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Tous las autras exemplairas originaux sont filmAs 9n commen^ant par la pramiAre paga qui comporta una empreinte d'impreasion ou d'illustration at an terminant par la darniire paga qui comporta una telle empreinte. Un des symboles suivants apparaitra sur la darniire image de cheque microfiche, selon le cas: le symbols — ^ signifie "A SUIVRE ". le symbols V signifie "FIN ". Les cartas, planches, tableaux, etc., peuvent Atre film«s A des taux de reduction diffirents. Lorsque le document est trop grand pour fttre reproduit en un seul clich«, il est film« A partir de Tangle supArieur gauche, de gauche A droite, et de haut en bas, en prenant le nombre d'imagas ntcessaira. Les diagrammas suivants illustrant la mAthode. rata I alura. 3 i2X 1 2 3 4 5 6 THE COMMERCE AND INDUSTRIES OF THE Pacific Coast or !• NORTH AMERICA; COMPRISING THE RISE, PROGRESS, PRODUCTS, PRESENT CONDITION. AND PROSPECTS OF THE USEFUL ARTS ON THE WESTERN SIDE OF OUR CONTINENT AND SOME ACCOUNT OF ITS RESOURCES, WITH Elahorate Treatment of Manufactures; Briefer Consideration of Commerce. Transportation, Agriculture, and Mining; and Mention of Leading Establishments and Prominent Men in Various Departments OP Business, BY John S. Hittell, <«(».r 0/ " T». /tuwrera 0/ Cali/onI,." "r*. «;.(,„ ./ s„„ FraKlKC," "A Irk/ HM<^ tf Cltun,- .(e. SAN FRANCISCO: A. L. BANCROFT & CO., PUBLISHERS. 1882. Entered according to Act ol Congress, in the year 1882. Bv A. L. BANCROFT AND COMPANY, In the OfTice of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington. •ri ■"•>%>. -4 885(;o Frcif'-^ N'.W. History Dofrt. VlGTUrtlA, B. C. smtiuimrttmrn MMiMH^iikBM*iaiiaa_ " ■■HhTI <■! I ^js^'^N*, s ^ lasi^BKsaxs PREFACE. The Pacific siilc of the Nortli American continent was, in 1845, almost beyond the range of the thought ami traffic of the refined and wealth)- Caucasian communities on the shores of the Atlantic. Difficult of access, obscure in its civilization, poor, sparsely populate-.! as to much of its area, unproductive, without machinery which is the accompaniment if not the main basis of recent progress, our coast seemed destined to remain without much improvement until some distant time in a vague future. No steam- ship plowed our harbors; no locomotive rattled through our valleys; no well-graded wagon road crossed our mountains; no telegraph wire was ready to carry hasty messages ; and north of Mazatlan there was neither regular postal service nor newspaper. Suddenly a wonderful change occurred. Enlightenment took the place of savagism over a wide region. Commerce and industry, the school and the church, the newspaper and the factory, literature and art, wealth and luxury, rose as if by magic; and their influence has since continued to grow with marvelous speed. San I'rancisco became a metropolis, and is now one of the world-famous centers of intelligence and trade. Lines of ocean steam.ships run from the Golden Gate to China and Australia, and to a score of seaports on our coast between Sitka and Panama. Every da\-, trains of cars start by two routes, with passengers and frieght,for the seaports of the Atlantic. VVe.st of the Rocky Mountains there are 5,500 miles of .iron track — more in proportion to population than in an> other part of the globe. The most productive mines, the most beautiful orchards and vineyards, and the most elegant homes, are now to be found in places which less than half a century since had no occupants save the wild beast or the almost equally wild red man. The chief topographical division of our continent is that made by the summit of the great mountain chain extending from the vicinity of the equator to that of the Arctic Ocean. Westward from this line lies the Pacific realm, the business of which is our subject. This im- mense domain is evidently destined to be the .seat of a great industrial empire. Notwithstanding the intersection of national boundaries, which may last to remote times, it has numerous bonds of common .sympathy and interest, and a definite geographical unity. The situation suggests many interesting queries. Mas the population of this vast region assumed a distinctive industrial and intellectual character, 4 i'i- with the progress of the age, and to inijiress itself ujjon all the external aiklitions by alien immigra- tion? Is there a peculiar and [lermanent I'acifie American civiliz.ition wnrlliy of the grand Taeific American domain? Arul if so, wh.it are the business aspects of this new civilization? What has this \a^t region achiesed in matters of material jirogress? Wh;it are tiie m.iin features (,f its commerce and intluslry? Are the Pacific m.mufacturers ami mechanics mere coinisis? y\re 1 hey degenerate borrowers from more enlightened anil energetic inhabitan's of other lanils? Or ha\e they manifested inventive genius? Ila\e they contributed anjtiiing to the useful arts of our time? How tlo the farmers, miners, .and craftsmen in various inechanical occupa- tions compare with those of other countries? What is the success of the laboiers in working iron, steel, copper, brass, lead, type metal, silver, anil gold? Has the Pacific coast skillful shipwrights, millwrights, wheelwrights, carpenters, and cabinet-makers? l.)oes it tan good leather anil make good saddles, li.irness, shoes, and gloves? What are the jjroducts of its fisheries, potteries, glass works, sugar refineries, and printing olTiccs? What are the quantities and qualities of its textile fabrics? Are the people well supplied with the best ir..ichiner) and tools, and do they know how to manage them? Are IJie industrial skill and production of tlie Pacific coast advancing or retrograding? And the Pacific capitalists? ^Vre they men of original thiiiight, compreliensi\e ideas, and bold enterprises? Have they achieved success by superior capacity, prudence, and knowledge of business? Or arc they dull, narrow-minded, miserly, destitute of public spirit; and did they acquire their wealth by blind luck, stumbling on places where an abundance of gold and silver was within reach of everybody? ^\'hat arc the chances for labor and capital on the Pacific Coast? What is the present condition of its manufacturing industry? In what branches has it driven all competition from the local field? In what is it still strug- gling against importations? In what has it not yet ventured to make any experiment? What are the advantages and disadvantages of our coast for the production of articles manufactured by the aid of complex and costly machinery? What are the prospects of producing manufactures fo.r supply- ing other countries? Who are the leading business men? Where are they t.. be found? \\ hat have they done, and what are they doing? It is the purpose of this book to elucidate all these questions. Our subject is extensive and important; indeed, ileserving much more study than it has hitherto received. In the hope that the result of our investigations w-!l be recognized as a valuable contribution to the general knowledge of the commerce and industry of our coast, we submit our work to the public judgment ( ";"»■ LIST OF CHAPTERS. A lUl of .„, .c, will 1« f„un.l ■„, .he next Ic.f; a„,l a full index of .ubjccl» and name, M ihc end of the lx).)k. Ch. 1. Tdc I'iclJ. Cli. II. Gcncr.il Ktalures of Business. Ch. in. Climate. lilVISIO.N I. l.NTKODUcriON. Ch. IV. Land for Settlers. Ch. V. The Labor .Sujijily. Ch. VI. nankinf;. Ch. VII. Insurance. Ch. VIII. U.iilroad5. Ch. I.V. L.\prcs.sing. Ch. XIII. Ilurticullure. Ch. .\IV. domestic iVnimals. DivuioN IL Commerce, etc. Ch. X. Telegraph, etc. Ch. .XI. .Shipping, etc. Ch. XII. .Merchandising. Division III. Agriculture. I Ch. XV. Farming. Ch. XVI. Gold Mining. Ch. XVIL .Silver .Mining. Ch. XIX. The Tish Supply. Ch. X.X. Furs and Game. Ch. XXI. Cod Fishery. Divisio.s IV. .Mining. j Ch. XVIII. Mining for other Mineral*. Division V. Fisiikrihs, etc. Ch. XXII. Whale Fishery. Ch. XXIII. Other .Marine Fishcrii.s. Ch. XXIV. River lislierics. Division VI. Engineering, etc. n,''vvvi ''"'"'• """'R'^" I™l"-"vcmen.. | Clu XXVIL Inventiona. >-li. .\.\Vi. »V alcr Works, elc. Division VU. .Manufactlres. Ch. XXVIIL Texlilc Manufactuns. Ch. XXXIIL 1 .cat her. Glass, Larthcnware, etc. I'rovisions. Wood. Ch. XXIX. Ch. XXX. Ch. XXM. Cli. XXX J I. Ch. XXXIV. Ch. XXXV. Ch. XXX VL I'apcr, Printing, eic Iron. Other .Metals. Miscellaneous Manufactures. Appendix. Lnue.x. LIST OF TOPICS. A full index of subjects and names is given at the end of the book. Preface. 19 20 21 30 3' 34 37 38 39 40 41 41 43 45 .Page 3 Meteorological Regions 63 San Francisco Summers 64 Hot Days g- Cool Nights gg Warm Winters gg The Early Spring gg San Francisco Rains Division I.— Introduction, (pp. 17-120.) Chapter I.— The Field, (pp. 17-47.) PACK Our Slope ,- Possessions California San Francisco Sacramento Valley jg San Joaquin Valley 27 Southern California 28 Monterey District 30 Humboldt Ilay ,q Sierra Nevada Oregon Washington Nevada Arizona Utah Idaho Western Montana, etc British Columbia Alaska Mexico Chapter II, General Features of Busi- ness, (pp. 48-61.) Californian Enterprise ^g Great Enterprises cq Pecuniary Wrecks jj Imported Goods 5 . Great Fortunes re A Gold-intoxicated City eg Romance of the Present en Chapter HI.— Climate, (pp. 62-83.) Comparative Meteorology 62 Standards of Temperature 62 69 Irregular Rainfall 70 Relative Humidity Fog Warm Belt Sacramento Climate I^s Angeles Climate go Oregon Climate gi Utah and Arizona g2 7' 73 74 76 Alaska's Climate . 83 Chapter IV.— Land for Settlers. (pp. 84-98.) Public Land g. Career for Energy g» No Land Monopoly gg Chances for Settlers Cost to Settlers Timber Claims. Examine Ijefore Buying go Central Pacific Lands gj Southern Pacific Lands 52 Northern Pacific Lands gj Oregon Improvement Lands g4 Oregon Railroad Lands 94 Washington Lands gj Colonies ge British Columbian Lands g; 87 89 90 8 LIST OF TOPICS. Chapter V.— Tkf. Labor Supply. ■■*<;« (pp. 99-120.) High Wajjcs 99 Wages by the Week lOO Wages liy the D.iy loo Wages by the Month I02 Laborers' Associations 105 Wages and Comfort 108 Labor and Material 108 Seamstresses 109 Shirt-making in Cliinesc Competition 113 Dear Labor 113 World-wide Competition 115 Imported Mechanics 116 Competition with the Kast 117 Factories as .Schools ; i iS White Labor Gaining 118 Opposition to Chinese 1 19 Division II. — Com.merce, etc. (pp. 121-230.) Cli.ipter VL— Banking, (pp. 121-141.) Extent of liusiness 121 Californian lianks 121 Measure of Prosperity 123 Amoimt of Coin 123 First lianks 124 Inexperience 126 Adams & Co 126 P.Tge, liacon & (.'o 127 W. T. Sherman 127 Ralston 127 Palmer, Cotjk & Co 129 Savings and Loan 1 29 Other Savings Banks 130 Bank Commission 130 Mining Stocks 1 30 Currency 131 Panic of 1S77 131 New Constitution 132 Reduction of Debt 133 Banking Prosi)ccts 134 Banking Institutions 134 Notable Bankers 135 ~ P. H. Burnett 136 John Parrott 137 n. O. Mills 137 William .Mvord 138 Lloyd Tevis 138 F. F. Low 139 Louis McLane 140 The I )alles Bank 140 William Ucid 140 Chapter VII.— Insurance, (pp. 142-161.) Fires 142 First Californi,an Company 142 Rush into Insurance 145 Rates 146 Losses 146 Business in 18S1 147 Fire Departments 148 File Patrol 149 Board of Underwriters 149 Fireman's Fund 150 D. J. Sl.iples 152 The Home Mutual 152 J. F. Houghton 153 C. R. Story 154 State Investment Company 154 - A. J. Bryant 154 Commercial Company 15S Union Company 155 Pacific Mutual Life 155 Hutchinson & Mann 156 Lion Insurance Company 157 M.-icdonald & Ilawes 158 Dickson's Agency 158 A. D. Smith 159 Louis J acoby 1 59 William G. Elliott 159 C. T. Hopkins 159 Jacobs & Easton 161 Chapter VIII.— RAILROADS. (pp. 162-183.) Early Railroad Projects. 162 P.acific Railroad Agitation 162 Subsidy Granted 164 The Last Spike 165 Railroad Buildiny; 166 Various Railroads 167 I'rivate Properly 168 Political Denunciation 170 DifTerenrc in Charges 171 Land-Gr.ant Policy 172 Profits 172 LIST OF TOPICS. 9 PACB - Lcland Stanford 1 7^ -Cl'.ailes Crocker 174 K. U. Crocker 175 -M.'.rk Hopkins 176 ~C. 1'. Ihinlington 178 Northern Pacific 179 Oregon R. & N. Co 180 Oregon and California R. R 180 Oregon and Transcontinental R. R iSo Henry Villard 181 Atlantic and Pacific iSi Canadian Pacific 181 Spanish-American Railroads 1S2 Street Railroads 1S2 Wagon Roads 1S2 Chapter IX.— KxPRESsiNn. (pp. 1S4-1S8.) Extent of Business 1S4 Oiigin of the Express 1S5 Wells, Eargo & Co 1S6 Pony Express 187 John J. Valentine 187 Chapter X.— Ti-.legraiti, etc. (pp. 189-194.) Eirst Wires 189 Transcontinental Wires 1S9 Telephone 190 District Telegraph 192 Gold and Slock Telegraph 194 Chapter XI. — SllirriNG, ETC. (pp. 195-206.) Lively Trafiic 95 Stcatn Navigation ■ 195 High Port Charges 196 River Navigation . . . . .^ 197 Eraser River Steamers 198 Mara & Wilson 198 Railway and Navigation lioats 199 Ocean Steamers 199 Pacific Mail 200 Oregon Railway and Navigation Co. . . 201 Pacific Coast Steamship Company. .. . 201 Other Lines 202 G. C. Perkins 202 Charles Goodall 202 Sailing Vessels 203 G. W. Mc.Vear 204 John Ro.scnfeld 205 a FAGS Williams, Dimond & Co 205 Sibson, Church & Co 206 Welch, Rithet & Co 206 Chapter XII.— Merciiandisino. (pp. 207-230.) Importations 207 Importers 209 General Exports 2 H Wheat and Elour Exports 212 Treasure 213 Business Failures 214 Southern California 214 Tr.ade with Australia 2 14 Oregon's Trade 215 Washington and British Columbia. .. . 215 Utah's Tr.ade 216 - \V. T. Coleman 216 W. E. Babcock 217 J. S. T.iber ni8 \VeIlm.an, Peck & Co 21S E. Daneri & Co 21S Welch & Co 218 D. N. and E. Walter & Co 2:9 B.aker & Hamilton 220 Gordon Hardware Co 220 Dunh.am, Carrigan & Co 221 George H. Tay & Co 221 J . De La .Montanya 222 Linforth, Rice & Co 222 Richarils & .Snow 224 A. I. IIall& Son 224 Fairbanks I'i Hutchinson 225 Japanese Art Exhibition 226 11. Brickwedel 226 A. P. Ilotaling vS: Co 227 Livingston & Co 227 Lilienthal & Co 227 A. Vignier 228 Corbitt & Macleay 228 Charman & Son 228 J. K. Gill& Co 229 Eleckenstein & Mayer 229 K. Seelig & Co 229 S. W. Percival 229 Schwabaclier Brothers & Co 230 M. V. U. Stacy 230 Henry Saunders 230 Thomas Shot bolt 230 Turner, Ueelon & Co 230 lO LIST OF TOPICS. Division III.— Agriculture, (pp. 231-288.) Chapter XIII.— Horticulture. ' (I'P. 23 '--53-) Fruit-trees Fruit-drying Fresh Fruit Shipment Nuttrccs Oranges Olive, etc Kitclien \'cgctab!cs Orcharciists .Subtropical Imports Fruit-canning Amount Canned Grapes Varieties L.irge ''intyards Agoslon Ilaraszthy Wine Product C. Kohlcr Sparkling California. . . Arpad Ilaraszthy it Co, Raisins Brandy 231 233 234 23s 235 236 236 237 238 238 239 241 244 244 245 247 24S 249 250 252 253 Chapter XIV.— Domustic Animals. (pp. 254-275.) Abundant I lenls 254 Sheep 254 \V. \V. Ilollistcr 255 Shropshires 257 .Siroliridge's Merinos 257 Neat Cattle 258 Jesse D. Carr 250 Dairy 260 Jersey Farm 261 R. G. Sncath 262 Butter 264 Jcieph Russ 264 Pc^it Reyes 265 Cheese 267 Beef 267 William Dunphy 270 Goodacro & Dooley 270 \'an Volkcnburg &Co 271 Horses 271 Palo Alto 272 Swine and Goats 274 Poultry 274 Bees 274 Silkworms 275 Chapter XV.— Farming, (pp. 276-288.) Agricultural Production 276 -\gricultural Progress 27S Californian Wheat 279 Whe.at Profits 280 Volunteer Wheat 281 H.J. Glenn 2S1 John Bidwell 281 Oregon Wheat 282 Barley, etc 2S2 Cotton 2S3 Flax 2S4 I lops 2S4 Tobacco 2S4 Forage 285 Alfalfa 2S5 .Sugar 2S5 Tea 286 Seeds 2S6 E. J. Bowen 287 Various Plants 2S7 Timber Cultivation 28S Division IV. — Mining, (pp. 289-320.) Chapter XVI.— Gold Mining. (pp. 289-294.) Mineral Wealth 289 Gold ^*ield 290 Hydraulic Pipe 291 Gold Quariz 292 Gold Quariz Mines 293 Brilisli Columbian Placers 294 Mexican Placers , 294 Chapter XVII.— Silver Mining. (pp. 295-306. ) Silver Produdiiin 295 Silver Mines 295 Comstock Lode 296 Bonanzas 296 Mine Man.agcment 298 Assessuienls 299 Undergroun'l Works 299 LIST OF TOPICS. II TAca Mine Improvements .... 300 J. \V. Mackay 300 J. G. Kair 301 George I learst 301 Discovery of the Comstock 301 Wa.ilioe Process 302 Silver Smelting 303 Leaching 304 Eureka District 304 Arizona Silver 305 Californian Silver 305 Utah Silver 305 Mexican Silver 306 Chapter XVIII. — Mining for other Min- erals, (pp. 307-320.) Coal 307 Carbon Hill 308 PAGR Seattle Coal 308 Dunsniuir, Diggle & Co 309 Iron Smelting 310 Oregon Iron 311 Cali.''ornian Iron 311 Washington Iron 313 Chrome Iron 314 Quicksilver 314 , Copper 315 Antimony 316 Lead 316 Petroleum 316 Pacific Coast Oil Company 317 Asphaltuni 318 Sulphur 319 Various Minerals 319 Division V. — Fishekie.s, etc. (pp. 321-386.) Chapter XIX.— The Fish SuprLY. (pp. 321-329.) Fish Abimdant 32 1 Fish Statistics 322 Codbanks 324 Pisciculture 325 Chapter XX. — Furs and Game. (PP- 330-341-) National Influence 330 Fur Crop 331 Alaska Commercial Company 333 Warren's Fur-seal Fleet 336 Otters, etc 336 Furriers 337 The North-west Trading Company 337 Land Furs 338 J. F. Miller 339 Game 340 Chapter XXI.— CoD Fishery. (pp. 342-345- ) Cod-banks 342 Cod-fishcrmen 343 Catch 345 Chapter XXII.— Whale Fishery. (PP- 346-351-) American Whaling 346 North Pacific Fleet. 347 Shore Whaling 349 Chapter XXIII. — Other Marine Fish- ERIES. (pp. 352-367.) Kinds of Fish 352 Salmon Family 355 The Herring Family 356 Halibut 35S Sturgeon 359 Shark 359 Skidegate Oil Company 360 Fishing-boats 361 Oyster:, and Clams 363 Shrimps 366 Chapter XXIV.— River Fisheries. (pp. 368-386.) Catch 368 Salmon Habits 369 Fishing Implements 370 Columbia Fishery 372 Californian Fishery 373 Alaska Salmon 375 Pugel Sound Salmon 376 Aboriginal Fishing 376 Canning 377 The Columbia Pack 579 S. D. Ad.iir & Co 380 J. O. Hanthorn & Co 381 William Hume 382 The I-Cinney Cannery 3S2 Warren Packing Company 382 John West 383 12 LIST OK TOPICS. rASB I Dniish Cnliimliian P.-iclc 3^i ' Jolm Aibir, Jr i^i Alert U.iy Cannery jS-l- j Delta Cannery 3^4 Douglass Packins Company 3^4 I LaWhw .^' 523 Mirrors 525 Pottery 526 Buena Vista Pottery 527 Bricks 52S I lydraidic Cement 529 Cement Pipe 529 Artificial Stone 530 Pl.isler of Paris 531 Plaster Decorations, etc 532 Plaster Statuary 532 Marble and Granite 532 Lime 534 Pavement...., 535 14 Chapter XXXI. LIST OF TOPICS. Provisions. '*'■" (pp. 537-573.) Sulijccls IncUulcd S37 Mrat PacUing 537 Artilici.il Cooling 53^ Meat for Packint; Sugar and Syrup Sugar-beet Sugar Mills Sugar Consuniplion. , Hawaiian Production Sliipmcnts »f Sugar. 539 540 54' 542 543 544 545 547 550 552 553 554 555 556 557 557 558 558 559 559 San l-'rancisco Refineries 54*' Claus Sprcckels Flour Milling System Flour Market Flour-mills Oregon Mills Washington Mills 55'> British Columbia 55'' Flour Mills Starr & Co Tlic Salem Flouring Mills Jefferson City Mills Crackers California Cracker Comp.any. . . Macaroni Vinegar and Pickles S^° Vinegar Factories 5"^ Coffee and Spice Grinding 5*^3 Confectionery • ■ • • 5''5 Portland Candy Factory 5*^ Chocolate 5<'<' Ice 567 Salt S(") Yeast Powder 57 ' Soda Water. 57' Malt Liquors 572 Malting 574 Distillation 575 The Pacific I )islillery 57^ Bay View Distillery 577 Cordials 57S Chapter >. XXII.— Wood. (pp. 579-<'34-) Wrod-working In.try 579 Lumbering 579 Timber 5^0 Lumber Production 5^2 Flume Transportation. ., 5^4 rAGE Sawmills S^^S L. P.. Dean & Co 5^7 Charles L. Dingley 5^7 Dolbecr & Carson 5^8 Hanson & Co SS8 1. II. Ilirmon 5^9 Hastings' Sawmill 590 George 11. Knowles & Son 59° Moodyville Sawmill 59' Nickcrson & Co 59' Occidental Sawmill S9' Pope & Talbot 592 Port Discovery Mills 592 Kenton, Holmes & Co 593 Redwood Lumber Mills 594 Rock Bay Sawmill 594 A. M. Simiison & Brother 594 Starbird & Goldstone 595 H. B. Tichcnor & Co 595 596 596 597 597 598 Watsonville Mill John Wigmore Willamette Sawmill John Vance Planing-mills Royal City Planing-mills 598 Door and Sash Factories 599 Box Factories 599 Cigar-boxes "°° Jewelry-boxes "°' Furniture "°' Material for I'urniturc (>°- Furniture Factories d^S California Furniture Manufacturing Co. 606 Fricdrichs & Gercke 6o7 Indianapolis Chair Manufacturing Co. . 607 California Spring Manufacturing Co. . . 607 Andrew Frci 6oS Herman Granz *^ A. F. Knorp d°^ Picture-frames, etc "09 Bdliard-tables • • <5'° Pianos <>'* Knabe Pianos, (>^3 Organs, etc "J ' 3 Cofiins 614 616 Carriages Kspey Carriage Factory '8 Waterliouse & Lcslcr .• . ' C64 David Lister & Co 664 Railroad Workshops 665 Boiler-making 666 Stoves 6()6 Wire-works 667 Saws 668 Cutlery 669 Files 670 Miscellaneous Tools 670 Abner Doble 670 Fire-aims 67 1 N. Curry & Brother 671 A. J. Plate & Co 67r Safes 672 Locks 673 Pacific Chain-works 673 Springs 673 Agricultural Implements 674 The Judson Horse-nail Company 675 Benicia Agricultural Works 676 Jackson & Truman 676 II. W. Rice 678 Windmills 679 Elevators 679 George H. Sanborn's Sons 6Si Rolling-mills 6S2 Rolling-mill Products 683 Chapter XXXV.— Other Metals. (pp. 6S5-69S.) Various Metals 6S5 Brass Foundries 6S5 Garratt's Brass F'oundry 6S6 William T. Garratt 6S7 Lead-works 688 Plumbing 6cSS Tinware . . .,. 6S9 Copiwrsmithing 690 Galvanized Iron 690 Japanning 691 Metallic Signs 692 Mathematical Instruments 692 Telegraphic Instruments 693 Clocks, etc "693 Gilding 694 Gold-beating 695 Jewelry 695 i6 LIST OF TOPICS. Cporsc C. Shrcvc & Co. Xa-.t, Circcn/wciL; t.V Co. Schulz iS: l'i>,clier PAGE ■ 697 . 09S Cliaplcr XXXVI.— Mricia.LANnousMANU- I .\L1LK1;S. d'l'- 699-734-) Tob.icco 699 Cig.irs 700 Cost of M;inufaciure 701 liicrca!.c in Consumption 701 Cig.ir I'actorius 702 Ci;^.ar UpcMtives 703 I'ijx.s 705 Acids 705 Explosives 707 The California Powclcr-woiks 709 i;i.\stin(j I'use 710 Fireworks 711 M.itclics 711 Linsecil Oil 713 r.iints 713 Varnish 715 Turpentine, etc 715 Perfumer)' 716 Coco.anut Oil 717 Wh.ale Oil Refining 717 Soap 717 Oregon Standard Soap 719 I'endray ^ Co 719 Candles 720 Starch 721 Soda 722 Cream of Tartar 7-3 ]>ora.\ 7-4 Cigarettes 7-4 Charcoal 725 T»onc Charetial, etc 7-^ Ink.s Ill.acking, and Mucilage 727 C.iri>on Uisulphido 7-7 Axle Grc.ibC 7-^ liroonis 7-^ Brushes 730 Artificial Limbs, Trusses, etc 731 Oakum 731 l"i.,hing-tackle 732 Felling 732 (j;wworks 733 Appexdix. (pp. 73 5-79 1 •) Acknowledgments 735 H. V. IV.gc 735 Sources of Information 735 Relative Sp.ace 737 Supplenicntar)' Material 737 Comstock Mines 737 Mining Tables 73S Notes 742 Commercial Policy 743 Hawaiian Trafiic 74.} An Australian Complaint 746 Flour by Kail 746 Increase of Manufacttires 746 Oregon's Traffic 747 Dry Wines 748 Sweet Wines 74^ riiotograpliy 730 I. W. Tahcr 750 J. R. I hylson 750 A. II. Lichllu-.ll 750 Thomas Mildrctli 751 Russ IIous.- 751 Hotels in the North 752 Leading Business Houses 752 Index p. 703. DIVISION I.-INTRODUCTION. CHAPTER I.— THE FIELD. Our Slope.— Our continent lies between the two great oceans, and, con- sidered topographically, most of its valuable territory consists of two main divisions; one sending its streams to the Atlantic, and the other to the Pacific. The mountain line of separation, however, between the two oceans docs not extend to the northern limit of the continent, for a considerable region belongs to the drainage basin of the Arctic. We accept the main summit of the Rocky Mountain chain as the eastern limit of the Pacific coast from Panama to latitude S7° and from that parallel northward we follow the boundaries of British Columbia and Alaska, including the Utah inclosed basin (covering portions of Utah, Nevada, Oregon, Idaho, and California), sending - ^e of its waters to any ocean. This region is unmistakably west of the main divide of the continent, and is .surrounded by territory drained by streams flowing to the Pacific. We exclude the Chihuahua inclosed basin of about 16,000 square miles, and the San Luis Potosi inclosed basin of 25,000 square miles in Mexico, both of them being east of the main ridge of the great continental mountain chain. In the subjoined table the main political divisions are mentioned, with their areas within the limits of what we consider (for the purposes of this work) the Pacific coast ; the greatest length of each on the meridian ; the length of the coast of each; the full length of its shore line following the contour of its capes, bays, and islands ; the population, and the number of inhabitants to a square mile. The areas of California, Oregon, Nevada, Washington, Idaho, Utah, Arizona, and Alaska are copied from a report of the censu."^ of 1880. The areas of British Columbia, and of the Pacific portions of Mexico, Cen- tral America, Montana, Wyoming, Colorado, and New Mexico are estimates. The full shore lines of California, Oregon, and Washington are from the United States Coast Survey, and are in geographical miles, 60 to a degree, whereas the other miles arc statutory, 69 to a degree. The full coast lines of Alaska, Mexico, and Central America having never been accurately measured, so far as we know, are given by estimate. To obtain an ade- 3 i3 INTKODUCTIOX. quatc idea of the vastncss of our natural resources, and of the backward condition of their dc\clopment, we must look at fij^ures .'-howin^ tlie \ast .irea of unoccupied fertile land, the relative paucity of inhabitants, and the lenjjth of the ocean frontaije of this Pacific realm. A brief examination, and a comparison of them with the corresponding; statistics of the most jjopulous countries of Christendom, le.ive no room for reasonable doubt that the western .slope of our continent has a ^rand career before it in the near future. Here is the table: PoLITIC.\L DiVISIO.NS. .\rc.i ill Sn 96,030 174.767 110,700 62,265 69,180 7^.120 ^\'a^llin^'lon 245 1 ".738 liLiho . . 84.800 84,970 113,020 22.000 32,611 143.906 40,441 8,000 4,000 10,000 20,000 30,000 20,000 3,500,000 600,000 Utah Arizona Patific Montana. . . . Pacitic Wvominj 1 22,000 Pacific Colorado . 1 .10 000 Pacific New AIe\ico. 24,000 577.390 310,000 550.000 50,000 Alaska ',470 560 >.950 910 20,000 8,1 Si 4,000 1,450 Jirilisli Columbia Pacilic Mexico Pacilic Central .\mcrica. Total j 2.312,450 5.5S5.79<' 2 6,170 3'''.75i After making allowances for large arca.s, of no present and little pros- pective value, on account of intense cold, dry sand, or bare rock, our slope still has 500,000 square miles of tillable soil, 300,000 of magnificent forest, and 1,000,000 of good pasture, with room for 100,000,000 people before they will be so much crowded with relation to the iKilural resources of the land as they arc in Europe. The inhabitants of C.iliforiiia, Oregon, Nevada, VVa^^^lngton, Uiaho, Utah, and iVrizona numbered 829,050 in 1.S70, and 1,309,857 in 1880, .showing a g;iin of 65 per cent, in ten years, a ratio which will probably be maintained for a century to ccjine. Indeetl, the proliabilitie.s on account of the rapid development of railroad antl steamship lines, is that the ratio will increase rather than diminish. But if iTie gain were only 50 per cent, in ten years, it would gi\e these States and Territories 2,ooo,oa3 inhabitants in 1890; 3,000,000 in 1900; 4.500,000 in 1910; 6,750,000 in 1920; and 10,125,000 in 1930. If we add British Columbia, Alaska, and the Pacific portions of Tin-; FiFi.D. '9 Montana, Wyoming, Colorado, and New Mexico, \vc shall sec that it is not extrav.igant to expect that our slope north of Mexico in i9;?o will have 12,000,000 inhabitants; and even llicn there will Ix; only 6 t<> the scjuare mile; and now Italy has more than 20 times as many. Rapidity of growth is one of the best standards of the activity and profit of business and of the chances for tlv immigrant to make a fortune. Our Pacific coast extends through the tcmi)erale and reaches far into the torriil and frigid zon^s. Every variety of climate is represented within its limits, unless it be the very stormy, for the furious hurricanes of the West Indies and the tynh.oons common in the Chinese .seas are unknown to considerable portions of our ocean. The high elevation of our mountain border, and the warmth of winter and coolness of summer, brought to our immediate coast north of latitude 34° by trade winds and the Kurosiwo, the ocean current of the North Pacific, give great ranges of temperature in the same latitude, so that the traveler can pass in a few hours from a cool to a warm climate. North of latitude 34^ and west of the Rocky Jloun- tains, the isothermal lines run, not cast and west, as on the other side of the continent, but usually north-west and south-east. The mean temperature of January ii in most places 10'^, and in many 20", higher than on the Atlantic side in the same latitudes; and this greater warmth of the winters is of immense importance to the comfort of the people, as well as to the productiveness of many branches of industrj'. Our coast, considered as a whole, has many peculiar features. South of 49° it is extremely poor, and north of that latitude, wonderfully rich in harbors, inlets, bays, and islands. In the precious metals it is the richest part of the globe ; in the best qualities of coal it is inferior to Europe, to China, and to the Atlantic side of our continent Possessions and Increase. — Our slope north of Mexico has 8,000,000 acres of tilled land, 8,000,000 .sheep, i, 200,000 neat cattle, 600,000 horses, and 5,500 iniLs of railroad. Our industrial products in their primary forms, as first prepared for sale, counting the hide and excluding the leather, in- cluding wool but not cloth, amount in value to more than $220,000,000 annually. Among the leading items arc $100,000,000 for cereals ; $20,000,000 for the meat, liidc, wool, milk, butter, and cheese of our herd;;; $15,000,000 for the yield of our orchards, gardens, and vineyards; $10,000,000 for our rough lumber; $52,000,000 for our precious metals; $C,000,ooo for our ba.se metals ; and $ 1 2,000,000 for non-metallic mineral articles, including coal, salt, borax, asphaltum, petroleum, building stone, paving stone, bricks and glass. The additiona value given to the primary products by secondary industry, such as buildii.j houses and fences, dressing lumber, spinning and weaving US 20 INTROPUCTION. wool, tanning leather, making boots and ihocs, grinding grain, canning fruit, casting iron, making coin and t."ble-ware from gold and silver bricks, amounts to at least $So,ooo,ooo, making an annual aggregate for the' com- bined products of primary and secondary industries of $300,000,000, or more than $600 for each adult white male inhabitant. To this may be added at least $20,000,000 for additional value given to land held in private owner- ship by increase of population, improved facilities of transportation, proof of the productiveness of the soil by successful tillage, and the growth of fruit trees. The annual addition to the inarkct value of all the property held in private ownership is not less than$So,ooo,ooo, or $160 for each adult white male on the average, and this notwithstanding a mode of life which to the people of New York, and r ;uch more to those of France, seems very wasteful. Astonishing as the figures n.ay appear, they arc not more aston- ishing than the rapid increase in our railroads, wagon roads, new buildings, fences, lumber flumes, irrigation and mining ditches, artesian wells, orchards, vineyards, and herds. A vast amount of the best machinery, a great num- ber of the best farm animals, an area of fertile soil and a mileage of rail- roads relatively immense, under the control of industrious and intelligent men, are the main factors in our wonderful production. California. — By the variety, multitude, and wealth of her resources for cagricultural, mining, fishing, and manufacturing production, by the geniality of her climate, the ad\antagcs of her commercial position, and her large area, California is well fitted to play an imperial part in history; such as, notwithstanding the relative scantiness of her population, she has played for the last thirty years. The abundance of her gold was one of the wonders of the world, and her placers had scarcely reached the climax o( their productiveness, when her orchards, vineyards, and gardens challenged com- parison with anything to be seen in France or Italy. The climate T)ear the ocean is uncqualeu f-. .Situated near the north-eastern base of Tamalpais, and sheltered by the mountain against the winds and fogs of the Pacific, the summer sky is clear, anil the temperature genial. The town with its surroundings is one of the prominent pleasure resorts of the State and is admired by all \isitors. The population numbers j,3uo, aS^itt*; s ft TIIK FIELD. West of Napa Valley and parallel with it are Sonoma and Petaluma valleys, each with a town of its own name. Each has a navigable stream opening into San Pablo Bay; each has its railroad and much fertile soil. Petaluma, in the midst of grain fields and dairies, has 3,300 inhabitants; Sonoma, surrounded by orchards and vineyards, has 1,500. Northward from San Francisco and 57 miles distant by steamboat route and railroad, in the fertile basin of Russian River, is the busy town of Santa Rosa, which has 3,700 inhabitants. The scenery and drives in the vicinity are charming. Healdsburg, 1 5 miles beyond Santa Rosa on the bank of Russian River, has 1,200 inhabitants. Both arc connected by rail with San Rafael. Napa Valley, drained by the river of the same name which empties into San Pablo Bay at Vallejo, one of the most fertile portions of the State, re- markably beautiful by nature, and much enriched by art, has numerous valuable medicinal springs and attractive health and pleasure resorts. Near the lower end of the valley is Napa City, a thrifty town of 3,800 in- habitants in the midst of wheat fields, while 1 8 miles to the northward, near the upper end of the valley, in the midst of vineyards, is St. Helena, with 1,400 inhabitants. The latter town is accessible by rail; the former by rail and also by a navigable stream. San Jose, 50 miles south of San Francisco and 7 from the navigable water of the bay, has 12,615 inhabitants, and 3 miles distant has the sister town or suburb of Santa Clara, with 2,416, making a total of 15,000. The two places are connected by steam and horse railroads, and by continuous intervening settlement along the extended streets, so that in some respects they are one city, situated in the midst of a beautiful, fertile, and highly cultivated valley, abounding in extensive orchards, vineyards, gardens, •and grain fields. San Jose has 2,000 acres of orchard in the vicinity, and having taken the lead in netting out fruit trees in large numbers, acquired the title of " the Garden City." Irrigation is supplied by 300 artesian wells. Only 14 miles in a direct line, but 26 miles by the wagon road, is Mt. Ham- ilton, the summit of which, 4,400 feet high, is to have the astronomical ob- servatory for which James Lick gave $700,000. The drive is pleasant and the mountain attracts many visitors. The Southern Pacific Railroad runs near the bay shore, lengthwise through San Mateo County, which occupies all of the San Francisco peninsula, save the si.x miles scjuarc of the metropolis. This bay shore has the only ex- tensive and level tracts of fertile soil accessible by land within 2 hours from the counting-rooms and offices of the city. There millionaires have taken up a great part of the plain for their country residences, living in magnifi- cent mansions in the midst of wide-spreading, ornamental grounds, which, ,.-*^££feief- ^>. 26 INTkODrCTIOX. laid out antl cultivated with liii^h skill, charm the eye in every direction, and add much to the attractiveness of the towns of San ]\Iateo, Belmont, Redwood City, and ^Icnlo Park. The Sacramento Valley. — The great interior valley drained by the Sac- ramento River from the north and by the San Joaquin from the south, has a length of 350 and a width of 40 miles, nearly all of it fertile .soil, but some of it needing irrigation and some of it reclamation by dikes and draining to fit it for profitable culti\atior. It has great agricultural capabilities and will support many millions of people. Its chief cit)-, Sacramento, the political capital of the State, with 22,000 inhabitants, situated on the bank of the Sacramento River, at the head of navigation for those boats which ascend that stream from San Francisco (though smaller boats ascend as far as Red Bluff), is the main center of railroads and trade in the great val- ley between the Coast Range and the Sierra Nevada. Soon after the gold di-scovery, Sacramento rose into prominence as a source of supply for the mines, and still docs a considerable wholesale and jobbing trade, maintain- ing its position, ne.xt to San I'rancisco, in the commercial business of California. According to the statistics gathered by the local Board of Trade, the commercial transactions and industrial products of Sacramento Cit>' in 18S1 amounted to $35,393,000, including these items: Boilcr.s, iron-work, foundries, car-building, etc., $(3, 180,000; groceries, $4,639,000; mill products, $2,91 5,000; agricultural implements and hardware, $2,543,000; meats, hides, tanning, $2,681,000; lumber, coal, wood, wooden ware, $2,125,000; dry goods, $1,536,000; fruits and produce, $1,583,000; clothing antl woolens, $1,219,000; beer, $143,000; California wine, brandy, and other litiuors, $i,6lS.0O0; books, stationer)-, etc., $929,000; paints, oils, paper- hangings, etc., $898,000; wool, $508,000; insurance (local comp.un-), $400,000; stoves, tinware, sheet metals, etc., $38 ",ooo; carriages and wagons, $438,000; boots .and shoes, $359,000; drugs, medicines, dental gooils, etc., $325,000; cigars and tob.acco, $352,000; crockery, g!as.s-ware, etc., 388,000; saddlery, harnes.s, etc., $359,000; lime, pottery, stone-ware, etc., $275,000; furniture and cabinet work, $450,000; market.s. $270,000; confectioner}-, $236,000; jewelry, $213,000; bread, crackers, etc., $152,000; hop.s, $175,000; and millinery, $1 12,000. These figures ilo not include the sales of real estate, the tr.insactions of the banks, or the business of insurance companies incoriiorated elsewhere. The Board of Trade claim that, as a source of supply for the Sacramcnto- San Joaquin basin, and the region cast of California, Sacramento has dc- ciderl advantages over S.m I'ninci.sco in cheaper storage, rents, freights, in- surance, and cartage, and in c.\emi)tion hum wharfage; and as a site for Tiir, I'iKi.n. 27 manufactures of wood, they claim superiority, on account of the s^reater drj'ncss of the climate. The Central Pacific Railroad Company has its rolling-mill and chief shops for construction and repair at Sacramento. The city has a paid fire department, a district messenger system, a telephone ex- change, a system of water-supply pipes connected with a Holl)' engine, and four and one third miles of street railway. The State Capitol is an imposing brick building (with a dome rising to a height of two hundred and twenty feet above the street), that cost $3,000,000. At Folsom, twenty miles from Sacramento, the American River falls eighty feet in two miles, and a canal is now being constructed to make this large water-power conveniently available for manufacturing purposes. Second among the towns of the Sacramento Valley is Mary.svillc, which has 4,500 inhabitants, besides 800 in its suburb, Yuba City, on the opposite bank of the Feather River. Odicr notable Sacramento Valley towns, some of them probably destined to become important cities, arc Chico with 3,300 inhabitants. Woodland with 2,300, Red Bluff with 2,100, and Oroville with 1,700. San Joaquin Valley. — The San Joaquin Valley, with 8,000 square miles of fertile soil, and a great .supply of snow in the Californian Alps, available for summer irrigation, will be the Lombardy of our coast, though many years may elapse before the canals and reservoirs needed to supply a large part of its area with water will be completed. Much has been done recently to develop the resources of the valley, and a rapid increase of its wealth may be expected. Stockton, the head of navigation for the larger class of boats plying on the San Joaquin river, will probably retain her position as the chief city oi the valley, and share the great growth of that vast and fertile region. As an inland center of the u'heat traffic, she now holds the first place in the State, and has for several years enjoyed an exceptional prosperity. She has a considerable manufacturing industry, and has ranked next to San Francisco as a ship-building center in California. The annual value of her manufactures is $3,000,000. She has a paid fire department with three steam fire engines, a fire-alarm telegraph, a gas company, a street railroad, with four miles of track, fifteen miles of macadamized streets, and a water company with an available supply of 900,000 gallons from artesian wells, one of which is 1,003 feet deep. The channel of the San Joaquin to Stock- ton is to be improved so that boats drawing seven feet of water can always reach her wharves. The towns next in size to Stockton are Modesto with 1,700 inhabitants, Merced with 1,500, Visalia with 1,400, Fresno with 1,000, and Bakcrsficld 28 INTRODUCTION. with 800. Fresno has more orchard and ^•ineyard than any other town in the valley, and promises to become one of the leading horticultural centers in the State. Southern California. — Southern California — not to be confounded with Lower California, in Mexico — is a general term given to the counties of Santa Barbara, Ventura, Los Angeles, San Bernardino, and San Diego, each possessing its peculiar attractions, and together forming a subtropical region that charms and captivates all visitors. Vast areas arc planted with the orange, lemon, lime, and vine, in near proximity to high mountains which wear caps of snow until late in the spring, or even until the close of summer. Southern California more than doubled its population and trebled its wealth between 1870 and 1880. Los Angeles, the leading city, is situated in latitude 34°, in the valley of the Los Angeles river, fourteen miles from the ocean. Several thou- sand acres of irrigated land in the immediate vicinity are planted with orange and lemon trees, vines, and ornamental gardens of luxuriant sub- tropical plants, which give to the city a most attractive appearance, and justly entitle her to pre-eminence in the United States for the beauty, variet)', a^d extent of her horticultural wealth. She is surrounded by numerous other towns and valleys, some of them possessing greater areas in orchards and vines, but inferior in population and wealth. She has a sys- tem of pipes supplying 1,000,000 gallons daily from the Crystal Springs to the houses, of which about one third arc of brick or adobe, and two thirds wood. The streets are macadami/xd for a length of 12 miles. A paid fire department, with 2 steam fire-engines of the first class, gives protection against fires. Her present population is about 15,000, and her average an- nual increase is perhaps 1,000. She has already gained a metropolitan posi- tion in Southern California, is in the midst of an extensive region now enjoying a \ery active and increasing business, and will probably within a few years reach greater prominence than she has now. She aspires to be- come the capital of a new State, to be made by dividing California, and will probably succeed; since after the population shall become dense, it would be unfair that our coast should have only one State, and 2 rcpresentati\'cs in the national Senate for the ocean frontage between latitudes 32'-' and 42°, while on the other side of the continent, between the same latitudes, 1 1 -seaport States have 22 representatives in the senate. In consequence of the completion of rail connection from ocean to ocean by the Southern Pacific route, the rapid development of the mineral wealth of Arizona, and the advances of the iron track in Mexico, contribute to give import- ance to Los Angeles as a source of commercial supply for an extensive region. THE FIEI.D. 29 Los Angeles is so situated that she has two seaports — one at Santa Monica, 14 miles off to the south-west, and the other at Wilminj^ton, 20 miles southward. Steam railroads run to both places. Santa Monica has a wharf accessible for large vessels, with abundant room and deep water; but the anchorage is not .secure in stormy weather. All the steamers and nearly all the sailing vessels go to Wilmington, where Congress has undertaken to provide an artificial harbor. A breakwater a mile and a quarter long has been made, and vessels drawing 10 feet of water can now sail in at low tide. One of the chief drawbacks to the shipping busine.ss of the port has been the high charge for lighterage, amounting to about $120,000 a year. A wharf now in course of construction by the Southern Pacific Railroad will put an end to this exaction. The freight received and shipped at and near Wil- mington was 6,000 tons in 1855, and 110,000 in 1880; and greater relative increase in the next 25 years may be expected. Other notable towns of Los Angeles county are Anaheim, Santa Ana, Downey, Pasadena, Orange, Florence, Westminster, Compton, San Gabriel, San Fernando, and Pomona, all prosperous or possessing the resources for future prosperity. San Diego has one of the finest bays in the world, deep, commodious, secure, easy of entrance, without dangerous rocks or currents, and almost without fog.s. The excellence of her harbor and her position on the line where the distance from ocean to ocean in the United States is least, and where the Rocky Mountains present no high elevation to obstruct railroad con- struction, early designated San Diego as the terminus for a southern trans- continental railroad. She is now connected with the Southern Pacific at Colton by the California Southern Railroad, and expects to become the pre- ferred terminus of at least one direct route from the Mississippi or Gulf of Me.xico. There is a large area of land valuable for fruit and grain in the county, and the mild winters, beautiful gardcn.s, and business prospects of the chief town have attracted many invalids and pleasure-seekers. Santa Barbara has a delightful situation in the midst of a plain 80 miles long and 8 wide, between the ocean and the Santa Inez Mountain, which shelters it against the cold winds that strike the coast further north. It has a charming climate, and beautiful gardens, and is a favorite resort for invalid.s. The valleys of the Santa Clara and the Ojai are the chief attractions of Ventura. The .settled portion of San Bernardino county is the upper part of the valley of the Santa Ana river, and the adjacent mountain slopes to an ele- vation of 2,000 feet above the sea. San Bernardino, the county seat, has an active business and is growing rapidly. Riverside is remarkable for the in- telligence and enterprise of its inhabitants, the large progress which they 30 INTROniCTIOX. have made with orchards, vineyards, and other improvements, since the town was hiid off 1 1 j-ears ago. Monterey District. — Monterey ]?ay, which ma\- be described in general terms as a semicircle drawn with a radius of lo miles, projecting into the land between the 36th and 37th par:illels of latitude, is horderctl by a dis- trict rich in agricultural and manufacturing resources, and abounding with strong and varied attractions for pleasure-seekers. The bay is the best marine fishing-ground on the coast. Santa Cruz, the chief town, has 4,000 inhabitants, and is noted for its tanneries, its lumber, its bathing, and its in- teresting drives. ]\Iontercy has sea bathing, a camp ground, magnificent drives, the finest pleasure-resort hotel on the slope, and 1,400 inhabitants. W'atsonville, Salinas, Ilollister, and Castroville are other towns in the valleys tributary to ^lonterey Bay. San Luis Obispo County south of Monterey, and one of the few coast counties not connected with the general railroad .system of the State, is rich in natural resources, which will attract a large population after the lapse of a few years. Humboldt Bay. — Humboldt Bay, in latitude 40- 44', with a mouth 18 feet deep, but difficult of entrance, is the outlet of a considerable district, rich in fertile soil, moist climate, fine timber, and abundant pasturage. The annual exports include 4,000 tons of potatoes, 2,000 of oats, 450 of wool, 250 of wheat, 100 of fish, 70 each of butter and peas, and 50,000,000 feet of lumber. Humboldt Ba\-, on account of its excellent and cheap lumber, comes next to San I'rancisco in the maritime conunerce of California. Its chief town. Eureka, has 2,700 inhabitants; the second one, vVrcata, has 700. Crescent Cit\-, Trinidad, and Navarro are lumber port.s, north and south of Hum- boldt Bay. The Sierra Nevada. — The auriferous foothills, or lower slopes of the Sierra Nevada, at its western base to an elevation of 2,500 feet above the sea, include much fertile land, with abundant supplies of water, in a climate pcculiarl)- favorable to develop the size and flaNcjr of the temperate fruits. The apples and peaches from the Sierra command the highest prices in the San I'rancisco market, and the orange ripens at Newcastle a month earlier than at Los Angeles, which is 5 degrees further .south. This fruit belt of the Sierra is 20 miles v.ide and 300 long. The largest of the mountain towns is Nevada City, which has 4,000 inhabitants, and Grass Valley, only 6 miles distant, has nearly as many. Placcrvillc has 2,000; Sonora 1,500; Sutler Creek 1,300; Auburn 1,200, and Jackson i,ooo. All the.se places were first settled by gold miners, but are now surrounded by thrifty orchards and viiie)ards. J ^ I v> f THE FIELD. 31 Other notable mountain towns not on the western slope of the Sierra are ]5odic with 2,700 inhabitants, Yrcka with 1,000, and Truckcc, the leading lumber town of California not in the redwood region. Oregon.— Though until recently much slower than California in the de- velopment of her resources, Oregon is unmistakably destined to be one ,,C tlic richest and most steadil\- prosperous portions of our continent. In tlic influ.K of settlers and the development of her business, she is a niar\c'i. Her population gained 92 per cent, from iSjoto 1880, and sjie can keep up that ratio for half a centurj- to come, and still have ;i considerable area of unoccupied land. The multitude of her railroatl lines now under construc- tion, the magnitude of the fertile area to be made accessible and tributar)- to her, the accumulation of capital and of capable business men in her metropolis, the thousand miles of river navigation in the basin of the Colum- bia, and the large production and high prices of her wheat, wool, fruit, and salmon, combine to indicate that Oregon is just at the threshold of the most brilliant part of her career. Her western di\ision, with 10 degrees less of cold in Januar)-, and 10 degrees less of heat in July, than New York, is in climate and .soil the American counterpart of England, which, however, has 400 inhabitants on the average square mile, while Western Oregon li.is only 5. Immense deposits of coal and iron are found in man)- places easy of ac- ces:--. Timber of fort)' different varieties is foi nd in her forests. The ri\-ers and sloughs alTord the means of cheap transportation. Numerous streams, which never fail and never freeze, afford. ;d)UiKlant \\atcr ixiwer. With ail these advantages Oregon is surely dcstincil to become in the future a great manufacturing ceiiter. At present she does not produce mo]-e than 6 per cent, of the manufactures consumed b)' her own population, but the da)- is not far distant when she will-export largely of her own manufactured gooils. Alre-ul)- slie sends much flour to I'.ngland, where none but the best iinds a remunerative market. 1 ler woolen fabrics are of such e.Kcellent quality that in some lines of goods the suppl)- falls short of the (.lemautl. A general idea of the industrial prosperil)- of Oregon m.iy be formed from the fact that in 1881, with a poi)ulation of 190,000, her total e.\-[)(irts e.Kceedcd $20,000,000, including wheat and flour \alued at o\er .$C,ooo,ooo, and salmon at $3,000,000. During the same year, 145 vessels cleared from the ports of the Columbia River, most of them laden with wheat, and the wheat surplus for the \ .. \r was estimated at 260,000 tons. The freight traffic of Tin: Ori:(;o\ Raii.w.w .\nij Navic.vtion Co.miunv was estimated, for the )ear 1.S81, at not less than 150,000 ton.s, and that of Till', OUKGOX amj CalU'okm.V Railroad C(i\ii'axv, at about 145,000 tons. <'jr.i:^ii.'«[| 32 INTRODUCTION. Portland, on the bank of the Willamette, 120 miles from the ocean, and 12 from the Columbia, the present and prospective metropolis of Oicgon, accessible b\' ships drawiii.^ 21 feet of water, has, with her suburb of East Portland, 21,000 inhabitants, but her am.ount of business might do crcdi*: to a city of Co,ooo. Slie has $6,000,000 of bank deposits, pays $400,000 of premiums for fire insurance annually, and the aggregate value of Ikt nii;'"iii- factured products and of her wholesale commercial transact;' ;■ ^ u '■) amounted to $31,600,000. They included sales of wheat and i'^- n:, ^'5,20u. 000; wool, $2,600,000 ; groceries, $4,200,000; hardware, $ 1, 7oo,0>. *; agricul- tural implements, $1,600,000; dry goods, $1,500,000; clothing and woolen 5, $1,200,000; liquors, $950,000; lumber, wooden-ware, etc., $750,000; paints oils, jiapcr-hangings, etc., $750,000; furniture, $100,000; cigars and tobacco, $600,000; boots and shoes, .$650,000; stoves, tin-ware, etc., $500,000; sad- dlery and harness, $400,000 ; crockcr)-, glass, etc., $400,000 ; hides, furs, etc., $350,000; sash, doors, blinds, etc., $350,000; machinery, castings, etc., $350,000; drugs and medicines, $330,000; books and stationery, $350,000; confectionery, $350,000; carpets, oilcloths, etc., $200,000; and jewelry, $200,000. Portland employs 1,100 operatives in 48 manufacturing estab- lishments, of which 13 produce rough and dressed lumber, moldings, doors, sashes, and furniture; 7 make castings of iron and brass, boilers, and hca\y iron machiner)'; 2 are occupied with boots and shoes; 2 with gloves; 6 with wagons, and 6 with harness. A large paper-mill, owned by local capi- talists, is situated not far from the city ; and arrangements have been made for the establishment, within a j-ear, of a fruit canner)-, a factory of agricul- tural implements, and a tannery, all on a large scale. Portland has a ]5oard of Trade, or Merchants' F.xchaiige, gas works, a water com[iany sujjpljing water to the houses from the Willamette Ri\er, a fire compan)- with 6 stear" engines, and 80 miles of improved streets. y\bout 200 buildings arc erected aiuiually at an .aggregate cost of $ 1 ,000,000 ; the annual gain in pf)inilation is more than 5 per cent., and the average increase, in the value of the prop- erty within the city limits, has been 20 per cent. annuall\- iVir several jears past. The increase in 1880 was estimated at 40 i)er cent, and was .abun- dantly justi the opinion of prudent business men, by the multitude of immigrants settling in the territory tributary to Portland, and tlic rapid con- struction of railroads Th e proporlDii )f wholesale to retail houses IS rem.ukably large; and it is claimed that i'ortland has more wealth to th inhabitant than anj- cither city in the Union. Her predominance as the leading seaport and main railway terminus, as the center of foreign and domestic commerce, as the seat of wealth, manufacturing anil corporate enterprise in Oregon, is similar to that of San Francisco iii California. y\stori,i, a town of .1,000 inhabitants, ;it the mout'i i-i tlie Col'.mil; )i;\, .ispires "'^"-^"'iiiiiWifciijte^, ' TlIK luxn. 33 to supersede Portland as the chief seaport of Oregon, but has not made much progress yet towards the satisfaction of her ambition. She possesses, however, decided advantages of situation, and has grown rapidly for the last five years, owing mainly to the development of her manufact res and fisheries. She is the chief center of the business connected with the canning of salmon, which employs 2,400 fishermen and 1,200 boats. Most of the boxes arc made and ca.scs .shipped at Astoria. The town will doubtless derive much benefit from the completion of the railroail to the Willamette Valle)'. Ten steamboats leave Astoria for various points on the river; and 5 tugboats used to take sailing ves.sels in and out of the harbor, have their station there. During 1881, the total exports from Astoria amounted in value to $2,725,000. Oregon City, 12 miles above Portlanrl at the fall of the Willamette, had only 1,263 inhabitants in 1880, but will undoubtcdl)- grow to be a large town. The river by its fall of 40 feet furnishes a grand manufacturing power, and the topography of the adjacent land permits the construction of canals and mills at moderate expense. The supply of water being abundant and rela- tively regular, the power is one of the best on our coast, and it is unequaled in being accessible by large steamboats, from both sides, making transpor- tation cheap. A canal with locks large enough to accommodate steamboats 260 feet long, enables vessels to pass the fall. The Oregon and California Railroad passes through the town. It has a bank, two flouring mills, and a woolen mill. Salem, the capital of Oregon, 53 miles by rail south of Portland, contain- ing with its suburbs 4,000 inhabitants, well situated in a very fertile district, is sure of steady prosperity. It has ;> gas comi)any, a water company, and .several factories and a bank. Albany, 81 miles south of Portland by rail, on the eastern side of the Willamette, and near its midst, is the most populous town of Oregon south of Salem, having 1,867 inhabitants in 1 880. The figures arc small at present, but man)' i)Iaces now insignificant have a great growth before them. The Dalles, at a fall of the Columbia, 1 I 5 miles by the river above Port- Land, is the largest tow n in I'.astern Oregon, having 2,500 inhabitants. The situation is excellent, the business active, anil the steatl)- growth of the place indubitable. Umatilla, 225 miles by the ri\er above Portland, had only 149 inhabitanls in 1880, but having been .selected as the point at which the railroad from the Union Pacific shall strike the Columbia, it can scarcely fail to grow considerabl)-. liaker City, about 120 miles in a straight line south-east from Umatilla, had a population of 1,258 in 1880, and will pre- sumably become one of the leading cities of I'.astern Oregon. It is on the line of the railro.id to connect Umatilla with Granger. Corvallis, on the 34 INTROnUCTION. I i western side of the Willamette Valley, has 1,200 inhabitants, and expects, with reason, to obtain a large business as the valley terminus of the railroad to Yaquina Bay, now under construction. The value of Yaquina Bay, Coos Bay, and the harbors at the mouths of the Umpqua and the Rogue ,s, will depend mainly on the work to be done by the national govern- i. in protecting them by breakwaters or otherwise improving their enhances. Washlngtoa. — Washington has an area of 69,994 square miles (44,796,- 160 acres), including 30,000 square miles of timber, 15,000 of prairies and plains, nearly as much of valueless mountain and inland water, and 7,000 of rich bottom lands. The Territory, like Oregon, is divided by the summit of the Cascade Range into two main divisions, entirely different from each other in climate, typography, vegetation, and present and prospective in- dustries. Western Washington has the same humid atmosphere, the same abundant rains frequent through the year, the same cool summer and mild winter, and the same dense forest of magnificent fir timber, as Western Oregon, from which, however, it differs notably in having a much smaller area of fertile soil, and greatly superior facilities for inland navigation. Its net-work of deep tide-water channels is unsurpassed on the globe. Its shore line on the Strait of Fuca and tributary water is 1,594 miles; and on its western ocean frontage it has besides the three harbors of Gray's, Shoal- watcr, and the Columbia bays. The Columbia River is navigable for 725 miles, the Skagit for 50; the Snoqualmie and its arms, 60; the Stilaqua- mish, 25; the Skokomish, 30; the Dwamish, 30; the Puyailup, 25; the Wiskat, 15; the Willopa, 20; and Lake Chelan, 40; making in all more than 1,000 miles of fresh-water navigable channel. The main "^aU-water channel is Pugct Sound, which extends inland 100 miles .southward from Fuca Strait, varying from 2 to 5 miles in width for 70 miles, and for the other 30 from a mile to 2 miles. The ilepih, except in the coves and very near the shore, is nowhere less than 10 fathoms, and often 10 times as much. Nearly parallel with it is Mood's Canal, about 2 miles wide and 60 miles long. In the official report of his exploring expedition. Commodore Wilkes says: "Nothing can exceeil the beauty of these waters and their safety. Not a shoal exists within the Straits of Juan de Fuca, Admiralty Inlet, or Hood's Canal, that can in an)' way interrupt their navigation by a se\enty- four gun ship. 1 venture nothing in saying there is no country in the world that possesses waters cfjual to these. The)- cover an area of about 2,000 S(|uare miles. The shores of all these inlets and bays are leinarUably bold ; so much so that in many places a shii)'s sides would strike the shore before the keel would touch the ground. The couiitiy by which these waters are .«<*Sfcl«»-l;^ THE FIELD. 35 surrounded is remarkably salubrious, and offers every advantage for the ac- commodation of a vast commercial and military marine, with convenience for docks, and a great many sites for towns and cities ; at all times well supplied with water, and capable of being provided with everything by the surrounding countiy which is adapted to agriculture." The population of Washington was 4,cxx) in 1853, 11,000 in i860, 23,000 in 1870, and 75,000 in 1880. The increase in the last decennial period was 213 per cent., with every reason to presume that the annual average of 20 per cent, will not diminish for many years to come. In October, 1881, there were 440 miles of railroad, or a mile for each 200 inhabitants ; and preparation has been made for the construction of many additional miles in 1882 and 1883. The surplus products for exportation in 1881 included 170,000,000 feet of lumber worth $1,700,000; 100,000 tons of wheat worth $2,500,000; 200,000 tons of coal worth $800,000; salmon worth $300,000; 5,000 bales of hops worth $250,000; and other materials worth $1,000,000, making a total of $5,550,000. The navigation of Puget Sound gives regular employment to 42 steam vessels; and 19 vessels were built in 188 1, by the ship-yards of the sound. The facility of reaching the channels connected with Puget Sound from the ocean, the convenience of their navigation, and the multitude of secure anchorages in their coves, give to Western Washington a peculiar fitness for maritime commerce. It is the natural center of the shipping that will fur- nish the principal means of communication and traffic between the numerous .seaports of the coast north of the 47th parallel of latitude. The fir and cedar forests of Washington, British Columbia, and Alaska are the largest and most valuable bodies of timber for shipbuilding and spars on the globe; and .IS sources of lumber for exportation they arc unequaled. In the fish- erics of our coast, Washington will take a prominent if not a leading place, for its pro.^imity to the whaling grounds and cod banks gives it great ad- vantages over California and Oregon. The density of its fir forests, the .scarcity of fertile soil not covered by timber, and the lack of direct rail com- munication with the Atlantic Slope, obstruct the speedy .settlement of West- ern Washington, but throw no doubt upon a splendid development of its vast resources at .some time not far distant. If wooden vessels of any size are to maintain a place on the ocean, our coast from Washington to Alask;i will take an active part in their con.struction. ICastern Washington is far inferior to the western division in resources for lumbering, fishing, ship-building, manufacturing, and maritime commerce, but far superior in the extent of its fertile soil and good indigenous pastur- age. It has extensixe areas ready to produce large crops of grain with little expense in the first >car of occupation. Its chief products will be wheat, I 1 36 INTRODUCTION' beef, mutton, wool, and fruit. The recent rapid construction of the railroads of the Northern Pacific, and Oregon Railway and Navigation companies, in the basin of the Columbia, has gi\en a great stimulus to settlement and cultivation, and F,astern Washington will probably, for some years to come, make very rapid progress. The climate is warmer in summer, colder in winter, and drier at all seasons than west of the Cascades. Seattle, on I'uget Sound, 45 miles from its mouth, occupying a position ncarl)- central in the basin of the sound, lias an excellent situation for com- merce, manufactures, and fisheries. The average width of the channel out to the Strait of Fuca is 5 miles and the narrowest place 3, with good oppor- tunities for navigation by sailing vessels. The harbor is well protected, and has an area of 4 square miles, with deep water and secure anchorage. Lake Washington, only 3 miles inland, 20 miles long and 2 wide, with depth sufficient for navigation by steamboats carrying large freights, might be made accessible by a canal, which besides cheapening freight would furnish a considerable water power. Valuable coal beds on the eastern and .southern shores of the lake produce about i6o,ocX) tons of coal annually, most of it for exportation. The country adjacent to Seattle contains much fertile soil. Thi., combination of advantages has made Seattle the largest town in Western Washington, and leaves little doubt in the minds of intelligent ob- servers generally that it will maintain its precedence and become one of the leading seaports of our coast. It has gas wcjrks, water works, a steam fire- engine, sash, ftuniture, and water-pipe factories, and various other manu- facturing establi.shment.s. It had 4,200 inhabitants in 1S80, and gains 15 per cent, annually. Tacoma, 25 miles south of Seattle, and so much farther from the oce.in, is situated at the he.id of convenient navigation for large sailing vessels -.-n the sound. The channel of the sound, to the northward straight and at the narrowest places 2 miles wide, south of Tacoma is cr(3oked and onl)- one mile wide. The town is the present terminus of the Northern Pacific Railroad on the sound. A railroad runs from this place to Carljon Hill, which claims the possession of coal veins aggregating 1 18 feet in thickness, the coal being of quality unsurjiassed in some important respects by any regularly worked f)n our coast. The people of Tacom.i had the satisfaction in 1 88 1 of seeing an American sailing vessel of 1,800 tons load at their wharf with wheat brought by rail from the Columbia River. 01ym])ia, at the heail of Pugct Souiul, .-ibout 25 miles from 'Tacoma in a direct line, and 45 by the navigable channel, at the head of the southern- most arm of I'ugi^t Sound, ani.1 the head of its navigation, is the eajiital of the Territor)-. Ii has a branch railroad connecting at Tcnino with the Northern P;icilic; ;tiul is a point where the wagon roads from the region THE FIELD. 17 west of the sound will naturally meet those from the east. One of its ad- vantages is the pos.session of a large water power three miles distant at Tumwater, where the Dcs Chutes River falls 80 feet in half a mile, making the best water power near a deep harbor on the coast, excepting that at Oregon City. Walla Walla, the largest town in the basin of the Columbia, cast of the Cascade Mountains, is situated in the midst of the valley of the same name, famous for the abundance and fine quality of its wheat and fruits. It is the center of the active trade of Eastern Washington and Oregon, and docs a considerable wholesale business, coming, in that respect, next to Portland among all the towns in that part of our slope north of the 41st paralL 1. The value of the merchandise sold annually is probably not far fro:n $3,cxxi,cxx> ; and of the three banks, one drew exchange on San Francisco in 18S0 to the amount of $1,500,000. It has 2 planing mills, a sash and door factory, a foundry, 3 grist mills, and a cracker factory. The rail- road of the Oregon Railway and Navigation Company runs through the town, and a branch road runs southward to Weston. Water and gas arc supplied through pipes by incorporated companies. Spokan Falls or Spokan will probably be one of the chief cities of Eastern Washington. It is in the midst of a rich agricultural region, and has a magnificent water power. The river falls 1 50 feet in half a mile, has a large and constant supply of water which never freezes, and has banks well adapted for mill purposes. Nevada. — Nearly all of Nevada is within the Utah Inclosed Basin, and is cither desert or barren mountain. The average rainfall does not exceed 5 inches in a year, while the evaporation amounts to as many feet. The streams are few and small. All the lakes and many of the springs are saline or alkaline. Most of the artesian borings have been unsuccessful. The soil and atmosphere arc extremely arid. Though the state has produced more than $50,000,000 of precious metal in a year, it has only 67,000 inhabitants, and most of those are established near the eastern base of the Sierra Nevada. The soil when well supplied with moisture is fertile, and the climate is not unfavorable to the production of good crops of many cereals and fruits. The white sage offers an abundant and nutritious pasturage for neat cattle and sheep, the breeding of which has become the predominant branch of agricul- ture. Silver, gold, borax, and salt arc the chief mineral products, and lum- ber is the chief manufacturing product. The mines of the Comstock ha\c consumeil \ast quantities of timber; and the lumbering enterprise which they awakened led to the V flume, one of the important inventions of re- cent )cars. The state is intersected from cast to west by the Central Pacific 38 INTKOUl.'CTION. Railroad, branches of which run southward from Reno, Battle Mountain, and Palisade, giving communication with Austin, Eureka, Virginia City, and Candelaria. There is more than a mile of iron track for every lOO inhab- itants on an average. Under the stimulus of the great bonanzas of the Comstock Lode, which poured out immense sums of precious metal almost continuously for 20 years, Virginia City grew to be a center of wealth and luxury. From i860 to 1S80, the average wages of labor, and of skill in the superintendence of workmen, were larger than in any other part of the world. The decrease in the production of silver has brought with it a period of depression, which will give way to prosperity so soon as another large ore body shall be found. Carson, the capital of the State, Eureka, the center of a district rich in ar- gentiferous galena, Reno, where the Virginia City road connects with the Central Pacific, arc the towns next to Virginia in importance. Arizona. — Arizona had 9,658 inhabitants in 1870 and 41,580 in 1880, an increase of 350 percent, in 10 years. The value of its mineral products was perhaps $1,000,000 in 1870, and its shipments were $8,198,000 in 1881. The Territory, only reccntlj- been made acce'',siL-'<' by railroad, has not yet been fully protected against the ravages of the Apaches, but all dangers from that source will soon be at an end. The Southern Pacific Railroad reached Yuma on the western border of Arizona in 1878, advanced 180 miles up the valley of the Gila in 1879, in 1880 crossed to New Me.\ico, and in 1882 is to run its cars to Galveston. The security which this great work promised, attracted prospectors and laborers and led to a rapid develo|5ment of the resources of the Territory. The Atlantic and Pacific is now crossing from New Mexico to ihc Colorado River near the 35th parallel; and a railroad is advancing northward from Guaymas, so that Arizona will soon be on the main iron highway west of the Rocky Mountains from British Columbia to Southern Mexico. Of the 1 13,000 square miles in Arizona, only 700 arc as yet culti- vated. Though it has much fertile soil, the greater part of the area is too dry or barren for tillage. With the help of irrigation the valleys produce large crops of wheat, barley, maize, alfalfa, apricots, figs, grapes, oranges, lemons, peaches, apples, sugar-cane, etc. A considerable part of the Terri- tory is near the level of the sea and another large portion 5,000 feet higher, so that there arc opportunities for a wide range of vegetable products. Placers of gold, veins of silver and copper, and beds of coal are numerous and large; and if the recent increase of mineral production should be main- tained for a few years, Arizona will soon be at the head of the list. It will jiresumably be a State before 1890. The Territory manufactures nothing save lumber and flour. It has few herds of cattle and sheep, but will soon TlIK KIELD. 39 have great numbers, for it has large districts well adapted for pasturage. There arc extensive forests in the mountains, and in the valleys of the Sierra Blanca, near the middle of the Territory, there are rich farming lands; of these Dr. RoTllROCK, one of the scientists of the National Exploring Expedi- tion, under charge of Lieutenant WllliELER, .says: "The district would in any portion of our dominion be regarded as one of unusual promi.se. It is one of the mo.st inviting portions of our country." Tucson, the chief city, 250 miles from Yuma and 300 from Guaymas, has about 7,000 inhabitants. It is in a fertile valley, 1,000 feet above the sea, near districts rich in mineral."), and is well' situated to be the main point for the junction of the Mexican and American railroad systems on our slope. Tombstone. — Tombstone, 78 miles southeast from Tucson and 23 miles south of the Southern Pacific Railroad, is a mining town in which the first house was built in April, 1879. It has two bank.s, a theater, silver mills with 140 stamps, and a monthly yield of $500,000 in precious metal, entitling it to take rank among the most productive s'lver districts. The present esti- mated population is 6,000. Prescott, the capital, in a beautiful mountain valley 5,500 feet above the sea, is a beautiful town, but has the misfortune of haying no railroad to make it convenient of access. It lies nearly half way between the routes of the Southern Pacific and Atlantic and Pacific, and may be on a line built to connect the two. Utah. — Utah is by nature a desert, but its high mountains, covered dur- ing most of the year with snow, and its numerous streams, give facilities for irrigation which the Mormons have used with much skill. There are perhaps no better recent examples of what can be accomplished by judicious manage- ment and courageous toil, notwithstanding great poverty at the beginning, than arc to be found in their settlements. That part of western Utah, where the rainfall does not exceed 4 inches in average years, and where there are neither streams nor, so far as known, accessible strata of artesian water, will presumably remain unoccupied for many j-ears; but other parts have facili- ties for irrigation, and good natural pasturage. The temperatures of winter and summer arc about the same as in New York, but the average annual rainfall is not one fourth so much, varying in the valleys from 4 to 15 inches. Desolate as the country is by nature, some of it has been made beautiful by art. The small size of the farm.s, less than in any other part of the United States, indicates the toil that the Mormons have given to their promised land. Whatever view may be taken of their creed and matrimonial system, no impartial person can deny that in industry, economy, abstinence from gross dissipation, settlement of their disputes by arbitration without expense. I i 1 1 !i i! I 40 INTKODICTION. mutual hclpfulnc:-..s in public cnteriiriscs and pri\atc disasters, they will not suffer by comparison with any other community. Their varied nationalities, the ignorance of man)- among them, and the severity of their toil, ha\c not prevented them from establishing a general system of co-oj)erati\e trading houses, unequaled relatively in their business, in any other part of the world. The productions of the Territory in 1880 include woolen goods worth $1,- 000,000, other manufactures $3,000,000, 60,000 tons of grain, 2,500 tons of dried fruit, 1,700 tons of wool, lead worth $i,:;00,ooo, antl precioi'- metal $6,150,000. A rolling-mill has been commenced at Ogden to start in 1882, and a railroad is to be extended to the Utah Iron Mount, 300 miles south of Salt Lake City, where 50,000,000 tons of lu niatite and magnitite ore con- taining 60 per cent, fif iron, no phosphorus, and only one tenth of one per cent, of sulphur, are found near a valuable and extensi\e bed of coal. The Territory has 897 miles of railroad completed, 335 graded read)- for the track, and much more laid out for completion in 1882. The topographical situa- tion as well as superiority in the combination of mineral and agricultural resources, and the priority in the construction of railroads and accumulation of wealth, indicate that Utah is to be one of the main centers where iron tracks from east to west are to cross those from north to south, west of the Rocky Mountains. The population of the Territory was 86,786 in iS7oand 143,906 in 1880, showing a gain of 66 per cent, in 10 years. The freight carried northward on the Utah Central Railroad was 80,000 tons in 1881, 75 per cent, more than in an)- previous year. Salt Lake City, the commercial, social, and religious center and political capital of Utah, is considered by travelers one of the most handsome, well- planned, orderly, cleanl)-, and interesting of towns. It had 20,000 inhab- itants in 1880. The streets are 130 feet wide, and lined with trees. The gardens are spacious and beautiful. Its Mormon Temple is to cost $15,- 000,000; its tabernacle is unequaled in acoustic dualities for the accom- modation of large as.semblagcs. Gas works and a telephone are among the local institutions. Idaho.— Of the 55,000,000 acres in Idaho, it is estimated that a little more than a fifth is suitable for tillage, ,1 little less than a fifth has valuable timber, nearl)' a half is adapted to pasturage, and one seventh consists of barren mountains and lava plains. The most fertile portions have been until recentl)- the farthest from the markets, ;uid are now just beginning to at- tract hcttlers. The leading industries have been placer mining and the breeding of beef cattle, but vein mining and the cultivation of the soil will soon surpass them. The production of precious metal reached the highest point, $6,000,000, in 1865, ;iftcr which there was a decrease for 15 years, but TIIK FIELD. 41 now ;t is again increasing, and the amount for 1881 as reported by Wki.I.s, F.-VRGt) & Co., was $2,834,000. The Custer Gold Quartz Mine at Yankee Fork, according to newspaper statement, is turning out $80,000 a month, and the argentiferous galena of Wood River Basin is credited by the same authority with an equal yield. Idaho has not one family for 10 square miles, and gained 117 per cent, in population from 1870 to 1880. Its ad- vance for the ne.\t 20 years will undoubtedly be very rapid. Western Montana, etc.— The Pacific divisions of Montana, Wyoming, Colorado, and New Mexico w-erc much slower in their development than their eastern slopes, but recently have made important advances, under the influence of railroad construction and mining developments. The mineral production of Western Montana amounted in 1881 to $6,000,000, showing a large increa.se over previous figures, under circumstances justifying the expectation that there will be no sudden decline. Promises arc made that the Northern Pacific Railroad will be completed across Montana before the end of 1883. Western Colorado is being opened up by a railroad from Denver to Salt Lake, and Western New Mexico is cro.s.sed by the Atlantic and Pacific as well as by the Southern Pacific. British Columbia — British Columbia has an ocean frontage 560 miles long on the Pacific, abounding in harbors, sounds, navigable inlets, and i.slands, and very valuable for commercial, fishing, and lumbering purpo.ses. Separating Washington from Alaska as it docs, it will ever be an object of desire to the American government and people, as indispensable to give geographical completeness to their domain; but national policy, as well as international justice, forbids that this desire should ever seek for gratifica- tion by any save amicable means. Whether they obtain it or not, it will certainly rapidly increase in po i:':\tion and wealth under the .stimulus of the Canadian Pacific Railroan, ,ii.<" hold a prominent place in the business of our slope. The total shore line of British Columbia, as computed by Ali:xandi;u C. AnukksoN, Inspector of Fisheries, and stated in his report for 1879, is 7,181 statute miles, including 1,723 for Vancouver Island, with its inlets and principal outlying i.slands, 684 for the islands of the Queen Charlotte group, and 4,764 for the continental shore with its islands. In his list of mcasurement.s, he mentions 52 islands (including Graham island, 334 mile.s, and Moresby island, 250 in circuit), and 17 inlets, sound.s, and channels. This great proportionate length of shore line, with its numerous inlets and islands, is of immense value to future commerce and fisheries. That portion of the province south of latitude 55", valuable in the present or near future, consists of three main topographical divisions. First of these is the insular, comprising Vancouver with an area of 12,000 square miles, 6 INTKOin-CTION. ^ y Graham with perhaps 1,500, Moresby uitli about 1,000, and many smaller ones. Most of those islands rise stccplj- from the water's edge, and onl)' a small portion of their surface is a\ ailable for tillage. Where the soil is suffi- cient to sustain trees, there is usuall>- a tlense forest, in which the magnifi- cent and \aluablc red fir is prominent, and in many places almost the only tree. Vancouver island lias ail the foreign commerce, and more than half the population and wealth of British Columbia. It has also the most pro- ductive coal-mines of the coast, and has extensive quarries of a beautiful building stone, which was used in the San Francisco Mint. The second di\ ision is that portion of the mainland west of the summit of the Casc.ide Mountains. This, with the exception of a strip twenty miles wide and si.xty long near the mouth of Fraser River, consi- " steep and rugged mountains, coming down abruptly from high elev; o the sea, and contains a vast area of fine timber (red fir and yellow ^_ .,j, which is to be one of the main .sources of the wealth of the province. If Calilbrnia should sink 2,000 feet, so that the ocean should cover the greater portion of the auriferous district, the topograph)' and hydrography of the western base of the Sierra Nevada would be similar to those of the Cascade Range in Briti.sh Columbia, with its precipitous shore and numerous islands, and deep, narrow, and crooked inlets. The chief river is the Fraser, which, ac- cording to the Vancouver Island Pi/of, " in point of m.agnitudc and present commercial importance is second only to the Columbia on the north-west coast of America. In its entire freedom from risk of life and shipwreck, it possesses infinite advantages over any other river on the coast, and the cause of this immunity from the dangers ;md inconveniences to which all great rivers, emptying themselves on an exposed coast, are subject, is suffi- ciently obvious. A sheltered strait, .scarcely 15 miles across, receives its waters; and the neighboring island of Vancouver serves as a natural break- water, preventing the possibility of any .sea arising which would prove dan- gerous to vessels even of the smallest class, unless they ground. • # » Vessels of 18 feet draught may enter the Fraser near high water, and pro- ceed as high as Langley [30 miles from its mouth], with case, provided they have or arc assisted by steam power." Stern-wheel boats can ascend to Yale, 80 miles above Langley, part of the year. Of Xew Westminster, the capital of British Columbia when Vancouver Island was a separate colony, situated on the north bank of the I'Vaser, 1 5 miles from its mouth, the Pi/o/ sa)s its position is commanding and well chosen, and it has great facilities for wharfage, with a good depth of water and excellent anchorage. It .seems probable, however, that the leading .seaport of the mainland will be on Ikirrard Inlet, which lies about 10 miles north of Fraser River, parallel with it, and is about 20 miles long, with a width of 5 miles at its mouth, dc- ^B Tin: riELD. 43 crcasinjj to half a mile at its head. There is a depth of 6 fathoms ; the en- trance is easy; the navigation is not beset by any dan^jers ; and the anchor- aj,fe is unsurpassed. Port Mood}', at the head of this inlet, has been selected f(jr the mainland teniinus of the Canadian Pacific Railroad. The other inlets and rivers of this division have little present value save for their fisheries. The Kast Cascade region, between the summits of the Cascade and Rocky Mountains, is mainly pastoral, though it includes the Cariboo and other alluvial gold mines in the basins of the Fra.scr and Columbia rivers. Near the Americaii line, the annual rainfall in places docs not e.vceed I2 inches, and there are wide, open stretches covered with excellent bunch grass. Farther to the northward there is more rain, more timber, greater elevation, and more mountain, until a latitude is reached, \vhere the winters are too long and too severe for either tillage or pasturage. The climate of the insular and West Cascade divisions of British Colum- bia is very similar to that of Great Britain, in its winter and summer tem- peratures, as well as in rainfall, and is well adapted to the health, comfort, and continuous employment of its people. Victoria, the chief seaport of the province, has 7,ocxD inhabitants, and a small but secure anchorage, accessible through a narrow and crooked chan- nel at high tide to vessels drawing 1 5 feet. The harbor is far inferior in depth, size, and facility of entrance to that of Esquimalt, only two miles dis- tant. This bay, in the opinion of the Vancouver Island Pilot, is "a safe and excellent anchorage for ships of any size." The business has grown up on the .shores of Victoria bay, but will move to the other more commodious place. E.squimalt has been selected as the site for the chief naval station of the British Empire on the North Pacific, and the excavation of a dry- dock, with a capacity to accommodate the largest war-ship.s, has been com- menced. The imports of Victoria, which represent the commerce of British Columbia, amounted to .$2,457,000 in value in the fiscal year ending June 30, 1881; and the exports for the same period, as .shown in the custom- house statistics, were $2,255,000, including $576,918 in gold, $739,351 in coal, $400,984 products of the fisheries, $162,747 lumber, and $350,000 wool and other products of the herds. The exports of canned salmon, in the calendar )-ear of 1881, were 148,316 cases, and the pack of salted salmon was 3,600 barrels. Alaska. — Although a large part of its vast area is not desirable for occu- pation by civilized men, i\Iaska promises to take an important place in the business of the North I'acific Every intelligent person, who has studied its resources, expects much from their development. In geographical situation, ^BP P • ; ' a I 44 INTUOnrCTION. in the abundance of islands and deep navigable inlets, in climate, in its for- ests, and ill its soil, it bears ;i close resemblance to Norway, which has 1,700,- 000 inhabitants, and ranks high among nations for fisheries, shipping, and ship-building. Alaska's southern shore, from the British Columbian line, in latitude 54" 40', extends 2,000 miles in a curved line through 40' of longi- tude, to the outer end of the -Meutian Islands in latitude 52 , the most iKjrthern part of the curve being in latitude 60' . The coast of ,\laska .south of latitude 61 is 3,000 miles long in its general course, while that of Xor- wa)', south of the same line, is not 500 miles long. The most southern point of iMaska is 5 further from the north pole than the south point of Norw.i)'. On the other hand, the dim ite of the latter country is warmer, especially in the summer, in the same latitudes. The chief value of Alaska lies in its fisheries and its facilities for access to the fishing-banks in its vicinit)-. The waters, north and south of the Aleu- tian i -lands, abound with c'ears to recover from Alaska supplies of ship timber, butter, cheese, wool, mutton, ;md beef; aiul perha|)s more [lalatable fruits may take the |)lace of the well-lla\dred cranberries, which have already found their wa\- to .S,ui {"rancisco markets." The Sitkan district is valuable I 1= Till'; I'lixn. 45 chiefly for its forcst.s of the yehow cedar {Citprrssns Xntk-ati-nsis^, tiie Sitka spruce (Abies Sitkcnsis), and hemlock (A/>ics Mcrtciisidiia) trees. D.VLI, ^,a>•s: "No better lumbering district can be imagined, with water transportation everywhere, and mountain sides so steep that a slide — easily niatle of the least valuable timber — will conduct the logs directly to the water side." The yellow cedar is found as far north as 66'. The basin of the Yukon has valuable timber in the white spruce (/l/i/cs a/lia), and the birch {ISctn/d ff/aiidii/osa), one of the few trees on our coast furnishing a hard, elastic wood. Coal is found in many places in /Vlaska, which also has white mar- ble, sulphur, gypsum, kaolin, niter, and black oxide of manganese among its minerals. Mexico. — The Pacific coast of Mexico, througli much of its length, is a narrow strip of tcrritor)- in the torrid zone, rich in many < lements of natiu'al wealth, but lacking in commercial enterprise, industrial skill, and accumu- lated capital. Nature has given no navigable rivers, and art has supplied few railroads or wagon ro.ads. The pack animal is the chief resource for transportation, and the most common pattern of jjIow is copied, without material change, from that used in the vallc)- of the Nile 3,000 years ago. The soil is rich in considerable districts, but there is no noteworthy expor- tation of agricultural product.s. The population is dense, without securing progrcs.s. The summers are hot in all the lowlands, and sickly in those within the tropics. I'ortunately, the foolish longing for annexation, and the brutal tendency to filibusterism, have lost their credit with the people, and their influence in the government of tlic United States. Our sister republic can now safely welcome American immigrants, and aid American railroad companies, with- out fear of giving a tbothold to secret enemies. Commerce and industry demand the maintenance, not only of peace, but of those friendly sentiments which are neces: ury to the security and confidence of business. We hope that the time '■ n(3t far distant, when the President or Congress of the United States will L, insider it a dut)' to sa)-, publicly and .solemnly, that no weak neighbor neetl ever spend a dollar, to prepare for defense against the aggres- sion of the great republic. Lower California, which belongs geographically to California rather than to Mexico, has an area of 59,187 scjuarc miles, 21,000 inhabitants, and in iiS-4;ili its real estate was \alued oRiciall)' at .$7,598,000. The climate ami soil are aritl; the mountains and hills are bald; the soil, over inuch of the area, a stony or s.uul)' waste ; and there is no stream deserving the name of river. With all these drawbacks, Lower California has beautiful \alleys, with rich areas of moist l.ind, \aluable mineral deposits, bays and lagoons 46 TNTRnnrcTION. ; 1 aboundint,' in fish, shcll-fish, and pearls, and an abundant growth of orchilla, a plant that finds a rcad>- sale anic-nLj d)-ers. Magdalcna Bay, in latitude 24° 3S', is an excellent harbor, aboundint,' with fish, and ^\■ith fertile soil in its \icinit_\-, but until a water suppl>' can be provided for irrigation, there will be (cw people. S(5nora, on tlie eastern shore of the Gulf of California, lias an area of 81,- 022 scjuare miles, 147,000 inhabitants, aiul in 1S74 its real property was offi- ciall\- estimated to be worth $10,347,000. It is pre-cmiiientl\- a mining State, and possesses placers of gold ;is well as \-eins of siUer. The climate is especially dry in the north-western part of the State, but several streams furnish g: the people, the sickliness of some of the seaports, and the general lack or scarcit\'of r.iilroads, wagon-roads, tflcLnaphs, steam machin- ery, and extensive bu^im 1 ntcrpri.se.s, are .sad -ears. If .Spanish America ever hail mines more pro- ductive, in their respective classes, th.in the Consolidated Virginiaorlhe luireka Consolidated, we do not know where to find the record of the facts. The most notable hydraulic mine? California has a score, the smallest of which has never been approached elsewhere. The largest at present is, perhaps, the Cherokee Hlue Ciravcl Mine. The most notable mining ditch ? California has a do/i.n, the smallest r)f which has never been equaled elsewhere. The nu)st costly drain tunnel for mining purposes? The .Sutro, the cost of GENERAL FEATURES OF HUSINESS. SI which, with accumulatcci interest, amounts to $6,5CX3,ooo. The most profit- able aurifcroiis quartz mine of our day ? The Standard, of Uodic, which paid $975,000 of dividends in 188 1. The most remarkable of minint^- pumps ? It is that of the ChoUar combination-shaft, lifting' a column of water 800 feet high at one lift. The highest aqueduct to carry water over deep ravines ? None elsewhere has ever equaled any one of several in the Sierra Nevada. The Golden Rock flume, in Tuolumne county, was 256 feet high above the bed of the ravine. The deepest depression over which water has ever been carried by iron pipes resting on ihc ground ? The pipe to supply water for Virginia City, .sustaining the weight of a column of water a quarter of a mile high. The largest lumber flume? It is Cali- fornian. The largest saw-milling corporation ? It was TlTE SIERRA Flume and Lumber Company, which owned 3 lumber flumes, with an ''ggrcgate length of 150 miles, 10 sawmills, 4 planing and sash mills, and timber-lands covering 40 square miles. The largest woodcnware factory? That of TiiE Mattull.vth Manufacturing Company. The most productive wheat farm ? That of H. J. GLENN, who harvested 45,000 acres of his own land, shipped 27,000 tons of wheat to Europe on his own account, and received about $800,000 for his crop in 1880. The largest vineyards.' Those of LelaND STANFORD, 1,000 acres, at Villa; and of R. Nade.vu, about the same size, near Florence. The largest orange orchard? That of E. J. BALDWIN, who has 200 acres at San Gabriel. The largest almond orchard .' That of W. VV. HoLLlsTER, covering 250 acres at Santa Barbara. The largest milk dairy .? That of R. G. Sxeatii, who milks 600 cows every da)', at San Bruno, and obtains $100,000 a year from the sale of his milk. The largest butter dairies? Those of CHARLES Wehk Howard, who has 18,500 acres of dairy land and 1,875 cows at Point Reyes; and of JOSEPH Ru.s's, who has 13,000 acres and 2,167 cows at Ferndale. The largest cheese ranch .' Probably that of the Steele Brothers, in San Luis Obispo County. The largest farm for breed- ing and training fast horses.? That of Leland Stanford, at Menlo Park, with 500 thoroughbreds and trotters of the best blood. The corpo- ration that has built more miles of railroad than any other on the globe } The Central Pacific of California, which has completed about 3,000 miles, and expects to build 1,000 more. The largest ferry-boat .' The Solano, 424 feet long and 1 16 wide, built to carry a train of cars a quarter of a mile long at a load. The largest ami most costly hotel .' The Palace, of San Francisco, can make at least a plausible claim to that distinction. The most cc5stl\- residences, erected without the help of inherited wealth ,' San Francisco and its \icinity have half a dozen. The most comprehensive .sys- tem of codilied law ? That of California, 52 INTRODUCTION. It > ir I I Pecuniary Wrecks.— It is wondciTiil that a community of 1,000,000 souls should have achieved so much, but it \vould be a great mistake to suppose that they have succeeded in all their attempts. Ilundreils of undertakings that have contributed to enrich the State ha\'e caused large pecuniary loss to their owners or sjiarcholdeni. California is noted for the multitude and magnitude of her i)ecuniar}- wrecks, resulting from the efforts of her capital- ists to build up industries suddenly instead of letting them grow only so fast as a profitable market demanded their enlargement. Silver mines that were so ungrateful as never to pay a dividend, have taken from the pockets of the Californians 170,000,000; and the greater part of that sum was expended in shafts, tunnels, and drifts to find mineral wealth where the veins proved barren. Their loss on mining ditches has been $13,000,000 and on un- ])rofitable gold-quartz mills at least $10,000,000. Nor were the unsuccessful attempts to develop the resources of our coast confined to mining and met- allurgy. A company which had the largest tobacco plantation on the globe, and undertook to prepare the weed for the market by a novel and ingenious process, paid $1,000,000 for the fun of their experiment; and two gentlemen each contributed $iSo,ooo to that sum. In 1870, California had 50 cocoon- eries, in which 12,000,000 silk worms spun cocoons; and in 1880 all the silk worms hatched in California did not number more than 100,000. The silk fever cost the people of the State at least $500,000. Although vineyards generally are profitable, yet at one time vine-planting had far outrun the de- mand for grapes or Californian wine; and hundreds of acres of vines were dug up or neglected, after $1,000,000 had been lost in them. TlIE BUKNA ViST.V ViNICULTiR.M. Co.MP.WV, which at one time owned 4,000 acres of land at Sonoma, and cultivated 400 acres of vineyard, had to surrender its propert)' to its creditors, .ifter causing much loss to its shareholders. The vineyard town of Anaheim is a credit to the state; but many of the members of the company which founded it had to p;iy dearly for their effort to de- velop the natural wealth of Los Angeles county. The loss in unprofitable almond orchards has been at least $200,000; and California might have; saved $300,000 of her capital In- refusing ti; listen to the people who said fortunes could be made here by extracting sugar from the sugar-beet. \Vc have not waited for I'.uropc and the Atlantic States to send to us for wheat, wines, oranges, and eaiuied fruits, but have planted immense areas, and arc trying to take sudden pus.session of distant markets by forcing ])rocc.sscs. While we have a number of profitajjle factories, the majority of the ven- tures in manufacturing business ha\c been .sources of loss to their owners. The novel circumstances of the country, and the lack of local experience combined with high wages and interest, defeated confident experiments of l)ioneer enterprise. A long list could be given of unsuccessful factories m GENERAL FEATURES OF BUSINESS. 53 working in wood, iron, leather, wool, cotton, paper, and glass. There is not now one manufacturing corporation on our coast with shares which arc con- sidered good security for bank loans; while Massachusetts has probably a thousand. Our largest carriage factory is doing nothing, because it is un- able to compete with Eastern manufacturers ; our watch factory that was, is closed and its building is occupied for making soap; and our woolen mills generally have at some time in their careers had hard struggles to live. The important results achieved in California should be credited mainly to the exceptional intelligence and enterprise of her inhabitants. They have shaken the world's center of financial gravity by their unexampled produc- tion of gold and silver. They have changed the conditions of labor, and given a new stimulus to commerce and manufactures. They have filled the basin of the North Pacific with the light of high civilization. They have ransacked the habitable globe for the best workmen, the most skillful en- gineers, the best tools, the strongest and fastest horses, the cows that give the most milk, and the most prolific vines and trees. They have sent their men to Rheims and Bordeaux, Malaga and Smyrna, to study how sparkling wines, raisins, dried prunes, and dried figs arc prepared for the market. Tliey have brought camels from Siberia, and Angora goats from Asia Minor. They have tried 2,ooo temperate, and 500 subtropical varieties of fruit-trees, to find those best adapted to our conditions. Whatever is considered most desirable in other countries has, if there was any hope of its success, been tried in our State. No other community has .shown .so much zeal in study- ing the lessons of experience and science, and in applying them to local in- dustries. Never elsewhere has so much been done in a brief period by so few men. Nowhere else has more progress been made in new directions. Nowhere else have the novel adaptations of labor skill, and intelligence to agriculture and mining been more numerous or efficient. No other Ameri- can State has so much local pride among residents not born on its soil ; and nowhere else has local pride a stronger influence on public spirit. The enter- prise of poor as well as of rich Californians, instead of being sluggish has been extremely active. But if our statements and inferences be correct, why .should Californian capitalists be accused of lack of enterprise.' Let us see whether a solution of that problem is not near at hand. Our State abounds with men who want to live by their wit.s, schemers averse to plodding toil, and anxious to be placed at the head of extensive establishments. I\Iillionaircs, becau.se Ihcy rejected the offers of such adventurers, have been denounced for preferring gambling speculations to .sound investments. The lack in the San Fran- cisco money market of stock of manufacturing corporations, held at a steady premium for years, is a strong evidence that the capitalists are not to blame. if 54 INTRODUCTION. But it has been assumed that a culpability must rest cither on the capitalist or the laborer; that the latter demaiulcd too much for his toil, or the former for his nionev; and that to ilenouiicc the one was to defend the other. The few ricli men were without political organization, and were not disposed to reward HatterN- of their class. The numerous workingmcn were organized politicill)-, and were able by their votes to reward office-seekers, and by their subscribing and advertising patronage to enrich newspapers. It was not .strange, under such circumstances, that some newspapers and office-.seekers distinguished thcmsches b\- advocating the cause of the laborers and de- nouncing the capitalists; but their zeal was a better proof of the profits of their course than of the soundness of their opinions. The lack of manufactures in a new community does not necessarily im- ply discredit to either the laborers or the capitalists. If labor can earn higher wages in producing raw material, and if capital can obtain a higher rate of interest from mines or farms, then it is not the duty of either capital or labor to establish factories. It is customary, and in a commercial sense right, to sell commodities, including toil and the use of capital, for the cur- rent market rates; antl when the community can derive a larger income from its ores than it couk\ from silk manufactures, it is better that the latter should be imported and paid for with the former. California has here been put forward as remarkable for enterprise, not to distinguish her as the superior of other Pacific .States and Territories north of Mexico, but to hold her up as their tjpe and representative. She has done more than Oregon, Nevada, Washington, Arizona, or British Colum- bia, mainl)' because she is older and her resources were better adapted for speed)' development. 1 Icr inhabitants tlo not differ materiall)' in quality from theirs, except in so far as the great centers of wealth and population naturally attract the most capable men disposed to engage in commercial and manufacturing business, or those who h^ve been most successful in ac- cumulating capital. The same general tone of thought and enterprise per- vades all these communities. They are made up of the same class of immi- grants, man}' of whom spent years in California before .settling themselves in their present homes. Imported Goods Preferred. — In a rapidly growing country, which be- gins without manufactures and must introduce them graduall\', complaint will alwa\s he made that the people wouKl rather buy goods from abroad than those made at home; and California is no exception to the rule. The manufacturer has to contend with many difficulties at the start, and will often seek to throw the blame for his embarrassment or failure on the prej- udices and foils of the consumers as a class, rather than to confess that he GENERAL FEATURES OF BUSINESS. 55 did not thoroughly understand his business, and the conditions to which any new enterprise in it must be subject. If it were true that the pour men of California will not patronize home productions, the fact would go far to excuse rich men for their alleged offense of refusing to invest in profit- able branches of home manufactures, l^ut it is not true. I'lnterprise is not lacking in the rich, nor public spirit in the poor, Californians. Great Fortunes. — The American portion of the Pacific coast is remarka- ble for the multitude of its great fortunes. Probably no other city of similar size has so many millionaires as San Francisco. What influence has this fact exercised and uhat influence does it still exercise on the general condi- tion of commerce and industr>? Docs it indicate that the multitude are or will be imi)overished and degraded? Does it mean that a few monopolists have taken p(jssession of all the sources of wealth for the exclusive benefit of themselves and their descendants, leaving nothing save toil and misery for others? Is the wealth of the few more than counterbalanced by the destitution of the many ? Such questions, suggested by communistic com- plaint, deserve careful and impartial consideration, not only by men else- where looking for homes in a new country, but also by intelligent men here who have an influence on public opinion and legislation. It is the custom and the duty of emigrants, to seek homes in places where their children, and their children's children, can have a fair show in the struggle of life; where industry, economy, and bii'-iness capacity \\ill secure, if not wealth, at least moderate comfort; and where honesty and toil, whether associated with poverty or not, will be respected. Men with such feelings can come to the Pacific coast with confidence. In no other part of the globe will they find so much wealth in the hands of men who were generally poor in their early years. Nowhere else \\ill they see a society with so little social stratification based on occupation, or with so little of the pecuniary influence in the .social relations. No other land has relatively so many rich men who Ijigan life in poverty, or so many men reared in comparative comfort and now poor; or so many people who have gained or lost riches more than once. The high education and refined manners of a large proportion of the people in very moderate circumstances, the inferior education of .some of the wealthy families, the numerous and great vicissitudes of fortune among notable per.sonages, and the lack of 1( ng-established aristocratic circles, contribute to give a democratic tone to society. Some of our rich men arc vulgar and ostentatious snobs, ashamed of their early i)o\ert\-; but they are the objects of general ridicule. Mo.st of the capitalists who handled the pick, drove team, worked as butcher-boy.s, retailed provisions in little mining camps. ser\'cd as clerks in bank.s, or sold 5f' IMKilDlCIIoN-. 1 ; ' i 1 ■ t i f '/ ■■■ , 1 i m M beer by the glass wlicn tlicy were yoimtj men, Iiavc tlic couraj^c or fjood sense to spe.ik freel)- of ihcir early lite, to kee;) up friendly relations with their old a->sociatcs, anil to show a kindl)- feeling for young men now rom- mencing life in a similar manner. Out of at least lOO millionaires if, uic American territory on the I'acific, not more than 5 brought with them when thcj- migrated to this coast so much as $ioo,ooo each, anil few arc weak enough to exhibit any shame of their early career. It would be a serious mistake to assume that the vast fortunes of San Francisco lia\e been obtaineil by subjecting the mass of the Californiins to some peculiar oppression. The tricks nf our stock market are not worse in method or motive than those of other stock markets. Those vast accu- mulations are the natural outgrowth of the wonderful production of the pre- cious metals in the territory tributary to the Golden Gate. The amount f business done by a few persons was so large that a grand career wasoncncd to busines!' talent. Prudent capacit)', stimulated by pecuniary ambui' 1, could scarcely fail to achieve remarkable results. A city containing, on an average of the years from 1850 to 1880, perhaps 25,000 white men, handled $2,000,000,000 of precious metal, and nearly twice a.s much of other products, within thirty years. The property of that portion of the coast north of Mexico, now containing 300,000 wliite men, counting only the adult males, has advanced in value from perhaps $2,000,000 in 1845, to $2,000,000,000 in 1 88 1. It was to be expected that this increase would be unequally divided, and that the great majoritj' would either fail to earn more than was needed for their support, or, if they succeeded in earning more, would squaniler the surplus, or lose it in injudicious investments. It has often been ob.served that when a multi- tude of people make much money suddenly, by speculation or business which docs not offer a secure field for investment, most of them soon lose it again. The main cause of the general loss among the Californians was not that monopolists took advantage of them, but that they lacked knowledge, fore- sight, and economy. The large capitals of the State were accumulated mainly at the expense of the people in other lands, if at the expense of any- body. Even the poorest of the Californians, while the millions of the few .accumulated, were earning twice or three times as much in a day as laborers of their respective classes in Europe — an amount of payment inconsistent with the theory of serious pecuniary oppression. That which the miner of the Sierra Nevada received for his day's toil bought the product of ten days' toil of the German, I'rcnch, or Italian farmer. The Californian laborers have the comforts oflife in a \ariet}- and abundance unknown to the unskilled toiler ill ICurope, and in most of the Atlantic .States. The great fortunes of California are not permanent in families. They GENERAL I'lCATUUES OK HUSIXEfiS. will not pass down through n long succession of generations. We have no law of primogeniture or perpetual entail. Xo lease of a farm or mine for a longei' term than ten j-ears is valid. Public opinion demands that under or- dinary circumstances, a rich testator shall give equal shares to his chil- dren. Nearly all the land is held by fee-simple titles. The law provides easy and cheap methods for the conveyance of real estate. The millionaires generally have none of the English a;nbition to found families; most of them, indeed, have no sons to succeed to their wealth. They expect that their descendants, after two or three generation.s, will belong to the multi- tude. Their wealth, in a majority of cases, is in mines, railroads, banking, gas, water, or in.surance corporations, or city lot.s — forms which can be squan- dered inore easily than large estates of fertile soil, held in a community where law, custom, and public opinion obstruct or prevent sales. California has many large ranchos, but with few exceptions they are not available for tillage, and could not be sold in small tracts, if the owner wished so to dis- pose of them. Generally it is observed, that in those places where the soil is best fitted for horticulture, as about Lo.s Angeles, San Gabriel, Anaheim, Riverside, Pasadena, Orange, Westminster, San Jose, Santa Cruz, Alameda, Napa City, Sonoma City, Santa Rosa, Petaluma, I'resno City, and Salt Lake City, there the land is held in the smallest tracts. The construction of an irrigation ditch on a large tract held under a single title, is considered a ])re- liminary of a subdivision and sale. A common opinion prevails among rich and poor that each generation should make its own fortunes, and that the parent who educates his children well, trains them carefully in the principles of integrity and prudence, and gives them a fair start in life, has done his duty to them. So far as money can purcha.sc enjoyment, the Pacific coast people want the full benefit of it for themselves, and not for their posterity. Their affections and ambitions attach themselves to the present and the near future. They arc willing that the later generations should look out for themselves. To make money and to spend it, are for them sources of nearly equal delight. As a cl.iss they have nothing of the hoarding or miserl>- tendency. It is inipo.ssible that wealth should be evenly distributed in our time, and it is useless to wish for such a distribution. Since capital makes a demand for labor and talent, and stimulates enterpri.se, it is better that a State should have great riches in the hands of a few than that all its citizens should be poor. The country without accumulation is also without prominent partici- pation in progress. The fate of the world is not now scriouslj- influenced by men who live on black broth, and prohibit the use of gold. There is no room in the future for another Sparta. The arrival of capital in a new coun- try is a signal for activity, and is always welcomed instinctively by the peo- 58 ixTRonrcTiox. pic. Whether in the possession of one or a dozen, they recognize it as their friend. A Gold-intoxicated City. — Hcforc the riclicst bonanzas of the Coin- stock Loilc haii }ct been disco\cred, it became evident that the subsidies jjrantcd b\- the national government to the Central and Union I'acific Rail- roads would be sufficient to secure the completion nf these enterprises, and speculation anticipated and exaggerated their influence on business. The directors of the Central Pacific Company moved their main office, and most of them transferred their homes, to San h'rancisco, where they built palatial residences, and spent much of their vast revenues in improving and beauti- fying the city. The remarkable and almost unparalleled growth of San Francisco during a perioil of 30 )'ears, and the intoxication of its business by various stimulants, continued so 'ong tliat the waiTiings of jjrudcnce and the lessons of experience from other communities seemed of little value here. The city has a central position, ajid a monopoly of the seaport busi- ness on an ocean frontage 2,000 miles i')ng; within 200 miles lie mines that have produced precious metal worth more than $1,500,000,000 within half a life-time. Soon after the shallow placers i)asscd the climax of their pro- duction, the hydraulic mines poured out their treasures. When the)- be- gan tf) decline, the tjould and Curr\- bonanza became the wonder of the world. It had scarcely been exhausted when its glories grew pale before tho.so of the Belcher ,uid Crown Point bonanza. And after that had passed into history, its meiiior)- was eclijised l)\- the Consolidated \'irgiiiia bonanza. Not onl)' wore all the richest silver mines owned here, but the people of the coast generall)- ^-nt their money hither for investment in the crazy stock market; and the Pine-street stockbrokers ilrew revenues almost as large from the pockets of their customers as the shareholders did from their mines. The current of excitement caused by the development of mining wealth was accompanied b\- an active s])eculation in land ami in mail)- kinds of per- sonal property. The occupation of the merchant was surrounded by risks unknown to cities in ICurope or the Cnited States, and if he remained in the business, he was compelled to take chances that would be rejecteil every- where else. The barwas enriched by the policy of the national government in compelling ali the owners of Mexican ranchos to maintain expensive suits for their lands. The civil war greatly cnhanceil the cost of importation from New York, and Iniill up numerous manufacturing establishments in .San Francisco, thus -iving a great stimulus to the city, simultaneous with which came the development of the wonderful mineral wealth of the (.lomstock Lode. Potosi in Uolivia, Cerro Pasco in Peru, (iuanajuato ami Zacatecas in Mexico, may have had richer deposits than Virginia Cit\-, but they were CiKNEKAL FEATURES OV liUSINESS. 59 not worked with one tenth of the speed or the profit. In those districts, 5,000 men toiling for 2 centuries did not accomplish so much as an equal or smaller luimber did in Nevada in 20 years. Neither did the mining enter- prises of the former fall into the hands of a luxurious commercial metropolis. No Spanish-American city drew $300,000,000 from silver mines within a single generation. One Comstock bonanza trod on the heels of another in rapid succession for 1 5 years. The reality of the present was so extravagant that heads, cooled by long prudence in careful banking business, thought they could no longer judge of the ])robability of the future by the scanty measure of the past. Jlillions poured down the canyons of Mount David- son like the waters in gullies after a cloud-burst. It is calculated, in 1876, that San Francisco had 100 millionaires, 10 of them worth each more than $10,000,000, and 20 others worth more than $5,000,000 each. The market value of the Nevada mines at one time amounted to $320,000,000, and that after they had already yielded about $200,000,000. For nearly 30 years San Francisco was intoxicated by the abundance of her gold, the throng of her traffic, the variety, wealth, and singular sources of her revenues, the ease with which they were obtained, and the prodigality with which most of them were spent. Romance of the Present. — The American portion of our coast is, his- torically, one of the newest parts of the globe. Its most important events have happened within the recollection of the present generation. We have no ancient monuments or records, no buried cities, no ruined castles, no local traditions running back through many centuries. The Fgyptians, Assyrians, Persians, Carthaginians, Saracens, Goths, or Huns, never con- quered otn- territorj-, nor enslaved our people; neither Greeks nor Romans planted colonies on our shores, or ga\e names to our mountains and rivers. We have no Marathon, no Runnj-medc, no liastile column, no Ikmker Mill. We ha\e had no religious martyrdoms or persccutii^ns. No TllE.MISTOCI.ES, I'ERICLE.S, COLIfiNY. WiLLIAM tllC Silent, IIKNRV IV, BaRNEVELDT, UURLEICII, Ada.MS or Ji:i I'erson, maintained the cause of freedom in the early councils or or, the battlefields of our coast. We have inherited no in- spiring local traditi'ins, no sacred institutions, no precious accumulations from former times. Our country is as we have made it, not as wc re- ceived it from a remote ancestry. Whatever has been done here is our own work, or at least the work of our generation. When Scnora Rern.VL as a bride of fifteen, in 1.S19, first made her home at th- Mission of San I'>an- cisco, near where she now resides, California was still subject to Spain. No white man then had his home in the Sacramentoor San Joaquin valley ; no town ol civilized people existed anywhere on our coast north of San i-'ran- Go IXrUODUCTIOX. ciscd Bay. Do!i I^io Pli'd, the !asi Goxcrnor of California, under the aiithorit}' of Mexico, is still an acti\c old gentleman. One of his predeces- sors ill office, Don ]v \y 1!. Alv.\K.\[)0, al.so survives. Don M.VUiA.vo G, Valle.TO, who, ill i,S:;5, by order of the ]\Icxican governincnt, laid off the town of Sonoma, to sa\i~ iIk; northern half of California from fallinij into the possession of the Russians, continues to share our councils. John Bid- WELL and JOSI.VH Beldkx, niemhcrs of the first party of emigrants, organ- ized forty years ago in Missouri, to cross the continent directly to California, are among the prominent business men of the State. Col. J. D. Sti:ven- SO\, who headed the regiment of New York volunteers (selected, in iS.j.6, as suitable persons to become iicrmanent residents of California, and thus strengthen American influence in what was feared would long be a predomi- nant!)' Spanish community), now holds a responsible office in San I'rancisco antl attends in person to its duties. Al.l'KKD RoiUN.sox, the first American to write a book on California, is our fellow-cilizen. I'lie first American Governor of tlie State, rKTER 11. IUr.m:tt, and the first pair of Senators chosen to represent California in the National Congress — \\'. M. GwiN and J. C. FuKMO.NT — are yet with us. .Mtliough man)- of the pioneers of i,S49 liave gone down to their rest, and ,illhou;.:h man)- of the present generation of Califoriiians are young men, while others receiul)' came from the Atlantic States or luirope to make their homes here, -AxW there is no exagger;ition in sa\'ing that nearly e\cr\'tliing tb.at lias fieen done b)- art to nirich or beaulifv- the .State, to de- velop its resources, or build up its industries, is our work. We, as a com- munil)-, have organi/.ed its government, frame! its laws, founded its cities and towns, erected every house of briclv or wood, openetl ever)' mine, every farm, .md e\ei)- m.inufacturing esta!)lishment, constructeil e\ei)' railroad and wagon-road, and pl.mted ever)- large vineyard and orcliard. For him who can turn away occasion;illy from tlie narrow surroundings of his personalitA- ami localit)-, .md climl) to tlic towering pinnacles of his- torical ol)scr\ation, for .'i compre!iensi\e \i(^w of tlie past career and present activit)- of our race- for liini, ue li\-e in ;m age and .i l.md of roinance abounding in events tlirilling as any in the glorious period of the Atlicni.iri annals, and more marvelous tlirni the triumphs of genii in Araljiaii fiction. Our coast, in this \ei-)- )ear of i.Soj, is .iccomplishing wonders Ijeyond tlic wildest (Ire.uns of .uitiquit)-. Never, until recenll)-, did the glolx; witness sueli swift ;uid gr;uu! clian;;es as are imw occurring a!)out us. Never diil mankind cKc-wliei-e advance witli greater speed. Never did progress achieve triumplis iiKne glorious. Never did tlu' learning, experience, and wealtli iiccumukited elsi'vvliere for centuries, rush vvitlia stronger current, to fill witli the treasures of a lii;,;h eiiligliti'mnent, .i vast region, pri'v ious!)' unoccupied, gi:n!;r.\i. ri:ATrRi;s of husixkss. 6l save b\' savat^cs. Nc\cr was an iinasioii more peaceful, or more beneficent. Never was a conquest more complete, or more permanent. What other lands ha\-c spent a thousand j-ears in accomplishinLj is here done in a L^cn- er.itioii. Wc have appropriated all the arts of other lands and added many of our own. No scheme is too difficult for us lo undertake. The forces of nature submit at our first effort. Wc scared)' build a shanty in the .'-■ierra Ne\ada, before the placers offer us their treasures. Our horticulturists scarcely plant a vine or a tree before the\' arc rewarded with an unexampled wealth of orchard and \ineyartl. The first American attcinpt to mine for siher leads to the rc\'elation of the Comstock lode. The land and sea, the mountains and vallej-s, the forests and rivers, compete with one anotlier in dcmandinij our acceptance of their j^rizcs. Cities and states ri.se before us as if by enchantment. After a few weeks of ob.scrvation and thought, by pioneer settlers and ent^nnccrs, in the midst of a solitude, the channels of trade and the centers of wealth arc fixed, for centuries to come. Half a dozen railroads march across a continent at once. The Canadian Pacific, the Northern Pacific, the Central Pacific, the Denver Pacific, the iVtlanlic and Pacific, the Atchison, Topcka and Santa Fc, the Southern Pacific, and the OrcLjon Raihva}- and Navi;.^ation Compan\-, are engaged in a race such as the world ne\cr saw in the past, and will perhaps ne\er see in the future. We are in the midst of their great works. The)- fill the earth ami air with their marvels. These corporations are struggling for the trade of empire:;; and the clima.x of the conllict is rapidh- approaching. lie who can see no romance in such a contest, he who can not sec romance in anythiiig save courts and camps, blood ami steel, is an alien to the spirit of the age, and is unable to understand either the past or the present. Whether he can sec it or iKjt, the fact remains the same, that civilization lia\ing taken possession of our shores in i)erpetuity, is rapiiU)- developing here an imperial power, which, without aspiring to a scpanitc nationality, will inevitably exeit a grand influence on the commerce and industry of remote ages. Wc live in the present and in anticipation of the future; the past is of little value, save as it prepares us for what is to come. The main element in life is toil, and success in it is one of the highest satisfactions and benefactions. As a basis of self-reliance and .self-respect, the \anity, based on the famous exploits of our ancestors, is far inferior to the consciousness that we our- .selves lia\e .icconiiilished great results. No other pride is so hon<:)rablc or so inspiring as that growing out of personal success in planning, managing, and completing extensive and diiricult enterprises, requiring accurate scien- tific education, comprehensive knowledge of business relations and human nature, study, ami long-continued toil, prmlence, economy, judicious plan.s, and strict adherence to jjurpo.sc. Such pride is not rare on the Pacific coa.st, and will not be fur .i long time to conic. mmim 62 INTKOIJUCTION. CMAPTKR III.— CLIMATE. Comparative Meteorology. — One cif llio most potent aids to individual comfort ;md national progress, is an equable and genial climate. Within hi.storical times no nation has risen to greatness, no man to eminence in literature or industrial art, in a torrid or frigid region. The leadership n{ progress, the custodj- of the highest culture, predominance in political and militar)- power belong to the temperate zone. Tropical heat and arctic cold dcjiress the mental and ph>sical energies, diminish ambitions, reduce the field of activity, and cut off many sources of enjoyment. To a less extent these unfa\nrab!e influences arc exercised also by meteorological extremes, w ithin the temperate zone. C, L. BRACK, who hatl traveled extensively in different p.uts of the workl, and wliose attention had been called to this sub- ject by his stay in California, wrcjte that "of all human conditions next to civilization .ind its advantages, the most important is climate; perhaps for personal hapjiiness, it is more than all other material circumstances." Vet our geographies, cjxlopetlias, and books of travel generally give no adequate idea of the climatic advantages and disadvantages of the main meteorologi- cal divisions, and (jf the difi'erences of temperature, rainfall, and humidity between New York, London, San Francisco, antl Los Angeles. The ther- mometrical means of Januarj- in those 4 cities are rcspectivel)-: 31, ^y°, 4ossibility, since the)- arc being carrieil to a region of higher temperature. Further north, along the coasts of Oregon, Washington Territorj-, and Alaskfi, the presence of a com- paratively warm ocean renders the conditions more favorable for summer rains." No Jiurricane has ever visited California, or the ocean near its shore, and tliunder storms are ver\- rare, year after year jiassing in the valleys without one brilliant flash of lightning. The deaths by lightning in the State ha\e been 2 In 30 years, whereas, in I^ngland, 25, and in the American states cast of the Rocky Mountains, 145 ;ire killed !>)• it annually. In a region where there are no hurricanes, where summer rains are alinost unknown, and where the winter rains are announced usually 24 hours in advance by a cliangc in the direction of the wind (it blows from the north, north-west, or west for clear weather, and from south-west, south, or south-ea.st for rain), there is comparatively little use for the barometer. Irregular Rainfall. — There is more irregularity in rainfall than in tem- perature. The mean of the therinometer for any one month is about the .same in one year .as in another, a variation of 5 per cent, being rare; and year after )-car will pass without a difference of 2 per cent.; whereas a varia- tion of 50 per cent, in the rain-gauge is not unfret[uent. If we count j'cars of flood, as those with more than 30 inches of rain, we have had 7 in the 32 years from 1849 to 1881 ; and estimating 17 inches or less as a drought, we have had 6 in the same pciod; making 13 years of extremes out of the 32, or more than one in 3. It is estimated that 12 inches of water is suffi- cient, with skillful management, to secure a good crop of wheat, but the rain often comes at such times, that a large part of it is lost to the farmer; and the fall is less in the wheat-growing valleys than in San Franci.sco. As a genera! rule the rainfall in California is 2 inches greater for each degree of latitude, as wc go northward from the southern boundary of the State. It is greater near the ocean shore th.m inlimd; greater in the moun- tains than in the valleys; and greater on the western, than on the casicrn slopes of the mountains. All studies so far undertaken to discover a regu- lar periodicity in the variations of the Californian rainfall, or an increase and decrease concurrent with the progress of the sunspots or with some astro- nomical cycle, have been unsuccessful. A comparison of the rainfall at San Francisco as compared with that at Nilcs, 15 miles to the eastward, and at Livermore, 10 miles east of Niles, will show the decrease in proportion to distance from the occ.in. According to the figures recorded at the stations of the CiiXTR.VL P.vciK ic Railroad Company, the amounts at the 3 places climatf:. 71 were, in 1S71-72, 28, 23 and 19 inches respectively; in 1872-73, 16, 14. and 11; in 1S73-74, 23, 14 and 12; in 1874-75, 18, 12 and 12; in 1875-76, 26, 26 and 20; in 1876-77, 9, 9 and 6; in 1877-78, 32, 25 and 17; in 187S-79, 23, 15 and 10; and in 1879-80, 25, 18 and 16. The average at San Fran- cisco is 69, and at Niles 38 per cent, more than at Livcrmore. There arc 66 d.ays with rain in a year at San Francisco, inchidinff 12 in December, 10 in January, 9 in I'ebruary, 9 in March, 7 in November, 5 in April, and 2 in October. In London there arc 140 such days in a year; in New York there arc 90. Many portions of the San Francisco region, beyond the range ot" the ocean fogs, have 220 clear days, without a cloud to obscure the sunlight. New York has not half, and London not a third so many. Relative Humidity. — These summer fogs give a dampness to the atmosphere, along the shore of the San Francisco region. The amount of moisture in the air is measured by placing 2 thermometers side by side, one of them having its bulb covered with a wet cloth. When the air is saturated with moisture, there is no evaporation from the wet cloth, and the 2 ther- mometers register the same temperature. When, on the other hand, the air is very dr}', the evaporation is rapid, and as evaporation causes cold, the wet bulb thermometer marks a lower temperature than the other. The differ- ence between the two figures furnishes a basis for calculating the relative humidity; that is, the amount of moisture, in proportion to the capacity of the air at that temperature, to carry moisture, visible or invisible. The best method of stating the relative humidity is to divide the year into two .semesters, or periods of 6 months; the warm semester from May to Octo- ber inclusive, and the cold semester from November to April inclusive. This relative humidity is a matter of little moment to a healthy person in a tem- perature of pleasant warmth, but, even in such a temperature, it is important to the invalid suffering with pulmonary disease; and when the weather is cither hot or cold, may have a great influence on the comfort of the most robust. The preponderance of recent medical authority has condemned the custom of sending consumptives to moist tropical places, like Havana. St. Augustine, 15ahia, and Honolulu, and now recommends, in preference, mountain health resorts in the temperate zone, with an elevation not less than 1,500, nor more than 3,000 feet, above the sea, with a mean tempera- ture not lower than 40'-' iu January, nor warmer than 75^ in July, and a relative humidity, not exceeding 60 in the warm, nor 70 in the cold semes- ter. Such places are rare, and the nearest possible approach is made to the right conditions, by requiring the patient to spend half his year at one place, and half at another. An examination of all the accessible meteorological statistics justifies the assertion that nowhere on the globe, is there a better 1\ IIMDli III i\. coiiiljmutioii <>( U)\v humidil}' with plcas.int warmth, and desirable clc\ation above the .sea, than can be Ibiind at various places in the Coast Mountains of California. New Mexico, Nevada, ;md Arizona have lower relative hu- miilit)-, over considerable districts at least, but their summers arc too hot. or their winters too cold. The following; table gives the statistics of the best climates in the Uniteil States, Europe, and Africa, for persons suffering with di.seases of the respiratory organs, the I'lgures having been obtained by ex- tensive research, not only through books, but also by correspondence with the meteorological bureaus of various governments: Places. Alias I'oak, Cal Wakes, Cal Saiila I'e, Now Mexico. . I'ii^iKTol, Italy e'.iUani.scHa, haly Ilcziurs, I'Vanco I'olfiiza, Jlaly Murcia, Spain FogLfia, iuih' , DL-nvcr. (.'olorado Kiiiilicilv, Scniih Afeica. . I'liialilLi. ( )n'i:on .">!. I'aul. MiiuiL'sota. hKlisonvillu. l-'ioritla. . . .\sliville. Xortli Carolina \'i,.aiia. Cal Lus Aiiireics. Cal .Santa liarbara. CaL ?san Dit'f;", Cai. ■fjan Fianci.sco. Cal ■San RalacH'al Rcilllliiir, Cal liaciamonio, Cal Salt Lake Ciiv, Uiaii. . . , r. P 39 44 35 58 48 53 57 53 41 69 44 66 70 79 42 (.6 7' 75 74 ^••5 70 68 31 live llumidity. .Mc.in Temp'turc. tf ^ ,^ <-H 5 P S 3 S. g r 5' 45 50° 74" 70 57 45 73 46 41 32 69 68 63 38 76 74 61 45 78 64 63 43 75 71 62 36 71 63 60 50 80 73 63 43 80 1 50 45 24 76 7' 70 74 49 71 58 35 75 70 68 10 69 69 70 56 83 65 72 32 75 72 57 45 88 64 (>s 52 75 67 69 53 68 69 72 51 72 72 73 49 S8 f<3 74 48 67 74 72 1 47 83 78 73 i •♦s 73 58 45 ! 30 78 Elevation. I 500ft. 2100 6851 950 1871 300 2756 141 286 5269 4400 460 795 23 '348 318 60 65 120 60 337 75 4362 Latiludr. 38° 25' 38 35 35 41 44 50 37 27 42 38 40 39 37 59 41 27 39 45 28 55 45 55 44 53 30 24 35 35 36 20 34 3 34 25 32 44 37 47 37 58 40 10 }fi 35 41 10 This table includes only a few of the stations from which statistics of rel- ati\e humidity and temperature are obtainable, the large inajority being 1 xchided, because their climatic conditions are not favorable for consum]Hivc in\ ali(K. I'or this reason, all the stations in Germany, Jiussia, New Zealand, New South Wales, and Canada, and most of those on the Atlantic slope of the United .Sl.iles, are omitted. Of all the stations in I'r.ince, Beziers has the driest climate; of all in Italy, Caltani.setta; of all in the Spanish jieninsula, CT.IMATi:. '3 •1 Murciv of all in South Africa, Kinibcrly; of all in Colorado. Joiner; of all in MinKosota, St. I'aiil; and of all in Morida, Jacksoinille. The tabic was drawn up for the purpose of ciiablini^ .studcnt.s to make a fair conii)arison of the climatic advantat;cs of tlic best health resorts for consumj)ti\es, so far as obtainable meteorological statistics .supply the material. The figures here given show that Atlas Peak and Ulakcs, in the Coast Mountains of California, respectively 20 and 30 miles north of Silver Gate, arc uncqualcd in their combination of dr ' "osphere, \vitli a mild temperature in winter and summer, and adesirabi; (...ation. No observations for relative humid- ity have been kept at any o .<: part in the Coast Mountains, but there are, doubtles.s, many places in that range, south of the SiUer Gate, with condi- tions equally favorable, as will probabl)- appear within a few years. Th<' relative humidit)' in winter is 62 at Cannes, 68 at Mcrtone. 71 at Nice, and 80 at I'au, and those are the only figures within reach for those towns. They are considered among the best winter reports ."or consumjjtives in Europe; but, in their combination of dry atmosphere with ele\,itiori, the)' are far infe- rior to various Californian staticjns. Visalia, Camp Ai)achc, and l amp Verde are dr)*, but too hot in the suiriner; Salt Lake, SanM l*"e, I)«Mivcr, Piochc, Boise Cit>-, and Virginia City in Montana, are dry, but too cold in winter. In 1877, Dr. R VV. UATrii, permanent secretary of TlU; C'AI.iroRM.W Stati, ]5oai'sicians, re- t]ucsting a report of their experience and opinions, as to the suitability of the \arious climates near them, to the needs of consumptives. The result- was a .strong preponderance of tislimon\- in favor of tlie eastern portion of the coast mountains, at elevations nmging iVoni 1,2" «) to 1,800 feet above the sea; and especially for that portion of the Coast Range north of the Silver Gate. In his official report of that year, Dr, Match .said : " The fact, how- ever, has been abundantly veriilcd, that for the large majority of consuniji- tivcs— those in a condition to endure the inconvenience of camp life — this mountain region is better suited than are tlie Sierra Nevada mountains." In 1879 Tin: St.vte Medical Society ok Caeieornia, at its annual meeting, un;uiimously adopted a resolution requesting the legislature to establish a State Hospital for consumjitives. The legislature insmictcd the State Hoard of Health to make a report on the subject, and in 1880 the Board, in its annual report, recommended liiat such .m institution shoukl be established, and selected ^Vtlas J'eak as the preferable [ilace for it. They also stateil that a good site for such an institution in Southern California could Ix- found at the Sierra Madre V^illa. Fog. — The shore of San Francisco's meteorological region is visited with frequent sea fogs, and they are especially abundant at tlie Golden Gate, as 10 74 INTROIili TIO\. there they h;i\e a ckmci- !■> tra\-cl inland at the level of the sea. Usua!l\- thej' do not rise to a hei;_;!u of more tlian 1,500 or :;,ooo feet, and the sum- mits ol' the C"oast ATountain may i)e in i:lcar suniis^'ht ^\hile the \allcys below .ni; hidden in the fo,^. In the cit)' of San hVancisco, the summer nij^hls are usuall\' foci.qy, and a warm clear moonli;4ht evening is a raritj'; hut after sunrise the land radi.ites nut so much heat that before the middle of the forenoon the lo^ is absorbed. The wind continues to blow with a velocitj' of about ro miles an hour, but the immense bank of fog over the ocean seems to be stationary, being converted into in\isiblc moisture so soon as it gets to the land. At night, however, wiicn the heat dcrii .-.scs, ti)e fog can advance 10 or 20 miles inland, and may maintain its ;/.)^'t;cn until midnight, then \anish, to ajipear again in the morning. This fug is especially .abundant in the summer, and is one of the main features of the elimati; of San Francisco, contributing to make the evenings cold and dark. Warm Belt. - Although the Californian low land has a subtropical cli- mate, it is not anj'where free from frost. 1 he leading subtropical fruit trees, including the orange, lemon, fig, olive, and tlatc, when of mature age, can endure 12 degrees of frost — that i.s, 12 degrees below the freezing point — if occurring only occasionally' and lasting but a few liours, without serious in- jur)-; and to such cold the\'are exposed, in many of the Californian valle)-s, perhaps once in fi\e years (ju an average. In the ordinary winter the mer- cur)' iloes not fall IjcIow 28° in San Franci.sco. The situations least troubled by frost are not the Itiwest laiuls, in the most southern part of the St ])ortions of the hills, usu.illy not less than 200 nijr more than 2,000 feet abo\-e the le\tl of .idjacent val- leys. It is important that there .should be an .-idjacent \allcy, into which the cold air can flou down ,it night; otherwise the benefits of the clcv.ition arc lost. Frosts are more severe in the lowest situations, and cspeciallj' on moist soil, than on the dry hillsitlcs; and mori' severe in inidi.sed vallej's, CI.IMATi:. 75 with peaks covered with snow in tluir \ iciniu, tlian in open ])lains, far IVom the snow. At the .Sierra Madre Villa, 1,700 feet above the sea, on tlie hillside above tlie valley of the San Gabriel, there is ninth less frost than in llu- low land, 10 miles distant. The same rel.uive exemption is cnjoyetl b_v the upper Ojai, as compared with the lower Ojai Valley in Ventura County. In Santa Clai'a County the liillsides al)oi:t Los Gatos arc f-s cool. The mean at 2 I'. M. in January was 46", and the mean of the minimums 36'. On 8 dif- ferent days, the thermometer fell to the freezing jjoint, the lowest figure reached being 18'. Only once did the thermometer remain so low as the freezing point for 24 consecuti\e hours. At 01>mpia the thermometer rose lo 80° or more on 8 different da\s in July, 1877, and to 75' or more on iC) days. The mean of the minimums in that month was about so*". The s^ i\ rkniX'Tinv. hif,'liest. obstirvation in |;iiiuar\', I S-S, was 5J , and tlu- mean of the mini- mums was ;;6 . The lowest teniiieraturc was 25 , ami nn H ilitfereiit (ia_\'S the inercin\- fell to the iVeezinL; point, Init iiexer was so low as that at mid- da)-. \ii thiik ice e\-er forms near tin: le\e! of the sea on the Pacific side of the continent, in the l.ititude of lioston. The temperature is about the same on \'anc(>u\er island as at Ols'mpia. 'I'he annual rainfall of the Western ( Jre^^on ret^ion is about So inches near the ocean, and from 40 to do inches 50 miles inl.ind. ( )n the eastern shore of Vancouver I>l,ind and in Southern OrcLjon it is less; and in the northern ])art of Iiriti:^h t'olumbia more. There are no tornadoes. The mean rela- tive humi-et three feet below the surface the .soil remains frozen throughout the year. St. Michael.s, the chief port at present on Hehring Sea, has a July of 54^' and a January of 3". St. Paul's Island has 46" in July and 28' in January. IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 1.1 11.25 l^|2^ 12.5 ^ Itt |Z2 ■yuu U lil.6 t" — Photographic Sciences Corporation 'V ^.v o^ 33 WIST MAIN STRin WnSTIR.N.Y. MSM (716) •7a-4S03 4^ .% i 1;. (1 1 ; 84 INTRODUCTION. i ( I t ,, ' CHAPTER IV.— LAND FOR SETTLERS. Public Land. — Our slope, between the 32d and S4th parallels of latitude, has about 1,200,000 square miles of area, including presumably one si.\th valuable for tillage, as much valuable for timber, and one half for pasturage, lca\ing one si.xth for ilcscrts and mountains of bare sand and rock. The tillaijle soil amounts to 200,000 square miles, of which 40,000 have passed into the ])ossession of individuals and corporations, while 160,000 still be- long to the governments of the United States and of British Columbia. The first settlers of course took up the land most desirable for fertility of soil, facility of cultivation, and pro.vimity to the market; but as the population was then much smaller than at present, and as the expense of raising and marketing crops was greater, their land was not worth more by the acre, in the general estimation, than is now a large part of the land, at present unoccupied. The public lands of the United States are surveyed or unsurveyed. All unless specially reserved are open to settlement, and offered for a small con- sideration to actual occupants and cultivators. If the land has been surveyed, and has not been i^rcviously withdrawn from settlement, the settler may be confident that the law will protect him in the possession of the precise tr.ict which he occupies; if unsurveyed, it may be reserved for public purposes after he takes ])osscssion; and if he is allowed to keep the tract, the survey lines ma)' run through the middle of his choicest tract so that he must sur- rentler part of it. If, however, 2 settlers have occupied adjacent pieces of unsurveyed land, and have their improvements on the same subdivision, they may make a joint entry of that subdivision, and divide the tract between themselves afterwards. The surveyed land is divided into townships 6 miles square; sections of 640 acres, one mile square; quarter sections of iCo acres, half a mile .square; and tiuarter-quarter sections of 40 acres, one quarter of a mile square. The public lands are divided into survey districts, in which the subdivis- ions are numbered from an initial point, which in a mountainous region is usually some prominent peak. Mount Diablo, in central California, being an example. A line running north ami south through the initial point is called the meridian, and one running east and west is the base. Each successive row of townshii>s running cast and west is called a town; each one running LAXD KOK SF.TTLKKS. «5 north and south is a range. F.ach town is numbered according tn its dis- tance from the base, and each range by its distance from the meridian. I'hc sections are numbered according to a .system that is uniform for all tin- townships; and the number of the section, town, and range, indicates tlu; location so precisely th^t any good surveyor can find the e.xact lines, and the lands are conveyed by tho.se numbers without other descriotion. 'I'lu.' town of Coloma is in town ii north, and range lo east, from . le meridian and base of Mount Diablo, that is, 66 miles north, and 60 miles east of the summit of that mountain. Career for Energy.— Men who come to California and Oregon often complain that they have been deceived ; that they have been led to belie\e that they could get rich with little e-Ni'i-tion, and that life would be much easier for them than it had been in the lilastern States, whereas thej' find that they are, in fact, subjected to keener competition than they ever witnessed before, and that irstead of getting rich with little work, they re- main poor even with hard work. Their complaints are usuall)- maiic without reason. It is true that fal.se statements arc often published in newspajiers and books, exaggerating the opportunities for labor and capital ; but any intelligent man would make allowance for anonj-mous assertions made hy persons who did not pretend to po.s.sess any special knowledge. The writer^, in many cases, either conceal or do not know the drawbacks attached to the business which they praise ; and they assume that the exceptional success, which is the subject of general conversation, may safely be accepted as the average result, though for that one success -there may have been 10 failures, of which nothing was said. The immigrant must not expect to obtain, in a new country, all the com- forts of an old one ; nor to live without exertion. If he finds a field where energy and intelligence, combined with industry and economy, can accu- mulate wealth more rapidly, and secure a greater portion of ultimate com- fort than in his former home, he should consider his migration fortunate. He should not expect to get, without expense, land worth $20 an ;icre. He must not be surprised if the older settlers will not let him have their farms for less than they arc worth in the market ; or if he discovers that they have taken the best land, leaving for newcomers only that which is inferior in quantity or remote from the market. If he wishes to live with little exertion, if he lacks persistence and in- dustry, or if he intends to depend on his friends for a considerable part of his subsistence, then the better plan for him is to stay with them and be content with his old surrounding.s. For a man of inferior cajjacity, willi- out skill or ambition, a new country is often a harder place than an old one; -"■f '•'t I I Il t , ; t 1, 1 i 86 INTUODICTIOX. 'if ■ 1 f 5is; ill ft I ! and cvL'ii if sdincwhat cisicr in a material point f>f view, it inaj' be loss congenial, because wliile he remains in a stationary condition, he sees liis more eneri^etic neijjhbors makin-r rapid advances and leavinij him far in the rear. Hut men of -iipcrior capacity and enterjirise will, for 50 )-ears to come, find on our slope the best o|)portunilies to acquire those surroundinf^s which are considered, by most men, the chief aids to the enjoyn.'jnt "if life. In (."alifornia, in Oretjon, in Washin>^ton, in Arizona, in Idaho, anil in British Ccjlumbia there are immense areas of public land that can now be nlit.iined for $1.25 an acre, or less, capable of yieldinjf .1 comfort- able su|>port to those who take U]) tracts of .So or 160 acres, and certain to increase gradually in value until, before the end of the century, it may be worth at least $^t, an acre, and if well planted, 4 times that amount. No Land Monopoly.— Land monopoly has been a favorite theme for Californian ilem.igogues, and ]5ersons at a distance, reading their declama- tions, often get ;i false impression of the situation. No l.ind monopoly obstructs the prosiK-rity of the immigrant. Four fifths of the lands in California are untaxed, because they still belong to the Gov- ernment, at least so far as the recorded evidences of title show. Settlers can take their choice among tr.icts covering 20,c)00,ocx) acres of tillable l.ind, all of it open for acquisition under the national homestead law, and most of it at a c.ish expenditure of onlj* 20 cents an acre. There are now per- hajjs 40,000 farms in the .State, anil there is room on the jiublic lands for at least twice, and ])erhaps 10 times, as many more. Where, then, is the monopoly ? When the settler onn get, for almost nothing, more than lie can cultiv.ite, neeil he worr)- because .i few of tlie pioneers have obtained large ranches ? lUit, say the declaimcrs, the best land, the large tracts of moist and fertile land ill the vallevs, nearest the good harbors, navigable rivers, and cities, the places most suitable for extensive \ ine)-ards ami orchards, with facilities for clie,ii> irrigation, have been already taken up. True. It has iiapjiencd here, as ill the other States, that the first settlers in;ide their homes on l.mds that wen; prized for fertility of soil, their proximitj- to market, and prospect of enhanced value. The newcomer can not take choice of everything as the first pioneer did ; but he has mail)- advantages which his predecessor had n !i ihc larger valleys has become private pro]x;rty ; but along the edges of the valleys, where the soil is gravelly, is covered with bush, or is cut up by ravines or projecting liills, there is much land not yet taken up. This is true of most of the \alleys in California, and of all in Oregon and Washington. In Idaho, i\ri/.ona, I'acific Montana, Wyoming, and Colorado, the fertile vallcj" lands are still obtainable ; in Utah and New Mexico, the land suit- able for culti\ ation, and now provided, in large tracts, with water for irriga- tion, is all ' district, he may soon want to move to a wet one; if advised to plant an oranjje orchard, he may, the next year, blame his ad- viser for not tellinfi him to plant apricots. The man who wants to settle on public land, before deciding on a special tract, .should see it for him.self, and assume the main responsibility for the choice. If he docs not know enough to select a place, he iloes not know enough to manage it. He should not e.xpcct his friend in a commercial city, the .igent of a railroad company, or the Register of a National Land Office, to designate the spot for him. Let him go to the outskirts of the .settlements, and inquire there what lands are vacant. The people generally will give him correct information, and go to some trouble to show him the precise boundaries; and usually, when he becomes their neighbor, they will help him along, especially if they find that he is industriou.s, temperate, eco- nomical, and worthy of their aid. The offices for the sale of the national lands in California are at San Francisco, Sacramento, Marysville, Humboldt, Susanvillc, Stockton, Los Angeles, Visalia, Sha.sta, and Bodic ; these in Oregon arc at Oregon City, Roseburg, La Grande, Lakcview, and The Dalles ; tho.se in Washington, at Olympia, Vancouver, Walla Walla, Colfa.x, and Yakima ; those in Nevada, at Carson City and ICurcka ; tho.se in Idaho, at lioise City, Lewi.ston, and Oxford ; those in Arizona, at Pre.scott anil I'lorence, and that in Utah, at Salt Lake City. The Land Offices at Santa I'e and Mesilla, in New Mexico, though cast of the Rocky Mountains, have charge of lands west of the main divide; Pacific lands in Colorado are intrusted to the offices at Central City, Leadville, Del Norte, and Lake City; in Montana, to the Land Offices at Helena and Miles City, and those in Wyoming to Evanston. THK Okkoon Static Boaro ok Immigration has offices at 252 Broadway, New York City, and 260 Washington Street, Boston. Mrs. A. H. H. Stuart, of Olympia, is President of the Immigration Society of Washington. Central Paolflo Ijanda. — By the Acts of July 1, 1862, and July 2, 1864, to aid the construction of a railroad from the Missouri River to the Pacific, Congress granted 12,800 acres of public land, for each mile of road com- pleted. From Ogdcn westward to San Francisco, a distance of 881 miles, this land grant belongs to the Central Pacific Railroad ; and from Ogden eastward, to the Union Pacific. A very* large proportion of the land, thus granted, is in mountain or desert, which settlers do not wish to occupy, and therefore, the railroad company, being unable to .>ell, still holds it and offers it at low prices t" aiiy purcha.ser. Besides the mountain and desert land — some of which may prove valuable at no distant time in the future — there is a considerable area of fine timber in the Sierra Nevada, and some I § 92 INTRODUCTION. If- i excellent sites for orcharils and vineyards in the foothills, along the edge of the Sacramento Valley. The coinpan\- offers its lands for sale under four methods of payment. The first is payment in full at the time of purchase. The second is pay- ment of 20 per cent, of principal, and interest for one year in advance, at time of purchase, on the rcmaimler of the principal, with one year's interest in advance at the beginning of every )-car till the entire principal is paid. The third method is in 5 equal annual payments of the principal, with in- terest annually in advance on the unpaid principal. The fourth method is JO per cent, down, and the remainder in 8 equal installments of principal at intervals of 6 month.s, with interest on the unpaid remainder in advance with every installment. The entire payment must be made in every case within 5 )-ears; but the purchaser can pay in full, at anytime before the ex- piration of the 5 years, and thus save interest. The rate of interest is 7 per cent, a year; the price varies according to the quality and situation of the land. Those who wish further information should .address " H. B. REDDING, Land Agent of TiiF. Centr.M- P.\ciFic R^mlro.vd Company, comer of Fourth and Townsend Streets, San Francisco." By an act passed July 25, 1866, Congress gave 1 2,800 acres per mile — ex- cluding Mexican grants and preemption claim.s, which covered much of the best land — to the California and Oregon Railroad, from Roscville to Red- ding, a distance of 151 miles. This road has been consolidated with the Central Pacific, and the land is sold under the same terms as that on the main line of the Central Pacific. B. B. REDDING has charge of the sale. Southern Pacific Lands. — By acts passed July 27, 1866, and March 3, 1 87 1, Congress gave to TiiE SOUTHERN PACIFIC RAILROAD Company of California, 12,800 acres per mile, for a railroad from San Jose to Yuma, by way of Gilroy, Tres Pinos, Lemoore, Goshen, Tchachapi, Los Angeles, and Colton. After a careful examination of the route from Tres Pinos to Lemoore, a distance of 1 18 miles, the company decided that it could not be built with advantage to themselves or to the public, and therefore that sec- tion was abandoned, and a connection, far more beneficial to the State, was made from Goshen to Lathrop. The company built 60 miles from Carn.a- dcro to .Solcdad, and intends to continue the road from the latter point, across the main ridge of the Coast Mountains to the vicinity of Sumner, a distance of 162 miles. Congress provided for the con.struction of about 264 miles of railroad between San Jose and Sumner, but instead of that, the miles of road, built by the grantees, between San Jose and Lathrop at one end, and -Sumner at the other, now measure 402 miles; and when the gap between Soledad and Sumner is filled, the total will be 564 miles, or ! II I.ANI) lOR SETTI.liRS. 0?, more thtin twice the distance for which Congress gave a land subsidy. This grant covers a' l.irgc area of excellent land in Stanislaus, I'rtsno, Tul;irc, Kern, Los Angeles, and San Hcrnardino Counties, including districts admi- rably adapted for irrigation by means jf perennial streams, artesian wells, and reservoirs so constructed, as to catch the waters of channels, that arc dry in the summi;r, and including soils well fitted for grain, alfalfa, oranges, grapes, apricots, olives, figs, and lemons. Travelers, who have seen nearly all parts of the habitable globe, that are considereil desirable as places of residence, agree in the opinion, that nowhere did they obser%'c any place superior for subtropical homes, to the countrj' along the line of this road from San Fcmando to San Gorgonio, a distance of loo miles. The land of TlIK SOUTIIKRN I'ACiriC R.MI.RO.VD COMPAXY is sold on the same terms as th.it of the Central Pacific, and further information can be obtained from "jERo.MK Madokn, Land Agent of TiiK Southern P.acific Raii.roau Company, comer of Fourth and Townscnd streets, San Francisco." Per- sons who wish to buy from cither the Central or the Southern Pacific Company, can obtain a land-.sceker's ticket, with a voucher for the cost of the ticket, which voucher will be accepted by the company as part payment for the land selected. Both companies publish instructive pamplilets for free distribution to people .seeking homes in California. Northern Paolflo Lands. — The Northern Pacific Railroad, to be 1,775 miles long on its main line, mostly between the 47th and 48th parallels of latitude, and to connect Lake Superior with Pugct Sound, is one of the greatest industrial entcrpri.ses of our age. It occupies the best transcon- tinental route in the American Territor)' for local traffic. Within 50 miles it has more soil, valuable for tillage, than can be found near either the Central-Union, the Atlantic-Pacific, or the Southeri; Pacific. It will give convenient access to a strip of land lOO miles wide and i,2CO long, not otherwise accessible, thus opening up to settlement an area of 120,000 square miles, that, without its help, would remain unproductive uray 7 per cent, interest, and at least one tenth of the ]irincipal annuallj-. Supposing a iJUfhnse amounting to $400 to he made on Jaiuiary I, 1.SS3, on 10 years contract, t'lc first payment, made on that day, will be $40, and on the first day of c;.' h of the 10 succeeding years tlie respec- tive pa_\-mcnts would be $25.: o, $65.20, $62.40, $59.60, $56.80, $54.00, $5 1.20, $4X40, $45.60, and la?.. \ mak'ng a total of $551.20, including $151.20 of interest. The land ag^m of these coinpanics, 1'. ScilL'L/.i:, in the Railroad Huilding, Portland, has township plats of most of Western Oregon, and a list of farms for sale. He '.^ ill give information about the selection of lands, and will issue half-fare tickets to purchasers of the lands. WasMngton Lands. — The recent throng of settlers to secure land in Washington indicates that the attractions cf the Territory are extcnsivelj- known. Most of the fertile soil suitable for tillage, without clearing off tim- ber or brush, is cast of the Cascade Range, and there the recent construction of railroads has opened up large districts previously too far from a market for profitable cultivation. Colonies. — The vast area of unoccupied land on the Pacific Coast, and the facilities for getting possession of large tracts well .idapted for horticultural tillage, and the advant.agc of c nbining capital, l.ibor, and land, especia!!}- in districts requiring irri^ .non, offer inducements for purchase of e\-tcnsi\-e tr.acts by colonic:, .1 number of which have been established with success in various parts of California, Oregon, and Washington. The first of these in ])oint of time was that of Anaheim, in Los Angeles County. When the wine fever of 1857 broke out, some Germans in San Franci.sco bought a tract of 1 168 acres, 25 miles south-east of the city of Los Angeles, for about $2 an acre, and intrusted it to their countryman, Geokgk H.vxskn, a surveyor, to clear off the cactus, dig a ditch from the Santa y\na river, divide the land into 50-vineyard tracts, with a town in the midst, plant it with vines, and set out cuttings of willow, .sycamore, or cottonwood, for fences. Through two years and a half he managed and cultivated the property economically and successfully, and then delivered it to the companj', which divided the vineyard, and town-lots among the shareholders. Anaheim soon took a jirominent pi.ice in the wine industry of the State, and continues to be one of the notable hortii;uliural towns of California. Riverside, laid off in 1870, in San Bernardino County, on what was then a dr)' and uncultivated plain, 600 feet above the .se.i, has an excellent soil, an abundant supply of water, and a climate that seems peculiarly favorable to the orange and grape. Its population possesses much wealth and rare :■•■! I. 96 INTRODUCTION. •n it!) m I- intelligence. Many of the residents have recently come from eastern cities cither to restore impaired health or to engage in horticulture as a specula- tion; and the intellectual atmosphere resembles that of a literary coterie rather than that of an average agricultural village. The social attractions have added to the \n.'.ue of the land which, without cultivation or improve- ment, is held at $150 and $200 an acre. An offer of $25, cxx) for 10 acres of orange orchard, was rejected in 1880, according to report, because the net profit on the crop of 1880 was $600 per acre. Another notable colony, that of Pasadena, a town 8 miles north- cast of Los Angeles City, laid off in 1874 on a tract of 3,700 acres, has 1,500 acres now in a high state of cultivation, with productive orchards and \ineyards. The land that cost $33, 7 years ago, is now worth $100 an acre. The town of Westminster, in Los Angeles County, was started, in 1 87 1, on the plan of a colony, and nearly all the land in a township of 2,800 acres was .sold in 40-acre tracts. The township has 200 artesian wells and manj- comfortable homes. A colony near Florence, in the same county, has 16 families on a tract of 200 acres. In 1869, W. W. HOLLISTKR, who had made a fortune in sheep, and wanted to fix his home in Santa Barbara, sold 21,000 acres in the I'ajaro Valley, 90 miles .south-cast from San Francisco, for $370,000, to TlIlC S.\N JUSTO Ho.MESTK.VD A.SSOCIATION. The town of IloUistcr was laid off near the middle of the tract, the best surrounding land was divided into 50 homestead tracts, w liich were put up at auction among the shareholders, and the premiums bid for the more desirable places amounted to $80,000. The lands not divided among the members were sold to outsiders at good prices ; and wit'iin 6 years tlie managers of the Association could claini trul\- that their land had trebled in value, partly because of the settlement and improvements made on it. Their enterprise led to the organization of the Count)- of San Henito, and HoUister became its county .seat. The success of the San Justo enterprise was probably one of the main stimulants that led to the organization of TlIlC LoMF'OC CoMl'AXY, which, in 1S76, made a contract with the owners of the Lompoc Rancho, fronting on the Pacific, in latitude 34' 40' (W. \V. Hoi.l.lSTKR held one third, the estate of J. II. 1 lul.l.lSTKR as much, and the DUiULKl'; Brotmkus the re- mainiler, all in undivided interests), to purcha.sc 40,000 acres for $500,000. The .soil is fertile ;md moist, and, at the time of the organization of the company, people were rushing into .Southern California, land was rising rap- idl)' in \aUie, and there was a general feeling that all purchasers of land at prices then common would be profitable. Nevertheless, the Lompoc in- vestment was a disastrous failure. The year after the company took pos- .session was one of drought, and the settlers had no crops. Other bad !;i LAND FOR SETTI.KRS. 97 years came ; they fell into insolvency and surrendered their lands to the orig- inal owners, who divided their interests, and then dealt directly with those holding under the company. The Lompoc tract now has about 1,500 in- habitants. Seven horticultural colonics have established themselves at Fresno, which is the most active center of that kind of settlement now in progress on the coast. They occupy 2 1,600 acres; the Fresno having 8,8co ; the Central, 3,840; the Washington, 7,040 ; the Church. 640 ; the Nevada, 1,920; the Scandinavian 3,840, and the Fasterby, 2,560. The tracts of all these com- panies are supplied with water by THK Frksno C.\n.\i. .\M) Irric.vtion COMl'.VNY from the never-failing Kings River; and the acre, supplied under a perpetual water right, with water sufficient for its irrigation, is offered at prices ranging, usually, from $35 to $50 an acre. The tract.s, in most of the colonics, are less than 50 acres, in .some of them 20, and each is expected to maintain a family in comfort. The terms on which these lands are offered have attracted many settlers of late, and it is said that the pop- ulation increased 50 percent, in 1881. Nearly all the land under cultiva- tion, in these colonics, is planted with vines, fruit-trees, garden vegetables, or alfalfa. Large vineyards have been planted for raisins, which have been produced there, of excellent quantity. Persons desirous of acquiring lands in any of the Fresno colonics, or in the adjacent rich agricultural region, can obtain information by addressing Tlios. K. HuciUKS & Sons, at their main office, 314 Montgomery Street, San Francisco, or at their branch office in Fresno. They are real estate agents of established reputation, and arc themselves proprietors of the Fresno Colony. British Columbian Lands. — The greater part of British Columbia is rug- ged mountain, unfit for tillage. Washington, Oregon, and California have extensive bodies of le\el land, west of the summit of the Sierra Nevada or Ca.scade Range ; British Columbia has not ; the only considerable tract of that character being 40 miles long by 20 wide, in the valley of the lower I'Vaser. Ten miles north of that river, wc reach nii-^untains which have a steep declivity down to the very edge of the water. An examination of the map -hows that the northern part of our coast has presumably sunk ; Van- couver Islaiul and other islands to the northward on the .same line repre- .senti:ig ihe summits of the (.loast Range of mountain.s, which in these regions are half submerged. Vancouver Island has an area of 12,000 .square miles, and according to the Guide to Britisli Colutnbia, a carefully prepared volume, it has only 500 square miles of farming land, or about one in 24. The island abounds with ridges, rising to an elevation of 3,000 feet, and has numerous •3 1 1 98 INTRODUCTION. 'i;i , i'i i 1: 1 1 •■1 'U-, peaks that exceed 5,000 feet. The Queen Charlotte group has some of the most desirable land in tlic province. Not onl)- lias British Culumbia less level land relatively west of the Cas- cades, than the .territorj- south of latitude 49', but the space between that ranj:fe and the Rocky Mountains is also narrower; the distance from sum- mit to suimnit being 15" on the 49th parallel, and only 7^ on the 52. Morco\er, the intervening territory is also hi^thcr and more mountainous; the climate is colder and subject to severe summer frosts, so that it is less desirable ft)r {^'cncral tillage, though good soil is abundant and is well adapted for pasturage, and for the culti\ation of some cereals, lictwecn the Cas- cades .md Rocky Moui.uiin summits, and the 49th ami 54th parallels fwhich latter we assume as the northern limit of cultivation, at least so far as prac- tical interests now demand consideration), there is a region 300 miles from east to west by 350 miles from north to south, with an area of more than 100,000 .square miles. The tillable portion of that area is estimated, in the report of the survey of TllK C.\NAI)IAN I'.WIIK' R.Vll.Ro.Mi for 1877, to be 1,300 .square miles, or about one in 75. A large portion of the land, not suitable for the plow, contains good supplies of bunch grass; and horses and cattle get fat in the summer, and manage to live without other food through the winters, though the)- sometimes suffer severely. The activity of gold mining at Cariboo in the 53d parallel, and the high cost of transportation from the mouth of the Traser, make a market for cereals and vegetables grown in the neighborhoo.l. The chief cro]is are wheat, barley, oats, turnips, and potatoes. The potato vines arc frost-bitten nearly c\cry year, but ex- cept in unusually .severe .seasons they are not entirely killed. Nearly all the land in British Columbia is the property of the govern- ment, or of TiiK Ca\.\I)I.\n P.vcii'ic Railroad Comi'Any, and is offered to settlers on liberal terms. The .system of survc)-s, subdividing the public domain into sections one mile square, with tjuarters of iCo acres each, is similar to that adopted in the United States. There is no homestead law, offering laml to the .settler for the cost of the survey; but there is a preemption right, which entitles the .settler, who has i)er.sonally f)ccupied a piece of the public land for four years, and has made improvements to the value of $2.50 an acre, to purchase 320 acres east of the summit of the Ca.scade Mount- ains, and 160 acres west of that line. Persons who want to use land for pastoral purposes, can obtain leases of large tracts for small annual rents; but the lands thus leased are subject to occupation by .settlers, the rents being reduced proportionately. The railroad company has not yet come into possession of its l.inils, but when it does so, will doubtless sell them at prices at least as low as thfjse demanded by the government. THE LABOR SUPPLi'. 99 CHAPTER v.— THE LABOR SUPPLY. High Wages. — The peculiar condition of the labor market on our coast is a matter of much importance in the present and future. In the consid- eration of this subject, three main points force themselves on our attention, and demand a fair statement of the material facts relating to them. First, is the high rate of wages; second, the large number of boys and girls grow- ing up in idleness, without skill in any useful art; and third, the presence of the Chinaman. These topics will be taken up successively, although they arc intimately associated or interwoven with one another. The high price of labor is the result of many combined causes, includ- ing the expense of reaching our coast from the Atlantic, the high profits of mining in early days, the speculation which still characterizes most branches of business since, the extr.ivagant rates of interest, and the difficulty in gc' ig steady employment in many departments of trade. The wages of mc>. nics arc from lo to 50 per cent, higher in San Francisco than in New \ ork ; from 30 to 150 per cent, higher than in England, and from 100 to 300 per cent, higher than in Germany. Thus we find that the bricklayer receives $3.50, without board, for a week's work in Germany, $8 in England, $13.50 in New York, and $21 in San Francisco, in which city he has the additional advantage of being able to work throughout the year, whereas in the others, the danger of frost deprives him of employment for 3 months in the year. The housemaid receives $5, with board, for a week's work in California, $2.50 in New York, $1.75 in England, and $I in Germany. Agricultural laborers, engaged by the year, receive a monthly wage of $5, without board, in Germany, $6.66 in France, $9 in Ireland, $18 in luigland, $10.38 in South Carolina, $13.55 '" Mississippi, $20.80 in New York, $22.n in Illinois, $32.60 in Utah, $37.40 in Oregon, $40 in Washington, and $40.93 in California. Harvesters receive, with board, 88 cts. a day in South Carolina, 84 cts. in Mississippi, $1.20 in New York, $1.37 in Illinois, $1.55 in LUah, $1.50 in Washington, $1.61 in Oregon, $1.67 in Nevada, and $1.71 in California. The figures for the United States, as mentioned above, are derived from a report of the National Commissioner of Agriculture, giving the wages in March, 1881. Those for Europe are obtained from Tlw State of Labor in Europe, a public document issued by the America!' Govern- ment in 1879, from information gathered in 1878. r JCyj INTRODUCTION. Wages by the Week. — The follo\vin;.T tabic furnislics material for a comparison between the wages of mechanics in San Francisco, New York, and various luiropean cities. The figures for the latter are for 1878, and are copied from [)age 31 on the State of Labor in Europe. Those for San Francisco represent the prices current in 18S1, as ascertained by inquiries among employers and employed ; while those for Melbourne are from re- cent newspapers. Wages in New York have advanced since 1878, so the prices for that city, given in the table, arc not in entire harmony with others \ on sub.scquent pages, intended to represent the situation in 1881. This table gives the wages for a week's work without board : j OctUPATIONS. 3 ? D ? t n 2. r ri 0 o i if Bricklayers $5.00 S!;..io;Si.So Si.So S6.00! 1^0.2:; ;Si 5.?o'. _ . $21.00 18.00 18.00 21.00 18.00 13.80 21.00 24.00 17.25 21.00 20.00 16.25 17.00 15.00 12.00 . Carpenters j Gasfitters $3-75 3.00 5.00 5.00 6.00 4.60 4.80 4.60 4.80 4.80 4.60 1.60 5.40 9.00 i;.40 7. So 10.50 12.00 Si ;.oo Ahisoiis Painters 375 3,00 6.00 7.00 ^.40 4.50 3.00 5.40 4.80 4.80 4.80 6.00 6.00 6.00 6.00 6.00 6.00 4.80 6.00 6.00 6.00 4.80 8.70 8.50 "8.'90 8.00 8.00 10. so 8.75 7.50 1 5.00 14.00 6.50 12.00 15.00 10.00 1 1.00 I 3. CO 15.00 14.00 12.00 7-50 13-50 15.00 1 1.00 10.00 15.00 13-50 Dakers f lilacksmiths .... liookbindens.. . . ]!utcliers 3-50 4.00 2.00 4.00 3-3° Cabinet-makers . 4.20 4.80 3.60 3.60 4.00 6 00 5.00 i.6o Printers. Shoemakers. . . . Tailors Tinsniidis Laborers. . 2.00 3.00 3. CO 2.50 3.60 3.60 4.20 4.80 4.80 4.60 4.80 4.80 •j.oo 1 .\veraij;e $3.15 ^3.25 $4.71 $4.76,$4.77 $5.56 $8.40 $12.07 $13.29 $l8.22 Percentage. . . 100 103 149 151 1 151 176 267 383 422 578 i The average in San I'ranci.sco is to the average in New York, as 151 to 100, j, but the wages in New York have advanced probably 15 per cent., on the average, since 187S, while the wages in portions of Continental Europe were 20 per cent, less in 1878 than in 1873. Wages by the Day.— Under this heading we state the average wages paid b>- the day, without board, to certain classes of laborers in San Franci.sco and New York, in July, 1S81, the prices in the latter city being ascertained from persons in .San Francisco claiming to have trustworthy information. The figures for New York may not be entirely accurate, but they arc given \\ THE LABOR SUPPLY. lOI as the best obtainable. It is well known that there has been a considerable advance in wages, in the Atlantic States, within the last 3 years. The ship- joiners, ship-carpcntcrs, stevedores, riggers, caulkers, coffee-grinders, vinegar- makers, maccaroni-makers, and cracker-bakers, work 9 hours a day; the men employed in iron foundries and brass foundries work 54 hours a week in winter, and 60 in summer; and the other mechanics, operatives, and labor- ers, mentioned in this table, work 10 hours a day in San l-'rancisco. In the rolling-mills, the millmen and rollers receive $5 per ton, and in the woolen mills the weavers, wool-sorters, and spinners arc paid by the piece, but they earn, on the average, the sums mentioned. The average wages by the day, without board, in San Francisco and New York respectively,are: for common laborers, $2 and $ i ; boss carpenters, $4 and $3; carpenters, $3 and $2; woodturners, $3 and $2; bricklaj-ers, $3.50 and $2; hodmen, $2.50 and $2; plasterers, $3 and $2; house-painters, $3.50 and $2; sign-painters, $3.5o'and $2.50; grainers, $3.50 and $3; gilders, $3 and $2.50; gasfitters, $3 and $2.75; ship-joiners, $4 and $2.50; ship-carpenters, $5 and $2.75; ship-caulkers, $5 and $3; stevedores, $5 and $3; riggers, $4 and $2.25; sailmakcrs, $3 and $2; potters, $2.50 and $1.75; quarrymen, $3 and $2; coppersmiths, $3 and $2.50; hardwood coopers, $3.50 and $2.50; soft- wood coopers, $2.50 and $2.25; foundry molders, $3.25 and $2.25; iron foundry blacksmiths, $3.75 and $2.50; iron foundry laborers, $2 and $1 ; pat- tern-makers, $3.25 and $2.25; machinists, $3.25 and $2.25; boiler-makers, $3. 2 5 and $2.37; brass foundry molders, $3.25 and $L75; brass foundry machinists, $3 and $2; brass foundry blacksmiths, $3.50 and $2.25; brass foundry laborers, $2 and $1 ; pumpmakers, $3 and $2.50; jewelers, $3.50 and $3; jewelers' en- gravers, $3 and $2.75 ; diamond-setters, $4 and $3.75 ; cabinet-makers, $3. 50 and $2.50; varnishers, $3 and $2; planing-mill sawyers, $2.50 and $2; planing-mill planers, $3 and $2; planing-mill carpenters, $2.50 and $2; bo.xmakers, in bo.\ factories, $2 and $L75; carriage-painters, $3 and $2; carriage-trimmers, $3,50and $2.50; tanners, $2.50 and $2; curriers, $2.50 and $2 ; teamsters, $2.25 and $1.75; buffers and splitters, $4 and $3; trunkmakcrs (first rate), $3.25 and $2.75; trunkmakers (second rate), $2 and $1.50; rag-carpet weavers (men), $2.50 and $1.50; carpet-beaters, $2.75 and $2.25; saltmakers, $l5o and $i;)-east powder makers, $1 and 75 cents; acid-makers, $2 and $1.50; wool-sorters, $2.75 and $2; wool-pickers, $L75 and $1.25; woolen-mill fixers, $2.37 and $2.12; loom-fi.\ers, $2.75 and $2.12; woolen-mill overseers, $5 and $4; woolen-mill laborers, $l7 5 and $L25; woolen-mill weavers (men and women), $1.62 and $1.37; mattressmakcrs (women), $1.75 and $L5o; top- mattressmakers (men), $2.50 and $2.25; spring-mattressmakcrs, $2.50 and $2.25; mattress-springmakcrs, $L75 and $L5o; block glove cutters, $3 and $2.75; and oakum-pickers (men), $2.50 and $2. In all these occupations, covering most of the branches of mechanical and ■ ^ ■ :^ii' t i: '!■« 102 INTRODUCTION. manufacturing industry, the watjcs arc hii^licr here than in New York ; in most of them at least 20 per cent, liif^iier, and in some instances 50 per cent. In certain occupations, tlic \\at;cs are the same, being $2.50 for tinners; $4 for talile glove cutters.; .'j)2.50 for paper-mill machine tenders; $2 for finish- ers, helpers, and pulp engineers, and 75 cents for boys and girls in paper mills; $2.75 for sadillers antl collarmakers; $3 for galvanizers; and $2 for picklers and ])icklers' helpers in galvanizing shops. The same rates of wages are paid in tlic gl.iss factories of .San Francisco as in those of Pitts- burg, tile glassblowers averaging $125 a montli. In plating siiops the wages arc higher in New York, being in that city and in San I'rancisco respecti\ely $3.50 and $3 for finishers, $3 and $2.50 for platers, anil $3 and $2.50 for burnishers. In the following occupations, the New York figures are lacking, and the rates in San I'rancisco are given alone, thus ; for tubmakcrs, $2 ; basket- makers, $1.50; coffee-grinders, $2.25 ; maccaroni-makers, $2 ; cracker-bakers, $2.25; vinegar-makers, $2; rag-carpet weavers (women), $1.75; bellow.s- m.ikers, $2.25; matchmakers, $2.25; cream of tartar makers, $1.50; ink- makers, $2.50; iron-puddlers, $4; mill-men in roUing-mill.s, $4; rollers, $4; burler.s (girls) in woolen-mill.s, 90 cents; carders (boys), 87 cents; glue- makers, $2; marble-cutters, $3.50; marble-polishers, $3; granite-cutters, $3.50; granitc-jiolishers, $2.50; stone-cutters (laborers), $2.50; brushmakcr.s (men), $2.50; brushm.ikers (boys and girls), $1 ; and oakum-pickers (boys), $1. In the Californian auriferous quart/ mines, the foremen drillers and blasters receive $4; the surfacemen and quartz-feeders, $3.50, and the engineers, $5. In the Ne\ ada silver mines the smelters and engineers receive $5 ; the blast- ers, drillers, firemen, and feeders, ;ji4; anil the surfacemen and laborers, $3.50. In the Californian quicksilver mines the rates are $3 for engineers and blasters, $2.50 for furnacemen, and $2 for firemen and surfacemen. In the Utah silver mines, smelters get $4; blasters ;ind firemen, $3; and surface- men and quartz-feeders, $2.50. In the construction of the Canadian Pacific Railroad, in British Columbia, bridge foremen, first-rate masons, and first-rate hewers, receive $3 a day; bridge carpenters from $2 to $2.50; drillers, from $1.75 to $2 ; choppers from $1.50 to $2, and white laborers from .$1.50 to $1.75. Chinamen, who are not taken into account in any of the preceding state- ments of wages, receive go cents a day as oakum-pickers; $1.25 as bo.x- makers; .$1 ;is gluem.akers; $ 1 as collarmakers ; $1.10 as operators in woolen- mills, and $1 as tiimers. Wages by the Month. — The w.agcs for labor by the month, with boaid, arc general!)- from 1 5 to 40 per cent, higher on this than on the other side of the continent, espcciall}- for what are considered the low(;r departments I'i THE LABOR SUI'l'LV. '03 of toil. The percentage of difference is less in some of those occupations requiring the superintendence of subordinates. Thus, mates for ships en- gaged in long voyages get as much in New York as in San I-"rancisco, and so do stewards on sailing vessels of the same cla.ss; while the usual rate for able-bodied .seamen in San Francisco is $25, and for ordinar)- seamen .$15, against $15 and $12 in Xcw York. For .seamen on steamships that make long voyages, the ordinary wage is $30. On steam coasters .seamen get $33, and on sailing coasters $35 in winter, and $40 in summer. l'"or long vo)-- ages, first mates receive $50 a month; second males and stewards, $35 ; cooks, $30. These are the average wages in San h'rancisco, and in many cases 25 per cent, more or less than the highest or lowest rates. Sailors are on dut}' 84 hours a week. In the codfi.sheries the fishermen make $40 a month on the average; the throaters and headers $25, and the splitters $45. The oystermen receive in California, for foremen $100, for tongers $35, and for boatmen $60 a month, or about 10 per cent, more than on the Atlantic side. They have, moreover, work that is much easier, and free from .severe cold as well as from danger. The clam-diggers of San Francisco Bi\y get $30 a month. Isirm laborers receive $30 in California, or 30 per cent, more than in Illi- nois. First-rate gardeners get $50, and second-rate $25, or 20 per cent, more than on the Atlantic slope. Vaqucros, or herdsmen for neat cattle, get $30; shepherd.s, $20 ; irrigators, $30; sectionmen on irrigating ditches, $25 ; ranch- saddlers, $50, and ranch wheelwrights, $65. The hours of work for farm laborers and .second-class gardeners are 66 a week. In lumbering, the teamsters get $100 a month, and the choppers and sawyers $75, for 78 hours of work in a week. In saw-mills, head sawyers receive $100; mill-sawyers, $50; and laborers, $35, working 72 hours in the week. These wages, in lumbering and in saw-mil l.s, are from 30 to 50 per cent, higher than on the other side of the Rock)- Mountains. In brickyards, molders get $45, off-bearers, $32, and settlers, $47, on an average. We now come to the occupations in which laborers arc employed for a period longer than a day, usually by the month, or by the piece, without board. First-rate milliners get $50, on the average; .second-rate, $30, and third-rate, $20 a month; about 25 per cent, more than in New York. Seamstres.scs, employed in making up regalia, get .$52, or 150 percent, more than in the Fast. Straw-plaiters earn ,$36. In glove factories, machine- .sewers make $40, as against $35 in the Fast, and hand-sewcns, $42, as against $40. Makers and finishers of shirts can earn, in California, $37, and good ironcrs, $55, against $31.50 and $4oin New York. In San Francisco women cmplo)-cd in making comforters receive, for ba.sters and finishers, $41, and for m:\ w '■'■ m ii mv I' v: 104 INTKOnUCTION. sewers, $28. Women in trimmin^f factories obtain $38, and girl helpers in type fouiulric's, $40. The wrii^^cs of first-ratc women hair-dressers are $45, and of second-rate, $30. In these occupations women generally get from 15 to 30 per cent, more here than in the East ; and in no occupation, so far as figm-es are obtainable, do women earn more by physical labor and in- dustrial skill in New York than in San Francisco, save as seamstresses in clothing factories, the average earnings per month there being $44, while here they are only $39. The work is done by the piece in both ])laces, and the Xcu' York seamtresses arc more skillful, many of them having worked for j'ears in making one part of a single class of garments. The women who work for wages at industrial employments in California, do not get more than half so much as men engaged in similar occupation.s, on the average, and arc e.vcluded from most of the dei)artments of labor in which the pay is higl est and the chances for advancement best. In these respects, however, tile same influences prevail on our coast as in other parts of the civilized world, though not jjrecisel}' to the same extent. Turning to the occupations of men employed by the month without board, we find that among those employed by the Central Pacific Railroad, master mechanics get $175; foremen, $135 ; shop mechanics, $85; loco- motive engineers, $115; firemen, $67 ; pas.senger conductors, $1 12 ; freight conductors, $87 ; baggage-masters, $80 ; brakemen and switchmen, $67 ; section foremen, $75 ; track laborers, $46 ; station agents, $0o ; telegraph operators, $So ; porters, $65, and office clerks, $125. The.se rates are a little higher than tho.se paid by most other railroad companies on our slope, and in man)- cases from 25 to 50 per cent, higher than on roads east of the Rock)- Mountains. The only list of wages there, within reach, at present, is that of Till", XoRTii-wicsTERN Railway Company, of Wisconsin, which pays $101 to its locomotive engineers; $53 to its firemen; $68 to its passenger conductors ; $43 to its brakemen and switchmen ; $45 to its section foremen ; $^7 to its track laborers ; $55 to its station agents, and $45 to its office clerks. Compositors on newspaper work average $70 a month, on book work $55, and on job work $fjo; the newspaper pressmen $80, and the job pressmen $48 ; the prices being the same in San Francisco as in New York for set- ting type on book or job work ; but in the other branches of printing the prices here arc from 12 to 20 per cent, higher. Jn t)-pc foundrie.s, stereo- typers get $90, a. id casters $60 on the average. Ikishehncn and coatmakers, working for custom tailors, earn $78 ; pan- taloon-makers, $69.50, and vestmakers $52. h'oremen and cutters in clothing factories receive $150, and men in trim- ming factories $65. ill Till-; 1,.\I!(J1< MI'I'LV. lo; I i In photographic establishments the wages of first-rate pliolographers are $l6o; of second-rate. $70; o{ first-rate retouchers $75, of ■econj-rate $40; of printers, $45; of mounters, $40; and of clerks, $75. In lithographing, draftsmen receive $100, jiressmen $75, and helpers $4iS. The ordinary pay of copper engravers is ;jiioo. Watchmakers get $175, twice as much as in New \'ork; telegraph oper- ators, $75, 25 ])er cent, more than there; distillers and brewers, $60; rope- makers, $40; umbrella-makers, $48; butchers, $80. In varnish factories, the pay is $58 for varnish-makers, and $40 for laborers; in paint factories, ])aintmakers get $70, and boys $25; in soap factories the wages are $58 for soapmakers, and $.^0 for laborers. The foremen in pow- der mills get $1 20, the powder-makers $62, and laborers $36; in fire-work factories the pay is $67 for pjTotechnists, ;md .$40 for laborers. White broom- makers receive $50, and Chinese $35. Chinese brickmakers get $32. Laborers' Associations. —Several cooperative societies of mechanics will be mentioned in the chapters on various branches of manufacture, but such associations are very rare on our coast; and the most successful are rather partnerships than societies. Cooperative mercantile associations are also rare, except in Utah, where the Mormons have .succeeded with them beyond all example elsewhere. Trade unions or combinations, formed for the pur- pose of keeping up wages, arc especially numerous in San Francisco, and have generally been successful in accomplishing their purposes. There are 48 riggers in San Franci.sco, all members of The Riggkrs' Pro- TECTfVK Union, which is maintained for the exclusive purpose of regulating tlie rate of wages, now fi.xcd at $4 for a day's work of 9 hours. They have work for 6 months in the >x"ar, on an average. The only purpose of TiiE San Fr.\ncisco C.vulkers' Association is to fix the rate of wages, now $5 for a day of 9 hours, and it has 185 members. They report that they have occupation for about half the year, on an average. TiiK Riggkrs' and Sti;veuorf.s' Union Association has 180 mem- bers, and collects a monthly contribution of i'alf a dollar from each. It gives $10 a week toeveiy sick member, but does not support or assist unemployed members. It paid out $5,000 to its sick in 1880, and has $20,000 in its treasur)'. The pay is $5 for a day of 9 hours. When this association can not Buppl)all the stevedores needed for discharging or loading a vessel, ex- tra men arc hired elsewhere, not by the master or owner of the vessel, but b\' the foremen of the stevedores. Ships loading at Oakland, Vallejo, Port Cosla, or Henicia, get their stevedores from the association. The members claim that every stevedore mu.st be a skillful rigger, but the greater part of the work— taking cargo out of the vessel or putting it in — has nothing to 14 \:-f:t io5 INTRODUCTION. do with the rigging. Portland has a stevedores' union, to regulate wages, which arc fi.\ccl at $4 a day. In New York City the rate is $3. The hiniber stevedores, or men engaged in handhng himbcr on the water front, liave a society called TllK LuMBER.M.w's I'ROTIXTIVE Umox, with 1 14 members. It contributes to the support of its sick associates, and spent $1,864 for such purposes in 1880. The rate of wages is $4 a day. The sec- retary, C. Weizcl, thinks there are 3(X) lumber stevedores in San Francisco, 900 in California, and 2,800 on the Pacific Coast. Thic Journey.men Ship and STE.\MBo.vr Joiner.s' Proticctivk As.so- CIATION' of San Francisco was organized in February, 1881, for the purpose of fi.\ing the rate of wages, and has 60 membcr.s. It has no provision for nuitual aid in case of sickness. The rate of wages is $4 per day of 9 hours, on new work, and $4.50 per day on repairs. A boss is not permitted to have more than one apprentice, who must work for at least 4 j-ears. It is estimated that there arc 70 shipjoincrs in San Francisco, 45 in Portland, 20 at Humboldt Ha>-, 20 in Stockton, and 15 in Coos Bay. The Journeymen Shii'wrigiits' A.ssoci.vnoN f San Franci.sco, formed to regulate wages, demands $4 a day of 9 hours on new work, and $5 on old work. It has 260 members, and no rules in reference to apprentices. There arc 100 shipwrights on Pugct Sound, 50 in Portland, 50 at Humboldt Bay, 40 at V'allejo, 30 at Coos Bay, 1 5 at Stockton, and 20 at various other places on the coast, according to the best estimates. The TYroGRAPiiiCAL Union does not promise pecuniary aid to relieve the sick or destitute, but in 1880 the branch in San Francisco gave $300 to sick members. Its main purpose is to regulate the rate of wages, which are now fixed at 50 cents for 1,000 cms on daily papers, and 40 cents on weekly pa- pers and books. The number of men in the union is 209 in San Francisco, 300 in California, and 375 on the coast. There are 1,400 compositors on the coast, including i,ooo in California, 400 in San Francisco, 50 in Sacramento, 30 each in Oakland and Los Angeles, 25 in Stockton, and 20 in San Jose. The Loco.motive Fn(;ineers have chapters in Stockton, Sacramento, and San Francisco, with 1 20 members in all. Tiie Barbers of San P'rancisco have a protective union with 1 19 mem- bers. In 1880 they ])aid out $626 to relieve their sick. Since July, 1880, the demand for journeymen barbers has exceeded the supply. The wages arc from $9 to $20 a week in San I'rancisco, from $12 to ^20 in other parts of California, $20 in Nevada, $15 to $20 in Utah, $25 to $30 in Arizona, and $1 2 to $2 1 in Oregon. San Francisco has 267 shops, with an average of 3 men to each; the remainder of the state has 506 shops, ,-ivcraging 2 men cich; Nevada has 68 shops, averaging 4 men each; Washington, 18 shops, with 80 men in all; Arizona, 18 shops, with 90 men; Idaho, 4 shops, with 21 men. Tim LABOR SUPPLY. 107 The total number of barbers on the coast, including stragglers, may be 2,000. Sick benefits arc $8 a week, and whenever a death occurs, $1 is levied on each member to meet the expense of the funeral. Toiil.xs UocK, president, who gives the information, states that the ordinary system of training appren- tices, is to take them for 6 months without pay, and after the expiration of that period, $3, $5, or $7 a week, according to the progress made. It usually requires a year and a half to learn the business well. The Hatfinishers of San Francisco number 20, and all belong to a protec- tive association, which has no provisions for mutual aid. All their work is paid by the piece. The Stonecutters of San Francisco have a protective union with 120 mem- bers; the object of this organization is to regulate w.iges, and there is no provision for mutual aid, though a special fund is raised, when needed for the relief of the sick, or the burial of the dead. In case of an authorized strike the sum of $5 a week is allowed. Apprentices must be 18 years old, and guaranteed to work for 3 years, but not more than one can be taken for ten journeymen. The Cigarmakers of San Francisco have a society with 500 members, to protect white labor against the encroachment of Chinese. The Woodmolders — the men who manage the machines to make wooden moldings in the planing-mills — have a union, with 35 men in San Francisco, for the purpose of regulating the wages, and aiding members to get cmploj'- mcnt. There are 60 woodmolders in '»^n Francisco, 225 in California, and 300 on the coast. The Gardeners' and Ranchers' Association of San Francisco has 78 members, who cultivate kitchen vegetables for the San Francisco market, and employ from 3,000 to 4,000 men, mostly Genoese, in San Francisco and San Mateo Counties. The pay is from $25 to $30 a month. The number of men who devote themselves exclusively to the business of market garden- ing on this coast, is estimated to be 6,000. The Fishermen's Protective and Benevolent Associatuon of San Francisco has 80 members, and allows $10 a week to its sick, who, in 1880, received $900. The Carpenters, the Cabinetmakers, the Woodturners, and the Bakers of San Francisco had protective unions in former days, but they arc now dis- solved. The Draymen and Teamsters' Union of San Francisco has 150 members, and is designed mainly to render mutual aid in case of sickness. The owners of job wagons in San Francisco have The Expressmen's Protective Union, which helps its sick, and buries its indigent dead. . '■<-:■; io8 INTRODUCTION. ::jf: ■m Wages and Comfort.— In his introduction to T/w State of Labor in Eu- rope. \Vll.l.lA.\l .M. i:\ ARTS, when United States Secretary of State, th.is expressed some of his conclusions, th'.iwn from the reports whicli make up the body of tlie work, antl they are not inappropriate here : " Tlie rates of wajjes in tlie United States, roii<;hly eslimatctl, are more than twice those in Uel^jium, 3 times those in Denmark, l'"rance, and Ger- man)-; once and a half those in Mngland and .Scotland, and more than 3 times those in Italy and .Spain. The prices of the necessaries of life are lower in the United States than in any of the foregoin;^ countries. * » » That more miser)- is causctl b)' strong; ilrink in man)- countries in I'.uropc than b)- dull times, and that more misery is caused by strikes than even by strong drink. » » • That .some of the happiest working' people in Eu- rope ma)- be said to be thosse whose wages are least, while some of the un- happiest may be cla. sed among those whose wages are the highest." The .statement by tl.c American consul in Bristol that, as "compared with Europe, the United States is a paradise io: a sober and faithful working- man," ma)- be truthfull)- and appropriately supplemented with the remark that, as compared with the Atlantic States, the Pacific Coast is a paradt.se for workingmcn of superior skill, character, and capjicity. -\s the necessaries of life are cheaper in New York than in l^ondon, so the)' are cheaper in .San Franci.sco than in New York. The remark, that more miser)- is caused by strong drink than b)- dull times, and inore by strikes than by strong drink, finils excin])lifications in California as fre- quently as in Europe. Insteail, however, of the wor5 IP m ■: *■ 114 TNTROnUCTION. of the best st.inclards, by which to measure our national prospcrit)-. If wages in America should fall to a level with those of I'2uroi)e, the large migration from that continent to ours would cease; and the flow of popula- tion from the Atlantic Slope to our coast will become relatively insignificant, when wages reach the same rate here as there. Another benefit of dear labor deserving to be mentioned here is, that it makes a demand for im- proved machinery, which, by requiring the superintendence of competent and trustworthj- men, reacts in such a manner as to increase the wages. While a high rate of wages has its advantages, it also has its drawbacks. It prevents the establishment of many branches of emph.iyment, requiring much skill and costly machinery, deprives capital of opportunities to erect profitable factories, obstructs the development of a home market, checks the increase in the valae of land, restricts production t(j raw material, impels the farmer to impoverish his soil, subjects him to heavy freights and commis- sions for the c.\portition of some of his coarse products, and for the impor- tation of the same mai'erial after it has received treble value from foreign skill, and excludes the laborers from the chances of acquiring the highest training in the most difficult and most profitable branches of the mechanical arts. Such have been evidentlj' and undoubtedl)' some of the pernicious results of excessively high wages in California, during the last 30 y(;ars. The fact that the wages of labor generally are at least 30 per cent, higher in California than in New York, and 100 per cent, higher than in Continental luu'ope, would be very satisfactory if there were regular employment for all the poor, if a large majority of them were saving something every year from their earnings for their old age, and if they were reasonably contented with their condition in life. Unfortunately, however, in no American .State have so large a proportion of the men who wanted employment from 1865 to 1880 been unable to obtain it; and in no State have the agricultural laborers, as a class, been more thriftless, migratory, dissii)ated, or discon- tented. They demand more wages than the farmer can afford to pay by the year, ami after working through seedtime and harvest, they go off to the towns, scjuander their money in idleness, and often turn out as tramps, living for months by charity and plunder. The number of these men has at times been .so large, that the)' became the terror of the country peojile in certain districts. I'ears have been expressed that the genial climate of California might become a cur.se, by attracting the vagrants and ruffians from the eastern side of the continent in such hosts that lliey woukl take possession of the valleys, and lea\e descendants as idle, ignorant, antl demoralized as any lot of brigands in the Abru/.zi. These fears are not likely to be real- izeil, and indeed, in 1881 California was remarkabl)- free from tramps, on account of the ra|)i(l development of Arizona, Washington, and Oregon, THE LAliOR SUPPLY. ns which have drawn away the adventurous, and left no excuse for the rcmain- inj.y unemployed, who are everywhere confronted by the demand for labor. It is to be expected, however, that the conditions that prevailed from 1865 to 1880, will be restored within a few years, unless the laboring class come down to that fundamental principle of industrial prosperity and sound morals, that it is the duty of the poor to support themselves by their labor. They may object, that the wages obtainable arc not sufficient for their sup- port, in the style in which they have a right to live; but there never has been any good reason for this objection in California. It may be that the laborer can not live so comfortably now, as he could a few years ago; but his disap- pointment does not justify him in becoming a burden on his friends or on society. There is neither honor, .self-respect, nor enduring pleasure for the poor man without steady toil. The amount that he earns is less important to the rational enjoyment of life than the spirit in which he earns it, and the prudence with which he spends it. The French male laborers earn only 60 cents a day on an average, and they probably enjoy themselves more, and perhaps a larger portion save something at the end of the year, than do the Californian laborers, earning more than twice as much. World-^wide Competition. — The poor, blinded by ignorance and preju- dice, may imagine that employers have combined to reduce wages to the lowest limit at which tho workmen can live; but, if they were well in- formed, the)- would understand that capitalists, instead of working together, are really struggling each against all the others. The business of a factory is a competition with all similar establishments in the country. The prices of the products and of the labor can not be controlled by any man, or small clique of men. It is the interest of every employer to get the best work- men, and to attract them by paying all he can afford. He does not care how much his workmen make, provided that he derives the largest pos- sible profit and satisfaction from his capital. In England, men with money are constantly searching for chances to establish factories that will pay 5 per cent, annual interest on the investment ; and in New luigland, 6 percent.; and $10,000,000 could be obtained immediately in California for factories that would pay 7 per cent, as a secure and permanent investment. The prices of labor arc influenced not so much by the greed of the emplo)-- cr.s, in any little district, as by the competition of the laboring classes throughout the civilized world. Political agitators assert that labor has been degraded in California by low wages, buc since toil is necessary for individual happiness, as well as for national prosperity, it must in its very nature be honorable. Like wisdom and honesty, it is not susceptible of degradation. The men who i' !i ; ■ - ' ii6 INTKUDUCTIUX. ought to devote themselves to it, however, may be, aiitl often are demoral- ized and degraded, especially when the\' seek excuses for idleness and mcndicancv; when thc>- demand hi;.;her wages than employers can afford to give; when they spcntl more than they earn, and when they train up their children without skill in any useful art, and with the foolish notion that it is better to idle, beg, or steal than to work for the highest wages offered in the market. M^ Imported IkTeohanlcs. — A serious drawback to the industrj- of California is the scarcity of good mechanics among the )oung men bom in the State, or brought hither in their childhood. They have been trained under perni- cious inlluences, and allowed to grow to manhood without thorough instruc- tion in any industrial art, or the habit (jf stead)- application to labor. Most of the skilled mechanics had no sons whom they wished to succeed them in their respecti\e occupations, and disliking to teach prospecti\e rivals, to whom thej- were not attached by anj- famil\- relationship, threw every obstacle in the way of bojs seeking to learn trades. I'.ircnts would not subject their boys to strict discipline, but encouraged them to expect situa- tions where they could live without hard work. Employers did not want apprentices, most of whom would run away after a few months; and whose education cost more than their work was worth. To train an apprentice in California costs more than to import a good journeyman. San Trancisco boys bound under articles of apprenticeshij) are nire; those who became first-rate mechanics b_\- serving out their time, still rarer. The boys, generall}', have not been educated sufficientl)' to get places as bookkeepers or clerks, and besides, there were not places for them. When a \acanc)- occurred, and the employer had to choose i)etween an ICastern boy and a Californian boy, he usuall}' preferred the former, becau.se he had presumabi)- been bred more strictly, and educated better in business. Left to grow up without occupatitjn, and without proper supervision at home, mail}' of the San I'"rancisco bo\s have maile a habit of associating in gangs of "hoodlums," a locil name for a peculiar class of young ruffians. They have an unenviable rejiutation for unwillingness to work ste.ulil), or to treat employers fairlx' in any respect. Man)' .ittempts have been made to (jbtain emplci)-ment for parlies of hoodlums in picking hups, berries, tree-fruifs, or giapcs, and in nther light work in the ccjuntr)-; but the general result was that the farmers, finding them iiUoler.ible on account of their dcprcdation.s ami dissipation, sonn ordered them off to make room for Chinamen. In August, iSiSi, about 40 bo)s were turned out of a San I'rancisco factory at one time beciuse, as the manager said, the)- '.\duld not work faithfully un- less there was a foreman to watch each uf them. riiK i.Aiiou sri'i'i.v. 1 17 TIk- risi:v4 gcncrati)ii o;i this coast has a stroiiLf antipath\- to liard work, aiKl especially to work that is poorly paid. Young persons, working at a trade e.xpccc to earn good wages almost from the start, and therefore meet with disappointment. In other parts of the workl, manufactmcrs depend karge!)