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6 tv-^,

18.-N0rES ON A RHCONNOISSANCli OF
COAST OF 'i'HF UNITFI

TIIF FISIIFRIFSOFTHH PACIFIC
STATHS IN 1894.

Bv HUGH M. SMITH, M. D.,
Assistant in Charge Division of Statistics and Mtthoits of the Fisheries, U. S. Fish Commission.

NARRATIVE OF THE TRIP.

Under date of Miiy 8, 1804, I was directt'd by tlu! lion. JfarHliall McDonald, V. S.
("oniinissionor of Fi.sli and I'isli('iic'.''i. to piofcrd (<> tlio I'aciilc coast '• for tlie purposo
of making; a .study uf the ajtpaiatus and nicthodsof tlie ti.sliericsof that n>(;ion." I
waHiiiNtriictcd to make obHcrvations on tlic condition of tlie aalnion induKtry of tlie
(lilferent sections that it wa.s dccniod advisable to visit; to consider tlie development
of the market lisliery and the sardine industry; to iuvestipite the hihtory, jjrowth
and i)reseut extent of the stur^rcon llsiiery of tlieCoiuudiiaHiver; and to look into any
(ither branches of the li.sherics that po.ssessed special interest. I was directed to pive
liarticular attention to the shad, the striiu'dbass. the black bass, thecattish, the carp,
and tlie eel, which liave been artificially introduced from the east, esi)ecially observing
their distribution, si/e, commercial importance, and food value.

I was ordere<l to leave Wnshiufjton on or about May l<», and to return ii<>t later
tlian July 10. Pur.suaiit to these instructions, 1 left Wasliinston May I<H and arrived
at San Francisco May '-'4. Ten days were spent in that city, devoted ciiietly to au
in.-ipectiou of the (Ish and otiier watt'r jiroducts cxpo.scd for sale in the nnirkets; to
visits to the fishermen's wharf vvherc the catch is di.schar^cd, the nets are dried, and
tlie boats are moored; and to an examination of tlie books of tlie whole.sale dealers for
tlie years 1803 and 18!M for the purpose of taking,' oil" an a<'count of all shad, striped
basis, carj), and catfish handled. The American Union Fish Company, .\. I'aiadini,
<i. ('amilloni, and .1. II. Kessin^ very obp^in^ly ])ermitted this examination of their
records when the object of the iniiuiry was made known, and are entitled to tlic tlianks
• ifthe (Jommissiou for this and other courtesies shown. Several '(thcr dealers whom
\i was not possible for nie to visit, owinn to the short time available, later jrave to
representatives of the California Fish < 'ommission fixture, similar to those furnished to
me, copies of which were forwarded to this Coinmissiou by the ralifoinial ommission.

Ou June 2, 1 went from Hail I'rancisco to Los Anjteles and San Pedro, chiefly in
order to examine the sardine industry centering at the latter jdace and to interview
the proprietoi's of the cannery, wholiad oflices in Los Any;cles. Tliroufih the courtesy
of Mr. A. r. Halfhill, vice-president of the canning company, who, in San Francisco,
had given me a letter of introduction to the superintendent of the cannery, I was
'iiabled tomake a very satisfactory examiiiati(ni of the met hods of this new, interci tinj^,
and important branch of the fisheries during the two days passed in this part of the
.State. 1 returned to San Francisco .June 0.

333

224

HUM.ETIN UK tin: IMTKU HTATE8 KISH COMMISSION.

At the iiivitntiun of Mr. John I*. KalHioek, cliiot' deputy of tho Cnlifornia Fish
f oininisMion, I iicconip;iiii«'il lijiii niiil Mr. Wilson, of tln' (Islii'iy piotcctivo force, on iiii
otlU-ial trip in tii*> (■<^nMMis^iol^s liiiniL-li. totliciiiiptntaiit lisiierydiHtrictH lying betwocu
8an Kraiu-isco nuil tlic nppt'r imrt of tlio delta of tint Sac anu-nto and San Joncpun
rivers. I left Sun Frnmisco on .Iinu; 8 anil retnrncMl .Innc 10. jiiissinf? tlie wliolc of the
intervcnni}; tinic in a vi'ry interestinjj and iielpfnl mijouin in the waters nann-d.

The route from Snn FraneiHco lay north, paut the llsliin;,' Ntation of Messrs. Lynde
and Ilongh, in Marin County, and the ('liini'si> tisiiin^' eain|)s, in .Marin and Contra
Costa «'onnties. San I'aUlo Hay, ("aniuinez Strait, ami Snisnn iJay were then trav-
erseil, all of tlieso being im]MU'tant tishing grounds for salmon, slmd, and .striped bas.s.
Late in the evening the San Joaquin Uiver was entered and a stop was made for tho
night at Antioeh. Ne.vt day a short visit was lirst paid to Collinsville, on the Sacra-
mento Kivor, wlieru I attended the trial of some gill net tishermen arrested for viola-
tion of the State law indhlliiting the setting of gill nets so as to obstrnet more than
one-third the width of a stream. Although the < videnee of an infraction of the law
was indisputable, the jury faile<l to convict, being evidently impressed with the recent
decisitm of a local Jnstic<> that the law is andtignous and that the words " more than
one third across f lie width'" of a river may involve the distansHi between two remotely
distant jmints on opi)osite siiles of the river! During the remainder of the day, tho
launch cruised through the numeroii.s sloughs intersecting tho interesting tale lands
of the ilelta of the Sacramento and San .loatpiin rivers, these being the favorite
spawning-grounds for shad and striped bass, as well as important tlshing-grounds
for them anil salmon. The forenoon of the tbilowing day was spent in the .same region,
and in tho afternoon 1 returned to San Framisco.

A visit occupyiig jiaits of two days (June I'J and l.'t) was m;'ili' to Monterey and
Pacific, drove from San l-'rancisco. .Monterey Hay represents the southern limit of
the distribution of the salmon, shad, and strii)ed bass, and is additionally interesting
because of the Chinese and other important tisheries there carried on. At El Monte,
Mr. H. C, Win.ston Ims shown commendable enterprise in bringing together and
arranging for exhibition a maginliceiit mounted collection of the marine alga* of tho
I'acilic coast which has been admired by students of this branch nf botany. Mr.
Winston has idso arranged in a large i)rivate exhibition hall nniny of the rarer and
mine attractive Ibshes of that part of the Tacilic coast, including sharks, .skates, ami
other largo species.

At Facitie Grove, situated at the southern side of the entrance to Monterey Hay,
the summer biologiial school of the Leianil Stanford Junior FniverMty hac been
established. This, at the time of my visit, was in charge of Dr. Oliver F. Jenkins, the
professor of physiology in the university, by whom tlapurjioses and plans of the school
were courteously exi)laincd. This is generally conceded to be the best site on the
west coast for a biological laboratory. It is located somewhat like Woods lloll with
respect to the distribution of the fauna of the northern ami southern jiarts of the
<-onst. The buildings are placed on a rocky blnft" at tho extremity of the point of
land marking the division between the ocean and ^Monterey Hay. <^n tho rocks at the
very doors of the laboiatory anemoiu's, echini, niollusks, and other invertebrates can
be gathered without the use of apparatus, while the water in the imnediate vicinity
teems with a great variety of fish and other marine forms of animal life. I was
informed by Dr. .lenkins that the university authorities are very desirous that the
IJ. S. Fish Commission shall be represented at the laboratory. There are certainly

many scit

tiiuld here

Oi. J II

;iml where

llie salmoi

VViiil,.

I'onimissiii

Oregon Cii

the falls di

I ascades, ii

over which

vvitii lampr

liver.

l'"rom I

liad to be a

lisliing, hill

Mid had re:

silile to stiK

t!ie liigh \vi

Fortlaii

tliieo follow

that place a

My ins]

iiidcd by jMi

tlie use of li

i^'land and i

• oiiditions t

I retnri

wliere 1 arri

The gei
than those
NiliMon lisJK
lli:it some
til ritory by
till' (akingi
I'llicr fisher,
thirty years
Ihi' ii.dustr;
'■ii!i' d am
"I'liibt that
iillhoiigh tl
iii-tance. th
The viir
j;ivi- cmpl(i>
■•■^.iilKMKX). '
"i'"ely fji7,3(

N0TE8 ON THE FI8IIEKIES OF THE PACIKiC COAHT.

225

many scioiitiflc iirohliMiis alTct-tiii^' tlu; ((iiiiiiuTcial tlHlicrieH of tlio woHt coii8t wliicli
I iiiilil licro bu Htiulii-Ml to t;n'i\\ )i(lvaiita{;o.

Oil •Iniio l-'S I U'ft Han Francisco for I'ortland, Orcg., where I urrived June Ifl,
iiikI wluTi' the tlirtT following (lays were passed in interviewing persons interested in
ilif salmon industry.

Wliile at Portland a day (June 10) was oeeiijued in a vinit to tlie U, M. Fish
(dniniission station on the Cla-lcainas Kiver and to the falls of Wiilanu'tte Kiver at
Oregon t'ity. l(ot!> streams were higii and miuldy. A elose personal inspettioa of
I lie falls disclose<l the presence of a large nund>er of salmon immediately below the
I iiseades, although no llsli- were oltsei-ved in the act of ascending the falls. The rocks
liver which the water was breaking and at the sides of the falls were literally covered
witii lampreys (/v'«^»(/>/»<'HH»( /riV/rH^/<«.'<) endeavoring to rea«'h the lieailwattus of the
river.

From Porthind it was my inlentioir to visit the Cascades and The Dalles, but this
liad to lie abandoned, owing to the high lluods, which had caused a discoiitihnautte of
lisliing, had entirely suspended railroad com nuinication with the npi>er Tobunbia,
iiiid bad rendered water transportation uncertain. This state of alVairs made it pos-
sible to study the fisheries of only the lower river, which were but little att'ect<Ml by
t!ic high water.

I'ortland was left on June 1!) and Astoria was reached on the next day. The
tliree following days were occupied in examination of the canneries and lisheries of
tiiat ph»c(^ and vicinity.

My inspectu)!! of the important fisheries of the lower Columbia Uiver was greatly
iiined by Mr. M. J. Kinuey, of Astoria, who, in addition to other courtesies, extended
lilt; use of his steam launch for a visit to the pound-net and seining grounds at Sand
island and in IJaker Hay, thus permitting a closer and more satisfactory study of the
I (iiiditions than would have otherwise been jiossible.

I returned to Portland on .lune 24 an<r left the next day for Washington, D. C,
where 1 arrived JulyL*.

GENERAL REMARKS ON THE WEST COAST FISHERIES.

The general commercial fisheries of the Pacific States are of more recent origin
tliaii those of any otliercoast section of the country, and, with the exception of the
siibnon fishery, they are less devcloju'd than those of any other region. It is true
tliat some branches of the fisheries were established before tlii' aciiiii.sition of the
territory by the lJnite<l States, but it was only at a comparatively recent date that
tii(! taking of the salmon for commercial i)urpose8 liegan, while the utilization of most
ntiicr fishery resources has had a much later origin. Nevertheless, in the period of
tliirty years, during which it may be said the fisheries of the west coast have existed,
till- ii.dustry has attained great imiHUtance and now ranks next to that of tii<» New
I'.iig) d and Middle Atlantic States in extent and value. There seems no reason to
(Inabt that the business will assume vastly greater proportions in the near future,
although there is cause to apprehend a decline in several important branches, as, for
instance, the salmon, the wlialc. the fur-seal, and the sea otter fisheries.

The various jdiases of the fishing industry of the west coast, ineludiiig Alaska,
;!ivi' emiiloyment to about 17,000 porsi-ns. the capital invested amounts to about
■•■".'.MKf.tKM). and the annual value to the lishermen of the products taken is approxi-
niatelv $7,300,000.

K. C. U. IgM-U

itiirtCtt

22fi

UI'LLKTIN OK TUK UNITED STATES FWII COMMISSION.

Tlio HptMrial tlslii-rioM wliicli give tliih rccioit imiHi of thu ])ri)iiiiiH-ii(>o it ])ohhi>hmi>s
iir«- tli<* Hulinoii, till* \vli:ii<', tlit* oyHttT, tli*- fiir himI, the t<liriiii|>, tlit; rod, tiit' cnil), aiui
the li<Ti'iiiK< >» tiM> ortltM- naine«t. Tim viiliie of tliv saltiioii liHlit^ry in about e(|tial to
ttiHt of all otiu'i- lislicritiH «;o<nbiiic(l, wliile tlie canning industry coniitTted witli the
flnheiy han an aiiiiiiai oiit|Mir but little les.'t in value rliaii that of all tlio tlHliery products
of til'* e<.asf. The salnmii are by far the most important lislies or fishery pioducts of
Alaska, Oregon, and Wa.siiington, but in the lislieries of (Jaliforuia they are surpassed
by whales, oystei's, and shrimps.

A itonspicuous feature of llit5 (Islieries of California is the entire absence of ]M)und
nets, trap nuts, weirs, and other sinulai lixed devices. While it is true that ti few
fyke nets are eni]>loyed in the Sacramento Han .loa(|nin delta, their I'se is so restricted
and their importance so sli};ht that they niay be dismissed from consideration. The
absence of this class of nets, which are such ]M-ominent Victors in the tlsheries of the
other States of this region, is owing wholly to legislation. The State has .shown a
disinclination to permit the use of such ap|iliances, ard no very determined citbrts
have been nnule by coinnierciiil tlsherinen to secure the repeal of the existing prohib-
itive law. While the setting of f> ke nets is enjoined, the law is not strictly enforced,
for the reason that in the opinion of the .State Fish Commission the obvious iiurpose
of the act was to prevent the destruction of desirable food-tlsh, and espe«ially immature
fishes; wliereas the tew nets employed are set in such situations an<l niuler such condi-
tions that (Ml' llshos gs'nerally regarded as worthless, or nearly so, are or «'an betaken.

In no other region in the United .States are the ])eo|ile more generally impressed
with the benelicial results of artificial proiiagation and "lore ready to aid ami
a|tprovc any fish-cultural nwasures that are jjrojterly :er<)nimended. While the
results of salmon-culture have in some places been nnirked and are readily acknowl
edged by fishermen and others, this alone is not suthcient to account for the wide-
sjtread advocacy of llsh culture which exists among all classes and in all jiarts of the
I'aeiflc coast. We must look further for the lause. There seems little reason to doubt
that to the marvelous success of shad and striped bass acclimatization on the west
coast must be attributed the firm belief in fish cultural work that pervades all localities
in which fish is an article of food or an object of capture. One or both of these new
species are well known in almost every accessible coast settlement in the three States,
and they are an enduring testimony to the influence of uuin over lish production.

As may be reatlily uuderstocu!, the time available for the ins|>ection of the tlsheries I
of the west coast wan so short as to jtreelude a com])lete study of the subject, ami it j
was necessary to restrict thc! inquiry to those (daces which afforded the best oppor-
tunity to see the greatest variety offish and fishing in the shortest time, and to those]
fisheries pos.sessing the greatest interest and importance.

