr lii>hins at Van-
couver Colliery.

Ill S\I.1.\, Sp

I'lai- VII., liii-. -^-l.

'I'hr specimen ligured reprrseulsi a leal somewhat rari- in the eolh'itions. anil i'"V tiie
mtist part imperfect. It may he a species of >'"//./-.• hut ieav.'s of this g.'iius ar-- so variable
that I iiesitat'' to iiive it a specjli. naiii''. li r.'seinl)l>'s som.'what .S. Hai/ii oi L"S(juereux,
Ironi the Dakota of Kansas, Imi is larii' r.

Port McNeill (i. M. it

II. PulTI.ITKs l'r<ol!.\I..<AMII"KI7\. s. n.
I'lat.. Vli tiii- _■:;.

A small, i.hiivate, ai luninaic Lai. wiili entire niartriu and veins, of i-amplodroine lyp'.
r.'scmhliiiii that of /' Imhumiltni li may l»c compared with P S/fruhKi-irii, Le.sq , fium the
Dakota aroiip, and with /' Biofiffiri, lleer, from (Ireenland, and also from the Dakota
efoiip.

Port McNeill, (i Ml).

lii. lii'-.rfi.A I'KiiAN riQi'A. Dn
•Trans. Koyal Society of L'anada, l8s:;.' Pt. IV., I'late VII.

The original specimen of this .species is from Baynes' Soun.l. and is the oldest ol our
known birches. Similar s[)ecie> are found i>y Lesquereux in the Dakota i^roup His
lietuliles W'eslii is near to this spei ies.

Port M.'Neill. (5. M. D.

13. FAUOlMIVLLt'M RETOSI'M. s. U.

Plate \ II . hs'. 1').
Leaf ovato-oblou?-, cuneate at base, entire (') NVrves simple, .it an acute anule,
somewhat distant, cross m'rvilles distinct. Apex not seen, probably obtuse. This leaf is

Sim-. IV., Is'J,;. ^.

88

<li; .1. W 1 1,1,1 \M I'AW^ON (i\

of (In- tyi^i' '>!' /■' rrihwii. I,''S(|., i>l tli.' Diknta s^nmi), Imt i^ Iwi.r ;i> l;iri;i' mid ••orn .-poiul-
iu^rlv ( oaisi' ill vfiiiitioii, ami willi lln' lowor iutvi's at a iiioii' a^ ulr aiiu'l<'. I In'sitatf in
rt'tViTiuii' iliis leal 1(1 Fiigiis. It may l>i- a ./"i,'/'/'/s. roinpare ./ nnsufuliii. llt'cr. Imt tlu'
veiiiitioii i> uinr'' iirar to Faii'is.
I'oit M N.'ili t; M IV

II iMi.ui'iiVM.rM NKino^rM, s ii.

riatf VII , iiir. ni.

Lt'iiroviil, point. '(1 ai both imkIm, I'litire. wiili iiuiiu'rou.s iii-arly straiuht ihtvi's at any;!!'
of 4"> . It is near to /•' /loli/rhu/a, ].'>f\ (■' ( ''.'tar.'oiis inora," \(il vii , plair v ). Imt lias
even m^ii'ud "I wavy herders.

Tort M.N.'ill. (i M. W

j.'i. |)i;viii'i;^ i,i,r\i ni\MiiKNT.vt-i;, .s, ii.

riate Nil. li-.v IT, Ix.

lii'aT laii' .'dial'', iiiaru:iiis .iiiir.' N.tV''> nmii"rous. >liuhtly . utv.mI l,,i'avis about
ih'' size III' tliox' ol th" iiMd'Tii (^lurcii^ cZ/vv/s of the South, hut more j) liiiied Leavo.s of
this kind and of tlie sp-cii-s // >-ln/tir(itinn aro very ph'iitiful on the surfaees of tiu' shalo of
Port McNt'ill, corivspondini? very eh)sely to two eoininon typfs of everi^recu oak-tn'cs
liviiiii' in Gi'ortjia No aeorii.s have yet hi'eii liiund in these sliaK's, ,so that some doubt
miv exist a> t'l the iiMert'U'e to lli.'<j:enus (Jnurfii^ '/ inul/iucrris o[' L",>i(jueieux may Ix'
(Oiupared. Imt the base is less ])oiiited.

I'oit MrXeiU. G. M. I).

l>i, l>i{V()i>iivi,i-i\i Nkii.i.i.anim, s. n.
riati" Vil.. lie'. IK,

I. oaf lanceolate, ai uminate, pointed, obtuse at base, entire. Veins numerous, straii'ht,
at a xiui what aeute aiiiile to mid.rib Of the type of (,>, sulicilolid, l)Ut broader, and with
iiiure lircjui nt and st; liiihtrr veins.

Port MeXeiil. (1. M. 1>.

17 DUMU'KVI,!.! Al Kl.o.Nd.VTfM. s n.
Plate VII.. lie', L'O.

Leaf loiie-o\ ate, -iiniewhai aeuiuiiiaie, mareiii entile. N'eins at aiieje uf aliout 4").
Keseuibjes the next species, hill dill'is somewhat in General loriii. beiiiL!' h'ss wide l)e]ow
and narrowed above, liivinii' a mure eluiie'ate and oval shape, Tlie marain is also eutire.
Reminds me very mueh of the modern willowdeaved oak of (leoriiia. It is verv abundant
in the shale at Port MeXeill. where ii would -eeiu to have been one of the most eommoii
trees,

iVn-t MeNeill, (1. M. 11,

18 DlIM'l'IIVI.MM, sp.

Plate XII.. lil.-. :-)!>,

There are in the collections from Port McNeill several diminutive leaves ■which may
belong to species of tills li'.'iius distinct from those above named, but are too iinjierfect for
ade(|Uate (h^scriptioii.

t

4>

m:u si'i;(1i-(ii • itr/r \i i oi - im.\.\'i>. 39

rii.ir VII, ivj; -n.

Si'i'iiis •') l)t' iilditii il u'lii I. --1(11 ii'iKs •<pnini\s, whicli. iic<:or«lini? (o liiui, is IVoiii
Crolait^diis ln'(l> liii'i ih;\u ill l>:ik.ii;i Liroiiji. ami i»n»l«ililv I'pp t (.'n-tu ■•••iu>,

r..it M.N.'iii. a. M ij.

£0, (JrF.nrtis Vk'Tori k. I>ii.
'Tnius. Rnyal So.'i.'ty ulCaiiadi. \^n-2. I'l. IV, Plan- Vf!

Tlii.s spui'ics was orii,fiuiuly di'smlt.-d Irdiii \aii tiui,). whi-r.' it seems not uucomimm.
Ill till' pn's.'iit cDll-'i'tioMs, l»i)tli I'nmi \V.-lliiii^toi; CdlliiTV an.l I'oit MrN'.'ill. lli.>r.' an-
sev'Tal IVaii'iiK'utary spcciiufiiv i-i'li-ialili- lo it

I'nit M-\i-ill, a. M. ji W.limjtoii Mm.', Mr iiohius.