- on the assistance of boys and girls, in the cheaper branches of ialjor. On the Pacific Coast, tlie services of white boys and girls were not to be had, for this purpose, in former days, and Chinese labor was obtained as the only substitute. In the l-'astorn States and in ICurope, a[)prentices often work for years, when learning a trade, without any remuneration, and in some cases, their [)arents even ])ay a premium io obtain that [)rivilege for their children. In San I'ranci.sco, young men can not be made to under- .stand that the knowledge acquired in learning a trade i.s, of itself, a most valuable acquisition. The)- get the idea that all avenues of empiojment, in fit keeping with their dignity, are closed to them. Hence, too often, they drift into idle or dissolute habits, and end by becoming a burden to their friends, (jr perhaps to the community. In Eastern and luiropean wcjolen- mills, boys are largely employed on clas.ses of work, which, in similar fac- tories on the Pacific Coast, arc done by girls or by Chinamen. There arc not 100 boys emploj'cd in this industry on the entire coast, and for each one .so employed, there arc, probably, 5 girls, and more than that number of Chinamen. After a brief apprenticeship, the young San I'ranciscan of 16 or 17 can earn, at this occupation, 90 cents to $1 a day; a higher rate than is paid in Mngland to skilled male operatives. If he would apply himself steadily to work, he might be certain of earning, after 2 or 3 j-cars, froin $2 to $2.50 a day. Hut he becomes impatient, and either gives up his task, or, as .soori as he has learned the first process, demands men's wages, and when refused, leaves in disgust. Hundreds of boys can be had in San Francisco at a moment's notice to ride after cattle, or to drive a wagon, especially a grocer's wagon; but they will not submit to the steady work of ,1 factor)'. Competition vrith the fiast. — An examination of the details of pro- ducti\e industries on our coast will show that Chinamen are not employed, as a general rule, unless their cheaper labor be intlispensable to the mainte- nance of a profitable business. The tailor, the boot-maker, .and the regalia- maker, who have .shops for making goods to order, emplo)' none save white laborers. The same remark will appi)- to the saw-inills, planing-mills, sash factories, bo.\ factories, foundries, machine-shops, gold and siUer cpiartz mills, and printing and publishing houses. These establishments ha\c little competition with the P^ast, and can thrive while i)a)ing high rates of wages to white mechanics and operatives. It is not until we come to those factories which must compete with the products of the Atlantic States and ffe4 ii8 IMKOnrCTION. I ^ii of Europe, and often compete under disadvantages wliich leave a veiy narrow martjin of profit, that Chinamen find employment in large numbers. /\ccording to the national census, San Francisco had 22,000 Chinamen in 18S0. Of these, it is estimated that 5,000 were housc-scr\ants, 3,000 laundrymen, and perhaps 1,000 merchants, invalids, and iiUers, leaving 13,000 as the number of mechanics and factory operatives. The number of Chinamen in California was 34,933 in 1860; 49,277 in 1870; and 75,122 in 1880; while the entire population was 379,994, 560,247, and 864,686 at the same periods respectivel)-. The increase of the Chinese was 1 1 5 per cent., and that of the entire population 127 per cent, in 20 years. Factories as Schools. — But wc must not overlook the important point, that the factories, which could never have bctn started ire California without the Chinamen, have .served as schools for the industrial education of hun- dreds of boys and girls. Take the woolen-mills for instance. In 1870 they employed only 31 women, and in 1880, more than goo. In 1865, 80 per cent, of the woolen-mill operatives in San Francisco were Chinamen, and in 1880 onl)- 17 per cent. In the interval, probably 2,000 women had become skillful operatives in these mills, and they have gradually crowded out the Asiatics. It is to be hoped and presumed that similar results will occur in the future in other branches of manufacture. White Labor Gaining. — .'\ pleasing feature in the reports received from the different factories is the success attending the gradual substitution of white for Chinese labor. At TllK PloSEF.R AM) Mis.siON WoOLKN Mills in San Francisco there are about 750 employes, of whom 200 arc China- men, receiving 90 cents to $1 a day; 250 women and girls make 50 cents to $1.60, averaging .$1.25 a da_\-; 50 boj-s make 50 cents and upwards a day; and 250 white men, $1.75 to $3. At TiiE G(JLr)E\. G.VTE WooLKN Mills, there are about 200 operatives, and no Chinamen were employed until recently, when the misconduct of a portion of the white bo)-s and girls made it necessary to discharge them, and a gang of 40 Chinamen was substituted. Tin: C.M.II'OUNIA Hosiery Company's mills in Oakland employ white labor cxclusivel)', and have 240 operatives on the pay-roll, of whom o\er 150 are women and girls, and about 50 are boys. In the )-ear 1865, out of 220 hands employed at the Pioneer Mills (then not associated with the Mission), 180 were Chinamen. The emploj-es at the Mission Mills were nearly all Chinamen. In the jcar 1881, about 3,000 Chinamen were em- ployed at .San l"r;'.ncisco during a portion of the )-ear in making up into men's re;id)'-iTia(le cloth suits and underwear the tweeds, cassimere.s, doe- skins, ami tlannels manufactured in Californian and Oregon woolen-mills, TIIK LADdR Sl'IM'LV. 119 and in makincj overalls and other j^oods of Eastern duck and dcniin. Tiicsc branches" arc grouped together because manufacturers let out con- tracts, or employ their own Chinamen, under the supervision of a white foreman, in makinij up all these classes of yoods. On such work there arc probably 500 to 600 women employed, workini^ usually at their own homes. When employed on cloth suits, skilled seamstresses can make $8 to $10 a week, and Chinamen about the same waj^^es. On flannel under-clothing, skilled workwomen can make $6 to $8 a week, while Chinamen do not aver- age more than $6. Unskilled or half-skilled operatives of cither class can not make, at such work, more than $3 to $5 a week. In Eastern clothing factories expert women make $10 to $12 a week, and assistants, $6 to $8. Duck and denim goods arc entirely made up by Chinamen, and the mate- rial is all imported, except that many of them arc lined with California- made blanket lining. The entire value of ready-made cloth suits, Hanncl underwear, duck and denim goods manufactured in San Francisco for the year 1880, was about $3,650,000. The quantity of these manufactured in 1870 amounted in value to a little under $1,000,000. The prospects in the business of manufacturing clothing are thus ex- pressed by Mr. GREEN'i:n.\U.M, the proprietor of a factory in which girls arc largely employed: "The outlook for the future is good. All that we need is white labor, good and experienced hand.s, which arc not in San FrancLsco at present, and will not be, until mothers and daughters lay aside their pride, and are willing to work, and not ashamed to be called factory hands." In e.stabii.shmcnts engaged in the manufacture of fringe, gimp, braid, regalia, etc., no Chinaman is to be .seen, but there are numbers of contented and healthy-looking women and girls, wlio commence as apprentices at $3 or $4 a week, and after learning their trade can earn $8 to $12, and sometimes even $20 a week. These establishmcnt.s, however, can employ but a small number of persons. The chief branches of manufacture that could afford employment to women who have to depend on sewing for a livelihood, are those of clothing, under-clothing, and shirtmaking. At least four fifths of all this work is, at present, in the hands of Chinamen, who receive every year in wages about $1,250,000. Opposition to Chinese. — While it does not come within the .scope of this work to engage in the discussion of political questions, it is necessary, for the completeness of information, to mention the dislike to Chinamen, by tho white men of the laboring class, and the general opposition to any large increase of the Chinese population. Rich and poor arc agreed, that immi- grants from the Atlantic States and I'Airope are more desirable than those from China, and that the permanent establishment among us of a large I20 INTUnnri TION. 'U tuiinbcr (if Asiatics, cruulciimed liy (liffcrcnccs of color, topguc, habits, and religion, to ixTiiain an inferior caste to a remote future, would be a ijrcat misfortune for Califcjrnia. At a State election held in iiS7y, 154,6^' b.'dlot.s were cast a^jainst i)ermittin_L; further immigration from China, and only S.S3 ill favor of it. The National Government has secured rui amendment of the Hurlingame Treat)', so that Congress ma)' re-ti ic the immigration from China without violating the rules of international law, and the passage of a bill for that purpose, within a brief ])eriod, is expected. W'e may therefore sa>- with confidence, that in the future history of the Pacific Coast there W'll be no large hereditary caste of Asiatic blooil, no serious increase of Cliinesc po|)ulation, and no greater com])ctition of Mongolian with white labor than there has been in the past. If, however, we wish to get a correct idea of the [)resent condition of industry on this coast, we must be careful to look at both sides of the question of Asiatic labor. Some of the Anti-Chine.se agitators have used language, which would lead people at a distance to infer that the general conilition of poor white men in California is pitiable, because the bread is taken from their mouths b)' the Chinese; that there is little chance here for a poor man to support a famils" respectably; that it is cruel to irnitc immigrants to come to California and engage in a competition with the )-ellow pagan that must end in miser)' and starvation; that greed)' capitalists and slavi.sh Asiatics have taken exclusive po.s.scssion of most branches of pro- ductive industr)'; and that the evil is so great, that the iinmcdiate expulsion of the pagans, even if accomplished by bloodshed and anarch)', would be a blessing to the countr)'. These ideas, in their main features, are wrong. I\Iuch ma)' be said truth- full)' against the Chinese, and all that is true, together with much more that is untrue, has been said and widel)' circulated by politicians; but there is another side, which has recci\ed far less attention, anil shoukl not be over- looked b)' those who wish to understand the industrial interests involvctl. There is, to-da)', no better place for the white immigrant on the entire globe than he can find on this coast; no place where labor is so well i)aid or more honored; no place where the industriou.s laborers, as a class, live with so uuich coiufort; no place where the pom man can settle with more reasonable confidence in the present and the future, There is no large class of industrious ])of)r men without hripe of becoming the owners of land; man)' of the unskilled laborers, who work for others by the da)-, own their lots and houses. In the rural districts there is little difficult)' in acciuiringa home. Man)' i)ennilcss this )ear will have a small ])iece of land the next, and before the end of the centur)-, will ha\e huge tracts and emjjloy scores of 1,1 borers. m DIVISION II.-COMMERCE, ETC. CHAPTER VI.—BANKING. Extent of Business. — The banking business of the Pacific coa .t north of Mexico is extremely active, as might be inferred from the abundant produc- tion of precious metals, the large values of the annual imports and exports, the busy inland traffic, the high wages of labor and rates of interest, and the multitude of houses, fences, railroads, wagon roads, irrigation ditches, tele- graph and telephone lines, and other similar improvements in the course of rapid construction. Banking is the aid of commerce and industry, and shares their prosperity ; and as they have never reached a higher develop- ment in proportion to population than they ha\c had on this coast as a whole for the last 30 years, so it may truly be said that never has banking any- where else been more profitable to the persons engaged in it, nor, when con- ducted in accordance with sound business rules, has it been of greater benefit to a community. According to statistics published in national reports, the State banks, pri- vate banks, and banking trust companies, on May 31, 1880, numbered in, and had $2i,535,oooof cai)ital, and $82,426,000 of deposits in California; in Oregon they numbered 15, and had $1,245,000 of capital, and $1,033,000 of deposits; in Nevada they numbered 13, and had $364,000 of capital, and $834,000 of deposits ; in Utah there were 11, with $206,000 of capital, and $1,233,000 of deposits ; in Washington they numbered 4, with $257,000 of capital, and $525,000 of deposits ; in Arizona they numbered 5, with $H2,- 000 of capital, and $243,000 of deposits ; and in Idaho they numbered 2, with $5,000 of capital, and $lS,ooo of deposits. The totals are 161 banks, with $23,724,000 of capital, and $86,312,000 of deposits. The national banks on the coast on November i, 1880, numbered 13, with $2,000,000 of aggregate capital, and $1,403,000 of aggregate circulation. No other banks on the coast have bank notes in circulation. Callfornian Banks. — California has now 74 banking companies incor- porated under her own laws, not authorized to issue paper money, nor subject to the national banking law. San Francisco has 9 savings and 5 com- 16 122 COMMERCE, ETC. ,*tTTT^ ...i ' . H mcrcial banks, and the remainder of the State lias 1 1 savings and 49 commercial banks. On July i, 1881, these 74 banks had in the aggregate $24,000,000 of capital paid up, $1 1,000,000 of surplus and reserve fund, $82,700,000 belonging to depositors, $14,874,000 in United States bonds, and $ 1 1 ,000,000 of cash on hand in round numbers. In addition to these institutions there arc 4 foreign banks which have branches in San Franci.sco, a number of individuals or firms doing a banking business, and 8 national banks. The savings banks of San Francisco pay in 1881 about 5 per cent, annual dividend to their depositors, and the commercial banks 7 or 8 per cent, to their stockholders. In July, 1881, the savings banks of the State had $49,954,000, the com- mercial banks had $32,819,000, and the national banks at the date of the latest accessible report had $3,400,000 on deposit, making the total depos- its in the American incorporated banks doing business in California $86, 1 73,000. The banking rates for the year ending November, i, 1880, as stated in the report of the controller of the currency, were 8 per cent, in San Francisco, and 10^ in other parts of California, as compared with 12 in Denver, 10 in Omaha, 9 in Minnesota, 7 in Milwaukee, Cleveland, and Washington, 6j4 in Cincinnati and Louisville, 6 in St. Louis, 5^2 in Chicago, 5 in New Or- leans, Boston, and Baltimore, and 4j4 in New York and Philadelphia. For 6 months, ending September i, 1880, the net earnings of the national banks, in their relation to capital and surplus, were 4)4 percent, in California, 19^3 per cent, in Oregon, Oy^ per cert, in Utah, 12 per cent, in Idaho, and 8.;4. per cent, in Washington. The clearances of the San Franc'sC' Clearing-house average about $45,000,000 a month. They amount.;! '.o $262,000,000 on the first half of 1881; $486,000,000 in 1880; and .'f)" 15,000,000 (the largest figure in its his- tor>') in 1878. The establishment has been in existence 5 years, and is the only one of the kind on the Pacific coast. The incorporated State banks of California owned $7,240,000 of national bonds on July i, 1 880, and $14,874,000 on July i, 188 1, having invested $7,650,000 within a year in securities that pay only about 3 '/j per cent, annu- tally, at a time when the commercial banks charge 8 per cent, in the city, and 10 or 12 in the country. In November, 1880, the residents of the State held $10,682,000 of registered national bonds, making a total of $25,556,000, without counting the coupon bonds owned by individuals, cjf which it is esti- mated that there are more than $5,000,000, making a grand total of $30,000,000 of Californian capital, which .sees no opportunity at present of getting more than $}i per cent, annual interest with good security. The owners, of course, distrust land, factories, mines, and, probably most of all, BANKING. 123 the new constitution. Before the adoption of that instrument, national bonds were held by very few persons relatively on the Pacific coast. Measure of Prosperity. — The financial life of a rapidly growinjj Ameri- can State consists of a succession of good and bad times, in regular al- ternation, hut of irregular continuance, the former being marked by con- fidence, credit, prosperity, speculation, exaltatio;i, and quickly won fortunes; and the latter by distrust, collections, depressions, panic, and bankruptcies. It is important to the banker and merchant, as well as to the statesman, to have some standard by which to measure appro.ximately the condition of business, so that he can ascertain when a flush period i.s about to culminate, and when improvement is about to commence after a crash has passed its climax. Such standards aie supplied in somecountries by the statistics of the clearing-houses and custom-houses, the rates of exchange and the drifts of money and migration; but on account of peculiar circumstances in Califor- nia, these things are not safe guides here and we must look for something else. Perhaps the best standard for California, or at least for San Francisco, is to be found in the statistics of the mortgages and releases in the city. These indicate the amount of credit on the security of real estate. When- ever business has been active, the demand for money at the savings banks exceeded the supply, and the sums taken from them under loans were greater than those returned. Thus in 1868, when speculation ran high in anticipation of the benefits to be conferred by the completion of the first Pacific railroad, the mortgages amounted to $1 1,500,000 and the releases to $5,400,000. When the Gold Hill bonanza of 1870-72 had poured its wealth into San Francisco for two years, and the Consolidated Virginia bonanza had given a promise of its greatness, the mortgages amounted in 1873 to $17,200,000 and the releases to $6,100,000. On the other hand, when the hard times began after the outbreak of the communistic agitation in 1877, and the miserable incapacity of the municipal government to restore order became apparent, the people began to pay their debts and the releases to exceed the mortgages. That excess has been observed in every 12 months ending on June 30, for the 3 years ending June 30, 1 88 1. The mortgages were $15,600,000 in 1878, $9,600,000 in 1879, $7,200,000 in 1880, and $4,000,000 in the first half of 1881; the releases in the same periods were $15,000,000, $10,300,000, $10,800,000, and $5,000,000 respectively, making a total of $31,- 400,000 of mortgages and $41,100,000 of releases in 4 years and a half So long as the releases exceed the mortgages, so long it will be certain that San Francisco is not keeping up the past ratio of growth, and that there is no remarkable activity in the erection of buildings, and the construction of the street improvements, which have contributed largely to the demand for loans secured by mortgages on city real estate. Amount of Coin. — The amount of gold and silver coin in the Pacific I v IK ■ Ml If-;., d i' i 'ii':; Si;- 124 COMNfERCE, ETC. States and Territories is not ascertainable with precision, but wc have some figures about California. The San l-Vancisco Mint had $21,484,135 and the San Francisco branch of the national treasury had $22,650,783 in coin in their vaults on AuLjust 23, 18S1. The commercial and savings banks in- corporated under State law had $11,266,000, and the foreign b.anks $2,458,- 000 money (nearly all coin) on hanil in June 30, 1881; the national banks at the latest report had $1,200,000 of coin; the banking houses of indi\iduals and partnerships had presumably $2,000,000. The state treasury on June 30, 1 88 1, had $980,489 of coin, and the county treasuries had $2,139,634 of money (nearly all coin), applicable to tlie pajment of their outstanding in- debtedness; and at least 50 per cent, should be added for money not so applicable. The total of the sums in the Mint, national, state, and county treasuries and banks within the limits of California is $65,000,000. That sum excludes all the inonej'in the immediate pos.session of business houses (except banks), of hotels, of railroad, steamship, and stage com- panies, of express companies Un- purposes of transportation, of travelers, and of the people generally. Leaving the banks out of consideration, California has probably 500 .safe vaults, built mainly for keeping books, but used also for money. If they axerage $4,000, their aggregate contents are $2,000,000. There may be 6,000 steel safes in the State, many of them in towns where much business is done, and where there is no bank with a safe vault for the custody of money, or where money is received after banks close, as in hotels or theaters. The liouses which own lhe.se safes may receive and pay out most of their money through bank.s, and j^et they must keep a stock of coin on hand for emergencies, or as the necessar>' result of not being .able to transfer their collections immediately to the lianks. The boxes in the vaults of the Safe Dei)osit Com[)any of .San l-Vancisco now leased number 2,000. The safes and Safe Deposit bo.\es perhaps contain on an average $250 each, making a total of $2,000,000. 1 low much money is there in the post-offices, or on the road every day in the pockets of travelers, or in the charge of the express companies .' Probably not less than $1,000,000. Now we come to th,; sums in the pockets and houses of the people, in the direct possession of the laboring classes, of the miners, farmers, mechanics, of the women and children. The average tUvelling has presumably $30 in it, and California has 170,000 dwellings, makuig a total of $5,000,000. Adding $65,000,000 in the banks ;ind ijublic treasuries to $5,000,000 in the safes, .Safe Deposit \auhs, in the express and post-offices, and $5,000,000 in the houses and pockets of the people, the gr.ind total is $75,000,000, of which $.^.4,000,000 are in the Mint and braiuh national treasury. First Banks.- The fust Califoniian bank was opened by Hi;XRV M. Naglee in Saa I'laucisco in Janu,u>', i8.).9, and before the close of the year, BuiiGov.NE & C'l., IS. D.wiu^ioN, Wi.i.i.s & Cu., and James King, of lilt m w BAN KING. 125 Wm. had opened rival houses, followed in 1850 by ADAMS & Co., D. J. Tal- i.A.N T, Pagk, Bacon & Co., and Fi;F-1X Aruenti. A larjje part of their business then, and for years afterward, was the purchase of gold dust, the current price of which was from 25 to 33 per cent, less than the mint value, leaving a considerable profit to the bayer on large transactions. The ex- press companies, finding that their agencies in the mining towns gave them a great advantage in dealing with the miners, opened banking departments. It was the common custom to purchase all the gold for sale in a certain camp at a uniform price, which was iniluenced by the distance from San Francisco, the cost of transportation, antl the keenness of competition. It was not •"Hil 1854 that the bankers generally began to ascertain the great differences in the chemical fineness of the native gold, sometimes varying 10 or even 20 per cent, in mine.i separated a few hundred yards from each other. The issue of paper money was prohibited by the State constitution, and the notes of all banks on the other side of the continent were discredited. A general feeling prevailed that local interest demanded a metallic currenc)-, and that local pride .should insist on it, notwithstanding the obstacles in the way. There was a great scarcity of coin, and much inconvenience in weighing out portions of the dust for small purchar.cs. The Mexican gold ounces and siher dollars, British sovereigns and shillings, Hindoo rupees, Spanish-American halves and quarters, French francs, and German pieces of \arious kinds, made up most of the current coin, and many of them were current at considerably more than their true \alues. Tl" !s, the Austrian "zwanzigers," worth 18 cent.s, were accepted for 25, and a rich parent in German)' sent a large cask full of them as a present to iiis son in San Francisco. Scarcely anything was sold — not even a drink of whisky — for less than ;i quarter-dollar. In 1849, assayers made a i)ractice of casting little rectangular gold bars worth from $20 to $50 each, marked with their value. These were so much mt)re convenient for handling and making pay- ments than the dust, that there was a lively demand for them, until other assa)-ers began to stamp gold pieces of $5, ,'|ilO, and $20, resembling the national coins in general appearance, but bearing the names of the private coiners, so that there could be no complaint of deception. These pieces had about 12 per cent, of silver instead of 10 per cent, of copper alloj-, and were of light yellow color as compared with the reddish yellow of the mint drops. An act of Congress pas.sed in 1850 provided for the establishment of a na- tional assay office in San Francisco, and AuciUSTU.S IlUMlsKKT, in charge of it, in 1851, made a contract with McFI'AT & Co. to issue octagonal slugs worth $50 each. In the mints, or for exportation, these coins were worth 10 cents more than iheii nominal value, and having a higher authority than the unauthori.ced coins, they compelled ihe private mints, of which 14 had been !:a< 126 COMMERCE, ETC. M opened at various times, to close. Some of the private coins were worth 15 per cent, less than their nominal value, but generally not more than i per cent. less. Excellent bronzed engravings of them may be found in " The American Numismatic Manual," by M. W. DlCKESON. The banks accepted the foreign monc}-, and urged the private coins on the community as prefer- able to the dust and foreign pieces, until the San Francisco Mint was opened, and then the movement began to discredit everything save the national money. The merchants at a public meeting resolved to reject the foreign coins in 1^54; the next year the octagonal slugs were thrown out; and a year later the $5, $10, and $20 pieces bearing private stamps were con- demned. Inexperience. — Until 15 years after the gold discover)', all the commer- cial banks of the State were established and conducted by individuals or partners, most of them young men, who had had no training in the business elsewhere, and found them.selves in novel circumstances to which their clerks who had served in Atlantic banks found their professional experience would not apply. The methods of banking customary in old communities could not be followed b}' the Californians in the early years of the gold excite- ment. There was a lack of tho.se securities obtainable for loans in Atlantic cities. There were no government or railroad bonds, no shares in banks or or incorporated manufacturing companies doing a profitable business. The city was of wood and canvas, and there was no insurance. The rich men and leading merchants were new-comers, and comparatively .strangers to one another. Under such conditions the bankers were compelled to take great chances, and of course they charged high interest. Ten per cent, a month was a common banking r:. e in 1849, and 20 per cent, was often charged for short loans. A gentleman who had .sold a lot for half cash and half payment without interest in a year, secured by a mortgage, took the pnpcr to a bank to have it discounted, and was astonished to learn that the bank expected to get more than 120 per cent, within a year, under the custom of exact- ing payment of interest at the end of every month, thus compounding. Hanking shared the vicissitudes of general business. Success and failure alternated in rapid succcssimi. Fortunes were won and lost quickly. A new man appeared; he made friends; he gained conHdence; he seemed on the plain road to princely wealth; but a fire, a flood, a panic came, .some awkward mistake of judgment, some dishonest trick, attracted the general attention and he disajipeared even more suddenly than he rose. Adams & Co. — The first banks to do an extensive business in California were those of .\i).\M.s & Co., the expressmen. They had an agent in every considerable mining camp, carried most of the gold to the .nint-^ .;" iss;',\' offices, and had peculiar facilities for accommodating tho .t incr:;, m;.n^' of ;W) BANKING. 127 whom deposited their dust in the bank and accepted certificates of deposit to be paid on demand without interest. Tlierc were great profits in both expressing and banking, but the first need of tlic business was a strong building, secure again.st fire and thieves, for every agency. A large portion of the deposits and profits was invested in such houses, but unfortunately their erection was undertaken after the placers had passed the clima.x of their production, and the buildings were never worth their cost. With a net profit of $50,000 a month from the express department, there was good reason to expect that the firm would continue to command a large revenue for many years to come. Page, Baooa &. Co. — Page, Bacon & Co., a wealthy banking house of St. Loui.s, established a branch in San Francisco, and soon took a prominent part in the purchase of dust. The list of gold shipments by the semi- monthly steamers in 1852, 1853 and 1854 often mentioned Page, Bacon & Co. and Au.VM.S & Co. as each shipping from $600,000 to $1,500,000; and B. Davidson, agent of the Rothschilds, was u.sually next to them in the amount of his purcha.ses. On the twenty-third of Fcbruaiy; 1855, the branch house of P.VGE, Bacon & Co. in San Francisco was compelled to close its doors because of the embarrassment of the parent hou.se in St. I.ouis. There was a general run on the banks, and AlUMS & Co. clo.scd all their banking offices throughout the state. Some of the banks had abundant assets, but the most prudent were compelled to ask the indulgence of their creditors for a few days, and the majority .soon disappeared forever. An open field was left for a new .set of men, who soon occupied the field. W. T. Sherman.— W. T. Sherman, the manager of the wealthy bank of Lucas, Turner & Co., had an opportunity to become the leading banker of San Francisco. Thcmcrchants wercwilling and an.xious to give him the lion's share of their accounts, with a large a\erage of deposit.s, but they demanded in return that he should occasionally allow them to make considerable over- drafts, for which they would pay high interest. He demanded, however, more security than they were willing to give, and they gradually withdrew their p.atronagc. Ralston. — W. C. R.\LST0N, a young man who, within a few years, be- came highly popular, took the place. As the manager of the house of G.VK- KISON, 1M()R(;an, F'UETZ & Ralston, he showed a remarkable combina- tion uf skill in judging men, with tact in managing them. He made it his ambition to study the business of the leading mercantile houses of San Francisco, and his knowledge enabled him to trust the prosperous with comparative safety, while he refused accommodations to the others. Business poured in on him, and he ultimately became the pre-eminent banker of the State. He was a leader in the organization of the Bank of California in 1864, with a capital of $2,000,000, afterwards increased to $5,000,000; and t 'Is'' ifll 1.1 r i! mi :'l'i Vi I ;,lv I k' ' I '1 ^M 11- I2S COMMKRCE, I;TC. he became its cashier at first, after ciglit jears succeeding tcj tlie prcsiJcncy, when lie obtained general rccdgiiition as the leading banker, and almost as the mone)-king of the State. ] le made a practice of entertaining in grand stjie the most distinguished strangers who visited San Francisco ; he in- vested large s; , 'n nanufacturing establishments; he took shares in spcculati\e cntei-| he co:itributed liberally to charities, often in an unostentatious nianii ml took an interest in e\cr)' movement that seemed likely to contribute much to the development f)f local resources. Me was praised as the embodiment of honest}-, honor, taste, and public spirit ; as the ideal of a leading citizen. Ikit he was not so successful as the public imagined. After the business of the bank had ceased to be profitable, or at least after a large portion of its capital had been lost, he continued to pay liberal dividends to the sliare- holders. The directors, having the completest confidence in his lionesty and wealth, did not subject him to strict supervision. When he said he would assume on his own account an investment or a loan to which they objected, the)- neglected to see that the mone)- advanced from the funds of the bank was returned to its vaults. They allowed him to have complete control of all the subordinate officers and clerks. The discovery of the de- ficit came on the twent)--si.\th of August, I S75, wiien the bank closed its doors, to the great astonishment of the community. In the afternoon of the ne.Kt da)', while Mr. RALSTON was taking his customary bath in the bay at North lieacli, he was ob.served to struggle convulsivel)-, and when taken to the shore, he died in a few minutes. The coroner's jur)-, acting in accordance with the testimon)- of the surgeons who made a post-mortem examination of the brain and lungs, and the anal)sis of the chemist, who could di.scover no poison in the stomach, agreed on a verdict that death was caused 1))' con- gestion. An investigation showed that R.VLSTON had lost vast sunv. in unsuccess- ful speculations, anil had approi)rialed to his own purposes millions of the bank funds. Though it had large assets, they were not available, and it was bankrupt. No similar institution, involved to so great an extent, had ever recovered. lUit this one was reorganized. There was serious danger that the assets would be wasted in a bankrujit court, and that the loss would be much greater from an abandonment than from a resumption of business. .Among the stockholders were many millionaires, personal!)- responsible for their share of the debts, .-nul anxious to avoid vexatious litigation. They met and decided that the Hank of California must be maintained, agreeing to contribute $7,500,000, if necessar)-, to restore the capital to its former amount of .$5,000,000. The)- paiti in $4,000,000, after sa\ing $1,000,000 of assets. 1). (). Mii.i.s, \\\v> had been the leader in the organization of the institution, w.'is recalled to the |)resiilen(:)- for a time, and his reput.'ition for w BANKING. 129 prudence and integrity, as well as for wealth, was of great service in regain- ing public confidence. ]VIr. Ralston was a native of southern Ohio. After getting a common- school education, he worked, while in his teens, as a ship-carpenter for sev- eral years. Tiring of that occupation, he became clerk on a Mississippi steamer, and thinking that field too narrow for his ambition, he started for California. On the isthmus of Panama he found employment as steamship agent for GARRISON & Fretz, who requested him, in 1853, to take charge of their San Francisco steamship office, from which place he stepped into their bank. The way was then clear before him. He died at tlie age of 50, when life would have had no further .satisfaction for him. Palmer, Cook & Co. — One of the most prominent banks of San Fran- cisco, from I.S53 to 1857, was that of PalMER, Cook & Co. Its partners were noted quite as much for political as for financial ability. Their G. W. Wright had been a member of Congress. All the associates were in the habit of becoming bondsmen of city and State officials, especially those who had the handling of public money; and their willingness in this direc- tion suggested a clause in the San Francisco charter that no banker should be a bondsman for a city official. Though J. C. I-'rkmont and D. C. Brod- ERICK were political enemies, the house had the credit of attaching itself to the fortunes of both, and of providing funds to assist the former in his unsuc- cessful contest for the presidency, and the latter in his successful contest for the national senatorship. The head of the firm was charged by a member of the legislature with offering a money bribe for a vote for liRODERICK, but the investigatioit resulted in refusal to convict. After the failure of the bank to perform its duty of paying the interest on the State bonds in 1857, it fell into discredit, and soon afterwards disappeared. Savings and Loan. — The first .savings bank in California, or at least the first institution to deserve the name, was the Savings and Loan Society, in- corporated in San Francisco in 1857. The prudence and ability of its man- agement and a conjuncture of favorable circumstances secured to it a decided success at the start. The city, after 4 years of depression, was about to enter into a new period of prosperity, when there would be a lively demand for money to be used in erecting residences and business houses. A rapid and steady growth was to add greatly to the value of lots, so that they would be excellent .security at half or two thirds of their market price for the loans secured by mortgage. The large claims under pretended Mexican grants, clouding the title to a considerable portion of the municipal area, were about to be finally. defeated. Such loans would be indispensable to facilitate the grading of ihe streets and lots, and the construction of the buildings needed to accommodate the rapidly increasing population. The money could not be supplied by the commercial banks. They exacted higher rates of inter- 17 13° COMMERCE, ETC. est than the builders could safely pay, and they would not loan on mortgage except in rare cases, and usually then only in small sums. Besides, as they did not pay interest to depositors, there was a large amount of savings which did come into their possession. The Savings and Loan Society soon attracted numerous deposits, and found an excellent market for them. It paid i8 per cent, per annum to its depositors the first year; for 5 years the interest ranged from 12 to 15 per cent.; for a subsequent period of 6 years the rate was never less than lO; and for the 6 years ending with 1877, the rate to the depositors was not less than S per cent. In July, 1877, it had $i3,ooo,ocx) of deposits. Other Savings Banks. — The success of the Savings and Loan Society, and its favorable influence on the provident habits of many people, and on the iiiiprojcmcnt of the cit}-, were so evident, that other similar institutions were established. The Hibernia .Savings and Loan Society, organized in 1859, had in five years become the leading savings bank of the cit)', a posi- tion which it still maintains. In Januarj-, 1878, it had $14,500,000 of de- posits, and at the same time the Savings Uniop had $8,500,000 ; the German Savings and Loan Society, $8,Soo,000 ; the French Savings and Loan So- ciety, $5,QOO,ooo ; the ~)dd Fellows' Savings Rank, $5,600,000 ; and the total amount on deposit in all the savings banks of the city was $61,000,000, and of the State, $75,000,000, with an average of $700 to each ilcpositor, and of $86 to every inhabitant of the State, or about ten times as inuch as in the Atlantic States or Europe. Nowhere else has the savings bank risen to such importance to the people, or to the general business of the communitj-, as in California. In January, 1880, the State had 31 savings banks, which had paid $53,000,000 of dividends to depositors. Bank Commission. — Previousto 1878, these institutions were not subjected to any governmental supervision, and in several instances, the managers, finding themselves involved in difficulties, resorted to .serious frauds, which ended with disgrace to themselves, and ruin to their institutions. Several banks loaned much on the security of fraudulent certificates, i.ssued from the office of the pay director of the United States navy, in San Francisco. The law was powerless, or the courts were unwilling, to punish the swindlers. No judicial decree defines the measure of their guilt, or condemns their memory to obloquy. The total losses by the depositors in the savings banks of California, previous to 1881, did not, according to the statement of the bank commissioners, exceed $3,500,000, a small figure to place against the $53,000,000 of dividcnd.s, and the encouragement of economical habits which led to the accumulation in the Californian savings banks of deposits amounting in 1877 to $75,000,000. Mining Stocks. — The business of the commercial banks in San Francisco was peculiar after 1863, in consequence of the prominence of mining prop- BANKING. 131 erty in the wealth of the city, the magnitude of her stock sales in her busi- ness, and the custom of purchasing shares on credit. Though these securities would have been very insecure in neglectful hands, some of the leading com- mercial banks accepted them as " collaterals," under conditions permitting sale without notice, in case the current price should fall to near the amount of the loan. The banks employed experienced brokers to watch the market, with instructions to sell the shares whenever danger seemed imminent. The speculator took the chance of loss as well as of profit ; and though the banks' main object was to obtain a good interest on their money, usually about twice as much as that paid for long loans with real estate security, still some of them were generally regarded as stock speculating institutions almost as much as banks. With the decrease of the yield from the Comstock lode, the decline of stock speculation, and the impoverishment of many of the stock speculators, the business of lending money on mining certificates was reduced to insignificance, as compared with its prominence from 1870 to i8;5. Currency. — The prohibition by the State constitution of the issue of paper money did not prevent the establishment of national banks. The legal-tender notes and their equivalents in value, the notes of the national banks, were brought to California to pay various national obligations, and to meet the demands of the internal revenue ; but custom recognized gold as the exclusive currency of ordinary mercantile and banking transactions, and the greenbacks were treated as merchandise to be bought and sold, until they reached par, and then, of course, there was no longer any motive for keeping up a distinction between them and gold, although the latter is still used in rr"king at least nineteen twentieths in number and amount of all payments. One feature of the national banking .system is a provision that banks may be organized to issue notes redeemable in gold instead of in any legal-tender currency of the United States, and under this provision 8 gold-note institu- tions were organized in California, with an aggregate capital of about $5,000,000, but now that gold notes have lost their advantage of permanence in value over greenbacks, it is probable that all the gold-note banks, as well as some of the commercial banks organized under the State law, will be con- verted into national currency bank.s. Some of the gold-note banks have already made the change. Panic of 18T7. — After 20 years of prosperity, the business of the bank.s, especially that of the savings banks, in 1877 encountered a .severe check, about the causes of which different opinions have been published. Many newspapers and politicians are involved, and each has an interest in misrep- resenting the question. One explanation is, that the main cause was general impoverishment by the purchase of mining stocks at inflated prices; another, Ki . iiiii 132 COMMERCE, ETC. I iflf « ! that the railroads and land monopolists had plundered the multitude ; and a third, that the Chinese had carried away the money of the country. All these influences were more potent before the panic of 1877, some of them 6 or S years before, than they have been since, and the general depression con- tinued to grow worse for 4 years, though in the opinion of many persons better times have commenced. The opinion accepted by some intelligent merchants of San Francisco, where tlic trouble began, and where the most serious losses have occurred, is that the main causes have been communistic agitation and the adoption of a State constitution which contains many novel if not revolutionary ideas. For 3 years, the San Francisco communists held frequent public mceting.s, in which the speakers recommended insurrection, incendiarism and murder, and denounced capital and capitalists generally as the oppress- ors and enemies of the people: and this when wages were higher than in any other part of the world, and when unskilled laborers were refusing to work fur less than $2 a day. In 2 successive \-ears, the new party elected their candidates, or enough to give them a great influence over legislation and the administration of justice, and they succeeded in calling a constitu- tional convention, controlling its action in regard to many important pro- visions, and securing its adoption. Much in this instrument was novel; much was vague in expression and therefore doubtful in legal effect, bccau.sc it was impossible to foreknow the interpretations to be adopted by the State supreme court; and many provisions devised for thc^avowcd purpose of protecting the multitude against capitalists were regarded by the latter class as unjust to them, injurious to enterprise, and dangerous to corporate investments. The document was ratified by the people in May, 1879, after full and lively discussioa in the newspapers, neither its friends nf)r its enemies sparing any effort to enlighten the people as to its advantages and disadvantages. New Constitution. — Its advocates predicted that it would reduce taxa- tion, cheapen transportation, drive out the Chinamen, attract a large immi- gration of white people, furnish work to boys and grrls previously excluded by Chinese competition from employment, increase the demand for labor and the rate of wages, diminish the rate of interest, and stimulate industrial enterprise generally. Its opponents denounced it bccau.se, as they said, it was predominantly communistic and experimental; it would levy double taxation on many forms of capital, reduce the rates of interest so that many would move to other States, injure the business of the savings banks, arrest street improvements, destroy confidence in corporations, make the State ridiculous by the void provisions against the Chinese, and diminish the de- mand for labor. Some of its explicit provisions were declared void, and some of its ambiguous clauses, that .seemed to demand double or treble tax- BAXKIXG. 133 ■'f ation, were interpreted away by the State supreme court, in the summer of 1 88 1, and capitalists have since felt less distrust. Whatever the cause may be, it is certain that the depression which commenced in 1877 continued for 4 years. Perhaps the most si^jnal evi- dence of its extent is the change in the business of the .savings banks. In January, 1878, the State had 28 institutions of this kind, with $75,000,000 of deposits; and in July, 1881, their number was reduced to 20 with $49,954,332 of aggregate deposits. In the same period there was a dccrca.sc of $1,600,- 000 in the aggregate of capital and surplus, making a total decrease in their available funf' . of $26,400,000. The commercial banks lost $8,500,000 of capital and surplus. There was an increase of $3,000,000 in the deposits of the commercial banlcs, left there, presumably temporarily, in the hope of finding an investment. If this be deducted, there was still a decrease of $32,000,000 withdrawn from commercial and industrial business. Reduction of Debt. — The bank commissioners submitted to the legisla- ture in January, 1881, a report in which they congratulated the State upon the fact that within the 2 years ending July, 1880, the people had paid off $28,000,000 of indebtedness to the savings and commercial banks. Con- sidered from one point of view, it seemed highly satisfactory to be able to say that, after making ami>lc allowance for increa.sed loans from private hand.s, "our people owe at least $20,000,000 less than they did 2 years ago." But a little consideration of this statement shows that it is based on the a.ssumption that banks are pernicious institutions. They live by lending money; and if we should feel pleased to know that the amount of their loans decreased from $106,000,000 to $76,000,000 within 2 years, we ought to be still more pleased if the amount had been reduced to nothing, so that the banks themselves would have disappeared. According to such reason- ing, Turkey should be more prosperous without banks than England with them. While, as a general rule, debt is considered dangerous to the individual, it is quite certain that the most prosperous communities are those in which credit, based on confidence, is good, and the demand for money attracts en- larged deposits to the savings banks, and debts accumulate. Those arc the invariable features of flush times in American cities when population in- creases ; new houses go up in large numbers, rents arc high, and new manu- facturing establishments are built. The borrower, instead of paying up, wants more money from the bank. When the collap.se comes, rents fall, improvement stops, immigration turns in other directions ; the borrower, finding no profit in his investment, pays up his ndebtcdncss, gives up his security to the bank in return for his note, or is sold out under foreclosure ; but it is not likely that after he is reduced to poverty he will congratulate himself upon the change in his condition, even if he does owe much less I *' ; I m 134 COMMERCE, ETC. than while he was wealthy. Hard times injure credit and decrease debt ; flush times restore credit and increase debt. The statistics of the Californian banks show an increase, in the 18 months ending January 1, 1SS2. in the amount of deposits. Of course the reduction of $30,000,000 on the debts due to the banks has thrown much money out of profitable employment, and if it continues, must drive that sum out of the banking business. The fear of double taxa;ion, and the distrust of corporate management, have induced many peop'c to withdraw their money from the savings banks for the purpose of making in- dividual loans. The rates of interest paid to depositors have fallen from 7 and S to 5 per cent., and many people have invested their funds in nr.tional bonds, of which San Francisco has purchased more relatively w.thin 2 years than any other American city. Banking Prospects. — The fertile portion of the unoccupied territory on this slope is so vast, and the resources still undeveloped so rich, that there must be rapid progress for a long period, with an excellent field for banking cnterpri.se. The possibilities of mining excitements, as wild as any in the past, do not endanger the values of wcll-.sclected securities, or diminish the profits of judicious management. The more rapid the growth, the more abundant the mineral production, the greater fluctuation may be ex- pected in the amount of annual busines.s. The statistics are far more complete for San I'rancisco than for any other part of the coast. The total dividends paid in the city by corporations were $12,100,000 in 18S1, includ- ing $5,460,000 b>- mining companies, $3,000,000 by banks, $1,628,000 by the Central Pacific Railroad, and $640,000 by the Water Company, and $347,- 000 by insurance companies, and $115,000 by street railroad companies. The sales of real estate numbered 2,277, and amounted in value to $12,233,- 000; the amount loaned on mortgage was $6,278,000; the amount paid to release mortgages was $9,692,000. The savings banks paid from ^^^ to 51,^ per cent, annual interest to their depositors; the commercial banks expect to pay about 8 or 10 per cent, to their stockholders. Banking Institutions. — The banking institutions on our coast are so numerous that the statistics of their assets and liabilities would fill many pages, and the mention will be limited to those with a capital of $i,ooo,coo or more. The Bank of C.\LI1"0RM.\ stands as high in public confidence as if there had never been a mistake in its management. Since the adop- tion of the new Constitution the capital has been reduced from $5,000,000 to $3,000,0000. The Bank of Nevada has reduced its capital from $10,000,000 to $3,000,000. The Pacific Bank, with a capital of $1,000,- m HANKING. 135 000; Thf First National Bank; The London and San Francisco Bank, with $2,000,000; The Anglo-Californian Bank, with $2,980,000; The Bank of British Columbia, with $1,000,000, arc the other great banks of San Francisco. The last 2 are branches of London houses, and the sums here mentioned as capital are the amounts advanced by the head offices for banking purposes here. The Clearing Hou.se of San Francisco, the only one on our coast, was established in 1876. Its total clearings were $517,000,000 in 1877, $715,- 000,000 in 1878, $534,000,000 in 1879, $487,000,000 in 1880, and $599,000,- 000 in 1 88 1. The large place held by mining-stock speculation in the banking business of San Francisco cau.ses relatively greater changes in its clearings than in those of eastern cities. The large figure for 1878 was caused by the erroneous supposition that a body of rich ore, found in the Sierra Nevada and Union Consolidated mines, would prove to be extensive. Thousands of persons purchased the stock in the hope of making fortunes; the values of stocks in other mines advanced by sympathy; and the influ- ence of the excitement added more than $200,000,000 to the clearings of the year. Notable Bankers. — Among the notable bankers of our coast, besides those to be mentioned hereafter, arc A. SCRIVENER, manager of the Lon- don AND San Francisco Bank; R. H. McDonald, of The Pacific Bank; Robert J. Tobin, of The Hibernia Savings Bank; James de Fremerv, President of The San Francisco Savings Union; L. GoTTiG, President of The German Savings Bank, and J. A. Donohoe (Eugene Kellv, formerly his associate here, and now banker in New York, is still his partner), of San Francisco; J. VV. MARTIN and E. C. SESSIONS, of Oakland; EDGAR Mills and C. H. Swift, of Sacramento ; I. VV. Hell- man, of Los Angeles; B. D. MURPUY and T. Ellard Beans, of San Josd; L. U. ShipI'EE, of Stockton; James ' ""siRCE, of Santa Clara; John Conlv, of Chico; John D. Stephens, oi Woodland; Thomas R. Bard, of San Buenaventura; and E. J. WiLSON, of Vallejo. Among those formerly prominent in the banking business of California, but now withdrawn from it, are E. W. BuRR, first president of The Savings and Loan Society; J. B. Frisbie, president of The Vallejo Savings and Commercial Bank, now in Mexico; MiLTON S. Latham, now of New York; and John G. Downey, of Los Angeles. Oregon bankers worthy of special mention, are Ladd & TiLTON, A. Bush, D. P. Thompson, and Henry Failing, of Portland; Thomas Charman, of Oregon City; and Baker & Boyer, of Walla Walla. ii If 136 COMMERCE, ETC. iiV I I. 'it i 'h P. H. Burnett.— I'i:ti:r II. IUknett, a typical American pioneer and Californian, wa.s born in 1807 at Xashvil'.c, tlicn a little town in the back- vood.s. A move to the frontier of Missouri when he was 10 )-cars old took him still farther from the opportunities of education anil refinement. He ^\ork■ed hard and lived rudely on a farm, but spent enou;4h time in school to learn to read, write, antl cipher. .'\t the a^e of 19 he returned to rcnncssec, \\ here he became clerk in a villa^'e imi, occasionally serving as w.iiter and hostler, lie left that place to accci)l $Joo a year, with board, lodyint^, and washing, as clerk in a country store, and on that income, when 21 years okl, he took a wife. A store of his own, bankruptcy, return to Missouri, partnershi[) in another store, and another failure, were amonij hi.s experiences. He edited a newspaper, made political speeches, and studied law at intervals of leisure, and at the aye of ^j he opened an office as an attorney. His business was not pjjfitable, and he worried because he saw no prospect of pajini; his debts. The people in Missouri received {^lowing accounts of the resources and attractions of Oregon, and expected a great ind rapid development of wealth in that country Burnett accepted the general opinion, and, in 1S43, took his family with an o.x-train across the continent, at a time when very few families had made that adventurous journey. The white .settlers in the Willamette Vallej', where he established himself, were few and poor, and he shared the common poverty. For a time he was compelled to go barefooted while doing his farm work. His legal knowledge brought him into prominence when the provisional government of Oregon was organized, and he was elected Judge of the Supreme Court in 1S45. Moderate pecuniary prosperity then blessed him till September, 1848, when the news of the gold discovery attracted him to California. No- vember found him washing gold on the bank of the Yuba Riv'er, where he made $20 a day. /\ month of that experience was enough, and he moved to Sacramento, where he opened an office as attorney; and a few days later he accepted the agency for the .sale of Sutter's land, then in demand for town lots. The business was profitable, and he was soon able to payoff his debts in Missouri. When the people of California framed their State gov- ernment, they elected him their first governor; but the office was not lucra- tive, and he resigned it to return to the law. The office of Chief Justice of the Supreme Court was given to him in 1857, ^""^ '^<^ held it nearly two years. He then published a large book, giving an account of his conversion to the (Catholic faith, without, however, securing much success either in ele- gance of literary composition or in vigor of argument. He also published a large pamphlet on the government of the United States. In 1863 he be- came president of TllE PACIFIC B.VNK. in San Francisco, and retained that place for more than 1 5 years, until he had passed the threescore and ten, when m BANKING. 137 he withdrew from business, to spend the closing years of his life in rest. One of the results of his leisure has been hi:i best book, T/ic Recollections and Opinions of an Old Pioneer, published in 1880. We have traced him from obscurity, poverty, and ignorance, through toil, study, and privation, from the country iim, country store, and farm, to law, editorship, the gover- nor's office, the bench, the bank, and authorship, always industrious, upright, and courteous, never dazzling his associates by brilliant talents, but always commanding their respect by an estimable character. :';K : John Parrott. — Joiix Paruott is one of the few California millionaires who had a fortune befo! he arrived in the Golden State. A native of Virginia, born about iSio, he had arrived as a very young man in Mazat- lan, where he grew rich in mercantile business. He was the American Consul in that city, and the leading American merchant on the western coast of Mexico. When the war broke out he obtained information which, for the interests of his country, should be sent to Washington with all possible speed, and having no messenger whom he could fully trust, he carried the papers him.self from Mazatlan to Vera Cruz with serious ex- pense and still more serious risk. After his return to Mazatlan he made a trip in 1846 to San Francisco, and in 1849 he moved his residence to our metropolis, bringing with him $30O,cxX) in Mexican dollars, a sum which probably no other man in California could then command in coin. He soon became a prominent citizen of San Francisco. His experience, repu- tation, sound judgment, and careful avoidance of speculative ventures, enabled him rapidly to increase his original capital, which, according to common repute, increased more than tenfold, though he had a large family and lived in elegant style, having one of the most luxurious mansions on the coast, until the railroad and bonanza princes made their appearance. He bought numerous lots in the business portions of San Francisco, and erected substantial buildings, including the granite structure on the north- west corner of California and Montgomery streets, the stone for which was quarried and cut in China in 1853. For many years Mr. PARROTT did a banking busines.s, conducting it so prudently that, no matter what financial convulsion troubled the community, he never closed his doors for a day. He has now retired from active business, spending much of his time at his country scat, in San Mateo County. D. O. Mills.— Dariu.s Ogden Mills, or D. O. Mills, as he is generally known, is a native of Westchester County, New York, born in 1825. He received a good high-.school education, and became a bank clerk, showing so much aptitude for his business that, when 2 1 years of age, he had obtained : ! ' i 138 ((IMMKUCK, IvTC. ¥■'■■ Uf • n position as cashier in a bank, in liuffalo, N. Y. At the age of 24 he came to Caliibrnia, and settled at Sacramento as a banker, where he soon gained the confidence of the merchants, and secured a profitable custom. Large sums we ic intrusted to him, and nobody had reason to regret the confidence placed in him. When Till-; U.VNK OF Califokxia was organized, Mr. Mills by the natural force of his capital, character, and reputation, became the president, and all went well with that institution, until he withdrew, in 187 J. When it was reorganized after the death of Mr. RALSTON, he again became president until its position was secure. Mr. MILLS is reserved in manners, and avoids politics, publicity, and ostentation. His residence at I\Iilbrac, 17 miles south of San Francisco, is one of the most elegant homes in California. Williani Alvord. — For nearly a quarter of a century \Vm. Alvord has been a prominent citizen of ,San Francisco. Immediately after his arrival in California, from his native city of Albany, N. Y., he settled in Marysville, as senior partner of a hou.sc engaged in selling hardware. Three years Later, in 1856, he moved to San Francisco, and became the head of the house of \Vm. Alvord iv. Co., importing and .selling hanhvare by wholesale. Though he was then onlj- 23 }'ears old, prosperity attended him in his exten- sive dealings. He had a prepossessing appearance, courteous address, a quick judgment, and much industry. He was not only successful, but evi- dently a young man with a future When the large accumulation of worn- out rails, and old wrought-iron of various kinds, in California, suggested the construction of a rolling-mill in .San FVancisco, he became the head of the enterprise. He studied rolling-mills in the Atlantic States, bought iV.i- chiner)-, and superintended the erection of the mill at I'otrero Point. It was a success from the start. He devoted himself to its business, having sold out his interest in the hardware store ; and became a stockholder in Tliu; RisiKi.v Irox AND LocoMOTlVli WORKS. As a public-spirited citizen, Mr. .AiA'oKlJ has been called upon to take a prominent part in public affairs on man)- occasions In 1871 he was elected Mayor of the city, and gave general satisfaction by the manner in which he filled that office. He lias been I'olice Commissioner for 4, and Park Commissioner for 10 years, positions without compensation, but of high trust, and lequiring lime and attention t(3 perform their duties. He is now, and has been for several ye.iis, President of TUK 13AXK OF CALIFORNIA. Lloyd Tevis.— .Among the men who came to California in 1849, was a. Kentuckian, I.LoNT) TlOVls, then 25 years old. lie had no mc'icy, but he had been admitted to the bar, and was willing to take his chances I ^m BANKING. 139 in the land of gold. After working in the mines, with little success he moved to Sacramento City, where he opened a land and loan office, in the fall of 1S50, and there formed a partnership with J. H. Haggin, another young lawyer from Kentucky — the capital of the firm being $1,000. In 1853 he moved to San Francisco, and for a year was member of the firm of Crockett, P.\GE & Tuvis. After leaving that firm, his brokerage business in association with Mr. Haggix, took precedence of the law. They were money brokers, bankers, and dealers in land and mines. They made no changes in occupation or residence. They aspired to no office. They in- dulged no fooli.sh,' extravagant vanit>'. They attended to business with assi.Juity and capacity. 'W^calth poured in upon them, and both are accounted millionaires, Mr. Tevis having, according to popular estimate, more than $5,000,000. In October, 1880, when his party, the Democratic, hoped to elect the President of the United States, and a majority of the Californian Legislature, the public journals mentioned him as a suitable perscn for United States Senator or Secretary of the Treasury, but he would probably not have accepted either place. He could not do so without mak- ing large pecuniary sacrifices. The productive mines and other industrial enterprises, in which lie is an owner, are numerous. As President of Wells, Fargo & Co., he has supervision of a vast and very complicated banking and express business, involving the care of immen.se sums of money. The management of his property, and of that of the corporations in which he has large interests, demands all his time. Mr. Tevis is a healthy, active man, youthful in his form, courteous in his address, always ready to meet acquaintances with pleasant greetings, and business men with prompt decis- ions. Without ostentation, and without stain on his social or pecuniary reputation, he is one of the best illustrations (jf the success achieved in San Francisco by application, iirudcnce, talent, tact, and integrity. F. F. Lovr. — Fredek. 'C F. Low is a native of Maine, and now in 1 88 1, 52 years old, not ^n advanced age for a man who has been a banker, member of Congress, ' ollector of San Francisco, Governor of California, and Minister Plenipotentiary of the United States at the Court of China. He came to California in 1849, and established himself in Marysville, which for twelve years, while he resided there, was one of the most active and prosperous places in the State. He became a successful banker. The Re- publican party sent him to Congress in 1861. His term had scarcely closed, when he was appointed Collector, and he had scared)- entered on the duties of his office, when he was nominated for Governor. He filled that office 4 years, and left it with a good reputation. He was 4 years at Pekin ; and soon after his return, became manager of The Anglo-California Bank, ?ii 140 COMMERCE, ETC. Ml... 1'^ ■■ ' one of the leading financial institutions of San Francisco. He has occupied that position about 7 jears. liOuis r.TcLane.— Louis McLane, a native of Baltimore, and now about 60 jcars of age, began his adult life as an officer of the United States Navy, but resigned in 1S50, to establish himself in San Francisco, where, in No- vember, 1S55, he became superintendent of WeELS, Fargo & Co.'s Ex- PRES.s. His management contributed much to the profit of its banking, and the economy and efficiency of its express department. After a few years of this service he moved to New York to accept the presidency of Weel.S, Fargo & Co. There he was also a director of the -Pacieic Mail Steam- .siiip Company, and for a time its acting president. When The Bank of Nevada was established in 1875, he came to San Francisco to be its first president ;ind manager. He has the reputation of being strict in following the rules of the greatest prudence, severe in his discipline, acute in his judg- ment of men, able in his management, and averse from business mixed with politics. Mr. McLane withdrew from the presidency of TllE Bank of Nevada in 1S81. The Dalles Bank. —A .serious interruption in the channel of a great nav- igable ri\ er, almost in\ariably gives rise to an important town in the vicinity, and the I'all in the Columbia at the Dalles is no exception to the rule. Among the prominent features of business in that town and in Eastern Oregon is the bank of FRENCH & Co., established in 1S77, by D. M. and J. W". l-'KENCll, brothers, natives of Vermont, residents of this coast for about 30 j'cars, and men of extensive experience in commercial affairs. They began banking with $60,000, and, having a good situation, the public confiilcncc, and no comi)etition, have been adding to their capital, and have now nearl)- completed a substantial brick buiUimg, two stories high, specially designed for the accommodation of their banking business. The Dalles is an excellent place for banking enterpri.se, en tiie bank of a great navigable river, there broken by rapids, .so that boats must always stop, even if, by great expenditure, they should be enabled to pass. It is in a narrow gap through a high, rugged, and long mountain chain, with rich and extensive agricultural regions on both sides. The future seems bright f<:)r the town and its well-established business men. Excepting Astoria, it is the largest town on the banks of the Columbia. Wm. Reld.— One of the notable bankers of Oregon is \^'M. Reid, a Scotchman, now nearl>- 40 )ears of age. While practicing law in Duntlee, he received an appointment as Consul of the United States, and while acting in that capacity, his attention was drawn to Oregon by one of the ,:''i BANKINT,. 141 '! publications of the United States Statistical Bureau. He wrote a pamphlet about the State as a field for labor, enterprise, and capital, and a number of Scotch capitalists were so ftuorably impressed by it, that they com- bined to send him to Oregon, to make investments for them. He went, devoted five months to a careful examin.-ttion of the State, and made a series of favorable reports. He advised them to establish TlIE OREGON AND Washington Mortgage Savings Bank, and they did .so, with Mr. Reid as managing director. It became a success from the first ; has loaned out $650,000 every year; has never lost a dollar by a bad loan; and now has $3,700,000 out on interest. Besides paying 10 per cent, .'mnual dividends to its stockholders, its reserve fund amounts to 20 per cent, of its paid-up capital. The result of the banking investment being satis- factory, Scotch capitalists came forward, in 1S80, to organize TlIE Orego- NIAN Railway Company, which purcha.sed the Willamette Valley (narrow- gauge) Raiload, and immediately reconstructed and extended it so that the roads of the company on both sides of the \alley now measure 165 mile.s. These roads have been leased to HENRY VlLI-.\RD, for 90 years, for $140,- 000 a )-ear; and the contract, guaranteed by TlIE OREGON Railway and N.\VlG.\TlOX Co.Mir^^'V, secures an annual dividend of 7 per cent, on their stock, to the ownt t' the leased road. It was owing to the active exertions of Mr. REIh ii tin' Legislature of Oregon, in i.S7.|. passed an act to create a State Board of 1 mm ■; ration, and Governor (/iROVEK recog- nized his .services by appointing jiiiii President of thf^ Board, \\ith Senator CouUETT, B. Goldsmith, W. S. Ladi ukI C. H. I. inenweher as Com- missioners. Thirty-six officers of the Commission were appointed in Europe, and their labors and publications attracted many Icsirable settlers to Oregon. TlIE I'ORTL.VND BOARD OF Tr^VDI; was c)rt,.ini/ed in 1874, in con.sequencc of Mr. Reid's exertions; and he was its secretary for 6 years. I'^or the Paris Ivxposition of 1878, Ik wrote a jwmphlct entitled Oregon and Was/iington Tcrrifoij as Fields for Capital and Lador, of which 35,000 copies were printed in English, I'rench, and '"rcrman. Oregon is fortunate in attracting and keeping a man like Mr !\ , and he was fortu- nate in finding a field so well adapted for his ent^ .c, and for the invest- ment of the capital entrusted to his management. Iff I 142 COMMERCE, ETC. ft CHAPTER VII.— INSURANCE. Fires. — Conflagrations must be numerous in regions where nearly all the houses ate of wood, as they are on the Pacific Coast, north of latitude 34°, and where the wooden houses are crowded together very closely, as is the case in the cities and even in the small mining town.s, many of which are situated in narrow ravines, with scanty areas suitable or convenient for pur- poses of habitation or trade. Wherever property is endangered by fire, there the demand for underwriting makes its appearance; but before 1853 the risk was too great in California. In that year JosilUA P. H.VVEN be- came agent of TiiE Liverpool and Londox and Globe Fire and Ln-i; IN.SURANCE Company; and soon afterwards The Imperial Fire AM) Like Insurance Comp.VNV, the Royal, the Monarch (since amalga- mated with the Liverpool and London), and the Northern, all English companies, established agencies, and by care in .selecting their risks, and high premiums, made fine profits. Tiirce years elapsed, before any Ameri- can companies ventured to take part in the business in California. First Califomian Company. — The first company organized in California to do an insurance business for the general public, was incorporated in San Francisco, February 23, 1861. The name was " The CALIFORNIA MUTUAL Marine Insurance Co.mpan v." The prt-ident was Dr. Samuel Merritt, and C-\SI'.\R T. Iloi'KlXS was the secretarv The company still exists, but it has tlropped the "mutual marine" from its title, ami takes fire risks. At the annual meeting, held in Januar)', 1881, .Mr. IIoi'KlNS, then president, (who with Dr. MiORRiTT, the first president, (Organized the company), de- livered an address, in which he reviewed its hislciry, and gave .an account of its carl)- difficulties. The following is an extract from it; " During the >ears from 1852 to i860, several attempts had been made to form insurance companies in .San Francisco. The only one thut succeeded was a small German company, organized on the mutual plan, and which in- sured only its own members .against fire on merchandi risks. The rest came to nothing, because the personal liability, imposed I))' the constitution of the Stale, on all stockholders of ,ill corporations, ha' 1 not then been de- fined, cither by statute or judicial decision. It was feared that, in ca.se of conflagration, the entire estates of the stockholders would be swept away. mss&s^m INSURANCE. 143 The objection was, however, far less a dissuasion to marine than to fire in- surance, for the fact was recognized, that wholesale disaster could not occur to the risks scattered over the vast expanse of the Pacific Ocean. Appre- ciating the opportunity offered by the failure of the Philadelphia companies. Dr. Samuel Merritt, in connection with your present president, under- took to supply the public want of a sound marine underwriting institution, by organizing The CALIFORNIA MUTUAL Marine Insurance Com- r.\NV. With great labor and difficulty, and after many meetings held dur- ing the winter of 1860-61, 20 men, of well-known wealth and standing, were at last persuaded to incur the risk of owning stock in so perilous a venture. Their names were A. J. PoPE (deceased, 1879), SAMUEL Merritt, W. C. Taluott (deceased, 1881), JONA.S G. Clark (sold out in 1863, and removed to New York), MICHAEL REESE (deceased, 1S79), Calvin Paige, J. J. Felt (sold out in 1867), II. B. Tichenor, D. C. McRuer (sold out in 1S65), Samuel C. Bigelow, Josiah Belden (sold out in 1864), M. I". Tesciie- MACIIER (sold out in 1866), WiLLlAM NoRRiS (sold out in 1865), C. W. Hatiiaw.w (sold out in 188 1), JoiiN Van Bergen (.still owning all his stock, but a resident of Germany), CHARLES AlAIN, jAMES FiNDLA (sold out in 1863 to C. F. Lott, deceased in 1865), George H. Howard (de- ceased, 1877), Levi Stevens (sold out in 1878), and John G. Brav (de- ceased, 1864). " The fear and trembling with which these gentlemen embarked upon the enterprise, may be illustrated by referring to a few peculiarities in their organization. Each stockholder subscribed for but one share of $io,ooo each. Of this amount only $1,000 was paid in, a stock note, payable on call, being given for the balance of $9,000. No person was allowed to own stock unless he was known to be worth at lea.'^t $100,000 clear, nor could he sell out, except to a purcha.ser who should be approved by the directors, as being sufficiently strong to carry such u burden, without flinching. If any stockholder were to become cmbarras.sed in his business, or if, in the opinion of the board, his pecuniary rcspjnsibility had become impaired, he was to be dealt with in a most arbitrary and unconstitutional manner. Should any of them die, his estate was to be at once dispossessed of the stock, so as to have only live owners thoreof, who would be sure to respond to assessments. No risks were to be taken, except approved bj- the whole insurance committee, nor losses paid, except by special order of the boanl of directors. But the old by-laws were sound on tht subject of dividends ; for the)' provided that not more than half the net earnings should be divided, luitil $500,000 should have been accumulated in cash assets. And the whole concern, though ostensibly small, was .sound as a nut; for the aggregate wealth of those 20 stockholders was many m'Uions. They recognized their P I i 144 COMMERCE, ETC. m !{. I personal responsibility, whether joint or several, and were prepared to meet it like men ; but, at the same time, were not intending to do a rash business, or be caught in a losing game, and they never were. * * * " On April 5 the entire paid-up capital of $20,000 was loaned to S.VMUEL Bran NAN, then a verj' wealthy man, on his note at i }i per cent, per month, secured on a pile of railroad iron worth $50,000, which was stacked "de- tached " on the water front ; and the finance committee reported the assets of the companj- to be " safely and profitably invested." But though strong, the company was too prudent to do much business at the start. Its first 9 months' income was only $49,446, of which $2,697 was from interest on its safely invested capital and receipts. In 18G2 the income n'as $80,649, of which $9,088 was from interest. The third year showed receipts of $109,492, ■whereof $15,903 was from interest. * # • " Hardly had this company broken the ice when, in March, 1861, 2 other local insurance institutions organized. One of these was TlIE S.\N Fran- cisco I'lKlC Insurance Co.mpanv, capital $150,000, which was all paid in within 12 months; and for several years it transacted a safe and highly profit- able business. It discontinued its existence in 1866. * * * 'f]|e other wa.-> TllK California Li,o\1)S which, almost from the start, divided the marine business of the port with our company. This institution had no cap- ital and was not incorporated. At first 10, afterwards 14 capitalists, signed each policy in equal proportions, by jjrocuration, and the results were highly satisfactory, till it was merged in 'i'llK Union Insurance ComI'ANV in 1867, whose president, G. ToucMIARD, was .secretary of the California Lloyds during its c.Kistence. "In 1863, The iMEUciiANTs' Mutual Marine Insurance Comi'anv was organized, with a capital of 500,000, whereof 10 per cent, was paid up at the beginning. The late J,\MES P. FLINT was its first president, and the late Josi:i'Il B. ScoTi'IILlCR, afterwards promoted to the presidency, was the first .secretary. This company was successful. In about 3 years it had earned so much of its unpaid capital, that an assessment of 50 per cent. completed the payment of the full amount subscribed. Until its discon- tinuance, in 1874, the company maintained its reputation as a first-class institution. "In the .same year, 1863, were incorporated Tiu: r.VCHTC INSURANCE CoMi'ANY, capital $750,000; TiiE Imre.man's Fund In.surance Com- I'ANV, capital $2oo,ood; TiiE Calii'ornia Home Insurance Co.mpany, capital $300,000; and the IIoME MUTUAL INSURANCE Company, nomi- nal capital $1,000,000. The organization of so many local companies now began to attract public attention to the business, and soon the various officers were compelled to form boards of underwriters, for the prevention INSURANCE. 145 of undue competition, for the procurement of sound legislation, and for general protection. " The marine business of the California Mutual Marine continuing prosper- ous, the }-car 1864 was signalized by the purchase, for $20,500, of the lot (318 California Street) on which the office of the company now stands. At the time of purchase, there was on the lot a plain two-story brick building, which had been occupied by a leather store. The expenditure of $2,500 in furniture, plate-glass front, and gilt signs, converted this into a very conven- ient and attractive office, until the serious damage it received in the earth- quakes of 1865 and 1868 [which did not injure the buildings genc;u!i> in San Francisco], compelled its demolition and replacement, in 1869, in con- nection with adjoining owners, by the present elegant and substantial block of buildings. " On July 28, 1864, the stockholders, finding the original name too cumber- some, the shares of stock too large, the transfer of stock too difficult, and desiring to engage akso in fire insurance, reincorporated the company under its present title, with $200,000 capital, shares of $1,000 each, of which 50 per cent, was paid up, being the capital and earnings transferred net from the old company, after reinsuring its risks with the new one." The business of the California in 1881 .showed $7,543,000 written on fire, and $2,675,000 on marine ri.sks ; $154,000 premiums collected in both departments, and $45,200 of losses paid in both, the proportion of losses to premiums being about 32 per cent, on fire, and 21 "^ on marine losses. The assets were $856,000, and the net profits for the year $78,000. Rush into Insurance. — In 1867 there was a rush of people anxious to engage in the business of underwriting, and San Francisco had 14 compa- nies, some of them managed by men evidently more anxious for their own immediate profits, than for the security of their patron.s. The Legislature of 1868 provided that the insurance companies of the State should be under the supervision of a commissioner, and the first investigation drove several corporations from the field. The Pacific, which was the leading local insti- tution, lo.st all its capital by the Chicago fire in 1871, and, after paying its debts, disincorporated. In the period of its prosperity, it erected the build- ing on the north-ca.st corner of California and Leidcsdorff streets, at a cost of $125,000. The same fire inflicted .severe loss on the Fireman's Fund, which, however, restored its capital by assessments, and has ^ince prospered continuously. Its building, on the south-west corner of California and San- some streets, cost $100,000. The Virginia City fire, in October, 1875, was another blow to the insurance companies of San Francisco. The total loss was $6,000,000, and the loss to the underwriters $1,900,000. '9 ' 1^ ^! -I I'iilH^ M 146 fOMMI.RCi:, r.Tc. Rates. — The average rate cjn merchandise in brick buildings in cities or closcl)' built towns is from $1 to $1.10 on the $100; on wooden dwclHngs, with brick chimneys and lath and plaster walls and ceilings, in cities or closely-built towns, 75 cents; and in isolated dwellings of the same char- acter, 60 cents. Arson is not an uncommon offense in countries where the houses are of wood, but it can seldom be proved. When a mining town decaj's, or an enterprise proves a failure, the owner of a building is often tempted to save himself from the total loss of his investment, by defrauding an insurance company, and as he has entire control of the premises, it is often impossible to obtain any direct evidence of his crime, or even, in many cases, to obtain satisfactory reasons for suspicion. A comparison of the fires oc- curring in insured and uninsured buildings, where business is profitable or otherwise, indicates, however, beyond a doubt, that the loss is chargeable, in one third of the cases, to arson. Losses. — The following table shows the total fire losses for 1880, and al.so the losses incurred by insurance companies in that year, in the various States and Territories of the Pacific Coast, viz: (,, , , T . 1 I Itoss to Insurance States, etc. total Loss. * r- ' Companies. California $2,841,200 $1,444,600 Nevada 894,200 333.900 Oregon 435,500 227,800 Washington 160,600 89,900 Utah 67,000 10,200 Arizona 33. 500 1 1,200 Total $4,432,000 $2, 1 1 7,600 Between 1876 and 1880, the average \alue of all property destroyed, by fire in California, was $2,526,000 a year; and the average loss to insurance companies $1,175,000 a )ear. There are no accessible statistics of the number of fires in the .States and Territories; but we may infer, from the statistics for San Francisco, that there are about 2,000 fires on the coast annually, and that the average loss to each is about $2,000. The onl)- political division on the Pacific Coast, that has a local insurance company, an insurance commissioner, or official insurance statistics, is Cali- fornia; but most of the companies, which do a large business in San Fran- cisco, have offices in Oregon and Nevada, and charge about the same rates of premium. Oregon requires every company, not incorporated under her laws, to deposit with the State Treasurer, before doing insurance business within her limits, $50,000, as security for the payment of any judgment ob- tained by her citizens for losses. Twcnty-si.\ companies have made this dc- INSURANCE. 147 posit, including the Home Mutual, the Union, the Fireman's Fund, fhc State Investment and Insurance, the Commercial Union, and the Western I'ire and Marine Companies of San . I'rancisco ; the Home and the German American Companies, of New York; the Phoenix and the Connecticut, of Hartford; the Imperial, the North British and Mercantile, the Ouecn, the Royal, the Northern, the Lancashire, the London, the Union, the British and Foreign Marine, the Sea, the London and Lancashire, and the Norwich Union Companies, of Great Britain ; the Hamburg and Bremen, of Germany ; and the New Zealand, of New Zealand. y\ll the.se companies have offices in Portland. Business in 1881. — In 1881, 137 underwriting companies, including fire, marine, life, and accident, with assets amounting to $355,000,000, were doing buRine.ss on the Pacific Coast. The total amount insured in Cali- fornia was $416,690,000; the aggregate of the premiums was $6,959,000, and of the losses paid, $3,179,000, leaving $3,780,000 for profit and e.\pcn,scs. In the fire business the losses were one third; in the marine business three eighths, and in the life business, including endowments, five sixths of the premiums, while the absolute los.ses of the fire and life companies were about equal, and either of them double that of the marine. There are, at present, 8 companies in California, including 7 in San I'rancisco, and one in Oak- land, in fire and marine business. The total of their risks in force at the end of 1881, was $71,130,000, including $68,380,000 of fire, and $2,750,000 of marine ri.sk.s. There is one life insurance company in California, at San Francisco, having policies in force at the time mentioned, amounting to $50,700,000. The American companies, incorporated in States cast of the Rock)- Mountains and doing business in California during 1881, numbered 70. Of these, 5 withdrew from business during the year, leaving, on Janu- ary I, 1882, 65 companies, having $74,979,000 in risk.s. The were also, during the )ear 1881, 69 foreign companies, including 35 British, 22 conti- nental European, 6 Asiatic, and 6 New Zealand, of which one fire and one plate-gla.ss withdrew from business, leaving, at the close of the year, 6y ff)reign companies writing fire and marine policies on the coast, with risks amounting to $138,600,000. At the end of 1881, the Liverpool and Lon- don and Globe, of Liverpool, had $17,400,000 of fire risks in California ; the Commercial Union, of London, $8,20O,00o; the /TZtna, of Hartford, Conn., $7,800,000; the North British and Mercantile, of London, $6,200,000 ; the Hamburg-Bremen, of Hamburg, $6,400,000; the Hartford, of Hartford, $5,000,000; the Fire Insurance Association, of London; the Lancashire, of Manchester; the Norwich Union, of Norwich; the Royal, of Liverpool — all British companies ; the Transatlantic Fire, and the Hamburg-Magde- 14? COMMERCK, r.TC. burg, of Hamburg; the Home, of New York, and the Phoenix, of Hartford, $4,000,000 cacli ; the Guardian, of London ; the Helvetia Swiss Fire, of St. Gall, Swit/x-rland ; the Imperial, of London; La Confiancc, of Paris; the London Assurance, of London; the New Zealand, of Aukland; the North- ern Assurance, of London; the Queen, of Liverpool; the American Central, of St. Louis, and the Phcenix, of Brooklyn, N. Y., each more than $3,000,- 000. The California companies had the following amounts at risk on the 31st of December, i8u;j;h the iiislriiincntality of this Ixiard in the several States anil Territories of the Pacific Coast, 74 incendiaries, who other- wise would prohabl\- have i^'onc unwhippcd of justice, ha\e been convicted and punishctl. When it is considered that the incendiar}- works in the dark, believing that no human eye has witnessed his act, and that he has left no clue to fasten his dastardly crime upon him, too much praise can not be accordeil to the underwriters for the benefits conferred upon the public, in their efforts to punish and lessen this ^^rcat and increasing evil. The rewards for the apprehension and conviction of incendiaries arc never offered, to assist companies in avoiiliny the payment of iloubtful claims for loss, but solely for the purpose of securin;,,^ the punishment of persons guilt)' of arson. As a rule the offers of reward are standing and general offers, which are paid, whether the property burned is insured or uninsured. 'Ihis board has never soui^ln the aid of the legislative authorities of cities and States, from any inucly selfish motives, but its work, in that direction, has always been as much in the intere.'.t of the general public, as for the protec- tion of its own business. The public have never appealed in vain for its assistance in promoting any good object which came within its legitimate sphere of operation. D. J. SiAi'i.Ks, president of TiiK 1"iri:m.\x's Fund I\si:ra\ck Com- I'.WV, is president of the board; and CiLVKLKs D. IF.\vi;n, resident man- ager of the LlVKRl'OOl, .Wn I.ONDUX AM) C/LOiiK IX.SlKANri; COMi'AW, is the secretar}-, ami has held that office for the past 12 years, and has been engaged in the underwriting business in San I'rancisco for 17 yeans. Fireman's Fund — Tin; l•"IKl•:^rA^•'.s Fund Ixsukaxck Comi'axv claims to be the wealthiest and oldest organization of the kind, on our coast. The California is an older compan)', but has cliangcd its name, and ilid not undertake a fire business until after May 3, 1.S63, when the h'ire- man's Fund was organized. At that time, the only insurance companies on our slope were the California and the IMerchants' Mutual, both marine. 'I'he presidents of the I'lreman's Fund were, successively, W.M. IIOLDRl-.nc.K, S. H. Tarki-.R, C. W. Bruok.s, and \V. H. J^OURX, for .short terms, until the election, in 1.S67, of D. J. StaI'LE.s, who had held the position of vice- president and manager for a year before, and has since held the presidency, with increasing credit to himself and benefit to the company. The histrAS S. CllARD as gene- ral agent, in Chicat;o, for the iVtlantic Slope. From 1872 to 18S0, it was the only Californian company tloinL^ a i^cncral agency bu.iincss there. The credit of the Fireman's I'"und attracted the attention and favor, not only of Eastern property-owners wanting safe insurance, but also of Fastern capi- talists, who hold $200,000 of its stock, $75,000 of that sum being in Hart- ford, the acknowledged center of American insurance capital, where gocjd underwriting management is appreciated. When the capital of the com- pany was increa.sed in 18S0, the privileges of taking the additional sum were apportioned among the stockholders, and were salable at a premium, thus indicating the opinion entertained by San I'rancisco business men of this enterprising and well-contlucted insurance comi)any. D. J. Staples.— David Jackson Staples, the president of the Fire- man's I'und since iiS67, is a Californian pioneer, and, like many of his asso- ciates, a self-made man, ha\ing commenced his life in poverty. Born at Mcdway, Massachu-setts, in May, 1824. and left an orphan while still a youth, he had to struggle for support and education. Me' worked as a boy on a farm, and was then apprenticed to WlLLLUl M.\sO\, a famous builder of locomotives in Taunton, Massachu.setts. After learning his trade, he was cmploN'cd 2 }'ears in the national ar.senal at Springfield. When 24 years of. age, he married Makv PR.rTT WiNSLow, of Newton, Ma.ssachu.setts. whose anccstrj- dates back to the Mayflpii'er. In April, 1849, lu' started to cross the continent, with a company of 25 men. from Boston and its vicinity-, and arrived in Sacramento September 27tli. For 12 )-cars, he Vvas engaged in merchandising, ranching, and stock-raising; and in 18C2, he became Port- warden in San Francisco, holding the office under appointment by Gov- ernor S'l'AXFORD, and afterwards by Governor Low. His associations and observations in that position were aftcnvards of value to him, in the estab- lishment of a m.irine department in his company. His steadfast courage after the Chicago ami lioston disasters, and the success of the policy then ;ulopted i)\' the company' uniler hi- management, have reacted favorably upon his standing as an luiderwritcr and citizen. I'or 6 years he has been president of riii: San 1-"ranci.sc(> Board ok Underwriters. The Home Mutual — I'm: ili):\iE Mi:tl'al Insurance Comi'Anv, one of the most prosperous and jjopular corporations of California, on^anized September 2 2, 1864, has pursued a uniform policy, in which the main fea- tures are great caution in assuming risks, eqviity, liberality, and promptness in meeting obligations, and the accumulation of all the net earnings, derived direct])- from its tire insurance husine-s, for the purlM)^leol mcrcariing its sur- plus fund. The dividends paid moiBihly are limited to one per cent., and IXSUUANXE. 153 arc supplied exclusively bj' the interest received from investments. The company has made it a rule to treat its patrons generously, and to avoid quibbling excuses for refusal to settle claims. An evidence of adherence to this principle is furnished by the fact that, on Januar)- i, 18S::, the unsettleil losses amounted only to $6,050 — an average figure for this company, but a very small one in proportion to the business transacted. The premiums of the Home Mutual amounted to $350,000, out of $8iS 1,000 paid in 1880 to the 8 Californian companies doing a fire business. The proportion was about the same in 1879, and the figures for 1881 have not yet been collected and made p'lblic. The prudence with which the company's affairs are managed may be inferred from its financial condition January i, 1882. On one side the cash assets were $683,564.76; on the other side the liabilities were $481,- 447.75, including $300,000 of capital, $171,412 of reinsurance reserve, and $io,ooc of losses and dividend claims, leaving an actual net surplus of $202,- 117. These figures show, that if the companj- should see fit to close its busines.s, it could reinsure all its risks in other trustworthy companies, and pay to its stockholders $167 for every $100 of the capital stock. Previous to i8'-'2, the company had received $3,824,807 for premiums, and paid out in losses $1,792,355. The history of the Home Mutual has been creditable from the beginning, and its officers have a right to feel proud of the results 'achieved, and of the reputation established. J. F. Houghton.— J.\MES Franklix Houghton, President of TiU'; Home Mutlai, Insukanck CoNtPAXV, and for many years one of the prominent citizens and business men of California, was born at Cambridge, Massachusetts, December 1, 1827, and is a descendant of a HcjUGHTON, who emigrated from Kngland to America in 1C50. Having been educated in civil engineering, he followed that profession 4 years, in his native State be- fore starting, carl\- in 1850, by wa)- of Cape Horn, fctr San Francisco, where he arrived in April. Instead of going to the mines, as did most of the other young men, who came to the land of gold between 1848 and 1853, he be- came a partner in the shipjiir',' house of R. D. Paxteu & Co., doing the business in San Francisco ,tnd Benicia of Oils Rich's line of Californian packets, he being at the latter place. In 1851 he bought out the business, and in 1853 became one of thf firm of I'INI'. & HoUCHTON, lumber dealers, in San h'rancisco, with branches subsequentl)' established in half a dozen different places. In 1862, he became SuiTcyor-general of California, in the first Republican .State administration, and having been re-elected, held the office 6 years, having important dutiis to |)erform in that capav"ity, in addi- tion to those usually attached to it. Among these were the sui'vcy of the eastern boundary of the State, and a visit to Washington, which led to the - I i ; ,1 i ' I' m ! . . li-' '54 COMMERCE, ETC. adoption of the national statute of July 23, 1866, to settle land titles in Cali- fornia, and prevent litigation, that would otherwise have resulted from the injudicious policy adopted b\' the State legislature. This remedial measure did much to protect the credit of California, and to secure the comfort of many of her citizens. In 1S74 "General" IIOUGHTON, as he is usually st)'lcd (Surveyor-general, like an Attorney-general, 's a general for life by courtesy;, sold out his lumber business, moved to Oakland, and accepted the presidency of the Home Mutual, in which he was the largest stockholder. ] le has held the position continuously for the last 8 years, and has been active and successful in the managing of its business. C. R. Story.— ClL\Rl.ES R. Story, secretary of the Home Mutual since 1870, arrived in San I'rancisco September, 1849, '''' the bark La Grange, of which he was part owner, and which he sold, soon afterwards, at .Sacramento for a prison, in wliich capacity she was used for several years. Having bought out and consolidated the stocks of C. C. Richmond & Co. and W'lLLLVM RAliE, he established in San Francisco the drug store of CllARl.ES R. Story & Co., which subsequently changed to .SroRV, Reuixgton & Co., and still later to Redin(;ton & Co., when Mr. Story withdrew. He has served the city 2 terms as ta.x collector, and 2 terms as .supervisor, maintaining, in his official as in private lilc, an e.xxellent reputation for in- tegrit)' anil capacity. The State Investment Insurance Company. — The State Inve.st- MENT I.N.siKA.Ml'; CoMl'A.NV was organized in December, 1871, with a capital stock of $200,000, by A. J. BRYANT, C. H. CUSHINC, P. DoNAllUE, Tyler Curtis, J(jiin Rosi:neeli3, C. D. O'Suleivan, and others. Its entire receipts from premiums, on December 31, 1881, had been $2,622,243; and its payments for losses had been $1,194,716, and for dividends $369,000, Ic-avin;; a net surplus of $76,550, and total assets of $383,650. The first ])rosident of the company, TVE1-"J< CURTIS, was succeeded, in 1873, by I'El'ER DONAIIUi:, with A. J. Bryan r as vice-president and acting president. In 1875 Mr. BryanI" succeeded to the presidency, which office he still holds, Richard Ivers being the vice-president. Charles H. Cushing has been the .secretary from the beginning. The income of the company, in ex- cess of losses and expenses, in 1881, was $53,000, of which $27,000 went into dividends, and the remainder into the net assets. This record ought to satisfy polic\liolilers as well as stockholders. A. J. Bryant.— Mr. Brvant is manager for this coast of THE PACIFIC Insurance Co.mI'ANV of New York, with assets of $850,000, and of The New Hami'siure Insurance Company, of Manchester, New Hamnshiro. INSURANCE. '33 with assets of $750,000. He is a nati\-c of New Hampshire, and a resident of California since 1850; has been Mayor of San Francisco for two term.s, and United States Naval Officer of the port for one term. Ttie Commercial Insurance Company of California, incorporated in 187J, has $200,000 of capital stock fully paid up, and $377,458 of present assets. Since the commencement of its business it has paid $Soo,ooo of losses. The last .sale of its stock at $123 a share indicates a hiyh estimate of its management. Joiix H. Wl.sE, of CliRlSTV & Wise, wool commission merchants, is president, and Cll.\RLES A. L.\TOX, secretary. The latter has been ens^rayjcd in the underwriting,^ business for the last 20 years, and is resident aj;;ent, on this coast, for 1 ME FiRE Aksoci.vtion of Phila- DELI'IIIA. Union Insurance Company.— The Uniox Insurance Company, engaged in fire and marine business, one of the oldest underwriting corpora- tions in San I'V^nci.sco, has a capital of $750,000, and its assets in the begin- ning of 1882 were $1,036,000. TiiE Western ]"ire and iMarine Insur- ance Company and The Oakland Home Insurance Company are other Californian institution.s. The Pacific Mutual Life— the only life insurance company on our coast. The Pacific Mutu.vl Life Insurance Company of Cali- fornia is now 14 years old, having been organized in 18C8. The capital stock at the time of organization amounted to $100,000, all paid up in cash, witii a guaranty fund of $250,000, consisting of notes of responsible par- ties. These notes have been retired, and no liability therefore now rests on the corporation. The assets of the company, December 31, 1 88 1, amounted to $1,015,200, and the liabilities, including reserve on policies outstanding, to $847,197, leaving a surplus of $168,000. The aggregate of the insurance in force is $7,250,000; the losses paid to representatives of deceased policy- holders have been $1,050,000; the sum paid for matured indowments, $375,000; anil $800,000 have been paid for cash surrender values on lapsed and surrendered jKilicies, and for di\idends to policyholders. The company' has loaned to citizens of our coast, on real estate security, more than $2,000,- 000, thus materiall)- aiding the development of the natural resources of tiie country. LliL.VNl) SlANFORIi was jiresident until 1877, when the press of other duties compelled him to resign, lie was then succeeded by JoiIX If. Carroll, ami he, in i8,So, by Dr. GEORGE A. MOORE, the present head of the compan)', who has been in the business for 25 jcars, ha\ing been an cm[jlo\'ec and oflicer of se\'eral eastern companies, thus acquiring an exten- sive e.vperieiici' and fauiiliarits' with the lules of sountl life insurance Dr. Ill 156 COMMERCK, ETC. I n,v ill t f- l 'li!.^- \V. R. Cluxess is vice-president and medical director, and E. R. MOTT, Jr., is secrctar)-. The boanl uf directors consists of careful and competent busi- ness men, and the Pacific Mutual Life is deservedly growing in the confi- dence of the communit)- and in the amount of its patronage. Hutchinson & Mann- — One of the best safeguards in undcr\vriting on tliis coast, where so large a percentage of the buildings are frame struc- tures, is that numerous wealthy companies, in the Atlantic States and in lun-ope, should participate, so that no one company siiould, if juiliciously managed, be exposed to serious danger of bankruptcy, even in case of a vciy great conflagration. To provide such a broad basis of foreign and eastern seciuit\', has been the ambition of HUTCIIIXSOX & MaW, who, in the magnitutle of bn 'incss and the number of companies represented, have the leading agency on this side of the continent, and their subordinate agents arc to be found in all the notable towns of California, Oregon, Washington, Ne\ada, Arizona, Utah, Montana, Texas, and Colorado. They represent 2 marine companies: TlIK LONDON PROVINCIAI, MARINE INSURANCE COM- I'ANV with $6,278,362 of assets, and La Foncii-.RE MaRIXE Ixsi:raxce COMPAXY, of Paris, with $2,090,400; and 10 fire insurance companies: TllE GiRAUn IXSURAXCE CoMI'AXV, of Philadelphia, with $1,132,485 of assets; The St. Paul Inscraxce Co^rrAxv, of St. Paul, with $873,727; The Watertowx Fire Ixsuraxce Comtan'y, of New York, with $1,069,075; Till. Xi.w Orleans Ixsuraxce Comtaxv, with $323,248; Tin; People's iNsukAXCE CoMi'AXV, of Newark, with $474,880; The Teutoxe\ Ixsur- Axci; Company, of New Orleans, with $410,376; The Dwelling-House Underwriters, of New York, with $2,496,379; La Coxeiaxce Insur- ance Company, of Paris, with $6,679,565; and TiiE P'lRE IxsuRAXCE Association, of London, with $1,349,943. The aggregate of the available cash assets of these companies, as gi\en by their statements in 1S81, is $23,- 802,877. In 1881, HiTciiixsoN & Manx collected $712,708 in premiums (including $167,678 on marine risks, $5 18,030 on fire risks taken by companies which they represent, an COMMERCE, 1;TC. Macdonahl & Ilawes.— Macdonald & IIawt.s (William Macdoxald and Olivi;!< Hawks), the general agents of tlic Pacific departments of Tiiic CoNMXTicuT FiRi-: Insurance Company, of Hartford, Connecticut, and of The Scottish Union and National Insurance Company, of lulinburgh, have been identified with the insurance business of this coast for the ]5ast 15 years. They have agencies in all the principal points from the Pacific Coast to Kansas, and from British America to Mexico. The Con- necticut Fire Insurance Company, of Hartford, is the third oldest of the Hartford Insurance Companies, has a paid-up capital of $1,000,000, and cash assets of nearly double that amount. This company has been doing an extensi\-c business on this coast for many years, having h.ad an agency in this city nearly 25 years ago, and no claimant, under any of their poli- cies, has had to appeal to the courts to collect a loss. The Coast Rcvicii\ the insurance journal of our coast, speaks thus of The Scottish Union and National Insurance Co.nh'any, of Edinburgh: "This company is among the oldest and strongest companies in the world. Its organization dates back to 1824. Of the 95 companies doing business on this coast, and the 169 reporting to the New York insurance department, in point of paid- up capital it ranks No. 9, while in point of assets it ranks No. 6. Adding its subscribed capital, subject to call, amounting to over $20,000,000, which, under the stringent laws of Great Britain governing unpaid capital, as fully illustrated in the failure of the Glasgow Bank, is available to the last dollar for its liabilities, it stands at the head of all the companies doing business in America; making in all, in actual resources, $33,767,890.68, and every polic}' issued pledges on its face, and in its contract binds its actual fire assets, every dciliar of its authorized and subscribed capital of $30,000,000 to the payment of its fire losses." This company has on dci)osit in the United States $820,338. IlAiiAN & ManiiEI.M, at 401 California Street, h.ive the San I'rancisco agenc)- of the companies above mentioned, and J. Bachman & Bro., of Portland, arc the State agents for Oregon and Wash- ington. Dickson's Agency — Among the insurance agencies on the Pacific Coast, that of kDHEKT Dickson, at 441 California Street, occupies ,1 prominent place, lie is the manager in San I'rancisco of 4 great British companies, witli $43,000,000 of aggregate capita! and surplus, including Till', lMPERL\L iMRh Insurance Comp.wv, of London, with $8,000,000 ca])ital ; The London Assurance. Corpora i'Ion, the oldest fire insurance company doing business in America, with $4,500,000 capital ; TlIE NORTHERN As- SUR.VNCE Company, of London and Aberdeen, with $15,000,000 capital; and Tin; OuEEN Insuranci: Company, of Liverpool, with $10,000,000 capital. Mr. Du Kso.N issues policies with the signature of 1 Ion. W.\l. La.NE INSURANCE. 159 BOOKKR (British Consul), as attorney in fact of the 4 companies, binding them jointly, and giving a magnificent assurance to the policyholders. A. D. Smith.— A. D. S.MITII, 310 California Street, San Francisco, is the general manager for this coast of Till': Am.vzon Insur.VXCE Comp.\NV, of Cincinnati, with $300,000 of capital, and $475,000 of net suri)lus to policy- holders; TlIE M.VNIIATTAN Fire iNSURAXCECOMrAXV, of New York, with $250,000 of capital, and $390,000 of surplus; and TlIE NOKTIl-WKSTERN National Insurance Company, of IMilwaukcc, with .$600,000 of capital, and $830,000 of surplus for policyholders. Mr. SMITH, a native of New Hampshire, and a resident of California since 1863, has been engaged in the insurance business for 16 ycar.s, and for 4 years was deputy insurance commissioner under Commissioner Mowc. Louis Jacoby.— The Providence Washington Insurance Company, of Providence, Rhode Island, with $890,000 of as.sets, TliE PUESCOTT IN- SURANCE Company, of Boston, with $3 1 1,000 of assets, and TlIE PRUSSIAN National Insurance Company, of Stettin, Germany, with $2,904,000 of assets, arc represented in San Francisco by LouiS jACOnv, who is their agent for the Pacific Coast. Wm. G. Elliott.— The Pacific departments of THE COMMERCIAL iMRK Insurance Company, of New York, with $5 30,000 of assets, and The Ai.li;- MANNiA Fire Insurance Company, of Pittsburg, with $309,000 of .assets, are under the management of Wm. G. Elliott as general agent. He has been an underwriter in San Francisco since 1870, and his office is at 440 California Street. C. T. Hopkins.— Caspar Thomas Hopkins, son of the distinguished Bishop Hopkins, of Vermont (bishop of the Protcstaut Episcoi)al Church}, was born at Pittsburg, Pennsylvania, in 1S26, and bred to manhood in the Green Mountain State. After spending 4 years of his later boyhood on u farm at hard work, he completed his education at college, graduating second in a class of 30. He had learned mucli of many mechanical occupation.s, anil was a good musician, but he had not mastered any profession, and his first occupation after leaving college was editorship, which he abandoned to come to California, reaching San Francisco in June, 1849. He became, by turns, miner, carpenter, house and sign-painter, master of a schooner, teacher, surveyor, organist, writer for a newsiiaper, shipbroker, importer, clerk in the custom-house, and underwriter. While in the custom-house, in [853, he married; and when he became an insurance agent, in 1855, he found the business fur whicii he had been searching, and which was to be his occupa- III 1% & . .if' 1 60 COMMERCE, ETC. i tion for life. Five years later he suggested, and, with Dr. MerrTTT's help, organized Tin: C.\i.n"OKN!.\ Insur.wce Comp.v.w, of which he has been an officer c\cr since. As an underwriter, he has brought success to every conipan\- with which he has been connected, though he has not accumulated a large fortune for himself Mr. Hopkins is a man of rare public spirit. While avoiding political partisanship, at least so far as the seeking for office is concerned, he has par- ticipateil actively and influentiall)-, without scheming for individual profit or prominence, in many of the most important public movements of San Tran- ci.sco. He was secretary of the first musical society and of the first insur- ance company of the city, president of the California Immigration Society, secretary of the Chamber of Commerce for several years, and secretary of TllE ]jO.\RD or !M.\RI\]; UNDER\VKrri:RS for the last 16 j-ears ; and in 1872 lie was appointed a committeeman, together with R. G. Sneatii and J. S. Ha(.;i;k, to \isit St. Louis, and examine whether San Francisco ought to aid the con- struction of the j\tlantic and Pacific Railroad. It is, however, chiefiy as an author and writer of pamphlets, and unpaid contributions to the local press, that Mr. HorKlN.s has exerted a strong influence on the community. He writes fluentl)- and forcibly, studies his subjects carefully before venturing into print, and never says anything unless ho has sometliing worthy of con- sideration. He watches clo.scly the cour.-.e of the government, and the ten- dencies of commercial and industrial business, and being a man of extensive information, restless mind, and independent thought, a multitude of ideas occur to him. These he investigates for his own satisfaction, and when he believes he has fi)und something that would benefit the public he thinks it his duty to publish it. He has said that he "considered himself bound to render to the community even more than an equivalent for his living;" and the attention which his articles and pamphlets have commanded, has en- couraged him to continue such public-spirited labors, even when they im- posed some sacrifice upon him. From his pen appeared the first suggestions for banking corporations to supersede the banking houses of individuals, for the repression of fraudulent insurance companies, and for a State railroad commission. The first elaborate printed argument against Chinese immi- gration, and the first comprehensive statement of the ad\antages of I'uget Sound for shipbuilding, were from his pen. In 1S71 he published a book, entitled ,1 Manual of Aiiicricait Ideas, to give information to schoolchildren and foreigners about our go\ernment. His latest contribution to politico- economical literature is an essay to ]3rove that all la.xes should be levied on land and its improvements. He has contributed niateriall)' to give direction to the thought and business of California for nearly a quarter of a century. i' INSUUANXE. I6l Jacobs & Easton.— Jacop.s & ICastox, who represent 9 nf the strong- est and most reliable insurance companies in the United States (with more than $10,000,000 of aggregate assets), rank among the leading agency firms in San Francisco, being surpassed by only 4 others in the amount of their city jiremium receipts. The>- arc general agents for this coast of TllK TkaijKRs' Insuranck CoMi'ANV, of Chicago, with $1,034,598 of assets; Tin-. BriiALo C.erman I.xsuranci: Comi'a.nv, of Ruffalo, with $900,- 956 of assets; TiiK Gi.iix.s FALLS IxsuRANCE CoMPAXV with $1,1 15,41 j of assets; TllK TradksMEX's IxsURA.XCE Co.MPAXV, of Xew York, with $544,441 of assets; TlIK SrRIXGIIKLD FiRK axd .Marixk Ixsuraxce Co.MPAXV, of Springfield, Massachu.setts, with $2,255,807 of as.sets; The Oriext Ixsuraxce Compaxy, of Hartford, Connecticut, with $1,419,521 of assets; TlIE SHOE AXD LEATHER IXSURAXCE COMPAXY, of Boston, with $1,102,236 of a.sscts; THE UXKJX IXSURAXCE Compaxy, of Phila- delphia, with $cS94,562 of assets; and The MERCHANTS* INSURANCE Com- pany, of Newark, Xew Jersey, with $L 1 28,994 of assets. Their jurisdiction for these companies includes all the territory west of the Rocky ]\Iountains, and they have occupied this vast field with numerous subordinate agencies, under their supcr\ision. The present firm, successors to PoTTER, jACons & Easton, was formed in 1875; and prior to that time both members of the firm were engaged in insurance agency for many years, justly earning the title of veterans in the busines.s. In the last 6 years they have written nearly $1,250,000 in premiums for their companies, and they have met and paid promptly nearl_\- $350,000 in losses for their several companies. Their office is at 216 Sansomc Street. ■ l62 COMMERCE. ETC. CHAPTER VIII.— RAILROADS. I! ■ a . Early Railroad Projects. — The circumstances of California were prc- tli)inin;intK- uiilavorable to railroad con.itruction for )ears after the {^old ilisco\ery. California could not profitably build a road to the Mississippi, then the western boundar>- fur the locomotive in America; nor did ca.stern capitali>ts show a disposition to push iron tracks out to the Rocky Mount- ains. l!ut the main railroad want of California was for a direct connection with'thc Missi.s-sippi, so that passengers, mails, and freights could make the trip across the continent in the Temperate Zone, and in a wetk, instead of spending 3 '2 weeks by way of Panama. For their local business within the limits of their own State, the Califor- nians had in 1854 no urgent need of the locomotive. The bays and rivers tributary to the Ciolden Gate were well adapted to accommodate an exten- sive traffic b)- steamboat and schooner. No route by rail from San Fran- cisco to Stockton, Sacramento, and Marysville, the river ports which took nine tenths of the freight, could be so short or cheap as thai by water. The merchandise was carried to 50 important mining camps by roads radiating out from each of these ports, like the ribs of a fan, each road following up a canyon or narrow ridge of the Sierra Nevada. The quantity of freight sent to each town was very large in proportion to its number of inhabitants; iiut not sufficient to maintain a railroad, and besides, the business of placer mining was visibly and certainly declining. No ridge or canyon had l)ermanent ])opulation enough to sustain a railroad, nor could a road be built with profit to cross the course of the ridges in the auriferous belt. Pacific Railroad Agitation. — The idea of a railroad across our continent, on i\merican territoi}-, (jccurred to many different persons as early as 1840, in vague anticipation of an indefinite future. At a connnercial convention heUl in St. Louis in 1849, Tilo.M.vs H. 15i:\Tu.\ dcclareil himself in favor of a railroad, to be built by the States or individuals from New York to St. Louis, and thence to San I-'rancisco by the National Government. An association was organized in New York in 1852 to build The Atlantic and Pacific Railroad, and in March the subscription-books were opened in San RAILROADS. 163 I'Vancisco. The cntcr])rise was u ,;cd on puhlic attention by editors and politicians, and o?i the third of March, 1853, (.'ongrcss autliorizcd the Sec- retary of War t(3 make surveys t'> find the most suitable routes. The cx- ])lorations, commenced in thr rullowing summer, and continued rcople feel the need of a land route. The great and varied agricultural resources of Oregon and California, then beginning to impress themselves on the public mind, could not be developed in a manner worthy of the nation, without the magical help of the railroad. The prospect, however, was discouraging. The strict construction faction of the Democratic Party, then dominant in the administration and in Con- gress, denied the constitutional power of the national government to build such work.s, but was willing, for the sake of catching vote.s, to make vague ill ri. 1(34 COMMKRCE, tTC. ! li' promises, ;is it hatl done in 1S56. Tlie anxictj' of tlic southern politicians to check the agitation aL,Minst slavcr\- was not consistent with national road- building; (jr anj' other policy that woultl stimulate the settlement of the ter- ritories. Subsidy Granted. -Hell) came to the railroad project from sources whence little was expected. The division of the Democratic Party in 1S60, let! to the o\erthrow of the strict constructionists, and to the election of a Re[)ublican administration favorable to the enterprise and to the i)olic\' of fiUin;..; the Territories with free settlers. The f^rcat national calamit)' of the ci\ il war f;a\e imjiortance to the measure for military ])uri)oses, and the enormous expenditure on the army and navy made the proposed bond sub- sidy of $50,ooo,0(X) look like a tritle. The bill to provide for the construction of a I'.icific Railroad from San Francisco or .Sacramento to the .Missouri River, by the Central Pacific and Union Pacific Railroad Companies, became a law July 2, I' bonds outright to the company, instead o( pur- chasing $600,000 of stock with an ecjual amount in bonds. The company were now able to commence work energetically. They had $1,500,000 of bond.s, on which the State was to pay interest ; $400,000 of .San Fran- cisco bonds; $300,000 of Sacramento bonds; $250,000 of Placer bonds, and was to receive $48,000 in National bonds for every mile built beyond Arcade; and besides had the privilege of giving a first mortgage for $48,- 000 a mile on the road. The rise in the National credit, accomi)an\ing the overthrow of the rebellion, occurred when little work had as jet been done, and before there was an opportunity to sacrifice many of the bonds. For- tune seemed to favor them at every turn ; but they were men who had the capacity to prcjjare for possible opportunities, and to seize them skillfully and firmly at the most favorable moment. The road from Sacramento to I'olsom had been extended to Shingle Springs, and, in the hands of their enemies, waged a troublesome opposition in politics, in freights to Nevada, in the newspapers, and in the courts. The directors of the Central Pacific bought up a controlling influence in its stock, and all competition ceased. Hut notwithstanding all the energy of the rail- road builders, the track advanced very slowly up the western side of the Sierra Nevada, and it was not until June, 1868, that the first train passed m iCG co^vm:RC\i, inc. throufjii the summit tunnel, douri to the baiil tedious system of fre(|uetit handling to and from the deck- 'f fern--boats, .ind landed, with considerable dela)', upon the .San l-'rancisco - ue of the ba_\-. This method was found to be vexatious alike to the sliii)per die rccci\'er, atid the carrier of freight. A remedy was found in tlie construction of liea\y transfer steaimrs, which would carry a train of loaded freight cars. On April 16, 1S70, these boats were completed, ■And commenced making regular trips across the bay, thus virtuall)' consti- tuting Sati I'rancisc'i the western terminus of the contitietUal railroati. When the Central Pacific Road had thus become a fixed and important factor in the development of the resources of California, it became neccs- s.ii)' to o|)en up .1 s\stem of lities that would radiate towards it atid towards the commercial metropolis of the Pacific. The same partic s who had already RAILROADS. I ^'7 accomplishcci so much, turned their innuediate attention to these new enter- prises, the niosf important of which was the hue up tlie San Jciatiuin X'allc)-. In the spring in .Hji work was eonmienced at I,athro[), and early in 1S7J 146 miles of road were completed to a [joint near Visalia, in tlie county nf Tulare. With the opening of this brancji there was an immeiliate and steady increase in the price cjf lands in that great \alley, and i>opulation followed freely along the iron wa}' and in the regions adjacent thereto, Pre\ious to the construction of this line, lands in distant portions of the San Joaquin Valley were thought to be almost \alueless, .iiul l.irge and favorably located tracts could hi ■ ven bought at $1 an acre. These lands are now worth from $10 to > 'U acre, and the \ast cattle ranges of that region ha\'c been convertci; .nto wheat-fiekls of enormous I'Xtent, whose products find an cas}-, cheap, ant! rapitl transit to the sea-going vessels at tide water. A strip of land through this \alle\-, of ;i width of 20 miles, on each siile of the railroad, aggregates 6,000,000 acres; .md it is estimated by reliable statisticians that these lands ha\e increased in \ ,diie to the extent of .f.So,ooo,QOO since they have been opened up b)- the rail- road. The 4 county towns of Modesto, Merced, I'"resno, arul Tulare, w hich in 1870 had no e:cistence, luive now an aggregate of 2,300 building>, .ind a population of more than 13,000. While the interior of the State was being thus developed, a new impetus was given to tiic increase f)f w( alth and population in .San I'Yancisco and the comities bordering upon the adjacent bays. \ railroad liad been built in 1863 from the race-track near the Mission, San IVanci.sco, in a southerly direction towards .San Jose, and was opened to Mcnlo Park, October i/th of tiiat year; and on January 16, 1864, it was finished to San Josd, and on Februar)' 14th extended from the race-track into the cit\ , to Market Street, where it had its terminus for several years. In 1SC9 this road was ex- tended to Gilroy; in 1S70, to Ilollister; in 1871, to I'ajaro; in 1872, to Salinas; and in 1873,10 Soledad. In 1863 the California Northern Road was built from Oro\ille to Marys- ville, a distance of 29 miles. The mining industries of that region gave this compan)' a profitable traffic in its earlier history, but its resources were greatly diminished b\' the decay of the placers. Various Railroads. The passage of the original Pacific Railroad Bill had given a stimulus to railroad construction in California. Within 3 j'ears population and wealth had increased rapidly in the metropolis and the counties bordering on San Francisco and San Pablo bays.» Capital was seeking investment. The possession of the best routes for rail transporta- tion became an object of ambition In 1863 roads were built from .San fj it ei t , i68 COMMI-.kCi:, ITC I'r.'incisc'i to San Jnsi5, and from .Man'ssillc to Orovillc;, and a brancli nf the Sacramciiln Valley Ivoad was constructed from f'olsoin to Lincoln, i8 miles. This last route was injudiciously selected, and ilie track was afterwards taken u]i. I he ("alifornia Pacific built its roail from Sacramento to N'allcjo in iit on the liay to carr\- freight and passengers between the latter pl.ace and tile metroi)olis, .Soon afti.-rwards this company bought the Xa])a \';ille\' Kailroail, and then in rapiil succession made a branch from I>a\isville to M;uys\ille, bought the San l'"rancisco and North I'acific (Pctaluma Valley Road and the boats of Tin; Cau I'(M<.\1.\ Sti:.\M N.\\IC,,\T1(").\ Co.Mr.\X\', commenced work- on a r, the I.os Angeles and Wilmington, the Los .fVngeles and .Santa Monica roads. The\- extended the Southern Pacific to .Soledad, in the .Salinas X'allc}-, and through or acros- the .San Joacjuin, Colorado, Gila, and Ivif) Grantle \'alle)s to Tcx.is, where the_\- are now on their wa_\- to the CJulf of .Mexico. TheN- built the Oregon and Californi.i Road from Rose\il!e to Reilding. The)- have con- structed about ^,500 miles of road, and control 3.000 miles. The}' own all the railroads running into San P'rancisco, .Sacramento, .StockttJii, N'allejo, and Los .Angeles; all, sa\e one, running intf the needs nf the adjacent country, that they were ne owned by iheni, and managed by them, for their own indi\idual profit. XotliiiiL; in the lan^uaj.;c of the statutes conveys any otiicr idea. I'he Central I'aeilic Ro;ul is as full)- theirs in law and equity as if it had been built e.\clusi\el)- with their own mon(n'. It was the },rencral opinion of CouLjress and the ])eoj)le at the time of the pass;i;;e of the Acts of iiSG.'? and 1X64, that a coiuinenial railroad was ,1 nation, d necessity, and that ^jreat inducements should be offereil, in order to enlist the capabilities of wealthy ;ind enerLjetic men in the undertalcin;;. The feeling w.is unanimous, that the olfer of ("io\ ernment aid, by the loan of credit and by a ilonation of Lands, would He ,1 public benefit ; ^ ince the road has been finished this ide.i has not been abaniloned by ri|j;ht-lliinkinLj political economists. It is still the prevalent opinion, tliai thouj^h the Acts of Congress beariiifj upon this ipiestion mis^ht have been drafted more wisely iii some respects, still it is far better for the nation that they should have been adopted a.s they were, rather than that thi' Central and L'nion I'acific line had not been built. It was a fortunate thinjj for Californi.i, in the inception of this enterprise, that five men should have been found among her prominent citizens, to take hold of a work so imccrtain in its results, th(jugh so magnificent in its possibilities — men so earnest in their character and so faithful to their ta.sk, who were able to work together in harmonious .action, and so eminentl)- fitted fiir the different de))artmeuts of the work. Before the last spike had been diiveii, the 5 directors ied and unaxailable, being in mountain or desert. The\- had recci\'ed, as a lo,m, .$^4,000,000 of national bonds, which are a second inoitgagc on the ro.id ; $550,000 of Sacramento and I'lacer bonds given fiir subscriptions which were subsequentl)- canceled, the boiuls being returned to ihe counties; $4Cxj,ooo of San I'rancisco bonds as an un- conditional gift; ai,- the .State treasury in return fin the obligation todocert.iin transportation fiirthe .Si.ite. il^ ■'/• i;o CiiMMKRCi:, KTC. When wc consider the obscurity of TlIE CENTRAL PACIFIC RAILROAD CoMl'ANN in ils bL<;innin;j;s, the relative poverty of its leadin;^ stockholders, the j(encr;il inilifrerence, if not contempt, felt for their enterprise, anil the fact that llioiij^h respectable business men in a cit\' of 20,000 inhabitants, tiiey did not include its wealthiest bankers and merchants; when we con- sider all these things, we arc astonished to find in its 5 directors such a combination of ca[)acity, pruilence, persistence, tact, and fitness for har- monious co-operation, as was perhaps never surpassed in an equal number of nuMi united in a business enterprise. There was no brilliancy amonsj; them, neither was there an)- weakness. M\cry one was e logjt; i 172 (■o^rMl:R(■l:, nx'. of business eventualities; and tliey ha\c become so thorouc^hly the rule in commercial affairs that no one fnuls fault with the merchants \>y whom tlic)- are enforced. The Central I'acific, and other railroads, take these and kindred considei'ations as the basis of their eharjj;es, and \'et the)- are denounced In' men who are ,L;iiided by the same moti\es in dealini^ with their ni i^dibors, I'reii^ht can be transported cheaper, relativelj', for Ioul; dis- tances than for short ones, and in larye (luantitics than in small ones; and can be delivered more conx'eniently at the main terminal points than at small intermediate stations. Land-Grant Policy. — The construction of the Central Pacific Railroad m.ide a demand for brancli roads, such as those which start from Ogdcn, in I'tah, from Hattle Mountain, Palisade, anil Reno, in Nevada, and from Colfa.x and Gait, in California. Other continental lines were projectetl; and Congress passed acts giving land subsidies to a road from the Central I'acific to Portland, Oregon, and from San Jose, by way of Los Angeles, to "N'uma, and from San Diego, by way of Yuma, to the Rio Grande. Some notice must be taken of the common complaint made as to the alleged injustice done to the people by gi\ing land subsidies to railways. The railroad lands west of the Rock)- Mountains are not worth 50 cents an acre on the axerage, and those writers who have been most bitter in denun- ciation of the polic)' of the grants, have concealed from the [lublic the fact, that after a lapse of 12 )-ears, a large proportion, equal probably to nine tenths of the land covered by the Central Pacific grant, reniains unsold, un- cultivated, and practically worthless. The grant covers some e.xcellent lands in the ncjrthcrn part of the Sacramento Valley and the southern part of the San Joaciuin V^alle)-, but even this would ha\e been worth little if the)- had not been made accessible by rail. The area of fertile .soil that has been granted to railroads, and that would have sold for an average of $5 an acre before the end of this century, without being made available for cultivation b)- railroad communication, has been too small to demand serious consid- eration, when counterbalanced by the immense benefits which the land-grant roads have conferred, directl)- and indirectl)', upon the Pacific Coast and adjacent Territories. It is an easy matter to be wise after the event has transpired, and, juilging with the experience of 1881, to find defects in the legiskition of 1S62 and 1S64; but the general decision, that the railroad statutes of those )-ears ha\e proved beneiiei.d to the State of California and til the nation at large, is in no danger of being overruled. Prolits. — The Central Pacific was a profitable road from the start. The net receipts are now about $S,ooo,ooo annually, and the gross receipts 3 times as much. The net earnings are obtained by deducting the "operat- wpwr" KAlI.RiiADS. 1-5 ing expenses" from tlv ^ross receipts, \\itli >m\ii;k(i:, ktc. M' i m nf tliiisc; (lays, ,iti(l !•;. B, ('l<()(Ki;i<, tlinm^'h liis pi)litical convicti'ins, his pn^- fcsNidiial duties, ami liis personal s)'m|);itliics witli the (ipprcsseci slaves. liecaine iinoKed in \e\ati<)iis law ])r(>eeeilinL;s, liiat finallj' compelled him to ^'ive lij) his ])raeticc in that ixj^ion. I'larly in iS^r he came to California, and located his law office in Sacniinento, where he achieved a iiiL,'h position at the bar of his adoptetl State. In May, 1S65, hcwas ai)pointed b)- tlic ("lovernor, J Li~>tice of the Supreme Court of California for the uiuxpireil term, occasioned b)- the aj)poiiUment of Jutk;e I'ii;l1) to the .Su]ireme Hcich o'" the United .States, At that lime there were but ^ Justices of the Supreme (iouit of (.'aliforni.i, and ,'.n immense volume of unfinished business had accuiiuilated before that tribunal. It was here that tile industrious habits and close ap|)lication of Justice tJ<(J('KI'.R were full)- tleveloped, and it is a part of the judicial histor)- of California, that no .Supreme Court Judge ever accomi)lish(.(l such a volume of work in so siiort a period; and that no opin- ions delivered from that bench have stood more thorou[,dily the te.st of letjal criticism than his. On January 1, 18C4, his term of office expiretl, and he then took entire chart'c of the law de[)ariment of TllK Ckm U.VL P.U.Illc R.MLKO.VD COM- I'.ww liis clear judL;ment and loj^ical mind were well adapted to the mul- tifarious duties that were daily unfolding; in connection with tile enterprise in which lie had now become ,-i prtjniinent fiLjure. 'liie .settlement of intricate land titles, tile drafting of contracts and legal documents connected with the eom[)any — originating, and watciiing the drift and .scope of legislative and c(jngressional proceeding.s — made up a [Portion of tlie diversified work that he w as called upon to perform, and tile .ability witii which lie performed these duties, lias Ijecn fully tested and proved ioy tlie results of his labors. But Judge CliOtnciJi, like many (jther eminent Caiifornians, overestimated iiis pliysical strength and mental capacity; after lo years of hard and unin- terrupted t(jil in the railroad offices, iiis iiealth became impaired to sucli an extent that he was obliged to gi\e up ail active employment, and after a lingering illness, w hicli extended o\er many months, iie died in Sacramento June 24, 1.S75. Mark Hopkins.— M.VKK Hopiaxs, the eldest of liic railroad quintC, and treasurer of the company from its commencement to the time of his death, was born in Henderson, X. V., September I, 1813, the fifth in a lamiiy of 7 sons. His father i77 district schools ulurc lu' resided. At tiu- age of 16, soon .liter l\i> l.ither's death, he left tiic paleriKii lioinc aiul coiniiicnccil llis business career as juniiir clerk witli a niercantiie firm in Niaj;ara Cuunlv, \. N'., anil 2 years later he removed, uith one of his cm[)loycrs, to l.ockiiort in the same State. Ultimately he became associated with ,1 .Mr. lli;i.lli;s as leading jjartner in the firm of Iliil'KlNS iS: lIui.llKS. lie continued as piincipal in the busini'ss until i'"^.v, v. hen he conuninced the stud)' of law with his brother I ll'.NKN, a prominent practitioner in l.ock- j)ort, and a man of pronounced leg.il attainnu.-nts. It is to this elder brother, that Mark felt himself indebted for the rare ijualities of anal)tical thought and thorough business habits that so strongly marketl, in ,ifter j'ears, his own individualit)', and that conlributcil so effectuall)' to his success as a business man. He did not pursue the study of law for the purpose of making it a life profession, but used it as a training school to de\elop mental exactitude, and to acijuire a logical habit of reasoning, which lie was confident would be of great advantage to him in his business relations with the world. After j years of legal studies he embarked witii a Mr. Williams in the manufacture and sale of agricultural im[)lements, and traveled extensively in the .States of New York and Ohio in connection with this enterprise. He then moved to the City of New York and took a prominent position as clerk and manager in the commission house of J A.MKS RoWL.VND & Co., where he remained until he cmb.irked for California, 7'ia Cape Horn, January 22, 1849. Mr. IIui'KLN'S arrived in San l"rancisco August 5, 1S49, .and after trying several ventures with varied succes.s, located a store in Placcrville, having hauled his own goods with an ox-team from S.icramento. In July, 1850, he left Placervilleand returned to Sacramento, where he started a wholesale grocery business with his friend and fellow-passenger from New York, K. II. MiLLKU, Jr. The firm, IIOI'KIXS & MiLLKR, did a large and successful business, investing a portion of their surplus profits in real estate in .Sacra- mento. The great fire of November, ificj, destroyed their store and goods, and other buildings which they h.id erected. They immediately rebuilt their store and continued their busine.w until 1854, when Mr. IIoi'KlNS sold out to his partner, and made a trip to the Fust, where he was marrieil Sep- tember 20, 1854. On his return to California in 1855, he entereil into i)art- ncrship with C. V. HuXTIN'CiTOX in the hardware business, and he remained a member of the firm, Ik'N riNxno.X, Mol'KlXS & Co., until his death. The eru-ly connection of Mr. Hoi'KlXS with TlllC Ckxtral Pacific Railroad ComI'AXV, and with his associates in that enterprise, has else- where been alluded to in these pages. H)' his seniorit)' of age, and liis ana- lytical methods of thought, he seemed to lie the acknowledged Nestcjr and 33 IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 I.I ■ 50 ^^^" M^^H ■^ ^ |2.2 Sf |i£ HII2.0 I I 1.8 L25 i_U 11.6 Jl^ «> Photographic Sciences Corporation 33 WIST MAIN STRUT WIBSTIR.N.Y. USSO (716)a73-4S03 '4^ «- !iv f" 1/8 coMMKRCi:, i;ri'. Mentor of the quintet. When difficult questions came before them, Mr. IIOl'KINS atKicc was sought, and his judijment was relied upon in an em- inent dei^ree. He was seldom at fault where mental \is^orwas reciuired, and seldom failed in a comprehensive .L;;raspiny of business jM-opositions. While he was not prominent in orii^inatini; i;reat enteri)rise.s, lie was a good listener when the projects of others were presented to him. When in doubt, he in- vestigated with patience; and when convinced, his after course proclaimed the consistency of his con\ictions. Like all his associates in the railroad dirccloiy, Mr. IIoriCINS was a hard and earnest worker, antl liis rugged con- slitulion enabled him, for many years, to endure the strain of incessant mental toil. Hut in 1877 his health began to fail, and he was obliged to gi\e up, in a great measure, his office work. In March, 1878, he went to Fort Yuma, then the terminus of the Southern Pacific Railro.ad, hojiing to obtain relief, if not a restoration to health, by a radical change of .scene; but his hopes, and those of his friends, were not realized. There at \'uma, in his own car, resting upon the last rails that had then been laid on the Southern route, and attended by the congenial .sympathies of railroad offi- cials, this busy life w;is closed, on March 2<), 1878. C. P. Huntington.— (.'oM. IS 1'. IlrMiNcniN, the resident director and financial agent of the Central Pacilk' Railroad Company in New \'ork, was born at Harwinton, Litchfield Count)-, Connecticut, October :;2, kSji. He was the fifth in a famil)' that numbered 9 children. His father was a man- facturer of woolen goods in Harwinton, ,ind was a [)rominent and active citizen. His children had such educational advantages as were afforded by the common schools of New l".ngland in those da)s. At tlie age of 22, CoiJ.l.S entered into the business of genera! merchandising with his eldest brother at Onconta, in the State of New 'S'ork, antl he cu^'^inued in tli.it occupation with considerable success until 1849, when he removed to Cali- fornia, and establisheil himself in a mercantile house in the City of Sacra- mento. His business at this time was principall)- in hardware, though connecteil with other staple goods. In the winter of 1854-5 he entereil into p.irtnersiiii) with M.vkk Hop- kins, which was the first step in the formation of the well-known hardware house of MuNTlNtiTON, HorKl.vs & Co., in which firm Mr. Hi:ntinc;to\ lias been an active particiiiaiU from its organization to the present time. /\s early as 1859 the idea o( connecling thcniscKes with the construction of a continental railroad began to shape it.self in the minds of Mr. HUN UNC'iiiX and his associates, ami during that and the following year, frequent meetings were held in the hardware store on K Street, where I Il^N'l'l.Nc; TON, I lol'Kl.NS, St.\M'uKI), and the two t.'ROCKKUS, discu.s.sed the project, .and the wa)-s and means for carrying it on. ,'1 .,".,'.■<»'!;,» ...■■n curporatidii of Oic^iin, has its chief office aiul the center of its business in rortland. At the end of iSSi it owned J51 miles of wide- t^auije mail, contiolleil 1^4 miles of nai ro\i -yauj;e uiuler leases, and hn.d m.ide anan{,'einents fur constructin;f 300 miles before the entl of 1.S8::, 90 of tliese additioii.d miles beinLj alreatly ^^radeil. Tiie roads belon^int; to the companj' include 21S miles from the iJalles to lexas I-'erry, by way of Walla Walla; 14 of the Blue Mountain extention; 13 of the l),i)ton branch, and 6 of the Cascades I'ortaye. The Icaseil roads include yo miles between Rav's Laniliny; and lirouns\ illc ; 53 miles between I'liKjuart/.' Landing and Airlie; 7 miles of the Sheridan branch, and 4 miles between I'errj-dale and Smithfield. Amons^f the roads to be built in i8Sj are one from Portland to the iJalles, 70 miles, and one from Umatilla, 100 miles towards Haker City. This last road is to be extended to Grander, on the I'nion I'.icific; thus t;i\ing Oregon a rail route to the ICast, without dc- ])endence on either the Xorthern Pacific or the Central Pacific. Hcsidcs its railroad, TiiE OREGON KjVilway AND NAVIGATION Company owns river steamers plying on the Columbia River, and ocean steamers between "^an Francisco and Portland. I The Oregon and California Railroad. — Congress gave a grant of i j,.Soo acres of public land, per mile, to aid the constructitin of a railroad from the line of the Central P.icific, hi the Sacramento X'alley, to the Columbia Ri\er, and authorized iHl'; ()Ki:(;(,)\ AM) CalU'OUNIA RaILROAO COMrA.NV to build southward from the Columbia under the grant. The compaii_\- has built JOO miles southw,ir' )-ears considered it beneatli tlieir di^jnity, as well as inconsistent with the interests of tlieir ])rofession, to plunder a passenj^er, no matter how much treasure he mi^ht have with him. The usual order to the driver was to "throw out the express box [.i foot and .i I T lonij and a foot square] and drive on." The pri/;e was frequently $5,00 • . $io,cxX), and sometimes 4 or 5 times as much. The express company i.ad boxes made of boiler iron bolted to the stage on some of tin; uutcs, ^o that it could not be carried off without considerable delay. ^■ 1 ; than once the messengers in charge of the boxes fought desperately and succcs: tully, and on various occasions within 10 years they have killed 8 higli'Aaj : ion. In the twilight, a Men- docino robber, armeil only with a stick helil like a gun, and easily mistaken for one by the frightened driver, plundered a stage. This, however, was on a route on which there was an organized band of robbers, and on which, within a short time, 2 passengers had been killed whik- the drivers were trying to escape from the robbers. Perhaps one of the main re.isons for the popularity of the express with the community, is the promptness and fairness with which they have made settlements for losses by robberj-. The com- pany have also been liberal in rendering gratuitous aid to various move- ments of public charity on this coast. When our people were called upon for contributions to aid the sufferers by the j-cUow fever pestilence of 187,5 and 1878 in New Orleans and Memphis, by the great conflagrations of Virginia City, Chicago, and Wisconsin, bv '';o floods of the Vuba and Mis- sissippi, by the grasshoppers in Kan.-.as and Nebraska, Wklls, I'.VRCK) & Co. gave their services gratuitously in collecting and transmitting the money. Origin of the Express. — The express business was originated by W. !■". Hakxden, at Boston, in 1839. Having been a railroad conductor, he had an opportunity to learn .something of the multitude of packages which peo- ple wished to send without putting them among the ordinary freight to be left at the station at the owner's risk. On the 23d of February of that year, he advertised that he would make 4 trips a week to and from New York, and deliver all parcels as directed, in both cities. He supplied the leading newspapers with the latest journals from other places, and they advertised him liberally. Within 3 years, expressing had become a prominent branch of business, with many departments not thought of by Haknden when he started his enterprise, though they grew out of it naturally. In a short time AUAMS & Co. became one of the leading express houses of the United States, and in 1 849 they sent D. II. Ha.SKELL to establish a branch house in San p-rancisco. He found the finest field ever opened to express enter- prise. The country was full of packages, small and valuable, many of them 34 ti;. I iy if III Hi Si?! B iS6 CilMMl'RCi:, r.Tc. l)iickslnKnt of $40,000 a year for 10 years for the transmission of Govcrnnient messa.u,^es from the frontier of Missouri to San J-'rancisco, the service to bc,L;in not later than Ju!\- 31, 1862. TllE Wkstkrx UmoN Ti;i.- i:c;RAriI CoMI'anv made an arrant;cment with the leading stockholders of riii: Cai.iiorma SiATE Tklegrai'II Companv for the construction of the road from I'lacerville to Salt Lake City, and TlIE OVE.RLAND TELEGRAPH Ci'.Ml'ANV was organized for the purpose of doing the work. They reached Salt Lake witii tiicir wire October iS, 18C1, 6 days after the line from the east h.id arrixcd there. On November 6, the fn-st direct messages between New York and San I'^ranci.sco jjassed over the line. Till-: C.\L!EORNI.\ S lA IE Telegraph Company then owned tiic Pacific network of telegraphic wire, with 1,615 miles of route, and 59 stations, extending from Los Angeles to Portland, with branches to all the leading towns in the mining districts. In January, 1862, it absorbed THE OvERLAM) TELEGRAPH COMPANY, and then had 5,000 miles of wire and 200 offices, some of them in Hritish Coiumbia, and thus had a position on the Pacific slope similar to that held on the other side of the continent by THE WESTERN UNION. In 1S68, the latter com- pany purchased a controlling interest in the stock of the California company, and Icasetl its lines, which ha\c since belonged to the great Western Union, now the largest telegraph company in the world, with 100,000 miles of wire in f)peration. THE WESTERN UNION Telegraph Company in- curred great expense in 1865, for the jnirpose of constructing a telegraph from Traser River, through British Columbi.i and Alaska, U) Siberia, where it was to meet a similar line. L.\tensi\e explorations were undertaken, anil the wire had passed the southern point ear KJ2 CDMMKKCK, KTC. District Telegraph.— Til i: Amickican Disirict Tkugrai'II C(»r- PA.W \v;is organized in 1875 b\' the managers of TlIK KlKCIRKAI. CON- STRUCTION' AND .MaintknancI': Company, with a capital of $6oo,ckx), di\i(.lei.l into 6,000 shares of $100 each. In I.S78, it was consolidated with Tin: CiOi.i) AND .Stock Ti;m:c;r.vi'I1 Comi'.vnv. The main workings of the system, althouji;' generally understood, contain many interesting features, some ol' which arc peculiar to San I'rancisco. The district bo.\ now in use was invented by Mr. Ladd, the president, and STlil'llKN D. FlKl.D, the former electrician of the Electrical Construction Coinpany. The bo.x, which is of circular shape, and contains the machinery, is surmounted by a circular dial covered with glass, and inclosed in a plated iron rim. Around the edge of the dial are the words "messenger," "coupe," "hack," "tele- graph," "doctor," "coal," "transfer," "police," "fire," and 2 blank spaces for those who wish to send messages of a general nature. 13y turning the jioinlcr to the right word and pulling a lever at the side of the bo.x, the desired signal is instantly transmitted to the nearest office of the company. The machinery is so ingeniously contrived that it indicates, with unfailing accurac)', the location of the signaling box, and tiie nature of tiie service required. If it be a messenger call, a boy starts instantl)' in response. If it be a call for a coupe or hack, the order is sen*: by telepiione to the office (if TllK Unitkd CAKKl.V(iK COMPANY, and a vehicle is immediately dis- patched iVom the nearest stand or stable. If a tloclor be needed, the family lihysician, whose name and address have been previously left at the office, is at once notified by a messen;jer, who then |)roceeds directly to the sub- scriber's house to receive further instructions, go for prescriptions, etc. Standing orders are often given by patrons that, when the physician is sum- moned, a carriage shall also be dispatched to liis residence, so that his services may be obtained, for cases of sudden and serious illness, with least ])ossib!e delay. The company has on record many instances in which lives, in im- minent danger, have been saved by the prompt arrival of medical aid. If the fire call be sounded, the alarm is instantly sent, by teleplK)ne, to the ]• ne I'atrol, and assistance is dispatched within 30 seconds. The delay in- curred 1))' calling out the regular Fire Department is thus avoided ; and hundreds of fires, which otherwise might ha\e devek)ped into disastrous conflagrations, have been extinguished without .serious loss. The "[xjlice" call summons an officer at short notice, anil is of special value to households w here the ladies are left without male protection. Ant)tlier valuable feature is the " night watchman's signal." Private watchmen, employed to guaril business premises, are instructed to turn on the signal at the district box, at certain specified hours of the night, in order to indicate that nothing un- >"~n«!c»«e«w.Nsv>vn\v>nT?'. TELi:t;KAi'ii, i:tc. 193 usual has occurred. If they fail to do so at the proper moment, police officers arc at once dispatched to ascertain tlie cause. The main office of the company in .San I'rancisco is at 222 Sansomc Street. There arc numerous agencies in California, Oregon, Nevada, Utah, anil Arizona. The larger towns, in which branches are established, arc di- vided into districts of such size, that the extreme points of each are within easy reach of the head office, which is centrally located, and provided with a force of operators, clerks, messengers, and [jolice officers. Connected with the District Messenger System, is a company to supply carriages. Until 4 or 5 years ago, the public hack service of San Fran- cisco was conducted entirely by firms or individuals, owning from one t to fi- fe P3 o G cc H «i O o o r s w ?- i. M O {I'- - 1 ! SHIPPING. 205 nership with his brother, John A. McNear, as grain-commission mer- chants. The largest warehouse of California was one which, they built in 1864 at Petaiuma. In 1865 they built the steamer Josie McNcar, to ply between San Francisco and Petaiuma, and reduced the fare from $3 to $1 ; and the price was not raisetl again till the railroad was completed. In 1874 G. W. McNear succeeded to the firm business, and soon after com- menced the shipment of wheat, which he has since conducted alone, with increasing success. Although Mr. iMcNKAR owns all the wharves and warehouses at Port Cost.i, he offers their use to other shippers at reason- able rates, so that they share in its advantages. John Rosenfeld. —Among the shipping and commission merchants of San Francisco John Rosenfeld holds a prominent place. The commercial sta- tistics of 1 88 1 show that in that year he was the consignee of 43 vessels from New York, bringing 1 18,000 tons of general merchandise, in the aggregate, and earning as freights on these cargoes $784,000. Most of these ships car- ried wheat to Europe, but Mr. Ro.SENFELD loaded for New York 6 vessels with 13,000 tons, in the aggregate, of general merchandise, including 3,700 tons of wool, 2,900 of lead, 1,500 of rock iron ore, 700 of dycwood, 600 of mustard-seed, 600 of bone-dust, 600 of redwood, 500 of canned goods, 400 of wine, 300 of copper ore, 200 of borax, and 150 of rags. The freight by Cape Horn is only about half as much as by rail. Mr. RCSENEELI) came to California in 1850, and after a brief experience in .sheep-raising, .settled in San Francisco, and in 1856 took the agency of The Vancouver Coal AND Land Company of. Nanaimo, B. C, and he still holds the same posi- tion. In 1875 he invested largely in The Pacific Coast Steamship Company, and is now its Vice-President. In 1S80 he succeeded to the ship- ping and Commission business of GEORGE HoWES & Co., a firm notable in the business of San Franci-sco since 185 1. JABEZ HoWES, one of the part- ners of the old firm, remains as manager of the shipping business, with Mr. ROSENFELL, who owns a line of vessels plying between San Francisco and New York. Besides attending to his commercial business, Mr. RosENFELD has taken part in public affairs, with credit to himself, having been President of the Board of City F'irc Commissioners, and member of the Board of State Harbor Commissioners. Williams, Dimond & Co.— Williams, Dimond & Co., agents of the Pacific Mail Steamship Company, are also the agents of the California line of sailing-vessels between New York and San Francisco, and the Boston line between Boston and San Francisco. These lines, established by C. COMSTOCK, and represented in Boston by Van Vleck & Co., have also ! 2o6 COMMERCE, ETC. ifelf been represented in New York by the same firm for the last 2 years. Wil- liams, DiMOND & Co., and their predecessors, WILLIAMS, Blanchard & Co., have been the agents in San Franci.sco for g years. Owing to the changes made in the Eastern ends of these lines, fewer vessels than usual were dispatched in 1 88 1, but the freight list in that year amounted to $200,- ooo. In coimcction with their other lines, V.VN Vl.lXK & Co. are loading \ esscls direct for Portland, Oregon, and will dispatch 2 vessels from New York and one from Boston every month for San Francisco the coming year. Slbson, Church & Co.— Sibson, Church & Co., the agents of The Sai.KM Flouki.NG Mills, at the corner of Front and Ash streets, Port- land, have existed as a firm only 3 yeans, but have already taken a leading place in the exportation of wheat and flour, and in the commission business of Oregon's metropolis. In the shipping .season of 1880-81, they handled one quarter of the wheat and flour product of the State ; and in the season of 1881-82 they maintain the same relative position, though the exports have more than doubled in quantity over the previous year. Welch, Rithet & Co. — Among the leading mercantile firms of Victoria is that of Welch, Rithet & Co., established since 1 87 1, as commission merchants, and shipping and insurance agents. They are agents for the entire pack of the salmon canneries of TlHC Dr.LT.\ CANNING COM- PANY ("Maple Leaf" brand), Laidlaw & Co. ("Dominion" brand), and Adair & Co. (" Eagle" brand), on the Eraser River. They arc largely interested in shipping, have a line of 6 sailing-vessels plying between Liverpool and British Columbia, and are agents for THE PACIFIC Co.AST Ste.VMSHIP Co.MP.vny's boats, plying between San Francisco and Puget Sound by way of Victoria. The I.mperial Fiue Insurance Co.m- PANY, of London, and the M.vuiTiME MARINE Insurance Company, and the Reli.\.nce M.vrine and New Zealand insurance companies, intrust their Victoria business to Welch, Rithet & Co., who are also agents for the Moodyville Sawmill at Burrard Inlet, one of the largest establishments of its kind on the coast. Further mention of it is made under the head of sawmills. Mr. Robert PATTERSON Rithet is resi- dent manager in Victoria, and the firm is represented in Liverpool by R. D. Welch & Co., Tower Chambers. WELCH, RiTHET & Co., for their commercial business, occupy a building, 30 by 80 feet, on Wharf Street, and besides have a wharf 160 by 500 feet, and large warehouses adjoining. MERCHANDISING. 207 CHAPTER XII.— MERCHANDISING. Importations. — San Francisco is the only American seaport, except New York, that imports regularly from France and China, and the consumption of French and Chinese products is much larger on our coast, in proportion to population, than in cny other part of the Union. Since the opening of the Central-Union Pacific Railroad, there has been a considerable decline in importations by sea; and the improvement in the facilities for transporta- tion tends rather to the increase of speed and reduction of freights by land, than by sea. Important results arc expected from the completion of the Canadian Pacific, Northern Pacific, Atlantic and Pacific, Southern Pacific, Tehuantepec, and other railroads that will make new steam connections across our continent. Regarding our slope in its geographical, rather than in its political rela- tions, we treat as imports all merchandise brought to us from cither the Atlantic Slope of our Republic or from Europe; and a shipment to New York is, for our purpose, as much an exportation as one to London. The San Francisco Journal of Commerce in its annual review for 1881, estimated the value of dry-goods sold in San Francisco during that year at $9,SCK),ooo, of furnishing-goods at $6,000,000, of clothing at $4,500,000, of bags and bagging at $3,000,000, of carpets at $3,000,000, making a total of $26,000,000 for the chief productions of textile fabrics against $24,250,000 in 1880 and $20,200,000 in 1879. The sales of groceries and other pro- visions were estimated at $32,854,000; of metals, hardware, and agricul- tural implements, at $17,810,000; of wines, spirits, and malt liquors, at $8,700,000; of drugs and chemicals, at $6,310,000; and of boots and shoes, at $5,000,000. The value of woolen goods made up in the Atlantic States and forwarded annually to the American portion of the Pacific Coast, is estimated at from $5,000,000 to $6,000,000. The quantity imported from foreign countries is very inconsiderable. The consumption of articles known under the general title of furnishing-goods (apart from woolens) is not short of $7,000,000, and one fourth of the supply is manufactured on this coast, though the stamp on them is often that of an Eastern or foreign factory. The imports of merchandise of all descriptions (apart from treasure) at San Francisco were estimated for 188 1, at $67,61 5,000; of which $16,400,000 i 208 (COMMERCE, ETC. worth came overland by rail; $i2,cxx5,ooo from *bc Eastern States by sailinjr- vcsscl; $560,000 worth of Eastern merchandise by the Panama steamers; and $38,655,000 from foreign countries by steamer and sailinj^-vcssel. Of the furciL,ni imports for the jx-ar $11,000,000 were crcthted to China and Singapore; $6,868,000 to Japan; $6,407,000 to the Hawaiian Ishinds; $3,860,- 000 to ICngland; $1,883,000 to Central America; $1,708,000 to the East Indies; $1,104,000 to Australia; $1,065,000 to British Columbia; $840,000 to France; and $4,084,000 to other countries. The custom duties on foreign imports, for 1S81, amounted to $7,446,000, against $5,942,000 for 1880, and $5,528,000 for 1879. With the exception of linens, the dry goods consumed on the Pacific coast are mostly manufactured on the Atlantic slope of the Atlantic States, and, not being subject to import duty, th..r character, quality, and value arc not recorded. The importation of dry goods from Europe to this coast is rapidly decreasing, partly because the people arc becoming more eco- nomicil, but principally because the American factories arc producing finer goods every j'car, and thus competing with France, England, Ireland, and Germany in branches new to American industry. It may be stated in gen- eral terms, that the finer the class of the article, tl.T greater its value in proportion to the cost of raw material, and the more complex the ma- chinery required for its production, the larger the proportion of the impor- tation from Europe. Thus in silks, the importation of which, including satins and ribbons, amount'; to $1, 000,000 annually, 90 per cent, of the fancy dress silks, 80 pel' cent, of the black dress silks, 50 per cent, of the tailoring silks, and 25 per cent, of the ribbons are fji^uj Europe. The .satins are all from Europe; one third of them coming from Germany, and two thirds from Swiss and French looms. The European silks pay an import duty of 6o per cent., and in many instances, pro nt better in quality than those of American manufacture. The European silks, satins, and ribbons purchased annually on our coast cost $725,000; including .$400,000 shipped directly from France to San Francisco, and $325,000 brought by way of Xcw York. The American silks sold here are worth $275,000. Nearly one third of our silk supply passes through auction hou.ses; the stock being sent from New York, with instructions to dispose of them to the highest bidder. Half of the retail houses that deal in silks on the Pacific coast, lay in their stocks at the San iM'ancisco auction houses. In no other branch of business does the importation, for sale by auction, approach that of silk goods in relative magnitude. The imports of silks manufactured in China amount in value to about $150,000 a year, and consist mostly of handker- chiefs. A considerable portion of them arc sent to the Atlantic slope by rail. !i'(l MERCHANDISING. 209 The value of ready-made clothing, made up in tlic Atlantic States and forwarded annually to the American portion of the Pacific Coast, is esti- mated at $6,000,000. None comes from forcij^n countries. The consump- tion of articles known under the general title of " furnishinj.; Rtjods" is about etjual in value to that of clothiiiLj, and one fourth of the supply comes from I'acific Coa t factories, thouL;h the stamp on them is often that of an Eastern or forcij^n factory. The weaving of flannels in the mills of California and Orc;i;on, and the possibility of making up the flannel cloth intf' underwear, by the aid of Chinese labor, at a cost of 8 or lo |)er cent, of the value of the fabric, gives chances for a profit in the local production of woolen underclothing. The silk and felt hats used on this coast, to the value of .$1,500,000 anually, are all made in Europe or the Atlantic .States, but the silk hats are shaped and trimmed here. China supplies us every year with "cork" hats worth $100,000, most of them to be sent to the Atlantic States. Sheet-iron comes from England and Pennsylvania; tin-plate from Eng- land; block-tin from Australia; brass, zinc, solder, stoves, and [jumps from the ]'!astern Slates. Of locks, tools, cutlery, and builders' hardware, one tenth may come from England and the remainder from the East. Importers.— Among the San Francisco importers for the wholesale trade are MuRpiiY, Gr.vnt & Co., M. Heller & Brothers, B.vchm.vn PjRotii- ERS, Sachs, Heller & Co., Levi Strauss it Cf)., and Kaiin I3kotih:rs &. Co., in dry goods; VV. J. Steinhart & Co., Fechheimer, Goodkixd & Co., A. B. Eleelt & Co., Brown Brothers & Co., J. Baum & Co., Colman Buotheks, and Banner Brothers, in clothing; Greenebaum, Sachs & Freeman, Schweitzer, S.vchs & Co., and Neustadter Brothers, in fur- nishinggoods;FRiEDLANDERBROTiiER.s, Louis Kline, KLIXE& Co., ;\Iever Brothers, and Triest & Co., in hats and caps; Holbrook, Merrill & Stetson, G. H. Tav & Co., W. W. Montague & Co., and J. De La MoNTANVA, in house-furnishing hardware; Thomas II. Selby & Co., Geo. \V. Gibbs & Co., and I. S. Van Winkle & Co., in iron and steel; Dunham, Carrigan & Co., Baker & Hamil;on, Huntington, Hop- kins & Co., M. C. Hawlev & Co., Carolan, Cory & Co., The Gordon Hardware Company, and VV. W Montague & Co., in hardware; Red- INGTON & Co., LANGLEY & MICHAELS, J. J. MACK & CO., and C. I'. Richards & Co., in drugs; and L. Feldman & Co. in woodenwarc. Among the importing grocers are CASTLE Bros. & LouPE, Albet M.\U & Co., VVr.LLMAN, Peck & Co., F. Daneri & Co., Haas Broiiier.s, Taber, Harker & Co., Newton Brothers & Co., Tillman & Bendel, W. W. Dodge & Co., Rountree & McClure, Lohman & Coghill, »7 2IO COMMERCE, ETC. Jones & Co., Hym.\n Brothers, Kruse & Euler, M. & C. Mangels, Ti[OM..\s Jennings, Root & .Sanderson, and A. E. Sabatie & Co. The list of carpet importers includes the houses of W. & J. Slo.vne & Co., D. X. & K. Walter, C. M. Plum & Co., J. Fredericks & Co., and l-I. 11 KVN I.MAN & Co. .M.\i\ & Winchester, J. C. Johnson & Co, and Heciit Brothers rnc Icadin;,' importers of leather; H. P. GREGORY, Tatum & BOWEN, P.\KKE & Lacy, and J. Hendy of machinery; John Taylor & Co., R. A. Swain & Co., Wangenheim, Sternheim & Co., O. Lawton & Co., J. Cere & Co., B. N.\than & Co., and Strauss, Kohnstamm & Co., of crorkery and glassware; MAIN & WINCHESTER, J. C. JoilNSON & Co., John O'Kane, R. Stone, and O. F. Willey & Co., of harness and sad- dlery; Blake, RonniNs & Co., II. S. Crocker & Co., A. L. Bancroet & Co., Cunningham, Curtis & Welch, Payot, Upham & Co., and Le CouNi' liROTliERS, of paper and stationery; and George W. Clark, F. G. Edwards, Gumpertz & Brooks, and D. N. & E. Walter, of paper- hangings. Most of the above importing houses dc\otc themselves exclusively to wholesale business; many others import for sale by retail, and some of the latter arc very extensive establishments, rivaling the wholesale houses in the aggregate of their business. Other houses do an extensive wholesale business in the ])roducc of our slope v.ithout being importers. Among the leading business houses in Los Angeles arc EuGENE MEYER in dry-goods; H. Newmark and Hellman, Hass & Co. in groceries; Brown & IMatthews and C. Ducommon in hardware; M. W. Childs and I I.\Ri'ER, Reynolds & Co. in stoves and house hardware ; H. Heinscii and S. C. FoY in harness; Levy & Co. and E, Martin & Co. in wholesale liquors; L. J. ROSE, KoHLER & Frohling, and B. DREY- FUS in wines; J. Lankershim & Co. and Deming, I'.\lmer & Co. in flour milling; and PERRY, WOODWORTH & Co. and J. JVI. Grifhtu in building materials. 'ijie wholesale houses prominent in the business of Portland are WHITE, Goldsmith & Co. in dry-goods; Fleischner, Mayer & Co. in dry- goods and furnishing goods; Wadhams & 12LLIOTI, Du Bois, King & Co., Klostkrman Brother.s, CoRiuTT & Macleav, Allen & Lewes, and J. McCraken in groceries; D. J. Mal.vrkey & Co. in groceries, pro- visions, and country produce; J. K. GiLL & Co. in books and stationery; Fleckenstelm & Mayer, K. Seelig & Co., Marx & Jorgensen, A. P. Hotaling & Co., K. Martin & Qo., A. L. Grand, Scheuman & Bote- FUHR, Van Schuyver & Co., and C. A. Burciiard in liquors; Charles H. Dodd & Co., Frank Brothers, Newhurg, Hawthorn . l(! . .'" m MERCHANDISING. !1 I & Co., SKYMni'R, Sarin & Co., D. M. Osrorx & Co., J. J. Case & Co., and KnatI', Burreli. & Co. in asriciiltuial implements, etc.; CORRITT, Failing & Co., Thompson, De Hart & Co., and Foster & Rorert- SON in hardware; Davton, IIai.i, & LA^^lER.•-o^' in liarduare and powder; II. I'. Gri:gorv & Co. in machinery and rubber j^oods; IIl.XTER & Mav ill .stove.s and tinware; MoUGE, DAVIS & Co. in drugs; WaI.I'ER Brothers in carpets, etc.; J. A. STROWliRiDGl-, in leather and shoe find- ini^s; Kveruing & Farrell in general produce; JaCuRS Brothers in clothing; SiHXDi.ER & Co., The Oregon Furniture Manueactur- I.VG Comtaxv, and F. S. CllADliOURNE & Co. in furniture; GEORGE L. IIiiiiiARD & Co., F. A. Akin, George H. Carin & Co., and Hecht. Martin & Co. ir ...oots and shoes. %-i i] i General Exports. — The most remarkable feature in the business of this coast during 1881, was the great increase in the volume of exports, which, including merchandise and treasure forwarded East from the interior, may be estimated for the entire Pacific Slope at little short of $ I 50,000,000. Ex- ports of treasure and the leading articles of merchandise from San I'rancisco alone were $106,200,000, against $80,854,000 in 1880; a gain of more than 30 per cent, in a single year. Of the total amount, $48,000,000 rei^resents the value of goods .sent abroad to foreign countries; $40,350,000, that of merchandise .sent ]'2ast by water; and $1 1,850,000 was the amount of treas- ure forwarded to various destinations. The value of merchandise shipped East by rail includes that of tea, coffee, silk, and other commodities, which passed tlirough San Francisco in transit. JCxports of all commoditic . from California may be estimated at over $1 30 for each of her inhabitants; and, in common with those of other poti(jns of our coast, belong mainly to the class of raw materials. The commercial records tell us that during 1881 .shipments by sea and rail from San Fran- cisco included, among other items, wheat, worth $30,800,000; wool, worth $7,000,000; lliiur, $3,600,000; lead and base bullion, $1,050,000; c]uicksil\er, $1,030,000; wine, $825,000; canned and pickled salmon, $670,000; barley, $550,000; lumber, $400,000; borax, .$350,000; refined sugar, $326,000; pow- der, $205,000; brandy, $137,000; leather, $1 17,000; and bread, $107,000. The goods shipjietl b\' rail from San Francisco, during 1881, had a gross weight of 89,400 tons, including 13,800 tons of wool, 12,700 tons of barley, 8,300 tons of canned and 1,100 tons of pickled salmon, 8,000 tons of tea (in transit from China and Japan ), 5,000 tons of beans, 4,950 tons of wine, 4,400 tons of canned goods other than fisii^nd fruit, 2,950 tons of sugar, 1,450 tons of lumber, 1,350 tons of coffee, 1,260 tons of hides, 1,180 tons of silk, 1,120 tons of canned fruit, 980 tons of borax, 890 tons of hops, 840 tons of MHi ■; I 1 i i w w^ ' 212 COMMERCE, ETC. rice, 770 tons of furs, 750 tons of leather, and 17,610 tons of other com- motlilies. The goods shipped from Sacramento weighed 14,000 tons, and consisted mainly (if fruit, vegetables, canned salmon, wool and wine; San Jose dis- patched about 9,900 tons, chiefly of barley, fruit, and canned goods; Oak- land, 4,500 tons, principally of fruit and canned goods ; Stockton, 1,500 tons, priiici|ially of barley; Marysville, 1,300 tons, mostly of flour and wool; and Los Angeles, about 1, lOO tons of barley, flour, fiiiit, wool, hides, nuts, raisins, honey, wine, brandy, and other commodities. Wheat and Flour Exports.— The most important article of export, considered from a commercial point of view, is wheat, the shipments of which from San Francisco, including flour expressed as wheat, amounted for i8' 000; of assets at $1,933,000. In San Francisco the number of failures was 129, with $1,131,000 of liabilities, against $509,000 of assets. The average of liabilities on this coast is much smaller than in other portions of the United States. For 1881 the average on the Pacific Slope was about $8,200; in the United States it was $14,500. Southern California. —San Diego (the only port of entry in California, with the exception of San Francisco), and Wilmington, about 100 miles north of San Diego, on the bay of San Pedro, are coming into prominence as commercial seaports. During iSSi the foreign imports of San Diego amounted to $351,000, including $259,000 worth of steel rails and other materials for railroad construction. Exports for the year amounted to $234,000. The arrivals at Wilmington included (for 1881) 35 foreign ves- sels i'rom different ports in Europe, British Columbia, and Australia; and among them was The Three Brothers, one of the largest sailing-ships en- gaged in the California trade. Their cargoes included 5,200 tons of steel rails and 1,800 tons of coal. Ten of these ves.sels reloaded there with car- goes of j)roducc for I'.uropc, and 9 were dispatched to San Francisco and one to .San Diego for the same purpose. Exports included 17,000 tons of wheat, T}) tons of flour, and 78 tons of honey. It is probable that Wil- mington w ill soon be declared a jiort of entry. Trade with Australia. — The trade between California and the British colonics of .Australia and New Zealand must, for several reasons, become active anil large at no distant time in the future. Our coast has many prod- ucts which the insular continent of the South Pacific can not obtain so cheaply from any (jther market. The traffic has already assumed impor- tance, and has been greatly aided by the subsidy given by the colonies of New .South Wales and New Zealand to the Pacific Mail line. I'^xports to Australia and New Zealand amounted, iox 1881, to about $1,000,000, and includeil $327,000 worth of canned fish, $53,000 of hops, $68,000 of refined sugar, $40,000 of quichsilver, .$148,000 of manufactured wood, and $174,000 of manufactured iron. That we should ship raw produce to Australia is not remarkable, but it is worthy of note that we should e.\'port so largel)- of manufactures, in which we have to compete for the Australian trade with the factories of Great Ih-itain and the Eastern States. MERCHANDISING. 2i : Oregon's Trade.— The first chapter of this book contain.s a statement of the amount of business done in various departments of wholesale mer- chandisinfi by Portland, which is the commercial metropolis of an extensive region, including portions of Washington and Idaho, in addition to Ore- gon. The city has 6 banks, 22 real estate agencies, 26 insurance agencies, besides local life and local fire insurance companies, 29 periodical publica- tions, including several good daily newspapers, 29 hotels, and about 60 wholesale mercantile houses. Among these are 7 dealing in groceries, and as many in hardware, 10 in liquors, and 6 in tobacco, 3 each in boots, cloth- ing, hats, dr>--goods, jewelry, and crockery, 2 each in paper and in books, and one in drugs. In addition to her traffic with portions of the United States, Oregon has already a considerable commerce with foreign countries, mainly with Eng- land, Ireland, and British Columbia, but to a smaller extent with France, Belgium, the Hawaiian Islands, Australia, and China. During 1 88 1, the exports of Oregon amounted to $8,049,000, against $4,318,500, in 1S80, a gain of 89 per cent, in a single year. Portland exported to foreign countries $5,324,000 worth of commodities, including $3,765,000 worth of wheat, $1484,000 of flour, and $75,000 of other merchandise. Wheat to the value of $3,741,000 was shipped to Great Britain and Ireland, and floiu' to the %'aluc of $1,453,000 to England. In carrying this amount of y '■•, there were employed 140 vcsssl.s, of which 116 were liritish, 20 American (including 19 sailing-vessels and one steamer), 2 were French, one was Spanish, and one German. Eighty-one of the cargoes were for Oueenstown (for orders), 38 for Liverpool, 3 fur Cork (for orders), 3 for I long-Kong, one each for Victoria (British Columbia), Fleetwood, Bordeaux, Honolulu, and Melbourne, and 8 for destinations which have not been ascertained. Washington and British Columbia. — The commerce and commercial prospects of Washington and British Columbia have already been stated in the first chapter of this book. To a considerable extent, Washington Ter- ritorj-, in common with Oregon and British Columbia, is still commercially deix;ndent on San Franci.sco; but year by year the north-west is gradually asserting its commercial independence, and, at no distant time, will have a large import and export trade. During 1880 considerable shipments of flour were made from Walla Walla to Liverpool, and 160,000 cases of sal- mon were shipped to foreign countries from the Washington side of the Columbia River. About 170,000,000 feet of lumber were shipped to San Francisco, the Sandwich Islands, and Australia ; and 200,000 tons of coal were shipped to various destinations. The population of the Territory has doubled within 2 or 3 years, and the lowest estimate of the value of its property is $35,000,000. 216 COMMERCE, ETC. Utah's Trade. — The value of the imports and exports of Utah Territoiy was csliinatcti, for 1881, at $16,000,000, and the frcii^ht traffic of tlic Utah Central Railmacl at 222,000 tons, aj^ainst 149,000 tons in 1880. The traffic in 1881 was 49 percent, lart^crthan in 1880, and the traffic in 1880 was con- siderably jjreater than for any preceding year, with the exception of 1877, when it was of equal amount. It is claimed that since the completion of the Overland Railroad, the volume of imports and exports has increased in a tenfold ratio. About one third of the imports consists of machinery and supplies for u.sc in the mines. TllE ZiON's Co-OI'ER.VTIVE MERCANTILE Institution, founded at Salt Lake City in 1881, with branches at Ogden and Logan, with 800 stockholders and a paid-up capital of $750,000, im- ports about one third of all the goods brought into the Territory. During the first 4 years of its existence, the institution paid cash dividends of 78 per cent, and stock dividends of 52 per cent. There are similar establish- ments on a smaller scale in every important .settlement in Utah, and many of them purchase their goods of the establishment in Salt Lake City, fre- quently making payment in produce. The entire cooperative system includes about 10,000 stockholders, out of an adult male population not exceeding 30,000. By shipping in through cars, direct from the Eastern States or from Cali- fornia without break or change of bulk, the leading grocers and dry-goods merchants arc enabled to sell at such low rates that the smaller dealers in Utah and in Lastcrn Nevada, Idaho, Arizona, and Western Wyoming can purchase of them to better advantage than by importing their own stocks. W. T. Coleman. — If any old resident of San Francisco were asked to give the name of the leading merchant of the city, he would probably mention WiLLl.XM T. COLEM.VN. Perhaps others have done as much business, and have as much capacity and experience, but no other has been made so prominent by a succession of circumstances. Mr. COLEMAN, a Kentuckiaa by birth, arrived in California in 1849, at the age of 25. Having been a merchant's clerk in St. Louis, he opened a store at I'lacerville, and in 1850 he established him.sclf as a merchant in San Francisco. Business prospered and he gained many friends. I le had a prepossessing appearance, a good address, could talk well, and took much interest in public affairs. Such a man could not long remain in the background in a city where public meet- ings were so numerous, and had busin(>ss so important as in San Francisco. When the Vigilance Committee of 1851 was organized, Mr. CoLE.MAN was one of the leaders, and member of the Executive Coinmittec. He participated actively in its labors to [lunish crime, and at the same time to .shield the innocent. That Committee had been so efficient, and 11, MERCHANDISING. 217 so prudent in protecting the cause of justice, that when there was a general demand in I & Co., as manager of the house in San Fr.m- cisco, and when the partnership ex[jired by limitation in 1870, it was suc- ceeeded by Parrott & Co., in which Mr. BABCOCK and TiBURCIO Parrott were general partners, and JOHN Parrott a special partner. The present 28 f If;: i 2l8 COMMERCE, ETC. firm consists of W. F. n.VBCOCK, W. Babcock, and LOUIS B. Parrott. In the wide nmge of their transactions, the firm of Parrott & Co. are not sur- passed by any commercial house of San Francisco. W. F. B.VRCOCK was President of the Chamber of Commerce in 1874, re-elected in 1875, and has been its president for the last 3 years. J. S. Taber. — The firm of Taber, Harkek & Co., prominent in the wholesale grocery trade of our coast, is the successor of the houses of PniL- Mps, Taber & Co., Irvine, Marker it Co., and George McMillan & Co. The senior partner, JACOB S. Taber, who has been engaged in the s.imc line of business in San Francisco since 1852, has been president of the San Francisco Board of Trade for the last 5 years, and was one of the founders, as he is now one of the active members, of THE IMMIGRATION Association of California. Wellman, Peck & Co. — The importing and wholesale grocery-house of \\'ellm.\.N, Pecr i*^ Co. had its foundation in San Francisco in 1849, when the senior partner started business on Kearny Street. Having been burned out in i85i,he resumed business on Front Street. In i860 he formed a partnership with P. Vr.nrL.WCK, who was succeeded in 1S63 by J. M. Peck, and for the last 20 years the firm name has been WeI-LMAN, Peck & Co. Tiie house imports teas, coffees, and groceries generally, .sells largely to all parts of our slope, and is recognized as one of the leading mercantile establishments of San Francisco, doing a business of about $2,- 000,000 annuall)-. Mr. Weli.M.vn is a native of Massachusetts. P. Daneri & Co. — Among the commercial hou.ses founded in California by Italians, that of F. D.VNERI & Co., importers and wholesale grocers, occupies a leading place. Tlie Italians are a numerous and industrious class in California, and have a prominent place in its business. They pre- serve a taste for the wine, the oil, the macaroni, the cheese, \'arious fruits, and man)' other products of their native land — products which are also de- manded by other inhabitants of our coast; and I*". UANERl & Co. import the supplies, and also import French wines and Central American sugar and coffee. They are agents for this coast of the Casa Maritima, of Genoa, anil (if the Registro Italiano. The senior partner is in Italy; the junior partner, llENRV Casanova, is resident manager in San Francisco. The firm began business in i860 on Jackson Street, moved to Front Street, and thence to their present site, at 27 and 29 California Street, where they oc- cujiy a building 4 stories high. Welch & Co.— Andrew Welch, doing business under the firm name of Welch & Co., at 109 California Street, has been an importer, and shipping MKKCHAXDISING. 219 h and commission merchant in San Francisco since 1866. lie commenced busi- ness on a small scale, but has gradually enlarged it until now he lias extensive mercantile relations with Great Britain, British Columbia, the Australasian Colonies, China, Japan, and the Philippine and Hawaiian islands. He is largely interested in sugar cultivation in the latter group, being a part owner in several plantations; and the products of 10 plantations arc con- signed, through the house of C. Brewer & Co.. in Honolulu, to Welch & Co. He is senior partner in the firm of Welch, Rithet & Co., in Victoria, who are the agents for the leading canneries of TlIE Delt.V Cannlng Company ("Maple Leaf" brand), Laidl.WV & Co. ("Dominion" brand), and Ad.\IR & Co. (" Eagle" brand), on the Fraser River. He is also a large shareholder in The Moodyville S.v\v^HLL Co^^'ANY (limited), of Burrard Inlet, B. C, and is its chairman. WELCH, RiTHET & Co., in Victoria, and WELCH & Co., in San Francisco, are the sole agents of the mill. WELCH & Co. are also agents of the Planter's Line of packets plying between Honolulu and San Francisco. They are repre- sented in Liverpool, England, by R. D. WELCH & Co., Tower Chambers. D. N. and E. Walter & Co.— D. N. and E. Walter & Co. are known principally as a carpet-house, and sell to the trade only. Besides carpets, they import upholstery goods, such as coverings for furniture, curtain materials, paper-hangings of all descriptions, oil-cloths for tables and floors, American lincoleum.s, China mattings, which latter they import direct from China, and handle to a much greater extent than any other house on this coast. Their establishment, dating from 1857, is the oldest in its depart- ment in California and the most complete in the wholesale business of San Francisco. It occupies a building, owned by the firm, 4 stories and a base- ment, situated on the corner of Market and Battery streets, and has a front- age of 48 feet on the former and 24 feet on the latter street, with a dcjnh of ^37/i ^^^^> «il' "f which is used for the display of their stock. They have a branch house in Portland, Oregon, started in 1861, and one in New York, both under the name of Walter BROTHERS. D. N. Walter, the founder of the house, who came to California in 1852, resides at Frankfort, Germany, and attends to the purchases of English, French, and German carpets and furniture-coverings for the 3 houses; H. N. and J. N. Walter reside in San Francisco, and E. and M. WALTER give their attention to the New York business. Their interests are permanently attached to San Francisco and the Pacific Coast by a prosperous business that has lasted over a quarter of a century, and by investments in the real estate of the city and State. ik i. 220 COMMKRCE, ETC. Baker & Hamilton, — The ftim of 15aki;k i^- IIamh.tox have occupied a prominent place in the business of California, for a quarter of a centurj-, as dealers in hardware and a,L;ricultural implements, which latter the)- have manufactured on a laria;e scale, as ma)' be seen by reference to tiie mention of Till-: ]5k\icia A(;riculi'L'RA1. Works in the chapter on iron. They Iiave a large capital, antl their annual sales junount to about $J,000,ooo. liiLA- occujjy part of McCrearv's new stone, brick, and iron building, on the corner of Pine and Davis streets, 1373^' feet long b}- 100 wiile, w ilh 4 stories and a basement, one of the fmest wholesale stores in San J'rancisco. They deal in all kinds of agricultural implements and hardware, and supply all portions of the coast. They have a branch liouse in Sacramento City, wiiere they occupy 48,000 square feet of tloor room, with frontages on J, Second, and I'"ront streets, all connected by a bridge over a narrow street. The members of the firm are L. L. J^AKEK and R. M. 1 Ia.MILTOX, the former a native of Portland, Maine, and the latter of Scotland. 15oth came to California in 1S49, and spent several years as miners and clerks for mercantile houses. In 1854 they formed their partnership in Sacramento, and beginning with a small capital, built up their business to its present magnificent proportions. Gordon Hardware Company.— Tin-: GoKDOX 1I.\r1)\vari-; Co.mpanv at 250 and 252 Market Street and 12 and 14 P'ront Street, San I'rancisco, Vias incorporated July i, 1880, to do a hardware, jobbing, and commission business, and to maiuifacture an)' or all articles [)ertaining tiiereto, being the first jobbing-house on this coast to aiiopt the incorporated plan of doing business, which hail hitherto been confinetl e\clusi\ely to manufac- turing concerns. 'Phe)' succeeded to the business of J.VMES K. GORDOX & Co., established in 1875 as J.VMi;s Iv (ioRDoN, when the latter succeeded by purchase to the business of Marsii, Pll.suURV & Co. (a brancli of ^P\V & Co., Boston^;, established in 1863. The)' are the f)nl)' house on this coast who make a specialty of representing ICastern manufacturers; anil they hantUe as agents the products of over 40 leading hardware factories on the Atlantic .Slope, selling at wholesale onl)', to the local anil coast trade, also to British Columbia, i\ustralia. Sandwich Islands, ^Mexico, anil Central America. The)- aim to carr)- a general stock of hardware, but their spe- cialt)' is what is known to the trade as shelf-harduare, in which they occup)' a leading place. The)' luiblish a monthly paper known as the llai\h\.„^ars were spent in the employ of others, and then he commenced as a commission merchant, and had a very lucrative business until i. He now conducts the New York office at 52 Walker Street, while the ."^aii I'Vancisco house is in charge of his son, E. A. I I.\LL. a 1 Fairbanks & Hutchinson.— 'I i.. h.. use of F.MRH.WKS & Ilt'TCHlN- SOX in San Francisco, under the maua^'iJient of III \KN' L. HUTCHINSON, resident partner, is a branch of a great luaiinfa^ iring .uul commercial rs- tablishmcnt, which has 16 branch houses in tin- United States, and one in London, and .sells merchandise to the amount of milidns annu;>l They are the agents for the sale of the I-'airbanks' Standard .Sc.iles, invented and l)atented in 1830, by TllADDEUS Fairbaxks, at St. Johnsbury, Verni !it, where the factory is situated, and where the inventor still rc^-ides. Thnty tons of pig-iron arc used every day in makitig castings to upply the im- mense demand, not only from the United States, but also from Europe and other part.s of the world, and this demand continues to increase, for these scales are still accepted as the standard, and are unsurpassed for cneral mercantile u.se. In 18S1 the factory, besides manufacturiiv ■• \ thou- sands of other scales of 300 different sizes and patterns, 1 300 rail- road-track scales, capable of weighing from 30 to 100 tons each. The San F'rancisco house has the agencj- of the Fairbanks' scales for all the territor)' west of the Rocky Mountains, and also has the agencies of The Sanderson Brothers' Steel Comi'axy, of Sheffield, l^igland, and of The Sweet's Manufacturing Company, of S\-racuse, N. Y., and deals in store and warehou.sc trucks, grocers' supplies, steel harrow- 29 226 COMMERCE, ETC. mil teeth, steel crowbars, etc. The firm have been established in San Francisco since iS(')5,and lia\c their office at 4CI Market Street. Japanese Art Exhibition. — I?y rea.son of her geographical situation, San J'rancisco is the natural American entry-port for importations from Japan and Chin.i, and for many )-ears has been looked on b)' tourists as the mart in which to buj' the manufactures of those Oriental countries. The Chinese have oiicned stores in the Pacific metropolis of our continent, as have the people of other nationalities, mostly foreign, for the sale of Asiatic curios; but in most ca.ses, the)' have adopted the pennj'-wise policy of depending for their ])rofits on selling at an enormous advance over the cost price, thus repelling ])inchascrs, decreasing the amount of business, and causing peisons of lim- ited means to regard their signs as bugbears of extravagance. In 1880 .SiiATiTCK & Fletcher, pioneer manufacturers of jointers' inks in San I'rancisco, while making large shipments to China and Japan of material with which to record the progress of a new civilization there, received a few invoices (jf gener.il merchandise in return, by way of reciprocal trade. They altemptetl to dispose of these invoices to the retailers, but found that the prexalcnt metlK)ds were unjust to the business; and in\ited their friends to inspect the goods displayed in a sample-room over their office, in Commercial .Street. The visitors were delighted, and told their friends, who thronged to the narrow thoroughfare, which was bkjcked with jieople alicr the arri\al of e\ery steamer with a new consignment from Asi.i. What was intended for a sam()le-rooni became a store with ,1 rapid increase of business, compelling the proprietors to move again and again, until now their e.stablishment, known as the " Ichi Ban," at 22 and 24 Geary Street, San Francisco, occupies more than 10,000 scjuare feet of floor room, and is the grandest free-sale exhibition of Oriental gooils nn ihe continent. H. Briokwedel. — One of the t)ld and well-known merchants of .San Francisco is 1Ii:nrv Hrickwehei,, a native of Germany, who came to the United .States in 1841, and engaged in mercantile business in Californi.i in 1852. In 1858 he established the house of IlKNRV Hrickwkoei, & Co., importers and jobbers in wines and liquors, and they have been 14 years in the building which the)' now occupy at 208 and 210 l-"ront .Street. Mr. Brickweuel is otherwise a prominent man in the busine.ss of .San Fran- cisco, being a shareholder in the California Sugar Refinery and rilic [F.\- \V.\II.\N C(3MMERCI.VL Comp.VNV, and one of the founders of TlIE Gl.WT Powder ComI'.VNY, of which he was manager for years, and is .still a trustee, His couise ,is city supervisor in 1877 added to his repuiation; and in 1880 he was elected city auditor, ihe most responsible office in the finan- MF.RCHANDlSrXG. 227 cial department of the municipal government, and one for which men of excellent reputation arc generally selected. A. P. Hotaling & Co.— A. P. Hot.vling & Co., importers and whole- sale dealers in wines and liquors, at 431 Jack.son Street, San Francisco, have one of the largest establishments of the kind in the United States, and not inferior to any other on our coast. Their hou.se is also one of the oldest in the State, having stood for 30 years without change in the firm name. They occupy a brick building 3 stories high above the basement, 50 feet front by ICXD deep, and besides have a storehouse of equal size on the opposite side of the street They import sherries from Spain, ales and porters from Kngland and Scotland, and whiskies from Kentucky, being general agents for the Pacific Coast of the great hou.se of MOOR.M.VN & Co., Louisville. They have a branch house in Portland, Oregon. Mr. HurALINU is extensively engaged in other business, being part owner in the Clipper Gap Iron Mine (the town there is named after him), owner of real estate, and leading share- holder in a bank at San Rafael, and proprietor of a ranch near Gov. Stan- FOKU's at Menio I'ark. IiivlngBton & Co. — The firm of Livingston & Co. are successors of Livingmon & IlK:Kr,V, founded in 1864, and occupy the same place at 222 California Street, San Francisco, as importers and wholesale dealers in wines and liquors. They import sherry from Spain, port from Portugal, wines from I-'rancc and Germany, rum from the West Indies and Boston, and other liquors from New York, Pennsylvania, Maryland, Ohio, and Ken- tucky, in which last State they have a branch house on the corner of Front and Scott strect.s. Covington. They also have bianch hou.sc.'-- on this coast in Los Angeles and Portland. For the convenience of handling their large stock they have 3 elevators in their San Francisco house. In 1866 Mr. HiCKEV sold out his interest to IsAAC LEVY, and in i8;3 A. P. WILLIAMS, and in 1S75 JosKi-ii May, were admitted into the firm. Lilienthal & Co. — Lii.ienhiai. & Co., prominent as wholesale liquor merchants in San PVancisco, have a hou.se under :hc same n.ime in Cin- cinnati, and another under the name of LiLIENTllAL RROTdERs in New York City. They arc the owners of the noted CiRUS NOBLE Distillery, of Lynchburg, Ohio; and of the Hoone Count)- Distillery, of Petersburg, Kcntuckj-. The San F"rancisco house, which wa; established in 1870, for the purpose of maintaining a leading agency for tl.e productions of those tlistilieries on the Pacific Coast, has also agencies of W. & A. GlLliEY, London; Daniel Vi.sser Zonen, Schiedam; and TiiE Conuau Seipp Hrewing Co.MPANV, Chicago. Besides their liquor tiide they do an ex- si m 228 CONrMKKCi:, KTC. tonsi\c' coinmissioti lousiness in Califurnian .it^riciiltural products, and have tal the lar^^e breucries cast of the Rocky Mouiilains. They ha\e exported as much as 1,500 carloads of barli')- in a season, and h.ive been the pioneers in sendini; wheat throui^ii to New York City. They ship all kinds of Californian products demanded by the New York market to their liousc there. Tlie prosperity of their firm tinds a refle.x in the remarkably hand.somc finisii and furniture of their counting-rooms at 100 antl 102 I'ront Street. A. Vignier. — A. VldNll'.R, importer of wines, liquors, brandies, sweet oil, |)reser\es, and j'rench and .Swiss i^oods, at 429 Battery Street, has been a resident of California since 1S51, and is the successor of the house of lil). Hi; {•{I rii;, long prominent in the trade of San Francisco, lie is proprie- tor of a factory, which produces 12 tons of cream of tartar monthly, at 96S ami 970 Uryant .Street. Me is al.so part owner in a distillery, which turns out 100 barrels of spirits a week, at Co\inL;ton, Kentucky. Corbitt & Maeleay.— CoRiiiTi- i^- M.\cli:.\\-, establishctl in i,S66, are cxtensi\e ini])orlers and wholesale dealers in t;roceries, and e.xnort wheat, flour, timber, s.ilmon, and wool. Their trade extends to Alaska, British Columbia, \\'ashin:j;tiin Territory, Idaho, and a portion of Montana. 1 he firm carries on a branch commission house in .San T'rancisco. They do not confine themsekes to nierch.indisin;.;; but are also proilucers upon a larije scale, being the jiroprietors of TllK Axci.o-Amkkk AN T.XCKl.xc C(i.Ml'.\XV of Astoria, Oregon, and of Till. Ji;i TKRSON' Cirv T'l.orKiNi: Mii.ls, at Jefferson, Oregon, extensive establisjiments mentioned in other chapters of this work. Messrs. Ci'iKlHl T & !\T\('i.i:.\v are also agi'iits f. Stacv, dealer in real estate, and owner of much water-front in Seattle, is one of the leading business men of Wash- ington Territory. Henry Saunders. — One of the leading business men of Victoria is Hi;nky S.MNDKRS, who established himself there in i- orchards. The apples grown in the Californian valleys arc not so juic)' or well na\ored, and do not keep so well as those grown in the dis- tricts where the winicrs are cold. The best varieties of apples, if not troubleil by the moth, are expected to viekl $100 net an acre annualK', in situations con\'enient for cheaj) shipment to San Francisco. The climate and soil of California are peculiarly favorable to the pear, and some of the old trees, planted long before the American conquest, bear-more than a ton each in an .average \ear. The IJartlett pears have been the most profitable, ami have yielded $^00 net to the acre. The .ipricot, which is almost imknown on the Atlantic side of our conti- nent, is produced in large quantity by California. The delicious flavor of the fruit makes it a great fa\orite for eating fresh, and for canning and dry- ing, .ind as it bears abundantly and commands a good jiricc, it has yielded some fine profits. An orchartl near Ilaywards, in 1879, bore 155 tons ( n 12 .acres, aiul u hen the fruit ri])cned, the wholes.ile price for it was 5 cents a pound, making ,$1,200 an acre R)r the gross receipts. .-Vs a fruit for canning, the apricot is unsurpassed, unless by the nectarine, one variety of which is most delicious. The banks of the S.icramcnto River, about 20 miles below Sacramento City, liave numerous profitable peach orchards whicli, in good years, j-ield 1,200 baskets {2^ pounds net in each), or 27,600 pounds of fruit from each .acre. In iX.Si the average price was 75 cents .1 basket, making a money j'ield of $900 gross, and $600 net to the acre. The western portions of Washington and Hntish Columbia h.avc a climate like that of Western ( )regon, and will produce apples and plums with equal abundance, excellence, and regularity. Xevad.a, Idaho, Utaii, ICastcrn Ore- gon, anil Eastern Washington iia\ e se\cre frosts late in the spring occasion- ally, .so that the fruit crop will sometimes be nipped in the bud; but the flavor of the apples, jieaches, pears, and other tree fruits is hue, and the yield is often large. Arizona has few orchards, but it can produce the tem- perate fruits in the mountains, and the subtropical fruits in its valleys. Mexico and Central America have tropical and subtropical fruits, including the orange, lemon, lime, chirimo)'a or cust.ird-applc, zapotc, turta or prickly |)ear, and aguacate or .dlig.itor [)ear. One of the important adv.intagc;^ of the Californian horticulturist is the length of the season for the ripening of fruits. Cherries are in the market from M;i\- 15th till October 30th. In the v.aUeys, as far north as latitude 40 , the apple and pear are very seldom if ever injured by frost before Decem- ■.m '!_' IIOKTICLLTURE. 233 ber, and it is not until that month that the orange ripens. That fruit is so protected by its thick rind and tlie dcnsit\- of the fohagc, that it has less danger from cold than the apple. As the various products of the citrus trees ripen from November to April, and will remain in good condition on the tree for 9 months or more after maturity, the season for picking fruit never ends in California. The citrus orchards are nearly all south of parallel 35'; and north of that line the time for gathering the bulk of the fruit crop closes in Octo- ber. Since there is no jjlace where fruit keeps so well, or can be kept so cheaply as on the tree, it is a great help to the Californian orchardist that he can leave it there till near the beginning of winter, in case he should not see more profit from an early sale. Perhaps a still greater advantage is in the larger number of species which he can cultivate with success. Among his most productive fruits are the apricot, nectarine, olive, and fig, which do not thrive, or at least are not grown in large quantity elsewhere on the continent. They are among the most valuable products of horticultural industry and, on account of their rarity elsewhere, arc of great commercial value for e.xjjortation. Ore- gon and Washington share, with California, the e.vemiHion from the curcu- lio, enabling them to grow the plum and prune in great abundance, and of exc'llcnt (juality. Besides the ad\antages of the longer season and greater variety of fruits, the horticulture of our co.ast has a greater area of orchard, in proportion to popuLition, a more intelligent and enterprising class of orchardists, includ- ing men i)ossessing the skill of all civilized l.inds, and a climate favoring early bearing, so that varieties can soon be clianged when found unprofit- able after a brief trial. The curculio, the great enemy of the cherries, jjlums, prunes, and kindred fruits, has not made its appearance in California or Oregon. Cherries com- ing in early have frequently paid more than $i,C)00 an acre. Prunes and plums have paid $400. The dried prunes of California compare fa\orably in ajjpearance and flavor with those of liurope, and command as good a price, except the best of France packed in glass. Fruit-drying. — The great surjilus of fruit has induced the Califijrnians to (le\c)te much .-iMx-ntion to drying; ai-d as the dr)-ing in the sun exposes the fruit to dust and in.sects, and is especially objectionable for apples, ])ears, peaches, and .ipricots, wiiich must be cut to get them into pieces small enough, \arious patterns of kilns li.ive been tried, and ,it least a dozen are in u.sc. The orchardists arc not agreed which is the best, and probabl)' years will elapse before they all accept the same kiln. J" i.-il '1 r" mtssstammam 'i ?34 A(iRICUI,lURi:. The hot summer sun and the dry atmosphere of the fruit and grape dis- tricts of California are peculiarly favorable to sun-drying, which is used almost exclusively in drying raisin grapes, figs, and prunes. The j)roduct ( conveyance: one is by iVeight train, whicji reaches New York usually in i^, but in 21 days at the latest, from San iM'.ancisco, at a charge of $514 a carload, or .$2.57 for 100 pounds. The other is by the passenger train, which makes the trip within S days, and charges $1,028 a carload, or .$5. 14 for 100 pounds. Lemons, oranges, apiiles, tpiinces, and a few \aricties of late gr;ii)es and late jiears, can go by freight trains ; but cherries, early pears, early grapes, and peaches, must go by fast freigiit or passenger trains, if they are to go througii in gootl condition. The fresh fruit shipments from California to points beyond the .Sierra Ncvadii, most of them to points beyond the Rocky Mountains, amounted to 1,690 tons in 1871; 1,070, in 1872; i,.|00, in 1873; 2,500, in 1874; 1,440, jn 1875; ,?,3'JO, in 1876; 2,690, in 1877; 2,400, in 1H78; 3,590, in 1879; 1,560, in 1880; and 5,000, in 1881; making a total of 21,750 tons in 10 )-ear.s. Of this aggregate, Sacramento supplied 10,000 tons, San Jose 9,500, Stockton 1,000, .San Francisco 500, and Marysville 1,740 in nnmd numbers. Those were the points at which cailoads were made up, some of the fruit having been grown at considerable distances. The shipments extend from February to November inclusive, being most abundant in July, August, and .September. In 1881 the shipment was 5,000 tons, the freight charges on which were more than $300,000. i'ma> I u HORTICULTURE. 235 Nut Trees.— California has i lo.ocx) English walnut trees, and the crop for 1 88 1 was estimated to be less than 500 tons, or about 10 pounds on the average to the tree. It does not come into full bearing until 15 or 20 years old, is subject to blight, and few trees have been set out within the last 5 years. The almond has been cultivated more extensively than the w.alnut, and has proved very unprofitable. The trees arc healthy and bloom with great luxuriance, but in most places there is no crop; and some of the largest orchards have not paid the current expense of cultivation. Oranges. — From i?70 to. 1880 Southern California was pervaded by a mania for plant' "g orange orchards. Oranges sometimes sold for $40 a 1,000, and never for less than $20; and it was supposed that the price would never fall below the latter figure, unless during a few weeks of ex- ceptional glut. The best orchards when 5 years old, produce 200 oranges *o the tree; when 10 years old, 1,000. There are lOO trees to the acre in many orchards ; at 200 oranges to the tree, 20,000, or .$400 to the acre. All expenses, including boxes and interest on the investment, do not exceed $100, leaving $300 net for each acre. That was certainly an encouraging prospect to the man who could manage to get 10 acres of orange orchard ; much more encouraging to him who could get 20 or 50 acres. The trees for planting an acre cost about $100; the planting and cultivating about $20 an acre for each year for 5 years; land with water about $100 an acre; and interest and incidentals for 5 years on entire invest- ment $150 an acre, making the cost $450 an acre at the end of the fifth year. The orange at San Gabriel has paid, in many cases, $500 an acre net an- nually. The number of Californian orange-trees in bearing in the spring of 1880, was about 200,000, according to the figures given in the report of the Surveyor-General for that year, including 192,900 in Los Angeles, 9,050 in San Bernardino, 3,000 in Sonoma, 2,517 in San Diego, 2,287 '" Santa Clara, 1,038 in Placer, 315 in Santa Barbara, and 150 in Ventura. The number of trees set out in orchard is probably 5 times as great as that of the bearing trees. The chief orange center is San Gabriel, which has probably more bearing trees than all the remainder of the State together. Next in impor- tance is Riverside, which has the cleanest trees and the handsomest fruit, though most of the orchards are not yet in bearing. The town has in orchard 209,000 orange-trees, of which 28,000 are in bearing; 20,ocx5 lemon - trees, and 8,000 lime-trees. In 1881-82 the crop included 9,550 bo.xes of oranges, 3,800 of lemons, and 5,000 of limes. Pasadena, Anaheim, Santa Ana, Tustin Cit\-, Orange, Westminster, San Bernardino, San Diego, Santa Barbara, and Santa Paula have .set out numerous orchard.s. ' !| » !i is It'-'' f Kir '■'■ f W'' ' 236 ACRICULTUKK. lif It-.- i I 1 I I ii The cnip for 1S81-S2, ripening from December till Ai)ril, numbered about 20,000,000 oranges; and there will jirobabl)' be a large increase e\cry j'car for the next 10 ) ears. Among the notalile orange orchards of California are those of !