The chief object of the visit to the I'acilic Coast was to give the writer a i)roperj
conception of the ])rincipal phases of the commercial fisheries there carried on. in
order to better eipiip him for the administration of the attairs of the division niidfr I
his charge. A great many memcuanda were made on the varitms asjiects of different
branches <d" the fishing industry, of which the following imtes form a part. ^Mucli oil
]>ersonal interest to the writer that was noted, however, would not have snf11cieut|
importance to deserve mention in this report.

The notes her»'with presented cover only a few of the fisheries of the west coiist.j
and mostly relate to only a few of the phases of those branches which are cousidentl.
They represent the per.sonal observations and researches of the writer, and .ncj

XOTKS ON THE KI8HF.KIK8 OF Tlir, rACIKIC COAST.

227

[MtHHt-HHt'S

iTiilt, and

t-qiial to

witli the

pvotlucts
(idncts of
KurpaHSod

! of pound
liiit a few

restricted
tion. The
ries of the
s shown a
letl ett'orts
iijr pr(»hib-
y enforced,
118 i)nrp«isu
y iinuiatnre j
such couui-
in lie taken.
,' impressed
to aid and

While the
ly acknowl
»r the wiiUv

liirts of the
<()n to doubt
(III the we.st
all h)ealities j
»f these new

hree States.

duetion.

the lishcrios

bject, antl it
beat oppor

and to those

iter a proi>er I
irried on, i"
nvision undei

of diilereiit
rt. Much of

ve sutWcieiit

selected for incorporation in this re|»ort becun.so some of the topics discu.ssed are now
tlie «td)jects of much atteiifi(ni in the I'acitic States, while others iiave not before been
<'onsidered and aie lc};itiniale news outside of circuniscribed fxeo^rapiiical limits.

A special object in view in visitinji this region was an investipition of the
lisheries for shad, striped bass, blacl; bass, cattish, i-arj), and eel, which have b«'en
Mrtiticiall.v introduced. A discussion of this im|iortaiit subject, to which much aften
tion was devote<i, is, by permission, reserved for a se))arate reiwrt.

SARDINES, ANCHOVIES. AND SARDINE-CANNING.

.V«^"V on thr Horilinr (iinl niichorif of the Vacijio vuitnt. — Tlie r'aliforiiia sardine
[Chiiuii Hiojii.r) is very closely rehited to the sanliue of ICurope (f. i>ilfhiniluM], from
which it chiefly dillers in havinj; no teeth and less stronjjly serrated scales on the
belly. It attains a lenj^th of nearly a foot. It is found alonj; the entire I'acilic coast
tif the United States. The tlsli is, however, most constant in appearanct^ and most
abundant on the s(uithern part of the coast, an«l it is doubtful if it exists in sutllcient
numbers to nuiintain a regular tishery north of San Francisco. Kven at ihiit ])hieo
the sui)ply is uncertain. While tlu're have been |)crio(ls of years in which the
sardines were tbuiid in San Francisco Hay in larjje (|uantities, and for a considorablo
time in each season, for the past Hve yeais they have been very scarce.

The distribution of the anchovy (Stolcitliiinin rini/iiiii) is sinular to that of the
sardine. It oc«'iirs in abundance along the entire coast, and is often tbund in
enormous (piantities in Turret Sound, San l-'rancisco Hay. and elsewhere. It reaches a
maximum si/.o of about 7 int-hes. In most places it is known as the anchovy, but
in I'u|i;et Sound, accoding to Swan, it is called "sardine."

I'rDupvvlH anil drxitlcfutu for siinliiiccaiitniifi. — With the exception of salmon, prac-
tically no attention has been given to the canning of lish on the I'acilic c<»ast. Tint
packing of .salmon has u|> to this time absorbed nearly all the interest in fish prepared
in this way. The (pu'stifui of canning other kinds of fish has, however, been «'on
sidered; the prositects for the iiuiuguration of i)rolltable work of this kind have Ix'cn
discussed, and, as will hereiifter be shown, several factories for the canning of snnill
lish have been built.

The natural advantages which the west coast posses-ses for the canning of sardines
and other similar tlsii are unusually good, and arc su])erior in some re8])e<'t8 to tho.se
ipf the east coast. At least the iwo tlshes immed, the sardine and the anchovy, Kuit-
able for canning as "sardines,"' occur in large ijuantities, the first named very closely
icsembling and being an excellent substitute f<u' the sardine of southein Euroi)e.
Tlie dry atnu»sphere and other climatic comlitions of the southern ('oast of California
me very favorable f(»r the preparation of a good grade of caniu'd fish. The culture
of the olive supplies a native oil of superior quality, which is essential in the canising
i<\' the best goods. Another item of importance to canners in this connection is the
iiliundance of clieai) labor.

The chief desideratum in the establishnn'ut of a factory for the canning of sardines
iiid other similar fish) is a regular sujtply of flsh diuing a certain periial. This is
ilionght to beof greater importance than an .abundance of fish at uncertain or irregular
intervals.

While the sardine ranges along the whole western coast of the United States, and
i^ at times very abumlant even as far north as Puget Sound, it is doubtful if in
Wa.shington or Oregon a supply sutticiently large and regular exists to warrant the

o*;

22 H

m IXKII.V OK TIIK rNlTEU 8TATK8 FISH COMMISSION.

oiitliiy for II cannery. Hoinu years a^'o, tliu uHtahlislnnfiit of a factory for tlic utili/.ation
of Hiiriliiii's WHS (•(iiiti'iiiiiliiti'd lit the moiitli of tin- ('oliiiiiliia, wlu'ic, (luring a liricf
period in each year, sariliin's may usually be taken in alMiiMlaiiee ; lint the sliortnesH
of the suaHon ilcterreil the eonsuiuiiiation of tlio|)lan. It in possible that within afuw
years the eamiiiij; of sariliiu's may be iimlertakeii in eoiinectioii with the jiaekin;; of
Kalmoii at a few placcH on the more uortherii parts of the west coast, where there is n
Hhort run of sardines that can bo ntiii/.ed without tlie necessity for exttensivu special
niaciiiiieiy. etc. This matter has already received the consideration of some salmon
eaiinei's; but III/ ;;eiieral canning of sardines by salmon-packers is not anticipatud so
]on>; as the supply of salmon lasts.

Personal oiiservalion and imiuiry, the testimony of fishermen and dealers, and
th« studies of iclitliyoli'},'ists alfoid ;;iound lor the belief that the Hiiccessfiil operation
of a sardine cannery can not bo expected any farther north than 8an Krniuusco, and
the history of the industry at Ihat place Hcenis to indicate that the northern limit of
satisfactory work is even farther south. South of Han I''rancisco the prospiscts of a
]>rofltable business appear to be in direct relation to the latitude; the more southern
the location of the cannciy the mon^ i-onstaiit and abundant the supply of fisli.

It is probable that at some plai'cs on the coast, more especially to the northward,
the conditions for the successful canning of anchovios are very good. In a iiajier pre-
sented to the World's Fisheries Oongress at Thicago, entitled "Notes on the llshcrie.s
and lishery industries of I'ngct .Sound,"* .Mr, .fames (J. Swan dev<)t«'s a chapter to
the sardine (r. ©., anchovy) fishery of that region, and mentions the advant-iges which
the sound possesses for the cstublishment of a canning industry. Writing of the
anchovy, lu^ says:

When taknn in Moiitcrpy or San I)Ipk'> )>oy>*t >t is only flt for bnit; )iut in I'liKct Simiiil, which i;*
ilMniirthitrii limit, it ix in ixTfcctioii, nnd isiinr of thi^ tattost nnil iiiiiNt ilcliciniiHly tlitvori'il of tho Hinnll
llsli, mill JH I'oiifidciTcl liy iixiM'its to In- far Hiiiii'iior, in iioint. of flavor anil rirhncHu, to the lu'st Mcdi-
torraii«an N:iriliiii'. Soini' Norwi-^riaii and Kiis.tian li.ihcriiii'n hero Itavo |iut ihi'in n|i, in liiniti'd <|imn-
titit'M, in viiii'};ar and spii'i', and thi'.v are di'lirions and hcII rradily; but the men who atlemjitod the
■ nlerpriNe are wilhimt eapital, and there hai been no one with exueutive ability to ]>nHli the linxineHa
forward to a Hureess. I'he anehovy roine to I'liijet Sonnd in enormnns qnantitieH, and dnrin|,c their
BiMimin, from May to XovemliBr. every bay and iidet is erowded with thoin. When thoy flrHt eonio
from the oeeaii they appear in Clallnm Hay, on Kuea .Strait; then in I'ort AnjseleH, UnngenesH, ami
.Sei|nin bays; then in I'ort DiHcovery, and next in I'ort Townsend and Scow bay «, where their inunbers
are almoNt incredible. I have Known them to bo in such inrissesat I'ort Kadlock, at the head of I'ort
TowiLtend Hay, that they could be dippeil up with a couiuion water bucket, but a.s there halt been no
deiuaud for them flic fishermen do not consider t heiu of value, and when haulin;j; their nets for smelt
the.v fteuerally let the anchovy esciipo. The anchovy differ from herrin;^ in one respect— th.! herring',
when they visit the bays, keep inshore and are easily .eanjiht in seines and landed on the beach;
anchovies, on the contrary, keep out in deep water ,'ind seldom apjironch the shore, so that drn^ seiiicii
are of no use to capture them. They can be best taken with purse seines, as mackerel aro taken in
the .Vtlantie. Ah these fish aro small, not much over (i or 7 inches in length, they require a net with a
small uiosh, nnd with suitable gear an euormuiis quantity «nn be Recnred.

S<irilinc viiiitiinii <tt San Fraiicixco. — In .Tune, 1SS!>, ;i canning factory was estab-
lished in Sun Francisco, which continued in oiicratioii until August, 18!W. During the
five years in wliich the cannery was run the yearly pack was from 5,000 to 1,5,000 cases.

The canned fish consisted chiefiy of anchovies in oil in quarter pound cans and
large sardinoi. in 1-pound and -'pound round cans. Tiie fish consumed at the factory
were caught in San Francisco Bay with haul seines. In the earlier years sardines

small on
years of
be had.

Sun

laiiiicry

licr. I.HO.'l

is a |iai'l

the conil

lull kiiov

relating

Fi.shi

motive pi

is pi'odiic

i-^ sloop-ri

(or fish.

The

for inackf

tender foi

•icep, and

Tlie I

Iteacli, an

lisli are th

A fter

means of i

deck by in

iiinnery a

• Bulletin U. S. Fish Commission 1893, article -12, pp. 371-380.

NOTK8 ON THE FlftllKHIKR OK THE PACIFIC COART.

229

tilization
H a liiief
sliortiu'SM
hill a tV'>v
arkinjj; of
tlicic is n
,!• spocial

0 salmon-
•iimteil 80

alers, and
operation
«ris('o, and
•n limit of
ipccts of a
1- southern
Ish.

lorthward,
pai)er pre-
lim llshories:
chapter to
iges which
ing of the

111(1, wliich is

1 of the NiiiiiU
lie bi<Ht Mi'di-
iimitcd (|iiaii-
.tUtiiipted the
I tho liiisiiicM

ilnriii){ tlifir
ley t'lrst ooiiio
iiiigcuoss, anil
their iiiiinbiTS
1 head "f Tort

0 liiiH l><'<'ii no
nets i'oi' Ntni'lt
— thJ lierriiitf,
on the lieiu'h;
Hit drag Hi<iiii'»

1 iiro takeu in
re a net with a

V was estab-
During the
irj,(M)0 cases.
ndcans and
t the factory
ears sardines

small onoiij^li for use in quarter-ptMiiid eaiiH were obtained, hut durin(f the last two
years of the cannery's existence no sardines of size suitable for " qiiai ler oils " c«>ul(l
he had. This was the chief reason for (•iosinj; the woiUs.

Siinliiii; JiMliiiu) kidI canniiifi at Sun I'cdro. — In .lime I made a visit to a sardine
lanneryatHan Pedro, in l.os Anpelest'onnty, which iiad been estaiiiished in Decem-
ber. I'Htt.'t, and is now tiie only cannery of tlie kind on the west coast. HiirdinecanniiiK
is a part of the business of the California I'ish Company, of l,os Angeles. Through
the couitesy of the olUceisof the cmnpany I was enabled to inspect the factory, obtain
lull knowledge regarding the metho<ls pursued, and gain inncli valuable information
relating to the tishery carried on lor siippl.ving the raw material to the eannl'iy.

l-'ishing for the San Pedro cannery is carried on by a vessel of 22 tons' burden, the
motive jiower of which is t'uinished by gasoline. The engine has I'l hors(« )iower, which
is jirodiiccd by X\\v hourly consumption of one dollar's Morth of gasoliiu*. The vessel
i-^ sloop-rigged, and when (Ui the fishing grounds jogs along under sail while looking
Ibr tisli. Its value is ijt.j.tMM). Seven naui cimslitute the crew, including a cook.

The \ess«'l carries two purse seines, one of which is used for sardines, the other
till' mackt>rel; it is by this apparatus that all the Itsh arc taken. A seine boat and a
teinler form a part of the e(pii[)ment. The sardine seine is PJO fathoms long, 50 feet
deep, and has a I inch (stretch) mesh; its value is about 8'<<M).

The lishing grounds resorted to by the vessel are San Pedro Hay, ofl" Kedondo
Hcach, and around the Catalina Islands. The last named are the best grounds, and
lish are there often found in large (|uaiitities close insluuc in sheltered jdaces.

After the sardines are jmrsed up in the seine they are bailed into the vessel by
means of a hand windlass. They are not diimited in tlie hold, but are retained on
deck by means of a gunwale 12 to 1(» inches bigli. Pending their discharge at the
ciiniiery a little salt is spn-ad over them.

The lay on tlu: vessel is as follows: The owners furnish provisions, fuel, ajijiaratus,
ot(!., and meet all running expenses, and jiay 1 cent a itound for the lish delivered
at the cannery. The cai)taiii and cook are jtaid salaries (d" $20 and $!."> per month,
respectively, and tlie value of the fish is divided among the entire crew. The \essel,
however, draws half the share, so that the iirice actually paid for the fish is one-half
(!ent a pound. In Jlay, 1894, the crew shared about 1*75 each.

In this region sardines are found throughout tlie year. They "show" at t)ie sur-
face at times, and thus permit the use of the purse seine. They sometimes go in
iiiunense schools. Single hauls of several tons are often made, and 10 tons have on
several occasions been taken at a single set of the seine, siudi a eat^di being obtained
aiiont Mayl, 1H94. In December, I'.fKf, several very large bodies of sardines were
(ibserved, and a laud of 10 tons of small-sized fish was taken. From January to .liine
the fish appear to gradually increase in numbers. Some schools are made up of
lish of uniform size, while in others they are mixed. The smallest fish caught are 4
inches long, the largest 12 inches, the average 7 inches.