■2\. .TriLANUITKS FAI.T.AX. -. 11.
rialr XI , li,'. H.

Leal' laiii'i'olatr. nanowtMl at \\\<- i)as.'. .s!i<rhtly lunihed, with •.•••iiis at a situu'what
acuti' aiiiilf, iiiniiiiii- sliiililly in w,ir I at {\v martriii, and conn ried hy di'li<al<; veiiili'ts.
ICpid'Tiiiis in [)!atis showiiin iniiiul" aicolalion. Tliis is* a vry douKtlul leal, in so lUr
as I in' iiciins is rimcTin'il

Vanillin cr Collii'i'v. Mi. Robins.

2-2. .ll-i.LA.N'PlTK- '

riat.' X., liii-. \-). I'lai.' MIL. li-. oil

Tlicsi- arc inipericit leavi-.s Ironi Port Mf'-ill. wlii.h may 1»" ivleruldt; to llii.s iivuus
Tln-y may pi'iiiaps latliev Ixdout;- to S(i/iin>/iis.

i::i. ni.MOIMIVLI-U.M I'UIscr'M, S. 11.
Plair Vill. Ii-;-. -'S.

Li-al tdoiiifatrd-dvali'. pi.iiiicd, acnti-iy s.M'rati'. Midril) •<tfOiig. V. ins numiTous,
straii^ht, at aiitiic of 4') on one side, a little loss nii tlie dtlief. Clo.sely allied to If. Bnnmii,
Heer. a spi'eies referred to tin- Oligooeiie, but ro. d::-niz-d l)y Les,|u..reiix in the Ui)per
Cretaceous iu Ameriea. C I '.S. Geol. Survey,' vol. viii., p. 27.)

Port MeNeill. G. M. D.

24. rL.\T.\N'US PR1M.KVA ^ Li'SCj.

Plate VIII . iisr. 2!t.

All the speeiniens ol'thi-s speeies are imperl'ert, hut the portions pivs.TVed .drivspond
with the abovi' species of Lesqucreiix. which is iVom the Cretaceous of the Western States.
(•IT. S. (Jeol. Survey,' vol. viii., plate vii.) The spei ie.- belouirs to a type largely ivpre-
■seuted in the Laramie by such fdrms as /'. Uin/ilnni. Losq.

Welliuf'tou Mine. Cr. M. L).

(JO

•>li; .1. WILLI \M h\\\>i>\ oN

J.'.. Vir\ < ^\t)Kol•n^ Mini \. s ii

I'h.i.- \ . liu. :;;.

K.'uf .•loiii'Mt.Ml-nl.lnMi: Mii.l a. uiiuiial .'. N.TV.'^ riiiv.'d, Mll.uiiai.", iiiitMiual ami
Jifiiii. llill^' al (.1.1 us.' aiiirl-' t" mi'lrili. It is ..1 lli^ lyp • «\ I'trus hinn>/>liyll(i ol' L.-Miuon'UX.

It .s.'.'in> to liav.' 1 a thin in l.'xlur--, witli pn.iiiiii.'iil m.tv.'s Co.iii.ar.' a\>o F. iimrni-

/ihi/thi ol' l/'s(ni.T.'ux (vol. xvii). wlii.li stviiis .-cant'ly, if al all, s.'pariiM.- rr..m my /•'. in.uiiiiu
(.1 tho Duiivi'tfiiii uioup ol' I'l'ati- K'ivi'i-

W .■lliiiu'toii Mill.' i; M l»

"Jt>. I'li'l'S CONToRTV, s. U
I'lat.' l.\., li'J-. :n

Lt'af .>!' inn(l.>rat»' si/.', iiM.'(|iially ovate, .•urv.'d, .'iilin- Mi.lrih aii.l i>.'ti(.i.' stout,
siroimly rurvi'il. triviiiL;- a iali'atc sliap.'. V.'iiis iiuincrou.s, caiiiptoilroiii.', luf.li curv.-il
(.11 .onvox side, striiiuht on ...ii.av >id-' Tln'S.' luay Ix' a., ideiitally distorti'd l.-av.-s,
but ill.' v.'uaiioii is dill.'ivnt lr.>Mi thai ..I ill.' olh.T .spcci.'s associiit.'d with it.
I'ori M.N'. 'ill. (i. M. 1»

■21. FlCfs l!(>Tt'Nl>\TA. s II.
rial.' IX, litrs. -.VI. ■'•■■''It

L.'al small or medium si/.', (i.-ii.'ial I.tui roiuidish. \ .'in- much .'uvv.'d at maru-ius
Vi'iul.'t- iiumt'vous,

•_'8, 1'iru.s Wki.i.inhi'onl-k, h. ii.

Plate IX., hii-s. :!:i. :U.

L.'ai' ohloug, outiiv, pointed ai has.' and ap.'X. \ . iii> at a.m.' aiiirlo and regularly
.urving toward the marLnn. with numerous cross veinlets. N-'ar to F. ntitsnuliitolui.
Lescjuereux. hut more .'loimated and l.'ss cro\v<l.'d veins. See lii,'. oo, and notice l.elow of
the bp.'cies last named.

Wellinsftou Mine and Tort McNeill. G. M. T).

•2!'. I'"irrs M,.\(iNOLiiroM \, Le.-(i.

Plat.' IX., ii-. 3r..

These leaves seem nndistiii<,niishal)le from Les(|U.'r.'iix"> sp.'cies. liirured l.y him in
"('r.>fa.'eouv Plants," Am. Ci.x.l. Survy.' vol. vii.

:',u. ,Akto(_'.\ki'i^i'ii\ i.m'.m (i(jcii>r.NT.\i.K. s n.

Plate XII , iii2-. .".1 ; Plate XI IL. Ii-r. ■'.2.

Frauments of lame pinuatiiid or palmat.' l.-aves, ol' th.- type oi' Mi/riai Lessiiiii and
Anilio pKiig'Hs of Lesquereiix, now r.'l'erred by Ward to the genus ArUmirpus (or bread-
fruit tree), whi.h s.'cms in Cretaceous and Tertiary times to hav.' had representatives in
(^rc■nlaIld and America. The.se leaves arc, however, too imperfect to be identified with
any describ.'d species. So far as known, such leaves are Middle Cretaceous in Greenland,

O

Ni;\V SI'K( li;- <.| ci;! |\. r,()l- I'l.WI'x.

r,\

Tpp.T Cntni'i'ons in l)iili>li <'i)!iin»lii.i. ami Tertiury I'lirthiT houiIi: mi that tho iri'iiu>.
may lia\i' luailc its wuy Iron tlu- Anin si»uili\vunl ai a loss rapid rati' than souh' diIut
loriiis.