•". J. Baldwin, 200 acres; The Mutual Orcharh L\)MI'ANV, 200 acres; Wilson & Slioun, 105 acres; L. J. Rosi:, 100 acres; A. B. Chai'Man. 60 acres; La/aki) 1"i;i:r1".s, 60 acres; and L. IT TlTUS, in San Gabriel N'allcy; J. \V. WuLisKiLL, 110 acres; and Mrs. Di; ClCLLs, 72 acres, at Los Angeles City; CoM.ST(JCK & lIUMINdTOX, 120 acres, at Orange; and II. K. Snow, 60 acres, at Santa .\na. The cultivation of the orange is not confined to Southern California, but tiie tree thri\cs in the valleys as far north as the northern end of the Sacramento \'ailc}-. In the fofithills of the Sierra N'exada, at an elewition of 1,000 feet abo\e the sea, the orange ri])ens earlier than in Los iVngele.s, and several (orchards ha\c been set out with it in IMacer County. An arrangement has been made fcjr sending the surplus oranges of the crop of icS82 to the Mississippi V'alle\', from Los Angeles, at a charge of $300 by the carload. Olive, etc. — The oli\-e is thrifty and prolific in California, which has a large area of dr)- hill land, unfit for tillage, and of little \ alue for pasturage, well ad.ipted to it. The tree does not come into bearing fur 10 j-ears, and that is the main reason « hy it has not been cultivated more extensively. It has yielded $500 profit per acre, to several (jf those who have trees in bear- ing; .md the Cidifornian pickled olives are preferred by man)' i)crsons to the Spanish. The .State has 13,000 trees in orcharil. California has as much lantl suited to the olive as Italy, which has an annual oil ero]) worth $30,000,000. The fig is healthy and ])rolific in California, ,ind the State has 50,000 trees, including the best varieties. ;\Iost of the fruit ilried hitherto is the Black Turkc)-, not so large or handsome as the Smjrn.i, but palatable. Kitchen Vegetables. — The cultivatiiin of kitchen vegetables on the Pacific Coast has m;in_\- interesting features, but we have not the .space for a full discussion of them. No market is supplied with larger vegetables or a greater varict)' than that of .San I'rarjcisco. The garileners arc mostly Genoese, Portuguese, and Chhiese, and their gardens are lillctl with care and skill. The windmills useil for iirigation are promir.ent objects in the sub- urb.m landscape. The Californian potatoes are inmiense in si/e, but in flavor are inferior to those of Utah, ( )regon, and Washington, anil in several districts they have been subject todis.isirous blights, which have not troubled the States and Territories on the Pacilic with less genial climates. The cijun- I 1 > i I HoKTKTI.TrRK. 237 tics foocin!? on the ocean, from Humboldt to Monterey, have taken the lead in California in j^rowiiiL;- llic pntato, cabbai^rc, and caulinowcr; the sweet potato omcsfrom the banks of the L.ower Sacramento, and the Lima be.in is a specialty of Carpenteria, in Santa ]!arbara Count)-. Tlie strawberr)' and blackberr)- are cultivated extensi\ely. San Jose has 300 acres of strawberry fields to supjil)- the San l-'rancisco market. The land is irrigated, and the tillage is usually done by Chinamen on shares. In 1869 Mr. Hoots, of Santa Clara Valley, obtained 100 tons of straw- berries from 34 acres. Orchardists. — Among the orchardists of California, the names of JOHN Li:\vi;li.ix<;, Willi.vm Mekk, L. J. Rosi;, W'illi.vm WolI'SKIll, and G. G. Bkiggs deserve special mention in so brief a space as can be granted to horticulture. In 1847 IIknderson LkwIlLI.INC, a native of North Carolina, crossed tlie Rock)' Mountains to Oregon with a wagon lo.'d of well-selected fruit-trees p.ickcd in soil and carefully attended, so that thc\' should not die on the long journey. That was the first stock of fine varieties of temj)erate fruits on the Pacific Slope; and it led to the planting of a great num'ser of valuable orchards. JollX Li;\Vi;i,l,lN(;, a brother of Henderson, came overland to California in 1S51 ; and having satisfied him- self that he iiad found a gootl place for fruit, he went to Oregon for a sup- j)!y i){ young trees, with which he started a niu'sery and orchard on 50 acres of land lca.scd from !•",. L. Hk.vkd. Two years later he moved to San Lorenzo, where lie made specialties of cherries and currants, botli of which proved verj- productive and i)rofitable. He was a skillful orchardist, and made the business a success from the start. Me now resides, an old gentleman of 70, with a son, at St. Helena, while another son man- ages the .San Lorenzo orchard. VVoi.FSKll.L was the leader in planting oranges in Los Angeles Count)-. When he had passed middle age he set out the first orange-trees in the t(jwn of Los Angeles. His neighbors ridiculed him for setting out trees which w-ould not coinc into bearing until after his death ; but he lived to enjo)- his oranges foi- 20 )-ears, and many of those who laughed at his supposed folly lived to fee him get $1,000 an acre from his land, while the)- thought the)' were lui;ky to get $100 from the most productise of theirs. L, J. Rosi;, ,1 native of Germany, came as a poor man to California, and b)- econont)-, [jersistcnce, prudence, hard w-ork, and strict attention to business, took the lead in the planting of orange- trees about 15 years ago, until his fruit crop was the largest and most profitable in the State. G. G. Hkic.C.s has been especially notable as a cul- tivator of the peach, the apricot, the prune, and the raisin grape. 'in i i,:\ h r f ■Ml;! t i I ! '. M i 1 ' 1 238 AGRICULTURE. Subtropical Imports. — The vVmcrican Republic obtains from Southern Europe many .subtropical agricultural products, which California can supply in .L;rcat abundance. The foliowinfj list of imports in 1879 is compiled from the national commercial statistics: Impnrts. Quantities. Value. Duty. Still Wiiic-s, gallons .'Sparkling Wines, cases lirantlv, uallons 4,000,000 140,000 500,000 19 000 1,500 8,500 14,000 300,000 1,300 33 380 3 $3,000,000 1,600,000 1,000,000 2,000,000 250,000 520,000 1,200,000 430,000 370,000 105,000 47,000 3,800 300,000 40 cents V gallon. $6 V case. .$2 "('gallon. $50 V ton. $50 V ton. $20 V ton. $20 V ton. 25 cents -(J gallon. Raisin.s. tons l^'igs, tons /ante Currants, tons IViincs, tons Olive Oil, L;.illon.s Almonds, tons Oanarv Seed, tons 10 cents Vlli. I'Vuit-i, ])reserved In addition to the .irticlcs mentioned in the above list, the importation.s of that year included 240,000,000 oranges, without counting uo.ooo.ooo spoiled on the way, and 31 5,000,000 lemons, exclusive of 1 1 3,000,000 thrown o\erboard at sea. The total value of these subtropicil products of luiropc imported into the United States in one year, and that presumablj- an aver- age year, was about $14,000,000, and probably 50 per cent, must be added to the declared value for duties, freight, insurance, commissions, and allow- ances for undervaluation, making the total cost to the importers about $20,000,000. Fruit-canning. — One result of the abundance, excellence, and cheapness of fruits ,ind kitchen vegetables in California, h.is been that the)- are canned on a large scale for use at distant times and places. The process of canning, one of the important industrird discoveries of our century, preserves the flavor and nutritious iiuality of edible fiber from the tendencies to decom- position, and enables man to keep for years, what in the ordinary c<3Ursc of natiue, would go to decay in a few da)-s. Thus the perishable becomes ]jractic.ill\' imperishable, and the fruits of the temperate zone can be enjoyed in their delicious juices amidst the ice of the Arctic or the santls of the Sahara. The {|ualit\' of the Californian canned fruits stands high. As competition among canncrs bectjmes close, there is a temptation to defraud the customer by the less careful selection of fruit, the use of glucose instead of cane sugar. HORTICULTURE. 2.39 by not giving good weight, and by using inferior tin. Our Californian can- ncrs all claim — and \vc believe with justice — that they have not yielded to anj' of these temptations. They u.se the best refined sugar — of which the standard allowance is from 5 to 5J<^ pounds to the case — and give full weight in each can. Their jams and jellies, also, contain nothing but the juice of the fruit and pure cane sugar. No gelatine or other similar substance is u.sed. So long as they maintain this standard, and retain the advantage of the large size, handsome color, freedom from insects, and delightful flavor which our fruits now possess, we sec no reason why they may not find mar- ket for all the fruit which the slope can produce. We can undersell Southern Europe in everything save apricots and nec- tarines, or at least those are the only canned fruits in which we are under- sold in tlie London market, our competitors in tho.se being the French and Portuguese. Amount Canned. — The quantitj' of fruit canned fluctuates from )ear to year with the crops and prices, but there has been a rapid increase in the capacity of the canneries and in the production of the orchards which ob- tain a considerable part of their rcvenuq from the canneries. It has been cstimated^for there are no official statistics — that in 1H75 California packed 4,500,000 cans (2 pounds in each) of fruit and vegetables; in 1876, 6,500,- 000; in 1877, 4,900,000; in 1878, 6,000,000; in 1879, 7,ooo,'0OO; in 1880, 6,(')00,ooo; and in 1881, 11,400,000. The last figure includes 6,000,000 cans of tree fruits and berries, 700,000 of jams and jellies, and 4,700,000 of kitchen vegetables, including 3,000,000 of tomatoes and 500,000 of peas. Of the 1 1,400,000 cans in iSSi, .San i'Vancisco is credited with nearly 8,000,- 000, San Jose with nearly 2,000,000, and other places with the remainder. Among the tree fruits canned in the larg'cst quantities are peaches, pears, apricots, and plums. The most profitable fruit for orchardists who wish to supply canneries is the apricot, in situations well adapted for its growth. Tlie best peaches and apricots received in San Francisco for canning come from the banks of the .Sacramento River, and from Pleasant and Vaca val- leys; the best plums from Napa and Sonoma, and the best cherries from Alameda. , The prices in large lots in 1S81 were from $1.85 to $2.50 for tabic fruit by the dozen cans of 2',4 pounds each; pie fruits, $1.40 to $1.60, 2j,j pounds in a can; and tomatoes, 85 cents tf) $1.10, in cans of 2^2 pounds. The prices jjaid by the canneries for fruits in 1880, an a\crage )-ear, were from .$40 to $50 a ton for pears; $40 to .|6o for plums and peaches; $70 to $80 for apricots; $100 to $120 for cherries. The fruits canned most cxtcnsivel)- ;ue peaches, pears, plums, apricots, and cherries. Tl^e Atlantic States grow [leaches abundantly, and in ordi- III ii !i p • 1 i i J40 AGRICULTURE. dinary seasons can enough to supply all their local demand. In the other fruits mentioned, California has so little competition, that the consumption is almost world-wide, and may be said to be limited onl}- by the inability of the |)cop!c to purchase, or by their ignorance of the qualit)' of our products. W'e can also, but less extensively, nectarines, apples, Muscat grapes, straw- berries, blackberries, and raspberries. The apples, peaches, and berries arc caiinetl only for the local market, unless when a short crop on the Atlantic Slope makes an exceptional demand there. The vegetables canned are tomatoes, corn, peas, string-beans, and asparagus; the sale of which is mostly confined to the local market, as the prices at which consumers will take them will not justify extensive shipments at high freights. Till". Cutting Packixc; CoMr.VNV, who have the oldest fruit cannery on this coast, at 17 Main -Street, .San T'rancisco, have another fruit cannery at Santa Rosa, and salmon canneries on the Columbia and Kel rivers, anil at .Sitka, and ha\e branch houses for the sale of their products in St. Louis, Chicago, Cincinnati, New York, and London. In the bu.sy half of the j-ear they emplo)- 600 persons, and in the other half 200. In 18.S1 they used 1,650 tons of fresh fruits and i,ioo tons of vegetables. In 1880 the pack of all their canneries, inckuled 85,000 cases of salmon, 51,000 of fruit, 20,000 of vegetables, I 5,000 of preserves, jams, and jellies, and 7,500 of meat, mak- ing ;i total of iSS.ooo cases, more than 4,000,000 cans, equivalent to 4,500 tons. They also made 20,000 casks and kegs of pickles, and 1 5,000 quarts of champagne cider, and after e.Ktracting 165 tons of honey from the comb, put it in jars for the market. The cannerj' of Kixc;, Mouse & Co., on the corner of Broadway and Sansome streets, San Francisco, packs about 100,000 cases annually of fruits, \egctables, and salmon, and employs from 400 to 600 persons in the bu.sy season. The establishment was conducted for 10 years by C. JAMES KiNG OF W'.M., under the firm name of C. jAMES King ov Wm. & Co., until the ])resent partnership was organized in 1S81. A. LUSK & Co. have a cannery with a capacity of 150,000 cases in San Francisco. The cannery of TllE BANNER PACKING COMPANY (M. Banni:r and F. Tori.ITZ) lias a capacity of 1 50,000 cases, Sol. \\'.\NGi;niii:im & Co. have a cannery in San Francisco with a branch on the bank of the Sacramento River. They can about 100,000 cases annually in the aggregate. CoOi;, k'.LI'IXUT & Co., office at 314 Washington .Street, San I-Vancisco, jKicked 1,250,000 cans in 1881. The Standard P.\.ckin(; Company (Henry Sciiammel, W. L. Botte, ;uid I'". B. I^l'.VNOLDS) can from 50,000 to I00,000 cases annually. ^L. HORTICULTURE. 241 The cannery of TiiD Spafi-ord PACKING COMPANY, in San Francisco, employs about 225 persons in tiic busy season. All the canneries mentioned above are in San Francisco, and others in the same place are those of TlIlC Ri;i) Cro.ss COMPANY and N. GoKTJEN. Tin; J. Li;.sR Canning Company, of which Jo.siaii Lu.'^k is president, has its cannery at Tcmescal, near Oakland, and has a capacity to pack 200,000 cases (4,800 tons) in a season, and in 1 88 1 jjackcd i 50,000 cases, including 60,000 cases of tomatoes. The company occupy about 400 acres in the vicinity of their cannery for growing,' their own vegetables. In 1 88 1 The San Jos£ Packing Company packed 1,200,000 cans at San Jos(5, and 250,000 cans at Colton. Tin-; Da\v.son Packing Company has a large cannery at San Jose. James, Pariser & Co. have a factory at 608 Seventh Street, San Fran- cisco, in which they make 10,000 pounds annually of candied fruits (the French call them ff/aa'), 1,000 pounds of candied citron, lemon, and orange rind, 25,000 pounds of jellies, and 20,000 pounds of mince meat. They complain that the rind of the Californian lemons generally has little value for their process of candying. Grapes. — California has 80,000 acres in grape-vines, with an average of 800 vines to the acre, making a total of 64,000,000 vines. Of these, prob- ably 35,000,000 are not in bearing, and 5,000,000 of those in bearing arc troubled by the phylloxera, so as to reduce their production, arc of poor varieties, or are not cultivated, and therefore yield little or nothing. After making these deductions, 34,000,000 vines in good bearing condition remain, perhaps half of the Mission, and the others of the varieties classed as European, including principally Alc.xanilrian Muscat, Zinfandel, Golden Chassclas or Gutedel, Riesling, Berger, Black Malvoisic, and Flame Tokay. These varieties are all prolific in bearing, and their average yield is prob- ably 7 pounds to the vine, equivalent to 1 19,000 tons for the average crop. Allowing 60,000 tons to be used in making wine, 2,000 tons to be .sent fresh to the Atlantic Slope, and 5,000 tons to be made into raisins, there would re- main 52,000 tons, or more than 100 pounds of grapes for each resident of California, including children, to be consumed fresh or wasted. The leading counties in grape cultivation are Sonoma, Napa, Los Angeles, Santa Clara, Solano, Sacramento, San Joaquin, El Dorado, Yolo, and San Bernardino. The principal centers of wine manufacture are Los Angeles, St. Helena, Sonoma, San Gabriel, Anaheim, S;'n Jose, Santa Rosa, and Vountville. The places most noted for the production of raisins arc Pleasant Valley, Davisville, Woodland, Fresno, and Riverside; and Pleasant Valley is prom- inent in the production of early table grapes. 3« n >i 31- i IP ip f) ¥■ f ■iii'«>Hiiiiii'iiiHiBiiiiBwwtai»tfit«a 1 i if;;' w ■ ■ ■1 i. ft i ■ ( 1 f ! 1 ' ? i n 242 AGRICULTURE. Since 1879 a new grape fever has raged in California, and has, perhaps, not yet culminated. It is estimated that 10,000 acres of new vineyards were set out in the winter and spring of iSSo-Si, and 20,000 in 1 88 1-2. In the latter season, Xai)a County claimed to h.ivc planted 4,000 acres, and I'resno 3,000. The new vineyards arc mostly set out with the European varieties most prized for wine and raisins. Man)- features of the Californian methods of training and cultivating the vine and making wine and raisins, are the original outgrowths of peculiar circumstances. Most of our vineyards are on level land, because it is easier to cultivate and irrigate. The vines are trained low, the stalks being usuall)' about 18 inches high. They arc set 8 feet apart so as to leave room for plowing, which is the cheapest method of cultivation. Instead of digging a pit with the spade for the cutting, it is usually put down into a hole punched with a crowbar. The vineyards arc intersected at short distances by wagon roads, so that the grapes shall he carried only .short distances by men ; the wagons are drawn by lively horses ; the grapes arc cru.shed by machincr)', and at every step, from laying out the vineyard to .sending the wine to market, human muscle is spared whenever horses, steam-power, and the best of tools and machinery can be used with economy. The main drawbacks to the cultivation of the grape in California are the phylloxera, the mildew, and the thrip or grape fly. The last is checked by turning sheep into the vineyaid after the crop is gathered and letting thera eat the leaves to which the eggs of the fly are attached. The mildew i ; arrested bj' shaking flowers of sulphur o\er the vine, about 50 pounds to the acre. The phylloxera exists in Sonoma, Xapa, Solano, Yolo, Sacramento, Santa Clara, Placer, El Dorado, and San Joaquin ccnmties. The area de- stroyed is 1,000 acres; that infected i)robabl)- 10,000 acres. Elooding vine- yards, the cheapest antl most convenient remedy in !■" ranee, is applicable to many of the Californian \ineyards; and perhaps one reason why the jiest has not been observed in Southern California is that the \ines there are generally irrigated. The peculiar fitness of California for the grape is indicated by the large size often reached by the vines. There jirc now half a dozen vines in differ- ent parts of the State, each with trunks a foot in tliametcr, and with branches sufficient to cover an arbor 80 feet squ.ire, and producing a ton or more of gra[)i's in an average season. Montecito, Stockton, Coloma, San Ikiena- ventura, Blakcs in Napa Count)-, and the Cajon Valley in San Diego County, ha\ e samples of the great \ines of California. It has been estimateil that a vine3'ard in the fourth year will ])roducc 2 tons to the acre; 2^2 in the fifth; t,'/^ in the sixth; and 4 in the seventh. Many vineyards have yielded 10 tons to the acre for year after year. The I, ; ' I ) LI 0 ■y HORTICULTURE. 243 grapes arc usually sold by the vineyardists to he wine-makers, and the common prices, in 18S0, were $::o a ton for M.^sion, and $22 to $30 for the forciijn. In 1S81, the foreign grapes commanded from $25 to $32. There is an upward tendency now in the price:, of grapes; five y( irs ago the price was 40 per cent. less. AcceiJting the yield as stated above, the gross money yield of the acre will be $60 in the fourth year for foreign grapes; $75 in the fifth year; $105 in the sixth, and $120 in the seventh. The table grapes often command 10 cents a pound wholesale, at the begin- ning of the season in San I'Vancisco, and from 3 to 5 for months. The cost of a vineyard 4 years old, when it becomes a source of profit, may be esti- mated at $60 per acre, e.xclusi\e of the land ; and the annual expense of cultivation, picking, and hauling may be $25. The first vines of California were planted about 1772 at San Gabriel, and are of a Spanish variety known here as the Mission, because they were cul- tivated at all the missions, and the only kind in 1' Mi.,sion \ineyards. It is hardy, early in bearing, prolific, and well adaptui to the system of short pruning. The grape is dark reel or black, though it often has a light bluish bloom or down on the untouched surface; the skin is thin, and the pulp rich in a juice that has much sweetness, but little other flavor or IxiUij . t. The grapes brought to San Francisco in 1850 and 185 1 sold for 50 and 73 cents a pound, paying large profits to the owners of the few vineyards, and as late as 1856 the common retail price was 37 cents, most of the grapes being brought from Los Angeles packed in sawdust. The Lc)> .Angeles vine- yards were the most productive property in the southern part of the State, and their area began to cxu nd. A grape fever started in a mild form there, and soon affected the reporters and editors of tlie metropolitan press. The most glowing statements were made of the superior advantages of Califor- nia, as compared with I'rance, for the production of the finest wines. The organization of the German company which supplied Anaheim with water, planted it and colonized it, ga\c a great impulse to the fever, and in 1858 the planting of vineyards began extensively in Los Angeles, Sonoma, Santa Clara, Napa, Solano, Sacramento, and the placer region of the Sierra Ne- vada, using the Mission grap*;. Until that lime nearly all the vines set out were of the Mission variety, although the French horticulturists at San Jose, and perhaps others, had obtained cuttings from IVance. Mr. Delm.VS began in 1854 to import vines, and he introduced the Black Malvoisieand the Charbonneau or Char- bono. At a later ilate Cll.VULES Le I'-R.VNC was the first to obtain the Mataro, Grenache, and Sauvignon Vertc. In subsequent paragraplis, mention will be made of other men who have been prominently associated with the grape industry of California. |ili ■^■!i I" 5 fi f hi ' i'i::i 1 244 AGRICULTURE. h II ! I- ' Varieties. — The yield varies in the different varieties and di.stricts; the Zinfandel, Bcrger, Alexandrian Muscat, Mission, White St. Peter's, Mal- Voisic, Charbonncau or Charbono, and Seedless Sultana beincj among the most prolific. The early fjrapes, appearing in July, arc the White St. Tctcr's, Madeleine Blanche, Black July, Sweetwater, Early (Ilatif) Chasse- las, and Fontaincbleau ; and those abundant in the market from October till December, inclusive, are the Alexandrian Muscat, Muscatel, White iMalat;a, Rose of Peru, Red Tokay, and Cornichon. The Cornichon, shaped like a little cucumber, ripening late, and keeping well, is the last in the market, but has a poor flavor. A score of other varieties arc commonly sold for table u.sc from August to October, inclusive, while an equal number not well suited for marketing fresh are reserved for wine. The Riesling is insipid when eaten, but makes a delicate wine. All the grapes most prized for the table, for wine, and for raisins arc European varieties; and the term European, as generally used in California, excludes the Mission, which is ul European origin. The American vines, including the Catawba, Isabella, and Concord, are rare in mo.st of the Californian wine districts, and do not occupy one per cent, of the vineyard area. They are disliked because they are considered unfit for making fine wine, and long pruning is neces- sary, making the training expensive, and the yield is inferior to that of the European grape. About 1860, MARTIN Aliioit planted a large vineyard with Catawba grapes, near Coloma, but the investment was not profitable. The American grapes, the Vt/is Riparia, and ALstivalis are attracting atten- tion as grafting stocks not injured by the phylloxera. Large Vineyards. — The largest vineyards in California and presumably on the globe, were planted in the winter of 1881-S2. That of Leland ST.\NFORr) at Vina, in Tehama County, occupies 1,000 acres, and the vines arc nearly all of the Zinfandel, Charbornncau, Berger, Black Malvoisic, and Blaue Elben varieties. The rancho has an area of 9,100 acres, and the owner expects to set out 1,000 acres in fruit-trees soon, and according to rumor is considering whether he shall plant another 1,000 acres of vines in 1882-83. At his country residence near Belmont, and his farm near the Mission San Jose, Mr. STANFORD has several hundred acres more of vines The vineyard of R. Nadeau near Florence, set out in 1 88 1-82, has about 1,300 acres. G. G. 13RIGGS has nearly i,ooo acres in laisin vineyards near Davisvillc, Woodland, and other places. Before 1881, the largest vineyard in the State was that of L. J. Ro.SE, containing 560 acres, at San Gabriel. He set out 240 acres additional in 1881-S2. R. Barton has 380 acres in vines at Fresno; H. J. Glenn has 300 at Jacinto; Mrs. BoURN, 265 acres at St. Helena; B. DREYFUS & Co., 240 acres at Anaheim, and 260 at Cucamonga; J. GUNDLACH & Co., 240 acres MOUTICUI/rURE. 245 at Sonoma. The Fresno Vinevakd Company at Fresno, and G. Gkoezinger at Yountvillc, have each 330 acres; II. \V. CliAlili at St. Helena, The Calh-ornia Raisin Company at Rocklin, and SiioRii and \VlL.soN at San Gabriel, have each 225 acres; F. T. ElsEN has 240 acres at Fresno; and J. F. CkANiC at Pasadena, G. H. Eggers at Fresno, 1'. McDougal at Santa Rosa, W. Scheffler at St. Helena, and E. J. Baemwin and George Sioneman at San Gabriel, have each 200 acres. Among the vineyards of more than 100 and less than 200 acres, are tho.sc of Atk.in.son & Co., Charles Krug, John Benson, J. C. Davis, S. C. Hastings, J. Lewelling, and J. D. Fry, in Napa Coui>:y; those of KoHLER & Frohling and N. Carriger, in Sonoma County; of Keller, Rowland, and Brici:\valler, in Los Angeles County; of G. II. Eggers, A. B. Butler, and M. T. Kearnv, in Fresno County; of J. L. Be.VRD, in Alameda County; of ClL\RLES Le Franc and of DOVLE and Wh.LIAMS, in Santa Clara County; and of RoliERT Chalmers, in El Dorado County. The vineyards between 50 and 100 acres include those of L. H. Werder, John P. Zeyn, William Allen, A. Bridgen, J. E. IIollenbeck, J. Kahn, F. Sabrichi, \V. II. Work- man, John Wilson, Kewen's Estate, M. J. Wicks, F. IIartung, A. LangENBERGER, and J. Dalton, in Los Angeles County; C. P. Adamson, Amsbury & Davis, John BATE^L\^, C. CRocn.vr & Co., S. Ewer, G. K. Gluvas, John Green, W. IIarker & Son, T. H. Ink, C. LE^^ME, L. Sanuer, J. Stecker, T. Van Vleet, M. Van, J. C. Weinberger, and E. I\l. Falk, in Napa County; J. C. Palmer and L. Stanford, in Ala- meda County; J. N. Bailhache, and A. F. IIara.szthv, in Sonoma County; Dr. J. D. B. Stillman, Dr. BARTON, and S. C. EVANS, in San Ber- nardino County; T. VacHE, in San Benito County; and J. B. J. PORTAL, of Santa Clara County. R. B. Blowers has a large vineyard in Yolo County, and there arc many other considerable vineyard'' from which there is no recent precise report within reach. L.VCII.MAN & Jacobi are inter- ested largely in vineyards in Sonoma, Napa, and Fresno counties. The Buena Vista vineyard, containing 450 ;icres, for many years the largest in the State, has been surpassed in size by several others; and being seriously damaged by the phylloxera, has lost the prominence which it long held in the wine industry. Agoston Haraszthy. — One of the most prominent men in the develop- ment of Californian viticulture was the late Colonel Agoston HaR- ASZTHY, who arrived in California in November, 1849, and settled at San Luis Rey, where he planted a garden and set out fruit-trees in February of the ne.\t year. Having been elected sheriff, he made his residence in the ! I 240 AGRirrLTTTlK. city of San l^icgo, wlicrc lie tlevoted his hours of leisure to horticulture, and in I'^cbruary, 1851, hi' fuiishcd the planting of a wine vinyard, garden, and an orchard, on 160-acre lot No. 3 of Poole's survey, tiic plantinLr of which w.is l)c;_nni in the ])rcvious March. His election to the Assembly in I S3.: look iiini away fnjni that enterprise, and the orchard .md vine- \-ard were neglected. Hut he ditl not lose sight of his favorite occupa- tion, in that same year he took possession of a considerable tract of land near Crystal .Spring.s, 30 miles from San Francisco, securing the title with school warrants, and in 1853 set out a strawberry-patch, an orchard, and a large number 1 il \-ines obtained for him from the Fastern States .and luirope through t lener.il L. Mi:sz.\R()S, one of his Hungarian compatriots. He put many of hi.s trees and vines in nurser\-, and obtained a good prolit from tiieir sale. .'Viiiong the foreign vines which he imported in that )-ear was .B&E ZinfamteL Aen first introduced into California. He appreciated its ;tm;rris, and l-t^kt after recommended it as the best grape for wine. In i|]:-;5 he mUidr jaa otTer for the Kelsey or Huena Vista vineyard in Sonoma V.alley, asKl tte next year he succeeded in buying it. This was the oilalest vintasaarit and then the largest north of San Pablo Hay, anil its pnwse9iii«3n matiiie him one of the m(Wt prominent vineyardists in the Statfc. At tfaar time, however, general opinion looked to Los Angeles a.-- tin: only ciamntj- where the grapt ccjuld be cultivated extensively, btJcaaiBse It aJowsi iiatl aan abundance f)f water lor irrigation, which was con- sidered mdispBasaWe- Colonel HARASZTm", immediately after buying at Sowooaa, began 30 transfer vines and trees from Crystal Springs, and his vines planted in tloat ycir numbered 80,000. This was the most extensi\'e single plantatinn of the kind ever made in the State up to that time. He clarmcd that ntrigation inas not necessary for the jjroduction of the grape in any part ul Califojcma ; and for Sonoma Valley he jiroved it by the thrifty growth and fccomdity of vine.'^ which he set out there on land not susceptible of irrigatnoira. .Soon after establishing himself there, he in- duced a score of his personal friends to follow him, and get vineyards, some of which he planted for them. ]5etv,ecn 1856 and 1864 lie had planted H04 acres with vines for himself and others. Colonel Haka.sztMV did not content himself with working and talking, but wrote for the daily press, and he contributetl to the report of the .State Agricultural .Society for 1858, a valuable paper giving pr.ictical instruction in the proper methods of ])lant- ing and cultivating the \ine, and making wine and brandy. His example, coinersation, and \\ritings liatl much inlluence to attract general atten- tion to the grape, and to stimulate the i)lanting of vineyards, which from that }eai- began to multiply with great rajjidity. Recognizing the defects of the Mission grape he obtained an appointment from the Gnernor in L lIORTIiri.TUKK. 247 1S60, as one of a. hoard of coiiiinis.siotiors authorized to l;o to ICuropc to study ihc cultivation of tlv vine there. He went in 1S61, i)ayin^ all the expenses out of his own pocket, traveled through all the leadinj; wine countries, and returned with 200,000 cuttinL;s and rooted vines of 487 different varieties, including the best wine grapes of iMancc, Germany, 1 lungary, Italy, Spain, and Portugal. Besides bringing the vines he wrote an elaborate report which Hakpkr & BROTHERS published in an octavo \olimu; of about 500 pages. These vines were distributetl throughout the State, and formed the nucleus of the most important plantations of im- ported vines we now possess. Colonel IIai- . -. 'lY has been called the father of the vine in California, and certainly ' pervade the State, anil led to the planting; nf numerous vineyards. The house of K()lll,i:i< & ]'"Rt)lll.l\(i preserves its original name, and sells from 700,000 to i,iX)0,000 ^'allons nf wine annually. Sparkling California. — About 15,000 cases of sparklinL,^ wine are i)ro- duced in California annuall\- bs' the natural process (in which all the effer- vescing gas is (.leveloped b)- fernient.ition) as distinc,'uislicd from the artificial process in which the gas, made from marble dust and sulphuric acid, is forced into the wine by machinerj-. This entire pnjtluct comes from the house of Aki'.M) I[.\k.\.s/.iiiv & Co About 1837, Don I'l.'liko ,S.\.\si:\'.\in', a nati\e of france. an early pio- neer of Calif(_>rnia, who had married into ,1 .Spanish I'amil)-, arid whose Christian name had been changctl, by custom, to the .Spanish form, under- took to make s[)arkling California from Los Angeles wine, which had a ground taste, and besides was so rich in sugar that it broke a huge propor- tion of his bottles. After bringing Mr. Ui:ii.\N.\l:;, a skillful cellar-master from France, and sulfering severe jicruniary losses, he was compelled to abandon the business. While S.\\.si;v.\lN was still struggling with the difficulties of pro- ducing a beverage similar to sparklmg champagne from the Mfssion grapes grown on the low lands of Los Angeles, Colonel Agoston IL\U- ASZTIIV made some experiments with .Sonoma wine, and lie directed his son ArI'.M), then in Kurope for his education, to learn the art of making sparkling wines beft)re returning. With much difficulty the young man obtained admission into ,1 first-class champagne-cellar at Kpernay, paying the proprietor well for the privilege, and then making a seconil liberal pay- ment to the cellar-master for instruction, for which he had been i)repared b)- the stud)' of agricultural chemistry. i\fter his memory and note-books had been filled with the knowledge there obtainable, b)- 2 years of assiduous labor, he returned to California, confident that he couUl make good spark- ling wine, lie immetliatelj' entered his father's cellar at .Sonoma .and made a lot of 100 bottles. They all sparkled .uid had a good fiaMir; anil the re- sult was considered a success. ,\nother lot of JOO bottles turned out equally well. Shortly alter the second e\[)eriment, the I'.uen.i Vista Compan)', which had m the mean tim>" |)urchased his father's \ine)'ard anti cellar, emi)loycd him, and he bottle, I 1 ,000 ilozen bottles of Sonoma wine. Un- fortunately not a Ixittle of it sjiarkled. The result was a loss of $5,000, which his father paid. .(\k1'.\1> could not understand the cause of the failure, J2 I'M M 1 m «,")i( III rf- ■ a'.. mm 2^0 AGRICUI/n'Ri:. ' i il i n.sir^ricd, and in 1863, bcc;imc senior partner in a Sonoma house, engaged in the manufacture and sale of still wines and brandies. The Jiiiena Vista Company einployeil Mr. Di;ii.\.\M;, who put up 30,000 bottles of sparkliiiL,' wine in 1.S64, and only 3,000 sparkled. Tiie ne.xt year the)' put up 00,000, anil lost two thirds by breakage, the gas being too strong lor the bottles. (3ut of 40,000 bottles in 1.SG6, only 5,000 sparkled. .Mr. Dlh.VNN]-; made antnher attempt in 1867, and left the company's serv- ice. They then prociu-eil a new cellar-master from ICurope, and sub-^c- (]uently, .sc\eral others, until they had tried 6 in all, including I'rench, (lermans, and .Swiss. .Sometimes they made passable wine, but the e.\- jjcnse of the sparkling wine department exceeded its income by $100,000 in the 16 years of its maintenance, witii some interruptions. Arpad Haraszthy & Co.— In 1865 Arp.'.d H.\r.vsztiiy became a part- ner in the llrm of ]. L.\ND.SU1:rgi:u & Co., dealer in Etill wines in San Francisco. lie had confidence that he could make a good sparkling wine; but he had found that man\- experiments would be recjuired to learn iiow to .secure the regularity of sparkle and the desirable flavor. The Mission whic pure, was not adapted to the purpose, and suitable varieties were not easil)- obtainable. But he would not abandon or neglect his hope; fc:)r years he worked at it, and converted his home into a laboratory, and his kitchen walls were lined \\ ith racks to hold champagne-bottles. At last, in 1869, he felt confident that he had overcome the difficulties, and he proposed to put up a Icjt of s[)arkling wine for the market. Mr. l.VNDSUERGER objected, but fmall\-, to get rid of importunit)-, as he .said, eonseiiled that one cask of wine should be wasted. It was made in Mr. 1 l.\K.\s/,Tllv's parlor — the carpet having been taken up — and was a success. The)- then engaged in the business permanently. W. C. R.\LSTON' heard of it, and being a stockholder in the Ikiena Vista Companj- and familiar with its losses, sent for Mr. LAN'r).siii;Ri;i:R and told him that •'" h" intended III manufacture sparkling wine, his credit in the Hank of California 'ould be withdrawn. It was withdrawn; and as their capital was small, the Ii.'mi had many diftkulties to encounter on that account, but they persevered, and the wine continued to iiiii)ro\-e in (|ualit)- and credit. in the manufacture of the finest brands of French champagne, it is the custom of the cellar-masters to add brandy, tannin, and alum to the grape juice, and also to add fla\ors made from pineapple, ijuince, |)ear, and other fruits, each lirand ha\ing its peculiar mixtm-e and lla\-or, which, in many cases, are concealetl from the public, though their general cliarac ter is known in the trade. The quantities thus added are small, but the effect is to give a taste which does not come from the grape. In consequence of the colder vm\ ' IIOUTICUI/n'RE. 251 autumn in the champagne district and the incomplete or irregular ripenintj of the grapo, the ;■ additions may be needful there. Mr. II.\R.\s/ rii\' for years imitated liis teachers; but gradually he has abandoned brand)-, tan- nin, alum, and all flavors, save that of the grape itself; and he is confident that the connoisseurs, wlieii they fully understand the cjuestion, will agree with him that in sparkling, as in .still wines, the natural flavor of a delicate variety of grape can not be improved by adding to it the juice of an)- other fruit The process of champagne making, as conducted by II.\!<.\s/Tnv & Co., and which, with the exceptions noted, is substanti.ill)- the process of the great champagne establishments of France, is excecdingl)- interesting. The still wine, for the purpose, is purcha.sed in all ])arls of the .State. The varieties mostly used arc Riesling, Borgcr, fiuledcl, Muscatel, and Zin- fandcl. They are purchased from the vineyards, when the second fermen- tation is complete, and shipped tf) San Francisco. WIkmi ready for making into champagne they are aUait a year old. The firm being anion;; the largest dealers in still wines on the coast, ]ia\e excellent opportunities to become acquainted with the qualities of wines throughout the State. ICach wine is selected on ount of some peculiar quality which it possesses, and from all the wines purchased by the house, those having the most ex- quisite flavor and aroma are carefully selected and combined with others which possess the requisite fermenting qualities, strength, and body. The fact that neither drug nor flavoring m.-iterial is, under any circumstances, to be added, makes tlie task of selection doubl>- difficult, but the result, when pcrlcct, much more satisfactory. Ijy the use of flavoring materials the absence of good, or the presence of evil qualities may be overcome. Unfortunately, however, they also may overpower the most delicate per- fumes of t!ie wine itself The flavor and iiouquct produced by the proper blending of pure wine alone is much munc delicate, and to the educated taste, more agreeable than that produced by any extraneous flavor. Besides, the fla\ored champagnes cloy upon the palate and distnrb the sensitive stomach, which those put up without flavoring will not do. .'f AR- A.SZTHY & Co. make 3 brands of champagne (jr sparkling Caht- niia: liclipsc, for which the most delicate and costly wines are selected ; the Grand Prize, .second in quality and price; and Sillery Mousscux, third. The Eclipse is either dry or extra dry, to suit the taste of the purchasers, the extra dry ha\ing a smaller proportion of syrup. The wines have generally been sold before bciny a year in Me bottle, but the) have ample means now to keep a si... k on hand until it reaches 4 )ears, which is the age of the best I'ltnch bran.> when put upon the market; iind they expect to adopt the same rule Although sparkling California is their ii«i: ihll I ^H T:^! til li-V ! r'l I ' I fii r\ HLIi. ! i! ■ :!i ( n PI ^ i ^ ; i ; 'S^ AGKICULTURK. specialty, they de.'il cxtensivei)- in native still wines and brandies. Their oflice is at 530 \Vasliin.L;Lon Street, and their vaults occupy a large part of the block. 'Sir. L.\.\i>.siji;r(;i,k has withdrawn from the business, and .Mr. n.\K.\szrilv's unly partner is IIeN'KY Kl'STEI.V Raisins.— The production of Californian raisins for the market began about 1S72. In 1875 the crop was 1 8,000 bo.xes (20 pounds each); in 1876, 33,' ooo; in 1S77, 27,000; in 1878, 44,000; in 1879, 64,000; in 1880, 65,000; and in 1 88 1, 160,000. Large vineyards planted out with the raisin grapes have not yet come into bearing, and a great increase in the near future is to be expected. The consumption of our coast is about 60,000 boxes, leaving the surplus for shipment to the Atlantic Slope. The net annual )ield in a good raisin vineyard is from ,$200 to $300 an acre. The crop from a vineyard of 6 acres in Riverside yielded 1,190 bo.xes in 1881, worth $2,275, •'"'J t'^*^ c.\pen.scs were, for picking, $120; handling, hauling, and incidental cxpen.scs, $200; boxes, $164; paper, labels, and packing, $221 ; total, $775. The net )ield was $1,500 for 6 acres, and $250 for each acre. The wiiite Muscat is generally preferred for raisins, but many other varieties are used. The Cali- fornian raisins are dried in the sun, but instead of being kept on the ground or on an earthen or stone bed ])reparetl .'.pecially lor the purpose, the)' are placed on light wooden trays 3 feet long and 2 wide. After 10 days, 2 men come along with a tra)', lay it on lop of the grapes, lift up the tra\"s, turn them over quickly, la>' the untler tray with its grapes on the ground, and thu.'s pass through the vineyartl, turning them all. In 2 weeks they are ready to go into sweat-bo.xes, and then for packing. It seems ))robable that an area of at least 20,000 square miles in Califor- nia is perfectly atlapteil to the raisin. The two raisin centers of DavisviUe and Riverside are 400 miles ajjarl, and Fresno, another center, is half way between them. The chief raisin ilistrict of Spain, that of Malaga, with an an.'a of 450 square miles, fronting 75 miles (in the Mediterranean, and ex- teniling inland 6 miles, produces about 20,000 tons of raisins iumuall)', and {)( these 10,000 usually come to the Utiited States. Unless the phylloxera should make unexpected progress in California, our State will be able to sui)p'\- the entire vVmerican demand at no distant time. Among the notable men in the raisin business are R. 15. Hl.OWKUS of Woodland, who was the fust to make a success on a large scale, and G. G. Briggs of DavisviUe, v.ho has about 1,000 acres in raisin vineyards at different places, most of his vines being young. California has also made a few Zante currants ("currant" in that .sense is a corruption of Corinth, the name of a small grape) of superior quality. The seedless white Sultana is the best grape for that use. The Ionian ■¥ ill I iioRTicui/rrKic. '53 Islands produce 90,000 tons of Zaiitc currant'; aninialK', and (.'alifornia may come into coin[)C'titiin wifli tlu'in. Brandy. —Nearly f\cr\- larL;*' winc-ocllar in the ^rapc districts has a dis- tiller)' connected uilh it, but {\:\v h.i\e trained a reputalinn for th;it prmhict, and man)- uf the distillers haw iicitiier the skill, the appliances, the capital, nor the hi;j;h re^'artl for ultimate success, re(|uisite in the manufactiu'e of the best braniU' lie^ides, theri' has also hi-en a scarcity of material. 1 lie Mission ^n';i])e is rich in su;..,'ar, but it lacks the bouquet and tlclicacy of tlavor which arc as necessary for the fmer ([ualitit:s of brand}' as of wine; and tlic prices paid for forei{^n j^rapes by the u ine-makers weie so lii^h tlial the di.stillcrs "Tcnerally considered it misafe to outbid them, and contented titcm- sclvcs with the Mission and other grapes not in demantl for other piuposcs. Those who adopted the more costly plan of selecting the best grapes, em- ploying .skillful distillers, buying new casks, making a gooti wine before distillation, and keeping their brandy luitil it c(juld ri|)en with time, have produced a superior article. The distillation of Californian br.uidy began in a crude way an-s from pomace, jjiquet, unsalable wine, and other refuse. The better the brandy, the less, relativel}-, is the tax. The quantit}' of brandy distilled in 1S80 was about 450,000 gallons, estimateil to be worth $1.15 a gallon. Among the leading producers of Californian brandy are 11. AI. X.\(;i,i:k, at San Jo.s4 E. J. Baldwin, at Santa Anita, L.J. Rose, at San Gabriel, and the JOMXSOX Distillery, at Sacramento. The only person who has made brandy his chief specialty is General NagLEK. He produces 6,000 gallons annually and keeps it 7 years. The JollN.so.V Di.stillery in 1S80 made 37,- 000 gallons of brandy, besides 60,000 of wine. The Brighton Distillery, near Sacramento, crushed J 50 tons of grapes in iiS8o, and made 10,000 gallons of brandy, cmplojing 7 men. The owners are J. I. Felti;u & to. Some additional matter about horticulture will be found in the a[)pendi.\. '- r'i 1 !'■ ■■ S 'I- 1 ml •nHHIIIMHi 254 AGRICULTURE. ■1 '^i I I CHAPTER XIV.— DOMESTIC ANIMALS. Abundant Herds. — The mildness of the winters west of the Sierra Ne- vada and Cascade Mountains is favorable to the growth, health, and early maturity of farm animals; and they do not anywhere multiply more rapidly without shelter or cultivated food than in the valleys of California. Our coast nortii of Mexico has about 11,000,000 farm animals of the fiuadrupcd class, including sheep, neat cattle, horses, swine, and goats. They furnish every year 4,500,000 lambs, 30,000 tons of wool, 500,000 calves, 200,000 colts, 1,000,000 pigs, and 50,000 kids; and these animals, as they are brought into use with their wool, butter, and cheese, are worth $40,000,000 a year. The number of domestic animals is very large on our coast as compared with that of the population. For each 100 inhabitants Great Britain has 40 cows, France has 16, Prussia has 20, the yVmcrican Union has 75, and our slope has 130. For 100 inhabitants Great Britain, France, and the United States have each 100 sheep, and our coast has 600. We have rela- tively 4 times as many swine as France and 6 times as many as Great Britain. If wc admit that our domestic animals arc inferior to those of Europe in some important respects, the facts still remain that most of them arc of good blood, well adapted to the conditions in which they arc kept ; and that we have relatively a much larger supply of butchers' meat, wool, and draught animals than Europe and the Atlantic States. Sheep. — The number of sheep on our coast, north of Mexico, is presuma- ably about 10,000,000, including 6,500,000 in California, and 1,500,000 in Ore- gon. Of the total, one half are cwcs, which under favorable circumstances should rear 4,500,000 lambs every season. Many are slaughtered, many lost in the mountains and deserts, eaten by carnivorous animals, and killed by cold and starvation. There is no room for more in California, under the present circumstances, but the net increase in other portions of the coast is, probabl}', not less than 1,000,000 annually. The dry climate and open valleys of California, like those of Spain, arc well adapted to the sheep, especially the Spanish merino variety, which does much better than the heavier French and iMiglish breeds. When irrigation and horticulture supersede the present system of wheat-farming on dry soils in California, l;s- I DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 255 the long wool sheep will come into more favor. It is the custom in Cali- fornia to shear twice a >'ear, the spriiit,' fleece avera;,nnLj 4, and the fall lleccc 3 pounds "in the tjrcase;" and scouriiiLj makes a reihiction of 6j per cent, in the sprin;j;, and 69 jier cent, in the fall clip. The Oreijon annual fleece weij;hs 6 pounds, and loses 60 per cent, in scourinj^. The Oregon wool lias a lonpjer staple than the Californian, but is not so fine, anti both are steatlilv improving', or at least the wool of l'',astern Ore^^on is ^^rowini^' fuK.'r in liber, while that of Western Oregon is growing coarser, and, probabl}-, also longer. A \ery serious drawback to the Californian wool is the bur, which detracts 10 per cent, from its value. The general estimate is that 5 Spanish merino sheep will li\e on the land required for one cow; that 2 acres of an average shec[) ranch on the .southern coast of California are enough for a sheep; anil that an acre of alfalfa, properly managed, will support 1 2. sheep. The coast of keeping a sheep is $1.25 a year; its wool sells for $1.50; and for each 100 there are 45 lambs, worth 75 cents each. The [)rofit, therefore, on eacji sheep is nearly 50 cents, on the average, annuall}-. The fluctuations of the wool market, the occurrence of droughts, which have killed off more than i,OCmd,- 000 sheep in a year, and mistakes in the .selection of shepherds or sheei) ranges may, in a few months, counterbalance the anticipated profits of years. Notwithstanding occasional losses, however, no other branch of agriculture has been so profitable to most of those engaged in it for a suc- cession of year.s. The sheep increased with great rapidity from iiS53, when \V. W. HoLLl.sTKR made the first experiment in Californian wool-growing after the gold discovery, until 1876, when the number began to exceed the capacity of the wild pasture to support them. According to the tables kept by liMlLE Gris.M<, the highest authority, the production of Califor- nian wool was 150 tons in 1855, 1,500 in 1860,4,470 in 1S65, 10,000 in 1870, 21,700 in 1875, 28,000 in 1876, 26,500 in 1877, 20,400 in 1878, 23,000 in 1879, 23,000 in 1880, and 21,500 in 1881. The average price was 14 cents a pound in 1870, zG]/, in 1871, 29 in 1872, 18 in 1873, 19^;^ in 1874, 18 in 1875, 14^ in 1876, I7'< in 1877, 16 in 1878, 17 in 1879, and 22 in 1880; the a\crage of the I I years being \c)]^ cents. The aggregate value of the wool [iroduct of California, for the 1 1 years, was $78,652,830. Oregon produces about 3,000 tons of wool annually. The expenses of sheep kept on national land are about 35 cents a head, and as there is a great tleinand for ewe lambs, the profits have amounted to more than $2 for each ewe in recent j'ears. Wool-growing receives very little attention in Pacific Mexico. W. W. Hollister. — Among the w ool-growers of California, the first place unquestionably belongs to WiLLIA.M WELLS Holli.stek, a native of Ohio, f r i i. 1 1 256 AGRICULTURE. vnw 63 \-c,us nf aL^c, niul a descendant of a I'untan family long established in Connccliciii, lie came to California in 1S5:;, and liavinL[ satisfied him- self that it was a j^'ood State for wool, he returned to Ohifi and started in IMay of the next jear with 6,000 sheep across the continent. After an ardiKius jiiiirm V, in the course of which 4,000 sheep were lust, he arrived by wa\' of .Salt Lake, .San Hernardino, Los y\nf,^eles, .ind Santa liirh.ira, in the valley of .San Benito, wiiicii he selected for his home. Tliere he tlevoted himself to the care of his herd. Mis debts exceeded the value of all his property-, but he had faith in his sheep, and he stuck to them. Me boucjht land for i)astura<,fe ; his herds incre.nsed rajiidly; he bought more land, and the wool ami the land combined to make a inillionaire of him. v\t one time he owned 150,000 acres of land and So,000 sheep, and his jjross ainuial income from his hertls w.is $100,000. He was the first person to breed sheep for their wool in California after the gold discovery, and his .success led others to follow his example until the Califomian wool crop of I.S76, 23 years after he dro\e his sheep across the mountains and deserts, amounted to 28,000 tons. The growth of tlie State and the spread of cultivation made his land in the valley of .San Benito more valuable for tillage than for ]5asturage, so he sold out his rancho there to a comp;my, which ]iaid him more than $500,- 000, including $370,000 of principal and the remainder of interest, made a large profit on the purcha.se, and laid off the town of Ilollister on the land. Me ;ifterw;M'ds sold the tract on wliicli the town fif Lompoc was built. From .San Benito he moved, in 1869, to Santa Barbina, where he bought part of the Dk\ rancho. He s])ent $425,000 in planting orchards, erect- ing buildings and fences, and otherwise impro\ing the land; ;ind, besides, he undertook to build up .Santa Barb.ira, bring it into notice, and make it attracti\e as a health resort. It needed a fine hotel, a wharf a daiU' [jajK'r, and college: and he furnished most of the money for .all these things. Mis example induced El, \\i )()D CoOPlCK to ])urchase the adjacent tract of about 2,ooo acres from the l)i;\ estate, and to expend ,$150,000 in ])lanting extensive orchards of walnuts, almonds, ;md olives, and a grove a( eucal\-i)tus. W. \\'. Siowi-. fiillowetl HdM.ISTKR and Cool'tCK, bu)ing an extensi\e tract near b}-, and expi'iiding, perhaps, $100,000. The in\est- nients brought to Santa i5arbara, directl)- and imlirectl)', b)- Mi )I,i,isii;k, and the improvements which owed their inception and comijletion to him, g;ue prominence and attractiveness to the town, ilrew thousands of visitors to it e\ery \'ear, trebled its populatio.i, and ciuadru])led the v.aluc of its property. Mr. Hoi,Llsri:R will occupy a permanent and prominent place in the in- dustrial history of our slope. Mis pioneership in bringing the first large '^*-m L ', i I noMlsril AMMM.S. 2^7 stock of incriiKK's across the continent, anil in lnvi'ilini; slu'c|) lor fine wool in the Ciolilcn Slate, contrii)iiteil niatiri.iilv to the (ie\elo|)nient of its a^'ri- ciillural resources. His luisincss called his atteiilion to the conllictini; interests of |),istura,L;e anil culti\.ition. Ili' fouinl that the tiller of the -.oil hail no ri|^hts which the cattle-owner was bounil to res|)cct. J he owner ol the whcat-fielil could recover no ilaniaj^es for injury done him b)- trespass- ing cattle. 1 le must maintain a strontt fence or suffer the conseiiuences. 1 IciI.I.lsi i:r demaniled a trespass law, making the owner of the cattle re- .sponsible. The sujierior im])ortance of tillage and the high cost of fencing furnished preponderating evidences and arguments for his side; but for )ears evidence and argument were unable to overcome the stronghokls of cu.stoin, prejudice, and large adverse pri\ate interests, lie diil not content hiinsclf with one expression of opinion, or give up the (luestion with one defeat. lie agitated; he published letters .ind jiamphlets; he urged the editors to kee|) the matter before the ])eople; anil he brought the subject before the legislatin-i;, which, after long hesitation, made an experiment with a small district. Land rose in value, because crops could be grown without fences; anil gradiiall)' the area was extended, until now the whole agricul- tural portion of the Stat«. or nearly all of it, has this beneficent trespass I.iw. Shropshires. — As California becomes morethickl)- settled, there is an in- creasing demand for the longer fleece, the more sa\or)' mutton, and w hat may be called the more ilomestic habits of the luiglish sheep. The best varietj' of these for crossing u ith the Spanish merino, in the opinion of some well-informed persons, is the Shrop.shire, a hardy animal w liich matures early, and |)roduces a cross yielding a hcav)' fleece, commanding a high price anil a ready sale in the San I'rancisco market, and tin local woolen- mills. The leading breeder of the Shropshires on the- Pacific Slope is J. H. HuVT, of Suisun. In 1X73 he selected his .Shropshires in I'jigl.inil, aiul his henl, after S years in California, is in excellent condition, the ])ure bloods born here showing the peculiar points of the Shri)[)shires as strongly as do the imported animals, thus indicating the adaptation of the climate to the variet)-. Mr. Ilovr's herd contains 200 Shropshires of pure blootl, yielding from 7 to 14 pounds of wool each, annually, and worth $40 a head, besides C50 head of ewes crossed with the Spanish merino. At the California State Fair of 1881, he showed 26 shceji, 12 pure Shropshires, and 14 cross-brcds from Spanish merino ewes by Shropshire ram.s, and his exhibit attracted special attention, and received ]5rcmiunis for excellence. Strobridge's Merinoes.— The Spanish merino, which has been the most profitable in California of all the wool producers, is the oldest of what may be calleil the high-bred varieties of the domestic animals. It is, un- 33 .•iSi -,% ^. IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) |^|28 |Z5 Ui liii |2.2 L25 il.4 11.6 1.0 I.I L/' _. p* /J v: ^'^ ^ .V*'.^'^ ^V ■% '/ .^ -?;'>.? ^ ^^ Photographic Sciences Corporation 23 WIST MAIN STRUT WfBSTM.N.Y. MStO (716) •72-4503 Ai 'r 25.S rt'iKicri.TruK. iloiibtcillj', the s.imc breed tliat was prized for the su])criority of its wool in Spain before the Cliristian era. When Ci.AtDirs was l-'mpcror, CoL- lMi;i.I.A, one of the distin;^'uislied Roman ap;ricultiirists, devoted liiniseif to the wo(j1 husir.ess in the Spaiiisli peninsula, and tooU special pride in the improvement of his flocks. The eoiKpiest of Spain by the Vandals, the (ioths, and the Arabs, {rreatly reduced the number of sheep: but the Moors appreciated their value, bred them with care, ami spun, \\' in the mean time, his flock now numbers 1,000 sheep, including 400 breeding ewes, wiiich compare favorably with the best in the (ireen MoiuUain State, or in an)- part of the world, in size and forin, in absence of wrinkles, and in white- ness, length, evenness, densit)-, and weight of fleece. The average weight of his annual fleece unwasiied is reported by him to be 20 pounds. The flock is known by re|)ute from Arizon.i to Hritish C."oluinbia, and there is such a demand for its increase that the sales in iS.Si amounted to $12,000, an average of ;ji^o for each breeiling ewe. Neat Cattle. — In 1.S70, acirording to the national census, the Aincrican States and Territories on our sk)pe had 1,300,000 neat cattle, including 669,000 in California, 190,000 in Utah, 150,000 in Oregon, 52,000 in VV'ash- ington, 60,000 in Idaho, and 41,000 in N'evada. In 1880 Oregon had 435,000, DOMESTIC AMMALS. 259 and the number hati probably increased in the Territories enoii.c;h to brinj; the total, for the coast north of Mexico, up to 2,000,000, wortii $40,000,000. I'acific Mexico and Central America may have as many more, but this is mere matter of surmise. The herds north of latitude ^2° arc generally " American," a stock good for beef, milk, butter, and cheese, and decidctlly better for the ordinary pasture than the Durham and Jersey, though much inferior to either for .special purposes, in places where there i.s an abundant and constant supply of fresh grass. Jesse D. Carr. — Jes.se D. Carr, for many years prominent in California as an official, contractor, farmer, breeder of fine cattle, land-owner, banker, and successful pioneer, is a native of Tennessee, where he received a com- mercial training and made a start in business. He was a merchant for 6 years in Memphis; anc' the first brick hou.sc in that city was built by him. After 6 years in New Orleans, he left June 10, 1849, for California, and landed August iSth in San Francisco, where he immediately became dep- uty collector of the port under ]L II. M.VRRISON, military collector, who left the management of the unorganized custom-house to Mr. C.VRR. The latter had to sy.stematize every department. The first civilian collector, J.v.Mi;.'^ Collier, arrived in October, 1S49, and having never been in a cus- tom-house, was glad to retain his predecessor's deputy, and intrust the administration to him. yVfter the lapse of 15 months, Mr. Carr left the revenue service and was elected member of the State As.scmbly. He was Chairman of the Committee on Commerce, and acting Chairman of the Com- mittee on Ways and Means for most of the .session. lie introduced and passed the first San Francisco funding Act, which proved to be a most beneficent measure, and created the only municipal department that was always ad- ministered in a creditable manner, making a remarkable contrast to other porti(jns of the city government from 1852 to 1856. Mr. C.VRR al.so intro- duced the bill which, with the aid of his friend, Judge FlELU, became the first divorce law of California. In the fall of icS52, Mr. Carr moved to the I'ulgas rancho, in what is now San Mateo County, and devoted him- .sclf to farming and stock-breeding, which have been his favorite and con- stant, though not exclusive occujiations, ever since. His knowledge of horses and UK-n enabled him to take mail contracts with profit; anil he did so from 1866 to 1872, being for a time the le.-iiling mail contractor on the I'acific Slope. His routes included those from Oroville to Portland, and from Virginia City to Boise City. He discovered the frauds under the so- calleil "star routes," and in 1878 called the attention of the I'ostmaster- (iencral, Kev, to the matter, but that gentleman undervalued the informa- tion, and the Government lost $10,000,000 by his mistake. In 1872 Mr. 26o AcRicri.TrRr;. K Cakk imported frnm Kentucky a carload of pure-blood shorthorns anil a fine stallion from the stable of the famous Dr. Hkkk; and since then he ha^ made frequent importations, includinj^ a carload of pure-blood neat cattle from Minnesota, another from the herds of the lion. M. II. Cm II- K.W, of Canada, 3 carloads of pure Spanish mcrinocs from the herds of Mr. II.VMMiiM), of Middleburj-, Vt., and many smaller lots, always takinj^ care to purchase animals of the ])urcst race and finest (|uality. Mr. C.ARU has 3 ranchos: The Gabilan rancho, in Monterey and San Henito counties, contains about 47,000 acres, and is his home. His Aromas rancho, in .San Henito, has about 4,000 acres. His rancho near Clear and Rhett lakes in Modoc County, has i 5,000 acres of patented land, and is so situated with reference to water that his herd, have the e.vctusive pasturajjc of 150,000 acres more. His live stock includes 30,000 heail of ^'raded merino sheep, 2,000 ])ure Spanish merinoes, 3,000 f^raded neat cattle, 60 pure Dcvons, 100 thor()UL,fhbred horses, and several thousand other farm animals. Since its ort;ani/ation, in 1S73, Mr. C.\I<1< has been president and a leatlins.^ stock- holder of the .Salinas City Hank, which has a capital of .$200,000, a reserve fund of $50,000, and an excellent, if not a very prominent i)osition, amoni,' the financial institutions of the Pacific Slojie. The Californian pioneers have been distintjuished for business activity and versatility, but few have been so continuousK- successful in .so man>- varieil occupations as Mr. CvKH. COLKM.W YoUNCKU, of San Jose, has 80 Durhams, and has occujjied a leading' position in imiiortint; and breedint; Hurhams on our coast for 23 years. ^Another noted owner of Durham stock is Joil.N HlDWlCM,, of Chico. Gi:uK(;k Hkmiat, of Redwood City, has 32 Ayrshires. Pi;ti:k CoiTTS, of Mayfielil, has .Xjrshires and llolsteins. The estate of M. Hkvtk has .\yrshires and Durhams in V'olo County. P. J. SlI.M IKU, of Olcma, and R. NnKi.i., of Grass Valley, have Jerseys. P. A. 1'"|.\N'K;AN, of I'ruit Vale, has Jerseys and fine horses, I'or I I )ears, PlCTKK .S.WiC has matie it his business to bring domestic animals of pure blootl from the celebrated stock farms in Kentuck)-, (or sale to breeders in California. His leading; siiecialtics ha\e been Herkshire.s, Cotswokls, and .Shorthorns, of which last he has broULjht 962 head across till' continent. He luis sold extensively to Japan, the Hawaiian Islands, Mexico, and Central America. Dairy. — The farmers of our slope have not ncfjlcctcd the enviable re- wards offered, in the most hij^hl)- civilized countries, for skillful dairy man- aj,'ement. The experience of ICnj^land, Switzerland, llollaiul, Sweden, Italy, and New York in the production of butter and cheese, as well as the cows which {,M\e the richest milk and the most of it, the Jerseys, Hoi- DOMESTll ANIMALS. 201 steins, Diirhams, and Americans, arc ti> be found here. California makes 7,ooo tons of butter, and 1,500 tons of cheese, at present, annually, and other portions of the coast north (>( iMexico probably half as much butter, and one eighth :is much cheese. Most of our cheese is good; much of the butter excellent. There is no important novelty in the j)roccsses used by our dairymen ; but some of the features of dairy management are peculiar in consequence of the quality and situations of our pastures. California has some exceptionally large dairies; those within 2 hours of San I-'ran- cisco produce milk; those farther, but within a day's travel, butter; those still farther, cheese. The relatively small area of land moist through the year, the high value of such soil for the cultivation of fruits and kitchen vegetables, and the difficulty, and in many places the impossibility, of getting a continu- ous growth of green and nutritious grass in the summer and fall from the dr)' fields, have induced the Californian dairymen, generally, to depend entirely on the indigenous pasture for feeding their cows. The fall and early winter are a period of greatly diminished production. The condition of the wild grasses has .so much influence on the supply of milk that good butter, which usually sells for 24 cents a pound, from April to June, at San Francisco, is in demand, from October to December, inclusive, at 40 cents, an increase of 66 per cent. Many of the milk and butter dairies near the cities have fields of maize, to be cut and fed green, and cultivated gra.s.ses, besides hay, beets, and bran, for feeding in stables in the winter. Among the large dairies which supply milk to San Franci.sco are those of R. AsniiCRXKK, Sami'ki, Goodhue, and D. O. Mills, all in San Mateo County. The last has 400 cows. Jersey Farm. — The greater part of the milk consumed in San Fran- cisco is supplied by cows kept in and near the city, and fed mainly with exhausted malt, which has been used to make beer, and thus deprived of its starch and soluble salts, the chief materials valuable for nutrition in the barley. The brewery rcfu.se, when fed to the cows, is in the vinous stage of fermentation, and similar, in general character, to distillery swill, which seems to have the effect of stimulating the .secretion of milk, and, being much cheaper than either gras.s, grain, or hay, is preferred by those dairy- men, whose customers look to the quantity and price of the milk without regard to its quality. The cows fed on brewers' grains and distillery slops do not live so long as country cows, on account of their unwholesome diet, and generally go to the butcher after a few years of service. The most notable milk rancho of California is the Jersey Farm Dairy, of K. G. Sneath, at San Bruno, 14 miles south of San Francisco. It has an ii , Mk 262 AC.KIcri.TURK. area of 2,700 acres, extending across the peninsula from the ocean to the bay. Its herd (if nc.il cattie numbers about 1,000, and from 500 to 600 cows arc milkeit liaily. It lias about 20 bulls and 50 cows of pure Jersey blood, and about I 50 lialf-breed Jerseys, and 50 three-quarter bred. None but pure Jersc)- bulls are used on the place. The milk ])roduct of 1880 and 1S81, amounted to 400,000 gallons for each )ear, of which about 380,000 gallons were sold jcarly in San Francisco, and the remainder used in rearing calves. This, so far as we know, is the largest fresh-milk dairy on the globe. I'3ach cow gi\es milk for about 7 months, and comes in on an average at interxals of 10 to 16 month.s. In. order to have a continuous and uniform supply of milk during each month of the j-car, of ncarl)- the same quality, great care and constant attention are required. Two thous;md acres of land are now in cultivated grasses, mo.stly rye grass and orchard grass, both of which are considered jireferablc to alfalfa. The main reliance, however, is grain and hay, and about 1,500 tons of each arc fed yearl)-. The grain is ground upon the place, and consists of corn, barley, and wheat; and each cow gets from 6 to 14 pounds of fine grain meal, and from 10 to 16 pounds of hay, daily, which, with good grass, makes a sound, heavy-bodied milk, with an c.scellcnt na\'or, and rich in cream. The Jcr.scy cow gives from 3 to 6 gallons of milk daily, and the half and three-quarter breeds rather more, but not so rich, although the (juantity and cpiality depend largely on the quantit}' and quality fif the fo(xl given. The milk is sent to the city in large thoroughbracc wagons, containing 200 cans of 3 gallons each, and drawn by 6 large mules. The 14 miles is made in 2'j hours, twice dail\-; and about 100 men, and as many horses and mules, find almost constant em])lo)'ment. Mr. SxKATii makes the business a matter of pride, and spares no ex- pense in securing the most wholesome purity and uniform richness of milk, and thus expects in time to establish a character and reputation for his milk that will make it unrivaled and anxiouslj- sought for. In fact, his supply at ])rescnt is not equal to the demand. lie has a large milk depot at 837 Howard Street, from which his milk is distributed by his own small wagons to consumers in all parts of the city. At the dejiot butter is made daily; and butter, buttermilk, cream and milk arc alwa)-s on hand for sale. Hundreds of people call there daily to purchase; and the superior- ity of the milk has attracted the attention of many leading physicians of the city, who prescribe it, in many cases, when no other remedy is effective. R. G. Sneath.— RicUAUD G. Snkath, a native of Maryland and now . 56 years (jld, arrived in California in 1850. He established a store in Dry- town, Amador County, afterwards another in Sacramento in 1852 under the DOMKSTK ANIMALS. 2C,^ name of SN'KATII, ArnoM) & Co., one in Rod Bluff under the name of SnkaTII, UoARMAN & Co., one in San I'ranci.sco under the name of SXKATII & Arnold, and others in Portland, Salt Lake City, and Virf^inia Citj- — all beiiiL,' wholesale grocer)- houses. He has al\va>s been one of the foremost men in the State, but never politically. Me was in the City Council from 1J cows in 21 (laiiv farms in Humboldt Count)'. One of tliesc farms he mana^'es in person; tiie others are leased with buiklinL;s, dair\- fi.xtures, ;md cows for r.iles wiryin.L; from ^iJ to $15 for each cow. These farms are all conti,L;- uoMs. and make u]) a lar,L,'e tract on both sides of Bear Ri\er. The cows, \\hich are of the Durh.im st./ck, receive no ciilti\ateil food, and depend en- tirely on the w ilil jiasture, which remains j^neen .ibout 9 months in the year. The a\er;i;.;e annual product of butter is 130 ixiumls from each cow, and the L^ross money yield to each cow in that region is about $44. In iS.Si Humboldt County made about 500 tons of butter, worth $275,000. .XmoiiLj the notable dairies of Santa Cruz Count)- are those of BALDWIN W'll.liiK, who has 260 cows and 4,000 acres of land ; and Mr. Laiku, who has 200 cows .uid 2,200 acres. Joseph RusB. — .AmouLj the many Californians who have achieved an honorable triumph in the battle of life, JosKI'lI Rl ss, of I'erndale, deserves to be counted. His birthda>- was December 19, 1825, and his native State Maine, where he remained till his iSth )car. When the time came that he must earn his livinij;, he went to Mass.-ichusctts, where he became teamster, trader, and partner in a sawmill and grocery, trj-inj; his fortune successive'y in 3 towns, as well as in different occupations. In 1849 the gold fe\er H ca W o r r o w ^ S g |2 I M I 'fii *— L DkMI- lit ANIMALS. 2<-A seized him, and after a V()\'ai;e nf 5 iiidiUIis hy \\:\.y cif Cape Ilnrn. lie laiidixl in San I'rancisco Marcli i ;, i,S5o. His first wnrk in Califurnia uas the niaiiagenieiit of a steam sawmill in I'.l Dorado Count)-. Ihen he t>e- ■ eame successively contractor for the first l)ridj,'e across the .American Kiver; l)uilder of a l)rid^'e across the Cosuinnes; ])artner in a store at N'olcano, un- profitable because it j,'a\e too much trust; owner of a drove of lx;ef cattle, which he sold in the Vuba Mines; ■. miner there; owner of a hay-yarti at Colusa; and frei-^diter with his own waj^ons and teams to .Shasta, until the fall of 1S52, when he took a drove of cattle to llumboklt Ha\-. Ha\in^' disposed of them, he explored Kcl River, and spent the next winter in its vallc}-. The ne.\t sjirin^, with a partner, he broui,'ht another drove of cattle from the .Sacramento Valley, and openixl a meat market in I-Lurek.i. After several years in that business, he went to Salmon River, in what is now Siski\-ou Count)-, and was a miner there for t, years. Le:i\inf^ the mines, he went to ()rej,'on, bout^ht a herd of stock cattle, dro\e them to llumlxildt Count)', and there settled down with the multifarious occujiations of farmer, cattle-breeder, butclier, dairyman, woc)l-j,'r()\\cr, <-md lumberman. At the age of ^C) we find him the ow-ner of 50,000 acres of land, including 10,000 of timber (mostly redwt)od), of 2,000 dairy cow-s, which retpiire 14,000 acres of land for their pasturage, of large herds of sheep and beef cattle, of a controlling interest in the large sawmill of Rl'.ss & Co., and of an extensive lumber-)-ard in San iJiego. He gives em])lo)-mcnt to about 350 men. The educational and religious institutions of his county, csjie- cially the Congregational Church, whicli his family attends, recognize liim as a generous fricnil; and when San Uiego needed a new- school-hou'-e, he supplieil lumlxir to the value of $4,000. While he was in the Salmon Mines, he w-as elected Justice of the Peace; and when his legal learning was insuPFicicnt, sound judgment and quick perception helped him out in his decisions. Genial in his manners, trusted in character, and successful in his busincs.s, his neighbors have repeatedly called on him to take part in the management of public affairs. [himboldt sent him to the As.scmbly in 1S73 and 1877, and tried to elect him to the Senate in 1875, but was defeated by the Democratic preponderance in the associate county of Mendocino. Mr. Rrss is an ardent Republican, and was one of the dele- gates from California in the National Convention which nominated Jami;s A. Gaukikli). In excellent health, of active liabits, with a business ex- panding rather than contracting, and a family of 10 living children around him, Mr. Rus.s can look upon the future as well as t!;c past with satisfaction. Point Reyes. — The I'oint Reyes district, between Tomalcs IJay and the ocean, near latitude 38°, about 50 miles north-west from San Franci.sco, is 34 i I v'l i ; .1 J'V) AcKit ii.n Ki:, iiotcil for it-i !ar;To butter raticlios. The distance from tlic ^it)' is too jjrcat at present to iieriiiit semliiiL; the milk to market, ami I-uiter is more profit- able tlian cheese. TIk' amuial rainfall averat;es, peril. ips. V^ inches, , mil the foLjs are alnmilant anil lie,i\\-, -io that the wild p.isture continues ^'reen imtil late in the summer. In n.itural titness for ilair\ i)urposcs, tl'-' situa- tion is tiic best in C'alifornia. A few years since a rancho of 54,cx>3 acres, cxti'ivliiiu,' from Toniales Point, JO miles south-e.istwaril, was held by the .silAi ii:k HkuTIllKs and Ciiaki.i.s \\i.i;i; IIhWAUH. in undivided owner- ship under one mana,L;ement. as dair>- i)ropert\-. Thi:- lati'l has since Ix;en divided into 6 tracts. Ja.MKS M. Sii.M ri;K has a tract of I ^,fi6o acres, coniprising / tenant farms, with 1,000 dairy cow.s, and a tract i.>f 5,^57 .icrcs, comprising 3 farms, with 300 cow.s. The estate of the late O. L. SlI.M'TF.K has a tract of 11,135 acres, coniprisinjj 7 farms, with 1,360 cov\s, and the Uolinas tract of 6,712 acre.s, with 2 farms antl 250 cows. Mr. IIowakd has the Olema tract of 7,~^() acres, with 5 farms and 525 cows, anil the I'oint Reyes tract of 9,S49 acres, with 7 farms and 1,350 cows. The total area of the 6 dairy tracts is 54,250 acres, comprisinij 31 tenant farms, with 4,7^5 dairj' cows, an averatje of about 1 1 acres to a cow. Five acres of.wild cjrass are sufficient for a cow, and in some portions of the I'oint Reyes district 2 acres; but a considerable portion of the land con- sists of timber, chajjarral, steep cans'on, anil rocky hill. .\ll these farms are leased on the same ijfencral 'System. The cows belonf^ to the land, and the tenant jjays from ^20 to $25 for each cow annuall\'. 'I'he pro]Mietor su])plics the build in j,'s; the tenant must have his own liorses, wa^'ons, and im])lcnienls, but is not allowed to keep any domestic animals on the land, save j)i|.,'s and his work-horses; anil is not allowed to sell anythin;4 from the land sa\e |>iy;s, calves, and dairy produce, lie must rear one tenth of the cahes, and deliver them to the i)ropri;"tor ; tlic other calves he can .sell. lleLjels nearly 200 ])ounils of butter from each cow in a season, and he sells at prices ran^in^, of Lite \-ears, from 20 to 40 cents a pound, mak- i.i;; from $40 to $50 from each cow. His calves brint; him about $3, and his |)i_L;s $4 for each cow, on the a\eraije. His ;.;rf)ss reccii)ts may be $50 or $C)0, his running' expenses are $15 or $20, and his !iet receipts from $5 to $15 per cow. It takes from 18 to 25 i)ounds of milk, averaj^inLj 22, to make a pound of butter, leavint; 21 ]jouiiils of buttermilk for each pound of butter, to be used in fattenin;,' ])i},fs. The calves are usually sent to market when not more than a month old, as there is less profit in them than in the butler or pi^s. The milk is allowed to stand from 36 to 48 hours, at a temperature of 63 , before skiminin;^, and the cream is clmrned .separately in a square box-churn, without a dasher, turned by horse-power. So lonfj as there arc )-oi'.ny calves, they ^'et some of the skim-milk; the rMiMl>TI( ANIMALS. 267 rcmaitukT .iiul the hiitturmilU ^o to the i)if,'s. These figures p.rc obtained IVomW. II. Alilii) IT, superintendent for eilARLKS \Vi;iili Id >\vaki>, and arc doubtless tnistw < )rthy. Nearly all the feed is wild Ki^''^^ I'lit alioiit S acres are |)lante(' with maize atul beets, and \<> with oats '.r barlev tbi li 1 for 100 cows, the tnai/c bein;,' cut anil fed 1,'reen for fodder. The cows h x if the common Ameri- can stock mi.xed with Durham. It is e.xpect d that at the end of each (lair)- year, in .September, about 10 in 100 ' the c nvs will be rejected by the tenant and sold by the proprietor f jeef, s' has 4,000 head; H.VVNES & LoWE, 2,500; TllOMAS Ellis, C. Beak, and L. AxTOlNE, 2,000 each; and Van Volki'.xburg Brothers, 1,200, besides 4,000 sheep. Mr. Ii.\RPER also has a large stock of sheep, and his experience is that the average loss in a winter does not exceed 3, though in exceptional seasons it has run up to lo per cent. He is associated in business with the Van Volkenburgs, and for the purpo.se of disposing advantageously of their slock, VAN V'OLKENIiURG & Co. have a wholesale and retail meat market in the Alhambra building, corner of Government and Yates .streets, ^ iria, for which they slaughter 70 beef cattle, 60 calves, 400 sheep, ai. in hogs, monthly. The j-early amount of their sales of meat to the Canadian I'acific Railroad is $90,000, and for the Cari- boo mines, $[5,000. The Van Volkenuurg BROTHERS own 7,036 acres, which as well as adjacent tracts of public land arc used for pasturing their meat cattle and sheep. Horses. — Our sk.o'^ nn;th of Mexico has about 700,000 horses, and their average value may be about $35. Thoroughbreds arc numerous, and California is making strenuous efforts to excel k^ngland and Kentucky in breeding fast horses. The warm winters are e.xtrcmcly favorable to the continuous growth and training of the horse, and these arc of much .serv- ice in developing speed as tested under the rules of the turf. While the trotters and thoroughbreds are in special favor, the Norman and Clydes- tlalc horses, needed to obtain a stock of large and active horses, serviceable for heavy draught, have not been neglected. The most noteil horse farms arc Palo Alto, to be mentioned hereafter, and those of L. J. Rose, who has about 200 fine animals, at San Gabriel ; Wm. CoRliElT, of San Mateo, who has 300; Theodore WTnteus, of Yolo, who has 100; Coi;ni' Valen- sii.N, of Sacramento, who has 200; HENRY Seales, of Mayfield, who has 150; 1'. A. FiNNlGAN, of Alameda, who has 150; I'ETER CoUTTS, of Menlo I'ark, who has 100; and E. J. BALDWIN, who has 100 near San Gabriel. I I ! I i i' 1 i! 8 ' i - * ■ ■ 1 '' 272 AGRICULTURC. Palo Alto.— TIic Palo Alto farm of Leland Stanford, at Mcnlo Park, j2 miles south of San Francisco, where he has his country residence, is in some respects the most notable estate on the globe for the breeding and training of fast horses. It has the largest number of fine trotters and thoroughbreds, and has been distinguished by remarkable enterprise and judgment in its management, and also by wonderful success in developing spued within a brief experience. It is apparently the object of the owner's ambition to beat England and Kentucky on their own ground, to take from them their preeminence of reputation for possessing the best blood and the best trainers, and to share the vast profits which they have drawn from the superior speed of their horses. So soon as the plan was adopted, preparations were made to provide the best accommodations for them. Commodious stables were built, and there are now box-stalls for 300 horses, si'-gle -(alls for 150 more, and sheds for the remainder. Three hundred acres wno fenced off into paddocks vary- ing in area from a quarter of an acre to 2 acres, for the brood mare.s, so that they should not be crowded. These paddocks abound with alfalfa, which is considered the best pasture for dams with colts. Trainers of ex- perience in trotting and running horses were found, and now "5 men arc employed to attend to the horses ; one man being required to take special care of 2 of the most valuable animals. Each trainer for the general stock trains lo horses a day; and 55 horses are trained daily in the saddle or harness. These horses subjected to daily training, include 4 3-ycar-old and 5 2-year-old thoroughbreds; and 5 4-year-old, 11 3-year-old, and 30 2-year- old trotters. The preponderance of very young horses is caused by the new- ness of the farm, and also by Mr. Staxi'ORU's theory that the horse should be subjected to training while still very young. Besides the 55 that must go under the saddle or in harness every day, 1 5 thoroughbred and 70 trotter yearlings are practiced every day in the training paddock, which was first devised and used on the Palo Alto farin. Of such paddocks, Mr. Stan- 1-ORD has 2: in one the circuit is the sixteenth, in the other the tenth of a mile long, and of an oval shape, with an inner fence to keep the colt on the track lie is turned in loose, and trainers stand inside of the inner circuit to drive him around the paddock at his best speed until he is tired, for per- haps 2 or 3 minutes. If the paddock practice of the yearlings is counted as training, then 44 thoroughbreds and 1 16 trotters arc trained every day. Mr. Stanford has the pecuniary means to accomplish much, and he did not stint the supplies of his horse farm. He set aside 1,400 acres for its use, including 900 acres of fertile valley land, of which 750 are irrigated, so thill there shall be an abundant supply of green grass. Carrots are culti- \ale(i on 40 acres; and a boiler steams ground oats every da)' for tlie EtOMESTIC ANIMALS. 273 young colts, which begin to receive such feed at the age of 4 months, and are accustomed to it when they are weaned at 5 or 6 months ; so that they do not lose flesh on green grass. Having determined to do his work on a grand scale, he needed a first-rate manager, thorouglily familiar with the breeding and training of race-horses, and for that purpose, .selected PI. R. COVKY, who seems so far to have justified the choice. The plan was adopted in 1877, and the farm is very new; but already it has 500 horses, all of the finest blood, including the best representatives obtainable of every strain most esteemed in England and Kentucky, either for running or trotting. Two of his horses cost him $25,000 each; and probably many $5,000 each. He has bought at every good opportunity and has .sold noth- ing. Of his 500 horses, 85 are thoroughbreds, including 45 brood marcs; and 415 trotters, including 119 brood marcs. The number of colts born or to be born in 1882 is 100 ; so that there will be a rapid increase until the policy of selling is adopted. For the horses trained under the saddle or in harness there are 2 tracks, one a' mile and the other three quarters of a mile long. There is also a sandy lane called the winter track, where the horses can be driven within a few minutes after the heaviest rain. The tracks are graded and prepared with great care, and are harrowed every day so that they shall be in the best possible condition. The common training system, of driving the horse at a slow gait for an hour or two and then pushing him for a mile, has been abandoned here, at least for the younger horses; and instead, they are driven at their best for a quarter of a mile soon after reaching the track, and after resting a little, put through another quarter The peculiar features of the Palo Alto farm arc, first, its large size; .second, 'its system of paddock practice, so that the colt shall try his speed every da)', except- during rain, after he is 6 months old ; third, its " short work" in training ; fourth, the .system of feeding steamed grain to the colts; and fifth, the great care taken of the brood mares, including the paddock by day and the stall by night. It would perhaps be unreasonable to expect any noteworthy results even under the best management, from a training farm only 5 years old— that is, the results mainly of the training— but there have been notewortliy results here. The best Eastern record for a 2-year old trotter is 2:31 ; but Stan- roUD's Wildfloivcr has made her mile in 2:21, Bonita in 2:24^^, and Fred. Crocker in 2:25 ;<(. A reduction of 10 seconds in the record is a great event in the hi.storj' of the turf Again the best Eastern record for a j'car- ling was 2\lCi)\, and Stanford'.s Hinda Rose has trotted in 2:36^^, mak- hig a reduction of 20 seconds. These are young horses, but the farm is not old enough to have trained old horses. Encouraged by these results, Mr 35 1 V', m ■i| 1 if ' k 274 AGRICULTURE. StankoUI) will give his horses opportunities in 1882 to show their speed at New York, Lexington, .ind Louisville, as well as in California. Si.xty will take part in the races of the season, including 4 thoroughbred and 10 trotter 3-ycar-olds; 5 thoroughbred and 20 trotter 2-ycar-olds; and 8 trotter yearling- in California; and 6 3-ycar-old and 7 2-ycar-old trotters cast of the Rucky Mountains. Svrine and Goats. — While California has one eighth of the sheep, she has only one fiftieth of the swine in the United States. Her winters arc too warm for packing pork without great danger of spoiling; her pastures are dry and soil hard for much of the year; and maize is not abundant. On account of these circumstances she will probably never excel in the production of pork. The temperature is favorable to the growth of swine, but some varieties mentioned in Chapter XXX L thrive better than others. The northern coast will probably do better than California with swine. The mountains and the chaparral of California are better suited to the goat than to any other domestic animal. The Angora goat has been im- ported direct from Asia Minor, and the coast has probably 2,cxx) of pure blood ; but after 20 years of experience with them, the opinion prevails generally that there is no profit in breeding them for the fleece. The lead- ing man in the breeding of Angora goats on our slope is C. P. IJAILKV, who has a herd of 7,000 near Wadsworth, Nevada. Poultry. — The breeding of poultry has no peculiar features on our coast, and it is not conducted in very extensive establishments. The most nota- ble is that of VV.M. Sharon, at his country residence, near Belmont. He has 30 acres set apart for his chickens, of which he has many varieties, each in a .separate j-ard. The farm sends 1,200 dozen eggs monthly to his Palace Hotel, which, in the spring of 1882, consumed 4,000 dozens a month. He has artificial incubators to hatch the eggs, and artificial mothers to kee]) them warm. TllK Pacikic Poultry Company has an artificial hatching establish- ment ;it the corner of Folsom and Eighteenth streets, South San Francisco, in a building formerly used as a woolen-mill. About March, 1882, 2,500 chickens were hatched monthly, but the capacity is to be increased to 6,000 a month. Oakland has also an establishment of a similar character. Eees. — Much of California resembles Greece, the classic land of the bee, and some of the honey made on our coast mountains has, it is said, the same peculiar flavor as that of Hymett. s, considered the best of Greece. The number of hives or stands in California is about 75,000, and the honey yield ranges from 400 to 2,000 tons. The expenses of one " bee ranch" for M DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 275 a year arc thus stated, viz.: 400 patent stands, $800; 550 boxes for honey, $165; wages and board equal to one man for 18 months, $630; hauling hives and honey, $195; packing-ca.ses, $165; sundries, $45; total, $2,000. The receipts were $4,950 from comb-honey; $550 from strained honey and wax ; and 400 new hives, worth $6,000 ; leaving a profit of $7,500 for the year. Apiaries are found in Oregon, Utah, Washington Territory, and Mexico, but present no features of special interest. Silk'vironns. — Silkworms have been bred in California for 2 1 years, the first lot of worms having been hatched in 1861 by Louis Prevost, a French nnrseryman of San Josd, who had pecuniary aid from HENRY Hent.sch, a Swiss banker of San Francisco. Ignorance, enthusiasm, and some foolish prizes offered by the Legislature led to a mania, which re- sulted in a loss of $500,000. More than 50 cocooneries have been maintained, at various times, in the State, and not $100 have ever been obtained from the sale of raw silk, and probably not $500 from eggs sold out of the State. Such profits as were made came from the purchase of eggs and cuttings for use in California. The principal breeder of silkworms is J. A. Garuarini, of Jackson, Amador County. It is the general opinion of those who have carefully considered both sides, that the business can not amount to much on our coast until wages shall be considerably lower than at present. f i % >l ! i ! •' 6^ 1 ! 1. 1 1 11 I I ' R J 276 AGRICULTURE. CHAPTER XV.— FARMING. Agricultural Production. — Pacific North America has territory in all the zones ; in all altitudes up to the level of perpetual snow ; in extensive regions where the annual rainfall measures 8 feet, and in others where it docs not measure 2 inches; in dense forests, in grass-covered valleys, and in deserts that have been desolate from a remote geological period. There is scarcely a climate in any other part of the globe without its parallel here. The annual agrici !tural products of the Pacific side of our continent, north of Mexico, arc worth about $100,000,000, including $50,000,000 from cereals, $40,000,000 from domestic animals, and $10,000,000 from horticulture. These figures are intended to represent the average of the present area under cultivation, about 10,000,000 acres, and the number of persons now employed in agriculture in 1881, about 100,000. The last figure is an estimate subject to much plausible objection, and beyond the reach of demonstration, but, perhaps, as near the actual fact as are the average of carefully prepared official statistics on such points. If it be correct, then it follows, the average annual production for each person is $1,000, and for each acre $10, the latter figure being much smaller, and the former much larger than would be obtained from the agricultural statistics of any Euro- pean country. Our coast may justly claim to do more work, in proportion to the men employed, than any other part of the globe. We ha\'c 100 per cent, more horses than England, and 50 per cent, more than New York. In 1S71 England (including Wales) had 1,560,000 agricultural laborers, 14,616,000 acres in crops and fallow land, and 1,200,000 acres in permanent cultivated pasture. If we base our calculation only on the land worked every year, we have about 9 acres to the person ; while in 1870, California had 3,000,- 000 acres under similar cultivation, and 48,000 laborers employed in culti- vation, or one person to 62 acres. From the figures of " improved land," and the number of agricultural laborers given in the American census of 1870, we learn that there were in that year 130 acres to the laborer in Califortiia, 85 in Oregon, 60 in Washington, 46 in Nevada, 20 in Idaho, 14 in Arizona, and 12 in Utah; and a calculation, made in a similar manner, gives 32 in the United States, 15 in England, and 55-^ in France. In other words, the Californian farmer is expected to gather the crops from 24 times more land FARMING. 277 than the Frenchman, 8 times more than the Englishman, and 4 times more than the New Yorker. The following table, from the national census of 1870, the latest official table of the kind now obtainable, .shows the number of "acres improved" in farms in that year, the average number of acres in a farm, the number of persons engaged in agriculture in the American States and Territories wholly belonging to the Pacific Coast, and the aver- age number of acres to the agricultural laborer, deduced from the census figures: _ Acres Average Acres Agricultural Acres to States, etc Improved. to Karm. Laborers. Person. California 6,218,133 482 47.863 130 Oregon 1,116,290 315 13.248 85 Washington 192,016 208 3,771 60 Utah I i8,75S 30 10,428 12 Nevada 92,644 201 2,070 46 Idaho 26,603 186 1,462 20 Arizona 14.585 127 1,285 14 Total 7,779,026 80, 1 27 There has been a large increase in the number of acres improved, and of agricultural laborers, since 1870, but the proportion between the 2 has not changed much. California has 6,000,000 acres under cultivation, including about 3,000,000 •in wheat, 700,000 in barley, 120,000 in maize, 72,000 in oat.s, 70,000 in vine- yard, and 4S,ooo in orchard. She has 6,000,000 sheep, 700,000 neat cattle, 300,000 horses, and 86,000 wagon.s. Among her annual productions are 10,000,000 gallons of wine and 450,000 of brandy ; and 7,000 tons of butter, 1,500 of chee.sc, 350 of honey, 1,500,000 of grain, 200,000 of grapes, and 80,000 of tree fruits. There are 50 grapevines, 5 fruit-trees, and 5 sheep for every person residing within its limits. In the proportion of agricultu- ral propertj' and production to farming population, she stands high. Oregon is rich in varied agricultural resources, and in an industrious and intelligent farming population, most of whom arc established on their own land. It is the only portion of the American territory from which we have the agricultural statistics, gathered by the National Census of 1880. In that year Oregon had 16,466 farms, of which 14,050 were cultivated by the owners, and 2,416 by renters. The total value of the farm products was $12,800,000. The number of acres tilled was 1,229,000, including 440,000 in wheat, 150,000 in oats, and 5,500 in maize. The apple trees number 1,300,000, the peach 44,000, and the orchard products in 1879 were v»-orth $547,000. The State had 1,260,000 sheep, 435,000 neat cattle, 124,000 '-I I fW 27S AGRICULTURE. horses, and made 1,300 tons of butter, and 84 of cheese in the prcccdinfj year. Utah cultivates 223,000 acres, including 72,000 in wheat, 19,000 in oats, 16,000 in maize, 14,000 in barley, 10,000 in potatoes, 3,600 in alfalfa, 1,400 in su^ar-canc, 200 in broom-corn, and 113 in cotton. The total value of the annual crop, exclusive of fruit, is $7,500,000. The number of acres in orchard and \ineyard is 7,920 including 3,935 in apples, 2,687 in peaches, and 544 in grapes ; and the fruit crop is valued at $1,000,000. The Territory had 303,000 sheep in 1879, 107,000 neat cattle, and 45,206 horses and mules; and the total value of the domestic animals was $6,500,000. The sheep are increasing at the rate of about 20 jjcr cent, annually. Utah is rich in the industry, economy, and mutual helpfulness of its people, but poor in agricultural property and production. The Mormons fled io the desert, and though they have made it blossom like the rose, it has been at great cxpen.se. In proportion to population, they have less than half the cultivated area, crops, and herds of Oregon. Agricultural Progress. — The M()ls; the wheat, barley, rye, and flax ; the apple, pear, peach, apricot, plum, and {,'rapc ; the cabbajjc, pea, onion, sugar-cane, and coffee, thus doing much to counter- balance the ilestructivc influence of the conquest on Aztec art and industry. The conquerors, however, were primarily soldiers, and considered it beneath their dignity to devote themselves to manual labor, and cspcciallj' to toil in the field. Their plows and wagons were made on patterns similar to those used in Asia 2,0(X) years ago; they had no dairy, no fine breeds of horses, neat cattle, or sheep; no valuable varieties of fruit; no light wagons or skillful teamsters ; no progressive agricultural industry. The American conquest cau.scd an agricultural revtjlution in California, almost as great as that made in Mexico by the Spanish conquest. It was the opinion of the pioneer gold hunters, when they came down the western slopes of the Sierra Nevada on their journey across the continent, or when, after rounding Cape Horn, they crossed the Sacramento and San Joaquin valleys on their way from the Golden Gate to the gold diggings, that the country generally was unfit for tillage. The dry soil and brown landscape looked, to those accustomed to the moi.st climate, and verdant .summer, and autumn prairies and pastures on the eastern slope of the continent, as if condemned to perpetual desolation. The very high prices paid for potatoes, onions, cabbages, carrots, and other kitchen vegetables gave a great .stimulus to gardening in 1.S50, and 5 or 10 acres well cultivated in that year, or the next, near San Francisco were sufficient to lay the foundation of a nice fortune. " ne luxuriance of the growth, when an abundant supply of water was applied judiciously on a good soil, was surprising. From every valley, where the land \va.s culti- vated, reports came of wonderfully large crops. Wheat, barley, potatoes, tomatoes, cabbages, cucumbcr.s, carrots, pears, and grapes were extremely prolific. While many persons failed for lack of experience, others proved the j)ossibilities of general success. Frenchmen, Italians, Hungarians, German.s, Englishmen, and Americans contributed their knowledge, skill, and enterpri.se. The finest varieties of fruits, flowers, and ornamental plants were imported, after a few years, from the Atlantic States and Eu- rope, and, in a congenial clime, they prospered and multiplied, until Cali- fornia bids fair to take, if it has not already taken, a leading place in horti- culture. -liJ Callfbmian Wheat. — Wheat is the leading product of California, occu- pying, in 1881, 3,000,000 acres, and producing 1,500,000 tons, worth about $32,000,000. The yield amounts to more than a ton and a half to each inhabitant, and as the average consumption of each is 3 centals 2 So AGRICULTURE. 1 i P, 1 • •1 1 ULii. (equivalent to a barrel of flour), and the sccdinfj requires 70 pounds an acre, the surplus for exportation is about a ton and a quarter for each Cal- ifornian. The amount exported has, however, never been so much in any one )-ear, parti)' because portion of the crop, not fit for shipment, is used for distillation, or ground up into horse feed. The amount unfit for ship- ment depends on the season, sometimes rising to 25 per cent., but not avcr- .iging more than 10 per cent. When jirices are low, the ijuantity taken for distillation increases, and ma)' rise to 50,000 tons in a year. The wheat of California is usually harvested with a header, which cuts off so little of the straw that it is imjiossible to bind the wlicat into shca\es. I'rom the header the grain is carried by a moving apron cither to a header-wagon, which deposits it in a loo.se stack, or to a threshing- machine. It rcc|uircs 5 header-wagons, or one small threshing-machine, for an ordinary header, cutting 12 feet wide, with which swath it will cut 20 acres a day, or 4 acres to each man employed. But there are larger heatlers cutting 16, 24, and even 34 feet; and the prevailing impression is that the wider swaths are better and cheaper on level land. The 34-foot header sweeps over 60 acres in a day. Not content with this, some of the farmers have double shifts of men, and work at night with the calcium light. As there is no fear of rain from July to September inclusive, it is not necessary to cut the grain .so soon as it is ripe, and on account of the immense areas to be harvested, and the small number of men em- ployed, the headers are often at work for more than 2, and sometimes for 3 months steadily, so that much of the grain is exposed, in an overripe con- dition, for weeks, if not month.s, to high winds. The berries are thus beaten out, and many of them are shaken out by the header. The short stalks and low heads escape the sickle. The loss of grain is considerable. Georgk D.WIDSOX took the trouble to measure off a square yard in a Yolo stubble-ficld after a header had passed over it, and gather up all the wheat grains: and they indicated that the loose grain, lying on an acre, amounted to 118 pound.s, worth in San Francisco, at the average price, $2.36. Wheat Profits. — In Oregon, Eastern Washington, and Utah, the yield of wheat is more regular than in California, where, on the other hand, there is a higher profit in exceptionally favorable years. After making allow- ance for the labor, at the average market rates, the average annual net in- come from the wheat-fields in the Golden State will not exceed 4 per cent. Relatively few of the men who have devoted themselves to wheat have grown rich, and much of the land which was planted with it every year, FAKMlNfJ. 281 from i860 to 1870, is now used for other purposes. The le;ulinjj wlicat county in 1881 was Stanislaus, wliicli liarvcstcd 18,000 tons, or more tluin 20 for each iniiabitant, while Tehama h.id 9, and Colusa 7. . Volunteer Wheat.— One of the peculiar features of Californian ajjri- culture is the extensive reliance of some districts on volunteer crops The wheat and barley are so dr)- when cut that much of the grain falls to the ground, which, in certain cla.s.ses of soils, abounds \ ith cracks too narrow and deep for mice and birds to reach the bottorr. In these the berry remains until the winter rains begin, and then it sprouts anti makes a crop. If the .soil has no cracks, the farmer may scratch his fields with a hairow, or scrape off an inch of the surface with a chisel c;;iiivator, so that the grain is covered, and thus prepared to get a start when the moisture comes. The entire cost of putting in a \oluntecr crop with the harrow, is 50 cents an acre; and one field near Dixon, Solano County, bore 4 successive volunteer crops of barley in every season from 1877 to 18S0 inclusive. The yield in the last year was 30 bushels to the acre. Such success, however, is very rare; the general result with volunteering is a verj' small profit. H. J. Olenn. — The first place among the wheat-growers of California belongs incontestably to Dr. 1 1 ton J. GLENN, who in person superintends and manages the cultivation of 50,000 acres of his own rancho, which con- tains 5S,ooo acres, and fronts on the west bank of the Sacramento River for 16^^ miles in Colusa County. The fencing measures 150 miles, and divides the rancho into 7 main fields, the largest containing 12,000 acres. In 1880 Dr. Glf.NN shipped to England, on his own account, 27,000 tons of wheat grown in that year on his rancho, and received not less than $800,000 for it. He came to California in 1849 with very little money, but a good edu- cation and eminent business capricity. His career has been marked by great industry, which still continues though his fortune places him among the niillionaires. Among the great number of persons engaged in wheat- growing in California, he is the only one generally reputed to have made a large fortune in that business. Besides managing his wheat farm.s, he has set out a vineyard of 300 acres, half in wine and half in raisin grapes. He has also a large number of cattle in Nevada. Dr. Glenn is about 55 years of age. John Bldwell.— John Bidwell is the owner of one of the noted Cali- forniaja wheat ranches, which covers an area of 22,000 acres on the eastern bank of the Sacramento River in Butte County. He has made much effort to diversify his crops; and has a large orchard, a vineyard, and herds of neat cattle, sheep, horses, and swine. He has also made special efforts to 36 Si i ^ ^.' 283 ACUICULTURK. 1 " boautif)' tlic f;rnunc)s about his residence, and has contributed much to make tlic adjacent town of Ciiico one of the most homelike and prosperous of the Sacramento Valley. His {^rain crop averages about 3,000 tons an- nually. Mr. I?II)\VI;ll was in the first party which cros.scd by land from the ;\Iis.souri Ri\cr directly to California, in 1841 ; and within a few years after his arrival he obtained the rancho which he still hold.s. The Repub- lican I'art)' sent him to the National Congress in 1864; and in 1875 the Independent Anti-Monopoly Party nominated a full State ticket with Mr. J^lDWELi. as the candidate for Governor. lie received about 30,000 out of 1 20,000 votes. I Fc is much respected, and is still an active man. Oregon Wheat. — Very soon after the American settlers began to farm in the Willamette Valley, about 1843, it became evident to obs .rvant men that Oregon would have a large surplus of wheat at no distant time. The Oregon Spectator of January 7, 1847, estimated the yield of the previous year to be 1 50,000 bushels in Champoeg (now Marion), Tualatin (now Wa.shing- ton), Yamhill, Polk, Clackamas, Vancouver, Clatsop, and Lewis counties; and as not more than 100,500 bushels were needed for home consumption, there were 50,000 for exportation. The Willamette Valley now produces about 220,000 tons of wheat annually; and the grain has a size, plumpness, color, and strength that enable it to command the highest price in the Liv- erpool market. Oregoii ranks next to California now in tjie exportation of wheat on our slope, but within a few years will probably be equaled, if not surpas.sed, by Washington. Sonora grows no more wheat than is needed for home consumption, but it has the capacity to produce a large surplus. Utah is very successful with its wheat, and sends thousands of ton.s of flour to the adjacent Territories annuall}-. Barley, etc. — Barley thrives better than wheat in a dry climate, and much better than oats; and, as it is excellent for horse feed anil good for brewing, it has been cultivated extensively on our co:i't south of latitude 42. I^cfore i860 California produced in average )'cars nearly as much bark')' as wheat, and, in some seasons, even more; but the price being less than that of w heat, it has taken possession of few of the new acres brought into cultivation within the last 20 years. It is estimated that California needs 210,000 tons for home consumption, including 32,500 for brewing, and the remainder for horse feed, seed, etc. There is usually a small surplus for eviiortalion. Calaveras, Mariposa, Modoc, Siskiyou, Sacra- mento, .Sail Mateo, and .San Bernardino counties grew more barley than wheat in 1879. Oregon, Washington, and British Columbia produce very little barley; Nevada, Utah, Arizona, and Mexico none for exportation. f)K? ' -«'ik.... lAKMING. 283 The oat does not thrive in the drier portions of the State, and is culti- vated to a very small extent, except in Humboldt, Mendocino, San Mateo, and Sonoma counties. While the oat may have one per cent, of the cultivated area of the State, maize, another cereal to which the climate and soil of the greater part of California are not p.opitious, has one and a half per cent. The leading counties are Sonoma, Ventura, Los Angeles, Alameda, and Sacramento. Doora, or Egyptain corn, promises to become an important article of cultivation in California, Arizona, and Sonora; but the farmers gererally have had little experience with it, and the area cultivated in it is small. Its chief advant.ige is that it ripens with less moisture than wheat or barley; that it produces 20 or 30 per cent, greater weight of grain to the acre than any other cereal tried on our coast; and that if cut green it supplies a large quantity of nutritious forage. As drought is the chief danger of the cereal crops in California, it is important to have every year, at least a small area in .some grain that will be almost certain to produce .something. The disadvantages of doora are that it is not in demand for exportation, for bread-making, or for beer. It is considered good for feeding horses and cattle, but its value, as compared with wheat and barley, has not been fixed, not enough having been produced to give it a definite place in the market. The white variety is preferred to the red by most farmers who have tried both. Cotton. — Cotton was indigenous to Mexico, or at least was cultivated by the Aztecs before the Spanish conquest, and is still grown there exten- sivclj", the seed being now of the same stock as it was 4 centuries ago, and the fiber of good quality. The plant was tried, as a matter of curiosity, by man)' American farmers in California at various times from 1850 to 1870, but It was not till the latter year that serious experiments were made to grow it on an extensive scale. The results were not very encouraging; and the area devoted to cotton was less in 1878 than in 1873, but the cultiva- tion is row increasing a little. The area devoted to it in 1879 was 242 acres, including 240 in Merced, and 2 in Kern; in 1880 the area.was larger in Kern, and 695 acres in Merced; and in 1881, 550 acres were planted in the latter county. The Merced crop in 1880 was 85 tons, or a ton to 8 acres, and the quality, as compared with Southern cotton, was medium, .selling in San Franci.sco for 1 2 cents a pound. Utah raises from 29 to 40 tons of cotton in average j'cars. So long as the production did not exceed the consumption of our local mills, the cultivation was profitable; but when there was a surplus over the local demand, especially after the closing of the cotton-mill in East Oakland, the :1 :'. h ■t-' I m i m ! I ^ 284 AGRICULTURE, land previously devoted to cotton was occupied with something else. With the increasing area under irrigation, cotton is coming into favor again; and in 1880, 55 tons of baled cotton fiber were exported. The following arc re- ported to be the expenses of a field of Co acres in Kern Count)': Plowing, $104.50; irrigating, $120.50; hoeing, $295.50; picking, $578; ginning and baling, $99.61 ; rope and twine, $32.78; burlap, $23.05 ; seed, $33.48; total, $1,287.42. The cost per acre to make and bale was $21.77, 'i"d ^'^^ "ct profit per acre was $9.24. The expenses of importation and exportation are influential considerations under the present circumstances, and the pro- duction of cotton on our coast will probably keep even pace with the con- sumption in Pacific mills. Flax. — The industrious Mormons have spun and woven much flax, grown in the irrigated fields of Utah, and have made all the linen cloth produced on our slope. Oregon has a small twine-mill at Albany, and several hundred acres in the vicinity arc cultivated in flax to supply the fiber; but elsewhere on the coast flax is grown merely for the seed, which, in favorable seasons, has netted $20 an acre to farmers in California. The leading fla.xsced counties are San Mateo and San Luis Obispo. The Willa- mette Valley has the best climate for flax on our slope, and will probably produce the plant in large quantity within a few years. The fiber grown there generally exceeds 4 feet in length, or 50 per cent, longer than a good quality of Irish flax. Hops. — Our coast produces in average years, about 17,090 bales of hops, weighing 170 pounds each on the average, or about 1,400 tons; of which, 700 tons are grown in California, 500 in Washington, and 200 in Oregon. The principal hop districts are in the counties of Mendocino, Sonoma, and Santa Clara, California; in the Puyallup Vallej-, Washington; and the Willamette Valley, Oregon. The Puyallup hop-fields arc the most regu- larl}- profitable on the coast. In 1S81 450 acres wore cultivated there; the a\cragc jield was 1,557 pounds to the acre in weight and $342 in money. One exceptionally favorable season like that will console the farmers for sc\cral bad years. Tobacco. — Tobacco is cultivated in small patches for home use on the western slopes of Mexico and Central America, and will doubtless obtain a permanent foothold in yVrizona, which has a favorable climate in some of its valleys. Uritish Columbia and western Oregon and Washington are too moist and cold for the weed ; and the Mormons arc averse to its use. About 200 acres are planted with tobacco every year in California, but it is generally regarded by farmers as an unprofitable crop, although an excite- FARM INC. 38; mcnt for it pervatlcd the State in 1873, when a wealthy compan)' cultivated 1,000 acres, and announced the purpose of driving Cuban tobacco and Havana cigars from the American market. Having purcnased the ingen- ious Californian patent of J. D. CULT for curing the weed by processes of successive drying and sweating pcriod.s, it rushed into the business with ex- cessive confidence; and by inexperience and incompetency in cultivation and curing, bj' mistakes in giving credit for its products, and, perhaps, by defects of its processes, lost $1,000,000. Forage. — Much attention has been given to the question, whether some plant can not be found to produce a large supply of succulent and nutri- tious forage for domestic herbivorous animals in the dry valleys and hills of California, where the indigenous grasses arc dry from June to December. Among the plants tried are teosinite ( Reana luxiirians), angola panic, pearl millet, prickiy comfrey, and various kinds of sorghum. The carob, mul- berry, and malva trees have not been overlooked. So far, no result gener- ally accepted as satisfactory, has been reached, though different persons have declared that they did not expect to find anything better than teosin- ite, panic, or comfrey. Among the grasses recommended for soils not very dry, are the mcsquit and Bermuda. Alfalfa.' — Alfalfa, lucerne, or Chile clover, as it is differently termed, is the favorite cultivated pasture of Californa; and in soils well adapted to it, supplied with abundant irrigation, its annual yield is estimated to be worth from $30 to $100 per acre. One farmer, who had a field of 16 acres, cut 60 tons of hay, worth $600 from it ; sold 3,000 pounds of seed for $.|50, and had pasturage worth $150, making a total of $1,200; and after deduct- ing all the expenses of cutting, baling, threshing, and marketing, he had $60 an acre of profit. Another farmer cut 5 tons of hay from an acre, and had 2 months of pasturage, estimated to be worth, in all, $50. The hay and green pasturage of an acre well supplied with irrigation, are considered sufficient to maintain 5 cows, or 1 5 sheep. Cattle prefer most other culti- vated grasses to alfalfa, and the milk made from it has an unpleasant flavor. I'or mares suckling their colts, it is considered excellent. Rye grass anil orchard grass are preferred to it for general dairy purposes by Mr. S.NKATii, who has made a careful trial of all in his San liruno dairy. Sugar. — The African sugar-cane is cultivated in all the States on the western sloi)e of Mexico and Central America, usually in small patches, not for the production of sugar, but for the direct use of the cane by chewing. The sweet juice is refreshing in the hot weather, and pieces of the fresh cane are .sold like fruit. Considerable quantities of the cane are also manu- A\ 1 ■'li 1 1 1 3 'i !i I ii 286 AGRICULTURE. facturcd into siar, next to Cariboo in its yield, is in lati- tude 59°, and a few feet below the surface the giK..und remains frozen through the }ear. The total gold yield of British C 'h.im' ia, from 1858 to 1882, has been estimated ofFiciall)' at $46,000,000, but \.hr amount reported in the export statistics is about $36,000,000. Thf righest yield was in 1864, when there were 4,400 miners, and the reported exportation was $2, So 1, 000. The number of miners at present may be 1,600. Mexican Placers. — In northern Sonora, near Altar and Caborca, there are placers, which were very productive for a few years about lialf a century since; though the supply of water was always scanty, and for that rea- son much of the ground supposed to be rich was never washed. .Several American companies have attempted since 1870 to get capital to construct ditches, but without success. Tradition says that in one year these Sonora placers yielded $5,000,000. It was there that the natives of Sonora learned the business of gold washing; so that when they came to California in 1848, 1849, and 1850, they were among the most successful prospectors and miners. The placers of northern Sonora have never been entirely aban- doned, but arc still worked in a small way. ^^Ui ■ sii.vicK minim; 2'j5 CHAPTER XVII— SIl.VKR MINING. Silvf-' Production.— In icS.Si, accordinj,' to J. J. Y.\i.i;\T[N'i:, Nevada produced $7,^55,574, Arizona $6,278,895, Utah $3,565,610, California $548,- 582, Idaho $370,540, and Oregon $48,684 in .silver bullion, making a total of $20,665,885. Montana produced $2,305,723, but of thi.s not more than half belonged to our slope. Of ores and base bullion, Nevada produced $3,896,- 498, Utah $3,637,383, Arizona $1,390,942, Idaho $1,007,386, and California $305,421, making a total of $10,237,630, of which silver bullion may sup- pi)- $6,000,000 in value, increasing the amount to $27,000,000. Silver bullion, however, in many cases includes a considerable share of gold. Thus, the bullion of the Comstock lode contained 47 per cent., and the precious metal in the base bullion of Nevada had 44 per cent, in value of gold in 1881. The value of the silver may ha\e been $18,000,000; and if we allow $10,000,000 as the yield of the western portion of Mexico, we have $28,000,000 as the total annual production of silver on our slope. Silver Mines. — Silver mines are divided into 2 main classes as tlieir ores are reduced by milling — that is, by grinding and amalgamating, or by smelting. The milling (jres arc the large majority, including those of the Comstock, Tombstone, Guanajuato, Zacatecas, Pioche, and White Pine districts. Those ores which will not yield up their silver to amalgamation until after the)- have been roasted, are called rebellious; the others are free- milling. In roasting, the ore, finely pulverized, is exposed to a high heat for several hours to drive off the sulpluir and oxidize some of the base metals; and salt is added to convert the silver into a chloride, which is easily reducible. One of the best furnaces for roasting silver ores is that of Mr. Stetekeldt, invented and first used in Nevada. The free-milling ores after being pulverized, and rebellious milling ores after being roasted, are put into cast-iron pans 5 feet in diameter and 2 deep, and a charge of perhaps a quarter or a half ton is ground in the form of a thin paste with common .salt, and sometimes other minerals, until read}' for amalgamatio;,, when the quicksihcr is added, and after 2 or 3 hours of rapid stirring, the silver is supposed to be amalgamated; and the pulp passes from the pan to a settling-tub, in which it is mixed with 5 or 10 times as much water, and, ' > J ] 1^ Ji i 1 U 11 IT ! I!- t 296 MINING. after rcmainintj in a state of quiescence for several hours, the water and lighter material are dnr.vn off, lea\ing the amalgam at the bottom. The cost of extracting the ore is usually from $2 to $4 per ton, and of reduc- tion in the large mills, from $14 to $20. It is the general opinion in Ne- vada that free-milling ores must yield at least $20 to pay expenses, and rebellious milling, perhaps $10 more. Comstock Lode. — The Comstock lode, situated on the eastern slope of the Sierra \e\ada at an elevation of 6,500 feet above the .sea, is one of the most remarkable argentiferous deposits on the globe, comparing favorably in magnitude ;ind )-iclil with the great veins Guanajuato and Cerro I'asco. It is a fissure \ein, and has been distinctly traced for a distance of nearly 3 miles horizontally, and followed down to a depth of more than 3,000 feet. In some places the distance between its outer walls is more than 300 feet, and its average width is probably about 40 feet. Perhaps 2 per cent, of the vein-stone is ore, paying $20 or more a ton, while the remainder of the gangue is considered worthless at present, though possibly another 2 per cent, will be e.vtracted and reduced with a profit within the next 20 years. 1 he ore is a black sulphurct, containing in many places free gold enougli to surpass the sih'er in \alue. The country rock on the west foot-wall is syenite or diorite; the hanging wall on the east is propylite. Mines or mining claims on metalliferous veins, are measured longitudi- nall)' on the \ein. Those on the Comstock Lode, with their respective lengths, commencing at the north end are: Utah, 1,000 feet; Sierra Ne- vada, 3,325 feet; Union, 575 feet; Mexican, 6oo feet; Ophir, 675 feet; California, Goo feet; Consolidated Virginia, 710 feet; IJest & Helcher, 536 feet; Gould & Curr\', 617 feet; .Savage, 771 feet; Male & Norcross, 400 feet; Chollar, 1,400 feet ; Ikillion, 943 feet ; E.xchcquer, 400 feet ; Alpha, 306 feet; Imperial, 685 feet; Yellow Jacket, 957 feet; Kentucky, 93 feet; Crown Point, 541 feet; and Belcher, 1,008 feet. The Alta, 600 feet long, and the Justice, about half a mile south of the Helcher, are supposed to be on the main line or a branch of the Comstock. Bonanzas. — In general terms it may be said that the Comstock Lode has had 3 bonanzas. The most northern of these, within the limits of the lircsent Ophir, California, and Consolidated Virginia mines, had 2 ore bodies. The (irst ore bod)- found at the surface extended down 500 feet, and produced $22,000,000 from 1 12,000 tons of ore. The average width of the ore boily was 15 feet, and in sh.ipe it was a triangle, the ufjper side being about 300 feet long. At .i distance of 800 feet from that ore body, la>' another triangle of rich ore, about 700 feet deep by 1,300 feet long, its SILVKR MINING. 297 iippcr point being in the Consolidated Virginia, and its base extending tliroiigli that mine and the Cahfornia into the Ophii'. The average width of this mass was, perhaps, 40 feet, and its gross yield has been about $115,- 000,000; so that the 2 ore bodies of this most nortliern of the 3 bonanzas ha\e produced in all about $137,000,000. Its dividends amounted to about $75,000,000. The .second bonanza included 3 ore bodies in the Gould & Curry, the Savage, the Hale & Norcross, and the Chollar-l'otosi mines, the last now being known as the Chollar. These ore bodies were shaped somewhat like beans, with a length of 600 feet, a breadth of 200, antl a thickness across the vein of about 20 feet, '' ')f the beans standing vertically, and the third at an angle of 45 degrees to the horizon. The gross yield was about $55,000,- 000, and the dividends $12,800,000. The third, or Gokl Hill bonanza, extended from the Imperial through the Yellow Jacket, Kcntuck, and Crown I'oint into the Belcher Mine, with 5 ore bodies, 2 of them shaped like circular convex len.ses, and one resem- bling a semicircular half lens, with the convex edge down. The total yield of this bonanza was about $100,000,000, and the dividends amounted to $33,600,000. In addition to theee bonanzas, a number of small bodies of ore have been worked without profit, producing in the aggregate, perhaps, $10,000,- 000. The total yield of the lode has been about $325,000,000, and the dividends about $125,000,000. The rich ore depos't of the Consolidated Virginia, extending into the California, was discovered in 1873, "t a depth of 1,200 feet below the sur- face. In F;ay, 1874, the Consolidated began to pay $324,000 of monthly dividend; in March, 1875, it raised the sum to $i,oSo,ooo, and kept up at that rate, with the exception of 4 months, till April, 1878; then jiaid 2 divid(?r.ds of $540,000, and 5 of $270,000 each, making a total of $42,390,- 000 dividends between Ma\-, 1874, and December, 1879. Between May, 187G, and December, 1879, the California Mine paid $31,320,000 of divi- dends. The total dividends from the 2 mines were $73,710,000, and the gro.ss production, $108,702,500, including $58,1 i4,30oof silver, and $50,588,- 200 of gold. The Gould & Curry Mine began to reduce its ore in i860, but paid no dividend till 1863, in which year it extractcti 48,000 tons, yielding $80 on the average, and paitl $1,468,000 as dividends; in 1864 it extracted 66,000 tons, averaging $72, antl paid $1,440,000 in dividends; in 1865 the average yield was $44 to the ton; in 1866, $28; and the dividends ceased, though there was ,1 small paj-mcnt in 1870. The total yield of the mine has been $15,000,000; the total lividcnds, $3,826,000; the average yield of its ore, 38 2(jH MIXINi;. :, h $47; and the number of tons worked, 318,000. Its dividends were paid in 1863, 1864, 1865, 1 866, and 1870, the largest payment being in 1863. Adjoining the Gould & Curry on the south is the Savage, which has re- duced 459,000 tons, averaging $34, extracted $1 5,700,000, and distributed $4,460,000 to its shareholders. Its dividends were paid in 1865, 1867, 18O8, and 1869, reaching the highest figure in 1868, when $1,560,000 were divided. Adjoining the Savage f)n the .south is the Hale & Norcross Mine, which ])aid $1,598,000 in dividends from 1866 to 1872, and e.vtracted $7,822,000 from 313,000 tons, jielding $25 on the average. The most productive mine of the Ciold Hill bonanza was the IJelchcr, which, in the 6 years from 1 87 1 to 1876, extracted $32,200,000 from 678,- 000 tons of ore, and paid $14,976,000 in dividends. The profits were limited to that period, and the best year was 1873, when the ore averagcil $64.70 per ton, and the dividends amounted to $6,760,000. I'he Crown Point began to pa)- dividends in 1866, and with the exception of 1870, paid every year till 1875: the total amount ilistributed to the stock- holders in 8 years being $1 1,900,000. The best )-ear was 1873-4, when the dividends ran up to $5,300,000. In 1881, the Comstock Lode jielded about $1,200,000 of precious metal, and the mines and mills cost about $5,000,000 for their management and maintenance, th(j greater part of the deficiency being made U]) by assess- ments collected from the people of San Francisco. Mice Management. — The system under which thcsilvcr mines of Nevada, .- ncd b\- companies incorporated in California, ha\e been managed, is not iiout its defects. Its most prominent feature was the issuance of stock ■0 trustees without mention of the I rue owners; and the directors of com- panies could buy or sell the stock and nobody could discover their move- ments. Thej' therefore had motives to conceal the true condition of the mines under their control. The\' employetl superintendents who would give information to them in adsance, publish false statements to de- ceive the stockholders and general public, and sometimes detain the miners for days underground to prevent the truth from getting out. Though regarded by the law as the fiiluciary agents of the stockholders, tliey violated their trusts in main-, if not in most of the Comstock mines; anil attcuipted, sometimes with signal success, to enrich themscKcs by de- frauding their principals. iVnother common abuse was that the directors of a mining company made contracts with themselves as directors of some other companj-, as owners of mills or as contractors in some other c.ipacity, for work to be done and supplies to be furnisheil. Ihus, while the mine jielded nothipg ^ SILVER MINING. 299 to the stockholders, or was even heavily burdened by assessments, the directors were deriving a fine revenue from it. Under such a management, a mining company would pay $25 a ton for extracting and reducing ore which yielded only $20; and while the stockholders as a body lost $5 in the mines, the directors made perhaps $6 a ton in the mill. The mills for the reduction of the Comstock ores were usually owned not by the mining companies, but by men who held many shares of the stock, and were thus enabled to control the election of the trustees, who made contracts to supply the mills with large amounts of ore, which thc)- furnished even when it did not contain enough metal to pay expen.scs. Thus the average yield of 130,000 tons of ore reduced from the Crown Point mine in the year ending Maj- i, 1876, was $18.60, while the average cost of extracting and reducing it was $20.30, so there was a loss of $221,000 on the work of the year. The Hale and Norcross Mine in the 4 years from 1871 to 1874, ex- tracted and reiluced 134,000 tons, averaging $17.50 per ton with a loss of about $3 a ton, or $400,000 in all. The Savage Company reduced 1 34,000 tons in the 4 years from 1870 to 1873, and the average yield of the ore for each j'car was less than the e.xpen.sc of extraction and reduction, leav- ing a loss of at least $250,000 to the company. In the 7 years from 1868 to 1874, the Sierra Nevada reduced 1 1 1,000 tons, and every dollar extracted cost $3. The average yield of the ore was less than $8, and the expense of milling about $12; but it was milled. Many of the other mines were managed in a similar manner, and the mill-owners derived large profits from mines which were worked at a great loss to the stockholders. U Assessments. — Although great profits have been made by some of the com])anies mining on the Comstock Lode, most of them did not .succeed until after they had risked considerable sums, and others ventured much and recovered nothing. Three of the Comstock companies have collected each more than $4,000,000 by assessment ; 4 others each more than $3,000,- 000; 3 others each more than $2,000,000; and 7 others each more than $1,000,000; and these 17 companies have collected in the aggregate more than $46,000,000. The total as.scssments paid in San Francisco in the last 22 j-cars for mining jmrposes amount to more than $70,000,000, and the atmual average for several years was about $10,000,000. Underground Works.— .V subterranean city exists in the Comstock Lode — a city 3 miles long and a half a mile wide. The vein is perhaps not more than 50 feet thick on the a\crage, but as it dips to the east at an angle of 45°, while the mountain side dips in the same direction at an angle of 20° to the horizon, the miners have found it convenient to sink a I ! )00 MiM\(;. succession of shafts each farther to the cast, as it was required to reach L;rcatcr depths. The deepest of these shafts in the Belcher and Yellow Jacket mines go down each ^,(X)0 feet, and the Mexican is down 2,800 feet; and several other shafts ha l'^ i '-'artcd with the expectation of sinking to at least 4,000 feet. At iut of 100 feet the vein is examined by levels, each of which ma)' be c rred to the story of a house; so the Comstock catacombs have 29 stories; and the length of its shafts, levels, drifts, crosscuts, inclines, and winzes is not less than 250 miles. About 15,000,000 tons of ore have been reduced; 350,000,000 tons of waste rock have been hoisted to the surface; and 1,700,000,000 tons of water have been pumped. There is 10 times as much wood in the underground timbering of the Comstock Lode as there is in V^irginia City and Gold Hill, which are built mainly of wood, and, at one time, had nearly 20,000 inhabitants in the I ■. ( Mine Improvements. — The opening of the Comstock Lode in 1859 made a new epcjch in the mining history of the Pacific Coa.st. It was the first silver-mining experience of the Americans. They rushed into it with chiir.'icteristic energy. They found magnificent profits. They supplied the mines with excellent and very costly mining machinery. They devised, or first extensively applied, improved apparatus for hoisting and amalga- mating, for jDumping, timbering, and ventilating. They enabled one man to tlo more work b)' the help of imi)ro\cd machinery and tools than 10 av- erage Mexican miners can do in the same time. In 20 years after the (lisc()\ery of its mineral wealth, Xcx'ad.i, with abf)ut 60,000 inhabitants, pro- duced twice as much silver as Mexico ever did, though it had more than 3,000,000 people directly or indirectly dependent for support on its silver mines. The hoisting, the pumping, the crushing, the ventilation, the stirring in the pans, and inuch of the drilling in the Comstock Lode, arc done by ma- chiner)-, which, in cost, efficiency, magnitude, and nice adaptation to the special piu'poses in \iew, has never been equaled elsewhere. .Several of the mines ha\e hoisted and reduced 500 tons dailj' for long periods; and this immense amount of work, yielding a monthly pnifit of $ 1 ,000,000, justi- fied large expenditures, and required the most careful stud)'. The best school lor the study of silver mining to-day is Virginia City. There is not a step in the business (from the sinking of a shaft to the final melting of the bullion;' which the miners of Nevada have not modified with advantage t(j themselves. J. W. Maokay.— The most notable miner of the Comstock is John W. M.VCK.VV, the ciiief owner in the Consolidated Virginia and California SILVER MINING. 301 mines. A native of tlie north of Ireland, he came as a poor boy to tiie United States, and arrived as a poor man at Virginia City, where he ob- tained employment in mining underground for $4 a da>'. He made fortu- nate investments, entered the firm of P'LOOl) & O'BUIKX fJ-VMI-.S G. F.VIR being the fourth partner), and managed the explorations, which led to the discovery of the Consolidated Virginia bonanza. I lis vast wealth, and the splendor of the entertainments given by his wife in Paris, are among the notorieties of our lime. Mr. Mack.W himself has not been rendered giddy by his success, but continues on terms of familiar friendship with his old associates, dwells in the mountain desert of Virginia City, and works hard, going down into his mines every day. J. G. Pair. — James G. Fair, a native of Ireland, born in 1831, came to the United States in 1841, and to California in 1850, and in i860 he went to Virginia City, where he worked as a miner, by the day. In 1865 he had become jperintendent of the Ophir Mine; a few years later he entered the firm of Flood & O'Uriex. The discovery of the bonanza of the Con- solidated Virginia and California mines made a millionaire of him, and in 1880 he was elected a member of the Senate of the United States. George Hearst. — As the most important parts of mining arc the finding of the ore, and the correct appreciation of its worth when found, so, per- ha[)s, the miners who deserve to rank in the first class are those who can most accurately estimate the practical value of mineral deposits. Judged by that rule, GEORGE HEARST has no superior as a miner on our slope. His opinion of a mine will command more confidence than that of any other man. It is well known that 4 or 5 of the richest mines on the con- tinent were purchased by the present owners for relatively small sums under his advice. He is an expert whose trustworthiness has been accred- ited by experience. Llovd Tevis and J. H. H.\Gc;iN have been well re- warded for relying on him. Their best mines have been obtained with his help. Mr. HEARST rccei\ed a simple country .schooling as a boy, and worked 8 years in the lead and copper mines of Missouri, his native State before coming to California in 1850, when he was 30 years of age. He was a gold miner for most of the next g j-ears, until he found himself at the Comstock Lode in July, 1*^59. He soon obtained a large share in the Ophir Mine, and within 3 years was worth $1,000,000; 3 years later he lost nearly all. He speculated with success in San l""rancisco real estate, and for the last 10 years has made a business of examining mines, and reporting on their value. Discovery of the Comstoolc— The history of the discovery of the Comstock Lode is not free from obscurit)'. That portion of the vein near M 30:; MINING. Gold Hill was rich in gold near the surface, and by its disintegration had furnislicd materials for jjlacer digj:;ings, wliich were worked by Mexicans in 1S50, and were not abaniloncd until the bed of the canyon had been covered by the tailings from the silver-mills. It is sail! that K. A. and H. H. Gkosch, brothers, natives of I'enn.sylvania, and educated mineralogists, found the lode, and ascertained it.s argentiferous quality in 1853, and attaciicd much importance to their disco\cry; but they made no publica- tion or written record of their investigations or opinions in reference to the lode. Both died in 1857. Among the miners at Gold Hill was a Mexican named M.\LDO.\.\DO, \\ho had been a silver miner in his native country, and he was the first person to work the ore with profit. From him the first productive mine on the lode was named the Mexican. In 1859 samples of the ore, sent to Grass Valley, were assayed by Mklville AtwooI), who found that they contained 1,000 ounces or more of ])recious metal to the ton, with a considerable percentage of gold. The high value of the vein was ascertained or made public in June, 1859; and the lode about this tmie received its title from a dissipated and thriftless miner, who was one of the first to obtain a claim on the vein; and Virginia City was named after his native State. The persons who took up the early claims, includ- ing Gould, Cukrv, S.w.uje, Sides, and Belchkk, all sold out many jears ago, most of them for small sums, and .several died in abject poverty. r 15 Washoe Process. — ]\Iost of the silver of the Pacific Coast is obtained by the Washoe process, .so called because it was first applied to the re- duction of argentiferous ores on the Comstock Lode, which was within the limits of the Washoe district. There are 3 main amalgamation proccs.scs: the Mexican, the German, and the American. The Mexican piles up his pulverized ore in a />{7tio or yard, mixes it with water, salt, quicksilver, and pyrites of copper and iron, and stirs it occasionally by driving mules through it. It covers a large space, and often requires 2 months to com- plete the amalgamation. The German puts his ore with water, p}'rites, salt, and quicksiKer, in a wooden barrel revolving on a horizontal axis. The American puts his ore in a cast-iron pan, adds his water and chemicals, sometimes heats his pan by steam, and stirs the l)ul]) by swiftly revolving arms, which may grind the coarser material. There is no precise rule for the amount or character of the chemicals to be used in the Washoe process, nor is there any unifonnity in general prac- tice. Sulphate of copper and salt arc the main chemicals added to the ore to prc[)are the siKer for amalgamation. The Mexican ;ind German often take the copper i^j'rites in its natural forms, while the American uses the chemical as prepared by art. They put scraps of iron in their heaps or m' siiat:r mimnu. ,^io;, barrels, wliilc tlio i);in itself furnishes that metal in the Washoe process. From a quarter of a pound to S pounds of salt, and from a ])oinid ant! a half to 2 pounds of sulphate of copper are consumed for each ton of aver- age ore. The ores are carefully assayed before reduction, and the jield is ordinarily from 20 to 35 per cent, less than the assay value. Whether the Mexican or German process would do so well or better on these ores is matter of surmise, for they ha\e not been tried extensively; but they would probabl)- lose as much of the precious metal, while they would be so slow, and require so much space and labor, that the extra expense would exceed the extra yield, if any. The Washoe process does the largest amount of work in the smallest space and the briefest time, with the least human labor. The ore from the tim'e it reaches the mill passes downward, so that gravity facilitates its movements. It falls from the stamp to the pan, from the pan to the .settler, and then divides, part running away as refuse, and the precious metal going to the amalgam-pots. . The time for amalgamating a change in the pans is usually 4 or 5 hours, and the " pulp," as the matter treated in the pan is called, runs into a .settler or large tub, where it is mixed with water, and allowed to stand till the hea\ier material, including the amalgam, settles to the bottom, when the water and lighter mud arc drawn off Silver Smelting.— Large bodies of argentiferous galena have been found at luireka, Nevada; Cerro Gordo, California; various places on the western side of the Wasatch Range in Utah, and elsewhere on our slope. Smelting is the cheapest process for reducing the ore to the metallic form. A cupola furnace, holding from 20 to 50 tons of ore at a charge, is used. The cost, including a small steam-engine to drive the blast, is not more than $5,000. The fuel used is charcoal, 10 bushels being required for each ton of ore. The coal is fed into the furnace from the top in alternate lay- ers with the ore, a flux added, and the smelting continued day and night till repairs are necessary. The chief item of expense in the reduction of ores, aside from labor, is fuel. Charcoal is mostl)' used for this ])urpose, and costs in the large estab- lishments $40,000 a month. I'robably 800 hands are employed in the industry, the usual wages being $4 a day. When running day and night, it is customary to ha\e 3 shifts of (S hours each. The business is confined to no .sea.son of the )ear; the only interruptions being lack of material, accident to the mine, or necessity for repairs. The cost of mining and hauling the ore to the furnaces in the Eureka district, is slated to be about $14 per ton, and the cost of smelting in the small works $10 a ton. ,S04 MINING. ': i ! I tl The cli.nLjc for smelting and refining is from $io to $|8 a ton. From S'A to 7 tons of ore iisiiall)- jickl a ton of base bullion. The protiuct of the furnace, generally stj'lcd " base bullion," is principally lead, with some silver and gold, which usually amount to about $400 in a ton. The precious metals are .separated bj- a refinery, of which there are 2 on our slope — one in San Francisco, and one in Eureka. The San Fran- cisco refinery, of T. H. SlCLBV & Co., u.scs the I'ATTINSON process; the ICurcka Refinery, belonging to the Richmond Mine, employs the Rezan pr(.iccss. In Pattin.SON'.S process the molten mass contained in the center pot of a row, is partially cooled, being constantly agitated during the time, until cr)-stals of lead form and sink, when thc\- are removed by means of a perforated ladle to another pot. This straining is repeated several times; the enriched metal being carried each time in one direction, and the impov- erished in the opposite direction. After passing through a set of from 9 to 12 pots, and finally reaching those at the ends, this portion of the process is c()m])letcd ; the result being that -one pot holds lead, carrying in .some cases as high as fxx) ounces of silver to the ton, while the other ])ot con- tains market lead, or lead carrying little more than half an ounce to the ton. In the Roz.VN modification the melted metal is placed in an iron vessel called a hydrocicle, having a cajiacit)' of 20 tf)ns or more, and when melted, the mass is agitated by a jet of heated steam forced through an opening in the bottom of the pot, the steam also lowering the temperature sufficiently to cause crystallization to take place as before. The fluid por- tion is then drawn off through an orifice at the bottom of the vessel, and the operation repeatetl several limes, u'ltii the same result is obtained as by the other process. The remaining lead is driven off by cupcllation in a re- verberator)' furnace. Leaching. — Leaching or lixiviation, is a method of separating silver from rebellious ores. They are pulverized coarsely, .so as to pass a No. o screen, and are then roasted with salt till the precious metal forms a chloride, which is leached out by a .solution of hyposuli)hite of lime; and the sul- phite of silver, after precipitation and drying, is exposed to a heat which drives off the sulphur. The cost of crushing, roasting, and leaching uiuler favorable circumstances, is about $12 a ton; and that is jjerhaps the aver- age cost in Sonora, where many mines are using the process. It was intro- duced there by Californians, who substituted the hyposulphite of lime for the hyposul|)hite of soda as proposed by I'l.ATKKA, the discoverer of the leaching moile of reduction. Eureka District. — The I'^ureka district, now the most productive in Nevada, yielded $4,000,000 in 1 88 1, and since its di.scovcry, about 14 SILVER MINING. 30s years ago, has produced $68,000,000, and paid $7,000,000 in dividends. Its ores arc nearly all argentiferous galena, and arc reduced by smelting. The leading mines are the Eureka Consolidated, the Richmond Consoli- dated, and the Ruby Consolidated. The first has yielded $19,000,000, and paid $5,105,000 in dividends; the dividends in 1881 having been $225,000. The Richmond paid $540,000 of dividends in 1881. The furnaces of the Richmond can smelt 300 tons; those of the Eureka, 200; and those of the Ruby, 100 tons a day. Arizona Silver.— In 1873 Arizona nroduced $47,778 of precious metals; in 1 874, $26,066 ; in 1875, $109,093; ii' 1876, $1,111,992; in 1877, $2,388,- 622; in 1 87S, $2,287,983; in 1879, $1,942,403; in 1880, $4,123,081 ; and in 1 88 1, $8,198,766. The rapidity of the recent increase indicates that the Territory possesses great mineral wealth, and that any estimate of the future production must be unsafe. Most of the metal is silver, and is ob- tained from free milling ores. The chief center of production is Tomb- stone, which yielded about $5,000,000, and had 140 stamps in 1881. So soon as the miners were protected from the Apaches, and as convenient transportation was given by the railroad, the mineral production rose with wonderful speed. Among the dividends of 1881, the Contention Consoli- dated (formerly the Western) paid $875,000; the Tombstone, .$600,000; the Silver King, $300,000; the Grand Central, $200,000; and the Tip Top, $120,000. Californian Silver. — At various places east of the summit of the Sierra Nevada, California, has mines of argentiferous galena, some of which, especially those at Cerro Gordo, near Owen Lake, have yielded large quantities of metal, but they are now eclipsed by the richer deposits of Nevada and Utah. From 1874 to 1876, Cerro Gordo annually produced 5,000 tons of base bullion, containing $350 of gold and silver to the ton on the average; for several years past the yield has been insignificant. Utah Silver.-^Utah has numerous profitable silver mines, the most pro- ductive being on the slopes of the Wasatch Range, which runs north and south, east of Salt Lake. The ores generally are of argentiferous galena, but there are many others. In 1881 the Territory produced $7,311,288 of precious metal. One of the most profitable mines on the continent now is the Ontario, which is in Parley's Park, about 30 miles east of Salt Lake City. It paid $825,000 of dividends in 18S1, and its gross yield within 7 years has been about $9,000,000, of which sum $3,975,000 have been ne^ profits. It is said that there is ore enough in sight to last 4 years, and pay $3,000,- coo in dividends. The Horn Silver Mine, south of Salt Lake City, in 1881 V) I! ..i I I9«P ^) U; 306 MINING. ii yielded $1,807,092, and paid $300,000 of dividends. These arc the richest mines in the Territor)-, but man)- others arc very desirable properties. Utah lias 2S5 stamps, and 23 furnaces for smelting argentiferous galena. Mexican Silver. — ^The western slope of Mexico has some of the most ]m)ductiv'j sihcr districts of the globe, including Guanajuato, which has yielded $400,000,000, and Zacatccas, which has turned out $300,000,000. The mines of both those districts liave been worked with profit for more than 3 centuries. Durango and Sonora yield each about $3,000,000 annually now in the precious metals; and Sinaloa has good mines. Alamos, the chief silver district of Sonora, has been an important center of mining industry since the beginning of the last century; and about 1825 the annual production was $2,000,000. One mine of Lower California has produced more than $500,000 annually for many years. Money, machinery, and skill are going into the mines of Western Mexico, and important results may be expected within a few years. The present annual yield is about $10,000,000. ! ( MIMNC \\)\< UTlllCK MINKUALS. 307 i' si ; I CHAPTER XVIII— MINING FOR OTHER MINERALS. Coal. — Our slope is poor in the area and quality of its coal-beds. The coals of California and Orc<^on are of the litjnite class; tho.sc of Utah, New Mexico, Arizona, Western Colorado, and Sonora are, in most cases, cither of little value or difficult of acce.s.s. The receipts ol coal at San Francisco in 1881 amounted to 868,000 tons, including 309,000 from luirope and Australia, 151,000 from Hritish Columbia, 149,000 from Seattle, 104,- 000 from Mount Diablo, 19,000 from Coos Bay, and 18,000 from Carbon Hill. The leadinfi coal mines of our slope arc in the possession of 3 wealthy combinations of capitalists, who have indicated their intention to engatje in a f^reat strujjf^le to sujiply tlie San Francisco market. Their com- petition would probabl)' have attracted more attention if the>- had not all been oppressed by the immense supplies of coal brought from Europe as ballast by ships sent to carry away the Californian wlieat. DlnsMLIK, Dkjcle & Co. have the best mines at Nanaimo, the most complete and con\enient arrangements for extracting and shipping their coal. Thej' arc at a disadvantage, however, because of the heavy tariff, which cuts off much of their profit in the American market. Tllli OREGON iMl'KOVi;- MKNT Company (Henry Villard and associates) own the best mines near Seattle. The most productive coal mines of California are on t'-" north-eastern slope; of Mount Diablo, 800 feet above the sea, and 6 iriics irom the San Joaquin River, with which they are connected by rail, i Jierc are 4 veins, one of 3 ^'4 feet, one of 3 feet, and 2 each a fool thick. The production be- gan in i860, and reached its highest figure, 204,000 tons, in 1874. Four mines are now v/orkcd, and the Black Diamond yields more than the ag- gregate of all the others. The only jiroductive coal mine in California, bc- .sidcs tho.sc at Mount Diablo, is in lone Valley, but is not of much im- portance. There are coal deposits of unascertained \alue in Mendocino, Shasta, and Fresno counties. Tlie only productive coal mines of Oregon are at Coos Ba)'. which .seems to have reached the cliina.x of its yield in 1874, in which year it sent 45,- 000 tons to San Francisco. li ?oS MrMNt;. Extensive listiicts in I'tah, and the Pacific portions of Wyoming and New Mexico, arc carboniferous; but except in Wyoming and Utah, little has been ilonc to extract the mineral. The deposits, liouever, are de-'tined to attract mu:h attention in the future. At Rock Spring, in Wyoming, the coal .scam -, within 780 feet of the surface, have an aggregate thickness of 48 feet; a.id at Coalville, Utah, there is a coal scam 13 feet thick, and the coal area of the Territor)- measures, according to official statements, I25,CXX) i'cres. The attempts to make coke of the Utah coal have failed. The geological maps in Ilaydcn's report show that there are 1,500 square miles f)f carboniferous area in Western Color.ado, but in districts .so sparsely ]Kipul.ited, and so remote from railroads, that coal there is of little \alue for t!ic present or near future. Coal-beds are known to e.xist at various places in Alaska, Sonora, and Queen Charlotte Island. .Vrizona has several coal basins, onv- of them within the limits of the San Carlos Indian Reservation. Carbon Hill. — One of the most valuable coal deposits of the Pacific Coast is four d at Carbon Ri\er, 34 miles from Tacoma, in Washington 'I'erritory. The \eins at present worked are 3 in number: one, i^]4 feet; the .second, 6 feet ; and the third, 4)^ feet thick. Thc\- are situated so that they can be worked con\enientl\' through a tunnel, and the amount of coal above its level, and therefore obtainable without puniping, is estimated ;it 26,000,000 tons. Col. G. II. Mi;nI)KLI,, after examining the veins, said they "have an abundance of superior coal of different varieties easily accessible, and easy to mine." Mr. GUTKI.IL'S declared it "an excellent bituminous coal, superior to any produced from [other] mines on this coast." He adds that the Carbon River coke compares favorabh' with the best English coke for sale in the San Franci.sco market. The walls arc a hard sandstone, so that no timbering is needed. The cost to the company of the coal de- livered in San Francisco is estimated at $4.50 a ton. The veins have no "bone" or incumbustible matter in them, and the expense of mining is put down at 50 cents a ton. A railro.id, without ascending grade, leads from the mine do\\ n to the deep-water ship. These mines belong to the capi- talists of Tin; Centr.vi. Pacific R.mlro.vd Company. Steam-colliers are used to carry the coal to .San Francisco. Seattle Coal— TiiK OREGON Improvk.mknt Company (coal depart- ment; is the ouner of the coal lands producing what is known as the Seattle coal — a lignite lying in 7 parallel \eins, of var)ing thickness, on a tract of 1,200 acres near New Castle, 20 miles east of .Seattle. The mines have been worked for about 10 )-ears, and have proilucetl from 75,000 to 100,000 tons a year. The present daily output is 500 tons; but withiij 12 MININCi KiK dllll.U MINT.RAl.S. 309 months the progrt'ssins,' impiovciiKnts will iiiciuasc the d.iily capacit)- to i.cxx) tons. Another piece of the company's property is the Columbia and Piigct Sound Raih-oad, a narrow-gauge road, 20 miles long, running from New Castle to Seattle, and at present used almost exclusively for coal transi)ortation. At the Seattle terminus an extensive coal-shipping pier is being built of copper-covered piles. The wharf when completed will be 1,150 feet long, 50 feet wide, and will have a cajiacity of putting 3,000 tons o( coal a day on board vcs.scLs. Connected with this department are 6 .sailing-ships, ha\ing a total capacity of 1 1,500 ton.s. The)- are engaged in carrying coal from Seattle to San Fran^ isco. In addition to these, the company have recently added a fleet of steamships, consisting (jf the lVi//(ii>iet/e, 2,^00 tons; Jl/ississ//>/>i, 1,300 tons; (Jiiiatiiin, 2,200 inns; and IVal/a Walla, 2,200 tons. These steamers were designed and exjjressly built for th , economical transportation of coal from I'ugct Sound to San I'rancisco. They have been equippetl so as to accommodate passengers and general freight to and from I'ugct Sound. The company own also the entire propert)' bounded b)' IScale, Hrj'ant, Ikannaii, and I'irst streets, San I'"rancisco, and have there erected facilities for unloading and storing coal, which arc probably the most complete and extensive on the coast. The iriachinery and apparatus is capable of lifting 200 tons an hour from the 4 hatches of a steamer, and the storage sheds can accommodate 10,000 tons of coal. Dunsmuir, Diggle & Co. — The Wellington Colliery, at Departure Bay, l\i miles north of Nanaimo, the property of DuNSMUiR, DiGGLE & Co.. though not opened till 1870, has yielded more coal and more profit than anj- other mine on our coast, but recently has been meeting with competi- tion from several of the Washington mines. The capacity is 1,500 tons a daj', and the average output is 1 5,000 tons a month. A new shaft, to be 500 feet deep, and to furnish additional facilities for extraction, is now being sunk. The price of the coal froin the Wellington Mine in Calilornia, is usually from $1 to $2 more per ton than that from Seattle. About half the yield is sold in San Francisco, and the remainder in Wilmington (to TlIK SOUTIIKRN P.VCIFIC R.MLRO.M) Co.Mr.VNY), and the Hawaiian Islands. DUNSML'lK, Diggle & Co. own and use in their business 2 steamships, the Barnard Castle and Hylton Castle, and besides frequently charter sail- ing-vessels. The)' cmplo)- 600 men, half of whom are Chinamen, paying from $3 to $4.50 to white miners, to blacksmiths and carpenters from $3 to $3.50, and to Chinamen from $1 to $1.25 per day. To accommodate the laborers, i6o cottages have been built, besides a hotel, 2 large boarding- liouses, a school-hou.se, a church, and hall, with Presbyterian and Metho- rr. K ^ \ t * 11 lit r.'J }'< ; i jjg,^ II fl 1 il 1 III 1 iP 1 ■ Il 'if' \i I' ' .I'O MINING. tlist soniccs cvciy Sundny. Two railroads, 4]4 miles lonj:;, convey the coal b_v steam from the mine to the wharf. The .l/cxaiukr, built at the Skecna Ri\cr, of j'clluw cetlar, said to be the finest tutj-boat on the coast, is the propertx- of the firm, and is used in their business. At Como.\,45 miles north (if Departure Bay, they own i,ooo acres of coal-field, containing 6 scams, xarying from 2);! to 8 feet in thickness. The capital invested in their uusiness is $i,ioo,CXX). Mr. DUNSMUIR was .sent out as a mining ex- pert from Ayrshire, Scotland, in 1S51, to Vancouver Island, where he has resided ever since, and to him fairly belongs a large share of the credit for the successful development of the Nanaimo coal mines. Iron Smelling. — The consumption of iron on the Pacific Coast amounted, for 18S1, to more than 15,000 tons, or about 3,500 tons in excess of the figures for the [irevious jear; while imports fell off from 13,200 tons in 1.S80 to S,6oo tons in iSSi. The difference is c.\])lained by the large increase in tin; home production of iron, which was estimated, for 1881, at 12,250 tons, and valued at about .$337,000. In former years nearly all the pig-iron consumed here was imported from the ICastern .States or from luu'ope ; but the smelting works now in operation in California, Oregon, and Washington ha\'c been attendetl with such a measure of success as to give assurance that the importation of iron, in large cjuantities, will soon cease to he a necessity, though a certain c]u.'..,tity of soft iron will be required to mix with that of home production. The average price of iron in San I'ranciscf) ikuing the jiast 5 years has been $29.75 ^ ton; and it is claimed by the proprietors of furnaces on this coast that ihcycui |)lace pig- iron on the market at a cost of $24 a ton. .\s in man_\- other industrial pursuit.s, so in that of smelting the most useful of metals, Utah took the lead on our coast. The cost of transpor- tation \\,is so high, the value of iron was so little, in proportion to its weight, and the Mormons were so poor, that they made man)- efforts to ob- tain, at home, the needed suppl)'. They erected numerous furnaces, but gencrall)- without satisfactory result.s. Their coal would not coke; and used in its raw condition it did not produce a good quality of iron. After all their efforts and sacrifices to obtain iron in Utah, they were still experi- menting when the Union Pacific Railroail reached them in 1869; and, by reducing freight, and at the same time giving an excellent market for their agricultural produce, diminished the incentives for maintaining furnaces. The recent construction of a railroad into Iron (Jounty, where extensive deposits of rich ore arc found near beds of coal, has turned attention again to the smelling of iron in Utah, and it is probable that the business will soon be resumed under more faxorable auspices. ;\ MINING VOK OTIIKR MINERALS. S'i'i Oregon Iron. — In the production ot iron on the Pacific Const, Oregon came next after Utah, with a set of furnaces, built in 1865 by TlIE Ore- <;ox Iron Company at Oswego, on the Willamette River, 7 miles above Portland. The first shipment of ore to San Franci.sco, consisting of 50 tons, was made in 1867. Charcoal is made in the adjacent forests. One hundred and fifty Chinamen are employed in cutting the wood at $i a cord, and the coal is charred and delivered at the furnace at a cost of 6)4 ce s a bushel. The limestone, required for flu.x, is brought from the Tacoma quarries, in Washington, at a cost of $5.50 a ton, and is used to the extent of 1,000 tons a year. About 140 bushels of charcoal and 3 tons of ore are required to produce a ton of iron. The cost of the charcoal would be $9.10, and the ore is extracted and brought to the mine at an ex- pense of $2. 10 a ton. The iron finds a ready market in Oregon and California. When used alone, it is found to be too soft for manufacturing purposes, and is, therefore, mixed with Scotch pig-iron. The price has varied from $25 to $30 a ton, and the sales for 1881 exceeded $150,000. About 300 persons are employed in the mine and works; the miners receiving $3, and laborers $2 a day. Between 1867 and i86o these works produced 2,400 tons of iron. The furnace then remained idle until March, 1874, and continued in operation until t'. ■:; fall of 1876, producing during the interval about 5,000 tons. The following year the property passed into the hands of its present proprietors, The 0.s\vego Iron Company. The works are located on the west bank of the Willamette River, and arc connected by railroad with the mine, which is 3 miles distant. The ore is conveyed by a train of 6 cars, each one carrying a load of 5 tons, and is delivered by contract at 70 cents a ton. The averat:fe yield is about 100 tons a day, and at this rate it is estimated that it will take 50 years tn exhaust the deposit. The thickness of the vein varies from 6 to 20 feet, and a shaft ' 's been sunk to a depth of 600 feet. The ore is a brown hematite, and ,. lelds about 40 per cent, of iron. The blast-furnace is a large structure, 1.1 cr 40 feet in height, and is capable of producing 500 tons a month. Callfornlan Iron. — The only productive iron mine in California is at Hotaling, 3 miles from Clipper Gap and 45 from Sacramento. It was opened by TlIE CaLIKORNIA Iron AND SteEL COMPANY in May, 188 1, and has a maximum capacity to produce 45 tons of pig-metal in 24 hours, or about I S,ooo tons in a year. The company own 7,800 acres of timber land, to supply material for ciiarcoal, 31 miles of wagon road, for the transporta- tion of their coal and iron, 26 patent charcoal-kilns, each of which holds 45 cords of wood, and extensive deposits of rich ores of the kinds known as limo- I 312 MINING. M ) V nite, ochcrous limonitc, and magnetite. The last contains 6g per cent, of iron; til'-' liinnnitc and ochcrous limcnitc from 53 to 57 per cent. Phospb.onis and sulpluir arc cither lacking or so small in quantity as not to injure the qual- ity of the metal. (3n their land, and near their furnaces, arc large deposits of marble, excellent for flu.xing purposes. Their timber consists mainly of fir, }cllo\v pine, and spruce, and )ields good charcoal. Their iron bore a tensile strain var)-ing from 8 to 15 tons to the scjuarc inch — conclusive proof of high strength — and has been used with success in making car- wheels, chilling rcadil)- and evenly. The common Scotch iron bears a ten- sile strain of about 3 tons. The 640-acrc tract on which the buildings are situated is supposed to be one vast ore-field, as e\idenccs of the existence of ore appear in all tlirections. Hesides this vast supply, the company has in possession some 80 acres, called the Scott Mine, about 4 miles from the works, and on the road to Auburn. On a portion of this propert)', visible from the road, 2 cuts have been made, revealing a magnificent deposit of ore of richest quality. In the mines in the vicinity of the furnaces, 5 cuts have been made, near each other; and in one or 2 of them, true fissure veins, with well-defined walls, have been developed. In cut No. 3, near the works, a shaft has been sunk to a depth of 60 feet, all the way through .solid iron ore of a most vnpcrior quality. The ore is limonite and red hem- atite, with occasional deposits of magnetite, and is very rich, )ie!ding as high as 62 per cent, of iron, and is free from phosphates and sulphurcts. The quality of the iron is equal to any, and greatly superior to most descriptions, used in San Franci.sco. At our foundries some ordinary tests have been made of its powers of resistance. It has taken 16 blows to fracture a pig of Californian pig-iron, while a piece of Scotch iron of the same dimensions yielded at one blow from a sledge-hammer in the .same hands. The high (pialit)' of the iron is secured b\- the use of charcoal. The consumption of that fuel amounts to 1 2,000 bushels in a year. At the present time there arc charcoal-camps, distant 3, 6, and 8 miles from the works, antl 26 brick-built kilns with a capacity for 45 cords of wood (mostly pine), which yield in a da}' 4,000 bushels of charcoal. It requires a force of 75 hands, including charcoal-burners and teamstcis, to supply tiie fuel; 20 miners to provide the ore; 30 hands ?{ the furnaces, working da)- and night shifts; and I J for incidental work, a total of 137 hands. No Chinamen are employed. It costs the company about $20 a ton to produce the iron. The foundries at Grass \'alle\-, Dutch I'lat, Virginia City, and San I'rancisco, the Pacific Rolling-mills .uul the rolling-mills of the Central Pacific Rail- road Company at Sacramento, h.ive worked the iron, and find that, in e\ery essential (jualit)-, it compares favorably with the best fi)rcign .irticle. The reduction of iron ore to the pig-iron of commerce, is accomplished MINING l<'OR OTHER MINERALS. 313 in the following manner at these furnaces: The ore is first reduced to large nut size by an Eclipse rock -breaker, which is worked by a 30 horse-power engine, and is capable of breaking 80 tons in a day. It is then hoisted to the top of the furnace, together with the charcoal and limestone, in the proportion of one ton of ore to 120 pounds of limestone and 150 bushels of charcoal. When filled, the furnace is fired; and as the mass becomes heated, melts, and sinks down, new material is added from time to time. About once every 8 hours the molten mass is drawn off; first the iron, which lies at the bottom, and is run off into molds; then the slag, or fluid cinder, composed of the earthy ingredients of the ore, and, finally, the flux and fuel which had been floating on the surface. The hot-air blast is used at the company's furnaces. The blowing engine is of 1:25 horse-power, and discharges 4,000 cubic feet of air per minute. From the blowing cylinders the air passes to the hot-blast ovens, which contain nearly 6 tons of iron tubes, arranged in a fire-brick chamber, and heated bj- the combustion of gases drawn from the top of the furnace by means of an obliquely placed pipe, about '> leet in circumference, called a "down-comer." The ([uantity of gas evolved from this fum.ice is extra- ordinary, and is due, no iloubt, to thr 'n- character of the wood used in the making of the charccjal. It i i\ to draw off a large surplus of gas, which is done by means of a lali pipe .it the lop of the furnace; and at night the corona of colored flames around tti louth of this pipe i^ a grand sight, illuminating all the surrounding country The introdn lelded ii^i; I i(! d I Hi r'- MINING FOR OTHER MINERALS. 315 more quicksilver than was necessary for the reduction of the precious metals by amalgamation. The production began in 1 850, and from that year to 1 88 1 inclusive, the total j-icld, according to a careful investigation b)' J. B. R.WDOL, was 1,197,000 flasks of 76 J,^! ]iounds each, or 4,578 tons, '["he yickl in 1S77 was larger than in any other year, and was 79,000 flasks; in 1878, it was 63,000; in 1879, 73,000; in 1880, 59,000; and in 1881, 58,000. In the year last mentioned, the New Almaden Mine produced 26,000 flasks; the Sulphur Bank.s, 11,000; the Great Western, 6,000; the Oat Hill, 5,000; and other mines smaller quantities. About 40 different mines have pro- duced quicksilver in (California, but the mines which have reached a total production of 1,000 flasks each, do not number 20; and those which paid a net profit to the miners, have not exceeded 10. About 20 mines are now worked. All are in the Coast Mountains and within 50 miles of the ocean, and nearly all within 100 miles of San Franci.sco, the most productive regions being the vicinities of New Almaden and Clear Lake. The price in 1 88 1 ranged from 37 to 40 cents a pound; in 1875, when the silver )-iel(l of the Comstock lode was greatest, the price reached $1.55. About that time, our slope consumed nearly 3,000 flasks a month ; now it u.scs about 2,000. In the silver quartz mills 1 ]/, pounds of quicksilver are lost for every 10 of ore amalgamated on the average; in gold quartz mills the loss is half as much; and a considerable quantity is consumed in the sluices. The ore is found in deposits, not in veins; and is reduced by heating to a white heat, under the influence of which the metal passes off in a vapor to cooling chambers, in which it is condensed. Among the great quicksilver mines of the world, the New Almaden, of California, ranks next to the AlmaJcn, of Spain, which has held the first place for 2,000 years. Copper. — Copper ores arc abundant on our slope, but the liir;h prices of labor, fuel, and transportation have prevented the working o*" many veins, which, if in Europe, would yield immense revenues. There are, however, some \ery profitable mines in Arizona, which Territory b'ds fair to take a prominent place in the production of copper. It has numerous large and rich veins of cupriferous minerals, which can be reduced at comparatively little expense. The Copper Queen Mine, at Hisbee, in the latter i)art of 1881, produced more than 10 tons of metal daily, on an average. New Mexico and Sonora are also rich in copper ores. The most productive copper mine of California is at Spenceville, Nevada County, wher-; there is a large lead of ore containing from 2 to 6 per "cnt. of metal. This ore is piled into a heap with fuel, .set on fire, and allowed to roast for ^ or 4 months, after which the metal is in a condition to be separated bj' leaching and [ire- cipitalion. Large amounts of copper ore were obtained from the vicinity t if S;* 316 MINING. f I f; I 'J I i of Coppcropolis during; the War of tlic Rebellion; but after the restoration of peace, the mines became unprofitable, and little has been done there within the last 16 years. Antimony. — The annual production of tliis metal on the coast now amounts to about 200 tons, of wliich at least three fourths are shipped to New 'S'ork. The ores treated — sulphurcts so poor as not to be worth work- ing; otherwise — are c)btained in Humboldt Count}-, Xcvaila, where the deposit is in 2 parallel \eins about 1 00 feet apart, the croppintjs bein^ easily traced for more than a mile. It carries, b)' analysis, o\er 62 per cent, of antimony, and costs delivered at San I'rancisco $16 per ton. The jiroduction of the slope is not onl)' sufficient for its own wants, but has be- sides about stopped impcjrtation into the Uniteil States from foreign coun- tries. The industry is not one in which mail)- compete; there being, so far as is known, but 3 works of the kind outsiile of California — one each in l'2n;4laiul, I'rance, and Germany. The principal smelters and refiners on the coast are Si ARK & AI.VTlll.soN, established at San Francisco in 1872, who produce an article known commercialh- as Star Regulus. Lead. — Lead is obtained incidentally in the reduction of argentifer- ous galena, and is not the main object of the miner's toil an\-where on our slope. The amount of the annual production ranges from 10,000 to 25,- 000 tons, the yield being irregular. The market xalue ;it the mines is usually about $75, and in San l*"raiicisco, $100 a ton; while the preciou.s metal obtained b)- the same processes from the same ore may be worth 3 or .4^ times as much. Those processes are described in the chapter on sii\ er mining. The production of lead greatly exceeds the consumption on our slojie, ,-md most of the surplus is sent to Xcw York, though small quanti- ties are exported to China and other countries on the Pacific. Petrokum. — The Pacific Coast consumes about 5,000,000 galkins of kerosene amiuall)-; anil the Californian wells, the only ones on our slope, produced 4,194,000 gallons in i.SSi; 1,780,000 in 1880; 834,000 in 1879; and 639,000 in 1878. These figures show a wonderful incrca.se recently, and are very encouraging for the future. Petroleum springs are found at many places in California, and doubtless supplied the material which, after exposure to the air, harilened into the extensive beds of asphal- tum in Los Angeles and Santa Barbara counties. In 1864 a petro- leum fe\er took ijos.scssion of the State, and at least $500,000 were spent in unprofitable borings, including .'{)250,ooo in Ventura County. In 1865 there were 62 petroleum companies incorporated in California, and of MIXINC KOR OTlir.K MINERALS. 317 these 31 were formed to bore for oil in Humboldt County, 9 for Colusa, 7 for Contra Costa, 3 for Los Angeles, and smaller numbers for other counties. I lumboldt, Colusa, and Contra Costa have never produced any oil, while Ventura, whicii is not mcntionetl in the list, had several I'ennsylvanian companies at work. The deepest petroleum wells in California are, one of i,6cx) feet, at Sulphur Alountain, Ventura; another at Scspe, in the same county; a third at Mattolc, Humboldt Coui.ty, 1,166 feet; and a fourth in Santa Cruz, 1,000 feet deep. Most of the yield comes from Los Angeles; Santa Clara is second in its production, and Ventura third. Borings are in progress in Santa Cruz and San Mateo. It is not ])robable that the oil production of California will ever approach that of Pennsylvania. V\'e Iiave no such vast coal deposits, and the strata along much of our coast stand vertically, so that we have no reason to sup- pose the existence of such reservoirs of oil as there may be in an exten- sive coal region buried under horizontal sandstone strata, like those of Penn.sylvania. In his geological essay, in the report of Lieut. WllEELKU's survej- for 1876, Prof Jules M.\RC0U speaks thus of the borings for oil in the San Ter- nando di.strict; " Hitherto all the boring has been done in the worst locali- ties that could possibly have been selected. Wherever a few insignificant petroleuin springs gave speculators the hope of making a sudden fortune, they went to boring at once, without thinking of the future. Whoever wishes to succeed must leave the vicinity of the Sierra Madre, and the summits of the San I'"ernando Sierra, and go to the Valley of the Santa Clara, or to that of the San Fernando. There will be a better prospect, however, at the bottom of the Santa Clara Valley." Since that was written 7 years have elapsed without confirming M.akcou's opinion of the superior richness of the Sant'i. Clara Valley in petroleum. Paoifio Coast Oil Company. — The rapid increase in the production of CaUiornian petroleum, within the last 3 years, is due mainly to the enter- prise of The Pacii-ic Coast Oil Company, an organization of San Francisco, of San Franci.sco ca|)italists, under C. N. Felton, president, with D. G. ScOEIEll), as auditor, and L. D. FiSK, secretary. They have combined with or succeeded to THE Santa Clara Petroleum Company, The Calikoknia Star Oil- works Company, The Standard Oil Com- pany, and The S.vn 1m' weather compels them to leave the banks, but they give ample opportunities for the successful curing of the fish, certainly as great, if not greater, than exists on the south shore of New- foundland. Instead of making the long trip to anil from San I'rancisco, and of keeping the fish so long in salt, especially if imperfectly cleaned, it appears feasible to make a general depot and curing establishment, as at Kadiak, whence vessels could carry the catch of all the smack.s, which might readily refit in winter, and be ready for the opening of the next season. Kadiak is mentioned as affording the nearest available tim.ber for repairs, and has already a depot for the ice crop of the Pacific. • • « The command of all the bays and straits of the north-west coast resorted to by the whale, gives very great advantages to our whalers, that need only be mentioned to be appreciated; fishing at all seasons, opportunities to winter and refit, depots for cargoes, and regularity in transhipping them to the East or to the Pacific ports. It opens the broad question, whether the whal- ing can not be more effectually and more profitably done in smaller vessels, specially designed and constructed for capturing the whale, and then storing the oil at some depot in the Behring Sea, whence it can be regularly shipped to destination; while the whaling ves.sel, working until the latest tlayof the season, discharges her crew of Aleuts among their island homes, and laj-s up for the winter in Alaskan harbors, ready for the whaling grounds at the earliest opening of spring. If this be done, with the increased knowledge of the whale's habits, and the aptitude of the Aleuts, the American whalers can sweep the field of foreign competition." Fish Statistics. — According to the national census, the men employed on the American portion of the Pacific Coast in fishing industries, in June, 1880, numbered 16,745, of whom 1 1,555 were fishermen proper, and 5,190 were shoremen and factory hands. Most of !he latter class are engaged in the canning of salmon. The salmon fishery has 8,400 men ; general fisheries, Till-; iisii supi'i.v. 323 5.630; the shore fisheries, 1,744; tli<-' codfishcry, 263; the seal and fur-seal fisheries, 359; the whale fishery, 114; and the oyster fishery, 75. Classified accordiriLj to the political divisions, Oref,'oii has 6,835, Alaska, 6,130, Cali- fornia, 3,036, and W'ashin^rton, 744. Classified according to blood, 7,910 (of the i6,74S) arc Eskimos, Aleuts, and Indians, 4,000 Chinese, and the re- mainder whites. The fishing-vessels, and this term means, we presume, such vessels as do not depend for propulsion on oars, number 53, of w liich California has 46, and Washin.gton 7; neither Oregon nor Alaska having an>-. California has 16 in the cod and halibut fishery, 15 in the shore fishery, 10 in the seal fish- cry, and 5 in the whale fishery. Washington has 6 in the seal fishery, and one in the shore fishery. The total value of the vessels is estimated at $178,- 450, a figure that implies a shadow of the tax-collector, visible in the fore- ground when the census agent was collecting his information. A fair market valuation would be not less than $700,000. The fishing-boats, including craft fitted to be propelled occasionally by oars, number 5,547, of which Alaska has 3,000, Oregon, 1,360, California, 853, and Washington, 334. The salmon fishery employs 1,590; the cod and halibut, 200; the shore fishery, 640; the whale fishery, 16; and the seal fishery of Washington, loi. The total value of the boats is $404,695, as officially estimateil ; but the salmon bo.-its — less than one third of the total number — cost, when new, at least $400,000. Many of the y\laska boats are cheap canoes, yet after making all allowances for their simplicity of construction, the aggregate value of the boats is not less than $600,000. The total capital invested in the fisheries is stated in the census to be $2,748,383, but that figure is not one third of the true sum. The weight of the edible fish caught in a year is 89,000 tons, equivalent to more than 100 pounds for every inhabitant of the territory covered by the statistics. Oregon catches 20,000 tons, Califiirnia 12,000, Alaska 53,000, and Washington 2,800. The salmon catch weighs 26,000 tons. The catch of shrimps and crabs amounts to 1,250 tons; and of abalones, oysters, and mussels to 4,000 tons. The value of the annual catch (including the en- hancement in price by canning .salmon), is $9,246,000. The fresh fish are valued at $3,649,000; the crab.s, shrimps, etc., at $66,000; the oysters, mus- sels, abalones, etc., at $703,000; the whale oil, at $80,000; the seal and other oil, at $23,000; the whalebone, at $122,000; the seal-skins, at $1,540,000; and the sea-otter skins, at $178,000. The annual products of the fisheries of British Columbia are worth about $i,|00,ooo, and tho.se of Pacific Mexico, perhaps $400,000, making $1 1,000,000 as the total value of the annual fish catch of our coast. This is cxclusi\-e of the value of the vast amount of fish consumed by the Indians and Aleuts. ( *■ I! ■> i 1! iii: ,1: M I! a: 3:34 Kisiir.RiEs, i;tc. Cod-Banks. — The most important to the world nl all thu fishes, consid- ered from a commercial point of view, is the cod, which employs more men, and supplies a larger ayi^regate catch in weight and value, than any other kind. Since it is found in the North Pacific as well as the North Atlantic, a comparison of the resources of the two oceans for this fishery becomes important. The fish are caught on "cod-banks," in water from 30 to 100 fathoms deep; and the value of a bank is generall,\' measured approxi- matcl)- b}- its superficir.I area. There are three main cod-banks in the •Atlantic. First is the Newfour.dland bank, with an area of 40,000 square miles. Second is the Lofoden bank, near the Nonvegian coast, in the frigid zone, with an area of 10,000 .square miles. Third is the Canadian shore hank, with an area of 20000 square miles. The total cod-bank area of the N(3rth Atlantic is 70,000 square miles. All the fisheries of the North Atlantic, exclusive of the Mediterranean, give employment to 250,000 men, and the gross value of the annual catch is .f 1 00,000,000. Great Britain. I-'rance, Germany, Holland, Belgium, Sweden, Norwa_\-, Denmark. Spam, Portugal, the United States, and Canada —12 nations, counting Canada a.s one — witii more than 200,000,000 inhabitants, siiare the ])roceeds ; while here we ha\e nnl)- 2 nations north of latitude 32 , with fewer than 1,500,000 people, ti> share all the fisheries of our coast, antl nf the greater part of the North Pacific. The cod-banks of our ocean liave not been explored. The biiundaries of those known have not been carefully traced, and others ma\- exist, though undisco\ered. It is certain, however, tliat the cod-banks (jf the Nurth Pacific are at least 9 times as extensive as those of the North Atlantic. It is said that the entire Okhotsk Sea is one cod-bani^. but if we detluct one third of its area for water too deep or too shallow, we still liave more than 300,000 square miles. The Okhotsk supplies most of the Pacific cod catch at present. Cod are not found in the Hehring Sea north of latitude 6o\ ami the dei)tii west of latitude 180" is over most of its surface unknown; but we can safely assert, without counting anything beyond the limits men- tioned, that the Pehring cod-banks which are as yet entirely neglected;, co\er an area of more than 300,000 square miles. .South of the Alaskan peninsula is a bank, including the fishing-ground near tlie Clioumagin Islands, with an area of .So,ooo .square miles. We therefore claim 080,000 scjuare miles of cod-baiiK in the North Pacific, to put against 70,000 .sc|uare miles in tiie North Atlantic, or 9 miles for one. Besides, we have the chances of discovering new banks, while the Atlantic has been .sounded everj-where. One of the most urgent duties of the American Government is to iiave a good fish survc)- made o!' the NoKHh Pacific, in accordance with the n 1 ununendation nf ( ii.i )K(ii; iJ.\\llj.S( ).\, of the Unitetl .States i Tnii iisii sui'Pi.v. 325 Coast Survey, in his report on Alasieen remarkable. The for- mer, unkiunvn. here previous to its iiUniduclion by the commissioners, is now so abundant that the annual sales amount to double the approjjriation made by the State tor the pro]),igation of fish. I'hc new \arieties which the commission are about to introduce are the gourami, from Cochin Chiii.i. anti a larger and better varictj' of shad from China, called there samli. With a view of increasing the supply, the commissioners have hail a stand- 1 i J 5:"'l. > ' %f- -0 ti 326 FISIIKKIES, KTC. iuii arningcmcnt with Livincston Stom:, Deputy United States Fisli Cominissioiicr for California, to hatch out and put into the Sacramento River ami its tributaries the IMcCloutl and I'it, 1,500,000 or 2,000,000 .sal- mon e\ery season. This addition to the actual supply, in connection with the strict enforcement of tlic fish law, makinij the possession of freshly cau:4ht salmon in August and September a misdemeanor, punishable by fine or imprisonment, or both, has led to a notable increase in the catch of each succeeding year. The hopes of the commissioners have, however, been obstructed by the catching of salmon just before the spawning season b)- the Sliasta fishermen, who jiave the protection of a fish law, in wiiich Siiasta is excepted from the gencrrd rule. The consequence of this is, that in the very place where a close season should be rigorously maintained, the salmon, when ripe for spawning (in August and September, while the spawn and milt are ripe, and the fish arc unfit for food), have been taken in pools usetl by tiie United States I'ish Commission Pit River near Fall River has a fall of 41 feet. At this fall a fish-ladder, about 450 feet long, has been blasted out dining the past season, opening new spawning-beds, 280 miles in extent — an area more than equal to that of the McCloud and Upper Sacramento together. The appropriation of $5,000 should be doubled, and a hatchery built on tlie Pit; but the commis- sion will not ask for this mone_\-, beciuse they claim that their work speaks for itself. The salmon-liatching establishment on the McCloud River, under the superintendence of Mr. .StoNI;, jiroduces from 600,000 to io,000,oc« young fish annually, and is the most extensive institution of the kind on the globe. It sends eggs in large numbers to the Atlantic .States, Europe, and Austral- asia; and through its help the Californian salmon will probably at no dis- tant time be introduced into every large river in the temperate /one. A mature female salmon lays 20,000 eggs annually, and from all these, when left to the ordinar)- course of natine, not more than one female, or, an aver- age, survives to lay another lf)t of eggs. Py the art of the pisciculturist, the proportion of eggs that will hatch into fish, and of yoimg fish that will reach an age to take care of themscKes until they reach a size useful to man, will, it is supposed, be increased at least 50 fold. Under the direction of the California fish commissioners, a system has been established of taking the surface and bottom temperature of manv of the principal streams of the Slate, and also of observing the times w hen salmon run in tiicsc streams. These observations have more than a local value, as from them it is hoped that one or more species of salmon may be discovered which can readily be acclim.ited to the warm waters of the States; south of the N'irgima line. .Should this ))riive tu be tiie case, all the Stales II '1 if 1 1 t Tin: Kisii surrLV. y-7 eastward of the Rocky Mountains will have a valuable addition to their piscicultural resources. The fav<-)rablc results of salmon-iiatchin^f in Cali- fornia have attracted the attention of other countries bordering on the Pa- cific, and yearly large orders arc filled from the McCloud River station to Australia, Chile, China, and Japan. That a species of salmon can be had suitable for warm waters, seems to be proved in the San Joaquin River, where the temperature of the water in the lower portion of the stream, in August and September, averages from 72' to 80°, and on their way to the spawning-beds above, they ha\e to pass through 180 miles of water so warm. Up to the |)resent time, 640,000 shad ( Alcsa sapidissiina) have been placed in the Sacramento River by the commission, tlirough donations from the United States Fish Commissioner, and through importations by the State. These fi.sh arc abundant in the market. When the shad, after spawning, leave the Eastern rivers, they disappear, and are rarely, if ever, taken in the ocean. Practically, they arc only caught for market after en- tering ti.e rivers. The shad turned into the Sacramento, when the time comes for them to leave the river, resort in large numbers to the Baj- of Monterey, where they remain until the near approAch of the spawning .sea- son. The)- are caught there at all sca.sons in the seines of fishermen, w hile sweeping the bay for other fish. There is no period of the )-car when the)- can not be found in tiie San Francisco market. Looking to the natural in- crease of the fish, this is unfortunate, as it will require largely increased im- jjortations to fully stock our waters. The first whitefish introduced into California in 1872, were i)laced in Tu- lare and Clear lakes. Up to the [)rcsent time 365,000 of this fish (Coirgoiuis albits) have been received and introciuced b)- the commission into the various lakes and streams of California, and from recent observations it appears to be thriving and increasing. It can seldom be taken with the hook, and must become numerous before the fishermen can find a profit in catching it with the seine. In 1873, "jx, black bass (MicropUriis iiif^ricrDis) were imjxirted froin Lake Champlain, and introduced b)' the commissioners into Na])a Creek. It is supposed that all were caught by anglers the same )-ear, as )ionc of them have been seen lately. Another lot of 22 fish importcil in 1879, ami placed in the Crj-stal Spring Reservoir, in San Mateo County, are rapidly increas- ing in numbers. Tin; SroRTSM.w's ClAm of Sax Fu.VNCl.sro has also imported a number of this fish, and placed them in a lake in Alameda, where the)- are doing well, and increasing in numbers. In 1879, I 50 striped b-iss ( Rocfiis linciitiis) were imported bj- the fish com- niis.sion and placed in the Strait of Carquinez, and arc probably increasing. . i\ D? \ Ti ■ m ', ,1 rm V sM' I' 'I 1; i 1 1 ( i. U^^ 328 FTSIIERIKS, ETC. Twenty-four mature lobsters, to which were attached about 2,ccx),cco .f;gs, were iDrouL^ht from the j\tlantic in 1879, and placed in a sheltered cove near the Golden Gate. None have as yet been caught, but as all conditions seem favorable, the youni:; arc probably growin^^^ antl it is hoped that t!ali- fornian lobsters will soon be found in the market. The Eastern and Californian trout have been introduced into several places, notably the north fork of the American River, and in Alameda Creek. These rivers which, above the falls in each stream, originally con- tained no fish, arc now well stocked with both kinds of trout. Several small streams through the State, which cont.iincd no fish a few )cars since, have also been stocked, and are doing remarkably well. In 1874, 74 catfish (Ainiiinis albidiis) were imported from the Raritan River. These have increased and multiplied, and this increase distributed b\' the commissioners until, at the jiresent time, every county in California, from Del Norte to San Diego, has them. They arc regularly sold in all the markets, at the same prices ;is the most abundant fish. They are admirably Jidaptcd to the sloughs and warm waters of the great valley of California, and in them have so multiplied as to furnish a large supply of food. In if<79. the commissioners importeil 300 young carp (Carpio trnnininis), of the \aluablc variety. The)- were brought from the Go\eriuncnt earp- pontls to California, with but the loss of 2. .Sixty were placed in a |)ubiic lake near Sacramento, the remainder were placed in the private pond of R. R. TllOMPSdN, Msc]., of Alameda. Thej- ha\e grown rapidl)-, and promise to multiply. One of the most important contributions to our stock of fishes is the Germ.m car[), imported from luirojic in 1872, bj- the late A. J. PorrE. It is ]ialatablc, prolific, ,-md h.inh-, and is bred with ])rofit in many ponds. Till'. Lenni Fish Pi«)r.\(;.\l'i.\(; Com P.VNV, which h.-ive an establishment in Graham Canyon, opening into .Son()ma Valle)-, ha\e a hatching-house, extensive waters .idmirably ailaptcd for trout ; and 5 car[)-ponds, one cover- ing an area of 2 acres. They also breed frogs. In accorilancc with an act of the Nevada Icgisl.'iture in 1S77, H. G. Takkik, I'.sq., of Carson City, was appointed fish commissioner. His first work was to stock Washoe Lake, in 1S77, with Sacramento River perch, anel catfish known .as the Schu>lkiil River variety. The lake is so stocked with catfish, that over 100 per day have been taken by one fisherman, none less than 4 inches long, ami weighing not unfrequcntly one and a half pounds. In fact nothing can be more satisfactory than the e\idence of the increase and grf)Wth of the several lots of catfish placed also in the Car- son, 'IVuckee, and Humboldt Rivers. In November of 1878, the United Slates Fish Commissioner forwarded 250,000 McCloud River salmon spawn, THE KISII SUPPLY. 329 which produced 200,000 young salmon. These were deposited in the Walker, Carson, Truckee, and Humboldt rivers in 1879. In that j-ear, 200,000 McClf.i'd River salmon were placed in the Carson River, and in the Truckee, near Reno. The Zion's Co-operative Fish Association began its work in rS/i, and has done something in every season since, constructing ponds, and planting trout, eels, oysters, shad, and salmon in all the larger streams. Utah Lake has 1 50 square miles of fresh water, and is well suited to main- tain many kinds of fresh-water fish. 4a if I ■■ i I i «l m 1 : If 330 FISHERIES, ETC. CHAPTER XX.— FURS AND GAME. National Influence. — The fur trade has played a prominent part in the history of this coast. At the beginning of thit: century our slope, north of what is now Mexico, had great numbers of animals covered with fine furs and pelts, of high value in the luiropcan markets, obtainable in large sup- ply at trifling expense. The fur-seals, now found on only three or four islands, then abounded on a thousand, and at certain seasons covered the rocks near the shores of California and Lower California. When Alfred Robinson visited the Faralloncs, in 1829, he found Russians there killing fur-seals, and they said they had taken 80,000 skins in one sea.son. The sea-otter were not less abundant, though they did not bask on the rocks, or gather in large assemblages, like the fur-seals. The beav .ns had then col- onies on all the rivers. The blue and silver foxes, the fishers, and martens were found in other portions of the coast. It was to obtain furs that the Russians occupied Alaska, and that they maintained a trading-post on the Californian shore, north of the Golden Gate, for 30 years. Fort Ross was the home of a 1 00 Aleuts, profitably employed in catching the fur-seal, the sea-otter, and the sea-lion. The English fur-traders were the first white men to explore much of the vast region north of latitude 49°, and west of Lake Superior. Their trading- posts on the banks of the Columbia, Fraser, Simpson, Stickeen, Yukon, and McKenzie rivers secured the extension of the British dominion to the Pacific. American fur traders came by way of Cape Morn, in iSoo, to contend with the English for the profits of the Oregon fur trade; and the American fur-trading post, at Astoria, was one of the chief elements in the title nf the United States to Oregon. The American hunters and trappers began to cross the main continental divide about 1820, and to explore the basins of the Colorado, Columbia, and Humboldt rivers. The profits of trapping and hunting fur animals in California attracted hundreds of Americans, many of whom spent only a season or two, while others became permanent and prominent residents, and by their intelligence, courage, skill as marks- men, and superior weapons, obtained much influence in political affairs, and on several occasions decided the fate of revolutionary movements. Among I'URS AND GAME. 331 these men were P. B. Reading, Judge Blackburn, George Yol'nt, W.M. VVOLFSKILL, ISAAC Sl'ARKS, JaCOI! l\ LEESE, J. J. WARNER, and Isaac Graham. The American hunters and trappers contributed much to the acquisition of Cahfornia by the United States. Indeed, there is no exaggeration in saying, that the competition for furs brought to our coast, and built up here, the authority of the 3 nations which promise to be the chief actors on the great stage of universal history for centuries to come — Great Britain, Russia, and the American Union. The rivalries of the Hudson's ]5ay, the North-west Fur, the ^lissouri, the American Fur (Astor'.s), and the Russian-American companies for the fur trade of our coast, in several cases, led to struggles conducted on a grand scale over an extensi\o territory, involving not only great pecuniary interest, but also the establishment and spread of national dominion. Though the special charter of the IIudson'.s B.VV Comp.vny expired years ago, and its exclusive right to purchase furs in British Columbia then ceased, its transactions and the area of its influence contmue to have almost national magnitude. TllE Alasr.V Commerclvl Co.Ml'ANY, of comparatively recent organization, has a larger Pacific business. Fur Crop. — The value, in San Francisco, of the annual fur crop of our coast, is about $5,600,000, of which one third passes through TllE AlasK.V Commercial Company, one fourth through The IIudson'.s Bay Company, and the remainder through various houses of Victoria and .San I'rancisco. The fur-seal skins number 122,000, worth $2,120,000. Of sca-ottcr skins there are 5,500, worth $440,000. Beaver pelts number 21,000, including 10,000 from Alaska, 4,000 each from Oregon and Washington, 2,000 from California, and 1,000 from Utah, worth in the aggregate $52,000. The valu- able furs f)f the silver fox are obtained to the number of 100 pelts from Northern California, with an aggregate value of $3,000. Alaska supplies 2,000 blue fo.x skins, worth $22,000. The pelts of other fo.xes number 16,000, worth $32,000. Of bears there are 1,500 pelts, worth $7,875; of badgers I.OOO, worth $200; of wild-cats 2,500, worth $500; of fishers 1,000, worth $6,000; of lyn.xes 5,000, worth $6,250; of cougars 400, worth $300; of martens 105,000, inchuling 70,000 from British Columbia, and 20,000 from Alaska, worth 300,000; (jf minks 110,000, worth $90,000; of musk- rats loo'.ooo, worth $6,000; of land-otters 250, worth $1,250; of raccoons 2,000, worth $400; of skunks 1,000, worth $200; of wolves 5,000, worth $400; of wolverines 5,000, worth $17,250; and of grebes 20,000, worth $10,000. The List, though birds, are counteil as fur-bearing animals, their pelts being used, like- furs, for caps, muffs, and cuffs. The land furs amount in annual value to $yoo,ooo. The numbers of these pelts do not include I I '■r ; sii 1 1 t i\ 332 FISHERIES, ETC. those of The Hudson's Rav Company, of which \vc can obtain no detailed statement, though \vc are informed, on what we suppose is good authority, that the annual aggregate is $2,000,000 in value. As prepared for the purchasers, the annual crop of furs from our coast sells in the Lon- don market for not less than $10,000,000. Of our fur pelts, not one in 20 is finally dressed here; nearly all go to England; those of the TUK Hudson's Bay Company by sail from Victoria, and the others by way of San Fran- ci.sco. The animal most \'aluable for the annual production of fur, is the fur- seal (Callorhimis iirsiniis), which is found in Alaska, and at various points along the shores of British Columbia, and Washington Territory. This seal was very abundant on many islands of the North and South Pacific, at the beginning of this century, but was slaughtered greedily by the early seal-hunters in our ocean, and was thus destroyed, in most of the places which it once frequented. It would doubtless before now have been ex- terminated, or at least reduced so much in number as to have no commer- cial importance, if Russia, and afterwards the United States, had not lea;xd the exclusive right of killing the seals on the Pribilov Islands to a single compan}-, which, of course, has an interest in keeping up the supply of the furs. Whether the present contract made under the authority of an Act of Congress is the best that could ha\e been made, is a cjuestion which does not come within the scope of this book ; but that the fishery should not be thrown open without restriction to everybody, is evident. St. Paul Island, the largest and the most southerly of the Pribilov group, in latitude 57^, has a superficial area of about 33 square miles of diversified, rough, and rocky uplands, and small, rounded hills. It has 42 miles of shore line, 16^^ of which are used by the fur seal. St. George Island is next in im- portance, and has an area of 27 square miles, and 29 miles of coast line, of which 2 '4 are visited b)' fur-seals. To these islands 5,000,000 fur-seals, including 3,000,000 full-grown females, resort e\ery year; the first arriving in May, and the last leaving in October; and it is supposed that all go ashore every day to doze or sleep in the sun. It is not known where the\- stay the remainder of the year, but it is thought that thej- spend the winter south of the Aleutian Islands, in places where fish .ue abundant. It was generally supposed that the fur-.seals found from January to June, on the fish-banks off the coast, extending from Cape Flat- tery to the Ouccn Charlotte Islands, live half the year at the Pribilov Is- lands; but Fish Commissioner ANDERSON, in his report on the fisheries of British Columbia for 1S80, gives plausible reasons for rejecting this ideiu These southern seals stay near the Strait of Fuca too long to reach the Pribilov Islands in the ordinary season; and instead of going northward in f * FURS AM) CAME. 333 the winter, they travel westward in schools. He suspects that the Fuca .seals may visit unknown islands in the North Pacific, to spend the breeding season. Al^ka Commercial Company. — The value of the fur-seal grounds, or the I'ribilov Islands, was discovered in 1786, and had a potent influence in inducing the Russians to extend their authority over the group, as well as over Alaska. The slaughter of the .seals was prosecuted, without check, until 1839, when the number had been so reduced that the business threat- ened to be entirely destroyed within a few years. The destruction was then stopped until 1845, when it was gradually resumed; though instead of the indiscriminate slaughter which had before been permitted, only the young males were allowed to be killed. The rookeries continued to increase in size until 1857. At that time the entire fur trade of the islands was in the hands of TlIE Ru.ssiAN-A.MKRiCAX Compaxv, established since 1799, and the company, about i860, was restricted b)' the Government to 50,000 seal- .skins annually. Of these, 5,000 or 6,000 were from St. George, and the remainder from St. Paul. At one time, this company had a contract to de- liver 20,000 skins annually to a New York firm, for $2.50 each. The Aleuts (natives) supplied the skins, in condition for .shipment, at 10 cents apiece, no other outlay being incurred by the company, except the cost of salt for the curing proces.s. From 1821 to 1839,758,502 fur-seals were killed, and 372,894 from 1S45 till 1862. When the United States Government took possession of the islands in 1867, TlllC Rus,siAN-y\MERICAN COMPANY ceascd to exist, and .several American firms, among them HUTCIIINSOX, Kohl & Co., established them- selves in Alaska, for the purpose of trading and seal-fishing; and the whole- sale slaughter of .seals began afresh. In 1868, not less than 200,000 seals were killed, and for 1869, the figure was not far below 300,000. Skins were then worth in San Francisco $5.25, and the Aleuts were paid 35 cents apiece. The Government, fearing their total extermination, or their being driven away, leased, under an act of Congress, dated July i, 1870, to Mltchin.so.v, Koiil & Co. (who incorporated under the name of TlIK Alaska Com.merclvl Company, of which L. Gerstle is President), the sole right of .seal-fishing on the islands of St. Paul anrf St. George. The annual rental was fixed at $55,000, and $2.62^2 for each skin taken from the island.s, restricting the allowed number to 100,000, of which 75,000 were to be taken from St. Paul, and 25,000 from St. George. This last condition was amended in 1874, in so far that the amount to be taken from St. Paul would be thenceforth 90,000, and 10,000 from .St. George. The company stipulated that the Aleuts should receive 40 cents for killing a fur-.seal, and extra pay J f-M if ^ .vv, 1 1 1 • '! f 1 1 i 1 \^< 1' 1 P»c_. i.- ■■ .. 334 iisiiKKiEs, i:ic. for salting. As this sum is cjinicd by the joint labor of all the able-bodied men, it is considered a common fund, to be divided equitably amon^ them. Payment is niaiie for all other labor, at establishctl rates. In dixiding the sealing fund, the .ibilitx' of the men is considered, and the di\ision inaile ac- cordingly. Thus the strongest anil most skillful, who work through the entire season, receive a first-class share. Those who .ire less skilllul, and the old men wlu) are unable to do the hariler jiart of the work, recei\'e .seconil and third-class shares, while the boys who take [lart in the sealing for the first time, receive a fourth-class share. The assignment of shares is made by the chiefs, and acquiesced in b\- the others, l-'acii year, after all the skins have been taken, the cliiefs furnish the company's agents w ith a list of the men, who ha\e been engaged in scaling during the season, antl the share assigned to each. The second, third, ami fourth classes are respective!)' yo, 8o, and 70 per cent, of the first-class share. The value of the shares varies a little from )'ear to year, with th.e number of men engaged in sealing, l^'or 1.S74, the)- were respecti\el)- $4JS, $368, $343, and $300. The habits of the fur-seals are \er)- singular. It is estimated that two thirds of the males are never [)ermitted b)' the remaining third, strongest by natural selection, to land upon the s.ime ground with the females, which al\\a_\'s herd together. The so-called bachelor seals ;ire compelled, when thc)' visit land, to stay ,iwa}' from the breeding-grounds, ;uid thus nature keeps separate those .se.als which can be killed, without disim'bing the peace of the breeding-grounds, where the stock- is perpctuatetl. In thc early p.irt of the season, large numbers of the )oung bachelors go ashore, not far from the water, .and while they doze there the men approach (luietl)', and get quickly between them and thc se.a. In this way, a dozen men, running down a long sand-beach, will turn thousanils of seals aw.ay from the water. When thc seals are first startled they arise, and seeing the men between them and thc water, immediatcl)- turn, .and lope and scramble rapidly aw.ay over the land. The natives then walk IcL-^urely on the flanks, and in the re.ir of the drove thus securetl, and direct and dri\e them to thc place of slaughter. On firm,* gra.s.sy ground, a drove of .seals ma)' be driven at thc rate of half a mile an hour. They recjuire little urging, being permitted to halt and cool off, as heating "injures their fur. The)- never show fight, unless a few old seals arc mi.xeil in. The .seals, when brought up to the killing-ground, arc herded there, until cool and rested; then squads of 50 to 200 are driven out from the bod)- of the drove, surrounded and huddled u[) one against the other. Thc natives, .