Thecondition of the fish as regards fatness varies considerably with the season.
Mr. J. II. Laphain, the president of the fish company ojierating the cannery, states
that in December, 1803, when the canning began, the smaller fish were jioor while the
1 irger ones were fat. In January and February the comlitions were about the same.
li! March the smaller fish began to improve, continued to grow fatter through Ajtril
;iiid May, and in June sardines in excellent condition suitaldefor ''quarters oils" were
t.ikeii. In May, 4 or .j tons of largo lish tiiat were very poor were .seined on one occa-

liULLKTIN OK THE rNITKIi HTATKH KISIl C0MMI8HI0X.

Hioii. Tlio fartory ii« iimli'i tlit* Hii|MTiiitiMi<li'iire of an «>xpcrieiico<l llit)>caiiiK'r rroiii
MiiiiK*. It is a lari;'* twii Htory Htnictiiif. with a Hallikit; Ihiiikv atta(!lM-«'i. Tlit* plant
is worth aliont Alo.tHii).

'rill- principal proccsHCM to whii'h fln» nardint's art- Hiihjcctetl l»<'for« 4'ni(M'(;inK aH
tilt- lanncti pnuliift iii*' iih t'lillowH: Wlicii tlir IIhIi art* iiiiloailiMl froni tli't vessel tliey
iuc rt'i-fivctl into a lar^f, airy room, wIhmo tlio rutting and washing art- iIoiih, and tli«Mi
ti'ansrfi'i'cd to tli«f st-cond tloor lis means ot' an i-l*'Viilor. Tln-re tiiey arc next anantfcd
on latticed (rays (.'I'J jidies Ki|nare) and dried. If the wcatlicr is lair and the atinos
pheru dry tlii^ drying is donu in the open uir. occnpyin^. as a rale, aliont two and a half
Iioiirn. On rainy dayn, ur wiieii the air is especially liiiinid, dryinj; is accomplished
hmidethe hidldin^ hy means of steain, wliicli rei|Uiie.s aliont ten li<iiirs.

After drying tli« tisli arc jilaced in wire baskets (!."_• in<'lics Ioiik, l.S inc.liOH wide,
>) iiich«>s dee)i| and immersed in boiling oil tor two to six minutes, dep(>ndinK: on their
Hi/e. The oil is contained In a shallow sink, into which tlic wire baskets lit and are
lowere() and raised li\ meins of htujs wire handles. The boiling; of tlic oil is done liy
means ol a steam |iipe enteriii;; at the side and rnnninp under the sink. After drain-
in>; and thnronKhly codling; the tish jUt t<i the |ia<kers. tlu'iicc to the HcalerH, thent" to
the bathmen, and, alter cooling and testing' for leaks, to the hoxin); room.

The cutting of the llsh is done by men and f;iiN, the aveia^^e number of whom
emiiloyed is li.'i. They irc paid by the basket oi' the bucket of cut tish, and by working
Hteadily earn about Jo cents nn hour. The Hakers number IJ to It, nnd are the same
pirls who pack the tish in tlie cans. Ten men act as seahrs and ean-inakerH. and
10 others are employetl in the remaiiiin>f bianclics of the work.

The sizes and jjrade.** of canned sardines placed on the market from this cannery,
nnd the wliolcsale jirii-es received, are as follows: (Quarter oils, 100 cans to iv case,
ijni.."iO t<i i!<H..">0 per ease, accordinj; to the <(uality of the oil; half tills, ."iO cans in a case,
$5.(i() per ease; 2-ik)UihI ovii! cans, witli mustuni, spices, and tomato miuce, ij>'_'.2o jier
dozen cans.

BARRACUDA.

OiH^ of the most u.seful anil valuable footl fishes of t he C'alifoniia coast is the bar-
racuda (Spln/rinni artjinii^), Xtit only is it a favorite article of food wlien eaten in a
fresh condititin, but it is one tif the best tish ftir saltiiif; lountl tin the west coast. The
normal laiiffc of the tish on tlu- coast of the I'nited States is frtim San Francisco to
the Mexican bonh'r. It is, however, not lurenerally abuiuhmt north of .Monterey, and
it is a noteworthy feature in the fisheries of tinly Santa !5:Mbara, Los Angeles, and
San l>iet;t> counties, in which over uii eteen twentieths of tlie catch is taken.

There is an active demand for fresh barracuda in the markets of California, and
ill San Franciscti it ranks as one of the <'hoicest (ishes.

The annual catch is between 000,000 and 700,0110 pounds, of which over lOO.OOil
pounds are salted, The fresh fish yield the lisherman 3 to ."i cents a i>ound and the
salt llsh brinji A to 1 cents a pound. The averajfe wholesale jirice t)f the fresh fish in
San Franciscti is 7 or 8 cents a pound, tir tw»i or three times that of chinook salmon.

When properly saltetl the barracuda presents a very inviting apjiearance, and is
justly rejfanied as tjiie t>f the most jialatable of fishes that are jireserved in this way.
It shtinhl be, and {generally is. split down the belly like cotllish. The .silvery color nf
the skin is more or less persistent in salt, and the flesh retaiiii' i* 'tirnctive white
character. The larjtest (puintities are salted in San Dieyti C.)ui! /.

In the spring of lJS'.t3 a ainyular phenomcutiu attended thfj UiJiHaMiice of the bar-

NOTEB OX THE I'lSIIF.RIKS Ol' THK PACIFIC COAST.

281

iicr IVoin
III* pliiiit

>y\ih\K m
«s»'l lliey
aiitl tluMi
iirnmut'"'
ii- iitiims
ihI a liiilf
inpliHlH'd

ilicH witic,
: on tlu'ir
t iiiitl iin'
H (lono by
'ter tliaiii-

tllC'Iltf to

r of whom
y working
ft lie name
ikeiH. iUiil

8 cauiieiy,
to a vi\M,
i in a ease,
, :!i'J.25 per

is the bar-
eaten in II
oast. The
liiiicisco to
terey, ami
iifjeles, and
•n.
foriiia, and

iver 100.001)
ml and the
IVcsh lisli ill
ok salmon,
nice, and is
in this way.
ery color of
[letive white

f nf the bar-

larudu on the coaHt of hos Anwles (louiity. It is tints desrrilM'd in a letter t<i the
I'ish Commission from Mr, .loh.i L. (irilliii, of Los Angeles, dated Mareli :.', 1801:

llurriii'iiilik put ill iiii iippi-Hiiiiiri' umt iiiniitli I'lirliur tliini i'vit IkiI'iiii', 'I'Iii'.v i itiiii' in iniiiii'iina
i{Uiiiititii'H imii Hiiiiii'lliiim liiippi'iiril til tlinii. riiiiiiKiiiiilN riiiiii' iihIiiiiii ilnul, uliili' tint wiitiu' wiin full
III IIhIi tliiit Ki'fiiiril )Iii/imI, HwliiiiiiiiiK aliiiiit wllli llii'ii' lu<ail.'< mil ol' wiilcr. Aiiiniiu llii'Ui wi'io noniii
liiililiut, yi-lliiwI'iilN, Mini ''>iii» iitlii'i' lUli, liiit lliov wrir priinipiillv lunrurihlit. All kiinlit of tlii'orli-i
liiivi' lici'ii inlvuiiri'il; iiiii' ilml llnln'l'liii'li liinl iihi'iI ilyuiiuiito IiiiiiiIih; lonitln'r lliiit It >vii8 I'lliim-il \>\ vii|.
< aiiir iliHtiii'lianri'Fi I'nini tlio liiittiiiii ; ainilhrr tliiit tin' DnIi oiiiiiIiik I'i'umi f rnpiial wnti'iH Ih'ciiiiio ohlllril ;
tlii'll ainitliiT, wliii'li tin' in-wspapcrt ]iiit Int'tli niiirli to tln< ilisailviiilaKi' nf llMlii'riin'li iiliil tliili-ili'ali'l't,
lliat It NviiH iliHoaMf, ami tlicro liaii lici'ii a Kr*'"* fallniK <>'l nil nHtiuiplioii of tihli iii i'iiiiiit>i|iii-in'i<.

The most plan-'ilileexiiianiitiiiiiiil'tlie piienomenoii w, ■ lat thermvas an iimistially
active ernption of tiie snlimarine oil springs oil' this ci. ist, and that the IIhIi were
iispliyxiated by having their gills coated with the oM

MACKEREL AND MACKEREL CANNING.

'• '■ 'iinection with the (•aptiiie and canninjj of sardiiie.H at Han Pcdi'o, a spocieB
of cariingoiil lisli [TnicliKniH i>irtiiiiiti(s) is taken and iiibzed id some extent for can
iiing and Halting. At San I'edro it is known as "i^paiiNh mackerel "; at other places
(III the coast it is calleil "horse mackerel." Dr. Jordan remarks of this IIdIi:

It rnii|;('H friuii Monturt'.v Koutlnvanl to Cliili', appearing in ('alilnriiiu in tlin Hinuiiier, niiiiiiiiiliiK in
llni hpawiiiiiK HraKiiii, ami ili'iappcariiic liofom IiimtuiIii'I'. It ariivi'N at ^^allta llarliarit in .!:i!,t anil at
M(iiit«>rf\ in August. In lain Kiiiiiiiii'r it ih cMi'dliiiHly al>iinilaiit. !t foniiH part of llio food of largur
ti->ln'8, anil );iral iiiiinlii'rH am Halted fur lia.t. Ah a fnod-liNli it Ih held in low i>.sti'i'ni, lint whrtln'r tliiN im
ilin'jMiliii'ly til ilHsiinillhi/i' wnln unl Unnw. It Ih iili'iitinil witli lln> wi'll-Umnvn .Mi'diti'rriiin'an N|ii'(ii'M.

At Han Pcilro these Hsh arc taken in the sniiiil sham ves.sel used lor sanline
lishing. A upecial iiurse seine, ].'!.'> fathoniH long and 100 feet deep, with a 2-inch
iiicsli, is useil. The tisli are caught in San I'edro Hay and around the (Jatalina Islands.
Tiiey go in schools of varying sizes. Some large hauls art* made; thus, in the fall of
ISil.'i, loO barrels were taken at one set near the (Jatalina Islands.

The (Ish caught are mostly of small size. According to the statements of the gen-
tlemen connecteil with the <'aliforiiia Fish Company, the largest ttiken in their seine
lire 12 or 14 inches long, the smallest are about (i inches, ami the average length is
iihont 0 inches. The smallest lisli are ]iacked in oil in half potiml si|ii!ii'e cans anil iu
iiiiistard, tomato sauce, ami souse in 2pouiid oval cans. Tiie lisli too large for can-
ning are salteil. They are never fat, however, and do not make a high grade of salt llsli.

Another species of niiickerel. the chub or bull's eye mackerel {iScombir coUuh),
occurs at San I'edro and is utilized to a small extent for canning and salting, as well as
licing sold fresh. It is there called the "steelhead nnickerel." The head is said by the
lisiierinen to be v^n•y hard, and in sjiiitting the fish for salting an extra cut of the knife is
1 iipiired to divide the head. The lisli is also sometimes designated as the " horse mack-
trel" in Los Angeles County. It reaches a weight of .'J or 4 pounds, but its average
weight is only -. The flavor and coarseness of tliti Hesh of this lisli make it unde-
siiable for canning. I'p to the present time, no first class salt lisli of tliisspecies have
Imcii preiiared. The lack of oil in the llt»sh ami tht> fyndentiy of the latter to assume a
dirk color are serious drawbacks to the patrkingof an acceptable salt mackerel.

In the San Francisco mi kct this lisli is known as " mackerel,'' and ranks as a
liistclass food-tish. The supply is limiteil, and comes entirely from the southern jiart
"I the State. During the early jiart of .June a few boxes of tli: se Hsh were received
liy San Francisco dealers, but the bulk of the receipts comes lat<;r. The lish examined
'.vi'ie of uniform size, having a length of about 10 inches.

232

nULLETIN OB' THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

THE SALMON INDUSTRY.

CALIFOUNIA.

(hhcral imjxirtitnvc. — Salmon arc? th« iiio.st iiiipoitaiit (isli of California, and their
caiiturc ami utilization constifnte one of tiie most jjiominent indnstrit's of the State.
Anioiif; all l!ie lisliery ]n<Klucts of the State, salmon art; surpassed in value oidy by
oysters, whales, an<l slirimi)s. All the species of salmon found on the west coa.st
oeeur in tlie waters of tlie Stale in tiie jjroper seasons, but tiie most abundant, fjP"-
erally distributed, and imjuntant is tlie ehinooic or quiiinat salmon (Onvorhynvhux
choiiivha). VVIiile considerable quantities of salmon are taken each year in Kel liiver
in Ilnndxdilt ("onnly, and in Smith and Klamath rivers in Del Norte County, the
fishinj; t?ronnds which give to the salmon lishery the i)rominence it has attained are
the Sacramento IJivcr, and Snisnn, San I'ablo, and San I'>anciseo bays; of these the
inincipal ground is the Sacramento IJiver in Contra Costa and Solano counties.

Sulmon in the Siionmeuto Kirer. — Tlie salmon taken in the important flsheriesof
the lower Sacramento Hixt-r are either sliipi)ed fresh to market or are sold to the
eanneries located at IJenicia, Hlack Diamond, and Cliipps Island. In the (jnantity
and value of the salmon output, the Sacramento ranks next to the Columbia among
the rivers of this coast.

The spring run of chinook salmon in this stream usually begins about the middle
of April and continues until tlie middle of May, In 1.S94, however, the run began
earlier and kept up longer than usual; fish were landed at the eanneries on April 4,
and the supply lasted into June. As late .as Mayl'.S the run was very large, over 1,0.")0
salmon being received at one cannery on that date as a result of only half a day's
lishiiig. At the beginning of the season the run was light, and it was predicted that
the catch woidd be smaller than last year, but afterwards the supply increased, and
the close of tlie season witnessed a larger production than for five years.

The weekly close season from Saturday noon to Sunday midnight is generally
observed and vigorously enforced, and is, without doubt, one of the most beneficial
regulations affecting the fisheries of the State. The conccntr.ition of the fisheries in
the proximity of the (-inneries i)ermits a very large proportion of the fish that ascend
the river on Saturday and Sunday to escape capture aud molestation and to reach the
headwaters of the Sacramento or its tributaries.

There seems no evidence of any improvement in the salmon fishery of the San
Joa([uiii Itiver. The physicral conditions appear very unfavorable and distasteful to
the migrating salmon. According to the reports of fishermen and members of tlie
California Fish Commission, nearly all the fish which begin the ascent of the San
Joaquin are diverted when they rea< h the Georgiana Shnigii. the uppermost path of
communication between the waters of the Sacramento and San Joaquin rivers. They
enter the slough and jtass into the Sacramento, and seem to be attracted by the much
cooler and muddier waters of that stueani. This is in marked contrast with the
behavi»)r of the striped bass in the same waters.