\ ,iiiri>ii\iT Collii'ry Mi liol>iii>

.•!! 1'koteoii)i:> Nkim.u, <. u.

riat.' \II., lisr. .'.:i.

lit'avt's Binall and narrow, niaririns cntirf, base and api^x pointed, snrfaci- Hinootli.
midrib stroni.;-, vnatioii not appar.'ni. Thrsc pretty little l.'avs are thiekly s.attiTed
over some Miit'aeev at I'orl MrN'eill, Thev reseinlil' some of those (lesisribed by Heer and
i.ev,|iu.i',.\ix Irum the United Siah-, Imt diller -omi'whii' in lorm

I'ort MeNeili. (i M. 1'

'•i-2. Pr()TEOIDk.< -vior, s, n.
riale XII liifii)

L'-Mllaviif, elom>-ate-oval or liMu-eolu!', pointed below: midrib strou'4 ; venation not
'pparent. ('om[)aie P fDimiis. Ileer, irom th" l»umegau group. ('Trans. Roynl Society
ol Canada. iMS-j; plat.- II,. iiir. 7.)

\Vellin.t,'ton Mine. (I M I'

:;3. I'tlOTEOlDES, sp.

Pluto XIII., tig. '.0.

I/'id (basal hall' only) abniptly pointed below. Mi'irib verv stout. Veins di.staiit
and mueh eiuved.

Welliuirton Mine, O. M. Ii.

34. LaUKOIMIYLLUM LSiSKlNK, ti. n.
Plate VII. . litrs. lit. 2o.

i.rit oblonu'. laneeolate, .euminate. entire, .Midrib slender sinuous. Secondary
nerves lew and curved, .'specially toward th.- marLMii. This beautiful leaf ha.s apparently
.some aiimily with Laiirus ,jn>te,rloli„ of LcMiuereus, but has the vciii> at uioiv obtuse
angles. It lias also some ivsemblauee to lleers Qiwrais Li/rlli. from Ciieenland. bui the
venation i.s not that of q-nnnts.

Port McNeill (1 M II

i\r>. DiOSPYROS VAN<'ui;VERENriI.<, I'll

•Trans. Kov.a Society of Canada, UX'i: Pt. IV., PI. Vlll.

P!a, X., fk. 39.

Leaves not di,stiu<?uishable from \\n< sp-cics occur in th .lle.'lioii from Port

McNeill.

62

Sli; .1, Wll, 1,1AM li.\\VS'-)N i)N

',W>. DlOSl'VKOS KM'NKNS, S. II

Pliitf X., lig. 40.

A lavii'.' ;uitl liiK' li'ut'. apiKiiciitly oT tliis u-.'iuis. \ fry ii'Vir to /). (ince/is, Lescj., hut
lar<ri>r and with lunn' uuiu'ious v. 'ins. it ditrt'i-s IVoiu tlir last in venation and in its
nioi>' iCLTularly oval I'orni.

Toll M.Nfill. Ci. M. D,

37. Diusi'VHos (calyx),

I'lat.' X., till-. 41.

A small calyx n'scnihlinii' that of this licnus.
r..it McNeill {'r. M. 1).

38. t'dliNTS OliKSfS, S. U,

Plate IX , iig-. :i().

b'ariar<>'e. hroadly oval, niaruin entire. Midrih .stronu'. Nerves spviuii-ini^ at ohtuse
anu'les, at lirst iieavlv sir iuhl. then I'urving rejiularly till i>arallel with the margin.
Veinlets numerous and di>unci, sliuhtly ohlicjue to veins. Remains of a petiole.

1 at iirst considivcd thi> leaf as a specie.s of Fi( /(:<. hnt careful comparison of its ven-
atic'U has led me to refer it to Cdnnis. a L;vnus already repn"seut"d hy ('. lorschdmiiiiri .
lleer, in the Cretaceous of (JrcL'uland.

Vancouver Colliery. Mr. Kohins.

;l'.t. r\Lin!U.-< Ni'UiJ-ii, .s. n.
riale XI., lius. 44, 4:).

Leaves small, rounded, entire, each with three somewhat hranchinu' rihs, and appar-
entlv of thin and delicate texture. Allied to /'. im iiihi-iiNuo:ii of Lesiiuereux, from the
Cr<'laceous of the Western Stales. (Lesq., vol. viii., p. 118. i)t. -JO.)
Port McNeill. G. M. D.

40. Mknis;i>kiimites, sp.
Plate XI.. 50.
Allied to M. obtKsilohii of Lesiiuereux (--Cret. I'Mora," vol. vi ). Leaves all very
imperfcil.

Port McNeill. G, M. D,

41. LiiiiitnKNiino.N ^U(;('El)l•:.^■s, .s. n.
Plate VIII., lii;-. 2'i.

Leal ohlonir, deeply notched in the middle at hoth sides, so as to s^ive an aurieulate
aiUJCiuanei' Margin entire. Veins at somewhat acute angles. It is very near in form to
L scniiiiltiliim of Les(iuereux, from the Dakota group of Kansas, hut is a little narrower and
more elongated. These small Liriodendron-like leaves seem to he characteristie of the
Dakota u'roup farther to tln' south, and here they (t)ntinue in the upper memher of the
Cretaceous system.

Port McNeill. G. M. D.

Ni;\v si'r.ciKs di' cijkt vcKors i'1;ANTs. 63

J-J. l.iui.ipK.\nr!o\ pii.KTor.iPiFEKrM, s n.

Lt'al' lavui', cordali' l)i'li)\v. Side l()b.'^ r()uinl"il LaUTal Veins not so di'i'p as in L
/iili/iifer>u)i. Ti-rmiiial lol)i' vory broad and drrply not. lu'd. Venation .similar lo that, oi'
till' niddcrn sitecics, so I'ai' as r m l)i' seen.

In its ti>rininal lobe this line U-af resonil)h's sonif varieties oj" L Mn'kii nl' the l>akot:a
irroup and of the Alane beds in ({nHMihind, but the leaf is niueh larsi'er and diUerciit
below It also approaeln's L. jjiii-iiiih'iini. Les((.. bni has a deeper terminal noleii and
shorter lateral lnl)es (I,es(| . vol xvii,'. It i< perhaps ;is ne;ir the modern species ;i.s any of
till' numerous Ibssil lorms.

Les(|ueroux, in his latest report on liie Dakota i^'roup, remarks that while this n'enus,
now represented by the stditarv American speeies, occurs in the Middle Cretaeeoiis and
the Tert'ary, it had no! I)eeii I'.uind in the I [)i)er Cretaceous. The two speeies noticed in
this papi'r will so tar lill up this ga]), and ihi,- with rei>reseiitatives "1' tw" distinct types
(.! these leave.-.,

\V(!ilmg'lon Mine, Nanainiu. 'i. M. 1).

4:!. M.\ilNiiLl.\ nCOlDF.NTAI.Iti, S. 11.
riate X., liff, :!().

Leal obloiii;, entire. Veins regularly curv.d iVom midrib lo maruin. \'eiiatioM and
texture as in modern spoil's of Mauiiolia, It is somewhat ol ilie lyiie '>!' my M. imi^in/ird,
IVoiii the liuiiveuan uruiip oi' Peace Kiver. but is smaller and v.'ilh more delicate ven-
ation, and also broader in prop^irtioii. ("Trans. Uoyal Society id' < 'aiiada, ISHiJ.' [>l,iv,
p. 22, ]i\. iii.)

Wellington Mine, (1. M 1).