-irmed with hea\)' clubs of h.'n'd wood, strike the .seals down by blows on the head. A single stroke of the heavy oak bludgeon will crush in, at once, the slight, thin bones of .'i .seal's skull, l;iying the creature out lifeless. I'reparator)- to skinning, the body is rolled over, or put upon its back, and ITRS AM) CAMK. 3l5 t!ic nativc-i make a ^iiis^dc, swifi cut tliicjULjh the --kii , clown alone; the neck', chest, anil belly, from the lower jaw to the nob of the tail. ( .ire is taken not to kill more seals at a time than the force of men employed can (li->|)i>sc of proiK-rly; as i 5 minutes' exposure to the .sun will spoil them by l.x)scnin{j the fur. The skin is salted immediately after beinj^ removed. The salt- house.s are arrani^ed with lar^e bins of thick planks, into which the skins are put, with a layer of salt between each layer of skins. They become -uf- fii lently cured in from 5 to 7 d.iys, and are then taken from the bins, and I)iled up w ith a little fresh .salt. Finally they arc prepared for shipment by rolling; them ilo compact bundles, 2 skins in each, .securely l;i.-,hcd. The larfjest of the.ic Inindlos weigh 64 pounds, but their averaijc weight is but 22. The smallest skins, taken from seals 2 j'cars old, weij^h about 7 pounds each, and the largest, from seals 6 years old, about 30. All the fur scilskins of our coa- 1 are sent in a raw i' ndition to London, the only place possessing the skill p.quisitc for dressin , .:nd dyeing them in the best manner, so that they shall .sell readily for $40, though the raw pelt is worth there onl)' .$1 $ or $20. France has imjjortcd artisans, dye-stuff, and even water from llngland, but has never made furs equal to those pre; u'cd in London. The methods of dressing and dyeing are kept secret, but the main processes are these: The kin is soaked in warm water, >crapcd clean, soaked in warm water containin,; m.-ihoganj' or rosewood sawdust, and trodden by human feet for several days, thus cleansing the hair from sticky substances. Ihe .second process is to shave off the inside of the skin, .so as to cut off the roots of the coarse hairs which project be)ond the delicate fur. The latter retains its hold, w hile the coarse hair falls out after the skin has been shaved. The third i)rocess is the dyeing, and this is the chief .secret. The sealskins taken by the Indians of Vancouver's Island and Fuca Straits are .sold at Cape Flattery. Their fishing-grounds arc from 20 to 40 miles outside the cape, and as the\' are fearful of going tf)o far to sea .so early in the season, when the weather is treacherous, they pay schooners, usuall)- from 3 to 12 tons burden, to take them to the grounds. The seals are caught asleep on the surface of the water. The Indians approach noiselessly in canoes, and when near enough, anywlK:re within 30 feet, throw their sjiears with a strong, stout cord attached, and hauling the seal alongsitle their canoes, dispatch them with a club made especially for the ]jurpose. The .sealskins taken by the natives at Prince of \\'alcs Island and contiguous territorj-, arc .sold at the Hudson's Bay Factory, Fort ."^ inp- .son. The number sold in 1880 was about 10,000. The total number caught between San I*"rancisco and Alaska averages, for the last 5 years, probably 20,000. On the coast of Lower California, as far as Sonora, .some ii ^^36 FISHERIES, ETC. m. < iir; ' strafjglinj:; fur-seals arc finiiul, and in artier to capture tlicm, small schooners arc occasionally fittctl out in San Francisco. Their catch ne\er oxcectls 2,000 a year. Countinjj 100,000 for Alaska, J.S,ooo for Washinjjton, British Columbia, and Southern Ala.ska, we have 130,000 for the entire annual catch of the coast. Tin: Ar,.\sK.v COMMKUCIAI, CdMl'.WV obtains 30,000 fur seal- .skins, aninially, from islands bclonj,nn^ to Russia on the Asiatic side of the Pacific, and these arc counted, thouj;[h improperly, in the national census report of 1880, as part of the products of our country. Warrens Fur-Seal Fleet. — A prominent place in the fur-seal fishery of British Columbia is held by the little fleet of 4 steam schooners, the Thorn- ton of 30 tons, the Anna Beck of 40, the Grace of 80, and the Dolphin of 80, belontjinj^ to J.\MF.S D. \V.\URKX, of Victoria, who is also engaj^ed in salmon-canning, and is part owner in the steamer plying between Victoria and Wrangel. The Grace was built in 1 881. and the Dolphin in 1882. The season lasts 4 months in the year, and Mr. Warken gives employment in his sealing fleet to 20 white men and a number of Indians. Otters, Etc. — The fur-seal is, however, not the only aquatic mammal hunted on our coast. The ne.Kt in importance, the sea-otter (Enhydra marina), not comprised in the company's contract, is hunted by all the native jjopulation of Alaska Territory. It is a shy animal, and is not taken \\ ithout the exercise of much energy and hardihood. The skin is the most valuable of all peltric.i, except that of the black fo.\, which is, however, seldom found. The aggregate annual catch is between 5,000 and 6,000 skins, while prior to 1870, 2,000 were considered a good catch. Nine tenths of these are taken in the waters of the Aleutian Islands, and one tenth near Kadiak. The natives receive from $30 to $50 for each skin, and the price- in London is from $80 to $100. The average number caught annually, from 1821 to 1862, was 1,220, as officially reported. It may be that the increase is cau.sed by the higher price now paid ; and possibl)' some servants of the Russian-American Company did not report all the skins obtained. The sea-lion (Eiinietopias stci/eri) is valuable to the natives of the Aleu- tian Islands for the oil and skins, the latter used on wooden frames for the ordinary boats. The average length of the male Is 12 feet, with a yield of 10 gallons of oil, and a weight of 1,000 pounds. TlIE ALASKA COMMEli- CIAI, Co.Ml'ANY pays the natives on the I'ribilov Islands 40 cents per skin, and $5 per barrel for the intestines, from which they get oil. The oil ob- tained by the compan)- on the islands, from all sources, is barely sufficient for the wants of the different stations, the natives being provided by the company gratis with seal-oil, fuel, and salmon. The value of .seal-oil is a little less than that of whale-oil. As late as 1 8G4, a great number were i-UKs AMI <;.\Mi:. ^37 taken .ilong the coast (^f California and Lower California, from Maj- to August, and on the shores of Alaska from June to (October, but they have remarkably decreased. About 'CX3 are yearly caught, on the Cali- fornian coast, by fishermen employed in coast whaling. Their skins are bought by beltmakers, who prefer them to cowhides on account of their even thickness, although the tanning takes about fj month.s. The average price paid is 4 cents per pound. Another article of value on the ,sca-lion is the whisker, the price varying according to the size, measuring for old bulls sometimes 16 inches in length and one eighth of an incli in thickness. The Chinese pay 40 cents apiece for them, to he used by women in their hair, and b)- men for ear-cleaners and toothpicks. Furriers. —The furs, and articles made of fur, sold in San Francisco ha\c an annual value of about $300,000. The relative profits of the furriers, how- ever, have not kept pace with the amount of business. IJefore 1869 the pelts of martens, beavers, foxes, and various other animals then fashionable and in extensive use, were dressed in San I-'ranci.sco ; but now the fur-seal skin possesses almost exclusive favor, ;md that is sent to London for prep- aration. The value of the other pelts, sold here for local use, does not ex- ceed $15,000 a year. The only furriers of our coast are in San I'rancisco, and a large part of their skill consists in knowing how to cut the skins, and fit them together to the best advantage. There are 3 furrier houses in San hVancisco, tho.se of H. Lliciiics & Co., at 113 Montgomery Street; Laciiman & Stkknff.L.s, at 1 29 Montgomery Street, and li. I'ROO.MBlCKc;, at 114 Post Street. The 3 houses employ 1 1 cutters and 50 .sewing-women. LlKUKS & Co. have 8 small vessels hunting seals and trading for furs in the northern waters. The cutters receive from $17 to $30 a week — probably not more than one getting over $25 — working 9 hours a day, and arc emplovcd through the )ear ; whereas in New York they get $40, with work limited to jiart of the year. The sewing-women receive $10 a week in San Francisco, and work by the piece in New York. Two fur-dressers do all the work of fur-dressing in San Francisco, going to the shops and using the tools of the furriers, when the latter need their scA-ice.s. The Nortb-Tvest Trading Company. — The Orcgonians made a start to get a share in the fisheries and fur trade of Southern Alaska in 1880, by organizing THE NoRTll-WEST TRADING COMPAXY, incorporated at Port- land. It has established a whale fishery .it Killisnoo on Chatham Strait, oil refineries at Kaigan on Cordova Bay and on Lcmcsurier Lsland, and trading-posts at Killisnoo, Kaigan, Rockwell on Gastineaux Channel, Hoonjah on Cross Sound, and Chilcoot Bay at the head of Lynn Canal. 4J ': i^ m 1 Rf: 33R riSIIKRIF.S, KTC. Willi I'. SCHULZE a:, president at I'ortland, C. SPrUN and J. W. VandkR- I'.IM as joint manat^ers at Sitka, and $100,000 of capital, it will probably soon take a jironiinent place in the business of y\la.ska. The most notable houses or companies of our coast engaged in the fur trade, in addition to those already mentioned, are the TllK Wkst Fur TRADINC COMl'ANV, LOUIS SLOSS & CO., KOWILAND Brotiikus of San iM-ancisco, and MARTIN Batls and T.. & J. BosccowiTZ of Victoria. Land Furs. — I.ruicl fur animals arc trapped in California, Oregon, and Washington by v hir<> men, in Britisli Columbia by white men and Indians, anil in Alaska !_»>• Eiikitncs, Aleuts, and Indians. In order to .secure as many skins as possible, the three large competing companies, the Hudson's Bay, .'.Vlaska ^^ommerciaJ. and the West I'ur companies, have trading-posts t!irouj;}lir!Ut Adaska, ann the Hudson's 15ay in British Columbia also. Be- sidcs-.tJiese trading-staKuiins, there are individual traders .settled through the fur negioni. and much :radmg is done by small \essel.-i. which are fitted out in Smj FisMiciHCo fortiiaa purpo.sc, and yearly visit the northern coast. In Oregrni. '^" ashington. and California, country stores collect the skins from the hiunter- either for'tiicar own account, (jr to fill orders from San Fran- cisco ; espicaaJliy is this tiae case in California. TilK Ni«Tl3-WEST Frji Company, an assocJatipm formed in 1783, by Canadian mcrdnants. bissan to trade on this coast about 1805, and had almo.st e.KCituwe postsaiaaon uiratiil 1810. A St. Louis association, called The Mil.s.souiil Fi'K C ■«n'-%J>r\- established a trading-post on the head- waters of Lewis' Fcjpfc in 1*09, faaan abandoned it on account of the hostility of the Indiams. In i8^:-n in Indiana in 1 831, received the degree of bachelor of laws from the law school at Balston Spa, New York, in 1852. The next year witnessed his arrival in Califorma, and also nis election as treasurer of Napa County. Illness of a relative in Indiana took him back in 1855 to his native State, where he remained C> >ears, taking active part in politics as a stump-sjieaker on the Republican side. In 1860, he was elected to the State .Senate, and the next je.ir resigned his office, to enter the army with a regiment which he organized. In I""cbruary, 1862, he had command of a brigade; and from that time until the close of the w ar, e.xccpt when disabled by seven' wounds, he was in active ser\ ice, holrling responsible ])ositions, and adding to hi;i reputation as a soldier and a manager ol men. lU' d'd not avoid exposure, nor ditl he escape without pa)ing tribute with his blood to the national If B 3'; 340 l-ISHKKIKS, I;TC, cause. Once lie w.is shot Ihrouyh the neck, tlie bullet passin;; \ery near the ju;j[ulnr vein, and his left eye was destroyed b>' a bullet which remained twelve years in his liead, until removed by a difficult and dany,en)us surgical operation in US75. lie j)artii;ii)ated in 13 battles, including that of Stone River, in which the troops under his immeaiatc command carried off the chief honors, and a large jxirt of the credit was, by general consent, given to him personally. Under the recommendations of his superiors. Generals RnsiXKANS and TlItiM.\s, he was promoted to the grades of brigadier and major-general. While in command at Nashville he had delicate and exten- sive political and semi-dij)lomatic duties which he performed with tact, gain- ing the coniKlence of the Unionists and tlu' intimate friendship of AnI)RI;\V Johnson, tlien militar)- governor there. ..After the close of the war Gen. MilI-1;r returned to California, intending to resume the practice of law, but .soon recci\ed the api)ointment of collector of the port of San I'rancisco from his Tennessee friend wiio had succeeded to the presidency. 1 fc lield the coUcctorship with general satisfaction to the mercantile community until i.S/O, when his term expired. TllK Alask.\ Commkiui.vl Co\ii>ANY needed a presiilent, learned in the law, familiar witli general business, of high repute for integrity, and abli: to defend extensive interests as orator or writer. Gen. Mii,IJ;r was selectcil for the place, and again he made a suc- cess. When the Republicans of California were called upon to send a man to the United States Senate in 1881, they looked around among their num- ber and decided that J. I". MiLLKK was their best man. He had jireviously resigned the presidency of TlIK Al.ASRA Co.NrMRRCIAL COMPANV. The national .Senate li.is been in session only a few weeks since he took his seat, but his intluencc has alreail)- been recognizctl. At the age of 50 he has reached the highest political position that the people of California can con- fer on him, and u ith good health, correct habits, an excellent social position, and an industrious and ambitious character, he still has much of life before him Game.— Our coast has much game of different kinils killeil for food, though, of course, the cjuantity has been greatly reduced witliin the last 30 years, in consequence of the increase of population, and the greatly en- larged range of fire-arms. Deer are numerous in many district.s, and 400,000 are killed annuall}'. The number of deerskins sold to the tanners and trad- ers (exclusive of 'I' I IK lIUIiSON's l\\\ COMrANV) every year is 500,000; ami some are tanned b)- the hunters, especially the Indians, for their home use. The elk, common in central and Southern California at the time of the gokl discovery, has disappeared there; but a few are found in north- western t'alifornia and Oregon. The antelope was the most abundant, or (1 1 ■ IT lis AND r.AMi: .u> most proininciU ■j;:unc animal of tlic S:ici-amcnt'.) and San J(>ii)nin \'alU'\'s before the American con(|iiest. but if still sc.-en, is loo r.uv to liave a ni.irket \alue. The buffalo crosse I the Kocky Mountains at various places in the middle of the centur)-, but does so no lonL;er. The moose and cariboo are found in I5ritish Columbia ami Alaska, but are rare. The aiKance of civil- ization has dimim'shed the number of woKcs and hawks, and j^iven a chance to the liares, rabbits, and small birtls to miilliplw Of i;ame s(|uirrels, theie are \ery few. The water-fowl supply the t^reater part of the ^amc in our markets. Ducks and geese arc numerous in the lakes, ri\ers, anil sloughs, at the times of their migration in the spring and autumn, and the large towns are well supplied with them at such periods. The himters make a pnicticc of goinc; to a railroad station or steamboat landing e\ery day with their stock. The season for liunting, with the c.Kception of venison, is fixed by law for Cali- fornia, from September 15 till March 15, and for vension, from Jul}- i(. October, inclusive, while gccsc, hares, and rabbits may be killed at .ill times, though the quantity sent to market is sm.ill. The total value of the game consumed in San Francisco is alxnit $!00,ooo annually. The quail number 225 dozen a day at $1.25 a dozen; the ducks, 75 dozen a day al $2.50; the geese, 15 dozen a day at $2.75; hares and rabbits, 10 dozen a da)' at $2.25; rccd-birds, 25 dozen a day at 35 cents; and doves, 15 dozen a day at 60 cents. The supply of deer meat amounts to i .000 pounds a day, .sold at 9 cents. These quantities represent the average figures in the re- spective .seasons. Grouse, snipe, curlew, wild pigeons, wild turkej's, wild sheep, and various other kinds of game obtained in parts of our coast arc so limited in their range that they do not deserve more than mere mention here. As a rule, the hunters ship their game to the poultry dealers of San Francisco, but several produce houses receive consignments, and sell to the market dealers. ]\Iosl of the quail ;'.nddo\es come from Monterey County, ducks from the Sacramento and San Joaquin valleys, veni.son from Marin County, hares and rabbits from Merced, and reed-birds from Contra Costa. The principal game dealers in .San I''rancisco are Rl(.ll.\R!i 1). MoWRKV Si Co., H.\UT & GOODM.W, and v. N. Woods & Co., game and poultry dealers in the California Market ; Lkmoini:, G.\MI!1:kt & Co., in the San I'"r,incisco Market; and Jo.sin'li H.\.ssiOTT, JoilN C. M OWE, and LlT'll.liKllil.D, ALLI- SON & Co., produce merchants. rii J 1 ~f ■ 1 i li '.:!; l.i m 342 FISHERIKS, KTC. CHAPTER XXI.— COD-FISHERY. Cod-Banks. — Tiic principal cod-fish banks of the North Pacific arc in the Bciirini^ .Sea, the vicinity of tlic Chouinagin Islands, and the Okhotsk Sea, which last, the largest known cod-fishing ground, attracts most of our cod- fishing vessels, and now produces more than three fourths of our catch. The Hehring Sea, though e.xtcnsivc in its cod-banks and abounding in fish, is neglected, because the fish are abundant in other places more conveniently accessible. All the cod-fishing vessels of the Pacific are owned in San P'rancisco, and bring their catch to curing and packing houses near the metropolis. The methods of fishing and of sending the fish to market are not the same for the Choumagin, where the fishing-boats spend the year, as for the Okhotsk, to which hitter bank the vessels make a trip every season, spending 5 months, of which 2 are occujiied in catching fish. The fish- ing at the Choumagin banks is in shallower water than in the Okhotsk; the depth from 40 to 50 fathoms in the latter, and from 20 to 40 fathoms at the former grountls. Angle, or hand-lines, as they are called, are used exclu- sively in the Okhotsk fisheries, and trawl-lines, and occasionally hand-lines, at the Choumagin Islands. A line 28 fathoms in length, and several of these joined together, with hooks attached at intervals of 3 or 4 feet, are called a trawl -line. The trawl-hooks are 3 inches long, with a width from point to shank, of one inch. The trawl-lines, often 600 fathoms in length, arc dr.iwn up once in 4 hours, and tlu-catch secured. /Vn angle, or hand-line, has 2 hooks, kept apart by a piece of wire, and a lead sinker, weighing 3 pounds, livery fisherman manages 2 lines, one on each side of him, tirawing one while he lets down the other. The use of the hand-line, instead of the trawl, in the Okhotsk fisheries, is caused by sand-flea.s, small crustaceans, which there attack and devcjur the fish on a trawl-line before it can be drawn. Each fisherman is supplied with a dory, or small boat, 14 feet long, sinn'lar to a canoe. Some of the dories arc supplieii with sails, and others with oars only, and all anchor while fishing. In these dories the fishermen leave the vessel at the break of day, and are off for tin; fishing- grounds, which may be 200 yards or 5 miles distant. The)' return at dark with the da)''s catch, though occasionally, owing to foggy weather, they can not find their vessel, and are obliged to pa.-i.s the niglit in the dories, or land '^*. COD-FISIIERY. ,U3 on some unknown shore, and await the coming of the mornini.f li^ht. A small quantity of bait is taken from San I'rancisco, with which to bcL^in operations; witit this the fishincj is conimenced, and the iierrint^, salmon, and sculpins, which are secured at times on the liooks, serve for bait for the remainder of the time. The averajje weight of cod-fisii of the North I'acific fisheries is 3 pounds, and the maximum 1 1 pounds; while one half [)ound is the minimimi net weight after cleaning. The fish caught in the Okiiolsk fisheries are long ant! thin, while those at the Choumagin Islands are short and thick. There are at least 2 species of cod in the Pacific. Cod-fishermen. — The cod caught are treated in a manner simil.ir to that employed in the Newfoundland fisheries ; that is, no cleaning is clone by the fishermen; their exclusive duty being to fish, and attend to their lines. The "dress gang" consists of a throater, header, and siilitter. The cod-fish, after being brought on board, are first passed to the throater, who cuts their throats, and nearly se\-crs the head from the body; thence to the header, who removes the head, opens the fish, and takes out the viscera; and lastly to the splitter, w ho takes out the backbone, and flattens out the fish. The catch is salted, id packed in nests, in the hold. Nesting is placing one fish inside of another, in ;i manner similar to nesting pails or buckets. By this system a larger quantity can be stored in a given sjiace than b)' packing indiscriminately in bulk. Fisherman are paitl according to their catch, at the rate of $20 for 1,000 fish. The dress gang receive from $25 to .$30 per month, with the excep- tion of the splitter, who receives $45 or $50 per month. These wages in- clude board, the owners of ves.scls furnishing everything. At Kadiak Island and vicinity, where some cod-fishing is done, natives are ein])loyed, at 75 cents or $1 per daj-, to head, split, and salt the to«L. Those caught near the Choumagin Islands are the best of the Pacific cocl, and superior to those of the Labrador coast, while the finer specimens are equal to the best of the Newfoundland fisheries. Tlie life of the Choumagin fisherm.m is one of ease, when compared with that of his Atlantic brother. The numerous coves and inlets furnish a convenient refuge wIkmi hea\)- weather rciulers it ncccssar)- to quit fishing; and as the season la^ls onl)' during the summer months, it is not probable that cod-fi.shing in the Pacific will ever be attended by the risk of life, and the many iliscomforts, inseparable from that occu]);)- tion, on the other side of ihe conlint tit. The salt, procured from the Ala- meda salt-marsh, California, made by the evaporation of sea-water, is said to be <}f excellent quality. The vessels, liefore leaving on a cod-fishing cruise, take er of vessels ^>( the cod-fishing fleet have never been the same for y i ,; ',''■ 'I' 344 iisitr.Rir.s, ivrr. i m ^s" ■■ i ' * ■ 11 {■■'' ''1* ; 'i I'l 2 c:nnscciiti\x' )c,'irs ; the businc-s lluctiiatin;- with tlu demand for fis'i. Wlicn a L,f(i(j- is stimulated, and tlie next year the fleet is enlarged by additional vessels which are sent out. When a poor catch is the result of a season's hshincj, some of the vessels seek other business. The number of fish received from the Okhotsk Sea fisheries in i88i was 721,000, and from the Choumagin Islands 321,000. About 250 men were employed, and all did well. The consum|)tion of cured cod-fish on our coast is 4,200 tons annu.all)-, and the exportation 100 tons. The Pacific fish can be sold here cheaper than the I'lastern ; the business is on ;i per- manent basis, and as San Fnuicisco becomes more of a distributinij peiint, the catch will increase. The current prices to the trade are 5 cents for the ordinary quality, and 5J;J cents fi)r selected. The boneless fish .sell at 6l4 cents. The ])rincipal houses ent^aijed in the cod-fishini; industry on the Pacific coast are those of LVNDK & Houcil, TllOMAS \V. M(C()i.i..\M & Cii., anl.I-.\.M & Co. h.ivc a station on one of the Choumagin Islands, to which a large schooner makes three trips ever)- season from S.in Francisco, taking up salt, provisions, and other su])plies, and bringing down the catch. In this way a constant and regul.ir supply of fresh-caught fish is secured, doing aua)' w ith the necessity of keeping a large stock at San I'r.incisco. The curing establishment at Pesc.id.i Landing, opposite Saucelito, consists of a warehouse 120 feet long b)- lOO wide, a wharf 30 by lOO feet, fl.ike- y.ird 100 by 180 feet, and two bo;irding-hnuses, e.ach 20 by 30 feet. The remainder of the cod-fishing industry on this coast is in the hands of X. lilCII.\Kli, whose Cluing and tlrving establishment is on Kershaw's Island, near Saucelito, m con-risiir.uv. 345 Catoh. — The first cod-bank of llu- North I'lcific was (li..co\i'rcil in iSd^, by tlic crew of the Tiniandni, which was returning; from the Ainoor Ki\cr, wliither she had been wilh a cargo of inercliamhse fioni San I'lancisco. While becahncd in the Okhotsk near SaghaUen, her crew commenced fisli- ing fur pastime, and endeil with catching 30 tons of codfish for business. These were dried on Verba ]5uena Island, in San I-'rancisco Ha\-, and soiil at 14 cents per pound. This success led to the fitting out of 7 vessels in 1865, aind they returned with 470,000 fish, or -joo tons. The catch was profitable, and the business increased until 1870, when 21 ves.sels look 1,265,000 fish, or 1,850 tons. The quantity overstocked the market, and most of the cod-fishermen went into other occupations, so that, in 1872, the catch was only 300,000 fish for 3 vessels. Wy this time the demand ex- ceeded the supply, and there was an increa.se until 1878, when 21 vessels made a catch of 1,190,000 fish, or 1,780 tons. The number of vessels fell to 13 in 1879, and 8 in 1880 and in 1881, but the catch was 1,500,000 fish in [879, 1,200,000 in 1880, and 1,042,000 in l88l. In preparing the boneless cod-fish, there is a considerable waste of tails, fins, and skin, which are made into an excellent manure; but there is so little demand as yet for anything of the kind in California, that the price scarcely covers the cost of saving the material. Six thousand gallons of cod-liver oil are made annually on the ves.sels while lying at the banks. Some of this is refined for druggists' use at $1 a gallon, and the remainder sold crude to tanners for 40 cents a gallon. The sounds and lights arc thrown away; and about 60 barrels of tongues are saved annually, and sold at $10 or $12 a barrel. A large in- crease in the cod-fishery of the North Pacific, and the participation of Oregon, Wa.shington, and Hritish Columbia in its profits, may be confidently expected in the near future. 44 ! \ 1 '1 346 I'lsiiKKiKs, i;tc. CHAPTER XXII.— WHALE FISHERY. Is i' i( '1': ■ ; * I III km i\ ill iiir American Whaling. — Soon after the first .settlement in New England, its iiiiLjratcrul soil drove many of its inhabitants to the seas for a support, and they found a large reward for their skill as ship-builders and mariners in whaling. Their success commanded the admiration of the liuropeans in the middle of the last century. When lUJ.MUND I5UKKK, within a month before the battle of Hunker Hill, made his great speecii to the British I'ar- liament in faVor of a conciliatory policy towards the colonies, he found one of the chief topics for his praise of the Americans in their whaling fleet. Ill a ])assage tiiat will never grow stale, he said: "No .sea, but what is ve.\etl by their fisheries. No climate, that is not witness to their toils. Neither tlie perseverance of Holland, nor the activity of h'rance, nor tiic dc.vterous and firm s.igacit}- of English enterpri.sc ever carried this most jierilous mode of hardy industry to the extent to which it has been pushed by this recent people — a people who are still, as it were, but in the gristle, and not yet hardened into the bone of manhood." At that time Massachusetts liad 300 whaling vcs.sels, averaging 90 tons each, three fifths of them cmployeil in the North, and the remainder in the South y\tlantic. The revolutionary war reduced the business to relative insignificance, but it soon began to revi\e, after peace and independence were secured. In 1791, 6 American whalers appeared in the Pacific, and made such f.ivorable reports of their v.^ork that there was a rapid increase in the number 'The war of 1812 dro\e most of them from the sea, but after 181 5 they returned with increased force ; and a few years later began to appear on the coast of California. When Captain Beeciikv entered San I'rancisco in November, 1826, with an F-nglish exploring vessel, he fi)und 7 .American whalers anchored at Saucclito, a favorite place of re.sort for them. The)' found fresh water there, cut fire-wood on Angel Island, and sent boats occasionally to San I'rancisco for supplies of various kinds. Their accounts of San I'rancisco l?a\', and of the climate and soil of the surrounding country, ga\e rise to the American desire for the acquisition of Califi)rni;i. The whalers in the North Pacific continued to increase until 1855, when the)- had reached the number of 500, antl nearly all had their ixiils of iende/\i)Us ami refitting in the llaw.'iiian Islanils. Honolulu was the faMircil port for 200, •ind Lahaina for a greater luunber In 1854 wiiAi.r. iisiii;uv. u; the catch (if 525 whalers included 60,000 ijancls of whale and sperm oil, and 700 tons of bone. Once in 4 )-ears each vessel reUirned 1. 1 her hoiye port, which, for most of them, was New Bedford ; and the saij- ors who had managed to economize their shares often obtainei onouj^'h on a single cruise to enable them to acquire a comfortable iionv. After 1855 there was a gradual decrease in tiie number, until ate beginning of tiie civil war, which occurred at the time when the large supply of petro- leum began to supcrseclc whale and sperm oil for illuminating and lubricat- ing purposes. Most of the whalers in the North Pacific were then withdrawn from the business. Of those which remained in 1.S65, the rebel cruiser Slienandoali burned 34; and in uS/i, 32, and in 1876, 14 were lost in the ice of the Arctic. The whalers continued to rende/.\()us in the Hawaiian Islands till 1865, when they began to come to San I'"rancisco, where supplies could be obtained as cheaply as in Honolulu. One of the motives for the change wa.s, that the Hawaiian Governmenf would not allow a whaling vessel to carry a native of the islands awa)-, without giving a bond in the sum of $600 for his return. Now, all winter in San Francisco, where C of the scanty fleet of the North Pacific, consisting, in 1882, of 40 vessels, are owned. The whaling industry is not pursued now by the Californians with so much energy as it was a hundred years ago by the New KnglaTulers, because it now yields less relative profit. Massachusetts has a harsh sky, a sterile soil, and no mines; while in the last century whales were abundant near her coast, and in all the oceans; and oil and boiie were relatively much more valuable than in our day. The whales have become .scarce and wild, and must be chased into the ice, where twice within the last 10 years con- siderable portions of the whaling fleet were lost. It is true that California is not adding much to the number of her vessels engaged in this chase ; but while she occupies a nearly stationary condition, Massachu.setts has for the last quarter of a century been rapidly retrograding, for she has not now one third so many ves.sels in the whale fishery as she had in 1855. North Pacific Fleet. — In 1882, the North Pacific whaling fleet consists of about 40 vessels, of which 4 are steamers. San Francisco owns one of the steamers, and 5 of the sailing-vessels, the others belonging to New Bed- ford. The use of steamers is new; the first cruise of a steam-whaler frcjm San Francisco having been made in 18S0. The catch of the whaling fleet in 1881 included 354,000 pomids of whale- bone, worth from $2.20 to $2.50; 15,000 pounds of ivory, worth 60 cents ; and 21,000 barrels of oil, worth from 34 J^ to 35 cents a gallon. Allowing $^50,000 for the bone, $280,000 fo'- the oil, and $9,000 for the ivory, we Ij I" ill' ' 4 i. ;t(".,'- (I ! S'.l?;^' I ill 348 nsiIF.RIKS, F.TC. have a total of $1,1 ■59,000 for the season's work; an average of $57,000 for a vessel. Some of tliem, however, made over $75,000, while others did not make $30,000. In 1S55, when sperm-oil was worth $175 per jjallon, whale- oil 70 cents, and bone 45 cents, the averai,'e catch of the whalers in the North Pacific was about $38,000 to the shijj. The highest averaj^e price for the )ear of sperm-oil, was in 1866, when it rose to $2.55; of whale-oil in 1 866, when it was $1.45 ; and of bone in iSSo, the price being $3. The common rate of annual interest, on loans .secured by mortgage of whaling vessels is 16 per cent., and the late of insurance for the season is 1 5 ])er cent. The whalers sent out from San Francisco vary in value, including all supplies for a voyage, from $15,000 to $40,000 each. A whaler has usually 3, 4, or 5 boats, with 7 men for each boat, and from 5 to 10 extra men, in- cluding cook, steward, carpenter, and cooper. In a trip to the Arctic, a whaler usually spends 35 days in her northward and 20 in her southward trip, and has 7 months for work on the whaling-ground. Sometimes she will get as much oil as she can carry before reiijhing Rchring Strait, but this has become a rare piece of good fortune, and the chief field of occu- pation and profit is now beyond the strait, near the domain of perpetual ice. The officers and crew of whaling vessels do not receive a fixed sum by the month or voyage, but are engaged " on the lay" or share. The common rule is that the owners are to supply the ship, boats, implements, and pro- visions, and are to receive 60 per cent, of the gross proceeds, leaving 40 per cent, to be divided among the officers and crew. The captain usually gets about one twelfth, a mate one twentieth, and the ordinary seaman the one hundretl and eightieth part. A good catch is often worth $45,000; of which sum the owners would receive $30,000, the captain $3,750, each mate $2,250, and each sailor $250. The rewards are high for the captains and mates, and the incn have $30 a month. The possibilities of much higher profit, and the interest of the crew in the catch, help to secure men for whalers at times when merchant vessels can not obtain skillful sailors. The whaling of the North Pacific is now exclusively in the hands of the Ainericans, and all or nearly all the vessels make up their ciews and dis- charge their cargoes in San Friincisco. This port has, however, been the place of rendezvous for the New England whaling ships for less than 10 years, and whether it will succeed in maintaining its monopoly is very doubtful. At present it has the only large supply of .sailors on the coast, and the only large stock of such articles as whaling vessels require; but the time is not far distant when Portland, Seattle, and Victoria will have every- thing that whalers need ; and the}' have the advantage of being much nearer to the whaling-groun J. San Franci.sco has, however, many attractions which wham: iisiii:kv. U') they can never etiual. It is not i)rnl).il)le that wlialint; will entirely desert San I""ranci.sco as it has deserted the Atlantic ports of France, south of lati- tude 46 , where il once h.ul its chief scat. The shore, sperm, and Arctic have been the three main divisions of the whaiin^^ indiistrj- on our coast. The <;ra\- whale is found near the shores of California and Lower California in the winter, and can be taken tb're with less effort than in an>- other place. To pursue him is the main purixjse <:f the shore whaler, who lives either in his ship or on the land. The land whalers has'c stations on the shore; the men {^oin^' out in whaleboats and tf)winy their \ictims to an anchorage, where the blubber is tried out. The si)crm whale prefers the warm portions of the ocean, where he can be taken at any time of the year. Shi[) whaling for the gray has been unprofitable for years, and nothing is now done in it. The Okhotsk was for a long time the best place for taking the right and bowhcad whales, but ha-s been ex- hausted, and the ships go to the IJehring or Arctic Sea, spending the .season, from March to November, in their cruise. Shore Whaling. — In 1851 Captain D.WF.M'ORT, an old whaling master living at Monterey, ob.serving the number of whales passing the harbor, organized a company of men to engage in whaling, while living on the land. He had a whaleboat, in which he sallied out when his game came in sight, and, having killed his victim, towed it to the shore, where he had tackle for taking off the blubber, pots for trying it out, and cabins for his party. He was successful, and his o-amplc was imitated at a dozen places, from Capo Mendocino to Point Abanda in Lower California, some of the .stations being maintained for 15 years w-ith profit. All arc abandoned save tho-u at San Luis Obi.spo, Point Conception, and San Simeon, each of which has a score of men, and takes on an average about 500 barrels of oil in a year, though the catch varies greatly. The business is in the hands of the Portuguese almost exclusively. From April till September the men engage in farming near the station.s, but employ a lookout ; and when he announces the appear- ance of a whale they take to their boats; and from October till March they spend in their boats, going out every day, if not stormy, to a distance of fitfni Dtii'idsoni ), the bowhead ( /iti/enit iiiyslicrtiis), the right (/>/iii/its). The gray, or California graj', is found only in the Pacific, north of latitude :;o , and is most abumlant near the American coast. It is a migratory animal, spending its winters on the edge of the torrid zone, and its summers in or near the Arctic, traveling .southward from October to Jan- uar)-, inclusive, and northward from May to August. There is no method of ascertaining the time that any one whale requires for making its semi- aiiinial v.)yage of 4,000 miles. It v.-.is the opinion of Capt. Sca.m.Mon that about 10,000 whales visited the co.ists of California and Lower Cali- fornia in 1 874, and the number passing so near the land, as to be visible from the shore whaling stations, was then 40 d.:'ly in the miildle of the "dt)wn .season," or period of southwaril migration. The female, when about to give birth to her calf, in December or January, seeks the shallow water of a bay or inlet on the ocean side of Lower California, where, if not disturbed, she will remain, with brief visits to the open water, for several months. She suckles her calf for 6 or 8 months, and watches over it with maternal solici- tude and a devotion that often costs her life. The yield of a gray iii oil is I WllAl.i; liSIIKKV. 35' 20 barrels on the average, but has risen in a larcjc female to 70. The female reaches a length of 45, anti the male 35 feet — one instance, at least, in nature of feminine superiority. In its migrations the gray likes to keep near the land, and when it has reachetl the regions where it spends its months of rest, it seeks water either shallow or not very deep; and these habits, different from those of most other whales, have led to peculiar methods of killing it. According to Capt. Si AMMON, the number which visited the coast nf l.ower California annually was 30,0(X) in 1854, and 10,000 in 1874, a rapidity of decrease justifying his fear that ere long this mammal will be "numbered among the e.xtinct species of the Pacific." The bowhead or polar whale, the chief object of the whaler's pursuit in the North I'.icific, has an average length of 45 feet, and yields 100 barrels of oil and three-quarters of a ton of whalebone. The best I'lcific whaling- grounds for the bownead arc now in the Arctic, but formerly were in the Okhotsk, and some are still found there and in the Hehring Sea. The hump- back is a larger whale and has a more extended range than the gray. It is found in both great oceans, on both sides of the equator; and in the North Pacific, instead of restricting itself to the vicinity of the American conti- nent, it also \isits the waters near China. Whaling vessels now generally devote part of their time, when the)' can not find larger game, to the walrus, which the)- kill with a rifle. P'ach full- grown walrus jields, on an average, 20 gallons, worth $7, and 35 pounds of ivory, worth $21 ; making the gross value of each animal about $28, at pres- ent prices. At least 3 out of 4 killed, ho\\e\er, arc lost, for they sink al- most immediately, if they are in the water, which they generally .succeed in reaching if shot on the ice or on the beach. The walrus furnishes a consid- erable portion of the food supjily of the P'squimaux, and its destruction must make it more difficult for them to support themselves. C)f the 20 ve.s.sel.s in the North Pacific whaling fleet of 1880, 15 killed the walrus. The animal is most abundant in the ice-fields of the Arctic, but is frequently seen on the shores of Alaska, as far south as the southern side of the ucn- insula. i w 352 iisiiKRiKs, i;tc. CHAFTKR XXIII— OTIIKR MARINK FISHKRIES. Kinds of Fish. — The varieties of fish most valuable in the commerce and industry of the Atlantic are caujjht also in tlie waters of cnir coast. The cod, herriny, mackerel, halibut, flounder, sardine, anchovj-, and turbot arc found in both oceans. The rejxirt of the fish commissioners of Califor- nia, for 18S0, gives the nunibi r of species of fish then known in tlic waters at 280, 25 of which are fresh, and the remainder salt-water fish. Thirty- four additional species, including 1 1 river fish, are found in Oregon and Washington. These are all indigenous species. As no thorough .search has been made between Tomales H.iy and the mouth of tiie Columbia, it is al- most certain that other varieties will be discovered from year to >'car. Of the 2 1 flat-fishes on the coast, 19 arc found on the shores or bays of California. Our coast has different fish districts, well defined in geographical limits, and different in man)' of their occupants. One extends from I'oint Con- ception northward to Monterey ; the second, from Monterey to I'uget Sound, and the third from that point onward toward the Arctic. The bayof Mon- terc)' is the middle groinul, where fishes from north and south meet. It has about 130 species, and .San I'Vancisco harbor has the same number. Santa Harb;ira lias but 95 species, as the rock-cod ami flounder do not go so far scnitli. In I'uget Sound there are 90 species, all of which belong to the northern \arieties. In San I'Vancisco Hay, and its tributary rivers, there arc taken annuall\- about 4,000 tons of fish. The large-ejed flounder ( IIippoi;lossoidcs Jordivti) is plentiful in our fish- markets all the )'ear round. Professor JdKD.W estimates the catch of tiiis fish by Chinamen, in the single harbor of Monterey, at 500 pounils per day. Of the chirid.e, tlie |)ainted sea-trout ( C/iinis />ic lis) is common in our north- ern latitudes, and is found occasionally in the .San I'rancisco market. The c/iinix j^iiltntiis, a species of sea-trout common in the bays of .San I-'rancisco and Montere)-, is plentiful in the markets the )ear round. The cod-fish proper iloes not belong to the fauna of California. Dr. Bk.xn, who recently in\estigateil the fish systems of the Alaskan waters, is of opin- ion that the cod-fish of Alaska is identical with the (ituiiis iiiorr/iuii, or true cod-fish. The entire (|uanlit)' of fresh cod brought to San l'"rancisco, packed in ice, does not e.xiei'd 300 tons, in the seastin of 3 month.s. The green cod ( Ophiot/oii t/oiij^dliis), is noted as one of the most rapacious of fishes, ,. :-! ^ I OTHr.U MARINK riSIIKKIKS. .IJ.I coming in this characteristic into close competition with tlic shark. Lurk- ing among the rocks, it lies in wait for rock-fish, and is often capturcil on the same hook with tlie fisli at whicii it bites. It is vakiable as a food fish, and sometimes attains a weight of 50 or rto pounds. Red rock-cod .sometimes weigh 25 pounds, anil blue rock-fish 50 pound.'i. These are of extreme size. Tlie barracuda season lasts from the beginning of March to June. In shape and habit this fish strongly resembles the fresh-water pike, being long and slim and exceedingly voracious. It feeds on small fish, such as smelt anil herring, and is found in schools among the kelp. It is caught with trawl-lines near Santa Cruz and Montcrc)-. The barracuda of the Atlantic Ocean is considered unfit for food, while its Pacific relative is esteemed one of the most delicate of table fish. Large quantities arc caught in San Diego Harbor. The hook is baited with a white or red rag, at which the fish bites greedily. It is abundant in summer at a distance of 3 or 4 miles from the heads of San Franci.sco Harbor, and thence .south- ward. In other sea.sons the young are sometimes taken in seines. The largest size is about 1 2 pounds. Of the 27 known species of rock-cod, all except 2 are to be found in the harbor of Monterey. The one most common in the Bay of San Francisco, the wharf rock-fish ( Sebasticlitliys auriculatus), the only kind found in shallow bays, sometimes attains a weight of 3 pounds. Tho.se caught by hook and line, from wharf or shore, average about half a pound. The largest of all the species is the large, red rock-fish ( SelmsticlUhys ruber), e.xceeding in some instances a weight of 12 pound.s. Large quantities of the dark greenish rock-fish ( Atrovircns), taken by Chinamen at the Santa Barbara Island.s, are salted, ilried, and .sent to China. It is the opinion of many fishermen that the Chinamen are rapidly reducing the Californian sui)ply of food fish. Already white fishermen have to go outside the heads for fish which but a few years ago were plentiful in San Francisco Bay. The long flats near the Oakland and Alameda shores are often swept by Asiatic fishermen, who operate with both the .seine and stationary net. Inside of Cape Scott, the north-west extremity of Vancouver Island, there is an extensive bank, where rock-cod' are taken in immense quantity, and of the largest size. On the shore, near to this bank, a Chinese colony is engaged in the systematic i)ro.sccution of the business. In the vicinity of Burrard Inlet, a productive fishing-ground, immense quantities of smelt, an excellent and favorite table fish, are dried, packed, and shipped by Chinese 'fisherman to their fellow-Mongols in Victoria and in San I'rancisco. One redeeming feature in the presence of the yellow fishermen in our commu- nity is, that they eat up young shark, and esteem as a delicacy the fin of 4S ' 1 1 Vi':' in 354 I'ISIir.KtFS, KTC. the larger species in a raw or cooked state, or in soup, when it can be sparcil from ilrj-inj; purposes. Tlic greater bulk of the fish sent from Tomalcs and Monterey bays to San I'"rancisco are black bass, black rock-cod, and other species of the scor[- are. In the waters of I'uget Souml they are caught in much better condition. Their season commences in California in October, and lasts 4 months, (ireat .schools enter .San I'r.incisco Ha_\' e\er)' winter, resorting sometimes to the mudflats and shallows, and not unfrequentl)' keei)mg in deep water, beyond the reach of fishermen. .\s a rule they are caught at night. 'The shoal water of Richardson's Max' is a favorite herring-ground. At the beginning of the season the price is :)ften as low as 50 cents, but towards the close often rises to .$4 or $5 i)er cental. 'l"heir average weight is about a fifth of a ])ound. On the Alameda shore seals swarm, and make hearty meals by ))icking the fish out of the nets, the meshes of which arc torn in a most ex- asi)erating manner ihiring the process, A strip of shoal off Kershaw''^ Island, opposite to .Saucelito, is sometimes a good fishing-ground fi)r herring. When the nets are cast, men have to be employed keeping off the seals, which often growl in huge disgust at their futile eiulcivors to get within swallow ing reach of the captive fish. The best grounds for herring fishing in the Hay of S;m Francisco are in its northern and north-eastern portions. 'The herring move in shopls, and run against the tide. When they meet the nets they ex])erience no ilifficult}' in running their heads through the mijshcs, but owing to the peculiar shape of the fish, they can get no further. Retreat is of course imiiossible. After a time, the net is slowly drawn in, and one haul is sometimes enough to load a boat. The herring are sold at the cit)- markets for fresh consumption, or at the wharves to persons en- otiii:k makim; i imikkiks. 357 K-ifjcil in salliiifj, tlrj'inj;, ami smoking them. Soon after the close of tlic season, tlie herrinj,' fisher usually starts for the salmon fishin};-yrouncls of the Sacramento, when; lie remains for 3 or 4 months. The cost of a hcrrin}j.j;ill net is over $100, anil 40 per cent, of the ])ricc is represented by the ihit}'. A (.jood one will last 3 summers with careful us.age and timely repairs, and serves also for smelt fishtny. Hesitles the stationary net, the equipment of a boat for the whole season includes a seine, or casting? net, 60 fathoms lony, with very small meshes, which will catch anythinjf from a halibut 5 feel lon^' to a shrimi) or a tomcod ; also a sea- bass or sturgeon net 300 fathoms long, and 20 feet deep, with a mesh 8 inches s(]uare. An entire bay fishing outfit costs from $5CX) to $1,000; the boat alone, if well built and rigged, being worth $350. I'ortj- of these boats may be seen anj- afternoon at the V'allejo-street wharf Their rig consists of a short slanting mast, and a slender boom (alwaj-s longer than the boat itself), from which is bent an immense spread of lateen sail. Occasionally the boats carry a jib somewhat bigger than a table napkin. Each boat is manned by two or three men. On arriving at the fishing-ground, the net is paiti out from the stern of the boat. This operation, called "shooting the net," lasts onl)' a few minutes. After .several hours, the catch is hauled in, and a single h.iul is .sometimes sufficient for one boat-load. The North-WESX Trauinc: Co.MPANV of Portland, has a station on Herring's Bay, Prince Frederick Sound, Alaska, where a steamer of 80 tons burden is employed in the herring fishery, the catch to be used for making herring oil. A steam launch at the same place is used in the whale fishery. The establishment employs 8 white men and 60 natives ; and the product of the first year, 1881, was 15,000 gallons of herring oil, 3,000 of whale oil, and 1 2,000 of dog-fish oil. This company has another station at Cordova Bay, Alaska, to commence work in 1882. An establishment for the extraction of oil from the herring has recently been erected on the shore of Burrard Inlet, British Columbia, at a cost of $25,000, with apparatus for drying the scrap. About 20,000 gallons were obtained in 1881. The .scrap is to be shipped to Liverpool. Ten years ago a herring fishery was established at Port Madison, on Pugct Sound, by Mr. Hammond, and for a long time several hundred boxes a month of cured herring were shipped to San Francisco, in addition to which, Mr. Hammond manufactured every year about 2,000 gallons of herring oil. This gentleman has now moved to Cypress Island, where he puts up about 10,000 boxes of herring a year. The Atlantic smelt does not occur on this coast, but the Atlicrcnidtr, or Pacific smelt, are caught at all seasons of the year, and run in .schools near the surface of the water. They vary in weight from 2 ounces to a pound I' 358 KIsIllKIlS, I.TC and a quarter, .and avcrajjc about } t<> the pound. Fourteen to 15 inchc? arc considered an extreme size, thoUfjh occasionally smelt measurin}^ i.S inches arc brouj^ht into market. Many of the smaller ones are prepared and sold as sardines. The averat^c catch of smcit brought to market in San I'rancisco maj- be stated at 2 tons a week, thouj,'h on a single day 2}.4 tons h.ive been .sometimes caught. The retail price i.s u.sually 8 cents, though varying, of course, according to the su])ply. Seventy-five boats and nearly 200 men are engaged mainly in the herring and smelt fisheries of this harbor. Most of the herring gill nets used on our coast, made in Scotland, arc mamifactured in webs 3 yards deep. This width is too great for bay fishing, and so the net as imported, is usually cut in two; the size commonly in use being 100 yards long, with a depth of 16 feet. On the U]iper edge arc cork buoys, 2 feet apart, and along the bottom, at greater intcrxals, are jjicces of lead. Recent legislation has fi.xed the limit of the smallest mesh at an inch and a quarter, but it is well known that nets arc used in the bay of San Francisco, with a mesh only one eighth of an inch wide. This accounts, in part, for the fact that fisher- men have already to go outside the Heads for fish that a few >'ears ago were \cr\- i>lcnliful in the harbor. Surf-smelt are common in the salt waters of Puget Sound. Though of a species different from the common smelt, they closely resemble them in shape and size, but differ in having the belly covered with a coating of yel- low fat. The)- receive the name of surf-smelt from a ])cculiar habit f)f ile- positing their spawn among the shingle of the beach, coming in with the suri" in incredible numbers. Thirty miles south of Cape Flattery, at the Ouillchute River, the Indians capture them by hand-net.s. The coal-fish ( A napo(>loma fimbria), called shell or beshow by the Indians, a fish of delicious flavor, sometimes 2 feet long, is found in deep water along the entire coast of British Columbia. It can be taken with the hook, and will probably be much sought within a few years as a food fish. \ \ Halibut. — The true halibut, weighing from 3 to 30 pounds, is fairly plenti- ful on this coast, and finds a ready market at 25 cents a pound. The fish kneiwn as the bastard halibut is abundant in Monterey Hay, Puget Sound, and Rcllingham Bay, the Strait of I'uca, and the Gulf of Georgia. It runs from one to 60 ])ounds, and its market value is about 15 cents a pound. It is f)f good flavor when fresh; .salted and smoked it is preferred by many to salmon, while the napes and fins are a standard article of commerce. To carry on this branch of fishery, a small schooner is necessary, built in three compartments, the middle one being perforated at the bottom with holes, so as to allow a continual supply of water to pa.ssin and out from the ocean. OTIir.U MAKIM. riMiKRir.s. 359 Into this well the fish ;irc (lr()])pcil as soon as cauj^ht. In 1879 a vessel fitted for the purpose brought fresh halibut packed in ice to San Francisco. The trip occupied 4 days, and the fish arrived in perfectly good condition ; but this large supply, suddenly thrown on the market, reduced the price to an unprofitable rate. In the following year a schooner employed in the same fishery arrived in this hantor, but salted her catch of 40 tons. There is little demand for the bastard halibut in the .San Francisco market. LVNDE & HuUi;il chartered, in 1880, the first vessel ever employed on this coast in obtaining halibut for curing purposes. The entire catch of that year was sent to Chicago, and the operation resulted in a loss. Hali- but arc .salted down when first caught, an " on arrival at the curing-house arc rcsaltcd and piled up in bulk. When required for smoking, they are soaked out in fresh water, then dried on flakes, and after being smoked from 7 to 10 days they arc pressed and boxed. The weight of a single fish on the coast of British Columbia and Alaska, is sometimes 500 pound.s. Sturgeon. — There are but two .species of sturgeon on the Pacific Coast — the common, or white, and the green sturgeon. In the Sacramento, Frascr, and Columbia rivers, and in all the bays and large rivers of the north, they are abundant, the average weight being 40 pounds, though one speci- men, caught in Fraser River, weighed 1,000 pound.s. Only the white species sells as a food fish. The flesh of the green sturgeon is commonly suppo.scd to be poisonous, but is, in fact, as good as that of the white species. On account of this popular mistake, it finds no market. The white variety is worth about 4 cents a pound. The sturgeon is not sufficiently numerous to .serve as a basis for a special fishery, but is. taken incidentally in .seines and nets set or drawn for salmon, smelt, or herring, and its large size makes it a prize, though its meat is one of the cheapest in the market. The female sturgeon, in the spawning .season, contains a large quantity of roe which, when fre.sh, is in demand for the manufacture of caviar. The process is kept .secret, and is in the possession of a few person.s, the principal of whom is A. ASMANN, of the California Market, San Francisco, who received a medal at the Philadelphia International Exposi- tion of 1876 for the best caviar. The annual product of caviar in San Franci.sco, the only phacc where it is made on this coast, is lO tons, worth at wholesale $5,000. Shark. — The shovel-nose shark is eaten by Chinese and Mexicans. The oil shark is caught with herring and other fish bait, and runs to 40 pounds in weight. The oil obtained from the liver averages nearly a gallon to the fish, and the fins are worth 12}^ cents a pound as food for Chinamen. For fvil I i i"'-! If' .1! ■: ? I! :i i , if ■| '1 ii 360 IISIIKRIKS, 1 r. more tli.in 20 \car-i a livi'l)' business lias been iIdho in sh.".rk catching' at the Island iif Santa C'atalina. About the nutnth of Ainil, sharks visit the ba_\-s of the island in lar^'e schools, for the purpose, it is su[)p()scil. of clc|)ositin^ tiieir et,';;s in the sanil. All that are cau},dit are found to contain a larj^c numbiT, about the size of hens' eg^^s. Those found at Santa Caialina arc 6 to S feet lon^. It is well known that the fins are used In- Chinamen for making soup, and it is said that excellent combs are made from the same materia!; but the most profitable part of the sliar!; i> t!ie li\er, from which a valuable oil is obtained. Ihe oil is clear, .md ()urns well ii; its cruile state, but is chiefly useil fiir lubricating purposes. It also makes an excellent sheep wash, and is wdrth in the Californian market about 50 cents ;i _i,^'illon. At Analieim Landing;, for about 4 months in the ye.ir, the business of shark catching is lucrative. Large stikcs arc dri\en into the saiitl at intervals along the beach. To these stake-, is tied one end of a \o;v^ rope; on the other end is ;i strong iron hook baited with fish. This is thrown into the water, and the shark, when caught, is ilrawii on shore and killed. It .some- times requires the united strength of 5 fir 4 men to land a full-grown fisli. The dog-fish is capturcil in i'uget .Sound for the valuable oil extracted from its liver. It is omnivorous, consuming, it is said, even its own joung. The establishment?, of Till, XOKTII-WI'.ST Tu.VUIXC COMI'.WV, engaged partlv in catching iKig-fish sharks on the coast of Alask.% have been meii- tioneil under the head of the herring fishery. Skidegate Oil Company — The only establishment on our coast occupied cxclusivel)- with the extraction of oil from the shark b\' steam-]iower, is that of Till-. Skiiii.(..\TI, (3n. CdMI'.WV, at the Skidegate Inlet, in one of the Ouecn Charlotte Islands, the w.itcrs of which inlet abound with the black shark. This oil when refined, esjiecially that made from the livers — and these yiekl 70 per cent, or more of oil— is gootl for lamps, and an excellent lubricant. Mr. /Xnoersox, chief engineer of the British war-ship, Rocket, recommended its use in the Hritish Navy, and Josr.ril SrRATT, proprietor of the Albion I"\iundry, V'ictoria, expressed an equally favorable opinion of its merits. It is highly translucent, and of a pale amber color, re.sembling olive oil in appearance; and that taken from the livers is sent to market in cans holding 10 gallons each, labelcil "Skidegate Oil." The sharks are caught in water between .S and 20 fathoms deep, with trawl-lines, each having 500 hooks. The bait is principally herring. The company has a capital of $24,000, contributed by \Vi I. MAM Stkrling, CiiarlIvs Morton, J. McB. Smith, and Howard TRKMIOLM, of Victoria, who commenced operations in 1X79. The oil works consist of 4 wooden buildings; the main one having a ground area of 2,000 square feet, and containing a steam-boiler, retorts, OTIIKK makim; I ISIIKKIKS. 361 dr>'in}^-pans, settlinfj-t.inks, etc. The remaining buildings arc used fiir in.ik- in;,' tin-cans for canniiijj the oil, for storage, and for the coinpanv's (|ii,irters and tradinf^j-posl. The nian\- drawbacks incidi-nlal to all new enter|)rises of an uncertain nature, have affected the siiccoss of the venture. 1 he first season and a portion of the second were cx'k ^ "incntal, so that but a small return was made on the invested capital. 1 he season of uSS:: bids fair to prove successful, as the increased quantiti< .1 anil improvid i|uality of the oil, together with a better knowletlge by ' .isumei. of the \alue of the product, offer every inilucemenl to jjro.secute and luirtrirc tin. inilustr)-, v.ith a view of enlarging; the works, and increasing' facilities for more extensive opera- tions in the future. Tiie jicld of 1881 .' as 35,cxxj gallon.s, which will be shipped to I'^ngland, Australia, and California. At present 10 white men are employed at $40 per month each, besides Indians occasionally. Fishing-boats. — Only 12 large, dcep-sca fishing-boats 11 >w make the harbor of San I-'rancisco their headquarters. The remainder of the fleet, engaged in suppl)ing the metropolis with fresh fish, nimibering 50 or 60, have their rendezvous at Montere)', and other points on the coast. They arc staunch craft, almost entirely decked over, and can live in a very heavy sea. l£ach boat carries a crew of 7 or 8 men, ecjuipped with stout lines, termed here " trawl-lincs," and al.so " taut-lines," some of them 2,000 yards in length, when jomcd together in pieces. To this line, at intervals of one yard, are attached the short lines, 2 fee"- '. length, which hokl the baited hook. Between Pigeon I'oint and Monterey are favorite trawling-grounils for large fish. The depth of water shouUl not be less than 1 5 feet nor more than 60 fathoms. A bank, 9 miles in length and situated 25 miles south of the I'arallones, also affords a favorite ground for decp-.sca fishing. This bank is a mile wide and is covered by 38 to 50 fathoms of water. When the fishing-ground is reached the boat is anchored, if possible, and the lines thrown overboard, requiring 2 hours to run out. The time needed for haul- ing in depends on the catch. A good catch from the 2,000 hooks of a sin- gle line may be stated at 500 pounds, though, once in a while, it may reach 2,000 pounds. The fish caught are mainly the different varieties of rock-cod flounders, sole of* various species, and the bastard (or Monterey) halibut. The true halibut and ba racuda arc a small portion of the catch. The black rock-fish runs up to 6 pounds, while rare specimens may exceed 8 pounds. The price of the different descripti',;n:. of rock-cod varies, according to .sca- .son and quality, from 4 to 12 cents pci pound, tiveraging 7 cents. The red cod sell about a cent a pound higher than the blue rock-fish. The white fishermen of San l-'rancisco number at least 300, and arc chiefly Italians, who outnumber all other nationalities. The remainder are i'lf' ' 362 FISHERIES, ETC. Americans, Greeks, Portuguese, and Dalmatians. They work on shares, the crew of each boat consisting; of the owner and several others. One .share is credited to the boat, and the rest are divided equally between the owner and each member of the crew. Their earnings a\crage $4 to $4.50 a day per man, when at work; but the majority work only long enough at a time to accumulate perhaps $60, and then remain idle until their savings have been squandered in dissipation. Notwithstanding the dangers and hardships incident to their career, it is probable that few of them would care to change their avocation. The City of New York is almost entirely supplied with cod, halibut, blue- fish, and bass, by means of smacks, some of which go several hundred miles and convey them alive to market in their wells. There is hardly a doubt that before long the mackerel of San Diego and Santa Barbara, and the cod and halibut of I'ugct Sound and the Oregon Coast, will be brought fresh to the San Francisco market Oysters and Clams. — Oysteis are found on our coast from Central America to Alaska, and there are considerable beds of them in many of the bays and inlets, especially in Yaquina, Tillamook, and Shoalwater bays, in Xatard's Inlet, and in Pugct Sound. Humboldt and Coos bays, how- ever, arc exceptions; for no oysters have been found there, perhaps because they receive too much fresh water, or have muddy bottoms on which the oyster spawn can not live. The largest and most palatable of the indig- enous Pacific oysters have their home in the Gulf of California, but the ex- tensive beds there have little commercial value, as they arc remote from the centers uf population and wealth, and there is no regular, swift, and frequent communication to transport the delicate bivalves to the market before spoil- ing. These beds may continue to remain for many years undisturbed, while we .send large sums every year to New York for our supplies. The first .attempt to supply San Francisco with Pacific oysters was made in 1850, by Captain FeltsTEAD, who took a cargo from Shoalwater Bay. They died before reaching the market, but Antiionv Luulum repeated the experiment the next j'car, and made a success of it. Shoalwater Bay supplied all the fresh oysters to the Californian metropolis for ten years, but the bivalves there were nearly all killed in the winter of 1861-62, cither by too much cold or too much fresh water. The oystermcn then turned their attention to a small bed in Natard's Bay, an estuary 50 miles south of the Columbia River; but as the eutrance was small, they .soon abandoned that place for a larger bed in Yaquina Bay, in latitude 44" 40'. This bed, and one near Olympia, were the chief reliance of the San Francisco market for several years, until a new growth of young oysters could occupy the Shoal- 11 OTHER MAIUNK I'ISHERIES. 363 water bed. The annual catch at the latter place is now about 3,000 sacks of 100 pounds each, while it is 12,000 at Olympia, and 600 at Yaquina. Half of the Olympia catch {j;ocs to the San Francisco market. There arc about 1,500 of the Orci^on or Washington oysters in a bushel, and 50 of them are required for a plate of stew, which is sold in the San Francisco restaurants for 25 cents. The annual oyster crop of Shoal water Bay was $200,000 about 1870. The completion of the Central-Union Pacific Rail- road in 1869 made a change in the oyster market, by making it possible to bring the New York oysters alive across the continent. They were brought when a year old — less in size than a silver quarter of a dollar, 1,500 of them in a bushel — and planted in San Francisco Bay, which proved to be icmarkably well fitted to fatten them, though the mud bottom would not permit their spawn to live. At the end of the first year, 600 fill a bushel ; in 2 years, 300, and in 3 yeans, 200. The experiment was so successful that they were brought by the car-load, to the number of 40,000,000 in a year. The fattening-beds first used were north of the Golden Gate, but these, perhaps because of the occasional excess of fresh water from the Sacra- mento and ban Joaquin rivers, are now abandoned, or at least in much less favor than the beds on the southern arm of the bay. In San Francisco, Terry & Co. have 200 acres of oyster-bed ; Morgan & Co., 200; SwAN- BERG & West, 100; and Doane & Co., in association with Morgan & Co., 100. All these beds are between high and low tide, so that they are bare every day. They arc covered with shells or stone ; for the oyster does not thrive 'n the mud. Each bed is surrounded by a fence of pickets 6 inches apart, costing $500 a mile, to protect the mollusk against the sting- ray, a flat fish from 8 to 24 inches across, which is very fond of the bivalve, and would soon clean off a bed if allowed free access. This enemy is not more than 2 inches thick, and could easily pass between the stakes if he could or would turn himself edgewise, but he never does. After he has once been fenced out, the oysters are safe so long as the stakes are not dis- turbed. It is on account of this enemy that the beds arc above low tide. The bottom can be inspected every day, to ascertain whether a sting-ray has entered, and if so, he can be caught and killed without .serious difficulty. These fishy gourmands are not in the bay during the rainy sea.son, perhaps because the water is then too brackish for them; but their presence, for at least half the year, may be the cause of the scarcity of indigenous oysters in the bays and coves of California. After oysters have been planted 3 years in San Francisco Bay, and have grown so that 200 of them make a bushel, they are gathered and divided into 2 qualities, the first selling for $3 and the .second for $2 by the 100. The total annual sales of the New York transplanted, and Oregon and I s. 364 FISIIKRIKS, KTC. W.ishin)-ster houses of San l""rancisco arc those of E. Teury & Co., Mou(;.\N & Co., Do.\Mi & Co., and S\v.\Niii-Kci v^ \\'i:sT, all having their offices in the California market. Large oysters ha\e been brought in ice from New York to San rrancisco, but not in quantities large enough to deserve more than mere mention. Several at- tempts have been made to send the o^ ters of the Gulf of California to San I'rancisco, by sailing-vessel and steamer, but all proved unprofitable. Those few of the mollusks which arrived in good condition were received with favor, but the great majority died on the way. It is not improbable that the Mexican oyster would multiply in the Kay of San Diego, and in that of Santa Margarita on the west coast of Lower California; and the time is, ])erhai)s, not far distant when better accommodations can be provided on the steamers for the Mexican oysters than they had when sent on their travels before. Nearly 300 tons of canned oysters are sent from Baltimore and New York to the Pacific Coast annually. Clams are numerous on the beaches of our coast, anil are of many differ- ent species, varying much in size, flavor, and toughness. The_\- are espe- ciall>- abundant in Washington, Hritish Columbia, and y\laska, and the sup- plies there will probably become valuable at no distant time for exportation. The only Pacific clam market, from which we can get any definite informa- tion, is that of San Francisco, which demands 475 bushels, at $1.25 a bushel b\' wholesale, ever)- average week. When opened and sold raw, at retail, the price is 25 or 30 cents a gallon. Most of the San Francisco clams come from the bay beach of San Mateo, where clam-diggers arc employed at wages of $30 a month and board. The boatmen employed to bring the catch to the city get $60 and board. I'^astern long-neck clams, introduced from New York, have established tliemselves in the bay and multiplied, .so that they make up a considerable part of the catch in .some places. The supply of these clams amounts to 400 bushels weekly, and the wholesale price is 75 cents a bushel. The leading dealers in them are Joiix WklciIT & Co., 83 California Market. Tomales and Monterey bays have a different clam, more palatable, but smaller and more difficult to dig. This supply, mostly from Tomales, 75 bushels a week, is sold for $3 a bushel. W. Al.l.KN, 72 California Market, makes a sjiecialt)- of the Tomales clam. Attempts to introduce it into San I'rancisco Hay have failed. Limantour Hay, under I '■ OTHFK marint: risiiF.Rirs. 365 the shelter of Point Reyes, has a clam as large as a large saucer, but it is accounted tough and tasteless. Several species of salt-water mussels arc abundant along our coast. The San I'rancisco market requires 400 bushels a month, and pays $1.25 a bushel for them to the gatherers. The best sup- ply comes from the pickets driven in the bay, about the oyster-grounds, to keep out the sting-ray.s. The pearl-oyster is founa on both .shores of Lower California, but the only profitable fi.shcry has been on the eastern shore. The business began in i5cSo and has been maintained ever since, with varying succes.s. The average annual yield has been about $50,000, half of the value in pearls and half in mother-of-pearl shells. Before 1870, 350 divers were employed, but about that time submarine armor was introduced, and in 1S74 the yield was estimated to be $300,000, two thirds in shell and one third in pearls. It was the opinion of men familiar with the oyster-beds, that if this method of working were long pursued, the marketable shells would become so scarce that the fishery would cea.sc to pay. The relative value of the pearl has decrea.sed, and, on account of the increa.se of travel, the divers have better opportunities to .sell stolen pearls than in previous centuries, .so that the profits of the emploj-ers are less now than when Mexico was under the Spanish dominio There are fi.sheries for the pearl-oyster in the Hay of Panama and its v 1 'ty, and beds al.so at several places along the western coast of Central A,.,ciica. At Panama a submarine boat has been u.scd with success, in obtaining the pearls. The saucer-like shell of the abalone, or sea-ear {Haliolis) .sometimes a foot, and generally, as seen in the market, 7 inches across, when polished artificially on the outside, the inside being polished by nature, is one of the most brilliant of shells, showing bright colors beautifully arranged, with a high luster. It is well adapted in its natural form for purposes of ornamen- tation, and is also cut up to make jewelry, buttons, handles for knives, par- asols, etc. Three kinds are known to the dealers. The first has bluish and greenish cohjrs, intermingled with white, and is found along the .shores of Lower California and Mexico. The second has red colors, and extends from Mendocino to Monterey. The third, a white abalone. is found from Monterey to San Diego. About 170 tons are exported to China and Europe aninially for manufacture into buttons, and bring from $40 to $iSo a ton — perhaps $10,000 for the whole .shipment. Most of the abalones are obtained by Chinamen, who use a light crowbar to tear them from the rock to which they attach themselves, between high and low tide. The meat when dried has the form, size, color, and almost the hardness of a colt's hoof, but is used for food, and sells for about 5 cents a pound, most of it being .sent to China. J 366 1 ISUERIKS, ETC. Shrimps, etc. — Shrimps arc abundant in the bays and inlets of the Pacific Coast; but there is no fishing for them, worthy of note, anywhere save in San Francisco Hay. The business is chiefly in the hands of China- men, and the best fishing-grounds are in the cove off San Rafael, and on the western side of the bay, south of San Bruno Mountain. There are several colonies of Chinamen, numbering altogether 500 persons, on the San Mateo shore, occupied mainly in catching and curing shrimps. They are divided into little camps, numbering from 12 to 40 men, each under a manager, who selects the fishing-ground, directs the work, and determines how much of each daily catch is to be sent to the city, and how much dried. It is impossible to ascertain the average earnings, but they are doubt- less small. A funnel-shaped net, 30 feet long, w'ith a mouth 18 feet wide, and meshes not more than half an inch in diameter, is set in water 20 or 25 feet deep when the tide bcgir to '-omc in, and hoisted before the ebb. The average daily catch in that nei^;liborhood is a ton and a half, for 200 fishermen, employed in 40 boats, with crews of 5 men each. The shrimps, when taken to the shore, are boiled in weak brine for half an hour, when they are ready for the table. Those demanded for the fresh consump- tion of San Francisco, and the towns supplied from the metropolis, are sold at the rate of 3 cents per pound at the fishing-ground at wholesale, or 1 5 cents as delivered to small restaurants and other consumers. The remainder of the catch is dried on the ground, and after the shells have been removed, the meat brings from $ to 8 cents per pound, for the use of Chinamen distant from the seaboard in the Pacific States, and for exportation to China. Only one pound of dried meat is obtained from 1 5 of fresh shrimps. The gross receipts of the fishermen for the shrimp catch is estimated at $I5,CXX) per month. Large prawns are common in the waters near Victoria, and are in much demand for the table. One of the notable crustaceans of the San Francisco market is a large prawn, or, as it is generally called, a crawfish, similar in size, general appearance, and flavor, to the Atlantic lobster, but without claws. It is caught in nets and box-traps, along the coast south of Monterey, and especially in the vicinity of Santa Barbara. The weight of those brought to the market usually ranges from 4 to 6 pounds, and the monthly supply amounts to 5 tons, worth $300 or $350 a ton. A small prawn has been caught occasionally outside of the Golden Gate in trawl nets, by Italian fishermen, but there is no regular supply, and it has no commercial importance. The crab is found along our coast from Panama to Alaska, but is not made the object of a special fishery anywhere except near the seaports. The only considerable market is San Francisco, which consumes 3CX) do/cn daily, paying 75 cents per dozen, or about $75,000 for a year's catch, to the OTHER MARINE 1 ISHERIES. 367 fishermen. The chief implement of the crab fishery is a strong circuhir net, fastened to a hoop 3 feet in diameter. In this any kind of cheap meat, such as the heads of fish, or a butcher's bone, is fastened, and it is thrown into the water where the crabs abound. They soon fasten themselves on the bait, and when the net is lifted from the water, do not try to escape. The city wharves arc convenient for crab fishing, and are used for that pur- pose, mostly by Chinamen. Marine turtles are found along the coasts of Mexico and Central America, and are abundant in the Gulf of California. They have a habit of sleeping on the surface of the water under the hot sun, especially in very quiet weather, and are not aroused by the oars of an approaching boat. The tur- tle, while lying thus at his ease, is harpooned by the fisherman, who with little effort .secures a victim weighing from 20 to 1 50 pounds. The meat of the marine turtle is esteemed a great delicacy, though it often lo.ses much of its flavor when the animal is transported on shipboard, for long distances, without food. It is tenacious of life, but, if not protected by covering with wet cloth, will sometimes die on the voyage. About a dozen of these tur- tles arc brought to San Francisco, cx^ery month, by vessels coming from Guaymas or La Paz, though there would be but little difficulty in getting a much larger number. Two attempts have been made to can turtle-meat at Guaymas for foreign markets. The first was in 1869, when P. M. SCOOFFY erected an establishment, in which he canned 10 tons of .turtle per month. The venture was not profitable, and was soon abandoned. The second was in 1876, when J. A. Robinson went into the busines.s, and canned 40 tur- tles a day on an average, making from a ton to a ton and a half of meat, until January, 1880. 368 FISHERIES, ETC CHAPTER XXIV— RIVER FISHERIES. Catch.— In no other part of the world arc large fish so abundant in the rivers, or arc they caught in ciiiantitics so considerable in proportion to the number of fishcnncn, as on our coast, north of latitude 39". The Colorado, the only large stream on our slope of the continent south of the Golden Gate, and the Mexican streams on the Pacific side, are, if not poor, at least not noted for wealth in fish of commercial value. From San I'rancisco to the Yukon, all the large rivers are rich in salmon, of which there are 5 species, some distinguished for size, reaching a weight of 100 pound.s. They are so numerous, so palatable, so well fitted for canning and salt- ing, and so easily taken, that the business of catching them is a prominent feature in the fisheries of the globe, and makes up nearly all that there is of the river fisheries on our coast. Of a total annual catch of iS5,ooo tons, after cleaning, on our coast (including 20,000 in Oregon, 20,000 in California, 15,000 in l?ritisK Columbia, and 30,000 in Alaska), at least 78,000 are salmon. The Indians of British Columbia, according to the estimate of A. C. AxDKKSON, Fish Commissioner, consume 500 pounds of salmon each in a )X'ar on an average, or 8,500 tons in the aggregate ; 1,500 tons of halibut, and 2,000 tons of sturgeon, herring, trout, and other fish. The Indians of Alaska, as well as those of Uritish Columbi.-i, depend mainly on fish for their food. The greater part of the salmon catch is canned, and the pack of 1 88 1 amounted to nearly 1,000,000 ca.ses, each containing 24 2-|)ound cms, including 540,793 ca.ses for the Columbia, 200,000 fijr the Sacramento, 160,000 for the I'ra.scr, 45,000 for the Skeena and Nass ri\ers and Klawoc, 14,000 for the Rogue, 20,000 for the Umptpia, 7,000 for the ICel, and 6,000 each for Puget Sound and Smith River. The figures are evidently not precise for anj- district, save the Columbia, and the exact amount may exceed the round total, which is equivalent to 48,000,000 pounds, or about 30 pounds for every white inliabitant of our coast, north of Mexico. He- sides salmon, we catch sturgeon, perch, trout, salmon-trout, shad, and catfish in our stream.s. The total value of the annual catch, exclusive of amounts consumed by Indians and Aleuts, is probably $6,500,000; the canned salmon alone being worth about $5,000,000 in San Francisco at tiie present prices. RTVF.R I'lSIIERIF.S. 3>"J Salmon Habits. — The salmon bom in the rivers and brooks descend, wlien youn^, to tiic ocean, where they spend several years, and then return to their native streams to spawn. It is supposed that instinct takes them back to their birthplace; so that one hatched in the upper I'it Ri\'er, will not only find the Golden Gate, and pass the mouths of the San Joaquin, American, and leather, but even of the Little Sacramento and McCloud, traveling 300 miles in fresh water before stopping. The age which the salmon will reach is not accurately known, but it is probably not less than 8 years. The common opinion, that all female salmon spawn only once, and then die, is almost certainly erroneous as to some species. It is inconsistent with the fact that eggs are found in females of many different sizes, and with the obscrvation.s of R. D. Hu.Mi:, who has taken them in Rogue River after spawning, branded them, thrown them into the river, and caught the same individuals of an enlarged size in several subsequent season.s. The fact, that many of the fish reach the spawning-grounds in an exhausted condition and soon die, proves nothing. The salmon spawns in all the streams flowing into the ocean, between latitude 34^ and Behring Strait; but in the Sacramento basin, the spawning- grounds now in use are limited to the Pit, McCloud, and Little Sacramento, and in the San Joaquin basin to the upper San Joaquin and the Merced rivers. The spawning season in the Sacramento and San Joaquin basins includes August and September; in the Eel and Smith rivers, September and October; in most other Californian streams, January and February; in the Columbia and its tributaries, from August to December; and in Alaska, from June to October. In all tho streams between 47' and 34° the salmon are far less abundant than they were 30 years ago. The kind, size, and proportionate number of different species vary in streams not far apart, and in the same stream, according to season. The most abundant run of the Columbia was in May, until 1879, and since that year has been in July. Some of the Columbia River fishermen think that the fish are more abundant there in j-ears of exceptionally large rainfall, and that the average interval between 2 such years in Oregon is about long enough to enable the salmon to attain their full growth before spawning, so as to be ready to ascend the stream in the first very wet year. 15. Haigh, canncr on the Fraser, has observed, that in .seasons of exceptionally large rainfall, the salmon are less numerous than in relatively dry years. It is the supposition of some fishermen, that the salmon intending to visit the spawning-ground do not swim rapidly when entering the river, but linger for a time in the brackish water, which, in times of abundant rain, they find outside of the Heads, and in dry seasons in the lower part of the river. 47 n :^> 3;o FisiiKRiEs, i:tc. The .si)ccies most abundant in tlic rivers of California, Oregon, and Wash- ington is the common sahnon, or quinnat (O/icor/iv/ia/s (juiiuiat). while in British Columbia it is the smaller socUejx'. iW\ the varieties of salmon en- ter tlie rivers ,it all seasons of the year, but in many streams are most abun- dant in the spring and fall; so the fishermen generally speak of the spring and fall " runs." There is, however, (jnl)' one spawning season of about 2 months, when the fish ascend to the smaller tributaries of any one river to deposit their eggs, and those fish which lea\e the ocean (i months or more before the time for spawning are, perhaps, misled by a defect of in- stinct. One fisherman sa)-s the spring run begins in the fall and continues through the j-ear. The largest run of salmon in the Columbia, in ordinary years, formerly in May, is now in July; in the I'"raser River, in August and September; and in the Sacramento, in August. The season of greatest plenty is, in some rivers, the period of spawning, and in others comes .sev- eral months earlier. Hefore 1 850, .salmon were very abundant in nearly all the tributaries of the Sacramento and San Joa(|uin, but after the waters were filled with the mud and sand from the placer washing.s, the fish found no suitable place to deposit their eggs, and have long since entirely disappeareil from all the streams that drain the most productive of the min- ing districts. The Sacramento for 50 miles, and the San Joaquin for 15 miles, from Suisun Hay, have their salmon fisheries, and the fish are occasionally caught twice ;is far from the bay; but the main streams higher up and their tributaries generally are now nearly bare. The salmon are rare in the streams entering the ocean south of San Francisco Bay ; and arc more abundant relatively in I'X'l and .Smith rivers than in any other Cali- forni.m streams. I ii' Fishing Implements. — Salmon are taken with gill nets, seines, traps, and current-wheels, and rarely, in salt water, with hooks. The gill net is from joo to yao fathoms long, and usually 20 feet deep, with meshes 8!/^ inches long when .stretched lengthwise, and \]/^ inches on each side when .square. A net costs $250 usually, and lasts one sea.son. The material is twine, made of the best linen shoe-thread, and is knit in the winter by the fishermen, all attempts to make the necessary double-knot by machinery having failed. The net, provided with floats at the top and sinkers at the bottom, is stretched across the current and allowed to (loat with it until a load of fish is secured — the distance traveled being sometimes 15 miles; or, if the fish arc verj- abundant, not one tenth so far. The net is generally used onlyat night or in mudd)' water.for when the fish can see clcarl\-,it will not put its head in the noose. The large fish— tho.se weighing more than 8 pounds — get their heads through and stick there, their gills holding them fast. The \\ \ KIVI.K II SI I IK IKS. 371 boat passes along the net, which the fishermen lift and relieve of liie catch. When a load is secured (from 60 to 80 salmon), the net is taken up and the fishermen start for the canncr\'. The nets and fishermen are so numerous in some parts of the river that there is not room for ail to work at the same time, without being so near as to destroy all chance for the higher nets to catch anj'thing; but by common consent, certain rules have been adoptetl regulating the times when each boat shall have its turn. The seine has smaller meshes than the gill net, and is used to surround the fish and haul them to the shore. One end is held on the bank while a boat pays out the seine, which is then swept through the water against the incoming tide for a little while, and then the boat comes rounil with a sweep to the bank below, and the ends are hauled in. While 2 men can manage a gill net, a dozen arc required for a .seine, though the latter is onl)- half the length of the former. Seining is not successful where the water is much deeper than the seine; and it is used chiefly at shoal jjlaces in the Lower Columbia, and in the Rogue and ICel rivers. The trap is a picket fence near the bank in shallow water, leading to a pocket which the salmon swimming up stream enter, and can not leave. The Columbia may have a score of traps, .md there are perhaps as many in British Columbia. Amount of the catch depends on the currents, which change from )-ear to year, a trap being very profitable in one season and yielding nothing in the next. The average catch of a Columbia River trap '.n 1881 was about 3,500 fish. The salmon-wheel is suspended over the water and driven round by the current running under it and striking its lower edge. Attached to it are 'iwo .scoop-nets which catch the fish passing beneath, lift them up out of the water, and throw them into a trough. Only one such wheel has been con- structed, near the Cascades, but it has been very successful in the .season of 1881, catching from 1,500 to 4,000 adult salmon in a da)-. This device has been patented. It must be stationed near the bank, but the salmon usually a\oid the middle of the stream, where the downward current is stronger, and there are no eddies to facilitate their ascending course. The wheel has caught small, as well as large fish, and the fishermen generally demand that its use shall be prohibited. The boats u.scd in the fishery arc uniform in size and pattern — 24 feet long, 6^j wide, and 2yi deep; sharp at bohh ends, with a center-board, a triangular sail, rowlocks and oar.s, and capacity to carry 4 tons. The cost is $250 to $300; the material. Port Orford cedar and oak; the place of con- struction, San Francisco or Astoria; and the period of service, about 10 years. i .S72 FISHERTES. KTC. i : Columbia Fishery. — The .s.ilmon fishery of the Columbia gives employ- ment in the season 105,600 men, 3,100 Chinamen being employed in the canneries, while 2,500 whites take charge of the boats and net.s. The can- nery proprietors own 1,200 boats, and lease them with nets and all the nec- essary tools and supplies to the fishermen, a large proportion of whom arc Scandinavians, Italians, and Finns, who, as rent, mu-t give one third of the catch, and must sell the other two thirds at a stipulated price. Each boat has 2 men, a captain and a helper. The former hires the latter, boards him, and gives him 10 cents for ever)- fish caught. The fishermen, who own their boats and nets, sell where they plca.se, but usually recci\-e the same price as is paid to the men using the cannery boats. It is expected that the captain of a boat will make at least $100 and his helper $70 a month for their labor. The average catch of a boat for a season may be 2,000 fi.sh, worth $1,200, equivalent to $300 a month, of which $100 is allowed for the use of the boat and net and other material. The price on the Columbia was 60 or 62)2 cents a fi.sh in 1881, the price having increased gradually .since 1S66. The'following table is prepared from the statistics of the Port- land Board of Trade, showing the total product in cases, the price per case of 48 pounds, and the prices for each fish paid by the canneries to the fishermen, from 1866 to 188 1. Year. Total Product. I'ricc. Cost 0 r Fish. , Year. Total Product. Price. Cost of Fish. 1866 4,000 $16 00 «5 cts. 1874 350,000 $6 so 25 cts. 1867 18,000 13 00 '5 CtS. i I«75 37S.OOO 5 60 25 cts. 1868 28,000 12 00 20 cts. 1876 450,000 4 50 25 cts. 1869 100,000 lo 00 20 cts. i 1877 460,000 S 20 25 cts, 1870 150,000 9 00 20 CtJ. ! 1878 460,000 5 00 25 cts. 1S7: 200,000 9 5° 224 cts. 1879 480,000 4 60 50 cts. 1872 250,000 8 00 25 cts. 1880 530,000 4 80 50 cts. '873 250,000 7 00 25 cts. 1881 550,000 5 00 60 cts. In the canneries, about 850 white men arc employed as superintendents, clerks, foremen, etc., earning from $50 to $175 a month, averaging $62. White men make the net.s, cans, boats, and ca.ses, and have all the capital used in the business. The 3,100 Chinamen receive $372,000 for their work of 4 months; the 850 white laborers in the canneries receive $210,000; the 2,500 fishermen, $850,000. The wages in the fishing season and cost of fish paid by the canneries amount to $1,433,000; and of this the 4,000 China- men get less than a third, v.hile the 3,500 whites divide the other two thirds among themselves. The proprietors get $2,750,000 for the product, leav- ing them $1,316,400 above the cost of the fish and wages in the fishing .sea- son to pay other cannery expenses, interest on the investment and profits. > H O o w M M H O KlVl.k IISIIKklKS. 37.1 When cannirifT bc^nn on the ('(iluinl)ia, tlic fi-^hcrmcn supposctl that they coulil not jjet a t;ood catcli of .salmon anj'whcrc, save in that [jart (>( the river 20 miles or more from tho sea, where the width does not exceed one mile. There they built ail the (Mrl)- canneries; but the latLT ones went ilown stre;im. The fishermen, allowing their nets to float with the cu'i'.nt, found the catch continueil ^ootl after the river widened, even for the 1 5 miles nearest the ocean, where the distance from bank to bank is 6 miles. Nor ilo they always t.ike up their nets when they reach the mouth, but .sometimes ^n out to s<',i for miles, def)'in^f the (lan<^ers of the stormy Columbia Uar, on which more than 200 fishermen have lost their lives within 4 >-ear.s, rk) having' been drowned in iSSo. As t.ie fish are taken while mi^niting from the sea, the nets farthest out iiave the first chance to catch. The Columbia River quinnat salmon are considered the Ixjst for caiinin_L(, and are the most e.vtensivel)' known, so that the name Columbia on the label secures favorable consideration with the purchaser. The market demands fish with a ^'ood salmon color, and rejects those of pale tints even if the meat is equally good. At Mukilteo, on I'uget Sound, a pale salmon is abundant every alternate year, and is an excellent fi.sh, but on account of the irregularity in the supply can not be packed now with a profit, and for that reason, a cannery established there in 1877 has since been moved away. The reckless and improvident methods of taking the salmon, and the wasteful destruction of the fish in the Columbia, threatened to .seriously reduce the catch, so the legislatures of Oregon and Washington adopted statutes, regulating the size of the meshes, and prohibiting fishing from f> V. M. on Saturday till the same hour on Sunday. A mesh of 8J/2 inches long will allow salmon 2 years old, weighing 8 pounds, to pass through readily. Fish of this size were often thrown away after they were dead, becau.sc too small to can with profit while other larger fish were plenty. T'-.;.se legislative restrictions were accompanied by severe penalties, but have not been ob.servcd, for many of the fishermen make a practice of fishing on Saturday night, and -some of them ha\c meshes smaller than the law allows. Califomlan Fishery. — The average weight of the Califomian salmon is 12 pounds after cleaning, and the aggregate catch in the 12 months ending Augu.st ist, was 2,500 tons in 1875, 2,650 in 1876, 3,290 in 1877, 3,260 in 1878, 2,200 in 1870, 5,000 in 1880, and 7,000 in 18S1. Of the Califomian salmon, at least 1,000 tons are eaten fresh annually, and the remainder canned or salted. San Francisco takes 100 fish daily, and other parts of the State and Nevada 400. The large size of the salmon, and the ^ w. mi > f 374 msiii;rii;s, i;tc. facilit)- of fccocjnizintj its meat, help to liiul a market for it in tlic interior towns, where the smaller fish cauglit in the oeean and bays arc not so well known, and do not find so ready sale. The total consumption of fresh fish in California is about 5 tons daily. The fish commissioners think that the dccitled increase of 1877 was caused b)- the artificial fish hatchinj^, which in that j'car began to produce its mature salmon. In iSSo the catcli was so larLje, from the I5tli to the igth of Septernber, that 9,000 fish were thrown back into the water, as no market could be found for them. An- other remarkable feature in the salmon fishinj^ of that )-ear was, that about 45 fish were caught by each boat dail)' in December, 6 tiincs more than in pre- vious )ears. The decrease in ICS79 was the result of a controversy between the fisherm-.-n, who demanded 40 cents, and the cannei-}- proprietors, who offered 25 cents for the fisli, on an average. The fisliermcn caught only so many salmon as the)' thouglit were needed for fresli consimiption, and, after sending them 50 miles to San I'rancisco. there accepted from the.m.irket- men the 25 cents which they refused to take from the canneries within a mile of tlieir nshin;,r-grounds. The .San I'^ranciscans who took the trouble to go to the v\harf, where the fishing-boats lay, coul'l get their fresh salmon at a cent a pound. The usu.il [irice since 187S lias been about 35 cent.s a fish. The Californian salmon, save those in l'",el Ri\-er, are taken e.\cliisivel)- in gill-nets. The law forbids the spreading of the net across more tiian one third the width of a ri\-er, but as tlic nets are 250 fathoms long, they do\ibt- li'ss often reach from bank to bank. Mucli of the fishing is done at night, when the net is itnisible, where.is it scares the fisli in the daylight. There arc two men to a boat, aiitl they generall)- own it in eciual shares, though until recentl)' they ha\e been in debt for the boats, many of which were obtained in 1877, by the help of advances, amoimting in all to $10,000, made by the canneries. I?esides the boats, the fisherinen have scows which they use as dwellings. They are generalh' Italians, Greeks, Dalmatians, and Portuguese, and are unmarried. The)- spend much of their time in lounging, and many waste a large p.irt of their earnings in dissipation. It is expected that each boat will get 2,000 fish in a \'ear on an average. In \'.c\ River most of the salmon arc caught with a seine, 150 yards long, and 7 or 8 deep. One end is fastened to the bank, and several boats pay it out, carrying it across to the opposite bank, and then making a sweeping circuit back. It is hauled in by horses or with a windlass. Before this can be done with safety, the bed of the river must be carefully examined, and there arc few places where a .seine can be drawn before cleaning out the snags which are deposited b)- the high water every winter. The master fisherman takes uj) a quarter of a mile "f the river as a fishing claim, cleans KIV1.1< I ISIIKUIKS. 375 it out at an expense of perhaps $joo, pays $75 ever)' spring for repairs, ami has llie exclusixe use of the property, all his neicjhbors rccoy;ni/.inLj his title. The land on both sides of the river usuall)' belongs to the National Govern- ment. Tlu; crews employed in the Kel River fisheries receise $1.25 a day and board. Almost the entire )ield of the I^el and Smith ri\ers has been c;iTmed for years, the population near the fisheries being very small. In the large towns about San Franci.sco Bay, salmon arc obtainable for nearly half the >'ear for about 3 cents a pound at wholesale. A statute of California j)rohibits fishing for salmon in August, which is supposed to be the time when it is most important that they should be per- mitted to pass without disturbance to the spawning-grounds; but the law docs not apply to the whole State alike, and it is \iolated by man\' of the fishermen, who care little for the general interest, when it stands in the way of their immediate profits. The jietty officials in the villages near the fish- eries, in many cases, protect and encourage the poachers, who salt or smoke the catch in shanties on the tule islands. It is said that 100 tons of salt were sold in Jul)-, 1S80, to fishermen [ireparing for their criminal business. The close or illegal season of fishing has been frequently changed; and these changes have doubtless had an influence to weaken the authority of the law. Alaska Salmon.— The average size of the salmon caught in Alaska is about 35 pound's after cleaning; in the Columbia, 1'5 Its entire capacity for a season is 25,000 cases. One of the latest canneries in construction, and erected under the supervision of Jamks A. Laiolaw, at i)resent its exclusive owner, wiio had |>reviously been superintendent of Till-: Di;i;rA I'ackinc; Company, in which he still maintains an interest, is planned so as to secure great effectiveness with relatively small force. It has 25 boats, which run day and night, with 4 men to e.ich boat. The main building is 3 10 feet long by 40 wide, with wings 60 by 100 feet, giving room to do all the packing on the ground floor. Two wharves, a large storc-hou.se, roomy fish-house.s, and other buildings, combine to make it an extensive establishment. It gives employment to 150 men, most of whom are Chinamen. The agents of the Laidlaw canned salmon are Welch, RlTHET & Co., in V'ictoria. Windsor Canning Company.— The Windsor Canninc; Co^n'ANV, con- sisting of Hknrv Saunders, W. H. Dempster, and John Wilson, of Victoria, established ,1 cannery in 1878, at Aberdeen on the Skeena River, about 600 miles northward from the provincial mctropcjlis. In i8Si,they had 26 boats, employed 120 men, and canned 10,000 ca.ses of salmon. Their entire pack is shipped to the London market. Sacramento Salmon. — The salmon of the Sacramento River are canned in about a score of canneries, most of which are between Collins\ille and Vallcjo. Half a dozen San Francisco canneries which give most of their attention to fruit, also can salmon, and thus make the season's work last much longer than it does in those canneries occupied with salmon exclu- sively. Salt Salmon. — The production of salt salmon on our coast usually amounts to about 20,000 barrels (2,000 ton.s) annually. When a cannery has more fish than the canners can handle, when the dealers in fresh fish have a stock too large for the demands of the market, when fishermen take fish at times prohibited by law, and fear prosecution if they sell their catch in a fresh condition — at such times fish are salted. There arc also salmon- fisheries at ])laccs where there is neither cannery, nor market for fresh fish, and then salting is the best method of saving the fish until there is a chance to sell. The price in l.irge quantity is usually about $8 or $10 a barrel— at the rate of half a cent a pound. Other Catch. — The salmon is the only fish caught in large quantity for the market, in the fresh waters of our coast; though some others, including sturgeon, are taken incidentally in the salmon fishery. Lake trout, brook trout, catfish introduced into our streams, and carp bred in ponds, are fre- 49 1 il 't 386 FISHERIES, ETC. quciitly seen on the table. As one of the products or frequenters of fresh water, frogs must be mentioned here. San I'rancisco annually consumes 4,000 ilozcn of tlicm, averaging 5 in a pound, and selling at $3 a dozen, making a total consumption of $12,000. The demand has increased much within a few years, indicating a decided progress of the frog-eating pro- pensity among the Californians. Marin, Santa Clara, and San Mateo coun- ties— doubtless because of their proximity to the metropolis — are the "chief hunting-grounds for this batrachian ; and the implements of tiie chase are hand and scoop-nets, and a hook baited with red flannel. The supplj- being scanty, while the demand is lively in the winter, the canncr's art has been called into requisition, and the summer's catch is thus preserved for the winter meals of gourmands. m •; i ? li iiarhor and uiver improvement. 387 DIVISION VI.-ENGINEERING, ETC. CHAPTER XXV.— HARHOR AND RIVER IMPROVEMENT. General Remarks. — It is only within tlic last few years that the General Government has undertaken to facilitate the operations of commerce by improving the harbors and routes of water communication on the Pacific Coast. This chapter will show what has been accomplished in that time, what is now in progress, and will indicate to some extent what now seems probable in future development. A sketch of the extent of the field of operations on the Pacific Coast, and of the existing circumstances, may be of service in conveying a general idea of the scope for engineering in the future. A student of the commercial facilities of the Pacific Coast will ob- .servc that it is remarkable for the absence of sheltered harbors. .South of San Francisco the nearest harbor is San Diego, 500 miles dis- tant. The Columbia River, situated north of us 600 miles distant, is the nearest port in that direction capable of receiving large vessels. Rather more than 100 miles north of the Columbia, the strait of Juan do Fura affords every desirable facility. On the American coast line of about 1,300 miles, there arc harbors at each extremity, with San P'rancisco and the Columbia River intermediate. These 4 points comprise all the natural outlets of the Pacific Coast for general trade by deep-water ships. There are, however, other facilities for vessels of lighter draught in several harbors on the northern coast, and in a great number of open roadsteads, which are well protected from prevailing winds during a part of the year, which .serve for the transaction of local traffic. Between San Francisco and Cape Mendocino, a distance of 200 miles, there are 39 landings, most of them of small capacity, where vessels trade with security during the summer months, when the northerly winds prevail. In the winter these roadsteads are all dangerous, for the reason that they are open to the south-westerly kh-cU. North of Cape Mendocino and south of the Columbia River there are 6 or more roadsteads, the conditions of which arc the same. The most im- portant of these summer shelters are Trinidad, Crescent City, and Port Orford. South of San Francisco, there are also a number of open ports 388 EXcixrr.RtNf;, ktc. oi which serve to transact existing commerce in a convenient way for the greater part of Ihc year. Soutlicrly storms arc more rare and shorter in duration on the soutliern, than the northern coast, which fact is to tlie ad- \anta_Ljc of the ojicii ports. Humboldt and Coos bays, when entered, arc excellent harbors. The entrances are obstructed by bars, which are not prac- ticable for vessels of more than 12 or 14 feet draught. The Umpqua River has about the same depth on its bar. There arc a number of lagoons along the coast, bays of areas from one to several square miles, in which the tide ebbs and flows, and at the entrance of which arc bars with shallow depths. W'i'mington, the port of Los y\ngeles, conforms to this description. It id the only sea-coast harbor which has been artificiall)- improved. As the necessity for greater facilities arises, other places in\olving similar conditions maj' be similarly improved, so as to afford depth for vcs.scls of light draft. As for the open roadsteads, it may be said that the expense of con- verting them into inclosed harbors is so great, and the amount of existing commerce to be servctl by the improvement is relativel_\- so small, that the probability is, that works of thi;; class will not be undcrtak'cn for some j'cars to come, and until the country is much more developed than it is now. The problem of giving a permanent chanjiel and a better depth on the Columbia Ri\er bar, seems much more likely to demand attention before long. The rapid tle\clopment of the country tributarj- to this river seems to justify this conclusion. The internal natural commercial channels are of considerable extent and importance. The river .system of California, com- prising the Sacramento and San Joaquin ri\-ers, and the subsidiary channel.s of their delta and \icinit>', makes Ooo miles or more of navigation, which must always require attention to secure depth and remove obstructions. The Columbia River and its tributaries in Oregon and Washington are also an important link, to which may be adilcd the rivers in Washington Territory which drain the western slope of the Cascade Mountains. As population and business incrca.sc, all these avenues and conveniences of commerce will increase in value and importance. !t is the object and in- tention of the iMigineer Department to keep pace with this growth, and to better facilities as the necessity demonstrates itself The Colorado River maybe referred to as having been examined, and in jiart surveyed, although no appropriation for its improvement has been asketl for. San Francisco Harbor. — The natural advantages of this harbor are so great, thiit there has been no necessit)' for artificial aid to navigation, e.xccpt in the renio\al of several reefs of small extent. Three reel's have been removed by the aid of appropriations made by Congress. Two of these, namel)', Blos- som and Rincon rocks, were in the harbor, and the third, N'oonda)' Rock, HARBOR AND lUVICK IMPROVKMENT. 389 was on the approacli to the harbor, in the open sea, 3 miles north, Gf west from the North I'arallon Island, 33 miles to the southward and westward of the entrance to the harbor. Blossom Rock was 1,500 yards from the city- front, and midway between Alcatraz and Verba Buena islands. Its surface was 5 feet below mean low water, and the quantity of rock to be removed in order to give 24 feet at mean low water, was estimated to be 5,000 cubic yards. The work of excavating to the depth of 24 feet, was executed in 1 869 and 1 870, under contract, at a cost of $75,000. Rincon Rockwassituatedclo.se to the line of the city front, as established by statute in 185 1, and off Rincon Point. Its surface was 7 feet below low water, and the contents to 24 feet depth, were 4,7^'=^ cubic yards. A contract was inadc in September, 1873, for the removal to 24 feet depth, for the sum of $43,000. The extension of the Harri.son Street wharf rendered the excavation of a portion unneces- sary. The full depth was never secured, and settlement was made with the contractor for a partial fulfillment of the contract. The modification of the harbor front, which was made to take in the rock, rendered it inexpedient to complete the work. Noonday Rock was so called from the unfortunate wreck of a ship of that name, caused by striking the rock, the surface of which was 21 feet below low water. It was removed to a depth of 48 feet under contract, in 1876, by a single charge of 800 pounds of nitro-glyccrine, for which a lodgment was found at a suitable depth. The quantity of rock removed was about 200 cubic yards. Subsequent investigation showed that this rock was only one of a number of hidden reefs, which remain a danger to approaching vessels. Entrance to San Francisco. — The entrance of San Francisco Harbor is well known to be practicable for vessels of the heaviest draft. Following the crest of the bar from shore to shore, the distance is 14 miles — over 1 1 miles the dc|)th is 5 fathoms at low water. There is a channel about one half mile in width which carries 8 fathoms. I'or some years past there has been an uneas)- feeling in many intelligent minds, lest this excellent ap- proach is undergoing deterioration, resulting from extensive deposits and reclamations made since the American occupation of California, in the bays of Suisun and San I'ablo and elsewhere. It is not now possible to say that no deterioration at the entrance has occurred. It is, however, true that the survey of the bar made in 1873, shows quite as good water as the survey of 1855; and further, that it does not exhibit or suggest in any respect im- pairment of the channel over the bar. Still, it can not be denied that cause;; are at work 'vhich must in time make themselves felt in unfavorable changes at the entrance. It seems, however, at present probable that the changes will be gradu;J in ihcir occurrence, and that their effect in any iil 390 ENGINEERING, ETC. future cycle that \vc have any right to consider, whatever it may be, will still leave facilities adequate for commerce, even if inferior to present con- ditions. Further investigations are needed, however, in order that wc may keep informed as to the rate of change. Interior channels of the bay have not, however, maintained the dimen- sions which they presented 20 or 30 years ago. The ship channel through San Pablo Bay lost, between 1855 and 1878, more than a half mile in width, the depth remaining practically the same. The channel through Suisun Bay has, in the same interval, changed considerably and for the worse. There is hardly more than 15 feet here, at low water. These matters have been and are yet under the consideration of the Engineer Department, in the hope of devising means for arresting or favorably modifying these injurious changes. Oakland Harbor. — The object of this improvement is to make Oakland accessible to sea-going vessels, with a depth of channel, at low tide, of 18 to 20 feet. In its natural state, the depth of water on the bar which sepa- rates San Francisco Bay from the San Antonio estuary, is only 2 or 3 feet. At the (late of the beginning of the improvement undertaken by the United States, in 1S75, the depth was about 6 feet, which was secured by dredging, done by the City of Oakland. The project adopted to secure depth sufficient for sea-going vessels, required the construction of 2 jetties of about 10,000 feet in length, extending from the Oakland shore to deep water in San Francisco Bay, and in addition, a considerable enlargement of tiic tidal prism, which is to be accomplished, first, by dredging the llats in 'ic upper portion of the harbor to a depth of about 2 feet below low water; and second, by the construction of a tidal canal about one mile and a half in length, connecting the San Leandro estuary with the upper end of the harbor. The canal, with au.xiliary works, is intended to cause a portion of the tidal prism of San Leandro Bay to ebb through the channels of Oak- land harbor. The construction of the jetties was begun in 1875, and has received more or less attention to the present time ; three years, however, intervening dur- ing which no work was done, owing to restrictions contained in the appro- priation bills, relating to the claim of ownership of the bed of 'die estuary maintained by the Oakland Water Front Company. This claim was ex- amined by the Department of Justice, and in July, 1880, the Attorney- General issued an opinion to the effect that the United States have the right to enter upon any land covered by high tide, and to construct works neces- sary for the improvement of a navigable stream, and that any private rights, in whatever way acquired, arc subject to this supreme ri}:ht of ihe HARBOR AND RIVER IMPROVEMENT. 39« General Government. This opinion permitted work to be resumed, and ac- cordingly in October, 1880, contracts were made for continuance of work upon the jetties. During the past 6 years, the depth and width of the channel between the jetties have been improved by dredging. Contracts now in force are to give, in the spring of 1882, a channel between the jetties 360 feet in width, the depth being 10 feet on the sides, and 14 feet for a width of 100 feet. The tide adds 4 feet at neap, and 7 to 8 at spring tides. The channel, in Jul)', 1881, was 200 feet in width, the depth being generally 10 feet at low water. The total quantity of stone expended on the jetties to June 30, 1881, was 173,089 tons, and the dredging to the same date amounted to 265,205 cubic yards, the expenditures in all amounting to $316,241.97. The original estimate for the work was $1,779,879.50, and the total amount of appropriations to date has been $535,000. The construction of the jetties is of rubble stone, heretofore obtained from Ycrba Bucna and Angel islands, from Telegraph Hill, and from Point Pedro. The stone was deposited along the lines, and allowed to take its natural slope. The projected height of these jetties was 4 feet above low tide, but this has been modified by build- ing the shore ends to the high tide level, laying the slopes above low water by hand, and using stone of larger sizes. The jetties are 3'ct unfinished, but during the present year they will be raised to high-water mark; the south jetty 7,750 feet, and the north jetty 6,400 feet, from the shore. The outer ends will be left, for the present, at a height of 4 feet above low water. The freight terminus of the Central Pacific Road is established at the shore end of the north jetty, and on the other shore is the terminus of the South Pacific Coast Road. The large ferry-boats Transit, Newark, Bay City, Garden City, and Amador use the channel, and it is now quite a usual occurrence to find sea-going \'es3els discharging coal and lumber at the Oakland wharves. In 1875 the total freight by this channel was 106,440 tons; in 1880, 824,956 tons; the increase of 1880 over 1879 was 118,000 tons. The next steps in this improvement will be those that relate to the increase of the tidal prism. The suit for the condemnation of the land for the tidal canal is now in the courts, and it is hoped that it will come to a conclusion soon. With adequate appropriations 3 years will be sufficient to complete this improvement. Improvement of Petaluma Creek. — The object of this improvement is to give 3 feet of water at low tide to the flourishing town of Petaluma, and to cut off 3 bends in the creek, which, by reason of their tortuousness, were a great obstruction to navigation. The appropriations to June 30, 1881, have been $16,000, and the expenditures $7,547.66, devoted to making 2 392 ENGINEERING, ETC. cut-offs. These were made durin .jd on by a daily steamer, and by a consider- able Iket of schooners. Th jommerce by tlie creek is about 80,000 tons. The exports consist pri .,ly of cereals, potatoes, and dairy pro- ducts. The Sacramento River. — The river is navigable from its mouth to Red Bluff, a distance of 275 miles. It has received some attention from the Government for the pa.st 6 years, the appropriations having been devoted to a j-early clearance of snags, generally above Colusa. No improvement in the way of construction has been made, except at Fremont, where the width of the channel was lessened in 1880, by a wing dam, which increased the depth from 3 to 5 ; .; feet. The river below .Sacramento is good for the cla.ss 1)1 \cssels navigating it, 7 feet of water being found at low tide at all points. For 105 miles above Sacramento, and as far as Colusa, 4^ feet can be car- ried in Umv stages; in the upper 100 miles of the navigable river, the depth does not exceed 2 feet. The first point above Sacramento where shoal water is met, is at 6-milc bar, so called from its distance from Sacramento. Here, in the low stage, the depth is liable to be less than 5 feet. This is one of the points where im- pro\ement is contemplated. The shoaliness at Fremont has been remedied, [•"rom I'"remont, which is at the mouth of the leather, to Colusa, a distance of So miles, the navigation is good, except that snags are liable to be met witii occasionall)'. I'rom Colusa to the mouth, the banks arc permanent and the channel is not subject to much change in position. Above Colu.sa, the banks are generally less permanent in character, and consequently the channel is more or less changeable. The fall of the river is also greater, giving rise to rapids, and snags accumulate yearly in considerable numbers. The appropriations previous to 1880, were only sufficient to clear out snags to the number of 200 or 300 yearly. Recently, the Government built a snag-boat especially arranged for the purpose, and provided with a good equii)ment of machiner)-. The boat has been in commission since July 1, 1881, and has been employed between Colusa and Tehama. After the snagging operations were completed, the boat crew were employed in building wing dams to gi\-c better water on the bars. Taking the shoal places up in succession, it is proposed to give not less than 3 feet on the bars at the lowest stage below Sam Soule's bar, and 2^4 feet above Sam .Soule. When this result shall have been accomplished, giving an average increase of 1 foot draft, which means an additional load of 100 to 150 tons to a barge, an attempt will be made to still further increase these depths. HARBOR AND RIVKR IMI'UOVKMKNT. 393 The Sacramento in the upper parts is a mucli better river than the San Joaquin, for the reason that in its low statues it carries 4 (jr 5 times as much water. It is the only means of competition with the railroads through the northern valley, and as its navigation improves from year to year, the railroad rates fall correspondingly. The busy season on the upper river follows harvest. The principal export is wheat, but on the lower river, between San Francisco and Sacramento and Marysville, there is also a large business in fruit and general merchandise. The commerce of the river, as represented by the Central Pacific steamers. The SACRA- MENTO Wood Company, and The Sax Francisco SxicA.MiiOAT and Transportation Company, in 1880 amounted to 279,659 tons. No sta- ti.stics of fruit or other busines.s done by boats not included in these com- panies have been obtained. The expenditures on the river from Jaiuiaiy, 1876, to June, 1881, inclusive, were $105,467.83, and the appropriations $155,000. The snag-boat, besides clearing the river proper, will also give attention to all the channels of the delta, of which Georgiana Slough is perhaps the most important and the most incuinbci-cd by snags. It is lioped, that in a couple of years, the accumulation of snags, which have been gathering through all past time, will be cleared out, to the great convenience of na\i- gation, bringing about a considerable reduction in freight and insurance. As .soon as the pressing necessities of the upper river are met, attention will be given to the river below Sacramento. Plans have been prepared for 3 wing dams below Sacramento, to be undertaken when opportunity offers. The San Joaquin River. — During the season of 1 88 1 , progress was made as here described in improving the San Joaquin River. In the Narrows,7 miles below Stockton, new channels for the river, at Lone Tree and Burn's points, were completed. The)- are 100 feet wide, and !0 feet deep, relieving navi- gation from a great obstruction by substituting a straight channel for an extremely tortuous one, often impassable to sail vessels, and very difficult for steamers and barges. In Stockton Slough a contract was completed in August, 1881, for drcd|ring the lower 2,000 feet of the slough to give a chan- nel 100 feet wide and 7 feet in depth. It is intended to make a channel in Mormon Slough not less than 100 feet in width and 7 feet deep at low water. In the season of 1881 progress was made by dredging 21,142 cubic yard.s. The work will be resumed when additional funds become available. During the sea.son of 1881 $6,950 were expended in destroying snags in the river, below Hill's I'erry. Four brush dams were built, two near Grayson, one at San Joaquin City, and one at Mahoncy's, which have resulted in im- proved navigation at these points. 50 I ii 394 ENGINEERING, ETC. The river runs down very low in July and Aucfust, and the export of the wheat produced along its banks becomes, as a rule, im])racticable at the very season when facilities are most desired. I'rcvioiis operations in thi.s river were devoted to dredging the points at several places, with the view of facilitating tiie passage of vessels. Future operations will be of the same character, namelj-, in straightening the channel in several places, removing snags, building wing dams, and in dredging. The total amount appropri- ated for this river to June 30, i^ feet. A draft of 14 feet can be carried in at any high water. The contraction here alluded to was made by 2 jetties, the principal one 6,600 feet in length, extending from Rattlesnake to Dcadman's Island. A second and shorter jetty extends from the mainland, and between them is the channel. The entrance was originally obstructed by a reef of blue clay mixed with stone, upon which there was only 5 or 6 feet of water. Owing to the fact that material of this kind, cither refuses to yield to the scouring action of water, or else yields very slowly, it became necessary to excavate a channel through it by dredging. To this cut, which is now 235 feet wide and 12 feet deep, most of the money expended for dredging was devoted. The channel, where it lay in sand, has, for the greater part, been excavated by the action of the tide, and without the aid of dredging. This port transacts all the seaward business of the plains of Los Angeles and the country to the east. While the railway, when completed to Los Angeles, seemed for a time to diminish the volume of sea business, the changed relation, due to an extension of the road to Arizona and beyond, has given Wilmington to-day an importance which it has never possessed in the past. The supply of tics, lumber, and coal for the whole eastern country now passes through this harbor. An oppressive system of lighter- age, made necessary by the want of connection between vessels and the railroad, has hitherto retarded the development of business to an extraor- dinary degree, and has deprived the country of the advantage legitimately due to an improvement in depth from i to 10 feet in the harbor. The railroad is now extended seaward from Wilmington, and a wharf is built 1,500 feet in length, with 18 feet of water, so that any vessel that can enter the harbor can discharge and receive freight at the wharf Lighterage will hereafter be necessary only in the case of vessels drawing too much water to enter the harbor. An examination and estimate for deepening the entrance to 16 feet at low water, or 21 feet at ordinary high water, have IP" 396 KNCMNKKRINC, KTC. been made, and Congress will be asked to appropriate money for this increase of depth. This port has tjic advantage that it is seldom exposed at its entrance to rollers from the sea, so that the effective depth is gener- ally very close to the actual dei)th. This is far from being the case at the entrances of most of the seaports on our coast. The commerce is shown by the following statistics: Ycnr. ExpDrts. Imports, Totals. 187S 7,246 ton.s. 59,024 tons. 66,270 ton.s. 1S79 1 '.740 " 78,445 " 90.285 " 1880 13,014 " 98,970 " 111,974 " In 1S80, 350 \esscls arrived, and 242 entered the harbor. The commerce is now increasing rapidl)', owing to the newly developed importance of this port in connection with the business of Arizona and the country beyond. The appro[)riations and expenditures to June 30, 1881, have been respect- ively $555,000 and $526,089.74. Humboldt Bay. — An appropriation of $40,000 for the improvement at this point was made by the Act of March 3, r88i. This is the first appro- priation. The greater ]iortion will be expended to give, by dredging, 10 feet of water at low tide in front of the town of Eureka. This channel has of recent j-ears been much impaired by deposits. The harbor is entered over a bar which changes both in position and depth, often with great rapidit)'. It is exposed to the severe south-easterly storms of winter, and is often for a time impassable. The depth at low water has varied, since obscr\ ations ha\c been made, from 14 feet to 24 feet. The improvement of a channel of this character, under a heavy exposure, presents points unusual in kind and in difficult)'. It is altogether probable that no structure can be maintained on the bar, so that other means of controlling the channel seem to be required. A stud)- of the facts ma)' possibly jM-ove that the maintenance of the sand spits which form the heads at the entrance, at a defined distance apart, will insure the best practicable results in securing good and rclati\el)' imiform depth on the bar. If this be proved, the prob- lem will be much simpler and less uncertain than is presented by its pres- ent aspects. Humboldt Hay, 230 miles north of San Francisco, has, at high water, an area of about 24 square miles, and is the most important port in California north of San Francisco. Its principal export is redwood lum- ber, I'dthough there is also a large business in wool, dairy, and agricultural products. The exports in 1877, other than lumber, were valued at $587,- 913.76. The export of lumber is, in some years, 60,000,000 feet. The ton- nage in the trade between San Francisco and Humboldt Ma)', as recorded in the Merchants' Exchange, of San Francisco, for 1878, including arrivals HARHOR ANI> KIVl'.R IMI'ROVKMRNT. 397 and departures, was 134,371 tons. Two steamers arc usually cnp[agcd in the trade from this port. Roadsteads. — Beginning in the south, it may be said tlic Santa Barbara Channel is at every point a roadstead, where the anchorage is safe during the greater part of the year, being e.xposed only to the southerly winds and seas which prevail at intervals during the winter. Proceeding north from Santa Barbara, the first important point is San Luis Obispo. The peculiarity of all the open roadsteads on the coast of California, with the exception of Montcrc , is that they are open to the southerly storm.s, and with a very good cover from northerly weather. Most of these road- steads have been the subjects of examination and report, made for the pur- pose of determining the cost and practicability of shutting out the sea which comes from the quarter towards which they arc open. The road- stead of San Luis Obispo has been the subject of several reports, and it is only a question as to when the commerce concerned shall obtain volume sufficient to justify the expense of a breakwater. Monterey is well covered from the southerly winds, although the heavy seas double Point Pinos and disturb the anchorage at times in winter. The roadstead is open to the west wind and sea. Santa Cruz, on the other hand, is well covered from the north-west winds, but h exposed to the southerly sea. Passing from the south to the north of San Franci.sco, the principal road- steads north of Cape Mendocino have been studied repeatedly, and bv- dif- ferent persons and Boards, both with the view of improving the various points for the benefit of the commerce trading directly to the roadsteads, and also comparatively, with the view to select for improvement as a harbor of refuge, the place which offered the prospect of the most advantage to commerce. Harbor of Ref\ige. — Trinidad and Crescent City in California, and Port Orford and Cape Gregory on the coast of Oregon, have been particularly studied, and compared as sites for a harbor of refuge. The most extended investigation of this question was made in 1879, by the Board of Engineers of the Pacific Coast, compo.sed of 4 members. The reports m.ide by the Board have been published by order of Congress. Three of the members united in recommending Port Orford, i member dissenting in favor of Trinidad. The considerations which in a principal degree controlled the opinion of the majority, were the geographical position of Port Orford, the fact that it is on a salient of the coast, and in the region of storms and close to the line of the steam commerce of the North I'acific Coast, which promi.ses soon to almost entirely replace the sail tonnage. The reasons ad- vanced for Trinidad were, the less cost of con.struction, the freedom from Hi 39S EN(;l> &^ } 402 ENGINEKRING, ETC. In the Skagit River two rafts have been removed, making the river nav- igable for 50 miles. This river empties into the waters of Purct Sound. Other similar rivers, which are navigable for 50 or 40 miles, arc the Snoho- mish, the Stilaquamish, and Nooksak. These all drain the western slope of the Cascade Mountain.s, and afford access to the immense fields of fine timber, which will .soon come into requisition, on account of the cxhau.stion of supply in more accessible regions. ft WATER WORKS. 403 CHAPTER XXVI.— WATER WORKS. Hydraulic Engineering. — The circumstances of this coast have de- manded luimcrous and extensive enterprises in hydraulic engineering. Water was reciuircd, in large quantity, to .separate the gold from the gravel , and clay of the placers, and had to be obtained through long and costly aqueducts, in some places crossing wide and deep canyons. The bare plains needed lumber from the distant mountains, and water furnished the cheapest means of transportation. The paucity of the perennial streams rendered it ncccssarj- for towns and cities to construct large reservoirs to provide regular water supplies. In con.sequencc of ■ ic aridity of the soil over wide area.s, numerous arttsian wells were bored, .iiul long ditches were dug for the pur- pose of irrigation. It is di'iilitfiil whether any other region, with an equal population, has .so great utv .uid number of interesting works of hydraulic engineering as arc Uj U. found in California. Irrigation. — Irrigation is necessary for he cultivation of many crops in most of the valleys of California, Ncvad.i, Utah, Arizona, and Sonora; and for this purpose water is obtained by dams, [lUmps, and wheels from the streams, and by pumps and artesian wells from subterranean strata. The district destined to be most notable on our coast for its irrigaii'n vorks, is the San Joacjuin Valley, which exceeds the plains of I .mibardy m extent, and has a surface better ailajited for the constructi .■iCiiials; but the rainfall in the low lands, and the supply of snow in the iitljacent mountains, are less, though great enough for the thorough cultivation of a large area. The waters of ,ill the larger streams of the .Sierra Nevada, frf the Merced to the l''eather, have been appropriated and taken out In '• ics for mining purposes; but considerable quantities are sold for agrici, .i.il uses. .South of the Merced, the waters of (he San Joaquin, Fresno, King's, Kaweah, ami Kern rivers, and of smaller streams, are applied almost exclusively to irrigation, for which large and cosvly canals have been built. The San Joaquin Canal can irrigate joo.ooo acres, and the Fresno Canal 220,000 acres. The canals taking water from Kern Ri\er ha\ean aggregate length of more than 200 miles, anil are about e(|ually divided between the two sides of the stream. The greater part of the length is in canals not less than 20, and .some of them 60 feet witle. The bringing of the water to the 404 ENGINEERINC, KTC. ih soil by artificial means is a new business to Americans, but they have gathered all the text-books, stuilicd it carcfull)- from the engineering, agri- cultural, and pecuniary standpoints, and ha\c achieved much within a brief p"iiod. The cost of irrigating an acre of land for wheat varies from $i to $5, a\eraging $1.50 under favorable circumstances. The supply, including the natural rainfall, to make a crop of wheat, should not be less in a season than a depth of one foot ; but for meadows, 4 or 5 feet is not too much. The shadoof, or hand-bucket, extensively used in Egypt, is not employed in California for irrigation, and the sakkia, or jjump driven by oxen, is un- known here. In a few instances, steam-pumps ;md wheels, driven by the streams from which they lift the water, have been employed. Tlie dam and ditch are almost the only expedients in most of the irrigation district.s. Storage reservoirs are used for mining ditches, and for the supply of several towns, but have not yet come into extensive use for irrigation, California has made a commencement with her irrigation enterprises, but her greatest reservoirs and canals are to be constructed in the future, per- haps a distant future. The development of her wealth dcpend.s, to a con- siderable extent, on irrigation works. San Joaquin Canal. -The largest irrigating canal in California is that of The San Joaquin ami Kinci'.s Rivi;'r Caxai, and Ii a contract before October. The gro-, receipts of the canal for water sold in 1880 were $50,000, and the mt earnings $25,000, less than 2 percent, a year on the original investmeiii, and less than 4 per cent, on the sum which the canal would tost now. Vet, when this company offered to sell its water at the rate of $1.50 for each acre WATER WORKS. 405 irrigated annually, the Anti-Monopoly Party, which had the support of 30,000 voters under the leadership of the Governor of the State, denounced it as a greedy and detestable monopoly, which should be crushed by the indignation of the community, and the legislative power of the State. If we suppose that such property, which is insecure because of floods, and the possibilities of litigation, high taxation and communistic laws and judgments, should pay only 6 per cent, net annually, then the present cash \'aluc of the canal is $400,000, leaving a loss of $900,000 on the invest- ment. The canal was constructed with the expectation that it would ulti- mately receive part of its water supply from Tulare Lake, but a chemical analysis has shown that the water has too much saline matter for irrigation. The plan of extending the canal to the lake has therefore been abandoned. For the lack of local experience, some serious mistakes were made in the engineering plan of the canal. The first section has a descent of one foot in a mile, whereas 6 inches would have saved the banks from washing, and would have enabled the canal to run farther from the river, thus command- ing a larger area to be irrigated. The slope of the banks, originally 2^2 to J, has been changed to 3 to i. Although many authorities assert that water one foot in depth will, when applied to land, secure a good crop of grain, the experience of the San Joaquin and King's River Company shows that the land which it supplies requires 5 feet the first year, and 3 feet after- wards. The average supply in 1879 was ^'A feet. The area that can be irrigated from the canal is 120,000 acres. The land slopes 10 feet in a mile from the canal to the river; so there is no difficulty in carrying the water over the intervening district. The canal is divided into sections lo miles long, each of which has its tender, who rides the length of his district every day, to see that all is right; and a telephone line runs along the bank, and makes a great saving in the repairs, by securing immediate help. Kern Canals.— A leading irrigation district of California is Kern Island, a name given to the delta of Kern River, which issues from the Sierra Nevada into the San Joaquin Vallpy in latitude 35° 30', and near Bakers- field divides into a number of branches, radiating out to the south and .south-westward, making a triangle, 16 miles long on the cast, and 25 on the north-west side, the southern line consisting of Kern and Bucna Vista lakes, each 6 miles long, and Kern Slough, about as long, between them. Into these lakes the waters of Kern River poured, so long as they were allowed to pursue their natural course, but now they arc excluded ; and the beds of the lakes arc nearly dry in ordinary seasons. In times of flood the surplus water of Buena Vista Lake flowed out northward through the tulc to the San Joaquin River. The area of Kern Island, or the delta, as 4o6 KXCIM .KKINn, KTC. increased by the drying of the lakes and adjacent tiilc, is about 100,000 acres; and is supplied uith water for irrigation by 7 large ditches, witli an aggregate length of 66 miles, constructcil at an average cost of $4,000 a mile. Five of these canals radiate out from the head, or north- eastern corner of the delta, following the highest ridges between the natural channels of the river. The bninch ditches are perhaps 4 times as long as the main canals, and cost in the aggregate nearly as much — in some cases more. Check-ridges in the fields to be irrigated cost $2 an acre for construction ; and after these, and the main and branch ditches, have been made, the cost of distributing the water for each irrigation varies from 10 to 25 cents an acre. The largest ot the Kern River canals, the Calloway, 34 miles long, and 80 feet wide, with 40 branch ditches,- aggregat- ing 120 miles in length, starts near Hakcrsficld, and flows north north-west- ward, the entire course being outside of the delta, and supplying water to an extensive tract previously dry and desolate. It now supplies water to 13,000 acres under cultivation, and the irrigated area will probably increase rapidl)'. Along the .southern border of Kern Island there are 1 I flowing artesian wells, each furnishing from 3,000 to 10,000 gallons an hour for domestic use and for the irrigation of gardens and orch.irds. Nearly all of the delta and of the ditches mentioned, and of the area supplied with water by them, belong to J. B. II.\(;;(;i\', who owns 300,000 acres in Kern Countj-, inckuling 250,- 000 acres of valle)- lanil. Of this, 150,000 acres are susceptible of irriga- tion, and the main ditches ha\e been constructed and filled with water to supply 100,000 acres. On account of the lack of branch ditches, and of men to till the soil, only 40,000 acres .ire now irrigated. Other jiersons own 15,000 acres of irrigated land in Kern Count)', making 55,000 acres as the total irrigated ;irca. The lanils of Mr. II.\('.i;iN are leased in first-class farms (\rir\'ing in size from 640 to 1,920 acres), with buildings costing from $2,500 to $3,000; and second-cl.iss farms (from 320 to 640 acres) each ha\- ing impru\cmcnts costing from $1,500 to $2,000. The leases are for 5 )-ears; no rent being recjuired for the first year, anil for the other 4 years the tenant pays one cpiarter of the croj). Mr. lI.ViiciN commenced the construction of these irrigation works in the e.\i)ectation that he wouki soon be able to sell off his liirge estate in small farms, but liis project of selling h.is been postponed on account of a law.suit instituted by Mu.r.i:u & Li:\ against Till; Kkkn L.\XD .WD C.\X.\I, COM- I'.WN', to obtain a judgment, that the plaintiffs, as owners of land fronting on Buena V'ista Slough, have a riparian right to have all the waters of Kern River run to iliat slough by natural eh.innels. If judgment .should be rendered for plaintiffs, it would overthrow the established system of appro- W WATKR WOUKS. 407 priating water for irrigation, and might deprive Mr. Haggin's irrigated lands of their supply of water, thus rendering them comparatively worthless; and therefore the sale must be postponed till the suit is terminated by a final judgment. J. B. Haggin.— James Ben Ali H.vggin is the grandson of J(JIIN H.VGGIN, a V^irginian, prominent in the settlement of Kentucky before the (jutbreak of the Revolutionary War. The maternal grandfather was a Turk who became a convert to Christianity, left his native land, .studied medicine in l£ngland, and made his home in Philadelphia. From him the grandson received his middle name. jAME.s B. received a collegiate education, ami was admitted to the bar in 1845, when 23 years of age. Me jjracticed 4 years as a lawyer in New Orleans; in 1850 he arrived in California and opened a law-office in Sacramento, with MlLTON S L.VTIIAM as his partner; and in 1851 he formed a partnership with Llovd Tevi.s. Their business, as brokers and capitalists, soon jircvcnted them from seeking practice as at- torneys, and they never became prominent at the bar, but achieved great suc- cess otherwise, both having become millionaires. Mr. H.VGGIN has had large interests in many of the most important jjccuniary enterprises of San Franci.sco, and has the credit of being worth several millions. ether Irrigation Canals. — The other irrigation canals on this coast arc very numerous, and some of them important, though inferior to the canals taken from the San Joaquin and Kern rivers. Near the City of Los Angeles 8,000 acres of land are irrigated by water from the Los Angeles River; in the Valley of San Gabriel 19,000 acres are irrigated from the San Gabriel River; in the Los Angeles portion of the Santa Ana Valley 8,000 acres from the Santa Ana River. The San Joaquin Valley has many wells for irrigation purposes, each supplying from 10 to 80 acres. Ut;ih irrigates 290,000 acres of land, from ditches. Nevada, Arizona, and Sonora have many small irrigation ditches. Artesian Wells. — Artesian wells are used extensively in California for purposes of irrigation, as well as to supply water for household uses and for farm animals. The number in the State is at least 2,000, and perhaps very much larger. San I'rancisco, San Jose, San Bernardino, Westminster, and Colonia have more wells than any other town.s, though the wells arc numerous in many valley.s. The deepest borings, 1,400 feet deep, one on the Norris Grant, 14 miles from Sacramento, and another on the National .Xr.senal tract, at Benicia, did not succeed in finding water. One, 1,000 feet deep, at Sacramento City, was also a failure. Generally, however, in the districts where artesian water is found, the wells are not more than 40cS ENCINKERING, K TO. i^ i 250 feet ilccp; in some places not more than 100 feet. The cost of a well, complete, varies in different districts, but generally for a bore of 7 inches it is$iJofor ICX) feet; $275 for 200 feet, and $450 for 300 feet. Inthevalleys cast of the Sierra Nevada, the artesian water is rarer, and usiiall)' found at greater depths than nearer the ocean. The Willamette Valley and western \Vashinj,rton have no need of artesian wells. Steam Irrigation. — On several occasions steam has been employed to pump water for irriijation, but usually only for short periods in seasons of tlrought. Xo jjumping by steam on a large scale for irrigation has been pursued from j'ear to year, .so as to furnish material for calculations of profits. An Italian gardener, who has erected a steam-engine to rci)lacc a windmill, reports that he irrigates 15 acres for H months in the year, at an cxpen.sc of $90 a month. His fuel costs $1.50 a da\-. His water supply thus obtained is more regular than he could get from a windmill. Mis 15 acres give em- plo)inenl to 10 men. Windmills are \ery common in California, for pumping purposes, and arc especially abundant in the market gardens cultivated by Italians, near San I'Vancisco. The cost varies from $30 to $500, some of the Italians making them run at a cost not exceeding the former figure. Mining Ditches. — The mining ditches of California, constructed at a cost of $20,000,000, take water from the higher portions of the Tuolumne, Stan- islaus, Calaveras, iMokelumnc, Cosumncs, American, Hear, Yuba, and Feather rivers, and lead it to the placers in the hillsides at lower levels. These canals, besides i)ro\iding the means indispensable for obtaining more th;m half the gold of California, al.so supply the towns for domestic purposes, and the gardens, orchards, and vine)'ards for irrigation. These ditches carry 2,000,- 000,000 gallons daily, or enough for the u.se of 60,000,000 people, allowing each 30 gallons a day. A large hydraulic mine will take as much water as docs a city of 200,000 inhabitants in Northern Europe. Water-power Canals. — The only canal built mainlj- for the purpose of navigation is one 3 niiles long at C^regon City, completeil Januarj- 1, 1873, at a cost of $460,000. It wa.s designed to enable boats to pass round the Willamette I'alls, 46 feet high. There are 5 locks, each 275 feet long, and 40 feet wide. The canal itself is 70 feet wide. At the locks, the surplus water ])asses through waste weirs, which will supply a large amount of power, which secures to Oregon City a place in the future of Oregon, like that of Lowell in Massachusetts. At Tumwater, 3 miles from Olympia, the Des- chutes River falls 80 feet in half a mile, furnishing a large amount of power in situations convenient for use by extensive manufacturing establishments. ;i' m I WATKU WORKS. 409 At Folsom the American River makes a lar^^c fall, and supplies the best water-power in California for the cstablUhment of an extensive manufac- turing industry. The government of the Canadian Dominion is giving favorable con.sidcra- tion to a scheme for the construction of a canal Go miles long to connect Shuswap and Okanagon lakes, which are both navigable, and arc separated by a line of low land well suited for a canal. Shuswap Lake is connected by a navigable river with the line of the Canadian Pacific Railroad, and the outlet of Okanagon Lake is also navigable, so that the canal would make 300 miles of continuous navigation, and give convenient access to one of the richest agricultural districts in the province. San Francisco Water Works. — The question of water supply is one of the most important, and at times most perplexing problems that con- front the inhabitants of a city. Especially is this the case in Californian towns, most of which have to bring their fresh water from a considerable distance. In the smaller towns the necessary water is often obtained by boring artesian wells and raising it by means of windmills; but although some individuals adopt these methods also in large towns, the main supply is usuall)' furnished by one or more corporations, who, by means of pipes, distribute the fluid through all parts of the citj-. The quantity of water required for all the purposes which a public work is in- tended to supply, may be considered as equal to 30 gallons a day for each inhabitant. San Francisco, in 1850, was supplied with water from Saucelito, brought across the bay in steamboats. This water, which came originally from springs on the adjacent hilLs, was conducted to the beach and collected in 2 tanks respectively 30 and Co feet square, and cS feet high. Captain W. A. Ricil.VRDSOX and his son-in-law, MANUEL ToRRlCS, were the proprietors of the works. Amongst the subsequent attempts to supply San Francisco with the neccssar}' water, may be mentioned TiiP: Mountain Lake Water CoMPANV, organized in 185 1, with a capital stock of $500,000, which was subsequently increased to $1,000,000; but the company failing to comply with the conditions on which the franchi.se was obtained, ceased to e.xist in 1862. The San Francisco City Water W(jrk.s Company in- troduced water into the city in 185S, and continued to supply part of the wants until 1865, when this corporation was merged into The Spring Valley Water Works, which derives its name from Spring Val- ley, near the Cvirner of Taylor and Clay streets, a valley that disappeared long since, having been filled with earth to a depth of 30 or 40 feet. The company was incorporated in 1858, and on April 23d of that year, the Leg- i If I 410 KNt'.IMMCUINi;, KTC. islaturc pas-^cd an act " t<> aiitlinrizc ril.()R(;i'. 1 1. IC.NSKIN and Dtlicr gallons daily, is owned by the city and county, antl leased to the water company for an annual rental of $700. Another well dug by the companj- in 1880, t(j a depth of 1,040 feet, has a daily capacity of 280,000 gallons, while 3 other wells are from 80 to 200 feet deep. The total daily capacity of their wells is 900,000 gallons, which is pumped into reservoirs and thence distributed. Los Angeles Water.— Los Angeles City gets its water supply from the Los Angeles River. In 1868, TiiK Los AxGKLE.s City Watkk Works COMTANV was incorporated with a capital of $220,000. The)- erected a dam, and made a ditch and a tunnel from the river to the city, a distance of 6^2 miles; 3 miles of the tlitch being through sandstone. The tunnel was 182 feet long, 3 '2 feet wide, and 5 feet high, and the ditch discharged into a can)-on running parallel with the river, till within 2 miles from the town, where a dam was laid, forming in this manner a re.scr\oir, from which the water was tlisi.ibuted b) pipes. These works were enlarged in 1S78. A new dam, 330 feet long, and iS feet high, was built 4 miles above the old one, and from the upper dam a ditch dug, 6 feet wide at the bottom and 12 at the top, with a depth of 3 feet. This brought the maximum suppl)' of available water up to 45 cubic feet per second. Near the old dam this ditch divides, one branch joining the old canal, and the other running I i t! (' r^ 412 KNCINKKklNi;, KTC. touaids tlic cast side of the ri\cr. These branches reach the city at differ- ent points, and fill 5 reservoirs, from which the water is led by jiipes into the streets and iimiscs. Other Towns. — Vallejo is supplied with water by Till', \'ai,1,i:j() Cl rv Wai El< Company, incori)orated in \Sjo. Ihc water is cauyht in the hills, and the main reservoir is situated near the Xai)a road, 3 miles north of the city. The ilam, So feet above the level of the sea, is 300 feet wiile anil 40 feet hiy;h, forming a reserxoir havinij a capacity of 900,000,000 gallons. The water is conducted througli i2-iiK:h cast-iron pipes to 2 reservoirs near the city, which is supplied from these, as is also the Navy Yard; the latter, to the amount of r, 000,000 gallons per month, by means of a submarine cast-iron pipe w ith flexible joints. The Clovcrdale Water Works were i-recteil by a company in Ilace. Portland obtains water from the Willamette River, and Seattle from springs. The Sutro Tunnel. — When the miners on the Comstock Lode, about 1865, reached a depth of [,500 feet, they felt the need of an adit r)r timnel to drain off the water, to ventilate and cool their drifts anil stopes, and to supply a channel through which their timbers could be taken i.i, and their ores taken out cheaply. The temjjcraturc in the lower levels roe to 1 ic , and rendered it im|)ossiblc for the miners to do much work. The air was foul. Great quantities of water were encountered, and to pump them up more than a c[uarter of a mile was very costly. The shafts opened high up on the side of a steep mountain, far from tillable land, from sites desirable for comfortable homes, from supplies of fuel and timber. The benefits to be derived from a great tuniicl were evident, and its need was a matter of common talk. Hut who would take charge of an enterprise which would require millions of dollars, and years of time, perhai)s not to be completed until the fickle mineral treasures had fled, and in the mean time be involved in vexatious questions with lawyers, mining companies, and capitalists .' AdoiJ'H .Sr TKO came forward and assuincd the rcsponsibilit}'. He was not supposed to be rich, but he devoted himself to the task with energy and success, lie cmplo)-cd journalists to explain the advantages of the tunnel; civil engineers to ex.imine the country and locate the line; and geologists (including ]?aron Rk'IITIIOKKN), to report on the mineral charac- ter of the Comstock Lode .and the countrj- rock. 1 le then organized a tunnel corporation, of which he \^as the manager, and in its name he made con- tracts with the mining companies that, in return for constructing th>j tunnel, he should receive a certain amount on every ton of ore extracted after hi.s « 1 1 I 'I 1! 1 414 EXC.IXKFRINC, KTC. wdil-; had been done. These contracts were not secured until after lont^ and \e.\aliiius nc;^()tiati()n. Kach company wanted jiecuHar contlitions. W'itn llie inilorsenient of the mining companies, Mr. Si: IKCi went to Washington and persuaded Congres.s to pass an act granting to him a tract of land 4,000 feet wide, inckiding a town site at the opening of the tunnel, with the o\vnershi]i of all the lodes which he should discover in his underground borings. The act also ratified his contracts with the mining companies. After success in Washington, he crossctl the Atlantic to gel the money, and there again he succeeded. European capitalists supplied the funds, and October 19, 1869, the construction began. He had made little progress before the great bonanza of the Consolidated Virginia and California mines was struck, and then the idea began to prevail that he was to make far more than a fair share of profit out of his tunnel. Enemies aro.se on e\er}' side. Obstructions were thrown in his way. Litigation, ridicule, and abu.se surrounded him. Nevertheless he kept on. The tunnel was com- pleted in October, 1878, after 9 years of work. But the last of the bonanzas discovered up to tliat time had been nearly exhausted. The only mining companies deriving any revenue from their mines were unwilling to sliare with him. They refused to pay his demands. Ileclo.scd his tunnel so that their water should not drain off Tinally an amicable settlement was made, and Till'. SUTRO TlNNKl, CdMlWNV and the Comstock mining companies are in harmony. Mr. SUTRO has secured a handsome competence by selling out his interest in the company, leaving to t)thers the chances of profit and loss from the contingencies of future mineral developments of the Comstock Lode. Hitherto, the enterprise has jieldcd little revenue. The tuimel is 12 feet wide, 10 high, and 20.500 feet l'! If; s ! » no/zlc 10 inches in diameter, against a bank 200 feet high, and 100 feet tlis- tant, doint^ m' quickly caught the idea, and several of them built V-flumes. In August, 1.S70, Mr. H.VINES applied for a ])atent, and after its receipt in 1872, he brought suit against Verkim.to.N, Bi.Iss & Co., a wealthy firm of Carson, to restrain them from using a \'-flume built about 2 years before. The defendants contested the suit vigorously on the grounds that the invention was old, that if new, Mr. Haixks was not the inventor, and that if he was the inventor, he had neglected to apply for a patent until there was a presumption of dedication to the public. The attempt to prove the invention old failed. It was shown that the lumbermen on the llartz Mountains liavc been in the habit, from remote times, of turning little currents of water into those parts of their log-slides ■iV INVKNTIONS. 4JI where there is little descent, but the use of the water there was merely to lubricate, whereas in the flume it is to float. Ross Lkwkks had a V-shaned trough, with a current of water in it, to carry slabs and refuse from his sawmill in Washoe Valley, as early as i860; and O. LONKEV had a similar trough at his sawmill at Little Valley in 1864. The shape of these troughs, however, was a mere accident, and it^ value was not appreciated by the builders. Mr. LONKi:\' made a square flume in 1866, and when it failed, abandoned the idea of transporting lum- ber in a current of water. In 1859, J. L. I'I'.KI., and a jiartner, cut some short cordwood on a hill near Marion Flat, Plumas County, near a square flume which was fed by some V-shaped troughs. As the flume ran down to the mining camp, they threw their wood into the troughs, and the current took it down to their market. Here a V-flume, built for carry- ing water, was used a short time for transporting firewood. A dry V- shaped trough or slide has been used at sawmills in Maine, for many years, to carry bark, slabs, and sawdust, down hill away from the mill. Hut in all these cases the value of the V-shaped trough, for transporting wood and lumber long distances in a current of water, was not understood. There is no intention to express an opinion here about the merits of the lawsu'c mentioned, or about the right of Mr. II.viXKS to a patent under an application made several j-cars after he had tried his V-fliune. lie maj' liavc done n(jthing more than ap])ly an old device to a new use ; but he did so by processes of original thought, and he achieved important industrial results. He was the first to invent a practicable method of using a small cur- rent of water, in an artificial channel, for transporting wood long distances, with little expense; he made a practical application of his invention, and proved its value publicly, thus securing its extensive adoption, making a new field for the in\estmcnt of capital, and the employment of labor, making the forests on the high mountains accessible for lumbermen, and cheapen- ing wood in the valleys. The first V-flume, as we now understand that term, was built in Nevada, and J.\MES VV. IIAIXES was the builder. Whether the law gives him the profit of his invention or not, the industrial historian must give him the credit. ft;: i Chollar-Norcross Pump. — The great enemy of deep mines is water, ever encroaching, never resting, and always threatening the destruction of the miner's toil, and the defeat of his hopes. IIi>= only reliance in this ceaseless contest is the pumj), and its capacity, power, and reliability are to him of prime importance. The manufacture of pumps of vast power has become a specialty of Californian machinists and engineers, and ir. nothing tlo our foundries and machine shops excel those of the I'lastcrn States more, than in !■;■!: 422 ENGINEERING, ETC. the manufacture of the powerful pumps used in deep mines. The greatest Californian work in this line is the Chollar-Norcross pump, to hoist water from the 2,400 to the 1,600 foot level, in the combination shaft of the Chollar, Norcioss, and Savage mining companies on the Comstock Lode. At the 1,600 foot level there is an outlet for the water through the Sutro Tunnel ; and at the surface, there is a supply of water that can be used for driving machinery. The Chollar-Norcross pump, devised by JOSEPH Moore and G. W. UicKiE, of TiiE RlsDON Ikon W'ork.s, uses a column of water from 400 feet above the surface to the 1,600 foot level, to pump the column of water 800 feet high from the 2,400 to the 1,600 foot level. In other words, a column of water 2,0CK3 feet high above the Sutro Tunnel, is u.sed to raise another column of water, 800 feet below the level of the tun- nel. This pump is entirclj- different in conditions, requirements, and height of its column of water from any elsewhere in use; and has a number of new inventions and adaptations. The pipes are made of cast-iron, because there was no sufficient stock of thick sheet on the coast, nor of machinery to roll the sheets, nor was there time to wait for obtaining the machinery or the sheet-iron from the Atlantic Slope. But there was no cast-iron that would endure the strain; and after careful experiment.s, a new mi.Kturc was made, including .some cast-steel, that would bear the tremen- dous pressure. A new pump was invented by Mr. DiCKli;, on a plan which, it is thougiit, is less likely to get out of order than any other; and air cham- bers were placed on the sitle of the pipe, to prevent shocks from exceptional influences. The result is, that the pump raises i,6oo gallons of water e\er)- minute, or nearly 10,000 tons in 24 hours. The success of this ex- periment— it was generally considered a very bold experiment — is complete, and arrangements are now being made to obtain a water supply large enough to hoist the water and ore of all the Comstock mines by similar power, and thus save a vast expenditure in fuel. The pump now driven by water was built to be driven by either water or steam. Tlie mining companies owning the shaft wanted to make it for water jjower exclusivel)'; but the Water Company ilcmanded too much for their water. Thereupon the companies applied to TllE RlSDox Iron Works, which furnished a plan for a pump to work by either water or Hteain. This plan, adopted in 1880, provided for a double pipe 8 inches in diameter, from the surface to the 2,400 foot level, with a pump at each end. Withsteam power, the upper pump should force a current of water under heavj' pressure down one pipe and up the other, passing, at the bottom, through a hydraulic i)ump, which should raise the surplus water of the mine from the 2,400 foot level to the Sutro Tunnel. This method of working required that the same body of water should be used over and over again, without INVIATIoNS. 433 noteworthy waste, for driving the lower pumi). To obtain sufficient power, as well as make the machinery wurk evenly, it was necessarj- to subject the water to a pressure much higher than that ever obtained before on a large scale by forcing machinery, and this was done by the help of an accumu- lator, or air chamber, '/O feet high, and 25 inches in diameter inside, of cast- iron, with wails 5 inches thick. The air was forced into this under a pressure ' of 1, 000 pounds to the square inch, and there were 10 feet of water at the bottom, and 60 of air above, making a cushion of air that maintains a steatly pressure under the pulsations of the pumps. Other accumulators, of smaller size, are attached to the pipes at various elevations. When the combination pumj), driven by steam, proved to be a complete success, ren- dering the ChoUar-Norcross .shaft independent of the Water Compan)', then the latter offered to furnish water cheaper than steam. The offer was accepted, the steam-engine and the upper pump were disconnected, and the only power now used is that of a pressure of a column of water 2,000 feet high, which water runs to waste through the Sutro Tunnel. The steam- engine, upper pump, and pipes, carrying water to the surface, are all re- tained, so that in ca.se of a stoppage of water suppl)-, the steam can be turned on at short notice. The idea of this pump is new anil original with Mr. Dli'Kli;. It is the only pump that raises so large a quantity of water in one continuous col- umn, cSoo feet high. About the same time that Mr. DlCKIK imdertook this work, Hknrv D.WN". a distinguished hydraulic engineer of Leeds, England, made 2 pumps with continuous lifts of about cSoo feet, for mines in Westphalia, but they raise only about one quarter so much as does the Chollar-Norcross pump. Dickie's Other Inventions. — The hydraulic pump in the Chollar-Nor- cross shaft, the onl)- one of its kind now in use, was invented by Mr. DiCKIE. Its main feature is a time cylinder which, operated from the cross-head of the pump, opens and closes the valves in regular rotation, and at proper in- tervals, .so that the water shall be admitted into the water-chamber of the pump from one direction, and forced out in another, at proper periods in the successive strokes of the ram or piston. The idea of a time cylinder originated with Mr. DiCKlK, and its form and that of its valves are covered by his patent. Mr. DiCKlF. is the inventor of a hydraulic air compressor, the piston of which is to be driven by a number of small rams, working in h}-draulic cylinders. The power exerted b)- a piston directly compressing air is sub- ject to continuous variations, being little at the beginning of each stroke and much at its end. The purpose of this invention of Mr. DiCKii;, is to m i - •f ■ ■ !; (■' i I rrr 424 EN(;INEERING, KTC. m make the power \;ir_\- with the requirement. As the piston advances in its stroke, it opens \nlve after \alve, anil each sets a new hj draulic ram in opera- tion ; thus incrcasini:F'II MiiiiKi', and G. W. DlCKlK. It is a compound compression cylinder, which moses u[) and tlown, while its hollow pistons, one at each end, are stationar)'. One of these pistons is 4 times as large as the other, and the air beintj admit- ted into the l,irL;er piston from a subordinate compressor, under a pressure of 60 ]iounds, is raised to 240 jiounds in the lan^'c arm of the cylinder, and to (jOo in the small arm, and b)' increasini^ the pressure in the large cjlinder, that in the small one has been raised to 2,000 pounds without |)assing a temperature of iSo . The machine has been emplox'cd extensive!)' without inconvenience from heat or any other source, and is the simplest instrument for obtaining a high air prcsiure. Mr. Dickie's ne.vt patent is for a hydraulic hoisting engine, the power to be sup]ilicd either by natural head or from an accumulator. The inain features of this in\enlion are, that each reel is independent of its hydraulic engine; that when the cage and rope are going down, their weight is utilized to ])ump water frojii a reservoir into an accumulator, thus storing power to be used in hoisting; and that the crank-pins of the pitman slide from the center to the periphery of the crank disk under the control of the engineer, thus giving a sjjccd or power adjustable at will. This invention is to be a[)plicd .soon on a large scale for hoisting from a depth of 3,000 feet, in the main shaft of the luireka Con.solidntcd Mine. Mr. Dickie is th.e inventor of a hydraulic sinking pump, intended to be used in the bottom of a .shaft, and so arranged that it can be easily hoisted out of the way of blasts. The power is applied through a pair of hydraulic rams in a station above, connected by adjustable levers with another pair of rams at the bottom of the i)ipes, the pump being of the DiCKIK time- cjlindcr pattern. The length of the column of water can be extended from 30 to 600 feet without changing the power, or making any material altera- tion in the mechanism, sa\c that of adding more pipe. One is being built now for the luirek.i Consolidated Mine. Spaulding's Saw Teeth.— N. W. .Sp.vuldinc;, at present assistant treas- urer of the United .States in San Francisco, and manager of the business of" Tin; r.\cii ic S.wv M.vnciacturinc Company, is the inventor of circular remo\able teeth for large saws. Removable teeth had been made for large saws before Mr. Si'AL LDINc; took hokl of the subject, but they m. INVKNTIONS. 425 had square corners, which strained and ■ .ten cracked the saw-blade. He adopted a circular forni, which not on!)- distributed the pressure, but also permitted the j^radual advancement of the tooth as it wore away, anil thus made it wear loni^'er. The in\entiori is used extensivel)', and its value is universall>- reco;;nized amoni,' skillful lumbermen. Dolbeer's Logging Machino — ]oiis Dr)Liii;r;u, of San Francisco, of the firm of OiiLliI I u & C.VRSON, is the inventor of a steam logi^intf machine, which is of j^rcat service in hantUinn the immense redwood logs in Humboldt County. To move a log 7 or 8 feet in diameter, and from 12 to 20 feet long, is a tedious and costly operation when a long train of slow oxen must supply the power; and the substitution of steam is a decided success. Triple Circalar. — flie triple circular iw i.- one of the no.velties of lumbering in California. A circular saw is never more than 6 feet across, or 3 feet on each side of the axle or arbor. Twd i ircuhus running in the same plane di\ide a log 5 feet through without difficulty. lUit the immense logs, 7 feet or more in diameter, required .something: m for convenient handling, uiil D. ICv.Ws devised a third circular saw, which slices off part of the top of the log, and thus enables the doul)lc circulars to cut through the remainder, the entire work beiii,^ dune at one motion. Hallidie's Wire Ropeway. — In i.SGS A. .S. H.m.lidie, a manufacturer of wire and various articles made of wire, invented his wire ropeway, which is now useil on this continent for the trans[)ortation of ores more ex- tensively than any similar device. Mr. Hai.LIDIK can not claim priority in the idea of a wire ropeway, because about the same time that he made his invention, a Mr. HoDUSON, in I'^ngland, devised what was called a wire tramway. Of the two, however, it is admitted that Hallidik'.S is superior, very fe«', if any, of Mi >|m, son's tramways being now in use, as they are not well ada])ted for steep grades, and tho,sc are the situations where such means of transportation are most needed. The original featuri:s of most \aluc in Hallidie's ropeway are the cli]i to which the bucket is attached; the grip pulley, which cither transmits [)ower to the rope, or serves as a brake, to check its speed, as occasion ma)- require; the self-dumping bucket; and gearing transmitting surplus power from the descending cable on one side of the post, to the ascending cable on the other. The Hallidie ropeway is used in 30 mines or more, and o far as known, is the only one used in the United States. The longest one has 4 miles of endless wire cable between stations 2 niili s apart. At Mineral King the stations are 6,000 feet apart, and the mine i> 1,900 feet above the mill. The 54 I I pi If - II I 426 ENGINEERINc;, ETC. ascending buckets are used to carry up mine timbers, fuel, tools, other sup- plies, and occasinnall)' water. The cost of transportin;^ the ore by this ropeway is usual!)' about 20 cents a ton, whereas by waj^un it would be .$1, and in some^jlaces $3 or more. The weight of the ore furnishes all tlie power needed for transportation, and in several mines there is a surplus for pump- Iul;, or doing other work. The largest span between posts is 700 feet, at an Inyo mine, and there the ropeway is 600 feet above the bijttom of a canyon. Cable Railroad.— Soon after Mr. H.M.LiniK had invented his ropeway he in\ cnted the cable railroad, which is one of the prominent features of the street railroad .system of San Francisco, having been in u.se now for 10 yeans. In the cable railroad the car is drawn by an endless wire rope, moving con- tinually under the surface of the street. The steep hills of San Francisco demandecT such an invention, but the problem of devising a method of sup- plying the want was surrounded with difficulties which can net be e.vplaineil here in detail. Mr. II.M.LIDIE overcame them all, and tlie cable cars, pn • pellcd by a hidden power, carrying heavy loads of passengers up hills that rise 25 feet in 100 feet of roadway, are among the alfaclions of the city. .\n open slot, sc\-cn eighths of an inch wide, between iron bars, e.Ktends mid- way in the track from end to end of the road, antl an arm e.\tending down through this slot, grips the cable, and moves with it, under the control of the dii\er. Under the slot is an open channel, in which the cable mo\es. The main features of the invention arc the open channel and slot; the position of the rope, not under the slot, but at one side, so that dirt shall not fall on it; the grip which catches the rope or lets go at the will of the engineer, and acts gradually, so that there shall be no sudden jerks; and the dummy to carry the grip. It is estimated that on the Sutter Street cable line in San Francisco, the power costs 30 per cent, less than it would if horses were used; and in large cities where the amount of travel is great, the saving would be 50 per cent. It has been obscncd that after a cable has been used for a time, the outer wires are worn so that they lose their rounded form. Mr. IIalliuie has invented a machine to give his wires the shape which they assume under the influence of wear. This device will reduce the amount of change. Ill' '( "Ti ■1 '|j ill p ^ ■■■■■' ! ■ -- ' Robb's Sa-w-Mill Inventions. —J. A. RoiiH, of San Josc', is the inventor of half a dozen machines valuable in the production of lumber. His Set Work or Mead Block enables lUe sawj'er, with little effort, to instantaneously move the longest and largest log sidewise on the carriage to any position needed, so that the saws can cut lumber of such width as may be required. IWKNTIONS. 427 This device enables one man tn do the work of 4 men in changinfr the position of a loi,' by liie old method. Roini's Gan^ IC(l.L;cr, a series of circular saws on one; axle, used to cut up lumber jirepareil for them by primar)- saws, has several valuaiilc improve- ments to save labor and ex[)edite work. The saws can be chanj^^cd in posi- tion on the axle instantaneousl)', or the>' can be taken off in a moment by means of a hin^i; arrani^emont ; whereas in other LjaiiLj edi^er^ much time is required for such changes. The top rolls, which feed the lumber and keep it in i^lace, are .so arranj.;cd that the)' must alwaj-s be parallel with the lo\ver rolls, and thus the feed is strai^dit. It is admitteil, b)' all lumber manufac- turers, that the machine has decided advantaj;es in some respects over any other gang cdger. Roiili's Ti^'htenincj Lever is a tlcvice for stoppiiiLf or mo\int( the top saw in a double circular, by a simple i'.nd convenient ai)[)liance. ConncUed with the lever is an "idler pulley," to 5^1;^ anil feeil the carriaije with one belt directly from the saw arbor. RdlUi's .Saw Guitle is a device ffir instantaneously adjustinif circular saws while in motion, the sawyer remaining at a distance of 2 feet from the saw, and thus being out of danger. It adds greatly to the safet)' of ufirking with circular saws. Rouit'.s Gang Lath Holter has back rolls, each independent of the others, and each drawing it= own l;ith or picket from its saw, in such a manner that slabs, bolts, or sticky of irregular shapes, shall be carried awa>' as promptly as if they were of uniform thickness. These inventions by Mr. lioiilJ, all patented and in extensive use, are manufactured by Tatum & ]?0\VEN, No. 12 California Street, San Francisco: Pneumatic Clock.— Hkrm.WN J. Wr.xZEi., of San I'Vancisco, is the inventor of a [ineumatic clock, devised for the [lurpose of driving a multi- tude of dials in e.\act harmony with a central clock which keeps perfect time. The pneumatic connection is less liable to interruption than elcctricit)- ; and is therefore the best yet de\ised. Mr. \\'kx/,i:i, was the first to adopt and perfect it. Mis patent was issued in 1S73, ami about 1880 the same idea was introduced in I'aris, as of h'rench origin. Mr. Wknzf.l'.s clocks have been used extensi\el)- in San Francisco for the last 7 years and have given the most complete satisfaction. The [xiwer of the central machinery is transmitted by air. The air pumps consist of inverted glass cups or cylinders suspended on a level, and mox-ing ever)' other minute up and down into glass jars partiall)- filled with gKxcrine, which will neither freeze nor evaporate. A small pii^e runs through the jars, one end reaching above thi; liquitl ; the otlier end is conducted antl n t.- 428 ENGINEERnVG. ETC. i . Ji w branched off to the (iiffcrcnt clocks in thi- building. The clocks .so con- nected, contain only dial-work and a .small air-pump; and so long a.s the connection is complete, must move exactly with the central machinery, even if a mile distant. Telegraphic Inventions. — The first practical application of the electric sjicakinL; telL])litjne was to replace the Morse apparatus, jwintcrs, magnetic dials, and other instruments in use on short ]5rivate lines, conncci uvj; offices with factories, wharves, mills, and mines. The next step was to develop the priv.-»te Imes into club lines, each embracing perhaps as many as 10 sta- tions, tlic sub.scribcrs having such business or personal relations, as to permit the common iwe of one line for all their telephone stations. But the great field for the useiof the telephone origin;Ltcd with tlic exchange .system, which vwas (ievised lir-'i:iEOKGE S. Ladd, then and now president of The Gold .^ssai) Stock Uzlkgrapm Company, and at present also president of The BttaOFlC l^KT Tixi.-.i'iioNE COMPANY. This sA.stem was first put into rptactical n under Mr. Ladd'.s management. Soon after the first aipfmaaaxtcc ui zht: telephone, he recognized its value, but saw that few pMiWMft coukL .aStinl to maintain lines leading only to their own houses, aniC tiait dab lines never could be numerous, because there was no privacy of cowKcrsatiKMi. He studied out the pbin for a sc[)aratc wire from every .subscniiiEr or oTOmer of a telephone to a cerrtral office — now termed an ex- chairpfC' — witfa.a.-: -airitchiiiirny apparatus at the office, so that the operator there couli ":!' to c r ' : _, .'.1 by amiyioody. iSiprt onlv imuld 2 subscribers in the same city be placed in communication. .init when adjacent cities are connected by truiilc lines, every subscriber ni om: cny casn converse witli every subscriber in the other. The first ciniH on of this system ever made, was to the office of TlIE CALI- FORNIA Ck.\i.:kek CoSJTiANY, on February 18, 18S1; and in Scptcmlx'r, 188 1, a subscriber in Sar. Francisco could command immediate ami pri\atc conversation witia 1400 rriier jioints, in his own city and Oakland. The success of this .uimirable system was complete from the first, and, within a few months, the example of the Golden City was followed by New York, Chicago, I'hiladelphia, and other Atlantic cities, until now every large and prosperous to>vn in the I'nitcd States has its tclphone exchange. The invention will increase in importance with the extension of the telephonic range, and if that shouli-l reach across the continent, the telephone exchange will be one 'f the mo>l prominent factors of business and social life. There is no exaggeration iti saying that iMr. I..\l)i:)'.s addition of the exchange has much more than dt)iibleil the value of the telephone. he telephones of any _' subscribers, allowing them • might wish, without danger of being overheard K ■ 3' ?! i iwKN rio\s. 429 The establishment of the Ainericm District IVloi,napli s\ -,10111 in S;in I'raiicisco, in 1S75, \\;-.i soon lulloweil b\- the iincnti'in cil the San I'laii- cisco signal box, whicli has 12 signals and a liell tn let the p.Uron know that his signal lias been heard and attendeil to. The old box, whidi li.id only 3 signals and no rcs[ionse bell, will disappear e\ei)\\ here. I'lie .'"iaii I'raneisco box was invented by Gl'.oRiiK .S. L.MHi and Sri.i'llKN 1). l''li;i,i). After the adoiUion of a box with signals for liacks ;uul coupes, a carri.ige company vvas organized to kee[) such vehicle.-, read)', at all hours ol llie d.iy and night, for the patrons of the Distri. : ;\ 'egraph Comi)an>-. .S.in l'"ran- cisco was the first city to have such a . ■ .pany, and it now h,is tlie best carriage service in the United .States. The first successful application of the magneto-electric machine, as a substitute for the galvanic batter)-, to furnish a regular electric current for telegraphic purposes, was made in California in 1.S79. Many atteni])l- to use the machine for this inirpose h.ul been made in lunoix' without suc- cess, the current ha\ing :i pulsating motion which rend' .ijipiy it economicaily. At Keichen.stcin, the chief ciilorination establish- ment in I-'.urope, llie j4as is {generated in clay ])fits with lead covers, in con- nection with stoneware jars for washiiv; it. and willi small stoneware iin- l)re!,'nation pots, eacji holdiiii^ 150 [jounds of roasted siilphurets. G. F. 1)1,1,1 Ki:n, at present a resident of Auburn, California, in 1X6:; obtained a patent, now obsolete, for a cheap chlorination apparatu.s. He matle a leailen generator with water joiius and a stirrer; the tfas uas washed in a bell i(lass; the rf)asted suli)hurets were placed on a filter bottom in a l.u'Lje w the amoent of explosive u.scd. In that year .\. W. VoN Schmidt devised a new md much more effective plan. .As the contractor of the Stone Dry Dock at Hunter's Point, i-n San Franciscf), he e.\cavated what ma>' be calletl the body of the dock, and then had to make an entrance throui^'h rock e.Ktcndin^' out with a fjradual slope 100 feil into the l>a\-. InstCtid of blasting on top of this rock, he tunneled under the water, took out a large amount of material, and at one blast broke down the roof ami columns of his hone)'comb work. This process having been a complete success, Mr. V'ON SciI.Minr took a contract from the National (iovcnnnent to blast away Blossom Rock, the top of which was 5 feet below low tide, in San Francisco Haj-. Me built a coffer dam on the rock, suiik a shaft, ran a drift through a space of 140 feet long and 40 feet wide, 37 feet below low tide, and then blew up all his galleries at once, and accomplished his task. 'I'he superiorit)- of this method of blasting submarine rock, accessible by timneling, is admitted by all engineers, and it was adopted in bl.isting the rock at llell Gale, New York harbor, in 1879. Gates's Steering Apparatus. -Jon. \ G.\ri:s, an engineer in the ser\iei? of The OkK(;o\ R.mi.w.w Cdmt.WV, is the inventor of a steering appa- ratus driven by steam-power, which, however, is transmitteil by water so that it has a h>draulic ch.iractcr. This invention enables the hehiismeii to direct the course of the boat instantiv ,iiid without effort. It is the onl>- .steering aiiparatus suitable for narrow ami swift streams, but s useful I'ver)- where. Mr. G.VTKS is also the inventor of the " Li^iht-Feea u ibricator," in r 1 fi If rii gigg I'jsets^'v. mm 4.32 l.NfWNKI.UrM;, I-.TC. wliich tlio oil |i,-isscs by drops through glass, so that any interruption can be discovered readily. Deidesheimer'B Mine Timbering. — In i860 I'llii.ir Df.IDESHP:imkr was employed to take cliarj,'c (jf timbering,' the third galler)- of the Ophir Mine on tlie Conistock Lode. This j^'allerj- was in a body of ore 200 feet loni; horizontally, 65 feet wide, and 560 feet dee[). The mineral was too ricii to s|)are an)' portion of it for columns, such as arc left in narrow \cin.s to support the roof, and the metliods of timbering familiar to miners were not adapted to such immense chambers. Mr. DlCHJii.siIKlMKK invented a .system of timbering known as the square set, which is now in universal use among American miners for large ore chambers. It consists of a succes- sion of cribs, each (') feet cubic, made of strong timbers set together in very simple manner, and braced across the dip of the vein. Tiiese cribs, jjiled one on another from the lloor to the roof, arc much stronger than any other kinil of timbering containing an equal amount of material. , Agricultural Implements. — The scarcity of wood and .superabundance of straw in some of the larger agricultural valleys of California, made a demand for threshing-engines which should burn straw. Several \ain at- tempts were made to use it as fuel, but II.ARVKV W. RiCK succeeded by using it lUHler a IxjiUr with return flues. Out of 400 stiaw-burning engines in (Jalifornia, more than 300 are constructed on Mr. Ru'i:'.s pattern. The straw -burning engine has been sent from California to Me.xico, Guatemala, and the Hawaiian Islands, and has been introduced into some of the States and Territories east of the Rocky Mountains. In California, the e.vpense of the straw-burner is from $5 to $8 a day less than a wood-burner, or $500 for each machine in a season. $200,0CX) in a year for the State. Anothi r \aluable Californian invention is the machine-feeder (ov thresh- ing-machines, invented by H\'RON jACKsoN. It saves the labor of one man, $2 a day, and does the work with a regularity that the man can never ob- tain. Out of 1,000 threshing-machines in the .State, 700 use Jack.son'.s feeder. It has been sent to Australia by M. C. II.\\VL1-.V & Co. J.VCKSON is also the inventor of a derrick-feeder for threshing-machines. It saves labor and is extensively used. Other Inventions. -The ])atents issued to residents of this coast number thousands, but most of them ha\i.: no practical \alue, and man>- are \aliia ble, but the information about them i: not conveniently accessible or it is difficult to explain their merits in a manner intelligible tc> the general reader, for whom this book is designed. C.\Kl TON Nkwm.VN, manager of Till-; .S.W I'"K.\\n.s('(i .wn I'.mii'Ic (jl,.\ss VVokks, is the inventor i.f » 'v\ m INVl'.XTIONS. 433 a valuable rlass mcltiiic;-pot. Dcnick-ncts, for Iciadiinj and '^tackiriL; lia\- ami straw, ucrc invcr.k'il hy OsrAR Maksiiaii. and TlKiMAS l'o\\i:i.l„ of Stockton The best taljlc for woikiiiL; butter and the most convinient mold to sliai)e it for the market, were inventcil b\- Ol.lVl R Al.lJ.N, of Sonom.i C\)unty, California, and arc' in e.\tensi\e use. V.wr & llAlNi.il'i-, of San l''ranci.seo, were the inventors of the method of |)rintinL,' box sliooks — pieces of board pre])ared to be nailed into boxes with the label of the manufacturer. y\n aiijjjcr patcntctl b}- Hi'.NjAMiN' lM)KsiNt;K, ol Salem, Orccjon, is no\el, antl, in certain kinds of work, valuable. Joi: \ Wl.si', of Wcstport, Oregon, is the inventor and ])atcntee of a vahi,ible machine for filling; cans with salmon. 'l"hc hydraulic elevators in the Palace Hotel, est. The census reports for 1S70 i;ivc the number of opcr.itiNcs cniiiloycil at 1,700 (in round numbers), of whom 650 were at work in woolen-mills; and the total of all products at $3,750,000, of which $1,750,000 were woolen- mill fabrics. Since 1870 the manufacture of tc.\tile fabrics of all kinds has increased 466 per cent., and that of woolen-mill fabrics 177 per cent. It may apjicar sinj^ular that the increase in the manufacture of woolens, for which material of good quality is produced on this coast, should be so much less than in the manufacture of other fabrics, for which the material is mainly imported. The capital at present in\csted in the woolen-mills of the Pacific Coast is estimated at $3,340,000, and the value of their manufac- tures at $4,850,000. Tlie capital invested in the production of all other fabrics is estimated at $1,560,000, and the value of their manufactures at $6,950,000. The reason for this ajiparcnt anomaly is not that tliere is a lack of cap- ital, or that the public fail to appreciate the quality of our woolen-mill fabrics. If it were clearly establishcil tliat a fair profit coukl be assured in that branch of entcrjirisc, the capital could readily be obtained, and Pacific Coast lilankets, flannels, tweeds, and cassimcres sell not only west of the Rocky Mountains, but in Chicago, New York, and to some extent in foreign countries. At the close of iSSi, many of the factories were unable to fill their orders, and one establishment had orders on hand from Xcw \'ork for all the blankets it could manufacture until the following September. W'hat then is the reason that, as will be seen in this chapter, our woolen-mills con- sume only one fifth of the wool clip of the entire coast, while clothing made from their cloth sells in New York; while duck and denim goods of Eastern cotton can be imported, made into overalls and suits by the labor of Pacific Coast operatives, and .sold at a prfifit even in the Eastern .States, after paying commissions and double freight; and while regalia, upholstery trimmings, and other fabrics of Eastern material, manufactured on this coast, arc rapidly driving these las.ses of Eastern goods out of the market? It is probable that one reason is the uncertainty still existing in the labor market. The capital needed to start a woolen-mill is so large in proportion to tjie value of production, that capitalists can find more secure and more ,j'ofit- able investments. The capital of the woolen-mills on this coast is to the volume of their production, almost in the proportion of 2 to 3. The capital employed in other branches of the manufacture of textile fabrics is about as 2 to 9. Several woolen-factories have paid large profits. In former j'ears, and even recently, one of the Califcjrnian factories paid for 1881 a dividend of 30 per cant.; another paid 18 per cent., but the average profits of the business are much less than those made in other branches requiring far less capital. The value of outer clothmg and fiannel « :i! i ! ■ n 11! ■ : I 11 ■V.C' M.wfi \(ti;ki:s. underwear made u]i on this coast is estimated at $3,650,000, and it is doubtlui whether the capital scilei)- investe- be cstimatetl at .$3,340,000; the weight of unw\'ished wool used b)' them is 5,750 tons, costing on an average 22 cents a pound, or $2,530,000 in the aggregate; and they consume 300 tons of cotton worth 14 cents a pound, or $84,000. The entire value of all manufactured fabrics, which include blankets, hor.se, mining, and ice jjlanketings, flannels, cassimeres, doeskins, latlies' cloaks and ulsters, coat and o\erall linings, glove-cloth, and knit liose and underwear, may be estimated at $4,850,000. About 93,000 pairs of blankets, 800,000 yards of flannel, and 700,000 yards of cloth and tweed are manufactured every year in San I'^rancisco. The doeskins and cassimeres a\erage about 17)4 ounces to tiie s(]uare yard; the tweeds about I 5 ounces. At the close of 1881 the following were the prices of the leading descrip- tions of good.s manufactured at the Pioneer and Mission Woolen Factory, in San Francisco, the largest establishment of the kind on the Pacific Coast: Mission lambs'-wool blankets, $14.50 to $15 a pair; colored blankets, $3.75 to $15.50; flannels, 40 cents to $1.25 a yard; cassimeres antl doeskins, $1 to $1.75 ; tweed.s, 50 cents to $1.25 ; check shawls, $10.50 to $36 a dozen ; plaid shawls, $42 to $78; gra\' shawls, $36 to $72; flannel overshirts, $16 to $45; knit underwear, $15 to $.48 ;i dozen. Il is usuall\- estimated, that in a factory which produces all classes of articles, 3 pounils of unscoured wool arc required to make one pound of finished goods, and that the manufactured fabrics arc worth, on an average, $1.30 a pound at wholesale. Accejjting this estimate, it will be found that ■■ TKXTII.K lAllKICS. kV the woolens proiluceil on the I'.Ritlc Coast in iSSi were worth ahoiii $5,000,000, instead of $4,,S5o,oaD as above stated; but the dilVerenco is .nccountetl for by the fact, th.it some of tlie smaller mills limit llieir opera- tions maiiil}- til the production of blankets and eoiuse flannels. The .imoimt paid out for wa'j;es in 1S81 m.iy be stated approximately at $1,000,000, anil the number of hanils employed at 2,150, of whom 71X) to Soo are Chinamen, anil the remainiler white operalivi:>. The proportion of Chinese to white labor would lie much ^Meatjr, but for the fact that, in the woolen mills of Utah Territor}-, white la!^)r is cmjiloyed exclusivel)-. ( )f the I? woolen-mills now in operation in California, 2 are loc.Ued in San I'rancisco, and one each at San Jose, Sacr.imento, Sti ckton, Sant.i Ros.i, Marysville, Merced, Los Anf,'clcs, and San Hcrnardino. There are in Ore.Ljon 5 woolen-mills, which are located at Oregon City, UavLon, Ashlaiul, Urownsville, anil Dallas. Utah contains 10 factories liie largest of which is situated at I'rovo City. Tlie others arc located at Salt l^ake City, Heaver Cit)-, l^righ.un City, Ogden, liig Kanyon Creek (near .Salt Lake City), Springville, ^L'u^ti, and St. George. The 13 woolen mills of C'alifornia have in operation 64 sets of cards and .ibout 260 looms, in atlilition to knitting machiner)- equal in power to that of .4.0 or 50 additional looms. With .111 in\esteil capital of about $2,400,000, tliey manufacture $1,200,000 worth ,1 )-ear of material into goods valued at nearly $3,000,000, and [rdy about $630,000 in wages. The total number of employes may be set ilow n at 1 ,600. Importation of Woolens. — It is estimated by 2 of the largest importing houses in .San Francisco that, 4 )ears ago, the value of woolen goods brought overland by rail included 40 per cent, of Eastern, and Go per cent, of foreign fabrics, but that for the j-car 1880, 75 per cent, were of ICastern, and only 25 per cent, of foreign manufacture. The indications are that, inste;id of sending abroatl four fifths of our wool crop, and e.vpeniling nearl)- the entire sum received for it in the importation of woolen goods, the I'acitlc Coast will, in course of time, manufacture largel)- foiit 177 jilt cent. In tiie centennial \ear, when oiu' wool clip reached its ina.viniuni, and the ])rice (jf wool fell to the low a\eraL;e of 14,'j cents ])er pound, the factories on this coast were runnini,'" up to their full ca|)acity, turning; out ifoods that \wiul(l he.ir cfini]);irison with any in the L'nion, while I''.astern manufacturers \\ere complainitiLj of dull times and o\er-pnnluctioi-.. A brief com[)ari.son of the o])erations of Californian and Ore^^'on mills for the )-ear 1S70 with those for 1.S76 will show the lluctuations to which this branch of indus- tr_\- is liable. In both years the a\eraL;e jjrice of wool was almost identi- cal, 14 cents in iS7oaL;ainst 14, ':i cents in 1876. Ik'tween tliese dates the wool clip had increasetl threefold, from 9,500 to 30,500 tons. In 1870 we fmd that, witli a capital of a little over $2,000,000, I I factories in California and ()rey;on (Utah is not iiicUuled, on account of the difficulty in obtaininjj e.\act figures for 1876) were manufacturint;f $800,000 worth of inatcrial into fabric valued at $1,600,000, and paying out $340,000 a j-ear in wages. In 1876 we find only 9 woolen-mills in operation, but with nearly the same amount of cajiital, making up $1,200,000 worth of raw material into $3,000,- 000 worth of ilnished goods, and paying out $600,000 for wages. The (|uantity of woolen goods imp(jrtcd to the Pacific Coast from the Kast anil from abroad is estimated, from inquiry carefully made among gen- tlemen largely interested in this branch of business, at $5,000,000 to $6,000,- 000. against $4,850,000 worth of home-manufactured fabrics, including cassimeres and doeskins sent ICast either for sale or to be made up and re- turned to this coast as read)'-made clothing. The enormous glut of woolen goods that accumulated after the close of the civil war, and during the busi- ness prostration of 1873 and subsequent )cars, no longer exists, and the recent revival of commercial activity has done much to clear off surplus .stocks, and to lea\e the markets gcnerall)- in fair condition, with a sfiecial demand for some lines iif goods both on the Pacific Coast an.d in the ICastern States. The substantial quality of Californian and Oregoni.ui blankets, cloths, and fiannels is rapidly gaining for them a jireference o\er those of l''.astcrn or foreign manufacture. Cassimeres and dcjeskins made on this coast are l;irgcl_\' in request f)r the cheaper classes of clothing. The manu- ficture of the finest ijualitiesof woolens has not jet been attempted here on a large scale, but it seems probable that our greatest production may even- tii.ill)- be in these fine goods, which can best bear the large freights that obstruct our access to the markets of the world. Early Woolen Manufacture. — .A brief sketch of the gniwth and de\el- oinnent of this inqjortant branch of our Pacific Coast industries, aiul a de- Ti:\ 1 11.1 1 AllKKS. ■t>9 scriptidii of the [Mcsciit cdiuliticn nf a few Icailin^r factories, may not lie without interest to tlie reader, l"or mailj- a lialf ceiitiii)-, whiU- tlu- iiiis- ,sions of California were in a prosperous condition under the dominion of S[)ain ami the inana^cinent of tiie l'"ranciscan friars, wcoi was mamifaetured into roui^h blankets of the coarsest (pialit}-. When the missions were sei/.ed and plundered l)\- the civil auth(jrities, the herils were killetl and the looms abandoned, I.oiil; after 1849, W'>ol and pelts were throvMi away as refuse, and for years there was scarcely any market for them eMii in .S.ui l"rancisco, onl}- the carcass beiiiL; in demand. An idea of the conditicjii of the wool industi)' in early days ma\- he obtained from an adverliseinent in the .l//- Ilt.VM;.M.\N, I'K K i^- t'l I., merchants of San l-'rancisco, were the fir-l woolen-mill enterprise in C'alitornia. The jjroject started in the mind of Mr. I'll K. who ga\e his attention to the sui)icct. antl satisfietl himself tiiat the W(jol ji',;ld of the coa^l woukl continue to increase rapitlly, that the necessity of exporting the bulk of the clip wouKl give a great ailvantage to the San I'rancisco inainifaclurer, in the (piality and price of his wool, atid tlial the \\ea\ing of coarse woolen goods must be a source of profit after a few jears. J ust when the market began to assume a most promising appear- ance for the San I'rancisco woolen manufacture, in October, iSfii, the Pioneer .Mills, whici' tlun had 4 sets of cards and 16 loom.s, were burned down. In iJecember of that )xar a company was incorporated to purchase the business, with a capital of $100,000, afterwards increaseil to $500,000. Xcw mills, erected at the same j)lacc, commenced running in June, 1S62, with machiner_\- for 9 sets of cards, 31 looms, anil 2,800 spintlles. h'or some time almost the entire capacit)' of the mill was reipiired to meet the demand for blankets and flannels, ,ind all the goods manufactured were consumed on this coast. In conjunction with the Mission Mills, they had within 5 )cars almost dri\en out of the market all woolen goods of the kind they manu- factured. Their flannel was of much better wool than that of the Mastern make, and was seweil up into shirts on the [)remi.ses, 50 or 60 .sewing- machines being keep in constant operation for the purpose. In the article of blankets, nothing made at the East found such fa\()r among jjurchasers as those manufactured in this citj'. The Pioneer Mills, which ha\e now absorbed the Mission Mills, occup)- the 4-story brick building, (xjb)' 400 feet, that stands out as so prominent a feature, close to the reservation of Point .San Jose, In adilition to .^S sets of cards, 1 50 looms, and 1 2,000 spindles, the)- ha\e knitting inachiner)-, taken from the Pacific Mills, with a jjower ecpial to that of 24 looms. The yearl\- i)roduction of g(]odN i-. at least 30,000 pair of blankets, white, gra) , and colored; flaimels of all kinds in white, gra_\', blue, antl scarlet, cassimeres antl doeskins; robes, chiell)' for buggies; ladies' cloakings, prin- cipall)- colored, and for orilinai)- use. .\bout 3,5oo,tx.X) pounds of wool and 100,000 pounds of cotton are consumed )early, as raw material. Though II Ti:.\iii.K I \i;ui( s. 441 their Eastern tnulc li:is falk-n oil" soincu hat, ^'cmral Inisiiicss is icpoitcd to be in a fair coiuhtioii. AllDwiii^' 3 pounds of wool at 20 cents (tiicir ma- terial bein^ purchased at low rates and in larj^e iiuantityl to one of manu- factured ^'(jods, worth, on an averai^e, $1.30 per pound, the ccjst of material, inchidin^ cotton, a little exceeils $rK)0,00O, while the total value of their manufactures amounts to $i,500,0CX). The i)a>-roll and runninj^ expenses are about $350,000 a jear. The single item of coal costs $70 a day, and that of water $700 a month. As the factory furnishes emplo)-ment to 'ears under their present ownership. Golden Gate Mill. -^Tl IK Gui.DKN ti.vit. W I'liKsroTT, .S( orr & Co., and has a fly- wliccl iS feet in diameter, ueii^liinj,' 23,000 ijoiinds. The limit of their present capacit)' for turnin<^ out j^oods is about $400,000 a year, but this coukl readily lie increased to $600,000. An artesian well on the premises furnishes the needed supply of water. The first cost of such a well need not exceed $1,000, ami the expense of raisint,' water by steam-power to a IieiLjht of 60 feet, is but half a cent per 1,000 gallons. The mill went into operation in October, 1.S80, just 6 months after the corner-stone was laid. They will manufacture woolen goods of every de- scription, from the heaviest blankets to cloth of fine grade. For the 3 months ending Mav 31, iSSi, the)- used about 250,000 [)ounds of wool, costing on an average 22 cents per pour-!, while the production is now 1,000 pounds of finished goods per day. Theic are 70 men employed at $1.75 to $2 ])er da>', 50 women and girls at 50 cents to $i.rx:), 10 boys at 50 cents to 73 cents, and 40 Chinamen, at an average of about $I a day. H. G. Kriii,, the secretary of the compan)-, makes the following statement, which he was kind enough to write out, on the subject of employing Chinese labor; " It was the intention of the management to employ none but uhitc labor, but after a trial of a jear, it was found difficult to make the bo)sand girls |)ay sufficient attention to their work, anti from this and other reasons, a gang of Chinamen was |nit to work in the mill on the first of September, 18S1. IIa\ing U) compete with other mills, we find that white labor cxclu- si\el\- will not do. Our \'oung ])opulnlion are not steady and iniluslrious enough, and think that after working a few weeks their wages ought to be doubled." San Jose Mill.— Til K San Jo.sE Woolen Mills Company was incor ])()ratcd it) 1S69 with a capital of $100,000. It was estimated b)' Judge R. 1". I'i:i'KIL\M, who was the main projector of the entcri)rise, and has been the president and general agent of the company since its organization, that $200,000 would be necessar)' to establish the business of a fi-set mill, but it was determined to defer the raising of the second half of the cajiital stock until the mills should be ready for o|)eration. The first $100,000 was subscribed by residents of Santa Clara County, more to assist in building up a |)til)lic industry than in expectation of gain. Subscri|)tions fiir the re- maining $100,000 amounted only to $17,100. The company was left with- out atletjuate funds, and thi^ enterjirise had to be abandoned or carried on with bnrrowcil capit.il. This drawback, added to the inexperience of work- men who damaged stocks and made imperfect gooils that could only be solil at ruinous prices, was a great clog on the early effiirts of the company. No profits coukl be accumulated. The income would hardly meet expenses and interest on borrowed money. ll.Xlll.i; lAllKK S. 44? Thiiifjs went on from bad to worse until, in April, I.S;^, it h.id Ijccomc an absolute necessity that the stockholders should take measures to obt.iin fresh working' cipital, or that the conipan)- sii.iiild ^o into liiiuidation and sacrifice the amount .-ilready subscribed. This was jilainl)- stated in- the president at a mcetini; lield .it that time. After much discussion, it was aLjreed that the capital siiould be increased to $400,000, and tliat, when one third of their face value had been ])aid on the new sjiares, the_\- should stanil on an ec|ual foolin;^' in all respects with the new stock. I^noUL;!) was soon subscribed to |)a_\- off all indebtedness, 'ilie company h.id now fairly oxer- come its eail\- dilTicultics, and under tiie skillful and energetic management of the president and of AKCllIiiAI.l) Mc I)o.\.\I.l), formerly of the Pioneer and Mission Mills, a surplus of .'fc^o.ooo has been added to the paid-up cap- ital of $21 1,400, and dividends have been declared amounting to $168,000. 'I'he suri)lus and dividends earned since 1873 show a net profit of nearly 14 I)er cent, a year, while for the jear i8iSo the diviilend was 30 per cent. The excellent (juality of the company's goods, especially in the line of blankets, is now recognized, not only in local, hut in ICastern markets, and has even gained for them some foothokl in I'.ngl.nid, China, and Jajjaii. The San Jose factory gives emplojTncnt to ;i large number of operatives, iiearl}' all of whom arc white persons. Hesides pa)ing wages averaging for wiiite men nearl)- $2, for women ;ibout $1.30, and for children over 85 cents a day, a sum is distributed yearly, among white ojieratixes only, in |)ropor- tion to the wages earned by each. Tor 1880, this sum amounted to $4,500, or a bonus of 17 jjer cent, added to the year's wages of each individual. The )'ear 1881 was a very i)ros[)erous one for this establishment. The amount paid out for wages amounteil to about $75,000, and, at the close of the year, the mills had orders on liand from New York for all the blankets they could m.ike until September, 1882. 