In a subsequent chapter the (|uantities of salmon shiitped to San Francisco dealers
from the Sacramento Hiver in l.SiCJ and l.S!)4 are sliown. The foHowing table gives the
number of jioundsof fish utili/.ed at the canneries. It appears that the 2 canneries
in ()i)eration in IH'M received rii',\,0H2 more pounds of salmon than the .'} canneries
did in 1S!);$, and that the increase over the receipts of the same 2 canneries wms
Ij'JOSj.WlJ pounds.

with i)ii
salmon
l)cr8 to '
was esta
capture
made to
Santa C
and hooi
The
Some
iMinnds
took ovc
The
tril)Uted
iSiO:

eiitirflv

Jifcsi'iits III

•hmI oxliilii
1' Ibri'.

NOTES ON THE FISHERIES OF THE PACIFIC COAST. 233

Slalement of /.^« number of pounUi ofaalmoti iiHUtedfor caiiiiiiid on the SiicmmfiiUi li'inr in 1S:)S and JS!)4.

i\\n\ their
lu- state.

0 only ljy
■est coast
laut, sen-
orhynclius
Eel liiver
unity, the
aiued ai'«
these the

ties.

ftsheries of
old to the
e (luantity
bia among

the middle
run began
on April 4,
!,ovcrl,0-">0
lalf a day's
'dieted that
reased, and

is generally
it bonelicial
fisheries in
that ascend
to reacth the

of the San
istasteful to
libers of the

1 of the San
most i^ath of
ivers. They
by the much
ist with the

isco dealers
ihle, gives the
2 canneries
;? canneries
.iniieries was

Spring.

LocHtloD of cniincrleii.

1893. 1 1894.
1

F.U. To'ul.

1893. 1884. 1803. | 1894.

BenlrlB ' 147.442' 297,880

niiick Diiminnd 202,.'i<Mi

Cliip[i» NIaiid i:i8.l25 573,300

03,200' :iSS.300 210,642 a.n3. 189
.1211, 000 812, 500

3.-l5,fl60 ' 713,520 473, TR". 1,280.(120

■1,,,1 57S.C07 871.180

018.800 1,008,820 1,496,027 j 1,940, 009

The salmon i)ack of the Sacramento l{iver, as shown in the following table, was
23,.'{30 cases in I'^iKi and 28,4(>.S cases in 18!t4. The increase in the output of the two
canneries that w^re in operation both years was 17,027 cast's.

Slulemnit of the number of ca»e» of salmon paeked on Ike Sacramento /tirer in ISOS and 1894.

Ixtcatinn of CAnneri«s.

Spring.

Fall,

ToUl. j

1803.

1894.

1893.

18»«.

IMS.

1804.

Bi>it(rin

2. 204
4. 500
2 I2;.

4,668

1.2R3
8.000
5.164

6,175
""«,80b'

3,547

i3.500

7.289

9,843

('llill|IH Irtlniicl

8,820

18.620

8,919

13,488

14,417

14.97,

23, 836 2M. 4(13 1

1

Salmon trolling in Monteir;/ Bay. — For many years the liandlino flahennen of
Monterey Hay. who setk cnltiis cod, boiiito, rock cod, etc., have from time to time had
their hooks carried away by fish, .sometimes 8up|;o.Hed to be large bonito, which their
lines were not strong enough to retain. Some years ago, when a largo body of small
mackerel suddenly appeared in the bay and were taken with hand lines, the fl.shermen,
when hauling in the fish, would often Iiave them seized by other fish «nd taken off,
with parts of tht; line. Occasionally a salmon was caught, but it was not known that
salmon would regularly take the lirxik or that they occurred there in suHicient iiiun-
bcrs to warrant a special attempt to obtain them. In 18!>3, however, a troll-line fishery
was established there by anglers which reached large proportions and resulted in the
capture of a great many salmon. It was the first year that any ibrinal attempt was
made to take the fish in that way or place. The fishing was done principally from
Santa Cruz and Capitola. It was carried on from sail and row boats, with stout lines
and hooks., attached to fly rods or simjily lislied by hand. Sardines wero used for bait.

The salmon were found in the bay fnmi early in .luiie to about Septtinber 1.
Some vei , large catches were made. Mr. (l. M. Ord, of Soiinel, Cal., took 1,!K)0
IMiunds in tour days, using a nine-ounce tly rod, with sardines as bait. Another man
took ovc S^.WO pounds during a lirief visit to the bay.

The following interesting account of this fishery is extracted from an article con-
tril>uted by Mr. J. Parker Whitney to the issue of "Forest and Sti-'am " for .July 29,
1S!)3 :

8AI.MON FI.SIllNii WITH KISU I1.V1T.

'I liis iH a compnrativoly nevr metlioil of fiHliiii);, and one which Halinou fishoriiicii aro nlnioHt
ciitirrly ignorant of. To thoHe interPHted in tho tciiij; of fmhcH, tlie Halnion, the liurlior of Monterey
)ircsi'iitB an o/ii>ortnuity of ]ic?ulinr interest. Uerv the Halinon in found in pnrHnit of its natural food,
iiiiil i;xhihitin<; many foatureti wliieh >;ive an in»ijjlit into the wayM whicli liavo IxM-n ho niVHterious
b'.'t'oro. AluioHt yearly tho Halinou come into the hay of Monterey, as well an that of Sauta Cruz and

234

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED .STATES FISH COMMISSION.

a tow othisr plnoes on the coaxt, wlu;.'e thoy BometimcH reniiiin lor nioiitliK, iiiiil purine tboir feeding
UK ntlicr IihIi iln, iiikI wIkmc tliry arc ri'iiilily raiiKlit witli fri-Hli-liHli Imit. 1 have hitely had thr ({real
liliiiiMuro iif takiiiK a ^^^w .score, and lor llio houei.t of Ihosi' w ho, like niysell', have heen iu tlie lialiit of
takinjx llicac niild<^ li«li witli the lly, I will fjivo tho resnlt of my exiirricncc.

Wlii-u the Halnion strike in aliout the hay, and generally near the shore, which occurs here
uhoiit I he lllth of . I line, thiy do ho in tlie |>urHiiit of Hipiid, sardines. anchovicH, NUieltx, and other Hinall
tUh, and their iiresence ih tiiHt indicated to the liAheriiien hy the occaNional dixtiirhnDCC of the Hiirfaee
water hy the Hiiiiill lish in their ellbrts to eneaiie. Tliif is a niHiiiil for the Italians, rortiigiicse, and
other market tishernien to no out for Ihiiii. which they do in hoth nail and row hoats. 'These nien all
tish for the iiuirket and waste no time iu seiitiinent. They are ei|ni|i|ied with stout cotton lines
Hiitheieiitly strong to |iiill in salmon hand over hand. A stout sea hook is ii.sed, with a sinker weighing
lialf a pound. The line is alioiit li(H) feet in lenjitli, the sinker is attached a short distance ahovo tlio
hook, and the line is paid out ahout 1(K) lect from the hoat, and in the slow sailing or rowing,
whicli is alioiit the same speed as followed in trolling for trout, the liait sinks down 'JO-odd feet. Tho
sariline or siiiall lisli, if not too large, or over it ini'hcs in length, is jtiit on whole, otherwise it is cut
diaginially, making two liaits.

The salinon seizes the halt and hook and is piUed in alongside the lioat without ccri'iiiony,
where it is either yanked in or gati'ed. I'lilly hall the salmon luioked are lost hy the careless
manner of liandling, and ahoiit two halts are stri)>ped to a salmon hooked, .\hont once in twenty or
thirty times two falniou are hroiight in at one time. I have reason to helieve that at times when
nalnion llrst-conin in, and in schools, that tlie fishermen catch doiihlets often in siiccessiou.

My II 1st exptriciice was in going out with two lishermen iu their hoat and in witnessing their
method. The hoat 1 was in secured three Kalinon hy the hand lines; the other Imats did hetter. .some
taking as high as eight or ten; aliout a hundred salinou were taken hy the tifteen hoats out that
morning.

I could llnd no record of taking tlie salmon with rod excepting that of my friend Mr. A. L. Tulihs,
of San I'Vancisco, from whose inrorniation 1 was induced to look up the lishing. His rod fishing
is the only one I have heard of as applied to the salmon in salt water, and I have seen no other
during uiy lishing except that of Mr. Simpkins, of Hoslon, who accompanied me on one of my lishings
and who succeeded in catching one of the largest salmon I have ever seen caught here, weighing 32
pounds. I equipped myself in .'*an Francisco with tho hcst I could get — two cheap hainhoo trolling sen-
hass rods of U ounces and !> feet iu length. My additions were light sea-hass linen lines \o. 18, 600
feet long, and No. t-0 Kirby hooks. The hooks I had siddered to a short link of strong hrass wire, to
which were attached three more additional brass-wire links, with swivels between, adding to the wire
above the shank of the hook a small brass-wire projection without barb, to hold the bait-lish head
in position, long half-pound load sinkers with holes iu each end. These, with a muUiplying reel,
completed my outllt.

The game comniouces when the salmon is brought toward the surface. Then the salmon will
frequently strike ofi" on the surface in a straight line several hundred feet. In two instances I have
tremliled for my line, being coni|ielled, with all the strain I dared to put on, to allow the tish to take
out within .">0 or IIX) feet of all I had, although the boat was being propelled as rapidly as two men
could row toward the fish. Miit it has been rarely that i have pniil out over 100 feet.

Not so often as in fresh water (hies the salmon leap (Uit of water, ami seldom more th;in two or
three times.

My-daily catch has averaged nearly eight tish and given most exciting sport. The careful weight
of fiO s.'ilinon caught I tind to be l,\'Xi pounds, or about 10 pounds each. The smallest was a grilse of
fi iioi'iiils and the largest of HO pounds.

ill my catches have been in tho early morning, starting out at 4 o'clock and getting back to the
Hotel Del Monte in each instance hut one for lunch. The exception was nn all-day lishing. when I
secured tX salmon, weighing 280 pounds.

\s with trout, I have found the morning best, and after 10 o'clock the fishing falls otf. Two or
3 miles of rowing has been ri'ipiired to reach tho lishing-groiind from Monterey pier, and the lishing-
ground I have found so far to extend over an area of al)OUt 2 miles long by 1 mile wide, although I
have no doubt that the salmon could have been found out 2 or.'! miles tieycuid that limit. I have caught,
in addition to the salmon brought in, half a dozen locklish, called bluelish by the fishermen, but nut
Idnetish as known East, weighing about 5 pounds each; also two codlish of 5 or li pounds, and two
llouiulers of .'> and 8 pounds. In a dead calm the fishing about ceases, as with trout in trolling; hut

N0TK8 ON THE FISHKUIKS OK THK PACIFIC COAST.

23;-)

;>

■ir feeding
I tlir ){irat
lie lialiit of

ceuvs lieve
)tb<'V stiiiill
the Hiirfiue
giu'se, mill
cse iiifii nil
(ittou lilies
!)• weiylilii);
e above the
or vowing,

I feet. Tlio
ise it iH eut

t ceremony,
the careless

II twenty or
limes wlien

lessing their
better, some
ats out that

A. L. Tiibbs,
1 rod tisbing
sen no other
f my lishingB
, -weighing 32
3 trolling sea-
es No. 18, 600
irass wire, to
ig to the wire
liait-tisb head
;ij)lying reel,

5 salmon will
tanees I have
le lisb to take
y as two men

e than two or

areful weight
vas a grilse of

ij; liaek to the
sliiiig. when I

s otV, Two or
1 the fishing-
Ide, althongh I
Ihaveeanght,
I'Viiien, but not
iiiids, and two
1 trcdliiig; bill

with a return of the breeze the fishing takes on again. The mi'tbod of taUiin; foreilily reminds me o(
the trout. Sli.vly at times, and again bnldly. someiimes striking sevi'ial times at the bait, and with
lidlowing np and striking at intervals of a few seeonds: at times biting iilV half the bait and In follow-
ing 11]) for the balaneo, and in one instaneu following n)i tlie bait with IVei|iient half-deiidoil aetion
until the bait was within 10 feet of the boat and then tii-reely seizing it while I hud the line in my
hand. It ]>rovcd a eloso vnW in a donble sense, jih the tish was a heavy one of 1.'.') jioiinds, and earried
the line out of n\v hand and the sinker altai-hed. which ri'stcd in the boat, and very ncaily got away
with my whole onttit. I fortunately still held my rod In hand, and althongh 1 |iaid out ni'arly tlll^
wludeof my (K)0 feet of line, the lish wvn well hooked and in (ifteen minutes was brought to galT In
lioldnesH and general action the salmon has" reminded me constantly of trout, pa' iiig but little
attention to the lioat, occasionally passing in s|i;ht within a few fci't and si i iking ou t le surface at an
occasional small lish, and at times going I'litirely out of the water in pursuit.

Kor experiment 1 trii'd the spoon, but fancied I did not do as well as with bait, although 1 caught
two salmon with It. I also tried the N]>oon with tish bait, catching one that way, but believe the tish
bait alone to be the best. Tlio salmon iipiui being opened seem to have more s(|iiid inside than other
lish, although at times full of sardines, and oftenerwith anchovies. S.irdines are, however, the best
halt, and 8i|nid but indilVerenf. while I have had some success with smelts ami young slini. At olie
time, out of bait, I used a strip of salmon belly, which did well enough t.i cat .h two salmon.

As I have my salmon rods for lly lishlng 1 shall later on try a little surface work with the tly, but
1 do not antii^ipate much suci'oss; still I belicvi' they will take nuder favorable eireumstanc js. whin
;liey are as jdentiful as I am informed by the lisheiui jii they are outside the hirbor at timey in deeper
w iter, when the lishermen have sometimes observed several salmon at a time, even np to a .l-zen In
number, following the bait nji almost to the boat', side.

The fishing in the harbor Is in more or less turbid water, with n depth of from (! to 10 fathoms;
wliile outside of the bay. in deejier water, it is clearer anil the salmon can be more distinctly observed.
I am informed by the tlshernien that at times the salmon are so plentiful a few miles beyond the
harbor that they are enabled to till their boats in a few hours. These Occasions, however, are rare, and
where the salmon are found plentiful one day they may not lie found the next. It has been usual,
liowever, for the salmon to remain about and In the harbor for several weeks each year, altlmn^di lliey
skip their annual \isits occasionally. The smiiil lish which thesaliiLou follow into the harbor come
in countless numbers, often in large, moving masses, and their jirescnec is indicated to the lishermen
liy the lioveriiig sea gulls, iielicans, and other jiredafory birds. These are seen busily at work on the
salmou-groiiiids, and often indicate the most favorable places fortishing. While the salmon evidently
come in seliools at first, it would appear that they scatter more or less about, instead of remaining
together, although they niafis more or less when in the vicinity of large schools of small tish. The
lishermen are more or less guides for e.ich other, and they may be scattered over a sipiare mile without
lining much In eaich. Presently one or two commence hauling in, which congregate all the others in
llie vicinity, and the Ashing goes ou merrily for awhile. Then a scatterinj; takes jilace ag.ilii, and ii
legathering afterwards. Still, I have found about as good sitecess iu passing up and down in certain
liioalities as in following the- fishing boats.