44 Maonolia ('Al'iajJiNT. Heer.
Plale XI., lie. pt; I^Ii.te XIll., V^ a.

I reler to this species, described 1)V Heer. I'rom the Dakota groui) "I' Nid)raska. a large
and beautiful leal not uncmnmon in ihe shales of Tort McNeill. It also occurs in tlie
Atiine srroupof (Ireenland, Whether it is allied to Mae-nolia. or rather to Catalpa, may
admil of some doubt.

Tort McNeill. <i M. D.

4.">. rilOTOl'lIYLLTM, sp.
Plate XT. Hgs. 4t;, 47.

Fraaineius of leave,-, oftliis -iviius, but md showing- their margins ov complete forms.
They resemble P. Lav,iten>iinii of Les(|uereux, but are smaller The genus has already
been recoo-nized at Nanaimo, in the larger spoeios, J*. Anmii'iiio, Dn. The present is, in any
case, a second species.

Port McNeill, Wellington Mine, (.1. M. D. . Vancouver Mine, Mr. Robins.

m

64

Sl|{ .1 WILI.LUf DAWSON ON

M'l. CeaNuthus Cretaoeis, Dn.
'Trans. Royal Socipts' of Canada. 1HS2,' I'hito Vlll.

Tlu'so leaves are not distir.iruisliahle from tlie above. But sei," Puliitrus Monlana and
P. oralis, Du. ("Trans. Royal Society ol' Canada, 188.">,' part iv., pa'^e 14, plate iv.) These
leaves may belong to the same genus, and recjuire lurther material and comparison.

I'ort McNeill. G. M. D.

47. Macvlintockia trinehvi,-;, lleer.
Plate X.. lig. .IS.

Tiiese leaves scarcely diller from those liirured by Heer fniui Greenland, where they
seem to occur both in the I'pper Cretaceous and Eocene or Pah'ocene. ("Greenland
Flora," p. 483.) The jrenus is as yet of uncertain airuiities. but seems to rang'e from the
Middle Cretaieous up into the Eocene. The present species, however, is eminently Upper
Cretaceous and I'^ocMie.

Port McNeill. (;.M. 1).

4S. CauI'OUTHES (ZAMITEs) MERiniO.NALIS, s. 11.
Plate X,. li-r. 4-_'.

(rlobular and smooili. not lobrd like Nordenskiohlin, but marked with about ten line.x
like meridians. It is j>robably a cycadaceous fruit, and is near to that lia-ured by lleer
as Zami/ea alobiilifenis, irom the Koine group of the Cretaceous of Gn-enland, Itut this has
meridional lines less marked.

Port McN.'ill. G. M. 1).

lit. I'lNNAMiiMfM Si;/,anni:nsi:, AVatelet.
Plate XIII., liu-. ;)S.

This leaf is ligured by Les<|Ueieux from the Uakota group nf Kansas (vol. xvii ). and
by Saporta from the lv)cene of (Jelinden, so that if the species is really the .same, it has a
somewhat extensive raii^'e.

Port McNeill. G. M. D.

.">n. I'm I, MIES, sp.

The leaf iitiuied on Plate Xll., lig. tiO, resembles somewhat a Magnolia, but is of lax
and d<'licate texture, and all the spe.'imens are very imperfect. That represented in Plate
IX., iig. "i?. may be a Salix, but is very imperfectly preserved.

NKW SI'KCII'.S ()(• CI.'I'.TACKoi-s I'LANTS.

6S

Tiiliiilor riiir iii X/kciVs miliird m lliis L'upn- frmu I'urf Mi-.W'lU und I rutn ^\iiiiuvnu,
I'liH 1 11(1 1)1 Wini'iiiin I- hhiinl.

'

Miicrotirniopteris VaiU'ouvi'reiisis, s. ii...

I (.'liuloplik'liis ('ohiiiibiiinii, s. 11, .

' AiliaiitiU's iinrlouKHs, Dn

I Ndjrm'rutliiopsis I{ol>iii->i, s. n

! ireiiiinia l.iXii^'Mlorrtii, lleer

'riixuiliiiiii. .s|

Iiaiimiarilt's dnliiiis, s. n

Ijalisl'iiria inmillu, ;-. ii

SalialiiiiiMnri.ilis. |iii.

I t^alix, sp

I Popiilite.s priilialsamitera, s. a

Beliila iieranti.iua, I'll

I Fag()i)liylluiii retosuin, s. ii

F. nervosum, b. n

Dryopliyliimi •Krideutale, s. u

D. Neillianiiai, s. n

D. elongaUiin. s. ii

Querciis Holmesii, Les'i

Q. Victoria\ I '»

Dryopliylluni, sii

.1 iiL'laiiiliti*.s fallax, s. ii

,1 iiglaiulites i'.')

I'liiiopliylluin priscum, 8. II

I'latanus priniu'va, l.esi|

FiciiB lauropliyllidia, s. n

F. I'onlorta, s. ii

1'. rntnndata, s. n

F. Wcllingtoniii', ^. n

F inagiioliifolia, I^esii

Artocarix>phylliini ociidenlali', s. n

I'roteoideH Neillii, s. ii

1'. major, g. ii

Proteoides, sp

T.anropliyllnm insigno. s. ii

Diospyros Vancouveronsis, l>ti.

I'l. .McNeill

NHimiiii

feec. 1\., IVJu

66

Sli; J WILLIAM DAWSON ON

Ttihithir fine of S/kc'iiii hotlcol in /Aid J'tiptr Jrom I'ort MiNtill «n.J /r.-m .Winoiiiio,
idxl lUil "f ViiiicoiiiTr Ithind. — Cuntinwil.

Pi, MiN.'ill. Xiiiiniiii..

Diospyros, sp

Diospyrus (calyx)

( 'ornns obesus, s. ii

I'liliiinis Neillii, s- ii

Menisiiermites, s)

Liriinli'iulniii siK'codeii.s, s. n

1,. pr;itulipift.nuiii, s. n.

Magnolia oi'ciilentalis, s. ii

M. I aiielliiii, lloer

I'rdtdi liylliin:, sp

C'eanotluis Cretaceiis, 1 >n

Macdintockia triiiervis, Heer

Carpolithes (Zaiiiites) nieridii-nalis, s. n.

< innamoniuiii Se/.aimeiiso, Wat

I'hyllites, sj

I'viiui iht' abovi' ta])li' it appi'urs that out ol thiity-lhr.'e spi'tit.'s; from Port McNeill
oulv liv.' are coimnon lo it and the collieries farther south on the same side of the island.
In the cireumstames this ean scarcely be a local diiii'reii<e, though something' must he
allowed for imperfection of the reiord and special circumstanc.'s of deposit and preservation.
Il probably indicates some ditl'erenee of age. If, then, we consider the iacies of the species
peculiar to Port McNeill, we .-hall find that, thouirh distinctly Cretaceous and not Laramie
in aspect, they have some later features than those of Xanainio. The numerous species of
Ficus and Quercus or Dryophyllum, and the occurrence oi' Mdccluilockin Irincrris. of a
Salisburia ot modern type, and of .S''</«<"" Laiiiimlorj/ii rather than N. Smi/liiaiin or iS.
Rtirhenlmcliii. tend to this conclusion. AVe may tii^refore place the date of the Tort
McNeill beds as Upper Cretaceous, and possibly a little later than those of Wellington
and Vani'ouver Collieries. They would thus correspond to the ujiper part of the Ataiie
or the lower part of the Patoot series in Greenland.