'I'he iuliclcs manufactured are blankets, white and colored, horse blanket- ings, flannels, and nanncl shirtings, glove cloth, coat linings, and cassimcrcs. The president states that the protection afforded by the high tariff rates of the railroad comi)anies has .done renderetl it possible for the San Jose mills to e.\ist, and that if the amount of gooils mrnle by the factor)' had been brought bj- rail from Xew N'ork, the freight would ha\e eciualed all the profits ever made b)- the coini)anj'. Sacramento Mill.— Tin: C.M'IT.M, Woni.r.X Mll.l.s, Sacramento, have 4 sets of cards, and 17 looms. The factor)- was built in 1870, and after being destroyed by fire in 1875, was rebuilt in the fall of 1876. The main build- ing occupies a site 60 by 250 feet. In connection with the mills is a cloth- house and tailoring establishment on J Street, between Ilighth and Ninth. 11 'K'!' i' ;? 444 MAMIAl ll'KKS. ^ I i i f ; il Tlic enterprise was cstahlisliecl by an incorpdratinn with a capital of $200,- cxxi. Tile {joods manufactured are white and colored l)lankets, rcil, white, and check flannels, and flannel um.lerwear, cassiincrcs, tweeds, and water- proofs. Most of these proilnctsare marketed in California antl Nevada, but the trade of the factor)' cxtenils over all portions of the Pacific Coast be- tween \\'asliin;.^ton Territorv and Xew MeNico. (juite a lar^e percentage of them funis a market in San I'"rancisco. DuriuL; iSSi thcdemand for tile goods of this factory was greater tlian it could supplj-, and early in I.S,S2 the capacit)' of the mills was increased, and the inachiner)- furnished with the l.itest in\entions, in order to improve still further the (|uality of the goods. It is anticipated that there will soon be emiiloymcnt for 125 hands, and that the consumption of wool will be at the rate of 1,200 jiounds a day. Occu- ])ation is given at the mill to 125 hands, of whom 50 are Chinamen. I'.m- |)lo)-mcnt is affortled to ^5 or 40 additiotial hands in the tailoring depart- ment, where suits and flannel underwt'ar are made to order. J. S. Tk\(>.\ is till- president i\tu\ su|)erintendent of the compaii)'. Other Californian Mills. -The woi'.en-mill at Stockton commenced the manuf.icture of flannels and blankets in I1S70, and now claims to be turn- ing out more goods than any other mill of the si/.e f)n the coast. l)()li;irr\ & T.\l ri;usux, the owners, have invested $,^o,0(X3 in the enterprise. I'or a mill with 2 sets of cards and 200 s|)indles a \ery large amount of goods is turned out, among which the 6-ounce check flannel, and three-(|uarter gray and magenta blankets are sjiecial features. There are 24 men emplo)'ed, 18 of whom are Chinamen, and good accounts are given of the results of their labor. Till-; S.\\T.\ K<)s.\ WoDl.l'.N CoMr.V.NV was incorporated in 1S77, with a cai)ital of $100,000, of which $50,000 is paid up. There arc but 4 stock- holders--C. C. I'".\kmi;k, v.. T. F.\rmi:k, John W.m.kku, and I".. C. I'l'.ucr- SON. The factory occupies a brick building, C>o\ 1 20 feet, 2 ' i stories in height, ll is a .V*<--t mill, and is furnished with the best Eastern machinery. I'he nianufactun^s consist of 7-ounce flannel, blankets, yarns, bugg)- robes, tweeds, and cassimercs. The enterprise was not fairlj- in operation until January, 1S81. \V'ithin 6 months from that date the factory turned out goods to the v.alue of $35,000, and when working at its full capacit}' can make u]) $85,000 worth of goods a yciir. The proilucts of the mill are marketed in San Trancisco. In the spring of 1867 after A. Slllia.DS and \V. II. l'.\KKS had can- vassed \'uba and Sutter counties for the purpose of raising the necessary funds. Tin; M.srvsviij.k Wooi.kn Mills Company was incorporated with a capital of $50,000, and I). I'.. Knic.HI', the present superintendent. TIATII.K IAI;KI(S. 445 went I'-ast to purcliasc machinery fnr a 4-sct mill. The pnipoit)- of TllE Cai.IIorma S1'A(;K fo.MI'AW, (in 15 and Second streets, on which stood a brick building 140x160 feet, was puichascd, and the factory went into operation in September of the same jear, (iood mana^;enient and the cheapness of wool enabled the comp,ui\- to declare a 25 [)er cent di\idend the first \'ear. The same dividend was paid the second }-ear. IV'lween 1867 and I1S79, the factor)- earned enough to pa>- out $500,000 for material and $300,000 for labor, to make additions to the buildings of 2 substantial and c.\i)ensive rooms, anil to make very handsome returns to stockholders, either as dividends or additions to capital stock. 'I'he ilividend for the )iar iiScSo, was 18 per cent. Tiiere are 6 sets and JO looms in operation, giving em])loyment to 45 white men, several women, and 30 Chinamen, the latter receiving the high wages of $1.15 per day. The superintendent states that he could not make the mill jiay unless Chinamen were emi)lo\-ed. lie rc- ])orls an excellent state of business, a ready market, and very good pros- pects. . Oregon Mills. — There are in Oregon 5 woolen-factories, one of which, owned by Till', ()ur.r;o\ CiTV Woni. Manci ACTLRINC Compaxv, ranks, in i)oint of capital and ca])acity for turning out fabric, second only to the rioneer and Mission Mills of San Francisco. Cloth and blankets of Oregon manufacture are of superior tiuality, the long stajile of the Oregon wool being better for certain classes of goods than the shorter and finer merino of California. The entire capital invested in this branch of industry in the State of Oregon may be estimated at $450,000 to $500,000, and her factories ha\e in operation about lO sets of cards and 75 looms, manufacturing nearly $400,000 worth of material into about $840,000 worth of fabric. Tin: Wll.l.AMKTl'i: Wool.liN Mli.l,.sat Salem were established in [S57, at a cost of $75,000, and were then the most important cnter])rise of this nature on the Pacific Coast, l-'or some time the Willamette factor)- w-as a source of little (irofit, but of much cheap ridicule to the ^surrounding com- munity, and of vexation to stockholders. Within a few years the skill and jjcrseverance of its managers liad achieved for this undertaking a success seldom equaled in the histor)- of manufacturing enterprise; and the com- pany's stock had ri.scn from a heav)- discount to 1 100 per cent, premium. After a long and prosperous career, ami considerable enlargement, the mills were burned to the ground in Ma)-. 1876. The main edifice of the Willa- mette factor)- w-as the largest one of the kind on the I'acific Coast, measuring 200.x 541 feet. Tin; ORKdON Cut W^)()I. Manuiactikinc Cmii-ANv was organized in April, 1864, with a capital of $60,000, and went into operation the follow- i llr 446 M wr Tl i;rs. \in in^ year witli 5 sots u( inachinciy. Tlic ])rcs<'nt capital is $500,000, a pov- tinn of which represents the accumulatci! eainiir^s Dfthe mill. The factory was biirneil ilown in iS/j, ant! rebuilt tlic lollouint,' scar. It is now in lull operation, with I 1 sets of cards and 4.S looms. The annual consnnijjtion of wool is little less than 1,000,000 ponnds. The tjoods manufactured are mainly blankets, llannels, tweeds, and cassimeres, to the \alue of $40,ocx) to $45,000 a month. Their excellent qiialit)- fmds for them a ready market. Small i|uantities occasionally sent to New \'nvk are eajjerly taken by the trade; but the tlemand for these i^oods in Oreijon and C!aliornia is now so threat tliat there is little surplus left for more distant markets. Connected with the establishment is a clothin|.j department, givintj cmijloymcnt to ,1 number of skilled cutters and about 50 tailors. The superior (pialit)' of tie cloth is ;it once noticed t)\- visitors, w hile in price it is be'.ow that of liastern make. In .S.ui l'"rancisco th(.' mills are rcpre.sented by Rrown Hro.s. & Co, 24 aiid 26 Sansome street, who manufacture cloth and flannel from the ()l-eL;on City Mills into j^'ootls valued ato\er $400,000 a \car. The \alue to a communit)- of such an institution as the ()rej;on City I'actory can hardly be overestimated. ISesitles jiajMn;,' out nearly $250,000 a vx-ar to wool-grovvcis, anil about $90,000 a year in wages to 150 hands (the greater portion of whom are white operatives), cmjiloyment is furnished to hundreds of persf)ns in makinj; up cloth and flannel into suits and clothini;. Nearly all the money paitl out, for whatever purpose, is circulateil on this coast and fmds its way into tlifferent channels of trade. Tin; HkownsVII.i.i: Wooi.KN Mii.I, CoMI'.WV was established at Browns- ville, I, inn County, in 1875. ft has now 4 sets of machiner}'. At the anini.il meeting; of the compan)- held in kSSi, it was found that the concern liad paiti well durinij the precetling jear. The factorv has not been kept steadilv- runnini;, but has all the machinery needed for turnini; out cassi- meres, doeskins, tweeds, satinets, flannels, and blankets, which have been produced in considerable <|uantitv' since the mill went into operation. The coinpan)- has a paid-up capital of $36,000. I'-mi)loyment is ;4iven to 40 operatives, all white persons, and the sales amount to about $150,000 worth a year of goods, which are iiK'rketed in Oregon, California, Idaho, and Wash- ington. I). l).\U;i,i;isil, 71 I'Vont Street, Portland, is the agent. TlllC .\silL.\.\l) \\'(>{)l,i:\ Mil.l.s, a joint stock incorporation, are (cated in Jackson Count)-, 315 miles south of Portland, and on tlie line of the Cal- ifornia antl Oregon overlaml stage route. Though at present only a one- set factory, with 4 looms anil 3 knitting machines, the mill building is of sufficient size to atlmit machiner)' for another set of cards. The goods man- ufactured consist chiefl)- of cassimeres, doeskins, tweeds, blankets, ami ho- siery, to the value of .$40,000 or $50,000 a year. It is claimed tiiat the power if ri;\ iii.i: iai;ki(S. 447 cicrivcd from Ashland Creek would he sufTiciL'tn to drive all the inacliincry of Uiriniiv^ham. Tin: UavHin \Vo(i1,i:n Mills were founded in iV,/2 at the county seat of Columbia Count}-, on a site which, a few months previously, was the center of a lar^e j^rain ranch, tnvncd by J. X. D.W. Ihe president of the mill. S. M. Wait, is a native of Vermont, and caine to California in 1.S50 at the a^e of 28. In 1851, he took an immense drove of ho<^'s fthc first venture of the kind/ from the Willamette Valley to California, and the fol- lowing year made the same trip with a lar;j;e band of cattle. MnLjaginj; afterwards in various enteqiriscs, Mr. WAIT became ac(|uainted, durin^j hi.s travels in (Oregon, with the ca])abilities and \»ants of the counlr>- ihrou.Ljh which he passed. In the course of his journeys he frequently had occasion to pass through the ranch of Mr. Day, and often spoke to him of the many ;idvantages it possesseil as a town site. The woolen mill cost, with ma- chinery. $40,CXX3, and distributes every }'ear over $30,000 for material pur- chased in its vicinity, besides disbursing nearly $25,000 a year for wages. Utah Mills. — Utah contains 10 woolen-mills, one of which — Tin; Ru> Virgin Manuia(TI:ki\(; Comi-ANV — also i)roduccs cotton fabrics. From the lx;st information th.it can be obtained from so distant a territory, her woolen factories are furnishcil with 20 sets of cards, 118 looms, and about 6,300 spindles. The capital invested may he set down at $650,000. the cost of raw material used at .$600,000, and tiie value of goods manufactured at $1,300,000. The vcr)' large quantity of wool forwarded bj- rail from Salt Lake City to Ogden, and the sm.ill .unount of that staple foruardetl from Ogt'.cn to any part of Utah Territor)', indicates that the wocil used is al- most entirely of local production. Utah may claim to have established the pioneer woolen factory of the Pacific Coast. In the Disnrt Nci>.ards. The result of its operations was, that the banker's account was overdrawn, and IK) return w.is made to stockholder-, e.\ccpt a 5 per cent, dividend to be taken out in clotli. The corjjoration of Victoria offers a bonus of $5,000, and the I'ro\incial Government of Hritish Columbia a like amoimt, towards the establishment of a woolen-mill at Victoria. Hosiery and Knit Goods. — These classes of goods, known to the trade under the term of "domestic underwear," include such articles as knit under- shirts, drawers, and half-hose for men and boys; and \'csts and hose for women. During icSSi thi;re was but a single factory on the Pacific Coast exclusively engaged in the manufacture of knit goods — TlIK C.\MI'OK\I.\ Hf)S!i:KY CoMP.WV, located at Oakland. This establishment has been in o|)cration only since January of that year, and has .so far been very suc- cessful. TiiK rio.VKKK A\D Ml.ssiON Wooi.KN Mli-LS of .San Francisco fof wliich a general .account has been given heretofore) produced in 1 88 1 about $200,000 worth of domestic underwear. One of the Oregon mills, and 2 at least of the Utah factories, have also a few knitting-ma- chines in operation. The entire consumption of all the hosiery and knit goods inanufactureil on the I'acific Coast may be estimated at $450,000 a > Tr.xTii.i: I \iiuit s. 44') year; the cost of tlic wool, cottnii, ami other materials used at $150,000; the smfl expemleil for lahor at $175,000, di .tributetl ainoii^ 5(.X) o[Kratives. Cotton can now lie iinporteil from I'cxas, hy the Southern I'acifu: Rail- road, as cheapl), or very lU'arly so, as it can he laid down in Lowell, or other larj^e m inufacturinL; cities in tlie I'.astern States. I'reii^ht to San Francisco by this route is 1 J;^ cents a pound. 'I'he iiroduction of Caiifor- nian cotton was estimated for iSSi at 500 hales, nf 401) pounds each, or about 103 tons in all. At present ah.)ut 300 tons of cotton are consumed every year b)- the I'acific Coast Mills. Takinj^ int' the scourin^r process. H)- first cleansinj,' the wool, the shipper therefore saves two thirds of the frei^'ht. y\s the bulk of our wool is ship])cd ilast by rail, the saving; is \ery consid- erable. .\t present, about 5,750 tons a year arc used b)- the I'acific Coast woolen-mills, and nearl)- iQ.cxX) tons are forwardeil ICast, of which about 1 1,000 tons are shipped in the (grease. As two thirds of the weii;ht of un- scoured wool consists of refuse, and the freif^ht i-; 1 yl to 2 cents a pound, it follows that at least $220,000 were paiil out, in 1881, for the trans])ortation of over 7,300 tuns of ^Tease, dust, burs, etc. The Icadiii}; firms at present engaj^cd in wool scourinj,' are I''.\1,km;k, liixi. & Co., L.vKiiNi.u & Lr.K, G.car About 100 men are emplo>etl in this industry, and the business is at present restricted to San I'Vancisco. The need is felt of a mill for spinnint,^ woolen yarn for shipment I^ast, instead of sending the waol in its raw state; and it is ))rob- able that such an establishment will soon be in operation. Clothing. — The I'acific States and Territories import ready-made cloth- ing and under-clothing to the value of $20 annually for every man, woman, and child of their population. Not more than one fifth of our wool crojj is manufactureil on this coast, and even of this some |5ortion is exported in the shape of doeskins, cassimeres, and tweeds, to return as ready-made suits. Supposing that the wool in a suit of clothes costs about one tenth, and that Eastern manufacturers, merchants, and railro.id incorporations ab.sorb the remaining nine tenths, we make our profit on but a small portion of the material. The quantity of cloth sent East for sale or manufacture can not easily be estimated, but the amount of wool exported for the )-ear 1881 was about 20 i)cr cent, of the total crop. It may be stated, with a very near nXTIIl. I AI'.UK S, 451 approximation to truth, tli.it uc ^cml .il)ni.i 1 industry, the )ear round, at i,.Soo, of whom at least 1,400 are Chinamen. The number of Chin.imen em|)lo\-e(l is much i.-irijer ;it times, I-'or the year 1S70 the value of men's clothinj,' manufactured in San I"ranc' < ., includinji cu^toia work, w;i stated in the Criisi/s Kifor/ at $964,750, and the number of hands em j.^ yed ;it 450. Durini; iS.Si s.iles of clothiii<; exceedeil, by at L.ist JO ])i r cent., those of the pre\ ious)'ear. The fall trade was especi.illy prosperous. A feature in the )e.ir's business was tlie increased demaiul for twe<(!s, eassimeres, and doeskins of I'.icific Coast manufacture. I'"or the m.ikin^ of suits, cloth manufactured at the Pioneer and Mission Mill, San I'V.incisco, anil at th. (Irej.jon C'it\- Woolen Mills, is ver)- much in dem.md. It is ailmitted, that Californian and Oreijon cloth wear lx;tter than I'.astern j,foods, thouijh less fine as to face, finisli, and neatness of pattern. If this defect were reme- died, the dem;ind for Californian and (")rc<^on cloth would be more general instead of bein;,' limiteil, as it now is, almost exclusively to the laboring classes. Im|)orts of clothint;, for iS.Si, amounted to 7,5(X) casf , I'"or i' be taken as the a\ ''rage earnings, whether on piece-work or by daily wage. In Eastern cities an advertisement will at once be p.nswcred b)- 200 or 300 skilled applicants, and work is done on what is called the gang system. A gang consists of a pressman, who shapes the garment after it is cut, and a number of sewing-machine girls anil assistants, each of whom works pnl)' at one portion of the garment. Skilletl sewing-machine oj)era- tives receive, in the I'^ast, $10 to $1 J a week, and assistants $6 to $8. The •rKXTll.K I AIIKICS. 453 extent to which Cliincsc workmen are cmpl(>)'cd in San Francisco, in thii branch of industry, is pcrliaps hardly ai)])rcciatcd. By far tlic j^rcater part of the read_\'-madc clothint( and nearly all the under-clothing inade in San Francisco, for both sexes, is manufactured by Chinamen. There are numerous Chinese firms working for wholesale houses, and employing probabi}' not less than i,OOohands in the aggregate. Their fac- tories are, of course, located in the Chinese quarter. There are also num- bers of Cliin.imen working under the superintendence of white foremen at small factories in the suburbs of San Francisco. The bulk of the gooels manufactured by Chinese labor consists of overalls, jumpers, and pants made of imported l<"astern denim and duck, over and under shirts of Californian flannel, and cloth pant.s, chiefl)- of home-made tweeds and cassimeres. Over- alls ana other goods of duck and denim arc .sold chiefly to miners and to laborers on ranches. The importation of this class of goods has now almost entirely ceased. It is estimated by a leading firm in San I'rancisco that not less than $750,000 worth a year of ducks and denims (cotton fabrics, dyed in blue or brown) are manufactured on this co;ist, and that not more than $75,000 worth are imported. .Suits made of these goods are usually lined with Californian blanket lining. H\- etnploying Chinese labor, manu- facturers can afford to pay 3 cents a jxiund for freight on the material, which, w ith the exception of the blanket lining, is all imported, and not only sup- pi)- ncarlj- all the demand of the Pacific Coast, but sell their goods at a profit, nearly as far East as New York, after paying a second freight. Besides the regular Chinese firms, there are small co-operative bodies of 4 or 5 who work on their own account, and :-,end out one of their number to effect sales. In addition to our large wholesale houses, some of the smaller ones also employ Chinamen. Their earnings average about $i.50ad€'iy, and aggregate (for 1,400 em))l()yees, working 7 days a week) about $765,- 000 a jear. This sum, added to the profits made by Chinese employers, would furnish work to an equal number of female operatives on the system and at the rates of wages [)rcvailing in Eastern clothing factories. As the case now stands, white women and girls can find more reinunerative em- ployment in domestic service than in work on clothing, though a small number make living wages mainlj- by working for custom tailors. Manu- facturers state that but for the aid --made clothing on the Pacific Coast. ' The value of goods matle up by this one firm is about $550,000 a year. Tiieir trade extends TKXTII-K lAliURS. 455 a. 5 all over the I'acific States and Territories, and as far cast as New York. They arc sole af,'cnts for the Orkgon Ch Y Woolkn Mills, and manufac- ture from cloth made in that establishment, read\'-niade suits to the value of $300,000 a )-car, in addition to flannel underwear and other floods, worth $150,000, from material produced at the same establishment. They also do a large business in goods of Eastern make. In duck goods alone, such as overalls and blanket-lined pants and <."ats(the material for which is entirely imported), their trade exceeds $ioo,ooo a year. The firm complain that they can not obtain labor at prices which they can affcjrd to pay, sufficient to manufacture goods up to the full extent of the demand. Nkustautkr HROTm:RS manufacture large quantities of cloth suits, and various descriptions of under-clothing. The)- are better known, however, as the proprietors of the Stand.vrd SliiRT Factory, on Gough and Grove streets, and mention is made of their establishment under the heading of shirts. The overall factory of El.KUs & Co. occupies the second story of a build- ing on J Street, Sacramento, together with 2 small shop:-., run by Chinamen, and situated on the same street. In addition to Samson pants (overalls), the firm manufacture Canton flannel shirts, cotton shirts, and blanket-lined clothing. Starting only -^ ars ago, with a nominal capital, their sales now amount to $79,000 a year, ' their goods already find a market in portions of Nevada, though sold man m the mining districts of California. Twenty Chinamen are employed, who work by the piece, and 16 girls, who, working also by the piece, make about $ I a da)-. The material used includes flannel made in San Francisco, though the cheaper grades of flannel are brought from the East. The firm reports a thriving business and excellent prospects. m II i P M - ■VI y Furnishing Goods. — Mention has already been made of some of the arti- cles which come under the definition of furnishing goods. Hosiery and knit goods, shirts and linen underwear, have been noticed imder those head- ings; neckties and .suspenders will also be spoken of .separately, becau.se there arc factories in San Francisco engaged in making those articles. The manufacture of furnishing goods is so widely distributed that it is almost impossible to form any exact or even approximate estimate, as to the quantity and value of all the different descriptions. Most of the dry-goods houses employ women, antl some employ Chinamen to make up goods in stock, and large numbers of Chinamen are engaged in this line of business on their own account, working in small gangs and employing one of their number to effect sales. The larger portion of this class of work is done by Chinamen, and a single circumstance will show the extreme difficulty ex- perienced by sewing-women in competing with them. The price usually 45^' MANUFACTURKS. paid to women for making the button-holes of shirts and some otiicr arti- cles, is 50 cents a dozen, and Chinamen are willing to do the same work for 7J'.< cents, or 15 jjcr cent, of the price paid to seamstresses. There are two factories in San I'Vancisco engaged in the making of men's furnishing goods. Neustadter BROTHERS are the proprietors of an establishment at which the manufacture of shirts is made a specialty, and their factory has therefore been mentioned under that heading. The other one is worthy of special mention, as it presents some features of general interest. B. & O. Greenebaum.— B. & O. Greenf.haum, 1047 and 1049 Market Street, are the proprietors of a factory, in which men's furnishing goods of all descriptions arc made up specially for wholesale houses in San Francisco. Their establishment occupies 2 stories of a buihling 50 feet by 165, and af- fords occupation to more than 200 op,.ratives When Messrs. Gkeexe- liAl'M commenced business in iXjiS, they employed only 10 persons. They now distribute over $60,000 in wages, and manufacture goods of excellent qualit)- to the value of $750,000 a year. At least 1 50 of the employees are women and girls. The Chinamen do not number more than 50 ; they are employed (Mily on heavy work, at which women can not earn fair wages, and arc kept in an apartment bj- themselves. Skilled seamstresses make $9 to $12 a week, and apprentices $3 to $5. The sewing-machines are all run by steam-power, and are employed on all grades of men's furnishing goods, from the finest to the heaviest. Large quantities of duck and denim goods are also manufactured. Messrs. Greene1!.\UM consider that the prospects of their trade are good, and ba.se their opinion partly on the fact that the supply of white labor is gradually increasing. They state that they are now constantly receiving applications for employment from girls belonging to respectable families. With regard to the question of employing China- men, they remark that Chinamen can not compete with girls in fine work, and that on the other hand girls can not compete with Chinamen in rough work. They believe that the goods made up by Chinamen are losing caste in the market every ilay, and that those made by white labor arc rapidly taking their place. They find that Chinamen will do good work on the portion of the garment that is likely to be inspected, but will take no pains with the other portion, while sewing-women will do all their work carefuUj'. Moreover, if a Chinaman be ordered to make a seam in a manner or direc- tion differing from the previous custom, he will look upon it as some new process, and demand extra pay. On moving into their present quarters, Messrs. Greeneu.VU.M iletermined not to employ Chinamen on any ile- scription of fine work, but to have their more expensive goods made up :; M TKXTIl.K I'-AURICS. 457 entirely by sewin^r-j^irls, who thus have an opportunity to make good rates of wages. The firm deserve credit for the assistance they render to sewing- women by always emi)loying them, when possible, in preference to China- men, and paying; them the highest rates of wages that the business will af- ford. In .several instances there are 3 or 4 members of the same family employed at their establishment, and their joint earnings afford them the means of a comfortable livelihood. It:: ; Cotton Underwear. — Among dr}'-good.s houses in San Francisco, cotton fabrics are included in the word " domestics," and would therefore include goods made of duck and denim, of which mention is made under the head of "clothing." The value of imported domestics is estimated, by one of the leading importing houses of this city, at $5,000,000 to $6,000,000, of which about yo per cent, is manufactured into garments in San I'rancisco, the remaining 10 per cent, being brought here in the .shape of ready-made clothing. Apart from duck and denim, the importation of cotton goods and of linens and muslins, which are not included in the term "domestics," may be estimated at $4,000,000 to $4,500,000. l^adies' underwear, to the value of about $200,000 a year, is manufactured in San Franci.sco, and about $250,000 worth, chieflj' of the finer descriptions, is imported. There arc employed at this branch of sewing, on the average, about 130 Chinamen, and not more than 20 white women, although the number so employed for a portion of the year is very much larger. The earnings of all operatives average about 90 cents a day ; and this is one of the very few instances in which the price of labor falls below Eastern rates. The average earnings of sewing-women employed on cotton and linen un- derwear in any large Eastern city are not less than $1 a day. The cost of material in this branch of manufacture is estimated at 60 per cent., and of labor 20 per vont. Shirts. — The average number of white persons employed in San Fran- cisco the year round on making white .shirts, is about 450, and of Chinamen about 200. The quantity made is estimated at 37,500 dozen a year, and their value at $600,000, against $450,000 worth of imported shirts. Al- though articles of fair quality, made by Chinamen, are sometimes .sold as low as $9 a dozen, the goods made up in San Francisco consist almost en- tirely of the more expensive grades. Shirts that sell, let us say at $1 apiece, can not, as a rule, be made at a profit, mainly for the reason that the prices paid for finishing are too high to allow of competition with cheap articles of Eastern make. On the price-list of one factory, goods are marked as low as $10.50 a dozen, but this is probably the only instance of the kind, 58 I "W- 458 MANUI ACTUKKS. and the reason fcir it is, that this establishment is the only one engaged in manufacturing on anj- large scale, for the general market; other houses pro- ducing goods onl)' to order, or at least not making uj) any great quantity of stock. The entire \alue of shirts made up in San I-Vancisco, othenvisc than to order, is probabl)- not more than $250,000 a )ear, and this work is done almost entirel)- b)' Chin .nen. It is estimated that the cost of material is about 50 per cent., and of labor 25 to 30 per cent, of the wholesale value of the goods produced, leaving 20 or 25 per cent, for rent, profit, and mis- cellaneous e.xpcnses. In the making of shirts, as in other branches of sewing, about 80 per cent, of all the goods made up in stock are manufactured by Chinamen, and the remaining 20 per cent. b_\' white operatives. In the case of goods made up to order, these conditions are reversed. At least 80 per cent, of such work is done by white men and W(jmen, and only 20 per cent, by Chinamen. Women arc paid 12 'i to 50 cents a dozen more than Chinamen, but e\en with this advantage, fail to make anj-thing near the same wages. The earn- ings of skilled seamstresses average $7.50 to $8, and of e.vpert Chinamen about $9.50 a week. A few highly skilled women, who also possess the requisite strength can make $10 to $1 1, but these instances are very rare. Apprentices receive $3 a week, and have to work about 2 j-ears before they can earn as much as $6 a week. The only process at which women can, as a rule, earn good wages is that of ironing unlaundried shirts. At this work, a strong and skillful woman may earn as much as $14 or $15 a week, but the average is not more than $12. NlX'sTADTER Huos. commenced the manufacture of shirts in 1874, at a small factory on the corner of Market and First streets. Within one year their business increased so largely that it became necessary to .secure very ample accommodation. A site was ])urchased on the corner of Gough and Gro\e streets, and a 3-.story building, 137J.J by 150 feet, was completed in August, 1875. Goods arc now manufactured to the value of several hundred thousand dollars a year. Of late years the firm has engaged largely in the making of various descriptions of under-clothing. There arc constantly employed at the factory about 400 hands, a large portion of whom are Chinamen, making from $9 to $11 a week. I*'emale operatives earn from $3.5010 $10, averaging not more than $6 to $7 a week. Employ- ment is al.so furnished to a large number of sewing-women who work out- side the factor)'. n. & O. GREKNKli.VU.M make some shirts, but the account of their estab- lishment will be given under the head of under-clofhing, which is their main product. In W. A Stili.M.vn's factory, San I'Vanci.sco, goods consisting of shirts and men's underwear, are made up at the rate of about $5,000 TEXTILK lAURICS. 459 a month. Employment is given to lo white men at $3 a day, and to 40 girls, whose average earnings arc $8 a week. Regalia. — The great number of secret societies on our slope, and espe- cially in California, where such associations thrive with a luxuriance un- equaled in any other part of the world, has made ;i large demand for regalia, a term applied originally to the symbols and paraphernalia of royalty, but afterwards extended, by common usage, to the special articles of dress worn by the members of the Masonic, Odd Fellows, and similar organizations. Collars, sashes, and aprons that can be convenicntl)' slipped on over the ordinary dress, and badgas that can be fastened to it, as marks of membership, or of different grades of advancement or of office, are re- quired to be worn in their meetings or on public occasions; and these arc made of velvet, silk, satin, or fine cloth, elaborately embroidered with silk, or gold, or silver thread. Much skill and taste is needed in the production; but there is a great scarcity of competent seamstresses, though the wages, for the best, range from $15 to $20 a week. Orders arc often delayed for months before they can be filled, and a small proportion, perhaps 5 per cent, of the total supply — -which amounts, in the opinion of Plate & Co. to $50,000 a year — is obtained from Ea.stcrn cities, the remainder being made in San Francisco. The regalia seamstresses, including w^omcn and girls, number about 30, and their wages range, according to skill, from $9 to $20 a week. The firm of A. J. Platk & Co., 418 and 420 Market Street, San Fran- cisco, manufacturers of uniforms and equipments for military and civic societies, .as well as regalia, was established in 1850, although the regalia department was not added until 1865. Its business and credit have grad- ually extended as it became better known, until it stands at present at the head of the trade. Within the last few years there has been an increase of 500 per cent, in the demand for regalia. Most of the work is done in ele- gant style, and the house has in its .service workers as skillful as can be found anywhere. NORCROSS & Co., 6 Post Street, was established in 1849, and commenced manufacturing regalia 3 years later. They now manufac- ture, in addition to regalia and society articles, naval and military goods, flags, swords, costumes, and carry stocks of laces, fringes, bullions, and other decorations required for theatrical and masquerade costumes. Several other houses make the manufacture and sale of regalia a minor feature of their business, but the firms mentioned arc the only ones that engage in it on a large scale. Flags and Bunting. — Owing to the great variation in the demand for flags from year to year, and the fact that the active demand for them is I! m li ii 4f3o MANLi'Ai.rL:ui;s. i i limited to ,i few weeks preccclini,^ the annivers;ir\- of our national inilepcntl- cnco, it is more eonvenicnt to dealers to have their flags manufactured on this coast, tlxiui^h previous to 1.S74 the}- depended mainly on importation. B. Pasquale.— .\b('Ut 1.S61, 15. Pasqiai.i:, an Italian educated in I^ancc to the silk manufacture, rcsidinLf at San I'rancisco since 1^49, started a manufactory of flags at 650 Washington Street, where his establishment has since been maintained. His business expanded as he became kniiwn, until it rcacheil its greatest development in the centennial year, when his .sales amounted to $23,000, leaving him a profit of $5,000. He gives a pleasant employment to a number of women, as many as 60 at one time — working at home. This business includes banners of all sizes, materials, and national patterns for use on land, or on merchant or marine vessels. He gives special attention to orders for fine silk flags. J. & \\\ IIannw, deal< -; in bags, duck, felt, twine, etc., at 308 Davis Street, have a flag department, in which their stock of goods is worth about $20,000, and they do a large business in the line of bunting. The)- pre- sented a flag 24 feet wide and 40 long, with ,1 streamer (jo feet in length, worth about $300, to the Golden Gate Park, where it was hoisted by order of the commissioners. May 17, 1881. I'or such banners, Washington fur- nishes magnificent flag-staffs 150 feet high at a cost of about $250. Nou- CROSS & Co., who devote their chief attention to regalia, also manufacture flags and banners of all kinds, but most of the material which they use is of fine quality. We have no information that the manufacture of flags is conducted as a regular business or department of business by any house on the Pacific Coast save the three mentioned. Neckties. — Not less than $1,000,000 a year is remitted by San Francisco merchants to New York, and el.sewherc in the I'^asl, for this small article of dress; and not more than $125,000 worth a year, or about 11 per cent, of the entire consumption are made on this coast. The materials used in making neckties, as silk, .satin, lawn, and cambric, are all imported to the value of about $75,000 a year. The cost of manufactured articles varies from $1 to $(jO a dozen, and averages not less than $5 to $6 a dozen. The freight on a dozen of neckties is but a small fraction of one per cent, on their value, and the difference in freight between the material and the fin- ished goods is almost imperceptible. It is not surprising, therefore, that merchants cm import articles, made up principally in the tenement-houses of New York, at cheaper rates than they can be made for on this coast. There arc three parties in San Francisco, and one at Dutch i'Mat, who, in connection with other business, employ hands the year round to make up neckties. The industry is entirely in the hands of women, who work by the m ■:l I Tr.XTir.i; i aiiuics. 461 ])iccc, and the number of operatives employed depends vcr}- mucli on the qiiantit)- of imported •joods on the market. The averaije number engac;ed on this work is not more than 30 or at most 35; but there is a number of women and ^irls who fill up their spare time by making up floods for stores, when not entjaL^cd on more profitable work. An expert operative can make $9 or $10 a week, but there is not work enough to keep anj- considerable number steadily employed. 11. M. IIKIMC.M.VN, who makes up more than half the neckties manufactured in San Francisco, has sometimes as few a.s 5, and at other times as manj- as 25 hand.s. The same gentleman states that the cost of material averages about 60 per cent., and of labor about 1 5 per cent, of the wholesale price of the finished goods, leaving only 25 per cent, for profit, rent, insurance, and all other expenses. Suspenders. — In the making of so simple an article as a pair of suspend- ers, c:ven of the commonest kind, there are at least 5 different materials used. These are the clastic webbing and the trimmings, the buckles and rings, and the leather. All the webbing and trimmings u.sed on this coast, for this or for other purposes, arc imported from New York or from German)-; the buckles and rings arc obtained direct from \ew Mngland manufacturers, and the leather is of home production. Were it not that California oak- tanned leather can be purcha.sed for the same, or for less monej-, than Eas- tern manufacturers have to pay for their less durable hemlock-tanned leather, it would hardly be possible to make suspenders on this coast at .1 profit. Even with this advantage, M.VTilt.s & Co. arc the only house on the entire Pacific Coast that makes this its chief business, and only one other (M. M. IIkixem.Vn) makes up any considerable quantitj- of goods. Hoth of them arc in San Francisco, and though recently started, and therefore doing, as yet, a small business in this line, they look for a large increase of patronage, when the superior quality of their goods be- comes more generally known. They make at present about $20,000 worth of suspenders a year, varying in price from $1 to $6 a dozen at wholesale. It is estimated that the material costs 50 to C5 per cent., and labor 15 to 20 per cent, of the value, leaving about iy^y4 per cent for profit and contingent expenses. The low price of goods made in San Francisco is accounted for by the fact that it is not yet profitable to make up anj- but cheap and heavy lines of suspcndcr.s. All, or very nearly all the finer grades are still im- ported. Not more than 3 or 4 men and about half a dozen boys are at present cmplo)'e- arc termed b\- the trade, silk- phish hat.^, are now ahnost the only kind made in San Francisco. In iii/2 tlic silk hat factories had more business than thc\- could attend to. In 18S1 there were only 15 to 20 men and about (> women employed in that branch of manufacture, making up goods to the value of $100,000 a jear. The entire capital at present engaged in the industrj- is about $25,000, invested jjrincipally in stocks of material. The necessary tools and machinery cost but little. As silk hats arc entirely an article of fashion, the demand fluc- tuates largel)- from year to year, and the trade is therefore very uncertain. The quantitj- manufactured is now much smaller than it was 3 years ago. Stiff felt hats have, to a great extent, driven silk hats out of the market, not onl)- on this coast, but in the ICastcrn States and in ICuropc. The imi)ortation of silk iiats has entirely ceased. The framework or body of the hat was formerly made of felt. Muslin bodies arc now commonly used. The muslin is manufactured in ICngland at a cost of r2 to 19 cent.s a yard. Silk plush is imported from I'rancc, and the quality used in San I'raneisco is worth $6 to $6.50 a yard. In making a silk hat there are several different processes. The first one i.s to dip the framework in a solution of shellac and alcohol, for the |)ur- posc of stiffening it. The difference between a light hat and a heavy one is but one ounce, and this is caused b)' the quantit)- of the .solution that the muslin is allowed to absorb. The framework is, therefore, only allowed to retain enough to give it the requisite amount of stiffness. The ne-\t pro- cess is to varnish it with a coaling of .secdlac. The silk plush is then ap- plied, and for this purpose heated irons are used as in laundry operations. The heat causes the \arnish to act like a cement, and makes the outer covering adhere \ery firmly to the framework. This operation requires great care on the part of the workman. If the iron is overheated, or drawn too slowly across the hat, the varnish is apt to come through, and cause a stain on the outside. For linings, \arious substances are used. The one most in favor is made of cork, which is cut as thin as a sheet of paper. The hat is now ready to be trimmed, a process that is always performed by women. The nap is then smocHhed with a small concave iron. The last process is that of curling or shaping, which is done either by hand or by an instrument called a conformateur, that gi\'es to the brim its elliptical shape. llatmakers form a guild exercising, perhaps, more influence in their trade than any other class of operatives. All work is done by the piece. The cmp'o\er is only allowed to have one man on wages, who acts in the capac- ity of foreman. None of the hands can obtain employment the year rountl. There are 2 busy seasons, each of 3 months, commencing in F'cbruary and Tl.XriI.I. lAliKICS. 463 in Auf^ust, (JuriiifT which cvcrj' one is inr— ^-- 4' -4 MAM lACTL'Rr.S. . I \Vi:sT Coast FrRMTUUi: Company. The must expensive fringes, re- quired for the best class of furniture, are made entirely in this cit)-. The firm buy all their silk of Tin: Cai.II'OUXIA Silk ManiiactI'UINC Com- I'ANV, pa)iiij^' from $S to $i J per pound. The worsted is ])urchased from one of the lar^a-st houses in \e\v York, at the low price of $1.35. .Some of the most beautiful specimens of trimminj;s fur furniture anil drapery are i)ro- duced at this establishment, but to appreciate their effect they must, of course, be seen in drawinij-rooms. ICmployment is given, at full waj^es, to about 20 persons; and there are 10 weaving,' looms at work, besides braid- ing, chenille, and ruff machines. The houses mentioned find their market almost entirely in thi> cit)'. A small ijuantity of braid is manufactured here, but this article is almost en- tirely imp(jrtcd. Gimp and tassels are of course usually made up with the fringe. Now th.it the house of {■"Romm & .SciIAl-.l T.U is rapidly driving out of the market importeil fringes antl gimps for upholstery, there is reason to hope that other firms will soon compete more largely with the I'.astern manufacture of ladies' dress trimmings. 1CttiN'(ji:u & Co. report s.ile.s exceeding $26,000 a year. L'ntil recently they liave never ke[)t any stock of goods on liand, ;uid are just beginning to attempt competition with the I'.astcrn trade. The\- are, at present, the only firm that manufac- ture ilress trimmings in adwince of orders, and are hopeful of ultimate suc- cess. Ci.M.ril & RoiMiKics are well satisficil with the business the)' have done, during the 5 )cars that their factory has been in o[)eration. Thty manufacture fringes, gimps, cords, tassels, buttons, etc., anil sell about the s.ime .amount of goods as Ettincicr & Co. I'"or a portion of their silk they paj- as much as $13 a ])ound, and for worsted $1.60. They have 8 hand looms ;it work, 4 spooling machines, 5 twisting reels, 3 spinning, anil 3 chenille machines. A spare hour maybe spent vcrj' pleasantly in watching their process of manufacture. The factory of AllwoRTI I & TlIO.MINON, though established I 7 years ago, passed into the hands of its [jrescnt owners in 1879. They use 1,000 pounds of worsted, worth $2 per pound, and 500 pounds of silk at $12 per pound, for an average year's consumptiijn, and market tlieir goods for $15,000 to $20,000. They complain very much of the difficulties causeil by excessive importations from New York. Straw Hats — About 3,000 dozen a year of straw hat.s, for male and female wear, are made in San Francisco. Their value, without trimmings, is on an aver.age about $5 a dozen, or a total of $15,000. When trimmed,- they are estimated to be worth $8.50 a ilozen. One half of the wholesale price is required to pa>- for the cost of material, and after paying for labor and other items of e.xpcnsc, a small profit is usually left over from the re- r Tr.XTII.K lAIlRirs. 465 iiKiinint; half. Apart from hats, all the straw goods used on this coast arc imported, and there arc none of any kinil made oittside of San I'rancisco. The straw, which is entirely imported, comes in bales of 130 to 145 pounds. The cheaper grades come from China, and were formerly ordered as reciuiretl, from New York houses, but within the last >ear manufacturers have com- menced to import directly from China. Ivich bale contains 240 bunches, and costs, when laid down in San I'lancisco, about $140. Tlie inore expens- ive descriptions of straw are importetl from ICngland, Ital\', and Japan. The quantity of ladies' hats made on this coast is vc/y inconsiderable, but a gooil business is done in dyeing and renovating then, and in altering the shapes, both of straw and felt hats. This branch of industry is almost entirely in the hands of women and girls, whose earnings average about $7.50 a week. The busy seascjn for the making of men's hats lasts from April to July, for the making and relating of wom-'n's hats from April to August. The process of maimfacturing men's straw hats is a very simple matter. The narrow strips of straw are first stitched together, according to quality and shades of color; the hats arc then blocked; the different bands and rib- bons stitched on; and after being assorted and "nested" (packed one into the other) in tlozens, they are ready for market. The "American Straw Machine," a patented invention resembling some- what the Wilcox & Gibbs sewing-machine, is the one commonly used in San Francisco. At The Ati..\ntic Sth.v\v Works of J. M. KoRRiisr in San Francisco, besides straw hats, frames arc made of buckram and stiff net. The mate- rials for these frames are imported fiom New York, and after being made into desired .shapes by first steaming, and then pressing on blocks made for the purpose, the frames arc ready for covering with silk, velvet, or any of the different materials u.sed by milliners. The value of work turned out an- nually at this establishment is from $16,000 to $18,000. The only straw works now in operation on our coast for the manufacture of gentlemen's straw hats is Till: ENTiiRPRisi-; Str.vw Work.s, in San Franci.sco. F. A. II.\Lsi;v is the founder and present owner. Employment is given to 25 persons, of whom 20 are women, engaged in arranging, plaiting, and .sew- ing straws. About 600 dozen of hats arc made monthly, during the summer season, when straw goods arc in most demand. Parasols, etc. — The price of an umbrella varies, in San Franci.sco, from 60 cents to $20, and of a parasol from $1.75 to $75. The value of um- brellas made on this coast is about $35,000 a year, and of parasols about $55,000. There arc 20 different patterns of umbrellas made in San Fran- 59 t, i i !.i i 11 1 i':''' i f-- : i. 1 m m BB ii '' '. i|i 4GG MAMlAlTL'RKS. Cisco, and J5 of parasols. The \aluc of imported parasols and umbrellas, consisting chiefly of inferior grades of goods, but including nearl)- all de- scriptions, is a little larger than that of home-manufactured articles. Of paiasols about $l.?0,ooo, and of umbrellas $75,000 worth arc yearly im- jxirted. The materials used in making parasols and umbrellas are almost entirely imported. The frames come from iMigland and from the ICast; the co\'er- ings and linings, as silk, alpaca, gingham, cotton, and Chinese silk, and the handles of wood, ivor)-, bone, and a composite material resembling cellu- loid, are none of them of home [)roduction. Some of the prettiest designs in handles come from I'rancc and (jcrmany. There are in San I'ranci.sco .S establishments engaged in making and repairing jiarasols and umbrellas. They ha\e about $30,000 of cai)ital invested, distribute; $15,000 for labor among 10 men and 49 women, and manufacture $45,000 worth of material in $90,000 worth of goods. Labor represents about 17 per cent., and ma- terial 50 per cent, of the gross value of production. The amount paid out for labor does not include the sum expended for repairs, which would con- siderabl)- swell the average earnings of operatives, some of whom make as much ;is $iS, and none less than $5 a week. Most of the hands work at their own homes, and many of them are only employed for a portion of the j'ear; all work by the piece. In New York labor costs over 25 per cent, of the \alue of the goods manufactured, against 17 per cent, in San Francisco; but in ]'"astern factories the frames, coverings, and handles are usually made on the premises, while in San I'Vancisco they are simply put together. There are man)- shops on the co.ist that tlo repairing, but the i)rincipal factory is that of JollN U. H.AKU, 323 Hush Street, San I-"ranci.sco. After acquiring an extensive experience in New York, Mr. B.M'IR came to Cali- fornia in 1864 and oi)ened a shop with no help save that of his wife; and his business has graduall\- increaseil until he is now the proprietor of a large establishment, ami imports his own material. Oil Clothing.— The consumption of this class of gootls does not exceed in \alue $C>o,ooo a year ff)r all the .States and Territories west of the Rocky Mountains. The dr\- clim.ite of the Pacific Coast renders oil clothing un- neccssar)-, except for [lersons engaged in outdoor work durins; the winter months. There is also a small dcmanil from seafaring men and fromtho.se engaged in hydraulic mining. Oil clothing is less heating than rubber clothing, and eiiuall)- imper\ious to water. The articles that come-under the defmilion of oil clothing include coats, jxmts, hats, caps, tarpaulin.s, and wagon-covers. I'^rom 500 to f'lOO dozen of suits s.itisfy the demands of the entire coast, and about 90 per cent, of the ilemand lor all clas.ses of articles is supplied by .San i'ranciscd n:anufacturLrs. <^i ■ »■ ■ TKXTILK lAURICS. 467 The cliicf materials used in the makiiiLj of oil suits are ICastern cotton, both bleached and unbleached, and linseed oil of Californian production. In the process of manufacture, the suits, after being cut into shajje, arc Jianded o\er to needle-women, who usual!)- stitch and make them up at their own homes. The goods are tlieii returned to the manufacturer, and the ne.\t [jrocess is to boil them in linseed oil, in whicli is dissoKctl a quan- tity of becswa.\. When sufficicntlj- impregnated with the solution the)' arc hung uf) to dry ; an operation wiiich requires from 30 to 90 da)s. When finished the suit lias usually a bright yellow hue. Oil clothing is also colored in bl.ick, by a process that manufacturers do not care to reveal. One establishment in San I'rancisco uses, in place of becswa.x, a certain liijuid, which, it is claimed, absorbs tiie combustible properties from the oil, and renders the clothing less liable to catch fwc than that prepared by the usual method. The busy .season for manufacturers lasts from October to the end of Jan- uar\-, or a little later if the winter happens to be unusually stormy. There are 4 factories in San Francisco, one in Portland and one in y\storia, Ore- gon, making up into goods valued at $55,000 a )ear, and distributing about $7,000 for wages among 30 operatives, who arc empto)-ed onl)- fur a portion of the )car. With the exception of a ver)* small quantit)- of oil suits im- ported into the State of Oregon, the retjuirements of the Pacific Coast arc met b\- goods of home manufactm-e. The w holesale price of oil coats ranges from $18 to $72 a dozen, of pants from $12 to $18 a dozen, and of hats from $3 to $0 a dozen. The factories on this coast engaged in the production of oil clothing, are those of C. SUTTON, Jr., A.silKK i^' S.MITIl, and M. M.\RK,S in San l-'rancisco, Is.VAC Makks in Portlantl, and W. ^I. McCoR.MlCK, in Astoria. i i 1 i Bedding. — Of the \arious articles used, apart from natural hair, for mat- tress antl c)ther fillings, onl)- two, luireka hair and shoddy, or patent wool, are manufactured on this coast. The consumption of tlie former i.s about 30J tons a year, worth as raw fiber $(jo, and when prepared for u.se $250 a ton. Of shoddy about 400 tons are made up, and its price ma)' be stated at "jj cents a poimd. l'"xcelsior is now entirely imported, and is consumed, in about the same quantity as shodd)'. It present value is $3 to $3.25 per cental. New Orleans moss, worth 10 cents a pound, is used to the extent of at least 60 tons a year; ami the annual consumption of bris- tles and cow-hair, togctlier with the small amoimt of real horse-hair that finds its way to this market, ma)- be estimated at 300 tons. Tliese are the chief articles used for filling purposes, and their total value probabl)' exceeds $300,000. Of this amount, material to the value of nearly $200,000 is man- t'i I] i- w m^ wm 468 MAXriACTLRKS. 1 ■■'I Nil ufactuicd on this coast, and 35 to 40 per cent, of tlic entire consumption is imported, mainly from New York. I'or real horse-liair there is httle demand in this market. The best quality sells at 60 cents a pound, and the aiticlc that pas.scs under that name is usually a mixture of cows' and hogs' hair. Cow.s' hair is worth about 26 cents, and hogs' hair (or short hair, so called) 4 or 5 cents per poimd. Nearly all the short hair is obtained here, but about nine tentlis of the consumption of cow.s' hair is supplied from the F-ast. One giving an order for horse-hair can be supplied at rates vary- ing from 10 to 50 cents per pound, and a mi.vture is made of the dif- ferent kinds of liair, wliether horse, hog, or cow, in proportion to the price paid. I'ulu, a moss-like vegetable growth from the Sandwich Islands, was largely used in former years for mattress filling, but has now almost entirely disappeared from the maikct. The wages in this branch of manufacture are not higher than those of Eastern cities. In San Francisco, spring and top mattress makers are paid from $2 to $3 a day, the difference being due not to the class of work, but to the experience and dexterity of the oiicrative. Unskilled labor is paid as low as $1 a da)'. I:i New York anil Chicago the highest wages are $3 a day, and the lowest $1.50, but the a\erage is about the same as in this city. I'illow makers are ]3;'.id the same rales as top mattress men. In the manu- facture of shodd)' wool, material assorters receive $1.50 to $2 a da_\', and pickers $2 to $3. In San I'"rancisco onl)' men and boys work at this occu- pation, but in Eastern cities women are also employed, atitl the wages are little more than half the ab(j\c rates. (Operatives in all branches work 10 hours a da\-, unless employed on piece-work. The entire number of hands cngagetl in .San I'"rancisco in the manufacture of bedding (not including comforters), ma)' be estimated at 300, and the value of the different articles manufactured during the year 1S81, at $800,000. The r.\ciFic Si'RiNc; and Mattress Co.mpany, 25 and 27 New Mont- gomery Street, luanufacture and .sell to the trade mattresses, [jillows, and betiding niateri;il of all descriptions. At their factory on Sixteenth and I larrison streets, they make up from rags a large quantity of " Lane's Pu- rified Wool." It is claimed " that the process used in its preparation and purification is such that it is imi)ossible for it to contain anything that could prove in any way injurious to health." Tlicy have the signature to this effect of W. T. WknzkLI., Professor of Chemistry in the College of Phar- inacy. Such houses as CoLic & Co., Gu.iuiR'i' Ai Mnoui:, and Till. West Coast FURMTURI-; Co.Ml'ANN', are importers of material, and manufacture the different articles of bedding, but as no separate Jkccounts are kept of this branch of their business, a statement in detail is not obtainable. In bed- 'IICXI'IIJ; I'AURICS. 469 ding, soap-root fiber, known in the trade as lun-cka hair, and wood fiber, styled I'-xcelsior, are used to a small extent. Further mention of them will be found under the head of upholstery. Comforters. — The making of comforters, an article that is rapidly coming into favor, on account of its lightness, and the preference entertained by certain insects for woolen blankets as a lurking-place, was commenced on a very small scale by WlIJ.I.VM B.WK.s, in San Francisco, in i860. F. F. Du Rosii, 29 Second Street, San Francisco, who succeeded to the business, now reports sales of $2,500 a month. This is a small part, probably less than 10 per cent., of the entire consumption. Mr. Du ROSE, at present the only manufacturer of comforters on this coast, is doing a constantly increasing business. He supplies many large hou.ses in San Francisco, and has cus- tomers in Utah, Idaho, Nevada, and Arizona. Comforters of average size weigh 6 pounds, ,ind are 6 feet square. Extras weigh 8 pound.s, and measure 7 feet by 6. The former article is sold to the trade at from $18 to $25 a dozen, and the larger size lor $30 to $36. The covering of print is filled entirely with cotton batting; not a particle of shoddy or patent wool, as it is called, is used in this establishment. Shoddy, which is in fact ground rags, is mainl)- used in the filling of Fastcrn-made comforters. Mr. Du RosK uses about 15 thousand yards of print and 3,000 pounds of batting per month. These are average figures; the winter is more than double the summer trade. Employment is furnished to 8 or 10 women and girls. The lowest wages arc $6 to $7 a week, paid to those who work only at sewing together the print. Rasters, who put in the wadding, and makers or finish- ers, who complete the manufacture of the comforter, receive $9 to $10. All the hands arc employed 10 hours a day. Eastern work, both sewing and filling, is done by machinery, and it would not be possible to compare the rates of wages. Pillows.— J. Wi:.si!i.M,L, 764 Mission Street, San Francisco, restricts his m.mufacture solely to the making of pillows. Me combines with this business the sale of feathers, German ticking, and linen. All feathers used or sold by Mr, W'KsriiALl, arc thoroughly cleansed by his "patent steam renovator." The price of an ordinary pillow varies from 75 cents to $5, while down pillows sell for $15 to $iS. The cheapest feathers cost 6 cents a jjound, and after undergoing the cleansing process are salable at 10 cents. The best geese feathers are worth 70 cents when fit for use, and the price of different descriptions ma)- be averaged at a little under 40 cents per |)ounil. Down sells fur $j a pound. Including $25,000 expended for lot and building, Mr. WliSTllALI, has a capital invested of $40,000. His purchases of ticking .amount to $2,000 a i i i . ,' :' t 470 MAXUKACTURnS. )'car. He claims that liis patent machinery for clcaninij and curing feathers docs that work more effectually than any other on the coast. Owi'.N McCabe, 921 Market Street, also makes a specialty of manu- facturing pillows, though also engaged in mattress-making and in selling articles used in the pillow and mattress trade. He also has a "patent steam renovatcjr," but not of the same description as that used by Mr. WrcSTIIALt.. His business has been established 19 j'cars, and is now in a vcr>' prosperous condition. Three fourths of all the feathers used here are imported from the I'last or from German)- ; some even from Australia. These 2 firms alone use about 25 tons of feathers a )car, which, at an average of 40 cents per pound, would cost $20,000. A description of the 3 articles mainly used as sub- stitutes for natural hair in the filling of mattresses, etc., will, perhaps, be of interest. These are Eureka hair. Excelsior, and Patent Wool, and they will be mentioned in this order. . ^i'; Soap-Root. —'["he soap \>\a.nt (C/i/orogaliiii'. pomcridiaiiiiiii) wa'a used by Spani.irds and Indians for washing purposes, long before California was numbered among the States. For some cutaneous eruptions its lather jjos- .sesses medicinal qualities of great value. The fiber of the mature plant, when manufactured into Eureka hair, is dry, cool, flexible, and almost in- capable of destruction. It does not mat, nor breed vermin, nor harbor moths, and can be renewed at a trifling expense, no matter how long in use. It is now employed for bedding purposes at our public infirmaries, almost to the exclusion of other material. At the Centennial Exhibition a medal and diploma were awarded to HkR'I'ZOc; & Co. for producing, in this article, one of the best substitutes for hor.sc-hair. MORKIS Cahn, the present owner of the business, has letters in his po.sscssion from the commissioners of the (ierman, .Swiss, and Austrian go\-ernmcnts, who were desirous of ob- taining it for bedding purposes. In 1876 the export had reached 700 tons^ hut, unfortunatel)', the fiber was shipped in its raw state, and being unskill- fiiUy treated, the experiment pn)\-ed a failure. Its high price also (the cost of la\Mng (low n the raw material being $60 a ton) pre\-ented any large expor- t.ition. The soa[) plant is a bulbous root, with ;i very tough and supple fiber, resembling somewhat the husk of the cocoanut. It is found only on the Pacific Coast, as far south as Mexico, but the best roots are obtained in (.California or .Vev.ula, near the snow belt of the .Sierr.i, and on the shaded side of the mountains. Th.it which grows on low and sandy soil is imfit for manuf.icturing purposes, on account of the coarseness (jf its fiber. The roots ,ire first put through a picker, worked by steam-power, sim- ilar to a threshing-machine. This separates the fiber into a hair 8 or 10 m. TKXTII.I-. lABRICS. 471 inches lon^, whicli is placed in a iaii^c vat, or steamer, till it becomes flex- ible, ami is freed from all glutinous matter. It is then driei) in the sun, put throuijh another finer picker, twisteil into ropes, and after l)int( for some time to f,rive it a curl, it is steamed, opened, and picked over a,ijain, and is then ready for market. The natural color is brown, but if colored black, as it can easily be, it will take an expert to tell it from the best curled hair. So man)- substitutes ha\e come into the market duririLj the last 4 years that the production of fiber has fallen off to 300 tons a year. I'rom 100 to 150 root- Ljatherers divide amon<^ them $18,000 for the earnintjs of an avera^je season. Excelsior. — The article known as excelsior is now entirely imported, thoutjh until recently it was produced in Washington. Excelsior is a threatllike wood shaving, and was first used in filling mattresses, etc., as ;i .substitute for pulu. In the Eastern States the fiber of the poplar is com- monly in use, but that of the cotton-wood tree is preferred on this coast. Its fiber is lighter, stronger, pnd less liable to pack. Its weight in equal bulks, as comi)ared with that of the poplar, is one si.xth less. J. J. Sr.MJLO- l.\"(i, in conjunction with FLINt, TKAliODY & Co., established at I'uget Sountl a factory which almost drove I'astern excelsior out of the market. Unfortunatcl)' for the trade, this factory was burned down last year. Before this accident Mr. Sl'.VL'l.DIXC sold excelsior as low as $1.50 per cental. Of late it is .scarce. It is almost a necessity for packing purjioses .and for upholstering, one layer being placed over the springs of couches, etc., before the hair is inserted. It is ver\' probable that the home manufacture of excelsior will soon be renewed, and if its price remains at anything near present rates, such an enterprise can hardly fail of success. I'atent wool, or shoddy, or ground rag.s (for the material is known by all these names), forms at the East, and here, too, a staple article of connncrcc. It is used extensiveK- for filling mattresses and lounges, and takes the place of cotton batting in the manufacture of Eastern-made comforters. Spring Mattresses. — Not many years ago all the springs used b)' furni- ture houses, whether for mattrcs.se.s, lounges, o"- chairs, were impr :tcd from the I'.ast. During the )ear 1880 two thirds of the home consumption of these articles were manufactureil in San I'raneisco. About 600 tons a year of Hcssemer steel wire are u.sed in this branch of business, costing, at an average of 10 cents a pound, the sum of $120,000, and worth, when man- ufactured, a little over $200,000. The wire, in its immanufaetured state, is all imported, and is copper-covered, with the exception of about 25 tons of tinned wire, u.sed in making what are called wovcn-wirc mattresses. Three houses in .San I'rancisco are engaged in the manufacture of springs, and employ from 20 to 25 men. Those who work only at making springs ■;■ ! f' :1i f. 4/2 MANUIACrrKKS. earn from $1.50 lo $2 a day, for 10 hours' work, while 2 or 3 operatives, who combine other branches of business, receive as much as $20 a week. In Eastern factories tlic usual rate is $1.50 a ila)-. Tile process of making springs is so sinij)!e. that, at the establishment of TiiK California Spring Manufacturing Company, 8 or 9 workmen j)rotlucc springs worth no less than $50,000 a j-ear. From a reel the wire is wound on a form, which gives to the spring the rec|uisite shai^e. It is after- wards pressed for the purpose of testing its qualities. The spring is then held in a vice, and the ends are knotted by an ingenious little machine, invented for the purpose. One man performs all these operations, and easily turns out 2 or 3 springs to the minute. In Eastern factories there are sep- arate workmen for the different processes, known as winding, knotting, and packing; and an operative, coming fre.sh from New York, can not make an article complete in all its parts. TiiK California Spring Manufacturing Company make springs of all sizes, and combine witli this business the sale of bedding and other material. The consumption of material is 1 5 tons of wire a month, and sales are reported in this one department of over $4,000, against a monthly outlay for materia! and wages of about $3,000. A. S. \V.\RNl'.k and WiLi.iAM Ck.WVFORO are the proprietors of the business, and have a branch estab- lishment at 224 F"irst Street, Portland, under the management of J. C. Kim HALL. SamukL Bfalf, 47 to 53 .Seconil Street, makes springs and spring mat- tresses, and is an importer and dealer in bedding material. lie uses 50 tons a year of Hes.semer wire, and about 27,000 yards of ticking. His sales, chief!)' of mattresses, amount to $30,000 or $35,000 a jear. Employ- ment is given, in all tlie departments, to 16 liands. Tin; Pacific Sprini; and M.vttre.ss Company use about 100 tons of wire a )ear, and have 4 hands constantly employed in making springs. In addition to those mentioned, there are 2 or 3 houses in San I-'rancisco, and one at Sacramento, tliat manufacture springs in small quantity, cliief!)- for tlieir own u.se. Truman S. Cl.VRK & Son, 21 Montgomery Street, are probably the only firm on this coast engaged in making woven wire mattresses. In their busiest seascMis the)- use about 2 tons a month of Hessemer tirmetl steel wire, wortli $250 a ton. Female operatives, of whom there are 6 or 8, earn b)' jjiece-work from $1.50 to $2 a day. While learn- ing the business they are paid $1 a day. Eastern wages are about 25 per cent, lielow tliese rates. With the exception of the wire, all the materia! used, even to the castings, is (jf home production. In making up the mattress, the wire is wound off a reel, and passed through a sta- 11 i H' i j^' . .a TKXTILK lAIiUICS. 473 tionary tube. This tube ^ivcs it the necessary coil, and the machinery is made so that it can be atljustcd to the size of the wire, hke the stitch of a sewing-machine. Hy clianging the tube, 14 or 15 different varieties of mat- tress can be made, with larger or smaller coil. What is termed the "treble- weave mattress" is made of the finest wire used for the purpose, and sells for $10.50 for the full size of 5 feet by 6 feet 2 inches. The "single weave," of coarser wire, and of the same dimensions, is worth $8. The bedsteads, to correspond, are made of gas-pipe iron, and the attachments of angle-iron clamps. These are specially suited to warm climates. Flax.— A flax-mill, established in 1877, at Albany, Oregon, is the only cntcrpri.se of the kind on the Pacific Coast. The flax is raised in Linn County, b)- tenant farmers, who work on shares, recciv ing one third of the crop after it is rotted, broken, and scutched (dressed by beating and sepa- rating from the woody substance). The mill takes the entire crop, allowing the tenant 12 cents a pound for his share of the fiber. The seed is divided in the same proportion as the fiber, but the tenant's share is not purchased by the mill. It is estimated that a good crop will produce fiber worth $42 and .seed worth .$45 per acre. The mill has a capacity for turning out 5,000 pounds of manufactured goods per month, and makes up all kinds of linen twines and threads, including fishing-twine, bagging-twine, twine fi)r .self-binders, etc., worth on an average 50 cents a pound, and valued at $30,000 a yciu: The goods are marketed in Oregon, California, and Washington. Employment is given to 5 men at $3 a day, and 20 girls at $3 to $5 a week. Connected >vith the establishment is a scutch mill, where the fla.v is broken and sepa- rated from the woody substance, giving work to 8 Chinamen at $1.10 a day. The pay-roll of the factory is $1 1,500 a year, and the consumption of ma- terial about 80,000 [rounds of fla.\ per annum, worth, at 12 cents a pound, $9,600. If cash were paid for all the material, it is evident that the enter- prise could not be profitable, but by letting their land on shares, and pajing only for one third of the material, receiving from the tenant the remaining two thirds in consideration of rent, etc., the proprietors manage to do a profitable business. ■* ii t Upholstery. — Upholstery in California during the Mexican pcs.scssion.likc upholstering in all the Spanish-American States, was limited in quantit)- and crude in design. The mild climate did not force attention to upholstery as an essential element of home comfort, as do the colder regions of the north, and the outdoor habits of tlie native people led to a neglect of the refinements and pleasures affijrded by tasteful and artistic upholstery, which the indoor as- sociations of home develop, where the winters are long and rigorous, 60 iinr^ 474 M.\NriA( IlKKS. When tlic pioneers ni;ide tlieir appearance on this coast, many of thcin having left l'!astern lioines in which the decorative taste anil skill of the upholsterer had aitled to make life enjoyable, their first effort was in ever so rude a fashion to improvise from the material at hand at least soine articles of comfort. The eager struggle to obtain the necessaries of life too often ])revented the newcomers from giving any thought to the adornment and comforts of their temporary homes, and it was a rare exception to find a habitation having an)- pretensions to taste ami refinement. As earij- as 1850, however, there were eviilences of impro\einent. ICstahlishments began to be opened for the purpose of suppU'ing materials with which to make life more endurable. Like all manufacturing intlustries of that ila}', the upholstery business was dependent for the raw materials, ])artly manu- factured articles, and supplies, upon imi)ortation, which was so verj- irreg- ular and uncertain that upholstery shops would s- Street the great fire that swept the cit,\' in [H~,i is s,;h1 to have had its origin, and he did a large and prosperous business, though there were sexeral other sm.dler establishments doing a fair business. In the rebuilt cit\' many families from the I'^astern .States and some from I'.urope beg.in to settle and make homes, at least temiKjrary homes for a few )-ears, and there was an immense sale of furniture, much of which was well upholstered, but generally in rather plain st)'lc. So profitable, indeed, was the business of house-furnishing, including carpets and jilain and ui)holstered furniture, that many dealers, in a (i^w years, made small fortunes, on which the\- retired from trade. T'l^.V-NK liAKKR, it is said, found himself so well off from the profits of his business that during a visit to New York in i.SGj, he embarked in Wall .Street speculations, disjiosed of his business to his eTnploj'ces, and ne\er saw California again. The chief aim of dealers at that time was to produce an article that would sell, rather than one of artistic taste and mechanical merit. This era of bad taste continued longer than it otherwise would had our people sooner discovered the fact that California w.is not only a good country in which to make money, but also to live and to build up homes of refinement, which would riv.il those of any other laml. Hut the demand for a better class of upholstered furniture beg.in to be more pro- nounceil, and in 1862 B. 1'. M(X)Rr., at present secretary and a leading member of TiiK C.\Lii'ORM.\ FL'RMruKK M.VNUK.vcTURiNi; Comi'.\N'Y, m }''i TKXTII.I-: 1 AliUICS. 475 started tlic first rcijular upholstery factory for the manufacture, in San I'ran- cisco, of a superior class of modern and imtique furniture, in which he con- tinued until his business was absorbed in that of the Ljreat compan>- in \\ hich he is now an active member. At about the same time the house of i'l.l'M & Co. be_i;an to make a specialt)- of fine upholstery, in which they have since made a mark' for superior taste and artistic finish. Soon after the outbreak of the civil war, many, perhaps a majority, of the prosperous business men of California, abandoned their lon;4-cherished wish and intention to make their permanent homes on the Atlantic slo|)e, so .soon as tiie)- coukl accumulate a competence in the land of j^'okl. That was the beyinniiiLj of a new era for this coast. About the same time trade anil industr)- became more profitable tiian thej- had been; wealth accumulated rapidly ; and the inlluence of the chant;e w as felt in man)- departments, |)er- hai>s in none more striking!)- than in upholster)-, which ser\ed to !j;i\e ele- gance anil splendor to the homes of the wealthy. The numerous millionaire fortunes of the I'.icific metropolis found their reflection in the costly furni- ture and upholster)- of their owners. In the language of one of our principal dealers in San I'Vancisco, " It ma)- be calleil an outburst of latent ta.stc and culture, as exhibited by the railroad and bonanza kings, and .the wealthy families of our coast, which has ilevelopeil to such an e.Ktent as to excite the surprise of all culturcil people of the older States and Europe who have visited us, and to ta.\ the resources of manufacturers for the production of the rarest articles made up w ith the costliest fabrics." The same authority also says: " So persist- ently has this advance of refinement extended into the homes of our peo- ple, anil so general has become the desire to discard the gaudy and unrefined of the jjast for the harmonious, tasteful, and artistic style of the present, that wc claim front rank on the .score of beauty in design and intrinsic value of product with any of the older countries, and the tastes of our people arc as esthetic and generous as those of any other people. It can rea.sonabi)- be said of the upholstery business on our coast, that it deserves as much credit for the present high state of advancement as any other branch of industry." ? t i Upholstery with Furniture. — It is the custom on our side of the continent to carr)- on the upholstery business in connection with the furni- ture factories, instead of niaking it a separate branch of business as in the East, and .so we find our leading furniture manufacturers are itoing their own uiiholstering as a rule. The styles which prevail here are those of the Eastern States, and the materials used are of the best qualit)-, and mainly imported from the East and from Europe. Silk tapestries, damask.s, 11 s ;l 476 MANLl ACTURKS. ill V'ard, and in one lifiuse in San I'rancisco patterns worth $ 1 50 a )aril may be seen, h'or stulf- ini;, in fine furniture, the best curled hair and moss are useil; in a ciieaper class of furniture [^ray hair, soap-root, or liureka hair, excelsior, and tow are used. The latest style of parlor furniture is in ebony, ant! the upholsterin;^ is in harmony with it. The sprinyis used (jn the coast are nearl)- all of home manufacture. Soap-root is a Californian product, and inost of the tow used comes from Oretjon. Cheap and auction furniture is stuffed with prepared rags or .shoddy, which is no doubt often tlie lurking-place of disease, and is always uncleanly and unsafe. There is no need of a resort to the use of rags in the Pacific States. Indeed, even the imxluction of suitable cover- ings is now possible. As a gentleman of large intelligence, who has been in the upholstery business since 1862, has exprcs.scd it: "We have the means of producing every kind of material needed, from silk to cotton, from wool to hem]5, and there is no reason wliy they should not be converted into fabrics where they grow." And so long as we are dependent upon the I'^astern States and Europe for the materials u.sed in the manufacture pivvi-'iU llic lK'a\icst foDlfall from rcsouiulin^;. IIciicc, it is coiniiKin!)- in use in the cointiiionis (if San l-"rancisci>. It is also claimed that tlu' tiile possesses disinfectiiiL,' (ilialities which couilti 'act the effect of noxious odors. The main objection to it seems to l)e that, the ri'eils heitiL; hound closel)' together before being used for carpet lining, the continual pressure of the foot causes the outside [jortions of the tule, whicii are of a wood)- nature, to rise in ridges and cause considerable friction or wear on tiic carpet. If this objection could be remoxed, tlie tule lining would, no doubt, come more into fa\'or. Its price is 10 cents a yard. Carpet Beating. — The summer winds and sand dunes of .San I'^rancisco combine to furnish a livel)- business in ear|)et beating. At Till'. I'KjNKKR C.VKI'IM' Bi:.\TlNt; Work.s, on Teliani.i Street, a 3 weeks' run gives an ac- cumulation of 6 to 8 cart-loads of dust and refuse. At times they iiave as much as 30 loads awaiting removal at the back of their machine-room. Let an)- one tr)' the experiment of treading for some time with ;i jircssure of 150 pounds on a piece of samJpaper placed over a ]>ortion of carpet, and he will get some idea of the friction that is constant!)' taking |)lace. The sand becomes well ground into the carpet, and, cutting into the woolen fabiic, remo\es with it a portion of the nap at each sweeping. In a heavy \elvet carpet, costing $6 a yard, cleaned in 1 88 1 by COXKLIN HRfJTIIKR.s, for Till', I-'lRSi' N.VTION.M, IVWK, there was an .iccunuilation of dust equal to-nearl)- one third of its weight. This is a common occurrence, and it is claimed that if carpets are cleaneil once a )ear, at a cost of 5 cents a j'ard, the expense is far nu)re than coir.pensated b\- the saving in wear ami tear. In JCastern cities the cleaning process is often performcv; t'.^ice a )ear. A visit to an)- of the leading establishments during the h^ry 'cr on in June, would be of interest, and would enable the reader to detcrniiii-' which of the different m.ichines is least destructive to the carpet. 1 .'le proprietors are extreme!)- courteous, and alwa)s re.-idy to explain llieir process, which is in amusing contr;ist with the times when carpets were taken out b)- ncgnjcs and beaten with sticks over a fence. In San I'rancisco there are 5 prominent carpet-beating houses, those of Sr.\L-LuiX(i & Co., CoNKi.iN liRoTiir. us, J.\Mi;s K. Mnviir.i.i., MiDhwkll (^' Gould, and V. Mkrrili,. Tlie aggregate c,->pital of the 5 establishments i:i $40,CX)0, and the)- clean 3,500 running )'ards of carpet dail)-, with the help of 40 or 45 men, all white. The cost of laying the car[)ets after cleaning is 5 cents a )-ard. Mr. Si'.Ml.liINf) uses a sweeping-machine of his own invention to cleanse the carpets after the)' ha\e been beaten. Silk. — Silk has been manufactured on a small scale by half a dozen dif- ferent establishments, most of which are now closed or arc occupied in work- JJl ."■auut ( 1 : I l\ III.K I' VIIKK S. 479 ' 1 int; up coarser mulcrial. Tlu- priiK'i|);il lactfiry now in iwistcncc is tliat of Tin: Calhor.nia Sii.k Mam tactiuinc; Cdmi'ans, at Soutli San I'ran- cisco. This mill spins io.ooo pouiuls of raw silk annually, aiul makes t« ist, emhroiilery, tailors' and sadtllers' sewinij-silk, worth in tht; aj^Ljre^ate $150,- txX). The reeled silk, imported from China .and Japan, is the raw material, which they prepare Tor the needle by si)innin[; and dycinj;. Their sewini;- silk has a hijih reputation for trentjth, smfwthness, permanence of twist, and excellence of color, and has no superior in the market. The mill has no looms. Employment is gi\cn to S men, 100 women, .iiid man)- children. Amonij tl'.o extinct silk-mills, one to si)in ribbons was in X'isitation X'alle}', on the border of .San Mateo County, and one which produced dress silks was in the hands of men who smuggled as much cloth as they wove. Cotton. — Nearly every Mexican .State on the western slope of the country cultivates cotton, antl has at least one mill to convert it into yarn and cloth.' These factories produce nothing for exportation to foreign countries, and are not remarkable for either size, excellence of machinery, or qualit)' of the goods made. The laborers arc all natives; the owners and superintendents arc in some states, Colima for instance, mostly foreigners. In cotton man- ufacture, as in many other industrial branches, the Mormons h.'ive the oldest establishments on our side of the continent. They h.ive se\eral sm.iU mills in the southern part of Utah, working on cotton grown in the vicinity. In 1865 W. FI. RlXTOR & Son built a cotton-mill in East O.ikland, and made yarn and cloth for several )'ears, but founil it unprofitable, and the machin- ery was used for jute, with which it has since been occupied. Jute Bags and Burlaps. — Besides the jute-factory in the Californian State I'ri^on at S;ui Ouetitin, there is but one establishment on this Pacific Coast that manufactures burlaps from the raw jute — TllE I'ACiriC JUTE M.\NU1A( TiKiNc, Company, at East Oakland. Nearly all the burlap produced at this factory is made into bags of various descriptions on the premises. There are also several firms in San FrimcLsco that make up bags both of jute and cotton, from fabric already manufactured. The production of bags at the ()akland factory for 1S81 amounted in number to about 5,250,000. The number of hands employed at the Oakland works was 800, and elsewhere in the making of jute goods, about lOO. The amount distributeil for labor was estimated at $270,000, or $300 a year for each op- erative. The low average of wages is caused by the fact th.'it the industry is mainly in the hands of women and Chinamen, and that man)^ of them arc not employed the year round. Nearly all work is done by the piece. Women can earn $7 to $io a week by making up goods for San Francisco I i ■m m ^!"»r 480 MANTFACTUUKS. I t li firms. Chinamen earn about $r a day by working at the Oakland Jute Works. ]5urlaps arc made in widths of 40, 45, and 60 inches. The principal ar- ticles made from burlaps are grain-bags, 20 by 36, and 32 by 36 inches (the latter being the standard size), with an a\'erage weight of !2 ounces; wool- bag.; weighing 3jj to 4 pounds; potato gunnies, ore, salt, and bean bag.s, of ilifferent sizes. California-made goods usuall)- range from half a cent to a cent a pound lower than bags shipped from Calcutta. In making grain-bags, the burlap is first cut into the required lengths by means of a scale, on which the material is folded. Those made at the Oak- land jute works are hand-sewed, and the sewing is done bj" Chinamen. Goods made in San Francisco arc usually machine-sewed, and the work is done by women. An cxijcrt machine hand can turn out Soo to 1,000 bags a day, and at 20 cents per 100 — the present rate of payment — can make fair wages. Tin: Pacific Jutk MAXCKACTruixc. Comi-any, located on the San Antonio Creek at East Oakland, has a nominal capital of $1,000,000 divided into 10.000 shares of $100 each. The company was incorporated in i86», under the name of TllF Oakl.WI) Coiton Maxli'AC TURING COM- ]'.\NV; but the necessity of importing the raw staple, and the high price of labor, made it impossible to manufacture cotton fabrics at a profit, and the establishment was converted into a jute-factory. The machinery in use was imported from England and Scotland, and the present capacity of the works is equal to a power of 120 looms, each producing go yards of burlap per working ilay of 1 1 hours. In busy times the factory is run 23 hours out of the 24, and the production is then at the rate of 23 yartls to the loom. The goods manufactured are principall)' grain-bags, wool-bags, burlaps, twines, and yarns. In the process of manufacturing burlaps from the raw jute, the greatest ])ossible strength is imparted b_\- means of close wca\ing at the selvages of the cloth, which become the seam sides of the bags, and arc therefore subject to the greatest pressure. When the jute works first went into operation, a corps of Scotch work- men antl woiuen was brought out from Dundee at the expense of the fac- tory. They soon found more profitable employment, and tlie company had recourse tf) the only available substitute — that of Chinese labor. During bus)' seasons, Soo opcrati\es are employed. The manual labor is performed by Cliinanien, whose average earnings are $1 ada\-; the skilled labor by mechanics, who receive $iiS to $30 a week. The goods manufactured are all sold in the San I'rancisco market. The average price of grain-bags for each year since 1H70 has varied from 9 ^^6 to iG'y-i cents. The average for tin- 5 )ears ending December 31, 1875, was TKXTII.K FAnRICS. 481 about I3!4 cents; f(M' the 5 jcars ending December 31, 1880, less tlian 10'^ cents. At the former rate there would be a handsome margin of profit; at the hitter rate it would seem that the compan)' can only make a profit by takinij acKantai^e of the fluctuations in the market, for the labor and ma- terial in a yrain-baij, apart from other expenses, cost from 8 to 9 cents. Results have, of course, varied considerably from year to year, but the en- terprise has proved, in the main, successful. Laboring, as it does, under the disachantage of having to pay freight and duty on the raw staple, its success is most creditable to the management. This corporation dis- tributes $200,C!00 a year in wages, and in 1880 paid a dividend of 14 per cent, to its stockholders. The jute-factory at the State Pcnitentiarj', San Oucntin, started in 1882, has a capacity equal to the power of lOO looms, with all the latest appli- ances for .softening, breaking, twisting, spinning, and dressing the material, and for measuring and cutting it into the .shapes required for sacks. The motive power will be supplied by a low-pressure engine with steel boilers, having a 30-inch cylinder with a 60-inch stroke. Cordage. — Among the many purposes for which hemp rope is used, those of ship-building, farming, and mining cau.se the largest consumption. More than one third of all the rope made on this coast is required by farmers for use in harvesting, etc. This description is called baling rope. Very large quantities are of course consumed in mining operations. Though ship- building is not as yet a very prominent industry on this coast, there is a con- siderable demand froiii vessels lying in harbor for the repair of rigging damaged by storm, or rendered useless by wear. The materials used on this coast in rope-making are Manilla and Sisal hemp. The former is a fibrous material obtained from the Miisd tiwfilis, a plant allied to the banana, and one th.at grows readily in the Philippine Islands; the Litter a substance obtained from a species of aloe, and called Sisal, from the name of a port in Yucatan, whence it is imported. Sisal is less strong than Manilla rope, but its first cost is from 2 to 4 cents a pound lower, and it is therefore u.sed in larger quantity. Manilla hemp is imported in bales, which are covered with matting and bound with rattan. ICach bale weighs Z/'i jiounds. There are 1 ropewalks now in operation on the Pa- cific Coast, Tin: S.\.n Francisco Cord.vgk Company, established in 1S56, of which A. L. & IIlKAM TrisD.s are the proprietors; and one in Port- land, Oregon, owned by MoLsoN & SONS, which commenced running on January 1, 1878. According to the best available cstim.itcs, the production of these establishments is about -,"50 tons, worth, at nil average of $275 n. ton, a little over $750,000. Ihe number of iiands employed is about 150. 61 !l 482 MANUFACTtJRKS. m The sum cxpcndLHl fcir labor may lie estimated at $80,000, and for material at $530,000. i\'carl)" ail the tliffercnt kinds of rope and cordaije, from the heaviest hawsers, for shi|)ping use, to the lightest hay-rope, are made in San Fran- cisco. Manufacturers on this coast possess advanta,L,res which compensate, in a measure, for tlie hiijh price of labor and capital, and enable them to conii)(.'te successfully with the ICastern trade. These are the closer pro.ximity of .'^an I'rancisco to the sources frtim which supplies of material are oIj- tained, aiul the facilit)' for makini,' up j^^oods of such .t,MMde and size, as tiie market may at the moment require. h'.arl)- in iS.Si Manilla rope w;is quotetl at 1410 15 cents ;i pound. y\t the close of the jear the jirices of M.inilla ro])e w^-re for 1^4 incli, 16 cents; l2-thrcad rope, i6|a cents; and 6 and 9 threail, 17 cents. Sisal bale rope (t, and 4 threads) was ([uoted in December, iS.Si.at 12 cents. A dis- count of $20 a ton is .allowed for in\oices of 5 tons atul upwards. During tile ye.ar there was a consiilerable .uh'.ince in the price of hemp, mainly on acci'uni of the l'",astern dcmantl for u>i; in h.arvest-bindin}^ machines. The j'c.ar's l.jusincss w.as on the whole satisfactory. Cordage Factories. — Till; Sax I'r.vnci.sco CorDACK COMPANY occu- pies a site of 16 acp.s at the Potrero. The original factory was a wooden structure 50 b\' 100 feet. In 1.S7J this was removed to make room for tlic present buildings, wiiicli are of brick, most of them being fire-proof, with hnck flooring, supported by iron girders ,ind with roofs of tiling. The main f,i' ' is joo b\' 50 feet, and there is .1 storeliouse 100 by 35 feet, an tii;., '.-room, !)oiler-iiouse, and ropewalk. The latter is 20 feet in width, ;"i' o\er a third of a mile in length; and is connected with a wharf, which leails I lut to water dee]i enough for schooners of heav)- draught. The power is transmitted b)- .1 large wheel, 24 feet in diameter and 30 inches wide in the face, to machinery more than a (juarter of ;i niile distant. A number of smaller wheels, connected with it by belting, communicate the necessary power to different jjortions of the works. In the ])rocess of manufacture, the hemp is first opened and the fiber straighteneil out. It then has the ap])earance of wav)- blonde hair of indefi- nite length. It is afterwards lubricated with co.irse whale or petrolciin oil (3 pounds of oil being required for each bale, for the purpose of making it run smoothl)' through the machinery. The hemp is then run thnjugh a series of large s[)readers, which draw out and straighten the fiber, by means of re\"olving teeth, until it is in a condition to be spun into rope-\-arn. The ad\;mtage in the use of >preailers is, that the hemp can be worked at full length without injur\ tn the fibei Ibis could not be done unti' the Tr.XTII.K I-AIIKH S. 4«.? iiUroiluction of sprcadint^ machines, an iinu'iition paUMilcd by JOllN Gooi), of l>ro()kl)-n, New York, and for the use of which TlliUS & Co have pur- chascil the excUisive rij^ht on the Pacific Coast. After passing throuc,di the large spreaders into smaller ones, and again through drawing frames, the fiber is read)' for the spinning jennies, of which there are about 170 at the compan)-'s works. The jarn is run from the jennies on to bol^bins and 'thence to the rope-making machines in the rofjcuaik. The tlireads are unitetl in tightis' twisted strands, several of which are joined together to form small ropes, and several of the smaller ropes to make one of large si/e. The largest size made is 14 inches in circumference. After some further manipulation the rope is rolled on a spindle into coils, anil the process of manufacture is completeil. At the tarring house, where ropes are tarred for shipping and other use, the y.irn is run through a trough of t.ir, which is kept boiling by coils of steam-pipe, placed untlerneath. The boiling tar (horoughl)' saturates the threads, which are tlrawii through a compressor, and sc|ueezed b)- weights, which regulate th.e qiiantit)- of tar to be left in the yarn. Tarred ro[)e has the adwintage of offering the greatest resistance to the action of nir ;uid water. The number of emi)lo_vees at this establishment is 1 10, of whom So arc white men, and the remainder boys and Chinamen. Until I'ebru.iry, i.SSo, there were 50 Chinamen emi^loyed, who were useful in doing work which in I'jistcrn factories is performed b)- women and girls; but white labor alwa)-s receives the preference, uiul whenex'cr good bo\s can be obtained, tlieir services are always substituted for those of Chinamen, .\bout 2,000 tons a Near of rope and cordage, of all sizes and descriptions, arc manu- factured by 'I'm: S.\X Fu.\NCIsc() Cord.u;!; Comiwnv. The offices and store are at 61 I and 613 I'ront Street, and comnumicate by tclei)hone with the factor)-, which is 4 miles distant. During iSSi the woiks were running the entire year on regular time. MoLSON & .Suns' establishment at Portland, Oregon, h.as been about 3 years in operation, and is now working up to its full capacity, giving steady employment to 1 1 hands, and pnxlucing at the rate of 750 tons of rope a )e;u. Iv 1). I'll'M.W is the foreman aiul superintendent. Among other enterprises which have been started from time to time, but arc now no longer in oi)eration, the nu)st important one was Till'. P.vcil'ic Ci)KI).\(;k ComI'.WV, whose works were at Melrose, Alameda County. In 1877 this factory cmployeil 90 hands, and was producing at the nite of 2,COO tons of rope a )ear. Among the orders filled at this establishment was (jne for sounding-lines for the use of the ship Titsativra, in making sur\eys for the Pacific Oceanic Telegraph Cable. Soine of these lines were 10 miles in length, and in a single piece. ■' • mi >— .- I .SaAi . 484 MANUFACTURES. •I I; Sailmaking. — The only establishments on this coast engaged exclu- sively or nKiiiil}-, in the manufacture of sails, are in San Francisco. They give employment to 40 men, and their annual production, usually in com- pliance with orders, may be wor' V < 1,000. The wages for good sailmak- crs are $3 a day; and all are whi.j In material and workmanship no sails arc better than those made hert le manufacturing establishments are those of Hardixc, Bkaxn & PmoR (founded in 1853), SlMPSOX & Fisin:R, T110MA.S Reynolds, W. C. Wood, J. I. Blakiston, C. C. Funk, and 4 or 5 others. LEATHER. 48S CHAPTER XXIX.— LEATHER. Leather Products. — The tanneries of the Pacific Coast manufactured, in 1881, about 8,750 tons of leather, valued at $4,000,000. Considering the' excellent quality of our hides and tan-bark, it is not remarkable that the production of leather should already have assumed such large proportions. The present condition of this branch of industry seems to indicate that the volume of manufacture will be limited, not by the demands of the market, but by the scarcity of material, already existing, and threatening to be, in the near future, a serious drawback to manufacturers. Californian and Oregon hides are in such demand, not only on this coast, but in the Eastern States, that the market is often bare of desirable qualities, and it is neces- sary to import largely from foreign sources of supply. During 1S81, first- class hides were in such request, that their price was maintained at a point which left but small profit for the tanneries, and yet receipts in San Fran- cisco for that year were largely in excess of those for several former years, and nearly 50 per cent, above those for 1880. So urgent was the demand from manufacturers on this coast, that shipments of hides to the Eastern States, for 1 88 1, were about 55 per cent, below those for the previous year. The main difficulty, however, that confronts our leather interests, is the scarcity of chestnut-oak bark, the best substance to add weight to the hide, but being consumed so rapidly that if the consumption continues at the present rate, the supply, within easy access, will probably be exhausted within 20 or 30 years. The demand for Pacific Coast leather in the Eastern States is constantly increasing, and exports to foreign countries are increas- ing in a still greater ratio. During 1881, 2,127 •'0"^ of leather, valued at $1 17,500, were shipped to foreign countries, against 1,500 rolls, valued at $81,000, for 1880; an increase of 45 per cent, within a single year. The home demand, however, for manufacturing purposes, for boot and shoe fac- tories, for harness and saddlery, for leather hose nnd belting, for trunks, valises, nnd satchels, and for other leathern goods, .;" t.f which will receive mention in this chapter, leaves but a small surplus for Eastern or foreign shipment. In 1881, the volume of manufactures, in the line of boots and shoes, far exceeded the figures for any previous year, and that in the face of larger imports from the East than have occurred for 10 or 12 previous years. Saddle and skirting leathers manufactured on this coast arc in such demand i I 1J ' f i ■4 } 486 MANUFACTURES. in the Eastern States that saddle and harness makers in San Francisco can not ahvays obtain supplies of first-class material, and yet harness and sad- dlery of Pacific Coast manufacture find a market in the F,aslcrn States, and in common with other leathern tjoods, are exported to Mexico, China, Japan, the Hawaiian Islands, and other foreign countries. The a,L;gregate value of leather and leathern fabrics manufactured on the Pacific Coast in 1881 may be estimated approximately at $14,750,000, and of this sum $8,750,000 represents the additional value that labor, machinerj', and other factors added to the original cost of the leather. In all its various branches this department of industry gives employment to about 8,100 operatives and to $7,000,000 of capital. The sum distributed for labor is estimated at $3,600,000, and for material at $8,000,000. The items of labor and expense include, of course, all the second values that are added to the leather after it is made into goods, and the cost of imported or other mate- rial u.scd in the process of manufacture. The different fabrics produced on this coast, during 1881, include 3,000,000 pairs of boots and shoes, $3,750,- 000 worth of harness and saddlery, $350,000 worth of trunks, valises, and satchels, Joo,ooo feet of leather belting, 500,000 pairs of gloves, and about $150,000 worth of other leathern goods Tannage Production.— The aggregate capital of the different tanneries anil wool puUcrics in the State of California may be estimated at a little o\er $.',000,000, of which $800,000 is invested in San Francisco. The value of material used during the year 1881 may be set down at about $2,600,000, including hides and skins to the value of $1,900,000; 28,000 cords of bark, worth at $20 a cord (the average price for 1S81), $560,000; 600 tons of tallow, 3,600 "gallons of oil, 250 tons of gambier, and 300 tons of sumach, worth in all, $140,000. The total value of leather manufac- tured was estimated .it $3,750,000 to $4,000,000; the amount expended for labor at $930,000. It will be .seen from these figures that the year 1881 was not a pros- perous one fi)r the tanneries of California. Accepting the higher estimate of $4,000,000 as the value of leather produced, and subtracting the cost of material and labor, amounting in all to $3,530,000, there would remain only $470,000 to co\cr depreciation of propert)', repairs, insurance, and other incidental expenses, to say nothing of profit and interest on capital. The operations of a well-conducted tanner}', situated near San Francisco, may ser\e to show the present condition ol' alTairs. The proprietors, who were kind einiugh to furnish the information, do not wish their names to be published. The estimates arc made for the year 1881. The tannery cost $14,000, carries a stock worth $40,000, and has, besides, an a\erage of ii li:atiier. 487 $20,000 worth of goods sold on outstanding credits, making a total fixud and working cai)ital of $74,000. Tlic sales are at the rate of $i:;o,ooo a )'car. The cost of hides is $72,000, of labor $10,000, of bark and other material $17,000. Insurance, repairs, and miscellaneous expenses are about $2,000 a year, and $7,-4.00 (10 per cent.) is allowed for interest on cajiital. The entire outlay amounts to $ioS,400. Subtracting this from the amount of sales ($120,000), there is a margin for profit of $1 1,600. The value of waste material will probably raise the profit to $12,000, or a little over 16 per cent, on the capital c)f $74,000. At the establishment in question this is considered rather a small result for the year's business, but is probabl)' above the average profit made b)' the tanneries of California for the \ear 1881. On the Pacific Coast, as well as in the Eastern States, the largest tanneries are, as a rule, the most profitable. Some of the Eastern tanneries ha\e a capital of $2,000,000 to $3,000,000, and tan 100,000 sides a year. The entire number of men empl(j)-ed in Californian tanneries (not includ- ing wool piiUeries; is about 1,200, and the aggregate of wages $600,000, or an a\crage of $50 a month fcjr each operative. This is verj- much abo\c Eastern rates, where tanners receive only $20 to $30, and curriers $32.50 to $50 a month. The usual prices paid in San Francisco for bark \ary from $15 to $25 a cord. The average in 1881 was $18 a cord. Some inland tanneries ha\e an ad\antage in this respect. (iROZ1:lii:r & Xi;i..S().\, for instance, of San Jose, obtain their bark ;it $15 t(j $16 a cord, on account of their establish- ment being near the Santa Cruz Mountains, where bark is abumlant. The production of all the Oregon tanneries amoimted in 1881 probably to $ I 30,000 or $200,000. Within the past 10 )-ears it has about doubled, and though Oregon still imports more leather and leathern goods than she manufactures, it is not probable that this will long continue to be the case. At the Centennial l'",.\hibition the graiul prize for inanufactureil leather was awarded to the State of Oregon. In the )-ear 1870 all the tanneries of California, Oregon, Utah, and Wash- ington manufactured leather to the \alue of about $1,400,000. In 1881 the tanneries of California alone manufactureil leather to the \alue of $4,000,000; while the value of boots and shoes made in .San I-"rancisco, a|iart from custom work, was not less than $5,000,000. Although the high jjrice of material and the low price of leather reduced somewhat the usual margin of profit, more leather was made in California iluring 1S8 r than in any previous jear in the his- ' tor}- of the .State. .\earl}'all the tanneries were full)' employed. .Some en- larged their c,i[)acit>-,and others expect that their increasing business will .soon compel them to enlarge. The manufacture of home-made boots and shoes is assuming \ery large [)roportions, anil the ilemand from this source tended m:immi 3i >!'P m^n 4;slaced on board the train or schooner. The average cost of freight is .$4 a cord. Including all expenses, it will probably be found that the cost of layings ilown chestnut-Oiik bark at the wharves of San I-Vancisco is not less than $14 to $15 a cord. In the tall of iSSi bark was unusually low in price, selling at $16 a cord wholesale, delivered on the cit)- wharves, bi.c the average price for the j-ear was not less than $18. It seems prf)babie that unless some substitute can be founil, the price of oak b.irk must, befc re long, aihance to a point that will render it difficult for the tanneries ol tlalilornia to keep pace with the demand for leather. A large sum has alread\- been spent in making experiments for the purpose of finding a substitute, but so far with little success. The one that seems most likely to come into fa\'or eventu- ally, is the bark of the Black Wattle (a species of the Acacia), which is very common in Australia. It is a well-known fact that most of the Australian evergreens sheil part of their bark in the winter, and that it grows again, U) some e.Ktent, in the summer season ; whereas the oak dies when once stripped of its bark, and is usually cut down for cordwood. The bl.ick wattle grows ra[)idly in California, and if a little bark be left on the tree, it will in time renew its entire covering. Tanners have made experiments with black- wattle bark, antl some consider it equal to that of the chestnut-oak. Gainbior or Terra Japonica, the inspissatetl juice of a plant found in the Malay Peninsula, is also largely used for tanning purpo.ses. When mixed with oak-bark it renders the hide capable of absorbing more tannin matter than w hen chestnut-bark is used alone, and so produces extra weight of leather; but if pure gambler be used for tanning it produces stiff, unpliable leather of jioor cjualit}'. The plant will not grow in California. Sumach. — Sumach comes ne.\t to bark as an importan ' (.\or in tan- ning, antl the Sinn of $45,000 is e.\pendcd e\cry year by Caliiornia for the purchase of the needed supply. Onl\- certain sjiecies of the plant have any commercial value. The best article comes from the Island of Sicily, and is worth, on this coast, $150 a ton, at which rate it is supplied to the trade by 2 leading houses in San Francisco Several species arc indigenous in the Eastern States, but the plant needs a mild winter in order to de\elop the aciil properties which make it serviceable for tanning purjjoses. Only 2 or 3 of the Southern States produce an article that has any commercial value. The winter climate of central and southern California is very simi- lar to that of Sicily. Dr. S.\XK and Mr. ICUKUllAUi;. of Santa Clara, have I t I ii- 492 .MANUI'ACrUUKS. tried the cxperii.iciU uf ^'rowinLj suinacli for some years, and in 1881 liad plants of 6 or 7 \i;ars' fjrowth. A species of native sumach grows in San Dic^'o Count}-. 11 this ;irticle of commerce can be produced in California, of such (|uality as c) approach in \aluc tliat which is imported from Sicily, a new and most viluable addition will be maile to the industries of the coast. In the manufacture (jf the finest and softest ijr.-ides of leather, sumach is a ncce.--sary inj;redient, and if it coukl be supplied to tanneries at $80 or $100 a ton, there is no doubt that a j;reat stimulus would be f^ivcn to our leather nianufacturinj^' interests. As tlie case now stands, such arti- cles as mi},dH compete with J'rench calf for instance, can liarilly lie made on this coast at a profit, on account of the hi^h price of Sicilian and other descriptioi s of imported sumach. Before gi\iny such a description of different tanneries on the coast as ma)- serve to indicate the present condition of the business, it may be well to ilcscribe brii-lly the usual process of tanninj^ hides, by which the animal matter is killed, and durable (jroperties are imiKirted in the manufacture of leather. The fir.'-t ojjeration is to soak the hides in water for about 24 hours, to remove the blood. After beinij kept in lime for a week, to rid them of hair ,uul flesh, they are cleaned with the proi)er implements. They arc then covereil with layers of bark, and placed in vats containing water. It is estimated that a salted hide of 60 jiounds, when freed from hair, grease, and flesh, and ready for the tanning process, will weigh 15 pounds. To convert this into leather rcciuircs the use of about 200 pounds of bark. The bark will assay from 20 to 26 per cent, of tannin, but only i2yi per cent, can be put into the leather, as the hide will not absorb a larger pro- portion. The tannin matter will add to the 15 pounds of fiber and gelatine a weight of 25 pounds, and pioduce 40 pounds of leatiier. It will be seen, therefore, that in a pound of leather, three eighths consist of hide and five eighths of tannin matter. This calculatic)ii applies, however, only to the hcaviei grades of leather. In other descriptions the proportion varies. Tanning costs per pound nearly in proportion to the gain in weight. To make a pound of sole leather costs 25 to 30 per cent, more than to make a pound of upper or calf-skin leather. In Eastern tanneries, where dry hides are principall)- used, the estimate is that 100 pounds of dry hides will weigh, when ready for the tanning process, about 70 pounds, and that, when converted into leather, the addi- tion of the tannin increases this weight to 1 50 or 175 pounds, the difference depending on the quantity of tannin matter contained in the bark. Mem- lock bark is principall}- used in Kastern tanneries, and about one ton is needed to convert 70 pounds of hide into 200 pound.s of leather. The tan- ^ 1 11 I.F.ATIIF.K. 493 riiii matter contained in a given <|uantity of hemlock bark varies from 5)j to HKj per cent. San Francisco Tanneries. — Most of the tanneries of San Francisco arc near liic San Hriino Rcjail, in Islais Vailc)-, where tiie)- are prominent feat- ures of the landscape. The tannery of Loui.S .Sl,()ss & Co. is the largest one in San l'"rancisco, and manufactures more sole leather than any establishment of the kind on the Pacific Coast. The consumption of hides is at the rate of 420 a week, and of bark 1,500 cords a year. Estimating the average weight of hides at 60 pound.s, and the cost at 1 1 cents a pound, and allowing $18 a cord for bark, it will be found that the cost nf material is at the rate of $180,690 a year. All their leather is sold In re, but they ship from 75,000 to 100,000 dry hides to the I''ast annually. In their tannery they employ 30 men, and are interested in several other important industries. The tannery of A. li. P.VTRICK is located on the corner of Eighteenth and Folsom streets. The production of the tannery is about 20,000 sides of .sole, and 2,000 to 3,000 sides of harness leather a year, amounting in value to $1 10,000. Among the machinery used is a revolving or scouring wheel, by which the hides are scoured. The wheel, which is inclosed on all sides, is about 8 feet in diameter. After the hides have been placed inside, hot water is constantly poured in, and the wheel revolves at the rate of 20 revo- lutions a minute. The process lasts about 1 5 minutes. The scouring was formerly done in tanks, and the hides were trampled by the feet, requiring a much longer time for the operation. The use of the scouring-whcel has only been adopted of late years on the Pacific Coast. It is employed only in one or two tanneries in San Francisco besides that of Mr. P.VTRICK. MoHlTZ Wind's tanner)', on the San Bruno road, near Twenty-sixth Street, was built in the year 1877. The consumption of hides is at the rate of 550 ])er month, and the manufacture is mainly of upper leathers, to the value of about $50,000 a year. Twelve men are employed at $2.50 per day. Other San Francisco tanneries are those of Anton Kreig and C. BECKER. Benioia Tanneries.— -The tannery of McK.W & CmsilOLM, at Bcnicia, gives constant employment to 50 men, and distributes $30,000 a year in wages. The annual consumption of material is about 25,000 hides, worth $130,000; and 2,100 cords of bark costing $35,000, besides oil and other material to the value of $12,000. The capital itivcsted is $150,000, and the value of manufactures is estimated at $280,000. The business is now in the hands of TiioaI.V.s McK.W & ALEXANDER ClllSHOLM. As this is one of the largest enterprises of the kind on the Pacific Coast, a brief description of its origin and present condition may be of interest to readers. In March, I 1S' I ^il ] n I ; j ! ' 'I f I < d I , mmgatrnt 494 MAMIACTUKKS. 1866, Jul I \ R. I'kowx cam; til Hciiicia, from Stockton, having made the joiinic)- nn fVdt, and \\it!i his woiidiy goods lied in a h.mdkcrchicf. I'liis j^cntleman was a native uf Nova Scotia, where he had 'earned tlie business of lanniiiL;" and currj-ini;. At Henicia Mr. liK'>\v.\ met with an (jld friend of the name of M( K.w, also a Xova Scotian.and with a practical expcrfence in the tanning business. With a capital of less than $:;oo, these gentlemen commenced o|)crations on the site of an abandoned brickyard, bought a wagon anil team, obtained a supply of hitles on creilit, an. and that of II. \'. KroX; at Soipiel that of i i { LKATIIKR. 495 Damoktii, MiiOKK & CUMMlM.s; at SaiU.i Rosa thai of W'isi,, Goi.D- lisii ^ Ccj. and that of Mrs. J. C. JoRDAX; at I'ctahima that of J. \Vh Ks; and at Napa tliat of 15. ]•". Sa\\NI;R & Co., who ])r()ducc leather woith about $200,ooo, and whoso cstabhslinicnt bcinLj also <■llJ,^■lL,fc^l in \viiol-piiliin.L;, will he mentioned attain under thai heading;. Oregon Tanneries. —The Oukcon iJAtiii i^ Mam'kai ITKIXc; Com- I'.vw, ''orlland, ums incorporated in 1S7S. I'he president of the coini)any, A. W. ,\' A ri'.KS, was the leading; promotei' of the enterprise. The abun- ilancc anil chcapne.ss of material, and the opportiinit)- for obtainiuLj con- vict labor were the chic'' inducements, .\bout 30,000 sides are manufac- tured e\ery \ear into leather, which is sold, in about equal proportions, in Oregon and in the San I-'ranci-sco market. The material used is obtained in (.)reL,'on and \\"ashintjton. I'orty con\ icts are emplo\ed at 50 cents a da)', under the direction of a sinf,de foreman. With this advantaije, the compaiu- has been able within 3 years to outstrip all similar cnter])rises in the .State, and probabl)- manufactures ncarlj as much leather as is made clscwbcrc in tlie wliole of Oregon. Tltcre are 2 small establishments in Portlantl, one of which manufactures $5,000 to .$6,000, and the other about $j,OGO worth of leather a )'e.ir. The tannery of H. Li;ini;n\vi;i!i:r & Co., located on the water front of L'ljper Asioria, is the most important manufacturing enterprise in the town, and gives employment to 15 liands. T!ie establishment is furnished with a steam engine of 20-horse ])over, am! with ,ill the modern labor-s,i\ing machinery. A large portion of the leatlier is niaile into boots and shoes, at a factor)' recenth' started in connection with the t.mner)'. Thirt)' men are emplo\'etl in tiiis de])artt. ie.it, and tiie goods produced are all sold to a single firm in San I'"rancisco. Other tanneries in Oregon are tllose of ll.MM'.s K' I'l'.TllRS, at luigene City; of J. II. I'l.RKINs, at CoquilleCit)-; a.; >f W. M. 6;; J. M. i'i;RKINS, at J'arkersburg. British Columliia Tanning.— Though the manufacture of leather on this portion of the 1',-icific Coast is small, as yet, compared with the production of the Californian and Oregon tanneries, there arc two jjoints which, in time, must tell strongi)' in favor of British Columbia. These are the heaviness and excellent cpialit)' of her hides, and the comparatixe cheapness of tan bark. Hides in British Columbia will average 75 i)ounds in weight, against 60 pounds in California, anil a never-failing suppl)- of hemlock b.u'k can be obtaineil in \'ancou\er Island, and laiil down in X'ictoria at a cost of $y a ton; while double that price must be paid for the chestnut-oak bark com- II: t 496 NtANL'FACTURKS. irn monlj- used by Californian and Orcf^oii tanners. Moreover, it is estimated that, ai the present rate of consumption, the supply of oai'; bark will be ex- hausted in 20 to so years. Belmont Tannery. — Six miles from V'ictoria is a tannery occupyinj^ a lar!;e frame building at Belmont, aiui owned by Messrs. D.VLBY, PEWF.r. & WlLSt^N. There are numerous sprini;s in the neighborhood, and the above gentlemen own a eonsidenible portion of the water rights, giving them ample powL-r for all manufacturing purposes, and leaving a large surplus, a portion of which is used for supph'ing the I?ritish vessels of war at Esqui- nialt. The jirescnt capacit)- of the tannery is 4,000 sides a year. Among other labor-saving niachincr)- is a large revoK-ing drum, by which the liides arc worked, se\er:d at a time, instead of being manipulated b\' workmen. In connection with this establishment, and conducted by the same proprietors, is TiiK ])KLMONT Bool' .\M) SllOK F.U'i'OKV, of which mention is made under its ])roper heading. Rock Bay Tannery. — This establishment, located at the foot of Rock Bay Bridge, in the suburbs of- Victoria, and owned bj- W. Heathorn, pro- duces $25,000 worth a year of sole, grain, kip, calf, buff, and belting leathers. The production of scjle leather is at the rate of 1,200 sides a year. A stock of hides, Nalucxl at $8,000, is kept constantl}' on hand, and 60 lime-vats ;ire needed for their treatment. A featui-e of this tannery is a large revob ing drum, erected in iSSi at a cost of $800, by which the hides are worked in large numbers, instead of being operated upon singK', by hand. Mr. Hf.ATIIORX is also the proprietor of the VlClOUI.V Boot AM) SUOE Fa<- TOKV, which is conducted in connection with the tannery, and of which mention is made imder its proper heading. Wool-Pulling. — The food suppl)' of San I'rancisco alone requires the annual slaughter of more than 600,000 sheep. The pelts of the.se animals arc collected and graded, through the agency of hide dealers, iuid sold by them to firms engaged in jjreparing the wool and manufactiu-ing the skins, for the many purposes lo which lhe>' are applied. In years past, the process of wool-pulling was carried on in c(jnnection with the preiiaration antl tan- ning of heavy leathers; but is now regarded as a separate and distinct indu.stry. B. V. S.WVVKu & Com1'.\NN', of Napa, arc also engaged in the manufacture of leather, and are brielly mentioned under the head of tanneries. I'ersons engaged in this branch of industr)- ,ire known as wool- pullers, the wool being the main object of the business. The skins little more than )).iy the expense of tanning, and large tpiantities of them are placed in pickle and shipped in that condition to Nt^w York. "W ' I.KATIIKK. 49; The luinual production of pullcil uool on our slope may be 3,000 tons, worth, at 35 to 27 /^ cents a pound (the average price of washed wool for the past 5 years), about $2, r 00,000. l-lxports from San Francisco may amount to 1,250 tons annually. The pelts used on this co.ist will average 2 or 2'/i pounds of clear wool, and the skins arc worth 15 to 20 cents apiece after the wool is removed. A few short wool pelts are dressed with the wool on, for the u.se of saddlers and harness and glme makers. When required for other purposes of manulacture, the pelts are first placed in a large vat, where they lie in soak for 20 hours, after which the)- are removed and washed. Clover, burs, and grass-seeds, which are usually found in the fleeces, are either struck off by hand with a knife, or extracted b)- revolving knives set in cylinders. The next operation is termed sweating, for which purpose the pelts are hung up for 24 hours in the sweat-house, and acted upon by steam, in order to cause a slight decomposition, and so loosen the wool. The use of lime-water is often substituted ff)r this process. The lime-water is sprinkled over the flesli\- side of the pelts, which are then doubled up and alloweil to lie for 24 hours. The effect of cither ■ i thod of treatment is to cause ;i slight decomposition and so loosen the Wiioi, which is then pulled by hand from the pelt and at the same lime graded, there being usually 3, but sometimes as many as 7 grades t. h pelt. The skin is now ready for the openition of tanning, and tlR\\i hen washed by machinery, taken to the tlry-house, dried, and packed in prr -cd bnli' of from 400 to 500 pounds, jind is then ready for shipment, in riiia, the wool is dried in the (spen air; in the I'!ast, usually by steam. L n l 'Sew YcnU, 15oston, Chicay;o, and I'hiladelphi.i, where the)- are used in the makini; of l.ulies' shoes, jjlovcs, etc. Considerable (piantities of buck .and antelope skins are also manufactm-ed into leather. 1 1 ll/l"ii.\', W'l-.sio.S i^ Co. are the Hoston a-jents of the firm for the sale of wool, and Rosi;, McAl.I'IN & Co. represent them in New ^'ork fiir- the sale of the leather. The .S.ui I'"rari- cisco office, at 400 llaltery Street, is in charj^c of RoN' T. KiMliAl.l,. At Mr. I'JiKKUARD's establishment in Santa Clara, about 120,000 sin ep skins arc used every )ear, and t.ic shipments of ])ulled wool to Boston exceed 10 tons ;i month. It is better known as a timnery th;in ;is a wool-pullcry. M'.ATITKR. 499 Harness and Saddlery. — Saddlery and luirncss goods of Pacific Coast niamifacturc find a mai'kct as far F.ast as Colorado, but seldom beyond that point. Our best foreign customers arc the people of the Hawaiian Islands, who took from us 362 out of 847 packages shipped to foreign des- tinations during the year 18S1. Heavy mulc-harncss, and Mexican saddles of California make, arc in considerable demand for teaming and other pur- poses, in connection with the sugar plantations of the Hawaiian Group. Estimating the average price of exported goods at $75 a package, the total of exports will amount in value to $63,525. Imports consist chiefly of saddles and horse wrappers, though 2 or 3 brands of harness arc still imported in small ciuantity from New York. The entire value of manufactured harness and saddlery imported directly to San Francisco probably does not e.xcced $50,000 a year, but nearly 40 per cent, of the materials used, including all the articles known to the trade as harness hardware, are imported. Notwithstanding an ad valorem duty of 33 per cent., it is found that the cheapest descriptions of harness hard- ware, the common iron rings and chains, can be imported from England at lower rates than that which comes from the East. The more expensive descriptions of hardware are all of Eastern manufacture. A very small quantity of harness leather of a fine grade, not manufactured in California, is also imported, but the value is so small as hardly to require mention. A few saddles and side-saddles are occasionally brought from England, but the total of foreign imports docs not exceed $1 5,000 worth a year. The side-saddles and Mexican saddles used on this coast arc nearly all of home make. The quantitj- of American and English saddles imported does not exceed 10 per cent, of the consumption, the remaining 90 per cent, being of domestic manufacture. The manufacture of saddles was one of the first mechanical industries established at the Californian missions in the last century; the pattern used being the one which the Spaniards copied from the Moors, and introduced into Mexico with some modification. It had a high pommel and cantlo; its willow frame was covered with rawhide, ami strengthened with straps of iron ; and it was strong enough to hold a bull fastened to the pommel by a rcata. The Americans found this saddle indispensable for use in lassoing, which is still extensively practiced ; and besides they generally consider it more comfortable than the English saddle for the rider. In 1S50, a nutnber of firms were engaged, throughout the State, in the manufacture, importation, and sale of harness and saddlery. Sacramento and Marysvillc, on account of their proximity to the mines, obtained the largest share of trade. Prices rulctl very high. The production increased rapidly, and in 1858 saddles, harnesses, and whips of fine quality were t. \\ n ) ;^! « Ii -.; ^■! ■1 !;■ ! '-■ ; ; i f* ^H fli. H Bi; H ^- U TfP 500 MANl'IACTrUr.S. iniulc in San I'rancisco. AccorciinLj to the census report of 1.S70, there were tlicn on tlic Pacific Coast 249 establishments, with a capital of $7ii,5''>7, <,rivin.t^ em|)lo_\'nient to 827 hands, distributing,' $;;43,473 for labor, and mak- int; up $57S,ii^ worth of material into $1,318,301 worth of ijoods. The \alue of saddle-trees manufactureil for iS/o, is included in the above statis- tics. Of the i;ross value of production, California was credited witli $i,o6,S,- 452 (includint.; $492,71 5 for .San Francisco), Oregon with $131,919, Nevada with $60,200, Colorado with $20,800, Idaho with $16,350, Utah with $15,- 580, and 3 other territories with sm.all amounts. Itetwcen i860 and 1870, the manufacture of harness and saddlery had spread all over the Pacific Coast, thoufjh as yet of little importance out.sidc of California. The prf)- j;rcss made in the interval was probably due, in part, to the increased de- mand caused by the growth of mining interests, and to the completion of the overland railroad, which i^a\e inland manufacturers easy access to sup- plies of material. Harness Production — In the fall of 1881 the number of establishments on the Pacific Coast en|,'a;4ed in the manufacture of harness and saddlery was estimated at ^oo; the amount of capital invested at $1,200,000; the value of materials used at the rate of $1,250,000 a year, includinu;' $750,000 worth of leather and $500,000 worth of saiklle-trecs, harness hardware, ruul other articles recpiiri'd in the process of ni;uiufacturc. The entire number of hands empkned was estimated at 1,000, the at^t^rcL^ate of waj;es at $500,- 000, anil the x'alue of f,uiods manufactured at $2,750,000 a >'ear. The trade of San I'rancisco alone, includin_L[ material supplied to saddle and hruiie-w Inakers on different parts of the coast, is at the rate of $2,000,000 a year. Of the 1.000 liands employed in 1881, abnit 100 were convicts at the State Prison, under contracts which expired on January 1, 1882, and will probably not be renewed, and about 60 were Chinamen. Complaint has been made that these 2 clas.ses of labor interfered with tlu^ emplojment and reduced the wages of free white labor. When it is taken into account that the labor of 100 convicts is about equal to that of 50 free men, and of 60 Chinamen to that of 40 white men, it will be seen that over 90 per cent, of all the work done is |y.'rforined by free white labor. In I'.astern factories boys, and even men, make onl)' certain pf)rtions of the saddle or harness. They learn no other part - iS jier cent, on this coast. The dilTerence is accounted for by tlie fact that most of the gootls made on the Pacific Coast are of cheaper grade than those of East- ern make. Moreover, in Eastern factories, portions of the material are made on the [)remi.ses of the manuHicturer, while on this coast the materials are simply put together. In the relative cost of material there is little vari- ation. In the State of New York material costs about 44 per cent., in I'ennsyUania 46, and in Massachu.setts 47 per cent, of the value of produc- tion, or an average of 45^3 per cent, against 45j-i per cent, on the Pacific Coast. Harness Manufacturers. — Among the leading manufacturers in San Francisco arc M.\1N & WlXcilKSTKR, J. C. JOHNSON & Co., R. S'lONi:, \V. D.wis, C. L. H.vsKKLL, John 0'K.\ni:, Thgm.vs McGinni.s, and O. 1-'. WiLLF.V & Co. In the interior of California, A. A. V.\N VoouiIiES, J. T. Stoi.i,, and Cl.vkknck N. NixsoN, of Sacramento; John M. Fovk, of San Bernardino; WORKM.VN & Co., and HERMAN Hf.INSCU, of Los Angeles; and J. F. Recket, of San Andreas, arc among the more prom- inent firms. Among Oregon manufacturers, J. H. CONOLi-: & C(j., J. Clark, Jamk.s Welch, and W. II. Watkin.s, of Portland; C. K. Klu.M, of Ash- land; and J. R. Grah.\M, of Oregon City, are prominent. The business of M.vix & Winchester was established in 1849 by Charles Main and I^zra H. Winciiesticr. Hoth gentlemen had a practical acquaintance with all branches of the business, and their success was so marked that, in i860, the volume of their trade caused a removal to the large four-story brick building on tlie corner of Hatter}' and 1 lalleck streets, their present quarters. Of the prominent mercantile hou.ses in .San I'rancisco, unchanged in partnership and proprietorshi]), theirs is now the oldest. Three fourths in value of their sales — and the amuial aggregate is very large — consist of Californian manufactures, of which they send a con- siderable quantity to the Atlantic slope. Charles Main, senior member of the firm, was born in New IIam|)- shire, in 1820. Left an orjihan at 15, and dependent on his toil for his support, he became an apprentice to a harnessmalcer, and learned the trade well. After several years of wcjrk as a journeyman, he became jjart- rrr i i: 1 ''; r K ill: vl :!i M 1 n i ' :S>1 m "; ■' '.' i-\::^ if ' ■i' III 502 MAM TACn-RKS. ncr in a liarncss shop in Boston, but sold out to come; to Califdiiiiii in 1849. He went to the mines, was fortunate there, and in iiS50, with Mr. \\'l\- riiESTl'.R, cstaljlisheil the firm wliich throve from the start, is one of the oldest, and lias been one of the m)• the saddleror harnessmaker is manufactured there. J. H. CONCLK & Co., of Portland, (^recjon, manufacturers of harness ,uul sadtller)-, do a business amountin;^ to $150,000 a j'ear, extendinu,^ o\er Ore- gon, \\'ashint,'ton, and Idaho. They emi)lo)- 10 men in the manufacturint; department, at waj^es a\eraL;ini;' $3 a ilay. Whips. — The \alue of whips manufactured on this coast is about $40,- 000; of imported whips, $30,000 to $35,000. Of the materials used, the whalebone, L,rlue, wire, iron, rattan, and leather, are of liome production; the thread and whip-mountings are imported. All classes of articles are manu- f.ictmxil on this coast, but the greatest demand is for bugg)- antl team whips. Imports consist almost entirel)- of bugg>- whips, which .are usually made according to the latest patterns, and are therefore apt to fmtl a ready market, imported goods are more hnel)' finished, but, for use and wear, are considered inferior to those matle in San l''rancisco. The entire mimber of hands emplosed at this industr)- does not exceed 35 ])crsons, of whom cS are Chinamen, .and the remainder white men, boys, and girls. The wages of Chin.imen .are from $25 to $30 ,1 month. White men recei\e from $14 to $30 a week, the Latter r.ate being ])aid onl)- to the most skillful lash-cutters. Girls and boys earn on an average $7 a week by piece-work; other operatixes arc employed at fixed wages. It is estimated that the entire cost of l.tboi- averages 30 to 35 per cent., and of material 35 to 40 i)er cent, of the \alue of manufacture. The only whip factory on this coast is that of Ki;vsi'Oi\ liKoriil'.US. The m.' M-ATIII-R. 503 manufactiii-c is also earned on to a small extent by Main k WlXCIIKSTKK, whoso establishment is mentioned under the head of Harness and Saddlery. Three other honscs in San Francisco, and one in Portland, OrcLjnn, that of GkoKGI'; Be.MISII, also make up small quantities of stock. Kr,\'sroN BroT!!I:rs make whips, reatas, braideil rims, and headstalls, to the value f)f $25,000 a yern-, K'ivint,' einployinent to 14 persons. One member of the firm has a patent for a machine to coNer the coverini,fs of carriage whips. Trunks, etc.— This branch of manufacture is at present restricted on our coast to San I'rancisco, in which cit\' there are 9 establishments, with. an a;4gre,L,'ate capital of about $230,000, maniifacturiiii^r $1 50,000 worth of material intci $350,000 worth of <,roods, and distributin;,,' $125,000 in wa;;es amonjj; 200 operatives. Importations from all sources do not exceed in value $20,000 a )'ear, and consist only of ladies' colored satchels and hantl- batjs. Of the materials used, tnmk liardware, which includes buckles, locks, liinijes, nails, etc., is entirely impf)rtcd. Colored leathers, used in the manu- facture of ladies' satchels and tra\clin^r-bat;s, are also importetl. The tan- neries of the Pacific Coast ])roducc trunk and black bai; leather of excellent (]uality, but do not as )-et manufacture any colored leather. The lumber in use, which is principally that of the sujjar jjine, is abundant and cheap, and, for makint;' ordinary (.grades of floods, California leather is very service- able. With the exception alread)^ mentioned, all the different articles com- monly u.sed, from a ladj-'s hand-bag to the largest Saratoga, and including about 75 different varieties, arc manufactured in San Francisco. It is estimated that nine tenths of the entire demand on the Pacinc Cor.st is sup- plied by trunkmakers in the city, and that the value of impcrted goods docs .not exceed $30,000, while the export trade is at the rate of $50,000 a )'car. Our best foreign customer is the Hawaiian Islands. Small quanti- ties are also shipped to Central America, Australia, (^hina, Japan, and Tahiti. Mexico also draws on us for supplies, which are sent there in pieces ready to be put together, in order to evade the tariff on finisf.ed gootls. Traile in this dei)artment appears to be in a satisfactory- condition. A gentleman who started in the business in 1 SfiS with onl_\- one assistant, has now 60 hands employed the year round, and 3et can not keej) pace with his orders. The wages paid in this branch of manufacture are rather high, averaging $625 a )-ear per capita, anti if the hands were all steadily employed throughout the )ear, the average would be considerably larger. The operatives arc nearly all white men. I'irst-class 'workmen earn, by piece-work, about $25 a week; inferior workmen, $15. The few boys antl girls employed make from 50 cents a da\- ujjwards. Several )'cars ago |il ^ ^ :., ■! 504 MAXriACTl'KIS, tlic Cliincsc atlcmptcfj to yain a footliolil in llic trade, but lia\c always been rigorously excluded b)' manufacturers, who fear tlial if Chin.unen once gained a knowledge of the business the\- might soon accjuire almost a mono])oly of it, ;is they have done in other branches. The high rates of wages paid to operatives are probably due to the exclusion of Chinese labor. These wages are not, however, greatl\- in excess of those paiil in the .State of \ew Jersej', where nearlj- one half of all the triuiks, valises, and satchels made in the United States are manufactured. In that .State, though the proportion of female and youth's labor is considerably larger than in California, the average is at least $5/3 a j'ear. In San Franci.sco labor costs about 36 per cent., ;ind material 43 percent., of the value of production. In New Jersey the cost of labor is about 25 per cent., and of material about 42 jjcr cent., of the value of the manufacture. The difference in the relative proportions of the cost of labor is accounted for by the fact that in New Jersey very large stocks of cheap articles arc made up, while goods m;ide on this coast arc, as a rule, of superior qualit)'. All the trimk factories of our coast are in San Francisco. That now owned b>- FKelllll'.lMl'.U & Steelk, founded in I.S5: of a ti'iiniT)' al .Sii(|uel, in .S.inta Cruz Count)', lie entered into a contraet \\ ith tiie .Stale I'rison authori ties for the labor f)f a number of coiuicts, whose services could then be procured for 30 cents a day. ( )l)taiiiiiit; iiio^t of thi' needed material from his tanner)-, he commenced to manufacture bio;4aiis and other ai'ticles of coarse j;ratle. Soon afterwards 1U'< KlNi ;II.\M & lli:(lir commenced operations (,n a small scale. Slow 1\-, at t'lrsl, but ;;raduall)' from these be;.;inninj.;s the industr)- has increased, until in the )-ear 1S81, j^oods are beint; ])rodiiced in the different factories of the I'.icific Coast to the value of about $6,500,000, of which amount about $5,750,(XX) may be crcilited to Califf>niia, includin.L; at least $5,000,000 for San I'rancisco, $350,- 000 to Ore;4oii, and $400,000 to Utah. The quantity of material useil ma)- be estimated at a little untler $3,250,000, and the amount cx|)endetl for labor at about $1,750,000, distributed amoni' at least 4,000 o[)crativcs. Importations fr- 65,000 cases, \alued at about $2,925,000, a qiiantit)- in excess of the fi|.,fures for any previous year, ilurini; the last decade at least. I'or the entire coast it is probable that importations e.xcceiled 100,000 cases. It \\oul(l lie sup- posed that these larjje shipments of Eastern boots and shoes were attended with a corrcspondinLj reduction in the amount of home-manufactured goods; but such was not the case. It is the opinion of parties best com- petent to judj^e, that the value of floods produced on this coast durinj; 1881 was 20 to 25 per cent. abo\e the estimates for 1S80, and far above those for an\- previous year. All the different tirades of ijoods, from brof,^■lns to babies' shoes, c.xccpt- iiV4 only tile finest hand-sewed I-"rcnch kid buttoned boots, for ladies, arc niade in San Francisco factories. Tiiere is no [rreat quantity of hand-sewed goods of any kind manufactured on this coast. The greater [jortion of *'ic demand for articles of this description is supplied b\' Massachusetts. Ship- ments from the Eastern States also include large cpiantitics of the coarser grades of boots, such as men's brogans, etc. It is stated that I'-astern man- ufacturers bu}- the clippings and waste leather of our factories, and grind them into shodiiy for in-solcs, or veneer them with a thin sheet of good leather ;uul use them f(3r the outer sole. Goods of this description vicca- sionall}' find their way to this market. A feature in the business of the ])ast 2 or 3 years has been the growing demand for articles of superior gratle. Material for Shoes.— .All the sole leather used in San I'rancisco is of liome production, and nearly all the upper leather is imported. It is esti- mated that, apart from sole leather, one fourth of all the material used by manufacturers on this coast is of home production, and that three fourths are imi)orted. Califomian upper leather is unfitted for fine work; not from any ilcfect in the material, but from lack of skilled labor in that branch of manufacture. Moreover, the best upper leather is obtained from the skins of animals slaughtered when from 3 to 6 months old ; and it is the custom among farmers in this country to slaughter calves, cither before they are old enough to furnish skins of the size required, or after they have grown so So8 MANIKACTCKKS. lai'L^c tliat tlic skin lias become amrsc, and, when manuiacturcd, is more nf a kij) than a calfskin Icatlicr. The consiimplicin of materia! in the manufacture of boots and shoes on tlie entire I'acific Coist includes nearly 200,000 sides of sole leather, nearly 10,000 do/en of call skins, 4,000 dozen of kips, .about 19,000 dozen of i;-oat and kill skins, 45,000 feet of buff leather, 50,000 tlozcn of sheep skins, 450,- 000 to 500,000 j^ards of linen, serines, and cloth for lininjj;s and for the tops of shoes and .i;;uters, ;uul an almost unlimited i|uantity of pegs, n.ails, wire, antl silk, and linen threads. At least hrdf of the calfskins, most of the i^oat and kitl .^kins, all the linen, serine, and cloth, the pci^s. wire, antl nails, ;>nd a large portion of the threads, are imported. Ncarl\- all the kip and wa.x leathers, and most of the buff, pebble, grain-goat, and morocco, used by manufacturers, are produced on this coast; but the fmer qualitie.-. of morocco, kid, and calf skin are imported. Machines and Processes.— Among the machiner}- most commonl\- used are McK.W's Sewing ;unl St.indard Screw Machines. The sewing-machine is furnished with a (.lial-pl.ite, on which the stitches ,are counted up to lO.OCO,- 000, and a royalt)' of 5 to 10 cents is ch.arged for every p;ur seweil by this machine. The screw machine is maini)' u.sed for fastening the sole to the upper b_\- means (if wire screws. There is also a machine in use which cuts patterns from sole leather as quickly as it it were sr a smart and steadv- workman to make 20 per cent, more than these rates. Nearly all the o|)eratives woi'k In' the piece. I'Vmales emplo\-ed as women's fitters make .$',1 to $12 a week; as ordinary fitters .md basters from $.S to $10. i-"or highl)' skilled l.ibor rales of wages aie a little .above I'i.istern prices, but so little tli;it tlu' difference is about made up by tlu; cost of freight in imiiorling ICastern gootls. The aver.age earnings of men einplowd in shoe factories in New 'N'ork and Chicago are about $15 a week, and in S.ui lM-.incisc.iar. HULKrxi.lIAM & Hi;*'!!! Ijegan on a comparatively larije scale, v ith capital, skill, energy, and confidence, and manufactured Ljootls i,f si-pcrior ciualily, w hich, so f u" as the supply went, readily superseded ICastern importations. i!\- special induccinents the\' tlrew to their service n\niy bootmakers eiiLjagcd in various occuiiations on our coast, and brougl.t others from tlie Atlantic cities. Theirs beinLj tlie first ku'Lje shoe factor)- in California, it e.xerci.sed an import.uil inntience; first, by provin;;' tha there was ;i profit in the manufacture, and .second, in bccomin;f a .source from which others could obtain managers, foremen, and laborers. C.vilX, XlCKLKDi'lu; & Co., successors to I"lNSTi:i\ S: Co.. manufacture boots and shoes to the amount of $600,000 annually. They |)a\- out $.SOO,- 000 for materi.il and .$150000 for Labor. The annual production of RosKN- M")t'K& C't).'s factor)' is worth $300,000. The)- liold the patent for the "!;iant .scam," which is consitleretl a \aluable improvement in heav)- shoes. The boot and shoe factor)- of Joia' l^lK)rill',i;s h.is ,'in annual protluct of $::cxi,ooo, and employs So persons. The )-earl)- sales b)- the factcjr)- of I'.. D. N'oi..\N & Co. amount to $i::5,ooo; and 75 hands are emi)lo)-ed. Arm- .sTRoNC iv W'RK.lli' make a specialt)- of children's shoes, and al,--o maiui- factuie boots .uid shoes for men and women. The)- emplo)- 100 o[)eralives, and their annual proiluct is worth about $100,000. IvOSlCN'iliAl, & I"i;t)i:k. L;i\-e employment to about r)0 operati\es, and the estimated valiu' of their annual product is $100,000. This completers the list of the notal)le boot and shoe factories in t'alifornia. Porter, Glesslnger & Co.— I'he firm of IV)UTr.K, Si,i:s,sinc,i;k i\: Co., I 17 Hatter)- .Street, m.'uiufactin-e goods to the \;due iii;i-; K. I't)Rii;R carried on tliat business for 26 )ears. At present liis tannery is rented. This was tlie commencement of the wholesale maniifaclinx' of boots and shoes in California, and fiom this small bcLjinninL; the industr)- li.is i;r.ulu;illy developed until it has reached its pre>f lit larc^a' proportions. In 1873 Lufis Sl.i;ssi\(,i:k was admitted as a partner, and in the same )ear a factor)' was started in San l'"r,'incisco. riie fue which occinred at San (Juenti ', in I*Y-bruar\', 1S76, ilestroved tiie entire works, and ,'ilso a consider,U)le stock of Ljoods bel:i;i' K. I'oui l.K h.-is lent substantial aid in building up many simi- lar indu.-^tries which are to-da\' in successful oper.'ition in .San I'rancisco, allhouyh b)' so doing he has created some sterling comjietitors and busi- ness rivals. I le is a nati\e of l)u.\bur\', in l'l)'mouth Count)', Massachusetts, and a life member of Tm; .S(h il.'iv ot C.\l,liuRM.\ I'loNrrRS. Hearrived in San I'lancisco in the fall of 1 .S.19, on board the brig .liradidii. after an unusuall)' long and stormy passage of 2(1^ d,i)s, 70 of which were con- sumed in passing the Straits of Magellan. In i.SGo he was elected .State Senator for .Santa Cruz ami Monterc)' counties, and was the first Republi- can .Senat(M' elected from Southern California. He served his constituents faithfulh' and .'iccept.d)!)', and ,'icted as ch.'iirman of several important com- mittees. George L. Hibbard & Co. -Messrs. liii;i;.\iU) ;ind HR.\/ri:, who li.id been manufactining boots and shoes , 'it I'ortland since 1.S73, were tlie pro- moters of Tin; OiuciiN liooi, Siini:, .and 1,i;.\iiii;k M.\m'ia( i TRiNt; Ci)MI'.\NV, established in rortl;ind in r.SSi, ,'Uid having afterwards bought up all the stock, are now its exclusive owners ,\llhougli InU a few months I.KATIIER. 513 in operation, the- factory alrcatl)- fin-iiislics employment to about 50 opera- tives, and can nf t obtain sufficient u liitc labor to keep pace with the demand for its goods. Tite manufacture of leather has not yet been commenced, but, in the lino of ladies' and tjentlcmcn's boots and shoes, staple articles of the best quality arc produced, and fuul a ready market in Oregon, Wash- ington, and Idaho. IIir>l!.VRI) & Co. are the proprietors of a large whole- sale boot antl sIkjc store at 65 I'ront Street, I'ortland. One of the largest boot and shoe factories on the coast is that of AlKIN, Sellinc; & Co., of Portland, successors to 'Mv. AiKlx, who commenced the business there in 1S59. They ha\e an extensive and profitable custom throughout Oregon, Washington, and Idaho. B. Leinenweber & Co.— At Li:i.\kn\vi:i;i:r & Co.'.s factor)- in Astoria, Oregon, established in 1.S79, boots are manufactured at the rate of 1,500 cases a year, worth on an average $45 a case, and shoes to the amount of 720 dozen, estimated to be worth $15 a dozen at wholesale. The total \alue of production is at the rale of about $7iS,ooo a year. The goods are marketed entirely in Oregon and Washington Territoiy. The factor\- was erected at a cost of $40,000, and gives emploj-ment to 35 hands, including while and Chinese workmen in nearl)- equal proportions. White operatives make average earnings of $15 a week, or about the same as San Francisco rates. In connection with this establishment is a tannery, which is de- scribed under its proper heading. The factory is to be moved to Portland. The Victoria Boot and Shoe Factory. — This factory, which is owneil by Mr. I IK.AI HORN, and obtains its supi)lies of material chiefly from that gentleman's tannery at Rock Ha}- ('noticed elsewhere), is situated on Gov- ernment Street, Victoria. Emplo)-menl is given to 50 hands, and the sales of goods for 1881 amounted to $66,000. During that >-car the consump- tion of material was so great that Mr. IIk.vtiiorn's tannery was unable to supply the demand, and it was necessary to import a considerable quantity. Belmont Boot and Shoe Factory.— Messrs. D.m.mn , Pkwkl & Wilson are the proprietors of a boot and shoe factory, which occcupies a two-slory brick building on Government Street, Victoria, and is conducted in connec- tion with the Helmont tanner)-, mentioned elsewhere. Though but a few years in operation, this ficior)- already gives employment to 33 men at full rates of wages. Most of the goods arc sold at the store of WlI.LlAM & J. Wll.soN, also located on Government Street. The former gentl(;man is one of the three owners of the factor)-, ami a member of the ijrcvincial parliament. Lyman Smith's Sons.— Among the articles which ou- coast has not )-ct produced in considerable (juanlity are roller leatiier for covering spinning 65 li 514 M.Wri'ACTl-KKS, rollers, and law k:athcr for binclin;^' law books. These products of the tan- ner's art require peculiar skill, and are specialties of the tannery of LVMAX Smith's Sons (Joui; li. and C. L. Smith, jjrcsent owners), enga_!jed in the manufacture of sheep and calf leather generally, at Norwood, Massachu- setts. To them, the spinners and law publishers west of the Rock}' ]\Ioun- tains look for a Ir'rge part of their supplies. Their roller leather is noted for toughness, combined with fineness of texture; their law leather, for smooth- ness of surface, and clearness, ;uid uniformit)' of color, combined with good body. The tannery occupies 4 acres of ground, employs 100 men and boj-s, and lans Soo.ooo sheep-skins annuallj-. The store is at 43 High Street, lioston. Gloves. — The manufacture of gloves on the Pacific Coast is an industry' of verj- recent introduction. In 1860 there was not a single glove factory west of the Rocky Mountains. In 1870 there were none outside of Cali- fornia, and tlie total of manufactures barely exceeded $60,000 a year. A comparison between the statistics for iSjoand the estimates for iSiSi.shows a 'cmarkable growth in this branch of enterprise. In the former year there were 6 glove factories in operation, with an aggregate capital of $38,- 600, paj'ing out $22,340 a year in wages, and manufacturing $14,100 worth of material into goods valued at $62,045. 1" I'lt^ fall of 1881 it was esti- mated that there were on the entire coast about 20 factories, 10 of which were located in San I'rancisco, 3 in .San Jose, one each in .Sacramento, Stockton, and Red Bluff, one in Carson City, Nevada, 2 in I'ortland, and one elsewhere in Oregon. The total number of operatixes was about 300. The sum ilistributed for labor was estimated at $175,000; for material at $200,000; the value of manufacture, ap.irt from goods made up at stores and at ])laces in which other business is conducted, at $500,000. The aggre- gate capital in\-esletl in this bnuich of manufacture is .about $450,000. It will be seen that while there has been a large growth in business, the margin of profit is, at present, rather small. The cost of material is about .4.0, and of labor 35 per cent, of the gross \;ilue of production, leaving jjrobably less than 25 per ct-nt. for i)rofit ami miscellaneous expenses. In the State of New \'ork, where the manufacture of glo\es far exceeds in ([uantity that of all the other .States and Territories in the Union, the cost of labor little ex- ceeds 25 per cent, of the \alue of production. In California rates of earn- ings are ver)- high, averaging over $550 a year, for an industry which is almost enlirel)- in the h.ands of women anil girls. Mcist of the ojierativcs work h\- the piece, and it is notliing unconuuon for a skilled workwoman to earn $15 to $20, or for a first-cla.^s cutter to make $35 to ,$45 a week. Rates of earnings in Eastern glove factories are ,it least 40 per cent, be- l.KATMEK. 5'5 low those prevailing; on this coast. The fact that San Francisco manufac- turers can afford to pa)- such wayes, and can already sell their goods, in considerable quantity, far east of the Rocky Mountains, speaks very favor- ably for the jirospects of the trade. Glove Production. — Until 1867 foreign and Eastern-made goods iield entire possession of the market, and until about 1872 the countrj- was flooded with cheap goods of Eastern make, shapeless machine-sewed articles, mostly of .sheepskin, and cut without reference to style, comfort, or durabilitj'. California-made gloves were usuall)' the last to leave the shelves of retailers. Only through the persistent efforts of manufacturers, who, at great cxpen.sc and certain loss, .sent forth their agents and commer- cial travelers, has the superioritj' of home-made goods been made known to the purchasing ])ublic. In the face of powerful and sleepless outside pressure, a large domestic trade has been gradually built up, and within the past few years small quantities of gloves, manufactured on this coast, liave found a market in the Eastern States. Shipments ICast for 1 88 1 weic estimated at $150,000. There was a marked increase of Eastern orders (luring the j-ear, and the growth of this trade is attributed to the excellent ([uality of the materia! used, the careful workmanship of San Francisco glo\cmakers, the fact that goods made on this coast are either partial!)- f)r entirely liand-scwed, aiid the difference between Californian and l^astern methods of tannage. The Eastern process tends to jiuff the skins and open the ])orcs, producing an article less com])act and impervious to water than glove Icatlier of Pacific Coast manufacture. The ICastern-made glove appears to be a heavier article, but when tested, the wciglit is found to be the same as that of similar goods manufactured in San I'rancisco. Of late years there has been a considerable achance in the cost of ma- terial. There is not, as )'ct, an)- important decrease in the available supply; but the stead)- growth in llie doif^stic antl foreign demand will ])robabl)- soon work a serious reduction in the quantit)- of skins available lor glove- making. Shipments of undrcsseil tleer-skins to ICastern ilestinations aver- age at least 10,000 to 12,000 a )-ear. The poorer grades of skins are nearly all shipped East, for the rea.son that gloveinakers on this coast can not manufacture them at a profit. The number of skins of all kinds, cut for use b)' glovemakers on this coast, is probabl)- little short of 300,000 a )-ear. The sui)|)l)- of goat-skins is obtained in the \icinity of San Francisco and from the Guadalupe Islands. The word "kid" is a technical term, and in- cluiles such materials as lambs'-skins, dog auil fawn skins, am! sometimes, even rats'-skins. The quantit)- of so-called kid used for maiuifacturing i)ur- ])oses, throughout the world, is largel)- in excess of the suppi)- of skins ob- < 11 5i6 MANTKAtTrUKS. t.iiiicil from the sl,iu;j;htcr of kids. The finest qualities (if ladies' j^doves arc made from tlie skins of animals not more than }, or 4 weeks old. Calf- skins of special finish arc used in the makintj of certain heav\- i^radcs. Sheep-skins are princi|)all)' used for linings. 13oi(-skins are i.jreatly in ile- mand 1))' f;lovcmakers, thouL,di many so-calletl dogskin gloves are really made of goatskin. A single firm has a contract witli parties in .San I'ran- cisco, Oakland, and Sacramento, for the delivery of 3CXD to 400 dog-skins per month. The same firm used to import by e.ich steamer from Sj'dney, New South Wales, a supply of kangaroo and wallabie ("young kangaroo) skins, which were made into goods of \er\' durable - young boys and girls, who make fair wages working by the piece. Bellows. — There are but 2 factories on this coast engaged in the making and repairing of bellows, and tho.e are both locatec' in San I'rancisco. Not more than 10 or 12 men arc employed at this iiulu^try, and the gross value of manufacture docs not exceed $36,000 a j-car. The inimlier of pairs made is at the rate of i.Soo a year. The cost of material is estimated ;U $14,000, and of labor at $S,ooo. The entire capital invested i a' >ut $10,000. Importations have entirely ceased of late years. The ciuantity made in San I'rancisco is not nnly sufficient to supply the wants of the Pacific Coast, but a margin is left for export to Au.straiia, Japan, and the Hawaiian Islands, amounting in value to $3,000 a year. The i)rincii)al materials usctl in the making of bellows arc .sca.soncd redwood lumber, and California alum-t.uined cowhide, nhich is .soft and |)liable, resembling skirt- ing leather. Oak-tanned kip leather is also used to some extent. Red- wood, when properly .seasoned, is not affected by damp or drought, and for that reason is preferred to the white wood used in I'^aslern factories. \11 the materials used are of home manufactin-e, with the exception of the nails, which arc of cast-iron, and eiilircly imported. In 1874 JA^rl•:s Cvmimskll, superintendent of TnK C.m.II-orm.x ]?ki.- I.ow.s M.\NU1'.\cti:ki.\(; ComI'.WV, 1,2 I'remont Street, received a ])atent for a reversible nozzle. When in use, the short end of the nozzle is in serted in the head of the bellows, but when packed for shipment, it is re- moved, and the long end inseiletl in the head, lea\ing only the short end projecting. A sa\ing is thus effected in the measurement of the package, and in the cost of freight. In 1876 Mr. C.V.MI'I')I:li, recei\ed a seconil [Jatent for his "safety valve for bellows." The valve is inserted in the nozzle and is self-acting. When the bellows are in operation the vaKe remains open, hut closes as soon as ' I 'li! hIC 520 MANTI'ACTlJRr.S. i ' : 1! till' action ceases, thus prc\cntiiiL; tin- inLi;rcss of ^'as or fire, prcscn-ingf the Ii'athcr from the effect of heat, and remlerin^; impossible the exiilosioiis whicii sometimes occur in !arj;"i' jjlacl^smiths' or for^e heilovvs. lIi:\HN' jMcKuni;, and the company already nameil, are the proprietors of the only bellows Victories on the coast. Hose and Belting.— The first lot of leather hose ever made on the Pacific Coast was manufactured in San l'"rancisco in i-S;", ami ^'ained a premium at the State fair held at Sacramento in that year. Since that time the i^routh of this industry has been steatl)- and satisfactory, antl it now hwlds a hi;.;h place among the manufacturin;^' interests of the coast. In earlier tla)'s leather hose uf Californian proiluction, ai^ainst \'ery bitter prejudice, forcetl its way into public favur solely by virtue of its superior merit. The (.greater strenijth of California nak-tanneil leather, when compared with the mixed tannages of the ICast, was established b}' repeated tests. It was ascertained, by I'xpcrimcnts matle before a committee of the JJoard '.)f I'Wc Commissioners, that I'.astern ho.se manufacturetl at Manchester, New Ilani])- shire, and costing $1.75 a foot, gave w.iy under a pressure of 205 pounds to the square inch; while California-made hose, worth $1.65 :i foot, carrietl the test up to 22i, pounds before breaking, and at :!I5 poimds .showed no syi^ip- toms ( if weakness whatever. The I'ire Department tiicrcforc gave the prefer- ence to ho>e manufactured in San I'rancisco, and continued to u.se it until icS74, when rubber hose of Kastcrn make w.as substituted. The change be- came necessary on account of the greater height of buildings, and the cor- responding increase of pressure to which the hose was subject. In the case of the " Ilarpending" fire, for instance, which occurred on Market Street in 1873, the pressure of the water, when carried to the toj^most stories, was sc) great as almost to exceed the capacity of leather for enduring the strain Rubber hose, on the other hand, can be made of almost any strength by thickening the material. It has, however, the disadvant.ige of being very susceptible to injury. A very slight cut renders it almost worthless and incapable of repair. Leather hose will do good work for 15 )-ears, and is still used in many interior towns on account of its greater economy. On .account of the \'ast extent of our mining operations, tiie consumption of belling on *he Pacific Coast has .assumed large proportion.s. Ai: the close of 1.S81 there were 4 establishments in operation, .ill located in San Francisco, with .in .aggregate capital estimated at .$175,000, manufacturing .about 200,000 feet of leather belting, 6,000 feet of hose, and 175,000 feet of l.icing ;i year. The value of all these goods may be .set down at $250,000; the number of oper.itives employed at 40, and the amount distributed for labor at $25,000 a )ear. The cost of labor absorbs 10 per cent, and of ma- terial about 70 per cent, of the gross proceeds of manufacture. I.KATIIER. 521 The value of imported leather hose and beltinj; docs not exceed $,^o,oco a year, or less than y per cent, of the entire consiunplion ; but \ery larijc quantitie ■ of rubber floods, both beltiny and hose, arc imported for various Ijurposes, at a cost of not less than $750,000 a year for the entire coast. Two at least of the 4 factories in San I'rancisco have alread)- estalj- lishcd a small, but stcadil)- incrcasinij, export trade, now estimated in ill at about $50,000 a )-car. Their best foreit;n customers are liritish Columbia, Mexico, the Hawaiian Isl.-inds, Australia, China, and Japan. Considerable quantities of leather beltiri^' are shipped from the ICastern States to Ili.^land, where, for some reason, her home-manufactured articles are inferior to those of American make. Holts m.ide of the best Califor- nian leather arc as much superior to Eastern yoods, ;is I^astcrn yoods are to those of British manufacture. Our export trade already amounts to $50,000 a >-ear, .iLjainst $30,000 worth of imports. Considerin;.,' the lari;e extent of territorj' in which, on account of her commercial sitimtion, Cali- fornia may hope, in time, to establish a considerable trade, manufacturers ha\e every reason to feel wi 11 satisfied with their present status and the prosperous outlook for their business. All the hose and lieltinL,' factories of the coast are in San I'^rancisco. II. N. Cook has a hose and belt factor)- that has been in operation since 1861, and a tanner}- where the material required for his factor}- is ])repared. .At the tanner}- ij men ;ire emplo}-ed, and 20,000 sides a }-ear are manufacturetl into leather \alued at .$90,000. When converted into beltini(, etc., tiie leather is w-orth $135,000. The skilled hands at the factor}- are paid on an a\craLje $3 a d.ay, and apprentices recci\-e $10 a week. ]\Ir. CoOK is the inventor of a combination splitter, with automatic gear, for scarfing belting, for which he recei\etl a patent in 1879. In 1S80 that gentleman succeeded in tanning sea-lion hides, of \\hich he converts 2,000 annu.-Ul}- into a thick, soft leather. The factor}- of IIi:r- M.\X ROVKR was built in 1868, .-md now gives employment to 12 hands. The main feature of this establishment is the preparadon of fulled raw-iiidc belting. The <;ak-bark tannage largely increases the weight and bulk of the leather; but the fulling process adds little to the bulk and nothing to the weight. It is claimed that fulled rawhide belting is of superior strength and plianc}-. Mr. RoVKi; also makes what is termed combination belting, of which one side consists of tanned, and the other of fulled leather. I'"ulled rawhide ropes will run for }-cars without .showing any signs of wear, in pul- leys much smaller than those recjuired for hemp ropes, which grow larger b\' use, and are affected by atmospheric changes. Wire ropes are excellent for transmitting power over long distances, but the want of elasticily makes it impossible to use them largely for ordinary manufacturing purposes. A. A. 66 4i Ill MANll ArTlKIS. U C'liDK and L. P. I)i;(.l \ are other niaiiufactiirers ot Icatlier bcltniLj jn Sati l''ranci.sco. Rubber Goods.— Twf) large importint; hmiscs in San Francisco — TlfH (;(iunil j^lass, is produced by friction in contact with powtlered emery, sometimes Lflued to the i)erii)hery of a wheel. I''mbossinL( resembles etchint;, in tl'.at a co.itin^' of resistin^r material is spnad over the surface of the fjlass, and acid applieil lhrouL,di o]jeninj4s cut in the coating;; but the f^lass is eaten be- tween the fij^'urcs, thus iea\ inij the latter raised. The ])rincipal glass-cutting establishments are tho.se of S. \i. Ibjl'lKK, WlLI.l.A.M IIoisT, JuHN i\I.\LLON', and J.\Mi:s M( t".\kl liv. Pottery. — The pottery made on the T'acific Coast, thus far, has been chictly of the coarser classes, including such articles as chimney-tojis, and other architectural ornaments, flower-])ots, garden-\ases, fountains, chinuiej-, and drainage pipe, jugs, anti brown cirllienware, fire-brick, and crucibles. With trifling exceptions all table and otiier fine ware is imijorted. At one establishment floor tiles, stoves, and burial-caskets, ha\e been manufactured. y\iiiillier firm has e.\])erimcntcd in glazed )e!low ware, exhibited kitchen uu iisiK matle of this material, and will i)robabl)' |)lace it on the market during the coming )car, but generall)-, no fine work has been attcm])ted. 'I'he annual value of the productions i.s about $275,000. In atklition, 3,000 i)ackages of crocker\- of all kinds, and 750,000 fire-brick are im- ported. The exports amount to [,500 packages; the greatest number being to liritish Columbia, Mexico, the Hawaiian Islands, Central America, and the South Sea Islands, in the order named. The importation of fire- brick is largely in excess of its production, not more than 75,000 being maile here \early. Manufacturers claim for their jjroducts, that they have been tested side by side with the best luiglish brick in some of our largest smelting works and fi)undries, .ind ha\e proved their equals in all respects; but the foreign article coming over as ballast, is transported at a cost little in excess of handling, antl offered here for $55 per 1,000, which is from $5 to $10 less than the jirice of the home lu'oduct. The principal beds of jjotter's clay so far discoveretl on oiu' coast are in California, and are in AiuaiJor, Placer, Sacramento,and Contra Costa counties; the cla)' costing from $1.50 to $5 I'er ton, according to distance transported. In the ])iitteries more tl'ian 200 hands are employed, one third of whom are Chinese; the)- are usually paid by the jjiece, the most skillful earning $4 per da\-, the Chinese $1. I'ho working seascMi extends throughout the dry months, or about two tltirtls of the year. The capital imested auu'unis to $3oo,0(X). The cl,i\- is of ex- HT.ASS, 1 AKTllINU AKi:, KTC, 527 ccllciit (|it,ilily, ill alnmilaiU (|U,imily, ati 1 will im dniilit iK-comc mure \alii- ablc ycarl)-. The Amador, I'laccr, and C'oiUra Costa deposits arc worked in connection with coal niiiiinL;; that in Sacramento Count)' is obtained from Michit;an and Cook's liars, on the Cosiiinnes River. Clay lias also been foinid and worked near Mureka, in Humboldt County; near Casti'o\ ille, in •Montcre)- Count)-; in Los Anj^cles Count)-, ne.n- Santa Monica and San Fcrnandino; in Xapa Count)-, near Xapa; ,iinl in the \icinit)- ot' Rrd IMulT, in Tehama County. At present there are 10 establishinents in California, 2 in OrcLjon, and 3 in Utah. The Californian factories ha\-e furnished 17 miles of their jiipe to the Cit)' of San I-rancisco. The facilities for prockic- tion are ample for the suppi)- of the coast; there is crude material in sufTi- cicnt (|uantit)- to permit manufactiirin;^- for e.vport; the <|iialit)- of om- ]iroductioii compares fax'irabl)- with similar articles m,-ide in the {•'.asiern States or in luirope. Manufactiu'ers aie prcparini; the u;i)- for the proiluc- tion of a better class of ware, .-uid we ma)- therefore confidentl)- expect to see in the near future our cl,-i)-s tunn d into the I'mer articles of potter)-, ex- clusive of porcelain. l-"ire-cla)- h.is been found mi Ctah, .\'c\-ada, .uul Arizona, ami used to some extent in making refracioi)' linings for smeltinj;- furnaces. It is also known ' • occur in Alask.'i. TuK Sax I'kancisco Si-;ui£r Pii'i-; .Association- rcomprisincj N. Ci.akk & .Sox's Pacific IVittcry of SacraiiH-nto, the pottery of Cii-.MHtixc, Mi Hi. A.N & Co., at Lincoln, Californi;i. J.\M1-;'- Millkk iK: Co.'s California I'ottery, at Oakland, and A. .Stkioer's potter)-, at .San Jose) has ailopted a uniform schedule of prices for all .sales in -San r'nuicisco; but each conducts its own businc:;s independently, and each sells at the pottery at such prices as it sees fit to accept. In Sacramento, H. F. BuxDOCK, Gi;oK(;k ^L\I)llO\, and r. \"(iN llAin.X have potteries. In (Oakland, Daxiki. Hu.\XX.\X has a potter)- which was established in 1S56; and W H. & I". II. DkxmsoX built drain-tile works at Napa Cit\- in 1S80. C BI. Mvi:ks has a potter) at Orcj^on City, Orc5,u)n. In Utah, Kakiu i-:v & Caktwrioii r and F. Pktsox lia'.'c works at .Salt Lake City, obtainint; their cla)- from the mountains, 40 miles ilistant. There are several small potteries elsewhere in the Territory Buena Vista Pottery.— Tin-: lU kxa Vista Pottkrv was established ni the town 111 lUiena \ ista, Polk Count)-, (Orcj,ron, by the present owner, /\. M. .SMiril, who discovered beds of cla)- on the banks of ilu- Willamette River, upon which the \-ilIa^e is siluateil, and Imilt works there in I<- elsewhere, ami mo t of the machines, were desi;,nieil b)- the proprietor, and have proved successful, .\lioul 50 men are emplo)ed, who turn (JUt sewer-;)ipe, stoneware, ilower-pots, \,-ises, fire-brick, etc., which arc .sold in ()rey;ou and \Vashint;ton, the factor)- beint; m i ' M wm \-mi $1 in 5:!8 MA.vti AcrrKix tlu' larijcst one in the industry in ()rcL;f)n. The wluilcsalc dcpdt is at 269 Imhiu Street, I'ortlanti. Mi. Smiiii has been iinifonnl)- successful, ,ilthi)ii.L;li se\crai other parlies iia\c attcinpletl to estabHsh |)ollcrics in his neighbor- lu)()(l aiul failed. Bricks. — liricks are now manufactured b_\- 2 processes: tlie old inethod, in which a kihi conlaininLj (OO.ooo bricks or less is heated from 9 to 14 (la\'s, rccpiirinL; about 400 cords of wood for fuel; and by a process knfiwn as I loflni.m's, in which coal is the fuel emplo)-c\!, the Isricks are baked in lurnaces, some of which ha\e a capacit)' for 450,000, and the time of burn- hv^ is from 24 to 36 hoiU's. As wood costs $S per cord, rmd Moimt Diablo coal at least $5 per ton, tlie difference in time between llie two methods is an item of imjiortance in the manufacturer's account of expenditures, liricks are classifietl in accordance with their manufactin'e and value. Those comini^ out of the burniuL;' in a warped condition, onl_\' suitable for tlie in- terior of walls, ;ire known as cr 1,000 bricks. The bctis of cla)- arc rret|lieiit!\- tnore tlian JO feel in deptli, and rarcl\- less than 4 feet. The convicts at the State penitentiary in Marin (."ounty, California, made 6,500,000 bricks in 1S7S. Many )ards have been established on the coast within 25 years that, after flourishint^^ for a period, ceased to exist. J. Di>.\K and otlicrs estab- lislied works at Stockton, California, in 1.S50, and turned out durini;' that year 700,000 bricks. In 1858 the Sacramento yards furnisheil o\er 1,500,- 000 ijricks for llio defenses of San I'Yancisco haibc r. In 1S49 a ship-loail of bricks from I'lymoutli, Ma.ssachusctts, was sold in San Francisco for $60 per 1,000. The numerous fires that occurred in San I'^rancisco, and in otlier Californian towns, durinj^ the days of cotten-lined wooden buildings, created a lively demand for bricks, that was met by a correspondinjj activ- ity in their manufacture. The largest brick buildinc; on the coast, the Palace Hotel in San Francisco, contains 23,000,000 bricks. \\'ith the ex- ception of fire-bricks, which are noted in the article on pottery, there are no importations of buildin<,r-brick, and competition by outside manufacturers is not to be expected. The production in this branch of industry has more than doubled in quantit)' .since 1S70. Amon^"^ the brick manufacturers of the coast may be mentioned R I, MIL- LARD Hkotiikk.s and II inter & Shacklkford, of San Francisco; Fountain Hrothkr.s and John C. Rvan, of Sacramento; T. W. Pk- TLRSON, of San Josd; and Da\TS & LOWELL, of Mountain View. Hydraulic Cement. — The total consumption of this article is estimated to be not les.s than 100,000 barrels annually; of which c|uantity, about 30,- 000 barrels are produced here, the remainder bcin^ imported from the /\t- lantic States and from liurope. Twche men are employed in the industry, which is carried on through the dry months only. The raw material is ob- tained within 6 miles of the works, which are situated in Henicia, Cal., where they were established by TllE I'ACilTC Ce.MENT Comi'ANV in 1864. The San Francisco agent is J. Browell. The cement is sold at $2.50 per barrel, and is prepared by calcination, from rock containing carbonate of lime and alumina. Cement Pipe.— Cement pipe, as made on this coast, is composed of gravel, clean beach sand, and hydraulic cement, the last named being of 2 varieties: a protluct known as Bcnicia Cement, manufactured in California; and the Rosendale braml, made from rock quarried in New York State. These cements are mixed in the ])roportion of one part of Californian to 2 parts of F.astern. The process of forming the pipe is simple: 2 iron cylin- ders of the length of a section are set up, one within the other, the space 67 S30 MAN'UI'ACTUUES. I*:i between them bcin;^ equal to the desired thickness of the pipe; and the mixture, previously made into a stiff mortar, is filled in the intermediate space anil rammed. When dry the tube is very hard, and equally durable with the most lasting stone. The total production of cement pipe on the coa' :. measures about 60 miles, two thirds of which is laid in San Francisco. Tlie anriual production is about 125,000 feet, valued at $40,000; the cap- ital invested amounts to $35,000, and employment is given to 8 men, who are paid on an a\'cra[;e $_• per day of 10 liours. The pipe is sold at from IJ to 95 cents per lineal foot, according to size. The principal manufac- turers are II. S. AI.VKTix, San Francisco; and G. J\lELLER & SON.S, Sac- ramento. Artificial £tone. — Artificial stone of 2 descriptions is produced on the coast; that made in blocks for building, statuary, etc., and stone for walks and carriage drives. The first named, an ICnglish invention, is a composi- tion the principal ingredients of which are Portland cement, caustic soda, chloride of lime, and sand. The cement is a burned mixture of gray or white chalk- with clay from the alluvial deposits along the shores of the Thames and Mcdway. Excepting the sand, the materials of which thi.s stone is formed are imported from Fngland. Paving-stone is a concrete made of sand, fine gravel, and Portland Cement. At first the mortar was spread continuously o\er the surface to be co\-ercd, and left in that condi- tion to harden, but it was found that the mass shrunk and cracked in dry- ing; and the practice, at present, is to cut rectangular sections of the size of ordinary flagging, before the mixture sets. The annual value of the pro- ducts of this industry is over $300,000; the capital invested amounts to $150,000, and employment is given to 1 15 hands, who recci\e from $2 to $4 per day, according to skdl and experience. Of the raw material, the cement costs from $4 to $5 per barrel here; caustic soda about 4J2 cents per pound; chloride of lime 2J:< cents; and clean beach gravel $2.50 per cubic yard. Paving-stone is made on the ground it is to cover, and costs the consumer from 28 to 35 cents per square foot. Artificial building-stone has been used in San Francisco for fronts; there and elsewhere in the State for foundations for the machinery of iron works and of mines; and at Sacramento for casting the 7 figures surmounting the exterior walls of the State Capitol. About 2,000,000 square feet of artificial stone pavements have been laid in San Francisco and neighboring towns. Several companies, formed to manufacture artificial stone, were unsuccessful, mainly because of the inferiority of their products. In lo/i an establishment widi a capital of $100,000, began the manufac- ture of artificial marble at Oakland, the principal material used being 11 ! CLASS, 1 ARTm.WVXUl-, VTC. 5.^1 {^rypsum, imported from luii^l.uul. The business ;,;a\c cniployinent io \ :: men, ;ui(l the production.^ in one \-ear amounted in \alue to near!)- $70,000. The industry, ho\\e\er, did not prove iJrofitahle, and liie works wure closed. The artificial stone works of Iv 1,. R.wsoM, a Mm of tiie in\enlor nl" the process in Mnylaiui, were ori;jinal!\- incorporated in San I'rancisco in 1868; the company inducing the present proi)rietor to conn: to tlie .State to superintend the inanufacturc. Tlic original capital stock of the compan_\- was $100,000; and tlie liusincss was continued for several years, until it finally passed under tiie control of Mr. R,\.NS().\I. The product.^ include foundations, arches, floors, wharf-v.alls, piers, caissons, w.iter pipes .md filters, as well as building-blocks. Tin: CALiroRNiA Artu-icial Stone I'avinc. Co.mi'anv was established at San Francisccj in 1876 with a capital of $100,000. The com[ian}- manu- factures under what is known as the Sini,Ll\(;r.l': patent, and makes walks, drives, floors of all kinds, arches, and all other constructions of wliich this material is the com[)osition, and constantly employs 20 .skilled laborer; ,it wages ranging from $2.50 to $4 per day. The stone hardens with time, and is, it is claimed uninjured by heat or cold. About 700,000 square feet have been laid by the compan)-. The first artificial stone walks and drive:; laid in San Francisco, were put down by the workmen of this establishment. Tin-: P.vzzoLA Scoxr. Works of H.vzard & Karl, in Los Angeles, California, established in 1875, make colored pavements, sewer-pipc, and irrigation-pipe, of which a large quantity is used in the count)-. In .Sacra- mento, G. Mi:llek & Sons and L. V. S.mith make artificial .stone. Plaster of Paris. — Three grades of this material arc produced, building, for hard-finish and general purposes, casting, for ornamental pieces, and superfine, for the use of sculptors and model-makers. Terr.i alba and land plaster are also made tVom different varieties of gypsum, by grinding tlie rock without calcination. The former is used in paper-mills to increase the weight of writing-paper, and the latter is applied to land, as a fertilizer. Jkit little of either is employed. Marble is pulverized at plaster works, the dust being used in making hard-finish, where white sand is not at hand, and also by manufacturers of aerated waters, champagnes, and cider, in generating carbonic acid gas. The annual consumption of plaster of Paris amoimts to about 10,000 tons, or 70,000 barrels of 285 pounds each, of which quantity 500 tons are imported from the Eastern States. About 500 barrels are cx- jiorted, chi' to British Columbia and the Hawaiian Islands. The price in the San I'rancisco market is from $2.50 to$,^ per barrel. Probably three fourths of the consumption is for building purposes; the sales of the other varieties being limited. The wholesale rates are: fijr terra alba, $15 per 532 MWriACTURES. ton; for land plaster, $S to $ioi)cr ton; and for marble dust, S^t, per barrel, liiil few h.'iKJs are recjuircd in the preparation of these articles, the work hein;.; done mostly h)- machinerj-. The greater part of the laboring force is employed in (|uarr_\inf; the rock, which is obtained near Muleje, Lower California, in jjieces wei^hinfj from 20 to lOO pounds. Althouf^h plaster was made on the coast as earl)- as i,S6i, until within a few years I'.astern makers viiUtally controlled our market. Imports in 1875 .amounted to more than 20,000 barrels; in 1879 they had fallen off to about 5,000 barrels, and h.ive decreased stcadil\- since. It is true there has been a period of stai,niation in buiWinL;-, but our home products are well spoken of b}- buiklers, the r.iw material is .ibund.uit .uid of j'ootl qualit\', and it is impioliable the Ivistern product will be seen in our market a^'.ain ill such quantities as have been reported in past seasons. The only estab- ishmenl on the coast is that known as Tin; GoLt)F.N G.VTI-; I'L-VSTKR Mills, owned b}- Lixas & Co., established in San I-'rancisco in 1874. Plaster Decorations, etc. — Depending u]5on plaster-mills for their sup- ply- of materiid, are the manufacturers of plaster casts. The manufacture of plaster ornaments for walls and ceilini^s, employs 25 men at an average rate of .'f^ per d.i)- of 10 hours, consumes 1,500 barrels of plaster per year, and has an aggreg.'ite capital amounting to $15,000 investcil in tlie busi- ness. The most important establishment of the kind, that of Klllkt & ]\IL•M^K1^\^■, .San I''r;mcisco, has branches at .Sacramento and .Seattle. Tile remaining works are located, 2 in San I'"rancisco, and one in .Sacramento. Plaster Statuary. — Plaster statuary is manufactured to the annu.il value of $3,000, rec[uiring 100 barrels of raw material, and furnishing employment to 3 men. There is but one establishment, that of D. Men'CARINI, in San I'^rancisco. Marble and Granite. — Marble and granite working, usually carried on at the same establishment, constitute an industr)-, the annual products of which are valued at $1,000,000. ]\Iarble is of 2 main classes: the pure white, and the colored. Imports of all kinds, including finished statuar)' and other it;Uian designs, as wreaths, etc., Carrara, Belgium, N'ermont, and Tennessee marbles, and Scotch granite, amount to about 20,000 cubic feet, valued at $100,000. The number of firms engaged in the business is 110; the cap- ital invested amounts to $600,000; and, exclusive of quarrj'men, employ- ment is furnished to over 500 hands, who are paid, for cutting and polishing, from $2.50 to $3 per da)', and for car\ing, from $4 to $6 per da)-, a day's work being 10 luiurs. Of the raw material, finished statues, wreaths, and like articles for architectur.d ;uid cemcteri.d GLASS, i;.\kTiii.N\vAKi;, inc. 5,^^ purposes bcin;^ obtainable at cheaper rates in Italy than the)' can be earved for here, are imported read)--niade, and attached to mantds, nidnii- metits, and other work, as required. Italian colored and white marbles comprise two thirds of the entire consumption. I?lack marble is brou^'ht from l?elLjium in small (juantitx-, and a little Spanisli stoni' is also importeii. The best ^Vmerican white marble comes from Vermont, anil the best colored from Tennessee. The price of rough blocks is about $5 i)er cubic foot; there beini; little, if any, difference here between Italian and .Amer- ican (I'.astern) stone, although the IVamer [lays a iluly of 50 i)er cent. Californian marble is but little used at present; ilealers assigninj^ as reasons that the white is hard and will not take a good jjolish; ;ind the dark-veined unfashionable; in addition to which, the cost of transport.'Uion from the quarries i.s great. A limited deposit ha.s been founil in Solano Count)-, of ;i mineral .ilabaster, sometimes called Californian on)x. It takes a high polish, is veined in rich colors, and has been worked into mantels and table- tops; some of the former selling for as much as $2,000 each. It can not be carved, the texture being flak)'. Two varieties of Scotch granite are used: red, from Aberdeen, and gra\', from Peterhead. The importation is small, not exceeding $5,000 in annual value; and this is cut abroad, in order to lessen duties and freight charges. It is employed chiefl)' for monu- ments, urns, and va.scs ; the cost is the same for either color, .'uid either is susceptible of a high polish. Black and gray granite are both plentiful in California, and have been used to some extent for building. The cost in the rough block is $1.25 per cubic foot. Californian marble having dark blue veins, has been shipped to Italy, and a block was also .sent to the Vienna E.xposition. Two .shipments have been made to the National Cap- ital, for the Washington Monument; the first, from a vein opened in 1852, having been destroyed by fire after reaching its destination. Foreign marble is all received at San Francisco and thence distributed throughout the coast. Twenty thousand tons of granite are quarried annually in California, one half of the quantity being used in San F^rancisco. The largest wholesale marble works on the coast arc those of L. J. Rur- I'lN'O & Co., San Francisco, established in 1855. The first steam machin- ery used here in the industry was introduced by this hou.se in 1859; and they now run a gang of 17 .saws, with other appliances to correspond. Most of the sawing for the coast is done b)- them, emplo\ing 13 hands and recjuiring the investment of a capital of $75,000. The firm owns vessels, imports direct from Italy, and controls two thirds of the foreign trade. J. D.WIELS & Co., San Francisco, who have a capital of $40,000, furnish employment to 25 hands, and turn out monuments and architectural pieces 1l! 11 IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 I.I LA 12.8 |Z5 Ui lii 12.2 !^ us. 12.0 I 11.25 11.4 pj 0%. 7 /# ^ /S^ Photographic Sciences Corporation 33 WIST MAIN STRUT WIBSTM.N.Y. MSM (716) •72-4503 iV !^ 534 M.wi'i'.v iruKs. to the annual value of $5o,ooc^ iriakin;^ the house the larcjcst manufacturers? in their line on the const. J. GraN T, of San I'rancisco, was, it is said, the first person to (]uarry .uui cut Californian marble. I'or several \ears he worked a (luarry in Tuolumne Count\-. The largest j^'r.iiiite-workin;; esi.ib- lishmcnt on the coast is that of G. (iRll-inil, located at l'enr)-n, California, where- the proprietor has ([uarrics. Tiic polishiiij' apparatus work.s eitiier \erticall\- or hori/.ontall)', anil a block weighin;.,' lO tons can be re.idily handled. 'J'he owner is the oldest .i;ranil(' worker here, lia\in;,' bcj^un oper- ations ,-it Mormon Island in 1S5:;. lie !iow employs, countinj,' quarrymcn, more than 200 hands. t)ther workers in marble ;md ^'ranite on our coast are: J. & I". Ki;s.s;li;u. Misto BKirriUius, and L. A. Mvi ks, in San l'ranci;co; Atkdn & iMsii, l>K.\i:i. I.iii;, J. C. Di:vim:, \V. Ho^•^•| & I'd., J. C. CAKKol.I., 1'. '!". MoRRI.s, in Sacramento; Hl..\Ncll.\KI) & O'Nr.ll., J. \V. CoMlis, and Li;i: & Dklonc, in San Jos-e; ClIAL.Mi.KS & II()i,Mi:s, and William Volnc, in i'ortkmd; Stager 15KOTin;us, in Salem, and also in Alban\ ; and MoKRis & I'AANs, in Salt Lake City. Lime. — t")ver tl;e ;^;reater portion of our coa!4 limestone is comparatively r,uv: jet it is found in all the political divisions, and nearlj- ever)' one burns enough lime for its own consumption. There are 2 principal belts of limestone in California: one on the western slope of the .Sierra Xevad.i, about 1,800 feet al.M)\e the sea, from M;uiposa to Aubiu-n ; .md the other in the Coast Rani;e from Santa Cruz to Mount l.)iablo. Tiie fn-st lime-kiln in ihe St;ite was built in 185^, near .S.mta Cru/, which continues to take the lead in the proiUictivin, makini,' consitlerabl)' more than half of all burned in the .Slate. The rock is a mountain limestone, containinij a kir^c ])vMcentaL;e of carbonate of lime, and )iel(lin_L(, when well calcined, a mate- rial excellent for the piu-poses of the mason .-mtl plasterer. In i.SSi the .iniount of lime recei\eil in San l"rancisco was 128,000 barrels; in 1880, I2l,txx"i. In the latter _\ear .S;mta Cruz Count)' made 114,563 barrels; Clipper G.ip and Ai)plL\L;ate, in Placer Ca\e, 17,210; Alabaster t!a\e, 16,- 250; Cave V'alle)', 8,027; Marble Vallc)-, 4,264; I.os Gatos, 3,318; and Guadalupe, 30,000. The number emiilo)ed \aries with the season ; btin^ in the summer Irom 175 to 200 men, and in the winter ;i somewhat less nunilxr. The amount of wood consumed for fuel in the lime-kilns is from 1 3,tX)0 'o 15,000 cords .uuuiall)'; ])rincii)ally reilwooil, cut in lent;ths of 8 feel. The total protluction on the coast is :)robabl)' 250,000 barrels an- nuall)', worth $325,000. iJwis & CdWi'.i.L, of San Francisco, have the lar^c.M lime-burning e.-lablislimcnt of tlu; coast, at .Santa Cruz, and deal extensively in cement, plaster, marble dust, fire-clay, etc. II. T. ll-, and 35,000 of those of Fierce County. The principal works are those of Till', T.\i OM.\ l.IMi; CoMi'ANV, who burn 20,000 barrels }-ear!y, and have an agency at Portland under the manajje- ment of J. McCu.VKr.N & Co. Other prominent manufacturers are Is.\.\C W. Anderson, who makes 15,000 barrels j-early in l'u)-allup Valley ; Mc- Lociir.AN UR()TIII;i;s, at I'rid;i\' Harbor, who make 15,000 barrels annually, and whose Portland ajjency is cor.trolled by \\'ADll.\.\rs & Mlliott; and TiiK Sa.n Juan Li.mi: CoNxI'ANV, producing 7,000 barrels per year, and shipping to CdUIiHT & .M.ULKAV, at Portland. About 5,000 barrels of lime arc burned on Orcas Island, jearly. Pavement. — .'\s pavement or substitute for pavement, the roadways in the towns of our coast have been covered with planks, wooden blocks, broken stone, broken stone covered with asphaltum, bricks soaked in melted asphaltum, cobble stone, and rectangular blocks of granite and basalt. The plank is excellent for a short period, and cheap in first cost, but of little durability. The i)referrcd material is the basalt block. San I'ranci.sco, the chief cit)-, is built upon the sand; and experiments with the object to give lasting surface to her streets have been both numer- ous and costly. At present San Francisco has, within her corporate limits, 57 miles of macadam road, 27 of plank, 25 of cobble, 20 of basalt blocks, 4 of wooden blocks, and 4 of other material, in all 137 miles. An average of - during; the autumn months. At sucli ])eriods the .San I'rancisco packers usual l_\- suspend operaticjns for a few da\-s. Artificial temperature is now depended upon to some extent, especially for the cure of mild sugar-cured ham, for which purpose a stcadv' temperatun-, not above 3S or 40 , is rcquireil. Jk'cf packing was not developed int(j ;in industry until a inucli later date than pork packing. Until 1870, what little salted licef w.is found here for sale was of Oregon jjacking, and neither that nor the small quantity of California packeil beef offered, was esteemed 1 if desirable (juality. In fact, shipmasters onlj- bought it when ICastern beef could not b(." had. Since then, however, our j principal loc.il pricking firms have i)aitl special attention to this brand of nnnision p.icking, anil the United States Navy, after thorough experiments, is buying here what is needetl for the service. In 1S80, Mi;RkV, I".\ll,l, & C'l.. oneof the firms alluded to. filled a contract, with .igcnts for the Russian Governminl, for 4,500 barrels of mess beef, which was scnl to Russian Siberia, while frequent shipments are now being made to Japan, Central ,ind .South America, the .Sandwich Inlands, and other countries on the Pacific Ocean ; the (jualit)' when packed by responsible firms being equal to the same class of meat cured elsewhere, except that the average ueiglu of the cattle useil is lighter, a disadvantage which is dis.ippearing as the breed is imi)ro\ed. The various sleamshii) lines, and the large nimiber of sailing-ships trading from this port, including the whaling lleet fitting out here annuall)-, are now all sup- plied with beef and [jork of Californian cure. Artificial Cooling. — The only objection to meat cured in Calif.)iiii.' is that the j)roduct is frccpicntl)' too heavily salted. As this applies cliiefly tt) hams, which the public taste requires shall be cured with as much saccha- rine matter and as little salt and saltpeter as possible, our local j^acking firms are now successfully meeting the difficult)- bj- using artificial cold, jiro- duced b)' the use of ice and refrigerating machines. As the necessity for' hea\y salting is caused by warmth in the packing season, the reduction of the temperature to the desired point, removes the only obstacle to the cur- ing of "sweet pickletl meats" in this climate, and our hams of refrigerator cure are lalel)' pronounced fully ec|ual t(j I'^astern, and are gradually con- trolling the trade of the coast. ruovisioNs. 5.W One noticeable peculiarity of the climate of San Francisco is especially fa\orable to the curiiiLj of meat. The atmospheric conditions, iliirin;^ a lar^^e part of the year, are analoi^'oiis to those of the South American jiamiias, where meat exposed to the air will drj- before it initrifies. During; the diy season in San I'rancisco meat will keep several dayswithout deterioration, and this fact is of j^reat advantage to the curer, while first subjecting; products to the cinint; process. It is this fact which admits of the |)rosecutioii of this industry durin;.,^ the entire year in the cit)' — the ran^^e of the thermom- eter alone woulil not admit of it. The salt used in meat curiuL; was former!)- inostK' imported from lCnL,rland, Carmen Island, antl Scammon's l^agoon. Of late )'ears, while a ^'reat deal of \er}' poor local salt is manufactured, our packers have noticed a fnarked improvement in the (|uality of some of the local product, and this has made them, to a threat extent, independent of the imported article, sf) much so that it may now be trulj- asserted that Californian meats can be cured exclusively with Californian salt. This in- ctustr)' is still in its infancy, but it has received sufTicient development to j)lace it on the road Vo assured success, and has alreatlj- passed the period of experimental experience. The u.sc of an artificial temperature has re- moved the onl)- bar to steady ad\ancement, and as our interior becomes settletl, the suppl)' of live stock will increase no faster than the demand, which will always jrjve it a read)' market at jirices remunerative to the pro- ducer. There are few industries which so directly benefit our produciiiLC classes, and it is ■^'ratifying to realize that its future is assured, and its steady development not a matter of doubt. Meat for Packing. — Marly experiments demonstrated the fact that Suf- folk and I'oland-China hogs would not flourish in our climate. The lon,Lj dr)' scason.s were too .severe for them. But a trial with the Hcrksliirc hogs has resulted very satisfactorily. The)' are mostly black in color, compactly built, although smaller than the other breeds named. When proper!)- fatted they make an cxcellcnl quality of meat, firm, white, and of fine texture. The hog generally found in California is not pure Berkshire, but tiie breed is being rapid!)- improved by importation of pure Berksliire blood, a great improvement being noticeable during tlie past 12 years. The Californian hog is fattened with corn in the southern coast, wliicli produces our best pork, and on wheat, liarlc)-, peas, etc., in the middle and northern coast counties. When thu.s fattened tlic meat is harder and superior to eastern hogs; but in .some [jarts of the interior of tlie State, acorns abound at certain seasons, and being fed to hogs, make a very poor quality of soft, oil)- pork — so poor, indeed, that our packing firms who have a reputation to maintain, decline to use them, although generally .selling at one cent i)er ijouiul cheaper tlian grain-fed hogs. 540 M.\NI'1'A( TCKKS. In drci^on nml Washinj^ton, tin- Suffolk and the I'oland-Cliina breed of hoj;s arc siuccssfull\- raised, bciii;^ fattened on wlieat, baric)-, and corn, ;ind making an excellent (|nality of pork. The cattle there are chietlj- lialf- breeil .\nierican stock, and .uer.ij^'e heavier than in t'.ilifornia, where there was ori.Lj'inall)- more of the small native slock. This h,is reiiuireil rcpe.ited cro.ssing with .American c.ittle to briny it up to its ])rescnt standard, which is bein^ steadil)' raised b_v the infusion of jjctter blood from the I'jist. In California verj- few hoijs were found when the counti")' was first occupied by Americans, and the few that existed were very poor stock, rouyh, lonj,'-leL(tj;ed. with lar^je heails and loni,' snouts- -in fact, an .mimal fitted to fnul a precarious liviiij; in a rouj^h country, without the care or foresight of interested ovvnershiji. The cattle were small, so-called Spanish stock, with long horns, tiiick hides, .nid large bone de\eln])inent. Of course, such stock made the poorest kind of packing-beef, being gener.illy thin m flesh, and hard in tissue. The supply of hogs is greatest during our late autumn and early winter months, but they arrive freely at all seasons of the )\:ar, and our local packers .ire always read}- to buy. The trade in this city is still in its infanc)-, and is ycarlj- developing into a more impor- tant branch of our industries, .\bout 150,000 hogs are slaughtered >-early in .San l-"rancisco. and of these, two thirds are packed by two princi|)al llrms engaged in the business. According to the .San I'Vancisco Journal of Commcnr, California ])ackcd 4.900 tons of bacon, 2,300 of hams, and i,6iSo of lard in 1880: and only 9.430 of bacon, 1,160 of lard, and 925 of hams in 1881; while the importa- tions from the Mississippi Valley, in 1881, included 1,920 tf)ns of luims, 165 of lard. 47 of bacon, and 35 of pickled pork. Notwithstanding the smaller home production in 1881, there was also a smaller importation, according to the figures |)ublishcd. The packing hou.ses of Mk IIKI.SSKN, Hrown & Co., MERRY, F.\ri.L & Co., Tiiii SoLTii S.\N Fk.\\ci.s(:o I'.\cki\(; Comt.wv, and J. V. \Vii,s(i\ & Co., of San I'rancisco, ilo their own slaughtering; several otiier houses buy their meat in the carcase. In adilition to the houses occupieil exclu si\ely with packing of meat, there are .-i number of others, including some mentioned in the chapter on domestic animals, who engage in it as an incident of other business. GooD'" .Uli & Uooi.liV, of Victoria, pack 1,000 barrels of salt meat annually. Sugar and Syrup. — Syrup was made in California from hccts and Chinese sugar-cane, of home production, as earl)- as 1856. It was ascer- tained, even by that time, that the soil and climate of California are favor- able to the growth of plants containing saccharine matter. More recent experiments have shown that the plants can be grown in many portions of !!-n in PROVISK (NS. 54' the State; but the idea of prixliiciiv^ lithcr sii^ar or synip frmn tlu- African cane is abandoned ; and uhctlur sorj^duini can hi' cultivated v, illi pridil for any use save ftxlder, is a (luestioii not yet solved on this coast. f)f the many articles, apart from African cane, out of which su^^ar can lie manufactured, Ix'ets, sor^diuni, and ;,napes are those most in fa\f)r. lCx|Kri- mcnts have been made in California with melons, in L'tah u ilh carrots and turnips, but, apart from tlle business of refining', the onl\- branch of tiiis in- ilustrj- that has gained a |)ermanent foothold on the Pacific Coast, is the makinji of beet sugar. In order tiiat sucli an entcr|)ri.se may pro\c fairlj' profitable, it would seem necessar)- tiiat the factor)- siiould ha\e a capacity for working up at least 75 to lujtons a da\-. and that tlie pro[)rietors should rai.se their own beets and not purcha.sc them from contracting; parties. 'I'he proportion fif saccharine matter contained in different varieties of the plant varies so much, that great (.iiscrction is needeil in selecting those best suited for the purpose. Kven in I-'rancc, where the imlustry of raising sugar-beets is conducted on an immense scale ami with the utmost care, large portions of the crop are often fed to cattle or used b)- distilleries, as it is consitlercd that tlicy would not rcpaj- the expense of extracting the sugar. l'"or the year iSSo the total production of I'rench beet-sugar cxcecdeil 300,000 tons, and would have been very much larger if all the ])lants raised for sugar- making had been used for that purpose. The nature of our .soil and climate is an advantage much in favor of manufacturers on this coast. The making of syrup was an established industry in Utah .several years before anj- attempt in that direction was made in California. In 1X52, a .syru|) factor)' was established by Hricii.VM \'oi;\(; at Salt Lake City. Ivver)' one who raised sorghum, bcet.s, carrots, and turnips could have these articles converted into syruj) by giving half the proceeds to the mill owner. V'cr)- .soon, the planting of small i)atchcs of beets and .sorghum was com- mon all over Utah, and the production of syrup was sufficient to supply the consumption of that Territor). Small factories for the making of syrup were established in most of the settlements; but until 1879 every effort at making sugar of marketable quality proved a failure; probably because the mcthfxl of manufacture was not suitetl to material raised on an alkaline soil. In that )ear, however, a fair article of sugar was exhibited by C. A. MaL)- SKX & Co., at Gunnison. In the .session of 1880 the legislature of the Terri- tor)- offered a premium of $2,000 for the manufacture of the first 800 pounds of good merchantable sugar, and it is probable that an impulse will be given to that inf'A'stry in Utah, from which good results may be anticipated. Sugar Beet. —The manufacture of sugar in California, from material of home prcxluctioii, is at present restricted to beet sugar, and in 1882 there vt--^ M \\fr\(TIKF*<. ^lA- was but one sufjar-mill in operation on the Pacific Coast, TlIK STANPAKn SI'(;ar Mantiactouv Comi'ANV, of whicii <). I". Giii-in is tiic president. Tlic works are located at AI\arado. Ihe production of tiiis factor)-, thoir^li .ilmost equal to the entire quantity of beet su^'ar matlo in tiie United States lo years a^o, is less tli.m 2 per cent, of the ^ross amount of sufjars. of ;dl ilescriptions, distributed from San I*"rancisco alone. The outi)ut of the .Alvarado factory, for iSSi, was estimated .it 700 tons of sugar, \ahieil at $1 50,000, alx)Ut 4,500 tons of pulp, worth $S,5oo, and 6,000 ijallons of sj-riip, worth $3,500. The aiTgregate \alue of all ])roducts may be set down at ;i little over $160,000. The consuniiition of beets was 12,000 tons, costing,', at .$4.50 a ton, $54,000; the expense for l.ibor was not less than $17,000, and fill- fuel, animal charcoal, barrels, rent, office, and misccll.meous expenses about $60,000. making,' .1 total outlay of $131,000, ;ind !e;i\inij nearl\- $30,- 000 for interest atul profit. The enterprise passetl into the hands of its present ]>roprietors in I1S79, and was ori.t;inally liKatcd at Sacramento. The beets are obtained uiuler contr.ict. l"or the |)urpose of encour.i^'in^' farmers to Lfivc some attention to the raisin<^ of su^'ar beets in suitable localities, the Alvarado Companj' offers as ))ri/es, for the best 100 Jicres of beets raised for the factory in iSSi,$joo; for the best 75 acres, $150; for the best 50 .icres, $100; for the best 25 acres, $50; for tlie best 10 acres, $20; for the best 5 .icres, $10, The beets furnished to the mill, for the season of 1881, contained more s.icch.irine matter th.in tluise used in former years, and the profits made by the company were of course l.irfjcr in (iroportion. i :' I'-ii' Sugar Mills. — In California, no well-oriranizcd attempt at the production of beet suf^ar was made until 1S70, when a factor)- was started at .(\lvarado, but not the one ahead)- mentioned, and now in operation. The promoter of this enterprise, \V. T. G.VUKATT, has ever since been connected with the sui,far-manufacturing interests of this State. 1 learini; that some German immiyjrants, who were practical planters, had met with good results in fol- lowing their vocation in Wi.sconsin, Mr. G.VKK.VTI' went cast to investigate the matter, and on his return associated himself with other gentlemen in organizing the Alvarado factory. The capacit)- of the mill was 50 tons a day. The first crop (1870-1) returned a net profit of $18,000, but the flood of the succeeding year proved disastrous. The jiroprielors, therefore, moved their business to Soquel, in .Santa Cruz Count)-, a location which had the .advantage of a more congenial climate, and an abundant supply of cheap fuel, wood being used in place of coal. The change, however, did not work an)' favorable results. The main cause of the wimt of success is probabl)' the fact that, in ordinar)' seasons and with average prices, a mill I'KOVISIONS. 54,; witli a capacity fnr workinc; up only 50 tons a day, can not he operated at a j'jrofit, as will appear from the lollouin;,' estiinate: To keep such a mill in operation durinfj the season of 7 montns, or iSo workin;-; days, would require lo.ooo tons of Ijccts, and estimatin.Lj 20 tons of beets to the acre, the mill would consume the crop of 500 acres, and the cxpc'.scs woukl then he, lO.ooo tons of beets at $4.50 per ton, $45,000; wat,'es of 65 Chin.inien at $55 a month, for 7 months, ^i 5,925; waj,'es of 6 mechanics at $4 a day, for 7 months, $4,200; 4,000 tor.s of coal screeninL;s at $7 a ton, $28,000; waste of anim.d charcoal (30 tons, at $70 a ton), $2,- 100; depreciation and repair of buildinjjs and machinery, $iS,(X)0; barrels for sULjar, $7,000; i: surance and la.ves, $5,iX)0; office expenses and incidentals, $11,000. The total outlay would therefore be $126,225, 'i'lic proceeds would be, 550 tons of sugar, at i i '_. cents ;i pound esiinialinLf ih.it .1 ton of beets will produce 1 10 pounds of suj,'ar^\ $1 26,500; .-,500 tons of ])ulp, at $2 a ton, $7,000; and syrup worth $3,000; making the total receipts $136,500, and leaNintj ,1 margin of only $10,275 for profit and interest on capital. \V. T. G.\UK.\TT, in connection with Messrs. li.uuv, (lu n r.\V!fU(i, and Grkkn of Sacramento, ALLEN of San I'rancisco, and I'oOL and SMITH of Islcton, are the proprietors of a bec^ sugar factory ,'it Isleton, a few miles above Rio Vista, on the .Sacramento Ri\cr. The enterprise was originally started for the puqiose of making .sugar from melons. I'l.xpen- .sive buildings were erected, and machinery was imported from Germany for that ])ur])osc; but for some reason the idea was abandoned, and the projjcrty fell into the hands of the above gentlemen, who converted it into a beet-sugar factory. Through the rise of the .Sacramento Ri\er, the lands were twice flooded within 3 yeans, and the compan)- deemed it best to close the works for a while, but intend soon to resume operations with increa.sed milling capacity. They also propose to try the o.\])eriment of planting sug.ir cane on Andros Lsland, in the Sacramcntc. River. In 18S0 Mr. N.\l)i;.\l', of Los Angeles, made a costly and unsuccessful experiment in beet sugar, and the failure was attributeil partly to mistakes made by the gentleman employed as superintendent and manager of the works. The sugar-beet mills at Los Angeles, .Socjuel, and .Sacramento are permanently closed; that at Isleton is clo.sed temporaril>-; and the Alvarado Mill, the only one now in operation, occupies the site o) a similar mill that was unjirofitablc for years. The industrj' has been a .source of serious loss to the capitalists generally who invested in it; buc it is said that many of the obstacles in the wa>' of success have been overcome, and that the recent profits promise a large increase in the production of Californian beet sugar. Sugar Consumption. — In proportion to their numbers, the people of the I'acific Coast probably consume more sugar than any other community in J i I I ' I I , iii Hi 544 MAM", ACTIKKS. tlit' the- world. Diirinpj the j-car iSSi, there were (iistribiited from San Fran- cisco alone near!)- 48,500 to.i>, or an avcniye c)f about 70 pounds for every man, woman, and child in the States and Territories that depend mainly on the cit)' for their suppl_\-. The larfjo ([uantity used in the canninj,' of fruit is, no doubt, one of the main fact' rs that cause this immense con- sumption. A portion of the raw sufrar, and of the supplies for the plantations, arc now shii)|)ed directl)' to and from the islands, and not t'w I lonolulu, tluis effecting,' a considerable saving of freij^ht. A wharf leading nut from the new refinery to water deep enougl\ for the unlo;uling of large \cssels, will allow cargoes to be laid tlowii in San I'"rancisco at the smallest possible c.