The market lishermen, as I have previonsly'observed. lose fully half of the salmon they hook ; it
IS a straight overhand pull, and no nive except that which is compelled by waul of streiijrlh. fhe
line and hooks are strong, and the lisherineii have no time to wait. If the salmon are plentiful they
do not much mind the losses, which often occur from neglect in using the gaff. With the light rod.
the fish, if hooked, is seldom lost. I brought in severol with skin holds, which would not have been
held for a moment in band fishing. One salmon which I caught had been on one of the market lish-
1 iiiieu's line mill had a torn book-mark in his mouth and a cruel iiiUY cut between his ventral and anal
lins. The. gaff cut was nearly 3 inches long, and had penetrated nearly to his other side, and was
tlio serious to have ever healed up again. The (ish was a large one, of about '-'1 pounds in wel{{ht,
mill in fine condition, althongh the gaft' cat vras evidently two or three days old. The \Miunil had
I > iilently made but a slight impression on the appetite of the fish, as it struck lierccly and fought
liurd. * • "•

1 found the .snluion which exhibited the most gamy i|iialities to do their lighting iii'ar the surface.
^ I'luingly to disdain any dc|ith after once lieing brouglit u|i, and to often make an almost com]dcto
I in nit of the boat. Certainly a more beantiliil sijrht than a salmon exhibits, with his brillliint colors
;ii he strokes along with his jiowerfnl tail near the surface in the clear water and bright light, never
(jladdens the heart of a fisherman. We all know the dangers to which the salmon Is cNposed In fresh

23G

HULLKTIN or THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

water, and from which but- fiiw survive, an it is iloiilitl'nl if but very f«w, if nny, ever return from the
iipprr Htroniim whii'li tlioy nHCpn<l nflor thn HpiiwniiiK season, lit least wlien siirh upper waters are far
reiiKiveil froui tlic sea. If tliey liavc^ the exposmcH in the deeper waters of the sea wliich follow them
ill til- rthoiil water of Monterey liay, their lives are inilecd beset with idnHtant risk. I saw daily in the
bay on the (isliinK-Mrronnils the eiii'inies ami lonsiiniers of the salmon at their deadly work, in the form
of seals, porpoises, sliarks, and rowlisli. Oneday when 1 wanoiit. whirh was very fonKV, I was startled
by the iipriHiii); of a eiirioiisly ]ieukeil hump two boat leiiKtlis ahead. It seemed to iiu' like n boat's
end idevated with a black eloth over it, but a moment later revealed the half of an enormoiiH
bewhiskered sea lion, which, raisin;; itself half out of the w.iter, revealed a form which must have
weighed at least a Inn. In its month was a lar{L;e salmon, which it had evidently just ean(;lit. The iusati-
alile nppetitoof these monsters of the deep, of which hundreds abound in the vicinity, would indicate
that they are not slow to avail themselves of the salmon invasion. Well, I thought, the part which
man plays in the devastation of the salmon in the sea is but trilling compared with that which occurs
from their natural enemies beneath llio waters.

It is clear that the salmon of Monterey Hay are those which b(doiig to the .Sacramento or San
.loaqiiin HiviT group. Their average weight eonliniis this, and that I hey are not of the Columbia
K'iver. The distance t'roiii Monterey Uny to Son I'rancisco Itay. into which the .SaiTamento and San
.Ioa(|nin rivers pour, is about !!(» miles. Monterey liay and that of Santa Cruz, a few miles north, and
at Hiuiie id' the souihIh iind ba,\s north (Ui the coast, are the only jihices known where the salmon is
found engaged in taking his food, and where it can be caught with fresh-dsh bait. It certainly jire-
sents a favorable op|iortunitv for studying the salmcm in its i/ornnil conditiim, in its prime, engaged
in seeking its natural food lli'n^ its manners and peculiariti 'S can be examined with ease, and some
kmiwledgi' obtained of Ihe class of food upon which it best thrives. All this ran be obtained and the
salmon b rough I to gall' in his superior condition before the advanced condition of the organs of repro-
(Ini'tion have reduced its delicious tl.ivor or weakened the vigor of i'.s clVorts.

Thi.s yi'iir the flsliory pnimiscs to bi' imicli iiioie oxteiisivoly followed than lastyesir.
ProCo.ssioiial (islierineit •owning boats and lognlar boatmen will resort to tlie bay from
more oi- les.s remote platies. Early in June some fish were taken, but ii period of stormy
weu/ln" drove them ott". On June 13 .some li.shiiig was going on.

An interesting jtointeonneoted with thissubjetit is that these are undoubtedly the
fish that eonstitnte a part of the fall run of salmon in the Saeramento liiver. Last
fall the Sacramento River fishermen took a number of salmon in their nets which had
hooks in their moutli.s — clearly fish which had been snagged in Monterey Bay.

THE COLUMIUA KIVKK.

E.rplnnaton/ rrmarls — The time was insufticieiit and the condition? not suitable
for an examina-tion of the salmon fishoriesof theentire river. The extremely high water
had seriously iiH'ected the Usliing in the whole upper river, and a visit at that time
would not hiive been satisfactory even if the indefinite suspension of railroad traffic
a!)d the uncertainty of water transportation had not rendered the contemplated visit
to tlm Cascades and The Dalles impracticable.

The inquiry which gave promise of tlf tnost satisfactory residts was the examiua-
tion of the important fisheries and large canning interests of the Icwer river, which
were easily accessible and aflorded the opportunity of inspecting every prominent
method of fishing in tht^ river except that with wheels. It was therefore in Astoria,
the greiBt, center of the salmon industry in the river, that most of the time available for
the examination of the Coluinbia Hiver basin was i)assed. Here and in Portland,
where some time was also sj)ent, it was i)ossiblc to meet fishermen and cauners from
all i)arts of the river.

The accompanying memoranda on tht^ salmon industry simply represent mostly the
personal in»iniries and observtitions of the writer, and are fur from being a complete
account of the business, ^fany things were observed which, while of great interest

NOTKS ON THK FISHERIES OF THE PACIFIC COAST.

237

•n from tlie
tors nro far
"oUow tliom
iliiily in the

in tlic foi'iii
iviigstiirtliMl
ko a boiit's
II uiioriiioiiH
1 Illllst liiivo

Tho iuHiiti-
uld iiulii'uto

piirt Avbicli
rbii'li occurs

Bnto or Sim
Ii« Columbift
mto nnd San
w iiortli, anil
ho Nalmon is
ortaiuly pri-
inio, ongajtod
iHe, and Rome
.inpd and tlio
an» of repro-

bii lastyear.
le bay fi'oin
(1 of stormy

nbtedly tbe
Iver. Ijivat
which had
3ay.

lot suitable
/high water
t that time
hoatl trathc
phited visit

he examiuii-
river, whicli
y prominent
e in Astoria,
avaihible for
in I*orth\iul.
•,annors tioni

to tbe person who for tlie first time visits this rcjjion. wonld have too little jjeneral
iinixntunce to deserv*; mention. In ordrr to render tlic notvs more compUite, an aeeonnt
of tlie salmon industry for the year 18U4 is jnesented, althon^jh the season was oidy
half over at the time of the wiiter's visit. The information 1'or the latter i»art of the
season has been obtained chielly by «;orresiK>ndenee. The detaiU'd tabular matter
iiei'e offered is in all cases drawn from the books of caniiers or fishermen, and may bo
aecei)ted as a'tcurate.

Tlir Mdlmoii Jhhery and cannhifi indusiry in 18UH. — The tishinj,' season of IHIKS on the
Columbia IJiver was noteworthy for two reasons — the loss of life among the fishermen
of the h)wer river was never greater; the pack of chinook salmon was the smallest in
twenty years, that is, since IST.'J; and the general i)ackwas less than in any previous
year since 1S7J, with the exception of 1887 and 188!).

Much of the loss of hfe among the gill-net fishermen in the j)ast has been due to
gross carelessness or Ibolhardiness on the part of the men in venturing too near the
bar at the month of the river in the hope of taking the llsh when they first leave the
ocean. It is said, however, that the <lisastrous death rate in 18!(3 was in large i)art
unavoidable, and was due to the occurrence of sudden gales, which took the boats
umiwares. In the early part of .June gales resulted in the death of 34 men, and by the
close of the season the loss of lives reached TA, about 40 of the men being married.
The money losses in boats and gear aggregated nearly !*20,(K)0.

In the early i>art of Jlay the canuers acceded to the demands of the gill-net
fishermen's union for a price of ."> cents a pound for chii.ook salmon instead of the
uniform rate of $ I per fish which had formerly prevailed. Uefereuce to tables of
averages elsewhere given will show that the average weight of chinooks taken with
gill nets in 181)3 was 22.8(1 pounds, so that the i)rices receive<l amounted to an advance
over 18i)2 of 14 cents on each fish sold; on this basis the fishermen must have been
benefited by the change to the anu)unt of fully $7r),()()().

Fishing with all forms of apparatus in the lower river was less satisfactory than
in the previous year. The average eat<;h of salmon by gill nets was more than 100
less to a boat than in 181)2, the figures given being 4riO against 5(15. The traps were
scarcely half as successful as in the i)revious season, being injured by storms and
tVeshets and being shunned to a considerable extent by the large runs offish, owing,
as some suppose, to a shallowing of the water by the accunndations of scil and
sediment caused by the thousands of stakes. Seine fishing began latei' than usual
and was unsuccessful generally. The run of chinooks in August was very large, and is
said i\) have obviated what would otherwise have been a somewhat disastrous s(>asou
to the ])ackers. While May was tlie best month for gill nets and -Inly for pound nets,
the catch of both these forms of apparatus in August was large. The run during
the whole of the open season in August was reported to beextraordiiuirily heavy, and
when the season closed there was still an enormous body of fish passing up the river.
The total pack to August 10 was reported to be about .'Jflr»,000 cases, of which about
'-".10,000 cases were c'.inooks. Comjiared with the i)ack of the year 1883, ten years
ineviously, when only chim)ok salmon were canned, the decrease in chinooks was 08
lier cent and in the total pack was 4a per cent.

t mostly the
1^ a completti
;reat interest

238

BILLETIN OK THE INITED STATES FISH COMMISSIOX.

Tlio iiiiiiibd- of Hiiliiioii oiiiiiieries oiK^intctl in the ('(ilunibin basin in lft03 waa 1'4, of
wliitli 13 were in Oregon and 11 in Washington. They were located as follows:

Lwallty.

County.

OreuoD : ;

Antoria C'liitiiop

(!m't<m ; . . . ilfi

Diillfn 1 W«Bco

Mu|il<- 1>«II I MnllDiimali

Warremlale d"

I'urtliind I — ilu

Number.

Tiilal

WHKlilliKtoii :

Huv Vi«w M'nlikinkum.

llriHikticliI ilo

Cathli'-not do

CliiinMik 1 l*H('itlc

Eimhcnir I Wahkiakum.

Ktnttkn ....do ,

1 1 na<i> I'at'lHo

Kn:iii|itoii ilo

Pllliir J!(K-k ; Wnhkiakuni.

Wiitt'rlVird [ di»

13

Total

Oniud total .

11

The rednrctl pack led some of the caniiers to resume the business when the close
time was over and the fall lisliing began on Septenibei' 10. At that time there was a
nnnu'rou.s run of salmon in the river. By some these were regarded as small chinook
salmon, by others tliey were thought to be dog salmon. Judging from the size, 10 to
15 iiounds on an average, it seems i)i!>bable the tisli were dog salmon {Oncorhyiichm
ktta). if so. this was the lirst year any business was made of packing them on the
Columbia, altliough tiu'y were ratiier extensively canned on some of the coast streams
in liS02. The lisii were known as •'chums" in the lower river. The boats could go
out from .\storia and return loatled in a few lu)urs. The price at first waa .5 cents per
lish, but it (luickly dropi)ed to - cents per (ish, and even then the demand waa far
below the sup]»ly. The canners could doubtless have packed three or five times as
many as they did. They were restrained in packing these fish extensively by their
poor (luulity when canned. W'ht^n fresli the fish were tine-looking, with firm flesh
and a good color to their meat. When canned, however, they bleached out and became
white or straw coh)r. Tiiey could only be .sold as tlhrd or fourth class goods, bringing
^!3,li(> per caae. The tpuntity canned was about 2(1,000 cases.

The unusual feature of the fall packing operations >,.... tne utilization of humpback
salmon (O.^orhuschii). The canners paid 5 cents each for the fi h. According to Mr.
iM. .1. Kinney, between 2,500 and 5,000 cases were prepared. Some of the raw material
caiue from I'uget 8ound. A few silver salmon (O. hiiiHtch) were also canuetl.

CoHilitiitn oflhemlmiin iiifJiistri/ in J^DI. — The regular .salmon-fishing .season of 1804
began April 1(» and ended August 10. During the months of May and June the .sue
cess of this industry was seritmsly Jeopardized by the occurrence of uni)recedente<ll,v
high freshets, which ennstituted one of the principal features of the season. A later
extraordinarily large run of salmon overbalaui^ed the injurious ett'ects of the floods,

During the height of the flood the operations of the gillnet fishermen were inter-
rui)ted. but by the middle of .luiie the gill nets began to take large numbers of fine
ehinooks, and are reported to have done well during the remaining part of the season.
Tile ruM of fish continued large to the very end ot the season. On August 7, three

NOTES ON THF, FI8IIEKIE8 OP THE PACIFIC COAST.

239

was 1*4, of
j\v8 :

ill tlie close
there was a
all ciiiuook
3 flize, 10 to
)icorhy)H'huii
bom o» tlie
aHt streams
ta could go
5 cents per
iiid was far
ve times as
ely by their
h firm flesh
and became
ds, briiiginfr

f hiimp^a^l'^
rdiug to Mr.
aw material
lied.

sason of 1804
iune the snc
recedentedly
M>n. A latii
)f the floods,
n were inter-
mbors of flue
)f the season.
igust 7, thr<'C

days before tlie suspension of flsliing. I.') tons of cliinooks, ctiuivalent to ovor .'(.(KM)
lish, were landed at oiu^ cuinicry in Astoria. Taking the season through, the yt'arwas
the best one for gill nets in a long time. According to .Mr. Kinney, many gill net
crows took l.'i tons of lish, and (Uie caught IT.^ tons, e(|uivaleiit to over 1,7(M» flsh.

The catch of blueback salmon in traps had been unn.sually large up to the time
of the writer's visit (.Iune.22), and advices received after the .suspension of tiie flshery
reported a general ctuitinuance of the run. Some <laily calclu's of single nets and sets
of nets in .hinc were larger than coriespttnding weekly lifts during tlie jirevitms season.
The season's run was saiil to have been larger than for (Ive or six years. In the upper
river, notwitiistanding the destrn<^tion of wheels by high water, the catch of lilu«'baeks
was at times almost unjuieoedented. The yield of steelheads was also large.