My visit to the Southern States, in the winter of 18!t2-;^. very strongly impressed me
with the ffeneral resemblance of the modern ilora of Georcia to that of Vancouver Island
in the Cretaceous period. The evergreen Oaks, Laurels. Diospyros, Magnolias and other
eeiiera common to the two lloras, and the presence with these of the Dwarf Palmettos,
must have given mu<h similarity to the aspeit of the forests, though there were 'lo doubt
raanv forms peculiar to the Cretaceous which would give distinctness. In the winter of
189i!-B the foliage of the Diospyros, the Camellia, the Magnolia and Dwarf Palmetto was
not aile(>ted at Savannah, though tht> temperature oiteii fell bi'low the freezing-point.
Q/ras revoliiln and the native Zamiawere also uninjured. The leaves of the tall Palmetto

NKW SIT.CIK.^ OK ' HKTAi KOIS IM.AXTS.

67

liiid df till' Oniiiuv-t •■H' were loiu hed with iVost. This was saul to havo bneii an ixmisually
>irvfn> wiiitiT. Tlic iiu'au l.'iiipfiv.tiiii' ol (ivort-ia is about (i.V of Fahrenheit, and th'i
Vancouv.T Ishmd th.'-a his most ivsemhhiurc to that ol' th.- h>\viT parts of the state. We
havi' thus ;ui indiriitiou oi \\v' remarkal)lo mildness whi'h rharacti'riziul tlie eliniale ol
the hil'T ('r''la'''ous p Miod lu tlie more northern parts ol Ameriea. I propose, liowever,
to devote the third pan oT tills paper to the presentation ol' a lew points hearinu' on the
value of I'ossil-plants ;is iiidii'auirs ofelimatc and tiini'.

III.

S3

While this paper was in pn^paration, important questions have arisen and have been
liiseiissrd ill spciii! works' and s,ientilie periodieals, re.speetin-i- the value of i'os,-,il plants
iis teists ol .limate and -volou'ieal aj-e. As I do not propose to follow up th-' subje.t of
M.-sozoir and Tertiary Palieobolany in thes- ' Transaetiuiis ' any farther, until f <an have
an opportunity to condense into on" volume the papei> already [iiiblished, it may perliaps
be well to devote a few pa^es to a consideration of what we have already learm-d ou
these subje.ls from the fossil llora of Canada, lu doing this, I may refer to the .series of
papers published lu the 'Traiisaetions ' ol this Society in 1SS2 and following years, and
relatiu-i' to the fossil lloras of most of the Mesozoie and Ceiiozoic. formations ol Canada.

It will be necessary to glaiiee, in tlie lirst iiivi.m.e. by way of eontra.st, at the con-
dition of the veiretable "kinurdom in the l',ihi-o/oie period. In this part of the earth's
history the prol^em is ..nuplieated by the peculiar eharaeter of many of the plants, as
well as bv the proliabilitv that the meteorolosrical conditions were very dissimilar from
tho.e now ptvvailiiie-. We may^ayiu -eueral terms iIkU a ll.)ra of tree-ferns, ^-iant
ly.opods and lunes is akin to that of modern oceani.' islands in warm climates. This is
true, but the Devonian and Carboniferous plants did not e-,ow .■xdnsis-eiy on oeeanic
islan.ls but on continental areas of considerable inairnitude. They llourish.'d also in all
latitudes from the polar re-ion to the ciuator. and thouuii there arc some -..nerie dittei-
eu.es in the plants of the period in tUc Southern Hemisphere, yet these do not seriously
ati'.-ct the ..-eneral facies There are eharucterisiic Lepidodendroids. f.n- example, in the
Carboniferous of Br.izil and South Africa and Australia, and though m the latter there are
eertain fertis allied to those of Meso/oic luirope. this is merely a local dillerenee. not
matenallv alleetme ■ Innate, and corresponding with the fact that the Kuropean Mesozoi.'.
llora orio-inaled m the south. Nor does the doetrine of homotaxis seriously allect the
question' Each eclouical period was sulh.^iently Ion- to permil idants to migrate to
every station thev eould oecupv, and in every ease the lemporarv and local ehniate must
be indicated by the local llora, while the smression m any one plaee may be relied ou as

holding good over a very extensive area.

jtlauts a little more in detail, coirfcrous and i.ixme trees

There is therefore nothing so very

Looking at the I'alieo/oie

grow now in very diUerent latitudes and ditnates. There is tlierclore no n.ng so ^e >
tmarkable ui their occurrenee. The great group of Cordaites miv have been equal^r
hardy but it is noteworthy that its geographical distribution is more limited, lu

1 F.spwially .-oward'H " I'ossil PlantH
llm Uakntiv Group."

118 'IVats of Climate," a.u' LeHciuoreux'a " Fiiml lieport ..a the rUeils of

I

68

>li; .1. WILLIAM l»\\V«nN n.\

Europo, I'ov cxampl.'. the gouus is mmh more characl ovist i>- in Fraiiot' than in Britain,
pi'rhaps in ronnoction with the warm<-r climate to the southward Ferns and lycopods
and mare's-taiLs are also cosuiopolitan, hut the larger species now belong to the warmer
elimates; and nowhere in the present day do they be.'ome so woody and so complex in
strneture as in the older geologieal periods.

The natural inference would be that in the old coal period the geographical and
other conditions must have conspired to give a somewhat uniform and moist .limate over
a great part of tlie earth's surface. The geographical arrangements, so far as known,
indicate this, and the distribution of animals points in the same direction, in America,
for exampb', the great eastern and western raucres of mountains were yet in embryo, and
a large part of the continent was occupied with shallow waiter or with swampy plains
scarcely above the sea level. The batrachians and insects of the land and the varied
forms of animal life in the sea alike point to a climate at least mild and uniform. We
must also take into account the probability that there was a larger amount of carbon-
dioxide in the atmosphere than at present, which would greatly impede radiation from
the ground, and the moisture exhaled IVom the vast swamps and morasses of the period
would produce a similar effect.

It would, however, bi- a mistake to suppose that there were not local dillerences of
climate. I have elsewhere ' advocated the theory that the great ridge of conglomerate on
the northern border of the coal-lii'ld of Pi. ton, in Nova Scotia, may have been an ice-
formed ridge on the margin of the deep morass in which the thirty-six feet seam was
deposited, in this case a sea occasionally ice-laden may have approached within a short
distauie of forests of Siirillarijc and Lepidodciidra, and this in the middle of the coal
period. On tlie whole, therefore, we should postulate lor the Taheozoic llora not so much
a hii-h temperature as uniformity and moisture. This seems also to accord with the
prevalent character of the foliage and the structures of the remarka})Ie acrogenous trees
of this period.