\ix;nse. I"or the year iSSi, .about tour fifths of all the raw sugar imported for n fining purjioses came from the Sandwich Islands. There are at ])reseiit more than 50 |)lantations ii- the Hawaiian grouji, many of which l)a\e been |)ut under cultivation since the passage of the Reciprocity Treat)- in iS-6, anil are under the control of American capitalists. The dut)' on raw material imported from other sources of supply is fixed according to the Dutch standard, and the scale is regulated by figure^ which indicate the color, and therefore the (pialit)-, of the gootls. Zero indicates the darkest grade of sugar, and 20 one of the lighcst. On goods whoso qualit)' is indicated by any figure below 7, the tluty is 1 <( cents a pound; from " but below 10,2 cents; from 10 but below 13, 2 '4 cents; from 13 but below 16, 2^4 cents; from 16 but below 20, 3J4 cents; 20 and upwards, 4 cents. In all cases there is an additional charge of 25 per cent, estimated on the above rates. The entire tariff charges on the lightest grades of imported sugar arc therefore 5 cents a pound; on the darkest grades nearly 2 '4 cents; and on medium grades from 3 to 4 cents. Exemjition from these duties has, of course, imparteil a very great stimulus to the business of sugar-refining on this coast, and the loss of revenue is offset by the expor- tation of American goods to the 1 lawaiian Kingdom. Shipments from San l-'rancisco alone amount to $2,000,000 or $3,000,000 a year, and include a larger quantity of Pacific Coast manufactures than are shipped to any foreign countr)- in the world. HaAvaiian Produolion. — It is estimated that there are, in the Hawaiian Islands, 1 50,000 acres of land specially adapteil for sugar culture. The rains are abunilant, and most of the planters have already secured the means of irrigation, which, on account of the limited area and mountainous nature of the country, can be obtained nt small expense. The plantations of Cuba anci other sugar-producing countries often suffer .severely from drought. In the sea.son of 1880-81 much of the cane produced in Cuba was so poor in I'KuVISKlNS. qiialit)- that it wfnild mil pa) fur tlu' expense ot cxtmctinn tlic Mij^'ar. I lawaiian |)lantcrs never suffer from ilroiij^lii. ( )ii some of the plantation--, as in tlie 1 1 ilo district, bj- simj)!)' lurnini^' some of the numerous mountain streams into Humes, a portion of tin; cane, anil all the wooil for fuel, can he cirrif'l ilown to Un mills, without other ix|KiiNe th.m tlie cost of the wond- work. The avcratje )i( lil per acre in the Ilawaii.m i,'roup, is at least double thai of the l.ouisi:" ,1 |)lan'ations. 'I" wo and a half tons .in acre arc a \er)- com- mon yield, ; 4 tons ,1 not unfrequcnt one. In some of the rich vallej' hands of the mountain regions, where the cane matures slowl)', an or 7 tons. There is no dan^'er of frost, which in other countries often render^ necessary the immediate harvesting of an immature croj). 'I'he planters can cut when they pit ase, and jjlant almost when the)' ])lease. If the)- don't plant ;it all for ;i couple yea's ;i species of volunteer crop s[)ringsfrom the roots that have been previously cut. With all these advantages, planters could make little headwa)- until after the p.issage of the Rcciprocit)' Treat)'. The scarcit)' of labor, and ihe high tariff rates on raw sugars landed in .San l'"r;incisco, were burdens of a griev- ous nature. A (ew )'ears before the |)ass.'ige of the treat), plant.itic.ns which had cost $50,000 were sold for $15,000, and others which h;ul cost $150,000 brought only $40,000. I'Acn at that time sugar was the leailing interest in the ll.'iwaii.'in Islands, and most of the |)lantations were alreail) in the h.inds of Americans. I'ew of them could do more than pa\' expenses, ;ind none of them returned a fair profit on the capital invested. It was estimated in 1.S72. that if tlie dut)' were remitted, and labor could be obtained in suffi- cient su])pl)'. plantations, which could then barel)' pa)- expenses, would clear a profit of $50,000 a v'car. Nine vcs.sels, of from 400 to 700 tons, have been built in San Franci.sco within the last 6 years, to accommodate the trade with those islanils. n Shipments of Sugar.— About 2,300 tons of raw sugar were also shii^ped in 1.S81 from China, 600 tons from Central America, and a small (|uantit)' from Mexico. Centnil America, China, and the I'hilip|)ine Islands have, in past years, furnished large c]uantities of material, and arc the points from which it seems most advant.igeous to import. The receipts of refined sugar from the Atlantic States are still considerable. 'The quantity forvarded in 1881 was about 3,300 tons; in 1880, 2,250 tons; and in 1879, 2,750 tons. It is, however, the opinion of parties interested, that the failure of several cargoes of raw sugar to arrive on time, alone rendered it possible to import .so large a quantity of Kastern sugar at a profit. 69 i i( H' 546 MAXtirACTtiRKS. .lit f m Kxpnrts of refined sugar from San I'rancisco amounted, in 1881, to 1,400 tons; for 1880 and iSjy, to about 900 tons. More tlian 160 tons were shipped to the Hawaiian Islands.about 80 tons to Mexico, and shipments were also made to Central America. That .several larLje sugar-producintr coun- tries .should take from us considerable quantities of refined sugar, on which they pay double freight, cost of refining, commissions, and other charges, is somewhat of an anomaly, but it is nothing unusual lor the Panama steamer to take away 500 to 1,000 barrels for Mexican and Central ^Vmerican port.s. British Columbia is, however, our best foreign customer, taking from us, in 1 88 1. 660 tons .against 740 tons exjjorted to all other destinations. San Francisco Refineries — California has much to gain from the growth of an industry which has caused the distribution of $1,000,000 for the build- ings and machinery of a single establishment, which employs a large num- ber of white operatives, a fleet of shi[)s, and in ways too numerous to mention, adds to the welfare of the community. So .soon as the treaty with the Hawaiian Kingdom was ratified, certain capitalists determined to invest largely in the planting of sugar cane, and sub.sequently to expentl a round million in the incrca.se of refining facilities. Our refineries not only supply almost the entire wants of the Pacific Coast, but already export refined sugar in considerable quantity, even to sugar-producing countries. Though there were but 2 refineries in operation during i88i, the(|uantity of raw sugar used was about 43,000 tons, from which there were produced about 16,000 tons of white sugar, 17,000 tons of yellow sugar, and 675,000 gallons of .sjrup, the aggregiite value of which may be estimated at $7,250,000. The average number of hands employed was about 325, and the amount distributed in wages over $200,000. The cost of tr.aterial was probabl)' 75 per cent., and oC labor not more than 3 or 4 per cent, of the value of production, lea\ing about 20 per cent, for profit, rent, fuel, and miscellaneous expenses. Fhc expense for fuel is a very large item with all sugar refineries, exceeding in some ICastern establishments the cost of labor. During the past decade the increase in the production of the sever.il articles matle from sugar cane was ver>- large, though less in proportion than for the previous 10 \ears. In 1880 the total value of all jiroducts was a little under $7,000,000, in 1S70 nearly $4,000,000, and in i860 about $1,600,000. The gam between 1870 ami 1880 was 75|)ercent; between i860 anil \^/0, 150 percent.; betv^een 1 860 and 1 880, over 300 per cent. Imports (jf raw .sugar from all .sources amounted for 1881 to 54,400 tons, against 38,200 tons in 1880, and 27,700 tons in 1S79. Within a single year the volume of imports has increased 43 per cent., and within 2 years it has almost doubleil. The increased supply has been drawn entirely from the PROVISIONS. 547 Hawaiian Islands, which, in 1881, sent us 44,2CX) tons, against 31,700 tons in 1880, and 23,500 tons in 1879. Ahnost the entire ciop of the Hawaiian Isl.mds is now shipped to San Francisco, and the present limit of their production is not likely to be very much exceeded for several j-ears to come. In former times the bulk of our sujjplies came from Manilla. As recently as 1878, imports from that source exceeded 20,000 tons, against 18,500 from the Sandwich Islands. In 1879 (only 3 years after the passage of the treaty) imiiorts from Manilla were reduced to 1,400 tons, but increased to more than 8,200 tons for 1881. There are but 2 refineries now in operation on the Pacific Coast, both of which are located in San Francisco — the California Sugar Refinery, on EiglrJi and Brannan streets, owned by Cl.VU.s Sl'KlCCKHLS and his associ- ates; and the American Sugar Refinery (formerly known as the Haj- Refin- ery), on Union and IJattery streets, belonging to C. AnOLlMiE Low & Co. The new refinery already mentioneil is in connection with the California Refinery, and is situated at the I'otrero, between Louisiana and Delaware streets. It is expected that the 2 refineries will not work up to their full capacity in the very near future ; when they do, they will ret(uire at least 1 50,000 tons of raw sugar annually. The American Sugar Refiner)-, formerly known as the Bay Sugar Refin- ery, located on the corner of Battery and Union streets, was formerl)- in the hands of an incorporation of which Cl.\L's Si'RlX'KKLs was the presi- dent. In 1879 the property was sold to a company of which C. AnoLl'llK Low is the president. Since changing hands the capacity of the works has been doubled. The San I'ranci.sco and Pacific Refinery, on liighth and MarrLson streets, is now the property of D. O. MlIXS, N. LUNING, and W. T. CoLKMAN. It was original!)' st)led the San I'"rancisco Refinery, and first went into opera- tion in 1855 in a small building that had formerly been uscfl as a distillery. On the same lot the proprietor, who at that time was GEORGE Gordon, built another refinery which he named the Pacific, and taking in, among other partners, the above-mentioned gentlemen, united the 2 enterprises under one management. This refinery is now closed. Glaus Spreckels.— Claus SI'UECKELS, who has a national reputation as one of the prominent business men and self-made millionaires of Cali- fornia, is a native of I'anovcr, and in 1882, 53 )'cars of age. Me crossed the Atlantic in 1848, and made his home in Charleston, S. C, where lie became a clerk in a retail grocery. After serving a year and a half for wages, he bought out the store and managed it on his own account for 5 years. Growing tired of the place, he moved to New York, and thence to 54S M.WL'I ACTL'UKS. San I'rancisco, in which latter place he became, in 1856, the owdcr factories, the owners of horses and oxen, the harness-makers, the merchants and the mechanics of California, have shared with the |)e()plc of tlie Hawaiian Islands in the benefits resultini; from the enterprise of Till'; Hawaiian Commercial Companv, under the lead of Ci.Ais Si'Ki;cki;i.s. Kin.L; Kai.AKAI'A recocrnized the benefit conferred on his ])eople by the ca[)- italist from San I'rancisco, and rewarded him with a decoration. Having .secured a supply of sugar, Mr. Sl'RIXKELS erected a great refinery on I'otrero Point, fronting on the Baj- of San Francisco, in the southern part of the city, with a wharf at which vessels of deep draft can rccei\e and discharge cargo. The main building is 397 feet long, and the subor- dinate strur'^nrcs are 187, 165, and 147 feet long respectively. The height in one pl.ice is i : stories, and the cost of building and machinery has been reported to be $1,200,000. The area covered by the buildings is about 3 acres. There are, jjerhaps, few recorded cases in which a defeat has been turned to better account than the defeat of Cl.VUS .Si'RI:cicr cent. The miller expects to make his profit out of his higher grades of flour, and is often glad to get any price at all for his middlings, bran, and screenings. During the last 4 years a new system of grinding, which was first adopted in Ilungar), and is hence sometimes called the " Hungarian .system," has been very gencrall)- adopted in Mastern flouring mills. In this process, chilled iron or porcelain rollers, either corrugated or smooth, are substituteil for common miUsl ncs, and a new system of purifiers is introduced. The (piestion of adopting this method in California has been freely discusseil, but the decision of most mill-owners is at present .against it. Californiaii y PROVISIONS. 553 wheat is much more brittle than Eastern, and it is claimed that its white skin, when pulverized into the flour, docs not injure its qualitj', as is the case with Eastern flour. Moreover, the price of breadstuffs manufactured by the new process, does not justify the expense necessary for a change of machinery. Another objection is, that ever since the first change was made, frequent improvements, or what arc believed to be improvements, have been announced from time to time, and millers, of course, hesitate to adopt the invention until its effect has been more thoroughly tested, and the process perfected. Not more than half a dozen of the larger mills on the Pacific Coast have as yet introduced the new system, and these have not obtained a materially higher price for their breadstuffs. The " Hungarian system," or, as it is more frequently termed, the process of " high grinding," is the only invention of value that has been made in the manufacture of flour of late years. At most of the mill.s, flour is still made on the I'acific Coast by the same method that was in use 50 years ago, with the exception that the steam-engine is substituted for horse or water power. I Flour Market. — The importation of flour into California ceased about i860. For that year the various products of all the flouring mills in Cali- fornia were valued at nearly $5,000,000, and excepting for the season of 1864-5 (the year of the great drought), there have since been no imports of any considerable amount. During 1859, and for several preceding years, there were small shipments of flour to foreign destinations, but the exporta- tion of flour, in any considerable quantity, did not commence until i8')0-6i. For the year ending July i, i860, there were 58,926 barrels exported for the next year exports amounted to 197,181 barrels. From that time, with only 2 exceptions, and those owing to drought, the volume of exports steadily increased until, for the year ending July i, 1867, it reached 465,337 barrels. This amount was not exceeded until the season of 1873-4, when there were 644,710 barrels exported. For the year 1881 exports of flour from the Pacific Coast, to all destina- tions, amounted to about 1,200,000 barrels, valued at $6,625,000; a very large gain over the figures for any previous year. Of this quantity, 364,000 barrels of Californian flour, valued at $1,693,000, and at least 350,000 barrels of Oregon flour, valued at $1,540,000, were shipped to Great Hritain and Ireland. It is worthy of remark that exports to the United Kingdom were much larger than these of any preceding year, and that the shipments of Oregon flour to that destination so nearly approached those of Californian flour. China ranks next on the list of our foreign customers, taking, in 1881, 261,000 barrels, \alued at $1,536,000. Central America took 75,300 barrel-s, worth $352,000. The Hawaiian Islands purchased from us 32,100 70 554 MANri'ACTlIRES. i! iP barrels, worth $i 10,000. Smaller t|uantitics were shipped to neady all parts of the woriil with which San Francisco has commercial relations. Exports to l''iiglantl consist only of surplus stock, and of the choicest brands. The prices obtained there do not warrant any speculative move- ment, and millers do not l(Jok in that direction for any larjje increase of business. Taking into account the cost of freight and the loss of interest, it is not a little remarkable that shipments to l-lngland should Ix." on so large a scale, while nearer markets are available. The average cost of milling in San Francisco is estimated at 70 to 75 cents a barrel, and is considerably higher in San Francisco than in l-laslern cities, which ship large (juantilies of flour to liurope. Moreover Eastern millers find a readier market for their bran and screens than exists on the Pacific Coast, where a large por- tion of both these products either goes to waste, or is sold at \ery low rates. The matter is probably explained by the fact that Englaml offers a sure market at ruling rates, while shipments to Mexico, Central America, the Hawaiian Islands, China, Japan, and other points, that seem to be the natural outlet for the surplus stock of our flouring mills, are always attended with more or less risk. IJefore 1872, the Chinese trade was in the hands of our own merchants, but is now conducted almost entirely by Chinamen, who make their con- tracts directly with the mill owners. Until 1879-S0 China afforded the best (Hitlet for low grades of flour, but now demands a first-class- article. j\t present, it is almost as difficult to place inferior brands in Hongkong as in Liverpool, but a high-grade flour .seldom fails to find a market at fair ]irices. In occasional seasons, there is a large export of flour to Australia. ICven in South Australia, which is by far the best wheat-growing section of that continent, 8 bushels to the acre is considered a good average yield. In years of drought, Australia draws on us freely for supplies; in good seasons she is herself a large exporter. The demand from that source is, therefore, very fluctuating. In 1874 for instance, shipments to Australia amounted to 2,442 barrels; in 1877 to 13,495 barrels; and in 1878 to 7,867 barrels. Flour-Mills. — There are now in operation, in California and Oregon, about 250 flouring and grist-mills, with an aggregate capital of at least $4,500,000. There are no reliable data at Iiand as to the number of mills on other portions of this coast, but the production of flour on the entire Pacific Slope was estimated, for 1 88 1, as alread}- stated, at 3,800,000 barrels, and its \alue was $17,000,000. The cost of material may be set down at $13,900,000, and of labor at $740,000, distributed among 1,350 operatives. rnovisioNs. 555 These estimates do not include the value of fjraham and rye flour, oatmeal, buckwheat, cornmcal, farina, ground feed, and other grist-mill products manufactured during the year. The number of flouring and grist-mills in operation in California is about 170, of which 11 are located in San Francisco. At least 100 of them arc worked by steam, and the remainder by water-power When working up to their full capacity, the San Francisco mills produce over 2,000 barrels of flour per day, in addition to large (juantities of meal and feed of various descriptions. The largest flour-mill on the Pacific Coast is located at \'al- Icjo, and has a capacity of 1,500 barrels a day. In 1853 there were i6 flour-mills in operation in California, and 14 in course of erection, with an aggregate capacity of about 300,000 barrels a j'car. Two >-cars later there were 54 mills with a capacity of 1,260,000 barrels a >'ear, or 3 times the estimated consumption. The ]5rice of first-class Hour of home production was at that time $28 to $30 a barrel. In i860 there were - bright. SlBSON, CnUKCli & Co., of Portland, are agents for the sale of the flour. Joffbrson City Mills. — The Jefferson City Mills, at Jefferson, Oregon, are the ijrojjerly of CoRlill T & Maci.KAV, prominent merchants of Port- land. These mills have 4 runs of stone, and annually grind 10,000 barrels of flour, most of which is exported to Europe, where the brand of the mills commands a ready sale. Crackers. — Crackers and ship bread arc made in factories by machinery, which mi.x die dough, knead it, roll it out, and cut and stamp the pieces ready for baking. The ovens contain an iron wheel, turning, in iine cases, on a vertical axis, in others, on a horizontal one; the former being called a reel o\en, and the latter a rotating oven. Attached to the arms of the wheel are tiles, or plates of metal, upon which the dough is hiiil by an attendant, and the wheel is turned by machinery, so regulated that the time ii-4 ii:i\c declined, until ;it ])re-;enl tlicj' comprise only a few cases from Massacluisetls. rheconsmnplioii df slii|)-l)iead dminLj sea voyajjes has materially fallen off of late )ears, owini,' to the j^'realer ii>e of bread hakeil on board vessels; but on the other hand, ;i considerable quantit)' is itsed in barter with the Indians of the north-west coast. Exports of these products have increased eightfold since 1870, 10 per cent, of which has be-Mi since 1S79, and the yearh' ;^Min promises to con- tinue. In iiS6o there Acre 3 cracker bakeries in San I'rancisco, consuming; 75 barrels of flour per ila\- in the aggregate. An establishment of this kind was in operation in the same city in 1S49, the projjrietor of which, WiLl.l.V.M H. GoKH.'..M, found a ready sale for his goods among the miners of that day. At present there are 17 bakeries on the coast; 10 of which are in California, 3 in Oregon, :: in Hritish Columbia, and one each in Washington and Utah. All manufacturers suggest that the flavor of their crackers is improved by warming before use. Among the principal establishments are TllK C.\LII'orni.\ Cr.VCKKR CoMl'.\.\V, to be mentioned again; TllK KcLll'SK C'K.XCKER Co.Ml'.wv, of San Francisco, established in i-ears lias been more than twelvefold. The capital invested in vinegar-making proper amounts to about $200,- 000; but connected with the industry, and in many cases forming a part of the same establishment, is the business of i)icklc-making, in which $120,000 arc invested. The former industrj' gives employment to 75 hands, who work 10 hours per day, for which they are paid an average of $2, the season cxtcntling throughout the year. In the latter business 25 men and boy.s, and 50 women and girls, are emploj-ed; the males earning from 50 cents to $2 per da\-, and the females from 50 cents to $1, the season lasting from April to October. .About 20,000 sacks, of 100 pounds each, of the various vegetables are consumed duri.ig a season. Of the \ incgar made, two thirds are the jjroduct of California, and of this quantity 50,000 barrels are manu- factured at the San I'rancisco factories. Vinesar Factories. — The production of Californian vinegar began on a small scale at the Missions, in the last ccntur}-, and never ceased, grapes being .ibutidant and cheap. The first American to engage in the business west of the Sierra Xevada after the gold discover)-, was A. D. H.VRKK, who in 1854 established a factor}- in San I'rancisco. In 1877 the ]M-incipal canneries and pickle factories of San Francisco united to purcha.se a vinegar factor)- in the cit)-, at which establishment, known as the Pacific Vinegar Works, is now made all the vinegar u.sed by them. The paid-up capital amoimts to $100,000, and the business furnishes employment to 12 men. The annual output is ncarh- 1,200,000 gallons of vinegar, made principally from barle\--ma!t. Connected with these works is a pickle factory, established in 1880, with a capital stock amounting to $100,000; employing 10 men; consuming 7,000 sacks of vegetables; and producing in addition to pickles about 3,000 dozen bottles of French mustard from California seed. Vinegar is made for general sale as well as for pickling; but the pickles are sold to stockholders only. The works, located at 415-419 I'ulton Street, cover an area of about 100 feet by 200 feet, and the office of the manager, JoiIN L. KosTER, is at 323 Front Street. The Stand.vrd Packing ComI'ANV make 300,000 gallons of malt- vinegar, and pickle 8,000 sacks of vegetables annually. J. 11. Fi.siii;r turns out 1 20,000 gallons of malt-vinegar, pickles 1,200 sacks of vegetable^;, and makes 5,000 gallons of toinato catsup. These vinegar factories, ami also that of C. A. Roiil.N.so.N', are in San iMancisco. A. HkroMAX, in Sacramento, makes 40,000 gallons of vinegar, and pickles 1,500 sacks of PROVISIONS. 503 vegetables. P. Van Bevkr, of Napa, has a factory in which he made wine- vinegar in large quantities, previous to the recent advance in the price of wine. The largest cider-vinegar factory on the coast is the establishment of F. De Long, located on his fruit farm near Xovato, ;Marin County, Califor- nia, where he has an orchard containing 20,000 applc-trccs. The apples arc pressed by steam power. The works, which arc of brick, have storage room for 20,000 bushels of apples, and the cellar has vats holding nearly 100,000 gallons. Oregon has 2 vinegar factories at Portland, and one at Buttcville, Marion County, producing in all 400,000 gallons of vinegar, a portion of which is sold to Washington and Western Idaho. Utah has a factory at Ogdcn, Weber County, that produces 200,000 gal- lons of vinegar annually. There are no pickle factories on the coast outside of California. CofFee and Spice Grinding.— Coffee-roasting and grinding and the grinding of spices, with but few exceptions carried on in the same estab- lishment when the business is large and steam-power used, are, to some extent, managed by country dealers in groceries separately, with hand-mills and portable ovens. It being impracticable to obtain full details of the last-mentioned class, no attempt is made to present the total production, capital invested, or number of workmen employed. It is probable, how- ever, that one half of the entire business of the coast is centered in San Francisco. The coffee berries are roasted in sheet-iron cylinders, and when sufficiently browned, are allowed to cool for several hours — usually over night. After grinding, the resulting powder is carried to a packing-room, where it is put up in convenient forms for transportation. A proportion of dried, roasted, and ground chiccory-root, a vegetable somewhat resembling the wild parsnip in appearance, is frequently mixed with ground coffee, and it is claimed by disinterested persons, when the proportion of the root docs not exceed 10 per cent., the result is an improved flavor. The annual out- put of the San Francisco mills amounts to 5,700,000 pounds, amounting in value, at 20 cents per pound, to $1,140,000. The receipts of green coffee are principally from Central America. In 1S/9 a brand of roasted coffee was shipped from New York to San Francisco, which, for a time, sold well ; but so soon as it ceased to be a novelt)', the sales fell off, and at present there is no rival to our home production. Chiccory is cultivated in Yolo and San Joaquin counties, California. A field in the first-named locality containing fxD acres, yields an average crop of about 30 tons of the green root to the acre. The annual consumption of the prepared vegetable is 564 MANUFACTURES. « 800 tons, of which 300 tons are imported froin Germany. Complaints have been made that a portion of tlie liome L;ro\\th is too rank. This, if caused, as is supposed, b)- the )-early overflow of the l.ind on whicli it is cultivated, could be easily remedied. As to the comparative qualities of the Californian and German chiccorics, the o])inions of coffee-grinders seem about cquall\' di\ided. The "foreign growth is brought here as bal- last, and, owing to a reduction in import iluties from 3 to one cent per pound, the present price is barel)' remunerative to our producers. A few- tons of chiccor)' are shipped annually to British Columbia and Australi.i. (iround coffee is sokl at from 1 5 to 40 cents per pound ; roasted and ground chiccorj- at cS cents, the present prices of coffee being nearly the same as in 1855. There are 2 establishments on the coast at which chic- cory root is prepared; the principal one being located on the San Joaquin River, about 6 miles from Stockton, where it was erected in 1876 at a cost of ;'i20,ooo. The capacity of the works is 1,000 tons per annum; the pro- duct being one half that quantit)'. The remaining factory is at Sacra- mento, and is of minor importance. The pioneer coffee roaster of the co.ast was \V. II. ]5ovi:i:, who, in April, 1850, opened a small establish- ment with ;i han'.l-mill in .San I'rancisco. The operations of grinding and packing spices arc similar to those used in preparing ground coffee for the market. The total weight of the spices ground annually in San l-'rancisco is abcjut 250 tons. I'epper was sold during 18S1 at 20 cents per pound; allspice at 21 cents; nutmegs at 95 cents; cloves at 45 cents; and ginger at 25 cents. The annual expc^rts are .about 600 cases, chicfl)' to the Hawaiian Islands, British Columbia, .and Central America. The sup[)ly of spices is obtained principally from Sumatra, th.it of ginger root from Btjrneo, ;ind mustard secil is a home growth. Imit.i- tion I'rcnch mustaril is manufactured at the various vinegar works to an extent that has driven the genuine .article almost out of the market. i\bout 850 tons of Californian mustard seed .are shipped to New York annuall)-, the cost of which is 2 cents ])er pouiiil here. Coffee and sjjices are ground in the same establishments, which in San Franci.sco are those of Foi.GER & Co., A. Scilll-l.ING & Co., G. Vknard, C. C. Burr & Co., C. Bernard & Co., J. G. Montkalegre, K. Guittard & Co., Cl.Al'l' & JE.SSUP. C. C. Burr & Co., succes.sors of a house estab- lished in 1850, make a specialty of grinding mustard. Mr. MONTEALEGKE imports his own coffee. CUArr & Ji;ssui' grind drugs and flaxseed, as well as coffee and spices. The house of VlON.VRH entered into the coffee-grind- ing business in 1851. In Sacramento, N. Dinglev, L. KREU/.Iu.KciER, L. GoLD.MAN, and George I ieiscu own mills, and grind both coffee and spices. In San Jo.sd, I' li! a ?> PROVISIONS. 5^55 Hunt & IFunkins have been established in the business since 1869. P. Casknavk & Co. ha\'e a coffee and spice mill at Los yVngcles. In Portland, J. I-". JoxES & Co., Cl.ossKT Hrothicrs, and others arc en- gaged in the business. In the State of Nevada, AnEi, Lak.nisau has an establishment for grind- ing coffee and spices at Virginia Cit)'. Thomas P^arlk, a leading grocer of Victoria, in 1881, added to his estab- lishment a department with steam machinery for grinding and packing coffee and spices. Confectionery. — The more common articles of candy arc manufactured in every town of importance on the coast, but the finer grades, as well as all foreign productions, are only supplied by the wholesale dealers of San Francisco. The annual consumption of the coast is valued at about $850,00x3, three fourths of which arc sold in its chief city. The confectionery sold at wholesale is valued at $450,000, two thirds of which are made by the dealers, and one third imported by them. About 450 cases are exported, I^ritish Columbia receiving 1 50 of the number, and the Hawaiian Islands and Mexico mo.st of the remainder. The capital invested in the industry amounts to $375,000, and employment is given to 250 per.sons, of whom 40 men, 40 boys, and 50 women and girls arc employed by the wholesale dealers, and 50 men and 70 women and boys work in retail shops. In the wholesale works the men arc paid from $2 to $3 per day, and the boj's from $6 to $10 per week, a day's work for a man with a boy assistant being 500 pounds of common candy. The w(5mcii and girls, who do the sorting, wrapping, and packing, receive from $3 to $5 weekly. In the retail fac- tories, a man who can make 600 pounds of ordinary candy per day is paid from $3.50 to $4. The wages paid here are about 20 per cent. ab"vc the rates east of the Rocky Mountains. The wholesale price of common sticks and drops is i^'/i cents per pound, and ranges upwards to $1 or more for choice French confections, put up in ornamental packages. Taking 20 cents as the average price of the home-made, ami 35 as that of the im- ported, the consumption of the first named amounts to 1,750 tons, worth $700,000, and of the last mentioned to 215 tons, valued at $150,000, in all 1,965 tons of 2,000 pounds, or more than 2y^ pounds to each man, woman, and child on the coast north of Mexico. A considerable portion of the San Francisco output is sold in Montana, New Mexico, Texas, and Arizona, as well as in the territory more immediatel)- adjacent, 90 per cent, of the sales at wholesale being to parties outside the city. Utah, Idaho, and liastcrn Nevada are mainlv supplied by Eastern man- ufacturers through traveling agents. Of the importations, that of candy m 566 MANUFACTURES. proper docs not exceed $20,000, the remainder consisting of cake orna- ments, candied articles, and licorice in various forms. The ornaments are chiefly of French manufacture, and paj- an import duty of 40 per cent. With the exception of a small quantity imported from the Atlantic .States, the sugar used in this industry is refined here; all grades, from "Golden C" to "Crushed," being employed, although the brand known as "Confec- tioners' A," is the favorite, (jlucose, or grape sugar, is mi.xed with the ordi- nru-y article in the manufacture of C(jnfectioner)' for .shipment, for the reason that it is said to preserve the candy in a fresher condition. As it costs as much here as ordinary sugar, nothing is gained otherwi-^c by the adultera- tion. With regard to competition by Eastern makers, the railroad freights of 6 cents per pound effcctuall)- bar overland shipments, and, although the charges by sea are low, the tin-lined, heavy boxes required for the long sea voyage increase the cost so as to leave but small margins for profits. The pioneer confectioner of the coast was M. L. WlX.v, whose factor}-, locatetl on Jackson Street in San Francisco, was destroyed by fire in 1850, again burned the )'ear following, and afterwards established on Long Wharf, now Commercial Street. F'actorics were established soon after 1850 in both .San Franf.isco and Sacramento, the sugar used coming mainly from Hatavia, and costing from 10 to 20 cents per pound. Tiie business has more than doubled within the pa.st 10 )-cars. The largest wholesale confectionery establishment on the coast is the steam factory of D. HlRsciirr:i,l), San I'rancisco. Other houses arc those of W. S. T(nv.\si:Ni), F. DlCXTKU, ROTIISCIIILI) & FlIKENrFORT, L. SAROM & CO., SCIIRODKR & Al.- BRIOCMT, and Mas.sijX Fricres, all of San Francisco. Other factories are those of M.VUR1CI-: O'Brik.V, San Jo.se; S. S. BoVNTON, Oroville; HiCNRY FisiiLR, WlEDMANN & Hromoda, and W. F. I'ETER.sox, Sacramento; William Anderson and John A. Paul & Son, Oakland ; F. Bicrel. ChaRLE.S GrIESSEN, and W. J. Maveield, Portland; and SMnil M LiLLV, Victoria, British Columbia. Portland Candy Factory.. — The largest and one of the most important confectionery establishments of C>rcgon is TlIE PORTLAND STEA^r Candv M.\NUEACr()RY, AelsIvV & HeGI:le, proprietors. This house, which has a wholesale department at 28 Alder Street, and retailing rooms at 145 I'irst Street, sends its goods throughout that State and into Washington and Idaho. The quality of their manufacture is acknowledged to be equal to the best, and strictly pure. Chocolate.— Chocolate is made from the seeds of the fruit of a species of the theobroma tree, growing to the height of 30 feet in the tropics. The .seeds, called cocoa or chocolate beans, after having been roasted and I'UOVISIONS. 5^-7 broken into sm.ill pieces by a machine, tliat at the same time strips off llie shell, arc [ilacetl in a mill moderately heated b)' steam pipes, in which they are converted into a thick, oily substance of the consistency of molasses. The mass is then placed in pans and allowed to stand for 24 hours, durin;^ which time it soliilifies. The cakes arc broken, and su;^ar kneaded in, the compounil beinL,' a damp, adhesive substance, into which flavoring; matter is worked by a machin'^, when the clKJColatc is ready for weighing, shaping, and stamping. In plain chocol.ite, sugar is omitted. Broma is chocolate powdered ; the husks stripped from the roasted seeds are known as cocoa shells, antl yield a beverage esteemed by inan\'; a preparation for candy- makers' uses is termed confectioners' cocoa, and the broken, roasted seeds are called cracked cocoa. The annual production is about 350,000 pound.s, v.ilucd at $100,000, in addition to which 100,000 pounds arc received from New York. About 350 ca.ses are exported, chief!)' to Mexico, the Hawaiian I-.lands, and British Columbia. The prices range from 22 to 35 cents a pound for common qualities, to 70 cents for special brands. The seeds come from South ;\merica, chiefly from Equador. The i)rincipal chocolate factory on the coast, is that established at San I-'rancisco in 1852, b_\- 1). GllUi.\Rl)ElAA in connection with coffee and spice grinding, much of the machinery having been imported from France. The business gives employ- ment to 30 hands, and is at present carried on by GlIlU.XKDELLl & SoN.s. But one other firm, that of E. Gurrr.vRi) & Co., manufactures chocolate here. Ice. — Ice is consumed on the coast to the amount of about 50,000 tons annually. Tcd in the reduction of silver ore, and the manufacture of acids. A consider- able quantity is also consumed in destroying noxious weeds. The annual consumption of salt on the Pacific Coast is about 86,000 tons of 2,240 pound.s. Of this quantity, California uses 25,OC30 tons; Utah, 15,000 tons; Nevada, 15,000 tons; Arizona, 5,000; Oregon and Washington, 10,000; Idaho and Montana, 5,000; Alaska, 500; and Western Mexico, 10,000. Cal- ifornia produces 30,000 tons; Utah, 20,000; Nevada, 6,000; Idaho, 1,000; Arizona, 750; and Mexico, 15,000 tons. Imports amount to 12,000 tons, nine tenths of which arc Liverpool salt, the remainder being from Carmen Island, in the Gulf of California. Exports, chiefly to British Columbia and the Hawaiian Islands, amount to 500 tons, excluding Mexico, of whose .shipments no data are at hand. Nevada is well supplied .with salt. It has numerous " flat.s," which were once the beds of salt lakes, and by digging through a foot or two of soil, the cr>-stallizcd salt is found in the strata, which have aggregate thickness of 5 feet in some places, in others of only a few inches. The chloride of sodium is mixed in some of the flats with large proportions of other salts, so that the mineral is unfit for table use without refining, but it is good enough for the silver mills, which obtain most of their supplies from such sources. In some of these flats, water strong with salt can be obtained from .shallow wells, and there arc also salt springs. In South-western Nevada, 3 miles south of St. Thoma.s, the Virgcn River cuts through a deposit of rock salt estimated to be 9 miles long, with an average depth of 70 feet. It can be mined for $5 per ton, but with the present facilities for transportation, it costs $10 per ton more to deliver it on navigable waters. Slabs of this min- eral were used by the first .settlers for window-panes. ff in Maricopa County, composed almost In Arizona there high entirely of salt of a good quality. Near Camp Verde, in Yavapai County, are several large hills compo.sed of salt, carrying considerable .soda and magnesia, but at the same time suitable for salting cattle and for working 72 5;o M.\M'iA("i'rKi;s. ores. In A]i;ic!ie County there arc several salt la|;oons, the principal one, near the New Mexican line, jieldin;^ 450 tons per annum, without other l.-'.bor than that of shoveling the crystals into wacjons, 'I'his salt is s.'iiii to ha\e s'onie s.iltpeter alonf; with it, which renders it excellent forcurin;^' meat. At present the cost and difficulties of transportation prevent the develop- ment of an_v of these deposits. Orc^'on and \\'ashinL;ton tleri\c their sujiply of salt from points outside of their ^'coL^raphical limits, preferring; for ilairy purposes the ICnglish production, brouy;ht to their iloors by \esscls seeking car^joes of j^rain. I'or other uses, Californian outputs are emi)li)vcd, and a small ijuaiitity has been made in Oreijon from the brine of salt springs. The Great Salt Lake, in Utah, affords an incxhau.stiblc supply of brine for the manufacture of salt. The north-west winds drive its waters into shallow lagoons along the eastern shore; this water is ])rcvenled from return- ing, by means of dams provided with gates, and salt is produced by solar evaporation. Salt has also been produced by boiling the brine from salt springs in various parts of the Tcrritor)'. The colonists, in 1847, made 125 bushels of salt from the Great Salt Lake water. In Idaho there are salt works at Oneida that produce about 1,000 tons annually, by evaporating the brine from springs, with artificial heat. On the Pacific coast of Mexico salt is found in San Oucntin and Scammon's lagoons. Lower California, on the islands of Carmen antl .San Jose, in the Gulf of California, and at Centa, ne.ir the mouth of the Llota River, in Sinaloa. Of these localities. Carmen I land affords the largest supply. Centa furnishes several mining districts in its vicinity, and the rcir.aitiing point.s, although doing an cxi)ort business in former years, arc not nr.w known outside of their local markets. The formation of the Carmen Isl.i.rid beds is a natural curiosity. The locality occupies ;i sort of bas'!- c.w the island, the whole of which is suppo.sed to be the crater of an extinct volcano. The surface of the basin presents the appearance of a plain, white with loose snow. The bed of salt is several feet in depth, solid, and almost transparent. The deposit occurs in smooth, liorizont.il strata, 3 inches in thickness, and is gathered by splitting off and breaking the uppermost layer. In about a week, the hole thus left is refilleil with salt, the same as that removed, by the evaporation of water that has flowed into the cavity from beneath. The pieces removed crumble shortly after being exposed to the air, and the c|uality is suitable for all general purposes. The \alue of the product is about $550,000 at the works. Capital to the amount of $500,000 is invested in the industry, aiul 600 hands arc employed during the season, which extends throughout the dry months. The San Francisco prices var\' from $4.25 per ton for the lowest grade to $25 for the best article for table use. In California, where the labor supply is most i I'KnVISIONS. s;t .ibundant, the expenditure for securing the yield is about $1.50 i^er ton, and the yield itself is, for the most part, of inferior quality. At least three fifths of this sn't is evaporated from the waters of San I'Vancisco Hay, and is known as bay salt. It contains so much of the sulphates of lime and magnesia as to be unfit for curing meat or fish, but its cheapness has caused its use to some extent in reduction works outside of the State, and in chemical works at home. An article made from the bay water, and afterwards refined, known as crystal salt, is claimed to be as good as any for curing meats, or for dairy use. Salt has been made in California in Colusa, Inyo, Los Angeles, Monterey, San Diego, Santa Barbara, Siskiyou, and Tehama counties. There are 3 establisiiments in San l'"rancisco that grind salt, employing 50 hands, and producing to the annual value of $220,000. The principal manufacturers in California arc TlIE UXIOX r.VCII-IC S.VLT CO.MI'.WV, PLUM.MKR I5R0TIIEKS, P. MAR.SIC.WO, P. JlCS- si;n, and B. F. Baktox S: Co., all of San Francisco. In Utah, JliRliMY & Co. have works at Great Salt Lake, near the city. Yeast Powder. — The production of this article, which is composed of soda and cream of tartar, does not appear to increase in proportion to the growth of population. Nearly one third of the consumption, estimated to be 75,000 cases annually, is supplied by producers in the Atlantic States, shipments from that source of supply having increased within the past 3 years at the rate of 50 per cent, yearly. The value of the annua! produc- tion is about $225,000, taking the value of a case to be $4.50. Capital to the amount of $175,000 is invested in the industry, and employment is given to 100 persons, most of whom are minors, employed to make up the packages. Exports amount to 1,600 cases, and arc chiefly to the Hawaiian Islands and to British Columbia. The principal manufacturers arc D. Cali.agiian & Co., P. M. Bowkn & Co., Tin: P.uii-k; Soda Company, TiiK Califokxia Cream ok Tartar Company, and B. F. Barton. all of San Francisco. Compressed yeast is manufactured by TlIE POTRERO Dl.STlLLERV AND COMPRESSED Yeast Ccjmpaxv, of San Francisco, and by B. B. Scott & Sox, of Sacramento. Soda Water. — This industry includes, besides the particular beverage which gives it its name, the various drinks flavored with lemon, sarsaparilla, ginger, etc., as well as bottled cider and artificial mineral water. The annual consumption on the coast '= about 10,000,000 bottles, con- taining a pint each, amounting in value to $330,000. Requiring no extensive buildings (a tent has been used), nor very elabo- rate machinery, the manufacture has been co-existent with the miner's camp, and the production only limited by the demand, though it is doubt- I mmmfm .,*.• 572 MANU1\\( TURKS. fill, considering the hi^h prices of the days of inininsr excitement and the present competition, if the business of to-day has become lucrati\c in pro- portion to tlie increase of population. Works arc now established through- out the coast in almost every hamlet. Tiie materials used in this manufacture consist chiefly of marble (in powder), sulphuric acid, and the different flavoring extracts. The acid is of Californian and Nevada production ; the other articles come from the l"lastern States, or have until rccentlj-, since when one manufacturer, at least, has made his own e.xtract.s. Raw material is consumed to the annual value of about $100,000, the num- ber of hanils emplo)-ed is 160, and capital amounting to $300,000 is invested. It is probable that within a few years all the material used will be of liomc production, as improvements looking to that end are constantly being made. Among the larger works in San Francisco are those of P. G. SOMPS, who has $40,000 capital invested, and turns out 150 dozen bottles per da\-; Simmons & M.wox, who produce a like quantity; Cll.VKLKS Welch &: Co., v,ho make 100 dozen bottles per day; Georgk C. Thompson, who puts up 50 dozen bottles and fills 25 fountains of 10 gallon,, each, dail}-; and C. A. Rkini'.RS & Co., who put up about 25,000 dozen bottles of mineral water per annum. Artificial lemon syrup was made in considerable quantities for several years after the gold discovery, but the consumption decreased after fresh fiiiit, natural and artificial mineral water, and beer became abundant. !!!. Malt Liquors. — The manufacture of malt liquors has assumed propor- tions of considerable magnitude, the consumption of raw material being an item of no little importance to the agriculturist. At present there arc about 350 breweries on the coast north of Mexico, that produce annually 600,000 barrels of inalt liquor, of 30 gallons e.ich. Few, if any, of the casks in use are barrels, most of them holding either 10 or 15 gallons; but for the sake of condensation, the (|uantit}' is given in barrels. In brew- ing, the consumption of barle)- and hops to each barrel of malt liquor will average 1 1 5 pounds of the former, and 1 '^ ])ounds of the latter; so that to .suppl\- the ilemand for this bexerage, requires the product of more than 72,600 acres sown to barley, and of more than 450 acres iilanteil with liops, basing the calculation on the average j-ield of California for 1879. In addition to the production, 2,500 barrel.s of malt liquor (partly in bottles) were imported, \;ilueil at $55,000; and from this total must be taken 4,000 barrels exported, i)rincipall\' to Mexico, the Hawaiian Islands, and South- ern I'acific ports, leaving the annual consumption of malt liquors, on tlu' slope north of Mexico, about 12 gallons to the individual. Statistics PROVISIONS. 573 of the German Empire, covering the period between 1872 'i' ' .' cordials, and bitters, including,' 15 in California, 4 in Oregon, 3 in No id 2 each in Utah and Arizona. Tlic annual production of proof whisk; .lounts to 2,300,000 ijallons, valued at $2,806,000, of which one fourth may be converted into cordials, bitters, alcohol, and medicines, and used in the useful arts. The material consumed in distillation consists of barley, wheat, and maize, of v.'hich 24,000 tons are required. The kind of grain depends on the price, but barley is usually the cheapest, and presum- ably furnishes the bulk of the Californian whisky. There have been times when it could be obtained abundantly in the San I'Vancisco market for $15 per ton. In 1 88 1, which may be accounted an average year, San Franci.sco imported 24,000 barrels of whisky, 8,000 of other spirits, and 30,000 cases, equal to 2,300 barrels, of cordials and bitters. The exports amounted to 1,200 barrels of spirits and 1,750 ca.ses of bitters. The quantity of dis- tilled liquor, exclusive of brandy, consumed annually on our coast between Mexico and British Columbia, is about 2,300,000 gallons of proof strength, or 2,800,000 of the average marketable quality. This would allow 2 gallons for each person, or 8 gallons for every adult male. If there are 65 drams of average size in a gallon, we have 520 drams a year for e\ery man, or enough for one drink e\ery week-d.iy, and 4 drinks Sundays. The com- mon price of the [jroof whisky is $1.20 per gallon, or $2,760,000 for the 2,300,000 gallons at wholesale; but to the consumers the direct cost is at least $5,000,000. The output of the San I'rancisco distilleries amounted to 1.840,000 gallon.s. The capital investetl in the distilleries on the Ainerican portion of our coast is about $1,000,000, and the iiumbcr of persons employed in llieni 150, with wages that average $2.50 per day. Some of them are children, engaged in labeling. The first grain distiller)- of California was established in San Francisco in 1855, anil was piofit.ible, because wheat and barley were then cheai), and freight, storage, insurance, and the incidents of keeping large stocks (when merchandise could not be delivered from New York till 6 months after the ortler was mailed^ were extremely high. The business w.is subject to gre.'il nucluation-;, following the changes in the i)rice of grain, and the accumulation or ilecrease of stocks of imported liquor. In 1858 ami 1S59 small (luanlilies of rum were distilled at Los Angeles, from sugar cane cul- tivated there by H. I). Wilson. Tin; r.\ti(ic IJi.si ii.li.m; and Ri:i'inin(; Co.mpanv was established PROVISIONS. 577 in 1864 by LOUIS SCIIULTZ and IlEXRV VOORMAN, GF.ORGE OULTOX afterwards becoming a partner. Tlie business is the manufacture of spirits, whisky, and alcohol. The works comprise a 4-story brick building 50 by 75 feet, and 3 other buildings of less extent. The machinery includes 6 steam-boilers and a loo-horse-powcr engine, witji mash-boiler, 2 runs of millstones, 5 stcam-pumjis, and 2 copper .stills, having an aggregate ca[)acity equal to the distillation of 1,500 gallons per day. Capital to the amount (jf .$ 1 00,000 is invested and employment furnished to 30 men. The production of the works varies from 500,000 to 1,000,000 gallons per annum, they being the largest of their kind on the Pacific Coast. San I'Vancisco has 2 other grain distilleries — that of TlIK PoTRERO Vkast AXD Distilling CoMrANV, of which Herman Wkstkeld is president, and which makes compressed yeast as well as spirits ; and the West End Distillery, owned by RoiiERT C. Rrooks. The California Distillery of Antioch also has its principal office in San Francisco. Bay View Elstillery.— The Pay View Distillery of SCOFIELD & Tevis, the largest establishment of the kind on our coast, is situated on the shore of the bay at South San Franci.sco, with facilities for receiving all their raw material and shipping away their products in their own vessels, without expense for drayagc. The main building is 400 feet long, 200 wide, and 3 stories high. Four boilers, sufficient to drive engines of 250 horse-power, supply heat and drive the machinery. The grain is coarsely ground so that fermentation shall be complete, and is carried by elevators from the mill to the meal room on the upper floor. There is a grain still which ri.ses from the first into the second story, and a copper spirit still, the column of which rises from the first into the third story. These stills with their columns arc constructed on the plans adopted in the largest and best distilleries on the Atlantic Slope. Six rectifiers, constructed on Sinclair's Patent, conduct the spirit through charcoal, and give them the smoothness and mildness of flavor, and inodorous quality not otherwise obtainable, and necessary for a high quality of neutral spirits. ^VU the apparatus is of the latest patents, and the most complete character. Water is furnished by 3 artesian wells, from one of which 10,000 gallons can be pumped in an hour. The tanks on the roof holding 200,000 gallons, give protection against fire, and supply the boilers, vats, etc. Their Cooper shop produces from 60 to 70 barrels a day. They have 2 bonded warehouses, and are building a third, which last is to be 200 feet long by 175 feet wide, with capacit)' to store 20,000 barrels on racks similar to those used in the Kentuck)- warehouses. It will be heated, and the spirits will ripen while waiting for customers. Two grain warehouses contain storage room for 100,000 sacks of grain. The refuse 73 578 MAM 1 ACTIKKS. from the fcrinentin.Lj vats is fed in clean ])ens to 5,000 liogs and 600 beef cattle, each of the latter havini; its sepaiatc stall. The premises occupy 8 acres of <;roimd. The distillery consumes 1,000 bushels of grain, makes 4,200 gallons of rectified spirits, and i)a\-s $3,780 dail)' of United States internal revenue tax. The grain which it consumes requires about 1 5,000 acres for its production. Besides this enterprise, Scoi'IELD & Tevis arc largel}- interested with C. X. I'ELTON in developing the petroleum resources of California, as mentioned elsewhere. CordialG. — Cordials, bitters, alcohol, and neutral spirits are produced in San Francisco, but in small quantity elsewhere on our coast. In the man- ufacture of bitters, various plants jieculiar to our coast arc uscil. In 1S52 Franci.S Crkvoi.I.V & BROrilKR established a manufactory at San I'rancisco for the purpose of making cordials, bitters, cs.scnces, .syrups, etc. After some changes the business passed into the hands of the present owners, ]'.. G. LVONS and JlLES Mavkr. Two stills are used, and a room is specially fitted up for crystallizing rock candy. Nineteen persons are emplo\'ed, 2 of whom are minors. The products of the manu- factory are sent to Oregon, Nevada, ^Mexico, Central .America, the Society Islands, and Japan. The annua! sales amount to $100,000. Dox.M.n IMcMiLL.W occupies a 3-story building in San Francisco in the distillation of cordials and bitters. WOOD. 579 CHAPTER XXXII.— WOOD. Wood-working Industry.— This chapter treats of the various branches of wood-working industry, tlic products of which inchide rougli lumber, dressed lumber, door.s, sashes, blinds, wood moldings, boxes, coopcr.s'-warc, willow-ware, carriages, ships, furniture, pianos and other musical instru- ments. Agricultural implements and windmills are e.Kcluded from this chapter, and will be treated under the head of iron, which is the more costly material in their construction as a class. Plausible objection may be made to every classification of this kind, but the one here adopted seems as convenient as that to be found in any one of the few works similar to this in scope. liUmbRring. — No other nation has handled so much lumber or has ac- quired so much skill in its production as the American ; and the Pacific side of the United States is not behind the Atlantic in the size and com- pleteness of sawmills, in the enterprise and intelligence of lumbermen, or in the efficient adaptation of new means to peculiar circumstances. What- ever had been learned in the forests of Europe, Maine, Michigan, and Canada was transferred in all its completeness by experienced men to Cali- fornia soon after the gold discovery, and combined and applied in the con- struction and management of the sawmills of the Sierra Nevada, the redwood regions, and Oregon, Washington, and British Columbia. The Pacific lumbermen were compelled to acquire superior skill, because their timber was larger in diameter and length than ever had been, or is now, handled in sawmills in any other part of the world. The average thick- ness of a Humboldt saw-log is 5 feet; and logs 9 feet through arc not rare, and trees iS feet in diameter have been cut in the regular course of the .sawmill business. Logs exceeding 9 feet in diameter are split by powder or wedges into halves, suitable for the circular saws. Those from 7 to 9 feet are sometimes sawn b)' sash saws 12 feet long, into cants or pieces before passing to the circular saws. The largest logs cut into boards at the first sawing are 8 feet through, though the circular saw used in the work does not exceed 6 feet in diameter, and can not make a kerf more than 35 inches deep. Two saws, one cutting from below and the other from above, can not cut up a log more than 6 feet through. The Humboldt sawyers. V W 111 i I r liitd I i ^J!^ ii 580 MANUKACTL'UES. Iiowcvcr, instead of being content to work with 2 saws, use EvANs' treble circular, as it is called, though it has 4 saws, 2 of them being used to slice off part of the top of a log 8 feet through, so that the part to be cut by the main saws shall be less than 6 feet in ilcpth. The great weight of the large redwood logs has led to the invention of DOLBEER'S patent steam logging machine for moving them. The uncqualcd length of the fir timbers sawn in Washington and British Columbia — So feet being common, and 150 not very n.re — has required the construction of sawmills with long log carriages; bi.t there has been no notable Pacific invention in the general pattern of tl.e mills, though some in the minor machinery. The Californian adjustalilc teeth for large cir- cular saws have been adopted everywhere. The slide, to send cordwood and logs down the steep slopes, used in the Alps and other mountains from remote times, has been adopted in the Sierra Nevada without material change; and the same principle has been applied in an ingenious and novel form to the lumber chutes, by which lumber is loaded at various points on the coast of California where there is no harbor, upon vessels fastened to a buoy at some distance from the shore. A wooden chute, leading with a descent from the shore, terminates over the place where the vessel lies ; and the boards, planks, ties, posts, or pieces of cordwood to be shipped, when placed on the upper end of the chute, slide down rapidly to the lower end, where a brake, applied just before the timber leaves the chute, checks its fierce .speed and lets it down gently to its resting-place. Drives and booms, common in Maine, Norway, and many other lumbering regions, have been adopted on our slope without improvement. The "drive " is the process of sending a stock of loose logs or cordwood down through a nat- ural water channel to a point below, where it is caught. If the ordinary current has not sufficient depth, the drive is made in flood-time, or a supply of water, after being collected in a dam, is let loose suddenly. A " boom," consisting of logs fastened by chains or links to the banks, keeps the logs or wood from passing the point where they are wanted, and yet does not pre\-ent the water from passing. In situations where neither the slide nor the drive can be used advantageously (and they arc numerous in our mount- ain ranges), use is made of the V-flume, which was invented in Nevada, and was there first appreciated and applied on a large scale. It is espe- cially .serviceable in carrying lumber from the high Sierra to points in the valley, 30 or 40 miles away. Timber. — Our chief timbering regions arc the redwood forest within 30 miles of the ocean, between parallels 37° and 42°; the sugar-pine forest in the Sierra Nevada; the fragrant cedar forests near the ocean, from 40° to > r '7' I 1;^; •li-l f! f « ii. I iii m wonn. 58 1 44"; ami the rcd-fir west of the summit nf the Cascade RaiiLjc, from 44° to 52". The Alaska cedar, thoiiL;h in some important respects superior to any of the others, is not yet prominent in our industries. The forests of the different trees intermingle, so that one be[,Mns lony before the other ends. Southern California, Nevada, Arizona, and New Mexico have little timber, save in the hij,'her pcjrtions of a few mountain ranges. Idaho, iVri/.ona, Eastern Oregon, and Eastern Wa.shington have numcrou.s districts bare of timber, but also have forests extensive enough to suppl)- the local demand. The sugar-pine does not anywhere make up the forest, and it seldom outnumbers the other trees, but it is the most valuable timber of the Sierra. The lumber' .^_; business there is limited to the districts which have facilities for transporting the product to a market. The forests are usually high up on the mountain side, remote from the settlements, and hauling in wagons is too expensive. Flumes and railroads arc required for the prosperity of the lumbering industry, and these have been providetl at a number of points. The m.ost productive lumber district of the Sierra Nevada has been the basin of the Truckec River, including the slopes and summits near Lake Tahoe. The Central Pacific Railroad has given to the Truckec lum- bermen superior facilities for supplying Virginia City, Central Nevada, and Utah, and numerous mills, flumes, and slides have been built to cheapen production. A steamboat has been built to tow rafts across the lake, and a railroad carries the lumber to the summit of the mountain cast of the lake, where a flume takes charge of it until Carson is reached. It is estimated that the Truckee basin has .sent away 500,000,000 feet of lumber in 1S67, a large portion of it being consumed in Virginia City and its mines. The immen.sc cjuantities of timber, lumber, and cordwood required there, and the high cost of transporting them uphill by wagon, were among the chief con- siderations in the construction of the railroad from Reno to the Comstock mines. As the forest area of the Truckee basin has been very much re- duced, work has been commenced at Reno on a railroad running northward to a fine body of timber about 40 miles north of Lake Tahoe. A railroad has recently been built .southward from Bodic to a fine forest. The long slopes on the western side of the Sierra have led to the construction of flumes 40 or 50 miles long, leading down to Red Bluff, Chico, Madera, and other points in the Sacramento and San Joaquin valleys. No large tree is straighter in grain, follows its grain more readily in split- ting, or splits with more ease, than the redwood. This free-splitting char- acter and smoothness of its split surfaces render it suitable for the cheap production of railroad ties, fence posts, and pickets, and being very durable it is largely used for such purposes. The number of redwood railroad ties split annually numbers 800,000, and as they arc 8 feet long, and 8 inches 583 MANUFACTURr.?;. wide, by 6 thick, the consumption of icdv.ood in lliiit form amounts to 24,000,000 feet, boaid measure, )'carly. Tlic number of redwood fence posts shipped to Sail Francisco is 530,000 annuall}', and tlie total production in California is 3 times as mucli, so that 10,000,000 feet of redwood are con- sumed in tha way. The number of railroad ties made on our slope from material not redwood may be 400,000 a year. The split timber is stronger as well as cheaper than the sawn. The ordinary price for railroad ties is from 40 to 50 cents each in .San Francisco. (Ine of the: serious drawbacks of our lumbcrini^ industry, and of the man)- branches of our manufactures, is that we ha\'c no good supply of hard wood, similar to the while oak or hickory of the Atlantic slope. From Alaska to Lower California, there is not a large straight-grained indigenous tree of first-rate quality for plow beams or casks. The common oaks of the valleys have large trunks, and are beautiful features in the landscape, but the wood is brittle, and not good fov fence rails, much less for any purpose requiring strength and elasticity. It is said that some of the oak--trees in the mountains make good staves, bat our best casks are made of imported material. \\'hether the eucalyptus will supply the want of a hard strong elastic wood is a problem not j'ct solved to the general satisfaction. We obtain about 3,000,000 feet of hard wood annually from the ]\Iississippi Valley. Wc have not space to controvert here the assertion that there has been a serious decrease of the forest area on our slope. A careful investigation will show that the redwood trees have not been killed out from 500 acres in California, nor the red fir from 1,000 acres in Washington and British Columbia; that the forests cleared away on the western slope of the Gicrra Nevada 30 )-ears ago have been replaced by a new growth, and that there is no proof that the clearings about Lake Tahoc \\iil not be covered with trees in the same way before the end of the century. While the area which was covered with trees in 1848, has not materially diminished, there have been extensive plantings of trees for fruit, shade, and timber, with a proba- bility that very much more work of the same kind will be done in the - future than has been done in the past. liUmber Production. — The lumbering industry of our coast gives employ- ment to 10,000 men, and produces 750,000,000 feet of sawn and split lum- ber, worth in the aggregate, at mill prices, about $12,000,000. California produces 300,000,000 feet; Washington, 200,000,000; Oregon, 150,000,000; British Columbia, 50,000,00c; and other portions of the slope, 50,000,000. The sawmills number 700, and the capital invested in them and in the timber lands needed for their supply is about .$io,ooc,ooo. The flumes, the chutes, the logging machines, the treble circular-.«avv WOOD. 583 an-angcmenl, the number and large size of ihc slides, drives, and booms, the magnitude and completeness of the sawmills, the grandeur and beauty of the trees, the uncqualcd length and diameter of tlie saw logs, the clear- ness of the lumber (60 per cent, being free from knots, while 20 is a large percentage elsewhere), and the varied advantages of the redwood, red fir, sugar pine, Iragrant cedar, and Alaska cedar for numerous important indus- trial purpo.ses, make our coast the classic region of lumbering. The mag- nificence of nature, and the efliciencj' of useful art have here made an un. paralleled combination, that fills the mind of the Canadian or Norwegian lumberman with wonder and envy. Trees taller than ours are found in New Zealand, and forests more extensive in Africa aiul South America, but neither they nor any other portions of the world have forests so grand, dense, extensive, valuable for general building purposes, and convenient of access in the hands of a skillful and laborious population, supplied with the best machinery. Washington's predominant industry is lumbering, her chief export being rough red fir planks, boards, and scantling suitable for the frames of houses and for fences. The most productive sawmills are at a few points on Puget Sound, where an abundance of timber is found in the \icinity of a good mill site, near a secure anchorage, with a body of water suitable for liolding the logs until they arc needed for sawing. The mills usually buy their material from men who make a business of logging, which includes the cutting of the trees, hauling them to the water's edge, throwing them in, and rafting them to the mill. The mills on and near the Sound have an aggregate capacity of cutting about 1,200,000 feet a day, a single mill being prepared to cut 250,000 feet. The shipments arc 140,000,000 annually to San Francisco, 25,000,000 to other Californian ports, and 12,000,000 to the Hawaiian Islands. The pncc at the mills is usually $13 for 1,000 feet. The lunbcr is usually sent to market in sailing-vessels, with a capacity to carry fi ai 250,000 to 1,000,000 feet, and there is an increasing demand for it Ur 'A Japan, China, and y\ustralia. Manchooria, New Zealand, and Soul hern Chile have fine forests, and may in time come into competition with our coast in supplying lumber to the extensive treeless and populous regions that border the Pacific on both sides. The forests of l?ritish Columbia are extensive and magnificent, but the home market is limited, the Californian market is inaccessible because of the high tariff, and there is little direct commerce with Japan, China, and Australia, which, therefore, get most of their lumber from California. The extent of the forests, however, and the advantages of the mills will, at no distant time, secure a ready sale for their products in many of the Asiatic and Spanish-American ports. numm^mmm'mmimwmm 584 MAXUI'AITIRKS. Flume Transportation. — Tlic tmiisoortation of lumber by flumes has become a prominent feature of the lumber-making industry. By their use logs can be transported from what \\ol.ild seem almost inaccessible points to the mills in the vicinity of railroads. An account of the origin of the V-Hume has been given in the chapter on Inventions. These artificial chan- nels, with smooth sloping sides, a regular grade, and a swift current of water deep enough to carry lumber, furnish the cheapest means yet found for transporting the products of the sawmills high up on the Sierra Nc\ada to the middle of the valley.s, 10, 20, or 40 miles distant. The speed usually ranges from 4 to 10 miles an hour, and the quantity carried by a flume in a day is very large. Many millions of dollars arc invested in flumes, and they have given \alue to extensive regions of lumber which, before the invention, were practically inaccessible and worthless for the uses of the present generation. They are so simple in their construction, and so cheap in their management, that the)' will doubtless be introduced, at no distant time, into the forests of the Himalayas and the Andes, and will gi\'C the stimulus of Anglo-y\merican enterprise and industrial skill to South American and Asiatic communities. The average cost of a luniljcr flinnc is about $3,000 a mile, and ranges from $1,000 to $20,000, according to the difficulties of the route, which is often o\-cr ver>- rugged country. The greatest of all fluming enterprises was that of THE SiKRKA FlU-NFE AM) Lu>ri)i:R CONrr'.vxv, organized in 1S75. Thi\- bought 60,000 acres of sugar pine and yellow pine tim!)er lanil on the Sierra Nevada, 4,000 or 5,000 feet abo\e the sea, in Plumas, Butte, and Tehama counties; con- structed i'> mills to saw the lumber and about 150 miles of flume to carry it to Red lUuff and Chico in the midtUe of the Sacramento V^allc)-. They in\'ested $2,500,000 in their business, manufactured 43,000,000 feet of lumber in a year, and failed; antl creditors incorporated uniler the title of Till-; Sii:kr.\ Lu.Mlii;R Co^ll'A^'^', took the property, and have more than 100 miles of fluming in good coiulition now. A costly Hume is that which carries lumber, mining timber, and cord- wood to Virginia Cit\-. It was built by a company comprising the bonanza firm of Flood & O'Brien, mainly for the purpose of supplying their mines, which at one time consumed 1,000,000 feet of timber in their underground works, and burned about 3,000 cords of firewood every month. The fire- wood, at the prices paid before the construction of the flume, cost them about $500,000 annually. The length of the flume is 15 miles, but the distance in a direct line from its head to its foot is only 8, so 7 miles are added in the l)ends. It was built within 10 weeks, by 200 men, at a cost of $20,000 a mile, or $300,000 for the entire work. The great haste with which WOOD. 585 it wiis constructed, the very high rate of wages prevailing at the time in Nevada, and the natural difficulties of the route, made it much more expen- sive than (lumcs usually arc. One of the most valuable flumes in Nevada is that of Yerrington, Br.iss & C<>-, carrying lumber from the summit of the mountain cast of Lake Tahoc down to Carson City. The most notable flumes of California are those terminating at Red Bluff, Chico, and Madera. These are much longer than any in Nevada, and have also a greater descent, for their lowest points are not more than 300 feet above the sea, while the Nevada flumes are at least 4,000 feet high. The smaller lumber flumes are very numerous, and arc scattered from San Bernardino on the south to British Columbia on the north. Perhaps the largest flume in Oregon is the Thiel.SEN flume, which carries 50,000 feet of lumber and 300 cords of firewood every day in the busy sea- son, from a forest in the Blue Mountains to the town of Milton. The total length, including a branch 10 miles long, is 30 miles. It is the property of The Orki.o.n Lmi'rovemkxt Company. The Oregon Railway and Navigation- Company needs large supplies of firewood at the Dalles, and o' 1' in from the Little White Salmon Flume, 10 miles long, belong- '".. ''I' ^V- ^^'l IDLER. It cost only $2,200 a mile for construction. 'Ill' <■" of i i.n, in Washington, is supplied with lumber, railroad tics, and cord - . from the Blue Mountains, by a flume belonging to TlIE Oregon lMl>Ro\E.\ir\T Co.mpan- Its length is 32 miles, and its original cost was $3S,ooo, on> uf the cheapi st structures of the kind on record. Sawmills.— The Spaniards -M :m-\v little of lumbering, used nothing more elaborate than a whip-saw, and did not produce much with that. From 1800 to iK ; - most of the few boards needed in California were imported, and the first lumber sawn for sale was produced in 1838 by James Daw.sox, of Sonoma, with a whip-saw. Stephen Smith, master of a little trading vessel from Baltin re, entered Bodega Bay in 1841, and while riding about the country, S6 MANl,'l'AfTrRi;s. %■ I Orcfjnn. SMITH obtained a large rancho, and as there was soon an active demand for lumber, his mill and land became very \ahiable. This was the only sawmill in California until the American conquest. The next one was built by JAMKS I'EACE, in what is now San Mateo Count)'; and, in 1847, work was commenced at Coloma on Sr rri'.R's sawmill, wJiich never produced any lumber. It was to be driven In- water, and the tail race was excavated in a bed of auriferous gravel, giving Marshall, the millwright, an opportunity to di.scovcr the placers which made an industrial revolution on our coast. The first sawmill of Washington was built near the southern end of I'ugct Sound in 1851. Some of the sawmilling enterprises on the shores of Puget Sound and in the redwood region of California arc like principalities. The manufac- turing firm owns a large tract, 50,000 or e\en 100,000 acres of timber lanil, including the shore or bank of a cove or ri\er mouth; the}' occupy \xuX of the water, with a boom to holil their logs; they have a town with all the ilwellings, store.', and shops; they h;i\e a railro.ul to carry their logs to the mill, and ships to carry their lumber to distant m.arkets. In several cases, electric illumination enables them to run their mills and load their ve.s.sels when d;irkness prev.iils in the \icinity. I'ive hundred men are employed by a single firm in their logging camiis and mills, and one firm ])roduces as much lumber as any one of .several lunopean kingdoms uses in a year. Among the prominent lumber manufacturers of California are John Vaxci-: and J(.)Si;i'll Ri>s, who are also leading men in the general business of Humboldt Count)-, where the)- reside. Mr. Russ is als(j extensi\el)- eii- ;';aged in the dair)- business, and an account of iiim has been given in the eliapter on domestic anini;ds. One of the most noted lumber maiuifactur- ers of our coast was Jir.XKV Mi:i<;(;s, who made a fortune in lumber, lost it speculating in San I'r.nicisco lots, forgetl a great number of city warrants, fled in his own vessel U> .South America, became the railroad king of I'eru, and laid the foundation for the bankruptcy of that republic, and for its con- (juest by Chile. Of the lumber enterprises in the Sierra Nevada, the most extensive has been that of TllK SlI.KRA I'LL'MK AND LUMIiKR CoMl'ANV, which was organized in iiS"5 to cut lumber in the higher i)orti(jns of Huttc Count)-, and float dow n to the Sacramento Ri\ er. Thev- bought many sciuare miles of limber lanil, built 150 miles of flume, terminating at Chico, Reil llluff, and lehama; hail 10 .sawmills, and produced a great quanlit)- of lumber. The Ncntare did not prm 1 profitable, and the company witlulrew from the business, part of the propcrt)- i)assing to a succes.sor. Till". Sn:RR.\. Lu.MIiKK CiiMi'.v.w, The greatesi lumber firm of Nevada is YllRRINciTON, Bliss'& Cii., who have a sawmill on the eastern shore of Lake Tahoc, a steamboat to low r.ifts across the lake, a railroad to carry tlie lumber to the ill I ii ; ' ^' S': m i m' 'A o !4 s as 1 ii WOOD. 587 summit of the mountain, and a flume leading down from the end of the iron track to Carson City. E. B. Dean & Co., main office at 22 California Street, San Francisco, have a sawmill with a capacity of 50,000 a day, at Alarshfield, on the shore of Coos Bay, 14 miles from the ocean. They also ha\e 5,000 acres of red or Douglas fir (Oregon pine) timber, and 4 vessels — the C. II. Merchant of 2.S0 tons, the Jennie Stella of 293 tons, the Emma Utter of 286 tons, and the Laura May of 280 tons — which pl\' between San Francisco and Coos ]>ay — antl the steam-tug Escort. It is n\ainl}- to the enterprise of IC. 15. Di:.\.\ & Co. that Coos Bay owes its prominence as one of the seats of shipbuilding on our coast. They have constructed 13 \'cssels in their ship- y.ird, uid now ha\e a barkentine of 400 tons on the stocks. They employ 100 men in their logging camp, 40 in their mill, and from 25 tf) 50 in their ship-}ard. At the mill, for the convenience of business, the\' have 400 feet front of wharfage. t)n January- i, 1882, the logs on hand ready for sawing contained 7,500,000 feet. The house has a lumber-yard, and a branch yard at the foot f)f Market Street in Oakland. Charles L. Dingley. — Capt.iiu Cll.\RLl'..s L. DlN(.;i.EV, a prominent lum- ber manufacturer of Californi.i, .irrivcd in San Francisco from his native State, Maine, in 1851, his only fortune being his 2 hands and his will to work. lie shipped on a bay schooner, and within a j-ear was the owner of a small .schooner. Soon he was known to merchants a.s a skipper who kept his word, and would carry articles which others would refuse on account of difficulty of stowage. lie took the first locomotive from San I^rancisco to Sacramento, and al.so carried the long and heavy timbers (some of them longer than his vessel) for the first bridge across the Sacramento River. In 1859, he purchased the bark Adelaide Cooper in New York, and brought her to San Francisco, with 2 boilers on deck, each 15 feet high, 21 feet long, and v.eighing 74 tons. Shipmasters generally, who .saw the vessel and the proposed freight, predicted that Capt. DiNGLEV would never reach the Golden Gate; but he e.xplained to the underwriters his plan of stow.ige ; they took the risk ; and he delivered his boilers for the steamer Brother Jonathan. In such tasks he never failed; and when he accomplished entcr- pri-^^cs which others would not undertake lie obtained pay proportioned to the difficulty. After some years he was enabled to leave the sea and intrust his ships, for he purchased several, to others. He now has the Ericsson of 1,645 t-ons (this was the ves.sel built by the famous engineer of the same name to tr)- the hot-air engine as a motive power in ocean navi- gation), the I'allev Fori^e of 1,280 tons, and the Columbus of 1,000 tons. Capt. Dl\(.;i,i;\' is president of TllK Gokdo.x I[.\Rinv.\Ki-: Co.\[l'.\NY, 'I! 588 MANLI'Af rUUKS. 250 and 252 Market Street, half owner in the Pacific Oakum Factor}', and one of tlie 4 stockhoklers in TllK Glalala MlLI, CoMl'ANV, which owns 17,000 acres of redwood timber land, and a mill with a ca])acity of 60,000 feet a day. He also owns, separately, 5,000 acres of redw(X)d timber land. For 15 years he held the San Francisco agency of the I' rf, V. > c 7: V. 5 I lit f i;, II f WOOD. 589 & Co. The mill, po feet long and So wide, has ;i capacity to produce 1 25,- 000 feet of lumber and 40,000 laths daily. The machinery includes 2 large circular saw.s, 2 resaw and gang edgcrs, 2 upriglit saw gang.s, a lath ma- cliine, a picket machine, 3 j)laner.s, a patent sawdust-feed, an endless cliain .slab-carrier, and a barley-mill. The log is drawn over a slip into the mill at one end to the large circulars, from which it is carried by live rolls to the .secondary saws, and from them it passes in shapes ready for the market down an inclined plane to the ships. The mill can saw lumber 150 feet long. Additional machinery has been orderetl so that in September, 1882, the capacity of the mill will be increased to 175,000 feet a day. Mr. HAN- SON has 15 logging camps in which he employs 400 men, the largest camp being on the line of the Olympia branch of the Northern Pacific Railroad. At Tacoma, besides the mills, he owns 54 dwellings, a telegraph office, and a store, in which last goods to the value of $220,000 were sold in 1881. The resident superintendent in Tacoma is GEORfJi; E. Atkinson. Mr. Hanson's sailing-vessels — the bark Sainosct of 700 tons, and the ships Das/ling Wave of 1,054, the SUirky of i,ioq, and the Canada of 1,200 tons- are employed exclusively in conveying lumber to San Franci-scu market. The steam-tug Tacoma, measuring 260 tons, with a 600-horse-powcr > iiginc, is said to be the strongest ves.scl of her class on our coast. Mr. HANSON also owns a sawmill with a capacity of 20,000 feet a ilay at Redwood City, giving employment in the mill and logging camp to 50 men. He is also agent for the Union Mill, with a capacity of 40,000 feet, at Humboldt Bay. S. H. Harmon. — One of the large lumber-yards of San Francisco is that of S. H. Harmon, whose office is at pier No. 13, Steuart Street; and he has branch yards at Point Sal, Santa Barbara County, and at San Buena- ventura. To carry his lumber to market he has 4 schooners — the Z. B. Hcyti-'ood, 107 tons; [he (SiM/ala,()i tons; ihn Bi/l t/te Butcher, H$ tons; and . ihc Bessie Everdine, 74 tons. II i- sells most of his lumber in San Fran- cisco, but he ships to many ports on the southern coast of California, especially Wilmington, to which point he has sent much redwood timber, some of it 43 feet long, for the sectional ]>iling and bridges of the Atchison, Topcka, and Santa Fd Railroad. Since 1864 Mr. Harmon has been a stockholder, and is now the president, of TilK GuALALA MiLL Company, an incorporation organized in 1876. His associate shareholders are F. Heywood, W. B. Heyvvood, and C. L. Dingley — ail the stock being lield by 4 pcrson.s. The company own 17,000 acres of redwood timber, a railroad 9 miles long, 2 locomotives, and the Gualala sawmill at the mouth of the Gualala River, and 2^ miles from Bowen's Landing, a place at which no vessel has ever been wrecked. All the machinery of the mill is T?^ r) ill' IIP 590 M.WIIAdTUr.S. (if the latest impnived pattcins, and tlie caiiacity is fio.ooo feet a (la\-. A ntiiles' saw, a Sl'l'.KN's tri|)k' ciiciilar saw, a pi)iiy saw, a L;aii;,' etlj^'er, ^ |)lan- iiii; machines, a i)icket niaeiiiiic, a shini;lc machine, anil a i^ristmill are dri\en b)' :; larije steam-cnijines, one C) linder heinj^ J4 bj- ]o inches and the other 14 iiy 24. The building' is J50 feet Ion;,' b_\' 60 wide; uml in the loL,';4in.L[ camps and mill IJ5 men are emplnjcd, at wa.Ljes r,ini;in;4 fmm .$30 t(i .$100 a month. W. H.- 1 iKVWi » >li is superintendent at the mill. Hastings Sawmill. — One of the imied lumber manufacturinij est.iblish- mcnt.« of our coast is the llastin;4s .Sawmill, erected in 1865 on the shore of Hnrrard Inlet, near the mouth of I'razer Ri\-er, by JuiLjlisii capitalists, and now the propert}- of DliKSON, Dl-: WdLK iK: Co. 'l"he machinery, which was sent from l'.ML;land, has a capacity to .saw -0,000, and to surface 30,000 feet a day. The mill shijis from 10,000,000 to 12,000,000 feet annu- aiij-, and has been distin.Ljuishcd for the nmnber of larye spars fsome of them 40 inches in diameter) which it has sent to h'.urope. The demand tliere for wooden spars li.-is howe\er decreased, because of the substitution of iron. The shi])ments of hmiber in iScSi amountcti to ii.Soo.ooo feet, cxclusi\cof SiSo.OOO laths. Of 19 cargoes, 12 went to jVustralia, 4 to China, and one each to San Francisco, Soutli Africa, anil South America. Of the boards, about one tenth were dressed, and the \essels carried, on the average, 750 feet of lumber for each ton of measurement. The luinber of Binrard Inlet, tjcnerally, is similar to that of I'ui^et Sound, and equallj- ifood for every purpose, but some of it is softer, takes a smoother surface under the plane, and is preferred b\' carpenters for the insiile work of jiou.scs. J. A. R.WMliR is tlic resident m.inaijer antl superintendent of the mill, and the San I'rancisco office is that of IJICKSON, Dk WoLK i.i: Ct,)., 412 antl 414 Uattery Street. George B. Knowles & Son.— Gkouce H. Knowlf.s & Son arc prom- inent lumber merchants in .San l-"rancisco. Their stock of Eastern hard- wood, inchKlin;^ oak, ash, antl liickory, is s;iitl to |je tlv: larijest west of the Rocky .Mountains, and besitles they tleal in bl.ick walnut and ICastern pine, and in the kuu'el (for shipbiiiklers;, redwood, fir, pine, antl cetlar of otu' coast. The}' ha\e a lumber-j-artl occupying 2 50-\ara lots on the corner of Main and Bryant streets, and another covering a 50-vara Kit on the corner of Main and Mission streets. The senior partner came to Califtjrnia in 1851, antl in the same )ear began to ship lumber from Oregon, and has continuetl in the lumber business imtil the present time. Mis first lumber- yard in San I'rmcisco was establishctl in 1853, on the north side of Cali- fornia .Street near I'ront .the firm name then was Haiij;v K: K.VOWLES), \\here it reinained until 1867, when it was mtnetl to tiie ctirner of Main and Mi.s.sion strcet.s, the present location. Ifi i I ait ■ ill 1^ w 'i $■ ij A^\ woon. 591 Moodyville Sawmill. — On the shore of Ikinaicl Tnlct, the most con- \enieiit harbor for vessels of deep draught oil the mainland of Uritisli Columbia, and near the terminus of the Canadian Pacific liailnjail, is the sawmill of THE MOODWILLE Sawmill Comtanv (limited), the stock of which is held by ANDREW WELCH, of San Francisco, and the lion. IIUGII Nelson, of ]?urrard Inlet, who is the resident manager. It has a capacity to saw I 50,000 feet of lumber and to surface 25,000 in 24 hours. The main building is 350 feet long by 75 wide, anil it has 2 gang saws, a double cir- cular, 2 planers, and an cdger, and gi\es employment to 150 white men. WlXCH, KrniET & Co., in Victoria, and Welch & Co., in San I'rancisco, are the agents of the mill. Nickerson & Co. — NiCKERSON & Co. (Byron Nicker.son and Samuel ]!akekj are proprietors of the Garcl\ Sawmh.L, one of the largest lumber-mills in Mendocino County. The mill was built in 1869, and is fitted with double circular cdger and trimmer saws, 5 planers, and a picket machine, and has a capacity of 45,000 feet a day of rcdwotnl and pine. The\' own a tract of timber land containing 3,500 acres, and employ from 75 to 130 men, and sell by the cargo. A .shipi)ing point is reached b>' a flume 6 miles long, and a tramway 2 miles in length, and loading into vessels is effected by a chute. The anchorage is o[)eii, but vessels receive cargoes throughout the )car. The office of the Inni is at 202 Sacramento Street, San I'"rancisco. Occidental Sawmill. — The Occidental Sawmill, in the town of luireka on nuinboUlt Hay, was originally built by Rv.\N & UUKE, in iSOS. After being burned down in 1869, it was rebuilt by them in 1870, and sold, in 1872, to Evans & Co., who, in 1875, .sold it to the present owners, McKay & Co., the partners in the firm being Allan McKay, Harris Connick, ALiiXANDER Connick, anil A. J. Brvant. The firm own 4,000 acres of redwood timber, and cut their own logs, emiiloying 60 men for logging, and 40 at their mill. V'cs.sc-ls drawing 20 feet can lie at their wharf Near the mill they have their office, machine and blacksmith slujps, and a boarding and lodging house for their men. The mill, which has a capacity to saw 50,000 feet in 12 hours, and can saw logs 10 feet 'hrcjugh and 40 feet long into boards, is i6o feet long, 60 wide, and 2 stories high. The first floor has 2 42-inch tUie boiler,'-, 24 feet long, an engine of 100 horse-power, and shingle, siding, lath, and picket machines, shafting, etc. The second floor has 3 62-inch circular saws, (jiie above the other, arrangetl under the EvANS 'Jriple Circular I'.itent (which belongs to McKav & Co.), a pony circular for resawing cants, a gang-edger, 3 trimming saws, and 3 planers lor sur- facing and niatching. The logs are stored iu the waters of the bay, and are li.iuled by steam up into the mill. ¥ ! I'" '* 592 MANUFACTURES. Pope & Talbot. — Since pioneer times PoPK &Tai,I!()T h,-i\-c been pmmi- nent in the liiinbcr business of our coast, as dealers in .San Francisco (office 204 California Street), inanufactiirers in WashinLjton Territor)', and shippers in their own vessels. Amon;^ the first to perceive the advantacjes of Piiget Sound as a source of lumber suppl)- for the Califoriiian market, they selected an excellent site at Port Gamble, and erected a mill, which has been one of the most productive enterprises of its kind. Workin^^ under the name of Tiili PUGIIT Mill Company, the)- have 2 mills at Port Gamble, with a capacity to turn out I75,CXX) feet a da)-. Litfht is furnislied by 17 electric burners to the spit and boom, the new mill, the old mill, the firc-ioom, the machine shop, the burners for the spit and boom being on hifjh mast.'i. The actual annual product is 40,000,000 feet. The new mill, supplied with the best machinery and with the latest impro\cments, has one circular saw, 2 gangs, one tabic edgcr, 2 gangs of edgcrs, one lathing machine, 6 trimmers, and 2 planing machines. TiiK Pur.ET Mill Company also own the Utsalady Mill, which cuts 17,000.000 feet annuall)-; and they also own the Port Ludlow Mill, which has recently been supplied with a large stock of new machinery, including an automatic slab machine, a sawdust-conveyer, and live rolls. With their mills at Port (jamble, I'ort Ludlow, and Utsalady, Thk Puget Mill Comp.WY will be able to produce about 99,000,000 feet of lumber annually, a.s much as the entire consumption of .Sicily, Cjreece, or even Portugal. The Puget Mill Company also own 106,000 acres of timber land on the shores of Puget Sound and near their mills; and Till') Puget Sound Co.MMI:kcl\L Co.MP.VNY, another corporation comijosed of the same members, have 16 vessels measuring 14,500 tons in the aggregate, for the accommodation of their business. Port Discovery Mills.— This mill, the property of The Port Discov- ery Mh,L & LUMliER CoNH'ANY, 365 feet long and 95 feet wide, with a capacity of 100,000 feet in 12 hours, has all the most recent appliances for sawing lirst-class lumlicr and economi/ing labor. A new device called Hve rolls, distributes material to the saws. An automatic wire-feed carries away the refuse isl.ibs, chii)s, and sawdust), some of it to the boiler-room, and some to a place where a continuous fire ilispo.scs of the surplus. The macliinei)- includes a gang of large saws in a wide gate, 3 large circulars, a gang-edger with « saws, a gang of lath saws, and 3 planers, driven by 4 steam-engines with 250 horse-iiower. The mill gives employment to 70 men, wlm live in a town laid off by the coinpan)-, which, besides 50 sepa- rate dwellings, contains a hotel, boarding-house, general merchandi.se store, ti to feed the sawilust and refuse to the fur- nace, and numennis electric lights furnisheil by TilK C'ALli'ORNi.V I£li:(:tric LlCIIT COAtPANV, .so that ill th.- short winter days there shall be no dark- ness to obstruct the manufacture or shipment during the working hours. The vessels of the coinpany are the ships To/"^al/a)it, of i,2.So tons; the J^nissiit, of 1,220 tons; and the (?/(r^(', qf S80 tons; the bark Ruicotit, of 850 tons; the b.irkenline A'. A', 'lam, of 560 tons; the bark I.ir:r:h: Marshal, and the schooner C'c'iirser. In 1881, 70 vessels t<^i>k cargoes oflumber from tJie mill. The town on the land of the company has 100 dwellings, a hotel, with acconunotKilions for 120 guests, a school-house, a Masonic hall, a store, and 400 inhabitants. The mill gives employment to 120 men, and the log- ging department to 200 more. 75 594 MWriACI IRKS. iM Redwood Lumber Mills. — Ihu Island Mill, nn an island in Iliimhuldt I?ay, with a cai)acit_\- of 75,000 feet one of the l;ir.L;est of retlwocid sawmills), and the Jones Mill, with a capacity of 40,000 feet a da\-, in the town of Eureka, on the s.une ba\-, helony; to a lirni which conducts the liusiness under the name of 1). R. J(i\i;s i Ci 1. at luueka, and of JmiN KiONT- I'lELlJ & Co. at pier 9, Steu.art .Street, .San I'nuiciseo. 'l"he ])artner.s are D. R. JoNi.s, n. II. lU; I INK, and JmiN Ki;.\tkii.i,|). The Jones Mill, built about i'S50, in earh^ times contiibuted much to the prosperity of ICureka, and deserves a prominent ])lace in the historv of Humboldt County. It has been I'cfitted, antl both mills are now sup])lied with the l.iest maehiner)- and the Latest improvements. The Island Mill h,is a wharf at which 5 shijis can load at a time, The firm own laruje tracts of redwood timber near the ba}-, anil the\- have a railroad 6 niiles Ioiil;', with 20 car-trucks and 2 first- class locomotives to haul their Ioljs to tide-water, where thev' are made into rafts to be towed by the firm's steaui-tui,'' to- the mills. The shijiments by this firm to the Saiulwich Islands L;ive emiiloyment to 3 vessels; 4 vessels arc required to carrv their products to ,San h'rancisco; and larLje (|uantities of ties antl lumber are shipped to the southern ports of Califi)rnia, ,ind to Central and .South .America. Rock Bay Sawmill. — The Rock Hay Sawmill, in \'ictoria, w.is erected in 187S, In- W. 1'. S.vVWAki), a resilient of British C'olumbia since iS^.S, and a pioneer in its lumber industry It occu[)ies a valuable site near the water front of the harbor, and has a coinmoilious wharf 300 feet lonj; on the deep channel, ,ind .).(X) feet witle, offerinij c.xcellcnt fiicilities for shi|)pini; the products of the mill. The capacity is 30.000 feet of lumber dailv, anil. 30 men arc cmployeil, of whom one third are Indians. The latter receive $1.25, while the pa_v of the white laborers is !$2 a day. A. M. Simpson & Brother. — A. .M. Si.Mi'sox & HKorm.u, prominent manufacturers and dealers in lumber on our coast fiir a quarter of a ccn- turv, are rem.irk.able for the wide extent of their operations. They have 7 sawmills, one at .Shoalwater Hay, ipiie im the Columbia, _' at (iardner, on the L'ni]Kiua River, one at Coos Hay, one at Crescent Citv-, and one at Boca. Their mills have a capacit)- to produce ::70,000 feet, in the aL;;4re- [;ati', dailv, includinL; 30,000 each from Coos Bay, Crescent City, and lioc.a; 40,000 at .Shoalwater Hay, .and 70,000 e.ich at the Colu:iiI)ia and (i.ird- ner. Hoca supjilies suLjar pine; Crescent Citv, ledvvood ; Coos Ha_v, white cedar; and the oihei's, n-d fir 'Oi'e^on pine}, .ind spruce, makinLj a variety of the most valuable kimls of I'acific lumber now in the market. I'or the piu'po.ses of transportation the\- liave a licet of 15 vessels, includinL; a bark of 51.S toil.,, ing between San ['rancisco anil Navarro River. Besides, they have 5 other vessels in the trade under charter. Their mill, erected in 1861, has a capacity of 40,000 feet a day. Cii.\KI.l:s G. Y.\Li:, in his valuable pamphlet on Pacijic Coast I /arbors, published in 1879, referring to the Navarro River, saitl: "The mill and wharf arc owned by il. ]}. TlClIKXOR & Co. This new wharf is the best and most substantial on the north coast. The piles have been driven in very deep and all the work has been done in the ver\- best manner." A horse railway, half a mile long, leads from the mill to the end of the wharf. Not infrequently loo.OOO feet of lumber arc .shipped in a day. They also send several hundred cords of chestnut-oak tanbark to San h'rancisco annually. Their town has 35 cottages, a store, a blacksmith sho[), a telegraph office, express office, and a hall used by the Odd Fellows and United Workmen. H. R. TiCIIENOR has been prominent ': 5'/' MAXn At TIKKS. .it i iil l.:'i ■ 1 ill the hiinbci- business for many \cais, havini,' built a mill at Port Orford, in 1.S53, to cut white cedar, which because of that supplj- became known as Port Orfnnl cedar. Watsonville Mill. — One of the larijest lumber enterprises on the coast south of San I'rancisco is that of Till'; WatsoWILLI; jMiM- AXD Lcm- r.KK COMl'.WS, which <:;rew out of a small mill erected in iS62ln- J. li. I?U(i\v\. .Sofin afterwards he was jfiincd b)- J. I,. I l.M.si 1; ai >, ,ind as busi- ness enlarged under careful and judicious mana,^'ement, llu}- admitted NliWM.VN S.wr.ORX into their firm, ami built a new mill. l"or the purpose of consoliilatiny; ri\al redwood interests, thej- added CUARI.KS FoUD, Lu- CIEN Samiorn, and \Vm. Willia.Msox to their list of partners. Four years later Xi:\VMAX Saxisorx died, and .\. L. SAMinRX, a younL;er brother, took his place. Mr. WJI.LIAMSOX .sold out in 1872; and, in 1.S7S, the partners formed an incorporation. C'lI.VRl.I'.S FoRI) is president; J. 15. Browx, superintendent; .\. L. .S.WI'.okX, treasurer; and Jami.s Li:\- SCOTT, secretary ; and other shareholders are Lucius .SaxudRX and J. L. ITai,sT!;.\1j. They have 3 .sawmills with an aggrcLjalc capacity of 75,000 feet, and a shiiv^le-mill that can .saw 40,000 shinj,des a da)'. To supjily the mate- rial for their mills, they own 8,000 acres of redwood timber in the .Santa Cruz mountains. Their mills and los^gini^ camp i;ive emi)loyment to 150 men. The main |)roduct is lumber for buiklin.Lj purposes, but the\- also sell large quantities of timbers suitable for railroad bridges. The firm of Ivird & SAXIiORX have large mercantile establishuK nts in .Salinas ;md \\'atson\ille, Messrs. MoRKV and jMur.Vsco being partners of the house in the latter town. John Wigmore. — Joiix \VI(;M()Ri:, importer and dealer in hardwood lumber and veneers, came to California in 1854, and returning to the Atlantic States the same year, c.ime out ag;iin in 1S57, ;uul beg.in manu- facturing the next season, on the ground now occupied by the Merchants' l'-xch;mge building. In 1.SO7, he built a large furniture factors- on Spear Street, which was destroyed by fire within 1 J months .after its completion. He then discontinued m.inufacturing, .and cnnfined his business to the im- portation of cabinet wcioils ,ind s(]uare-edged hardwood lumber, this being the onl)- house nii the co.ast dealing exclusi\el)' in these articles. A si)eci.ilty is maile of counter tops, choice foreign woods in logs and in lum- ber, white-oak timber and plank, :ind locust-tree nails, wedges, etc. The office and \'anl are at 1 ;, 1 Spear .Street, the pivmises co\'ering ;in .area of 230 by 137 feet. The proprietor lives in Hosion, Ma>-..'ichusetts, and attends to ]iurchasing and shipping, the .San Francisco business bcini. by his son, Al,i iioxsn .\. Wii-.Mi )Ri:. conducted to woon. 597 Willamette Sawmill.— Thr l.irt^cst s.iwniil! in Orcj,'oii is tliat of TilE WiLLAMr.TTi: Stkam Mills, LLMnr.ui.\(., .VXD Manukactltunc Com- I'ANV, Ijuilt at Portland in 1869 by Gr.()K<;i': VV. WianLER. Tlic main l)iiildinj.j is 325 feet long by 60 feet wide, and 2 stories higli, the upper stor)- being iisetl for a sawmill, and the lower one for planing and mokling work. The company, which was incorporated in 1.S71, employs 150 men, at from $2.50 to $3.50 per day, cutting out, in a )-ear, 2G,ooo,ooo feet of lum- ber, including about I 2,ocxd,ooo feci o( dre.-sed lumber, and 6,000,000 lath. Sonic of this lumber is exported to California, Sandwich Islands, South America, and China, but the larger part is used in Oregon and W'ashington. The total \alue of a year's product is about $325,000. Connected with the mill arc a s;ish, door, and blind factory, and a bo.\ factory, the former turn- ing out products worth about $100,000, and the latter $25,000. I'our other sawmills in Portland jjroducc about iS,ooo,ooo feet annually, making a grand total in Portland of 44,000,000 feet, valued at $600,000. John Vance.— In the manufacture of redwood lumber, perhaps no one has been more successful than JOIIX VaN'CE, of Eureka. He is a pioneer settler at Humboldt Bay, and president of the Pioneer Society of Eureka; also i)resitlent of the I'.ureka Chamber of Commerce, and a leader in the business of his county. The finest hotel in a seaport town between the Golden Gate and the Columbia River, was built b)- him at luireka, and supplied with all the modern im[)rovemcnts, at a cost of $60,000. To obtain a .supply of jirovisions for his guests, and feed for his domestic ani- mals, he has a farm of 200 acres. He owns thc^ barkentinc C'/ic/c Jolui, built for the Sandwich Island trade, and is part owner in another vessel. He has 2 sawmills and a shinglc-mill, each of the former having a capacity to produce 40,000 feet a day. One mill is at Eureka, anil the other, with the shingle-mill, is on Mad River, 15 miles from Eureka. The mills have live-rolls, s.iwdust conveyers, slab-carriers, double-circulars, gang- edgers, and Stern's head-blocks. Mr. VANCE also has PkeSCOTT's Patent Steam-feed, the first on this coast. This machine has a steam-cylinder 40 feet long, the piston of which moves the log back and forth at pleasure, and can be controlled with one finger, even when a log weighing 20 tons is on the carriage. Redwood is not sawed to a length greater than 40 feet. He has 3,000 acres of fine redwood timber on Mad River, a railroad 8 miles long, laid with T steel rails, and 2 Baldwin locomotives to transport his logs. In his mills and logging-camps he gives employment to 150 men. Although the entrance of Humboldt Bay i.-- sometimes difficult, the harbor of luu-cka is secure. It is expected that the town will .soon be made a port of entry. I I ■ 5.;,S \iA\riAii I i;i:s. Planing-mills.— riio alnindani ■■ and cheapness i.f lumber, the adoption rif unod a. tile ciuef material in the CDnstruction of the houses, and the skill of the pc()])le iti workintj wood on our si )pc. north of Mcxieo, imply the (.'xtensive use of the planin;^'-mil! to sa\e 'ahor in prepariniij the hunber for the carpenter. The pieces rei|uired fo. niakiuij tloors, sashes, blinds. columns, pilasters, cornices, porticos, balustrades, frames, and internal and external casin;.;s fur doors and windows, arc cut by machincr)-, in finished patterns, at little expense, from soft wood. We not only sup|)K' our honie demand for such articles, but have bcLjun an active e.K])ortation, the annual sliipments to Mexico, C entral America, and Australia amounting;- to $350,000, with a prospect of rapid increase. The sugar pine, white cetlar, .\laska cedar, asli, and redwood arc well ad.ipted for such purposes. Tlie suyar pine, liow- cver, is becoming;' scarce, the price of its lumber iiaxini^f achanced to .$75 for 1,000 feet. Redwood is used extensivel)- for m.ui\- kinds if planin^-mill work, becau.se it is cheap ai^d docs not warp, stain, or crack. Our coas' has now 20 planiuLj and door jiiills, with an ay.Ljrei^ali' capital of $i,(X)0,ooo, einploN'in.L; 1,500 men. pa_\-in;j; them $1,350,000 in u;iL;es, usinij 40,000,000 feet of lumber, worth .$i,JOO,ooo, anti tin-nin;_; out a pnnluct wortli $.4.,500,- 000 in the aL^j^ret^atc. The hrst i)laninjj-miilll on our coast was started in 1S57 on Market .Street, near First, .San I•"ra^ci^iCo. by Mr. IIl'TTo.N; and the second one was built at Xorth 15each by llENiA Mi;i(;i;s. The first sash and iloor factor\- was e)|)ici«ed at MarxsviUc tn 1N54. .Amonij the noted planinL;-mills of the coast air* the California 'PliEM uTT & S.\.N-i;(iK\), the .Meciianics' Rr>si;LL, Wilis & Co.j, the Einterprise -D. ;V. M.WDONAI.U & Co.), the Centennitil (W. !B. Bkaduukv .in San Franci.sco; the Pioneer 1). G. Hauxks), in Oak- lamti:: Perrv, VVi lonwc )R1II ^;: Co., in Los Angjeles; G. W. WlCini.llK, in Pnmiand; and the Royal City, in New Westminster. Ssyal City PJAning-mllls.- I'lii: Rhvai. Cit\ I'LAMXC-MiLr.s Com- PX"^- . LiMiTi.h i)artners. Jdiix Ih'.NDKV, IXwii' McX.MK, R. 15. Kki.I.v, anc A\I)l^i:w I l.\si..\,.M ), establisheil in 1.S7.S, at New Westminster, is one of cne leading; industrial enterprises of iiritish Columbia. The mills do wrought and scroll :-;u\ing, pkmin-, and turning, and maiuilacture dres.sed lumber, doors, saslies, blinds, and inold'iigs. They can saw ::o,ooo feet antI plane as much, besides making 100 doors and 100 windows in a da\-, and the dr_\'ing capacil_\- is jo.ooo feet. The mills, ire situated on the b.ink of I'rascr Ri\er, with a water froiUage 396 feet long, and a wharf reaching out to a «lei)th of 12 feet at low tide. Tile mill is |,S7 feet long b\- IJO wide, with additional buildings to furnish abutulant store room. The dii\ing power is supplied l)y 2 siij.im-engines, tine of 1 50 and the other of j:, horse-power. ti< :»;. \}i 1 1 ! h! m .1, M wdon. 599 their lumber from Tiir. Mahfra Flumt'. and Tr AiMNr, CoMrAW, aiin ; Truckee and Scatllc arc ])iaccs where more siiook-. tlian hoxc-; arc made; and Crescent City also makes shooks. Most of the boxes on our coast arc made in factories uliicli de\()te theni- sches cxclusi\ely to the manufacture of boxes: but in places not supplied with a box factor)-, if there is a planin;;-mi!l, it usually has a d^p^rtment in which boxes are made to order. AmouL; the notable establishments arc the L'liion l)Ox I'aetory, eniployitic^ 125 men, the factory of I loi;i;s, W'Al.l. & C( I., the i'acillc-iSox i'actory, the .Standard Iiox J-"actory, ,md the San Imiui- cisco TackitiL,'^ ]5ox kactory, of .San I-"rancisco; the I'iunecr Hox l'"actory, of Sacramento, and the factories of Jniix II.VKl.oW & Co. 'j'lit; ()ut;i;(iN r)Ai;Ki.i. Cumi'anv, of which H. (). Si:vi:r.\N( 1: was th(; founder, and \\'.viill.\MS & EiAAO'lT, merchants of i'ortlanil are share- holders and a,c;ents, has a factory at St. Johns, on the Willamette Ri\er, where, besitlcs barrels antl pails, bo.xes lor fruit and cases for salmon are made to tile value of ,$l 5,000 .annuallj'. Cigar-boxes. — The cit,far-boxcs required to hold the cifjars made on our c- more Chin, mien woik in the C!hincse factories, so that the total number of (icrson^ enL;at.;etl in (he business, in liSSi. is 210, 4 times as man)- .'is in I1S7C1. riie factories of ciijar-boxes on our coast are all in .San Ir.mcisco, and I il M In II 1 :i 1 r i || ,y :■■,;:; i jbV WOOD. oor include those of Koui'.KL & BROTHERS, who make 600,000 boxes annually; of C. A. & G. W. Hooper, who make 1,500 boxes a &dy; and of A. WaldstEIX, who makes about as maiu'. Jewelry -boxes. — The manufacture of jewelry-boxes on our coast is conlmed to .San I"rancisco, and ^ives employment to a dozen persons, who receive on an average .$1.50 a day, about one fourth more than is paid to men in the same occupation in New York. The poplar, or white wootl, used for frames, the imitation morocco for covers, and the linings arc all brought from the East. The annual production is worth $25,000, while the finished articles brought from the Atlantic are worth twice as mucli, the annual consumption being about $65,000. There has been a rapid growth in the demand, purchasers now requiring elegant boxes with jewelry which was formerly taken in a pasteboard bo.x or a paper wrapper. The San I'ran- cisco boxes compare favorablj' in design and finish with those brought from New York. A considerable part of the local business owes its existence to the local manufacture of jewelry and sih'erware to order on patterns requir- ing special bo.KCS. The only Pacific house that manufactures jewelry- boxes is that of i\. H. LociIBAUM. Furniture. — The present condition of the furniture business on our coast may be stated in general terms as well inaugurated, measurably prosperous, and of growing importance. The statistics show that the furniture trade in California considerably exceeds .$2,000,000 annually, and in Oregon reaches $750,000. About one half the furniture sold in the Californian market is made in the Eastern States, and the other half is manufactured in the State, while in Oregon not more than one third is imported, and the other two thirds are home-made. A large proportion of the furni- ture imported is sliipped in separate pieces in what is called the " knock- down" state, ready to be put together, and is set up and upholstered here. It is chiefly the higher priced goods that arc imported, though all kinds of chairs are brought from the East in cases of a dozen each, to be put together here, as both the material and labor employed in their manufacture arc much cheaper there than here. The "rawhide" chair, the only distinctl)' original article of furniture produced on the coast, comes in competition to a limited extent with the cheap Eastern-made chains, as it is a light, durable, and in- expensive chair, well adapted to the climate, being someW'hat larger than the common kitchen chair, and made of round pieces, except the nearly straight back, and seated with rawhide strips wo\en or plaited in large open squares. The chief advantages enjoyed by the manufacturers of furniture on the Pacific Coast are in the mild and equable climate, and in the high rates of freight from the Eastern States. There is no loss of time here on account 76 m IS ii 602 M AM l\< TIUKS. fif cxlmm- liLMl nr cold, and hu\. lilllc oulla\- is rc()uircd for fuel and shelter. The cost (if transportation from the I'.ast is 25 per cent, of the Eastern sclliii;; ])rice, even for such articles as can be packed to advantacje, and so hif^h as to practically prohibit tlie im|)ortation of upholstered jjoods. The f^reat hindrances to production are in the necessity of importing nearly all the materials used. ']"he manufacturini^ centers of our coast have an e.\- cellent situation for sup[)l)-in;,f fine furniture, not onl\- to the American and Biitish territory west of the Rocky Mf)untains, but al.so the Pacific islands, ■yVustralia, the eastern shores (,f Asia, and the western slopes of Mexico, and Central and .South America. Material for Furniture. — The hinibcr for the manufacture of furniture is near!}- all imiioricd, consislin;.; of black walnut, oak, asli, maple, and cherr)- from the Mississippi \'alle\-; prima\era and Spanish cedar from the west coast of Mexico; toa and tamano from the South Pacific islands; and, for the Ciilifornian market, maple, ash, alder, and white cedar from OicL^on and \\'ashii)L;ton. .About one fourth of all the wood consumed in the manufacture of furniture in San I'rancisco is imjiorted from the Missis- sippi X'alley, one half from ( )rei;dn and W'ashin.Ljton, one tenth froin Mex- ico and the .South Pacific islands, antl the remainder comes from California. Of the lumber broULjht from tlie Mississi])pi X'alley, prob.ibly three fifths are black walnut, and two fifths are .about cquallj- divided among ash, oak, maple, and cherry. The wholesale ])riccs of lumber in the San Francisco market in ,Septeiiib('r, iiS,Si,were as follows: Black walnut, $160; cherry, $150; ma])le. oak, and ash, each $110; Ore^'on maple, $40; white cedar, $55; akler and ash, .$45; primaver.i, $145; .Spanish cedar, $100; tamano, $100; and toa, $140 for 1,000 feet. Some year.s ago the native woods of the Pacific Coast, from Washington to Central America, were carefully examined b)' Tin; West Co.v.st Fuk- NITURIO Co.MP.V.W under the instruction of the late W. C. R.VLSTO.V, the master spirit of the compan)-. .As the result of this examination, prima- vcra, a Mexican wood, strong, even in grain, susceptible of good polish, and light yellow in color, was selected as the material for the furniture of the Palace Hotel. .Such Californian oak as was obtainable at the time was unfit for furniture, being coarse and brittle. At that time Californian laurel had been rejected, because much furniture and the inside-work of houses made of it had been honeycombed by .small W(jrms; and the same opinion still jirevails gcnerallj', although persons possessing some k-nowlcdge and experience declare that it is a mistake. The laurel in the inside-work of a very costly mansion in San Mateo Co"nt)- is in excellent condition after a lapse of mure than 10 years, and \\l-)( 111. (n^\ bills fair t si;;iis of life. L'apt. .\. \V. Cll.\si:, of the L'liiteil Slates Coast Survey, in the t7i'iV-/i?//V .lAv/////)' for September, 1S74. .sai;l: "The laurel is an e\eri;reiMi, but has ,111 annual llow of sap. This is (|uile an important laet in eoiniec- tion with the proper |)re[)aration of the timber for shipbuiUlinii. The riijht time for cuttiiiLf is durin!.;- the months of .September, ( )ctober, and November. If eut before or after these months, tin- wnod is liable to dcca\-, and also to be attacked In- a small worm; but in tin- proper time, and when water or dock .seasoneil, it is full\- equal to I'.astern oak." lie- .sidcs pos.sessiny; the stren.L;th and durabilit}' suitable for ships, it has a fme color, [(rain, and texture, \er_\- desirable in elcLjanl furniture. In veneers, however, it remains sound and will hokl its place as a most beautiful haid- M'ood, bcin<,f ecjual to satin wood, .ind, for sonie purposes, Ljreatl)' excels it. For beauty of finish, delicac)- of color, and hardness of texture our nati\e laurel has no superior amontj all the furniture woods known to the trade. Suijar pine is a soft wood, without a ri\al for ])atlern-niakin;_;", but is too soft for ^'eneral furnitine purposes. J'orl Orford cedar, or white cedar, is a fine wood, and is extensi\ely used in finniturc. It is .somewhat harder than Eastern whitewood, antl, like it, will take a black stain equall)' well u ilh any other wood, llavint^ a pleasant perfume, with the property of repel- linjj moths, much of it is used for the inside of ilrawers, wartlrobes, anil cup- boards. The Thuja white cedar, found extcnsivelj- on oin- coast, is used in Oreyon, \\'asliinj,rton, and Hritish Columbia for furniture anil the in.siile trim- ming of hou-sc.s. Its light color appears to advantage when associa,':cd with darker wood. .Alaska cedar, in the judgment of our best-informed furniture djalers, is destined in a few )ears to fiiul a [)lace in the list of favorite woods for the manufacture of fine furniture. It is one of the finest grained woods in the world, and receives a polish equal to a mirror, and for ebonizing ,s without a rival. It grows large, affords excellent milling timber, and is abundant. Its greatest drawback is a rather ilisagrccable odor, which can be overcome on outside cabinet work that is \arnished. There is no dark wood in Alaska suitable for the manufacture of fui'niture. Th . ma|)Ie of Oregon and Washington is of a soft species, and is e.xtensi\ely iisci! in chair work and for furniture which is to be ebonized, anil in many respects is inferior to the maple of Canada and the Mississippi \'alle)-. The Oregon ash is a very fine wood, none better in the world, and is as much superior to the ICastern ash, for furnitm-e, as the ICastern majjle is .superior to ours. Furniture made of this ash and trimmed with ash burl, is very attracti\e and durable. liej'ond a iloubt this inie ash will, some day i I I il! m ili M 604 MANll AinUKS. in tlic near fiitiirc, hccoinc such a faxoriti' that it will l)c s(ni_L;lU after all (iMillir woiKl. rile alilcr of (jur coast is a jjjootl wood (ov use in some parts cif furiiitinc, hut requires to be ihoroui^hl)" kiln-Llried, more so than almost any (ither uood. It will take a black stain readily, but bcini; a soft ^^•ood, it is not s(j much in demand. The red fir of Orcj^on is the staple \\(pod of that State. It is miicli like the fir-, of other States, but differs in the immense heiL;]it of the tree and the strength of its fiber. It is used ni,iinl_\- fiir the inside work of furniture. Tlu; redwdod of California is well known to fame, and is indeed without ;i ri\;il on the Pacific Coast. It is distinguished alike h_\- tlie' enormous si/c it alt.iins, and the niunerous uses m.ule of it. In furniture it serves almost innumerable piu'[)osc.s, when treated in the prf)per manner. It can be stained tn iinit.ite any dark wootl, and [lossesses this peculiarity ih.il ;i(ler beconiinL; nioderatel}' dr}' it ne\er shrinks ;uid swells as do nearly all other kinds of furniture wood. ThouL,di a soft wood, it becomes hard in time iifter bciiiL;' well wirni-^hed. The redwood knots cut into \eneers ,are as Ije.iiUiful as ambo\'na, and when properly treated take a very luLjli polish. This fact seems to be not !,renerall\- known, and it can not be Ioul;' before the redwood burl will be much sf}Ut;ht after for (jrnamcntinL; furniture and for the inside finish of costl\' dwellinLjs. The Mexican prima\cra is a very fine hardwood, and ha a wavy figure similar to satin wood or birch. It makes excellent furniture, office trim- mings, bank and store counters and furnishings; but when used alone it presents a rather monotonous appearance. Ilowcxer, when blended with .some darker wood it makes beautiful work. The toa wooil of the .South Pacific islands is similar to F.astern w.Unut in color and texture, but is much finer in figiu'e. Some of it is remarkably beautiful. It has light and dark shades, and sometimes very \\-,\\y figures. It works up well in mantels as well as furniture. Libraries fitted up in this wood can not be excelled. It takes a fine hard-finish, is very durable, and is much used on this coast. In certain styles of fine furniture teak is in growing favor. Central American walnut, which is much like toa, is gaining in popularity rapidly. It is a lighter-colored wood than the black walnut of commerce from Canada and the Xorthcrn Mississippi Valle)-, and, when finished with the dark woods from the tropics, it makes a light and gniceful st\'le of furniture. The old familiar walnut of the Upper Mississippi V.illey and the Canadas is in the gre;itcst demand in I'-urope ever known, and in recent years has nearly doubled in value, iuid it has .already become necessary to .seek for a substi- tute for it, which is likel)- to be found in tlvj tamano of the South Pa.cific islands. \V( PI 111. 60^ Furniture Factories. Tlic tuniituic Inisiiiess dii etir od.i'^l imrtli <<\ IMcxici), csi)cci.illy in tlu' I'stahliihiiKiUs mamir.u-turinL; llu' inosl iK.'^^.inl articles, li:is liccii associ.ili-il witli iipliolsui) . which i> laatcil si'imratcly in the chapter on textile faiirics. .Sonu' of the-^e hoiwe- have enii>l..\eil umre men in their iiijjiolstery departmi'iU-- than in the workiii- ., ami W. J. lll'.M.V & C'li. contain l,ir^e collections of furniture fmi -hed with the lii;.;hest mechanical skill, in the most costly materials. i'he tasteliil, orig- inal, and varied desi,L,nis are based on acute perci ptions of s_\ininetry of form and harmony of color. In maii>- of their products the dem.mds of art have been stiulied as carel"iill\- .as those of hixiirioiis comlort. I he stores thcnisclves, or portions of them, will compare favorably in the ele- f^ancc of their arran;_;ement and decoration, as well ,is in the excellence and beauty of their furniture, with first-cla.ss establishments of the same class in New York, London, or P.aris. Hut the correct taste, orii;inalit\- of dcsifjn, and fmislied workinanship are not limited to the larijest establish- ments, for some of the manufacturers en|j;ay;ed in business > ^"^ HiotDgraphic Sciences Corporation 33 WIST MAIN STRUT WnSTIR.N.Y. 14SS0 (716) •72-4503 ''^> ?>\^ ^^^ 7. 6o6 M.Wl I A( TIKKS. tiirc \»itli the ;iiil nf stc;iin-pciucr, anil most of these arc to be found in ami ne.ir Sail I'"iaiicisco, I'ortlaiul, Seallle, I'i-o\-o, ami Sail Lake City. I^cavinf^ till' caliinel .'.lio])s out of consiileration, San l";ancisLO iias j6 houses nianu- faiturinL; furniture, anil the reniaimler of the slo])e has as man)' more. J'he aj,f!,n-e'^ale capital is $1,(XX),000; tlie_\- employ i.ooo operatives, whose \vau;i's .iir.oiinl to $750,000 a jear; ami the a^f^regate product is worth at least $.?,cxx),i:kdo a \-ear. Anioni,' the furniture factories of .Sari I'"r,incisco are those of I'lll'; W'KSl' CoA^^r .Mamiai TIKINC CoMi'AW ; L. & I'.. l".MAMi:i. I, which has a lar^e factor)' occupied mainly in the production of jjlain, hut ^jood furni- ture; Tin: L'.Mo.v |'"i'KMriRi; Companv, Kiiin & Fuciis, J. S. Hkx- M:ri. RiciiAKi) 1Ii:kkin(;, S.wukk ^: Ri;iriii.i\(i, J. H. LfciisixcjKu & Son, and l'"KANK I.AI.KI'.MANS. Connected with the house of I'". S. ClIAD- UOL'KNM'; & Co.. of San I'"rancisco. is that of 1'". S. CllAUm ii'km; & Co., in Tortland. In the latter cit\' Ci. SlIlNDl.LK has a factory. (■ilI,lii;RT iS: MiidHi:, in .San I'Vancisco, make a specialty of manufacturing school and office furniture. ij California Furniture Manufacturing Company. — The leading furni- ture house in San I-Vancisco is that of Till'". C.\i,ii'i>u\ia I-'iRM iLKf; Mam lAi riuiNc. Comi'.wv, \. I*. Com-:, iiresident, M. 1'. MooRi:, sccro- t.ir\'. and SMAT.sii.u Mi:rkii.i., treasurer, at 22Q to 226 Hu.sh Street. The compaii)' uas incorporated in I.S72, with a ])aiil-up ca|)ital of $6oo,000. It alixirhed the firms of X. 1". Col.l-; & Co. lestablished in 1S65), ami Gi:()R<;i': ( ). WlllTMA iS: C(i.. and, not long after, on the failure of J. I'. GOODWIN ^ Co.. took the entire stock and building of that firm. .Soon after the in- corporation, the conipaii)' made a contract with the .State for the employ- ment of |)riM)ners at .San (Juentin, 200 being thus emi)lo)'ed at the rate of 40 cents a day for each man, gi\ inij the .State a ie\enue of $So a day, or nearly ^Jj.ooo a jear, till the end of i.X.Si, when, b)- the terms of the new State Constitution, convict labor could no longer be employed by imlivid- uals or corporations. The comp;my gives emploj'ment to 75 men (e.M.'lusive of convicts' and to a number of women in the u[)holstery ilepartment, and also to .1 number of apprentice',, at wages ranging from $4 to .$25 per week. In 1S7J the comi)any sold goods to the amount of $i,ir)7,ooo, the largest amount ever sold by one firm on the coast, though the sales for 2 or 3 jears were not much short of that sum. With the depression of otiier branches of business, the fiunitiire trade has suffered for several years, but is now grailuall)' recoverin.,, and gives promise of renewed prosperity, 'i'lll': C.\I, NORMA I''iRMHRi. M AM I'.u If Kl M 1 Co.Ml'ANV keep a large stock of all the styles for wiiich there is a demand, and find purclvisers in f wonn. Coj Asia, Australia, South America, and Mexico, as well as in the American States and Territories of our slope. Friedrlchs & Gercke.— Hci^innini^ on Spear Street in 1S76, in ,1 room 15 by 60 feet, I'KIKDRK lis & CiiOKi Ki:, proprietors of the S.w I-"kan- c:iSCO I'rRMTl'RK I'ACIdRV, both |)ractical workmen, have built up .i bus- iness which now occupies a buildin;.;- 100 b\- 120 feet, on Berr)- .Street, between Third and I'ourth, and emiiloys JO men, at $50 a day of ai^ijreujate waj^es, usin;^ modern machiner)-, including; saws, ])l,iners, shiners, jointc-rs, lathes, stickers, borers, etc., .and turns out .imiu.ill\- furniture worth from .$.^5,cxxi to $40,000. \ m.arket is found in California, Orej^on, \\';ishin.L;toii, .(\rizona, and the Sandwich Islantls. Their special 'ine of work has iieen furniture made of cedar and walnut. Both proprietors were born in (ier- man>-, Iii;.\RV I'"Rir.i)Rl<:ils in 1S47, and Wll.i.i.VM Gkrckic in 1.S49, where both were educaleil. The former cune to .America in 1S66, and the latter in 1S69. in the prime Sai lokh \\'ai;m;i.i, was Ijoni in W'l-monl aiul educated in Ohio, lie came tu t'alifornia across the plains in 1S50, settled at Diy- ti>u n. afterwards innved tu t'liica;^(i, where he was married in 1S66. In 1S71 he came to San I'rancisco and enL;a|-;ed in his presinl lni>iness. Andrew Frei. — One of tlu' oldest and most successful furniture factories in San iM-ancisco is that of .\\l>ui:\v 1'"ki:i, 231 to 2y) Kin.L,' Street. The business foutuktl in 1S64 !))• I'll.l.li iS: I'ki I, on I''rcinont Street, in a room 50 by 1CX5 feet, was mo\ed, in \X6i< to Hrannan, and in 1S73 to KiiiL; Street. Mr. l"li;i,l) sold out to Mr. I'Ri'.t in 1.S77. The (.growth of this establishment has been remarkable. It now o(^u])ies 43,5C)0 sijuare feet more than an acre} of floors in factory, warehouse, dr\in;4-rooni. and euLjine-house, exclu- sive of a hnnber-yard IJ5 b)' 100 feet, |;ives employment to 200 men (no Chinamen , reiiuires j6 niachines, dri\en b)' a 50-horse-power enjj;ine, and represents a capital of $35,000. Mr. l"l!59. Herman Granz. -.\ strikiuL; example of success in the furniture business is seen in the case of iIi;R\IAN CiR.W/, who started in 1 Sriy with $500 capit.il. in a room Ji by Vs ''-■'-'*• '"i*^' I'l^' business has j^rown up under his nianai,fenient until his capital amounts to .$55,000. 1 leeiii])lo\s45 men, pays $l(X) a da\- waives, and $2^ runniiiLj expenses, and occupies a lar.L,'e factory 3 stories hii;h, full>- e(|uipped with modern machinery, includinL; jilaners, jointers, sh.ipers, band, jii;, ami circular s.iws, lathes, borint,', stickint.;, ^'roov- in;^f, and dovetailiiij^ machines. ("he articles |)roduce(l in this establishment are bedroom sets, parlor frames, ta lies, chairs, warilrobes, sideboanls, library and olTice furniture, etc., and are sold in C'alifornia, ( )re^on. W'ashini^ton, Ne\ada, . Arizona, and the S.uidw icli Islands. UlCKM.W (iK.\.\/ was born in .Saxony, (lermany, in 1S41, where he was educated, lie came to New \'ork in 1S6.S; the next )ear he arrived in San {'"rancisco, anil laid the foundation of his present prosperous business. His factory fronts on Hian- nan ami Hluxome streets, near Sixth. A. F. Knorp.— Since icSOS \. I'. KnokI', 41 1 Mission Street, has been successfull\- en,i;a;.;ed in wood-turniii^r and manufacturin.i,' fine finiiiture. I le employs from 1 5 to 20 hands, .it an averaj^e of $] a da)-, and makes use of I.? machines. 1 U- iloes ,ill kinds (if f.mc)' woodwork, devises models for 'Lttimta wnoi). fiog machinery, and furniture for the office, store, library, anti household, ;uid makes a specialt)' of fittin;,' up stores and offices. He recommends man>- kinds of woods found on our coast, from Alaska to Central America, for ornamental purposes. Mr. KXOKI' was born in W'urtcmbcr^, ("lermany, in icS^j, where lie was educated and tauj^dit the milUvrij^ht's trade. In ICS53 he came to America, and in 1S55 to Californi.i in the steamship Uncle Saw. The tri]) was an eventful one, as 321 passcnj,'ers died of cholera. Ik- passed .several years in Tuolumne and Solano counties, havinj^ been coroner of the latter county for several years. Picture-frames, etc. — All civilized communities spend annually larjje sums f(}r objects u.sed in the adornment of their homes. Paintinjjs, statuary, and mirrors were once the exclusive ])ossessioP', of the rich or of the state. Among the chief glories of modern culture and industrial skill are tlie crea- tion (jf a taste for beautiful objects among the masses, anil the invention a consid- erable trade in cheapoil ])aintinfrs, soUl at marvelously low rates, in "silver- f,'ilt" frames. Steel en},'ravinj;s sell well. The increasin;; demand and the accumulated supply of larjje plates make it |)ossible to produce them with less expcn.sc than 20 years ago. It reiiuires hi^h artistic abilitj- to copv the picture of a jjreat master, anil do justice- -so far as black and white can do justice to colors — to its numerous merits. Great reputations ha\e been achieved in this art, and the name of the artist, familiar to connoisseurs, connnands hij,'h ])rices for "artists' ]iroofs," as the best impressions are called. I'iiotoi^ravures, prints taken from a surface made b)- the photo[;ra|)hic process, are rapidl)' t;ainin^' favor. The)- are made mechanicall)-, and can never build up artistic reputations, but they pos.sess important merits in which the eye and hand of the engraver can never eijual them in coi)yinf,f |>ictures. The people of our coast have a luxurious taste in frames for their pictures and mirrors, and a multitude of skillful mechanics fmd ])rofitable occupation in supplying; the public want. The simple molilin^^s used in this work are imiKirted, but much of the finer Work and all the j;olil-leaf },nlilin^ on the lartjc frames, are done here. S.VXItOKN, V.VIl. & Co., .S. & G. Gl'Mi', II.Ms.M.WN HkdlllKU.s, and lIi:u.M.\\N Cniii..\ are leading manui'ac- turers of frames in San Francisco. \'ery few are made elsewhere on the coast. Billiard-tables. — The preat demand for billiard-tables on the Pacific Coast caused this brancli of manufacture to be established at a very earl_\- date. In icS6o there were 5 small factories in o|)eration in California, mak- in}.j up pof'd'' to the value of about .$30,cxx) a year. In 1870 there were 6 establishments making' over $90,000 worth of articles. In iSSi the value of manufactures for the entire coast was estimated to be little short of $200,000. This industry is princi|)all)" in the hands of (icrman and l""rench mechanics, whose waf^es a\erajj;e about $3 a day. I\astern mainifacturers pa)', for the same class of labor, from 15 to 20 per cent, below that rate; but still are not able to sell any large quantity of goods west of the Rocky Mountains. Tables and a])paratus of Pacific Coast manufacture are shipped in small iiuantity to Mexico, the Hawaiian Islands, China, Japan, and occasionally to other foreign destinations. It is claimed that in work- i. I =1^ \V(.)OU. 61 inanship anil beauty of design, tables made in San Francisco ami elsew licic on this coast arc superior to those of Mastcrn manufacture. Medals liavc been awarded at International ICxhibitions helil in Santiago, Chile, and in S)'dn(;y, New South Wales, for articles made in California. The outer frame of the table is inaile of ash., laurel, or walnut. IJifferent varieties of wood are used for the inner fr.ime, but the sugar i)ine, indige- nous to the Pacific Coast, ami the rod fir are those usually preferreil. The former costs G to 7 rents a foot, and the latter about 2]4 cents. Slate, for the bed of the table, is imported from Vermont, but, for \ery costl)' articles, Italian or other marble is occasionally used. Tile cloth is importeil from I'Vance or Mnglantl, but more often from I-Vance, and costs $8.50 to $9 a yard. The oils, varnish, and shell.ic used in the process of manufac- ture are mainly of home production. The rubber for the cushions is of course imported. The slabs of slate that form the bed of the table are rubbed as smooth as |)ossible with blocks of marble, ami afterwards with saiulpaper. The bed is cemented to the frame with glue and tightened with jacks. The legs arc shajied and carvetl by haiul. In fact, the process of manufacture is en- tirely manual, reiiuiring much time and labor. In .some of the o])erations, especially in that of carving the legs, a nice taste, a sharp ev-e and keen tools are required. The table most commonly used is S feet iS inches long, 4 feet 6 inches wide, and 34 inches high. The cost when complete, with ali the ajjparatus, as cues, cue-rack, a set of ivory balls. 2 strings of markers, etc., ranges from $200 to $500; but, of course, highly ornamentetl articles can be made to order, up to any jiricc that the purchaser is disposed to pay. The cost of recushioning tables is from $50 to $()0. The principal manufacturers in San I'Vancisco are I'llii.ii' LlKSENl'KI.D, J. G. II. Mkvi:k, Jacob StkaiilI' & Co., August Juncmslut & Co., and theJ.M. Hkuxswrk & IULK1-; Comi'ANV. The first-mentioned gentle- man sl.irted in business in 1855, employing only 2 operatives. He has now 30 men at work, when working in full force. The principal articles manu- factured in San Francisco in the line of billiard-tables are the centennial bevel table, the American standard, the I'rench curve, the excelsior and the combination table. In bagatelle-tables, the ICnglish bagatelle, the Jenny Lintl, the Tivoli and parlor bagatelle, and the top bagatelle are among the favorite descriptions, and are all maile on this coast. The cues arc of Kastcrn or foreign manufacture. The more expensive ones, inlaid with ivory or ebony, come from France, and are worth $12 to $50 a dozen. Cheaper articles, such as are commonlj- in use at billiard- saloons, are made entirely of ash, and cost $7 a dozen. I'"or the cutting and turning of billiard-ball.s there is but one establishment on the Pacific Coast, n ! ;i 6i2 MAMl At nULS. that of J. (i. II. Mi;\i;u, in San Francisco, already mcntioncti as a inanii- factiirer of billiartl-tablcs. The ivorj' obtained on the eastern coast of Africa is usually preferred for this purpose, on account of its superior white- ness, but the tusks of Asiatic elephants, and the fossil ivory obtaineil in Siberia, arc also used for that purpose. In the inakinjj of a billiard-ball much delicate nicet)' of manipulation is required, and iont^ exjicricncc, coupled with natural ailroitness on the ]>art of the workman, are indispens- able. Just as every block of marble is .said to contain a statue, so every block of ivf)ry is supposed to contain a perfect billiaril-ball: but it requires a liit^dily skilled mechanic to demonstrate the fact. The utmost care is ob.^^ervcd in thorou.L,dil\- sea.sonin_Lj the balls in order to extract, as far as necessan,-, the natural moisture of the ivor)'. After the scasoninj^ process, which requires 5 or 6 months, the colorinjj is im|jarted by the use of expen- si\e dyes anil acids. The balls are then polished, and are ready for use. A set of 4 hand.somcly linished ivory balls is worth from $25 to $30. Kital amounting to $700,000 is invested in the industry, and employment furnished to r 50 men, who are paid an average of. $3 per day of 10 hours. Of pianos, about 2,500 in all, and of organs 300, are sold )'early. The chief labor of the pian(j- maker consists in arranging parts produced by other manufacturers and in selecting, properly seasoning and working up suitable lumber into the various forms of cases which gi\e beauty to the completed instruments, and entitle them to classification with ornamental furniture. Usuall)' the com- bination of levers, by means of which the wires are struck, ca'..^-d the action, is made by a firm who do nothing else. Sounding-boards, necessarily of thin, resonant material, are the work of another house. The strings, made of steel wire, must be prepared by workers in that metal; the iron frame and brass pedals must be cast in foundries; and the key.s require for their fashioning artisans familiar with the mani|)ulation of ivory and mresenl confined chiefly tf) the shape known as "upright," in which the strings are held in a vertical frame. Makers account fcjr this preference partl>- on the ground of fashion, and partly because the upright instrument, re(]uiring less horizontal space than either the .square or grand, can be used in a smaller apartment. The total number of pianos made on the coast up to the clo.se of I acres, and a portion of it is 5 stories high. The commercial department has a branch liouse in New York City, and agencies in all the American, and many European cities. At the Centennial Exhibition, Wm. Kn.\BE & Co. ob- tained a diploma of honor, and medal of merit " for general excellence in the requirements of a first-cla.ss instrument." This praise is apjiroved by the most eminent musicians, and their commendation has secured a market for the KN'ABE I'ianos, which are noted for the volume, clearness, sweetness, duration, and quality of all their notes; for the precision and elasticity of their touch; for the .solidity and thorough honesty of their work, the uniformity of their excellence, and the extraordinarily long time for which they remain in tune. If every manufacturer and distinguished pianist in the United States should mention 2 pianos which he preferred, the Knabk would probably be mentioned oftener than any other. Wm. Knahe & Co. make grand, square, and upright pianos, and their general agents for the entire Pacific Coast arc A. L. BANCRorr & Co. Organs, etc. — The number of parlor organs sold on the coast annually has not exceeded one fourth that of the pianos up to the present time. MANUFACTURES. aiul must of these were imported; but ns this branch nf the business is now recci\inL; the particular attention of at least one iar^e manufacturer, it is probable that hereafter home products will take the ])lace of F.astern work. In the manufacture of organs, as in that of pianos, several of the parts — as reeds, ke\-s, etc. — are the work of special makers, and all are assembled at the case factory by experts. The present fashionable case is made of cboniz.cd wood, or wood stained black to resemble ebony. Parlor or house or},'ans are sold at from $100 to $200 each, and upright pianos at $400 each. About 75 church orphans have been built in San Francisco, costing; from $1,000 upwards, some of which were shipped to \Vasiiinj.jton, Orej^on, Nevada, Me.vico, and Centnil .\merica. The first organ built on the coast was put up by Joseph Maver in Marysvillc in 1856. The largest instrument on the coast, and one of the largest in the United States, is that in the Mormon Tabernacle at -Salt Lake City, Utah. Its base measures 20 by 30 feet, it is 40 feet high, contains nearly 2,000 pipes, and has a compass of 35 stops. It was built by JosKi-il 11. Riih;ks in Salt Lake City in 1866, mostly of home material. Other musical instruments, as accordions, guitars, violins, zithcrns, flutes, banjoes, and a few brass wind instruments arc m.iile b\' small manufacturers to fill special orders, but the entire annual ])ro- duction will not exceed $10,000 in \alue, while at least 4 times this value ;.re imported from the Atlantic States. The laigest house organ manufactory is the establishment of TllO>r.\S 1\I. Antiseli,. Tlie largest church organ building establishment is that of JoiI.N HerGSTROM, who has been engaged in the business since 1864. Othci builders are /osEI'II Maver, the oldest on the coast, FELIX V. SciKJENsrEiN, and F. B. ScHoENSTElN. The last makes orchestrion cylinders as well. I'iano and organ keys are made in San Franci.sco by W. KELLER & Co. The materials used are pine, cherry, and bass woods, obtained here, and elephant ivory imported from New York. About 10 .sets are turned out monthly so far, selling at from $15 to $19 each. Clarionets and flutes were made in San FrancLsco, in 1859, from Mexican rosewood, by GEORtiE Pfaek, a mechanic from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, who sold the clarionets at from $50 to $150 each, and his flutes at $50 each. Cll.VRLES StI'Ml'KE made guitars and violins in the same city in 1857, the wood for which he obtairled from the Sandwich Islands. About 30 orches- trion cylinders have been made in San F'rancisco, and sold at prices ranging from $100 to $400 each. Coffins. — The average number of deaths occurring in San Francisco is at the rate of about lof) a week, and in California 250 a week, or 1 3,000 a year. WOOD, r.i; It will be seen, therefore, that the business of makinp or importin}^ coffins is not a very extensive one. The death rate in California, in ordinary seasons, is about |6 (x;r t,000, and in San I'rancisco about 21 per 1,000. Many of the interior towns on the I'acihc Coast have a lower death rate than San Francisco; but there arc few cities or towns in the Union in which there is a lower rate of mortal ty amonj^ infants. In New York, (!hicaf^o, Philadelphia, and Haltimore, nearly one half of all the deaths are those of children under 5 years of age. In San I'rancisco not more than one third of the deaths occur amoiifj infants. With one or two exceptions, the num- ber of deaths ])cr 1,000, of all apjcs, is consiast at which burial cases were made, and tlvir value did not exceed $15,000 a year. In 1870 there were 14 manufacturers, makiti^j about $110,000 wortli of caskets, or about half the ijuantitj- required. In iSSi there was not more than one funeral in 6 at which imported colTuis were used. .About three fourths of the interments in .San l-'raiv.isco are inatle in redwood coffm.s, ;ind tile remainder princiijall)' in walnut, ro.scwood, or metallic caskets. The frei^jht on metallic coffins, from New York to San Francisco, is $20 to $25, and still thc\' can be iinported for less money than it costs to manufacture them in San Francisco. It was c ice; sujjposed that caskets made of metal possessed the advantajjc of being j.ir-ti[;ht. The remains f)f a man buried in ^'erl)a Huena t.'emetery in 1S55, vere e.xhumed after a lapse of 15 years, anil foutiil to lie in a perfect state of preservation. The cor])se had been buried in a metallic coft'm; and for some years after- wards there was a considerable; demand, on the Pacific C- of these are made to order, either for the sake of getting something diifcrcnt from the imported vehicles, or because of confidence in the superior excellence of a certain shoji. Sacramento, .Stockton, and Portland have .1 similar, and, perhaps, relatively larger patronage. In some respect;! there has been a considerable decline in the business of the C.alifornian cities. When all the freights required by the northern and .southern mines were sent out from Sacramento, Stockton, and Marysville in wagons, a special construction was required, and the wagon factories in those places were large and jirofitable establishments. The building of railroads and the decrease of ])roduction and population in the pl.iccr min- ing camps, deprived these mountain teamsters of much of their business, and diminished the demand for wagons of special patterns. The freight is now carried in vehicles brought from Michigan. For many years KiMH.VLL & Co. maintained a large carriage factory in San Franci.sco, in which they employed 100 men, and turned out 100 vehicles monthly. Another factory, founded in 1851, and for many )-ears nearly as large, cm- ])loyed 70 men. Both the.se have disappeared, leaving no successors. High wages and the necessity of importing all the material destroyed tlicir permanence. The more rapid communication with the Kastcrn States, and the facility of obtaining articles within a few weeks after sending the order, have given the wagon ''ctorics on the other side of the continent advan- tages for supplying our market much greater than thc>' had before the rail- road days. The annual productioa o'" wagons and carriages was not half so large in 1881 in San Francisco as it was in 1869. It would probably soon revive if wages were the same here as in New York. In 1870 California had 84 establishments in which carriages and wagons were made, employing 630 men and 10 boys, with wages aggregating 78 6i8 MANUI ACTURF.S. ■i |fi 11 $447,336, using material worth $439,404, and producing vehicles worth $1,309,443. In the same year Oregon made wagons in 14 shops, employ- ing 35 men, with a total product of $46,405. The similar statistics for 1880 have not yet been published, but the figure.'; are probably not much greater, notwithstanding the large incre.isc of population and of business. At Sacramento TiiK Ckntu.m, Pacific Raii-KCVO Company have most of their shops for the construction and repairing of cars for their own roads, and the numerous roads whicli they control under leases. Cars are also made for several San Tranci.sco street railroads. In 1881 the.se shops made 100 cars and repaired 800. This establishment is the most extensive of its kind on our coast, and gives employment to 1,200 men. Among the carriage factories of the coast are those of Gravk & Co., Bi.RNAKi) Gallagmkr, J. McCuK, and TiiK Carvill Manufacturing Co.mianv, of San Francisco; Watkriiou.se & LlCSTFR, II. M. Hernard, Martin Kestlkr, J. I\ Hill, Johnson & Blue, and Pike & Youn(;, of Sacramento; W.M. P. MiLLICR and M. P. HENDERSON, of Stockton; CiEORdE P. Hunt, Charles Raisch, and Sarers & Cutt.s, of Marys- ville; and L. M. DvER, TiiOMAs I'REEMAN, and The I^spev ]Man- Ul A( rURINC. Company, of Portland. San P'ranci.sco has also a factory ercctctl for the manufacture of baby carriages, but as its capacity exceeds the tlcmand, most of the time of its 10 employees is given to the produc- tion of toys. Espey Carriage Factory.— The carriage factory of THE KsPEY Man UF.UTCRiNi; Company at Portland, the leading establishment of its kind in Oregon, turns out half of all the wagons and carriages made in the State. T1k'\' are manufactured with special regard for the local needs, and the peculiarities of a climate without its like in any other part of the Unitetl States. The business was commenced in 1874, and has been in- creasing steadily. Purchasers come from Idaho and Washington, as well as from Southern and l'3astern Oregon, and there is a good i)rospect for future devcK-jpment. Most of the materia! comes from the Atlantic Slope; but .some of Oregon production compares favorably witli the best oak and ash of the ]\lississippi basin, and is u.sed only in heavy wagon work and machinery purjioses. Holt Brothers.— Holt Brothers established themselves in San Fran- cisco in 1870 as importers and dealers in hardwood lumber, carriage hard- ware, anil trimmings, including springs, a.xles, bolts, and, in fact, every de- scription of material used in the manufacture of wagons and carriages; also ship-plank, boat-builders' materials, and other hardwood lumber. In 1875 the house started a factory at Concord, New Hampshire, where they manu- WOOD. 619 facturc wheels, hubs, spokes, felloes, shafts, poles, and carriage woodwork for their trade on this coast, and for the Eastern market. They have also a mill at Adrian, Ohio, and one a'. New River, Virginia, for the manufacture of the various kinds of hardwood lumber direct from the forest. The firm is compo.sed of four brothers, of whom C. II. HoLT is the representative and resident manager in San Francisco, the others superintending the pur- chasing, manufacturing, and shipping of material in the East. Their place of business in San Francisco is at 27 and 29 Ik-ale Street, and 30 and 32 Main Street, the store extending through the block, fronting the last-named street. In 1880 they erected for their accommodation a 3-story fire-proof brick building, especially arranged to facilitate the prompt handling of goods with the least possible amount of labor, including a hydraulic eleva- tor, reaching from the basement (which is sunk 3 feet below the water level, and kept dry and tight by planking and caulking) to the third floor. Their trade embraces all the Pacific States and Territories, as well as Mexico, British Columbia, and the Hawaiian Islands. Waterbouse &. Lester— Wateriiouse & Lester, extensively en- gaged in the importation and sale of hardwood-lumber, carriage and wagon material, and carriage hardware and trimmings, the oldest house in that lino o{ business on the coast, had their origin in Sacramento as a shop for the manufacture and repair of wagons and mountain stages, under the firm name H. W. Bra(;g & Co., in 1850. CoLUMisus Wateriiouse, the -senior partner, a native of Vermont, came to California in June, 1S50, spent several years in the mines, and in July, 1853, bought an interest in the business. In the fall of that year, the house commenced the importation of wagon lumber and materials, and gave up their manufacturing branch. Sacramento being then the central point for the sale of wagons and wagon matcrial.s, their business increased, and in the fall of 1854, after J. W. Lester became a partner, Mr. Wateriiouse went to New York, and established there a branch house (of which he was manager for 5 ycvs), for the purchase and shipiTient of stock. In 1859 he returned to California, and J. VV. Le.STER became the resident partner in the East. During the great floods of 1 861-62, they were compelled to establish a branch in San Francisco. In October, 1865, 11. W. Br.\OG having .sold out to his part- ners, the firm assumed its present title. The opening of the Central Pacific and Union Pacific railroads, by facilitatirg heavy importations of cheap wagons from the East, .severely affected their line of business. The competition of Eastern wagon and carriage factories, aided by cheap freights on their manufactured work, forced several thousand mechanics oil our coast to give up their business, and tompcUed WATERIIOUSE & Lester i I 1 620 MANLTALTURES. to engage again in manufacturing. In the spring of 1875, they bought out the firm of W. A. llrOKNliURC & Co. in Sacramento, and opened a factory for the manufacture of wheels and wagon and carriage wood work.s, which they make a specialty. By the extensive use of machinery they can supjily the wagon and carriage makers of the coast with wheels and wagon and carriage wood work at prices as low as I^astcrn pro- ducts of the same cla.ss can be .sold here, or lower. H. A. W.VTKR- lIiiL'Si;, an elder brother, is now the resident partner in the East, and 2 jounger brothers are engaged with the house. All are thorough busi- ness men and good mechanics. They have a large store and factory in .Sacramento, and in San Francisco :cupy a brick building i^/'/i feet square, with 3 stories and a basement, which they have recently completed at 14 to 22 Beale Street. O. P. Willey & Co.— O. F. WiLLEY & Co., of 427 Montgomery Street, importers and manufacturers of carriages and harness, have long been fa- vorably known in the trade of San Francisro. The firm is composed at the liresent time of O. V. WiLLKY and ClIARLKS J. WiLLEY, brothers, natives of Vermont. The former came to California in 1850, and, after mining for a few months, established himself in San Francisco and engaged in the business of supplying water to the inhabitants of the city until 1855, when lie started in the carriage trade with Mll.l.s C.VDY, under the firm name of Caov & W'lLLEY, at 316 California Street. Having dis.soKed partnership with Mr. Cadv in 1857, he associated himself with T. S. EASTMAN in the firm of O. F. WiLLEY & Co. Three years later Mr. Eastman withdrew, and O. F. WiLLEY was sole proprietor until 1867, when Charles J. WiLLEY, who had been a resident of California since 1852, became a part- ner. The house obtained all its stock in trade by importation previous to 1863, since which year they have been engaged also in manufacturing; and about one third of all the carriages sold by them in the last 2 years were the ])roduct of their factory. They make a specialty of importing the finest styles of carriages, and have been agents for .several of the leading manu- facturers of Eastern cities, including BREWSTER & Co., of New York (who recei\ed the first award at the I'aris ExiJosition and the decoration of the Legion of Honor); \V. D. ROGERS, of Philadelphia; CllARLES S. Caefrey, of Camden, N.J. ; and H. Kll.LAM & Co., of New Haven. They deal exten- sively in harness, robes, whips, and other goods of the trade. O. F. WiLLEY was a member of tlie Asscmbl)' in i860, Cooperage. — The wages paid to skilled coopers on the Pacific Coa.st range from $2.50 to $3.50 a day, and steady employment is furni.shcd the year round; but even at these rates there is a scarcity of workmen. In New \\\)OlJ. 621 York and Chicago the rate is $2 to $3 a day, and the latter price is paid only to the most highly skilled operatives. The difficulty in procuring labor, even at rates 15 to 25 per cent, above those prevailing in Eastern cities, has very much retarded the growth of this industry. Invitations have repeatedly been extended to Eastern workmen, but few of them have been induced to settle on this coast. The journeyman cooper is usually inclined to improvidence, and lack of means rather than disinclination may have stood in the way. Apprentices are prevented from obtaining employ- ment b)' the jealousy of workmen, or, if employed, do not take hold of their trade in such a way as to give satisfaction. It would be very difficult to estimate, even approximately, the quantity of coopers' wares used on the Pacific Coast by brewer.s, wine and liquor merchants, sugar refiners, flour mills, provision packers, dealers in drugs, chemicals, oils, lime, cement, etc. The multiplicity of uses for which keg.s, barrels, liogsheads, and casks are required in California, where so much wine, flour, fruit, and butter are produced, and in San Francisco, where the manufacturing interests, already large, are constantly increasing, prevents any detailed statement of the present condition of this industry in all its departments. ' tne idea of its extent may, however, be gathered from the following figuri hich have been compiled after careful inquiry among the best informed co' . in San Francisco, and represent the leading branches of the business on the entire Pacific Coast. It i.s estimated that there are now in operation about icx) coopers' shops, giving employment to 550 operatives, and that there are manufactured annually 200,000 casks and kegs for the use of brewers, and for the wine and liquor trade, worth, at an average of $4.50 apiece, $900,000; 350,000 barrels and half barrels for sugar, worth .$210,000; 35,000 barrels for pro- visions (apart from sugar), worth $55,000: and 95,000 powder-kegs, valued at $.4.3,000; making ;i total of $1,208,000. These estimates do not include ship cooperage or the requirements of the lime and cement trade. Coopers' Materials. — The value of ship cooperage for 1881 was $30,000 to $40,000, and of lime and cement barrels about $25,000. Where the kilns are within reach of suitable timber, lime-barrels arc usually manufactured on the premises. Redwood is the material commonlj' used for this purpo.sc. For ship-casks hard wood is mainly used, and oak timber from the Fastern or Middle States is the favorite material; but for water-casks supplied to .shipping, spruce is the favorite wood. For cooperage requiring soft wood, the main supplies come from the forests of Oregon and Washington, although sjirucc, white pine, and other soft woods are also imported to a small extent from the Fast. ■I 02 2 MAN Ul'AC TURKS. Amontj provision and liquor incrciiaiits there is a strong objection to the use of Pacific Coast lumber, parti)- on account of the acid properties con- tained in the wood. Timber imported from the Mast is cut in the winter montiis, when the sap has ceased to flow. On this coast it is cut at all seasons, and when made into barrels for the packing of provisions, or stor- age of liquors, is apt to impart an acid fiavor to their contents. Moreover, the Californian oak is harder to work, and costs almost as much to lay down in San Francisco as Eastern material. Powder-kegs arc usually made of redwood. The Santa Cruz powder- works alone use 40,000 to 50,000 kegs a year, and obtain their lumber in the adjacent forests. Iron and steel hoops are made of imported materials. The price of hoop-iron in San PVancisco is 4' j to 5 cents a pound. Wooden hoops are made of the hazel-bush, which gro-.s in ; cat abundance in Oregon and California. Cooperage Production. — The value of coopers' wares produced on this coast in proportion to the number of operatives, is much higher than in the Eastern .States. In California, each workman produces on an average more th.in $2,000 worth of goods. In none of the large manufacturing cities of the East docs the a\crage exceed $1,500, and it sclilom reaches that figure. In the iJroportion of the cost of labor to the value of production, the differ- ence between Calif(jrnian and ICastern cooperages does not exceed 3 or 4 ])er cent., and is in favor of this coast, notwithstanding the higher rates of wages prevailing here. In New York, Pennsylvania, Ohio, and Illinois, the e.vpense for labor ranges from 27 to 31 per cent. In California the average is about 25 per cent. This advantage is more than counterbalanced by the higher cost of material, which in California is not less than 55 to 60 per cent., while in I'"astern cities the average is not more than 50 per cent., but the difference has been considcrabl>- reduced of late. Three years ago, freight on staves from Lafayette, Indiana (the main source of supply), was $3i.S a ton; it is now $200. The making of wine, liquor, antl beer casks, includes at least three fourths of all the coopers' work done on this coast, and as the wine yiekl promises in the future to cause a great development in this branch of busi- ness, it ma)' be of interest to state precisely the relative cost of labor and material. T(j make a puncheon of 160 gallons, the i)rice of which would be $10 (or a little over 6 cents a gallon), there would be required 27 staves, worth at I0j4 cents ;ipiecc, $2.84; and 25 pcjunds of iron, worth, at ^'/, cents a pound, $1.12; the headings would cost $2; making a total of $5.96 for ma- terial, or nearl)- 60 per cent, of the value of the cask; the cost of labor WOOD. 02}, would also be $2, making an additional 20 per cent. The value of the cask increases in proportion to its size; the usual range is 5^j to 8 cents, but some of the largest ones made for the cellars of wholesale wine merchants, with a capacit)- of thousands of gallons, cost as much as lo cents a gallon. Nearly all the different kinds of articles known to the cooper's trade, from a butter firkin to a I3,000 gallon wine-cask, are manufactured on the Pacific Coast. The packing of butter in the spring, of fish and fruit in the fall months, and the demand for sugar-barrels all the year round, form consider- able items, but the requirements of the wine and liquor trade far exceed all others. The wine interest in California has now attained very large, and promises to assume vast proportions in the future. Already there is a diffi- culty in obtaining casks at reasonable rates, and leading wine merchants find it necessary to import material in bulk, and to employ coopers to put the casks together. The entire value of material and manufactured coopers' wares imported to this coast pnjbably exceeds $1,000,000 a yean The demand for wine-casks was formerly restricted to certain portions of the year, but the storage and shipment of wine are now conducted on so large ;i .scale that casks are in request the year round. Many of the leading vine growers in Los Angele.s, Sonoma, and Napa counties have extensive depots in San Franci.sco, with vaults of cellars, in which they store the prod- uct of each year. The stock kept constantly on hand at some of these establishments is not less than 500,cxx) gallons. A glance around their vaults shows a display of casks, vat.s, pipes, and puncheons that would have delighted the heart of Flannibal, when on his march to Rome he bathed his horses' legs in the choicest vintages of Italy. At these cellars may be seen some of the largest wine-casks ever made or used on the Pacific Coast, cost- ing about $i,200 each, and with a capacity for holding \2,ooo gallon.s. Sup- posing that the vintage of California should increase only at the rate of lo to 1 5 per cent, a year (and it is almost certain to increase much more rajiidly), the production will, in a few year.s, exceed 20,000,000 gallons a year, in addition to about 600,000 gallons of brandy. To store this stock of wines and liquors will require 2 or 3 times the quantity of casks that arc now made by all the coopers on the Pacific Coast. Many of the regular coopers are hard pressed to supply the miscellaneous liquor and the provis- ion trade, and it may become necessary for the owners of large vaults to establish cooperage shops of their own, in which to manufacture casks of the si/e and strength needed for shipment. This has already been done by Dui'.Vl rs it Co., proprietors of the Eagle Wine Vaults, and their example will probably .soon be followed by other leading viniculturists. Among the leading coopers in San i-'rancisco are Lawken'CK Felvkv, RuDoi.i'ii Armstkong, L. N. II.vndv & Co., Hogan & Co., John L. 634 MANTlAt Tl'KKS. IIOI.DKN, XOKTOX & MaDSF.N, I'CMiA HrOS. & CO., TlIE MATTULLATII MANri'A< TIKINC C'oMI'ANV, and DaVII) WOKRNER. Woodenware. — The pails, tubs, churns, sjrup-kcf^s, powder-kegs, and similar articles made of soft wood by the iielji of machincrj-, and forming the chief products of 'he " woodenware " factories, arc consumed here annually to the value of about $200,000, and are entirely supplied by local establishments, including 2 in San Francisco, and one each in Sacramento and Portland. These factories also make other woodenware, including broom-handles, washboards, ice-chests, butter-molds, sieves, and man}- smaller articles for domestic use. The one at Sacramento also makes fruit-bo.ves. The woods most u.sed are sjirucc, cedar, and fir. The hoo]js are usually of iron, thougii hazel hoops are also used to a small extent. Such articles as a.\ and pick handles of hickor\-, and chopping bowls and trays of beech and sugar maple, arc imported, because there is no tim- ber on this coast suitable for making them, :ind there is more hand labor used in the process o{ manufacture than can be applied here profitably. In 1S52, the mercantile firm of ]'2lam & IIoWKS (succeeded by Gi;oKt;K IIOWKS & Co., and afterwards by E. K. IIoWKS) erected a woodenware factory in San Francisco, and it continued to run until 1880, when it was closed in consequence of losses suffered by the proprietor in other lines of business. It was the pioneer establishment of the kind on the slope. C. \V. and G. W. Akmes began the manufacture of woodenware at Mark West, Sonoma County, in 1853, and encouraged by the condition of their busi- ness, moved to San Francisco, \\here the firm took the name of Armk.S & Dai.1..\M, now the oldest factor)- on the coast. Their annual product is worth about $190,000. TiiK Ma iTui,L.\Tii Manufacturing Co.mi>anv, and E. A. Stockton, are other manufacturers of woodenware in San Fran- cisco; Nichols & Co. have a lactory in Sacramento, and Z.VN Ukotiieks, in Portland. MattuUath Mills. —The Mattullath ManuF'Wctuiung Comi-anv of San I'rancisco are an extensive cooperage enterprise, (icrhaps une(|ualed in the amount of their production. They run 3 mills, employ about 500 persons, ami turn out 3,000 barrels a da)-. Two mills in Washington saw or cut out the material, and one in San ]~ranciscimty, California, is suitable for this purpose, but most of the material is imported from Wisconsin. Spruce from Oregon, hr rosewood from Mexico, are commonl>' used for faucets. The cost of faucets ranges from $5 to $lS a dozen, of wooden bungs, from $6 to $7 for 1,000. The capital invested in this branch of business in San P'rancisco is about $5,000, and the value of the different articles manufactured does not exceed $7,000. There are still some small im])()rtations. Willowware. — Our coast buy.s baskets to the value of $50,000 an- nually, and manufactures to the value of $10,000, obtaining most of the sur])lus from luirope, and paying 30 per cent, of the value as national ta.K on the importation. Even with such a burden, the cheap labor of luirope can undersell llu Californian basketmaker, e.Kcept for the heavy market - baskets, which can not be packed in a compact manner, and for baskets recjuireil to be made to order. Most of the factf)ries are retail establish- ments, where the proprietor and several hired men are engaged part of the time in selling or repairing imported articles, and give merely a surplus of leisure to manufacture. The business conducted in this way requires but a small capital. The laborers number about 30, and are nearly all men who learned the trade in ICurope. The San I'rancisco boys and girls ha\e shown no zeal in learning basketmaking. Some Chinese make baskets for the use of their class; and a few are employed in covering demijohns with rattan work at the glass-factory. The coast has S establishments engaged in the manufacture of baskets and willowware, including 7 in San Francisco and one in Sacramento. It gives employment to about 30 persons. The pioneer in the business is V"lCTOR N.WI.KT, who opened his shop at .117 Leidesdorff .Street, in iiSsi, and still works at the same place, with.iut an assistant. The largest shop i.s a branch of TllK W.VKKi'il'.l.l) R.viTAN C(iM PAX V, which has 1 2 operatives. Iiasts. — The making of lasts was commenced in San Francisco in 1864, on a very small scale. The establishment of numerous boot and shoe fac- tories brought with it a corresponding increase in the demand for lasts, and at present about 30,000 pairs a j'ear are manufactured. There are but 2 last factories on the I'acific Coast, both ear for labor, and $6,000 for material, anil make goods to the value of about $30,000 a year. The wages paid range from $12 to $21 a week. Plain anil ironed lasts are made in all styles and sizes. The materials u.sed are sheet-iron (used for bottoming certain kinds of articles), and maple or laurel wood. The wood of the apple- gH WOOD. O.v tree is also used, and is preferred by some boot and shoe manulacturcrs to any other description. A .small quantity of wood is imported from the East; principally from the State of I\Iaine, on account of its being a little harder than California timber. Shipments of goods manufactured in San Francisco are made to Mexico, the Hawaiian Islands, China, Japan, and Australia. During 1881, a large order was filled for a firm in Paris. California-made lasts compare favorably with goods of Eastern and foreign make, and have undisturbed control of the home market. Ship-biUldlng. — An extensive seacoast, possessing numerous secure har- bors, an active maritime commerce, and many skillful mechanics, must have some ship-building industry. In the early years, after the gold discovery, several ship-yards were established on the shores of San Francisco Bay, and these were followed by others at Stockton, Vallejo, Oakland, Hum- boldt Bay, Coos Bay, Puget Sound (at Seattle, Seabeck, Port Blakely, Port Hudson, Port Townsend, Port Madison, and Utsalady), and on the banks of the Columbia and Umpqua rivers. The vessels built on the coast in 1882 had an aggregate measurement of about 17,000 tons, and were worth about $1,200,000. California took the lead, with a production of about 8,000 tons, and the remainder were nearly equally divided between Oregon and Washington. Besides other work, San Francisco built 4 ocean steam- ers ; Portland built 7 river steamers and made extensive repairs on 2 ocean steamers. The vessels built on our coast are generally small. Of 129 built on the shores of Puget Sound in 1 1 years, the average measurement is 164 tons; at Humboldt Bay it is about 175; at San Francisco it is consid- erably larger. The mean for the coast will not exceed 250 tons. The first ships built on the western shore of North America were con- structed by order of Cortez in 1521, for the purpose of exploring the coast, and were vessels of less than 100 tons capacity. The Spaniards have never been distinguished in ship-building, and in this respect Mexico was inferior to Spain. No large vessel has been built, nor has there ever been a notable ship-yard at any Mexican or Central American port on the Pacific. The only vessel constructed north of Mazatlan, under the Spanish or Mexican dominion, so far as we know, was the El Triimfo de la Cruz, built at Lo- rcto. Lower California, in 1719. The schooner Z>o//k was built by Ameri- cans in the Columbia River in 1810; in 1841 a small vessel was constructed on the bank of the Willamette ; and a schooner of 74 tons was launched at Victoria in 1846. There was a ship-yard at Sitkci, which probably began to provide small sailing-vessels for the Russian fur-traders early in this century, but we have no precise information. The first steamboat in the waters of California was coftstructed in pieces there in 1847, for W. A. 1 ■ I III' 1'' 638 MANUFACTURES. Leidesdorff. and was put together on Yerba Buena Island. She was very small, aiul her machinery was so weak that she could not make headway against the strongest tides in the bay. The immigration of 1849 brought a multitude of skillful ship carpenters to California; and before the end of that year, several ship-yards were established in San I'rancisco for repairing and building vessels. The active demand for steamboats to ply on the bay and its tributary streams, made business lively in the ship-yards for years. Stockton launched her first vessel in 1850, and has continued to do a considerable business in constructing river steamers ever since. Other notable vessels, each the first in their respective classes, were a brig of 235 tons, built on the bank of the Umpqua River, larger than any sail- ing-vessel previously constructed on our coast; the Eliza Anderson, at Port- land in 1858, the first ocean steamer; the Toticcy, at the Marc Island Navy Yard, the first vessel belonging to the American Government; the brig Western Belle, oi 275 tons, in 1S64, at Humboldt Bay; the Del Norte, the first ocean steamer at San Francisco, in 1865; the Wihhvood, of 1,200 tons, built at Port Madison by MEIGS & Gawley, in 1871 ; and the Western Shore, of 1,778 ton.s. built at Coos Bay in 1874 by SIMPSON BROTHERS. Competition of Iron. — The main obstacle to the development of the ship- building industry of our coast is the fact that the material in which wc c.Kcel has ceased to be the favorite material for marine architecture. Iron has superseded wood for ships almost entirely in European ship-yards, and we can not expect to find an extensive market for wooden ships unless they are to be used in the coasting trade, where they arc not exposed to compe- tition with British vessels. Many wooden vessels built before iron had been introduced extensively in the ship-yards, or while its relative value was con- sidered doubtful, arc still used in Europe, but the new vessels, for routes where there is a large trade, arc iron steamers. The larger and more costly the vessel, as in the case of steamers, the greater is the advantage of having an iron hull. Shippers, insurance companies, and mariners, give the prefer- ence to iron vessels. Wooden vessels are often much injured by passing through the tropics, while iron vessels are not. It requires 70 per cent, longer to load and unload a wooden than an iron ship. While there may be a profitable occupation for all the ship-yards which wc now have, and for some more, we must not delude ourselves with the idea that the posses- sion of a large supply of excellent ship timber will certainly lead to the development of a great business in ship-building. After Japan and China have made a little more progress in the art of navigation, will they not come to us for wooden vessels suitable for their coasting trade? In reply to such a question E. B. DEAN, ship-builder at Coos Bay, and lumber merchant in !ii«MI WOOD. 629 San Francisco, said: " The Chinese have already bou^jht up one line of Eng- lish iron steamships engafj;cd in the Asiatic Coast trade, and a full-blood negro born in Washington, D. C, is the general manager of the line. As they are beginning to u.se iron steamships f(jr their coast trade, there is little prospect for the sale to them of wooden sail vcsjxLs built on this coast. He- sides, Maulmain, on the Hay of Bengal, is a great ship-building piirt, and the teak ships built there are the best in the world for durability, and as material is cheap, and labor extremely cheap, a good vessel can be built there for less money than in any other part of the world." Several other authorities expressed similar opinions. If China and Japan need a large supply of small wooden coasters, they will probably build in their own j-ards. J.\Mi:s DiCKllC thought Australia might come to us for such vessels, which they can obtain here, of excellent model and material; but the larger vessels there as elsewhere will be iron steamers. Messrs. De.\N, Tii.VVEK, and C.VKSON agreed that, as we ha-e built 20 vessels for the trade of the I lawaiian and Society islands, we may reasonably hope to furnish them with many more. For use on our own coast, JA.VIES DlCKIE advises that all ves.sels over 800 tons should be built of iron; all under 800 should be built of wood. Iron ships suffer in the tropics from exces- sive fouling only ; wooden ships suffer much more, and rot is a very dangerous thing for them. No large iron vessel has ever been built on this coast, and the largest job in iron ship-building done here was done by the I - jON Iuon Wokks, in lengthening the ship />W/i-'rtr. Her original length was 215 feet, and by putting a section in her middle she was made 300 feet long. Her measure- ment was increased from 1,100 to 1,800 tons. She now runs to Victoria. An iron sailing-vessel built here would cost about $125 a ton; in Scotland, $85. The difference in cost between wood and iron is greater in a sailing than in a steam .ship. Wooden sailing-ves.scls can be built about as cheaply here as they can be in Maine. The higher wages on this coast are counter- balanced to some extent by the greater amount of labor to be spent on the harder timber of the East, and our vessels are at least as strong. Other Obstacles. — In the cost of fitting out a vessel for sea, our coast can not compete with Eastern and European rivals, as nearly all the materials used are imported, costing about 12 per cent, more for transpor- tation and interest on the investment, while labor here is generally 80 per cent, higher than in Maine, and 40 or 50 per cent, higher than in Europe. A great drawback to ship-building on our coast is the cost of labor. Ship- carpenters are paid here $4 to $4.50 per day on new work and $5 a day on old work. Calkers receive $5 a day for both old and new work, and when 650 MAM IA( 1L-Ki;s, engaged on old work, according to the rules of the Calkers' Association, 100 running feet of calking with 2 threads are a day's work, and when using 4 threads, 50 running feet arc a day's work, and the men arc not allowed to ilo any more. On new work they are not limited. These rules only ajjply to vessels built for the coast trade. Ship-lniiklers occasionally object to these arbitrary ami stringent rules, but without effecting a change. As an illustration of the difference it makes in this one item in the cost of building, the cost of calking a steamer built by the DuKll'; HuoTllKKS, for CiOoUAl.l,, I'r.RKlNS & Co., for the coast trade, was $1,250; while the calking of a .steamer of the same size for the Hawaiian trade cost only $Soo. Wages in the Eastern States range from $2 to $2.50, and in Eng- land, $1.50 for skilled labor, is the average. It is estimated that the cost of rigging is 15 jjcr cent, greater here than in the Kastcrn States, and 25 per cent, greater than in l"2ngland. The rel.itive cost of building and equip- ping a sailing-vessel of i,cxx) tons in these countries may be stated thus: In California, $75 per ton, or $75,000; in Maine, $66,520; in England, $55,- 2S5 ; lx.'ing 13 per cent, greater in Califor.iia than in Maine, and 35 percent, greater than in lingland. But this estimate has reference only to the wages paid for labor and the price paid for rigging the vessel. On Coos and Humboldt bays and on Pugct Sound we have the advantage in the price of timber and lumber, both o\'cr Maine antl ICngland. At I'uget Sound, fir costs but $10 per 1,000 feet, while lumber of like character costs $18 to $20 in Maine, and in England $27.50 to $30, and finishing lumber is as high in |)roportion. This will offset the 13 per cent, in Maine and the 35 per cent, in I'lngland, lea\e a margin of 6 to 8 [ler cent, in favor of Coos Hay and Pugct Sound builders, and nearly cancels the balance against the San Fran- cisco builders. One great obstacle to the development of ship-building in the United States, and especially on this coast, is the great discrimination by the tariff against ship iron, which must pay $43 a ton, while railroad iron pays only $7.50, and there is no important difference betw^ecn their quality and cost. This discrimination may be adapted to the interests of Pennsylvania, which is destined, apparently, to be the chief scat of iron ship-building on the Atlantic Coast of our continent, but it docs not suit the wants of California, Oregon, and Washington. Again, in San Francisco a vessel of 1,800 tons must lie at a wharf 60 days while fitting out, and must pay the State $1,200 for that privilege. In Great Britain no charge is levied on a vessel till she is ready to receive freight. In Scotland, now the greatest of ship-building countries in proportion to population, the Harbor Commissioners provide ship-yards, which are let to none save ship-builders actively engaged in the business; here there is a great difficulty in finding good sites for yards. WOOD. 6v Ship Timber.— The assertion can be maclc with confidence, that if the Pacific Ocean is to have a hirf^c and inf;rcasint( supply of wooden vessels for ocean navigation, through the future, there must be a great ship-build- ing industry on this coast at some time not far distant. The disadvantages of more costly lalior, and dcaicr supplies of many kinds, will diminish rapidly, while centuries will probably elapse before our supply of timber will be as scanty as that of luiropc; and scantv as it may be in ciuantity, it will still be superior in quality. Ship-builders were slow to recognize the merits of the red fir and the Alaska cedar as material for large vessels ; but it is now admitted that, for the general purposes of marine architecture, they are unsurpassed. In the combination of strength and elasticity with great length and straight grain, they are -mequaled. The red fir has just cnorgh pitch to enable it to hold iron fa.stenings with a tenacity so great that bolts and spikes will gcneially break before they will draw out of it. Its durability, when put into any part of a ship, is all that could be desired, and in the oldest vessels, some of the .schooners being 20 and 25 years old, gives entire satisfaction, as they arc still per- fectly sound ; although it decays in 3 or 4 years when used in damp places on land, and.expo.scd, as in fence posts and street planking, or for cellar floors. It greatly excels the Georgia oak in length, and indeed is now celebratcil throughout the world for its wonderful proportions, and for the size and strength of the masts it supplies. Timbers 150 feet long and 18 inches square, without a strip of sap, without rent or check, perfectly sound, straight, and free from knots, can be obtained in the forests from Oregon to British Columbia. As an illustration of the use of these fine timbers, it may be mentioned that in the ship Blue Jacket, which was brought out to this coast from New York by D. O. MILLS, to ply between San Francisco and Australia, 6 timbers were placed to stiffen her, each of which measured 135 feet in length, and 24 by 18 inches in thickness. As was remarked by Mr. Boole, to whom the contract was awarded: "There is no other part of the world where timbers of such dimensions can be found." Planks of this timber 60 to 90 feet long, and of any required width and thickness, arc readily obtainable, the use of which avoids the necessity for more than one third as many butts and scarfs in a ship's side as are required in an East- ern or European vessel. Other Pacific Coast timbers are now found to be of great excellence in ship-building, which demand our attention. Tideland spruce, which abounds in parts of Oregon, Washington, British Columbia, and Alaska, is particu- larly suitable for top timbers and natural crooks White cedar, the common cedar of the Eastern States, is found on the mountains in Oregon and Wash- ington. Laurel, found on the Northern Coast Range in California, and 632 MANUFACTURES. l;i • ■! throughout Oregon and Washington, in logs 50 to 60 feet long, is used for stanchidiis, stems, stcrnposts, rudder stocks, aprons, and cabin finishing, for whicii latter purjjose it is pre-eminently adapted by its beautiful color and susceptibility of taking a high polish. Yellow cedai, found in abundance from coos Bay along the coast, and on the islands northward as far as Alaska, is a most valuable wood for s'liiJ- building, perhaps excelling the now famous red fir. A vcs.sel built of yellow cedar about the year 1836 at Sitka, w.is examined b)- the officers of the revenue cutter Liiico/ii, in 1867, 5 years after she was wrecked, and the tim- bers were as sound and perfect as on the day she was launched. The yel- low cedar grows to a height of 180 feet, and attains a diameter of 4 feet. It is said to be the finest material in the world for the deck' of ships and like uses. Prof GEORGE DAVIDSON recently visited Alaska on behalf of the United States Government, to make examination of the forests of that country, and he reports that ash and oak are abundant, and walnut can be obtained in great quantities. It thus appears that timber of the best quality for ship-building is most abundant on this coast, and perfectly accessible. Ship-yards. — One of the leading ship-yards of the coast is that of TllR Central Pacieic Railway Company, at Oakland, where numerous boats for the navigation of the San Francisco Bay and its tributarj' waters ha\c been built, including the elegant ferry-boats, and the freight-boats i)l>Mng between San Francisco and Oakland. The largest boat from this ship-j-ard is the Sfl/dito which carries trains acr<5ss the Strait of Carquinez. Her length is 424 feet; width, 1 16, and depth, 18. She has 4 tracks, and at one load can carry a train a quarter of a mile long. Among the notable ship-)-ards of our coast are those of DiCKliC Brotiieks, Matthew Turner and Ciiarli:s Wiute, in San Francisco; E. B. Dean & Co., and SiMi'soN Brothers, at Coos Bay; Mr. Cousins and II. D. Bendixson, at Humboldt Bay; and the Hall Brother.s, at Port Blakely. Dickie Brothers.— The Dickie Brothers, whose ship-yard is on the Potrero, in ,San I'rancisco, have ta'- en the lead on our coast in the construc- tion of ocean steamers. In 1881 they built 3,000 tons of wooden vessels, including the JAuvVv, a steamer of 1,800 tons; another steamer, the Bonita, of 600 tons, one, the /'u'a/tvi/, of 300, and a schooner of 300. All were classed in the Bureau Veritas as good for 12 years. The material of the frames and planking is yellow fir. In 1880 they constructed 600 tons; in 1879, Txx); and in 1878, 900. The Mcxiio cost $235,000 or $130 a ton. The contractors offered to build her of iron for $310,000, or $172 a ton. The Bonita cost $75,000, and could have been made of iron for $105,000. ^-^..liN-,. WOOD. 633 The hm/aiti coat $43,000. TllE RisnoN Iron Works .supplied the ma- chinery for these steamers. The DiCKlK BROTHERS have built 24 vessels in San Francisco, all .steamers save 4, ranging in size from 150 to 1,800 tons; 6 were constructed for the Sandwich Islands, 3 for Mexico, and the remain- der for California and Oregon. In March, 1882, they have 3 vessels on the stocks and 4 under contract, including the pioneer steam whaling vessel for GOODALL, GrII-I'-ITHS, and others. They are thoroughly versed in iron ship-building, and propose to construct iron vessels at tio distant time. The partners arc John and JAMES DiCKlE (brothers of G. VV. Dickie, of The Risdon Iron Works, one of the most prolific inventors of our coast), are natives of Scotland, and belong to a race of ship-builders. Their ship-yard in San Francisco was established in 1872, and it has ever since occupied a prominent place among the industrial establishments of our coast. Simpson Brothers.— A. M. Simpson & Brother, extensively engaged in the manufacture and sale of lumber, have built about 30 sailing-ves.scls, most of them at North Bend or Coos Bay, where they have their principal ship-yard. They have another on the Columbia River opposite Astoria. They liave also occasionally rented yards, in which they built 4 vessels at San Francisco, 2 at Oakland, and 2 at the Umqua River Besides these sailing-vessels, they have built 5 tug.s. Dry Docks, etc.— The only large dry-docks on our coast arc at San Fran- cisco. The Hunter's Point stone dry-dock, one of the largest and most complete to be found anywhere, is 465 feet long at the top and 400 at the bottom, 120 feet wide at the top and 60 at the bottom, and 22 feet deep in water over the miter sill. This dock is within the limits of the city, and convenient of access, so that there is no difficulty in obtaining labor or sup- plies of any kind. The pumps throw out 40,000 gallons a minute, and can einiity the dock in ^yi hours. It was in the construction of this dock that A. W. Von Schmidt, C. E., first used his original and valuable system of submarine blasting. This stone dry-dock and floating dry-docks (one 250 feet long by 100 wide, and another 150 feet long by 75 wide) are controlled by a company which charges 60 cents a ton per day of 24 hours for sailing- vessels, 75 cents for steamers. There is also a marine railway slip for the repair of vcs.sels not exceeding 800 tons measurement, and also smaller slips. The National Government is constructing a stone dry-dock, to be 350 feet long and 100 feet wide, at the Mare Island Navy Yard; and the Canadian Dominion is making a larger stone dry-dock at Esquimalt. Portland and Victoria have marine ways for repairing vessels. 80 MAXUIACTURES. House-building. — The chief building-matcrinl in 4 houses out of 5 on our coast north of Mexico is wood, and, in the rcmaininj^ fiftli, brick occu- pies an equally large proportion, leaving little for stone and adobe, or unbumcd brick, which last was used almost exclusively by the native Cali- fornians before the American conquest. In San I'rancisco, brick is pre- ferred for the costly business establishments, but for dwellings is considered objectionable on account of earthquakes (though nobody has ever been hurt in a brick dwelling in California by an earthquake) and of the moisture which fill.s, or is supposed to fill the wall.s. A dwelling of wood, while cheaper than one of brick, will usually find tenants at a higher rent, and that fact is the main cause of the rarity of brick buildings on the residence street.s. The brick store-buildings of our coast arc not distinguished from simi- lar structures elsewhere by any jjcculiar features, unless it is that they are generally constructed in the most modern style, combining elegance of outward appearance with convenience of internal arrangement. The stories are high ; and the fronts arc arranged with large windows, ad- mitting much light and allowing passers to see what is for sale. The lead- ing retail stores of San Franci.sco are noted for large windows and doors and elaborate window displays of tlicir attractive goods. It is in the wooden buildings that the prominent characteristics of Californian architecture arc most observable; and thc\- are especially noticeable in San I'rancisco. The houses are not framed, bnt nailed together in the method, if not invented, at least first made generally known in Chicago about I1S45, and for that reason stj'led the " Chicago frame." I'lxcept in large buildings there are no timbers more than 3 inches tiiick ; there is no mortising; and none of the raising necessary in "heavy frames." Flimsy as these structures look before they are co\ercd, they are found to be very strong, and can be moved on rollers for miles without serious injury, as many sucli houses 3 or 4 stories high have been moved. They have been built to a height of 6 stories. The external ornamentation is elaborate; and in San Francisco, where the average temperature in suinmer is .seldom above the degree of comfort, bay-windows are very numerou.s, for the purpose of catching the sun. PAPER, PRINTING, ETC ^35 CHAPTER XXXIII.— PAPER, PRINTING, ETC. Paper. — Four varieties of paper arc made on the coast, printing, manilla, straw, and pasteboard. In manufacturing the first kind, the materials chiefly employed arc rags, old paper, and, within the past year, wood-pulp. Manilla of the better qualities, such as is used for bags, is made from old manilla rope. For the inferior products, as heavy wrapping paper, burlap (coarse bagging) furnishes the raw material. Straw paper, as its name implies, is made entirely of straw, that of wheat being usually preferred. Pasteboard is also made from straw, the pulp being subjected to hydraulic pressure. Various other substances have been used unsuccessfully, includ- ing the stem fibers of the yucca growing abundantly in the arid tracts of Southern California and Arizona; the tule, a coarse reed found in the marshes along the Sacramento and San Joaquin rivers, and coarse grass gathered along the Columbia River, after the subsidence of a flood. The American aloe, or century plant, has likewise been used for this purpose, and an irjcombustible paper has been made in very small quantity from asbestos. The first straw employed here in the industry was found to con- tain so much silica, that it could not be bleached by ordinary processes. As the portion used was cut by a machine that severed the stalk about 9 inches from the head of grain, the lower part of the growth was examined and found free from the objectionable matter. Only the middle of the stalk is now used. The annual production of paper on the coast is about 1,800 tons of printing, worth at wholesale $160 per ton; 1,000 tons of manilla, sold for $iSo per ton ; and 2,400 tons of straw wrapping, and 300 tons of paste- board, each sold at $60 per ton; making in all 5,500 tons, \,orth $630,000. The annual consumption is more than 6,000 tons of printing, 2,500 tons of wrapping, 1,300 tons of manilla, and 750 tons of pasteboard, leaving 5,000 tons to be supplied by the Eastern States. A portion of that supply, especially in the finer qualities of book and label paper, comes from the Boston house of S. D. WarrEN & Co., who have about a dozen paper mills in various parts of New England. No writing paper is manufactured on the coast, and the imports of that article probably amount to $350,000 annually, four fifths being received at San Francisco. The value of the envelopes consumed yearly is about $150,000, or, at $4 per 1000, 25 to each inhabitant of the coast north of Mexico. ffT 636 MANUFACTURES. Of the raw material consumed by our paper-mills yearly, i,cxx3 tons arc •"■'ift^' 5oOO tons wheal straw, and 1,000 tons manilla stock. The rags arc gathered mostly by Chinese in our towns, and cost $45 per ton ; straw sells for $5.50 per ton, and manilla stock for $60 per ton. About $350,000 are invested in buildings and machinery; the working capital amounts to $ico,ooo, and employment is furnished to joo person.s, one third of whom are \vomen and minors. The men are paid $2 per daj-, and the others from $1 to $1.25, a day's work being 10 hours. In all, 10 paper-mills have been built on the coast, the earliest erection of the kind being in 1B56. Of these, 8 were put up in California, and one each in Oregon and Utah. There arc 7 remaining. Of the 3 mills no longer in ex- istence, the one in Utah was built by direction of Buigiia:^ Younc;, at Salt Lake City, about 20 j-ears ago, and was di.scontinued for want of support. The ILiglc ;\Iill at Punta Arenas, Mendocino County, Cal- ifornia, was unsuccessful by reason of location, being too remote from the sources of supply of its raw material. The third establishment now closed was built in Los Angeles ('ount)-, to use the yucca fiber, and was unable 1.0 compete with liastern manufacturers. The production of paper on the coast is not equal to one half the consumption; in fact, the consumption of printing paper alone is greater than the total pro- duction, ^lost of the printing paper is used for book and other work out- side of newspaper issues, that consumption being now nearly supplied b}- home production. The material that by its abundance and cheapness enables our manufacturers to compete most successful!)' with Lastern pro- ducers, is straw. The most productive establishment is that (jf TlliC Cai.i- FOKM.v PaI'KR ^Lvnuiactukinc. Comi'AW, wlio.se works are at Stockton. Cajjital amounting to $300,000 is invested, and 80 hands employed. Lick Paper-mill.— The mill of Tin; Lick Papi;k Co^n>ANV at Alviso, California, was built as a flour-mill in 1852 by J.VMKS LiCK, the noted phi- lanthropist. In his earl)' )ears he had been a millwright and cabinet- maker, and when he Ibund himself wealthy in California, he gratified his pride as a mechanic b)- building a mill which not only turned out the best flour then made in the .State, but was finished with jjolished mahogan)-. at an e.\i)ense of several hundreel thousand dollars. The situation, however, was inferior for grist purposes to that of many other mills built aftcrward.s, so it was converted into the Lick I'aper-mill, the production of which, com- ])rising printing, manilla, cartridge, anil hardware pajjcr, is about 2 tons per day, the r.iw material being procured from junk ile.ilers in San l-'rancisco. Special machiner)- has recentl)' been introduced capable of manufacturing from 75 to 200 paper bags, of the satcliol-bottom pattern, per minute, the I ■W':\m If i« '! ■ PAPER, PRINTING, KTC. <537 number depending on the size of the bag. The working force consists of 20 men. The present company was incorporated in 1880 with a capital of $100,000, with 1"-. II. McCORMICK as president and !•". \. DkL.VNOV secrc- tar)-. The tirst mentioned has been on this coast since 1865, and went into business in San Franci.sco in 1876. The secretary came here in 1874. The products of the mill are sold chiefly to the trade by the company's agents in San Franci.sco, McCORMiCK & Dkl.ANOV, shipping and commission merchants, whose office is at 109 California Street. The Pioneer Paper-mill. — The Pioneer Paper-mill, the first one on our slope, was built in 1856 on the bank of the San Gcronimo, or, as it is now generally called. Paper-mill Creek, in Marin County, California, 15 miles from San Rafael, in the midst of beautiful redwood timber. A village has grown up about the mill, and in the summer there is an additional popula- tion of campers, who find favorite resorts in the vicinity. Power is sup- plied by the creek during half the year, and by steam during the dry season. Employment is given to 20 hands, who receive from $30 to $50 a month. The mill was erected by S. P. Taylor & Co., who still own and run, it, and dispose of its product, about 300 tons of manilla, at their paper warehouse at 414 and 416 Clay Street, San Franci.sco. Mr. Tavlor, the senior member of the firm, a native of New York State, and a resident of California since the spring of 1850, has .served the city of San Francisco as supcrvi.sor for one term in a creditable manner. Other mills on our coast are those of E. T. King & Co., at Saratoga; Brown Brothers & Watson, at Corralitos; the South Coast Paper- mill, at Soquel ; and the Clackamas Paper-mill, near Oregon City. The last mentioned was established in 1868 by the present proprietor, H. L. PiTTOCK, who has $50,000 invested in the industry, employs 25 hands, and turns out news, manilla, and coarser papers to the value of $50,000 annually. The Graham Paper Company. — Among the mills which send large supplies of paper to our coast, arc tho.se of THE GRAHAM PAPER COMPANY of St. Louis, Mo. (formerly H. B. GRAHAM & BROTHER), represented in San I'Vancisco by the agency of \V. G. RICHARDSON, at 507 Montgomery Street, established since 1873. The products of this company are well known to all large consumers of paper on the coast. Since the establish- ment of its business 27 years ago, the success of the house has been unin- terrupted. The company now occupies Nos. 217 and 219, and also 212 North Main Street; all 4-story buildings, containing the largest stock west of the Alleghany Mountain.s, assorted to supply the wants of publishers, printers, binders, box-makers, and the wrapping-paper trade. Their Paper Stock warehouse — the largest, most complete, and convenient on the conti- w 63S MANUFACTURKS. r^ /:< .i ncnt, at Nos. 1229 to 1237 North Sixth Street — brings them in close com- niunicition with the l,n-t^cst mills in the laiiil. Their facilities arc unsur- ])asscd for promptly filling' car-load orc'crs fordail>-and weekly publications, as well as the minor wants of the general trade. They obtain book and flat jiapers from the best known mills of the country, and handle the i)roduct of .several news print mills. Their brand of Keystone paper being used by leading dailies in many states, taxes their jirescnt capacity for production to the utmost; but the)- arc completing arrangements to materially increase the product of this popular brand, and arc in the market to supply any of the products of paper-mills. The Owen Paper Company.— Tin; 0\vi:\ Paper Factory was estab- lished at Lee, Ma.ssachusctts, in 1822, by a firm of which CilAKl.LS M. 0\vi:x was the senior partner. His son, Edward H. Owkn, became a partner in 1849, and soon after assumed the management of the works. In 1857-8 the firm erected at Housatonic, Massachusetts, what is now known as the "Old Mill," which has been enlarged from time to time until it is now 320 feet long, and fitted with the most approved machinery, much of it patented by the mill-owners. The arrangements are such that the rags arc received from cars at one end of the mill, and the finished stock shipped from the other end. The company incorporated in 1862 comprised E. H. OwiCN, CHARLES M. Owen, and Henrv D. Cone. Within 20 years, \arious changes have occurred, and now IlENRV D. CONE is sole proprietor and active man- ager. The specialty of the works is the manufacture of first-class jiaper from carefully selected linen and cotton rags, and the uniform good quality of the goods has secured for them a reputation not only throughout the United States, but also in other countries which use much paper. A new mill put up in 1881 is, it is claimed, one of the largest and best equipped in the world. The main buildings ha\'c a frontage of 500 feet, with a second building in the rear 400 by 300 feet, and a wing 200 by 40 feet. The boiler and storehouses are detached. Mr. CoNE having bought the land on both sides of the stream upon which his works are situated, for a distance of ,1 mile and a half, is enabled to command the supply of pure water necessary in fac- tories of this kind. The cottages of the workmen form a village, with pleasant surroundings, and the proprietor has furnished a free library of several thou- sand volumes for the use of the employees. The result of this enterprise has been to place on the markets of the country a class of paper for which the American market \\'as previ(jusly dependent upon foreign producers. Bags, Boxes, and Collars. — The consumption of paper bags on this coast is about 60,030,000 ])er annum, \alucd at $180,000. They arc made by an automatic machine that jjcrforms the entire work, including pasting. I'AI'KK, I'RINTIXC;, ETC. 639 Tlic paper is fed from a roll, and upon the completion of each 50 bacjs, a bell is struck, Icavinjj only the packintj to be done by hand. The principal manufacturers arc Bl.vkk, RoRlilXS & Co. of San Francisco, and TllK Lick I'.m'kr Comi'ANv. The annual consumption of paper boxes is valued at $50,000, and is sup- plicil by home production, with the exception of a few French snoods, worth not to exceed $500. The industry furnishes work to about 60 persons, the fjreatcr portion of whom are boys and ^irls, who are paid by the piece, earning from $3 to $12 per week, according to proficiency. The few adults employed are paid from $12 to $20 per week. A day's work is 10 hours. Raw material is consumed to the value of $20,000, and is mostly imported, onl)' about one fourth being the product of our paper-mills. Paper b.o.xcs arc made in San Francisco by ClIARLEs TuiKBAUT, Max Waizman, and W'KMl'K Hrotiiers, and Otto Roenicke has a factory in Portland, Oregon. Paper collars are consumed at the rate of about 2,000,000 per annum, at an a\erage price of $6.50 per 1,000, or a total of $13,000. None are made here now, a combination of Eastern manufacturers and a largely re- duced consumption having compelled the only producers, Wempe & Co., of San Francisco, to discontinue the business. In 1870 this firm had $10,000 invested in the industry; employed 12 hands, to whom they paid $3,000 wages; consumed material to the value of $9,000; and produced collars, cuffs, etc., to the value of $22,000. No paper hangings are now manufactured on our coast, though a few have been made experimentally. Type Foundries. — Until the year 1866 the newspapers and printing- hou.ses of the I'acific Coast drew their supplies mainly from agencies, in connection with some of the leading type foundries of the Eastern States. Agents were compelled to carry large assortments of stock and to charge high prices, in order to realize a fair profit on the capital represented. The want of a nearer depot of sujjplies than New York or Philadelphia was a great drawback, and it is estimated, that since 1849, not less than $1,500,- 000 has been sent abroad for the purchase of type and printers' materials. The establishment of type foundries in San Francisco wrought an immedi- ate saving to purchasers. Previously to 1866 several attempts were made at Iiome manufacture, but with no very encouraging results. A successful type foundry is a business that is apt to be slow in development, but when once firmly established, there is no limit to its growth and duration. In I'^ngland some of the foundries, known to-day as the best and largest, had their origin soon after 640 MANUFACTURES. ii;' I :;{ the introduction of the art of printinj^ ; and in Philadelphia and New York the foundations of several establishments, that arc now world-famous, were laid ncarl_\- a century ago. There are now 4 foundries in operation on the Pacific Coast, 3 of which are in San Francisco — those of Paintkr & Co. (proprietors of the San Francisco and California Type I'oundrics), Marder, Lusk & Co. (the Pacific Type Foundry), and FOREMAN & Co. The Pacific I'oundry is a branch establishment of a Chicago liouse, and until recently was under the management of N. C. Mawks. There is also a foundry at Oakland con- ducted by the Pacific Press Publishing A.ssociation. The value of type manufactured at these foundries is estimated at $50,- ooo a year, and the number of operatives employed, at 45. -Skilled work- men, who do the mold-making and machine work and the fitting of matrices, are paid fixen wages, ranging from $15 to $2 1 a week. Others, working by the piece, make $12 to $18. J-'oremen receive $25 to $35; boys earn $2.50 to $5, and girls $3 to $7 a week. There are 19 casting machines at the .several establishments, with a capacit)' for turning out 30 pounds of tj-pc per day to each, but the demand is not large enough Ik keep all the machines running. The different kinds of type required by newspapers, and all the different varieties of what are known as "standard job faces," arc made on this coast. Imports ,-onsist chiefly of display types and borders, for which patents have been issued in the Eastern States. The quantitj- of stock kept constanth' on hand by foundries and dealers, is esti- mated at $60,000 to $70,000 for the entire Pacific Coast. The materials used in making type-metal arc lead, antimony, tin, and copper, the 2 lacter being used as alloys. The usual proportion is for large type, 70 per cent, of lead and 20 per cent, of antimon)-; for small type, 60 per cent, of lead and 30 per cent, of antimony. The jiroportion of tin is about 8 per cent., and of copper 2 per cent. The degree of hardness in the inetal depends on the proportion of antimon>' u.scd ; the degree of tough- ness or durability, on the projiortion of tin and copper. Tough type, or good wearing type, is in demand by establishments in which cylinder prcs.scs are in use, and for this description less antimony is required. The best type foundries have established rules, from which the)- seldom deviate, as to the degree of hardness that type-metal should possess; but among printers there is a difference of opinion on this point. Hard type is pre- ferred by some printers, but objected to by others. If too hard it is liable to become brittle, and crumble when under pressure. Until the completion of the overland railroad in 1869, most of the lead taken from the base metal mines of the Pacific Coast would not repay the expen.sc of freight, and was therefore unmarketable, the supply needed by TAPER, rUINTINd, KTC. 641 t)'pc founders being mainly imported. Since that year, refined lead of home production and antimory have been in suppl)-, at rates just low enough to stop their importation. I'rintcrs' materials, which include such articles as cases, stands, cabinets, imposinj^-stoncs, brass rules, and various kinds of brass-work, are used in San Francisco to the value of $50,000 a year. Of this sum, about $12,- 500 represents the cost of brass-work, all of which is done in that city, and the remaining $37,500, the cost of wood-work, which is imported or made at the local mills in about equal proportions. Of the type foundries now in operation, that of Pai.xtlk & Co. is worthy of special mention, as one of the members of that firm has been connected with the business on this coast from its first inception, and a brief descrip- tion of his career will recall sortie interesting recollections. Painter & Co.— Jkromk B. Painter, of the present firm of Painter & Co., 510 Clay Street, comirtenced business in 1850, in partnership with Messrs. Joii.soN and Steri:t"I', on the south-west corner of Sansome and Washington streets. The firm made printing their specialty, but also man- ufactured leads and slugs, and dealt in type, presses, and printers' mate- rials. In the conflagration of 1851 the premises were burned to the ground, and the partnership was thereupon dissolved. Three jears afterwards Mr. Painter associated himself with JoilN O'Me.vra, and these gentlemen conducted business together till 1859, when Mr. O'Me.VR.v died, and Mr. P.\i\Ti;u formed a partnership with his brother, Tiii;oi)OKi-; P. Painter, lUKlcr the firm name of P.MNTER & Co. In 1866 he purchased the San iMancisco Type Foundry, originall)' started in 1853 by IU)\v.\Ri) Pelouze, and afterwards conducted by that gentleman's brother. In the fall of 1866, 1'\\ULKXI;R & Sox, in connection with the New York firm of CONNER & Son, established the California Type I'oundry, and carried on business on an extensive scale. In 1S68 IIacj.vr & Co. opened a branch, in connection with their business in New York. Competition afterwards became too great for so limited a field of operations, and prices were forced down to a point that w.as unremunerative. In i S75 the business of the California Type P'oundry and of H.\(;.\R & Co. passed, by purchase, into the hands of P.VIN TER & Co. This firm now does a large and increasing trade in the manufacture of type, the sale of printers' materials and supplies, and in elec- trotyping and stereotyping, under which head further mention is made of the establishment. Eleotrokype and Stereotype.