The catch of chinook salmon in traps watt, however, remarkably small. Up to
June 22 .scmie trai)s had take>i only 2(M) pouiuls of chiiiooks, and during tlu^ whole sea-
son the (puintities of chinooks obtaiiu'd in this way were much below the average.

The i)rices agreeil on by the canners and flsiiermen of the lower river were "> tents
a pound for chinooks, 4 cents a jtound for blueba«'ks, and 2 cents a i)ound for steel-
heads. The comlition of the industry on .June lii is thus ileseribed in a disiiatchliom
Astoria, laiblished in the Or'c(joHian, of Ptirtland, on June 16:

Tlie run (if milmoii hn« improved jiroiitly, iiinl tin) ciitih of the )(>II-»Bt men ti>-(lii,v was t;'"«'iiter
than fcir any itay in tlio liintory of tlio caiinin); linsincHs lor iiiaiiy yearH [lOdt. Diiriii;; llie wuriu anil
|>loa>taiit wtMitber of ,he last ten ilayH liiimlmlH of huata vmild lie houu out nroiind the Jotty, Tlic
siU'cesM of the t{ill-net men does not, however, mean that their reeeiplB are in exeess of those of tho
corresponding time last year. As yet the traps liave yielded lint snnill retnrns, while seininir is oat of
tho (juestion, owing to the high water. Cannery men elaim that while the gill uetsniay take eiiongh
lish to pack 1U(),0<K) eases mor.t than werepaeked last year from the sainu sonrees of snpply, the short-
age in roceijits from seines, traps, and tish-wheels will reach fully 2(H),00() e.iseg. Tliis view of the
situation is liiirne ont liy the fact that orders for over 50,0(1(1 eases are known to have heen eaiK'elod
(luring the past two weeks.

I5y the end of the mouth the estimated shortage was considerably reduced, and
as the season wore on it beiiame apparent that instead of a shoitjvge there would be
a larger pack than in IS!).'?.

The canneries operating* in the Columbia basin in 1894 numbered 24 and were
located as follows:

L(icRMtv.

Otcrod;

Aatoria

Clirioii

l)illl(18 ,

MniilclWl.
Waircndiilc
I'urllaml

Total .

County.

CUtsop

do

Wasco

Uultnomnli.

....(1(1

...do

WaahlnEton:

Hay view ' Wa1iki» aim.

Bmokllcld I do

Cnllilanict

CliiimoU

K«j{le Clllt . .

Kiir(jkii

IlWflCO

Kimpiiloii ..
I'illar li(Hk.
Waterloril . .

Total

Grand total .

do

Taclflo

Wabkiakuin.

..do

PaciBc

...do

Wuhkiakiiiti-
.. do

Number.

lU

240

BULLKTIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

Detailed llKurtw from w'lmrat*' caiiiiers Imve been (ibtiiiiiod by correHpondenee,
wliicli pliiee tlie puck at 4<il,4'M» eases, of wliieli 1h;{,4(M> cases were prepared at Asto-
ria, 204,(MK)atotlier plae«!siii tiio lower river, and 74,(((M> cases at the Cascades and Tiio
Dalk'H. The proportion of the dilVereiit species eonstitntin),' the pack is estinnited to
be about us follows: (Jhinook, (>'J (ter cent or .'{18.;j(i(i cases; biuebacks, IG percent
or 7.S,8'J4 cases, and steellieads, 15 per cent or (;'.I,2H) cases.

The foref^oinj; ll^nres apply only to the rejfiilai-piickiiiK season, which terminated
August 10. When the close- time expired on Septend)er 10, some'of the canneries
resumed o|ierat ions and (continued to- pack until Novcunber 10. From infornuition
received from Mr. M. .1. Kinney, it api)ears llust about 70,000 cases, ehi<'Hy of silver-
sides, were i)repiired in the fall. Mr. Kinney stales that it would have been an easy
matter to pack double that ((uautity had the lishiu}; Ix^eu carried on with sutlicieut
ener;,'y.

SlatiMticn of Htthnon p<uk from lH(i(j to ]s!)-f, iiicliiMiiT. — From IHUO, the year in
■which the salmon canning' industry on the (Columbia River was established, to 1894, the
(pnintily of salmon utilized for eanning pur])oses was alxuit (i!)r»,400,000 pounds, and
the aggregate pack, was about 10,(kJ.'J,800 cases, each holding 48 one pttund cans, or the
e«|uivalent. The value of the pack to the eauners was about !j(il,7(i0,ij00. ITp toniul
including 1887 practi(!ally the entire <|nantity of salmon utilized in canning consisted
of chiuook salmon. 8inee that year larger and laiger (piantities of steelhead, blue-
back, ami other salmon have been used and the ii.imber of chiuook salmon entering
into the pack has been re<luced in the same proportion.

The following table shows for each year the gn/ss weight of salmon utilized for
eanning, the mimbcr of cases psusked, the wholesale market value of the canned tlsh,
and the average value per case. The growth, decline, and present coiulition of the
industry are to be interpreted in the light of the statement in the i)receding para-
graph as to the utilization of the cheajier grades of sahiu)u. The figures, as they
stand, indicate a seri(Mis decline in the industry since the business reached its height
in 1883 and 1884. The extent of the decline is made uu)re appartuit wheu the greatly
augmented quantities of apparatus employed in recent years are taken into eonaider-
atitui. With the number of fishing api)liance8 employed in 18!)4, a pack in that year
a half larger than that in 1884 would really indicate a serious reduction iu th supply
of flsh.

Summary of the lalmon-mnning intlnatry of the Columbia River from its ongiii to the present time.

Onus weigbt

Number of

Average !

Qrasa weight

Naiulmr of

Average

Year.

of Mlnii---

caa«K

ViUne.

value !

YtAt.

of galmon

caaea

Value,

valuo

nUUied.

jiackeil.

p«r caae. {

ntiliced.

packed.

per uaae.

rounii$.

Pound*.

1866

'j«o,ooo

4.000

*A4,000

»lfl. 00 :

1882

35, 184, 600

541,300

42. 600. 000

$4.80

1867

1, 170, WW

18,000

288, 000

16.00 ;

1883

40,911,000

629, 400

3,147,000

5.00

1888

1,820,000

28, 000

302. 000

14.00

1884

40,800,000

820, 000

2,915,000

4.70

1S«0

0, 500, IKlO

100,000

1,350,000

13,50

1885

35,997,000

6S3, 800

2, 600, 000

4.51

1870

0, 7,10. 000

150,000

1, UOO. (WO

12.00 1

1888

29, 152, 500

448, ,'iOO

2,135,000

4.76

1871

l:i, 000. 000

200. 000

2, 1(X),000

10. .V) 1

18A7

23, 140. 000

3,56,000

2,124,000

5.97

1872

10. 2r«i, 000

2,'.0. 000

2, 325, 000

0. 30 1

18t<8

24,211,005

372, 477

2,327,981

6.25'

1873

10,2.')0,000

2')0. 000

2, 260. 000

». UO 1

1880

20, 085, 495

309. 885

1, 809, 820

5.84 1

1874

22, 750, (MX)

3f)0, OOO

2, «25. 000

7.50

18110

28 781, 385

435. 774

2, 407, 456

5. 52 !

1875

24, 37,';, 000

375, 000

2, 25(1 000

6.00 '

18111

26, 450, 635

398.953

2, 240, 904

5.62

1K76

29, 280, 0(»

450.000

2, 476, 000

5.50 i

1892

32,185,99!:

487. 338

2, 679, 069

5.50

1877

24, 700, IK)0

380. 0(HI

2, 052, 000

5,40

1893

25, 672, 152

393, 972

2.135,824

5.42

1878

28. ilOO, UOO

400,000

2, 300. OOO

5.00

1804"...

30, 462, 400

461.400

2, 422, 350

5.25

1879

31,200, IJOO
M.4S0,0OO
35,700,000

480, (KM)
530,000
550,000

2, 640, OOO
2. 650, 000

5.50
5.00

1880

690, 499, 067

10,563,799

61. 480, 464

1881

2, 475, 000

4.50

i
i

'The flgnr«a given do not Include the fall pack for 1894, amouutlng to about 70,000 caaea.

NOTES ON THE FISIIKKIE8 OF THK PACIFIC COAST.

241

oiidciu'i',
at Asto-
ami The
inati'tl to
jier cent

Tiniiiatod
caiiiKuies
t'orination
of HilvtT-
II an easy
sutlicient

le year in
I) 189-1, the
»nn(l8, and
ans, or the
Up to and
^ consinted
liead, blue-
)n entering

utilized for
anned tlsh,
ition of the
eding parn-
68, as they
I its height
tlie greatly
to consider-
n that year
tl, supply

■enent time.

Averogo

voluu

per case.

,000 I
000 I
000 I

OiKI i

0<:0

IWl

I. K20 I

!,4r.ii I

J,B04

ll,UO» I
H'J4 i

•J. :)M ■

M-80
5.00 I
4.70
4. 51
4.76 I
5.97 1
0.25 '
S.B4 I
5.52 ;
5.62 1
5.50 I
5.42
5.25

0.404 \.

Preservation tind iiicredMe of the hhJihuh Huppbj. — It is not unnatural that tin" solici-
tude for tlie nniintcnance of the supply of salmon on the Oolunihia l{iv«u' should now
he greater aiul more general than at any previous time in the history of the fishery.
The (;ateh of chinook i ilmou has recently shown an almost constant anninil *leereas«\
and the smicess of the industry is yearly becoming more Jeopardized. People who
within a short time scouted the idea of a i^crmaneiit reduction in the number of chinook
.salmon entering the river, are now n<tt averse to conceding the etleets of overlishing,
ami there is probably no one pecuniarily interested in the industry who does not
realize that the time has come for active nu'asures to prevent a still more serious
impairment of the abundance of salmcm. Of course the supjdy of chinook salmon in
the ('Olumbia Ba.sin is still enormous and the productive capacity of the river is
wonderful. All reference, therefore, to a decreased abundamie must be construed in
the ndative sense as comjiared with the conditions ])revailing when the acme of the
canning industry was attained in 1H8-1 and ISH,"*. The threatened exhan8ti(»n of the
.supply must also be considered with reference to the extent of the fishing now carried
(Ml. which is not oidy commensurate with the supply, but is overtaxing the cai)acily
(if the river. The facts must also be borne in mind that the annual reduction is
liastened by the employment of larger and larger (luantitiesof apjtaratus; that as the
sii])p]y becomes smaller the diminution becomes nntre pronounced in geometrical
ratio; and that the results of overtaxation of the resources .f the river in a given
.season are not seen the next year or the next, but are to be gauged in the fourth or
llfth year following.

Special inquiries were made by the writer among the stilmon-canners, fishermen,
ami citizens as to the legislative or other action demanded by the present condition
of affairs. The i)ractica! unanimity of opinion is rennirkable in view of the suppose<l
diverse interests represented by canuers, gill-net fishermen, trap tlshermen, seine fish-
ermen, wheel fishermen, etc.

Foremost among the measures advocated for the imi)rovement of the salmon
industry is artificial propagation. The reliance placed in fish-culture is practically
unanimous. Some believe that nothing else is necessary for the regeneration of the
t'.sliery than very extensive fish-cultural operations, but most persons in the salmon
districts think that, for a time at least — until the fishery begins to improve — the
propagation work should be supplemented by some prohibitive measures.

It being generally recognized that the decline in the abundance of chinook salmon
IS due to the fact that the length of the fishing season and the avidity with which I lie
fishery is prosecuted prevent a sufficient number of salmon reaching the si)awning-
firounds to repair the annual destruction by man, the character of the i)rotcction
which has been considered most necessary is a shortening of the fishing season, sup-
liltMuented by a short weekly intf^rmiHsion in the fishing.

Under present regulations the regular salmon-fishing on the Columbia River
lu'gins April 11 and continues until August 10. In theopiiiionof thel'.S.Oommissitmer
ot Fish and Fisheries, if the fish that are now taken in April and August were
allowed to pass up unmolested, a very marked improvement in the abundance of
sulinon would in due time be wituessed, and this protection, with amide artificial
l>i(tpagation, would rapidly restore the jiroductiveness of the river.

F.C.B. 18W-16

242

HUIXKTIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

TlioCoinniiHHioner may bo (|iioto(l on tliin point iih fullowa:

Thx iiiiinlM^r (il'cliiiiook Hiiliiiiiii tiikoii in April anil AiiKUNt in rrliitively Rninll and under oonili-
tiuiiH not HO prolitablii, tiillK^r to tint rauniTiuH or tho liHliriuK-n, iih tlioHit carried on diiriuK the luonl.liH
ofMikv, .liiiio, anil .Inly. 'I'liu April run of tliiit Hiilnioii, il'iillowcd to p»hn witlimit intprruptiou to tlio
livn<l\vikt<'TH of tli« C'liliiniliiii mid itn tribiitarioH, would Npawn in tliimn waters, and tlin prcHrut i>ro-
diiotlve eiipaeity of tlin rivt^r wmilil lio inereimud to hiicIi an extent as to niiiili nioro tlian eoiiiponantn
for tliu reNtrirtionN iinpoHed liy tlio prohibition of tli« ti»h<try opuratiimH during the month of April.
Th« Aiif{n8t run of Chinook Halinon coiiHiHts of gravid IInU iivur their Mpawnlnit time. The llosh for thin
reaHoii huH und«ix<»»< detoriuration, and if cHiined eouNtitiiteit an inferior |>riidiiet, the nale of which
willdiNiredit thuropiitntion whieli tho (.'idiiinlii!t IkiverNalnioii.juHtly liobi in ]iuliliee»itiniation. None
of the AiignHt run of chiiiookN probably iiHi-und the ('oluinliia above Tlie Ihilles. They 8|iawn in
tho tributary ■treaniN of the Lower Coliiiubia and in the main Ntreani between The Dalleg and the
mouth of the river. — ( Report of the (.'onimiiwionur of KiNh and Ki.sherieH on luvostiKatiuus in the
Columbia Kivitt in roKAi'd to the Salmon KlHheries. WaHhiiiKton, 18U1. pp. l(i, 17.)

Ah tliu Cointiii.SHioner statiM, tliu pn(!kiti(; of mihiioii in April is not generally
repai<l('(lnspi-olltiil)U% owiiii,' to the iiTct,'nlarity witii wliich the tisli come and the rela-
tive .scarcity, bwiaiise of wiiich much lime is lo.st by the caiminj^ force. As to the
Au^'UHt tl8li, they are iiHiially ho near tlie Hpawniii^ |)erio(l that tlie tleHli iH Hoft and
often niitlt for canning, and miicli waste result^; theH.sii are alsooften scarce and the
Hupply is insullicient to keep the canneries in operation. It simietimcs ha])pen.s,
however, tiiat tiie season is hite and tiie Anjj;iist run consists of an abundance of tish
in excelhMit condition for canninij:. In some seasons tiie tlsh are more abundant and
in better condition in August than in any otiier month, ami in IHO.'S the run of iish in
the montli in tpiesrion cimtribnted mnch to the (Inancial success of the canners.