As to the early Mesozoic llora, tlie indications are that it was an invader from the
Southern Hemisphere, for which tlie intervening Permian period had prepared the way
by destroying the preceding Paheozoic forests. Tliis was probably etiected through the
asency of great earth-movements changing the geographical and climatal conditions.
Hut as the Mesozoic ages advanced, the old conditions to .Nonie extent returned, and
enabled the cycads, pines and ferns of this aue lo push their way almost to the Arctic
reu'ions. Reint;', however, derivatives from warmer climates, their vitality and powers of
variation were probably not great They ilourislied luxuriantly and became considerable
< oal-[)roducers, and their reign was probably of long duration, extending through the
Triassic and Jurassic periods ami into the Lower Cretaceous. In the north they met
with a new and far more advanced and varied iicra, originatintr there, and destined, in
the Middle and Upjier Creta<'eous, to replace them throughout the whole Northern Hemi-
sphere. This new and most important changi' was ixndoubtedly ai'comi.anied with
climatal amelioration, triviiig a mean temperature of probably ■')•"■ to regions within the
Antic Circle . and this, as we shall see, prol)ably depended on geographical arrangements
introducing the warm waters of the etiuatorial current iwlo a vast land-locked basin in

" Aniiliaii (iuulotsy."

NKW sn.(ii;.< Ml' ( i;kta( Kois I'r.ANTs.

69

"9

thi' iutt'rior of Mk- Ainciiiaii Contini'iit, with corri'spniuUu<? thouirh prol)ai)ly not so
simpli' and vnsU) nndcistood iivraniri'nn'nt.s in the Eastern L"i>ntiMt'iit as woll.

Tljiis. when \v.' ascend Ivuni the base ol the Civiaeeou;^. we iiud a n'markal)le
and iipparontly Middeii iiillux ol aiii;U)s|)eiiii()ris exoirens ot inodern u'.'nerie type<. Tlie
aspect of .suddenness is iiiveii not laeiN ly l)V thi' rapidnv witli which tVoni a very lew
tbriiis tlie new Mora expands in vi<liiiess and \arietv, hut also l>y the suniihaneous a[)pi'ar-
ance iu ihe case of many e-eiiera, su< ii as Sassalras, Liriodendron, Magnolia, '^uer.'Us, etc..
of as many species in the Middle Cretaeeous as the modern world can yet l)oast, and in
some cases ol ti irreater nuuilier. (hi ihe other hand, it is true that other ifeiiera. as
ropulu>. lletula, etc., ajjpear at lirst in lewer forms, and are more lariiely represented in
the modern world. Thi.s dilference is apparently not connected so much with tiie botan-
ical rank of the several eeiiera as with their degr.'c ol adaptation to the more equable
climate of the eavlii'r (.'relaeeous or to the more extreme elinuiie> thnt have .succeeded.
This climatal chane-e has not only re()\iired l\i<- r.'inoval of .some sivnera to southern
haldtatsand thr- dim inution of their species, but has required that they should be replaced
in the north by new spe<ies of more harily 'ypes. The southward movement of the
whole Ibir.i HI later Cretaceous and Tertiary iinii's. and ihe introiluction Iroin behind of
the modern species, is thus .apparently connected wiih ihe irradnal refrii;eraiion \vhi<h
culminated in the <ilacial period

in Western Canada, in the JIoc ky ]Sb>uiii;iiiis ami in ilie t^Kieeu t'harlotie Islamls, as
well a> farther north in Alaska and (Greenland, we liave a Lower Cretaceous llora charae-
teri/'-d by lorm^ api>roacliiii£,'- ibose of liie .r\iras>ic < Mie of lis characteristic species is a
Dioon, allied to D. »(////« of Mexico. (/>. ( ohrmlnunna and D. hnmilh. l)n. ) Alona' with this
are species of Zamites and Todo/amites and pi.mitive species of .^alLsburia, similar to
those described by Heer from the Jurassi.' of Siberia The lower beds of this (the
Kootanie .series) are not known to .ontaiu any aneio>perm-, but in bees a little hiijther
(intermediate an ' Mill Cr<'ek bed.s) these beii'in to occur. xVewberry has found the same
flora farther souiu tn Montana, and it corresponds, in part at least, with the Totoma.' llora
of Fontaine, which occurs over a wi<le area iu the Southeastern States of the American
rnion The ireotriMphical distribution of this llora shows an extension of warm climate
up to the territory of Alaska. With other geological I'aets, it also shovv.s that the habilat
of the Lower Cretaceous llora was around the margin of a continent not yet elevated mio
lofty mountain chains, and im ludin"' to the .«.outh a mediterranean sea of warm water:
while the <onditio.i., m ilie extreme north must have excluded anythiiui- lepreM-nting th.'
present suow-.lad mass of (ireenland. This alone is. in my judgim-ni, snlii.ient to
account for the climate , it the period, whose warmth exteude'd >^\^n\ to Cireenland. I have
noticed the nature and correlation of this llora in papers published in these 'Transactions.' -
This is succeeded in the north of Canada, as far at least to the south as the latitude
of o5 \ by the Dtinvegau serie>, holding a warm temperate llora .ontaiuing speci.'s of
Maenolii., Laurus, Ficus and Qnercus, along with such temperate forms as Fagus and
HetiUa It also contains Cvcads and Sequoias. It appears to be m the mam parallel

' These two 8|iecit'8, oiR' wineseiiteil oiil,\ l>y Icincs, tl
prove to In' iilenlii'al.

•■ Uitl, section iv., !>. 7!l ; also l.ss.">, hoc! ion iv., p. 1.
' 'Trans. Uoyal Society Canaan, ISS:;, part iv., p. I'n.

1(1 (itlier I'V traits an.l tViiirnients ol" lenve.s, loay possil)ly

70

Sll; .1. WIlililAM h.WVSON ON

with th" miirinr Niobnini iavtli.T noiUh, Tliis llora is pvobal.ly .•ontinm>d aloiif? the
Kocky Mouutiiin w/uni hy tliat ol the Mill frci-k scries, whicii. howovor, hiis more tho
asp.Ti of I hat of tlu' bakolii period' It is loss ri.h in cyt-ads and .■onilV'rs. and lias spccii-s
ol' IMatanus, Marrlintockia, IHiinainoinum, Laurus, Ma<>nolia and Aralia. Th.' aa-i^rt'-^ati'
ot tlu> Dunvouau ami Mill C'lv.^k stM-i.'s may thus be rej^ardi'd as Middle Cretaceous or
Cenonianian and Seuonian, and roin'spondini? iu the main to the Atane of (J-reenland.
It belongs to the northern and western sid.'S of the same <freat Cretaceous mediterranean
sea on whose shores the previous Kootanie llora had llourished.

East of the llocky Mountains this is succeeded by prevalent marine conditions, with
tin- local inti'rposition of the Uelly liiver s.'ries, containint,' l)eds of coal, but so far a
measire flora, includini;' Sciinoin Rn'chrnbacliii, Brn^ruin (ih/iiiiki, Tni/Ki horculis and species ot
Acer and I'opnlus.