— y\ stereotv'pe is a fac simile of a page (jf ordinary t}-i)e, but with fi.xcd, instead of movable characters. The main .lesign is to dispen.se with the necessity of keeping in type publications for 81 i 11 642 MANl TACTLKUS. which there is iikclj- to be a future ilemaiul. The tasl< of rccompositioti is thus avoiileii, and llie type, Ixmul; thus released, can Ije distributed and reset. On account of the small number of i)oollinder presses; Howard Ironworks, of Buffalo, manufacturers of paper-cutters ; TlNCUK, llcjusi; & Co., of New York; J. C. ToDi), of Xew York; and various other i)rominent I'lastern manufacturers. 1'AI,.Mi;r & Ri:\' iiave a brancli house in Chicago for the manufacture and sale of lithographic presses. Printing-inks. — Printing-inks, as produced on the coast, are of 3 general varieties; common black, colored, and lithographic. The first named is a mixture of linseed oil, lampblack, .soap, and resin; the others being made o( ro.ST IXTKLLKiKNUER HUILDIXC, SKATTLE, W. T. Il I H k m I vs \ m ■■ 'p. ^IriwtfilHHiinHMHii PAPER, PRINTING, ETC. 643 more costly matcrinls, including soiutions of the precious metals. Usually all arc applied by means of elastic rollers, composed of glue and molasses, and wliich arc manufactured in connection with the inks. The present pnj- duclion of inks comprises 16 "grades f)f news and poster; 20 of book, job, and woodcut; and 4 of diagram, which \ary in price from is^j cents to $5 pet I)ound; also 26 standard grades and tints of colored inks, costing from 50 cents to $5 per pound, and lithographic inks and bronze powders. The ink used in printing this book was made here. The manufacture is conducted Uj some extent by machinery, not more than 10 men being employed. The capital invested amounts to $30,000, and the annual production is valued at $40,000. About 100 cases are exported, chiefly to British Columbia and tlie Hawaiian Islands. The importation of printing-ink is very small, but the raw material is all brought from abroad, mostly from Europe. The only manufacturers of printer's ink on the coast, are SlIATTUCK & Fletciikk, at San Francisco. Newspaper Printing.- After the mind has been awakened by books, and the conversation of intelligent companions, and accustomed to habits of observation and study, it craves thought-food, the most attractive form of which, for the majority of mankind, is a knowledge of the events happening contemporaneously in all parts of the world. We arc so constituted that we feel an irresistible interest in all the facts that have a large influence on the happiness of any considerable number of our race; and this interest is greater in proportion as the occurrence is recent. Our good and evil for; tunes arc felt most keenly when they are still fresh; after a few weeks or even days, the sensations suggested by them become dull. For a similar reason, our feelings arc not arou.sed to the same extent by hearing of an event weeks after it has become stale to the participants, as if wc had heard of it while it was still in progress. It was reserved for our century to invent the electric telegraph and bring it into general use as the handmaid of journalism; and thus to associate all civilized nations in a daily communion of thought and sympathy over the news of th.e world. Nowhere else is the craving for reports of the most recent occurrences from all parts of the globe stronger than in the American and British por- tions of our slope; nowhere else arc journalism and the general news depart- ment of telegraphy more liberally patronized in proportion to population than here; and nowhere else has journalistic skill iri the clear presentation of news reached a higher development. Our people generally have b-^cn trained by schools, travel, and familiarity with extensive business and bold enterprise to take an interest in the affairs of all mankind. In the places provided with a daily mail, the morning paper with its record of the notable 644 MANUFACTURES. political, commercial, industrial, literary, and social events of the previous day in Europe aiy! America, is one of the necessaries of life. The newspapers of our coast, as a class, ha^•c trained an honorable dis- tinction by their careful study and intelligent elucidation of the local com- merce and industries. The varied and rich resources, their rapid develop- ment, and the active traffic of these Pacific States and Territories, offered interesting' ficld.s for investigation, and many of the editors have shown much zeal and knowledge in using their opportunities. The annual reviews published at the clo.se of each year by leading dailies of San I'rancisco, Oakland, Sacramento, Stockton, Los Angeles, Portland, Salt Lake City, Victoria, Seattle, and other places, and by the commercial weeklies of San Francisco, are models of costly, comprehensive, and judicious compilation. Some of these papers will be mentioned hereafter more specifically. The public journals of our coast are so numerous, and they have exerted .so much intlucnce on the development of its resource.''-, that a comprehen- sive account of their origin and progress would make up a large part of its history. Here, as in the Atlantic States, the newspaper has been a semi- nary and training school for politicians and statesmen, and some of the highest offices within the gift of the people of California have been given to the graduates of composing and editorial rooms. The first newspaper on the Western slope of our continent — at least the first of which we have an}' note — was the Oregon Spcc/ator, a weekly paper, the first number of u'hich appearetl on I'ebruary 5> 1^146, at Oregon City, then the chief town of Oregon; J A.ME.S \V. Xe.SMITII, since a member of the National Senate, was one of its proprietors. Spain and Mexico held California for three quarters of a century without establishing a ncwsjjaper; the Americans had been in pu.ssession of Monterey just 39 days when the wecklv Califondan appeared on August 15, 1846. The Califoniian Star, published with ma- terial brought by the i\Iormons, issued January 7, 1S47, was the first news- paper in San Francisco, and the first daily, the Alia California, welcomed the sun on January 22, 1850. Since that day there has been a steady and rapid increase, not only in all the American States and Territories west of the Rocky Mountains, but also in British Columbia, iMexico, and Central America. The number of printing-establishments of all kinds on the coast is about 700. Of these, more than 400 publish periodicals, the remainder being book and general job offices. Steam-power is employed by f,o of the former and 55 of the latter. The annual value of the newspaper ami literary business is .$3,500,000; that of the book and job work, .$J,000,ooo. The circulation of the y6 daily newspapers is at least 225,000 copies. Of this number San Francisco supplies 133,000 in the I'lnglish, and 7,000 in "^m PArKK, rUINTINf;, ktc. (345 other languacjcs, the issues comiMisinij 14 publications. Outside of the city there are 28 dailies in the State of California. Nevada has 12; OrcL^on and Arizona, 6 each; Utah, 4; W'ashin^'ton Territor)-, 3; l^ritish Cnlunihia, 2 ; and Panama, one. Their subscription lists range from 200 to 4,000 copies each. Of the newspapers not dail\' California has i.S.S weekly, 1 1 semi-weekly, antl 2 tri-weekly; Nevada has 10 weekly; Oregon, 52 weekl)-, and one monthly; Washington Territor)-, 21 weekly; Arizona, 14 weekly; Utah, S weekly; Idaho, 10 weckl)-, and one tri-weekl)'; British Columbia, 4 weekly, and 2 semi-weekly; Mazatlan, 2 weekl_\'; Lower California, 2 weekl)-; and Panam.i, one weekly. Tlie proprietors of 40 of this class own neitlier type nor machinery, but get their editions printed at job works. The sub- scription lists of the dailies range from 200 to 40,000 copies each. The capital invested in the business amounts to $3,200,000, of which $2,000,000 is in the newspaper and literar)- establishments, I'.mployment is gi\en to 1,816 compositors, of whom 654 work in the book and job offices. Of all, about 200 are females. The book and job employees are paid from $7 to $25 per week, or rates averaging 35 cents per 1,000 ems, when working by the piece; expert compositors averaging $15 per week. An "em" is the space formerly occupied by a square letter M, which is the unit of measurement. News and literary compositeurs receive from 25 cents to 50 cents per 1,000 cms, averaging 40 cents. I'^oremcn and power pressmen of the first class are paid from $25 to $35 per week; those of the .second class, from $15 to $25 for the same period. These rates are about 10 per cent, hir'ier than those in the Eastern Stat(;s. The leading San I'rancisco dailies employ fnnn 25 to 50 regular hands each, including foremen ; anil the ra*es paid compositors are 50 cents per 1,000 cms. Tour arc printed from stereo- t}i)cd plates — the Call, Chronicle, Exaniinci; and Post. The first 2 have the latest improved perfecting R. I loi; prcs.ses, which print from paper in contin- uous roll, cutting, folding, and pasting 33,000 copies per hour each, if driven at full speed. Other presses in large news and job offices aver.ige 10,000 copies per hour. Several of the important job-printing establishments have facilities, which would enable tjiem to .set up and print a large double-sheet newspaper complete, anil furnish 20,000 copies within 10 liours after re- ceiving notice. In I'.irly d.iys San h'rancisco w;is the printer's paradi.se. Higher wages were paid compositors, and higher prices charged for work, than e\'er was known in the world's histoi)- elsewliere. In 1X70 wages beg.an to decline, owing to the incrca.sing number of workmen, who had become so many ;is to crowd each other, causing competition between firms and reduction in prices. 646 MAXUFACTURKS. -A i.i I Book and Job Printing.— Our slope has ncarl)- 300 book and job )iiint- iiv^ offices, most of them small shops, cmploj-cd cxchisi\-cly on job work, not cmp!o_\-in;^ more than 3 or 4 persons each. The number of those fre- qucntl)' employed on book work does not e.xceeil 20; there is ])erhaps not more than one constant!}- oiV4a;4cd in book work, and not one devoted ex- clusi\el)- to it. The circumstances are not fa\'orable jiere to the publication of books generally; labor antl materials ,ire higher than in the .Atl.uUic States, and the leading houses there are con\-eniently situated for controlling tlie trade of 50,000,000 |>eople, while here the entire population numbers onl_\' 1,500,000. Under these circumstances it required mucii enterprise to undertake book publishing on our coast as a regular business, but it lias been done with success. The largest book and job offices of the coast arc in San Francisco, ami include those of A. L. Bancrokt i'^: Co., II. S. CuocKEU & Co., F,. Hositfi & Co., I!.\( ON & Co., R. F. Sti;rri;tt & Co., W. A. Woodward & Co., Framv l"..\srM.\\, Josi.rii Wintkrcurx & Cartment of l.ibor. In New York the earnings of skilled male book-binders range from $12 to $20 a week. In San I'rancisco as much as $30 a week is paid, and the lowest rate for skilled male labor is $15. Women, who do the stitching work, receive $9 to $12, and boys, $4 to $6. Procejs of Binding.— A brief description of the usual process of book- binding may not be without intcicst. After the printed sheets have left the press they are dried in a steam-heated temperature of at least 100 degrees, and then subjected to hydraulic pressure. After undergoing this process the sheets are taken to the folding and cutting machines, and arc first folded into pages of the size required for the book. If the sheet be onl)- once folded, into 2 leaves, or 4 pages, the book is in the form of a folio; if twice folded, as is the ca.sc with this volume, it becomes a quarto; folded once more it is an octavo; ami so on to the smallest-sized book, which contains 32 leaves or 6.4. i)ages to eacli sheet of |)rinted matter. The next operation is to collect the pages for each volume, until all tlie sheets are exhausted. The leaves arc then taken to the " mashing-machine," which presses them solidly together. Grooves arc then formed in the backs of the folds by what are termed "sawing-machincs," in order to receive the cords, through which the thread is passed, in sewing the sheets together, and so avoid a jirotubcrance at the back. After being sewed together at the .sewing-frames, PVPEK, PRIXTING, KTC. 65.. the printed matter is in book form, but witliout bindin-men secured patterns of the ma- chinery in use, and imdertook to compete with the European manufacturer. The result has been, that at the present time nearly all the machinery or- dered for the plantations is made in San I'rancisco. In the manufacture of marine machinery also this coast has made rapid progress, instead of send- ing ICast for such m.achinery, as was the case heretofore, it is now ncarlj'all made on the Pacific Coast. An order was given for the construction here of machinerj- for a steamship of i.Soo tons, recently completed in one of our ship-)'ards, although the owner of the vessel is an Eastern man, and resides in an Eastern State. The manufacture of architectural iron-work has practically become a separate branch of business. One firm in San Francisco is almost exclusively engaged in casting ornamental work, and another in making wrought-iron girders, beams, ticbands, bridge irons, and railings; al.so iron doors, .shutters, burglar-proof bank-vaults, etc. Hoth complain, however, that orders arc not increasing, but have of late years fallen off. This is clearly due to the fact that there has been a decrease in the number of large buildings erected in San Francisco; and the foundries have done remarkably well if they have held their own in their particular lines of business. Manufacturers of wrought-iron draw their supplies mamly from the Pacific Rolling-mills, and the pig-iron, for castings, has mostly been imported. It is estimated that this branch of t'' ■ n -i industry amounts to about $500,000 a j-ear. During the early hi 'ory of the iron trade on this coast many difficulties were encountt :"ed. ():tc of these was the need of a rolling-mill to utilize the scrap iron which u \s accumulating all the while. Not less than 1,500 to 1, 800 tons were yearly shipped East, and yet it was estimated that 2 or 3 times that quantity went to waste; the price paid for it by ship-owners — $12 a ton — not making it worth the trouble of collecting it and hauling it to the dock. The occasional scarcity of coal and the exorbitant prices sometimes demanded for it ($35 per ton being paid, for example, in 1864), so increased the cost of castings, that only such machinery was ordered as was absolutely indispensable. The alternations of success and failure in 654 MAN L'lAl TURKS. I ■! iniiiii,'.; enterprises were always clusel)- followed !))■ like clianfjcs in the iron foundres and niaciiine siiops. In the flush times of 1.S61-2, new foundries and shops were openeil almost e\cr)- week— many of them to be closed at the firs, season of depression in tratle. Great i|Uantities of mininj,' machin- ery were sent into the mountains and placeil in un[)roductive mininj^ camjjs. On the failure of the mines this niacln'nerj- was sold to others at merely nominal prices. The nuniher of orders for new macliinery was thus diminished, and the shops sufUred accoiditifjl)'. Other obstacles en- co.nUeretl in the jjrogress and de\elopnient of the industr)', were the hit,di i/rices of pig-iron and coal and the great cost of labor. I'ig-iron has been mainly imported from the Eastern .States and Murope to the amount of about 14,000 tons ainuiall)-, taking the average of the past G jears, though in iS.Si imports were reduced to 8,600 tons. The cost of iron in .San I'rancisco has ranged, since 1876, from .$^4 to .$38; averaging about .$30 a ton igainst $20 to $22 in Pennsylvania. Coal abounds on tiie i'acific Coast, but appears to be of t(jo recent ft)rmation to be usetl in making castings. Coal and coke must therefore be im[)orted at a cost of $12 a ton, while tiie same k.nd of fuel costs in I*emis)lvani.'i but .14 per ton. Labor in Cali- fornia is about 35 per cent, higher than in the Mastern .States, molders recei\ing .$3 to .$3.50 per tla\', machinists ami pattern-makers the same, blacksmiths $3 to $4, and laborers ,^2. Although foundrymen are of opin- ion that, on account of the climate, men can do more wf>rk in a da\' here than in the ICastern .Stales, there is still a large percentage in favor of I-Iastcrn manufacturers on the score of wages. Advantages. — At first thought it would appear that these various hin- drances arc so formidable as to render competition with Eastern foundries practically impossible; but tliere are some compensating advantages enjoj'cd b)- our I'acific Coast inruiufacturcrs which enable them to i)rosecute their business successfully. On all foreign machinery there is an import duty of 35 per cent., which, coupled with the cost of freight, practically excludes it from our markets. There is now a fair prospect that the iron mines of the I'acific Slope will jiroduce a full supply of pig-irt)n for home consumption, and thoiigh it is the opinion of our foundrymen that this will not materially reduce the price, it must place the iron market on a steadier basis, and secure a more regular su[)pl\'. The distance from eastern cities, and the con-sefjuent loss of time in the fuinihnenl of f)rtlers, is a great ad\antage to I'acilic Coast manufacturers. Californians are noted for doing business in liaste, and when they gi\'e an order for machiner)-, retjuire it for inunediate use. The\' can not dela}' long enough 10 senil luist without serious detri- ment to their business, and hence their work must be done as rapidly as COMPOCNl) MARINE ENGINE. JOHN DOUGALL, ATLAS IKON WORKS, VICTORIA, R C. I i 11 !l ;! t III IRON'. ^55 pos'-iblc by our local foundries. In ihe liuif^unt^c of one of our pnimincnl iron founders, " the short time in which machinery has to be delivered alter being ordered, is our great safeguard against eastern competition." An inci- dent which occurred in San I'rancisco w ill illustrate this puint. Some time since a local sugar refiner invited bids for iron tanks, to be deli\ereil within a limited. time. The lowest bid was $50,000, and was made by a firm in New \'ork. A number of bids were received from foundrymen on the-l'a- cific Coast, but the lowest one — thai of a .San I'rancisco firm — was for $3,000 more than the tanks would ha\e cost if the order had been filled in New "N'ork, and the frcigiit paid by the purchaser. ;\s the tanks would be un- handy for tran.sportation by rail, and the time was short for shipment by way of Cape Horn, the refiner concluded to accept the bill of the San l'"ran- cisco hou.sc, at a loss to himself, and some gain to the local fiiundr)'. The manufacture of iron on this coast leaves a fair margin of profit, and the price received here for machinery and castings considerabK- exceeds that which is paid in I'.astern cities. It is probable that, with slight modifi- cations, this condition of affairs will continue, as freights arc not likely to be reduced to such a point as will bring the Eastern and Pacific Coast markets nearly to a level. In order to state the case full)- antl clearl}-, as it now exists, it will be necessary to make a comparison between the ICastern and the Pacific states, in the cost of material and manufacture, and also in the value of production. In Penn.syKania, pig-iron is wortli $20, and coal $4 ]3cr ton, against $30 a ton for iron, and $13 for coal in California. As one ton of coal will melt 8 tons of iron, the cost of |)roducing a ton of manufactured iron would be, in Pennsylvania, $20.50; and in Califijrnia, $31.62^/2. Hence, the cost of coal and raw iron is $11.12^2 a ton, or about 54 per cent, higher in Cali- fornia than in Pennsj'lvania. The higher prices prevailing for labor, rent, interest, etc., will probably increase the margin against the Pacific Coast manufacturer to at least 60 per c.^ it.; so that an article which costs the Eastern foundiyman $100, will co .t $160 in California. On the other hand, the value t)f plain castings in P( msslvania is $2.10 ]3cr 100 pounds; and in California, $4; making a difference of about 90 per cent, in favor of manu- facturers on this coast, as an offset to the adverse margin of (3o per cent, in the cost of production. If, therefore, some foundries ha\e had to close their drxirs on account of financial disaster, it must ha\e been for want of the capital neetleil to title (jver a dull season, or through mismanagement; for there is clearl)- a larger profit in the iron-trade on this coast, than in the East, and Eastern estab- lishments, as a rule, are growing stronger and extending their business from )-ear to year. Cs6 MANUFACTURES. All the foregoing estimates, however, are made on the basis of plain cast- in'^s, while the great bulk of the business done on this coast is the manufac- ture of machinery made to order, and such work varies in price from $4.50 to $9 per 100 pounds, $5 being regarded as a fair average price. The cost of production on woik made to order is about 25 percent, more than on plain castings, which will make the value of such work $2.62 ^3* per lOO pounds in the East, as against $5 on this coast, which leaves $2.37^^ or 90 per cent, in favor of this coast. The probable reduction in the near future in the price of pig-iron, is still another and greater prospective element of profit in favor of this coast. The proprietors of furnaces in Oregon, Washington, and California, now say they can produce iron at a profit for $24 per ton, delivered in San Fran- cisco. This is $6 per ton or 20 per cent, less than eastern iron now sells for in this market. The reduction of freights may, at some future time, take off 10 or 15 per cent, of the profits now enjoyed by the Pacific Coast manu- facturer over his eastern competitor; but the time will probably never come when our iron foundries will not have a decided advantage over those of the East and of Europe. Mining Machinery. — San Francisco machinists have long been noted for their success in the manufacture of mining machinery, and our foundries and machinc«shops arc unrivalctl in this line of work. Great efforts have been made by eastern competitors to secure a portion of the trade, espe- cially in Arizona and New Mexico, but most of the orders for mining ma- chinery still come to San Francisco. Special appliances for mining purposes were invented from time to time, to meet the requirements of various enter- prises on thi.'5 coast. The experience gained in constructing machinery for the early quartz mines of California, and afterwards for the Ccmstock and other great mines in Nevada, has enabled San Francisco machinists to pro- duce work of such a superior character, that from Idaho to Arizona, and from Oregon to Mexico, they command the market without a rival. It is estimated that the sum of $3,000,000 was paid in 18S0 to Pacific Coast foundries and machine-shops for this class of work, including hoisting, pumping, crushing, and smelting machinery and steam-power. In the con- struction of hoisting works no great changes have recently been made. Most of the cables are imported from England, especially those used in deep mining; their strength is increased in proportion to the depth attained b_\- the shaft. Ill pumping-machinery great improvements have been made. Twenty years ago a 40 horse-power engine for working a pump was considered a wonder on our coast; now at least one such engine has 700 horse-power. mmummm IRON. ''^^; Man\- devices for lessening friction and the chances of brcakacjc, and I'm tile saviiiLf of fuel, ha\e been introduced. Improvements have also been made in drills, and with f^n'eat benelit, as much depends upon the eiTective workint,' of the drill. Little use is now made of the ordinaiy harid-drill in large mines. Patent drills, driven by steam, are usetl in all extensive min- ing; enterprises. These drills are operated by compressed air, which is con- \e)-eil through tubes from the surface, thus serving the double purjiosc oi cooling and jiurifying the air for the miners, and furnishing the motive power for driving their drills. In the early days of mining, before com- pressed air came into practical u.se, the steam-engine was lowered into the mine, and its direct action upon the drill was the common metlKxl of oper- ation ; but when any great depth was reached, it was found that the steain condensed so rapidly as to lose its power. The air-compressor permits the steam-power to be placed above ground, ilriving the compressed air through tubes to an}' depth desired. The diamond-pointed steam-drill, commonly called the diamond-drill, is only used as a prospecting drill. One of its advantages is that it can be used lo mills varies with the number of stamps, the usual price being at the rate f $ioo to $150 per stamj). The combination amalgamating pans arc in general use, and unite the main features of man)' inventions. The)' arc made by nearl)' all the foundries and machine-shops, and cost $500 each. Settlers are now made almost entire!)- of iron, and cost from -$450 to $500. Con- centrators cost about $400. Rock-breakers of variou.s design re in use,' and cost from $12^ to $400, and one kind $750. Cars f>y ^porting ore from the mines are made 42 inches long, 24 wide, and j , lecp, with a 12- inch wheel and an 18-inch track, and cost $100 each. Pumps. — San l-Vancisco li.is jiroduced a number of large pumps for mines, ihe most notable and original of which is that made by Tin: Ris- DO\ luiix WoRK.S for the Choll.ir-Norcross shaft at Virginia Cit)-. A brief account of it is given in the eha[)ter on Inventions. Anotiier great pump is tiiat of the Union Consolidated Mine, erected at a cost of $500,000 by The Union Iuon Works. 83 If ,H ; i I 1 ri ■■; , >' ![ |i ml 65 s .\I.\MIA(TUKi:S. The manufacture of ordinary small pumps has not proved profitable, though a j;()od deal of capital has been invested and lost in the effort to establish special manufactories of cistern and household pumps; and at the present time there are at least 500 of these pumps imported from the I'last for 100 manufactured on our coast. The relative cheapness of eastern pumps is due mainly to the greater advantat^es of the eastern manufacturers in the employment of labor. The eastern method is to pay boys 75 cents to $1 a day, and pnt each bo)- at work on some one part of the pump, and confine him to that one tj.-»nch, and for each gang of boys one expert pump- maker, who puts the pumps together and finishes them' at $2.50 a day, while on our coast onlj- skilled workmen aic emijloycil, who are competent to make all the parts and finish the pump, to whom from $2.75 to $3.25 a day is paid. The cheapest kinds of eastern pumps have but little brass- work compared with ours, and this one item cheapens the eastern goods. Again, eastern manufacturers have sale for 20 times as man)' pumps, and this greater tratlc gives them a great advantage, both in percentage on sales and in cost of j^rodiiction. The eastern pumps range in ])rice from $4 to $7, and our home made from $10 to $12 for cistern and house-pumi)s, and for windmills the eastern i)rice is from .'J520 to $25, and ours $30 to $35, The total value of small pumps made on the Pacific Coast in a year is esti- mated at $200,000, and most of them are inaile in San l'"rancisco. The 1> .ding manufacturers are W. T. G.\RRATT, IlKDOKS & DlLLKNlsUKC, and 11. II. Roi)\vi;ll. Iron Beginnings. — The DoNArit'E foundry, now known as the Union Iron-works, established in 1849, was the first enterprise of the kind on the I'acific Coast, In the next j-car the X'ulcan I"i>undry, the Sutter Iron Works, and the I'acific I'oundry, began work. The h'ureka, which made a specialt)- of railings, balconies, etc., appcareil in 1S51. The ra[)id increase in mining operations during the 2 or 3 succeeding years, caused the erection of sin.ill foundries and inachiiie shops in many of the mining towns. The enormous demand for machinery, and the high price which it commanded, induced eastern manufacturers to make and ship articles which thej' suji- posed to be suitable for the purpose, but which, when tested, proved to be almost entirely useless. The local establishments were therefore called on to supply the demand; and in iSfjo San Franci.sco had 14 foundries and m.ichine-shops, emi)!o)'ing 222 men, consuming $57 1,750 worth ol materials, and i)roducing machinery valuetl at $1,218,500. In the mean lime several establishments of considerable size and importance had grown up in various parts of the State, and notiibl)- at .Sacramento and Mar\ -\ille. Hoilei- works were established at Portland, Oregon, as early a.s 1852. Utah, in IRON. 659 1S54, had a foundry at Salt Lake City, and one at Cedar City in 1855. The Salt Lake foundrj- made a specialty of cogwheels and mill machinciy. Ill 1865 the first locomotive ever built on the Pacific Coast, was made at the Union Iron-works, San Francisco, for the San Jose railroad, and i;avc such satisfaction that this foundry was employed, at inter\als, for 4 years in making locomotives for the San Jose and other interior railroad lines, man- ufacturing 12 of them during that time. The trial trip of the pioneer loco- motive was made the occasion of a festivity, and when it made its appearance on the streets, drawn by 8 horses over a temporary track to the railroad, much interest was manifested by the people of the city. Foundries and Machine-shops. — In most respects, the leading foundries and machine-shops on the Pacific Coast compare favorably with those of the larger and older cities of the Eastern States and of Europe. Pennsyl- vania, New York, Ohio, and Illinois contain many large establishments, but few that arc better appointed than those of our leading manufacturers. The Eastern method is for each house to make a specialty of some particular branch of the business, while our larger foundries and machine-.shops make everything that is in demand, from mining-machinery, locomotives, steam- ship engines, sugar-mills, and architectural iron-work, down to the various small articles required for cvery-day use. Some of the establishments on this coast are, however, conducted on the Eastern plan, making only orna- mental castings, or such articles as iron railings, fenders, grates, sash- weights, etc. Few of them work otherwise than to order, and the quantity of goods made up in stock is very inconsiderable. Such articles as pump.s, sto\es, car-wheels, etc., are usually ordered from the East, while those cast- ings w hich require special molds, or are needed for mining-machinery, or being bulky would cost too much in freight, are made on this coast. Our principal establishments have machine-tools, costing, in .some instances, $10,000 or $15,000, with which they turn out work quite equal to that pro- duced in an)- part of the world. Mining-machinery has constituted the great bulk of the heavy iron-work done in San Francisco up to the present time. As the mines on the great Comstock lode have increased in depth, the difficulties in hoisting and pumjjing have also greatly increased, and what was regarded as heavy machinery 10 years ago, is now considered quite inadequate. In the construction of mining-machinery inventive and nicchanical skill have been taxed to their upmost, to meet each new emer- gency, and thus results have been attaineil, perhaps superior to any similar work done elsewhere in the world. In general business our foundries are also abreast of the times in their equipments, their thoroughness of work- manship, and the excellent quality of their productions. ^'1 m 1 fr il 1 P 1 , it*' 1 ■I stk. C6o MANLIACTIRKS. At present few of our foundries ;incl machinc-sliops are running to t!iei\ full capaeit)-, and it is probable that an increase of 30 or 40 per cent, in llie voiunie of business could be met without an\- incon\eniencc; nor would such an increase be attentled with any threat atUance in the cost of manufacture. It was estimated that, in ii:R('..\,st, and moved to the present site at 217 to 221 FVemont Street, between Howard and I'olsom, in .San I'Vancisco. The works include pat- tern, foundry, blacksmithing, and machine-shop departments, supplied with all the complex and fine iin[)lements retjuired for a foundrj- and machine- shop of the superior class. The blacksmith-shop connects the machine- shop with the foundr)', and has a 3-ton hammer. The foundiy is 80 feet long antl 40 wide, with an L, and contains 2 cupola furnaces, capa- ble of melting 15 tons of iron daily. The machine-shop, occupying the main building, 90 feet long, U'axv has extensive ma- chine-shops for building ami repairing cars at Portlaiul and The Dalles, and The Northern Pacific Railroad Company has its shops at Tacoma. 84 i I Si i ■ 666 MAN UK ACT U RES. Boiler-making. — The nianufacturc (if marine, locomotive, and stationarv boilers is included, anioni; otlicr branches, at many of the leading found- ries and machine-shop.s on the Pacific Coast; and there are, besides, a lew establishments which confine their operations exclusively to boiler-making anil repairing, and to the manufacture of sheet-iron. I'rofits in this line of business, when '-onducted alone, are smaller than in other branches of the iron trade, and the work of repairing is considered the most lucrative portion of it. The number of boilers made in San Francisco is estimated at about 500 a year, and their average value at $1,000 each, or $50^,000 in the aggregate. Horizontal tube-boilers are more in use than other descrip- tions. The entire demand of the Pacific Coast, whether for steamship, factory, mining, or other usi:, is supplied by local manufacturers, with the e.xception of a few small boilers for stationary engines, which arc occasion- all)' shipped round tlic Horn, at an expense, including freight, about equal to what they would cost if made in California. .\ single firm in San l*"ran- cisci) has occasionall)' not less than 60 or 70 boilers in various stages of ]irogrcss at one time. Plates for boiler-making arc imported from the Eastern .States, and can be laid down in San I'rancisco at chea])er rates thantho.se of Englisb man- ufacture, which have to bear the charge of import duty. Moreover, the laws (if the United .States forbid that any other than Americiui sheet-iron shoukl be used in the construction of marine boilers. I'he law also re- (|uircs tliat those in use on steaii..-.hips shoukl be inspcctetl once a \-ear by an officer especially ap])oiiited for that piiqjose. There are I J establishments in .San Francisco where boilers are manufac- tured, and 3 where boiler-tubes are maile. Among the former are PUKS- coTT, SoriT & Co. and Tin; Risdun Ikon and Locomotivk Works, both (if which ha\e alreail)' been mentioned. Among the other boiler-works of our coast are those of Prktorius, TRowiiKincK & Co. and J. \'. Hall, in San Francisco; The Portland Boiler-woiks, in Portland; and iosiiril Si'K.vrr, in Victoria. Stoves. — The value of stoves and stove-castmgs manufactured on the Pacific Coast, is estimated at not less than $j;o,ooo, and the value of imported articles at $i,ocx),CKX) a year. At various times, efforts have been inatle to establish stove-works in San Francksco, but with limited suc- cess. In several of the interi(3r towns of California the local foundries have supplied the home trade to a large extent, but no reliable statistics concern- ing thi'iii are at hand. One great obstacle in tlie way of establishing stove factories, is the dilTicull)' in proiluciiig a new style, which will not be an infringement on some previous patent, and the high price that must be II?.! IRON. 667 paid for any new style or pattern which is in popular demand. Not less than $5,000 is occasionally paiil by lartje Eastern establishments for new styles, which the purchasers then ])atent for their own protection. The yreat number of stj'les or patterns ahead)' patented rentiers the inven- tion or construction of a new stove inuch more difficult than is generally supposed, and the liabilit}' to infriiiLjement of pre\ious ])atents renders the business of manufacturing somewhat hazardous. In manufacturing accord- ing to Eastern patterns, protected by patent, the ro)-alt)- is usually so large as to reduce the margin of profit to a very low point; and in consequence there is little or no inducement to engage in the business of manufacturing. About $5,ooc worth a year of kitcheri-ranges are made to order in Si.n Francisco, of special size or measure, and they are almost exclusively inanu- factured by JoUX G. Ils, who also makes stove-castings and grates for local hardware houses, using only Scotch pig-iron for his work. About $7,000 worth of ship-ranges arc annually manufactured by 11. C. Langreiik, who is the chief manufacturer of this line of goods in San Francisco. The Alvarado Stove Works, established in 1872, and owned by Georgk II. Tav & Co., are located in Alvarado, Alameda County. More than $200,000 has been invested in this enterprise, which promi.ses to become a success, as their work is equal to the best from the East; and their stoves are free from .sea-rust, and the corroded or broken parts can be readily duplicated. They make a specialty of the Imperial Range, which for finish, convenience, and material, rivals any imported article. The material used is a mi.xture of Eastern, Scotch, and Oregon iron, a combination producing a superior quality of iron for stovc-ca.stings. About 30 hands arc employed in the works, and as their stoves gradually supplant the Eastern-made arti- cles, which they now biil fair to do, they will employ from 150 to 200 men regularl}-. They also manufacture all kinds of stoves and heating and cooking ranges. The Oregon Stove Works, owned by a company, of which J. LOWENBERG is president, established in 1862, produces, on an average, 12 stoves a day, and finds a ready market for them in Oregon, Wasjiington, and Idaho. They use 90 per cent, of Oswego and 10 per cent, of Scotch iron in their casting.;. Wire-workfi. — The wire manufacturing industry of our coast lias been much stimulated by the large demand for wire cables to hoist ores, to carry them down the sides of steep mountains, and to draw street-cars on the cable ronds. The cable roads and wire ropeways require round cables; the largo hoisting-works liave flat cables, sometimes 8 inches wide and seven eighths of an inch tliick. These larger cables, 4,000 feet long, weigh more than 12 668 MAxnACTrKr.s. tons; ami as the transportation is vcr)- cost!)' on account of their great buil< ami weight, anil the weaving is done b)- liand, se\cral niinin;^ com- panies at \'irjj;inia City have imported their wire and made their own cables near their shafts. The wire rope factoiy of A. S. Hm.I.IDIK is the only establishment which makes or draws wire, or makes wire rope on our coast. The raw material for wire is rolled iron or soft steel rod, which is drawn through a hole in a hard steel plate — the hole beini; smaller than the rod. 'I'his operation is repeated until the wire is small enouyh, e\en till it is as thin as a line thread. Mr. rL\I,LIUU:'s factor)- has 240 such plates for wire-drawinij; and of its smallest wires 140 can be laid side by side within the space of one inch. The wire-drawing machiner\' is working to its full capacity, and is to be enlarged to meet increasing demands. The wire factor)' is on one side of Sansonie, between Vidlejo anil Crrcen streets, and on the opposite side is the wire rope factor)' owned b)' the same gentle- man. It makes cable ropes anil wires of all sizes demanded here, to the length of 4,000 feet. The power for the 2 factories is furnished b)' steam- engines with liSo horse-power. Tin: C.M.noKMA Wire-works Co.mpanv, of which A. S. Hallidie is president, has succeeded to a business originall)' established in San Fran- cisco by Gi;()RGl-; rJi;XMS in 1S54. It makes screens for quartz and (lour mills, sie\es, riddles, biril-cages, fenders, fire-guards, anil a great multitude of other articles for use in kitchens, i)arlors, anil industrial establishments. The ,imounl of wire used annually is goo tons. Wire is manufactured on a small scale in 3 retail shops in San I'rancisco, and b)- JoilN Hkusii & "SOV, of Alban)-, Oregon. Saws. -The factoi)- of TuE rACiEic Saw Maxuiactl'Rim; Co.Mi-A.w, located at 17 and 19 I'remont Street, San Francisco, is the only establish- ment of this kind on the coast, and was jjut into operation in 1866 by C. P. SllEl'irEI.ii, X. W. Si'Ai/LDlNi;, and Jame.s Paitekscv. The capital was $24,000, whicii was all invested in machinery, tools, and raw material. Pre\ious to this time, i\Ir. Sl'.MM.IilXi; had in\ented an adjustable and removable tooth for circular saws, which has rexolulionized the m.inufac- turing of lumber in all portions of the world, which h.i\e sawmills su[)plieil with the most efficient machiner)-. .Saus with this invention attached are made extensivel)' in St. Louis and (,!hieago; and nearly all circular saws above 40 inches in iliaineter, made on the i'aeific t.'oast, ,ire iitled with movable and adjustable teeth. About 500 circular s,iws arc sold amu'.ally in .S.iii i-'rancisco for sawmill use on the coast, the sizes ranging from 2 to 64 incbe. in iliameti'r, anil thi' cost from ,$1 to $2~. The greatest di.uueter for eircul;u- saws is 84 inches. Of all the saws manufactured in JMH,, ' IRON. 660 San I"rancisc(i three fVuirtlis arc intcinictl for sawinill use, and nineteen twentieths of the himber manufacturetl upon the Pacific Coast is cut !))• cir- cular saws. The company are turning nut all the finer grades of hantl and crosscut saws, and of the latter, 3,600 dozen are manufactured annualK'. They sell rcadil}'. The import.itions of sucli .saws are also a I.-.vfrc item ; during 1.S80 there were imported to this coast 2,500 dozen handsaws, and about 15,000 crosscut saws, [t is generally understood by the more in- telligent mechanics of the coast, that the saws of all kinds made licre arc of finer material and better workmanship than those sliii)peil from the Atlantic States. The business of TuIl PACIFIC S.WV M.\.NUK.\CTUI per da)-. The annual \-alue(if the product is ,$100,000, anil the raw m.ate- rial used anni.all}- is \alued at .$24,000. The steel usetl is obtamed mostly from Pittsbjrg, antl some from Sheffield. Little difference in the ([ualities of the steel shippetl from these i^laces is observed, the American being in some resj.ects preferable. Mr. SP.VL'I.HINC. has lately invented a gouge- tooth anc bit for circular saws, which is intended to supersede e\erything in the sa\,'-tooth line. It is now being used by se\eral lumber companies, and pracrical tests show that it requires less [lowcr, cuts smoother, and needs les- Icerf to clear it. The companj- have orders aheatl of their supjily. Cutlery. — ()"'■ ccjast has not done much, and for man)' )cars to come will probabl)' not do much, in the manufacture of cutlery. The high price of labor as coinpared with that of the raw material, and the hjw cost of transportation as compared with the market price r)f the finished product, gi\c great adx'aiUagcs to the manufacturers of Europe and liastern America. Xotwithstantling these aiKantages, however, a s.' all business has been done on our slope in making cutlery adapted to special wants. The first cutler west of the Rocky Mount.iins was Wir.l.l.VM W.VLKl'.R, who made knives, razors, and scissors at .Salt Lake Cit)^ in 185 i. IIuc;H Mc- CONNELI,, of .San I'rancisco, in 1852 made butcher knives and bowie knives, the latter being of excellent temper and mounted with silver, or even gold, in such m.mner that a knife sold for $100 or more. .San I'rancisco carving knives, finishetl with care and much elegance of form, command high prices, and find a sale in Xcw York. The princii)al cutlers on our coast at jirescnt are Wll.l^ & FlNClC (successors of Mc- CoXNKIJ.) and Mk IIAKI, PuiCi;, of San I*rancisco. The annual jiroduct is worth about ,$60,000; the niunber of men cmplo)ed is 50, and their wages are $3.50 a day. h'il W !'. 670 MANUIACTIRKS. Files. — dur coa-^t consiiincs files to the value (if several hiiiidrod thou- sand dollars annuall)-, and imports nearly all. We have no factory cnf;a;j;ed in making files for the trade, but a dozen mechanics are em[)loyed in 4 .San Francisco shops in recutting files; and some work of the same kind is done in the shops of TliH Ckntr.m, l'.\ciFir R.mlko.M) Comi'.vnv at Sacra- mento. A few files and rasps of odd shapes are made out of old material, but the file-cuttin;^ business of the coast iis a whole is insif^nificant. .Vbout 1S70 there were 3 factories making files for the trade, antl it was supposed the business was on a secure basis. Till': Cai,ii"ORXI.\ Fili-: Comi'.WV iti one )'car produced files worth $20,000, but the enterprise became unprofit- able when the inarkct obtained cheaper supplies by rail from Fastcrn factories. Miscellaneous Tools. — The only factories on our coast of miscellaneous mechanical tools, of classes not heretofore mentioned, arc in San Francisco. The Caliioknia Tool Works make edged tools, and also dies and punches for shoemakers, tinners, and printers, and \arious agricultural im- plements. B.VL'KK Hroiiikrs manufacture tools for .shoemakers and saddlers; AlSNKR DoniJ'; makes tools for blacksmiths, masons, and miners. Till" .San Francisco Tooi, Comiwnv devote most of their attention to the manufacture of heav\' machines anil tools for turning and planing iron, but produce small tools also. All these establishments, howe\er, ilc- pcnd to a large extent on orders for their business, and could not compete with ICastern factories advantageously, if they depended exclusively on pro- duction fi)r the trade. The instruments of civil engineers and the tools of machinists are mostly imported from Fastern States, with a small percentage from Germany and Fngland ; the last, although generally considered the best, find a limited sale on account of their high price. The tools used by the large fountlries and machine-shops are mosti)' import(;d b\' these institutions, anil it is impossible to get n Not only arc waives lower there, but the larger market enables the manu- facturers to make a j^^reat number of one size and pattern, and they can cm- plu)- more machinery, and relatively less highly skilled labor than in a shop where only a few costly safes are made, each different in size and pattern from the others. There is no probability of much increase in the manu- facture of safes on our coast in the near future. Looks.— No locks are made for the trade on this coast, but there are a dozen locksmiths who make them to order; and some of the work done is of very fine quality. JOX.VTII.XN KlTTKI'UGE, of San Francisco, inakcs safe-locks. After the construction of the Taiace Motkl was commenced, A. M. Ad.VM.S, a skillful locksmith, propo.scd to \V. C. R.M.STON to estab- lish a lock factory, and supply the Palace with locks of Pacific manufacture. R.\l,srON gave the help required, and the factory was established. TllK Central P.\cutc Railroad, The Kimbali. Carri.u;k Comp.vxv, and the Xapa Insane Asylum patronized it; but the general public purchased chcai)er locks brought from the liast, and the lock factory of A. M. ADAMS & Co., pro\ing unprofitable, was closed. Pacific Chain-works. —The only chain factory on our coast, established in 1874, is kn(jwn as the Pacific Chain-works, at the corner of Iowa and Yuba streets, on the Potrero, in South San I'rancisco. The proprietor, James !•:. Gordon, owns the land and buildings; the iron rods used in his work are made specially for him at the Pacific Rolling-mill, in which he has been a .stockhokler from the start; anil his manufactured products arc sold through the agency of THE Gordon Hardware Company at _'50 and 252 Market Street, which succeeded the mercantile business established by him about the same time, and noticed in another part of this work. lie makes crane, cable, dredging, sugar-mill, mine, railwa>--car, ship, bridge, log, raft, coil, back, trace, pole, lock, and stay chains, plain or twisted; but his enter- prise depends largely for success f)n order work for chains of special sizes anil sujjcrior quality, for which he has been awarded several bronze and silver medals at the exhibitions of the San Franci.sco Mechanics' Institute. Those who are content with the common styles and cheap qualities of chain .sent to our coast by Eastern factiiries, some of them made in the public prison.s, are not likely to patronize the more carefully selected mate- rial and the more costly labor of the Pacific Chain-works. Mr. Gordon cmjiloys from St" 15 men in chain-making, according to the briskness of the season. Springs.— Though mattress springs and wire mattresses are made of iron wire, their jjroduction on this coast is, to a large extent, in establishments 8s 6-4 MANUl ACrURICS. Mti engaged in the sale of bedding or furniture, and therefore mention has been made of them in the cliaptcr on textile fabrics and wool. The wagon and carriage springs sold annually on our coast are worth $200,- 000, and wc manufacture a little more tlian one seventh of the supply, the re- mainder coming from the Atlantic Slope. The labor is a large part of the co.it of springs, and .so long as workers in iron get from 10 to 25 per cent, more licre in wages than on the other side of the continent, it is not likely that the importation of steel springs can be much reduced. The Eastern springs are sold for 16 cents and the Californian ft)r 20 cents a pound; and the local manufacture depends to a considerable extent on articles different from those imported, as prepared for the general market. The only wagon spring factory west of the Rocky Mountains is that of The Betts Sl'RlNG Company in San Francisco, located at No. 218 Fremont Street, with a frontage of 70 feet and a depth of 138 feet, where all kinds of steel siblings, from the locomotive to the baby-carriage, are manufactured. The factory was started in 1868 by WILLIAM M. Betts, the head of the estab- lishment, and a practical mechanic. Eighteen men are employed at wages averaging $2.75 per day. They import their steel from the Eastern .States, and occasionally from Europe; and about 80 tons were worked up last )car. A heavy item of expense, which puts this company at a disadvan- tage compared with Eastern factories, is the price of anthracite coal, which is imported from Pennsylvania at a cost of $13 per ton. However, the business is prospering and gradually extending, small shipments having been made to China, Japan, and Mexico. Agricultural Implements.— The agricultural implements purchased annually on our coast are worth about $5,000,000, of which amount Cali- fornia takes probably five .sevenths, and Oregon and Washington a fifth. Four sevenths of the supply may be manufactured here, and the remainder brought from the Atlantic Slope. California purchases annually about 1,000 headers, worth each $350; 350 threshcr.s, worth from $500 to $1,200; 1,500 gang-plows (the largest with 8 plows), worth from $75 to $150; 13,500 single plows, worth from $5 to $25 ; 5,000 harrows, worth from $10 to $50; 5,000 cultivators, worth from $10 to $100; and 3,000 reapers, worth from $200 to $300. Among the articles of this class made annually on our coast are 100 headers, 1,000 gang-plow.s, 3,000 single-plows, 50 hay-presses, and all the harrows and cultivators used here. The horse-rakes, spreaders, seed-sowers, derricks, harrows, cultivators, and self-feeders, for threshing- machines, arc bulky in proportion to weight, and are generally made here. Many of these machines can be made more cheaply in the East than here. The labor, which is a large item, is from 20 to 25 per cent, cheapei IRON. 675 there. A factory thoro usually makes only 2 or 3 kiiuls of implements, but produces them in great numbers; while here it undertakes to manufac- ture 20 different articles — but a small number of each. All the supplies needed can be obtained there in great variet)' and abundance. Castings of common, or malleable iron, may often be bought from foundries which pro- duce them as specialties. Favorable contracts can be made for the use of the patents needed in many of the implements. The oak and hickory in- dispensable in the wood-work, arc necessarily che.ipcr there than here. The ])rice of every material and of every class of labor em])loyetl in the factor)- is dearer here; and, as a con.sequence, the implement produced in San I'rancisco always commands a higher price than one made in .St. Louis or Chicago. The freight from the Atlantic Slope has a large influence on the price of our agricultural implements. The charge b_\- rail is $50 .'i ton by the car- load; on sailing-vessels it is $10, but the voyage is long and uncertain, and the in.surancc and packing cost more than by rail; and besides. New York is not the place where the.se articles are manufactured e.vtensively. About one half of the agricultural implements jjrought to our coast from the liast, come by way of Cape Horn. Most of the implements made here are of pat- terns not much used on the Atlantic .Slope, or our mechanics have acquired a si)ecial skill in their proiluction, or the freight makes up a large part of their cost. The railroad charges for bringing a hay-press weighing a ton and a half across the continent are $75, or 16 per cent, of $450, its sale price. The construction is comparatively simple, and, instead of taking the high-priced oak for the wood-work, the cheaper red fir may be substituted, and it is strong enough. A threshing-engine weighs 4 tons; a threshing- machine from I'/i to 2'/i tons; a header from Ij4 to l^ tons; a reaper half a ton or more; a gang-plow of average size 600 pounds; a cultivator from 75 to 750 pounds; a harrow from 75 to 300 pounds; a single-plow from 40 to 100 poimds. About 500 men arc regularly employed in the factories of agricultural implements on our coast. The leading establishments are The Hknicia Agricultural Works, at l?enicia, to be mentioned hereafter; Jackson & Truman, M. W. Rice, and K. Soulk, in San JMancisco; and Matte- .SON & WiLLiAM.sox, G. LlssENDE.v, Joiix Caine, and H. C. Shaw, in Stockton; THE CiHCO I'LOW Works, at Chico; H. D. N.vsH & Co., at Sacramento; J. Rnrkuit, who n.akcs straw-burning engines, at San Jose; and J. L. IIE.VLI), in the same specialty, near Port Costa. The Jud.son Horse-nail Company, of which ICohert Jidson is president, contracts with the State of California for the manufacture, in the 67G MAM FA( TLUKS. San (JuciUiti prison, of Victor Mowing-Machines, pulleys, hangers, coup- lings, collars, hardware, and horse-nails, employinj^ 60 hands. Several of the articles turned out, includiiij^ the mower and the pulle>s, arc the first of their respective kinds e\er made on the coast. The work furnishes em- ployment to 60 convicts. With the exception of the horse-nails, which are made of the best Norway iron, the raw materials consumed are products cjf our slope. Benicia Agricultural Works.— I'm; Hkmcia AoKicui/iURAi. Wokks is the name of an incorporated company, which has one of the lar^^est fac- tories for .is^ricultural implements in the United .States, occupyinj^ 15 acres, inchRlin_Lr the jjroperty lon^ held h)- the I'acific Mail Steamship Company at Henicia, with a wharf O5 feet wiile and 600 loni^. Althoujjh the incor- jKiration and the establishment at IVnicia are recent, the company are in one sen.se old, for they [ws.sess the knowletl^e, experience, skill, anil credit of their i^rcdeccssor, TllK S\vi:i-;i'.staui; Fi.ow Comi-a.nv, established and maintaineil b)- ]5.\Ki;u & llAMILIDX at .San I.eandro for many jears. That company had spent many j'ears in studying the wants of the Pacific market, and h.id found that on account of high wages, the dryness of the snnnners, the distance of man\' farms from repairing-shops, anil the serious loss in case of breakage, the farmers of California ilemanded \ery superior implements; and it was in the manufacture of these that H.VKKK & ll.\.M- II, ION laid the scjiid foundation of the Ik'nicia Agricultunil Works. I'he corporation has a capital of .$500,000, most of the stock being contributed b} j?.vki;K iS: II A.MiliON, anil employs 200 men, all whites, at wages rang- iiv; from $1 to $5 ])er da,\'. They have a sawmill at .Seattle, where thcj- manufacture much of the hard wood suitable for their ])urpose, obtainable in Washington, and the leniaindcr of their hard wood they bring from the Mississipjji \'allcy. Most of their iron comes from Clipper Gap, California, and Oswego, Oregon, a little Scotch being mi.xed in, to get the best combi- nation of toughness and harilness. They make Hill's Improved Headers, the I'.ureka (iang-plows, .Sweeiistake Gang-plows fnew model), I'.ureka Gangs, I'ayne's .Single .Sulky Flows, Beauregard's Cnannel Iron Harrow, wooil harrows, Caho' to the inventive genius of the senior partner, IRON. ('77 who, finiliiiL; lliat tlic threshing' in.ichini i> used lo or i 5 years a^o \v;is not fully adapted to the wants of California, set his wits to work and made in- vention aftci' in\ention, until the expense of separatinfj grain from straw and cliaff had been reduced about 50 per cent. .Mo is 70 liays, and multiplying that number b)- 2,000 and 8, we have a total saving of 1,120,000 day's work, fir at $2 a tla)-, more th.m $2,000,000. To prepare his grain for the feeder and elevator, and secure the regular- ity of the supply, Mr j \i K.sox invented an improved distributing s])reader- distributcr, which last .aves tiie labor of one man. His spreader was intro- duced only 2 years ago, and now more than half the threshing-machines in the State have elevators with spreaders attached. Another invention of Mr. Jackson's is a portable derrick mounted on a common road-wagon, the derrick being .so made that it can be conveniently lowered to pass through covered bridges or under trees. With the derrick, J.VCKSox's light-weight horse-fork is used to carry tiie grain from the stack to the derrick floor, where it pas.scs to the elevator. J.\CK.SO-\'s fork weighs about 40 pounds, whereas the older forks weighed 70, their weight being a gre.it objection to their use. The implement is called a horse-fork, but it w ill soon be a stcain-fork, for JacK-SON & Tkuman ha\e bouglit a patent for a spool or drum which will be driven from the threshing-engine, thus saving the labor of 4 horses and one man. Mr. JacK.SON has 1 1 patents in ail in threshing machinery. In consequence of the introduction of his inventions, it has become profitable to use larger engines and threshing-machines, to make the stacks with more care, to employ more trustwoithy men, and to \YAy higher wages; for men engaged iti threshing get better pay now than they did iti :i 1 6;S M.WllAc TIKKS. 1S70. W'illiin 10 )Ciirs the .ivcraijjc cost of tlircsliinj^ ;i cental of wheat, in California, his been rciluccd from 20 to 10 cents; a saving of $2,800,000 on the cro|) of ulie.it harvested b\- California in iS.Si. Ihe ;4reater part of that saviiifj is the result of HyuoX Jac'KsoN'.s in^'eiuiity. When he found that he hiid the exclusive rij^ht to manufacture valu;ibic af(riciillurai machinery, Mr. jACKSdN, in 1872. be^an to manufacture, h.iv- inj^ his work done by contract in .Sacramento; the next )ear lie established a factor)- of his own at Woodland ; in kSj.S he nioveil to .San Francisco; and in iSSi he formed a p.utnership with 1. J. Tui'MAN, who hail been maua^^cr for Hakkr & Ha.MILIX>N for 18 years. The}- have invested over $100,000 in their business, em|)loy 65 men, and manufacture vineyard and iron harrows, hay. hide. hoi), and wool presses, hi^h .and low derricks, threshing' and stationar)- enijines, horse-forks, ste.im-tlerrick fork-spools, and self-feeders. Their steam-eni^ines are sui)i)iied with an automatic governor on the engine-shaft, connected directly to a plain slide-valve, which is balanced by a very durable and simple device, so that the \alve will last as long as an)- portion of the engine, anil never leak steam. Thr entire engine, including the governor and valve, was designed by Mr. Jackson. H. W. Rioe. — The engine and boiler works of II. W. Rici:, embracing the Nos. 52 to 60 Hluxome .Street. ha\e a frontage of 165 feet by 120 feet deep, anil occupy a neat 2-story buililingwhich is suitablj- divided into a machine-shoj), boiler-shop, erecting-rooms, paint-rooms, forge-shops, anil storage-rooms. A large power elevator gives commimication to the upper floors, where arc pattern-rooms, drafting-room, and wood-shops. ^Ir. RlCli first established his factory in Haywood in 1873, and mined to San Fran- cisco in 1876. Hi.s specialty is the straw-burning engine, which he was the first to make a success, by burning the worthless straw that is wasted in the har\cst-field.s, making it .supply the fuel for generating steam in field engines. His first patent, issued January, 1874, and reissued IVIarch, 1875, has been sust.iined in 2 cases before the United .States Circuit Court, where the originalitj' and the great value of the inventions were generally recog- nized. The straw-burning engines arc now in common use in California and arc rajjiilly being introduced into all the wheat-growing districts of the Mississippi basin. He h,as now 270 engines in successful use. In 1881 he built and sold 45 engines, anil in April, 1S82, he was building 30, and had alread)' contracted for the sale of 20. He also manufactures gang-])lows, saw- mills, jack-screws, marine and stationarj- boilers, etc. He is comi)leting the boiler and steam-drum for an engine of 500 horse-power to be u.scd in .S|'1;kkn's enlarired flour-mill at Stockton. IKi>N. Cyjij Windmillj. — TIr- lack of rain, dining' tlic smninci', rciukrs some arti- ficial supply of water ncccssarv on many portions of the Pacific Coast, and the [jievailin;,' breeze, (iurint,' tlie same season, makes the \\i,i(linlll the cheapest jjouer. Most of the lar^'e towns in California, aiiil 'especially those situated in the ai^'ricultural districts, have one or more small factories, wiiicii sup|)ly the local demand. .Stocktcjn has 4 such estaljlishments, uhile .San I'ran- cisco has S, some of which manufacture very little. .Stockton is sometimes called the "Cit)- of Windmills." 'A'ithin a ratlius of a few iuindred yards of the Yosemite Hotel, at Stockton, one may count more windmills than arc to be seen, in the .same arc,i, elsewhere in the State. The windmill fans, in u.sc on the Pacific Coast, varj' from G to 60 feet in diameter of wheel. Their cost ranjjes from $75 to $2,000, a\-craj.(in^ $200 or $250. Orcf^on pine and rcdwooil arc the principal materials used for tiie wood- work. The oblique vanes or fan.s, radiating from the shaft, are made of redwood, which bein;^ 'is'it. 'I'l'l 'ess liable to injury from rain or sun than other timber, is well adapted to the purpose. Ore^'on ])ine is preferred for the arm-braces, on account of its extreme touj^hness. The iron castings and brass bearings arc, for the most part, obtained at the San Francisco foundries. Althoutjh there is abundance of material to be obtained in California, at a reasonable cost, Kastcrn manufacturers often contrive to .sell their mills at cheaper rates than those made on the Pacific Coast. The waj^^es of opera- tives, in all parts of California, are $5 a day, and this his^h rate, which is at least 20 per cent, above the Eastern price of labor, may prcjbably account for the matter. The Eastern mill is less carefully made, and the wood is often not thoroughly .seasoned, a defect which tells very quickly in the dry climate of California. Many of our factories liave some peculiar methods of their own in the process of manufacture, and a large number of patents have been issued for various inventions. Most of the windmills made of late years are sclf- regulating, will adapt them.sclvcs to a light or strong breeze, and will stop revolving in a gale. Man)- improvements have been made since WlIJ I.\M I. T'i'SiiN erected at Henicia, in 1849, the fir.it mill ever built in California. i i^'%iB Elevators. — The manufacture and use of house elevators on our coast are limited, with few exceptions, to .San I'"rancisco, the only city west of the Rocky Mountains large enough to make a considerable demand for them. Ail the different kinds of machines commonly in use, from a dumb-waiter to a hotel passenger elevator, are manufactured. Some very handsome 6.So MAXriArTT'KKS. •i\' jjassuns^cr crtrs, fitted « itii doincLl s!vyli.i;'hts of L^roiinci i^la.ss, vo'itJlatcd hy means of br>;i/.c wire scrtx-ns, and finished with paneled ,uid inlaitl woo-,!, have been iikkIc. I'oi- many (jf tlicsc elevators, automatic doiirs are pro- vided, wliich are lockctl and unlucketl bv the ajjuard or downward motion of the ears; thus avoicHn^f all danger nf their beiny (ipen exce;)t at thj nmment when tile ear arri\es. By the use of elevators the objection to reiitniL; rooms nn the u])|)er lloors of hotels, office buildin^js, etc., is entirely ol)\ iated ; and the top floor is often more desirable than the lower ones, on acce. which is elastic and yicld- jiig, ih now |)retiinTed on account of its greater safety. Hoists, worked b}' llund power, nan: used where steam aiul hydiauldc power can not be ob- tamuii. Thty iuie furnishetl with a clutch f )r holding the loail at any pmmi (i>f its aiecaator descent. .^eam, elcOBitiiiy, hydraulic power, and hand power are all used for wcinking- hoisK-auni: elevators. A small one, used at the Baldwin Hotel, for raiHimg paekas^s irom the office to the different floors, is run by eleetricit)-. Hysaraaiiiic eks-aBors have the advantage of great simplicity and safety, GoinbaBBnll xvitii flmocsthmcss in running and lieerlom from smoke, heat, and iKi>ise. A ijsressiiiKct of 40 pounds to the scjuare inch is usually sufficient, and can bir ( ilatzLisKjd nm iimosll cswes by turning on the water from the city mains. VV'heiie this jBre.siHJiBc doefc not cxi.st, or is insufficient, a tank or receiver is used mTst±i a capucitj- of lsdo to 2,000 gallon.s. .Air is pumped in up to a pressHire of .So pwunds, atmrii the tank is then half filled with water, by which means tht: air jjuessare t*. doubled, and. remaining as a constant head on tim water, furajtilies jwwcmor hoisting purposes. In buildings whore there is shafting con\'cniently sanaatcd, leather belting is often used for the trans- mission of power. The lumber required for tlie making of hoists and elevators comes jjrin- cipally from I'uget Sound, except that which is used for the cages, which are commonly made of I'^astern ash. The wire rope, iron, and other mate- rials used are mainly of home production. Orders are occasionally received by San I'ranci ;co manut'ailurers from Portlantl, Oregon, and from the Hawaiian Islands, but their amount is not very considerable. The few machines imported from abroad consist almost entirely of costly passenger ele\ators, required for fnst-class hotels, and for a few other buildings. Those used at the (Irand Hotel, the Nevada J^lock, and at A. B. McCrkkky's building, on Tine Street, were made in .San I'rancisco. The (1 rand Hotel IKON. r.si elevator lias been in operation tor over 5 years, riiniiin;^ 17 hours, ami makin;^ about 500 ir;;) \cry ilaj' in the year, in I'aslcrn cities, \\ lure hotels, factories, ami Inisiness jjuiUlini^s arc ric(|ucnlly 7, S. .uul c\cii 10 stories lii^h, ele\ators are used nuicli more I'xtensivelj' than in San I'rancisco, where .5 or 4 stories arc the usual limit. The number inadi- in the latter eit\- does not averat^e more than So to icxj a year, and ihcir \,ili\c does not exceetl $100,000. The deinand is necessarily limiteil, and tlcpcnds mainly on tlx:; number of lar^e buililins^s that may be in course of election. At times the orders received in a single \i..i'!; ■.ill exceed those for sc\er.d prexious months; then will follow another d, '.' interval, during' which there is little or no business. A San I'"rancfsc(. ,n has now on hand an order for 2 passenger, 4 freight, ami 3 sidewalk elevators, all for the use of a single building now in course of erection. Their cost, when complete, in- cluding machinery and boilers, will amount to $30,000. The uncertainty and fluctuation in the dema'nd cause much of the work- to be let out to contractors, and verj' few mechanics find Sicad)- employ- ment in this department the )'ear round. In busy times there ma\- be 30 or 40 men engaged, and in dull times not more than a d07.cn. ()nl\- first-class mechanics arc employed, and their wages are from $3 to $4 ,1 day. Most of the elevators in California, ,uul man>' of those in luistern cities, arc made under |)atcnts for hydnuilic elevators granted to I'llil.ll' IIlNKLli, of San Francisco. New \'ork, I'hiladelpliia, Boston, St. Louis, Cincinnati, Rochester, and Detroit all pay a royaltv to him. I George H. Sanborn's Sons. — A consitlerable portion of the book-- binders' and printers' machinery used on this coast comes from the estab- lishment of GiajKiiK H. S.VNUORN's Sox.s, 25 Heekman Street, \ew York, and 152 and 154 Monroe Street, Chicago. The firm have a large factory on the Mystic River in Connecticut. The Sanborn machines are noted for their easy, quick, and smooth running. Their embossing i)ress, number 10, possesses the requisite size and strength for all regular work in binderies; number 12, a stronger and more powerful maciiine, is suited for large surfaces, and ;'or the hardest kinds of boards, sucli as the embossing of quarto and folio bibles; their double-elephant embossing and compress- ing machine, number 13, is the most massive and powerful machine ever introduced, and is used for gilding large surfaces on card-board, or an)- \er)' thin, solid substance, or for mashing or book-pressing for large books. Their patent roller-backing machine is largely used in binderies where edition work is done, and is the only machine of the kind in use. S.W- liORN's Sons have been established since 1852. First-class medals were 86 r;.| ■ p^ 1 ~ Cj^l M AMI ACTIKICS. awarded to them at the London and I'aris exhibitions, at the Centennial I'xliihitiuii in I'iiiladcl[>hia, and at oilier jjlaces in different parts of the world, where their machines luivc been exliibiteil. Kolling-mills.— Our slope has 2 . illincj-mills; one at San I'rancisco be- l.)n},n'n;^r to liiK r.\( iin R()|.i.i\(;-mii,l Company, with a present capacity of 30,000 tons a }ear. and another at Sacramento connected with the rail- roatl shops — the latter de])endin_i:; for its raw m.itcrial on old rails and scrap- iron. Till:". rAClKiC Koi.i,lNi;-Mii.i. COMI'WV was ori^anizcd May 10, 1866, the orii,nnal corporators bcinj,' WM. Ai.xoRD, John Bknslky, D. O. Mll.LS, B. r. liUlNKK, and A. Mavwaku. They complied with the conditions of an act of the let;islature, passed in April of the same year, granting a tract of submerged land in front of Potrcro Point, the conditions being that they should pay the price to be fixed by the Tide Land Commissioners, at not more than $300 an acre for the land, and should also erect a rolling-mill. This tract, with some upland pre\ iously purchased, gave sufficient ground for their works, tlie construction of wliich was commenced without delay. In Jul)-, 1.S68, the buildings, whar\es, and machinery were all complete, and in that month the first bar of iron was rolled. The capacity was then 3,000 tons a )ear. The works are divided into several dei^artments, each having its special line of production. In the first are made bar, rod, and angle iron, Lbeams, and '1" ami channel iron. Iron ami -'eel rails are rolled in the second. In the third are tlie puddle-mill and fmiiaces for converting jiig and cast-iron into wrought-iron. The fourth de[)artment conl.iins furnaces and steam-ham- mers for locomoti\e, marine, and engine forgings of all kinds. The fifth is the smith-shop, for the manufacture of irons required in britlge, ship, and car work. The sixth is the factory for holts, nuts, railroad and ship spikes, track-nails, washers, etc. In the se\enth, all kinds of coil-chains arc man- ufactured. Besides these separate departments for the jiroiluction of iron- work, there ar ; a repair-shop, a l)ox-factor_\-, and a pattern-shop. The machiner)- of the rolling-mill is driven by Oengines, .'xertiiig 650 horse- power and driving 5 separate trains of rolls. I'jghteen reverbator)- furnaces are in use, capable of heating 130 tons of iron in a day. The heat gener- ;ited !)}• the furnaces is utilized, not only for the m.anipulation of the iron, but also for furnishing steam 40 boilers being heated by this means. A \ ast sa\ ing in fuel is thus effecteil. Two sleam-hannneis, with a crushing power of 150 and J40 tons, res])ectively, are used for making large wrought shafts. There are also 3 steam-hammers of gieat poxver in the blacksmith- sho|). There are 6 machines for cutting railroad spikes from the hot iron, and each spike machine can make 75 spikes per mimite; and 7,500 bolts can be F m m '1 IKO\. r>S;! made in a d;iv. I'ivo machines, fed with hot iron bars, turn out fmisjieil .square and hexaijiin nuts. .Vn immense plain disi< saw, which makes ;,,cxx) revolutions per minute, is used for euttini; cold iron of an_\- tiiicj^iicss, such as beams, bars, pillars for building's, etc., at any required lentjth. A lari^e quantity of new machinery, ordcreil from the I'.ast. will soon increase tiie capacit)' of the mills ami introduce the latest impro\cments. Scra|)-iron is received from all soiuces. in addition to the local suppl)', many coun- tries that have commerci.il relations with .San i'"r,incisco, contribute their quota. Bituminous coal, from Australia, to the extent of about i 5,000 tons a j'ear, is consinned at the Pacific RollinL,r-mills. (las furnaces have recently been erected for the manufacture of coal-ijas, to be used instead of coal; and it is claimed that they effect a savinc; of 2^ per cent, in fuel, and of 50 per cent, in the waste of iron. Tiie mill runs day and nijj;ht. i'rom 4,50 to 450 men are employed usually in the tlifferent shifts. The rates of wayes are 25 per cent, higher than those prevailing in the I'.astt'rn States. Common laborers recei\e from .$1.75 to $2 per da\' ; piiddlers, rollers, and mill-men are paid by the ton, and make about $4 per day; and those in charge of a gang of men receive $i. .afcmigiaty^.-'' 'i OTIllCR MlCIAl-S. 685 ■Hi CHAPTER XXXV.— OTHER METALS. Various Metals. — The prcviou.s chapter treats of manufactures in whiclt iron is the chief material; .and now \vc come to those articles in which a similar place is occupied by other metals. These make up a comprehen- sive class, and include jewelry, silverware, f^old-leaf, gilt, plated, galvanized, and japanned ware, refined lead, lead sheet and pipe, shot, tinware, copper- ware, and so forth. The gross annual production of our coast in these articles has in some years amounted to $ 1 4,ooo,ocxj, a large part of that amount consisting of the gold, silver, and lead obtained by refining base bullion, the yield of which varies greatly from year to year. Leaving that out of consideration, the production amounts to $4,000,000, and gives em- ployment to 1,500 persons. Brass Foundries. — In the manufacture of bras.4 and bronze the foundries of our coast have made great |jrogress, and have reached a state of develop- ment which will comiiarc favorably with like work done in the older States and Europe. For example, in one establishment alone may be found the following metals, all of home manufacture and of first quality: the golden- yellow brass, called prince's metal, 2 parts copper and one part zinc; bronze for gun-making, machinery castings, and statues, 96 to 108 parts copper and II parts tin; and bell-bronze, 36 parts copper and 11 tin; also bell- bronze with extra zinc to produce greater shrillness of tone, and other kinds with silver or lead added to soften the tone; likewi.sc a brass .some- what ductile and malleable, produced by combining less than 10 ounces of zinc with 16 ounces of copper, or made crystalline, hard, and brri'lc by ad- ditional zinc. As in other parts of the world, old brass is used by melting and recasting. Antimony and bismuth arc also used. The mixing of the different metals is done in furnaces, and the alloy is cast in the same man- ner as iron. The princii)al foundries of the coast are located in San Fran- cisco. The copper used in our fouiulrics is partly old scr.ip-copper, worth 18 to 20 cents per pound, and i)artly from Lake Superior, worth here 32 cents per pound; zinc, irioslly from Missouri, costs 4 cents per pound here; block-tin, from Australia, worth iS cents per pound, l;indcd in .San Fran- cisco, but formerly from Hanka Straits SettlcmcTits, ;i superior acticle, and higher priced; lead, 5 cents; and aniimon) 16 cents per pound. ( )ld liiass t U > 1 1 I : I f i r i! iw 086 MANUKAl URI-.S. is worth from lo to 14 cents per ])oiiml. The ])rice of brass castintfs i)cr pound al the present lime is ^55 cents for j^ood niachiiier)- wor!^, 2S cents for second-class ditto; for ship-worj.; 25 cents, and for fnii^hers' work, from 60 cents to $1 ; a\era,L;e [jrice on all work done, about 40 cents. It is esti- mated tliat .v50o jiounds of brass castings are made iiaii\- on the coast, 500 ])ounds, or one sexenlh, beini,' done in (^re^^on; annual product for the coast, 560 tons, worth $441,000. Materials used, in tons, copper 341, tin 1 15, zinc 71, lead 25, antimony 8. Bells are worth from 40 to 50 cents per pound, according to size and composition. Steel bells arc worth 25 to 30 cents per pound, and arc mostly imported. Some brass-work is still im- ported, but it is mainly articles known as finishers' work. Wages com- pare with the East as follows: moldcrs, here, $3 to $3.50, there, $1.50 to $2; machinists, here, $2.50 to $3.50, there, $1.50 to $2.50; blacksmiths, here, $3 to $4, there, $2 to $2.50; laborers, here, $2, there, $1 ; boys, here, first year, $3 per week, there, nothinij; here, second year, $4, there, $3. Hours of labor, 10 in summer and 9 in winter. Hands are generally cm- jiloj-cd throughout the year, except the laborers, who are taken on and sent off as the business ma)' recjuirc. The articles usuall)' manufactured in our foundries are pumps, bells, gongs, water-gates, gas-gates, fire, dock, and garden hydrants, gas-valves, steam-gauges, and whi.stles, and man)- other articles. The crucibles in use here arc ncarl)- all imported, worth about $20,000 fcjr a year's supply; and as an abundance of jjlumbago is found in Columbia, Tuolumne Count)', California, and in Mexico, it is suggested that it would pay to establish a manufactory on the coast. In 1880 there were in San Francisco 8 foundries, employing from I So to 200 hand.s, and producing $190,000 worth of goods. The leading brass foundries of the coast are those of W. T. G.VRR.VTT, \Vi;i:i) & KiNGWhLL, GRi:;i:MiKR(; & Co., and Olssex & 13Kx\.\i:r in San Francisco, and JOSEPH Sl'Ii.\'l r in Victoria. Garratt'a Brass Foundry. — The brass and bell foundr)-, and machine anil Indraulic works of W. T. CiARR.M'l', had their beginning in San I'ran- cisco in 1850, and now occupy the premises on the corner of Xatoma and I'Vemont streets, the foundr)' being in the rear. I'or)'ears this was the only house where brass-founding was done with similar mechanical labor on our coast. The business took a definite shape in 1853, and has con- tinued to increase until now these works are among the most important of the kinil in the United States for the variet)' of their products. The articles made b)- them include bells, hydrants, \alves, faucets, and mis- cellaneous castings, from the smallest lo the largest size, in brass, Babbitt metal, and other allov's. In iron, and general machine business, the)' ul III.U Ml I. M.S. 6S; m.'.kc- ^Kilx-\al\cs, .saftj-valvos, riri-lijdraiUs, water ami j,'as gates, and cast-iron littin;4s for large pipes. TIk-)' also iarr\- a large stock" of iron- pipe, and nial!eal)le iron fittings, governors, hand port.ible-hlmv ers, hlast- blouers for smithies antl foinulries, and steam-traps. One nf their spec- ialties is Ci.VRU.vn's jackhead, or miner's sinking-jniinp; its lightness, durabilit)', and the ease with which the \alves can be replaced, ni.ike it one of the best pumps in use for sinking. Muddy and gritl\' waters tlo not obstruct its action. .Mr. ("i.\Ki<.\ rr manufactures the 1 lnokin' steam pump, a Californian in\ention wliich has received the gold medal of the Mechanics' Institute, and has come out successful whene\er it has been in competition. It is specially valuable for mining and irrigation, and boiler feed, and is the best stcam-pumji for general use on our coast. Mr. Ci.\]<- KXy\' has the exclusive right to manufacture it west of the Rock\- Mount- ains. The largest and best bells on the coast were cast in these works. It is saiti that a greater \aricty of work is done here than in an_\' other estab- lishment in the Unitetl States. y\lmost e\erything needed in connection with ])ipes for the conxeyance of water, ^leam, gas, ,ind air is manfactured. The place is a hi\e of industr)-. Man)' of Mr. (1 AKU.\ i r's best workmen learned their trade as apprentices in his foundr)' and shops. His products find a market in /Vustralia, the Hawaiian Islands, China, and Japan, as well as on our coast. William T. Garratt is a native of Connecticut. While he was still a child his father emigrated to the West; and he grew to manhood in Cin- cinnati. When ^o years of age he started for California antl arrixed in the spring of 1850. For a short time he worked in the gold mines at Big Deer Creek, now known as Nevada City; he then came to San Francisco, and entering the foundry of G. W. .SlIULTZ, was admitted into partnership in September, I1S50, after a month's trial. On the dissolution of the firm. Mr. SllULTZ retiring in 1851, Mr. GaRUATT continued the busines.s. In the conflagration of that j-ear his buildings were burned to the grountl. He again opened business on Halleck Street, and was a second time burned out. In 1866 he started once more near the corner of M.irket and First streets, and after a prosperous career of 4 years his foundr)' was de- stroyed by fire for the third time, caused by the burning of the Mechanics' Mill. His loss on this occasion was very hc.iv}'. Nothing daimted, he shortly afterwards commenced tf) build up the establishment which he now occu[)ics. Mr. GaRR.VI'T has, ;it times, held large interests in mines, rail- roads, and steamboats; anil several steamers now running in the Ha)' of San I'"r;incisco .ire named after members of his famil)-. I'"or more than 20 )ears he has been an active member oi' the Odd l'"ellows' and Masonic ; :li| I I i * 1 iii b'i I 'i 1/ 4 m I W ! 688 MAMIACTUKKS. societies, aiul is also picsiilcnt (if Till. TiiKUrn )UI.\I. I'loNlJ.Us. In poli- tics he is a Republican, ami heluccii 1870 and 1874, icprcscnted the city aiul C(iiint\- nf San l^'rancisco, as Scnalor in the State Lei^islaturc. liead-works. — The inanufacluie of lead into the various articles usually IJidiluced from that metal was begun in San Francisco in [S65, and the cnterjirise, successful from th'- first, now supplies the entire consumption of the coast. The ])roilucts of the industr}-, including sheet and bar lead, lead wire, jiipe, and sash, shot, bullets, sheets antl ])ipe of block-tin (tin ailoj-ed with a small pro[)ortion of antimony), Habbitt metal, solder, bar-lead, and bar-tin, amount to about 5,. ,00 tons per annum, valuetl at $825,000. Em- ployment is furnislu'd to 150 hands, wlio-ie wages a\erage $2.50 jicr day of 10 hours. Of the raw materials consumed, lead and antimony arc ,pro- iluced here in abundant (|U,intity. Tin, of which about 5 tons are worked up monthly, comes from I'jigland and Australia; and graphite, used to gloss shot, etc., is also imported. About 50 tons of lead pipe are shipped to Hritish Columbia, and small shipments .ire made to .Mexico and the ila- waiian Islands. The principal establishments are Till'; .Si;l1!\' .SMi;i.TI.\(r .\M) I.K.M) C'liMi'.wv, I'KKXriss SiJ.BV .superintendent, whose works comprise a 3-stor\' brick building 70 b)- 80 feet, and a shot-tower 200 feet high, and the I'acific Metal Works, established in 1876 by the jires- ent pro])rietors, Mom^ow & SlKONi;, who, in addition to the manuf;icture of ISabbitt metal, solder, bar-lead, and bar-tin, are the onl}' house that pro- duces fruit-canners' solder, cut in pieces resembling a tlrop, b)- a machine. Plumbing. —I'iunibing and gas-fitting establishments ha\e sprung up in every town of n'lportance on our coast, indicating a readiness on the part of the people to :\\;i\\ themselves of the household and sanitar)' comeniences of the ilay. .About 200 shops, great and small, are now open, the least of which tloes something in the w.iv of manufacturing. Capital amount- ing to $500,000 is in\-ested, and .4.50 hands are employed, including 25 api)rentices. Mechanics' wages average $3 per day of 10 hours, and the annual business is valued at $1,500,000, including imports from the States cast of the Rocky Mountains, as follows: chandeliers and fi.xtures, $450,- 000; miscellaneous hardwaie, sheet-iron, tin, zinc, etc., ^ 75,000; plumbers' bi'ass-work antl gas-pipe, $50,000 each; in all, $725,000. Lead-pij)e is sup- ])lied by home m.inufacture, as is also consitlerable of the brass-work. I'lxports, principall)- to the Hawaiian Islands and Mexico, amount in \alue to $10,000. .\s to the location of the sho[)s, se\en eighths of them are in California — .San I'nuicisco ha\ ing 125; Oregon has 8; L'tah and Xe\ada, 3 each; ;uid Washington and .Arizona, each one. The most extensive plumb- ing work on the coast i' that iii the I'al.ice Hotel, San I'"iancisco, compris- ■;. ■! iitiii;k mktai.s. 6S9 in;4, in part, 500 closets, 4,000 basins, and a complicated heatin;^ apparatns, the whole costiiij^f $350,000. Tilt first jilumbinf,' lione on the coast was hy J. K. 1'kIiiK, wlio o|)ened a shop in .San I'lancisco in iS,^,, ,uul upon the introiluction of ^as, addeti ^'as-fittinj^ to his hnsiness. Anion^-- the whole- sale de.ilers and importers of j;as-fi.\tures are A. I". NA i: & Co., Mc N ai.i.n & II.WVKINS, D.wiD Ursii, TlioM.vs l).\v, and I). I..\ss\vi:i,i., all of San I'rancisco. Tinware. — Tinware, as manufactured on this coast, is of 2 ^^cneral cla.s.ses: that made in .sections, afterwards joined by soldering', and the variety termed "pressed," the latter compiisini^ articles stamped from single sheets. The manufacture of wares from sheet-iron, beinuj carried on in connection with the tinsmith's business almost exclusivel)", is included in the total amounts gi\-en. The annual consumption of these goods is \alued at more than $1,500,000, of which about two ihirils .are the product of our home works; the remainder being imported from tlie I'lastern States, antl consisting chielly of pressed ware. There are about 125 establisiimcnts engaged in this industry exclusive of rejiair-shops; the capital iiu'estcd amounts to ,$500,000, and employment is given to 550 haiuls, of whom more tlian one half are white mechanics; 100 are apprentices, and 100 are Chinese. It is estimated that in addition to those ahead)' mentioned, lOO Chinese are engaged in small shops of their own, or working for proprie- tors of their own race in San I'rancisco and some of the larger town.s. Their products, consisting mostly of the more common articles of tinware, arc valued at $70,000 per annum, and are sold in the small towns of the slope. The average wages paid are: to white men, $2.50 per day of lO hours; to apprentices, from 50 cents to $1.50 per day, according to experi- ence and ability; and to Chinese, who arc mostly employed on piece-work, from $1 to $1.50 per day. The tin-plate, of which 750 tons were con- ■sumed in 1881, is imported from Australia, and costs about 23 cents per pound. Common sheet-iron comes from Pittsburg, Pa., and tlic better qualities from Sweden and Russia. The importation of tin during 1881 was more than double that of any previous year, the increa.sed demand coming from fruit and fish canneries. This branch of the business alone employs I 50 men, one half of v. nom are Chinese. A considerable quantity of tin-plate is al'so consumed in the manufacture of cans for lard, spices, and milk. With the excepti(5n of the fish-packers, who make their cans at their stations, about one half the tinware of the coast is the product of San Francisco factories; one house in the city turning out o\er 100 dozen of milk-cans annually, which are sold -it wholes.ile for $[6 per dozen. The mining of 1849 created a demand for tin and sheet-iron ware, and 1 fiQO MANTIACTfUKS. ii In piiccs were \ery lii,L;h; a sheet-iron pan for washinfj gold costinfj the miner iin ounce of j^'old. In 1858 Sacramento, ou-inij to her _L;eoi;raphical posi- tion, furnislicd the miners witli most of tlieir siijipiies. At that time that city contained 14 shops, and Marys\ille had 2, the id establishments iMn- plriying o\er 1 00 hands antl havin^j $2Cxd,ooo iinested in the business. I lu'ir i^'oods reailily sold at prices 100 jier cent, in advance of the highest I'.astern rates of the time. .San Francisco did not manufacture the wares under consideration to an>- extent until 1S60, when the mining rlemand had begun to gi\e place to that of the ilairymen. Among the factories of the coast arc those of GkoR{;K II. Tav & Co., established in San I'rancisco in 1848, and now the largest on the coast; H. C. Au.sTiM J. I)i; La M(int.\\va; IIouiRodK, Mi;krili, & Stetson, antl W. W. .MoNTACiUK ct Co., all of San I'rancisco; Jamks Dai.zkll and U. Di: La Moxtanva, Oakland; D. WlCl.MAXX, at Sacramento; JoilN J.u:kso.\' and II(j\vari) Mo(;an, of Stockton; M. W. CiilLt)S, at Los Angeles; i\Ill,ro\ CamI'IJKI.I,, at San Jose; and Goi.DSMlTlI & LoE\Vi;\- I!I:r(; and I). Colic & Co., at Portland. Coppersmithing. — There are 13 establishments of this class on the coast, 9 of which are in San Francisco, and one each in Sacramento, Vallcjo, and Portland, Oregon. Capital lo the amount of $80,000 is iinested in tlie in- ilustr)-, and 50 smiths are employed, who are paid wages averaging $3.50 ])er day of 10 hours. The value of the copper used annually is $100,000, it being Lake .Su])erior ore, rolled in New England mills; and the work done here amounts to $120,000 more, making $220,000 as the total \aluc of the production. Imports of finished work amount to $25,000, and con- siderable work is exported to the Hawaiian Islands for use on sugar plan- tations there. The business includes copper- work for steam-vessels, sugar refineries, breweries and distilleries, mines, artificial ice and soda water fac- tories, and for house and miscellaneous work. The first to engage in the industry was Josi.l'K M.VCKKN, who opened an establishment in .San I'Van- cisco about 1852. The principal coppersmithing establishments on our coast are those of Gi:oRGii A. Trii'p, Charles W. Smuii, Jr., San'ders & Co., \Va(;\kr & Toon, Joiix G. Ils, A. S. lREn\[.E & Co., Little & LawsoX, Si.meox IMistre, ami P. Perev, of San l'"rancisco, and William IIi;\L\ in Portland. Galvanized Iron. — Galvanized iron is iron covered with a metallic coat- ing lor the purpose of irreventing oxidation. In the ordinary method, the surface of the iron being thoroughly cleaned b)- friction, with the aid of diluted aciil, the mass is plunged into a bath cf)mpo.se(.l of melted zinc, to which small quantities of mercury and soda or potash have been added. OTIII U MI r\i s. 691 No shcct-i iir iitlur lari^c boilicn of iron arc thus treated (ni this coast, the local hulustrj- l)ciiiL; CDiiniicil to CDwriiii; small artieUs, ,1-, talis, buckets, spikes, bolts for shiii-liuildiii^, luiop-iron, and Iron-wire. The iron so coated annually is valued at abinit $10,000 before tre.itinent, and its value is increased from 20 to jO per cent, by the process. Tin- ca|)ital invested in the industr)', which is carried on in coiniecliim with japantiini; and man- ufacturinj,' small articles, amounts to $50,000, and employment is ^i\en to 20 men and 5 boys; who are paid .an avera^je of $^.50 per urs, and the working .season extends throui^hout the year, the market bein^^ slij^ditly duller durinj^ the winter months than at other times. The work done is principally for wholesale dealers in San I'rancisco. Larj^e |)ieees, jncludinL; .sheets, pi]je, etc., are supplied to us chielly by Pittsburg; which cit_\- bein^ a larjre iron center and commancn'n^ a chea]) supplj- of zinc, is enabled to manufacture on a scale a^'ainst which our coast is unable to compete either in quantit)' or prite. The jirincipal establishment is that of JoilN I,i:k ik Co. at San I'rancisco. Thej- employ 15 men and 5 bojs, and tmn out 50 tons of galvanized iron yearly, most of which is manufactured into various articles on the [jreniises. Dcpenilin^f upon gah'anized iron for its sup[)lj- of raw material is the manufacture fif cornices, and other architectural ornaments, roofniLj, etc. At least 600 tons of coatetl .sheet-iron are consumed in this industry yearly. Capital amountint,' to $100,000 is invested, and 150 men and boj's employed, the ■'"oriner receivinf,^ $:;, and the latter $1 per daj' of 10 hoin"s. The sheet-iron costs from iS cents to 12 cents per pound, accordint,' to qual- ity, and the finished cornice is sold at from $5 to $12 per foot, dependin' carried on in connection with manufacturing, the adtlitional capital required is small, probabl_\- not exceeding $10,000. A few men and bo)-s are employed, the former being m m 'til ill It lis H m IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 I.I 11.25 Iff "il 112 lit 2.0 auuu 6" fS '/a 0/ /A PhotDgraphic Sciences Corporation i\ 23 WIST MAIN STMIT WIBSTIR.N.Y. I45M (716)172-4503 '^ ^.^ ,ur re- fineries, or by melting coin or other articles, are consumed to the value of $400,000. The gold-bearing rock of the coast is much used in the industry, and the articles made arc ornamental as well as peculiar t(j the slope. The interior coating of the shell of the abalone, a moUusk found along our coast, which, when cleaned, becomes highly iridescent, is employed in con- siderable (juantity; and tortoise-shell is also worked. American jewelry, generall)', is noted for tastefulncss and lightness of design; and that turned out on the Pacific Coast compares favorably with the products of the At- lantic States. The jewelry worn by the miners of 1S49 consisted chiefly of scarf-pins having nugget heads, and rings hammered and filed from a solid piece of metal. Among the first to engage in the business here was the firm of H.xuuKTl' & SllKUVVooD, who exhibited gold-quartz work at the World's Fair in New York in 1S53. All the large establishments engaged in the manufacture of jewelry on our coast arc in San I-Vancisco, and among them are GlCOUGK C. SllKKViv & Co., The Calii-orni.v Jkwklkv Comi'anv, A. Anuricws, Koeiilmu & RlTTr.R, and D. \V. Laikd. Silverware is made by 1 1 hou.ses in San F'rancisco, although most olishing, and mounting precious stones. Tlie aggregate value of their work, leaving out the cost of the gems, is $100,000 annually. The workmen earn from $2.50 to $10 per day for a day of 10 hours. The principal lapidaries are GEuKGli OTHEK MKTALS. 697 C. SlIRKVK & Co., D. W. I.AIKI), R. BOSQ & Co., J. N. Bretonnf.l, Julks Lank, and Kukhlkk & Ritter. all of .San Franci.sco. Josi:i-V\ & Park, of Salt Lake City, have for .several years mounted mo.ss a^^ite and other native stones, which find ready sale amony tourists. George C. Shreve &. Co. — In the manufacture of a lar^c variety of fine jewelry, GKOUdE C SlIKKVK & Co., San I-Vancisco, have no cc[ual in the United States, except one firm in New York City. Many ICastern houses manufacture more extensively, but limit themselves to cheaper work, or to a single article. Thus one house may make nothinjr but bracelets, another nothinjf but rings, a third nothing but brooches, and so on. Hcsides making all these things, SlIRKVK & Co. enamel, engrave, set diamonds anil other gems, do lapidarj' work, inlay metals, .set clois.sonnd work and bronze from Japan in pieces adapted to American taste, and manufacture all classes of fine jewelry. Gold-quartz jewelry, in the production of which San Francisco has a monopoly, is one of the specialties of the house, and is used in sleeve-button.s, pins, ear-rings, lockets, bracelets, match-boxes, cigarette-cases, and other ornament.s. The black-quartz comes from Cala- veras Count)-, the white-quartz is mostly from Grass Valley. Their chief specialty, however, is the inl.'iying of metals, in which they have surpassed all competition. They import largely, and it is their rule to import every- thing that they can purchase in the East of quality good enough for their customers, and to limit their manufacture to articles finer than anything they can buy cl.sewhere. This policy compels them to employ the highest artistic talent and mechanical skill ; and their success is indicated bj' the originality and taste of the design, and the excellence in the workmanship of the fine jewelry to be seen in their show-cases at 1 10 Montgomery Street. It may be assumed that whatever th?ic is most attractive is the product of their own factory. The knowledge of a connoisseur in jewelry is needed to appreciate the merit of much of their work. They employ 73 men in their factory. The firm was established in 1852, and consists of Georce C. Shreve, George Bonnv, and A. J. Lewis. Nast, Oreenzweig &. Co.— The firm of Nast, Greenzweig & Co. originated in New York City, but, induced by the promise of future prosperity of the Pacific Coast, the business was transferred to San Francisco about 10 years .igo. Since this ch.ingc it has kept pace with the rapid growth and ilevelopment of the city; and although of modest dimen- sions at first, now ranks as one of the prominent business establishments of our slope. By capacity and knowledge of business, it has achieved a success unsurpas.sed by any competitor in this line Appreciating the geographical advantages of San Francisco, the management soon comprehended that it S8 Cg^ MANUKACTIJRES. was destined to become the natural base f)f supply for the western coast, and lost no time in placing experienced a<;ents throughout the Pacific States and Territories, Mexico, Central and South America, the Hawaiian Islands, and Australia. Jewelrj- of American manufacture is, it is claimed, superior to European production; and this firm has not neglected effi)rts to convince our Mexican neighbors that the time-honored prestige of the Old World in their markets, is destined soon to become a thing of the past. The firm is located in a modern buikling, 533 Market Street, wlicre it oc- cupies 3 floors, each 40 by 160 feet, as salesroom, factory (including lapi- dary works), and shipping department. The house has issued an elabo- rately illustrated catalogue printed in both ICnglish and Spanish (for the trade only), being the first issued by anj- jewelry establishment on the coast. Nast, GuiiKXZWElG & Co. liave a capacity to supply all articles in the line of jewelry, watches, and artistic diamond-work. The firm has a branch establishment in New York at 176 Hroadway. ScilULZ & FlSCIlKR began the manufacture of silverware in San Fran- ci.sco in 1868, and have occupied a prominent position as workers in the precious metals since that time. Their line includes spoons, forks, and table silverware in general, as well as presentation pic' 's rccjuiring elabo- rate and skillful workmanship. Among the productions of this house, a handsomelj' orn.amcntcd epergnc, 27 inches high, and costing $1,200, is worthy of mention as being the largest piece of its kind made on the I'acific Coast. The firm also import plated silverware -and fine table cut- lery. Their salesroom, in which their work is displayed, together with the office, occupies the second story of 513 Market Street; their shop, fitted witli machinery driven by steam, being in the rear and extending through the block to Stevenson Street. Employment is given to 22 hands. 'f 3-. MISCELLANEOUS MANUFACTURES. 699 CHAPTER XXXVI.— MISCELLANEOUS MANUFACTURES. Tobacco. — Ever since California was numbered amon;^ ihc States, exper- iments have been made in the raising of tobacco, but there was no extensive cultivation until 1871, when J. D. CULP discovered a method by which he claimed that the rank properties of hoinc-raised tobacco could be removed. This gentleman succeeded in interesting .several capitalists, and a company was formed for the purpose of raising and curing tobacco and manufacturing cigars. Business was conducted on a very large .scale. A factory and ware- houses were erected at Gilroy. Every effort was made to bring the goods into favor, but without success, and the company disincorporated after suf- fering severe loss. In 1 88 1 there were not more than 100 acres of tobacco under cultivation in the entire State of California. The question as to the real value of this tobacco, or whether it has any value when not cured by some special process, is a matter yet undecided among cigar manufacturers. A con- siderable portion of the crop is shipped to New York, where it sells at wholesale for about 25 cents a pound. The advantage that would accrue to this State from the cultivation and manufacture of tobacco may be esti- mated from the fact, that the imports of manufactured tobacco for 1881 exceeded 3,000 tons, and amounted in value to nearly $2,750,000. The tobacco factory of JONES & BraNDENSTEIN, started in San Fran- cisco in January, 1882, is the only establishment of the kind on our coast. The firm manufacture navy plug, twist, coils, and light pressed tobacco, in all styles and sizes, from Kentucky, Virginia, and North Carolina leaf. No seed tobacco is used. Within 2 months after commencing work, the production was at the rate of nearly 70,000 pounds a month, worth, at an average of 55 cents a pound, the sum of $38,500. When in full working order it is expected that the establishment will produce about 150,000 pounds a month, and that the amount of sales will be little short of $1,000,- 000 a year. The factory contains 4 floors, and is equipped with all the modern appliances and machinery. When brought from the warehouse, the tob.i-^co is taken to the second floor, where the stem is stripped from the leaf. It is then sorted into different grades, and taken to the top floor, where it is dipped in a solution of sugar and liquorice, and afterwards steamed at a temperature of 160° It is next put up in bulk, and again 70C MAN! TACTIKES. II 3'! sweated in a temperature of 80". These operations arc executed uti tlie thiril slur)'. The final ])rocesses are performed 011 the first flmeiU to a considerable number of extra hands at \€ry good rates of uagcs. There are now not more than 150 white men engaged in cigar-making in San I''rancisco, against nearly 4.500 Chinamen. A few girls are employed at some of the factories, but their earnings are .so .small tliat they seldom remain long at such occupation. They must be very expert to make $7 a week, and their average earnings arc probabI_\- less tiian $5. Tlie entir* number of female operati\es engaged in making cigars and cigarettes is not mcjre than 160. Cigarette-makers ^arn a little more than cigar-makers, but the serxices of women are in such demand for better-paid descri[)tions of labor that, as a rule, the)' avoid either of those (jccupation.s. MISCELLANEOUS MANUFACTURES. 705 Pipes — There is one store in San Francisco at which pipes are made, both wooden and meerschaum, but the quantity is so small that it furnishes employment only to a single person. The proprietor of another store im- ports $1,500 to $2,000 worth a year of meerschaum, amber, and cherry- wood, from which he makes a few pipes ; but his .sales are, as yet, so small, that he can make up all the goods him.self, or at least docs not feel ju.sti- ficd in employing any assistance. Acids. — The discovery of the precious metals on the coast created a demand for the acids commonly used in refining, and led to the establish- ment of works for their manufacture. The principal products of these works are nitric, muriatic, and sulphuric acids; but sulphates of copper and of iron are made, sulphur is refined, and the pigment known as Prus- sian blue is also produced to some extent. We have 5 factories, turning out either some or all the articles mentioned, 2 of which are located in San Franci.sco; one each in West Berkeley and on Point Pinole, California; and one at Dayton, Nevada. The annual production is about 12,000 tons of nitric and sulphuric acids, 1 50 tons of muriatic acid, 300 tons of sulphate of copper, 200 tons of sulphate of iron, and a less quantity of prussian blue ; the total value being $1,200,000. Capital amounting to $450,000 is invested in the industry, and more than 100 hands are employed, who receive $2.50 a day on the average, a day's work being 10 hours, and the busy .season extending from April to December, inclusive. The wages paid here are 20 per cent, higher than the rates paid in the Atlantic States. Nitric acid of 63° to 66" purity sells at present for about 1 1 ^2 cents per pound. The commercial article of 38" was furnished, in 1881, by contract to the United States branch mint at San Franci.sco, in quantities sufficient to .supply its consumption of from 4,000 to 5,000 pounds a day, at from 5.)^ cents to C cents a pound. This is less by about 2^^ cents a pound than the acid was furnished for in the years 1879 and 1880, and is the lowest price at which it has yet been .sold. The reduction is due to competition between manufacturers, and the rates leave but a small margin to the pro- ducer. Sulphuric acid is .sold for 3^2 cents a pound, and muriatic for 4',2 cents. All the acids mentioned are heavy; the specific gravity of sulphuric being nearly double that of water. Sulphate of copper, known as blue- stone, sells for 8^3 cents per pound. Sulphate of iron, called green vitriol or copperas, for 2 cents a pound. Prussian blue, in a solid form, brings from 25 to 35 cents a pound; as a .solution, 20 cents. These are wholesale prices, and are from "^^ of a cent to 113 cents a pound less, for the acids, than small quantities are sold for, and proportionately lower for the other articles. W^ith the exception of prussian blue, which is imported occasion- 70fi MANUFACTURES. ally in comparatively small quantities for speculative purposes, the local market is supplictl by local productions. Nitric and sulphuric acids arc largely consumed in the manufacture of the explosive compound, nitro-glyccrine ; in fact, 2 of the factories dispose of the greater part (jf their product in that manner. Sulphuric is used in the works where it is made in producing sulphates; in chemical works generally, and by soda-water makers throughout the slope. Muriatic, with sulphuric, is employed in candle-making; and alone, in soldering and assay- ing. Nitric acid is made from the nitrate of soda and sulphuric acid. Sulphuric, from .sulphur and nitrate of .soda; and muriatic, from common salt and sulphuric acid. The nitrate of .soda used on the coast is from I'eru, and costs, duty paid, 2),-^ cents a pound in San Francisco. Sulphur is obtained from Nevada, and is, besides, imported from Sicily and Japan. Manufacturers consider the home product equal to the foreign for their uses, but the suppl)- is uncertain, and at times the market is bare. They are obliged, therefore, as a matter of .self-protection, to procure a portion of their stock from abroad. Sulphur costs, usually, ? cents a pound. Of the sulphate of copper produced, fully three fourths is consumed in the amal- gamating pans of silver-reduction works, and most of the rcmainilcr by farmers in soaking seed-wheat. It is made by roasting and grinding copper ore, and adding sulphuric acid, after which the mixture is placed in pans and left to crystallize. Most of the solid material now used for this purpose is that known as cement copper, and comes from .Spenceville, Nevada County, California, costing, when pure, \6 cents a pound. The oldest factory now in existence on the coast is that of JUDSON & SlllcrAKl), established at San I'rancisco in 1854, and now located near West Berkeley. Tho works were at first established to supply the United States branch mint at San Francisco with parting acids, but since their removal, the muriatic acid produced has been used in a candle factory under the same ownership. Until the present year, the firm have also con- sumed their product of nitric and sulphuric acids in the manufacture of high explosives; but recent improvements have enabled them to increase their output, and again contract to supply the Government establishment mentioned. Twenty-five men are employed, and the annual product is worth about $250,000. The acid-factory connected with the Vulcan Powder-works, at Pinole Point, began operations in i88i,and is now turning out 1,200 gallons of sulphuric, and 15,000 pounds of nitric acids per day, all of which are con- sumed in the manufacture of high explosives. The .San I'rancisco factories are the California Chemical-works, owned by Joll.N RliVNOl.DS, who makes acids, sulphates of copper and of iron, and prussian blue in .solution, em- MISCELLANEOUS MANLIACTURES. 707 ploying 20 men ; and the Golden City Chcmical-woiks, S. M. Van VVyck, superintendent, producing the same vjlass of articles, and employing 30 hands. An acid factory erected in Carson City, Nevada, to supply the mint in that place with acids after running 17 years was burned down in 1880, anil has not been rebuilt. The Carson mint is now supplied with acids by the Dayton Mill and Mining Company, who have an acid factory in Uayton. Explosives. — Explosives, as made on our coast, are of 2 main classes: one of ordinary black powder, and the other of the various high-grade ex- plosives. The classes differ widely both as to their composition and effi- ciency, the first named being a mechanical mixture, and its combustion gradual ; whilst the last mentioned are chemical combinations, and their action instantaneous and very violent. High-grade explosives, variously called Giant, Vulcan, Hercules, and by similar terms indicative of strength, are made on the same general principle. Glycerine is combined with nitric acid, and ?,n absorbent, as magnesia or silicious earth, added. The mi.xture is molded in cylindrical forms a little larger than an ordinary can- dle, which are cut into suitable lengths when used. The charge is exploded by means of a cap containing fulminating powder. The annual consump- tion on the coast, of the high explosives, is about 1,500 tons, and of black powder more than 2,000 tons. Of the l.ist, 2,500 tons are made in Cali- fornia ; 1 50 tons, chiefly sporting powder, are imported from the Atlantic States; and 500 tons are exported to Mexico, British Columbia, the Hawaiian Islands, and Central America — three fourths of the shipments being to Mexico. Perhaps 500 tons of nitro-glycerine powder arc ex- ported. The value of the high explosives consumed annually on our coast is about $1,500,000, taking the average price at 50 cents per pound, a low estimate. Of the black powder, the value of the home production is $850,000, and that of the imported $150,000. In addition to the Eastern powder received here in packages, we import about 20 tons fixed, loaded in the metallic cartridges used in breech-loading arms. Capital amounting to $j,ooo,ooo is invested in the industry, and employment furnished to 300 hands, whose wages range from $1.25 to $3 per day of 10 hours. The de- mand follows to some extent the mining season. Of the raw materials, glycerine is partly a home production and partly imported from the East- ern States and from Europe. The great demand for this article has caused it to advance in price 50 per cent, since 1879, the present rates being 32 cents per pound. The Jicids and charcoal are made here, several of the nitro-glycerine works making their own acids; nnd of the nitrates, that of potiish comes from Calcutta, and costs, duty paiJ, 12^ cents per pound; and 7o8 MANUFACTURES. that of sodn, from Peru, costs 2^-4 cents per pound. Sulphur i.s found in Nevada, but the market being irregularly supplied from that source, it is at times imported from Sicily and Japan, costing about 2 cents per pound. The first of the nitro-glyccnnc explosives to come into extensive use in mining, dynamite (callctl also giant powder), was made in California soon after its invention by NoBEL, but did not begin to attract general attention until 1 87 1. The miners in those towns where they were organized in unions for the maintenance of their wages, as at Grass Valley and Virginia City, determined to resist its introduction. Their pretext was that the fumes from its c.xplo.sion were unwholesome; the real rca.sons were that the dynamite needed a smaller drill hole, and its use implied that one man C(iuld do the drilling, whereas 2 were necessary for black powder. Not only would the single hand-drill, with dynamite, do as much work as a double hand-drill, with black powder, but the drifts for one man would not be so largo ,., fo' 2. The miners feared, therefore, that the introduction of the dj-namite x.ould throw half of them out of employment, and then reduce the wages of the remainder. The mine-owners, on the other hand, deter- mined that they must have the dynamite. There was no difificulty in find- ing men willing to work with it, but they were threatened with all those outrages to which men are exposed whenever they violate trade-union rules. The most serious troubles occurred at Grass Valley, where several independ- ent miners, who used the dynamite, were cruelly beaten, and one was shot, though not mortally wounded. Threats were made that the buildings of the mines where the dynamite was used, .should be burned, and the local company of the National Guard Militia was ordered under arms so as to be prepared for emergencies. In smaller towns, where there were not enough miners to maintain a combination, the dynamite was received with .so much favor, and the newspaper press was so emphatic in recommending it for general use, that the miners at Grass Valley and Virginia City became ashamed of their opposition, and gradually accepted the single hand-drill and its explosive. Now there is no open objection to them anywhere. The greater efficiency of the drill, with the help of dynamite, has increased the demand for miners' labor, and there has been no reduction in wages. The success of the giant powder here led to its introduction In other coun- tries. At present, exclusive of Mexico, little black powder is u.sed on the coast for mining purpo.ses. The imports from the Eastern States arc not a third of the exports from San Francisco, and are confined to the finer gr.-ides, the use of which is chiefly a matter of individual fancy. Dr. J. H. WurrriER, of Utah Territory, is credited with making blasting powder there in 1857, which, it is believed, was the first e.xplosi\'c made on the coast. In 1870 there were 3 factories on the slope, employing 75 hands, MISCELLANEOUS MANUFACTURES. 70:> and having about $75,000 capital. The powder manufacturers of the coa.st not mentioned in other paragraphs arc: The Vulcan Powder Co.M- PANV, whose works are at San Pablo, and THE ToNITE PoWDEK Com- pany, whose factory is at Stcge, RALPH L. SHAINWALD being the secretary of both; The Glvnt Powder Companv, having works at West Berke- ley, and an agency managed by Bandmann, Nielson & Co.; The Cali- KOKNL\ ViGORiT PoWDER COMPANY, located at California City, the secretary being W. H. Lent; The Safety Nitro Powder Company, whose works arc located at Point Pinole, and whose agents are Flint, PEAnoDY & Co.; The Granite (formerly Hardy) Powder Company, established at Vallejo, whose agents are R. D. HUME & Co.; The Safety Powder Company, C. F. Rosecrans, secretary; and The Thunder Powder Company, Charles De Lacy, manager. These factories all produce high-grade explosives. The California Powder-works.— The California Powder-works, the only manufacturers on the Pacific Coast of militarj', sporting, and blast- ing powders, were incorporated in the )*ear 1861, with a capital of $100,- 000. They soon discovered the inadequacy of that capital, and by voluntary as.sessments, and investment of profits, have since increased it to the present figure of $1,500,000, which is not more than enough to carry on the im- mense business they have created. Before the establishment of these works, the development of our mines was retarded, and public unprove- ments were discouraged, by the cost of powder, which was imported from the East, and doled out at high prices; and at that time, the civil war hav- ing begun with demand from the Government for all the powder the Eastern mills could manufacture, but for these works, the completion of the Central Pacific Railroad would have been long deferred. The buildings of the company, pronounced by officers of the U. S. ordnance to be the most complete in America, are situated near the city of Santa Cruz. They occupy both banks of the San Lorenzo River for a rnilci and comprise 21 powder- mi ll.s, 10 shops, and 6 magazines and stores, besides other necessary buildings, and dwellings for all the employees. These form a village which, nestled in the valley, constitutes the most beau- tiful view from the South Pacific Coast Railroad, famous for its picturesque route. This site was determined by the abundant power of the river, the proximity of suitable timber, the easy access to the sea, with which they are connected by rail, and the advantages of an adjacent town. Ships discharge cargoes of niter at the company's wharf, and load there with powder for e.vport. The ordinary force employed (all whites) is 45 men, at $1.75 to $3.50 per 7IO MANUTACTURKS. ..ii ! day, and 15 boys (from 16 to 21 years of age), at $1 to ^1.50 per day, the whole cost of personal services being $140 to $150 per day. This force is sufficient to turn out 15,000 pounds of blasting powder daily, besides the military powder required for the Pacific department, and most of the sporting powder consumed on this coast, from Alaska to Mexico. This statement, however, does not indicate the ultimate capacity of the work.s, which are built in duplicate to avoid detention by explosions. They can produce, if pushed, 30,000 pounds of blasting powder daily, and the huge railway works in course of construction will probably demand this latter quantity in 1882. Some years after the establishment of the works at Santa Cruz, dyna- mite was invented, and quickly became the favorite explosive for deep min- ing and tunneling in hard rock. To meet this new departure in art. The California Powder-work.s instituted the manufacture of Hercules Powder, which consists of nitro-glycerine absorbed in carbonate of mag- nesia, and constructed at Point Pinole, upon the Bay of San Pablo, immense works for its fabrication. These comprise, besides the Hercules works proper, works for the manufacture? of sulphuric and nitric acids, built upon an imprecedented .scale, with all the improvements known to science up to the year 1 88 1. From Pinole, Hercules Powder goes to every State west of the Mississippi, to British Columbia, and to Mexico, commending itself everywhere for strength, and especially for safety. The great success of TiiK Calikorxia Po\vdi:r-\vorks is due, after the excellence of their powders, to the integrity and liberality of the management, which has met with cordial favor. Their large capital enables them to aid enter- prise with judicious credit, and .so, with profit to thcm.selves, help to develop the country. They have maintained dividends without interrup- tion since May, 1869. Their Board of Directors, in 1882, is composed of N. G. Kittle, president; G. T. Lawton, vice-president; J. B. Haggin, N. LUNING, J. O. Earl; and Bernard Peyton, superintendent, ex officio director. Their secretary is JoilN F. LoHSE, who has filled that office ever since the organization of the company. Blasting Fuse, as made on the coast, is small, flexible tubing filled with powder. The cylinder consists of from 2 to 4 layers, the innermost being of jute yarn, the others of cotton, hemp, or other fiber. Each layer is covered with a varnish, and the whole thus rendered waterproof. When the innermost layer has but one covering, it is known as single taped ; 2 layers arc termed double taped, and .so on. The powder used is manufac- tured for the purpose by The Calikornia PoWDKR-WORKS; the ingredients arc the same as those composing ordinary gunpowder, but so proportioned ;r .J ' M I SC K I , I.A N i:0 1 ; S MA N I' K At T U R ES. '\ I as to burn rapidly without exploding'. The fuse k-nown as doubled taped is most used. The industry -jives employment to about 40 hands, and its products amply supply the demands of the coast. The jute yarn used comes from Dundee; the cloth is from New York. There arc 3 factories on the coast, all located in California: TllK CaLIFORN'IA FUSli-WORKS, at San Francisco, established 1.S66; ToY, BlCKl'ORD & Co., at East Oakland, established 1867; and Thk Eagle Fuse-WORKS, at Felton, established 1868. The products of these factories are sold by their afjents, THE CAL- IFORNIA Fu.sE Association, in San Francisco. The large consumption of the products of these factories throughout the Pacific States and Territories, and Montana, Colorado, New Mexico, and Mexico, is evidence of their good quality. Fireworks. — The manufacture of fireworks for display has a place among the industries of the coa.st. Two classes of these combustibles arc made: hand pieces, comprising crackers, candles, rocket.s, etc.; and fixed pieces, which are combinations, including .some or all of the first class, in many cases of considerable size, and having very ingenious mechanical arrangements. The annual con.sumption of fireworks on that portion of the coast north of Mexico amounts in value to about $75,000; the 3 factories here producing to the aggregate value of $45,000, and the Chinese in San Francisco making some of the cheaper kinds. The importation of fire-crack- ers reached in past years the value of $15,000; but the restriction placed upon their use in some of the larger cities has materially curtailed the de- mand, and the receipts during 1881 were less than the exports by 150 packages. The duty of $1 per box of 40 small packs, that retail at 10 cents each, is more than the original cost of the crackers in China. Capital to the amount of $40,000 is invested in the industry, and employment is furnished to about 20 hands, who are paid wages averaging $2.50 per day of ro hours. Fireworks were made in San Francisco in 1852, and firms not now in existence were established there in 1861 and in 1868. The first public display of fireworks in Oregon was at Portland on the evening of July 4, i860, and the pieces were made in that city. The oldest and largest pyrotechnic-works on the coast arc those of STEELE, Elder & Co., established at San F'ranci.sco in 1853. The remaining factory, in Cali- fornia, is that of Alfred B. Eckstein, also in San Francisco. In Port- land, Oregon, GEORGE HUUIIES has an establishment, and supplies that portion of the coast. Matches. — The annual consumption of matches on the coast, excluding Mexico and Central America, amounts to about 460,000 gross. Importa- tion.s, chiefly of the different varieties generally known as parlor matches, 712 MANUFACTURES. I • amount to 10,000 gross, and exports to nearly 60,000 gross. Of the latter, one third arc shipped to China, the remainder being distributed from Siberia to the islands of the South Pacific. Of the entire production, amounting to 500,000 gros.s, it is believed one fifth arc made and used or sold by the Chinese secretly, and the revenue tax avoided. The greater portion of the matches made here are those known as "block," that is, split from a block of wood. A gross being 144 blocks of 100 matches each, and estimating the population north of Mexico to be 1,500,000, it follows that more than 12 matches per day are used to the individual. Capital amount- ing to $50,000 is invested in the industry, and employment is furnished to 100 hands by regular makers, and probably to 25 more by irresponsible dealers. Of the workmen, fully one half are Chinese, and the wages paid range from 50 cents to $2 per day. Taking the price at $1.85 per gross, a low average, the value of the annual production is $925,000. The wood used is the Port Orford cedar. It is soft, straight, and fine- grained, and when properly .seasoned, burns well. The sulphur is either that refined in New York, or English roU-brimstonc. Coast sulphur was used until the market cea.sed to supply a quality fine enough for the requirements of the industry, the production being absorbed in other man- ufactures in a more crude form. Phosphorus has always been imported, principally from England. In manufacturing, the blocks are cut to the proper size, and either coated at one end with glue or compressed by machinery; the object being to cause the matches to adhere at their un- dipped ends. Dijjping in sulphur and pointing with phosphorus complete the operation. About four fifths of the output are from the San I'ranci.sco factories, the remaining establishments being small and their markets local. The industry dates from at least 1857, when there were factories in San P'rancisco. I'actories have been established at different times in several of the larger Californian towns, but with the exception of Sacramento, where there are 2 supplying a local demand, most of them were short-lived, and unable to compete with the metropolitan establishments. Salt Lake City has a fac- tory, and there is one at Mazatlan. The largest works on the coast arc those of Nkwbauek & Co., established in San Francisco in 1862, and known as the Metropolitan Match Factory. There are 7 establishments in the city in addition to the one already mentioned, the principal of which are the Empire P'actory, owned by B. Bendell & Co.; the Eureka P'actory, owned by IIoEEN & C(J. ; and the Golden Gate Factory, Levi Davis, proprietor. TlLTON & VVORTMAN have a factory at Chico, and WILLIAM Bond has works at Portland. MISCELLAXi;( )IS MANUl' ACTURES. 713 Linseed Oil. — Our coast consumes annually about 1,500,000 gallons of linseed oil, all of Pacific production. The raw material is obtained chiefly from fields of flax cultivated exclusively for the seed in California and Orej^on, but the supply of the material from these sources being insufficient, the mills obtain cargoes occasionally fnjm Hindostan. The seed yields from 20 to 25 per cent, of oil, and the cak'c Icf in the press is used for feeding cattle, being rich in fattening qualities. Most of the oil is taUen by the painters, some of it by varnish manufacturers, and it is applied to a great variety of purposes. The wholesale price is from 55 to 60 cents a gallon. Thk P.\CIFIC Oil and Lkao Works were opened in 1S66 at San Francisco, and are the oldest establishment of the kind on the coast. Besides linseed-oil manufacture, quantities of oil are expressed from the castor bean, mustard, and cobre at these works. The machinery used is perfect in every particular, and large numbers of employees arc engaged in the different processes of oil manufacture. A linseed-oil mill was built near Oregon City in 1868, but was closed in 1878; and now the only mill of the kind on the coast north of San I'ran- cisco is that of G. VV. GRAY & SONS, at Salem. Upholstering tow is made from flax fiber at the same establishment. A linseed-oil mill was started in Utah in 18C1, under the management of a prominent Mormon priest, but the local demand was insufficient to make a profitable market, and the en- terprise was abandoned. Paints. — As the people of our coast erect a great number of wooden buildings every year, and generally paint them externally as well as inter- nally, wc consume paints, paint-oils, and varnishes to the value of $1,400,000 annually. This includes 3,500 tons of white lead, worth about $600,000 at wholesale, and nearly as much of other pigments. The white lead, lin- seed oil, and most of the varnish, are made here; and here the colors are ground in oil ; but we produce no pigment save white lead. Various de- posits of umber, sienna, ocher, and other earth)' paints have been found, but the factories erected to prepare them for the market have proved un- profitable, and have been abandoned. The processes u.scd here in the man- ufacture of lead, oil, and varnish have no novel feature. The methotl of grinding with oil is the same with white lead as with other pigments, among which those most extensively used in house-painting arc ocher, umber, Venetian red, and lampblack. The painters add 4 gallons of oil to 100 pounds ' of ground white lead, and 8 gallons to the same weight of other pigments, to fit them for use. Putty is made by mixing whiting with lin- seed oil, the combination being one that becomes hard by long exposure to 90 ;>4 MA\rr.\(iii;i:s. ''V \M'I the atmosplicrc. Tlic consumption of putt\' on niir coast amounts to 150 tons, wnrtli $9,000. One of the forms of |)aints most c\tciisi\cl\- used on ourco.ist is ilic rul)bcr-|)aint, of which 80,000 },'al Ions arc consumed annual!)-. It contains some India rubber, and is con.sidcred an excellent protection for wood exposed to mucli moisture. Another kind of |)aint, mixed witli solu- ble ^dass, is known as the Avorill paint, and is also useil extensively, the consumption sometimes running up to 500 tons a month. The Pioneer White Lead and Color Works of WlirniLK, I"ii,I.i;k & Co., in San l'rancisc(\ the onl)- establishment that makes white lead on the Pacific Coast, consist of 2 massive brick buildinj^s connected by a bridge, and were erected in 1875. They cover an area of rjround 275 by 137 feet, and extend from Fremont to Heale, between Howard and I'olsom streets. That por- tion of the factory facing Rcale Strc< t is used for the manufacture of white and red lead. Files of pig-lead are on hand awaiting the melting process. The metal must be jiure, and especiallj- free from iron and silver, the pres- ence of which would tend to give the pigment a dingy and tawny hue. The melted lead runs from a furnace upon an endless band of iron mold.s. In the.sc the lead assumes the form of thin disks, 6 inches in diameter and pierced with holes about one fourth of an inch in size. When cool, the.sc disks are put into earthenware pots with strong acetic acid, but in such a position that the acid does not come in direct contact with the metal. These pots arc imbedded in tanbark, in tiers, and each suc- ceeding tier is covered with boards until a stack is built up 25 feet in height. The fermentation of the tan creates a double reaction, cau.scd by the heat generated, and the acid becoming volatilized, changes the lead into an acetate. The acetate again undergoes a change by a combination with the carbonic acid gas evolved by the tan, and thus becomes a carbonate of lead. Three months elapse before the material is ready for further work- ing, but, owing to the number of stack.s, .scarcely a day passes that one is not emptied. The carbonate, when ready, is passed over elevators to a crushing and grinding-mill, where it is mixed with water ; a steam-pump conveys the fluid mass to the topmost floor of the factory, where it pas.ses into tanks for the purpose of being precipitated; the residue from the last tank is conveyed to copper drying-pans heated by steam. The pigment is pulverized in its dry condition, then ground 3 times over i 1 different mills, to .secure a complete and uniform mixture with the linseed oil into the best kind of ground white lead ready for the u.se of the painter. The works have a capacity to produce 20 tons of ground lead in 24 hours, and sometimes run day and night. Besides these extensive departments for the manufacture of the white lead and for grinding it in oil, there are others for maknig red lead and litharge in furnaces; for grinding colors gener- MISCT.M.ANKnrs M Wrr'ACTrRKS. 715 ally in oil; for in.nkinL; nibbcr jjaiiit and putt)-, and for the iiianufactiirc of the acetic acid required in their bu;iiness. They ^ivc cmplojTncnt to 150 men. Tlieir establishment deserves credit for several improvements in the methods of manuf.icturiny white lead, of a character designed to ])rotect the health of the operatives. A white load factory, to make the pigment by a new process, was opened in Visitation Valley, 5 miles south of the business part of .San I'rancisco, in iSj2, but the process was ,1 failure, and the enterprise was .abandoned. The Pacific Rubber- I'aint-works, also the property of Will r TIKR, i"lI.I,i;K & Co., arc managed .separately. The rubber, imported from Hrazil, is mi.vcd with the other materials under a patent process. The ostablishment |)ro- duccs a sufficient quantity of rubber-paint to supply the entire demand of the coa.'.t. TllK Califdrni.V P.MNT Companv makes all the Avcrill mixed paint consumed on the coast. The pigments arc ground under a secret process, with oil and soluble glas.s, the latter giving a hard, glo.ssy surface, con- sidered excellent for resisting the effects of heat and rain. Hesides making the Averill paint, this compan)- grind about 250 tons of pigments in oil, and make 1 50 tons of putty. San Francisco has all the paint factories of our coast. Vamiah. — Of varnish which is made by melting or dissolving copal gum in hot linseed oil, our coast consumes about 8o,ocxd gallons, worth $150,000, annually; and makes ■ XX3, the remaining 20,000 gallons being mostly the finest qualities of coach and carriage varnish imported from England, and worth from $4 to $5 a gallon. More than half of the total amount con- sumed consists of furniture varnish. The only varnish factories on our coast are in San Franci.sco, and the principal establishments are those of HUETER Brothers & Co., the oldest in date, founded in 1857, producing 50,000 gallons of various qualities annually; N. C. Walton, Sr., who makes 4,000 gallons of black varnish ; W. H. WoRDEN, who makes furni- ture varnish; and the recently opened California Varnish-works. Turpentine, eto. — When the civil war broke out in 1861, the supplies of turpentine and resin, previously received on our coast, were suddenly cut off; and it was found that none were to be had from other sources so cheaply as from the yellow pine trees of the Sierra Nevada. The most accessible forest of yellow pine was in Butte County, which became the seat of an active production. The pitch, which gathered in cuts near the roots of the trees, was distilled, to separate its main constituents, the vola- tile turpentine, and the heavier resin. Both were made in large quantity, and of excellent quality. 716 MANUKACTfRES. %\ (il In 1863 the Legislature of California offered premiums of $500 for tiie first 1,000 t;aiions of turpentine maile in tlic State; $^00 for the first 100 barrels of resin; and $150 for tile first 100 ixirrels of pitch. Tlie first and second of these premiums were awardeil, the next j'ear, to J. W. jACciIt- soN, wiu) uitii a partner had a still with a capacity to make 100 {gallons of turpentine daily, in Marysville. The averaj,'e season's jield is 3 gallons to each tree (crude), or 25 barrels of turpentine to 1,000 trees. In 1864 350,000 pounds of crude pitch were collected in Uuttc and Sierra counties, from which 3 distilleries made 7,250 gallons of spirits of turpen- tine and 1,150 barrels of resin, averaging 350 pounds. One companj- in that )'ear tapped more than 20,000 trees. In Hutte Counts-, for the 2 years ending in 1866, 1,200 barrels of turpentine, 1,800 barrels of pitch, and 7,200 cases of resin were made. The industr)' remained active for 4 or 5 years, but suddenly declined in consequence of North Carolina's coming into the market again after the close of the war, and since then the produc- tion of our coast has been insignificant. In 1872 a turpentine and resin factory was put in opc.vition in San Diego, Cal., the i)itch for which was obtained from trees in the vicinity; its product, however, supi)lied a local demand onl)-, and was not known in the San Francisco market. The Californian pitch gatherers cut into all the coniferous trees in their districts, including the nut-pine. One of the distillers, who concealed his business and whose name is not on record, found that the pitch from this tree would not make turpentine; and he had much trouble in getting any- thing from it by the still, but finally he obtained a liquid entirely different from turpentine in specific gravity, odor, and in some of its qualities. He called it erasine, and sold it as a detergent, for taking grease out of clothes. Druggists, who sold it, advertised it under new titles, as if they had person- ally discovered it and had the only stock to be found anywhere. Ik'fore kerosene came into common u.sc, camphenc supplied a brilliant light for those people who were willing to take the risks attached to its high inflammability. It is redistilled or refined turpentine, the second distilla- tion clearing the fluid of the pitchy material carried over in the first treat- ment. Considerable quantities of camphene were made in San Francisco, from North Carolina turpentine, before i860, but very little within the last 1 5 years, so little that but for its former prominence it would not deserve mention. !t: \^ Perfumery. — The perfumes and toilet articles consumed annually on our coast are valued at over $350,000; of which, not exceeding one fifth (in- cluding the various colognes and other waters manufactured by druggists in all the larger towns), is produced here. The importations are the prod- '!; ii MISCELI.ANF.Oi;s MANTI \( TfKF.S. /I/ nets of both Eastern and forciijn makers, many of the finer articles bcin^ I'rencli or German. The ca[)it;il investcil in this l)rancii of iniiu;try amounts to $15,000, antl cmplo)-ment is ^;ivcn to 15 persons, chiefly l)o)s and ^,'iils, who earn from $3 to $0 per woek, working' 10 liours per day. 'I'iie articles turned out comprise the various odors known as handkerchief extracts anil bouquets, hair-oil, pomatums, cosmetics, powders, ;ind similar toilet prepa- ration.s. The prices of the different sorts of perfumes vary according' to the cheapness of th." raw materials and quantity of odoriferous matter con- tained in them. Cf the raw material consumed, the s])irits, tallows, lard, oils, \\a.\, and som"; other articles of minor importance, are produced at liome; but the extracts used in makin^f the various perfumes are from flowh\\xy (R. iRvrxr. & Co.), of Portland, Oregon, established in that citj' by R. Irvinu; in 1868, is the second hou.se of importance on the coast in its line of business. The manufacture is carried on almo.st entirely by steam-power, but 5 hands be- ing employed. About 15 varieties of soap are turned out, besides consid- erable quantities of glue and curled hair; the market being Oregon and the neighboring territories of Washington and Idaho. The ofifice and factory are located at the corner of Eleventh and F streets. Pendray & Co.— Thp; Hrhish CoLL>HiiA Soap-works were estab- lished at Victoria, B. C, their present location, by VV. J. JEEKREK and J. VV, 730 MANUFACTURES. I'KXDRAY in 1878; the business beincj carried on under the firm name of I'KXDKAV & Co. Tiic works, situated on James Bay and Humboldt Street, consist of the factory proper, a 2-story building covering an area of 40 by 60 feet, and a warehouse of one story, 28 by 60 feet in extent ; the 2 build- ini^s being connected by a tramway. The plant includs 4 kettles, the largest having a capacity of 1,400 gallons, together with a steam digcstor and the usual modern appliances found in a first-class establishment. The furnaces arc so arranged as to consume the gases generated in the different proccs.scs, thus avoiding the dissemination of disagreeable odors. The products of the works comprise 10 varieties of soap, ranging from the coarsest grade for Indian use, to a highly perfumed toilet article, and also sal soda in quantities sufficient to supply the trade. A market is found throughout British Columbia. Candles. — For certain purposes, chief among which is underground min- ing, no satisfactory substitute has yet been found for the candle, and by far the greater part of the manufacture on our coast is now sold for use be- neath the earth's surface. Both dipped and molded candles are produced on the coast, although the output of the former is limited to a small c[uan- tity made of wax, which substance can not be cast, because it adheres to the molds, and also shrinks in cooling. The materials commonly eni- ploj-ed arc tallow of beef and mutton, cocoanut oil, and sometimes palm oil, though in much less quantity. The annual consumption of candles on the coast, .so far as ascertainable, is about 210,000 boxes of 20 pounds each, or 2,100 tons, being nearly 7 candles to each inhabitant, including Alasl.a, Pacific Canada, and Pacific Mexico. This quantity is below that actually cf)nsumcd, as .several mines in Nevada and Utah receive their candles directly from the Eastern States, and consequently no record of the v.xight reaches San Francisco. The San I'^rancisco manufacturers, the only ones on the coast, produce 135,000 bo.xcs, equal to 1,350 tons, annually; imports from the Atlantic Stales amount to 98,000 boxes, or 980 tons; and exports, which arc mostly to Mexico, the Ilavvaiian Islands, and British Columbia (the first named receiving three fourths of the entire shii)ments) amount to 20,000 boxes, or 200 tons. Ordinary candles are sold in San l*'rancisco at from 9 to 20 cents per poinid, the price usuall)- varjing according to weight, whicli is from 9 to 14 ounces for each set of 6 candles. fak- ing the average price at 12 cents, the value of the annual consumption is o\'cr $500,000; th.it o( the home production $325,000; that of the importation $235,000; and that of the exports $50,000. Capital to the amount of $150,000 is invested in the industry, and employment furnished MISCELLANKOUS MAXUI ACTURES. 721 to 150 hands, wliosc wac^cs ran_^e from $1 to $3 per day of 10 hours, avcr- aj^ing $2. Mold cindlcs, as implied by the name, arc cast in molds, a number of which arc f^roujicd, and wicks being strctchca through their centers, melted fat is allowed to run in. In dipping candles, the wicks having been warmed, are suspended over a basin of melted wax, the wax is poured over them until the desired size is produced, and the candle is made round by rolling. Of the raw materials, tallow is supplied by the coast, and costs In ordinarj' years about 5^^ cents per pound for crude and y^-^ cents for refined. Palm oil comes from Africa, where it is made by boiling the nuts of several species of palms in water, and costs here 8 cents per pound. Cocoanut oil is pressed, in San Francisco, from the dried meat of cocoanuts shipped from several of the South Sea islands, and costs about 60 cents per gallon. Since 1878 tlie shipments of candles to the coast from the Eastern State.i have decreased 50 per cent. During the time of the extensive working of the Comstock lode in Nevada, the consumption of candles thee was immen.sc, several mines using from 6 to 8 tons each per month. The annual shipments from the Eastern States from 1875 to 1878 amounted to over 5,ocx) tons. Candle-works were established in Sacra- mento and in San Francisco in 1854, the factor)' in the latter city being de- stroyed by fire 2 years later. Eastern-made candles cost at that time 46 cents per pound. In 1871 the San Francisco candle-makers obtained most of their tallow from Australia. Hesides the factory already mentioned, one was burned in San Francisco in 1873. The import duties on foreign can- dles are from 2^,4 to 8 cents per pound, according to quality. Candles arc much improved by age, and should be stored for some time before being used. As the candles consumed by the general Government on the Pacific Slope are from our factories, it is fair to presume that in quality they are equal to the products of Eastern works. The principal factories arc those of The San Francisco Candle Company, Egbert Jud.son, president, established in 1867, burned in 1876, and rebuilt immediately afterwards, now employing about 50 hands; and the Mission Soap and Candle Works, Max Morgentiiau, proprietor, established in 1872; which works were destroyed by the explosion of a steam-boiler in 1881, and have been since rebuilt. Forty hands arc employed. Staroh.— The annual consumption of starch on the coast amounts to about 1,300 tons of 2,000 pounds, of which quantity, not to exceed 100 tons valued at $16,000, are produced here, the supply coming from the States cast of the Rocky Mountains. Exports amount to 75 tons, being chiefly to Mexico, British Columbia, the Hawaiian Islands, and China. The man- ufacture in California employs only 6 men. In 1855 a factory in Contra 9« ;!^ 722 MANUFACTURES. Costa County, C.ilifornia, turned out about 20 tons per month for a short time. In 1857 an establishment at San Francisco made a few tons. In 1870 a company was incorporated at San Francisco, having a capital stock of $150,000, which, for a time, supplied various hotels and laundries; but di\idends were (c\v, and the business was abandoned. In the same year a factor)- was established in Santa Clara County, which produced 80 tons of wheat starch in 4 months, employing 20 men ; but the works proving un- profitable, were closed. The cause of these misadventures was inability to compete with Kastern manufacturers, whose products can be sold here at from one and one half to 2 cents per pound less than similar articles can be sold by producers on our coast. Most of the Eastern starch is made from white corn, which can be bought at times for less than 50 cents per bushel of 56 pounds. Very little of this grain is grown on the coast, and the yellow variety does not j'ield good starch. When, costs here about $1.50 per cental, which is $12 per ton more than Eastern rates for white coi n. From 1 .^^^ to 2 tons of grain are required to produce a ton of starch. Some wheat starch is al.so shipped from the Eastern States, but being made from f.ommon flour, it is inferior in quality. The only factory on the coast is that of J. Evi:i'llo.\era, potash or soda is addca, and the mixture diluted with water in the proportion of ^7}^ gallons of the latter to a pound of the mi.xture for each 1 5 vines, planted 8 feet by 8 feet apart. This quantity proved suffi- cient to penetrate the soil to a depth of 3 feet, and to spread over the sur- face between the vines. The ground must be in a condition to allow the solution to penetrate quickly, and it should bo used at that season of the year when vegetation is least active. The officers of the California State Viticultural Commission place its cost for a vineyard at $20 per acre, equivalent to the value of one ton of grapes. Of the raw material con- sumed in this industry, the carbon is obtained from specially prepared willow charcoal, and the sulphur comes from Sicily and Japan in the form of brimstone, costing 2^3 cents per pound. The only factory in the United States is that of Jonx II. WlIKELER, at Berkeley. Axle Grease. — This lubricant, as made on the Pacific Coast, is a mi.xture of resinous and oily substances, and its annual consumption amounts to 200 tons, valued at $45,000. The San Francisco factories, the only ones on the slope, produce about 1 50 tons yearly, and 50 tons arc imported from the Atlantic States. E.xports amount to' 2 5 tons per annum, being chiefly to Mexico, British Columbia, the Hawaiian Islands, and Australia. Capital amounting to $45,000 is invested in the industry, and 10 hands arc em- ployed, who arc paid $2.50 per day of 10 hours. Of the raw materials, resin is received from North Carolina via New York, at a cost of about $3.50 per barrel of 280 pounds; and the oils are partly imported and partly produced here. The only factories on our coast are in San Fran- cisco ; the oldest and largest factory, that of L.\.MBERT & GREENE, was established in 1852; the other, owned by VV. H. WoRDEN, was started in 1873- Brooms. — Brooms are manufactured on the coast by about 50 establish- ments, who have capital invested amounting to $125,000; employ 300 per- sons, one half of whom are Chinese ; and produce annually 60,000 dozens of brooms of all kinds, worth nearly $250,000. The whites receive from $10 to $15 per week, and the Chinese earn about $9 — all working 10 hours per day. The exports amount to 2,500 dozens yearly, and are chiefly to the Hawaiian Islands, British Columbia, Mexico, and Central America. MISCELLANEOUS MANUFACTURES. 729 Wholesale prices ranc;c from $1.50 per dozen for whisks, to $5.50 for the best house-brooms. The raw material, broom-corn, is yrown in Butte, Colusa, Sutter, and Yuba counties, California; in Washington, and also in Utah, principally in Weber County. The average yield is about 4 tons to the acre, and the price ranges from $40 to $175 per ton. The cxport.s of broom-corn average about 250 tons per annum, and arc chiefly to Australia and New Zealand, the first named receiving by far the greater portion of the shipments. The total product of the coast will not exceed 800 tons. The lands on which broom-corn has been grown in California lie along the Sacramento River and its tributaries, and are liable to annual flooding, to the detriment of the crops, which arc commonly raised by Chinese, who hire the land. Usually the stalk of this corn is thicker and the brush shorter than that grown in the States ea.st of the Rocky Mountains. The first peculiarity is an advantage, in that it admits of a firmer attachment to the handle ; the second is a fault that is overcome by laying the Eastern product over the home growth in making the broom. The importations, at no time large, vary with the quantity and quality of the native yield. A ton of broom-corn will make from 100 to 125 dozens of brooms. Broom-handles are made of Port Orford cedar and of Californian pine. In addition to the home consumption of handles, 12,000 are annually exported, chiefly to Australia. They arc made in San Francisco, from which base most country dealers obtain their supplies. The culture of broom-corn be- gan near Sacramento in 185 1, and brooms were made in that city the year following; the manufacturer starting with a capital of $50. In 1858 his sales were 3,500 dozens, and he employed 9 workmen. About this time 125 tons of corn were shipped to New York and Boston. Several interior towns in California not only manufactured for their own consumption, but shipped their surplus to San Francisco; which city did not lead in the industry until after 1866. Eastern brooms have been worked over in San Francisco and sold as home-made, the latter being in greater demand. Chinese were employed in 1870, and, soon ma.stering the business, opened establishments which in some degree competed with white producers, not only by reason of lower prices, but because, as already mentioned, a por- tion of the corn crop is grown by Chinese, and they sell to their coun- trymen in preference to others. Of the 40 factories in California, fully one half are in San Francisco, and the remainder distributed throughout the State. Among the leading broom manufacturers of California are COLE & Kenny, L. Van Laak, Thomas Ward, Tho.mas Golden, Harri.son & Dickson, and Ah Chow, in San Francisco; Billingsley & Co., Brice Powell, and W. F. Le Favor, in Sacramento; and Armes & 92 730 MANUFACTURES. Dai.LAM, in San Ouentin ; the salesrooms of tlic last mentioned being in San I'Vancisco. Orcjjon has 2 broom factories — that of the Zan Huotiiers in Portlanil, and the works of J.W. GUAYSON & Co. in Salem. These establishments supply most of Oregon and a portion of Washington, the corn being obtained from California and Washington, and usually costing $100 per ton. Washington has 2 establishments — that of WOODUUI'I'' & Van El'fs at Olympia, and the factory of IIan'COCK & WRIGHT in Walla Walla. Utah has 4 estab- lishments; 2 of which are in Ogden, and one each at Bountiful and Spring City. A market is found in Idaho, Montana, and Wyoming, aside from the home consumption. Brushes. — Brushes of the coarser grades only have been manufactured as yet to any extent on this coast, although efforts to introduce a better class of goods have been made, and are meeting with grailual success. The obstacle to the increa.se of pnuluction is that the large Eastern fac- tories can sell more cheaply, and with a single day's work can supply our demands for a year. Usually the brushes made here are turned out to fill special orders. The annual consumption amounts in value to $240,000; only one sixth of which is home production, the remainder being the prod- uct of the States cast of the Rocky Mountains. Of the importations, that of feather-dusters, amounts to $50,000; the remainder including all varie- ties, from shoe to toilet. The capital invested in the industry here amounts to $30,000, and the business gives employment to about 40 hands, who earn from $1 to $5 a day, according to skill. Trom 75 to 100 cases arc ex- ported, principally tc the Hawaiian Island.s, British Columbia, Central America, and Mc;cici). The raw material annually consumed is valued at $12,000, and cons'vcs ;f bristles, soaproot fiber, tampico, twine, tacks, and wood for backs. 1 jc mestic bristles arc generally short, and cost from 10 to 50 cents a pound, the annual supply seldom exceeding $3,000 in value. The finest imported bristles come from Siberia, other portions of Rus- sia and North Germany, and .sell for $8 per pound; and together with twine and tacks from the Eastern States, cost about $2,000 a year. The soaproot fiber is claimed to be the best substitute for bristles yet dis- covered, being highly elastic, unaffected by water, and making fine and ser\iccable brushes for general household uses. It has already been men- tioned under the head of Upholstery. Tampico grows in the Mexican •State of that name, and yields a stiff and lasting fiber, used in the manu- facture of scrubbing and other coarse brushes. The first brushes made on our slope were turned out at Salt Lake City from domestic material by GILBERT CleMENT.S in 1853. Three years MISCELI-ANEOUS MANUFACTURES. 73' later, an establishment was opened in San Francisco by Nr.WMAN Uroth- EUS, and one in Sacramento by JoilN W'oi.l'. In i1 in 1875, produces about 30,000,000 feet of gas annually. The city was first lighted with gas in 1855. The San Josd Gas-works were established in i860, and at present include a factory for the manufacture of gat from pe- troleum. The yearly production of gas amounts to 1 2,000,000 feet. The Santa Rosa Gas-works were established in 1876, the present ^nnor; being John A. Paxton and others. Stockton has 13 miles of niri- i^i'l, cm- ploys 8 men, and produces about 10,000,000 feet of jci^ »• 1 Los Angeles County manufactures about 4,000,000 feet annua : . V a»ie,o has gas-works and 6 miles of mains. Nevada City and Grass \ alley cac'.i have gas-works; those in the last named having been constructed in 1862. Napa City and Marysville have gas-works, and there arc small establish- ments elsewhere in the State. In addition to the amount gi\.jn as the product of the State, probably 15,000,000 feet are made yearly by private parties for their own consumption. In 1 861, before the town of Virginia, Nevada, was 2 years old, works were erected and gas made from the pitch-pine that abounded in the vicin- ity. In 1863 coal-gas works were built and io,oco feet of pipe laid. TllE Euui'.K.v G.\s Co.MPANV was incorporated at Eureka in 1873. Petroleum gas-works were built at Reno in 1876 and one mile of pipe laid. The Portland Gas-works, at Portland, Oregon, have 5 miles of mains laid. At Salcm, first lighted by gas in 1870, there are works with 3 miles of pipe. Seattle, in Washington Territory, has a gas company, incoiporated in 1873. The Salt Lake City Gas-works were established in 1872, and arc parrl owned by the city. Victoria is also lighted with gas. In 18G9 TIov j., & Lakriag.V obtained a privilege for 20 years, and built gas-works at Mazatlan, Sinaloa. liilt APPENDIX. Acknovrledgments. — Although the name of only one person as author appears on the title-page, a dozen others have been employed in collecting information and preparing it for the press; and among these, Alfred Bates and E. P. Newkirk have rendered the most ser\'icc. The scope of the book is so comprehensive and the mass of material collected for it so great that doubtless mistakes have been made in deciding what should be accepted or excluded, leaving room for improvement in the subsequent editions through which it is expected the book will go in suc- cessive years. The chapter on the improvements of the rivers and harbors of our coast is from the pen of a gentleman thoroughly familar with the subject. H. F. Page. — The bill for the first appropriation for the construction of an artificial harbor in San Antonio Creek was introduced into Congress and pushed to final passage by H. F. Page; and the people of Oakland showed their appreciation of his services by securing his nomination and election for 4 succeeding terms, in the course of which he has obtained the appro- priations for continuing the work. Sources of Information. — The readers may desire to know where to look for fuller or later information than is here given. Of these sources the most important is the daily press, which is an invaluable record of the his- torical progress, and of the commercial and industrial condition of the slope. The daily newspapers of San Francisco, besides their full reports of passing events in their ordinary issues, generally publish in January, comprehensive statistical summaries of the commercial and industrial business of the city for the preceding year, and these figures include much of all that is done in the State. Similar summaries for their respective localities have been pub- lished by the Sacramento Record-Union^ the Oakland Times, the Los Angeles Express and Herald, the Stockton Independent, and the Sonoma Democrat, in California; the Oregonian and Journal of Commerce, of Port- land, and the Astorian in Oregon, Post-Intelligcnccr in Seattle, and the Tribune, in Salt Lake City. Those are all dailies which devote themselves 736 APPENDIX. to general news; and some periodicals devoted to special departments are excellent. The annual reviews of the Commercial Herald and Journal of Commerce, of San Trancisco, should not be overlooked. The San Jose Mercury, the Virginia City Enterprise, the Olympia Tran- !•■■■ V and Standard, the Tacoma Ledger, the Victoria Colonist and Standard, ither journals which publish much interesting information about the 1' >urces and business of their surrounding districts. The San Francisco Rural Press and Riverside Press are noted as agricultural publications, and the San Francisco Mining Press contains much information about the mining of our slope. Of general information in reference to California something may be found in The Resources of California {a. volume of 440 pages, 7th edition, 1S79) by John S. IIittell, Bancroft's Pacific Coast Guide Book 1882, 300 pages, and Tlic Resources of Cilifornia, a monthly paper devoted to the dissemination of information about California, and published by J. P. H. WeN'TWORTII. A. W. Preston, Secretary of the Immigration Association of California, 10 California Street, San FrancLsco, will give information to persons desirous of settling in the State. Mrs. A. II. H. STUART, of Olympia, president of the Washington Immigration Society, will answer for that territory; and J. E. SllEPllARD, at 504 Battery Street, is commissioner of the Oregon State Koard of Immigration in San Francisco. He gives pamphlets and maps relating to Oregon to applicants, and furnishes certificates to men with families entitling them to passage from Portland up the river at reduced rates. One of the most comprehensive books on Oregon is All Over Oregon and Washington, by Mrs. I\ I". Victor. Among those who have written welt about the business of Oregon are WM. Reiu and A. J. DuKOUR. Elwood Evans, of Olympia, is a recognized authority in reference to the r'isources and progress of Washington. The Attractions of Utah, by O. J . I lOLLlSTER, published by the Utah Board of Trade, is an excellent pamphlet, and several briefer essays by others have been issued by the same body. The Resources of Ariaoua, by PATRICK Hamilton, published by order of the legislature in 1881, is the best treatise on that territory. The Guide lo British Columbia, published in 1877, a volume of 400 pages, is the latest book on that province. The books which contain information about parts of our slope number hundreds, if not thousands. A list of the histories of the counties of California, and of the pamphlets about the business resources and attractions of different cities and towns, including Oakland, Los Angeles, Vallejo, Stockton, San Diego, Montcrc)', Santa Cruz, and San Jose, would fill pages. y\ll the leading towns of our slope have their directories, many of which, besides their list of residents, contain comprehensive articles on the re- I APPENDIX. 737 sources, industry, traffic, and history of their respective neighborhoods. The scries of San Francisco directories, compiled annually for more than 20 years by H. G. Langley, is a valuable record of general information. Other directories deserving of special mention and commendation are the Pacific Coast Directory, lox 1880-81, published by L. M. McKenney & Co.; the Directory of Sacramento, Amador, El Dorado, Placer, and Yolo Counties, for 1879-80, published by L. M. McKenney ; the Oregon State Directory, pub- lished by J. K. Gill & Co.; the Directory of the City of San Jost', for 1878, published by COTTLE & Wright ; and the Arizona Business Directory, com- piled and published by VV. C. DiSTURNELL. Relative Space. — San Francisco occupies a large part of the space in this book for the reasons that she has a preponderant share in the manu- facturing industry and wholesale commercial business of the slope, and that our facilities for collecting information and verifying it up to the date of publication have been far better in the metropolis than in other cities, even those only a few hours distant. It was part of the plan of the work to give an equal space to every division of the coast in proportion to the amount of its business, and if we have fallen short of that purpose it was because of circumstances, which if not appreciated in detail will be under- stood, as to their general character, by experienced business men. We are fully convinced that extensive districts on our slope arc to make more rela- tive progress in the next 20 years than San Franci.sco, and that her pros- perity and growth are and will be in a considerable degree dependent on those of the slope from Mexico to Alaska. Supplementary Material. — Some of the material prepared for this work could not, for various reasons, be inserted in the chapters for which it was intended, and is therefore put into the appendix. Gomstook Mines. — The accompanying engraving gives a vertical section of the Comstock lode as seen in the imagination from the east, looking westward. The scale is a quarter of an inch to i.ooo feet. The lightest spots represent the large bodies of rich ore; the darkest portions indicate what arc supposed to be barren strips of the vein. The white lines running down from the surface are the shafts and inclines; the white marks at the bottom arc the limits of the different mines, which are numbered consecu- tively from the Utah at the north to the Belcher at the south, and then there is a skip (a portion of the vein being doubtful) to the Alta. These mines, the length of which is given in Chapter XVII., are the following: I, Utah; 2, Sierra Nevada; 3, Union; 4, Mexican; 5, Ophir; 6, California; 7, Consolidated Virginia; 8, Best & Belcher; 9, Gould & Curry; 10, Savage; 93 APl'l'.NDIX. liU 1 1, Male & Noicross; 12, Chollar; 13, Bullion; 14, Exchequer; 15, Alpha; 16, Imperial; 17, Yellow Jacket; 18, Kcntuck; 19, Crown Point; 20, Bel- cher; 21, Alta. St 30 19 iS ly 16 15 14 13 12 II 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 a I VERTICAL SKCTION OF THK COMSTOCK LODE. Mining Tables. — The following tables give the number of tons of ore reduced, the average yield of the ton, the gross yield, and the dividends for each fiscal year of some of the most notable gold and silver mines on our coast. The number of the year indicates the end of the company's fiscal year, which usually closes on the anniversary of the company's organi- zation. Thus the yield of the Imperial Mine credited to 1869, is for the company's fi-scul year ending May 31, 1869. The figures for the Consolidated Virginia, California, Sierra Nevada, r Ichcr, Empire, Raymond & Ely, Eureka Consolidated, and Black Bear, arc for calendar years ; those for the others for fiscal jxars, which arc in Jan- uary for the Bodie Consolidated; in February for the Standard Consolidated and Hale & Norcross; in March for the ChoUar-Potosi ; in May for the Crown Point and Imperial; in June for Justice; in July for the Savage and the Yellow Jacket; in November for the Gould & Curry and the Kcntuck; and in December for the Ophir. Consolidated Virginia. Year. Tons. Average Yieic . Gross Yield. Dividends. 1873 1874 • ir,297 89,784 $57 00 56 00 $645,582 4,981,484 $2,592,000 0 1875 161,160 93 00 i''',7i7,394 11,448,000 1876 145,500 114 00 16,657,649 12,960,000 1877 143,200 96 00 13,738,000 8,640,000 1878 123,625 65 00 7,996.753 5,400,000 1879 60,227 41 20 2.481,358 1,350,000 1880 •*•••• 1,75^536 540,000 1881 6,816 21 13 144,143 Totals ..741,609 $65,118,959 $42,930,000 California 1876 127,540 $105 07 $13,400,841 $8,640,000 1877 213,683 8849 18,924,850 14,040,000 1878 138,785 7889 10,949,078 7,020,000 1879 64,044 40 24 2,576,972 1,620,000 1880 38.359 6,175 23 21 19 77 890,515 122,107 I88I Totals ..588,586 $46,864,363 $3'>32o,ooo Ophir- . Year. 1860-1870 1871-1875 187s 1876 1877 1878 1879 1880 Tons. 109,166 39-334 51.428 67,738 8,946 441 19-175 6,540 Totals 302,768 Gould & Curry . i860 1861 1862 1863 1864 1865 1866 1867 1868 1869 1870 1871 1872 1873 Totals 318,747 Savage . . , . 1863-July I, 1865 1866 1867 1868 1869 1870 1871 1872 1873 APPENDIX. 739 Average Yield. Gross Yield. Dividends. $4800 $5,210,000 $1,394,000 30 00 1,100,000 35 33 1,817,187 34 35 2,340,848 20 44 182,834 40,000 66 87 1,283,246 32 23 214,605 100,000 $12,189,780 $1,494,000 $15660 $22,005 147 40 44,220 99 80 842,539 8007 3,902,913 !f!.-i68,8oo 72 18 4,798,125 1.440,000 4402 2,026,173 618,000 2800 1,690,952 252,000 2473 707,594 4 73 65,538 18 37 285,945 ........ 28 03 666,252 48,000 26 21 91-645 II 91 34-217 4761 $15,178,118 $3,826,800 $44 35 $3-600,709 $800,000 44 14 1,303,852 41 97 2,9i..<,i64 1,120,000 40 84 3,506,082 1,560,000 34 87 1-950,550 728,000 20 06 283,841 2143 827,234 18 70 905,800 1329 447-952 140 300 8,442 48,745 66,477 66,022 60,417 28,583 13,835 15-563 23-767 3-496 2,956 8i,t83 30,653 70,721 87,342 69-257 13-747 38,949 48,393 33-709 Totals.... 459-036 $3429 $15-703-279 $4-460,000 HA1.E& NORCROSS. 1866 1867 1868 1869 1870 1871 1872 1873 1874 28,636 25-333 16,536 45,441 64,974 49-625 40,417 31,733 12,575 ■$47 32 34 14 2389 27 13 25 13 1738 16 28 18 70 18 00 $1,355-220 864,998 395.146 1,232,929 1,632,844 862,701 657-950 593-599 226,846 $350,000 440,000 192,000 536,000 80,000 Totals. .313,270 $2497 $7,822,233 $1,598,000 740 APPENDIX. Chollar-Potosi . .. s ' r s i "•' Year. 1867 1868 1869 1870 1871 1872 Tons. 57,799 7o.,3,3i 46,867 5C.636 ?3,775 35,93° Average Yield. Gross Yield. Totals Sierra Nevada. 1868 1869 1870 1871 1873 1873 1874 1879 1880 1881 Totals Crown Point. 1864 1865 1866 1867 1868 1869 1870 1871 1872 1873 1874 1875 1876 2,890 18,000 i9,'6s 18,698 18,380 20,731 13,636 3,143 3,238 6,077 ■ 123,702 1,064 3,766 18,259 34,75° 25,964 25,833 21,087 80,567 137,180 130,937 175,960 130,182 3,125 Totals . Kentuck. . , .1865, 1666 1867 1868 1869 1870 1871 1873 20,058 15,835 31,390 27,876 18,103 9,183 9,438 $25 73 24 >4 23 70 2486 41 30 26 17 $1,348,323 1,905,421 1,185,141 1,522,277 3,459,423 940,119 Dividends. $70,000 350,000 42,000 1,946,637 252,000 ■351,338 $2500 $10,360,704 $2,650,637 $789 8 66 II 44 7 92 7 39 637 S OS 5° 41 32 $3601 35 60 37 73 35 91 33 35 32 73 22 39 43 48 47 05 5096 31 46 18 68 IS 70 $22,832 155,880 220,287 148,064 135,728 132,056 68,861 190,054 132,391 182,310 $45,000 37,500 20,000 $1,318,483 $102,500 $36,572 134,080 700,565 1,265,155 873,998 851,559 472,121 3,503,633 6,441,975 7,417,115 5,511,97s 2,432,441' 48,696 $78,000 372,000 48,000 360,000 1,260,000 2,180,000 5,300,000 2,300,000 708,636 $3600 $29,729,785 $11,898,000 $44 00 4386 4003 2888 20 50 15 25 13 21 $852,803 721,844 1,259,718 804,732 371,198 140,069 126,711 Totals 131,883 $3242 $4,272-,o75 BoDiE Consolidated. 1 879, 1880 5,778 $137 38 1880, 1881 5,647 76 59 Totals 1 1,425 $793,716 432,486 $257,000 335,000 450,000 170,000 40,000 $1,252,000 400,000 $1,226, 202 $400,000 APPENDIX. 741 Imperial. Year. i860- I 864 1865 1866 1867 1868 1869 Tons. Average Yield. 28,237 35.182 40,878 41.234 45.172 $30 26 29 97 25 93 21 75 13 35 Totals 189,724 Yellow Jacket 1864 1865 1866 1867 1868 1868, 1869 49.013 55.°°6 84.340 34.718 $3306 32 51 31 73 19 5° Totals.... 223,677 Empire 1860-1864 186s 1866 1867 1868 1869 16,000 17.995 11.779 10,724 $30 28 21 86 21 92 20 00 Totals 56,498 Justice 187S 7.297 1876 30.729 1877 110,292 $23 00 30 00 15 00 Gross Yield. $640,369 854.630 1,019.27s 1,060,054 897,108 603,146 $5,074,584 $1,500,000 1,528,790 1,695,228 2,677,447 682,003 2,500,000 $10,583,468 $1,043,720 508,192 414.139 294.583 218,703 150,000 Dividends. $67,500 220,000 240,000 396,000 120,000 24,000 $1,067,500 $330,000 600,000 90,000 720,000 $1,740,000 $288,000 120,000 32,400 49,200 $2,629,337 $489,600 $16,865 856,591 2,062,921 Totals 148,318 $23 00 $2,936,377 Raymond & Ely 1871 1872 1873 1874 187s 10,574 $131 00 28,626 125 00 37,500 56 00 Totals Eureka Consolidated.. 1871 1872 1873 1874 1875 1876 1877 1878 1879 1880 1881 12,592 89,292 18,847 32,170 25,692 22,831 49,894 16,800 43.H1 83.473 68,334 34,262 30,929 5 76 $3000 36 00 63 00 56 00 29 00 36 00 40 00 40 00 5500 $906,219 3,693,936 2,372,430 78,793 $7,051,378 $556,276 1,159,509 1,624,282 1,287,406 1,425,206 602,829 1,724,066 4.367,705 3,112,670 1.650.925 1,720,318 $615,000 2,070,000 $2,685,000 $275,000 200,000 175,000 350,000 600,000 1,800,000 1,100,000 380,000 300,000 Totals 426,363 $19,230,692 $5,180,000 ! ;it i I II Standard Consolidateu APPENDIX. Year. 1879 1880 1881 Tons. 26,608 59.406 63.512 Avcr.igc Yield. Gross Yield. Dividends. $54 94 $1,461,825 $550,000 33 35 1,981,247 950,000 32 81 2,084,550 975,000 Totals 149,526 Belcher. 1871 1872 1873 1874 1875 1876 18,468 83.195 156,000 166,739 124,140 13'. 328 $64 93 57 63 69 69 5488 27 26 2r, 23 $5,527,622 $2,475,000 $1,199,134 4.794.659 10,779,171 9.150.533 3.383.874 2,920,461 $2,184,000 6,760,000 t;. 304,000 312,000 416,000 Totals 678,534 $47 57 $32,227,868 $14,976,000 BuLWER Consolidated. 1879, 1880 2,850 1880, i88i 7,432 Totals 10,282 Black Bear. .1872 1873 1874 1875 1876 1877 1878 1879 18S0 i88i 1,578 11.933 11,126 16,000 12,792 18,698 20,278 16,054 13.762 9.5 n $97 37 10 86 $23 49 16 29 1843 14 73 21 73 12 II 697 9 21 940 936 $277,517 80,711 $358,228 $37,080 193.942 205,312 235,106 273,526 223,830 141,430 147,937 129,467 89,051 Totals. •131.732 $1265 $1,676,684 $832,147 Notes. — Several mines represented in the tables show no returns for a number of years past. The Gould & Curry, and also the Savage, have yielded nothing of note since 1873, nor the Hale & Norcross since 1874; the Chollar-Potosi has produced but little since 1872, and the Kentuck re- ports nothing for the same period. The Empire appears to have produced nothing since 1869. The Belcher has done but little since 1876, and Crown Point ceased producing in 1876. The Raymond & Ely is reported as pro- ducing nothing since 1875. The table of the Yellow Jacket Mine is made up from the official report of Clarence King, but differs materially from that of the" secretary of the company, who says that the gross yield is but $7,143,721, instead of $io,- 583,448, and that the dividends are $2,184,000, instead of $1,740,000, as reported by King. He also says that a dividend of $2.50 per share was declared in 1871. iMut API'KNDIX. 743 The profits of the Justice Mine in 1875, 1876, and 1877, are reported to have been $161,062 75. The period marked 1868, 1869, under the iiead of Yellow Jacket, means the term of 18 months from July i, 1868, to December 31, 1869. The Meadow Valley Mine, from 1869 to 1871 inclusive, yielded $1,671,- 965, gross, and declared dividends to the amount of $330,000; in 1872, the gross yield was $1,628,408, out of which were paid $690,000 in dividends; total yield from 1869 to 1872, $3,299,873 — dividends, $1,020,000. The Northern Belle Mine has been a dividend-paying mine for more than S years. The report for i88i shows 28,706 tons of ore crushed, with a gross yield of $1,293,700, averaging $45 07 per ton. This mine paid a dividend for 188 1 of $362,500. The Ontario Mine, Parley's Park, Utah, yielded in 1877, gross, $1,726,480; in 1878, $1,455,051; in 1879, $1,359,181; in 1880, $1,813,636; in 1881, $791,- 605; total yield, $7,145,955. The Black Bear Mine produced in the 10 years reported, $60,000 worth of tailings, which sum is to be added to the total yield, $1,676,681, in the table, making a grand total of $1,736,684. No figures are given of the yearly dividends, but the total, $832,147, shows a yearly average of $83,214 The Milton Gravel Mining and Water Company, Nevada County, Cali- fornia, has received a total of $2,748,083 from their mines and the sale of water, with a profit of $1,014,886; have declared dividends amounting to $561,284, and redeemed $150,000 of the bonds out of the $300,000 issued. The. North Bloomfield Gravel Mining and Water Company, Nevada County, California, from 1866 to 1874, received, as gross yield from their mines and the sales of water, $218,073, profit $2,232; for 1875, $83,070, profit $22,072; for 1876, $200,366, profit $98,476; for 1877, $291,125, profit $148,172; for 1878, $311,276, profit $140,635; for 1879 and 1880, $287,424, profit $122,928; for : J., $241,446, profit $121,792. Total gross yield, $1,965,050; total prcn'.-', ''"^40,665. The dividends during this period aggre- gated $506,250, and bonds to the amount of $150,000 were redeemed out of the $500,000 issued. From stock owned by this company in the Milton Mining and Water Company there was an income during this period of $272,629, which is to be added to $840,665, the amount of profits above named, making a true total of $1,1 13,294 as the profits of the North Bloom- field Company from iiJ66 to 1881. Commercial Policy. — The American portion of our slope has much to gain and little to lose by a liberal commercial policy. A high protective tariff takes $10 from the consumers in California and adjacent States for $1 given to the producers; and there is no probability that the benefits of such 744 APPENDIX. legislation wciulcl equal the bunlcns within 50 years. Lacking coal, cotton, hard-wood, and cheap labor, we shall have to devote most of our ener- gies to the production of raw materials, which require and receive little protection, 'vhile \vc must purchase manufactured products at prices doubled by a heavy tariff. If protection is demanded by the more populous portions of the Repub- lic, they should at least permit the Pacific States to obtain such reciprocity treaties as will develop the resources of the countries bordering on the North Pacific, and cultivate those amicable feelings which may lead in time to more intimate political relations. The interests of the United States demand that British Columbia, if not the entire Canadian Dominion, should be induced by justice, kindnes.s, and industrial, comme 1, and polit- ical harmonies, to enter the American Union. There is gi cd of reci- procity on our coast with British Columbia, Mexico, and America. We have no desire to defend all the features or influences of the present Hawaiian reciprocity treaty; but the main objects of the documents arc commendable, and some of its effects have been highly satisfactory. The annual imports of the seaports on the North Atlantic amount to about $4,000,000,000, and are sources of vast profits and savings to all the countries which participate in that vast and unparalleled traffic. The American portion of our coast, having the largest and most active foreign commerce on the North Pacific, has a duty as well as an interest in striving to build up a commerce relatively as active on our ocean. Generous in- ternational policy is one of the chief aids to commercial and industrial success. Havraiian Traffic. — The total exports of the Hawaiian Kingdom for 1 88 1 were $6,715,000; the total imports $4,548,000. Of the exports, $6,- 407,000 worth, consisting entirely of raw produce, were shipped to San Francisco. Of the imports, $3,396,000, or 75 per cent, of the gross amount, were American goods, and $2,640,000, or 58 per cent., were goods shipped from San Francisco. The Hawaiian Islands consume largely of our produce, and purchase more of our manufactured goods than any foreign country in the world ; nor are these goods restricted to machinery and implements for use on the sugar plantations. Besides 2,200 packages of machinery, 5,000 packages of iron pipe (for irrigation purposes), 380 cases of agricultural implements, and 2,200 packages of castings, nearly all of which were, no doubt, in- tended for the plantations, exports from San Francis-^u, in 1881, included 2,400 packages of furniture, 630 rolls of leather, i;6oo cases of boots and shoes, 360 cases of saddlery, 1,500,000 bricks, 1,800,000 feet of lumber, 12,- APPrNDIX, 745 250,000 shingles, 17,000 sacks of potatoes, 1,000 tons of oats, 1,400 tons of barley, 2,200 tons of flour, 190 tons of refined su{;ar, and larffc quantities of canned fisli, fruit, meats, and other provisions. Of the gross vakie of exports from California to the Hawaiian Islands for lcS8i, amounting to $2,640,000, more than $1,500,000 consisted of Pacific Coast manufactures. It has been said that the discrimination in favor of the Hawaiian King- dom is an unfair one; that if it is desirable to admit sugar from that quarter free of duty, it is also desirable to import free sugar from the I'hilippine Islands, Central America, Mexico, and other sources of supply. There is little ilciubt that such a course would be of benefit to our coast, if treaties could ' negotiated with those countries, similar to the one now existing with the Hawaiian Island.s, allowing the free admission of American pro- duce and manufactures. Mexico and Central America took from us, in 1 88 1, $3,200,000 worth of merchandise, including a large proportion of manufactured good.s, and if either of those countries could find here a better outlet for their own raw materials, they would certainly purchase more freely of Pacific Coast produce and manufactures. Nine tenths of the Hawaiian plantations arc worked by American cap- ital; nearly all the best sugar-lands arc owned or leased by Americans; nearly all the ships and machinery, required to handle the crop, were built with American money. The commercial relations of the United States with the Hawaiian Kingdom arc not unlike those of England with Aus- tralia and Canada, both of which countries, though developed with the aid of English capital, and nominally a part of the British dominions, arc virtually free from British rule. It would be almost as reasonable for Eng- land to impose a tariff on Australian wool or Canadian lumber, as it would be for the United States to restore the duty on Hawaiian sugar. San Francisco does not expect to compete with Eastern refineries on their own ground, but to supply those points for which she is the natural distributing center. She already meets almost the entire demand of the Pacific States and Territories, and during 1 88 1 shipped abroad $326,000 worth of refined sugar, including $150,000 worth to British Columbia, $68,- 000 to Australia and New Zealand, $20,000 to Japan, $15,000 to Tahiti, $14,000 to Mexico, $8,000 to South America, and $5 1,000 to other countries with which our metropolis has commercial relations. In doing .so, we of course competed to a small extent with Eastern refineries; but if they can send their sugar to California at the rate of nearly $7,000,000 worth a year and make a profit by doing so, after paying more than $1,000,000 in freight to the railroad companies, they have surely no great reason to complain that our San Francisco refineries ship to foreign countries at the rate of $326,- 000 a year. 94 746 APPENDIX. i .>; ^1 An Australian Complaint. — The Australasians complaiii that the American (X)stal department has insulted and wrontjed them by levying high charges on the British closed mail-bags crossing the American terri- tory, between England and y\ustralia, for the jjurpose of making a profit on the transaction. RoiiERT J. CUKKWITON, resident agent of New Zealand in San Francisco, said in an official ccnmunication dated iVugust 1 8, 1879: "If this unreasonable impost he continuously levied, the Pacific mail service will be discontinued, and the American llag will disappear, except casually, from the .South Pacific." In the same document he asserted that he had the authority of A. \. TOWNK, superintendent of the Central Pacific Railroad, for stating tiiat the railroads did not get one per cent, of the amount rharge by the government for transporting the British closed mails across the continent, and therefore they were not to be held_rcspon- .sible for ilie extortion. He says further: "ft is unreasonable to e.xpect foreign communities to tax themselves continuously [by steamship subsi- dies) to preserve trading intercourse with a country which * * sends its mails tens of thousands of miles at their cost, and makes a large profit upon liieir mail freight across its territor)-." Flour by Rail. — Exports of flour b)- the overland route are likely to Ixj larger in proportion to the \olumc of production than those of wheat: as floLM' is more liable to injury from a sea voyage, and, being a more valuable commodity, can better bear the expense of freight. Moderate shipments have already been made to New Orleans ; and, though exporters do not look to England for an>' great increase in business, they will, no doubt, avail themselves of the overland route to ship flour to England whenever quotations reach a high figure. The cost of shipping wheat from San Francisco to Ouecnstown or Liver- pool averages about $15 a ton, against .f>3.75 from New York and $7 from Chicago. In 1880 the wheat crop of California exceeded 1,600,000 tons, and was larger than that of any State in the Union. If the future ratio of increase should keep pace with the past, California will i)roduce in 1890 about 3,250,000 tons, anil the quantity required for home consump- tion will probably not excecil 750,000 tons, leaving 2,500,000 tons for export. Nor is there any rea.son to apprehend that such an increase of production would be attended with any .serious decrease in value. When the total crop of California amounted only to 250,000 tons, it brought only $1 a ton more than in 1880 — the year of the greatest yield — when the production w.is nearly 7 times as great. Increase of Manufactures. — One of the principal reasons for the falling olf in iiur treasure exports is the increase in the volume of our manufac- APPENDIX, 747 tures. The gross value of Pacific Coiist manufactures for r88i can not be estimated at less than $130,000,000, and probably reached a much hii^her fiLjurc. Of this amount, at least $28,000,000 represents the second value that labor adds t(j about $67,000,000 worth of raw produce, and $35,000,- 000 the miscellaneous expenses and interest on capital. If all the wool, hides, and other raw materials produced on this coast were manufactured here into finished goods, instead of being sent abroad and coming back to us in forms adapted for ultimate consumption, after receiving double, and even quadruple value, the volume of our home manufactures would reacli at least double its present amount. There is on this coast abundance of labor and capital ; and within the last year especially, our manufactures have made remarkable progress. What is now most needed is to find for them a better outlet. In the sparsely populated regions west of the Rocky Mountains, there is not demand enough for them even at the present rate of production ; and it is probable that they will increase in amount more than in proportion to the increase of population. The natural outlet for them is not only in the Pacific States and Territories, but in British Columbia, Mexico, Central and South America, the Sandwich Islands, China, Japan, Australia, New Zealand, and other countries bordering on the Pacific Ocean. British Columbia and the western slope of Mexico, separated from the Eastern States by a long stretch of almost uninhabited country, both consume largely of our manufactures. British Columbia taxes our commodities but lightly, while her own produce is subject to a heavy duty when shipped to American ports. Several of the Australian colonics admit our produce duty-free, while paying us heavy toll on their wool, coal, and other articles exported to this country. Oregon's Traffic. — Oregon imports from England iron and steel rails, gla.ss, liquors, tin, and some other articles ; from British Columbia, hides, oil, ai.i wool; from Australia, coal; from China, general mcrchandi.se ; and fron-' the Hawaiian Islands, sugar, molasses, and rice. The total impo.'ts of Portland for 1881 directly from foreign sources, were $639,000, against $486,000 in 1880, the difference being largely due to the importation from England of steel rails, required for railroads in course of construction. Hong-Kong also shipped $134,000 worth of goods to Portland in 1881, against $84,000 in 1880, the increase being caused by the large number of Chinamen employed on the railroads. The voyage from the mouth of the Columbia to the principal ports of China is shorter than from the Golden Gate; and when direct railroad communication is opened between. Oregon and the liastern States, it is possible that a considerable portion of the trade between China and the United States will be diverted to Portland. ill M 748 APPENDIX. :l' Besides supplying large quantities of raw produce and manufactures to Washington Territory and Idaho, Portland shipped by steamer to San Francisco in 1881, nearly 135,000 tons of wheat, flour, cattle, fish, wool, and other commodities; and considerable quantities of coal and lumber were shipped from other ports in Orgon to various jioints on the coast of Cali- fornia. Dry Wines. — Tastes do not agree in regard to the merits of the wines made from the various grapes and in the different districts. As the best for a light white wine, Riesling would probably obtain more votes than any other. The delicacy of its perfume, the richness of its flavor, the beauty and peculiar brightness of its color when it has reached maturity after several years of tender care, are its iireemincnt merits. The Golden Chasselas has similar, yet different excellences; and the best samples of it made in Cali- fornia compare favorably with the fine Gutedel brands of the Rhine. The Berger is a vcrj- valuable grape, rich in precious qualities, especially service- able, in the judgment of some experienced wine-makers, when mi.xed in the press with other varieties. The Blaue Elben, German Muscatel, Gren- ache, Sauvignon Vcrte, Chalossc, and Carignanc each have peculiar and valuable tiualities. Of the dr)- wines of California, not more than one third has been red, but the latter color is gaining in favor, though as the grapes must be fer- mented with the skins, there is more cxjicnse in making it. Pinot, Char- bonncau, Grenache, Wataro, and Black Malvoisie are prized next to Zinfandel, which is in some important points unsurpassed, and is now the leading favorite. Malvoisie is rich in flavor and body, but capricious as to soil, difficult to hantlle, and, in srmie respects, still subject to experiment, and by many more prized for mixing than for separate use. The Californian wines are sometimes named from the grape which gives, or is supposed to give, their flavor. There is no difficulty in finding pure Zinfandel, Goklen Chasselas, Gutedel, or Riesling in the San Franci.sco market; the other varieties are usually mixed. Most of the brands are those of the wine merchant; in a few ca.scs, the wines are prepared for the market at the vineyards, and can be obtainetl in the bottle under the label of the grape-grower. Sweet Wines.— The dry wines arc those in which the sugar has all been changed into spirit by fermentation; sweet wines are those which retain part of their sugar. The dry wines have usually from lo to 14 per cent, of alcohol; the sweet wines from 14 to 20 percent. When grape juice has sugar enough to make more than 1 5 per cent, of alcohol, complete fermen- 1 APPENDIX. 749 tation becomes slow and difficult; and with 1 8 percent, of alcohol, which can be obtained by adding brandy, further change under ordinary circum- stances is arrested. As the fully ripe grapes will, of the sweet varieties, ■yield at least 12 per cent, of spirit, and often 14, an addition of 4 or 6 per cent, of spirit before fermentation has been completed, will convert them into sweet wines. To this class belong the Califomian ports and sherries, which arc good imitations of the genuine European beverages of the same name, and in some cases, superior in quality. They arc usually made by adding from C to 12 percent, of brandy about 4 weeks after the commence- ment of fermentation; or a smaller proportion of spirit is added if the grapes were allowed to become partially dry on the vines before they were sent to the press. The Mission grape, in the .southern part of California, is well suited in sweetness, flavor, and color for the production of wine of the port class. The climate of California allows all varieties of wine grapes to ripen thoroughly before frost, and usually before heavy rains, which is as injuri- ous as fn- L to the mature berries, causing them to burst. Complete ma- turity under a clear summer sky secures to the grape a large proportion of sui'fir; and the wine made from it, like that made in Spain, is richer than t- -n'-s of Germany and Northern France, in spirit. The proportion of alcM 11 the lighter wines of California ranges from 10 to 14 percent.; and, in man)' districts, it is difficult aflci lie i rop has ripened, to obt.uii less than 12 per 11 .a. This cxceptii'iial strength in spirit has made it difficult to ferment the wine |)r<)|)erly, anr has also tended to divert attention from the development of ihe more delicitc flavors, which are the results of thor- ough fermentation, and are more readi!' <>bser\ed in the lighter wine.s. Angelica, generally classed .uriong tiie wines though it has some of the qualities of a cordial, is ma Gaml)rinu3 Brewery I'urtlainl. ( ' Cfcnlcj, Rich rortlau.l, () CfuUlun City Brcwf.ry (O. llrvklf). . .1431 I'aciflc Ht.. S. F.. C fioUlen (iatc Brewery (C. J. B. Slutzler) 717 (irtjcnwkh at.. H. P., C UoU Hill Brt-wcjy CmiM Hill. N tiowcn, <■ Victoria, B. O tluticwiller, Hcury Oakland, 'J Hiibn, Jiihii AfltoHa, O Hiiri>cr, JamtH Eujl4u*, C IIamnau:i Broa Stockton, t * Iluyt.-a Valley Brt-'wcry (A. Wahmuth & Co 512 Orovoht, H. F., C UcvildBbuft; Brewery , UealdHburg, (' Hibcrnia Brt^wery (Matthew Nunan). . .Howard st, S. F., C HumlKjldtBr^-weiy l833Mifl*ion st., H. F., C Humboldt Brewury Kast I'urtlaiitl, O Heuli k Co Lureka, C Jacksca Brewery, (W. A. FreUerlckU423 Misaiou it , 8. F.. C Kdfer, CliaJ. Albany, (> Ki-rth & Niculas .Sacrumeut, C Krunib, Limia San Juse, C Lafayette lirewcry.lOiroKaii&AiutcU) 725 OreeiiBt. H. F., i- Lan:,-cu t Co Virginia City, N I-,autli, Fhil.. Los Augelfs, C MalUatodt, D Los Au«elt.-B. C Mason's Brewery (John MaAon). . 519 Chestnut at., K. F., C Melhom, A Stuttle, W. T Milwaukee (Luhnuan/c Co.).... 012 rioTenthKtriL-t, t?. F., C Molfion & Sons Fortland, <> Natioual (tiluck £: Hansen).. Fulton and Wel*ter, H. F.. C Neiblin;^ & Fux Hilver Ueef, V North Beueh Brewery, Powell and Chestnut etreet, H. F.. C Oakland Brewiiy Oukland. (_' OrLjon City Brewery Ore„'on City, O Bacitic Brewery (Fortmaii & Co.). . 271 Tehama st.. .S. F.. C PalT'itas, C WatAinvillc, C rfeiffer. F Xajci, C Bhiiadt'lphia (John WielanU). . . .254 Second Btreet, S. F., C Philadelphia Breweo' Lor ^Vugcles, C Phttui.t Brewiry |T. J. Kirby), Noe, b. 18th &. 19th, S. F., C Pioneer Brewery ( Heii-sler i Frederichs) 203 Treat avenuo, 8. F., C Presidio (.Sdineidi'rii\Vachter)...ir>2ti Pacific nve, S. F., C Kallroad Brewery (F. Schuster). . .425 Valencia st., H. F., C Ka^t, John .Itosebiug, O ]{othcnbu.s!i, D Stockton, t." }tunipf & Duukel Dayton, W Kail Francisco Stock — Powell and Francisco ats,, S. F. C Saut.fc (.'!ara Brewerj' Santa Clara, C Santa llo^\ Brewery Santa Cosa, t.' Schmith L Mendcs I-lureka, N Shultz & Viet Jacksonville. < ) Smith, V. liJ Vidiejo, C Sorenacn & Peterson Modesto, C South San Frautisjo Hth at. and IUilroa«l av. S. F., C Star Brewcrj- (iJoaeuerBros.), Utliand I'olsoniBtH, S. F.. C Staid. John H Walla Walla, W Swan Brewerj 15th and Dolores hts, , H. F. , O Swi.-«i Brewery 414 l)u]Kmb at., S. F., i; Union Brewciy (C. Heaa) 62o Clcmentitia at., S. F, C UnitL-d States Brewery MciUlister and Fmnkliu bU.. S. F., O l*nito*l States Brewery Portland, O Wag.-niT, Hiinry fJalt I>a!.ui i'y, U Wa^liington Brewery.... Lombard and T.ijlor ii^s., 8. F„ O Willowi Bn'wery I'Jth and Mla^iion atn., S. V., 0 BUIOIiS-MANlIPACTl'UKIlH. Bonnet. K. & Co 235 Montgomery, S. V., C ])iivifl& Lowell Mountain Vitw, 0 Fotmtaiu Bros Sacramento, <7 Hunter & Sliacklefonl 310 Pine wt., S. J"., ( '■ Lynch, Peter Pacific dtrctt wharf, S. 1'., ij Mallon, I'atriek. . ..N. E. cor. Keaniy and Market. H. I',, (! Patent Brick Co California at, H. F. 0 Pettraon, T. W San Jo3e, C Piptr, Jerome B 7 Clay nt . H. F., O lU-'Uidlard Brick Co Pacific street wharf, S. F., C Byan, John C Saeranieuto, 0 Tobin. Thoa. V Office. 335 Montgomery at.. S, F., C INUtlo Brotfaen 234 Moutijomery at.. S. F, C BR00M8-MANL'F.\iTlKEns. Annes k Dallam 230 and 232 Front at., S. F., C BiUingsley k Co Hacnunento, O Bricc, Powell Sacnimento, U 1 'ole Si Kcnuy 114 Sacramento at., S. F. , O CoiMWHi, Benjamin 322 Bavia 6t., S. 1'., U Figer Bros G15 Sacramento at., H. F., 0 ( ;huiz, Clu-istian C4i Weal Miaaion at., S. F, O (Jolden. Thomas 1(0 l. by at.. S. F, O Craywin. J. W. k Co Salem, O Hancock iiWrifht Walb Walla, W Harriflcn & Dickson 120 Sacramento «t., K. F,. C Hemingway, John Benial Iliglits, H. F , C HublHjrt, W. K - 1(>42 Minion Kt..S. F, O Kuu7.e, Otto E 044i Mission at.. S. F., U 1-ikc k Warren 411 .Saenimentotit., S. I'., C LeFuVfir, W. F Hiirmnieuto, O LilHihcr. iJeorge 411 Sacramento at., .S. F, O IrummBt., S. F.. O Wi-o'cner, Henry lOliJ Lombanl et, S. F., 0 Woo(huff.!c Van Fppa Olympia. W Zau Brothers Portland, O BUUSH-AUNtTACTUllSi.H. Colc& Kenny 114 Hacmmento St., S. F, 0 CunUin. Thoraafl C 413 4th at., S. F., O Dyer Bros 5 Taylor at. S. F., 0 Figer Bros CIS Sacramento et., H, F. (J Fonl. John K Moultrie, near Old Hitkory nt., f). F . C .bines, T. C Halt Lake City, U Kmize. Otto K Clti Mission at, H. F.. C Metzler, B Portlai.d, O o, K. Bruiih Factory G4il Mission titrcet. S. F. O Simi«on, K. W 325 Sacramento at-. S. F., C l^nna, Jacob 157 New Mouttfomer>' fct.. 8. F., C White, C. L Salt Lake City. U bungs-Man i-FAcTuiiEBs. (iracier, Francis 211 Mis-slon at., S. F., O Mixer. CJeorgo H. (metallic) 51 Beale at., 8. F., C Swift, James 221 Mission at., S. F, O Wwu, Ueiu? 720MhiuAst.. 8. F., 0 APPENDIX. 757 ar. V H. r. V H. I', ti fi. p. 0 H. !■'. 0 a.v. 0 s. r c B. F ,c a. I' .0 F., C P., 0 P. 0 R C f. 0 F r r. a F. c F. c F. , c F ,0 F , 0 1' . c F . 0 BED SPKIHas-MANurACTUunns. Blancharil, Juica 710 Mluaa fit., Calitorula Spriuj ilTi: Co. . . .147 Now lluiitg'y ot., CU.-'.!, Tniumii a. & Co 21 Xuw Montgy Bt„ Ilinclduy, K 133 Now Mouta'y t>t., Kacbman, AUoljih. 77 Nov .Moats'y Ht., I'aciflc Hprinj ii Mattress Co. .23 New .Molitg'y Bt., HELL FOUNDEUa. Garratt, W. T 140 Fromout Bt., Orcculjcrj £: Co 205 Fremont st, Weed U KlliiJwoU 12J First Bt, Ur.LLOWS -JLUJl'FAcTUriuIia. California liellowa .Mfs Co S2 Fremont Bt, B. F., C McKiuno, Ueury OW Mkaion Bt., 1). F., C BELTING. llaker & Ilamilton 13-M Front at., U. F., O CiiroUm, Cory t Co . . .117 California »t, S. F., C Cooli, A. O 415.MarlietBt., S. Cool!, U. N 403 Market ot., H. I>e^'en, L. F 13 Fremont Bt., H. tJoo lyj IT Uubbcr Co 577 Market Bt, K. , Orcsory, II. 1'. i Co 2-4 California st, : ■. Gutta I'erclia Mfs Co 511 Market ct. .S. Iloycr, Herman 855-8C1 Bryant Bt , n. Scllty, Thomas II. 6! Co Ill) California Bt , S. Wbaitt'fl, WnL N 423 WaBhingtou Bt, S. BILLliVliD TABLES- MANUl'ACTURKns, Brunswiek, J. »L t Balko 055 Market Bt, S. J'iiigblut, Aujust ii Co 10-16 GolJen Gate av., S. Liosoutehl, Fhilli) M3 Market at . , a, Meyer, ,J. U. II 320 Kcaniy Bt, .S. Strahlc, Jacoli & Co 533 Market at, S. BIRD CAOES-M.iSUFArTUliKBa. Edwards, Geo. F. .Bryant liet Fifth and Sixth ali, S. F., (-! Fuhnuann, AM 751 Miaaionat, B. F., 0 Grue-jhajen, CU 063 Miaaion »t. .i. P., O HalUdic, A a (5 California Bt, a. F., C BRIDGE BUn.DEE.S. Hallidie, A. S C California .st, a. F. i' Paciiie Bridge Co 4 California ht., a. F., t ■ 8. F. Bridge Co 10 California at, a. F., C BLACKING— Manufacthkers. Oough, John Potrero av., S. P., C Lake, Henry 643 Tliird Bt, S. F., C Patek, A 413 Sixth at, 8. F., C Schwabacher, Louin 017-621 Bruman at, H. R. C BLANK BOOKS-MaxufAi rtJiKia. Althof & BahlB 323 8a"ramento Bt, 8. p". . C Bancroft, A. L. i Co 721 Market Bt, 8. P., C Banlius & Kimball 505 Clay sf, .S. F., O Boaiiui, Edward Sc Co 523 Clay Bt, a, R, O Buswell, Alei. & Co 525 Clay at, 8. P., C Crocker. U. S. 4; Co 215 Bnsh Bt, ,S. F.. . ' Gralum, J. C. & Co Salt Lake City, l' Foatcr, F Sacramento, <; BOILERS--MAXUl.'ACTl'r.Ell!i. Golden State & Miners' Iron Works.. .237 First st, 8. P., C Hall, James V 214Bealeflt, a. I'., O Hi.ickley, Siicars & Hayes 207 Fremont «t, 8. P.. C McAfee & Co 213 Spoar Bt, S. P., € McCone, Robert 403BealeBt, 8. F., C Sloynihan S Aitkcn 311 Mission Bt, 8. P., O I'rcseott, .'icott i: Co. . . N, E. Cor. First t Jllralon, S. F., 0 rretorlou.sTronbrldue&Co Ill First st, tl. i'., 0 ForJand Di.iljr Works Portkiml, O Rankin, Bi.iytontCo 120 Fremont :it, li. F.,a lUsdon Iron ii Locomotive Works 8, E. Cor. Bcaloand Howard sts., .^5. F., O Roobufk. Thomas G 137 Beale st , S, F., O aoboljer & Sufrln 203 Fremont at, i*. F., O Spratt Joseph Victoria, B. O BOLTS— JLlNiPAcTunEtia. ! raciflo noUing Mills 202 Market at, 8. V , O I PhelpaMfjCo 13 Dramm nt, S 1,0 I Payne Bros I33BealoBt, 8. 1 , O Booi;.-i. Bancroft A. L. i Co 721 Miu-kot Bt, 8. 1'., U Billiiiga. Ilarljourue & Co 3-5 Mont^'y st , 8. P., <1 Boacli, C 107 Mont ;'y Bt, , 8. P., O BorUiaus, F. W. t D 213 Kcnrnj tt., 8. I".. 0 California Bible Society 7M Market st, S, F., 0 Cmmingham, Cnrtias & AVclch aacraniuQto and Sansorac sts., 8. P., c Denias, J. i; Co 421) Bush al , B. P. C. Flo.jJ, Michael 831 Market nf, S. F,C Gill, . I. K. a Co I'orlland, O Golly, J. B. iiCo 26 Geary at., H. I'., O Grcsoiro, Sor.h & Co 0 Po.'it s»,, 8. F.,0 llwlse, JohnG. & Co 314 California st, 8. r.,0 lIoiishto!», W. A. tC. 8 Sacramento, O Mclveiclicr £: Thompson Portland. O MeLhoai..t Book DelKjaitory li'Il Market St., a. i'.,0 Payot, T'pham&Co 2ut S:i!ir,omo at., 8. !■'., 0 Shearer, Frederick E loi ' liirket :>t., S. P., 0 Waldteufek A S.m Jose, 0 LAW BOOKS. Bancroft A. L. i Co 721 Market Bt, 8. P.,0 Whitney, Simmer & Co 013 CUiy St., 8. P., 0 BOOK BINDERS. Bancroft A L. & Co 721 Market st, 8. P., O nicfoi. D. SiCo 608Mout3omery6t, 8. P., O Lear^-, A. J 404 Sausonie at, 5. P., O McTntyro, John B 423 Clay st. .8. R, O Mcston, ,Iohn J Portland, O Phlllilis, J. 8. i Co 50J Clay Bt., 8. R, O Rankin, Chas. E 540 Clay lit, 8. F.,0 aonnichsen, Charles San Joao, 0 ^Vhelan & Tracy 410 Sansorao st, S. F., O BOOTa AND SHOES. Armstions, Thomas H 67 Storcnsou st, .S. P., 0 Calm, Nickelsbm-g & Co 31 Battjry st, 8. P., C Capen, C«;o. B. & Co Portland, O Casey, AL Francis 125 Sansomc st. , 8. P., O Chase, R. P. & Co 809 Market Bt, S. R, 0 Dolan. James W 414 Market st, 8. P., O llawlcy. Charles B 414 Market st. , 8. F. . O Hibbard. Occ. L. i Co Portland. O Ilecht Bros. & Co 25-27 Sansomc at., 8. P., O llocht, Martin S: Co Portland, O Ilobart, Wood & Co 15 Sansome at. 8. F., 0 Jones. Orin & Co 703 JIarkct st, C Jory Bros Cor. Van Ness av. and Fell st, 8. p., 0 Kaufman, Ilecht & Aken Portland, O Kullman, Salz & Co 106 Battery st, 8. R, 0 Levinsky Bros M6 Market at, 8. F, 0 75R APPENDIX. ■ id ! -r l,ovy, Dlamnnt & Co 107 Battery nt. 0. F., L.a l^ali?/.lr:5, I C2 i-tciuvrt rt., fj. V., Nohn. l;. 1). ;: Co 71 litL-vtiinou nt., fl. F., Nohn, U F. tl.'o lllJIarllot St., a F., Porter, Klcsr.;n,:rr t d 117 to'.trry lit., li. F. , rrinjlo, Cilhert lO'.S Miltkot ct., ii. F., liohilo DriM COD JocksoQ Dt., H. F.. IIoBciiRtock, H. W. A: Co. .Cor. BauB<>mo anil Bush, B. F.. Itox'nthal. Fudor & Co 13 Diittcry r.t.. ^. F., beilxTlich'a. ^V Sons 33 Secoul ist., 8. F., Tim'll. C. & 1>. II. 'iCo 1« Clay St., B. P., T'nitwl Workloifmcn'a Boot an.l Hhoc Co 110 Marki t ct. , S. F, Wcntvortli, I. SI. & Co 40O r.:ittcry rt.. 8. F, ■\Vlthrow it I'ondlcton US Ninth St., ». F., UOOT.S AND snOES-MAXi'i'.MTunrna. Armstronj, Tliomai II 67-C9 Htevoniton nt., H. F., Beliaon; B.»ot cml Ghoa Co Vittfjrl.i, IV UucUluijha::! Ii Ilucht 25-27 S.msorivj nt, S. F.. C»'m, Nickclsburj i Co 31 Cattery nt, !i. V., Capcn, Geo. B. t Co... Portland, Cas-^y, M. Francis 123^.10201110 r.t,, n. 1'., Chase. Ii. I". ,'; Co 8oD Market Dt.. 3. P., Dj!an, James \V 411 Slarhct St., H. P., OlnirJ, L-.^Jficr ^; Co 7J1 Market tt., I'y. F., Uawlcy, Cliarlca V 4U Markit ct, S. F., IIc-l!iorp, W Victoria, U. llil.'.'ar.l, Geo. h ti Co Portlaud, IloVait, Wood t Co 15 Sansomo ct.», ;l F., Jones, Orin U Co 76J Marliet r,t., 8. F., Jor>* Eros 8. W. cor. Van Ncas nv. and Fell »t., 8. F., KuUmau, .'iab Ii Co 100 Battery ot, 8. F., Lan jeuberj Eros Koscbur;;, Leaser Bros 7,'l Market St., 8. V., Lcvinriliy Bros 515 Marlxt at., 8. F., Lo>T. Diamant & Co 107 Battery at., 8. F., Lindeabunra, 1 52fiteuart ct, 8. F., Nolan, B. D. £; Co 71 8tcvcn.son St., 8. F. Nolan, r. P. i Co .111 :«arkct st., 8. P., Portor, Slc3sin:?!r & Co 117 Battery r,t, 8. P., Priii3lc, C.ilbJrt 1015 .Market oS., 8. P., Uohde Bros 503 JaoKsoa rt, 8. P., Fajsenslock, 8 W. t Co Cor. Sansome and Bush sto., ,S. F. Seib:rUch*8 Sons 32 .Second at., 8. F. Terrill, C. 4: P. 11. ii Co 413 Clay St., 8. F. United Workinsmen's Coot and 8hoo Co 410 Market at., 8. P. Wcntworth, I. M 40O Battery ot , .8. F, Withrow &. PeniUeton 118 Ninth St. , 8. F BOXES— MASliFACTlliEna. Astoria Box and Lumber Co Astort.^, () Brown, fi. n Astoria, O Harlow, John Portland, O Uobba, I'omeroy i. Co 11 and 13 Beak St., .8. P., C Uumc, O. W /Vstoria, O Morjuiro, John L. .8. \V. cor. Bryant and 5th sts., 3. P., C Meyers, GilmsniiCo 0th St., ii.-^ar Harrison, 8. P., C Nicliols fw Co 8acramcnto, C San Francisco Bo.\ Factory Berry St., bet. 3.1 aud utchorin^ Co. .331 Muut^'y Ht , .S. I'., 0 roiliillaii i; Mallei Flttll uv,, M. H. F., C Poly, IIoilbro.1 & Co 333Kearuy«t., H, 1'.. c SlUerlKTj, biiuon sa) HiiiiBomo at., H. F., C Hcbumukur Uros Fourth uv., 8. H. F., C Schcukcl, P Fiftli ov., S. a F., U Sylvester, Joliii First av., 8. S. F., C Bhra-a.r, A. J Flratuv,, 8. 8. F., C Bulls, M 331 Keaniy Bt,. S. 8. F,C SjUwulticr, J. & Co 10 Cluy-at. Jlarket, 8. F.. C Bshack, li. & Co 211 Foteom ut., ». F.. V Hohocnfolil, J4i<»b 331 Koaniy »t., 8. F., C 8clu"line, Nutluin 331 Ktaniy bt., Hr F. , i; Url, Fellt 20 8. F. Market, 8. F., (J Van \'olkcul>uri{b & Co Victoria. 11 C Wa.-ner, F. 0. k llro 1-5 8. P. Market, 8. F., C Wajncr, Charles F 530 Kcaniyst. 8. F., C Ziuiiuermauu, 8trolue&Co 113d Market nt., 8. F'., C CANNED UOODa. Articles Cannins Co 11 Han Franci'«co Market llouuer M. & Co Cor. 8l>ear anil Fulsoin eta., 8. I-'., C Coil.', lilicH a Co 3U Wasliiuston at., 8. F., U Cuttinj I'ackina Co 17-41 MaUi st., 8. F., C Dompater i Keyt 202 Market St., 8. F., C CiolUeu Gate Packing Co 8an Jose, C GooOacro & Dooley Victoria, 11. C James, Pariaer & Co 608 Seventh Bt., 8. F., C Kinj, Morse & Co. ...Cor. llroa*lwayan(lHanKonie. H. F., C Lusk t Co 530 Clay at., 8. P., C Merry, FauU t Co 125-127 California at., 8. P., C lied Cross Packing Co 805t;auaolnest., 8. 1<\, C Sacramento Itiver Pkg Co 318 F'roiit at., 8. F'., C San Joau PVuit Pk^- Co 309 Sacrauiento St., ,S. I'., O Schauimel, UeynoMs & Co 120 Froat it., S. F., C Soutlicrn California Fruit Pkg Co Loa Angeles, C Wiin^euheim, Sol. 4 Co 118 Davis at, 8. F, C Wilaou, J. Y. S Co 50S Market St., 8. P., C CANNERIES OF PllUIT. Banner Pkg Co S. F., C lllootl, Jos. A Carpentaria, C DmOforU, W. D Froi.t at., S. F., C Carter, LP Boise City, I Caiiitol Canning' Co., (J. CarroUi Sacramento, C Corvalli.i Fruit Pk',i Co Corvailin. O Coilo, Elfclt & Co Washiniton at., S. !■., C Cutting Pk;i Co 17 Main St., 8. 1'., C Corville, EmcrsoQ Sansomc st, 8. F., C Dawson, J. M. Pkj Co San Jose, C Demmick k ShcRleid Santa Barbara, C Pn.'3no Fruit Pkg Co Fresno. C Ga:t, J. B PhK'crvUlo, C Goetjen, N 1032 MoAlllsterat, 8. F., C OolJen Gatj Pkg Co .San Jose, C llantiiom, J. O. & Ca Portlau.l, O Hamilton, G. M Loa Angelej, C llari).*-, W. S Lo3 Ansel s, 0 llurlburil Canning Co Ptaecrville, C Hume, Geo. W 203 .Srcramonto st, .S. F.. C Hume, It. D EUcnburg, O Johnson 4 Sugdon Florin, C Johnson, B. F. 4 Co Spring Lake, U ICIng, -MnrKe & Co. .. .Broadway anil Sansome Bt3., 8. P., O Ld* tijito.i Fmit Pjieking Co ..Loa (Jat-iH, 0 Lovejuy. Mrs. A. 1, Portian-l. <) Lilak,.!. tiCii 534 Cloy St. S, F , I) LiiHk, J., Camilug Co Oakland, tJ Marks, I,. U Placerville. O .Moore, K Petalunia, C Mors*! Fruit Canning Co ... Chicn, f) N*;weastlu Fruit Asaoclation > ewcastle, O lied Cross P. K. G Wans**!-.'.' lit, 8. l\, (J San Joae Fruit Pki. (,'o Iaw Gatos, O .Shannon, E 1^. Portlat.d, >Iinson 4 Uluo Sacramento, C Kerr, David 47BealeBt.. .'i. P., C Kestler, Slartin Sacramento, O Larkins 4 Co 031 Howard Bt. , 'i. P. , C Miller, Wm. P Stockton, O O'Brien, P. J. 4 Sons. 329 Golden Gate av., S. P., O 760 APPENDIX. ; 'I' ■ ^JlJ' Pike k Yunng Sacmmcnto, C PrinilL- i; Mca-UT i!^.:i .lo •.?. ( ' I!.iis:'h, Ch.-rl..! Marj-avilL', C Ba!>c;-2 1; Cat*.:-. MurjuviUo, r Stitl, l;./l)crt 113,Ii'.v!lont., s. P., (' Boul^-, KUj-jui; l-'ur. Fuunh Qiul lii^'uut, ti. r., (' WattThouse & L'jstcr SacruDeuto, C L;VLCR'it LltillT.S— MAXLlMITtnEIlS. I;iaky. A. i:. &L'o 323 I'mnt ut.. .■<. F., 0 Truwortliy, Moaza,i Lrijuvunworth St.. .S. F., 0 CAXl)LF.S-.MAM'rACTunEr..s. Ilay .Soap uud Camllo \Vorl« UG Front at, 8. F.. C Mission Soajt ouU *-'aiuIie Works 1C8 Duah «t., ti. 1^, L' San Francisco (Jantliu (.*o 403 Front St., 8. F., 0 CK.MEXT PIPE— MAjroPAi-Tl-UEIUl Wellor ii riona S.icramento. C CHAINS— JlAXUi-ACTrHLn.