Tlie sentiment of tlie canners in tiie lower river i.« strongly favorable to tho
re.striction of the canniiifj sea.son to the three months of May, -June, and .hily, and tht;
susi)eiisionof (isliinj,' during the whole of April antl Augu.st. A few canners favoriii<(
a shorter sea.son would liiio the privilege of packing in August if they thought it
desirable, and still fewer would i)refer to operate their canneries in April.

That, as a whole, no conspictunis i)art of the pack is taken in Ai)ril and August,
and that making a dose time of these months would not seriously impair the business
of the canners, may be seen from the following summary based on the quantities of
flah packed during eiudi of the four years ending in 1892:

Percentage o,' weight of each kind of salmon packed on ihe Columbia Ilivcr in each mon'.h in

18S9, IH'M, ISOl, and lAV^.

Yeara and aiKtoloa.

1H89.

Chinook

Hliifilinrk

StKellioatl

1890.

Chinook

Illiiobiick

SteclUoail

1801.

Chinook

Itliii'liAi'k

Stwllieiul

1H»2.

Chinook

niiiebnck

Steelbead

April.

12.47
18.78
6.77

3. 06
8.50
3.07

8.74
9.05
2.72

6.05
9.9U
2.41

May.

21,81
32. 03
0.03

20.50
27.55
8.31

19.00

28.70

0.00

20.61

35.38

7.51

June.

23.61
35.40
38.47

28.20
■.0. 42
31.05

23. 73
43. M
27.87

26.33
37.86
32. 32

July. Aiiguat.

42.11
15.80
40.73

30.00
20. 44
50.45

42.22 I
10.83 '
51.44 .

37.78 i
14.67 I
45.0:1

Total.

1.56
3.U0
6.62

6.22

1.02

11.18

B.25 I
2.19 !
12.13

100.00
100.00
100.00

100. UO
lUO.IK)
100.00

100.00
100. UO

100.00

100.00
100.00
100.00

iniler coiuU-
; tkuUluiiLliB
pliou to the
prcm-iit l>rii-
(•oinpousftte
ith of Aiiril.
llcsh for thin
lUi iif whicli
itioii. Noiiu
i?y 8i>iiwn in
iill<-B uni\ tli«
utioiis in the

b generally
11(1 the rela-
As to tlie
i« Hoft and
lice and tlie
I'S hapi'C"**'
lance of ilsli
nuulaut aiitl
un of iisb iu
liners.

ruble to tlio
Iuly,aiul the
lers favorinf?
py thought it

and Augnst,
the business
quantities of

mon'.h in

.00
.110
.00

1.00

uo
).oo

J.OtI
B.OO
B.OO

NOTK8 ON Tin; FI8HER1KH OF TIIK rACIKIC COAST. 243

A fairly aic-iirate gauire of th«> Hcntinient of those pniuiiiifntly iiitcrt-sted ii\ (lie
industry of the river as to the nicasiiren favored for the jire.ser\ ation of the .salmon
.Hiipply may be obtaine«l iVoni the fidlowing tabulated statenient, re|ireH(>ntinK the
results <if interviews with eanners, ]inblir men in salmon tishin;; centers, and Blate
fishery uttlcers, chietty in Astoria aitd I'ortland, the canners predoniinatin);:

V^ivoriiiK extoimlvo artiflcial propikgittlun to exrlugiou iif niijr r««triotive

iiiciisiiroH I

Kjiviiriiiu l'xtelll«lvt^ iirtitlviiil |iropikKntioii iiiiil i'Iohu tiiiio tlin>u)(lioiit iiionlli

(ilApril "3

Favoring extevnivo nrtittcial propiigiitioii anti cloito time throii(;hont month

of August '2

Favoring extonKive nrtilirial propagation and vIoho time throughout the

mouths of April ami AugiiHt 1 13

10

In the case of the apparatus in the upper river, that is, in the section between the
Cascades and Celih), a close time extending to May 10 or 1.") in S|)riii}f nnd an extension
(if the o|»en .season to August 10 or ir> wtmid be a proper niudillcatiun of the close season
advocated for the lower river, as the tl.sh which entered tins river during tlui last two
weeks in April woidd be given opportunity to jia.ss unmolested beyond the wheels.
In lieu of such an arrangement, the establishment of a graduated close time for differ-
cut parts of the river or of a moving zone of protected water has been suggested.
Wheel tl.sherinen would jirobably not object to such a plan. Tho.so interviewed
(Xltressed thent-selves as favoring a close time till May 10 or 15, provided the course
was considered advisable for the protection of the tish.

It may be stated that any snggestu)n of a shortening of the seas(»n on the Colundiia
Itiver will probably be opposed by a large nnijority of the gill net tishermen and nuuiy
iiersons using other forms of apparatus, under the impression that a curtailment of
the sea.son would meau a reduction iu their income, whereas the <»•" -isite result would
]ii()babiy ensue.

The prohibition of certain finnisof nets has from time to time been suggested and
advocated. In the lower river the use of wheels has by a few per.sons been ojiposcd
on the ground that the tish which have escaped the multitude of nets in the part of
the river below the Cascades should be allowed to pass unmolested to tlie spawning-
^.Tounds. Those interested iu the wheel llshing, on the other hand, say that the
quantities of Chinook salmon taken iu wheels are insigniticant as compared with tho.se
caught by other means in the lower river, and that if unne salmon were allowed to
liass as far as the wheels the supply would b«! much better maintained by natural
means. It can not be said, however, that the desire to pro.scribe any special kind of
llshing apparatus is very prevalent, and the entire canning interests would probably
strenuously oppose any attempt to abolish traps, seines, or wheels, for the reason that
these appliances are largely owned or controlled by them, and alVord the prin<ii)al
iiKuns for successfully withstanding w .iat are considered unjust demands of the Fisher-
men's Union, which advocates the use of no form of apparatus save the gill nets.

* All of these, while preferring to Bug|ten<l linhing during only one of the months in cpiestion,
wuiild probably not bo averse to haviu;; a rlose time in both, if deemed necessary or dcHirable by com-
lii'lt'iit authority.

t Cue uUo faroriuE abolition of wheels.

244

Ill'LI-KTIN' OF THK ITNITEn HTATE8 FIHH rOMMlHmON.

Salmon in thr Willninttle nii<l (UackumiiH yinrn, — It is n'portctl ]>y liHlioiiiieii ami
H|M>itHiiifii that only tlic «-arly iiiii ot' <'liiii<M>k Nalnimi ph;h up tli«> Willaiiiottc Wivor,
UH it JH only in npriii); that tluMo in Nunicicnt ciirrtMit in tiial Htn>ain to attract tlHh
nHcoiMlini; the (Niliinibia; later, t ho water iH-roinvH Hlti^^iHli. and the Humniei- run of
salmon paHsox by the mouth of the liver.

In IHiU, owin^ to an unuHually lar^e volume of water, many Halmon are Miid
to have jjoiie over tlie falls of tfie Willamette at Orejjon (Mty, hut it seefus elear that
in ordinary seasons, when tiiere is lu) special increase in the amount of water at the
fulls, ^reat ditllculty must be e\perienc4^>d by the miKratiii); llsh in surmounting them.
The construction of one or several tish ladders at the fulls is urpeidly needed, and is
now more important than at any previous time.

It iH f;ratifyin({ to be able to re<>ord the fact that at th» last HCRsion of thu()re(;on
legislature |>rovisioii was i-nule for the construction of a lishway at the Wilhunetto
Falls. The plans for the location, building', and maintcnaiu-e of the la<lder are thus
described in the Oregoninn for August 10, 1894:

(iovoriior IViiiiiiycr, Slat<! TreiiBiirer Mi'tHrlmn, and Secretary of State Mcllrhle, nniHtitiitiiif; tin'
8tate bouril which wim aiitliitri/.t-tl by tho liiHt 1t<Ki'*l<'t<>ro to hx'.ito a tUhway over th<t Winaiiiotte KuIIh,
will take the llrnt step in that ilirertion to-iliiy . Tlio ((ovcnior, treaHiirer. anil Hcrretary with State KiHh
CominiNoioner Mctiiiirf, iloii. (ieorgo T. MyerH, and Heveral other Kcnilcincn, will meet in Oregon Cily
tu-duy, and prureed to the fallH and Holeot a loeatioii for the Tmhway.

For the eouHtrnrtion uf thin llnhway the leffiHlatnre iip))roprtuted the Hnm of iflO.OtN), but it will
cort nuic'h lesii. Hy the proviiiions uf the law the liHbway shall be coiiatrncted in the bed of the river
oil the west xido of the nwiin fall, by innkinK excavations in the Holid rock when the water in low, ho
that the Hlo)ie will be more ^radnal, and when the water in higher the excavationN will form a werivs
of couiu'ctiii); poolH, all constructed und arranged in such niauner that Halmon can freely oacend from
below to above the falls by passlnj; from ]iool to pool.

In order to have the lishway bnilt in the manner provided, the board is eni))owered to remove all
obstructions, whether natural or artiticial, to its construction, or to the passaKe of lisli over the fallt.
Obstructions to the passage of llsh include lish-whccls, nets, lines, and other devices for I'atcbing llsh
stulioncd within .^O foot of the lishway. The maintenance of such obstructions is a misdemeanor, anil
is punishable by a line or iniprisoument, or both.

The board is authorized to make all necessary arranBemeuts for the construction of the lishway,
such as omployinK u superintendent and workmen, ])urchasiuK tools and siip|ilies, and advertising tor
bids. All bidders must nureo to keep the lishway in good order for two years after its completion.

The exiateuco of ii dam in the Clackamas Itiver is geiuTally recojjnized as one of
the greatest evils now att'ecting the (isheries of the Oolumbia Uiver basin. Not only
is this obstruction annually destroying millions of uudeposited ova and practically
inhibiting natural reproduction in the headwaters of tlie river, but it is seriously
impairing the operations of the hatching station of the U. S. Fish Commission located
on that stream. The enactment of a law is earnestly desired requiring the owners of |
dams in all salmon streams to put in and maintain suitable fislnvays, which should
be subject to the approval and regulatiitu of the State tish (iominissioners. In the case |
of streams like the Clackamas, on which (lovernment or State hatcheries are located.
it would seem that the great interests at stake would warrant the absolute prohibition |
of dams or other obstructions, and, possibly, the pros(;rii»tioii of all lishiug.

According to Mr. Seaburg, of Ilwaco, Wash., one of the most extensive salinoii
packers in the United States, in April and May, 18"J3, about 140 tons of chiiiookl
salmon were taken bt low the dam in the Clackamas liiver by means of gill nets ;m\
seines. The principal part of this relatively laige<!atch was taken at the dam, whore I
the lish congregated in their attempts to surmount that obstruction. lu 1894 over 1(W I
tons were taken in the same locality.

The

l"<!>4 was I
■"^^l to 9} iJ
" ^iiich I J
Thei]
"i" chanj
Silliiet M
uiiiler a

N0TE8 ON Tin; KISIIKKIEH OK TIIK I'ACIKIC COAM'.

246

riiien iiiid
tt»^ Uiver,
It nut Uh1>
aei" run of

II are Hald
clear tbnt
itor lit tlu-
itiiifj «l»«'i"-
lied, iii>»l '»*

tlie Oregon
NVillainetto
er are thus

imtitiitiiiR till'
liiiiiette Knllit,
itli 8l!it«KiBli
u OreKon City

m, but it will
,.a of the river
viitor iH low, no
11 form » werics
■ly iwcoiid from

.(1 to rt-movo all
li over tlie (iMi-
1,1- .•iitobiug li»b
isdciiu'iuior, iiml

of the tlBhway,

atlvMtiHiiiK ti)r
H c'oiiipli'tion.

\/.(n\ as one of
in. Not only
1(1 iiractieally
t is seriously
lissiou lofntotl
the owners of |
which shoultl
In the ease
08 are locatftl.
lite prohibition

inji.

usive salnudi
)n8 of Chinook I
)f gill nets anil
he (lam, wlu'vc
u 1894 over W

There is nti ilonitt thitt tlie natural cnnilitions in the (lackainas are <>xtreniely
lavoraliie U.i the lireeiiinj; of suinion, anil lh<^ Inrt-pun^' siatcnient iil' the caleh in that
Htreaui in IHtKtaml IMOl elearly iinlieateH that an enoiinous annual prodnetioiutf yunu);
salmon mi^lit he tlependeil on if the llsh were not snlijeet to captnrt^ ami ohstrui-tltm.
It is eiiually line lliat noninterlerenee with llie salnmn whiirli have ese:t|>e<| the tra|)s,
seines, ami u\\l netn of the (,'oliimliia ami reaeluHl the ( 'laekamas wmihl permit the
liatehin); station there located to liheiate enough yonnf; salmon each year to );o far
toward repaii'ini; the diminnlion in the snpply eansed l>y exeesisive lishin^.

Mr. L. T. liariti, who has been tlshiiiK on the (Jolnmbia and its triltutaries for moro
than thirty lour years, inlormed iim> that, as a resalt of his |itM'sonal oliservati<ms in
I'very impoi'tant branch of the ('ohnnbia, lie has no hesitat'im in allirminK thai the
Clackaimis silways was and still is the best tributary salmon stri>am in the whole basin.

The eonthinam'e of present conditions, however, can not fad to have a far reacliiiit(
clfect on the abundance of salmon in the lower ( 'ohnnbia K'ivcr, and an accelerated
(liminutiou uf chinooks may bo depemled (m as a diriMt result of the obliteration of
the run into the headwaters of the Olackamas.

\otis itn <ii>pii III Ills mill tlir vnlcli. — Inder this head some general notes on the
principal forms of apparatus and tht> catch in each may be presented, and some detailed
statistics, showing the yield ot certain nets in is<)- to bSUt, niay be introdnccd.

As is well known, uill iu>ts take larger (piantilies of chinook salmon than all other
nets cond»ined. While the propintion of llsh thus obtained mitnrally varies from year
to year, the yill net yield always so far overbalances the lemaiidiincatch that it allords
an accurate basis for determining; the abundance at' the lish, whiU; it is evident that
:iiiy re(;nlations intended to increase the supply of chinooks nuist have piimary
application to the gillnet lishery. The importance of the ^ill net as a factor in the
tiiking of chinooks will be clearly seen from the followiiij.; coinpaiative statement of
tiie number of these lish oiitained on the Colnnd)ia Kiver, with all forms of apparatus
and with gill nets alone, during the period of live years beginning 1889:

sialemenl of the total iiumhri- »/ chiiiook aalmnii tidrn on the Coliimbiii liini- from tS89 to IS9,1, with
the iiiimher and percintaiie uf thoae niiii/hi with ijxll ntt>.

TMr.

1889.
1890.
1891.
1K)2.
1893.

Total
catch.