Passinii- across th-' mountains to the Tacilic coast, we meet with tlie al)undant and
intcrcstinu- llnra of the Cretaceous coal-measures of Vancouver Island, a truly Upper
Cretaceous a>semblanv, to which the present paper refers as well as the earlier one .-itcd
in the note.- It evinces a still warmer climate than thosi> previously noted, or than the
suceeediuu' Laramii' ; Ijut it is not improbal)le that already some dill^rence existed in this
respect between the racilic coast and the interior region of the .ontineut. It probably
coincides witli the Taiont llora of (Jreeuland.

Later thau this, and in its iloral character assimilated rather to the I'^ocene of other
countries, we have the Laramie series proper, iudicatins a period in which the <rreat
interior plateai'. east of the Kocky Moiiutains had ceased to be an open sea, and had been
reduced to the .ondition of swamps and lakes, the form.'r holdinii' a rich llora of tem-
perate aspe.t, even as far north as Alaska and Greenland. The Laramie Mora has been
recoyiii/cd loiallv on the west coast as well, but its <>'rcatest areas are in the interior
plains, where it undoubtedly overlies the Fox Hill or Danieu beds. It is. perhaps, most
remarkat)lc for its richness in .•ouiferous trees, Taxites, Sequoia, Thuia, etc., and for the
■Treat development of the treuus Platanus, as well as for its contaiii'nu' some ferns of
modern species {(hionlrn seiisibili^, Ddittllin lenuifolin]/

The Miocene Tertiary is represented on the Canadian plains only by the gravels of
the Cypress Hills, holding mammalian bones referred to the White River series; but on
the Similkameen Kiver and elsewhere in the interior of British Columbia there are beds
holdinu- an interesting insect fauna and a number of fossil plants. Among these are
several swamp and aquatic species, Equi.setum, Azollopnyllum, etc., and conifers of the
genera Tinus, Taxodiuui, (ilyi)tostrobus and Salisburia, along with species of Myrica,
Populus, Salix, Alnites, Acerites, Carpinus, Nelumbium, etc. The climate evidenced by
thes'i plants is still temperate, but probably scarcely, if at all, warmer than that of the
eoa-t of British Columbia at present '

It would thus appear that, while we have no evidence of a tropical climate in North-
ern Canada iu the Cretaceous or Kainozoic periods, the successive floras point to equable

' 'TranB. Hoyul Society Ciinii'.la, ISs,')," i)art iv., p. 11.
- 'Trans. Koyal .'Society, 1S82,' part iv., p. -4.

' For iletails si'o ' Trans. Uoyal .Society Canada, 18So,' sec. iv., [). lii ; 18H(i, sec. iv.. p. IW ; ISS7, sec. iv., p. :!!;
issi), sec. iv., II. li'.'.

* • Trans. Uoyal Society Canada, ISOo,' sec. iv., p "c.

I
t

N'i-;\v spKiMKS oi- <'i;i:TA('i;()r> 1'Lani>

71

t

and warm tcinpiTiUt' conditions I'xtt.'ndinL;- very far nortlnviird, and irruduuily passinii-
in lime into tliosc of the colder MIui'imi" and I'lioioni'. Wu can also to somi- exli'nt uor-
rclatc those ilimatal conditions with tin^ Efcotiraphical IWiturt's of tho si'voral ix-riods and
witli tlu" (onttMnporary animal roniaiiis.

I may udd that the validity of sucli dt'dmtions does not altogether depend on the
aecumey of ilii- reference of particular species to existinsj genera. In many cases there
can be no donht of this, as in the species of Linod'-ndron, Sassafras. I'latanns, Sei|noia
and StlishiiriM. and I'specially in the case of all those I'oniis ol' which seed or I'rnit lias
been procured : but even where the naminsj' may bo inaccurate, or where the number of
species has been undulv multiplied, the deductions as to climati- may hold good, though
not perhaps to tne exleiii ol' eiiabliim- us to lix a delinite therniomeirical mean temperature.
As to geological age, the |)riinary rc(|uisite is that in some ol the localities of fossil
plants their position shall be (ixed by stratiirraphical evidence. This being done in a few
cases, it is not dillicult to assign to their a\)inoximati' position intermi'diate or allied sub-
lloras. In Canada, though the colleetious of fossil plants havi> not been so largi as would
be desirable, we are fortunate in having the horizons of the leading lloras accurately
fixed by the olficers ol the Geological Survey, und the plants <ollected carefully referred
to the beds I;; v.uich they belonsr.

Thus, though the geographical conditions ol the Me,su/.r,ic and Cenozuic are not of
such a character as to enabl" us to refer sub-lloras to their delinite geological position
throughout the whole Northern Hemisphere, in the manu'-r in which this (an lie done
for the plants of the Lower, Middle and Upper Carboniferous, a satisfactory api)roximation
can l)e maih-, and I have no hesitation in aiririniuu- that it is possible to deline with con-
siderable accuracy the age of any collection of iossil plants from any part of our Cretaceous
or Cenozoic districts.

Plants as evidence of geological age have the advantage of wide distribution over
the surface ol th.' land, and of Ion-' duration in any one place and slowness of migration
when obliged or enabled to spread to new localities. They are also so closely connected
with the great movements of subsiden.v and .'levation which mark the lapse of geolouical
time, that'thi'v are very certain indi.es of these, whether tiie\ .Ufcct i)laiii life directly by
elevation and submergence, or indirectly by changing climatal conditions.

As in the case of animal fossils, we have to allow for dilfercnces of >tation, for
possible driftage and iniermixture of species l)elonging to uplands ami low levels, and
varieties dependent on chances of depor.ition and pres.a-vation. We have also to consider
that plants are more permanent and less changeable than the animal inhabitants of the
land, so that they may not mark so small jiortions of time and so minute changes as may
be indicated, for example, by mammalian remains.

On the whole there is very good reason to believe that the labours of Paheobotanists
have in the United States and Canada succeeded in securins- for Iossil plants an important
place as guides in the determination of geological auv. The knowledge we have acquired
needs to be collected and arranged m such a manner as to make it more available than it
can be when scattered, as at present, through a great number of reports and memoirs.

I

72

Sll! .!. \V1I,I,I AM h.WVSoN ON

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.

n.ATK V.
Ii,!8. I. ■-', :l — .Miurot:iiiio|)teri- ViiinniiveiiMisis. » ii.
I, "i— Chi luplileliis ('oliiiutiiatiii, s. ii.

PI, ATI VI.
Ki^'. 1— A liaiititfs pn loiimis, Pawdoii.
T—Sii/i.'eratliiopsis Uuliiiisi, s. ii.
S — Il.imiiiaiitBs (liiliius, s. ii.
9— Sc^.pMia I,aIV-'^'lorllii, lii^cr.
10— 'raxoiliiiin, s|i.
U, 1:;, 1:!, 1-1— -^alislMiria piisilla.

rLATi; VII.

Fi>:. 15— ranupliylhiin retosiim, s. ii.
lii— F. iiervosuni, 8. ii.
17, 1-^ -DryiiphyHiiiii occiilentale, s. ii.
I!i— 1). Neilliaiimii, :•■ n.
•.'ii_|). eli>n);atniii, 8. n.
■Jl— liiicrrus Ilolme.sii, l.t's.puM-eux.
L'J— Salix, sp.