-i. Dixon Lroa Cor. lowa.au'.i Yuljo sta., .s. i'., C Paciiic Cliain Wurlii 12 Front tst, ti. I'., O Pu>Tio IJro.( LJ3 liLaiciit., .S. i'., C I'licliu .MI,; Co lJ<171>.uiiimBt, pi. !■'., C ClIAIHS— MAXUfAI^TCllKIlS. i'amioiiclic, i'aul 131 Main st, a. F., C Grcffj, Cirarica 5a3 Bmmian at., rt. F., V llL'ywo<«l IJru.i. & Co o3J..'iJ5Miaaion at., ». F., C luiliauaitoiJa Cliair .Mf? Co. . .lliU Nww Moa* j y r.t., S. 1"., C Nou;,'ar,.t, Cliarlca 133 licalo St. H. F., 0 ciIAilPAUXK— aiAATFAerruEua. Ilanuzttiy, Arpad^ Co ...^SOW^aslungtou at., H. F., C l.vljniaii, S. i:Co UJ Market r.t., 8. F., C l.'HAiEDAiaSi:. AUitr, U. K. LCo «» Uattory at., H. P., C Cilenian, Wm. T. ii Co IIU ilarltot at, S. F., C (.'aafiia, 1'. J. i.Co 433 Doltory St., S. !•'., C Dlckion, Do Wolf i Cu U3 Uutte.-y at., 8. F., C llellmaun Bros. & Co 523 Front at, H. F., C Montasuc, W. W. iUo lUl-llS llattorj- at., H. i'., C JIiuTk.-, Vii'torsCo lun Califoniia at, 8. F., C Mu-iit-'oke, Cliartea^Co .3M Hacnmiuiito at, 8. l'., C Iticliariiii i; Harrison 4Ul-l'.i.l dauaoiuf at., >S. F., C Kutilliroii atiilimti'omLTyat., ti. F.. C HaUfctiu. A. il. C^i^o bli) 8aliaomu at., .S. F., C bclmnlcr, II. J^ Co C17-0U1 bausumo at, 8. F., C 8tclnlla„fU, V 403 Davtast., .S. F, C Visuier. ..Vmi 433-431 liattcry St.. 8. F., C Wola i lOicinliold aw Battory St., 8. V-. C CUIAIiS. Boswan. J. .4. ii Co 213 Oattcry at, 8. F.. C Bnuiil. ll.rman Jttl Battoiyat, H. V.. c Bruno, Auiuat 227 Clay at, 8. F., C Colm, K. 'wia, 8am it Co 24 ('allfomia St., LiolicaBroa. i* Co U Frciaontat., Lowia, W. k ( 'n 30 California at, ' .Mayriaeh Bros. & Co 405 Battery at, ( .Mu.lan, J. i 1' JOl Moutg i.-uory a» , I Sleyor Bros, i Co 412 Front at. I .Uichalitachko Bros X Co 237 Kjaruyat. i uppoiihoiiUL'r ,^ Bro 20O Front at, I i'otlak, .VrnoliKtCo 208 Sacramento at , xouunltauui, 1. 8. kVu 322 Battery lit, I l^oaenaiiine. M. & Bro iJO-1 Front at, I Uosentlial :£ Frohmou ti27 Mont„'omery at, .Saniieraon ,*; Hum 027 IVont at, .'^chocnfelil, .louaa. 423 Jackson at, a^iaetler, J. W. ii.Co 321 8acraintinto at , 83ebi;niianer, L. & Co 222 Battery at , 8i:aifo, Aifrail Wuillnan, Peck-ii Co Wt!rttieimer, L. and K. . . W«rtheilUv-r. XL ii Bro. . Tniita, I. K ....301 Ciilliomiaat. 133 .Market at, 303 Front at, .^ii3 Front St, . J2ZI Sacramento at, Y-aal ii Co 023 Ma.'i;ut at OIUAR&— MANUtACTUKEllS. .{\rmer, M. & Co 300 8tiunuuunto bt, Bairy, David Cor. Foliom and Nintli ata. Bueker, F. W 70o Davia at Lugger Broa 510 llayeaat, Biiukofsky & 8t*jnib(!rg 310 Waiibingtoii »t liowmuu. .ioliu .^. ^ Co 213 Battery at. 8, P., a. F., 8. F. ,s. F. fs. p. s, p. 8. F. 8. P. 8. P. 8. P. 8. F. 8. F. S. i'. H. P. 8. !■•. a F. 8. F. a F. H. F H, i.-, 8 P. .s. P. .8. F. 8. P. a. P. 8. F. 8. F. Bi-anil, llennau lirenier, Joai'pUJ&Co. . Brunc, Auifnat Uura, Adolph l.'lauaaen, Jotm Coiien, I. L. & Co Colin, U. &Co C-.h:o, .Mai Curtia, Dixon & Co 301 Battory at, . .310 8aci-aluento at, 227 (.'kiy 6t, 104 imimatat, 1203 Iiaureiav., 17 J Uortlen wt., 232 Front at., 777 Markft at. 303 Clay at. lliez t Itamou 416 Battery at, Duenirald, C. F 13201 Howard ht. Llilit/., llonry F K«).S Sixlli at, KisoiilM-'rjj, h. .^ Bro. .Cor. Market and Prem't eta., Engellwrt, Peter 11 4 Fourth at, Ka^elbreellt Fox,^ Co 312 Front at. Lu:.ceiiiann, ilcrmami 2.'>1 Tliml at , I'.rzsrabiT, C. Jc Co 640 Market at., i'.Ai>er,{, Bachuiiui&Co..Cor. Battery and Cal. atji., Fakk. Bcrnant. .421 Montgomery at. I'alkenatein & Co Cor. 8ac'to iin.i Battory ala,, l''imkh.-maer. t.'tiriattan 610 Uctavia at, Fraiikenlier;; Broa 114 DnlKitit at., I tvnnd .v .Morgan 7(i3 ^ Bryant at. , I'iictllander. 1,. ,v C'o Cor. lat ave anUNUl'ACTtl!!:n3. r!hlrarcr3cr, Max 35 lluLtcry ct., 9. F., C Cabrjni. Kom-i & Co 123 California Bt., fj. V., C Carit, J. A 313Cai;forniaat, H. F.. C Coleman, Wm. T. £ Co 121 Market ut.. S. F., C D.iupster tl Iloya 203 Market B%r, 0. F., C DcTjrs, Kocrhncko & Co 30 Fremont ct., fJ. F., C Funkon-iteni, C. £: Co 320 Bauiioniu at., il. P., C Iluaillcston, Ilnj'a 522 luaimy St., H. F., C Low, C. Ail(il;i!io ,S Co 203 California St., H. F., C Mordll & Jo 204 California st, fi. F.. O MontjaKoTo .1. CJ 213 Sacr»:neuto St., Ji. F., C Mouteale;,To i Co 230Califomla St., S. F.. C Moore. L C 317 liattcry St.. H. P., 0 Parro'.t i; Co 303 California »t., n. P., C Scrl.it. .'3:ni & Co 413 Commcrdal St., S. P., C Tn!>3 J. tCo 123 Calllomlact., S. F., C Urrucla t Urlosto 203 Mariiet St., li. P., C ZaOik, A.tiCo 33 Uattery St.. S. P., C COPFEF, AND .SPICE3-.M.VNur,\crCIlEIls. Ailchilorfor, E. t Co 400 Sansomo Kt.. 9. P., O lier:iar(l. C. £ Co 707 Hanaoniyst., M. I'., C r.un-, C. C'.i Co 13 Pino St., a P., C Botliin, Dalloaanil £ Co 30.5 Front r.t.. B. P., C Cb;>;) f: J^fsuii Cor. Mission and Proiniint r.t.v, 9. !■'.. C rlo33:tt Bro3 Portlanil, O Caaonave, P. f; Co 1.03 Au;;cles, C Dn.Tley, N Stte.-ainento, O Pari.', Tlionias Victoria, 11 C Polj.'r li Co 104-103 California st, H, P., C tiuittanl, E. fc Co 403 Sanwnio si, H. P., O Cliirank'Ul k Bona 415 ,lai.k8on r.t.. 8. P., C Gol.l:nan, L. Bacramcnto, C Ilotca.'; Co 412 Clayrt., S. P., C Hunt t Uunlvias S.iu .lojo, C IleisJi, Goorjo.. Sacmraento, O Jones, .1. T. £ Co. Portlanil, O lCrenr.berjcr Sacramento, C Lo3 Anjelcs 9t?am Coffeo and Siiieo Mill:', Lo3 An:;elc.\ ( : Mo-t.;aleiro, ,1. 0 218 Sacramento St., H. P., C McOart'jy Proa 121 Front St., S. P., O Bchilllnj A. ,'i Co 122 Davia St., 9. P., C Vcnard, O 025 Front at., 3. P., C COFFINS— JlAJJUK.VCIlKl-.UH. < ;r. y, N. t Co on Sa:ramento St., .S. P., C Lo.kliart ,'; Porto.- 23 Illn.xomo r,l., 9. I'., <,) Maisey, Atklna GOl Kacramento ct , H. P., C MoAuIIIIj U QirU 610 Eljhtll St., 9. P., C Paeifle Mfg Co CSO Sllnkinn St., 9 F , C C0Ll..Vi:3— M.\NL'F.\CTi;Knii.S. Atkinson, L. .': Co 20 (iuttirst., S. P., O La-.rr.on, Frank C03 JUrket n',., .S. P.. O New York and Gan Pmnclsco Collar Co 0 liattery St., B. F.,a Seymour. W. H 120 K-.arny st., 8. P., C Wempo Bros 373 Market at., S. P., O C0MF0UTE?..S-.M.v.\l-rACIinEIl3. DuRose, F. F 23Be«ondst., S. P., O CONFCCTIONERY-MANur.viTtr.Kns. Allsky h Ile-elo Portlanil. O Anderson, Wm Cildand, C Ile'lin, Louia 115 Sixth at., ^ P., G Bl.'kel, Fred Portland, O Doynton, .S. 9 OroiliL', C B.-oadbout, C. W 1003 Market iit., 9. P. , O Ueniera, IIa:tor L .1214 Market St., H. P., O Dema.tini, L. & Co 211 Poatst., .1. P., C Dex'-e^, Fran!: 520 Washinston St., 9. P., O Fink, Henry 401 Moutjomorj' ot, 9. p., O Piiiher, Henry Sacramento, C Foater & Co ilSZS Market ct., 9. F, O Gilbert, Au.TOst 410 Hayca ot, 9. P., O Oriesscn, Cliailea... PortLind. o Haas, Ueo. & Co 824 Market et., 9. P., CJ ILlcker. U 123 Third St., 9, P., O IlirBchtold, D 2) Stevenson ct., 9, P., C Lariit, Arseno IXII MoA!list«rut., .9. P., 0 Masaon Prercs 413Connnerclalt;t ,9. P., C .Maylield, W. J Portland, O Mercer, M. A .518 Kearny at., 9. P., O Midon, F 117 Butter :,t., 9. 1'., 0 O'Brien, Maurice 9an Jose, O Paul, ,Iolm A, f; 9on Oakland, O IVterson, \V. F Sacramento, O Perry-Tomisond, .Mm. II 1153 -Market i,t., 0. P., 0 Pitt, Wm. H. C. & Co 403 Stevenson st, 9. P.. O lUi'K'rti, Clei. F 1301 Pol'i at., 9. P., O Uot3er & Iliscliolt .307 lialt St., 9. P., O Uothicliild £ Ehroniifort 113 Front ot., .9. P.. O 9.ironi. Lonii I't Co 423 Sacrauionto Sohleaainscr £ Berjuian Cor. Market and Drumm sLs.. S. P., C Schmltj, William 32J P.ro:i.Iw.iy rt., 9. P., O Schroder, Albrccht & Co 2311 lattory at. , 9. P. , O Soeba, CharLs P 127i Fourth ct., U. P , 0 Hcldl, J. & Co 403 Davlj r.t., H. P., O Smith ,t Lilly Victorli, B. O Thain llro) 73i Market nt., S. P., O T.iwnjond, W. 9 027 Market ot, 11. P„ O Wledmaun & Ilroniada. Sncmmento, O COOPERS -MANiiK.veTrnnus. Amiatrons. Il.rlol:>h 121 Jackronst,, 8 F., O Iland.v, L. N. & Co 32<.'laynt, 9. P., O IIo.;in& Co lOODnmnnnt, 9. P., O IIoU.;n. .lolin II 101 Clay St, 9 P., O Pelvcy, Lawraaco 114 Bacramorito i:t., !J. P., O Pulda Bra.1, bCo .33 BjK'ar .it, B. P., O Norton ,'c Madjon 113H.icrimentOBt, 9 P., O The .MoUullath Mf.t Co Elalltll. near llryau', 9. P., O Wocnier, David Cor. Main and Harrison, 9. P., O COPPERWjUIE- Mani;i AcTi;nEUiv Hcaloy, Wm Porthiml. O Iredalo, A. 8. & Co 862 Mlmlon st, B F„ O APPENDIX. 16i I Il3, John G 31 1 ICuaray r.t„ ft. F., Llttb & L-.-.v. 1:1 03; By.to.-/ r,'... B. F., Ml:te, fj:!:icon Sll Mo;if o:n=rr nt., fJ. F., p,r-y^ p 2^3 Ftet ct,. !i. F,, Bxijc'ro i Co -1-1 Miajion .'it.. !). F., Biait'.i, Chv.ri.'i V/ 533 Da.v:i St., 0. P., Tripn, Goo. A. ..22;F;'c.-:ioiitot., Ij. V. Wajatr & Toild 533 Miaaioa St., H F., C Hlllidlc, A. H., (Wiro) 0 California Bt., ». 1'., 0 Glover ?c WiUcomb C7 Now Monlsomcry lit., n. F.. C IC-JoA John 73 Now Jlont^onicry i;t., a. F., O Ljwj, Dav:a\y., Cir. Ga-ataCla;iiaaclC'aroliuaotJ., ii. F., O xrortou and Mulcaliy .Cor. Bauta Clara aiid CaroUuft r.t8., 0. F., 0 O'Drlen. John Clianncl r.t., nr Tenth, fi. F., O Sha-lcld, Charka L Tcnncs3cQ fit., nr Cut'.o, .S. 1'., 0 Wuchorcr, G. ii Co.. Cor. Lombardaud tlou^'h Bt.i., S. F., C Sin.-aljBt., fi. v., C 533 Fifth r.l , a P., C ..333 M:3!;o.l nl., 1). F., C Mobon&Sons Portland, o PacinoCotaajoCj 313 Calitomia St., H. F., C San Franoiaoo Cordaje Mfy 013 Front i-.t.. it. F.. C U. ti. Cord To 110 Market Bt., S. P., O CORDLVLS— MANur.vciuncas. Mi-MUlan, Donald 711 Front at, S. P., C COrwNICna (.METALl-M.VMUF.VCTOKCns. ConlLn, RoVjrtj V23 J.railon at., (i. P., C Fordirar, .Jo3'jph F llayj.!. G ^o. & C J PaiLlj Zin) O.-namont Factory, Cl'.EAM OP TAUTAIl-M.lNUr.vcriuiEttS. Cirdiaro, D. ft Co 31J Towno-'nd b;., 3. F., C Visuier, A 333-033 Bryant st, 3. P., C CPiACKEas— Mas uiwciun Ens. California Cracker Co Cor. Broadway and Battery ot3., B. F., 0 Cnnninjham £ M^Beath Victoria, B C Eajlo Cracker Bakjry Cor. Miasiou and F.leVL'nth BtB.,S P., C 1 13IC SS '.am Cracker Bakery Sacrotm uto, C Edipse Cracker Co 2U Sacrani uto Bt., S P., 0 Uuit.r L Oolihardt Bait Lake City, U Noabitl&Co Victoria, BC Orejo.i Steam Bakery Portland, O Sacramento Cracke.- Bakery Bacramcnto, C Walla WaUa S ;aam Bakery Walla Walla, W CnOClCERY AND GLjVS3WAJlB. Ackerman'8 Dollar Store Portland, O Al-nol-1, N. a. & Co 310 'Jalifornla r.t., B. F., C Altaohul, Seller i Co 113 Battery at., S. P. C Ack.rmanBroa 123 Keaniy Bt, it. P., C Aekermai Broa U.ieramonto, C Cerf, J, iiCo 317 Mark.t St., B. P., C Danerl, Antonio 423 Battery at., U. P., C Jackson, W. S Co PorUand, O Lawton, O. & Co 003 Market St., fl. 1^, C May.leR A 1-' Battery r.t.. ;!. F., C Markj, Mannheim 153 Stevenson St., S. P., C Nathan, H. ft Co 130 Sutter at., S. v'.. C So'-lcr. M. ftOo Portland, O Swain, It. A. ft Co 112 California at., H. P., C Straus, Ivohiutaram ft Co. .Cor. Batt=i7 and Pine, B. F., U Strajburjor Broa 323 Battery iit.. 8. !■'., C Sjioh.Uner, Simon 0 DujiontBt.. B. P., C Sanderson S Brotller .310 Battery at.. S. F. C Taylor, John ft Co 123 Ma'.kel Bt., S. P., O Wansouhelm, Stcrnheiui ft Co 523 Jlarket at., S. P. O OuUIilSD UAia-M\Nui-,uTURi::;fl. Arnold, N. B. ft Co 310 California at., 8. P., 0 Dailoy, Henry Missovirlat., 8. P., O Eureka Ilalr Fact 'y.. Cor. Fitt'nlh and Dolores aU,, S. F., O CUTLEnY-:\lANUf-\cTuut:na. Price, Michael 413 Kearnyct., S. P., 0 WUlftPlnk 703 .Mark.^t at.. S. P., 0 DMilY PEODUCE. Ahem ft Co 233 Waahin-.'ton st. Bri;lmm, Wliltney ft Co 320 F.-ont Bt, Balancsi. Joaeph 107 Cla. k at. Collins ft Tilden 123 3.insomo »t. , B. F. , C Do3^o, BwoeneyftCo 113 Market St., B. P., C , a. P., , B. P., , a. F ForsaUhftDodso. Gctz Bros, ft Co.. n'.ldbnr3 Bros — UeyAvood ft Ilcndlcy. . 323 Front at., B. P;, O 301 Front St., B. P., 0 ..100 California St., ft. 1'.. C 221 Clay St., 8. P., O naii'ht, Hoijcrt ft Co 223 Front at., B F., C Joost, Herman 410 Clay at., B. P.. O Loudon, It. B 117 Drumm Bt, fj. P., C McIIenrj-, B. ft Co 423 Front at, !!. F.,C Moulton, E. 8. ft Co 303 Clay st, 3. P., O Meade, Geo. W. ft Co 410 Front St., B. P., 0 Sjmmer, II 102 D.-umm at., B. P., 0 Steele, Elder ft Co 20-1 Front at. B. P., O Von Bon ft Ilenckc Bro:( 430 Front at, B. P., C Wooatcr, lluboell ft Co 317 Front at., B. P., O Wolien, MaxftCo iilO Vi'aahinjton st, 3. P., O Wieland Broa. , .330 Front Bt, S. P., O DESKS— MANUFACTURCnS. , S. P., Easton, John 231 First st, Puller, Geo. II 13 New Montgomery at, B. P., O Gilbert ft Mooro 14-23 Sutter st, S. F., 0 DISTILLERIES. Bay View Distillery. .Cor. Eighteenth av. and II st, B. P., O California Distillery :21 Battery at, U. P., O Pacitle Distilling and Ueiiuinj Co..4lO Battery at, B. P., G Potrero Distillery and UeQnery Cor. Minnesota and Nevada "ts., S. P., 0 Wo3t End Distillery Near San Jose Koad, 8. P., O DOOR SASHES AND BLINDS-MAXUFACluilcaa. Bradbury, W. B 530, 572 Braanan Bt, B. P., C Davis, W. E 134 Battery st, it. P., O Dempster ft Keys 233 Marliet st, B. P., 0 Doe, B. ft J. B 43 M,arket st, 8. P., (! r,.\colsior Planinj .Mills. .Cor Bryant and Fifth sts., B. P., C Hanson, M. ft A 133, 130 IMaln Bt., 3. P., U IIa.ikcl, Phineus Cor. Bryant and pl.th Bta., S. P., O lvittri,li-e, E. H. ft Co 113 Market Bt, 8. P., 0 Macdoaalil, D. A ft Co 217 Spear St., 3. P., 0 Mojbanics' Mtil.t. . .Cor. Miaaion and Fremont ata., B. P., O Morrison, J, J Cor. Spear and Mission ats., S. P., C Moore ft WUkie.... Cor Mission and Fremont Bb., S P., U Prescott ft Sanhoni. . .Cor. Howard and Spear ats., B. F., O Sejara, Uriah 100 Main st. 8. P., O Sprinjer, Jason ft Co. .Cor. Mission and Spear ata., S. P., 0 Turner, Kennedy ft Shaw Fourth, bet Clianncl and Berry ats., 8. P., O ii; n ■'I Hi; m < 764 APPENDIX. Wiiahbuni, AP)t'rt Bjiry, iKt. rourth nn.l Fifth cU., 3. P., C Wilaoa L IJi-o'.hcr 13-22 Drumiu fit., S, F., O DKr.s3 t:;im:.iinc,3. Baasr Cro3. ,'c Co 5:7 Mar!;:t Bt., 8. I'., O CoWincrUroB SU Market ot., H. P., 0 llcia IJro3. i Co 512 Mar:;ct Dt, a. V. , C Mayer, Dawaoa .'; Co 12J ;i:iitcrot.. H. F., C MiL.TDruj 511 Miirlwt It., S. F., C DRUGS. Bryan, Win. J Cor. Market nnd NewMontgomiry sts., ,S. r.,C IJoericko t Taful 211 Sutter Et, «. ]■'., <; Iwwuins, A. F. tSoii MHiiColulBt, B. F., C Fosbajr & Mason Albany, O Cut s, ,T. 11. & Co.Cor.&aQSoDle&Commcrcialstii,, B. F., (' Ileinzeman ^c Eilis L03 An^'elen, C Hodjc, Davis .'i Co rottlaiul, O ICoUy i Yimnj Soaltlu, W lUrk, II. O. .'; Cj S.v.'ramjnto, (! Lan;ley /; ^liclneli Cor. Front imd Pincbtj., fj. F., C Lansley ,V Co Victoria, 11. C Mack, J. J. tCo 11 Front St., fl. F., C Mcrtjn, MoffitJiCo 313 Clay B;.,a F., C Moore, Allen i Co Salt Lakj City. U raci.lclIonieopathicPbannacy 4lOearyat., fj. F., C Kortinston .'i Co 523 Market at., R F., C Illcliaril.s C. F. i Co -127 ,Sa;is.;m-- st, S. P.. C Slaven, II. li Cor. Market ond PuwellBt.. H. F., C Sto il,', James C aXi Market r,t., S. F., C Snipes li Kiuncrsly Tlio DaUe.i, O WakLleo ti Co Cor. Moutsomciy ami Buah ets., B. F., C AVeatlierioril ,'; Co Salera, ( > ^^■ooa«•Ma, C. 11 , t Co Portland, O KLKCTaoPLATEa-MA.vrrAnuKcns. Culiforala Floctrical Works 35 Market at., 8. F., C Denuiston. UilwardO G53Mi&sionBt., 8. F., C F.keluud, IJrio G20 Merciiant St., 8. F., O F.LECTRICAL APPAUATUa. California Kloctrical Works 35 Market Bt., H. F., 0 California Dni^sti Klcctrio Ll^'ht Co 113 0'Fum:'.lBL, 8. F, O Fuller, Frank W 41i),Sacl-ament*)Bt., 8. P., C ILimpton, Charles W 007 MlBsionat., 8. F., C Ilatterot'.i & RU3.5 321 Ke.amy fit., S. I'., O Will & Fintk rO'J JIarket si.. S. F, C i;i.ECTrL0T\'PE3-M.vxuF.vcruunB.s. American Tyji,.' roimdry 510 Clay Bt., 9. F., C California i;ie.:trieal Works 35 Market St., H. F., C California ry[w Foundry 511 Sansome Bt.. S. P., O Miller .'; lllchanl 5S9 Commercial ut., H. P., C Paclllc Tyln VoimJry 523 Sacramento St., 8. F,, (.' Painter .it Co 610 Clay at., 8. P., C Han Francisco Typo Foundry 512 (.'lay at., H. P., O WlntBrbum, Joseiili i Co 417 Clay at., H. P., C KLEVATOlia-.MANiir.icTi'UF.n.s llireh. Wni. U 110 IJealest., 8, F., C Euau-ell. W. P 223 Mission st., 8. P., C llan-utt, W. T 133 Froinont Bt., H. P., < ! Uinklo, Plilllp 113 Mala at., S. P., C EMDR0IDER1E3. Barker, Isaac 14 OFarrellBt, 8. P., 0 Uauur Brua. & Co 547 Market st., 8. P., C Din J, 8 130 Kearny at , Buyer ii Ilcleh 12J Keal-ny at., Cobliucr Bros 543 Mar!;ct Et, DavidsDn, J. W. ft Co., Cor. Koar.iy and Pes'- S: i.. Held Dr.is. .'jCo 512 Mark !tr;... Holler, M. & Bros 112 .Sansomo, ,Tonos, E. II. fiCo 5Jj Market Bt,, Levy, Jules 523 .Market ot.. May r, Da^vson & Co 123 Sutter St., MuierBros Ml ^La^kct at., Norcr03a& Co G Post r.t., Ktisim'iaum ft Co 24 Battery at , Verdier, Mor w\ k Co '.-'or. Sutter and Moatjomery Bts., Weil Bros, ft Co 21 Batt^jryst, EXGIN'Ea. Arnold, 11. 8. ft Co 310 California at., Baier ft Uamilton 18-10 Front at, D.'i Mar, Alexander 21fl Sansomo Bt., Flih, A. L. ft Co n First Bt., Orcjory, II P. ftOi 2 Cdlforniaat., Hant'.n:;toa, Ho;)klai ft Co Co.-. Bush and .M;irk.'t Bti., Bte.'u. E. T lOnijab.sl., Tatniii ,'i BuK.:n 33.) .M irk jt s:. , WilUain-., Dinioad ft C.) 2 3.M irkjt St., 8. E., O S. F., 0 3. P., a a p., o 8. P., O 8. P., O 8. P., O a p., o s. p., o 3. p., 0 8. p., O I), p., o a p.,0 8. p., O p., o p.,0 p., 0 p., 0 p., a p.,0 v.. a p.,0 p., o E>fGINE3-MANUPACTuncn3. Atlai Iron Workj .....133 Beilost, 8. P., O Golden State a.ld M.uerslroa Wk!. 2M-2J7Piritat., 8. P., O Ilinekloi-. Spi j.-.i ft IUy.;j.... 21.1 PromDatoi., 8. P., O JaJkjO'.i ft Truman. . .Cor. Si.tth and Bluxoni j atJ., 8. P., 0 L.)W ft Chartr,.y 23 Fremont at.. 3. P., O MeCime, K-iljjrt 40JBoal3 st., 8 P.,0 Ohnien. Wm. II ,51 Fremont nt., 8. P.,0 Pendergast, Smith ft Co S17-221 Fremont st., 8. P., 0 Preaeott, Seott ft Co., . .Cor. Firat an'l Mia.non r,t,i., f.l. P., 0 tonkin, U.-ayton&Co 127 Fremont i.t., ,8. P. O Uice, II. W 50 fliuxomo bL, 8. P. 0 Ivisdou Iron and Locomotivo Works H. E. Cor. Doalo and Il.iw.ard sts.. 8. P., 0 Bmall, Isaac II 574 B,-annan at., 8. P., O Talt ft Ilainoue 115-117 B.alo at.. ». P., O Thomlison ft Evans 112 Bealo Bt , 8., p., 0 ES.'SEXCES A>rD EXTRACT3-MvNUFACri:nEIl8. Cihon, PhUipp ';218an3oji3 8t.,S. P., 0 M3.Millan, Donald 711 7U Proatot.a. P.,0 Nichols-.ra, Bamuol II 2121 .M o-.ioa at, fl. P.,0 Kioser, P. ft Co 611 Front St., 3. P.. O Thompson, Ira D 41 1 Front at., 8. P., O FANCY ClOODa. Aekorm.in Bros 123 Kearny at. , 8. P., O Hau.!rIlro3. ft Co 5(7 .Market bL , 3. P., O Buyer ft R.'ich 131andl3j Sinomiat., 8. P. 0 Cobliucr Bros. 51? Market »t„ 8. P., O Davldion, J. W. ftCo lOJ iCe;vi-iiy at, 8, P., 0 DavUIlros 713.M.krkot at., 8. P, 0 D.ivii nro.i., LaVinoAOo IJtu IG.Suttjr at,, .S, P., O Davlaann, llallftCo 0 Butter bU, H. F,. O DeCourcy 50tl Market at, 8. P., O Dlnkelspiel, I.. ftCo 37 BatloiT at. , 8, P, O Peljenliaum ft Co 120,SanBume Bt., 8. P., O Fiaherft Baum 10:i Sansome at,, 8 P.. O Frank & Co Cor. .Sansomo nnd Sacramento ata., S. P., O Fraukenthal, Baehman ft Co Cor Battery and Calif omia ata. , 8. F., O mShm 1 APPENDIX. 76s rranklin, M. & Bro IS liattcry st, S. F., C llas.y '^ Lanjaatcr ?.2 K^aniy Et., ii. F., C Held Dro.l. & Co OU MjrJiJt St., 3. P., C ILMkCo OiSlIurkctst., fi. F ., C Ilolk-r, JI. t Bro 112 Sauaonia ot. H. F., C llQrzl>orir, Murtlu 4U Hacramcuto at., S. F.. C HoiTiuaaiCo 17 Battery st. a F., (! JoiU'a, K. II. & Co 535 Market Bt, S. F., V KahnBro-i. & Co 23 Uatfiry r.t., S. 1'.. C KjODo Bros 107 Kcaniy nt., S. F., C L'jviiishun& Muycrstoln 117 SatiBomoBt.. 3. F., C Levy, Jl. &O0 103 Battery St.. S. F., C l,ol)u & Salinscr 414 Market 8t., ff. F., C Mayer, Dawdon & Oo .120 Matter at., B. F., C MIcUels, FrioiUandiT (i Co 9 Battery St., H. P., C Murphy, Onrnt fc Co. .Cor. Sanaomo ami Bush ata., .S. F., C rilster, ,T. J liOrtuttiTBt., 3. F., C Ilo.seal);iU)n £ Co 22 Battery at., 3. F., C Roaemlale, A. C. i Co 519 Market ct., 3. F., C Bactis, Gtraajborger & Co Cor. Sansomo ami Pino Bts., 3. P., C SaiUer t Co COj Market St., S. F., 0 Schweitzer, f^acha&Co.Cor. fiauanmoandBualiBtJi., 3. F. O Sheyer, M. ii Bro 121 Baiisomcr.t., 3. F., O Sou Bros 300 California St., 3. F., O Spaieo, A. 3. &Co 537 Market St., a. F., C Vcrdicr, .Morsau £: Co Cor. Mont:jomery ami tiutter stj., 3. F.,C Woil 4 WooJleaf 113 Batter? at., .3. F., C FUJI'S— MAKUFACTUKF-na. Doble, AliTicr 13-15 Fremont St., H. F., C Kelley, Martin 303 Howard at., 3. F., C rarille Saw Jltit Co 17 Frcmo t at., 3, F., C Hicboway Bros 0-11 Hill st., .S. F., C Wilde, Fetor ft (^o 218 Fremont St., 3. P., 0 Wolf, A 1332 Columbia St., 3. F.. C FIKEWORKS— MANUFACTiir.EM. Kckalelu, «V T! 10 Front at., S. P., O llushoa, Gcor:;o FortlamI, O Steele, Elder t Co 201 Front at,, H. F., C FLAX— MANrFAcTUUEna. Albany Flai Jlills Allmny, O FLOUU— ^L^NtrFAC'TITIiCRB. Caledonian O.-vtnieal Mills 713 3.v.i3onio at., S. F., O Califomki Flour ]\Iill.i 41.5 Balt?ry r,t. 3. P., O C.iplal Floiu: .Mills 202 D ivls at., 3. P.. O Capital nonrlnj Mills Salem, O Foster, J. II Albany, O (iotiesco Mdl C?o tioldut., near 3ana >nui at., 3. P., C Ooldju Ago Flour Mills 717 Patti'ryat., 3. P., 0 (loldon Oato Flour Mills 41-13 1 irst at., 3. P., O Jefferson City Mills JtiTctson, o Kuoi. C. C Alvlso, C I.ane, U. B Stockton, C McO'arj', C i Co Sacramento, 0 Miller, J. 1> Oregon City, O National Flotir Mills — Cor. raolDoaml Battery sts., 3. P., C Oakland City Mills Oakland, C I'ionocr and AlUi Flour Mills. . 8-10 Stovonsou at, S. P., C Balcm Flonrinj Milki Salom, O S.imru li Parsons Oakland, C Schroth, Cico. & Co Sacramento, C Sporry, A. & 8. W Stockton, C Starr & Ci ynllejo, O WasliiujtoL Flour Mills Co.-. Washinston and Dnunm nta. , 3. P. , 0 Yolo Flour Mills Cor. Alission and Slain ata., 3. F., O FF.UIT.S. Aliom i: Co 203 WaEh!n::;ton ot.. fj. F., O I!ia::i, D. &Co 520 Samonio ct., 3. F., O Bniwer, M. F. Li Co .Gacramcnto, O Cattiirioa, li J 420 Davla at., O Conrad, Uavid Cor. Waahiustou and Front iit.s.. .3. P., O (Ummilnss, fJimmel & Co 42H!attery at, !i. P., 0 Uabovich N C07 Waslmi^ton at., S. P., O Dalton ,t Gray 401 Davis at., S. F., O D.aly, J. r 305 Washinstou at.. 3. F, O Drake L ICmerson 521 Sansomo at, 3. P., O Earlu, li P 323 Market at, 13. F., O EUiottfiCo 503RansonioEt, a. P., 0 Freeman £; Baker Ill Davis ct„ 3. F., O Oale, J. W. &Co 403 Davis at, ,3. P., C Garcia Bros — Cor. Wasliinjtouand3ansoinoat3., 3. F,, 0 Garratt f; Cree^ian — Cor. Bansoma au'l Clay ats., 3. P., C Ilisr.on, Justi ft Co 313 Washington ci., 0. P., O Ilaj:m, John 413 Washington ct, 0. P., O IIoWe/iHall 403 Davis St, 3. V.. O Ivoncovlch, J. £; Co Cor. Bansomc and Washinston cCs., 3. P., O laratlBky h Morris 210 Wa3hin:;;o:i sts., 3. V., C Lsjiar, L. & Co 203 Washington r.t, 3. P., 0 L-'vy. A. U Co Cor. Washington and Front sts., 3. P., 0 Levy, 3. £: Co 213 Washinjton st, 3. P., O Lipnia:!, 11 233 Wa.-li:n2to;i at.. 3. P., 0 LittleileU. Allison ft Co 303 Washington at., 3. F., O Louwi-nUajTi, Henry 4233anso:'jo at., 3. P., O I.usk, A. ft Co 531 Clay at., 3. F., O Lyou ft Barnes f-iocvamcntu. O rdaraicano, V 411 V»'a.ihinj;ton at., 3. F., C McDono^h, .lames 212 V/a3hiu:;toa at., B. P., C Meailo, G. W. ftCo 410 Front at., 3. P., O Mcraick,D 420 F.ont ft, f'. P., 0 Meycrlnk ft Meyer 523 3.;aao.no -t., 3. P., 0 Mun>hy ft Conrcr.-. 503 banauao t.t. 8. P., O Onestlft Conner rM IJ:inr,o:,. at., .3. P., 0 Fastene, ^Vntonio 203 Washin jton at., 0 F., 0 Bojth, Henry C 517 Sauuomo at., 3. P., O firesovich, T.. G. ft Co 503 Gan^olno ivt., 3. F., O Btarr, G. It. ft Co 303 Wasain.;ton it., ,3. F., O Stewart ft Buckley 513 Sansomo at., 3. F., 0 FimNISHISO GOODS. Badjor, Wra. G nSauaoraoct., 3. P., O Baluier Bros Cor. Sansomo and Suctcr cts., 3. F., C Bauni, .1, ft Co 7-9 Sansomo St., fi. F., O Browni Bros. ft Co 24 Sansoiiiost., 3. P., 0 Brown, N. ft Co 103 Battery St., 8. F., 0 Cohen, W. ft Co 13 Battery at., 0. F., 0 Cohn, If'^nnau 200 Bannoraoat, 1'. P., 0 Colniau Bro.i Cor. Sansomo and Sutter ats., 0. F., O KlMt, A. F., ft Co 103 .Sansomo r.t., 3. F„ 0 Foehheimcr, Goo Victoria, E O Western Pur and Trauinj Co iJi California at., 3. P., O FCaE— MASUFACrURC.IS. California Fuao .Vsj'n 10 I'rout at.. D. P., 0 Eva. James i; Co., Cor. PourfnthundCiiaimcl ata., 11. 1'., 0 The Luile Fuse \/o.-ks Pulton. 0 Toy, Bickio.->i ii Co liuat OakUud, O Gi1LVANlZi:D laoN-JLvNui'.vcrcnniui. Conlln t Boberts 723 Mission at., U. F., O Pordercr, J. P ..03 Eeuljat., a. P. O Ilexlor ,i May l'or.Und. O Lx, John li Co 31 Main at , a. p, C G.\a PI.'CT'JItUS. Allen. V.ci. Ii. it Co 731 Mark.t, a E., 0 Euaii. David 22 1*03. at., a. P., O Da>'. 'i'liomaa 123 tiutterrt.. ii. P., O Fr.t.'. ,-; Ke.m li.0 O.'ary at., li. P.. O Lane. W'm. L 505 Kearny at., b. P., C McNally li Ua»klns 607 Market at, B. F.. O APPENDIX. 767 Nyo. A. F. tCo SlSPiaoBt, a F., O Prior, Jarjoa K UIJ Uarfct lit, S. P., O GLA33— M,U»urACTURIR3. California CoHilurativo Gla-iS Wit J, foot Kinth St., S. F., O Sa:i IVaacisco ;iuii PaciJo Glojki Woilla Uiiij St., Iir Fom-th, a. v., C ti LOVES. Aschc, Henry T. U Co. .Cor. Koamyand Gea'.7 Ht3., 8. F., C lilu'.:i,n:lml, QuinlantCo lOliush ut., ti. P., C I>avi(lfion. J. Vv'. i; Co 101 Kcamy lit., fj. F., C Doano a llemihciwoo-l 133 ICuaruyat, ii. F., U X'raiilcuutlial, rachinan u Co Co.-. iiattcri' and California ats., ti. F., O Ileynciiian. 'I. i; Co S fjauaoino tit., ii. F., C Joncj. 1:. II. i^; Co 53o JIarkut ct, ii. F., C ICuano liroj 107 UeumyLt., ii. F., C Ku'nncily, P. II 2J2 Kearny i>t., ii. I'., C Lippitt, Loali w Co 23 SiutterDt., ti. F., C Mayor, Dun-Aon £; Co. .*. 13J auttcr Dt., ii. F . C Micheis, FrijiUaridcr ti Co 7-0 Uattery at., !i. F., C Murjtity, Graiit ; Co. . .Co;*. liilBti and .SaUdoaio i:*.j., ii. P., C Mu5::r D.'oa 51i Market at., ii. F., C O'Hrieu, J. J. £- Co i)3o .MarUct tit, a. F., C O'Connor, ilofta.t ii Co Ill Poatut., ii. P., U Uo3oubau:u .'; Co 22Uattory at., Ii. I\, C Bamucls, David 12J-12J Poat nt., ii. 1'., C VniiiU'j Kid Glove Store 723 Market tit., ii. F., C Vcrdier, Moreau iii^o lOd McntoOaiery at., ii. P., C Weil ii Vr'oouleaJ 113 iialtery i,t., U. F., C WolltiUoii, M. W 103 Uattcry at, ii. F., C ( ;LO Vi:s— .Man ui'ACTUnEna. Aurora Robe and Glove Co iian Josl', C lilumentlial, IJulnlan i Co 10 IJush et., ii. P., C Eusby. P. II 413 Market tU, Ii. P.. 0 Califonua Glovo Co oiio Mai'ktt ct., b. 1'., O Chamllcr ii iioa Portland, O Clark, Uolmrt C 114 Post at., B. F„ C Ijm'ekaiicainleal Glove Factory... 12 jiiausomo at., ii. P., C Goodyear Rubiier Co 577 Market at., ii. P., C GnlLtard, Onier 5 Market at., ii. P., C Oiitta Percha and Kubber Mta Co. .001 Maikot at., fi. P., C luinan, Wni. .M 113 1'oat at , fi. P., C Limtitt, Leak ;; Co 23 liiittjr tit, 8. P., C MvLHer liros CI Market at., ii. P., C O.-e^oa Glove Factory Poitlaml, O racillcGlovo Worka lOfi Lattery at., ii. P., C Piauni, K. C Benlcia, C ruililili, llesthal i Co 103 Cattery at., S. P., C Bliiren, Wm liOO Market at., S. P., C V.'lUoi, W. W S. P., C Wihchell, Ii ti. P., C GLKIi— MA.N-UFACTfliEnS. CiHldlnstoTi U Wilcox Fllleenlh av , S. P., C lioljer, .Maitin Cor. tiixleouth and Deilaro eta., ti. P., C JiL'jcn.^ C. Ii .Son iiacramento, C Kuiiiuts, M iiauta Cmi, C Soulbor, C. N Napa City, C GOLD I'l.ATPii-'MAXUFAc Tunr.ns. Calttomla Kleetrlcal WorLi 35 Market at., G. F., C Dennlaton, 11. G C55 Miatjion at., ti. F., C Kkelunil. Lrle G2J Merchant ct., fi. P., O Haw kiiia, .1, ."(I 020 Slercliant i.t, li. P.. C Lederer. Geo. M. S; Co 731 Mission at., ii. P., C Lundy, Thonuw 7-9 Third at, 8. P., C I'artieein L laochcrl 3 CoUlo:i Ga'.e r.v.. ,1. P.. (J blicpman, Wm. E -11 Geary 1/.., ii. i'., O fSpJuk, a 1'. a Bona 7 Fourih ct., Ii. P., O GIIAIS SHITPEIIS. Beat, n. P. i: Co 13 Califoraia at., 3. P.. C nalfour, Gilthliu t Co 310 California at. , B. 1"., C Colerami, Wi.i. T. t Co 121 Market at., ti. F., C DreabacU, Wm. i Co 31S Cali.'ornia at., 8. P., O Diekaou, DoV.'olf i Cj 413 liatto y at., 8. P., U Lppinger, J. ^ Co 310 Calif amia at., 8. P., O Falkner, liell ii Co 430 California at, S. P., O Forbe.^ Droa 303 Cali.'oniiaat., 8. P., 0 Grace, J. W. ii Co 43 California at., S. P., 0 Gran:;cra" Iluainess Aasoclation lOj DaviaSt., ti. P., C Ilarte, G. P 123 California ct, fi. P., O Ilolcomii, W, A. t Co 302 Divia ct., 8. P., O La.d, Henry 214 Callforaii at, H. P., O McXear, G. W 20 CalifomLl at., 8. F., C Uuocke, Vletor ii Co 103 California at., S. F., C X'arrott & Co 30i Calito.-nia at , fi F., O I'lOdi'en, Meyer ii Co 213 Lattery at, fi. P., C P.oaenfeld, John 203 Caiitomia ct. fi. P.. O Klioehy, Ilobert 317 California ct, 8. P., C Sinclair, C. II 313 California ct, 8 P., 0 Ten Uojcli, N. i Co 23 Merchants' Lxchanso, 8. P., 0 Waterman, M £: Co 113 Cla; -.(..Ii. P., 0 Wangonhoim St Co llOand 113 Daviact, 8. P., O Guooiinrr.s. Ailama. McXeill £: Co Sacramento, C Alojjttl, O Slociiton, C Allen i Lewis Portland, O Athea:"l !iCt 53 Stcnart ct, 8. F., G i:at:hcldcr. A. J. ^ Co Maryaviile, C Ilernliardt, Charlea Ban Joan, C Eigley IJroa Clay and Davia eta., ii. P., 0 liird ,'; Piosa Portland, O Booth ii Co Sacramento, O Uradt t: fiona Sa.i Diejo, C Carr, P. ■ Victoria, U. O Casilo nro.1. .'; Lounc 213 P.-o.:t ct, S. F., 0 Caaaainr.you, A. iiCo Victoria, B. O Ciicsley, 0.0. W Dacramento, 0 Chichi.:oia, Antonio 735 fjaaaomj nt, 8. P., O Coriiltl t Macleay Portland, O Crittenden i IC.-rr V/alla V/aUa, W CuUnor,0. F Salt Lakj City, IT Danorl, P. tCo 27 and 23 Crll.OT.Viaat, li. F., 0 Dodjo, W. W. .'iCo Clay and Front sla., ii. P., 0 Diibola ii Kinj Portland, O Dyer Lrotl Au.iti;i, N Early, Thomas Victoria, B. C P.hnnau, BL ii Co 101 to IIO Fro .tat, fi. P., O lijslcaton, Ben Lodio, C Erakin, Greer f; Co Sacramjnto, C Parrar, Stiuire .'c (.'o iialem, O I'll'iins f; Henry 431 Proat at, fi. P., O PoUom, P. W GoldUill, N F033, l;. r. &Co Portlaiul. O Foster, 8. & Co 2i CaUfomla ct, fi. P., C Friant ii Cj San Joae, 0 Gamble ii Bryant fianta linaa, 0 Gibson, O. W !;03 8uo;-oacatoct,ii. P., 0 Goldman, fi 8a-.i"aniento, 0 Goodman. A Tu.aiia, A Graves ii Hill Placcr^-illc, 0 ; Griffln&Co 405 Front st, a F, O II i ! I! I 768 APrKNDIX. M Haai nro3 103 Califnmla Bt. 8. 1'.. C II-<;Uu.i^y ^v Ikno i'j. t!a:Kl, O H-ill, Lahrj .'; Co Sucrumcuto. O lli'^?'«.j.i. J. C. l^\Jo VirjiuU City, li Uju ey^iii-iow 12j C'ulii'o;Tii:* iit., ii. V., 0 Iliiv/ljy, C.J.iiCo :'l j du'.lo.' at., JJ. v., O U-'U^i-i, IliiJiiOo Loj Aa.,('lj3, 0 ILUiarO. Jl 'A. li Cj Vullujo, O lly^iiij Uroj 21ii CalUoiuU ut., a. i''., 0 Jjuuhj;,'3, Thouia.1 41G3atuumoat, S. F., C J^uln^^'s, D. A Statu*,'. W. T Juaoj ;; Oo 1-3 Trout at., B. i'., C Klmlull i Liiwrouco Silt Lak j City, U KirijhV>r.iun, tiuu i: Co Virjiuiii City, N ICioiturmaun I»roa Purtlauil, O Krusoi; Eulcr *0J Tnmtiit,, W. F., C Lambert /; IJrlso;! Sacraojeiito, C L'j'jcubauiii i; Ooldbjrj. ,52'J Koamy ii 1-1 1'ojt i>t.. li. F., C Luudrum, Burim ii Co Sau Jo3u, 0 Lcnnon, Join A 213 Clay tit., 9. V., C L^miluy i; Co 40j Fiout u:., M. V., C Liudk'/ ^ Co S^rJ.uieiito, O Liiinia:!, 0. ii Co Vir^iaia (Jity, N Ljry, II. i::Co HI Cal.foruia gL, 3. F., C Ljwii, lluury L 215 fciacrammito bt., G. F, .C Loliiaaii I. Cojhii; 31 J Front lit., U. F., 0 AIall»:i, J. ^ J. Ii Vir;;iuiaCity, ^' ManjcU M. i;Co ai'JClayot., li. F., C Masou U Co Carson City, N Mail. Albert i; Co 212 .^larkct fit., S. F., C ilcCo.iULll. T. Vv WuUa Walla. W. X McCrajkcn, J. L Co FortlauJ, O ^DXay li Brown 427 Davijiit, !i. F.. C aii.'l*Iicc, W Vktoria, i;. O Mtado, O. W. f; Co 41G Front Lt., 13. F.. C Mc'biu3 ii Co iSa-jraiucnto, C ilusto, r Ktoikton, 0 ^sovi-.uarli, II. ii Co Lo3 An:;t;l(.if, C Xon-ton Uroj. li Co 200 California tt.. ;J. V., C XiciiolJon, I'. II. ti Co !iau Jo.ic, C Odi-il U Wrlslit O^di-ii. U RamuUu. A .li Co Viiginia City. N l\.icliaiiLi<^ Ilarrii^on 401 Ganaomu ut., !i. F., C latchic, J. U Fodic, ».^ Kodjcrj lii'oa. i"; Co Tianta Uarbx^a, C Hootfc .Sandj-son 12J Markf-tc;., ij. F., O lioantroj li iloChiru 401 iVo.it ct., H. F., G babatlj, A U. £; Co GIO Saanom j ct.. Ii. F., C Bjarboro£;Co o31 V/aahlao'ton el., fi. F., C tjv'iiaoact, Ocorjo. fiacraaicuto, C tikurt-ciV, W. T. f; Co Nevada City, 3jJ:.Ia.-k=Sist., Ii. P., O Uuntlnjtoa, IIo;)kln3 iiQo Cor. Market and Euali sto., y. F., O nuntia:,-ton, Hopkins li Co Sucrauioato, O JoojtBms Cor. Miaaioa cad Llcvcn'.'.iEts., !i. r.,0 Laadcra, Patrick 403 ^arkc; ct., £3. F., O Linfort'.i, liico ii Co 401 RloiU-t ct.. U F., O L.aaen, U. II. i; Co Gacraa:cnto, O I-Iontajuc. W. M. :: Co 110-113 Fatto;7cl.. ti. F., O 0'Do.mell. Y/ Walla Walla, W Palao Fro.i Daj-toii, V/ Parkhurjt, V. S. W 41^ .'ax'kct ct., a F. 0 lUchardj ii TLiow 4D3 IIa:kct ct.. 0. F.. O ijjl'oy, Vhouiaall. i.^^o 110 California ct., 0. F., 0 t;iui:uo:i.i, Fai-.vo c'; Co O^CUyct., D. F., O fijotl, G. TJ. li Co Sa:t Lako City, U Hlicridaa, VL 3. ^; J. C Hoscburj, O .Smith li iitarmtt Aiutla, N li^ru.aaer. Otto \7a:8oav;Ue, O Tay, Geo. ILf.Co ClVC13D:ittay t-t., 0. V.,0 V:io:anr.;>:!, DjUa-.-t. U^o Foitlxid, O 'rlio-:i:'3;>J, G. W Cia^.U -.0-3. O Uudorliiil, Jaro'j. ^tJ Ca.li'or.ila C... a F.. 0 Van Wiukk', 1. f J. £i Co 413 MarlicL ct., fJ. F., 0 Waiio ii. Brown oalem, O Wightman & Hampton MaryavIUe, O APPKNUIX. 769 Wliiw. Couli-y £1 t'utla Morysville, <.' Woo.i. lleniT H Woodlaiiil, C WooU & Turoer Mmlesto, C UAK:(ES3— MASOPACTUnERS. Bocket, J. F Him Andrcafl, C Clark. J rortliiuil, < > Connie. J. U. kCo I'ortliiud, O DavlB, W. 410 Maikct ei-, S. F., (-' Emiwy & Lcnuanl Han Jose, <■ Foye. .lolm M Han Uernanlino, C* Garcia. Doininno Los Angeles. C Graliam. .1. U rbe3 Bros 303 California St.. B. P., 0 F'or.salth li Dodg j 323 Front St.. .S. P.. 0 P'unkenstine, C. kCo 320 Sansomost., S. F,, U <;etz Bros. Si Co 303 Front st, S. F.. 0 Grace, J. W. i"i Co 1') California st, H. P., C Gutte. 1 307 California Bt, H. P., O Gibbs, Geo. W. & Co 35 and 37 Fremont and 'M to 40 Beale St., Ue'Jmau B,-os. f; Co G25F'ront st, Hussey. H. P. (; Co 205 Front st. UutehliLion, Kohl, Phillippeus & Co 310 Hausome st, , Iken. F.etljriek 500 Battery St., lv!:t;eii Co 202 California St., Kuowles, J. N 30 California St., Ko.ieke. A. ;. C.> W Front i,t, Koshland Broi 301 Battery St., Krnse ;; Enler 209 Front st, Liii.'oith, Bice & Co 323 Market St., LoLd.'a, Wonceslao 323 California st., L.jhman i Coi'hiil 513 Front St., Low, C. Ailolplio ii Co 203 California st, Lnnd, Henry 214 Cali.ornia St., Maekeuzio i; GdlMrtaoo 12J California St., :\lacondrjy i'; Co 20-; .Sansomo St., Marcus, Goo. £ Co 304 California at. Moiueokc. Charles &Co 314 8»;iamento st, Morrill, J. C. i;Co 204 California st, Meyer. T. Lemmen 320 bausome st, Middloton & Co 521 Front St., Mout4ia!o3ro. J. G 213 .Sacramento st. Monteale^re .omin, tleo. D 433 California Bt., Donaldson ^'c Co 124 California Bt., DKk-i<)n. Koliert, C«»r. Montij'y and Califoniiaet.^., I>eMniond, J. J. k Hon.? 322 Califoniia Ht.. De^-ener ^ Co 308 California Bt., Elliott, W. L. & ,Son 440 California Bt., ForlK'B, Andrew 1!. (Life) 214 Sanaoniort., 313 Chlifonila Bt, 219Hanaoniu st. 430 California St., — 307 Califoniia Bt. , .313 ilontt'onu-ry Bt., Flint. Augnatus P FaniaHortli, E. I) k Son.. Fnlkuir. JiAl k l.'o Gutto £: l'>ank Gray, lidward P. (Life) Grant, Thom.ia C 213 HanBoiuu at., 0;'.rland, V/lUiain D. (Llfcl....240 .llonti-omery at, Hoi^kin.^ & llrownwell 313 California at.. Ilutchinaon ft .Mann 322 and 321 California ut., limit .Jonathan, Sou S Co 313 California st., llelhnan IJros. ii Co r)2ii Fiiint at., Hawkiuii, Elijah (Lite) CO! California r.t., llaives, Oliver 433 (.'alifornia st., IlawoH, Alexander O 220 ,San80ino at., Ilarriaon, Win. O 213 ,Sanaonie at., IlainiUon, Jolin i^ao 210 SaiLsome at., Jeiintuga u tStlUiiian 317 California at., Jacoliy. LtiUJa 439 California at., a F. H. F. S. F. H. F. H. V. K. F. H. F. H. F. S. P. H. F. H. F. H. P. H. r. H. V. rt. F. H. F. H. F. 1>. F. S. F. S. F. H. F. S. F. ,S. F. a F. 8. F. H. F. 8. 1'. H. P. H. 1''. M. V. a. F. 8. F. I.V P. 8. F. 8. P. a F., •laenlw 4 Ea:ilon 210 SaiMome at.. 8. P., I'. Jai'olia, Jnlina 21ti,4anatmio»t., 8. F-, (' Munacll, Januri ,Ir .213 8anronio at., S., P., O .Muecke, Vietor & Co 109 California at, K. F., O Milihor, ,1. A. (Life) 120 8anaomo at. 8 P.,0 Mel, Gcorjo.. 422 California at., 8. F., O McNear, G. W 20 California at , 8. P.. O Marciu. Georce & Co 301 Califcjrnia at., 8. P.. 0 Ma,-i!l, Arthur E .'.2J California at., 8. P., O Ma-.'ondr,ay (t Co 200 8.inaonio at., S. F, 0 LaUm, CliarleaA 403 California at., 8. P., O I.andera & Co. (Life) 2 .VeViula Plock, 8. F., O Lanilera, WlUiarn J 400 California at., B. P., O Potter, Edward E 415 California at., S. I'"., O I'ope, Thomm E 311 California at., 8. F.. O Philili, 8ii.-yer & Co 423 California at., 8. P., C iiotlyers, Meyer & Co 212 Lattery at., 8. P.. O Koiiuiti, Jame."! 11. (Life) 315 California at., H. P., C SyA llirry W 223..an*)m i at., 8. P., O Snow, Ilarv, y W 319 California at., S. P , O Kniith, Andrew D 310 (ialifornia at, 8. P., 0 Tliannhauaor ;i Co 311 California ut , 8. l'., 0 William.i, Diuiond S Co 202 Maiket at., 8. F., C lUON-PIG. Arnold, JJ. 8. & Co 23 Davis St.. 8. P., C JJriina, Henry 303 .Mi.saion at., £5. P., O Chandler, ElchardD 113 Pacific at., 8. F., O C<.lonian, W. T. ii Co 121 Marlut at., 8. P.,C lla.ito ii Kirk 21 r.<;ale at, 8. P., O Jettray, William 201 California at., 8 P., O Lund, Henry 211 California at., 8. F.. 0 Ma^xlonoUsh, tloaepll 41 Markt t at, B. F., O 8eeley, L. 11 Cor. Foiaoin iiUfl Main s.tj.. 8. P., 0 WlUamj, DiniondiiCu 203 Market at., S. P., 0 lliOX aAPE8. llaira 8afo and Lock (.'o. .211 ami 213 California at., 8 P., O Kittrcd^;e, .Jonathan 18 and 20 p^rcinon»> St., 8. P., C Leavltl, C. II 225 llc.lo ct., 8. F., O Xmtto,-. Calvin & Bona 12! i'n:-j«,:.l:,t.. ii. P., O Paijje, L. IJ 8 Xew Montjomery at., •i. P., C Kaymond ;i Wilahlrc 115 Front at., 8. P. O 8ini:i. JohuR 123 I^ealost., B. P., O INKS. lianeroft, A. L. i Co 721 JIarUet .«.t., S. P., O J>on;ty, .loseph II rt27 Coiumereial at., 8. P., C Miller ti Ilicharda- 523 Cotnuercial at.. 8. I^, O Pacific Ink Factory C17 and 621 Prannan at, 8. P., C Pacilie Tyite Pouiulry 523 t'ominercial at., 8. P., O Painter i; Co 510 Clay at , 8. P., C 81iattuck& Fletcher 520 Commercial at.. 8. P., O Takott, Lonia !a33(lFarr II at., 8. P., C Willhtnia, C. h. & Co 417 Waaiiiiii'lon at., 8. P.. C lliOX WOIJK.S. Aetna (Pender:ia.'*t. Bniith A: (io.) 217 Frotnont at., H. P., O Aliaany Irtiu W'orka jVlliaiiy, o .(Uamwla Foundry , 8an Joae. O Alijion Iroa Vv'orka Victoria, 11. l, ( ) I'oliMiil'Ui Iron Works 135 fJcaleKt., 8. F„ I' Oohimiii i Iron Work*. rurtUud, < i Conkliu, II ll.&Co r.un.'ka, \ Duuanll, John Victoriu, 11. C Krapiri! Ironworks Ill Frumout Pt., a. K, C limit. ro Mucliinu SUop Miiryavilk*. *.' Dici^lAior In>n Works I'ortlmi'l. 1 1 Kiir. U rounJry 123 llcalo st., 8. F., r Kmniet, Uuo GoIJ Uill, X Knriifbt, Joseph Sun Jose, V Kurekii Iron Works .'lU Ilowardst , H. F., O Fulton Iron Works 207iina2ll Fremont St., rt. IV.C Fulton FiiUnilry Uolil Uill, N Glolio lion Works ijtoekton, O Golden Htuto iiud Miners' Iron Works iB5 First St., .S. F, (1 Ooiu Ji Adailis m Bcalest., 8. F., U Gms.i ViiHey Foundry.. (ir;i.s.< Valley, C GuttjiiUrjer, Wni Saeiamento, C Hopo Iron Works Hacntlnt-uto, C Indiatrl il Iron Works 233 Beale »t, .s F., C Jo^kso.i Ji Truman. . .eor. 8Uth and Bluxotne sts.. H 1'., C Lawrence &llailow N erada * 'ity. C Lo^au, N. O Corluuo; U Main .St. IrouWorki 131 and 135 Main nt.. S. F ■■ Marine Iron Works 1015 Ifeittery ^t .SI ■ " JIaij.Hvillo Fouinlry Maij.ivillL, ».' Marahall & Jones Walla Walla, W Matt^^son & WlUialnsou Stockton, V Mc\i'illiams. 11. 11 Sacramento, i! Metluuiea' Iron Works 217 First »t., S. F. I! Metrol>olttan Iroi, Works 233 l''r«mont St., 8. 1'., C* Mill Street Foundry Gr.i^s Valley, tJ Morey. U 8 PlacervUlo, 0 Nat;o:;a Iron Works. ...cor. Main and llowanl ntu..S. F., C I'uw Taconia Injn Works New Tiieonia, W Nov.lty Iron Works 216-217 First St., ... 1'., U Novelty Iron Works rorilund, O Oakland Iron Works Oaklu..d, (.' Occidental Inm Work.! IJ? First lit., H. F., c Paclllj Iron Wolks FJO Fttiiuont «t.. 8. F., I' racilie.M.tul Works 113 Fir»t St., ('. F, 1 Paeill'j Stove and Iron Works 223 Main at, 3. F., C Fuoenix Iron Works lS-2;> Fr.)iuont st, 8. F., O Pioneer Iro.i Works 121 Ftvmont St., S. F.. C lUs'lon Iron and l,ocomotivu Works. cor. Beale and llowanl sts.. 8. F,. (.* lUxit, Xeil/ion ^t Co..... liu^rainento, C Itoseljurs Foundry lioaelmrtf, O llmUy ^ .\lery Chieo, C Sauraineiito Foundry .Sacnuncuto, O Salem Iron Works Balein, O San Fiuaci.HCo Iron Works 203 Fremont St., tl. F., C Santa Clara Moelilnc Shop Santa Clara, C Ball Joaj Foundry and Fngiiio Works San Jose, C B'liiw ;c Kuna Victoria, B. C Kiiv, r Iron Workl ,Salt Lake City, U Suiltii llros. ti Wat,ion Portland, (J Htockttxi Iron Work.s Stoekt*',i, C Vnir>n Iron Wttrk^i cor. First and Mission sts., i>. i',, U trtiioii Ironworks Portland, O I'iilon Iron Works Sacnuncuto, C Toinh.-itone Foundry Toinhstono, A Western Iron Works 316 Mission St., S F., C White 4 Tcnny Soatllo, W Wiliainette Iron Works PortUtnd, O Wortli's Fouu'lry Fetaluma, 0 JEWELF1I8 Andrews, A 521 Mont,iomory st, 8. F., 0 Dmvemiaii lonis&C'o 119 Montgomery st, H, P, O Calirornia Jewelry Co 134 Mutter ut., S. F., 0 Chopanl, Louis San Jose, 0 IJorraiice, C. P Portland, O DInkelsi.lel. 8. B. 4 Co 1.1 llinh St., 8. F, 0 KliH'nlK.re, Adolph 2gij Kearny St., 8. F,,0 Ilaskeil i Mimmie 2mi Keaany St., 8. P., O Ilovey, J. J SacranienUi, C Kalin M. and L 12CKearny»t , 8. P., (I Koelder i Uittor 120 Sutter kt. M. P.,0 Levi.son Bros 134 Sutttr »t . ». F. O Levy, Jolin 4: Cj 811 Sutterst., 8, F , 0 Kwi.^, .lackaon San Jose, O Lundy, Thomas 7 OThirdst. 8 F-, O Ximt, (Ireeuitweie&Co 533 .Market St. , H. F., O Phellis it .Miller 12i) Sutter St., 8. P., O llandoiiiti i Co 101 Montfioniejy st., H. F., C Kherwood, W. J 617Mont.'uineryBt., .S. F.,0 Shrove, (ieo. C. &Co 110 Montuomery fit., S. 1', 0 Slinonsllros. &Ca 120 Sutler «t., 8. F., O Stone, II L Portland.O Silence, A. 8. &Co 537 Market at., 8. F.,0 Straight, Z L V/a'.la WaUa, W Thoui|Mon, Lucius 4 Cbroniclo Building, ,S. P., O Titeomli, Allien ('. St Co 21 Post at., 8. F., O Vanderslice, W. K. & Co 136 Sutler at., 8. F.,0 Wolizel, Kothsch'.ld tt IIiKlenfelt cor. Ivearuy and Post sts., .4. F., 0 Weyl. Jonas lH' .Sutt^jr st., S.. P., O Wolir Joseph 12USutlcrst., 8. P., C Wolir & Lozo 120 Sutter at. 8. F., O Wunacb, M. & Co Ill Sutter St., 0. F., 0 Zocliarias, L. tC) 210 Kcamyat., 8. F., 0 Ji;WlXnY.— MjlNUFACTl'llEltH. Anilrows, A 221 Moutgoniery St., Aufrichtic, .Morris 1113 .Sljtii at., Buehr, Vvilliam (UONacraniti.! 'st., Ucllemore, A .331 Kearny St., Blutaentbal, J^L & Co 71'J Clay St., Ilatiui. Vv 204 Stockton );t., llraml, U. J 230 Uoamy St., lirvtonnel, J. V 323 Bush at. , Uujanuoll, Reinbold 13 I'rinily at. , Califoroia Jewelry Co 13-1 Mutter st.. Caliender, II. r.ry A 14 Trinity St., ( hapman. 11 CUMertbatttst., Cliariot, Jose-pli 110 Sutterst, ClaUH.;n, F 410 Kearny st, KUeau, llonrj 208 Sutter at. C);lKjrson, Herman (334 Mout^oincry st. Fink, Charles 120 Kearny at, Foube.t St Biart 223 Sixth ct, llirsehinau. Adolph.. 323 Busliat, .lockson. It. W 024 Muiket st, Koehler & Hitter 120 Sutler st. Laird, D. W 27 Post st, Lewi;!, II;inty M fi'tj Clay st, Liuuemau, (.,', H 33'3Busli st, Marshall, John 22 Kearny at, , Malhicu bi ,Malson l,") Trinity at Miller, Louis Jr 335 Busli st 8, F., 0 8. F., O aF.,o a. p., 0 u. p., o K. P.. O S p., O 8 F., O 8. F„ 0 a. v., o 8. p., o S F,0 8 F., 0 8. !•'., O 8. P., C 8. P., 0 8. F., O S. F., 0 8, P., O 8. F., O H. P., O 8. P., 0 8. :^, o 8. F., O 8. P., O 8. P., O 8. F.. 0 i! 772 ArpF..vnix. Mnhrl;.'. I' F lU'lTj-. iii-iir FuurtliBt,. H. F., C Miirris, 11. UV't OlSSiHTuinuntont., S. P., (' Xant, Cnrliziivii' & Co 533 Murkft rt. S. F.t' N'l'uniunii. Albert 9(-cury »t., H, F,, O IVlllo Jc'Wi'lry Co 0 Iluttoy St, H. F, (^ Votilinumi, (lUHtave F 417 Kiuruy St., rt. K., (! Illolilur, Adolpb 622 Mtrchulit. St., rt. F. O Sunw, Ilinry 24 I'.jit «t., S. F. (' Kiixlon. Siuilh & I'o 120HiitUr«t.. H. !•'.,(' Srlmlz & FlHchiT 613 Miikft st., K. F.,(^ •l.ivl.l«m 223 Pattery St., H. F. C B;!!3iui;er, Colm & Co Porlhiuil, <) Boiu-ne. It. A 103 C.earj- st, .S. F., (• Cahen Ilros 41 Clay 5t., .S. F., C Cabn, Mchclsljurg & Co 31 Battery st.., H. 1' . C Clayhrouirh i Natlian 322 iiattery St.. ,S. 1', C Cox, J. W. £: Cii.. .NAV. cor. F'ront and (Jrecn Hts., S. F.. c Danforth, Moora & Co 8 New Mimti-omery St. , S. F., C Dolliveri liros 573 .Market.it.. S. P.. C Exi)ert. Hernard — SE. corPov. th ami Sr,vcr sU . S. P., <.' Prank, ,1. ^ Bona 400 ISattery St., S. P.. c (letleaon i Landis .513 :^Iarket st., S. P., c (ionlon, llcniard 312 Eiijhth St., S. P., C Hall. F 3-1 O'Farrell St., .H F, <■ Hecht IJroa o: <.*o 25 Hanwime i-t.. S. P., 0 Hclueliera, I! 30J llatUity St., S. P., C Hert.^ Herman lOGCoinmoreial fit., K. F.,C Ini- i .Mesdag 313 Clay Ht, A P. C Jolmson. ,). C. S. Co 12-H I'lne St., M. I'., C Klopper, Frederick 20 O'ParrUl St., ,4. P., C KuUman, Bhi2 i: Co IOC liait^ry st., ,S. P., C Kullnutn, AVaguer » Co lOGUattery St., .H. F., C JIiilu /i Winchester 214 liattery St., S. P.. C Ma!ji>.' «i Mooro 613 Market St., « F. C Matteru & Moore 42 Heavy st, S P , 0 Nichols, A. C. JiCo...NE. cor. Ilatlery 4 Clay sis . .1. P., 0 * »reKon Ixtather Manufocturlni; Co I'olt'and, (.t OUoimell, C 607nraunau8l., S F. (! OniK-nheliner. Ivan... 43 Clay St., H. P., C l'hllllM>, H sthulfcl.'o 103 Ilattery St., ,'H. P., U llossi'ter it Smith 643 Market St., 8 P., C lluiil, .1. C 119 Batlei7 St., S. P., C Stroivliridgo, .1. A r.>rtla-id, (>.,() Sawyer, U P. k Co 323 Front St., S. P.. O SehleHer, C. U 10 Post St., H. P., O Sl.«», Louis & Co 310 Sansouie st., » F.. 0 ■SUrnfeld Bros. &Co 539 Market st, S F. O Sti , I! 423HatteryH. S P . 0 Sumner. W. B. & Co 415 Front st, H. V . 0 Turner, fteo. 8 Lo» AuKeles, <.'., () Crliacli, I»natz 801 Montgomery st,, H. P, O Wcnlwortll. I. M. 4 Co 400 Buttery st., S. P., C WiUlanij llro.i 569 Market "t, 8. P., O LPATHF.n (10(>D8-MANri'A.Tl!llEn» American Morocco I 'a.ie Co 2n,S HuttiT «t., S. P, C Lochliaum, Ausust II 134 Sutter at. M. l',«) Itailiua, L 420Koamy»t., 8. P., O LIMK- M.V.Nl'FA at., S. P., C .Vrnand. ^\lhert...X W. cor. Post and Dujiont Bt:(. , S. F. C .\iiger. HE 409 Buttery st. , S. P., O Bach, Meese 4 Co 321 Montgomery st.. ."!. P., O Beiso, A Virginia I 'ity. If Bcnhayon 4 .McClleunon C23 Sansome st., rf. P., O Billintia, i;. L. 4 Co Sacranie .to, O Bochow, F. CI. stCo TheDallea. O Booth 4 Co Sacramento, O Brassy 4 Co 8.%n .Inac, O Briekwedel, Ilemy 4 Co 2IOPiont et,, .S. P Brooka, k'ork 4 Co 315 California lit., ,S. P., C Brown, E >'ew Westminster, B. C Buekow, r.mil & Co Sacrami nto, <) Bnrchardt, C. A Portland O Bum-man;; -Martonini 321 Battery «(, .-<. P.. C ( 'arroU, H. T. 4 Ccj 323 Sansojne St., S. P., C Cartan, MeCiirty 4 Co 513 Sa^iamentost., .S. P., C C.issin. r. .1. 4 Co 433 llatteiy at.. H. P., C Caaey 4 Cnjnau Sai ramento, C Cliancho, AiUie.nC, 015 Front at., S. P., O Chei:ley, O. W Sacramento, 0 ChevaUcr, F 4 Co 520 WasbiliK'on it. ;■.. V , C Chielovlcli, K. a I'o 001 Front St.. .S. P., <) CUuaaeniu.l 4 Co Saciamellto, Ci Coleman, Win T. 4 Co 121 Market, at, H. P., 0 ^.^lmmirl 'ft4*)Co:mnr 291-200 -Market at., .S. P., O Cra.i, . IIa-;ti:i^;i 4 < 'o 121 Calirornla at., H. F , C Daneri. F. 4 Co 27-29 California St., S. P., O Davis, S. F. 4 Co Sacramento, O Mi APPENDIX. 773 Daiet, J. 11 VlraloUi Clly, N l>uuavi:iMix ^: MalAon , ....X- W. cur. Hatinuuiu uuilJut-'luoUHU,, M. V., V \ Dodgo, W. W. &l'n i N. W. cur. Front mul lluy »t«.. «. F., C ' Dn'y.uit, U. t c'o 110 rrtjiitnt., rt. F,. C liifiuT liriw Hacnmii'iito, (! Kjfaii. SI .M Aiwtiii, \ FiUBO. i;. A. i Co 310 i'runt Bt., H. K., (,' FulUT, Jaiiius I. & Co Hucmmotito. O FcuUmii»i--u ii, ItniuiHcliWL-iift'r 4U Fruut at., H. F., (.' FUhur, W. J. SCo 310 Front Bt,, H. F, C Fli-clii:ii»ti;lu « Mayer I'ortlanil. () . FuukfUKU-ir C.iCo 320Sali8oiuu •,l.. S. F,, C UoodRiu, ,11. iCo 4071)a;toi.v«t., 8. F., 0 i Oilni:ui, WulIliT & Co H. W. cor. California ami From nta., H. F., C Oo„';iiii ii Hbtfliy Cor. Jackitou autl Frriat bu . H. F,, C Clanac, W 71l.SaiuioiiiL'»t. S. F., C i Cmvffl, F. C ..4tJl .Saiisr>niL'st., a. V., 0 GituiUacli, J, 4 Co S. E. cor. Market ami Stcinirt atj.. S. F., C UaljiTllug, J. C 110 l)up .^ i;us»n OOl.Iiatlery St., 8. F., C Kenny. John 005 Front sL, 8, F., C KitUlljercer Si Dold N. E. cor. Market and Powell Bts., 8. F., 0 Knauth, J Sacraincuto, C Kohler Si Frohlins 020 Montsomery St.. 8. F., C Kowalaki 4i Co 520 California St., 8. F., U Luclunan, 8. i; Co 401-411 Market at, 8. !■'., C L;u:hmau i Jaeobi.8. il. cor. Market and First std.. 8. !■*., C Lan;I & Co 210 Duiwmt St., 8. I'., C Lawrence *i Co 322 Clay st., 8. F., C Lo Omnd, A Portluiid, O Leno.-mand Kim 735 Howard St., 8. F., C Levy, illchael Los Anselcs, C Lilicathal i Co , 223 California St., 8. F., C LundleyJw Co Sacramento, C Livin8.itcn & l. • > 222 California St., 8. F.. (-' Lowe l!ro« 217 liattery St., 8. F., C Lo»,C. .Vdolphe 208CaIituruia8t., 8. F., C Louji, Janiis 514 Mission »t., 8. V., C Lyons, K. II. (c Co 503-510 .Jackson »•., S. F., C MalaUsta. Louis 311 1'acillc St., 8. l'., C Mandclljamii. Fnuicis 312 .Sacminento St.. 8. F., C Martin, li. Jv Co 40,* .'■'rout st. , 8. F., C Martin, i;, ii Co Los Angeles, C Martin, i:. k to Portland, O Marx &, Joricusen Portland, O Mathews, U. A Stockton C McClelland, J. J. i Co Tho Dalles, O MeljiuB i Co Sacramento, C MiHlauw. J. J. It. *^ 8ou 9C8 Folsoni St., H. F., C Meiuecko, Cliarlcs & Co 413 Sacramento st,, 8. F., C MeMmor, Louis Los Ant;elc*, C .Meyer, M 33 8utti'r bt, , 8, F., O Moiuoe, A K Hon* F'liri ka, O Sloiin, .Scully ti Co 310 8acr.ilnento Bt., 8. F., C Mnore, Hunt 4 Co 417 .Market St., 8. F., O .McKire, 8amuel i Co 212 (.'alilumla «t , 8. F., O NalH-r. Aifs K Bruno 413 Front at, 8. F., O Nixil i Felt Lo« Anaeles. O olJrlen, John H Mtocktou, U Olierfel.ler. UrosiCo 123 California St., 8, F O (Inllahan, D. J Stockton, C Palmer, Henry Ik Co 302 Davis st, 8. F,,(l Piiwal, Dubedat & Co 42(i Jkcksou Bt., 8. F., O Porter, David '105 Montt'omery st, 8. F., O Powell* & Ucndcrxon 8acraniclito, O Provolt, Daniel 11 118 Leides.lor« st,. 8, F., 0 Pe?tner & Hildel.randt 411 113 liattery Bt. 8. F., O Uebstock. Cndres & Co 322 8anBouie St., ,S. F., O llenz. John 219 Commercial St., 8. F'., O lUcbards & Harrison 401 8ansunie st, 8. F., O Ilolh&Co 2l4PinuBt,8. !•'., 0 Kottarzl, Oiosuo 1027 -Market at, 8. V., O Powe, U. P 218 California St. 8. F., O Babatie, .\. E i Co 010 Banaomo St.. .8. F., O Sabatli!, P. U S Co 330 Hush st, 8. P., 0 8»ulnier, John S Co 007 Front st, 8. P., C ,8clinrdln, .1. P. 4 Co 31 DniHinlst, 8. F., 0 8chro 774 APPENDIX. ii Ll'MIiUK-MANfl'AL-miKIWi AckiMnon, Muort: A. t^i IMcr 10, Mteuart 6t , H. F.. AilnHLi. Wiu. J Pier 17. iitcuirtBt,. H. P., BcailU' i Cc :iSiieurst.. H. P.. Bunilram. (i- M ...1500-1313 .Market St.. H. P.. liytlKo, .lolm T ."i.Slicarst, S. P.. iv.k. .1. i A. M Pier :5 Kti-uart St., .s. P., I>.aii. i:. 11. S (,'o 2 CuUfornla «t. . H, P., IVrl.y. K. .M 183 <;luy «t., S. P. l/icksim. DcWiiU&O.i 412 PattlTj- 1.1., H. P.. Diusl.jj-. Cliiuli'K I Par 10 .Sttuart «t.. S. F. li^j- , t-'harUa F Nlicur aud iluwanl BtH., H. p., I).ill«:ir U Caninn 22 Califuriim Ht., H. F, DuimW.iun. W 321 Kliif at., H. P., iJniliiliiolKl &. Luniont ^2^ Valt-tuia St.. S. p., liuncan'n .Milla U i(. L, Co 22 California Hi., ,S. F,, Eutlu.vMoii Flilluorurt. Wharf, S. P., Falk, ClmudlurJ. <^o ..128 -ituiiart Bt., .S. P., « It-nuon, A. i Co 113 Ml&Binn st., .S. F., Glail... PrwliTkk W HaliBoti, At.kt:n«omt4'o. IlaniKiti, Haiiiui't It Herri, k. i: SI lli;,';,ilia J.: Colliiu UlllB'Uli!, tjert. 8. & Co. . 30,S;)c'nri't.. .4. P. ..Piio%ut>aIjiiiiberCc„ ":M i liiitoniia Et., H P., c Xeylou, Jamt!S 1S-:.U .Sitcar at., M. p., C XlLkcrsoii iiilo... '.tfl'iriiinr.mmnta Bt.( S. P., C Uucideuial iitnnr.iUlll l^ureka, Ueeidcutal I.uinlwrJitilla^ 4 California st, H. P., l'attrid;,e, ;L i; 123 .StuiLirt Bt.. H. P.. I'inr liiini'nr AnrTTfiam Pier 5, Steuart at. , 4. V., I'uUal-d. TUoiiuM 17 tsteuurt St., H. P., l>oi«! i '1'idln.t 20-1 Calllorula st., H. F., I'ort Uakely Mill Co Pier 3, Hteuart st., M. I'., Port Distovery MiU.^ i'oit .ModiBoii MdlB I'ort ( irfofd Cedar Co. . . Pn-atnii \ MoKinuun 1 Ui;et ."-oiiiid Lundier Cu 1E«.1ho«b1 Luiubci Co. . . .Pier 10, hteuurtBt., S. P., .I'ierlO, Steuart St., S. F., -LMalketBl., W. P., . .Pier 5, Hleuart Bt., .S. P., .Pier 17, Steuart St., S. 1'., 1(1 .Market St., S. P., lle.;woi*d .Maiitifaetute-rs" Am'ii 16 .Market Bt., 8. F., O Ileiitoa. lluliuea ii Ci> . , Pier 3, S^.euart st, .S. I'., C l.oeli IJay naw-uiill Vietorta. U. C KuB.1, ,1. i.Co 33 .Market 8t, H. P., C liuulau liiver L;uul aud Luiuliur Co 4 t^iUfomla »t, M. P„ 0 Sierra Lumber Co 320 HaUBolue bt, H. P., C Biemk Nevada Wood Bud Liaaher Co 224 California at., ,S. p., U SiuipB>.u, A .M. Jc lira 11 Marliet at , .S. P., C Hmith, .lames eJ 1 Uoward Ht, H. P., .Sonoma Lumlier Co 323 .Monti/omery Bt , H. p., Hpringer. Ja.4on ii. Co S;.ear aji.l .Mission stfl., H. P., Htilrbj.1 & OoMstoue .Market and Hpear BtB., S. F,. Htraut, W. K Sacramento and Drunun atB.. H. P., Tluiyer, J. '; 22 California at, S. P., The Ortj^jn Improvement Vm Portland, TiclK.no.-, II I!. &Co 42 .Market at, H. F, Towl,. llroB Dutch nat, T-.*le, \V. W 303 Tovrnsend at., H. V.. Tueker& firant 26 .SiK-ar fit., K. P., Turner, Kenneily & Shaw Channel st, S. P., TunuT&Co 019 East st, S. P., Vance, John — Eureka, Waterhouao k Leater 14-23 Beale Bt, , S. F. , Watsonville Mill WatHonville, Wcidter, florae W Dayton, Welch, Kithet S Co Victoria, 11. Wchh&Co 103 California Bt, H, P., Willamette Sawmill Portlanil. WeB.^on, Joseph W ,SlH.'ar auil ll.ivrar.1 Bta., S. P., Wetlierl.ee, Henry lUMaiketat, H. F, White IlriS learriage) 13 Main St., H. F.. WhlU!, L. E ISSteeirtat, S. P. Wlymore, John (hardwood) 120 8iie.-ir st, 8. F, Ycrriugton& Ullsa Virginia City, 0 O ,0 ,0 w o o o o u .0 .0 ., a MACAP.OM. CattelliSCo 433 Broadway st, .S. F., (J navcnna, Ghlrar.lcl'i .t Co 421 liatterj-at, .S, I'., O Spllvalo, C. U 415 liattery Bt, S. P., 0 Tinthorey, J. P. & Co 558 Mission st, S. F., 0 Valente, LuiBl 216 Prfjadway at, S. F , C .MACHINERY. 23 Davis at, .S. F., C Pine and Davis Bt4., H. P., O Halt Liiko nty, ir 0 First Bt, .4. I-"., O 2CalifoimaBt,.S. P'., C Portland, O Arnold, \. .S. ,t Co llaker & llauillton lio'vers, \.\ II. 11. .iv v'o Fish, A. L. iCo tlrcfiory, II. P. ^ <'o. . . (Jregory. 11. P. & C.i.. . llendy. Joshua. , . .cor. Miaaion an.l Fremont sta., H. P., O Ilildrcth, .V P Portland, O Iluntini^on, llopkiua & Co cor. Slarket and Uu.sh.Hts., S. P., O Marwedel, C. F C6 Pinit st, S. F., 0 McCone, nohert -103 ISeale st, H. P., O I'iu-ke&Lacy 21 I'remont Bt , H. P., 0 Stsen, Edwanl T 107 Ileale St., 8. F„ 0 Taluui i Doweu 323 Market St., 8. P., O Vi'hitelaw, V. O. 11 foot Secoudst, .S. F., 0 MAt.T. llarr..l.l. John Jr. i; Co Chestnut st, S. P., O llerriii.oui & Co 313 Hacnmieuto at, S. P., 0 lllllelir-.vu.lt P. &Co 2019 Folsoinst. 8. P., 0 lloBener IJnia 116 Front at, ,S. F., O .'ielieir, liach Jc Lux 535 Sacnimeiito at., JH, P., 0 Zwei;i, llerniauu 610 llrannan at, >H. V., O MAIIULE AND OnANITE-M.VM-I'ACTUllKlls. .Vtken ^Fisli .Sacramento, 0 lllanchard Si O'Nell San .loan, O Ikiyne, W. (; Co Sacramento, 0 Carroll, J. C Saemmeuto, O Chalmers Ji llolmea Portlaud. O C.lnltl.^, J. W Han Jose, 0 Uauiels, J, iCo ...4'.'0Piuo»t,, 8. F,, O ~Tj| AriTxnix. 775 D^'vhiq J. v' jSiu'miiiciito. ( ' Orifiitlj. 1 ! IVuryn. (.' Ishk;!. L,;co Hacniiiu'nto, C K-aalur. -T. .'; V Bi-unnim. J:r. Kifth at . H. V.. (.' liJU ui D.'louj , .'-Jail .It>RL\ I' M.y.ir,^. L. A 2-^3 M» In H.. S. V, l' Mo rip, 1', T.. SftiTttuiL'ntu <; Monia & llvaiiB Hiilt* l-ulto City, I' MuaUiBroa 713 HatU'ry Bt, H. F.,*:' Kumiio, L. J. & Co l)70Ui-yiuil.Kt,, H. R, C H,a :t!r Vrm Halciu. O y miiy, Wm Poillaml, t) MATtUICS— MANtFACTIKKUH. Arnies & T)ullaiu — Uotul, Win Diivia, Luvi I Uofeii & Co Ootigli, Jutin ItuiTJtioii ii i)ic(idou. . ..230-232 Front Bt. fl. F.. C I'ortliiml, O • \.u\ Shotn-cll Ets,. rt. F., C 4l2CluyBt, H. F.. C I'utrcnt ttv., 8, F., C 210 HiKramtuU) ht„ 8. F.. C NewlwniLT i: C() '206 fciacmnu'iitoBt., H. F., C Tilt on i: Wurtnuin CUico, C MK'tCHANDlHE-GKSKKAL. Al llartii'tt, (,'. C. ;; Co I'nrt Towiifinntl. \V llashfonl, L. \ Co PniH^ott. A ItirnlKJiu, ^.'N, (.'o 8aijta Cruz, C liL'ttuuui, L Olyniiiia, W linynto.i, Vj. H TuHcaruni, X BuckaL'ff & Ochoa Flurt-iicc and L'am\ t iriiniU', A Buffum. W. M l'p.-Bcott, A C'luluvll & Wtaiitoixl Tombritonc, A Caiuiilt. 11. Uou H Pn-flcott. A Cbarnian k Hun Oi-cK' HchwaliacberBiiw. k Co WalU Walla, W Ht bwai .aelur Unw. & Co Seattle, W b^'liwaltailier Bro-i. & Co 123 Market Bt, 8. F.. G .SclnrartA M Bodi»f. C Sbaffir ic l.iinl TonibHtone, A Hbo] iKiid, Jay.ux k Co Walla Walla, W ShurUeir, W. T. & Co (Irwu. Valley, 0 776 APPF.NDIX. Simon. M. A. Son i'iuL'trville, C SiHocm, WitllHce i^ Co Los Anuelc«. C Kml^lI, Wn.irirtiiY k Kunor ...Tusraroni. \ KiinH" til 'it I'.ury^u, C Know & IVttiH Vulk'jo. C Siuntuii, H. (.' JtoncJmrfc'. O Huiiit-r. KluuWr & (.'o ..8au DiL-^o. O Hti'Vt-riH K WUcox Vinuiiii. (' Htn»rig, W. li & Co H:u-ruiiuMito, C Hwi-asi'y. J k. Sun Kuruku, O 8wet.-t. H. k <,'o Viauliii, V Kyiiionils \ Lanioreuux IVUtliuim, (.' T;wk<.r .V l»riulh'«. i> \VuU;rnian \ Kutz I'ort Townfteml. W WatkinsA Co Chico, C WiiigiiU-. !■:, kVo Thu l)ullif», O Wriylit, Ueo. ti. nous Cnion, <» Zockoudorf k Co Ttu'-buu, A METALS. Arnold, N. S. & Co 310 Camornla at. S. F., C Cuiolan. Cory & Co 117 Califoniiii Bt.. S. F.. 0 l)c La Montanya, Jaiui-a (iOJ Iljittery at,, ti. F-, C Dol.lo, AViiRT 13 i-'rtiimiit Ht.. S, F.. C Dunhaiii, Carrit^an & Co 107 Front hI., S. F., C OililiB. (ieu. W. &Co 35 Fremont st. , S X'., C HoMjrook, Merrill A Stetson.... 225- 230 Markotst., ,4. F., C Uu)itiii;,^on, Uopkiiis & Co cor. Bush and M-irkot r.t«.. H. F., C Jf ITray. WilUmn 204 California at . S, F„ C Monta;,'no. W. W. & Co 110-118 liatrcry tst., S. R, {.'■ S. ll.y. Tliouiaa H. k Co UC, 11$ (.-alifoniia M.. K. F., C Tity. Cvo. |[. S; Co CHHUd liuttcry Bt, .S. F., O VunWinkW. I. H. kVo 113 415 .Market Pt, H. K. C Whitney k .Uaniball 22 24 Frcmoi.t st, H. F., C METALLlJKaY. Mdtg"! W'ks (Lui^kliardt C, A & Co.). 23 SUiVonaou, 8. F., O MILLINFUY. Ilunei ItiothfiB & t.'i 517 Market st. S. P., C Itmlor. r. F 8(.8 Market St.. S. F..<' Ool.liin'r iiro.i 513 Marki't ht.. .S. F., C Bavimin. Hall i; Co 6 Siitfr-T at., S. F. C Ilakur. W. & Hinz 545 Market st, M. F., C Uuia Brort. & Co .112 514 Markut si . S. F., C IKId it Cu 52G Market Bt.. .S. F., V llellnr. M. *c Bro 112 Sans».nio dt., M. F. I' Hiiiz Ji Landt 10-18 Second at, H. F., C Iliiwii. B. S 743 Marlat ht., S F.. C lloirnian .S; Co W BatWry Ht.. S. h., C Joni-K. V. n. & Co 535 Market 8t., S. F., C KiwhH. StrasBbiiryer k Co cor. Pino and HauFionie »t»., S. F.. (' HchHtilt/er, Haelia&Co....Bu( Manpiez, w Alamos, Me.x Bernanlo, w Amador, C Hentlnel, w j\j'[zona City, A Hcntinel, w Biulier, C .' Mountain Tribiuio, w l^kentlield, C c;iizt'ttc, w Bakcrallehl, C Southern Californian, w Bakersflrtd, O Kern Co. Weekly Pccord, w BiidKt-port, 0 Cliroulcle-Vuion, w Brians, C Uccordcr, w Brooklyn, C '. VldetUr, w Bakitr City, O Beilroilc Democrat, w Baker < ity. O Uoveillc, w Bi-niela, C Siiw Er.\, w Belmont. N ..Courier, w Bodle. C Free Press, w liivttb' Moutitain, X MeHheOtjur, w IJuttlL- MouiiUiln.N Lander Free I'res-*, v i'lLaver, t" Eut<'rpiiKe, w Black. oot. I Iteij;i.-«ter. vr Boise City, I Ktatesman, w, tw B t ;iiZL'tU\ w CuUon, ( ' Sciiil-Troj)k', w I'ttTiun City. X ..Triliiiru', •! CajHuii City, N... Apin-al, i! Carson ('ity, N Stjitv .Iiiuniiil, w CaUatogu, C (^iilitttnyiaii, w Culi.ican. Mux Kl l-i^floait o t)tlcinl CrttJcenb City, C... Cnurior, w < 'rcHcent City, (.' Iti-rnitl, w Coliiiia, Mcx Kl IJuin lU'*icnuo CoUma, Mi'X 1 I Kstiwlo tio Coliiim Coliiiin, Mux Kl IVtIc Mi-o » )tit.lul Coliiua, Mfi KfiKluru Oroscd Cliciicy, W Tritdine. w Ciiatrovilli!, C Ar;ft;.-. w CouconI, C Cmirord Hun, w CaudoliirJii, N Truu Fissure, w Canyon City. O New.H, w Cliallis, I Morfacnyur. w Colusa, (.! Smi. w Dutch Flit C I'lacLT Timin. w Diumonil, \J UockyMuuutjiin Huttliaiiilmaii, \r iJDWuiuvllio, C Mtiuiitain Mi-nsi'iia'cr. w Dison, C Trilmuo, w Dayton. \ Times, w Daytiin, W (,'ohuulpia Clinmiele. w Dayton, W Ncwb, w DaUe.% O Mouutaiuncr; w DalKa, O Ittiiiizcr, w Eureka, C l-Wiiiiiiij JIiTalil, w Kurt^ka, C Stum Ian ITclLiiUoue, w Eureka, C UumljohU Tini(;3. d k w Eiigcuu City. O Statu Juvnuiil w Euguuo City. O (Juiml, w Kinpiru Clty.O Coast aiail. w Kmpirc City, O Coiw County Argus, w Elko, X I'oiit, w Eureka, N Stutinol, d i:iu'i:ka, N Leador. d Etna, C FoBt, V. FoUom, C Tclegmi>h, W Forest City, C Herald, w Fort Jone3, C Scott VuUuy Nci* ;», w Fitjano. C Expositor, w Furadali:, C Enterpritic, w Fresno, C Ittipubliean, w Fuirence. A Arizona Kntorimsc, w Frisco. I' Tinius, w (jfidley, C HurnM, w Georgetown, C... (•a-:etto, w GrucnvlUo, C GroeuvlUo IluUetin, w GrantviMe, O Sun. w Guadalupe, <' Telegraph, w Genoa, N Caraou Valley Newa, w Genoa, N Courier, w iitasA Valley, C Foutbill Tidings, w Graaa Valley, C I'nion, w Glebe. A GIoIrj Chronicle, w Olobo, A Silver lU-lt, w Gilroy, <.' AdvoLute Leadi-r, w Goldeudale, W Kliek*tut Sun, w 'luadalttjara, Mex lU IVriodio(» Odciul del Goliiemo jumlaia^ara, Mex I'.l Tli-miMi de t;ua*lala.ara Kiadalajara, Mex El 1'otnorc o t .uatUlajaro. Mex I.iis ClaB»'» J*ri>" ;uct.. ran G'iinlalajai.i. Mex El Alacrm Gu'.;rren», Mex Elnrgauo Otiuiu) dclGoLKnio CuayuLu, .Ui-x.... i;i GoUodf CnrUn. \t Gait. V i la/el to. w Ho11I;!Ut, C Till' I'acltle C..asi. w IlolIiALt r, I' Hau I'eiiito Advaniv, w I lolIi.-,t<-r, C iX nuKi-.a, w llaywiinL*. c TiMinial. w U;;aldstltun(. C Knterpmo. w llmldrthurg, C UuhhUui liivcr Fla;:, w IlUUlKiro. O lndei»eii U:iit, w Harrisipiirg. O Ut-vicw. \r llardiaw. A Arizona ItulUon, vr llanfonl, C Delta, w J laily. I Woihl Uiv«r Tlnnit, w Indent-ndcnee, C Inyo lndeiK.ndeiil, w Malio, I World, w Indept^ndenre, O KivL-r^iIv. w Jaciisun, (J Amador SL-nUnul, w Jackson. C Amador Lyniele, w Maripo«a. C Ga/ette, W MaripiHja, C lluiahl, w Modesto, C NuWH, w M wlutfto, C Ilerald, w Modesto, C Farmer's Journal, w Momnouth. O Chriatiau Meflscnger, w iLn-slilleld, O NuH-rt, w Ma/jUlan, Mex El Dec dental Mazatlan, Ml-x El Estudu do.Si:.aIiHi Muzatlun. Mtx La Tarantula Mazatlan, Mex... El I'lwiiico m]M 778 AI'PFATlIX. ti'iLi'J ; s m Moniliir, V Areiis. w >'uw Tacoiiiii, W. T Weekly Li'tlycr, w NiiW TacoIllI^ W. T IkniM. w New T;vvoiiia, W. T N'cwn, w Noviulii City, (- Trun«fript, ;ii. W Transcript, vr Olyiuitia, W. (Courier, w Oxford, I Iliitcriirise, w Tanunta Star uiid Herald. di\:\v Purtland, O Kvcnin^-Teltjyi'iiii), d Portliind, O West Shoit', vr I'oitland, O Pucilic CbrlHtian Advocate, w rortiund, O New \i ithuxst. u Portland, O Oruaoii Churchman, \v Portland, U Catholic Sentinel, w Portland, O On^uui^n, d.xw Porilaiid. O .Staudurd, diiw PortU .d, 0 Commercial iieimrtc-r. w Portland, O WillaiucLto rarmui", w Portland, O , . . . llesourct s of Oretjon ami Washington, w Portland, o Doutschu Zeituny ((ler.), w I'artlaud, O PueiUc Chiu-cli Advocate, w PortUnil, tl Sundjy Mercury, w Porthmd, O hiuiduy Welcome, w PortLiiKl. O llota luiKx, d Portland. O \ilidieutor, w PorUund, O..... liull. tin, d^cw Pctuluma, C Bonuma County I'rvM. w Petaluino, 0 <,'ourier, w I'et^duma, C Arifis, \v PlucLTvdIi', C Mountain Deniouiat, w Placerville, O Keimlihcan, w Pcndl.tuii, O i^aat 'lifgonian. w Pcudlottin, i) Indeiiendent. w Pv.*mileton, 0/ Triliune. w Pinal. A Tbfi Pinal Drill, w Phiuiiix. A Halt Itlver llemld, w Phu'iiix, A Arizona (iazette, w Pioch J, N iteconl, w Pri-ttcott. A AJiiitiiirt Jliuei. d^LW Pre cott. A Deuiocnit, diw Prov.\ I' I'lnijuirer, su Pu.t Dr.onl, O Pu:.t, M- ■\*ark City, V Kocord, w Port Towntw-nd, VV Ar^niS vf I'ort Townsund, W Democratic PrusB, w ijuiney, C I'lumai irafionul, w i;ed\V(.M)d C!*j', <'.. Jounitil, w lledwoodi'ity. C Timc;i and (Jaactto, w Htihu! n-illj, <_■ i:el r.iver i:cho, w Kiversidu, C Prcsa, w ICwhUns, C IndcKn''.ent, w lied^Un?. (; Dj:aocn:t, w lie I lUuiF. C Peoitlo'a Cjaac, Uiw Ilul Illuff. C .Sentinel, w llenn, N Journal, dSivr lleno, N (Jazett-', di;w Jleno, N Times, w Itul.y Hill. N Minhi;j Kuirort, w Iloscburj, O Plaindealcr, w I'oHeliurs, (J Inde;vnd'jnt. w SteHacoom, W Ilsjire-^a, w San Joac, (' Time!', il Sun Joae, C Piuntjcr, w San Jo3u, 0 Courier, '(ier.>, w Han Jose, C .^rcrcmy. . d«LW Sitita Darhanv, (,'.... Indejicndcnt, sw Santu BarUtr:!, C La CJacuta, w San ilafael, C .Juuruol. w Sau Uala'-l, C TocsUi, w Silver Mountain, C Alpino Chronicle, vr ShaUa, C Courier, w Sail Lui.ttU'laiHt, (.' Tiihunc, w S.uita Itosa, C Sonoma Democrat, w iJauta llona, C l.epulilican, d&w Su -ta Ana, C Herald, i-* Spokane. W Tinici*, vr Sacramento, C Bee. d&w Sacramento, (J Itecnrdrnion. di.w Sacruiiiento, C AdvertiHtr. tw&w Saerauu-nto, C Au icuUurlat, w Sacramento, C Suiday Times, w Sacmmento. c JoUiUal, (Oer. ', hw San Bernardino, V Index, w Siia Ikr.airdino, C TUulh, d.vw Sulina.! City, t." Democrat, vr SaliuuaCIty, C luUei, w -ao.i.Jrr. urgigiCLi: APPKN'PIX. 779 Sail lliu-naveuliim. O Ventura Hignal, w Bun r>iuniivcn*.ura, (' Kn-o Vtv&n, w SitvtT City, X Tiiiios, tw St. Ht;lciiu. O rflar, w Salom, O Daily Tomh Talk, il Balcin, O Statcflp>iiii. Akw Hull. Lake, V. ....DuSLTct Ncwa. itiiw SuhLiike, V .Juvtiiilo Instructor, w Halt Lake, V .....Cliristiau Advui-uU'. w SiUt Luke. U Tr.liuiiiL', .liw Salt Luke, i: IleriU.l, il5;w 8uoh(iiiiinlt, W Northern Ktar, w Silver llvut, V Miner, w Sutro, N In^Upenilent, w St George, I.* Pomoloijirtt iiml (iiinlner, w SoiKira, Mex I^ 0' Slcrcliaiit, w " Pueilic Methotlint, m " ....rucille Hcboul and Uouiu Jouinnl, ni " llcsourcea of Ciilifomla, m " liurul I're.ss, w " rolitlctil Iter rd. w " San FraneiBCo Chroniek-, d^ff " . .San rranilacu Jouriml of Conunerue, w " San Francisco Ncwi I^'tter, w " Sun Kraucisco Stock ilxchanae, ili:v.' " Sttifk lUport, dkw " \'rl(i>rlen (Mi^Qn,), u '• California I'atron, " " American liruida' .Inur.iul, w " California Chronil: Uler.), w " Cullhirnla Mail Ituij, ni " Coast Keview, i.\ Sau Fniucirtco, C..(.'t)nnn«>rcial News and Hhlpping Unt, il Hotel tia/i't*.'. d " Kvuu.:ul. \v Fi;;aro, il FiK.tlih^'t. d " Frateftiitl Kecord. w " 'uucouver, W. Indeiieudent, w Vaucjuivei, W IlegiHter, W Vidlejo, C Times, d.'iW V;iih:j '. C. ETcnlug Chronieh', d»Vw \ ,ide)o, C NeWH, ^ Yisali... C Times, a V.Kidi-i, C) Delta, w Virjiliiia City, M KutcrpriHu, D Virilniu City, N Chronicle. d;*w Victoria, U, V lirltlali '..'olnnist, diw Victnila. ii. C Ktamlirtl, dOw WallHlnn-tf, W TIuuk. W Whuteom. W Mail, w Wiwlilngtoii Comera, 0 Aliuneda lU'iKirter, w WdloWB, C luimial, w Winter.^. (J Advocate. O WalMiniill'. c I'ajaro Valley Hun, w W.iljiiinvilJr. C Tmnsaipt, w WaUonvllIu, C ...Pujaronian. w WeaverrlUe, C Trinity Jonrniil, \r WooiUaiid, C Volo Mail, w J M:' m ■i' ' '■ r.< 7S0 Ai'pi-..vr)ix. \Vmi.Uunil. (• Vdlo Ui'iuocrat, iliw Wlu'ulIaii'I, C NfWs, w Wi-slKii, o Ltia. & Co 413 Sansome St., 8. P., O Scjinour, Samuel , 4'jO Tehama st., 8. P., O Taylor, 8. P. & Co 41GCljyBt., 8. P., O I'AJ'ER— ManLI VCTl'ltlUlS. Brown Bros. A; Watson Corralitoa, C California Pap;T Co .10 Caiifomia St., S. P., O Clac^ama-i Paper Co Portland, O King, 1:. 'i*. A; Co Sai-atoga, O Lick PaiH5r Co 110 Front St.. 1-1. P., O I'ioueer I'aper .Mill 414 Clay St., 8. P., O Taylor, 8. P. i Co 410 Clay St., 8. F„ 0 PAPER IIANOlNCiS. Clark, George W 045 Market »t., 8. P., O Kdwurchi, FVankG 030 Clay St., S. P., O AS8. Antisell Piano Co. . . .cor. Market and Powell sts., 8. P., O Arnold, N. 8. & Co 310 California Bt., 8. F., C Ba*lger, W. G 13 SansoniuBt., H. P., O Bancroft. A, L. .t l.'o 721 .Market St., 8. P.. U Benham, lUAL 047 Market st , .-i. P.. O 20 O'Parttill Bt., ». P., O ^j«aiPMBMn.'uakSkMhTiiM«ai 7"! f;ocKlllou;1l, A. >t 2JHfth«t, 8. F, C O.ny. JUtthlaa 117 r.istat., S. K., ( IKalj-.doo Zi DiiL.nt Bt., H. R, V Kolilcr Ji C'huse 1J7 I'uat Bt. H, R, C Louj, ii. II 1815 Washinston »t., S F., U O'l'oimor. ,1. II. !s. Co 2.i Duimlit »t,. S. V.V I'Utc-, Vr'. H SOXuw Mimt-imiwyiit., S. R, C Riiilolf. II. ;i I'll 107 Stoiktoli Bt, a F.. t,' Kluiip, Will. T Cl'J Uliikimvu., S. V , (' Kli.riimii, t-'Uy ii r Uli Ktumy^t., M. F., (' KlK.nr.ur, V. W. S Co 2J Fifth «t., S. F., C TuLlii. Sim« .1 Co 811 Maikct «t., 3. F., V WixKlwoilli, Kchull J; Co 1(15 IJtocktoii It., S. F.,0 IMANO FORTES- MANrr.M-ruiiEn.t. Autiaull Pijiiio Co , .31«rki.-t anil I'nwt'U Bt., H. F., C Il:ilcli, lIonlLO Jl MJ MiBslciii St., H. F., (,' I"ay, UoU'rtJtCo 171 J Shsoii st., S. F., C Hull, C. U I'Jlllolikiidiit'av., a P., I! Kocli, J. D 211 -Niiitlmt., H. R. C laini-, S. II 4M Montaoiiury t, H. R, C Uuilolph, (1. &Co , lOTKtocktunst., S. F., C ShLTniiin ;; Clay 139 ICcaniy Bt, S. F., C Stmtlmiii & Cimc IWl'iiBtst, a F., O Zucli, J;icob 211 MntU Bt, 8. R, C I'ICKS-JlAXlJFACTtllKIW. Wright John 13 I'lviiiout «t, S. F., C PIOTURK FRAMES-MANrtACTUKKllu. Cohen lltinnau - i'i Duixmt at., .S. F., C Oiimp, .S. ii(i 531,.MaikctBt, a R, C UailBimitt liros 217 I'lno Bt R F. (! Sanborn, VaU i Co 857 Market st, .a F., C PILLOWS— Man UFAcTntEiirf. Wcsthall, J 704 MlBSion Bt, a. F., C PLANED LUMBEE-MASUFACTf BERS. A.Ihi Pkiiiin!! Mill Aaiu,C AruH-ntrout E. A San Uurnariliiio, i' Uui-ni;.l, D. c I Ji'ilsi.' East OakkuiJ. 1-' Euiuforil IJro:? WcBton, O llcai.0, J. l: Binitlii, < • lUoua, M .Miilu ay, V IJoca Mill (.'o Hota, C Ilnulforii, H. H Sonora, (.' Bmnsteter, P (irass ValLy. 0 Bumham, StanJcford \V. A Co .Oakl.mil. C Cal.lwcira Plaiiiii:; Mill WooiUaiKl, C Cal'forni.T, PlaniHo' Mill Iliwaril aiul .Spcnrsta, H F , C Carter, E. i Co Alhuny. <) Ccntcunial Plauin^j Mill 55(i Hrannan st, .S. F., C Cuntral Uerry, W. Fourth st, .a R, (.' Cooler. H. M ■ . . .Tuuiwutor, W Cram, W. II PahniBO, W Crano, Will. .■; I!r03 BroiniBvilli', C Car.1 U Lair Scattli-, W UaviB, ( 'Ims l:lo Vi;ita. ( ! Dyer ,'i Clarcy Poiuiroy, W East Oaklanil Planins Mill F.aat (lakliin.l, i ' Eutorpriso I.I11I 217 SiKiar Bt, S. P., EnterjiriBi' Mill anil Lunilier Co San .lo.se, EiMlsior I'luuiiiii Mill CJ7 l!r>aut st, S. F., Fitieunilil .t Hi'iulcrson Htockton, Fliioil, .T. P ■ Lob .\nirilM, FilMa llroB. 8: 1'o 30-40SiHiar i;t, a F., Gllluspie, v. J. a Co SttU JoBO, aliiBBfor.l, Win Walla W.illa, W Grillilli, .1. M. X I'o 1..IB An cil.M, C Grovi-B.'i Wll.4on Atlin, l^ Hall, (!. W , Colmilb'a. (• Ilunaon, .M. i A 130 .Main st, H F, (• Hanlml'urKh. Isaac U4 MaliiBt, Mnirl call k Maun Vict iria. It. (! Nny L. (1. & Co Petalmuit, O Pearl & Allen IlalK-y, O Pearson, AmBtlun & Burnett Hacr.iin 'iito, ti Perry, Wooilwartl^ Co Lo:i An^-ele.i, C iVITer, .lohn Mfti-yavillo, O PhiUilis i; Favour Ilealililmrr', O l*utnani. -S .Vii'ir.ni. C Hitter k I Inliiian Dayton, W lioyal City Mill Xew Westminster, 11. O Scranton, ,Iolin Ishiml City, o Se,iiior, ( loo Wrifa-hfii, ( ) Sharon & Co Pemlleton, (* .Shaver, Isiuw. Han 1,'afacl, O Shaw & tMiiifl Sttito 1, O Sh paril. It I Santa Ilarham, (I Sloper ^Fuller IV taltiina C Santa Clara Valley M. & S. Co San Jose, O Hanla Cm.'. Liunhcr Assoelatlon Santa Cniz, O San Die:jo I'la-.iing .Mill C.) San Dic^-o, 0 Han Jor,u Iinlelienilont M. k I,. Co San ,Tosi'. O Smith, Daniel B iker (.'Ity, <) Smith, A. tiny ci Co .\iiahelni, O South PiitIi Pla-llui' .Mill 3(K Batt.'ry ?t, P. P., O South Point Planing Mill. . . .Berry an.l Thlril st"., S. F„ O SisjirSti-ut Planing .Mill SOSiiearBt., S. F., O Htoektoii I'lauiiij .Mill Berry at, near Fourtli, S. F., O Strahati ;; Cook 1 'ortlauil, O TeiTy *c Brown San Dietfo, O Tlieiscn, ,Tolin .1... Valencia Bt, near Ei^ihteentlu S. F,, C Walsh, .Michael, Tweuty-seconil niiil Valencia bib., S. 1'., O Wehater, J. M Sprhrl llrook, W Wetlierli.v, fleo M Bryant anil Fifth sts., ,S. F.,0 Wlilto, Thus Stockton, O Wriuht W. li San Beruaraino, O POTTERY— JiAXUKAirruKEiiR. Albion Pottery Am ioeli, < I Braniiaii, Daniel Uaklanil, O Bunilock, II. l' Sacramento, (J 7«2 APPKNDIX. Channel Pottery ami Drain Pipe Works 4>i Molitfc'onii'ry Ht., H. !•'., 0 fliirli, X, Ji i;.,iia IJlj-iaW Marlii-t «t., il, 1'., t ' Dunnlsou. W. II fc K. II Naiki (Jity, V Kaiiiliy i ('urtwrislit Hall Lain; L'ity. U Olaiia.ni-. MclfeuM & Co 1310-1310 Market «t., H. I'. 1/ ll!i.:ajil li Ijvrl I,ii:i A:is-lo3, I '■ Sliiililox, < Jt'.irjL- HiMiraiUinto, <-' Mlj-ots, I'. II Orcson Wty, O MtiL'r, Jaiiicd & t-'u (KUilaal, (.' K rtli IViiilitVluonlPilMi Co... .U2 California «t., H. I'., (; Ow. U!^ .J.ilin II 22 (••■iDfoniia lit. H. V., C Vilam, !■■ Salt Lii!; ■ Cjty, U Il;ui(Kinic, K. L i&2 -MuntyoiULTy at.. :i. i'., C titi;l;,'cr A .Sati Jo»?, C Voii Ilattiui, P. Hacmmcuto. C POWDKll-MAKurAcnTniins Atlantic (iiunt Powder Co lOCalifuniiast., .'^. P., 0 Ciliforui.i l'iit Powder I'o 113 Pi juBt. ti. I'. 0 Kiirelia Powder Co 31 J i'inj fit.. H. 1'-. C Exculaior Powder Co 40 Mercliauta' Ill^jlian^e, H. V , C Ciaut Powder Co 210 I'runt ct, H. P.. O Hanly Powder Co 410 California a;., S. 1'., C Uereule.s Powder Works 230 < California fit.. H. F.,V Judfion Powder Co 2U l-'roiit fit . H. F., C Safety Sitro Co 4JJ California »t., S. V., 0 Safety r.nvder Co Octavia and Oroeliu'icli s:j., S. P., C Tiiu.i'ler PowiUr Co 606 Monti,'o;nery fit, ti. P., C Tonile Pi.wiler Co 310 California at.. S. P., C Union Powder Co 40 California fit. H. F., C Vul-un Powder Co 213 California at, S. F., C Warren Powder Co 21 .Merchants" ilxcliano'e, S. P., C PniNTKItS-U(H)K ,\S1> Jou. Hacun t Co Cor Clay and Manaomo ata. , S. F. , llanerofl, A. h. i Co 721 Market at, H. F., llod:iiii, I'dwurd ^L Co. .Cor. Clay& Leideailorif ats., .S. !■',, Br.)die, ,1. 11. t Co 420 Clay at, S. F.. Canil.iny.J. II 4J;i WaiiiiuaUinst, H. P., Cottl ■ ii Wri^lit Kan Jose, Crociier. If. ; ». U i',t Saeranicnto, CroL-lier, U. S. i Co 21.-. linili fit., ». F. Doui-berty, P. l;. & Co Ill Clay at., .i. P., Eastman. Frank i; Co o',3 Ciayat., .'i. 1'., Francis & Valentine 517 Clay st.. ». P., Hinu.*, lieo. II I'ortiand, Uinton, W. .M ii Co ..530 Clay st, H. F., Mnrdnci!. C. A. Jc Co .' .532 Clay at. S. R. Owen. .1. J .San .Toae. Pacilic Pres:? Printina Co Caklard, Uieinnond. L. (1. it 8ou 421 Mouc:{oluery at , H. P., Scliwab fc Anderao.i Portland. Siauldiuj, Geo. &Co !H(;lay»t, S, P., Sterett, 11. F 512 Clay St., ». F.. Tllomai. P. .1 533 Clay Bt, S. F.. WiiittTljurn, JoBL'i h f.; Co 417 Clay fit. {». P.. WuU'n •, A. f 1 Portland, ^V'-av!;-. H. A SjicraTnunto, Woodward, Will. A. ^ Co 520 California fit., H. P.. PROVISIONS. Athearn £ Co 6 St juart at. S. P., i; Bii'Ijy liroii Cor. Clay and Davia sta., ."j. P.. (.' Breeze & Lon^Iiran . . .Cor. Wasliington .'; I>.r is Rta.. S. P.. C llrisiiani. miitnc-y ,<; Co :;2;) i'r^.nt at. S. F , C Castle liros. 1 Loujie 213 Pliiut St., H. F , C Dolli'lil.ino & Co 421 Datt.Ty at,. H. P., U D.d.re. rtnveney&<'o 114 .Marllet i,t. fi, F., O Do lie. W. W. ic I'.i Cor. CUyn.il I'ro.it 8t.l., S. P., O Elu'mau, M. SlCo 101 Kroatfit, Si. F.,0 Pellina ti Il.'nry 121 Front at, 8. P., O Poiniith & Dod;e 325 Front at, S. P., O Fiit.T, .-i. .si,') 2iCa!i.'o:nlaat. S. P., O Oetz lima, i C.i 3J1 Pro.it at, S. F., 0 ILtn Uro.i. . . . i 102 Cili.'orilia a'.., 8. P., 0 llaiaht. Kj'.iu:-. .V C 2JiProntnt, rt. P., O llaily K Sjow 12) Caii.ornla st, S. F., O Ilentrieh. Lewi; 513 Front nt., 8. P.. 0 llonaton, W. ,1. ,>; c'o 205 Front at. 8. P., 0 dennin;;ri, Tlioniaa 116 Hansomc at., B. F., O .JoncaiiCo 220 Front lit, S. F.,0 Keyea, O. U 50 Steuart at, 8. P., O Kruau & liolur 20D Front at., f). P., O Lohuian >'c CojhiU 313 Front «t, .S. P., O -Manjels, M. &C 310 Clay at, S. P., O Martin, Fenaler t. ei. F., O .Mcllenry, ii. & Co 42) Front at., S. P., O MeKay/V Drown 427 Davis st, H. P., O Merry, Faiill it Co 123 California nt, S. F., 0 Mlehelssen, llrown *i Co 310 1'roiit at.. .4. P., O Midilletoo i Co. 021 Froiit at, S. P., 0 Uoot S .landeraon !22.^Llri.■et st, ci. P., O Uoluit:x'o i; McClmX! 401 Front at, .S. P., 0 San Francisco Packing and Provision Co. 515 Waabtnston st., S. F., 0 Stoeli', i:idjr & Co 201 Front at, 8. F., O Htea.lia& Hmitli 42J Front st, 8. F., O Taller, Uarker & Co 103 California fit, S. P., 0 Tillman & IJendel Cor. Battery and Clay ata.. 8. F., O Von llomi &i Uencke Bros 406 Front at, 8. P., O Welllnan, I'cck i Co 126 JIarkot at, S. F., O Wlicaton I; l.n'jrs 213 Front at, S. F., C Wieiaiid llro.i 32J Front st, a P., C Wilson, .t. y. & Co 508 Market at., M. P., C Wi««ter. IluliboU & Co 317 Front st, S. p'., O PUOVISION PACKERS. Arnold & Co .. Cor. Valencia and Twenty-tliird fits., Aulicrt, Allicrt lOH. P. Market, Bailey Bitis 71 California .Murltet, Bunker, 11. F 7.1 California .Market, Ciirtl.i, Jojiii «; Son 232 P'hth at, Dentiaril, .Tohn Cor. Howard and Nintli sts., L>rouet, II 1420 Stookton at, Ilentrich. Lewis 513 Front iit. Merry, Paull t Co 125 Califoniia i!t. Jlieiielaaen, Brown li Co v — . 310 Front at., Muller & Koenig 16 California ^Inriiet, lied Cross Packing Co 801 Sansome at, Reinlu t Puchs 3 Grand Central .Market. San Pranclaco Packing and Proviaion Co 513 Wasliiu:,'toa st, Schuck, II. i: ('o 211 Polaoni st. South 8au l-'rancisco Packin:; and Provision Co Cor. Fourth av. and ^I at. . 8. Wilson, J. Y. & Co 503 Market St., nUUBER GOODS. Davi.i & ICellosg 34 California st., 8. F., O Dolun, .lames W 411 5Iarl;et »l.. 8. P., O Folkel». .1. II. A. i Bro 118 Montgomery st., H P., C Goodyear Rubber Co 577 Market St., 8. F., C H. F. 0 a. p. 0 a p. 0 8. F. 0 8. F. 0 s. p. c 8. I-. a 8. F. 0 8. F. 0 y. P. 0 a. P. 0 8. F. 0 W. F. 0 H. F. 0 S. P. 0 8, F. c 8 P. a API'F.NDIX. ?«,! ('ri-3ory, II. 1' & L'o 2 (■ilit..r.ilii »t., ». V., I' OuttalVrcliaiUuliln'rt. S P. 0 Ilartc, (;rei;ory P 13a CaUtctrnla »t. H. P., O Hat-hJi Bar' lay H fil. Ilulllia/jir rsll Battery ft, S. F . C Hones. .laU-z :iir2 CaUtornia st . S. P., t; llaiue, t ieo. W 30;) Sacramento st , «. P., C IBesey, 11, P. .4 Co 2(15 Front st, S. P., C lIutthlli.son. Kohl, I'hlllpin'tis S C" 310 SnoBome st. H K , C KonWelil. John .4 (.'o Pier!). Htonartst. .s. P., (I i;llll.-S.Co ;;i2 California St. s. P., C Kin 11. .lame! I'or, St liart an.l Mission »t.i,, S, P,, 0 Knowle^. J. N 30 C.illfornla st , S. P., O Lohir, Ch.iiksP 31 Merchants' Kxehanw. S. P., 0 Low, C. Ailolphe & Co 208 California b',., H. P.. f Lowenthal. Livingston * Co 320 California st, S. P., " LunJ. Henry 214 California st.. H. P., O Lynde k Hou.di 413 Davis B'., S. P., O Mivckeiuie li I lllbertson 123 1 'alifomla ut, S, P„ 0 .Macomlray & (,'o 20ii Saiisnme st , S. P., O Makin, Uolnsrtd 302 (i'alitor.iia st, S. P., C Mastlrk. ,S. L. & Co Pier 10. Stemirt St.. H. P.. O MfComiiok & Helanoy U6 Front Bt. S. P . O .McNear. (J W 20 California st., S. P., C Melnecke, CIrarles 4 Co 311 Sacramjllto Bt. S. P., C iSIel. John 34 California St. S. F , 0 Mendelson Bros 300 Sacramento St., S, P., O Merrill. .1. ( '. ,^ Co 204 Cilltomla st, H. F„ U Moore, A. D lO'.l California i.t. S. P., 0 Mneeke, Victor i: Co WJ California Bt, S. P., O Nannton. (Jeo 524 Battery Bt, S. P., 0 Newton Bros. & Co 200 California st . S, P,, 0 O'N'eill Bio.4 2lOI).i\isat. S. P, C Parrott i f.'o 300 California st , S. P., C Peterson, S, B .WClayBt, S, P., O Ptcrdner&Co .M5 Market Bt. H. P., 0 Pierce, K. (1. »; Co 20 California st, S, F„ O Pope k Talbot 201 California st,, S, F„ 0 Ransom, lili-sha & Co 204 Callfonila »t., S. 1'., O ncsensbureer, S 102 Battery st , S. P , O Iteynuld.i, L. .t c'o 10 I'lrst st, S, F„ 0 Uodfers, iMeyer .<; Co 212 B.iltery St., S, P., C RoscnfiM. Jolni .102 California st. S. P.. C Sabatie. A. P. .'i Co : . . .017 Sansonie st. S. P„ O Schusalor, John 107 ilatteiy st, S. p.. C Scolleld California t^l.. S, 1'.. C .10.1 California r.t, S. P.. O ..liil-'aiifoniiast. S. P., O Sheehy, It.iltert Sibsou it Church .^ Co Simp~o(i. A, M. .vllro Sis-on. \\.,ll;i-e^. I'm Spreckeij, .lobu IJ. J£ Bro. Starrs Co Stevens, Baker & Co cor. S.icraineuto and D.ivia st.^,. H P., C Strauss, IC. Taylor. (.'. L .v Co Ten llojch. X >';l'o Theolralil, lieo, J. .V Co Tichenor. il, B. i; C.i... TltcombiiCo Towie, W. W Turner ^^ Buudle :i lljiLtery ;.t. S. r.. 0 ..31 (.'iilifi)riiiiist,. s. ■•,.<; ,.n:'C;iiirui-ii!r, .st .•*', 1',, O 1:! -Murlai. st. s. r., o 20u Haeramuuto st rt. F . ( ..MS TowiisL'ii'lsr, s. h\, (v .1-12 Calif oiuiast .S. P.. 0 7«4 AriT.NIllX. W.i.lhiiliii. k KltliiH aw Front pit.. H F., V Wulhiri., .1 J. .vc.i 1118 Ui'liwliirll Ht.H. K, !• Wcl.liTnl iiM'ii 211 ririt.iiiimi.t,. H. K. •' W. lo:i A I'll 1ij:p ( 'Hlifiirnitt «t., H. F . < ' W.IK (■lmrl.«ll aot'iilir.inilii »t., S. F. (^ V/MtiK-y, .1, II. * Co lila < 'lay «t.. K V , <: Wilkiln & C.) \m (.■allf.,riilii m.. S, F., C M'llliiiiiiii, I)i I & To a)2 >riirl(i-t Kt . S. F., t; Wiiikli-iiian, lluiry W stcimit »t,. H. F.. r Yi.ik. l.lHii 34('iilitoilii.i»l , H. F., C SILK MAM-KAITl'llKHS. CiiUfiiriiiu Silk Miiuiifa' tilrinu ru.OSS Mitrk^'tflt., H. R, *J SOAl" M.VM FAITUUEUS. Aflumn, .TnHcph W 24 *'oTiiiiu'rcinl nt.. H. F.. C AItu KiiapOj... (irt'tfDii, Tir. I»,i\i«i't.. H. F.. t' Itiiy H[i.-i]i anil (laiiiUu Co l;ti Fnmt ttt , S. F.. O lli'ttiiiiiri, .M.iHiii 3ll<',,niiiiirfi.il»l., H. F. C Ilrnuri. Kicliaril Cluitmel, nr. Fourtwntll Kt., S. F.. O (-ulifoniia lllL'iu:hil)t{ Snail Cu Hixtetnlh anil Polsoni »t» . H. V , C ('aiiltal Soaji Factory Sacmnicnto, C < 'hii-f Hnap Factory Hjwraiiu-iito, C Chitk Iln.d Xebraiiku. nr. I V^nt^-r Bt., S, F. (' (■iiliiiMl.iaSoap Worka 2(12 -Markot «t., H. F . C Ciilninliia Hn.ip Co Portlaiiil, C Cniiiniiriial Hiiap Co Ilroily, ur, Marki't nt, H. I'., C Ciliiiill. CiinlavfJiCo -.7 Malk.tiit.,S. F. O Daklii & I.ihlH'y 223 Hacnmipiito St., S. F., C Dolali. Thimia.s.... TotrtTo av.. S. F.. C Kaylii Moap Worka 2.V.I ( 'lay »t., S. F., C UvUtiian & Lfliiimn 706 llraiinau nt., H. F., C Hiiiiston, W. J. (t Cii 20S Front St., S. F.. O Irviiis H. k Co I'ortlaliil. O Lilli', PUilip Bay ami Wolmtur hIh , S. F. C Luckd, .1. C rortlanil. O Lucy, O. 11. fc Co 123 California »t.. H. F., C McCarthy, James I'tali and ' !ciitcr uta., S. F.. (! SliBjiiin Hoap anil Candle Works 1(18 lluiili at., S. P., C Navy Soap Co 310 I'oat st.. S. F.. C New l-;n:jlatiil Soap Works <:tali anil Sixteenth stu., S. F., C Ncwctl .v llm 221 Davis St., S. F., C: I'oake & Fiskc 34 Cnlitoniia «t., S. F., C 'i-nilray ,<: Co Victoria. 11. C IVtcrsou, Wm. .J 421 Clay nl.. S. F.. (I rctcreon. C. A. i Co Juniper St.. S. F., C Pioneer Soap Factory Sacranieuto, C Royal Soap Factory 205 Front «l., S, F., O Scii'.el, FrcihTiik K f-'aii Hrnnn Koail. nr. Twenty-ninth St., S. F.. C Binnlieinier JIosi-s 311 Convincrcial St., S. F.. (.' Smith. I.ury&Co 4(B Fnmt St., S. F.. C Stan.laril .Soap 0.) 2W Sac:amcuto»U. S. F.. C SluM Htuhr. Auaiist.San liruuo Itoatl. nr Fifteenth av., S. F.. C Vnion .Soap Factory Jnniper, nr. Folsoniht., S. F., C Wuintrulv. II Portliuiil. <) Welch. .M I'tah anil in Dorailo hta.. S. F.. C S(Jl>A- Masi:fai.tuki;1[s. llorstiiian. John TOOBiinhst,. S. F., C SODA WATEK-Maxifacid ki;iik. Bay City Soila Water Co 112 Colilcn (iatc av. S. F.. C lieiucrs, C A. ii Co 223 Khn av, S. F., C Welch. Cliarlcs&Uo 171'Ji Market St. S. F., C Hhnmnns ft Muson Stockton ami I'nlon sts.. S. F.. O .Soinim. P. (1 iVllClenientinaft.. S F. O Thoiniison. (Jeo. C Filhert ami .Marion sis . S F . tj SPItlXliS- MA.NTFAni UEIIM. 'Jlie llctts Spriiiu Co 218 Fremont St. S. P., 0 SPlH.Nll .M.VrniKSS-MA.St I'AITI HERS. Biiale. Samuel 47 Scijnml St.. S. P., 0 , STAIiCll .\I\M lAiTi ui;k.h. Kvenlnw. J. \ Co U clayst. S. P.. O srATlllNKllS. Ilaneroft. A. L. i Co 721 Market St.. S. F., C Itlake. llol.hlns&Co .'ilC Saeratneiito s',.. .S. F., O Crocker. II. S, kC 215 Iliisli st . ,S 1'.. C Oroiker. II. S. fi l'^,, Sacramento. O Canninifham. Curtlss 6i Welch .Sansonie ami Sacramento sts., S. F., O Frank, liolilsmlth & Co -. .Sansunie ami Sacramento sLs.. S. V., O filll. J. K. &Co Portlanil. O llunulftin). W. A. & C. S Sactamentn, O Le Count Urod 417 .Montsoniery St.. S. F.. (J Payot, Uphani & Co 204 Sansomu st. S. P.. C Han Francisco News Co 413 Washington St.. S. F.. C Waldtei.;.', A .San Jose, O STOVES ANIJ TIN'WAIIK. Chllds. M. W I.,08 Anuelea. O Crawford. J. W Sal. in, O lie La .Montanya, James 006 llattery St., S. P., O (iolilsniith A; Ijoewcnltrg Portland, O Cloodrich, Taylor 2.>1 .Market st . .s. F., C Uollimiik. Memll & Stetson. . . .22i-239 .Market st . S. P., C Harper. lJeynold.s & Co Los Auricles. 0 lU. Johnti 814 Kearoyst.. .S. P.. U Moutauue. W. W. Si Co 110 lUitteiy St.. S. P., U Hay. W. S.iCo 12 14 Market St., S F., C Tay, lieor^e II. .*; Co (Jllj llatti! yst.,anileo.. Callfonila ami Davis sts., S. F'.. (.1 STUVICS- JiANrFAl-ri'ItEKH. Paciflc stove and Iron W"orks Co 228 Main St., S. P., C I!ay W. S. &Co 12 .Market St., S. P., 0 Savaye & Sob 137 Fremont St., S. P., G Tay, lieo. U. fc Co 1114 Hattery St., S P., C STKAW OOODS-Mamifai.ti liElis. Atlantic Straw Works 132 Foiu-th St.. S. P., C Cowles. ii, (• I!. Lk'mnwoliiT & Co Aitoria. O McKay H I 'hri»hi)lui Ikiiiiola, ( ^ Oregon Leather Mf« Co I'ortlanil. ( I ratrii'k. A, U FoljRjm anil Elghteouth sts , S. V , C I'urkiuj. J. II CiKiinMo CUy, o rerklna, W. M. & J. M Parkcmlmrij. O Kockllay Tannery Victoria, 11. O Hiicraluouto Tannery and M(g Co HiM:raiuent4), C Sawyo , li. !•'. & Co Napa City. IJ 8iaa.^, Louis it Co SlOSanaoinu Kt.. H, h'., V Wind. Molitz NuUrahka nr Yuba St., H. F.. C Wicks. J I'utaluuia, 0 Wise. OoldflBh * Co HauU Uo»a. C! TEA. Botliin, DallomanilACo 305 Front at., S. I'., C CasUoBros. & Louini 213 Front at. S. F., C Coleman, Wm. T. i Co 121 Market »t., ». F.. C Ehrmau, M. Si Co lOWlO Front at., S. V., C Foftter, H. & Co 2tlCalifoniia at., H. F., U Ilanly. Ceo. T. &Co 211 Haoramonto at., H. F., C Knowing. F. & Co 123 California at., S. P., C Low, V. Adulliliu Ji Co 20j California at., H. F., C Maconilray & Co 20li ilanaomo at., S. F., C Monteaiegre, J. (i 218 Uacramunto at., S. F., C Moore. I. C 317 Battery at., S. F., U Mooa-, L. P 413 Sacramento at., B. F., C NcwtOiiBros. i Co 206 California at., S. F., C Frfmitreo & MoCluro *H Front at., 8. P., C Taljer, Ilarkur & Co 108 Califoniia at. , S. P., C Wellinan, PcckiCo 128 .Market at., a. P., O TIN WAKE— JLlNUFACTUBnii.s. Auatin, B. C 406 Front at., .-(. F., C Camiibell, Miltou San Jose, C ChiUla, M. W Lo3 /^J^80lea, C Cole, D & Co Portland, O Ualzell, Jamea Oaklaml C Golclamith 4 Loewenbcrg Portland, O Hogan, Howard Stockton, C Ilolbrook, Merrill 4 Stotaon 225 Market at., 8. F., C Jackaon, John Stockton, C Montagiie, W. W. &Co 110 Battery at., 8. P., C Montanya, J. Do La 600 Battery at , 8. P., O Montanya, M. De La OaMand, C Tay, Geo. U. Si Co 616 Battery at., 8. R, 0 Woirmann, D Sacramento, C TOBACCO. Ailama, Cyrtia & Co 417 Battery at., 8. F., 0 Anncr, M & Co 306 Sacramento St., S. P., C Ayers. George 0. Si D 205 Froutat, 8. P., C Baumgartner Si Bohb 230 Fourteenth at., 8. P., C Bowman, .John 8. Si Co 213 Battery at., 8. V., C Brand, Ilemiau 304 Battery at., 8. P., C Bremer, Joaepli i Co 310 Sacramento at., 8. P.. O Bresaon, Joseph 923 Paciiio St., 8. F., C Briggs, Spencer R 200 California at.. S. P.. C Bruton, Daniel 206 Front at., 8, P., C 99 Buchanan A I.yoU 318 Balliry «l , ». F, C Cohn, 11 ,V Co 2M Fnmlat, H. F, O CiUp, J 1) .(i Co 16 tVimt at, 8 F.C Dauaman Tt»l-)MTo Co 2U0 Frontal., S F . C Unnklionae, J. A ■■ ■■ eor. Battery anil Hocramento at.. H. F, O Duke W., SonaiCo 2M Front at, 8. P., II Klirmaii. .M. Si (.'o 104 110 Frontal., 8. F.,e H.T3 Market at.. 8. F., O Goalinaky, R S Co 219 llatttry at, 8. F,0 Gunat, M. A. Si Co 21U Kearny at , 8. F., I! Harris llroa 813-618 Waahlngton at. 8. F., O Ueurdink Si Co 431 Valencia at.. 8. F, 11 Heyn luan. II 204 California at, 8. F., O Houalon, W. J 215 Calilornlaat, 8. P., O Klopatock, C. 4Co 212 Proulat. 8. F., O KohlUrg, M. P. S Co 225 llaltery at, 8. P., O Kopiiel. J C. Jt Uro Han Joau, 0 Lewis, .loaepli .'>12 Waaliington at, 8. P.. O Lewis. W. S: Co 30 California at . 8. P., O Liebea llroa. Si Vu 14 Fremont at, 8. F., O Liggett Si Meyers Tobacco Co 206 Front at, 8. P., O Mayriach Bros. «i Co 405 Uatlery at, 8. P., O Mfchalitaehko llros. k Co 237 Kearny at, 8. P., (! Opiienlleimer & Uro 200 Front at. S. P., 0 OrdonsU-in Si Co 308 Battery at , 8. P., O Plageraaim, H. 4 Co 305 Sacramento at, S, P., O Itoaenltaum. I. 8. 4Co.Cor. Clay and Battery ata., 8. P.. O Roaenaliine. M. Si Bro 6IM Front at, 8. p., 0 Rosenfeld, II. Si Co Portland. O Itoaenthal, B, cor. Montgomery and Commercial ata., 8. P., 0 Sanderson Si Horn 327 Front at, 8. P., O Schoenfeld, Jonas 423 Jaelisonat, 8. P., 0 Schaoffer, J. W. Si Co 323 Sacraniento at, 8. P., O Seal Hock Tobacco Co 225 California at., 8. P., O SiJemon, Lacbmau & Co 209 Buttery St.. 8. P., O Siebenhauer, L. Si Co 222 Battery at., 8. P., O Smith, L. O. K Portland. O SpencoBroa. 4 Co 203 Front at, 8. P., O Todd, II. II 315 Battery at, 8. P.,0 Waaaerman & Co Portland, O Wellman, Peck 4 Co 126 Market at,, 8. P., O Worthoimer, L. 4 E 300 Front at., 8. P., O Wertheiiner, M. 4 Bro 518 Front st, .S. P., O Ygual 4 Co 258 Market St., 8. P., O TOOLS-MANOFACTURFaiH. Doble, Abner 13 Fremont at, 8. F., O San Francisco Tool Co 21 Stcvenaon at, 8. P.. O TOY,S. Ackennan Bros 123 Kearny at, 8. P., O Davialiroa 419 Kearny and 713 Market ata.. 8. P., O Davia Bros., Le Vino 4 Co 10 16 Sutter at., .8. P., O Feigeubauin 4 Co. .120 Sansomo and 217 Pine Bts., 3. P., O Flavin. Martin J Cor. Kearny 4 Commercial ata., 8. P., 0 Frankcnthai, Bachman 4 Co Cor. Battery and CaUfomlaat, 8. F., O Qoodyoar Rubber Co 577 Market at, 8. F., 0 1 .O^.. \^^ ^^ IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) fer ^f 1.0 I.I ■so *™ u •lluu 125 2.2 ■ 2.0 g||U|^ '^r. <,>fe /a /A 'm '/ Photographic Sciences Corporation 4^ O^ 23 WIST MAIN STRIIT WfitSTM.N.Y. MSM (716)S7a-4S03 '^ ,<^ I 5^ vV 786 APPENDIX. ;m l[a3cy& Lancaster 32 KeaniyBt.. B. !•'.. C JoSLidi, Xatlia:j ic Co C4I Clay eL, ti, 1'., (I Fasiiuak', B C60 Washlastoa St., 8. P., C Ti!I.MMlNG3-MANurAcTunEn.s. Allwotth i; Tluiniiwoii 8. F.. C ntinjcr Iz 0,1 1(13 Pcist nt.. S. P., C Froaim & rt.:li»i!fi.'r 445 .Murkot at, 8. F.. (,' Giiuth S noL'hrt's 72? Markot «l.. S. F.,C TRUNKS— Masu rACTL'nEKS. r.lock, I). &Cj lOTSansorao nt, S. P., C rcflilwhuLT i Steele 1(X) Uatt^iryat., .S. F.,C Ilarria, .1. .'; Co Market ami Kearny »tH.. H F., (.' llylaml. Jo-seph 11 Sutter a <1 Moutijoinery stu,, H, F,, C Martin. D. S. SH'o C2 J .Markot «t. , .S. P., C Nor;;! ore. Julin 12 tJeary at., S. P., C Smiill. JaniuaR OCIJ Misalou at, S. P., O Wiralnj, C. H 023 ^Iirketat, 8. P., C TVPK— M.\NrPACTmEIl3. AmerieanTyiw Pounilry SlOCIayat., 8. F.. C Foreman t Cj 518 Sansoinc at.. S. F., (' Mar,\i r. Luse I: Co SIS flay at., H. F., C I'alnt.r i Co 510 Clay at., 8. P., C Palmer i Key 629 Comniorciul at.. 8. P.. C UXDEI'lTAKEKS' aOOM-MASUKAiTlurns. Gray. N. & Co &0 Saeramenln at., 8. F., C L.'vlson iiros 134 Sutter at.. 8. P., C Liiekliarti Porter 16 O'Farrell at., 8. P., O Massv-y. Atkiua 051 Sacrum, nto at, 8. P., C PacifloMtgCo C2:lMI«8lon at, 8. P., C VAIUETY GOODS. Acberm.in llros ..123 Keumy at., 8. F., C Currie. .\rthur L. & Co 514 Post at.. 8. F., C Davi< Ilroj 410 Kearny ami 713 ^larkct at., S. P., C Davia llros.. Lo Vino & Co 10- It) Sutter at, S. p.. C Flavin, ilartln J.. Cor. Commercial and Kearny ata., 8. 1'., C Looiiii.s, tJeorjp , 70j.71(J Kearny at., 8. F.. C Ba^lKr i; Co GOi Slarkot at., S. P.. C Pponi-o, A. H. &Co 557 Market at, 8. F., V BtoTcnaon & LouBBiU C03 Market at, 8. P., C V^VKXlSn-MAXrFAcTr:;>!na. California Varnish Works. ..Utah, near Center St., 8. P., C lluetcr lirui. ^ Co Second and Market ats., S. P., C Walton, N. C, Sr 219 Miaaion St, 8. F., O WAGONS. Baker & Hamilton Pino and Davis ats., 8 F., C Davis. Georjo A 32'/ Markit at, ,S. F, C Eastman. T. 8 40 New Montsomery at, 8. P., C Frank Uros 319 Market at., 8. P., C Oallajhcr, Bernard 223 .Mission st.. 8 P., C llawley, C. A. & C,i 412 .Mirk...t at, 8. P., C llawley. MartiusC. & Co.. Cor. Markets Be. Icats.. .H. p., C Ilawky, David N Cor. Market and Mai.ata., 8 P. C btudeliaker Bros 31 Culifiinii.v at. fi. P., C HanlHini. /V W 21 Beale at, 8. F.. C WiUey, O. P J; Co 427 Mcnti'oniery ,it, 8. P., C WATCH CASES-MASUFACTI:llEIlf. Corce 4 .Marchand GS2('!..vst, H. P., C Falco, Alexander 614 ".Icrchant st, S. F., C Oiannlnl, P. A 100 Mjntgoniory st, S. F,, C Smith. F 417 Bush St. 8. F.. C WolatLon 120 SuttM st, H. F, O WATEIl METERS- M.\xurACTunEns. GloTUinlnl & Co W Mirnlou at, 8. F., O WILLOW-WARS. Armc« & DaKani 200-2:2 Front at, B. P., O Cole & Ke::ny Ill liacrnracntoct, y. P., O Cu])ltKa. .Samuel J"c Co 12J California at., 8. p., O Pei^enbaum & Co. . .120 Sanaome and 217 Pine at. B. p., O Pelduiann. L. i: (-o 317 Sacrauient^iat., 8. p., 0 llarriaou ,'i Dickson 210 Satramentoat., 8. P., O llennca, Christ 4 Co 1 08 Market at, H. P.. 0 Lange, J. C. It 13 Monti;oniery uv., 8. P., C Liimlier, George 411 Sacramento at, 8. F., O Stanley. Mrs. Mary J 1210 Market at, 8. P., O WIXDMILLS-MAXUFACTUnEllS. Althouao Wiudmill Co IliSPino at. 3. P., C Dachelder .Mlg. Co 13 Fremont at, 8. P., O UakerJ^ Hamilton Davij and Pine, 8. F.. C Eodvrell, 11. H 211 MUaion at , .S P., 0 GrcBory, II. P. & Co 2 California at, S. 1'.. O Coldamith, D. E 425 Sanaome at, 8. P., C lliuley, Mareu.! C. ,1: Co 3J1 .Markjt at., 8. P.. O Kro.'h, F. W. Si Co 47 Bjalo at, 8. P., O Tustin.Wm. 1 3(B Mission st. 8. P.. C WHIP— MANUr.4CTrftKRB. Kcyston Bros 2663 Milalou St., S. P., O WIKE-WOKKS. C lUfonila Wlr« Works Co 0 California st, S. F, C WINES AND BRANDIES- Native. vVnduran, C. A. & Co 517 Sacramento at., 8. F. C Bach, .Meese& Co 321 Montsomery at. 8. P., O Baei^aluii.t, Duinenico 1419 Duiiout at, ,S. P., C Bunema!i& .Martinonl 321 Ilattjry at., .S., I-'., (J Dreyfus, B. & Co 121 Ci.u.otnia at, 8. F., O Dreyfus kCo Loa AUt^eKs. O Pet/, Joseph cor. ui)ont ats., 8. P., U Fraliolli, 1!. & Co 710 8.i.runienlo at.. 8. P., '(! Gunillaeh. .1. Ai Cu — cur. Market and Second at., 8. F., C Ilaraazttiy, Arpad U Co 5;>0 NVaaliinjtoii at, ,8. P., C Ilorrl.i. E. T SiSMiasioust.S. F, O Kohler & Frohliug m Moutsomery at, 8. F, O Kohler& FrolUing I.oa Angeles, C Laehmon, 8. & Co 100 Market at, 8. P., O Laehman U .Tacobi cor. Firvt and Maxk'.-t ats. S. P., O Lang i Co 210 Duiajiit at, 3. P., 0 Lenonnaud Bros 735 Howard St., 8. P., O Lyons, E. G. & Co 500 Ja< ksoa at., 8. P., C .M.ilatt8ta, L 311 Pa-^lllc at, 8. F . O Me.Milhui, Donald 311 Front st, 8. F, O Melczer, Win. i Co I2J l'alifonda«t. H. P , 0 Palmer. U & Co 302 Davis at, 8. P., O lienz. .lohn 308 Commercial at. 8 P., O Kosi', I. .1 Los Angel. B, O Seallnanild, Carlo 713 P'ront at., 8. P., O Walter, Schilling & Co. . .cor. Pino and Battery st, t>. P., O WOOLEN OOODS-MANlKAiTlIlEnu. Aahlaml WtKilen Milla Aahland, O nnjwnaville Woolen Milla ' -ownsvillo, O Calfonila Hosiery Co Oakland, O Dayton Woolen Mill Dayton, O Golden Gato Woolen Mill 303 California st, 8. P , O Los Angeles Woolen Mill Los Angeles. O Million Woolen MUl IIB Battery st, 8 F. O MarysvlUe Woolen Mill BlaiysflUtw O APPENDIX. 787 F I- !• . F. ,,, V ntn (' . F. f - F. c mil 0 Ore5<>:i f.'ify Wriolcn Mill Oro3,iii City, o P!0-J,:or Wo;>lcn Mllb 115 Itatttr/ nt., S. F., ( • Provii Woolen M:ll I"nivo. I' I!lo Vlrjln W.Kilen Mill St, ( Icor;.'. U San .loan Wonlon Mill Son .Toso c Sicra'nento Woolen Mill .S.icram'.'nto, (' 8 otliton Wool™ M:11 Stnt st,. rt, Colo f; K'jnny Ill .Sacmnu'Uto St.. H, Fciamimn L & Co 317 Sacninicnto St., S Fiffenbaiim & Co 120 Hanflomu st,, 8. Harrison fi. Dlckiuiu 210 Sacraniunto St., .S. NichoLf /i < 'o Sacramr: B-.oclcton, 1;. A 411 Mission St.. S. Tbu .Muttullath Manufactiirfti^ Co Klslith St.. near ilrj*aiit, S. Zan Dros P.Jrtl. A'OOL. Abholt, Cha» cor. Ilhuonio ami Fifth sts., S. F., Avy, i-iujjno 323 Sanioniost., H. F.. Baili^y, Thomas li Co.. cor IJluxomc and Fifth sta., 8. V., Ball & Juliun TownHtiud, near Fifth >,t., H. I'.. DaUlwin, A lIan. A; Co 041 MarltotBt.. H. F., Cahon nn>3 41 Clay it, H. F, Christy J: Wile 0U7 Front at., «. F., Christy (i Viivs PortLiml, Cox, J. W. & Co cor. Green ami Front stA. H. F., P,ivi3, Uhrlrty 42l! Townsond bL, H. P.. Dclli'lilan,.' S Co 42S Ilattory St., S. F., Doughty, Win 3H|>!'ar8t.. 8. F., Fallinir, Hell & Co 430 California St.. 8. F., Flint, II P Townscncl, noar Fifth at.. 8 F., Fcihy. F. & Co 21a Dramin at.. 8. P.. Cioliltr^. Nathan 20HanjW)iue at., 8. F. (Iri&ir, II i Co cor. Fifth anil Towiisond ata,, 8. F.. Hal.', .lanica W cor. Fifth oud Blnxomu ata., 8. F. Hart, JaoUaon lODaylaat.S. F., IFcTfon k Farrar P.irtlaiid. O Ilix.-iiii. .Insll.'iC.) 310 Wasldnjtonnt.. fl. F, C Kalni l:roi Portland,' (I Knox, .lull I F Townsr-nd near Fifth i.t.. !1 I'.. C Kcisl.lanil llrus 301 llatt«ry iit., 8. I'., (,' ICslilanil l:ri.i I'o Hand, 1) Koahl.ind, .S. .■.«'., yjS CaU.'omla lit , II 1'., C Linil;frl. l.lihha 5 SiK'arr.t.. !j. F, C Lanlm r & Leo 440 IViwnnond St., 8. F., C Le. .Inhn cnr. Fifth and Tonnscnd sbi, H. P., U I.L'sall.'t. IKiminhini' 8ixth Avonno, lictwcen Qand U ata., Bunth H. F.. C Miller a Co 10 Uavlast. 8. F., 0 Moialy 4 Farriih 210 Davis i.t . 8. F , 0 Xcwmark, .1. P. Si Co 214 Califomi.i iit , 8. F, C Xt-l:(on & Co Bandon, t) ( nreiw, Bcrijauiin W 403 Front si,, ii. P., 0 Parks. IL F 10 Davis St.. 8. F., O PlatBhek i llarrii 311 Battery st . S. P.. C lIoa< man fi Bntler Portland. O Sawyer, 11 F .t Co '. 323 I'rimt nt.. M. F,. 0 Sthwalocher Broj Waila Walla, W, T 8od^;ley, Joioi.h 5J3 Ke.aniy st , fi. P., O Khoo1)ert i^; Bealo 405 Mont;.-onicry Ht.. ii. 1'., C Simon .'i Urealauer 13 Firat at., 8. F, C Sloas. Loula tiVt, 310 Hansolne at.. 3. I'., C aninner. W. 11. i Co 415 Fr..nt at.. 8. F., O Van Blarcoin. A. L 2t4 Sansonie st. 8, F,. O Whitney U WcI/bUt Townsend at., near Fifth, a. P., O WOOL SCOrKF.HS. Falkner. BelKt Co 430 California at , S. F.. C (irisar ."c Co Cor. Fifth anil Townsend ata.. H, F., O Kni>x. .Tiihn P Townaeiid, niar Fiftli St., S. F.. U Larilneii U.l)liiier UtiU 513 Market Pt . H. 1' , (1 <:.)liii, M *.';irBou nty, N Curliii. O 911 Market f»t , H V.. r, I»anMi!nlimiin, .1. & H 121 Huiinotuo nt , H. F. I>:ivlUtou, J. W. & t'u Kuaruyuml I'uHtitt*., $. V VA ' .tircy. K 60(i Market r,t , H. F I)iiiki;Mi'1. L. &Co 37 Battory st . H. F., ]).)itio «: UjmhelwfKHl 133 Kuiiniy nt, ti. F, F-'ist lli-o« H.II1 Jo9»t. Kirtli T & Haiim 1U3 Hansuinj Kt. . H. F., ri .'is rli;icr, Mii'LT ti Co I'urtLuiil, iJ.iMvn th, L. uVn Portlm»l, Fnnilil.n, M. ic Bro IrtJlatti-ry Ht . H. F, II-..li_T, M. & Itroa naSaiuwmo fit.. H. F.. IIilu, O. A. & Co S;»u JoM. llab/.: Hum Hill .Tos4\ II ' iioiiHim, II. & Co SHaiiBumo nt., H. F., C II >j!iittiult.*i- k Bro Maryavillo, C llr,iri,iiii»itC.j 17 BattL-ryBt. H. F. C Kiihii Mm*. &Co 17 Battery Bt , H. F., i' KcatiJ BroB 107 Kearny ut., H. F . C LavluiboD ft Moyontaln 117 BaDBomo Rt., 8. F., O '., c LcTy, M. & Co HW Bdttcry r.t, H. P., O Levy. M. fc Hun Haiita Vni/.. O l^jvy, M NuiiJi»30, (I Iiion, jj San Jo.w, 0 Lf)>iiiait. H &Co .8arnmi«iit'>, (I Li|*"ia" & '•'» I*nrtla:iil. O Meyer, Kui^.-rr.- tiCu L'U Aiijl-I s. C Mur|thy. (initit k Cn. .Cor. flauwnu ami Bu^intn . M, F. (! Muriihy. draiit .'; Cn Fortlainl, <> NewlHirgor. UeUrt fc Co 17 Huttcr nt.. H. I'. C ut4j tn tliif table, inil1cat«a that thov n-flMe In Ban Fraaciaoo; P In rnrtlHiia. A In AMtdria, iiiid V in Virtorlu. thoae thnn; citiM tuirtni; nt-arly all tho u«enctc«. Alienlren I'kg Co. . Adair S 1). &Co... AilalriO. Astoriu Firthcry AiiijIo-AiiH'ricttu I'kK ('o.. . Iladolla fcl'ii lllltllllT I'liU Co Itntli < 'luinin^ Co Il4'iilria I'kaCo INuik. J IliKith. A *i Co llooth ti C Booth. 8 &Co Bm.lfortH; Co Itrf ti8h Amurican Vkg Co. . Ilritlsh ColiiiiiMa I'kK Co. Culifoniia I'kK Co Capitol I'kK Co CnliinililiirkKCo CuttiliK l'k;I t'o CuttinK I'kK t.'o CuttiliK I'kK Vo Coluniliia CaniilTiK Co Coliiinhia 'tlviT I'iikCo Coliirobua 'kKCo l>tivliii. Joliii A Co Delta Canning Co. Douclai I'kK Co Klnton*. H,iMiiicl. Kugllsh h Co Kurt- ka I'kg Co KwiMi k Co Finillar, linrham ft Urwlle. FlHlteniimiM i'kg Co (iarKooIMT AHtoria, O. . Cauoe I'tua. It C. . , RlTcr'H Inlet Canning Co. . H«annto, O San I .oiieinou, C .Marti. )■ r, C KuHelutf Itlver, Alaska . . . .Sitka. Aliuka Kisberton. W Kaglol'lilT. W Kagle Clin. W AsU>ria, tl Lailner'g Lanillng, II. O. . . Natw Uiver. IJt! AnUirla, o .New WeDtniinitter, II C... Knreka, \V .New Wmtniinater, U O . . . IVaa Maml. UC AMt4iria, lloguo Hirer, O InvemeM, B C lialnler, o Sactunicnto, C lUack Diamonil •Sapiierton, B C .Martinez. C Ilrookllelil, W Mctlakatlah. B O Najui Klver, BO Alert Hay, BC Klawack. W Aatoria, O .Smith Klr.r, C Hay View, W Clifton, O Han Franclico. C Astoria, o Kel Hirer, O I'lllarHock, W Milton. W Oulnn's l,an(ling, O ■San Francisco Hlver's Inlet, B.C.. Ij'n ...Charlotte Hound. . . AsUiria, <) Astoria, o KiHllac Isbsnd. Alaalu. . . Han Francisco, t! Port < 'ostA, C Courtland. C Astoria, <> Astoria, O .Maska ColllnsTlUe, U I'atblauiett, W Cascwles.O Wii»ti>ort, O Asl4irla, <> Astoria. l Cross I'kK Co , 8. P. Win. T. Coleman ft <^o., B. F. Cutting Pkg Co , 8 P. Ptiget Bound Cng and Pm. Ox Allen ft U'wis. 8 F. and P. Reil Cross Pkg (%i, 8. P. Tbol. Hhotbolt. V. fleo, W Hume. 8 P. Win, T Coleman ft Co,, 8. F, l,r()prit>U)r. iminbL-r of t;iiuat« tlut tliu buiuo cuu auruuuuotUtu umL riiu, uuUbarg,C HlKblaiiO. C Holbstijr. C UoodUivur, O Ion- Clty.O JAcksoitTtUe, O... Kellogg, C Knights Firry, O. hA ilmngx, C Lake I'ounty, C..,. Lakepprt, C lAkeTahoo, 0.. Lathrop, C Lewliton, I LUlell, V Lus Augttles, O., St. Chftrlos Uotel Allou Hprin^fti Hotel Alttt Hotel i*lant4;TB' Hoti-1 Atni-'rlvan Kxcbange Hoti-l . Aptoa Hot-l I'urki r HouHu Ocfi.lunt Hotel American Hotel I'utnain House Inteniatiorial Hot I Latimer's Hotel St-a View House <'ainplll House ilartlLtt HpringH Hotel tosniopoUtan liotel i>cci(lental Hotel I'albituga Hot Hprtngs.. I'roctor House Orinshy Hoiuo Arlington House I nion Hotel Wilboit Hnringi'. Hotel.. S<>aHidu iiouiH} Mountain Houso United Htates Hotel. . ■ . Colton Exchange Hotel. . Colusa House Hureka Uotcl DccidonUl Hotel Vincent House Curtis House , Columbia Hotel North Western Hotel., King's Hotel iJutch Flat Hotel HunilKtblt House .•Vsttrr House Flnsun House Vance House lnt«.'matioual Hotel... < 'cntrul H. Holbrooke .M Malcom Haj-ward Tony Oakcs Ju' V. Clack Dr. v.. M. Bates Itector ilros D. II. RLlttletteld.... fas. McCauley U. M. Coltum C. H. Holmes. Mrs. Itarnes Mrs. MM. Basso Theo. Demiug Itichnrd Wi'liaou Jno 8|>aul(ling A. K. Greijg Mrs. A JlJlBch J. N.Miller K.J. Baldwin Htackitole tt Lincoln. . . Augtut Dittner.. WTII. Lidell.. Hammel & Deokor. . 2-5 CU'R((i;i4. 48 r 40g Mr 75 g 70 g Wg ■Wg 60g 7Sg SOg 76 g 2Sg aor 40r SOg 900g il tO-i 50 150 1 25-3 SO 3 50-3 00 3 0O 3 00 100 3 00 1 50-3 00 3U0 3 00 1 00-3 00 3 00 3 00 1 oo-aoo 2 0O 3 00 1 SO 3 00 2 00 3 00 3CI0-3 60 3 00 3 00-3 00 780 m !)' 1 MM r it l/)9 An^cltai, V Los Aii^f.ti* C*>u;ity, C Mu4l -lu. t! MiiriiMco, *' M.tnixi iit'uii ity, C Mii.k \>.»t. 0 .Miirtiui;/. C MiiryaMllc. (' Mc-Uiuiivillo, U Miitti I'mk, t; Muri.x. Mutic'tiU), I' Mont wy, ('.. Montcn-y r«uuty. C MoLiiitaiii Vii rw, c, Nuimiiiio, It. C >UiU, I* Nonida t'lty, «'.., KuW Tacti.iia, W., Oron^'t V Oru^uii City, O. . *Koville, I' Oy.iturv.lle, W... i'ujuro, O I'llllMiitC. N VatM li>H)U»«, v.. I'ttttlUlllU, ('.... rh'«-ilx, A... i*n)diuo:it, (-'. I'liWJ.T.llL'. C ru/Uiiiul, o.. Tort Ti>wn.ijml, W., l*r.»e"tt, A Ut-UUiUT, f IluiMIus. C KixiwooJ City, C,. K.iio. N lUvcrwi.lu, C RoBiiburj. O... BoOiUniuiito, C. H^rnaiv C Halt L.iki; City, ir., 8aTi n T.-anliiio, C. . Sa:i r.iic.wvciitura, C. Han DL'^ii. C. bau I'mjcisco, Ban (Idbria, C. HOTELS.—CoNTiNtrED. Piui Ilouae -Slum i\lutlru Vitltt. . .»lllC('B UnU'l .l.illitn.i ll.)tl <;m Vi ■> ll..t I Miiik \\\ t Siiiiu;i8.. Allm'!iljIu1i Hiur^h iifO. WuplHjl L. H.CiM.k .V. U. Fiitchcr New WusitmiiiHt.r, 11. C Ojk-iuni, C 03tlea. IT.... Ulyiuiua, W. . KlCipftan. O.Miii(>,M»lltim Hotfl !.\I. I-'. Monin.. (lot Hi.rin j Hot.;! ,T. 1(, Bruffy. . lri;ern.U.<)iial liiitcl.... J. ('iilonib.;^. i'n-ntift.1 Ilotul lSu«l lliitUJ Ilot.l.lel Monte ^t. Charlcj Uut.'l i'ar.]5oN|iriii;;H Hute).... iioA^' liut.l Itlack DiiitnunJ Uotol. . . . I'llUc-rllL.ta XuiMli'iM \ttlional r,x:baujo. ...... iU]»t..(l lli)iis.> HItickwairtllotjI OjwtUut lloLi.1 laltiKlo liouaj fiib.B Hotel il.-unla) jy'd lloteU tJailtoii lloiuij , , i'ucillo llotui liroiu' Ilottl... iJlllt lloUHO iJ. H. Hot*;! i*aclllc Uouw I'ujaro Hotel lX-i>ot llotui i'aititdj UobltD Hotel ■i\v,i .to:i llctano Aiiuricaii Hot. 1 i_'oj:!ioix>lita:i Hotel Ujik hxfhmyjllotj.... I. W. ITontisa J. C. Tnincr .tco. HJion.-n'alU it.C. WoHKa J. I*. littiVCJ ,•:. W. Uoj-a ■J, W. Uninnton >Irj. L. Kelly Li. A. HOjan Ch.ii. li. IVarsun Ia:obHubt;.l ^V. 11. Ultickwcll .1. W. liowison f&3. r. .Morrla M. Tuhbfl M. II. UiarOcky .M. W. Wm.a M. W. Willa tV. L. Uulm'tom r. \V. Ilhoadcj Lo.iiu \V. Hoops.... l^ Cdnutlura J. M. IJuKiwIu ■•:. M. Uau-.n Ula Lburii Kna. ti Jiuueb. . t'iioj. \/. t>r/aniuii Mouro ii IJutlon II. Mattliica 1:1. (Jan~: r.-ank lliQitt) ilo\ifin.iii Uutiaj i i(. \ur:ioM . L'lun:uUu'i Hot^-1 /lubo.' t^ Kiiuwlca. . i'h J I Bujoutl 1.1. H. Brcjiior •it. CIiarh-M Hotel jL. t). Urownuian.. ■ic. tJeoriij HotJ LUiiUclct i; Liijiu. . . . 'Jtita.1 i lilt :1 iJoX I J; l*icli tVilliiiia:* HoiLio 1 A. 1'. \/ill.a:u3 .... {caiU'.ifr ll'.itol.. rrcmo.jt HuU-I ttmia.nzHutoL .iraa«UI"lc!l Di.'itotHot:L tlvc.-^Mj Hou3o ■ Ic'.irnvoo I ( 'ol-tajo llotui. . . . .Mjt.o.wl ta-.i llotjl iJiTi'lian Hon*.! - foldua liaj.c llotjl .StaU) Houoo (Jnion IlotuI Wcstora Hotel i'!io:n'.l£:t;iH ttcl '.'oiniiK'n-Ial Hutot .;eu"l"iJHotJ \blKitt 1 loose vValk-r Ho>- 'outii):n'al Hotol Stark/a Hot.l ^.nltllJI;l Hot*;! itovcro I Iou:« Ayo s' Hnt,.l Ho ton Hoitso rala::jno;d ;.il hv:u Ho-. -L ili-a.i.UloU;! Djtia.'n.dl Hot I l/olc lIo-i;c M.y\ Hon: ' n»ok!>"j 11 (iwl A uurijaii Lx-^tiai'gj i.'o.n nr.-.r.l HoUl , iiilcmutiuual Hot.'l I. Audr-wj, , i. W. Cur,eu U. Co.nro Jolui i 'ro^;ljy »V. a Cha-iberlafn \V. U.\/ood I-'ra::U A. Miller \V. L. Uutton iV'r.y ii Vq Iiu. MjNaaa.- a. i:Klrol lajtio:'.! Towimcml u'vx. Lr.ii'l V K Ma-thcwa >«\-Blcy I irtiton '. A. fljcil Jurrliioa ^ UmiUi ;.4J. i.i-b 1. ;f i:rb A. Htail:^ a J. IJvani \Ya■■.l^:'H:o A. Ayrr.i '. 1*. vtcrlcliton.. A D. Hhxro'J ,;. J. UaLlwIu I. !■'. 'iliom. Jliaa. ).. V/cth':riiJO ,/i;i. r. Uo-.1ao-i 1. U. M.y::r>-i'f;(.'o '•ra-juaa Ci Dalil;y , '.:r.!. Mou: o-.i.:y /i Uro.i. ■y u; <'4'.r.i.'.;iy... , if. C. I'atr.d:;! 0. C. IVitclieU 700 /I :i ^ ' SOg 70r 1X1 :; 33r tJlS me UilS Ur SOg 40g 16JU JO J Mr 40 B 3 00-100 1 CO-3 0D 200 200 2 00 J 10 1 50-2 00 3 CO 1 10-2 00 300 1 :J-3 00 2 UJ-2 HO 3 CO-3 00 I ;.j-j (,0 1 oo^j to 2 00 I :)-3 00 1 CO-1 23 2C0 3 00 3 tj-3 ca 1 tJ JCO 1 lU-aOil 2 00 1 SO-2 00 Mr 11^-9 00 I 0-r J O-l CO liii: J (.0-1 to 100 u 1 r.j 3 to 100 u 1 W 2 00 13S :; 2 OO-J 00 Mr 2 0) 2j0r 1 co-2 no ,5Jr J OJ-1 CO ■150 1 J CJ-S CO 1 Or 1 tO-JtO 4;0r 1 oj-;t 00 iMr 1 0.) 5 CO . OJ r 1 CO iCO 121 r 1 1. J J to laJr 1 to 1 :o 20Or 1 10 Ulr 1 CO-2 00 ARLINGTON HOUSE, SEATTLE, \V. T. ■ ^ MOTELS— COSTINDKD. fl TOWH NAJlt ritUpltlKTUll. ■J « C'lriiuta Hftn Jow, C KDellwig I'jflcr iJcacU 123 r IM( lljUll Mt 70 r 100 r IMr 123 g 60g 3 SD-J U) 1 M>.5 M i'Ia.'jfcUoH 1 itmlillti lIuUl CcMUnoMli'an Hole) Hun Luii OLliiio, *; UtiickMini \ Frtnlnrlck ■i lU-1' M Bah Mntoo C Haa MiUulioU'l L'eutml ll.ii.I raiuuli%iiH lIoLl ii. Wulttw Haultufoul. 0 a OU Hmita Aiui. U i W Layuiau Haiita UftiUn. C JUO ArUnjto;! lUn. 1 i*ucinj(>ooati IlauM. St CluulitB Hotel HatiLa Cm/ 0 K. J. Hwtit '.;... i^ttuta Munktt lluto] tVilkiriii lluuwr. ,. . linuul Iluiel •• I'. V, V/ilkiOii 8Mit«KoM,a (teciac'utal UoML rlonta lUna Hotel i'aclllo C'onsrei* Hiirititfa t-.l Moiitu Hotel ODtral Hot(!l 0. A. '1 uii|ier r. JohoMii L. A. Htijo J. i:. Slinkey Jaa. H. HucHdY.. .iiultli/t Vturvr Sumtora, (T Huucrlit^i, *' ISO BtiHttif ^v 2 Ul Juo V. Hcott SUoti flpriligil, 0 Hu.-ffiii *',*'..... .HkagHB' Hotel A. Skit«iH soo-sa) 1 (JU-JOO MtA II 1). AmletMiii *L II(irM.-1y . . . F. A. FreuU City Hotel 0. li. Ilonila. Soquel. C Span ahtowii. C ^ I'artt HouM >» 1. AM. llttiiii ti " ' ' BUmkion, 0 h* C. Holm Vrtsomitj House laii (.'avea. „ 1. H. Cro« u iM». n ICuberts' Hotel ftio. Vutt TtaSii^o ::—;:•■■• riios. Hmitli 1 ct>-2 50 •Valkcr ILiuse H.H. Walker i'aul Monim-y Monh & iJrificoU .... Tiicaoii. A Tiilare C Paciilo Hotel Lkfah C.ty Hotel D. W. MadUeii W. A, Ha^.Tina Peoiilo'.* Hotel a Tanner Union Hotel .. VacaTillc C Wilson Ho;d I. K.Davia ] VttUui-., 0 it. J Hoiriu'^oii . 3 0IV6 00 St. Niclmhu Hotel M. 1'. Diliou.. .7. 1. \7allft W&U;k. W Olunii'la Hotel IL U. I^jiuiO* .... 200 Watsonfine, C 300 tVillitim)! Hotel W. H. WilHaiua. '.'..'. ....'. WooillAnfL C Voh) Hotj' U W. McDonald. IToMuiitd VaUcv 0 Yoacmi'.J Hotel 3 CO Itlack'.i Hf.*J M f*iaiifii Hotel rnk>,C p|>)|[|p^l\|imffff|fl lioUtl ... ... Jolmit. iiobei*Co 791 79» APPENDIX. MAPS AND ILLUSTRATIONS. i ■'! : Califoniia uuil NfrmU Oppotltti On-i,*'H» iiU'l \V.wIiiri;,'lo.t " Ni-w Tucoiu.i " urt-iuii lUilH'uy aail XAttjation Compiiay'i Dock. " strainer Wiu In'iiij; ... " Port CoBtft " tjorUon llar.luraru ( 'oiiipaiiy'i Hulldlnji Firtt Striit. I'ortlanil HauiiiK-rii i; Co '« StfiUntT Hunlxiiyx " KzceUior Saw-null uf J«nM'pli llwt i^ tJo '' Aftoria 8alinoi. Canjjiiijf Machinw of JobD WuHt " KeUa Ulm k. Victoria lltmiUfUt L-ig^iiirf ItuUway of D. It Jou ■* k » 'o , . Tart (jamWo Saw-mill of I'djio i Tal bot .ManhHuU Saw-mill 'it V. U Dean i Co Uay Saw.mill uf DoMta-r \ t'arwu " Tacoma Saw-mill uf I lanson St Co i'ort Dlaktily Saw-iuill of UuMitun, Ilulmofl It Co IsUnJ Saw-inill ul II U .luwi Si I'u Navarro Rlvir Sa» mil ut II 11. Tkhonor A Co Mad RlTer Saw-mlU uf Joint Vance ii Co " ICoyal City Planiii.4 Macbiao *' I'ost- IntclUgeiict-r HuiMilij. Seattle " Fcmow a Drj iii^ Machine ... Compound Maiino Kn;;lne John Dou^l Atlu Inni Wortta, Victoria " AlMou Iron Worka of Juwiill flpi«t( Driara House. Victoria ' AlUnuton Ilouae, Seattle Halatwd liouM^ Tacouia Tltl.rai-«. K'J 190 193 VH £0 »9 '.-JO l»l 373 X» M io7 !>ii3 S30 993 KI4 ua m coo Cti M3 (iM CM 7S0 7U0 m ?';^ iilo Tlllo r»;-«- KJ IsO 103 ityi »j 228 2J0 2IJI 373 T/J ;;j 5)0 5'M s;i4 SOS coo C43 64d OM CM 7S0 'I: ^:'' it '.if. ii i .51 lii j INDEX, Abolone 3C5 Abbott. Charlw 787 Abliott Houu 290 Abbott, W. H 267 Alienhclmer JuliUB 773 Aberdeen Pkg. Co 7S8 Auapulco 47 Ackennau Bros. . . .7C1. 763, 764, 785, 7S8 Ackemuiu's Dollar Store 763 AckcrHuii, Moore & Co 774 AdalrSCo 206,219.384,788 A5 AdamB, JoBcph W 781 AdauiB, MoNeU & Co -. . . .767. 772 AdaiuB. Wm. J 774,783 Adaiosou.C. P 245 AdelBdorfer. E. & Co 762 Adolpli. 1 755 Aetua Iron Worku 663, 770 Aetna Springs Hotol 789 Aaricultural Iraploincnts. . .442. 674, 753 Agricullural Production 276 Agricultural Progrcu 278 All Chow 729 Ahem & Co 763.766 Ahunia, lluury & Co 855 Alkiu,P. A 211 Alkin, ScUing 613 Alameda 23 Alauietla FoundiT- 770 Alaska » 43 Alaska Commercial Co 331, 333. 336, 339, 340, 766 Alaskan Fiaberies 333 Albany 33 Albany Flax MliU 473. 765 Allwny Iron Works 770 Albion Foundry 664 Albion Iron Worka /70 Albion Pottery 781 Alderson. Tbomas 754, 775 Allugnitll. G 707 Alert Hay Canning Co .!84 Aleutian lalaada 44 Aloiandor. S. O. tc Co 761 Alfalfa 285 Albambra Hotel 70O AlbolT. Martin 241 AlUky k Hegelc 536. 763 Allen, D. H. & Co 772 Allen, B.T 768 AUcu. Geo. H 770 AUeniLowis 210,767 AUon. OliTor 264 Alien Springs Hotel 789 AUcn, Wm 246,364 AUen Wm. R.iCo 706 Allemania Ins. Co 159 All over Oregon, etc 736 Allworth & Thompson 463. 461. 789 Allyno 4 White 763. 772, 780 Alpcrs. Charles 780 Alt* Hotel 789 Alia Soap Co 789 Althof4B*hla 757 Althouse WlndmUl Co 786 Altsohul. Seller 4 Co 761. 76.% 772 Altarado. J. B 60 Alvord. Wm 138,682,683 AlforJ, HcmrB 768 Alaop 4 Co 217 Amazon luaurance Company 159 American Dlat. Tel. Co 192, 193 American Kicliango Hotel 739, 790 American Fur Co 338, 339 American Hotel 789, 700 American Morocco Coaa Co 773 American Type Foundry 764, 786 American Sugar ReOnury 784 Amsbury & Dufla 245 Anaheim 29, 05 Anaheim, l^nk of 754 Anderson. AC 41, 32a, 332, 368, 383 Anderson, Cliarloa L 753 Anderson, laaac W 636, 772 Anderson, Wm 666, 700 Anderson, Mr 360 Andrews, A 601,677 Andrews, C. N 766 Andrtjws, OUrar 753 Andrews 4 HoUcnbook 754 Aiuluran, O 4 Co lia, 786 Anglo-American Pkg Co t Anglo-Calif omian Bank. . . .135, 139, 754 Angora Ouats 63 Angora Bobo 4 OlovuOo 766 Antelope 310 Antimony 316 AutlseU, T.M 614.780 Antiaell Piano Co 780.781 Aiitoino L 271 Appendix 735 Aptos Hotel 789 Arcade Hotel 789 Areata 30 Agricultural Iron Works 770 Argonti. Felix 125 Arizona 38 Ari:tona. Bank of 755 Arizona, Bank of (Agency) 851 Arizrma Business Directory 737 Arizona SilTcr 305 Arlington Hotol 791 Arlhiston House 752, 739, 791 Armer, M. 4Co 760,785 Armcs 4 Dallam. ...729, 755, 756, 775, 780, 787 Armstrong, Rudolph 323, 763 jlrmstrong, Thoa. H 757, 753 Armstrong 4 Wright 611 Amaud, Elbert 772 Arnold 4 Co 766,783 Arnold, N. 8. 4Co 763. 76*. 768, 769, 770, 774, 776, 780 Artesian Wells 497 Artmcial Limbs 731 Artidoial atono 630 \rtlgues, E. 40o 758 Artig\ies Canning Co 759 Archie, Henry F. 4 Co 767 Ash jurnor R 201 Aaher 4 Smith 467, 780 Aallley, W. II 338,330 Ashland Woolen Milla 446, 786 ABmau, A 359 Asphaltum 313 Astor. J. J 338 Astoria 32 Astorlan V35 Astoria Box 4 Lumber Co 753 Astoria Clothing MfgCo 701 Astoria Fiabety 788 Aator's Fur Co 331 Aator House 789 Astorbi Iron Worka 770 Astoria Paekhig Co 383 AUieam4Co 776,783 Atkinson & Co 344 i:-^ ';=; ■>J4 Atkhlw)n L. & (\) 762 Atk>'n& risli 534, 73j Ailiiiitio CJiiuit PowiIiT t'o 73'J Atlantic ami Ta-iBo U. II ISl Atliintlc Straw Works. 105 T84 Atlaj* In.iii Wiirks 7iU, 770 AtwoiKl. MflviUu 302 AubLTt. AUwrt 782 /-:i'rini 33 Aiicrluirb. F. i JIid 787 /. ifriditl .-. .MiirriB 771 A]„'ur, It. K Si Co 760, 702, 76:1, 772 Austin 38 Aiwtiu. II. (1 0'JO, 7M, 783 Aiwtin. X. P. i Co 775 AiLstmllaii Comiilaint 74j AiL^i'RiiH HrUiO 7:11 Au7.eral9& ".'lUieroy 775 Avy, Kui'unf 753, 7S'i Avyni. tk-ort'eC. & D 785 Ayer's lIoti-1 700 Ayers, M. & t'o 7.\1 Axlu OroHstr 723 liabccick, W 83 Ilalicock, Wm. F 217, 218, .'Ml Ritli. Mi'tai! & fo 772, 7*; Ilncheldier .MufnOo 781 liachniiin Itnw 209, 787 Ilachmun, ,1. & Ilto 153 llocta'aluiKi, D4>niualco 78<1 Ilacku-s O. ,1 S21 Ilacon i Co atd, 782 lliiroii, .Toaciih S 770 IWIije.. W. 0 761, 7l35, 780 Ii«lolliit & Co 379, 783 Ilailir, William 771 Jlalicr, Li-vy tc Vo 775 Ita,;loy & Kuowles .690 Ilalky Uma 782 nailey, C. r 274, 518 Bailor, Henry 763 llailcy, Tlxonias i Co 787 llnilliadic, W ,T 425 llakcr. A. D 562 r>akt'r & ll4iyt;r 135, 754 llaker.V Hamilton 309,220, 070, 753, 757, 764, 768, 774, 780 Baker, 1. uauc & Co 783 Ilall (t .IiUlen 787 lUlzar. lioury & Co 769. 771), 783 Itaiiilioo 283 lUncn>ft, A. L. 4Co 310, 013, 648, 643, 649, 051, 753, 757, 770. 780,783, 784 INDF.X. liancroft, A. I. 643 llalicnift, II. U M8 Uaiientftfl N'ativo ItjicvR t»48 Itancniftrt Piu;iOc<'ttafit(jui>lu Hook. 736 llanilniau, N'ielson i Co 709. 709 liunk Enliauuo lloUU 790 llaiik ('omini-stiioh 130 IJaiikern, Notable 135 Dank of UritLsh Columbia 135 Hank cit (iilifoniitt 134. 133 IJaiik of Xeva.la 134, 140 Hank of ( Ireeon City 754 Hank of Virtpnia 754 Hanking 121 Uankina Hu»ine«s 121 Hanking; lucxperieuce 120 Houkiuj; luBtitutioOB 134 Uankiitt; rtosi)ect« 134 Banks, Finn. 124 Hants, Wm 469 Hanner Una 200, 761. 705 HaunuT, M. & Co 759 lianmr Pkg. Co 34* 759, 788 llanuister, A. 557 Harliour Hpm 753 Uanl,T R 135 UanOa. F. L 783 Itarfoot. J. L 325 Itaiker, Isaac 764 Hiirkhaus. P. W. 4 D 757 Harlcy, etc 282 llamaril, J 787 Barnes, D.O 598 Homes, a. A 574 Baruus, Mrs 789 Barr, JolmD 466, 780 Bany, David 700 Bartlott, C. C. i Co 775 Bartlett Springs Hotel 789 Battling i Kimliall 651, 767 Barrel Co., Oregon 000 llarrutt & SlierwooJ 6X Barton, B. F 787 Barton, B. F.iCo 571, 783 Barton, Dr 3io Barton, U 344 Haahforil, t. 4 Co 775 Ba»B, Stri|K«l 327 Uoaa, T. J. &Co 753, 780 Ilamett. Josep'-. Ml Bamett s Hotel 789 Basso, Mrs. .M. M 789 llatcheMcr, A. J. 4 Co 767 Ilatcliclor, Van {kiUlor 4 Co 753 Batcman, John 245 Bates, Alfred 733 Hates, Goo. O. 4 Co 763 Hales, Martin 338, 7flfl Bath Cannluj Co 788 Battle Moinitain 38 Baud, Frank 738 Bauer, Bros. 4 Co 764, 770 Banni, .1. 4 Co 309, 701, 705 Baumgurtner 4 llohls 735 Baur. ti. A 755 Bavaria Brewery 755 Baiter. H. D 153 Bay City Soil* Water Co 784 Bay Hoap anil Candlu Co 760, 784 Hay Sugar Co 548 Bay View Distillcrj- 577, 76J Beach. C 757 Beadle 4 Co 774 Beak. C 271 Bealo. fialuuel 472, 784 Beamish. Percy Ill, 113 Uoan, Dr 353 Beans, T. K 135 Bi-anl, K. L 237 Board, J. L 245 Hoartbloy's Hotel 790 Bock, Wm. 4.Son 672, 768 Beck 4 Koehn 756 Becker, C 493 Becker, F. W 760 Becker, William 735 Becket, J. F 501.709 HediUng 467 Beochy. Capt 340 Beof 207 Beeger, Uenry ,494 Beeman, W 753 Beckmau, C. C 754 Beeman. Wm 731 Bee« 274 Boot Sugar 543, 513 Boozer, Uent7 784 Bcbco, A 773 Belcher, Capt 331 IMchcr Mine 303,743 Belden, Josiah 60, 113 Bolin, Louis 702 Bell. John P. 4 Co 758 Boll, Tliomas4 Co 769 Hellemore, A 771 B llooiCo 754 Hollows 619 Belmont 35 Belmont Boot Factory 496, 513 Belmont Boot and Shoo Co 753 Bolmont Tannery 4*1, T84 Belting 530 Bjmcnt, Oeo im Boinlsh, Oeo ,103 Benchloy, L U 033 Bouoldey, L. B. A Co 333 Bcndol, H 548 Bendoll, B. t Co 713 Bender Clias. T 754 Bonder, D. A. 4 Co , 7M Uondluou, ILD ^...63^,783 Ilenliam, Azol M 780 BetUiayon & McUlennun 773 Benlela 34 Ilonlcia AgtI. Works. . .320, 67^ 076, 763 Bcntcla Packing Co 783 Benicta Tanneries 493 Bennett, James S 600, 706 Bolmctt, Patterson 4 Co 766 Hcimett, Thos 770 Bensley, John 683 Henstni. Jobu 34.^ Bunt. K F 4 Co 767 Benton, Thos. II 103 hiir '111 Bfnjhi, J, J 719 li.T;luun, A 5G2 nurgHtruiii, Juhu 61-1. 783 ncrkuky 2J Uunial, HuiKira 5'J Buniiira, <>. & I 'o &i4, 702 BeruiirJ. II. M 7a ikniiint Iluiuu 7'Jl Benilianll, Cliurlca 707 UtTiiliL-iiii, J. & Co 775 BertjiniUaa, A 723 IV.Tti'lini ,'i Watry 693 Barthfuu, ('*»ar 770 Bcrton i (iallianl 731 Bcrwlu, P. ftCo 769 B.'Umiui, L 775 Buttumii, Mu»e8 7S1 Butts Siirina Co 074., 784 Di-tts. Win M 074 BlagI, D. SCo 705 l):-licl, Frcil 702 Bkliaril. N 702 Bi2kwcU,F !»! BiawoU, J 00 Biihvull. Jului 2X), 281 B:ak-y. Unia 707, 782 Bisiilow. 8.0 143 BU TiV".- IIoli'l 790 BiUlaril-tablra CIO Billilli,-!! . .321 BiUiiifH, R L. &Co 772 BlUings, Harliovirni' i Co 757 BiUhigiiluy & Co. . . 729,750 Bhif, li 701 Birch, Win. II ...764, 7A1 BlrdiltoM 707 C:iuinj-ur k 1 Vi .76^1, 737 BiMiiitjur, Co!ui&Co 772 Bittner. .\ugujt 739 Bbck, II. M. & Co 700 Black lioar Mino 742, 743 Blaukbuni, .Iiuitfu 331 Black Diamond Hotel 730 Blai-king 727 Black. J 788 Blilcklock, ,1 737 Blick'.i Hotel 791 lilackwclls Hotel 790 lilaku&Co 7M lllako, I)r. ,T 75, 70 Blake, liobliins £ Co. . .310, 639, 780, 731 Blaklnlon, J. 1 484,783 Blanchttr.1. .Iulo« 757 Bliindiara & kbiuduric8 051 Bookbinding 649, 650 BiKik printing. .. 640 Booker, Wni. L 153, 770 Bootli & Co 767, 772, 733 Booth, A & Co 380, 381, 788 BootK II. ,1. 4 Co 601, 005 Booth, S. k Co 763 lloot.1, Wm 505 Borax 724 Borchi«, W. F 755 Bonlenavc, Joseph 758 Bortl. ,Utre.l & Co 751 Itoscowitz, L. & ,1 338, 700 BosQ, 1!. & Co 697 Bosqui. Edwanl 4 Co. .646, 651, 757, 7 !2 Bothiu, Dallemand & Co 762, 785 Boukofsky & KWniborg 760 nouni. Mrs 244 Doumf , II, A 772 Bour , W. B 150 licvee, W. H 664 Bowon, P.. J 287 Bowcn, V. M. k Co 571, 787 Bowen, H. 11 753 ISiiB-er & Baki'r 770 Boners, W. H. II. & Co 774 Bowles, Samuel 64 Bownian House 790 llownuin, .r. R. &Co 702,700, 785 Boyne, W. &Co 034, 754 Boynton, E. B 775 Bnjiilon, S. S 506, 762 Box Factories 599 Box Shooks 4.T3 Brace, C.L 04 Bnxlbury, W. B 698,703 PnuKonliCo 788 Bnulfonl, W. B 7.19 Bradley 4 Itulofson 750 BnMhilct 4 Co 379 Bradt4ila, Bank ot 754 British Colmuliia Packing Co. . .383, 783 British Columbia Soap Co 719 British Columbia Tanning 495 British North Auierico, Bank of 7M Broadhont, C. Vf 703 Brod rick. D. C 123 Brwlio, J. H, 4 (.'o 783 Bmml«rger. Max 763 Brooklyn Hotel 790 Broiiks, C. W 150 Brooks, II. B 321 Braiku, It. 0 577 Brnoks, York 4 Co 773 Brooms 728 BriMimconi 237 Browell, J 529 Brown Bros. 4 Co., 209, 440, 451. 701, 705 Brown Bnw. 4 Watson 037. 780 Brown, D. 4 Co 780, 787 Bn>wn, V. 773 Brown, ((, B 758 Brown. .1, B 696 Brown, J. P. 4 Co 754 Broivii, J. li. 494, 784 Brown, N & Co 761, 765 Brown, Uicliard 784 Brown, U. W 768 Brown. Craig 4 Co 770 Brown 4 Mathews 210. 708 Browning 4 Bremer 708 Brownsifillo Woolen Mill Co. . . .416, 786 llriuie, August 760 Bnuicr, B. P 683 '! :(| > Mi 796 llruiu-1, S 518 ]>iirns, Unary 770 liruiwM itk, J. M. & IliUko Co. . .(ill, 757 llnulics 730 Uruton, Dunliil 785 Ilryan. Win. J 7(H Uryuiit, A. J 154,531,770 l;ryt,>, M 300 KiiL'liunaij & Lyall 785 l:uchler, Augunt 755 r.uckiUow & Ochoa. 775 iiiickiutn'liuiu & Hccht..506, 511, 757, 758 IJuckmiller & Wells 766 lluckow, Emil & Co 7ri Buffalo 341 lluffalo German Ins. Co 101 Uuftum. W. M 775 llueua Vista Potterj' 527 1>uena Vista Vinicultural Co 63 Uubacl) 287 Buhue, II. II 5M, 768 Uujanuoa, Reinbold 771 Biilliau Yield, total 32 Bull, Geo 753 Bulwer Mine 742 Buudock, II. F .W, 781 Bunoitian & Martoniui 772, 0S6 Bungs 025 Bunker, N. E 419 Bunker, H. F Btmster, A 755 l:untiue 459 Ijura. Adal)>h 7G0 Dnrchard, C. A. 210, 772 !',un.klialtcr, F. t Co 754 l>uri;oynu & Co 124 UurlaiHi. 479 liuniull. ,1. II. 4 Bro 756 I>iirii)iaui, G. M 774 Ilumham, J. II 7M Burnett, 11. P CO Burnitt, IVt^jr H 135 Burr. C. C. & Co 6*4, 703 Burr, E. W 135 Burton, W. II 76 1 Busliy, F. H 517, 707 Business Failures 214 Biwh, A 135, 5n7 BuBli, Darld 089, 706 Business Houses, leading 7.'';3 Buswell, A i Co 051, 757 Busivell, W. P. 7C4 Butler, A B. 245 Butler, P. F 776 Butler & Ilolden 770 Butttt 'bounty. Bank of 754 ISutter 264 Buyer i Reich. 704 Byxliee. John F. 774 ( al.le Itailmad 426 < '.iliR-m. Uoma & Co. 762, 769 < 'iiilwell & Stanford 775 Cody, M 020 I'ody & WiUoy 030 Caffrey, C. 8 620 Cohen Broa. k Co 766, 772, 787 INDEX. I Calm, Morris 470 Calm, .\iekeL)liursiCo..611, 757, 753, 772 Calno, Jolm 605, 075, 7:'3 Calru, Justinian 703 Calcium Li>;!it 7L0 Caletlonia Oatm. al Mills 705 California 20, 21 Cal. Artif. Stone Paving Co 753 CaUforuiau Banks 121 California, Bank of 7M Cal. Bellows .Mfu Co 519, 767 Caliiomia Bible .Society 757 Cal. Brush tleetrie Light Co 7M CaL BleaehiUB' Hoali Co 781 CaL Cijar Box Co 758 Cal. Cracker Co 428, 763 Cal. Concentration Co 780 Cal. Cream of Tartar Co 571, 737 California Distillery 703 Cal. Electric Light Co 593 Cal. Electrical Power Co 693 Cal. Electrical Works 693, 694, 70i 707, 776 Culifornian '' terjin-^'s 48 Calitonr . File Co. 670 California Flour Mills 705 Cal. Furniture Mfg Co 606, 006, 766 California Fuse Aia'n 711, 766 California Fuse Works 711 California Glove Co 617, 707 California Uonie Ins. Co 114 California Hosiery Co. .118, 418, 449. 780 Calitoniia Ins. Co 160, 770 Caiitoruia Iron Co 311 Cal. Italian Paste Co 660 California Jewelry Co 696, 771 California Lloyds 144 California Mine 738 Cal. Mutual Marino Ins. Co.... 142, 143 CaUfomia Gil Works 780 California Oil lieftncry 730 Oallfornia Pkg Co 788 California Paint Co 715 Califoniia Paiier Co 780 California Paiier Mfg Co 636 CaUfomia Powder Works. .709, 710, 782 California liaisiu Co 245 Cal. Savings Si Ix»ui Society 754 Cal. SiUi Mfg Co 46i 479, 784 Califomiim Silver 306 California, Bouthem 28 Cal. Si)ring Mfg Co 007 Ciil. Siiring M,ittre88 Co 470 California SprUig Mfg Co 470, 757 CaUfomia Star Oil Co 317 Cal. Star Oil Works Co 780 California Hlato Tel. Co 189, 190 CaUfomia Steam Nav Co 108, 783 CaUfomia Sugar ICelinury 647, 734 (JalifomlR Tool Works 670 California TmusiKirtation Co 783 Califonda Typo Foundry 764 Califonda Varnish Works 786 Cal. Vigorite Powder Co ... .709, 783 Califoruian Wheat 279 Califomhi Wire Works Co 068, 786 Colkers' Association lOS Callingham, W. .1. k Co 770 CaUendar, Henry A 771 Caila^han, 1). & Co 671 Cali3t4jga Hot Springs 789 Camels. .Siberian 63 Campbell, C. E 768 Campiiell. Geo. II 775 Campltelt House 789 Campljell, J 519 Campbell, Milton 785 CaiTipbeU, M 690 Campbell Pru*i Mfg Co 043 Campbell, W. II 769 Canadian Pacilic IL It 98, 181 Canary Seeany, 8. F 721 Canneil Goods 7.'i9 Canneries of Fmit 759 Canneries of Salmon 788 Canning, Salmon 377 Capon, George B. K Co 21 1, 7:i7, 758 Capital Canning Co 759 Capital Flour MiUs 705 Capital Furniture Co 766 Capital Gas Light Co 731 Capital Pkg C, 785 Capital Savings Bank 704 Capital Soap Factory 731 Caps 403 Carbon Bisidphidc 727 Carbon Hill 008 Cardiare, D. i Co 723, 763 Career for Energy 85 Cariboo 341 Carit, ,T. A 763 Carion & Emst 755 Carlton Houso 790 Carmany, John 11 & Co 783 CarmoDchc, Paul 760 Carolan, Coo' 4 Co 209, 757, 768, 776 Can) 328,385 Carpets 477, 753 Carpet Beating 478 Corpet Linhig 477 Carpenter, Mr 719 Carqiiinez Strait 23 Carr, Jcsso D 269, 960 Carr, II 767 Carriages 616, 759 Carriage Materials, Dealers 759 Cairlgan, Andtvw 221 Carrlger, X 246 Carroll, ,1 C ' ... .634, 774 CarroU, J, H ...155 CarroU, II. T. A Co 77a Carson 38, 639 Carson City f^viogs Bonk 754 Cartan. McCarthy 4 Co 72 Carter, L. F 769 CorviUe Mfg Co 618, 759 Casanova, Henry 218 Caaenavo. P. & Co 665, 7C2 Case, J. J. (t Co 211, 770 <:^a«c, I. W 754 Casey, M. Francis 757, 768 Casey &Cronau 773 Cusaamayou, A. k Co 779 ('ui»ln, V.J. & Co "GO, 772 Caator Bcjiti 3S7 C'astlu Bros. 1: Louihi...2i», 707, 7S3, 785 CiutrovUlu 30 Calflah 328,380 Cattarliia, E. .T 705 CattclllSiCo 560,774 OeUar Forests 35 Comont rii« 539, 783 Cento, J 441 Centnl Uottl 753, 789, 790, 791 Conlnil Paclllo U. 11 10, 92, lOi 1C9, 170, 174, 177, 308, 018, 033, 046, 005, 070, C73 Central Gas Lisbt Co .733 Ccrf, ,r. iCo 210,763,773 Chaliot, A 314 Chadboiimo, F. S. .Ik Co. . . .211, C07, 7GI1 Chad>jounie, T. .7 559 Chailclenlon, J. L 780 Clialns C73., 760 Chatai 601, 607, 700 Chalmers, Robert 245 Chalmers St, Holmes 534, 774 CharaiUKne 349, 700 Chances for Settlers 87 Chandler & Son 707 i.'hamller, Ulchanl D 770 Channel I'otterj- 782 Chapman. A. 11 330 Chapman, U 77^ Chapiuau, James P. S Co 709, 783 Chapman, W. S 419 Charco.ll 725 Channan, Thoa 136 Charman. T. S Son. 228, 775 Chariot, .Toseph 771 Chanl, Thomas S 153 Chase, A. W. Capt 003 Chase, It. P. &Co 757,768 Chauche, Ailrlen O 772 Cheese 207 Chcmekcta Hotel 790 C!>omieal Works 761 Choi.T, C. C 770 Choslcj, G. W 773,775 a . valier. ''. i Co 772 Chlco 27 Chico, Bank oi' 754 CUIco Plow Woiks 675, 753 Chicory 388 Chiehizola, Anton'o 703 Chief Soap Factors 784 Chlelovich, K. 4Cj 772 ChUa8,M. W 214 690,785 Chilborg, J. P 775 Chinese CowiKttition 113 Chinese, Upposttiou to 119 Chloriiuktion Process 429 Chocolate 606.761 Chollar-Norcross Pnmp 421 Chollar PotosI Mine 740, 743 Choiunl, Louis 771 Cluist, John 756 Christy 4 Wise 165, 787 Chn^mu Iron 314 Cbuicli. J. K 775 CInites. LowUng 4oO C'Ifars 700, 700 Ciifar Boxei 000 Cigar Faet■:'... J II kCo 501. 70>J t'uuklio llrtH 478 CuukUu. II U. t Co 771 < oukliu. 1'. k V. a 617 < uulUui, Tbmua C 736 4 utilixi4 IlA/berU 691, 7)^ 7(.Vi i'>u\i. J^Ata IX I ouiKcticnt Pii»- : -a. Co 158 VtmuKiijk Ikirle.. 7tti I'litiUL-r, Juhn 754 c uuuer 4 Hon 641 li/uuick, A 5U1 ('4pnnkk. II 5yl c 'oimoUr. Micbael 75S < ■..iini.l r)»i U 7M <-"uli Umiik of Hftn l>ieso 754 * '>m. VirKinia Misw 738 C'unliiifiiUl Ili>««l 7'jO < 'ouliufmul 9,l>u^t J 746 Ctvtk-ent City 30 • 'revulln. K. & Uro 678 Critteudtui Kerr 767 Cril tentleii k McCiie 753 ('r,a*Uilf 383 Crocus Marcliuiid 6iM. 786 Croi'lial. (;. iCo 243 Cnxikfr. C 168. 174 (.'roekor. £. B 168. 175, 176 (.•riK:ki!r. II. S. & Co 757. 783. 784 ('nH:kiTj- 763 Crockett, rage k ToTia lo'J Cn)i>uhiut, Charles 55 Crown I'l.iiit Mine 740. 742 Cninmu'ry & Hall 758 Cudell. Cuittave k Co 784 Cuir 4i Cu 766 Culiner. O. F 767 Culp, J. D 385, R'J Culp, J. D. i Co 703. 760, 785 1 'umiiiitiHS, Oilnluel & Co 765 Caniiinglmm. Jas 775 Ciimiiiiifbaiu k .Mclteatli 669, 763 < 'iltiiiiiiKliaui. Curtis & Welch 210.757.784 Ciilfples, f^aniuel k Co 7^ Ciirlock, A. B 754 Curkil Hair 703 CurlfW Mi t-'urliy .t Maliaii 78a Currency 131 Currio, .Vrtliur U i Co 78J Currier, Amos 753 Currj. Clias 671 <■" rj-. J 671 Ctt' ry, N. i Uro 671. 768 Curta/., B 780 Curtin, C 787 Curtis House 783 Curtis. Tyler 154 ( 'urtitt, DiXGti & Co 760 Curtis, John k Bon 783 I'unhUii!, C. II 154 CuUeiy 61)9, 703 Cutting i Co 383 Cuttiua, JohnT. A Co 708 Cutliu.; Packing Co 340,759.788 llaljovlchN 765 Uair}'; Dairy Produce 360,703 Dairymen's union 107 IJaklii k Lihliy 719, 753, 784 Dalliy, I'ewel ft WiUon 496. 513 Dainleisli. 1) 446 Duil. W. H 4i321 Dalles, Hank of Tho 140 Dalles, The 33 DalO'lnple. ,). J 775 Daiton. .1 345 Dalton ft Gray 765 Djiy, 1' J 765 Datzeli. JunK'8. 390, 785 Daucri, F. ft Co 209. 218. 707, 77'i Daueri. Antoniu 703, 763 DaiiicLs, .1. ft Co 533.774 Danlurtl), Mmire ft Cunimijiffs..495. 773 Diiiifurtli ft Co 784 Dannats. .lunius 766 Daniieuijaun). J. ft H 787 Dau skill Bros 775 Duiisuiaii Tobacco Co 785 DaveliiHjrt, Capt 349 Davidson. B 124 DaviiUoii, (leo 280. 323. 324, 033 Daviilson. J. W. ft Co 787. 761, 707 Daviilsou, Hall ft Co 761, 778 Davis Bros 761,764, 783, 7a« liavis, Christy 787 Davis ft Cowell 534, 772 Davis, C. II ft Co 55<> Davis, Geo. A 753, 7W Davis, HoraceftCo 5S6 Davis ft Hiinrod 775 Davis, J. C 345 Davisft Kellom; 780, 783 Davis, Levy 712, 775 Davis ft Lowell SW. 756 Davis. W 601, 769 Davis, P. ft Uro 7M Davis, W. Ii 763 Davis, ,H P. ft Co 77a Davy. Henry 433 Dawson, J 5ji5 Dawson, J .M. Pkg C.i 241. 759 Dawson Pkjf Co 211 Day,.l W 447 DayiCo J73 D.iy, Thos 689, 761. 704 775 Dayton. Hall ft Lamhcivou 211, 763 DayUm Woolleu Uilk 447, 786 Dazet. J. B 773 Dean, K. B. ft Co. .587, 629. (13, 774, 784 DoCaslro, D. ft Co 769, 'iS) DuUclis, Mr» .230 Docker ft Jewctt 7M DcCourcy. F. 764, 787 Deer 340 ileuthftHtart 660 Deetken. Chloriuation 41f Deiitkoo. O. F 430 l>el''rumery. Jaiuoe ft Oo 769 Degen, L. P .•..533,737,768 DoifcnerftCo 303,769,770 Deidesheimcr, P 433 Dcililuger, H 768 1 )e Ijury , Cha« 706 iJulan.iy, F. W, 037 Delsuuj, F. X3 Del Alar, Alexander 764 Delleliiane ft Co 769. 783, 787 Delta Canuiug Co 306, 219, 384. 788 Delta Packing Co 383. 385 Itonilister ft Keys.. 759, 763, 763, 709, 783 Deiu|«ter, W. A 385 Duuiartiul, L. ft Co 763 Dtimers, Hector L 763 IX'inurs, L 775 Dt^miliK, l*atmcr & Co 210 l)i-mmlck i .shtfliilcl 7j3 Dcnuveaiix A Mainou 773 DuuJianl, John 783 Domils, tieartfo G(j3 Deuiiisun. W. H. (c E. K 527. 782 DeDiilHtuii. Kilwanl G CM. 764, 7C7 DBiiiiy, Ivlwuril Jt Co 753 l>v|Hit Hiitol. rallHadu 790 Delxit IIoU'l. lieno 790 Do I'uu. V II 719 Dorliy. K. M 774 Dwrlck-Ncta 433 l>e .Salila. Kilgcnu 769 IKmeret Ilauk 764 Drakil 703 DuamoiKl. J. ,1. & Sons 770 Itetrtck, E. & Co 733, 7.H 709 Dt!V»;rs. Kovbncku & Co 7f>2 Dovine, J. C 534, 775 DovHii, John & Co 788 DewiiiK, J. & Co 7.'J7 IViliT, F 566, 762 IKxtcr, llortoii * Co 754 IMnlilo Hhlgo 23 Dlamoiitlit 320 Wbblcc UnM 'J« Dlbhltf, Albert 709, 733 DIcklo Ilroa 630-033, 783 Dlckh'. (I. W., iuvuntioiix of 416, 422,423,434,433,633 nicklo, .liw 629. C33 nickio, John 033 Dickflou'H /Vjjcncy 158 Wckson. Do Wolf Ji Co »M. 753, 700, 767. 768, 774, 783 Dlcknon, M. W 126 Dickson. Itiilwrt 158,770 Dli<7, ..V. C. » Co 762, 772, 780 l)iu2 H lUinuu 760 Dilko, Sir Charles 64 Dint'lLT, O. L 687,774 Diugley, N 561,702 Dlnkelalilil, L. & Co 76i 771, 787 Dinwooily, Henry 706 Diri-etory of Kaeraraentougla«a I'kg Co 381, ?■« Douglas.* Ilroa. k Co 775 Doutrick, Frank & Co 775 Itoves 341 D^jwney 29 Downey. J. (i 4^ Downing. A. F. k Hon 704 Doyle, Ilcnry & Co 769 Doyle S Williams 245 Drake, B. F 063 Drake k Kmerwjn 705 Dtesliach, Wra 203, 767, 769, 783 Dress Trimminffs 403, 764 Draw, II. L 708 Dry Docks 633 Dreyfus, B 210, 5*1 Dreyfus, B. iCo 773, 780 Dreyfus & Co 023 Drlanl House 732, 791 Driukhouso, J. A 760. 785 Drouot, U 782 Drugs 764 Drtucmond & liCmont 774 DuUoU, Kintt i Co 210. 767 Ducks 311 Ducommun, C 210. 775 Duonwaia, C. F 700 Dufour, A J 730 Dulsenlicrg, Charles & Co 763 Duke, W. Hons&Co 785 Dun, ,T. O. tCo 214 Duncan. Mr .333 Duncans Mills L. t L. Co 771 Dunham. B. Frank 221 Diuiham. Carrfgan k Co 209, 221,768,776 Dunn, H D 772 Dunn, J 559 Duniihy k HiUlreth 270, 751 Dunirtiy. William 270, 758 Dunsmuir, Digglo je Co 199, 307. 309 l>ui>ont Powder Co 782 .710 .783 .705 707 782 736 799 Dnltose. F. F 409. 762 l)us.rnlKTy k Steucel 775 Dusenhery Uros 775 Dutch Flat Hotel 78.1 Dutton. Wm. J 1.51 Dwelling House Unilcrwriters 156 Dwycr k Cartan 700 Dyer Bros 750, 767 Dyer. L. -M 618,759 Dyer. W.J 753 EaiLi, J. 11 182 Kagtu BrLWery 735 Eagle Cracker Bakery 703 Eaglo Fuse Works 711 liagle Hotel 791 Eagle Soap Works 784 Kagle St/?am (tracker Bakery 703 Eardhy & Cartwright 627, 783 Earl, J. O Earle, D. W. 4 Co Earle. E. F Earle. Thomas .Vj5, 702. ! Eaitman. Frank & Co 640. ' Exttman. Thomas >i 020. 7.59, ' Eiiston, ,Iohn 703, 700 Eaton k Batluy 776 Eberhard, Jacob 491, 494, 784 El.ncr Bros 773 Eckstein. A. B 711.765 Eclilise Cnickcr Co 763 Eddy's Sluice 416, 417 Edmonds, O 559 Edwards, P. C. 210, 780 Edwanls. Geo. V 757 I'gan, M. M 773 Egcrton. Henry C 709. 776 Eggers. C, H ^!I3 Erileston. Ben 767 Ehlltz, Henry F 700 Ehnnau. M. k Co 707, 760, 782, 785 Einstein 4 Co 511 Einstein, Louis 4 Co 775 Eisen, F. T 245 Eisenlwrg. Ad.ilph 701, 771 Elsenljerj. E. 4 Bro 700 Ekelimil, Eric 7':4, 767 Elam 4 Howes 624 El Ca|)itan 79 Electrical Construction Comisuiy. . . 192,693 i:iectrical Instruments 693, 704 Electroplates 764 Electrotnie 641, 764 Elevators 678, 704 Elfeldt, A II. 4 Co .209, 701, 704 Elk 310 Elkus, L. 4 Co 451. 45^ 761 Elleau. Henry 771 Elliott 4 Co 705 Elliott. Wm. C. 159 Elliott. W, L. 4 Son 770 Ellis. Nathan 773 Elli.i. TboTias .«;'l El Monte Hotel 791 Elmore. .Sanmcl 738 Elsander. H. W 754 ' i. 8oo Kumnuel, L. &K COG, 764) Kiubrolileriea 704 Kinint'tt, lifci ,71 Kmit'y & lA?uiiunl 76'.» Ijiipiru roimilry 6t"J Ijuiiirt; HoUl 791 ICmitirL- Inm Wurk« 771 Kiiipire Muchlnu Bhop 771 Diulilro Mini' 741. 712 Knuullirfcht. Foj S Co 702, 760, 735 I'.nguuiann, llenoana 7fiO ]:nsiucs 704 r.ii«Ki & Son 774 Knsli'lKTt, Peter II 760 KngU-n, William 758 l:uglli,li 4 Co 381. 383, 788 Kugwor & Wt'intraub 7iy F,nri;;ht, Joseph 675, 771 Knterpriiu) Straw Works 465, 781 KiiterprUfS, Great 50 Kpiiinger «: Co 303, 767 l^lmteill, lienty 252 Krilin. Theovloro 766 Krskiii, Orw^r & Co 767 Kr/gml»(-T. C. k Co 760 K)i!H.T,f. Bochman & Co 760. 78.'5 Ei>i>erBon. Ilennan 771 liHlH'y Mtu Co G18 ICaiior. W. W 759 J'^sscncfi*. etc 764 ICstuillUo Ilot.i 791 KltingiT i Co 463, 444, 736 Kulcr & Co 7G6 Eureka 37 I^ureka Consolidated Mino "41 Kunka District 304 Kui;t;ka Fomiilry 771 Eureka (ios ».'o 734 Eureka Iluir Factoiy 763 Eurekl Hotel 789 Eun-ka Iron Works 771 Eureka Pku Co 783 Jjireka Powder Co 783 J'^ureka SeauUeas Ulovo Factor}' 767 J->-a, .Tames & Co 766 Evau.1 ii Co 545, 591 Evans, 1) 436, 680 J'>ans, Elffood 736 Evans, Ham 416 Evorts, Wra. M 108 EverdluK & FarreU 211 Everdini;, ,1 4 Co 722, 784 Everett, J. K 775 Evenou, Wallace 4 Co 7C8 Ewcn4Co 383,788 r.wer. S 245 Excelsior 471 Excelsior Iron Works 771 Excelsior Planlntf Mills 763 Excelsiitr Powder Co 782 Excelsior Htraw Works 784 ExiK'rt, llcmurd 772 ExiKirts, c;eneral 211 Express Business 184 Express. ( )rigin of the 185 Expresslnit 181. 188 Expressmen's Union 107 Factories. Ijwk of 49 Factories as Hehocls 118 Falllut!, Ii 135 Fair, J. 11 301 Falr4 Farmers' Bank of Wheatland. 754 Farmers' Union 775 Farming 270 Fanier, J. W 759 Farrar, Sipiin) 4 Co 767 Fanisworth. E D. 4 Son 770 Farrlngton, Hyatt 4 Co 605 FarweU. .T. 1> 325 Faucets 6'J5 Fay, ISolwrt 4 Co 781 Fechhelnier,Cioodklnd4 Co 209, 761,765 Fechheimcr 4 Steele 501, 780 Feder, M. M, 4 Co 765 Fuigontauni 4 Co 764. 785. 786. 787 Felling 4 Ucnry 767, 782 Feist Bro 787 Fcldman. L. 4 Co 209, 786, 787 Felslcad, Capl 362 Felter, .las. .7. 4 Co 253, 773 Felt, J.J 143 Felting 732 Folton, C. N 317,678 Pe'iVcr, L 623, 762 Fenkhausen 4 Braunschweiger — .773 Form.w, L. A 648 Femow's Drying Mafhluu 648 Fitz, Joseph 786 Field, The 17 Field, Judge 259 Field, S.D 192,429 Fleld4Frel 608 FieliU, Clias 766 Fiftli ,Street Furniture Co 766 Figerllros 766 Filhner, J 756 Finch, Burtt 4 Co 775 FiuBon lloiue 789 Fiuck, Henry 762 Fiudla, J 143 Findlay, Durhani4Bradle..383. 775. 788 Fink. Charles 774 Fink, (ieo. K 775 Finnegau, PA 260, 371 Figerllros 7.11 Files 670. 7«1 Fir ForesU 36 Fires 143 Fire Arms 671 Fireworks 711, 765 Plro D(!iiartnient 148 Firemans Fund Insurance Co.. LW, 770 Fire Insurance Association 156 Fire Patrol UK First Nat Bank. Alarne8 753 Foyo. ,T. M 501, 700 Francis, W. W 731 Francis. Valcntinii & Co MO, 73J Franco-^Un-.-rican aavinsa Bank 7M Franco- American Uotcl 731 Fnuictto, J. & Co 753, 783 FmulcBroa 210,786 I'i-a:ill&Co 761,730 Frauli, Goldamith t Co 731 Frank. J. i; Sons 4H '73 Frank, Henry 776 Frankonljcrj Bro 700 Frankonburjcr k Davidson 756 Fmnkcnlicimcr, B 761 I'raukuatlial. Ita^Uman & Co 704,767,785 Franklin. JL JiBros 763, 737 Frapulli, D. £Co 78J Fraacr PJvcr 43 Frosor Uivor Canneries 333 Franz. John. 753 Frcar Stono Co 753 Frederick. W. A 730 Frederick. Joscpli & Co 753 Fredericksburg Brewery 753 Prodcricks, J. & Co 210 Fredcricha & Oercke 007 Frce:nau ti Baker 765, 783 Freeman, F. 8. ti Co 7G3 Freeman, Tlir-iar 618, 753 Froonian, ,Smitli i Co 7il Freeman, M. P. tt Co 751 Frei, A ?*> Frcislit Charges ■ 171 Iramont, J.C CO. 12S lOI FMnch, D M. & J. M 14') FnnchtCo 140, 731 French Savins* ^ Loan 7.'>i rrj3no 27 FreanuCaiia! Co 07 Fi-cah Fruit Pka. Co 75J Fresno Vineyanl Co 213 Freund t Co 783 Frcund k Morgan 700 Friarit fit Co 767 Frickotl, S. U. i Co 700 Friedlander Bros £00. 703 Friclrichs, II 007 Frirtbie, J. B 135 Frisco BaukiuK Co 751 Frit^ &Kcan 763 Frojs 323, 33:; Froldini,', John 213 Fruluuan, S 735 Fromm & Scliatfcr 463, 461. la^, Froombert'. U 337, 706 Fruo Conuoatrator 423 Fruit (/.iuuing 233, 25J Fruit Jrylnj 233 Fruit 8hlpinents 234 Fruit Trees 231 Fruit Dealers 765 Fry. J. D 245 Fruhmanu. AM 737 Fuldallros. tc Co 624. 702 FiUler. Geo. U 763.763 Fuller, F. W 761 Fulton Iron Works 602 Fuuk.C.C 78) Funkenitoin. C. t Co 762. 773 703, Fulton Iron Works 771 Fulton Foundry 771 Funk.C. C 454 Furcorto & Gates . . 758 Furguson. E. C 444 Futnishiug Goods 445, 455.705. 703 Furniture 601,700 Furniture Material 001 Furnltnro Woods 6J2 Fiurniturj Factories 603, 007 Furriers .337 Furs 330,331,76,1 Fur Seals 330, 333, 531 Fuse 710, 76; Fuse, Ea^lo Works 763 Gaeth & Iloelu-iss 463, 464, 736 GM. J. B 733 fialt House 7'Jl Gale, Juic?h 533 Gale, .1. W. &Co 763 Golindo Hotel 700 Gallagher. Bernard 013,753.780 Galleano, Antonio 700 Gailiion Ilot.d.'. 7.X) Galvanized Iron 090, 763 Gamble k Bryant 707 Gambrhius Brewery 750 Game.* 240,330 Game Dealen 341 Game Supply 311 GarbirinI, J. A 2,'5 Garcia Bros 705, 7*5 Garcia, Domingo 501, 763 Garcia, Jose A 70(1 Garcia Sawmill 531 fiardner I'kg. Vo 731 Garescho, Ureon & Co 754 Ganlen City 23 Gardeners* Association 107 Gortleld, J. A 233 Garland. Wm. D 1,0 Garii, Wm 70J Garratt, W. T..512. 513, 653. 683, 087, 733, 757,753,701 Garratt k Creosau. 705 Garratfd Bra.u Foundry 686 Garrison k Frotr 123 Garrison, Morgan ii Co 137 Gas Works 7;3 Gas Fixtures 763 Gates, John 411 Gate.-!, J. It. kCo 704 Gaunt, Mr 417 Gjcio 341 Gclil, Limis 760 Gcisbaker. Andrew 706 Gelien, Uu.iolph O 760 Gcnesoo MUl Co 735 Gcrber Bros. 753 Gircke, Wni 007 Gjrdes, Uich 753 Gorman Savings Bank 133 German Having.i and Loan Sooloty. .751 Germon, A & Co 771 Gerrish, O. P. i Co 775 Gerstlo, L 3^3 Gotloson & Landis 773 Getj Bros, i Co 760, 763, 732 ajysurviilo Hotel 733 Gliirardelll, D 537 GUlranlelU S Sous 701,763 Giannlnl, P. A 631,733 Giant Powder Co 233, 703, 783 Gibiwns, Dr 03 GibbTapiwt 433 Gibbs, a JO. W. i Co 3I», 76), 773 Gibioa. Barbara Co 773 Gibson. C.W 767 Gibson & E3clo3 733 Gieso. Henry 733 Gilbert. August 703 Gilbert. I. E. & Co 776 Gilbert i Mooro 408. 603, 763, 703 Gilding C81 Gill, J. K. & Co.... 210. 323, 737, 757, 731 Gillett, P. 0 753 Gilman, Walker i Co 773 Gllroy 41.1 Gilroy, Bank o( 751 Glovannini & Co 733, 73) Girard Ins. Co 153 Girard, Leaser k Co 758 Gladding, MeBean & Co. . . .527, 725, 733 Glaile, Frederick W 771 Glass 533,767 Gloss Melting-pot 433 i I 8oa INDEX. D II, fc: I ■f") (IIU9 Wcirks, H, K. & P 523 Olas.* Works, ('.itifumia Coop 5-5 j (JuMi-ii <',iiU! Packliiif < 'o 759 OoMen (iatc Wiwluu Mills 441. "SC GoldfU Btato k Miuun' trim Works. 757.704,771 Golilcusoli, F.dwunl 7C0 Col.l I-UtM 707 Oolilinuii, L 664,703 Oolclmim. M 775 nolilliwii, H 707 (Milsmitli, U 141 (lol.tsraitli, D. K 781! (loiasinltb, L. k Co 787 OiiMamith&Low«ilH!rs....O!lO, 781. 783 C.olJiitone. .MitcliuU 7lB, 700 GoUltrci', Natluin 737 Oolinsky, E. 1 Co 702 Oo .icru k Doolcy 270, 271, 540, 759 Gootloll. rurkiua & Co 201. 202. CJO. 7S3 OooiliUl, Charlos 202, 2(1 ) Gooilliue, 8 201 GooUinan, A 707 Go»lmuii. .1 H. &1V. 754 Goixlman. Simon 70O Go"'inomh. A. M 780 Go<..iricli, Tiiylor 784 Goo.iwln. .T. C' 006 GofHlwiii. M. k Co 771 Cotnlyoar UuliWrCo 522. 757, 701. 707. 782, 785 Golly. J. II. SCO 7.57 Gordon. Bernard 772 Gordon. O 547 Oonlon Hardware Co 209. 220. 687. 073. 708 Gonlon & Hazzard 775 Gordon. .Tamos E 220, 073 Oonlon. (,'. M. &Co 734 Oorhaiu. W 11 553 GoaUluk>-, E. 4 Co 7C0, 785 Ooss k Adania 771 Oottisi, L 135 lloud,ll. L 221 Imuld, .Mr 302 doul.l scurry .Milif 739. 712 Goiiuh. .Jolia .757, 773 (lowen. O 750 Graio. ,1. W. *Co 3M, 767, 709. 7«3 lirac-ier, Francis ..750 t 'HKlwold 4 EuilNjy 758 ( iraf A: Frotitui 706 UnihaiD, liilward 775 (iraliaiii, 11 II & lira 637 GnUiain. Isaud 331 Graliuin, ,1. C. k Co 757 Gruhaiil. J. U 601. 76.1 Itmliam TaiN-r Cu 037, 780 Umin HIilinHTs 203. 707 Grand. A. 1, 210 Grai d Cntral Hotul 701 Grand llotid 790. 791 Grange. N 773 GraiigerH' Hank of Califoruia 754 Grangi-rs' llubiuuss Aaa'u 752 UraniUi 532 Granilo I'owder Co 709, 782 Grant, J ._ 531 Grant, TUos. C .' 770 Granz, H 603,700 GralHts 241 Graphite 320 Grans Valley 30 Grass Valley Founilry 771 lirau i Co 618 Gmvo, U. & Co 759 Gnves. V. Co 773 Graves k llall 707 Gniy. Edward I* 770 Gniy, G. W. k Sons 713. 760 Gray, .Matthias 7^1 Gniy, .V. k Co 702. 7S0 Grayson. ,1. W. 4 Co 730. 735 Great Fortunes 55 Green. John 345 Greenebauiu. U. & O 119. 451. 156. 458. 701. 705 Gruenbauiu, Sachs k Freeman 209,7&-| tlrvenberg 4 Co 686, 707. 758 Greenwootl, .M 69^1 Orelfe, Charles 700 Gregoire, Louis 4 Co 5.'7 Gregory, H. I*. 4 Co . .210. 211, 757, 704, 774, 776, 780, 783, 78ll GrlesBon, 0 502, 7S2 Grimu4(,'o 707 Grlain, W. E 754 Grifflth,a 634, 773 Griffltb,.T. M 210 Grisar, E 255 Grisur, E. 4 Co 787 Groceries 707 Groezinger. G 245 Grosoh, E. A 303 Grosch, U. B 302 Grouse 3ft Gruvcstem 4 Blnnard 773 Grozelier 4 Nelson ftM, 785 Gnicnhageu, V, H 767 Gulllemolt«i. J. M T91 Gulttard. E. 4 Co 664, 607. 763. 763 Guittaril, Oiner .707 Gump. S. 4G 010. 7.S1 Guui|H.rtz 4 Brooks 20J, 780 1 lundlaeh, J. 4 Co 241, 773, 7811 tluiis 709 Gunat. M. A. 4 Co 700, 783 Gutelius, .Mr 308 Guthrie, J. W 754 Guthrie 4 Adams 775 Gutta I'ercba Mfg. Co 6S2. 757, 707,709,783 Gutte, 1 70'J Gutte 4 Frank 770 GulUiilKTser. Wm 771 tJuttenlterger 4 Co 665 Guayinas 46 Gwlli. W.M 90 QylMUm 320 IlaoiSros 209,708,783 llaas, Geo. 4 Co 703 Iluhorlhi«, .1. C 77J Hacheney 4 Beno 708 lliicker, B 703 llatfonl, R. F. 4 Oo 773 Ilagau, John 705 lla:;au 4 Manhelm 15S llai(cr4Co C4I Ilaaer, John B 160 llaguinann, F. 4 Co 055 Uagenuali4 Schooling 775 llaggiu, J. B 139, 301, 406, 470, 710 Hahii, John 76^ lliihn 4 Cohen 760 Ilaigh, B. 4Sons 383, 305, 78S lUiiiht. iiuliert 4 Co 763, 783 Haines, J. W 410, 419, 420, 421 Haine-* 4 Feters ISA Uaker, W. 4 llinz 776 Hale, BriM. 4 Co 775 ILile, Jaincs W 787 Hale 4 Norcross Mine 739, 743 llalc, O. A. 4 Co 737 llaUliut S.'B Hall, A. J. 4 Sons 221761 Hall Bros 032,783 Hall, C U 1 013,781 llall, E. A 235 Hall,F 773 Hall, J. V Oo0,757 llall, Luhrs 4 Co , 708, 773 Hall's Safe 4 Loik Co 770 Ilallidic, A. S 183, 410, 425, 436, COS, 757, 703 Halsey, F. A 465 HaUteU House 753 llaUted, J. L 696 Hamburger, S. D. 4 Co 706 Hauiilton 4 Cu 775 Hamilton, G. M 759 Hamilton, .Tuhn line 770 Hamilton, I'atrlek 736 Hamilton, \V. U. 4 Co 754 Hammond, .Mr 260,367 Hampton. Clias. W 764 m llaiiiiilon. J. l", & Co 7M lUuiiiUiu IIou.;u 751 lUnciKkt Wililit 730, T3t Ilai.ly, L. N & Co 023, 702 lUliforil Ho;cl 78-J IlailU U. (1 2J0 Ilallly, IlLorsi' T. » Co 78J llauly u HtMW...^ IGi, 7^ Ilaniia. V O 733 Ilaiina, J, & IV N 763, 7il llaiina. J. V. W 40O IIii:iB<.'ii. M. S A 7C3 IlaiiHuii, Acttcntun & Co 774. 783 Ilaiithom, J. (1 i C.) 381, 757, 71 ]Iaj>,'u<«l i C.i 78J IIai>^oo.l, llUDiu&Co 381 ]l.inu:;thy, Ak'oston 343 IlaraS2tliy, A. P 2i: JlaroH/tliy, An>a'l 247 llanu.aliy, Arpml & Co 250, 700. 7Sfi Ila.biii Hut Hulpluir HiirlUit'S 7SU Harlfora 3'J7 llardii'. UliiOrlcli & Co 7S« Hard wart-. dL'aluni In 7C8 llanly Powder Co IIar.1 .341 Hardin^-. Unlnii & Prior 4H 78J llarkur. W. 4 Sou 24.) Ilurkuusa & Co 7M Harlow, J. & Co COO, 758 llaniio:i. Bauiuul II 774 IIa.-ndi!ii. W P 183 Harucjs 491) llanioaj Mmiufacturcri 501 liari'Ois Production GOO Harper. Jatnen 750 Harper, I£t.-y:iold« & Co 210 Ilarjici, Tho« 271, 537 Uari)cr,W.S 730 Harris, Ilroa 7C1, 73^ Harris, E. T 730 Harris, J. & Co 78u Harris^ Rhine 751 Harris, TIios 270 Harris, Wm 560 Harrison & Dickson 720. 756.775,780,787 lUrxiion, C. H 230 Harrison, William O 770 llamiann Bros 750 Harrold, Jolin J.-, k Co 754 Harroltl. John 733 Hart. Jackson 787 Hart & Goodman 341 Hart & Sons 787 Harto, O. P 707,733 U:irtung. F 245 Hasey & Lancoater. 765. 780 na.ito i ICirk 770 ila.ikell. C, L 001. 76J HaiikcU. D. n .■.18:. lI:Lskcl. PhincAS 703 Haskell & Jluojzo 771 Haslani, A 053 Hasterlicll, 8 701 Hastings, C. C. tCk) 701 Ilostuigs, a. C 24S INDtX. Hatcli. Dr P. W 73 lUuli & llarclay 73J ILithaway. C W MJ llatnian & N'ornianiljD 733 Hatlcrotli & lluu 704 Hat* 433. 700 I laii.^iiuin Pros 610. 7ol Haiuer, S f. » Co 731 Haven, C. D 150 Haven. J, P 112 Hawaiian Commercial Co 2C6,W8,M0, MO Hawaiian Tratlle 744 Hawaiian Haiptr Viold Ml Ilawe.^, Alexamlcr a 770 Hawes. I) 158. 770 llawkes, C. K 768 Hawkins, F.lijali 770 Hawkins, ,1 .11 767 Hawks. N. c 610 Hawley. c A. k Co 703, 770. 7S« Hawlej. .has. U 757 753 Haul ,, C J. t Co 70S Hawley, David Jf 783 Hawley, M. C. & Co. .. .300, 763, 768, 783 Hayes, D. K 603 Hayes, l ieo. k Co 763 Haynes k Lowe 271 Hayward. A 632. 780 Haywanls Hotel 7.S'J llaiardiKarl 031.782 Head, C. 1' 4 Co 775 Heuld's Airieultural Works. . . . '675. 753 Haildsburg 412 Healdsliurn'. lialik of 754 Healdsbnrii llrowery 750 Healy. Geo 781 Healy. Wm 030. 702 Hearst, Geo 'V)l Heatlioni. W 400, 51 ' llelK;r. Wm 703 H.-cht, M 707 Hecht llros. & Co 210, 511, 757, 772 Hi-cht, Martin & Co 211 lIe.lonliimjh. W. A. 4 Co 620 Hej:m tl'o 023, 703 lli>.<»ii. lluwiurcl 090, 783 IIulio Halmoii Co 788 lloUt, Will MO UolliriHik, MurriU & Utctnon Wi. iM, 758, 708, 770. 7*1 785 lIollircKiko lloiuu 789 U.iKniiib. W, A. iUo 707 HuKIlju, Julill 11 7t3 lIuUloii, J. L 023 lIoWcii. 8. K 4i« lluIdmliC Will lOO llaljur, .Martin MB, 7C7 llu'.Jis, Jubii II 773 IIi.lli'ulHick. J. K Hi IWlUtur SU U.'lli-i -T, l^iiik (if 711 Uulli.vur, .1. 11 'JO IIull:..tLT, O. J 730 UoUbitur. Town at 60 UolliJt.jr, WW 51, 06, »5, 230, 257 IlMhiiiii. ,1 001 ll.iliitiii. Huutoa It Uo 7,V) llubn; s, U T. 4 Co 531, 772 Holt IlKM 014 759,774 lloll,C. 11 M'J Ilolt, Warrt-n 7'i3 Iloiiii; .Mutuul Im. (.'o IH 152. 770 llonitf & llanicb 7li5 UiKytl'd Canal 34 HtwiK T. I'. A i Co 774 Doopur. C .V. i O. W 001, 7,'i8 HooiKir, F. r iJ. A 774 llooiKT, W. II. JtCo 773 H(.I. • Irciu Worku 771 Ilollkill.^ i- llrownt-U 770 llopkliw. I.', T 142. 159 llupkim & Hughes 177 Ilupkliu, Mark 168, 170,177,173 IIopkluaiMillur 177 Hopkiift, WuL T 7M lIopi>er. S. K .'>11> Hol» CM Honi(!loy Uoiuc 791 Homos 271 Ilorau I'ovfiTS 709 Unrstmun. John 723. 701, 781 Ili.rtiiultnru 231 Hurtou IIoiiso 7tiO Hoa.- 620,709 Hosiciy 44S Hotalind. A, P. i Co. ..210. 227. 313. 773 Hot Days 05 Hotels 769 Hottlil.lMonto 7K) Hotel, l':anioiiil 790 Hot Hprinipi Hotel 790 Houshlou. J. F 163 Houghton, W. A. 4 O. 8 757. 784 Iloiwo nulliUna CU ll.iustnn, W .1. & Co.. .719, 782, 781, 763 llovcy ;;. Humphrey 7.'»1 Uo . J .1. Uowf, ,1. C 341 llowalcl, Chaa. W 51, 360, 2 Ilumbolilt Itoy 30, 39J IlumboliU llrewery 750 liunibolJt ('ounty Bonk 731 ilumbolilt House 789 Hume. 1 1. W 382. 758, 759. 783. 783 Hume. Joseph 382, 783 Hunii-, 11. U 369. 392, 759. 778 Hume, Win 382, 788 lIuniMlly. llelatlvo 71 Hunt. i;.H). 1' 7.'>9 llunt& Iliinkitu 605, 702 Hunt, Jonathan. Hon 4 Co 770 Iluutur 4 Kh;n:klL-tonl 529, 75<) llunthij{t«i.n. C I> I68v 177, 179, 179 Iluntingtim, F A 770. 783 llnntiugtori. Hopkins Bt Co 177, 209. 7lH. 70it. 774. 770 llnntingtoii Lumber Co 774 Hnrlbunl Canning Co 739 Hiuleriil.ulilianlt 559, 701 Huasiy, H. I'. & Co 769, 783 Ilussoni Ilolado 763 Ilutclilnson, C. U 157 Ilutehinson, Ilcnry L 225 Hutc-hinsou, Kuhl i Co 333 Hutcliinson, Kohl, Phillippeus 4 Co. 706,709.783 nut/:Iiinaon 4 MaDD 156, 770 Uutton, Mr 593 Hyams Bros 701 Hydraulic Cement 320, 529 Hydraulic Klerators 433 Hydraulic l-Insineorini; 403 Hydraulic Jllnlnij 291, 292 Hydraulic Pipe 291, 416, 417 llj land. Joseph B 780 Ilymanllros 210,763 IIyman.M. 4Co 701 Ice 807 Ice Co. Cal. and Nov 563 III! Co . ( (akUuiil 609 IcuCo., IV-oplus' 569 ku('o., Huiumit 511} l.-j Co.. Stockton 563 loCo., V mdO. II 539 I.Uho 40 Ikon. Fnnlurlck 703 IU,.lohiianies 770 Insurance llatt^s 146 ItiKuraneu (.'ominnies, flrst 142 Iiuuranco Losses 146 Insurance, Uush into 145 Intuniatloual IloUd 789, 790, 791 Inventions 415 l;ivcnii:sH Cauiiiui; Co 788 Iritlalo, A. S. 4 Co 703 Inm 652, 770 Iron llef;inuings 058 Iron, 4.'[dlfoniian 511 Iron Fuundrioit 639 Trim .Manufactures 033 Iron, Oregon 311 Iron Safes 770 Iron Biiips 628 Iron, Smelting 310 Ironworks 653, 770 Iron, Washington 313 Irwin, O 754 Irvine, K. 4 Co 775 Irving. It. SCO 719.784 Irvine, Win. II 700 Irrigatiou '. 603 Israel. Luco 775 laraelsky 4 Morris 705 I vaucovicb, J. 4 Co 70S Ivera, U 164 Jackson, Byron, Inventions of 432.070,077,073 .locEson 4 Tniman 075, 070, 077, 753; 70i 771 Jackson. Jlyera 4 Co :)82, 788 Jackson, J 090 Jackson 30 Jackson, J. O Tit Jackson. John 785 INDEX. 80s Jiiilcion, It W 771 Jackiunvaiu lIuUl 73 1 Jscobwo, J. W 7M JiWoby& Kjuton Itll, 77U Ju'.'oIm Urutbfn 2U Jitcoittt, M. ii Hon 7lJl, 7C!i Jaool.li, Jiillui 770 Jttcolty, I^mU lia, 770 Jamt-i, J. 4 J 7J0 Jsuiiu. rariwrACa 341, 7f>'J JaniM, P. W 773 Janucn, K. ft Oo 773 Japjiixj Art KxlUbiUua 33) Japutininif CDl Juiljuu, I''. A. & Co 773 Jfllrti', W. J 719 Ji'ltunun City MilU xa, yd, 7G.J Jiilfruy, William 7711,770 Ji-:inliis>, Thoiuaa 210. 7liii, iSl Junnti)/H, D. A 703 Juiiniuiiii k .HtiUman ...WO JiToiiiy A Co 571, 78^ J':ravy Farm 2Jl Juucu, I* 571 Jowulry 771 Jcffolry IkiXf « fiOl J.-wutt, JarrU. 753 J(ilj.«>n & Hterotl Ml JulMon, Btorett i Paintur 041 Jab I'rlulinj OIU Jolin, William 701 JnhnaoQ, J. C & Co 210, 501, 5)2.7C'.I, Vi Joluuoii, Ueeao & Winau» 77j Johaton, L. A 775 Jo*.,ti3on ti. Huj^ilun 7.VI Johnson, 11. F. & Co 7.'0 Jolinson, J. O 753 Julinson i Blue dli, 73.) Joluiaou, Antliouy 701 Juliuson. (iuto 002 Johuiiua Difltlllcry 2.")3 Johusuu, Pros. A 310 Jonfa S: Co 210, 703, 782. 731 JouM, K. II. & Co 704, 703, 707, 770 Jones, Orin&Co 757. 7.'i8 J.)ne:i, T. C 731, 750 Jonor, D. n. 4Co. 5Jl Jones, W 753 Jo;k-s & Anderson 7S3 Jones, J. F. & Co 505, 703 Jones, T. U 754 Jou.s & Itrandenattiia 003 Jonliin, Mrs. J C 403, 785 Jory Urothors 511. 757. 738 JoHefb. Nathan A Co 7S0 Joaelyn i Park 087 JooBt^ Herman 703 Joost Bros ^03 Josl & AiUer 773 Joyoo, M. li i Co .773 Journal of Commerce, Portland — 735 Journal oJ Commerce, S. F 207, 736 Judson & Shepherd VOG Judson Horse Nail Co 075 Judson, Egbert 313,721 Judjon Powdor Co. 782 Juliieii, J. 4Co 771 Jun^lilut, Au^iuikf'o Oil. 737 Juittiee Mine 741, 743 .luru'iin. C. li gon SOi, 707 JutoIUits 470,772 Kabn Ilroi 700 Kalin llrul. * Co 763. 787 Kahn, J01 143,613 Kahn, M iL 771 Kahn Itros 737 Kalluuk. MorilJ 701 Kane, (*'Ix-ary & Cti 773 Kaufman, llecbt & Aliea 737 KtanoUros. 705,787,737 Keifer, Chaa. T^'f Kelley, .Martlu 70.') Kellosj, J. O 311 KeUogg, Dr 41 KeUogu Hotel 780 K.llet i Murray SJ3 Keller, liovland 243 Keller, Wni iCo Ml Kelly, Ku^no 1.^ Kelly, a n 533 Kell), J. It. 4 Co 7dO Kelly Si Egan 773 Kelly 4 GllclirUl 773 KeUy, .1 K&Co 523 K'^lly U Voung 701 ICentllold, John * Oo 6»«. 774, 7S3 Kenny, O I, 048 Kearney, Charles M (i83 Koariiy, M. T 24"> Kissler, J. & F 534,773 Kenny, John 773 Kennedy, P. B 707 K.ntu -k MIno 740. 743 Keosh, John 703 KerU 4 Sjileu 700 Kerth A: Ni"olaua 750 Keni Canal 403,400 Kern Valky, Dank of 734 Kerr, David. 733 Kestler, Martin 013,733 Kewen's Estate 215 Key P. M, (Sen 253 Keyes, O. N 73J Keyston Brothers 502, 503, 73J KihnSFucha 000 Kimball Carrlago Co 0"3 Kimball 4 Lawrence 703 Kimljall, J. l^ 472 Kimt«rly, Itoy 8 433 KIni', Clarence 743 Kings Hotel 78.1 ICinit, E. T. 4 Co 637, 7iiO King, Morso 4 Co 240, 7KI, 733 Kinney, M. J 3a; Kinney Cannery 332 Kirby4Co 434,785 Kirk, U. C. 4Co 701 Kitschbraun, Son 4 Co 703 Kitchen Vogotables 230 Kittle, N.O 710 KitUe4Co 753,700,783 KitUebergor&Dold 773 Kittredi-, K. II. * Co 703 Kiltretlgo, Jonatliau 072, OiM. 770 Kifell, J,»me» .733 Kleos, John .4 Co 73} Klumui, Charlus /Oil Kline, UiiUi 4 Co XO, 703 Kline 4 C- i 709 Klopiwr, rrwlnrlrk 771 Klo|Mtds 772 Leather Products 485 Lebeubaum it Goldberg 7r>3 Lo Count Bros 210. 753, 7M Lu Coutc, Prof. J 03 L^derer, Geo. M. & Co 707 Lee, John 737 Lee, John & Co 691, 002, 700 Leo & Delong 53-1, 775 Letjo, J. P 331 Lc Fxauc, Chas 245 Legallet, Dominitiue 787 Leidiya Hotel 791 Lcinunweber, B. k Co 495, 513 Lemke, John 701 Lc^noino, Gambert& Co 341 Lommc, C 245 Ljndruin, BumB& Co 763 Lennio Fiah Co 323 Lennon, John A 708 Lenomiand Bros 774, 786 Lenscott, J 500 Lent, W. n 709 Lt^Bccr Bros 758 Lester, J W 019 Levcron -, William M 753 Lovi, H. & Co 703 Levinshon k aieyerstcin 765, 787 Levinsky Bros 756 Lcviaon Bros 771, 780 Levy, A &Co 705 Levj' it Co 210 Le\7, D. i Co 773 Ljvy, Diamant & Co 758 Levy, F 775 L,vy, Isaac .227 Levy, Jolm & Co .770 Levy, Jules 764 L'jvy, M 787 Levy, M. ec Co 765,706,787 Levy, Michael ... 773 Levy, M. & Son 787 Levy, 8. & Co 765 Lovy,8. W 775 Liek HouBo 700 Lick, Ja« 630 Lick Observatory 25 Lick Paper Co 636. 780 ', Liddle & Kacding 072, 703 LlebosBros. & Co 703,760.701,785 LielR'B. H. & Co 337, 766 Liedosdorfl. W. A 628 Liokor. Fredericks 761 Letnenweber, C. H 141, 78S Lcwelling, Henderson 237 L-JWeliJnj, John 237, 213 Lew & Ilannta 761 Lewi.4, A. & Co 773 Lewis, A. H 097 Ljwij, Henry L 7G3 Lewis, Henry M 771 Lcwift. H 773 Lewis House 791 Lowia, Jackson 771 Lewis, Joseph 785 Lewis, W. iV Co 702. 700. 762, 783 Liesendeld, Philip 757, Oil Li^'gctt k Mcyirs Tobacco Co 785 Lighthall A. II 753 LilienthalAi Co 227, 773 Lille, Philip 7*1 Lime 534. 773 Lime, San Jose Co 535 Lime Co., H .u Tuan 535 Lime Co., Tocoua 53^ 713 Lindeman. C. 11 771 Lindenbaum. 1 758 Liudloy & Co 763 Liuforth, Kdwartl W 222 Liufortli. James 223 Lintorth, Uico ii Co 223 Liuuell, n ILk. Co.... 232, 753, 768, 709 LiUBced Oil 713 Lion, L 787 Lion Fire Insurance Co 157 Lipman, H 705 Lipman, 8. & Co 763,737 Liimian & Cu 787 Lii)pitt, Luuk & Co 310. 516, 517. 707 Lipaher, George 756, 780 Liquors 773 Liaiauaky 321 Lisscndjii, G. & Co 753 Lis^emleu, G 075 Lister, D. & Co 004 Little & Lawsou 763 LittleUeUl. Allison & Co 341, 705 Liverpool Insurance Co 143 LivUigatoa i; Co 227. 773 Loal/.u, Wencealao 709 Lobo & aaUn^jjr 765 Lobsters 328 Lochbaum, Aujust H. 601, 733. 771 Lnchii»n Bros 535 Locke k Lavenson 753 Lockhiirtfii Porter 763, 786 Locks *. 073 Locomotive Kngineers 108 Loowo Bros 773 Loeweuberg Bros 775 LoewenhajTi, Ilcnry 765 Logan. W. O 771 Lodging Machine 425 Lohman & Coghill 209. 700 Lohnmn& CoghlU 708. 783 I^hae. J. F 710 Lolor. C. P 733 LomiKiu 96 London Assurance Corporation 153 London Bank, of Utah 754 London Prov. Marine Int. Co 156 ■^7 London & San Francisco Bank. .135, 754 Long, S, II 781 Lonkcy. O 419, 421 Looke & Sloulton 758 Loomi3, Georgu 736 Lovcjoy, Mrs. A. L 753 Lord k Williams 770 Lo3 Augpltia 23, 29, 7J0 Lo3 Angi'lcs Coffee Mills 7G2 Ij03 Angeles Cou jty Bank 754 Lo3 Angoles Expreaa 735 Ij03 Angeles IleraM 735 Loa Angeles Water Co 411 Los Angulcs Woolen Mill 786 Los Oatos Fruit Pkg. Co 753 Lotfc, C. F M3 Louaoo, R B 703 Lougb, Jamrs 773 Low, C. Adolpho A Co 547, 762. 763, 773, 730. 7b3, 785 I^w, F. P ny. 543 Low k Chartrey JCA Lowe, David W 7G3 Lowo, Geo. A 75;j Lowcnberg, J 0(17 Lowentlul, Livingston i Co 7d3 Lower California 4j Lubricator, Lightfoed 431 Lucas & Co 53 Lucas, Turner & Co 127 I'lico, 1 634 LuiUisinger, J. B. & Son 603, 7fio Luckol, J. O 784 Lnckhardt, C. A. & Co 770 Lucy, 0. It & Co 7&1 Luders, A 717, 730 Ludlow, Fltzlmgh G4 Ludluin. Antliony 363 LugscUu, Jay 214 Luhrinaim & Co 7511 Lumliennens' Union 100 Lumbering 67;) Lumber Manufacturers 774 Limd, Henry 7G7. 7(>9, 784 Luudy, Thomofi 761, 707, 771 Liming, N &47. 710 Luak, A & Co 240, 760, 705 Lusk, J., Canning Co ^41, 753 Luther k Schroeder 77.*) lutke 321 Lux. Charles 268 Lynch, Peter 75 Li-ndo ft Ilaugh 34i 353, 762, 7^3 Lyon, S. M 7,^4 Lyon b Barnes 71)5 Lyons, E. 0 578,773.780 Macaroni 553. 774 Macdonald, D. A. fc Co 598, 7G3 Mac*lonaUl k Uawea 158 Macdonongli, Joseph 770 Maco's Hotel 71H) Machhto Shops WO Machinery 774 Mock, J. J. &O0 203, 7G4 Mack, 8. L 754 Mackenzie k GUberson 769, 784 Xtackay & Co 477 Mackcn, J ii% Mackey. J. W 300 Macondray & Co 760, 770, 783, 735 Gladden, Jeromo 03 Maddox. a 527. 7S2 Miulacn, C. A k Co 541 Magcc k Moore 77.3 Ma^ill, ^Vrthur E 770 Maidfitodt. D 75G Main, Charles 143, 501 Main St. Iron Works 771 Main k Winchester. 2 10, 501, 503. 70'.). 772 JIakiu, IlobertG 733 Molatesta, L 773, 780 MaUrkoy, D. J. & Co 210 Maldonado 302 Malloii, J 526 Slallou. J. i J. B 763 Mallon, Patrick 750 Malt 574, 774 ATalt Liquors 572 ManoHse, Em'l 41iS Mandulbauui. Francis 773 Man^-els. M. & C 210, 71^. 7S2 Alanhattan Firo Ins. Co 153 Mann, Alexander 7i*l Manning k Berry 775 Alansion House 791 I^Ianufacturcrs 22 Mora. J. A ItiO Marble 632, 774 Murcou, Prof. J 317,310 Marcus, Geo. & Co 769, 770 Marcus, Isaiah 70t) Mardcr, Lufla&Co. 640. 7S6 Maru Island 24 Marine Fishorios 352 Marine Iron Works 771 Maritime Marino Ins. Co 206 Murks, Isaac 467, 780 Marks, L. D 759 Marks, M 407, 780 Marks, Mannheim 763 Markri, S. & Co 775 Mark Wist Sprhigs 790 Marah. L. S. P 760 Marschutz k CantrelL GG5 Murehatt, John 771 Marshall & Jonoa 771 Marshall, O 433 Marsicano, P 671, 765, 733 Martelt J 694 Martin, D. H. & Co 501. 736 Martin. E, 4 Co 220, 773 Martin, Feusler k Stc'fTani '.782 Martin, H. S 530 Martin. J. W 135 Martinez 24 Martinez, Bank of 754 Martinez Pitg. Co 783 Murwodel, U. F 774, 776 Murye, G. T. & Son 754 MuryaviUo 27 Maryavillu Foundry 771 Mar>'sville Ravings Bank 754 MarysviUo Woolen Milla 44i 766 Ma-toii, Wm 152 Muj'ou'ii Brewery 756 Mason k Co 763 Mahsey, Atkins 7()2. 780 MasHun, FrcR-s 50*J, 703 Masters, I], J 753 Mastic Bros 503 .Maatic, S. L. k Co 771. 7^3 Matehert 711. 775 .Matrrial, Labor ami 103 Matlieniatical Instnuncnts 033 Mathewtf, H. A 773 aiatliora & Co 401, 761 Mathieu k Maisun 771 MattJtu & Moore 773 Matt.'snn, E. E 417 .Mattjaou & Williaiuson . . .675, 753, 771 Mattidlath Mfg. Co 51. 624, 755 Man, AlWrt & Co 209. 763 Marx k Jorgeuscn 210, 773 May, Joseph 227 Mayer. Duwaou & Co 704, 705, 767 Mayer k Frlcdlaudur 775 Mayer. J 678,014, 780 Maylield, A 703 Maylleld, W. J 566. 703 Mayri.sch Broa k Co... 702, 760, 761, 735 Mazatlan 43 McAfee ii Co 057 Mc.Vrtlmr, J. M 774 McAuliffu k Ganl 763 :\Iu(;ubu 470 McCarthy Bros 763, 767 McCarthy. J 026 McCarthy, James 734 McCkllaud, J. J. & Co 773 McClare, E. L 754 McCoUani. T. W, & Co 344, 703 McCouc;, Hubert 757, 76i 775 McCowiell. H 003 McCounell, T. W 763 McCormick & Co 754 AtcLorinick k Delanoy 637, 783 McComiick. F. 11 636 McCorinlck, W. M 407, 780 JlcCormlck, W. L 221 McCrakeu, J 210 McCracken. J. & Co 535. 7''< MeCrear>-, C. kCo 500, 765 McCreery's Building 2-0, 680 McCoy, Wm 573 McCue, J 618 McDonald, A 443 McDonald, Joseph 75J McDonald, Wm 158 McDonald, U. H 135 McDon-jJd & Schwabachor 775 MeDougal, P 245 McDnnugb, James 763 McDowell ill Gould 473 McFarland k French .775 McGinnls, Thomas 001, 709 Mctjlnne, Wm 574 McHenry. H. & Co 763. 783 Mclntyro, John B 757 McKay A Co 591, 774 McKay k Brown 768, 783 i '^'i*t I 808 McRiy & Chlsholm «3. «4, 735 U.-lvay, Tho3 -m McKc.-, (ic-o. U. /t Co 783 McICc:incy, L, M. & Co 737, 7 J3 McKt^reher !i Thompson 7j7 McKuiic, II 5;0, 757 McLuuc. C. E ISG HcLaiic, Louis 140, ISC RIcL.-iiue, T>.ii]chlin 7.'VI McL'jllan, Frank 733 McLoniian, D 441,477 BU-Lenii.in, Frank P 4J0, 7d7 SIjLorhtau Uro3 772 MoM,iIjou Uoiiso 7i'.) McNair, D 398 McNJIy Si Itaitkins 035, 760 MoNoar.n. W 203, 204, 203, 754, 707, 770, 783 MoMillan, Donald 733, 786 Mcrhee, N 778 McUucr, D. 0 113 McWillianis, IL II 055, 771 M.arlo, GiK). W. S Co 703, 70.">, 708 JlL'.acham A: llacon 77-4 Moadow Valley Mino 743 Bleat Cooling 5J8 Meit Packing 537, 5,';9 ML-at Packing, S. S P. Co 540 MGl)ins & Co 703 Meilau, J. k V 700 Slo.lauw, T. J. II. !i Son 773 BIcchanics, Imported 116 Blijchaniea' Inanraaco Co 101 Mjclianics' Iron Works 771 Meehanica' Mills 7iJ3 MeL'k. Wni 237 Moeler, ,1 (I. Si Co 7S3 Melian, Tlioina.i II 73.1 ]Meig3, George A 774 Jl^iggs, II 5W Moinockc, Chaa. & Co. .700, 760, 773, 783 SI.l, (iinirge 770, 783 Jli'iclior, J. A 770 Melczer, Win. & Co 780 Mv.'lhom, A 750 Miillcr, O. 4 Sons 530, 531 Moncarini, D , 532 SlL'Udell, G. II 303 Mcndelson IJros 733 Mond(K:ino, IJank of 7M Mendocino Lumber Co 774 Menlo Park 20 Mcrccvl 27 Merced, IJank of 753 Merced Savings IJank 7.>4 Mcrchandiae, Imported 775 Merchandiaiug 207 Mcrcliants' Mutual Ins, Co 144 Blerccr. M. A 702 Blerguirc, John L 7iJ8 MelWi, .1. C. i Co , , . ,703, 703, 733 Mcrriil, r 478 Merrill, 8 (m Merrill, Dr. H 143, 143, ICO Merifteli, D. 705 Morton, Moffltt Jt Co 701 Morry. FaoU & Co I>38, 640, 769, 782 INDEX. Moston, ,1. J C50, 767 Metals, Dealers in 770 Motallic Signs 032 ."\Ietallurgic.al Works 770 JIeti;orolo;;y, Comparative G2 Meteorological Regions CJ Metliodist Hook Dei)08ilory 7.'i7 .Metiakatlah CaTining Co .7£8 Metropolitan Iron Works 771 Metropoliton Hotel 790 Metzgcr, D 731 Jletzger, L 780 MetEler, D 7.'jO MoUler, C. J. I! 753 Meu.s8dorffcr, C. 11 70'J Meussdorffer, J. C. & Son 709 Jle.vico 45 Mexican Silver 30j M'.yer, /uiron 701 ^I yer llros. & Co 700 JLyer, C. II. & IJro 76) Meyer, Daniel 735 Meyer k DalKlstein 701 Mey.r, Eugene 210 y.eycr, Engeno & Co 787 Jlcyer, E. & Co 775 Meyer, Em 773 Meyer, George 761 Meyer, ailinan& Co 758 Meyor Tloneo 701 .■Meyer, .1. G. 11 01 1, 612, 757 Meyer, T Lemmcn 763 Meyers, L. A ...775 .Meyers, C. II 7S2 Meyerink S Meyer. 705 Mcyerstein & Co 775 Meycrstein & L-iwenbcrg 700 Michalitsciiko Bros, i Co 700, 785 Mich.ls, FHedlandjrft CU..765, 706, 707 Michelson, Ilrown & Co. . , .540, 739, 783 Middloton 4 Co 769, 782 Midon, F 762 M'crson, Jewell & Co 775 Milco, G. N 2S7 Mili-Btreot Foundry 77! Millers Co 737 .Miller, E. IL, Jr 177 Miller, Henry 200 Miiler, J. &Co 627,782 Miller, J. D 705 Miller, J. P 330,340 Miller, Ixjuis, Jr 771 Miller, W. V 618,739 MiUer&Lui 268, lOl 759 Miller 4 Illehard 042. 704. 770 Millinery Goods 770 Milling System 533 .Miliionaires, Residences of 25 .Mills, D. 0.128, 137, 138, 201, 547, Ql, 032 Mills, Edgar 135 Milton Gravel Mino 713 Mino Improvements 300 Mine Maungemcut 393 iline Timbering 432 Mining 280 Mining Asscasmeutfi 299 Miuln( Dltchei 408 Mining Machinery 65fi Mining Stock) 130 Mining Sjpiilies, DeaLrs in 770 Mining Tables .7^3 Mini:ig Works, Ua«lerg:ouud 239 Mirrors, etc 525 Miiision Soap t Candle Works. .700, 764 Mission Woolen Mills 441, 78G ■ Missimla N'ational llonk 75o. -Miasouri Fur Co 333 -Mistre, Simon 090, 703 Jtitchell. .1. E .;78 Mixer, Geo. II 756 Moileato 27 Moilesto Bank 755 Moffat .<; Co 123 .■^loltat, K.&n 739 Molir i Ivi-oger 759 .Mohrig, C. F 772 Molson & Sons 750, 703 M'.no Coimty Pank. 7i»^ Monroe, A. U Sou 773 Montague, W. W. & Co 209, 000. 758, 700, 708, 770, 7S4, 783 Montana 41 .Alontanya, .lames Do La 200,232,030, 76,734,735 Montealegre, J. 0 564, 763, 709, 735 Montealegre & Co 702, 709 .Uonterey 30,337, 73S Moody, Z. P 773 Moody & Farriah 737 Jlooilyville Sawmill 206, 219, ."^91 Moon, Seully & Co 773 Moore, Mr .£94 Moorc^ A. D 703, 774, 733 .Moor.:, D. P 47i COO Moore, C. 4 M. C 753 Moore, E 75J M.iore, Dr. U. A 135 Moore, I. C 702, 785 5Ioore, Joseph 4 4, 433, 519, 661 Moore, L. P 785 •Moore, Allen 4 Co 754 Moore, Ilunt 4 Co 773 Moore 4 Wiiklu 703 Moose 341 .More, Sanmel 4 Co 773 -Morcy, IL S 771 .Morey 4 Moraseo O'JO Morgan 4 Co 163, S64 Morgan, 1). I) 755 .Morgan 4 Eaatman ' 575 Morgentlmu, Max 721 Jlonis, 11. 4 Co 773 Morris X Evans 775 Morris House 791 .Morris 4 Kennedy 753 .Morris, P. T 634,775 Morrison, Geo. II 774 .^lorrison, Hutchinsou 4 Co 760 .Morrison, .L J 763, 774 .Morrow 4 Strung 088, 7M MorBe FruitCanuing Co 759 Morton, Chas 3flO Molt, Jr. E. D 156 Moultpu. E, 8. ft Co ?(» Mount Diablu 24 Muuntaiii House "fio Muiuitaiii Lftku Water Co 40J Wowry, U. (J. & Co 341 Moynihan & Aitkou 757 MucUasu 727 Muccko, Victor it, Co 7tJ0. 767, 7G9, 770, 78J Muelli & Co 5G0 Muhra, jViitouio 753 Muiler, (;eo SS'J Muller & Koenig 78J Mimscll, Jumea Jr 77o Munlock, C. A. k Co 782 fllunlock. W. C. & Co 775 Mnipliy, B. D 135 Murpliy i. Councrs 705 Muri>)iy. Grant k Co 209, 705.766.7(17, 787 Murphy & Horn 758 Muser lire* 704, 707 Mm^to liros 534. 775 MuaUi, 1* 7G8 iVIu^val Ureliard Co 2J0 aiuyli-iilyu, E. J 430, 431, 750 Myers. C. H 527 Mcyem, L. A 534 JVlyrick, Folflom 78'J Nabor, Alfa 4 lirmiv, 773 Naclimau, Adolph 573 NaUcau. U 244, 543 Naylee, II. M 124, 186, 253 Nupa, Uank ot 755 Nupa City 412 Aapa Hotel 790 JS'apa Valley 25 Naracovicli, C 755 Na«h, H. D. &Co 675,753 Nobs Kiver rislilug Co 7S3 Nant, Urtienzwuig k Co 097,771. 772 Xuthati. B. i Co 210, 701, 7C3. 772 Nathan. M 755, 775 Nathan, I'ulrenuau & Co 701 National Kxchanuo 7i>0 National Flour Mills 7f't5 National Gold Banks 754, 755 National Iron Wor"^* 771 Naunton. Geo 783 Navarro. .5.'5 Navlet, V 020 Navy Hoap Co 78 1 NoBt Cattle 258 Nockttcs 4C0 Netf i Co 775 N(Mhliua&Fox 750 Nelson, C. X 001, 769 Nclfton k Co 787 Nelson, H 591 Neahitt & Co 550, 7«'-3 Kosbitt, J. k Bro 755 Nesniith. J. W 044 Ntuumiin, /Ul>ert 77:i NouB'atlter Bn« 209. 456, 456, 458^ 761, 766, 769 NeuTol. P. N 733 loa INDEX. Novmla 37 Nevailii, Bank of 755 Neva-U City 30 Nevada Ilouao 7S9, 7J1 N'tva;la Luml)cr Co 774 Xevllio A Co 753, 754, 769, 780, 73.J New Taconia Iron Works 771 Newliauer & Co 713. 775 Nowburg, Hawthorne & Co 210, 753 Newbura k Uathbun 775 Ncwburyer. Iteisa & Co 787 Newcastle Fruit Association 75J Newell k Bro 784 New tnyland Soap Works 784 Newhall, Sonsi Co 709 New Hampshiro Ins. Co 154 NewkLrk. K. P 705 Newman, A. k Co 759 Newman Bros 731 Newman, C 432, 525 Newman, Jainea G95 Nev.nnark, II 210 Newmark, II. & Co 763 Newraark, J. P. i Co 706, 787 New Orleans Ins. Co 150 Newspapers 643 NiiWton, Bros, k Co 209, 768, 769, 783, 785 Now WoBtminster 42 Noylan, James 774 New York k S. F. Collar Co 7G2 New Zeahiiid Ins. Co 206 Nithols, A. O. & Co 769, 772, 7£0 Nichols & Co 758, 7S7 Nichols, W. & P 755 Nicholson, F. II. & Co 708 Nicholson, S. H 704 Nickel, J L. & Co 769 Nickclsburg, A. k Bro 775 Nickerson. B 591 Nickerson & Co 591, 774 Nights, Cool 06 Nimpkisli Cannery 783 Nniiel 703 Noble, I'atrlck 683 Noel k Felt 773 Nocll, R 200 Noian. D. & Bros 511 Nolan. F. D. & Co 758 Nolan P. F. & Co 753 Noroross&Co 110, 459, 764 Norjrove, John 780 Norris, Win 143 North Beach Brewery 750 Nortli Bloomlleld 743 Northern Assumiico Co IM Nortliem Belle Mine 743 Northern Pacillc U. U 93, 179,605 Nortli Pacific Mutual Life Ass'n . . . .770 North Pacitio Trading & Pkg. Co.. ..788 Nortlinip, K. J. k Co 753 Northwestern Hotel 752. 783 Northwcfitem Itailway Co., Wi8....1W Northwest l-'ur Co 333 NorthwL-st Trading Co. 337, 350, 357. 360 Norton, A. W 498 Norton k Madson 62i 762 809 Xorton & Mulcaby 763 Notalilo Bankers 135 Nott« V43 N' iiga. L't, rhartua 7C0 Novelty Iron Worka 771 Nunan, Matthew 750 Xiittfiis. Calvin liSoa 770 Xut Trees 235 Xyo. A. F. (t Co C89, 707 Oakes' Hotel 789 Oaklanil 23, 736 < laklanrl Uas 5tfg. Co 7M Oakland Jtauk of livings. 755 Oaklaiiil Brewery 756 Oaklanil JliU 7C5 Oakland Ciaa Co 733 Uaklanil llariior 300 Oakland Homo lua. Co 155, 770 Oakland Iron Works 771 Oakland Times 735 Oakland Water -110 (Jakum 731 Oatmeal 551 OlHjrfelder Bros, i Co 773, O'Urien, Jolm 703' O'Urieu, John II 773 O'Urlcn, J. J. &Co 707,787 OlJrieu, iM 506 O'Brien, Maurice 703 O'Brien, P. J. & Sons 750 Ocean Canning Co 783 Ocean Steamers I'JO Occidental Si Oriental 8. 8, Co iOi Oceidcnti'l Hotel 789, 700, 731 Occidental Iron Works 771 Occidental Luml)er Mills 774 Occidental Sawmill 501, 7V4 Occident Hotel 78.1, 7;:0 Occident i Orient Pkjf. Co 738 Occident Pka- Co 733 O'Connor, J. B. & Co 781 O'Connor, Moflatt & Co 707, 767 Odell,M. M 759 Odelli Wright 70S Odenstein & Co 701 O'Donnuil, C 773 O'Donnell, W 703 OkIo House 780 Ohlandt, N. & Co 780 Ohnicn, Wni. H 704 Oil Cloth, Dealers in 780 oil Clothing. . 466 Oils, Dealers lu, etc 780 I >jal Valley 29 O'Kano, John 210. 501, 709 O. K. Brush Factory 756 Olceso & < laribaldi 775 Olive, etc 236 Olsscn & Benner 080 Olsson k Beuuorscheld 7C3 Olympia 36 Olynipla Standard 736 Ulym|)la Trausciipt 736 O'Mearu, J 641 O'XciUBroB 783 Onestl /i Conner 765 !i ml.. 4v,r\ n 8io oaMioo Oiililr Ulno 0;i:i3a!l2lia r i; D o 703, Opp^uliolmtT, Iv,\n 7Gj, Ora i[;o Otanjj Hotel 0."cliariliat.s 0.-iloavit;ln f; Co Orj:;oa 31. Oregon IimniGration Board 01. Oruio.iCoot :ilfs. Co O.-i'-on t Cal. n. n l)rti-on Si Ciil. U. n, Co Or2:;on City Oix'^oa City nrcwory Crjgoa c;ty Woi«l Mfg. Co Orcso-. City Woolen .MiUa 453, Orcgnn riirnltiuv Mfg. C( 211, Orccoii Olovo Factory Oro~on:a:i Orogoniaa railway Co Orccrou Improvement Co...3'J7, 3C8, Oregon Irou Co Orejon Leather Mfg. Co... 4'Jj, 77i OrrgoaPlcj. Co Oraj'oii, Prosperity of Orei:ou l^. ^ N. Co M, ISO, 133, 201, 203, 5Sj, GC: Oregon U. f; N. Co.'s VcBStls 201 Orejoa Savings t:iuk 141 Oroj-o.i litaiiilard Soap Co 713 Oregon Utat J Directory 7o7 Oregon ntjarn Daliery 7uJ Or.'C^a utcain Nav. Co 133 Orcjon ij'.o:k ^ Datchcriug Co 753 Orocon Tan:ierlo3 4.13 Ox:;on'ii Trxlo 215 Orc::on L^ Transcontinental Co 183 Ore:;on L \.'a£hington Mtg. & Savs. I;li 7.M Oregon Woolon MUIb 443 Or; .013,733 Ori.jnt I:iDtiranco Co 101 Onaaby Ilotua 703 OrovlUo 27 Oaliomo, D. IX iCo 211 0.-!torlo!i, Conrad 701 OoiilllvaD, C. D 131 OttJro, < l3 300 Oullahan, D. J 773 Oulton, (Juo 077 Ov.rland Tolegraiih Co . . 130 Owen, C. 51 033 Owen, i:. n 033 Olreu J. J 783 Owen rtt;x:r Co 038, 700 Ow^nn, Dcujamiu W 7S7 ■ Owens, John D 782 Oya.on 302 I'a^mt; Agricultural Worki 753 i'aililjCank 134, 135, 136,753 rac.fls CrlUg.! Co 7.-7 Paclila Cinninj Co 7^3 I'ajiii J Cement Co 52.) I'acllle Chain "NVorka 073 700 Puollli! Slope, Ana of 18, 1'J INDEX. racitlc Coast Directory 737 Paclflo Coast 0:i Co 317, 313, 750 Pacific Coast Packing Co 70 j racfflo Coast Population 13 Pa-ilic Cod!*t Posii^-ssions. 13 Pucilic Coast Steamship Co.201, 205; 2i.O i'acilVj Congress Springs 731 Pacilic Corilage i;o 4S3, 703 I'nrin,; Diatilliug i. KcHning Co.570, 7."J Paclflo <;lovo Worka 513, 707 Pacitio Horn. Pharmacy 704 PaciUe Hotel 730, 731 Pacific llouso 730 PaciUc Ink Factory 770 Paciiic Insurance Co 144, IH PaciUc Iron Work!! 063,771 Paclflo Jewelry Co 701, 773 Pa,-;rie Juto Mfg Co 470, 480, 772 Pacific Kerosene Works 780 Pacilic Lif.' Insurance Co 770 Paeille Mail SUaiuslilp Co 200, 21,5 Pacific Manufacturing Co 702, 780 PaciO. Metal Works 771 Pacific Mutual Lifo Ins. Co 13.'i Piciflo t ccan IIuuso 731 Paclflo 0.1 Works 713 Pacilic Poeltry Co 274 Pacilic I'rcs', .'^rinting Co 732 Pacilic naiiror il Agitation 102 i'aclflo Rol'nig Mill Co 082. 737 Paclfle Saw Mfg. Co. . .003, COO, 705, 733 Pacific Soila Co 071, '87 PaciUc Spring i Mattress Co.. . .463, 753 Pacific Stove & Iron Works 781 Paclfle Straw Works 781 Pocille TyiK) Foimilry 764, 773 Pacific Vnion Packing Co 783 Packing .Meat 5C3 Page, II K 735 i'aga & jVllcn 703 Pago Eacon & Co 123; 127. 130 Page. Wheaton & Co 773 Paige, Calvin 143 Paige, 8. U 770 Paine ISms 703 Painter,.!. I) Oil Painter. T. P 041 I'ainter & Co 610, 641. 043, 753, 764, 770, 786 Paints ; 713, 780 Pajaro Ilotol 700 I'aklco Hotel 61, 433, 673, 790, 731 Palisado 33 Palmer, J. C 245 Palmer, Cook & Co 123 I'almor, Henry Si Co 773, 780 Palmer. H. A 755 Palmer iilley 642, 786 Palnitag, C 750 Palo Alto Farm 272 Panama liallroad Co 103 Panic of 1377 131 PalKir 635, 780 1'alK.T Hags Ii33 i'aiRT lk>xcB .633 Paper t.'oUars 638 Paper Co.. Uraluun 637 Paper Co.. Lick. 639 I'apcr Co., Owen 633 PajK'r Hangings 750 I'aperMill, Lick 630 Paper Mill, Pioneer. 637 Parait?o .Springs Hotel .730 Parasols, etc 465, 7;"0 Parke i Lacy 210,774 Parker. II. O 325,223 Parker House 783 Parker, 11. I). 4 Co 703 Parker, (j. H 1.10 Pork House 701 Parkhurst VS. W 768 Parks, it F 767 Parks, W. H 444 Parrott. ,Iohn 137,217, 735 Parrott, Louis 11 218 Parrott, Tiburcio 217 Parrott k Co. . 203, 217, 762, 707, 769, 733 Parsons, M. W 789 Panion.s, T. .1 550 Particelll i lacchcri 707 Pa-sadcna. 29; 93 Pascal, Dubcdat & Co 773 Pascou llouso 783 Paiod-j Iloljes Hotel 790 IVifiuale, U 4C0, 735 Pastene, ^Vntonio 7C3 PatLk, A 727,757 Patent Brick Co 753 i'a'.tie. J. 0 339 Patrick, A. 1! 493,785 Patterson, James 063 Pattiuiion Process 304 PattriUgo, U. K 774 Paul, A. U 429 Puil, John .li. ic Son 566,763 Pavement 535 i'alton, J. A 314, 734 Puxton & Co 755 Paxton L Curtis 753 Payne Ilros 757, 700 Pajot, Ipham & Co 210, 737, 784 I'oaco, J 686 Peako & Fiske 784 Peanuts. 288 Pearl Oyst. r 363 IVarajii Bros 763 Peek. J. M 2!3 Pick k. Calmann .717, 780 i'ecuniar} Wrecks 53 PeeL J. L _ 421 Pclousc. E 611 Pcndergast. James 063 Pendergiist, Thos 663 Penilergnsl, Smith & Co 704 Pemlray & Co 713, 781 People's Hotel 791 People's Havings Bank 755 People's Ins. Co 150 Peipillhuj & Hales 739 Pcrazzo, O .761 Perch 320 Pen:lval, 8. W 239 Perey.P 690 Perfumery 710,780 INDEX. 8ll P rim, \V. D 753 Perkins lIoliBu 731 Ptrkina, (!. C 202,203 Perkins, J. U 405, 7i5 Perkins, \V. SI. i J. M 453, 7S1 Perry, P 7C3 P. rry, Woodnrorth & Co. . . .210, 398, 7S1 P rry-TowuBcml Jlrs. II 7C3 Pestnor i UlUoViranUt 773 PeUiluma 412 Pctaluma Creek 391 Petulumu Savings llauk 733 Petersen, C. A. & Cu 719, 7»1 I'etorson, S. D 733 Peterson, T. W 750 Peterson, W. F 529, 606, 702 Peterson, W.J 7&1 Petne, O. O 701 Petroleum 310 I'etroleuni Barrel 025 Petroleum Co., Ban Francisco 317 Pets,.n, F 782 Pottiuall, Peter 7C1 Peyton, B 710 Pfair,G CU Pfeilfer, P 750 Picnlncr & Co 783 Pllstcr, J. J 703 I'lielps MfB. Co 751, 7C0 Pllilpsi. Miller 733,771 Pliila ielidiia Brewery 750 I'hilip, Speycr & Co 700, 770 PliiUlp, Ilesthal S Co 518, 707, 772 Pliiilil)3, J. S. t Co 7:7 Piioinix Brewery 75C PiKenix Iron Works 771 I'iucnix Oil Works 7£0 Photogronha 750 PliotoffTaplia of Motion 430 ri.inoa 013,760 Picks 7S1 Plcklea 500 Pico House 790 Pico, I'io CO Picturo Fi-amea 009, 761 Pieilmoat Springs Hotel 7iX) Pierce, Janiea 1' 1^5 Piorco, E. U. &Co 783 Pierce, W. 8 731 Piijeona, Willi 341 Pikoi YOUU3 018, 700 Pillar liock Pkg. Co 7S3 Plliowa 409, 761 I'inra County Bank 734, 755 Pino & Ilougbton 153 Pine Lunilicr jVsa'n 774 Pioneer & Alia Fiour Milla 703 Pioneer Carpet Beating Co 473 I'ioneer ln»n Works »771 Pioneer Paper Miil 783 Pioneer Soap Factory 710, 731 Pioneer Woolen MilU 440, 443, 787 , I'Iper, Jerome B 736 Pipes 703 Piscicultiu-o 323 Pitman, E, D 483 Pilt, Wm. O. C. t Co 703 Pittocit, ILL C37 Pitts, S.J 703 Placers, Califomian 290, 221 Piacer.H, Cariljoo 2^4 Placers, Cassiar 2^ Fiaccrs, ^lexican 194 Placervillo 30 Plarervilie k Ilmnboldt Tel. Co 189 Plagemann, H. & Co 761, 765 Planing -MiiU 698,781 Planters' Hotel 789 Plcater Decorations 5o2 Plaaler Mills 533 I'iaster of Paris 531 Plaster Statuary •'132 Plate, A. F 072 Plate, A J. & Co 459, 071, 072, 703 Plate, H. A C72 Piatcra 304 I'iatshck i Harris 730, 737 Plattner 430 Playter, F..W 221 Plaza Hotel 711 Plum, C. M. & Co. .210, 403, 475, 603, 700 PlumiiEliia 005 Plnmijing 088 Plinnmer Br>s 571, 733 Polilmann, tiuatavo P 772 Point licyes 205, 306 Political Denunciation 170 Pollak, Amolil-& Co 700 Pollard, Thomas 771 Poly, Hcllbrou & Co 759 Pomona 29 Pouy F.xpress 187 Poi)0,iV. J 1-3 Popj& Talbot 693,774 Poppe, Charles L 7C1 Portal, J. 1>. J 243 Port Blakciy Mill Co 503, 774 Port Costa 24,204 Port Diacovory Mills 592, 774 Porter, David 773 I'o tor, (leorge K 512 Porter, Slossiogcr St Co.506, Oil, 612, 733 Portland 92,399 Portland Board of Tnulo. 141, 380 Portland Boilei- Works 773 Portland Candy Factory 663 Portland .Savinga Can'.; 765 Port Madison Mills 774 Port Mooily *i Port Orfonl 3;" Port Orford Color Co 771 Post-Intelligencer 73d Potrcro Dialillins Co 577 Piftrero Distillery i Eoflncry 671,763,787 Potter, Edwanl E 770 Potter, Jacobs & Eaatnn 161 Pottery 620,781 Poultry 274 . Powder 707,782 Powder Co., Giant 703 Powtler Co., Granite 703 Ponder Co., Safety 709 Powder Cj., Safety Nitro 700 Powder Co., Thunder Powder Co., Vigorit Powder Co., Vulcan Powder Works, California. . Powell, Bricc ,709 .709 .709 .703 .729 Powell, Thomaa 433 Powers & Henderson 773 Prag, .Martin 753 Pienlisa Hotel 790 Prescott, 11. W 314,001 Preacott Insurance Co 153 I'reacr)tt k San bom 598, 763 Prescott, Bcott & Co 443,001,006,757,764 Prescott's Steam Feed 597 Preston, A. W 736 Preston £t McKinnon 77-4 Presses, Eml.ossing 631 Pretoriona, Trowbridge & Leinmer. . 666,757,758 Provost, L 273 Price, Michael 669,703 Priridle & Meader 700 Priugle, tiilbert 753 I*rinters 783 Printing Inks 0-12 Prior, J. K 089, 707 Proctor House 739 Prosperity, Mcasurt) of 123 Providence Washington Ins. Co K8 Provisions 530. 732 Provo Mi'g. Co '.l? Provo Woolen Mill 787 Provost, Daniel It 773 Prussian National Ins. Co 159 Paget Mill Co 093 Puget Sound 34 Puget Sound '^'anning & Pkg. Co — 733 Puget Sound Commercial Co 590 Puget Sound Iron Co 313 Puget Sound Lumber Co 774 Pumps 037 Putnam & Co 753 Putnam House 789 Quail 341 Queen iVssuranco Co 158 Queen Cliarlotto Group 41 Quicksilver 314 Quinn, Jam'.:S 783 Quinn, Tlmmoa 600, 709 rabbits 341 r.adius, Ludwlg 753, 773 r.ahsslioplF, C 093 Kailroada 102, I0« Baiiroad House 789 railroad Workshops 065 Railway and Navigation Boats 197 Bains 69,70 llaisch, Charles 70O i^aisina 253 Ualston, H. SJ 753 lialston, W. C 127, 128, 129, 133, 404, 441, 003, 073 Kamello, A. & Co 708 Barole 287 mim ■H" 8l2 INDEX. VJ rMiDdr.LJ. B 3r. n.ja-.l.nhtCo 771 Iii:iL-i, rniy.ua t Co G63, ";7, TH H-dI^ ChsTlca K 757 ranjonr, lairfuktCo 783 It.inanro, 12, L 531, 753, 7c2 E»J1>, J. tM 791 lla£t, Joha 7^ Kaani,Il ': 7G7 EiTtn-a, Chinmklll t Co 560, 771 nay, W. K. i Co. 7»1 Uajacr.J.A 530 liariiondtnrMlne 741,7^3 UzyrDonil h V.'iUhire 770 ne*,;£tock, Endrcs k(-o 773 EocfjT, W. tt tSon ■17D Ital Una 27 EolU:UI Uotcl 70O Ktil CnMl It;, tv 2U, 7C», 7S3, 783 n£:/lJli r. B 331 naidinjan. 75. 79,92,323 Ealilais IIolcl 700 CuUfld & IrrUia. 775 Eidi.ir.on 4 Co 154. SOO, 7C1, 780 naStoiton, J. II 311 CcilTood CO! l:cilTro«l Citj 20,412 Htdffoul Lurotjcr Co 774 Ikdtroou Lu.'Tibcr Mills 591 l^jdvoc4 Maaufactiirurs' Aw'n 774 Veeil-itipis 341 I>eJ.n 731 EeodnIIotel 7S0 Bt-Jin. B. tCo. 775 Eeoc, Michael 14! DcciIJl 459 I2e:;23c}jar:rcT, 3 773 Uc'xly^ziAain Proccao. 430 EtJllV. MHUl, 730, 755 Eeia'.t»,C. A. it Co 572, 7S4 Cciliiiart B. Z; Co. 775 Belukr U Fuclu 732 Bdatitc iSracc 7-7 Beliaa^o Zlariua Ita. Co CuG ltcm:UarJ triik Co 750 Kcxoiil^nl Lroa 52J Eo=±j.-ton, A. I> ft Co 780 llcnnie. 6ir Jobn CCI Ilcno 37 I^oo titrat'^ Ba:ik 755 Itoltoa, Ilutoca t Co. 503, J71 JStnUchiiT, r C07 Bcnz. Jbbn 773, ;&j Beaounca of Arizona 730 llcsourco cf CjUifornia 730 I^CTcTcIIoajc 783, 7W EcT^okli, John 700, 701 HcTiuAa, L.n:u 733 lu.7lio!4j L Hlx 753 t;i.]r7>alcli, Tlios in, 78J tU:zi. I i"nx-«ia 30) I^-j, Hirrtr W. ta 673. 753, 704 Eia:. V/. A. 223 IUdi,Oti> 153 nA.ljar.iS 3;4 Uictuuuil, O. F. * Co 209,704 nichanb & IIutUou. 7l'fl, 708, 773 ni-jbrjil.ifc .Show 224, 70) lUchanlcm, W. A 4)9 KIcbardson, W. (1 037 Kicbcr, r. K 759 r.khmona Drill Co 738, 7C0 nichmoiiil, C. 0 S Co 131 Ikichmond, L. G. & Bou 732 Kiclitcr, AituliOi 772 KichtbofL-ii, Itorou .413 !:i(lcuut& HiDitll 557 I!ia:;cii, J. N 014 Iiid;TOway nro.4 705 Kidloy, A. E. 4Co 7C0 Ulet'cr, P. i Co 704 niuac Bmllitirs 701 ninaldo, T 701 Ulo Virgin Mfj. Co 447, 443 Ulo Vir^'lu Woolen lUU 7S7 Uijidoa Iron Work» .iM, MS, 033, 657, COO, 006, 757, 764, 771 KiU-Uo, J. 1! 703 lathut, IM' 2uj l;ivcT Fish 363 liiver Improvcmunts 387 Hirer's lukt Canuiag Co 783 Uivcrsido 05 lUvcraidc lioiiso 70U llivursidu Press. ..7m lllvcrs, Vurious. 401 IJoacli, J 093 i.obb, J. A.. Inrcutiou3of..41C, 420, 427 Lobb's Uauj Kd^er 413 Kobcrts, tit;oryo F 702 Hobcrts, Jauiua B 770 I'obcrts Hotel 7:j] rujbbinoii, Alfred CO, 330 i^oliinsoii, C. A 502 Uobinsun, J. A 3G7 liock l:ay ,Saw .MUl 594, 774 Kock tioal 32j Ilockwoud, A. P 325 Uocliy Mountain Fur Co 3;rj Itodo'cm, Mt-yer j: Co 203, 767, 709, 770l 733 Uoohuck, Tliomoa G 737 ItocTiick,-, Otto 639, 753 UoL-tl), I Icury C 705 liojcrs iiros k Co 703 r,oad(j Ilro3 753 IlolUns Mills CSJ Itomaucu of tho I'rcscut CtJ ICoot, NcUeou ^Co C05, 7*1 Koot ti Handcrson 210, 708, 782 ItoHCoo iiCo 703 r.oae, L. J 210, 238, 237, 253, 271 liosu, MeAlpiuo & Co .493 Uosucrans, C F 709 iimecrans, W. S 340 Iloscman L Butler .787 no.«.'Ulaum i Cci 704. 705, 707, 737 Koscabaum, 1, H. i Co.7U3, 700, 761, 783 iioseuberj. (icorje 769 lUiSebur,{ I'uuudiy 771 rio.^udali;, A. C. U Co 705 lloaeuer Bros 575, 756, 774 noacnfcl.l, II i Co 785 I'.oaenfol.l. Jobn IM, 205, 767, 783 iiosLjishine, M. fc IJrt) 700, 7S5 Uosenstock, H. W, & Co 511, 753 lioijcntlial. \. S. & Co 737 r.osentbal, B 783 Kosentllal Bros 775 Kosentbal & Feeler 511 Kosentbal i Fruhnian 760, 701 Kiisenthal, G 775 r.ossoter /; Kinlth 77J llo.iaitcr, .lames 753 Ko^;s Ilouao 790 notary FllniiWO GC3 Hotter & BiscbofI 762 Hotb & Co 773 Kotbcubnsh, D 756 Kothrook, Dr 39 Kothachild & Ehronpfort 560, 703 Kottanzi, O 773 Il'tnuds It Aluuwoi-th 791 Itountrco & Mc<;lur.i. . .209, 763, 7S2, 785 Uowu. n. r 773 Rowlaml. J. i Co 177 Hoy, Andrew 574 r.oyal City Planlns Mills 593 lioyal Soap Co 719, 7M lioycr, Ilennan 521, 757, 709 Iloylaucc. Jo.scph 759 r.ubbtr Goods 522, 782 r.udolph. O. 4 Co 013, 761 RULxl, J. C 773 Uufflno, L. J. & Co 533, 775 Ruhl Brothers 760; 769 Ilunipf 4 Dnukel 756 Iin3l)y £: Mery 771 i;u.!3, .losoiih 51, 204, 530 r.m\. j. t Co.. 774 Uiiai House 751, 790 BusaeU. Wells & Co 093 I£U53CU. W. U 187 ilusjian-Amcrlcan Co 333, .'i39 Uusjian Uiver Land k Lumbor Co. . .774 Bowf, Win 701 r.yan k Duff OJl Kyau. JolinO 529, 756 Saliatio, .V E. k Co.210, 760, 763, 773, 733 .Sabatie, P. O. &Co 773 Holivts i CutU 618, 760 tiabin, Ferdinand 701 iiabrichi, F 315 iiichs. Heller & Co 209, 787 Saehs, Stmsaburser & Co! . .765, 770, 787 Sacramento 28 .Sacramento Bank 753 tSacrameuto Bubery 763 .Sacmmcnto Fou dry 771 iiacraineuto Ilooord-Union 735 .Sacramento liiver 393 Haerumento Ulvi r Pk,i. Co 739 Hacmmento Hahnon 385 Hacmmento Havin;^ Bailk 755 Sacramento Tannery 783 Kat^rameuto Valley 2f Uocramento Water 411 Kt...--^ ?85 C7, 783 .700, 7S3 |.511, 7i3 787 785 773 511 760, 7Cl ....775 ....773 ....733 ....790 . . CC3 ....703 ....773 ...7M 39 OeH 703 773 ....7;u 7»2, 785 ..773 ..177 ..574 ..533 710, 781 737, 709 ..73J I, 7S3 013, 781 3 533,775 700, 700 .7X .771 2gJ, 03« ....774 731,730 813 Bacramento Wood Co 393 Bacr.viiciito WooU-r. MDU ^43, 737 S.viai-ry 4W fiaaier, Clias. & Co 775 G.vaieri; Co 7C3. 733 Baf,'J 07X770 Saf -ty Xitro Powder Co 700, 7S2 Safety rowdcr Co. 703, 782 Baironl, Hudson & Co 735 Bilge, A. A. & Co 775 8;iilln3 VesBela C03 Bailfl 481.731 Sr.lamon, J. i Co 7C1 Balera 32 Balcm Flourins Mills 206, 557, 765 Sabm Imn Woika CG2. 771 Halinau 30 Kulinaa City Uaiik 755 Salmon 311, 363, 375, 335 Salmon Canning' 377, 433 Halmon Ilatcbtiis 325 Bait 5G9. 733 Salt Co. , Unlou Pacific 783 Salt Lako City 40 Bamm, Jacob 550 Saiiim i Parsons 7C3 Sanmcla. David 767 Sail Brnjardino 23 San Clas 40 San Diojo 29. 413, 7:0 San Dioso Bay 391 San Die^o Concjntration Co 789 San Fernando 20 San Francisco 21 San Francisco Bankers ,. 48 San Francisco, Ii .y of 22 San Frauciaco Box Factory 753 San l-'ranciaco Brid^jo Co 757 San Franciaco Bruali Factory 750 San Franciaco Caudio Co 700 San Francisco Chemical Works 7C1 Ban Francisco Conlag.' Co. .481, 482, 433 San Francisco C^onUgu Mfy 7C3 San Franciaco Furnitm j Factory. ■ "00 Han Francisco Uaa Liglit Co 733 Ban Francisco Harbor 383 San Francisco Tnriuranco Co 144 San Francisco Imn Works 771 San Francisco Mining l^rcss. 730 San Francisco News Co 734 San Fran, i; Pac Sugar Ucfluery. . . .78-t Han Fran. Pkg. & Provision Co 783 8au I>anci8Co liiiral PrcM ''30 San Francisco Savinga Union. . .135, 755 San Francisco Stock Brcwci-y 750 San Francisco Stock &. Tct. Co 393 San Francisco Summers 04 San Francisco Tanneriea 493 San Francisco Tool Co 785 San Fmnciaco Typo Foundry 701 San Francisco Water Supply 409 San Cialiricl 23 Ban Joaquin Canal 404 San Joaiiuin River 393 San Joaquin VrJley 27 Ban Joaquin Valley, Bank of* 765 S;ui Joso 25, 730 ."ian Joso Airicultural Works 75 > 3:in Joso, Bank of 75"' Ban Ju3o Fimndry 771 Gan Jn.-iQ I^uit Vkj. Co 753 Sail Joso Fumituro Mfs. Co 7G5 San Jo30 Limo Co 773 Han Josa Mercury.. 7J0 i'lai Juso Vkj. I'o 2!1 f^au Jtmn ilobo k Glovo Co 513 San Joso Savings Bank 755 Sr.a Jo3L' Woolen MiUs 442. 787 San Juan Lima Co 772 SauLu>dO:ii3po 30, 412 San Luis , Bank of 755 San Luis Obispo Roadstead 397 San Mateo 23 San Mateo Hotel 791 San Rafael 21, 412 Sanborn. A. L...... 530 Sanborn, N 530 Sanborn's Sous, Geo. n C31 fianboni. Vail it Co 610, 753, 731 Sanders is Co 703 Sanders t Lawson 090 Sanderson k r>ro 7G2 Sandcreon i-^; Horn 760,761, 781 Sansovain, Don Pedro . . - 2t3 Santa Ana. 23 Santa Ana Hotel 791 Santa Ana Uiver 29 Santa Barliara 23 Santa Barbara Channel 397 Santa Barbara County Bank 775 Santa Clara 25 Sjnta Clara Brewery 750 Santa Clara County Bank 755 Santa Clara MachinoShop 771 Santa Clara Oil Co 37 Santa Cni3 30, 337, 733 Saufci Craz Barings Bank 755 Santa Crtiz County, Bank of 755 Santii Inez Muuntaina 23 Santa Monica Hotel 731 Santa Rosa 25, 412 Santa Rosa, Bank of 75^5 Santa Rosa Brewery 755 Santa P^sa Hotel 791 Santa Rosa Woolen aiills 444, 7S7 Saroni, Louis & Co 6t>>, 702 Sathor&Co 735 Sauluier, John &. Co 773 Saunders. Henry 230. 335 Savast-, Henry 77:3 Savage Mine 302, 739, 743 Savage k Suns 663, 761 Savings Bank of Santa Rosa 755 .Havings k Loan Banks 123, 130 Savintr-i k I>oan Society 755 Sawmill, Ilaitlugs" 530 Sawmill Inventions 416. 425. 420 S.iwmilla 535. 783 SawB 003, 783 Sawyer, B. P. & Co 496,407,498.772,785,787 Sawyer, F. A 403 Saxe, Dr 4.U '.'>.ix ', Peter 200 S i\ton, Sr.iltb ^; Co "3 ;^a7ivard, V/. P :,>\ ii lar^wro kCj 7 13 Sralmaninl, Carlo 733 Scammon, Capt 351 S^aramon, II 755 S:andinavian Pkg. Co 788 Sebafer i Co 701 S-'haoffyr J. N. & Co 783, 733 S-'hammcr, Reynolds k Co 759 ScharUhi, J. P. t Co 773 S':heelino, Nathan 759 Schctll-r, W 215 8L*lie:ilvci, P 753 .Mclicpplcr, William. 772 Sdierr, Bach k Sax 575, 773 SjhL-nrer k Coyne 758 S jliie^or. C. II 773 ;30hiUyr, U 701 S--hillin.7, .V. & Co 503,763 Schlabjr,', F. i C 731 Schk'3aiuj:;r k Borgraaa 703 Schmot.rer, Henr* 701 Schmidt, Frank 701 Schmidt, N 730 SchmiUi k Mendcs 758 SchmitA William .763 Sciimob^ William 093 Scluicidcr k Wachter 750 Schn;;ider. W. H 768 Schober k Sefrin 757, 769 Sclioenfeld, Jacob 753 Schocntcld, Jona.s 700, 701, 785 Schoenemau, Frederick 763 Schoenstoin, F. B 613, 730 SchoeuHtem. F. F 614, 780 Schroder. Albi-ccht & Co 536. 763 Sclux)der, H. k Co 760. 773 ScUroth. C. &Co 557, 705 Shuck. O. kCo 753,733 SL-henman k Botefulu- . .210, 773 S.'hulto k Geitner 753 Schultz, Louis 577 Sthult2 k Von Cargcn 773 Schultz. Wm. A 773 Si:hulz k Fischer 093, 097, 773 ScliuJzo, P 333 Schumakor Bros 753 Seh'istcr. F 750 Schussler, H 416. 413, 419, 543, 513 Schusiler, John 783 Schuyler's Hotel 719 Sehwab k Ando son 783 Seliwabacher P.ros. & Co 230. 775, 777 Sohwabacher, Luuis 757 Schwartz, M 775 Schwartz, William 761 Schweitzer k Bro 755 Schweitzer, J. & Co 753 Schweitzer. Sachs & Co-203, 765, 70G, 770 Schweitzer W. k Co 701 Schv.-eitzer, Jacob 007 Schwerin, K 701 ScolluUl, D. C. 317 il mi 'Hi ,i {. h i i M I ; 814 B,-otLM.';Tovl3 C73, "CD, 7S1 BcooITy. P. .'.I "7 8.o:,c!ilt;r U Gihbd 77i) E.-otdlV.-, J. U Ml Brotl. II. T Ml B.olt..J. .M 313 Bcof, Ir.injM 031 Boott, O. M. & Co 7C3 Bt.-i)ttisli Union lus. Co 153 Bcovak', Ivea 4», CCJ HcrlvtncT, A. IGJ Bjiil Uock Tobacco Co 7S-> Bjal.s, II 2n Boani3trcsae3 , 10.1 B.\-uililo IIouso 78.1 ScasidJ riij. Co 783 Soattlo 3:. B;:attb Co;-.l 303 Boa View IIouso 783 Security S.v.-inffj Buuk 7C3 Bcl-lcy, JosopU 4J7, 757 Bei.bj, Cba3. V 7C2 Butids 23^ Scclcy i DiclifonI 75J Seol.'y, L. li 770 Sctlli;, K. i Co 210, 223, 773 Soi-ars, Uriali 703 BciU.'rlich'a Sous 733 Bciilel, FnyJcrick E 73i BoidI, J. iCo 703 Boi:;lor Spriuja llotd 783 SfU.T, Paul 033 Bellty, Prtnti.^ 033 Sclby Sracltins and Lead Co. . . .083, 7j3 Bully, TI103. II. tCo COS, 303, 757,703. 770 8ai3, M 753 Solij & N'cwinaun 770 Seller Eros 75 ^ Seri:it, fiiun & Co 702 Senaonot, Gcorje 763 Scssioll3. K. C 135 Setli Tboniaa Clock Co 701 Bettlera, Chances for 87, 83 Seyer.iuco, IJ O COO Bcrcrouce, II. W 770, 733 Bewer Pipe Association 527 Sowins Girls 110 Beymour, S. II 751 Seymour, Saliin & Co 211, 753 Seymour, Samuel 7S3 Seymour. W. 11 703 SIiab.;r, John A 703 Bhld 327 Sliocflcr, J. W. &Co 700, 701 Slmfter k Lord 775 SliaOeld, Charles L 703 Bliafter Droi 200 Sbafter, James M 230 bhaflcr, O. L 200 Siiaftcr, P. J 200 Shainwulil, II. L 7*3 t'bauuon, II 753 Shark 353 Shani, V-'m. T 781 Shaltuck & FIctcbcr 220, 043, 770 S'law, IL C 073,753 Shaw ,'; ICmia CCA, 771 .'ihea, IJo.Miuem:: £: MclCoo 773 S'.i.a.vr, FrciL'rick i; 737 aheeljy. lUibcrt 203, 707, 733 S'.iOi'li. Sh.cp, Wild 341 lih.flluW, (!. P 003 Shcpard, ,L E 730 Shopman. Wm. E 707 .■^hepiianl, Jaycox li Co 775 Shcriilan, I!. S. & J. C 703 Shenutt:i, Chiy & Co 013, 7S1 Bhennau, \V. T 127 Sherwood, W. J 771 rtlieycr, M. i Dro 705, 700, 78; Sliielib, A 411 SlilniUer. O 003. 700 ShiudlcriiCo 211 Ship Euildcra 783 Sh:p-huildin3 627, 023 Shiii Joiners' Association 103 Shippee, L. U 135 Shlltplnjf 135 Sh:l)pi:ij Mercliants 781 Ship TImlior C31 Shipwriifbts' Asaociatiou 103 Ship Yanls 0J2 Shirek & Tonner 75'j Shires, Wm 518, 707 Shirt-mukins H' Shirts 4J7 Shoj Finding-.! 0C7 Slioo i Lea'*ier Ina. Co iCl Shoo Machineij* 503 Shoj Operatives 533 Shoes 535 SIioo Stock 510 Shooljurt ti Uoalo 737 Shorlj & Witscn 215 filiort, 11 0*31 Shotljolt, llionias 233 .Slirailer, A. J 753 (jhreve, Geo. C. i Co. . .030, 037, 771, 772 Slirevo Jc Wolf 703 Shrimin, etc 30.i ShropshU-o Sheep 257 SlmlakSon 701 Shuilz & Viet 750 Shiullefl, W. T. fc Co 7 A 775 SiliHon, Church it Co 200, D53 Sideman, Abo 701 Kiduman. Laehm.in & Co 701, 735 Sides 302 Siebe liros. & Pla^uinann 773 Siebo k Il.icbllna 0.53 Siibeuliuuer, L. i Co 700, 701. 735 Sie^'cl, Simon 701 Sierm lilanea 33 Sierra riumu Co 51, 534, 583 Sierni Luuilicr Co 530, 774 Sierra Ma.U-j Villa 7M Sierra Nevada 30 •Sierra N'ovada Mino 7i0 .Sierra Nevada Wood & Lumber Co. .774 SlkcB, E. &Co 761 Skajj'a Hotel 731 mil; 473,734 ollkwormi 27.'i Hllllman, V.W.UCn 773 Sllverlwn;, Simon 733 SIIv.rGntc 2!, 21 ■Silver Iron Worlu 7.'1 Silverma-i, David 773 Silver Mining 235 Silver Production 235 Silver Smeltln J 303 Simmou3 1. ?iu:c< >n 572, 781 Simmonii, Kone .*"; Co 703 Hlmou U. Ereslauer 453, 737 •Simon, M. ii Son 770 Simon, v., SonJit Cook 709 Simondl, A. .S 755 Simons Eros. & Co 771, 773 uiaionton, T. I) 733 .■SimiiBon, A. M. & Ero 534, 771, 78J .Simiwon Eros 01,2, 033, 7oJ ijimpson U ri:>kcr 431, 733 .Siml«on. II, V/ 731, 750 Siniiwon, ,S;r G C21 Sims, Jolm U 770 Kinaloa 48 Sinclair, C. 11 707 Sinsheimcr, Mitscs 734 Sinsheinie.-, Simon 703 Sisson. Wallace S Co 333, 770. 733 Skalfe, Alired 70O Skidesate Oil Co 300, ISO Slatca. UmiUng 520 Slavcn. It. 1! 704 Slessiniier, S 511 Sliiauo, W. & J 2iO, 733. 783 Slope. Area of 17, 13 SIoss, Louis & Co 333, 433, 703, 773, 735, 737 SlulcoPiiio 417 Small, Isaac II 704, 733 Smith, A. D 133,770 Smith, A. M £27 Smith Ext)", ii Watson 771 Smith, C. L 514 Smitli, Ciias. W. Jr 030, 703 Smith, F 634, 7.W Smith, Fnuncls & Co IZ'S Smith. lUrsth i Co 333, 733 Smith, James C 774 Smith, J. E 514 .'■mith, James R 783 Suiltli. Caltt. Jed : 333 Smith, J. McB 300 Smith, L. F 531 Smith. L.G.K 785 Smith i Lilly 500, 703 Smith's, L. Sons 513, 014 Smith, Lucy i Co. 734 Smith, P. &J 750 Smith, 8 085, 580 Smith & Starrutt 703 Smith, Wm. I) 75 Hinith, Woo3ruiI t Euuor 770 Sueath, Aniol.l 4 Co 263 Sueatb, Eoardiuau & Co 263 INDEX. 8|: Snaath, a O. . .51, ICO, 201, 232, 203, 753 Bnlpo Ml buijica a Kliiacrtily 701 Knoiv ;; (.'o 753, 770 Blow, II. K sai Hnuw. Iliirvcy W 770 Know ii rcltU 770 Hiiydur U. Ituichliu^ OOu, 70G HiKJl> 717, 7*1 Huuli lU>ut 170 HoJii 722 83il.i lUy ilipt.l HJ Hixla Wulcr 571, 78-1 Sxucrnll, W. T 733 Bomiour, II ; 703 8um:>a, P. 0 572, 7S-1 Soil IJros 705 Sjniiichncn, C'lma 757 Somita^ & Co 703 8o:H>uia County, Hank of 7i'5 Bouoma Democrat 733 Bonomu LumlxT Co 77 1 Sonoma Valley 23 Sonoma Vulloy Bank 753 Bonora 30, 40 Bonom Kallroail Co 1£2 Sorbin, J E 773 Borcusun & reteraon 7>'>0 Sotoyomj Hotel 7S3 Boulo, K 075, 753, 7C0 Bourccsof Information 7,.5 Bouthor, (!. N 505, 707 Bouthem California 24 2H Bouthora (;al. Pk™. C.-> 753 Bouthora Hotel 790 BoutlK-m I'acillc Hotel 783 Boutb.rn Pacific 11. U. Co. . . .82, 93. 309 Sontli H. F. Ilrmvery 730 South S. P. Pkif, & Pro. ji Co 7t'2 SiHkfTonl Packing Co 241, 759, 783 Bpaui»h-Anicrican lUiilroaiU 182 Sparkling California 243 Bliarks, Itiaac 331 Bimulilins i Co 473 BliaulJins, (!. & Co 046, 7.i2 Bpauliling. J. J 471 BlKiuhlin;, X. W 424,063 Spaulding'ii .Saw-Tooth 410 Biwnce, A. 8. & Co 761, 7«S, 771. 780 Bpence, llroa. ii Co 785 Spencer & Armstrong 708 Silencer, !•'. W. & Co 781 Bpcrry, A & H. W 557,705 Bpico (iriiiiling 503 Bpient, ,Tiis 003 Bpiko, llio Last lia Spink. S. P. i«ou» 707 Klillval.i, C. K 556, 561), 774 SiMkiin Pttlls 37 Spratt, Josepll..300, 664, IMO, OM, 737, 758 Bpri'ckelii. Claus...*. ....M7, 643, MJ, 5a) Bpreckel-, John D 548, 549 Bpreckeli, John D. i Bro 770, 783 Sprins, ICarly 63 Springer, ,Tuson & Co 703, 774 Springfield Ins. Co 101 tipring Co., The Botta 784 Hprin;;, Menzo 731, 753 :)pr:nj, T. W 7i7 f^piiOeil, AlattreM 7^1 .Sprin:;a 073, 7s7 H;iriiig Valley Watjr Co.... 217, 41)3, 413 iipriauce, .Stanley i Co 773 .Spuhn, C 333 a.piirn'la 341 .Sre.Hovieh, L. (i. & Co 759, 705 Hroufo Si .McCmm 773 Stacy, M. V. U 230 Stager Brothers 534, 775 Stahl, J. II 730 Standard .Mine 742 Standard Oil Co 317 li^andanl Pocking Co 243, 302 Standard Shirt Paetory JU Standard .Soap Co 729, 781 Standard iSoap Worka 78 1 Standard Sugar Co 542 Stauilard Sugar Mfg. Co 784 Stanford Brt>a 174 Stanford, Leiand ..51, 153, 103, 173. 174. 2H, 215, 272, 431 Stanley, Mrs, Mary 780 Stanton, II. C ;70 Staples, D. J 150, 152 ,'3tarl)h*d& C;oldBtam Navigation 195 St.-anis & Smitli 782 StcM:ker, J 245 .Stoele Bros 51, 207 St.-olo, Elder i Co 711, 703, 765, 782 Steele, James a 764 Btccu, K. 1 704, 774 Steering Apparatus 431 Sleigcr, A 527,782 Stt;iger & Kerr 063 Steiuer, Kliiulior k Co 770 Steinhagen, P "GO, 773 Steiuhart. W. J. i Co 209, 761, 700 Stephens' Concentrator Cn 780 Stephens, J. D 135 Stelihenson, (1. A 731 Stepp, C. fc W 701 Stcreotyphig Oil Sterett, B. F 016, 7S2 Sterling. Wm 300 StenilK'rg, Simon & Co 763 Sterufeld, Bros. & Co 772 St«tefoldt Fnmace 295, 410 Stevevlores' Union 105 Stevens, Baker 4 Co 770, 783 Stevens, Oeorge 773 Stevens, Levi 113 Stevens k Wlleoj 7T0 {itcvensou, J. D 1,0 ,Steveuriou ti Lonj'Will 736 Stewart, A T. Si Co 441 Stewart k Buckley 705 Stewart k Co 708 St. George Hotel 790 .St. Helena 25 .Stniman, Dr. J. D. B 243 Stlllman, W. A 433 StUie Hoiuc 791 Still, llolrert 700 St. .lames Hotel ?9I St. Xich.das Hotel 791 .Sto_-kton 27,736 .Stockton Agricultural V/archouse. , .753 Stockton, Bank of. 755 Stockton, i:. A 787 Stockton I'unnturu Manufactory 766 Stockton Independent 733 Stockt m Iron Works 771 Stockton Savings and Liian Society. 755 Stockton Tanneries 194 Stockton Water Co •Ill Stokes, A. L 94 Stoke», D 439 Stoll, ,1. T 501, 769 Stone, B. L 771 Stone, L 326 StonemtMi, George 245 Sto:; • Pavinrj Co., Cal 530 Stone, 11 210, 501 502, 769, 772 Stone Works, The Pazzola. 5J1 Story, C. n, & Co 1.51 Stoves 784,601 Stove Works 607 Stoivell. Jolis 753 St. Paul 44 St. Paul Insurance Co 156, 757, 7t'6 Strahle, J. i Co 611 Straiglit.Z. L 771 Strasabcrgcr, A. k Co 787 Strossherger Brothers 763 Stratham & Cone 031, 763, 781 Strauss, IC 783 Stniuss, Kohliiitamm & Co 201, 761, 763, 773 ,Straus. Levi & Co 209, 831, 766, 787 Straus, Levy 454, 761 Straut, Wm. K 774 StraW'liuming I^nglno 432 Straw ( loods 784 Straw Hats 464 Street Kailroada 181 Slrohridgc, ,T. A 772 Slroliridje. J. H 253 Strobridge's Merinos 257 Strocssei, Otto 7C3 Strong, W. li. k Co 770 Stmts, Julius 773 Stuart, Mrs. A H. H 91, 733 Studebakcr Bros 788 Stuhr, August 784 Stuiuckc. Cbos 614 ;;~n!!ssmifw^mmm 8i6 INDKX. Sturgeon 3o?. 3Sr) b jliliiariilJ lUiLitliij* 4J1 Subtropical Iiui>ort3 2^ BUo'ar 2i5, MO Bujar liJtl 'JUJ. oa Sujur luiiurtatiuns r>t^ Sujar Mills &13 Bui-ar KjI'muilcs 610, M7, 784 Biwnun, Bank vt 70j Sui;m:i rkj. Co 7d(i Hiill.liur 3rj Kuuiuch 401 (Sumner. \V. U.ic <'o 773, 7S7 Buiiiilemcutary Material 737 BusiK-ndurit mi Buttor Cro.;k 30 Butter's Sawmill 6S!1 Button. Cliaa. Jr. & Co....4G7, 760, 7S3 Sutro, AJoliih 413, 414 Butro & Co 7iu Butro Tunuel 413, 41 1 Bwuin. 11. A. t Co ilO, 701, 703, 772 BuanliorK i West 363, 3il Bwan Brtwcry 730 fiwau'fl Wood Sliccr 410 Sn'autun Houso 7'.K) Bweas -y, J. U Hun 770 Swi-ei»stake8 Plow Co 070 Sweet, .S. i Ci 770 Swenarton. J. A 449 8«-ift,C. 11 13.-) Swift. Jantes 7iiO Bwiue 274 Swiss Brewery 750 Sylvester, Jnlui 739 Sylvester k Moyo 700 Symonds k Lanureaux 770 Pynil> 54t) Sy/, Uarry W 770 Tabor, Harkcr & Co 209,218,703,782,783 Taber, I. W 750 Talicr. .lacol) S 218 Taconm 8t> Tacoma Li^ilucr 730 Talt & Ilalu.iuo 433, 701 Tallwtt, W.O 143 TalL-ott. LiiuU 770 Tullac llov.so 789 TallantS.('o 75j Taiualpais Hotel 791 Tam:dliais Kldjc 23 Tanna j'O rroductious 486 i'aniialt. T. It »4 Ta:.niug Material 490 Taiiker & Pridtiam 776 Tatum i Ilowen 210, 704, (74, 780 TatLss's. I/D"iB i Co 773 lay, Geo. II. t Co 209, 221, CM, 758. 708, 770, 784, 78.'. Taylor, 11. F 01 Ta;lor, C. L. & Co 770, 7S3 Taylor, .John 750 Taylor, ,Iohn & Co 210, 703 Taylor k .McDowell 788 Taylor. H. P. i Co 037, 780 Taylor. Thos. & Co 773 T.iylar, W. a 001 Tea 2:0 Ti aiustcrs' I'nion 107 Te.iuo Hotel 791 Tcliatiia t.'ounty, Bank of 735 Tel-e uph 18.1, 191 Tcle:;raplilo lustnunentA 093 Tcleiilioue 190, 42J Telei-hone, Paeiflc Hell Co 438 TemiH-raturo, Stamlurda of 62 Ten lloach, N. i Co 767, 770, 733 Tenneut, Tlios 05, 07, 09) Tenthorey, J. P. & Co 500, 774 Torr.v, K. i Co 303, 361 Ten-ill, C. & P. II. iiCo ......758 Teseliemacher, II. F 143 Teutonla Ills. Co 156 Tevls, Lloyd 133. 139, 170i 180, Ud Tcilllii Palirlos 431 Tliaiu llros 703 Tlauulmuser & Co 770 Tliauidiauser, L. & Co V09 Thatcher, Geo. & Co. 773 Tliuyer 02J Tliayer..!. E 774 Theoliold, (ieo. J. & Co 770, 783 Thieliaut. Chas 039. 753 ThIelBuii Flume 63.". Tliouiaa Itros.. 700 lUontu, (leu'lO. II 3-10 Thomas, P. .1 785 TIiouip.ton llros 005 Thomiw.u. DellarttCo 211, 708 Tiiomiaou. I). V 135 Thompson, G. 739 Tliomiwon, Geo. C 572. 7S4 Thompson. G. W 803 Thompson. Ira I) 7li4 Thomptk)n. Lucius V71 ThomiiBon. I!. 11 328 Thomi«on & Ilcaiil 770 Thompson & Co 755 Tlionipson k Evans 70. Throckmorton, 3. It 325 Thunder I'owder Co 703, 782 Tilhey, A. S 760 TIchenoi', II. I!. & Co... 143. 305, 774, 733 Tickncr, Bumliam &Co 770 Tillman. F 6iS Tdlmun & B.'nrtel 209, 708, 762 Tllton i Wortmau 712, 775 TuuIht 31, 90, 233, r.SO Timkc, J. II. iUro 701 Tiumiins, C & Co 783 Tlnsxy, C. G 773 Tingue. House & Co 612 Tlnoco, J. St S Co 770 Tinware 0s9 Tltcomh, A. O. & Co 701, 771 Titcomb & Co 783 Titus. L. II :x Tobacco 23i 099 Tol>aceo CouiiUmptlon 001 Tobacco Manufacture 701 Tobin, Morris 760 Tobiu, R J 135 Tobln. Hlmms *('o 73 Tobin. Thomas I^ 75<1 To.!d, H. II 783 Todd. J, C C-U Tomale.1. Hank of 755 I'oml.atone 29 Tombstone Foumlry 771 Touito Powder Co. 783 Tontine Powilcr Co 703 Topl' /, F. I; r„ 700. 77« Tiirre.", Mai.ael 400 Towlo BriiB 774 Towlc, WW 774, 783 T..»-ne, A, N 744 Towiie k Bacon 012 Townsenil, Fred. R 755 Towneend, W. H 560, 703 Toy, Blekford & Co 711, 766 Tr.Kle with Australia 214 Tnwlers" Insuraiieo Co 101 Tradesmen's Insurance Co 161 Tranlug Walls, (laklaml 23 Travelers' Homo 791 Trcabure 213 TrcjoB, .1. ,4 Co 762,770 Treuiont Hotel 790 Trenht.lm, Howard 360 Trespass Ijiw 257 Tribune of .'ialt Lake City 73S Triest & Co 209, 76D TrlDlihul 30 Tripp, O. A 690, 703 Trout 323,343 Tnrckee 31 Truckec Lmnber Company 753 Truman. I. J 678 Trunks, etc 501 Trusses, etc 731 Tniworthy. Alouzo J 760 Tryon. J. rt 414 Tul.lB. A L. & II 431 Tul.bs' Hotel 780 Tucker. .1 W. «: Co 773 Tucker k Grant 774 Tuekcy, ^Ultcd 773 Tucson 39 Tunier, Georuo 8 773 Turner, M 033 Turner, Beeton & Co 230, 776 Tunier, Kennedy k Hhaw 774 Tunicr & Co 774 Turner k l!unSoai) Factory 781 Unlfiuu Ki'U'loro Store 767 Uultoil Canlago Co 193. 193 Unltofl 8t;it<« Browoiy. 750 irnltcd StatM HoUil 789 Uulttil ^Vk■m•» Boot k Shoo Co 758 I'pholntfjry 473, 475 Uiiholdtory Trimmings 403 UrLath, lenatB 773 UrlKtn, IIinjo 701 Url, Fdil 759 Urraela* UrlosUi 763, 770 U. 8. OoruCo 763 t;. S. Hotel 790 I'tali 39 Utah, Attractions of 730 UtahUoarJ of Trade 736 Utah Inclosed Basin 37 Utah Silver 305 Utah's Trade 216 Utuh Woolen Mills 447 ■Variety Goods 786 Varnish 715i 786 Vache, T 245 'Valenslen, Count 271 Valento, Loigi 660, 774 ValeutlDO, J. J 187, 290, 295 Valloio 739 ■N'alleio, Bank of ._ 755 VaUejo, M. G .' 60 Vallejo Savhigs k Com. Bank.. 13,'i, 175 VaUojo Water Co 413 Van, M ,..245 VanBever, P 503 Viui Bergen, John 143 Van Bergen, N. i Co 773 Van Blarcom, A. L 787 Vance, John 686,697,774 Vuuee House 789 Vancouver Coal k Land Co.> 205 Vancouver Island. 43 VanderWlt, .T. M S38 Vanderhuist, Banbom ft Co 770 VandersUco, W. K 696, 771, 772 Vandusen, A. &Co 776 VanLuaok, h 729,7,16 VanOrdeu, W. B 776 Van Scluiyvcr. W. J 210,773 Van VlockSCo 205, 206 VanVloot,T S4S Van Volkenborg ft Go 971. Ita 103 INDEX, Van Voorhles 7C9 Van VoorliieH, A. A 501 Van Wlul Vi-alcli, J A T!l Veuard, G 564, 702 Ventura 29 Ventura, Bank of Verdj'jr, ,Moreau&C:o..704, 705, 707. 787 Vertical Stjctlon of the Co.nRtock Lotlo 738 Victor, Mrs. P. F 730 Victoria 43 Victoria ll9 Wagner, F. Jr 872 Wagner, KiUlman ft Saltz 4!>4 Wagner ft Ford. 7C3 Wagon Roads 183 Wagons 616, 780 Waestaff, T. H 758 Wahmulh, H. ftCo 756 Waintmli, H 784 Walt ft Brown. 708 W.ut,S. M 447 Waizman, Mai 739, 7 'jS Wakeficid Rattan Co 626, 755, 766 Wakeleo&Co 764 WalJstoln, Abraham 601, 758 Waldt«ufel,A. 767,781 Walker Bros. 766w 773 817 Walker, Cyrus 3U Wulkur House 790, 791 Widkcr, John ....414 Wttlkur, William Oi'O WaUa Walla 37 WiiUa Walla Steam Bakery 703 W^iUace, J. J. ft Co 78* Walliwe, Jodeph 753 Walling, A. a 782 Walter Bros "..211,219, 7.W Walter. D. N. ftK. tCo 210, 219,759,780 Walter, H. N 219 Walter, J. N 238 Walter, M. ft Co 773 Walter, ScUlUug ft Co 767 Walton, X. C„Sr 768 Wagener, Honry 765 Wangenheuu, 3tomIielm ft Co 210, 763, 77a Ward. Ttioman 729, 754 Ward, Wm. ft Co 773 Warvlo, M. ftCo 773 WanoBelt 7* Warner, AS 473.608 Wanier, .1. J 33X Wamerft Silsljy 601 Warner ft Co 788 Warner, F M 383,788 Warren, J. D 336,384,766 Warren Packing Co 382 Wamn Powder Co 788 Warren, H. D ft Co 035 Warren's Fiu- Seal Fleet 338 Washburn, Alliort. 76 4 Washington 3i 35,213 Washington Brewery 7.56 Washtogton Flour Mills 765 Washington Immigration Society. ..736 WashooPan 302,418 Wasserman ft Co 783 Watches 334, 225 Watch Cases 784 Water-fowl 341 Watcrhouse, C 619 Waterhouse, H. A 620 Waterhouse ft Lester. 618, 619, 769, 760, nl Waterman ft Katz 776 Waterman, J. ftCo 773 Waterman, M. ft Co 303,767 Water Meten 788 Water Pipes 418 Water Power Canals 408 Waters, A. W 495 Watertown FU'o Ins. Co 666 Waterworks 403 Watklns&Co 776 Watkins, W. H 601,769 WatwnftCo 770 Watson, La Grange ft Gibson 755 Watson, Warren M 761 Watson, Wm 549 WatsonvlUo Z3 Wateouvillo Bank 755 WatsonvlUo MUl 696,774, Watt,Jolm 374783 II i : 818 Walt, ItiiUrt 75S Wear. Scut t 750 Wtatlicrtord & Co "64 WciMiTHimnii i Co "70, 73-1 Wt-clHi L'o 733 WocilS KinawuU 680,753,757,738 Week* a 73'.' Wtticnor, lleary 7M WciilUT, Ufo. W 683i 508, 771 \i\H llraa 773 W^il. llroa i Co 7W, 766, 787 WeU & MitliiU 766 W^jil S WoodlLttf 765, 766, 767 WciiilicrftT. J. O 215 AVuilu-r, Simoa 701 Wulnhanl. 11 573 Wulmann. U 690, 783 Wuinrtlcbi IlarU'lJ 773 Wilr, W U 605 Wdcb, Auarew 218 Wal;h.A 6;tl Woloh, Uhas. k Co 573, 781 ■Welch 4 Co 218, sal. 770, 771, 781 Welch, James 601,700 Weh-h, M 781 Welch. U. U 200 Welch, lilthet i Co 206, 219, 381, 383, 591. 771 WellcriiSoua 760 WcUUnjtoii Coal 309 Wclhnau, Peck i Co 208. 218,700.768, 732, 785 Wclb, Charles H 7jM WelhliCo 121 Wella, Fargo 4 Co 11. 139. 110. 131. 185. 186, 187 WcUj. Fareo & Co. s Baiik 755 Wompo Bros 639, 738. 703 Wentworth. I. M. 4Co 758. 772 Weatworth. J. P. 11 730 Wenal. Hermann J. . .116. 427. 653. 701 Weuzcl, UothchiiaSIIadenreU.771. 773 Wenzul, W, T ViS WordOT, L. II 215 Wcrtbeimer. L. i K 750, 761, 780 Wcsko, A 539 Wc«soii, .loseph W. 771 West Coa«t Furniture Co 602. 606 West Coast Packing Co 7Sil Wuat End Distillery 577. "63 Wejtem Hotel 790 Western IIouso 790 WestOeld. II 577 WiBtFurTnullugCo 338 West. (Icorfo i Co 773 West, John 783 Westhall, J 169,170,731 Wait, .John 383.133,788 Westminster 29.96 Weateni Tiro A: IMartnu Ins. Co 770 Westei u Fur i Tradmg Co 706 Western Insurance Co 155 Western Iron Works 771 Western Straw Works. 784 Western Union TeL Co 190, 191 WesthaU. J 169 Weston. Charlej W 768 INDEX. Wetberhoe. Henry 771 WutliurliyS Tliomos ~fS We) 1. Jonas 771. 773 Wliaites, Win. X 727 Whale Fialiery J16-3J1 Wheat and Flour Kiports 212 Wheat. Oreuon 283 Whejt. ProUts 230 */hoat. Volunteer 281 WheatoQ, OouUttJe & Iladlejr 171 Wlieaton 4 Lubrs 783 Wheeler, J. II 733 Wheeler, Z 42'J Wlielan 4 Tracy. 757 Whips 502, 780 White, llamard 753 WhitoUros 759, 771 Wliite, Cha» 632, 733 . VC | Wi'Oand Bros 76.' 783 ' Weiland. J -I' Wier4Cate8 7'>o Wierson, Jewell 4 Co 7.'xj Wiyhtman k Hampton 769 Wigmore. J (71 Wilcox. Felter 4 Co 773 Wilcox. W. W 518, 707 Wilde. Peter 4 Co 705 Wiilielml. II. * f:o 773 Wilhoit Springs Hotel 789 WiikinB4Co 770, 78t Wilkes, Coramodoro 34, 593 Wilkins House 791 Willamotto Iron Works 665, 771 WiUamette Sawmill .W. 771 Willamette Steam -Mills 4 Mfg. Co.. .597 Willamette Woolen Mill 115, 787 Willey, C. J 620 WiUcy, O. F. 4Co. 210, 601, 020, 759, 769, 786 WU14Flnk 669, 703, 761 WUliami. A. P 227 Williams. nianchanl4 Co «M Wi lllams Ilrus 778 Willlami. C L. 4 Co 770 Willl.imi. I)imoTid4 Oo ...203, 206, 701. 770. 773. 780i 783, 7M Williams Hotel 791 Williams IIouso 780 Williams, James 4 Co - . .788 Williamson. Wni. 506 Willow ware 628, 784 Willows Urewery 736 Wilmording 4 Co 773 Wilmington Harbor 395 WIlHon. II. II 67« Wilson 4 llro 764 Wilson, E J 53S Wilson, IL 114 Son 768 Wilson Hotel 791 Wilson. , John 383. 31» Wilson, J. Y. 4 Co 540, 759, 78» Wilson 4 Shorb 23« Wilson, Thomas 4 Co 787 Wilson, Wm. 4 J 513 WIncbell. (1 8181 767 WlnchestOT. E. II 501 Winchester llepeating Arms Co. 768 WIn.l .Mills 679. 783 nindt, Morris 493,785 Wimlsor Canning Co 230, 385, 738 Win.lsor Hotel 7'Jl Wines 247. 748,786 WIngato. K. 4Co 778 Winkelman. Heniy 784 Wlun. M. I, 566 Winalow, Mary Pratt 1.12 Wlnterbimi 4 Co 643 Winterbnm. Joseph 4 Co. .616. 7M. 78J Winters. Tlieo 371 Wi.:'ers. Warm 66 Wire Ropeway 425 Wire Works 667,78(1 SiusUll, C. II 788 V\ 0, Goldfish 4 Co 495,785 V. .m;,J. n 155 (Vithington 4 Bagloy 71^ Wlthrow 4 Pendleton 758 Wocmer, D 631. 763 Wolf, A 765 Wolf, John 731 Wolf.M 701 Wolfen. Mai4 Co 763 Wolff. Joseph 771 Wolff 4 Lozo 694. 771. 772. 786 Wolff 4 lihelnhold 700. 770 W.ilffsolra. N-. W 707 Wolfskin. J^W 938 Wolfskin, William 237. 331 Wollpert. Chas. 007 WollcrsBros 773 Wolves 311 W00.1 579 Wool W.wawarcl, W. A. t Co MO, 782 WoLl-worklua WO Woodwortli, S. P 7.W Womlworth, SchcU 4 i.'u 781 W.K)l 251,434,787 ■WdoiruUing 496 Wixil Scouring 457 Woolen Ooocla 434, 435. 437, 439, 780 Woolen Mouufocturo 433 ■Woolen MllU 430 Woolen MlllK, Oolilon Gate 113 Woolen MII1.1, riouoer 113 Woolen Mill, Hlocktou 444 787 Woonaockct Rubber Company 783 Woostc-r, HubhcU & Co 703, 783 Wordcn, W. II 715, 723, 753, 780 Workman 4 Co Ml Workman, E. U. 7C9 Worknun, W. H 24S Wortli'a Founilry 771 Wreile, William 701 Wrl:ibt, Oeorjo & Bon 770 Wrlgbt, Q. W 123 Wright. J 071 Wright, W.II 701 Wucherer O. i Co 703 Wuicho, Froaertck 773 WimKh,M.fc Co 771 Valo 42 Yale, 0.0 503 Yaauina Bay 400 Yates & Co 753.703, 772,730 Yeast Powder 571,787 Yellow Jacket Mine 741, 742, 743 Yerrington, Bliss & Co 420, 535, 680, 774 Ygual&Co 700,733 Yolo noiur Milhl .703 Yolo Hotel 791 York, Ebcn 781 Yoaemlte HoteL 791 Yo«>mll« Home 7M Youns. Albert B 701 Yoiinj. lirlsham Ml, C30 Youn5, .J 557 Young, Wm 534, 7?^ Younger, O 2C0 Yuunt, George 331 Yreka 31 Yuba City 27 Yukon 41 Zacharias, L. & Co 771 Zailik, A.4C0 703 ZanUros 730,750, 787 Zech, Jacob 013, 7fil Zeckendorf S Co 770 Z it(uchJ,E 223 Zeyn, JohnP 213 Zimmerman, F 773 Zimmerman, Strouso & Co 753 Zino Oraameat Factory 453,703 Zion's Co-Op. FlaU Co 323, 323 Zlon'a Co-Op. Institution 210 Zlon'B Savings Bank 755 Zwelc Hoimann 679^774