20 — I'opuliles prdb.'.l.saiiiiliiia, s. ii.
'J4, •_'■">— I. auropliylliim insiL'iio, s. n.

I'l.ATK VIII.
t-'i^r. 2"— Lirinilemlron s\i''<'i>ilens, s. n.
27— L. pni liili|)il'i)rmn, s. n.
2.S — Ulmopliyiliim jirisciim,.s. ii.

L".i — rialaiiiis iiriiiiitva- L«s:|.

I'LATK IX.

Fis-'. :;ii— ( 'ornii.s obesus. s. ii.
:'.l — Ficiis conldrta, h. ii.
:>2, ol'xt — !•'. roliiii'lata, s. ii.
:;;;, ;w— F. \Vt-iliiij.'ioni:i , s. n.
;i.j— F. magnoliil'oliu, 8. ii.

n.ATK \.

Fi;.'. :lii — Mai-'Mcilia (»-ci(lcnlaliH, .s. ii.
:'i7 — I'iiiis laiiii)pliyHi<lia, h. ii.
:'.S— Mai:cliiitoc'kia triiiorvi.s, linor.
:'•!!— Piospyriis \'aiii'iniveren»is<, Dii.

Ill— li. eiiiiiuMis, s. II.

■II— n. (calyx).

IJ -('ariK)lillies iiioriliMiialis.

4.)--,liit,'lanilito.s, '.

TLA IT-; XI.

Fi^:. 1-1, l'i--l'i»IUiriis N'eillii.s. n.
lii, l~— '''■"tfipliylliini, 8p.
4S — .luijlandiU's fallax, s. n.
•Ill— Mai-'iiolia (aiwlliui, lIctT.
■>ii — Mt'iiisiicrinilos, .sp.

I'l.ATK XII.

Fig. 51— Aitoi'arpdpliylluin ocoidenlalo, s. n.
5:!— I'r.iteoidos Neillii, h. 11.
.■i4 — I', ni ijor.
")'.» — I irynpliylliiin, 8|i.
till — Majriiolia'.' .sp.

l'l,ATK XIII.
I'j;;. .'i2— .Vitncarpiiphyllmii oci'idoiiUik', s 11.
.■)."i — I'lotciicles, sp.
.")fi — lui/landilea, sp.
")7— I'liyllites, sp.

,-,,S_(|iinamiinnini f*e/.aniieiisi', Wateli'l.
I(i (I— rroUipliyllmii, sp.
I'.i ,1— Mai;iiolia l'a()elliiii, lleor.

PLATE XIV.
F'ig. ()1— Sabal imperialis, Un.

UITKk CKKTACKOrs i>I ANTS. VANCOUVKR ISI.ANIJ.
Trim. R. S. C, iSqv Section IV , I'l.iti; V

To illustrate Sir William DawsonV Pa|jer.

U'l'l-.k CKI lACl ol'S I'l.ANiS VANCDl \ KK ISLAND,

runs. K. S. C, IS.,.,. t Section IV., I'lau- \ I.

To illustrate Sir William Dawson's Paper.

I

rri'KR ( kr i,\iK(trs im.ants. v.wcni \ i k isiand.

'Imii^. k.S, C. iM,i. .•Sertinii l\ .I'l.ih \ll

\

To ilhistr.Ue Sir William Dawson's Paper.

ri'I'KK CKI
'I'r.in-. R, S. (".. iSin.

ACKOUS PLANTS, \AN'('i lUVKK ISLAND.

Section IV., Plate VIII.

P

i

To illustrate Sir William Dawsim's I'apci.

UlTKR CRETACE(JUS PJ.ANTS, \ ANCOU\ ER ISLAND.
■nins. R. S. C. iS^j. Section l\., Plate 1\.

1

■|\. ilI'.iMr.iic Sir William 1 Mw.oii'. I'.i|<'

ri'PKR L"i<ErAc:ix,)Us im.ants. v.wcorvKR island.

i'r.ins. K. S. ( '., I Sii^^.

St.c tion 1\., riiitc X,

41

•f2

Td illiistrale Sir William Dawsdn'.- Paper.

rpi^ER CRKTACKurS l^LANTS, VANCOL \ MR ISLAN'lJ.

'J'r.ins. R. S. C, 1893.

.Sfctiun 1\'.. I'hue XI.

1

To illi:>tralL' Sir William Diiwson'.s I'apci.

UPPER CRETACEOUS ri,AN I'.S, VANCOUVER ISLAND.

Trans. K. S. C, US93.

Section IV., I'late XII.

'lb illustrate Sir William Dawson's Paper,

wpf"vv^V^«vipipvw«q

LI— V r-l - -l-g*--- Jl.ggTi

r:iiis. R. S. C. i>S

I I'I'KR CRKT

9,1

VCI'iOirs I'f,A\T;

V.\.\C()1'\j.;r ,s/,.\,V

I).

'r.in--. 1\. S. (_"., iSii?

ri'l'KR CRKI-.UK.. IS IM.ANrs, V.WC.VKR ISLAND.

Stciion l\ .. I'LUc M \ .

i

W) illustiate Sir WiIImim D.uvmihN I'.iiicr.

NEW SPKCIKS OF OHtTACKOlS PLA^'I'S.

73

NOTIv TO SIR W. DAWSON S I'Al'KR.

While tli.s paper was in tlio ])iv.ss, two spfc'imeus of .••oin.- iuti icsi, (.ollected by iJi--
Newcombf, of Victoria, at Comox, B. ('., wen; kindly cninmuiiicated to tho author by Mr.
Whiteaws, F.GS.

Oil" is a i-yliudrical sti-iii. sliu'litly llattfiii'd. and rather rnon' than an imh in its
iarger diameter. It shows the woody axis of a snrill (,-xogenous sieiii or l)ran( h. with
indi<;ations of a .slender ccnlral pith ami about twelv" annual rinu's of growth. 'I'h'
ti.s8ue consists of proseuchynia, with nuniej'ous shnrt luedullary ravs Tln'Uiinute structure
of the woody fibres is somewhat obscure, hui ii is p.issibh' to delect on" row of lariic
di,scs with oblifjue .slit-pores. This strueture is similar to that of Salisburii, aiul it is not
irapos.sible that this may b.' tlie wo:)d of iS. /uisi'/d of the at)ov.' paper.

The second is a roundi'd, oval fruit. al)OUt il7 mm in diameter. The outer coat is
smooth, except some wrinkles near the basal end, whieh shows the remains of a stout
peduncle. There is a thin outer membrane, and where the speeimeu is broken the
remains of a seeoud or inner membrane can be seen, but the interveuiiiff and interior
structures have disappeared. It is ])robably a cyeadaeeous frnii, and resembles that
described by Ileer in the " Flora Arctiea" as Nihsimin Jiuis/nipi. It may be referred to the
provisional 2'enus C/jnu/cdcarpuni, and named ' '. Neirromfii.

iec. 1\., ISW. 11).