772, 425
942. HH
Wl. 779
91B, KM
872.:il7

Total I 4.468,238

uninotoatoli.
Number.

478, Of.7
580,871
657, l:i3
,'>7K, 912
544,984

2,839,997

Percent-
age.

61.90
61.61
6tt. 18
63 14
62. 48

63.56

The employment of snudlnieshed gill nets has of late been increasing, and in
l>lt4 was more extensive ' an ever before. The regular mesh of salmon gill nets is
"<^ to J)J inches, while the nailer-meshed nets which have been coming into use have
a 7 inch mesh.

The principal reason for the increa.se in the nse of sniall-meshed nets has been
tin; change in basis for selling the catch elfected in 18!);i. Prior to that time the
gill net fishermen were paid so much pei fish rogardlesa of size, although two lish
under a given weight (22 pounds) were re<|nired to count as one full sized tish. The

24G

HULI.ETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

practice of selling fiali by weight caused no discriuiination ajjainst the smaller ftsli,
wliicli now luiii},' as nmcli per pound as the larj^or ones, and led to the use of nets
witli snialicr nicsli with a view to increase the catch by taking the flsli which might
otlicrwise go tliroiigh tlit; nets without giiling.

Tlu^ iiK^n-ase in tlie use of small meshed gill nets may, to some extent, be gauged
by the additional quantities of blueblacks and steelheads taken, and in future an
jiHgmented catch of these flsh by gill nets may be expected.

Tlie following detailed statements, showing for three years the <laily catch of four
gillnet fishermen fishing at the mcmth of the Columbia River and landing their catch
at AsUiria, are interesting as indicating the daily fluctuations in the run of salmon
and because they afford a basis for comi>arisons with other years. The figures were
.selected from the books of the salmon canner to whom the fish were .sold, for the
special reason that the men fished more or less regularly each year and their work
represents the capacity of the river. In 1892 the fish are designated by number; in
the following years the figures represent pounds. The statement for ISOi comes up
to June 2(t, the time of the writer's visit.

statement of the daily gill-net catch of four fishermen ftshingat the mouth of the Columbia Sivar in 189S.

Date.

No. 1.

>

0.2.

No. 3.

No. 4. 1 Total.

1

1

A-o.

j

No.

1

i

3

i

1

6

1

s

1

*

1
a

i 1 1 i
11:1

1
1

No.

1

No.

Apr. 12

16

No.
lb

No,

No.

No.

No.
1

No. ] No.

No.

■ 1

No. j No.

No.

16

17

9

7

18

IB

22

15

28

2

17

..'.v.'.'.'.'-'-'.

::::: ;:;.;;

1

19 .' i

20 i

7

1 I

1

21 0

.....

9

S

13

23 ' 0

6

20

4

27 15

28 . '

7

... .

15

*

29 2

1 1 i

Total

May 2

78

1

U

48

1.

21

1 1

151 j 1

i'TT

'

1
8

1

1

5
22

2
U

2
16
23

a

4

20
43

3

4

,4

1

j

1

1

5

6

13

i 1

1

3

I

10

1

7

10

11

12

7

1

(

B

[

1

1

;

4

1

I

IS

1

i:i

14

18

17

U

3
5
13
13

3

11
26

i

1

1

1 ' 1

12
13

;■;::::::::::::;

28

4
12

SO
28
47
45
S7

10

20

21

2a

24

B

18

8

27

7

26
3'.

6

10

18

to

10
16
7
11

63
88
50
Rt
59
103

25

28

27

2R

30

31

Total

17
28
44
8
IB
24

1

I

21
0

23
24
43
12

27
0

32
16

51

I""':

1

282

HI

313

1

UK 1 1

1 . <U1 9

1

NOTES ON THE FISHERIES OP THE PACIFIC COAST.

247

lalk'r fisli,
ise of uet.s
lich might

be gauged
future an

tell of four
their catch
I of salmon
gures were
)1(1, for the
their work
number; in
4 comes up

'Aver in 1S9S.

Statement of the daiUj gill-net catch of farjitner) n Jinhinii at the mouth of the Columhta Hirer

in IS9:,'~Ci>nUnuMl.

tal.

i

i

J

1

yo.\

No.

1

-

1

•-! '

1 1

....1 1

..

.....

......

1

i

', 2

T"^'

Dst«.

No. 1. 1

No. 3.

No. 3.

Nu.4.

Total.

i

e

S

1

JV«.

1

i

i

•
»

A'o.

a

6

a

1

s

s

A'o.

i

No.

i

s

S

1

a

s

A'o.

1

i

1

J

S

A'o.

No.

No.

No.

No.
15
12

,Vo.

No.
24
27
14
IS

A'o.

18

30

14

8

Vo.

.Vo.
57
102
28
32

2

3

43

2

3

*

5

B

6

7

g

32
14

:n

38
55
73
61
137
83
72
40

a

35
48
50
83
15
61
58

24
55

1

1

9

10

15

30

33
38
55

.::..':::..!

35
27
17
17
13

1

1 1

11

13

18

39
60

U

15

Ifl

SS
11

33
16

1
3

:::::

1
3

3

17

4
g

is

17
18
21
5
35

8
8

18

2(1

22

23

9

8
18

1

"i'

1

1
3
7
3
5
4

34

25

4

3

0

1
3

1
3

}

1

1

18
6
7

28

3
1
1
2

24

25

20

.
10
23

1
1

3
3

27

28

1

3

67

1

8

85
14
87
68

3 1 13

28

29

U

37
26

80

Total

J°'y J

20
286

2

2

"

1

2 1 3

4

8

271

1

10

416

1

13

960

13

1.333

6| 44

0

20
19

4
3

20
41
79
i.
15
37
31
78

116
91
«3

146
34
88
30
43
43

4

5
5

17
17
31

3
?

S

57
U
8

«

4

8

33

3

B

6

7

1

8

1

39

1

7

g

11

io

6

4

«9

5

1

6
8

1

41

41

7

44

78
8

48
8
7

10
8
9
6
5

■•••

1

3

•I

31
43
11
14
18
15
37
10

'.'..'..

3

30

5

1
6
5
11
3

9 .

11

12

2.

1 17

1
2

I

1
1
4
2

3

13

U

15

IC

I
SO

1
3
3

3
1

• ■ •• -

3
1
4

1

1(1

K

20

21

22

I

14

1
1

11
3

18
27

4

1

J

18 !

t

U
6

43
39
34
30
55

1

23

26

28

27

2S

15
0

7

1

1

31

3
1

15
15
14

15

'I

1?
8

57

447.

1

1
1

3

"

I

38 1

18
63
88
113

1

2»

30

31

Total

Aiiif. 1

23
11
55

15 1

1

1

, 3

,,.,

10

' i

:: . ■■ 1

•

82

347 1 30

242 j

8

445 i

17

1.481

30
53
43

9
24

5

i '"

- 1

4

25
17

;

■

2

3

4

B

6

5
8
2

31
23

1

10
7
9
8

1

::;::""2'

ii

::::::::'

X

Total

Grand tut«]

—

1

20 '

»

*

71

07 1

183

3

38

1.011 1 4

1

39

639

f '

.9

1,288 2

36

1,040

3

3,978

•

135

248

BULLETTN OP THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

Statement o/ the daibj ijiU-net catck of four finhernun JiHhitnj at (he month of the Columbia

Itiver in J89S.

Dnte.

So

1.

No. 2.

No. 8. j No. 4.

Total.

Chi-
Duoka.

Steel-
bead*.

Chi.
nooks.

Steel-
heailn.

CIM- 1 8t««l-
iiooka. 1 heada.

Lb: I Lb:

Chi-
nook*.

U:

Stenl
heada.

Lb:

Ohi-
nooks.

Steel-
heads.

Apr.17

18

22

24

25

26

27

Lbii.
303

LbK.

Ul.

Lb:

Lh:
303

80

22;)

5U8
1117
175
318
405
813

Lb:

id'

i"'

8U
72
392
107
175
187
317
287

80

1

69
OUi

82
86

1

131

2o

88
358

28

Total

10

168

1

1.92U

160
270
632
Ul
120

20

458

614

2,892

20

M»y 1

, . ..

,

138
221
408

259

657

901

1,3IH

141

4U6

141

411

388

1,010

602

1,270

570

1,031

905

1,246

1,142

2,555

1, 314

1,262

1,316

430

508

643

3,051

946

411

25

id'

id'

2.....;:.!;..

100

855 1

278'

8

4

B

*6

27

310
141
373
•22
516
111

20

6

g

38
266
425

62
105
251
583
390
424
472
120
173
398
518

0

10

69 j 20
71

465 ■

IW

227 j

12

55

oU

92
66

13

inH :

15

10

33
155
•><<5

,B

m

1,027
738
266
258
150

16

17

180

158

152 1

83 !

48 j

127

418

221 '

18

10

284

152

1,326 1

355 1

472

124 1

20

22

23

24

25

65
17
37
117
466
244

26

238 \

549 i

014 i

221

313

57

100

258

27

29

1,914

30

31

167

Total

!

7,479

5

2,778 i 10

8,845

5, 564 40 1 24. 066

65

10
10 :

10
10
10

20'

70
90
40
10

id'

20

40

40'

10

56

1,036

Tit

io'

156
164

9:

75

10

222
569
408

434

1,769

1,221

75

214

764

561

447

97

621

405

220

fiOH

2

6

6

214
833
382
161.

7

J6'

431

?79
278

97
140

82

8

8

10

12

431
299
229
373
777
7(rt)
105
3B1

10
10
10

w

30
10
40

50
24

13

U

16

53
223
150

82
157
205
300

41

16

65

.'106 20
6U1 00
140

i 1,222

20 1 1,373
20 1 2, 271

1 l.OIB

17

19

1,076 !

471 1 -

20

21

123
200
113
136
141
128
39
K
52

10

498
158
87
136

621
440
237
502
506
r:i2

22

82

23

57
184
124
116
823
111
154

id

io'

, id'

■U

46

70 1

108 j 20

26

171 ! 20
180 i 10
VM

27

28

132 1 i 1,090

175 i 20 j 1,246
281 : 672

2tt

1 m 1 10

' 85 10

30

Total

7,561

: 190

4 050 '"> ^ ^^f^ 1-t'i

1 778 ' lui . iu Q??;

420

Stal

' Blaabsck.

NOTES ON THE FISHERIES OF THE PACIFIC COAST.

249'

Statement. of the dailji gill-net eatck of funr fishermeit fithing at the mouth of the CoUim'ia

Uiver ill IS9,'I — Continued.

55

10 I
10

Date.

Ng

. 1.

No. 8.

No. 3.

Mo. 4.

Total.

Chi-
nook*.

Steel-
head*.

Chl-
nooka.

Steel-
beads.

Uui

Chi
nooka.

150

337

Steel-
heads.

Chi- 1 Steel-
nooks, headx.

Chi-
nook*.

Steel-
head*.

July 1

Lbt.

ZtB
387

Lbt.

Liu.

53

220

60

i*..

Lb: Lbi.

MS

702

Lbi.

2

4

:::::::: is ;::::::::

1, 122
60

5

149

149

20

36(1 1

5(6 '

361 '

6

20l

70 '

10

21
55
92
128
189
276
370

104
121
121
110
50
323
472

162

;i«o

40
18D
140

68
144
141
007

ia7
;m)7

295

001

168

38

71

391

046

11

1

J2

110

142
217
183
338
80

VJ

661 i

14

15

17

18

KO !

i,3;io j

221 1

19

26:t
250
120

::::::::

100.

6II-
164

27
665
214

89

74

1,2^''
495

2U

58

112

I

21

703 1

4.18 ■

1,610 ,

524 '

AKI ; 1

22

i»e

287
50
68
46
168
408

24

06
92
418
447
104
679

::::::* *

25

26

27::::::.:;:.

«:i8

28

29

30

:::::;:: m

85 !

2,118

31

298
4.62»

i«n 1

1,315

680

1 2,362

Total

1

3,274

23&
311

438

518

87

300

7,088

285
248
364
304
258
1.8:12
872
680

3,684

248
102

87
356

78
404
490
103
116

46

1 18,576 1

j 1.22.1

Aug 1

462 1

2

118
40
461
280
860
665

6i;i

8S
86

H(» 1

3

929
1 KlU

4

6

j '6«i)i 1

: 2. 811.1 1

7

8

6110

2,427 1

1,186 i

660 '

197

9

10

909.

74

U

j 65

Total

Grand total.

3,085

2,823

30

4.617

2,117

12,842 j

24,674

215

13,983

25,636

130

13,657

120

•77,850

495

Statement of the daily gill-net catch of four fithermen fi»hing at the mouth of the Columbia-

River in JS94 (to June 20).

10
10
10

M
70
90
40
10

10
30
40

"«t
10

iao

Date.

No.l.

No. 2.

No. 3.

No. 4.

Total.

Chi-
nook*.

Steel
head*.

Chi-
nook*.

Steel-
head*.

Chi-
nook*.

Steel-
head*.

Chi-
nook*.

Steel-
head*.

Chi- i Steel-
nook*. 1 head*.

Apr 10

Lb*.
196

IA».

hbt.

U:

£61.

Lbi

Lit.

Lb:

i»j. 1 Lb:

196'

185

112 !

262.

106 !

4M i

372

297 j

703 j

1.156 1 10

107 i

552

210

12

186

13

iii

253

14.

16.

166

IIW
350

17

352

37

18

22

19

297
297
654

21

io

91
66

316

547

23

24

107

25

290

262
57
71

26

i63

27

71

61

.161

28

61

20

361

Total

1

'\

2.711

10

229

2.060

297

6,293

10

250

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

Statement of the daili/ gill-net caloh of four fishermen Jinhing at the month of th* Columbia
litre)- in 1SS4 (to June SO) — Continued.

Date.

N0.I.

No. 2.

K0.3.

No. 4. ! Total.

Cbi
nooks.

Steel,
hewli.

Clil
nooks.

Lbt.
48

Steel-
hosde.

Chi-
nook 8.

U:
550
248

Steel-
huadii.

Olii-
nooka.

Steel. ; Chi.
heads. ' nooks.

Steel-
head*.

Lbi.

5

Liu.
1,5S

tu.

Lb>..

Ui.

JLb:
260

Lbi.

Lb:

1,013

337

231

•^ 2 :"";;.'.":

89 ;

3::.::::::::

1

152

79

lift

25

18

4

1

...

183
105

301

405

907

30

^»

1.015

l.!>49

6»7

45:1

6

2Sa

eu4

25':::::::;

7

8

2»5

30

180

9

i 1>78

10

275
KM)

137

70

120

49

292
6U1I
138
130
533
78
62
185

311

H

2:17
172

12

267

5

15

188
245

:::::::: m

18

778 1

380 i

17

fiio

240

104

18

312
298

218
67-2

841

19

■ 1.319

21

1,1113 j

678 1

1

525

1,165

i 1.438

io 4.14! io

32

124
297
254

802 1

207 i

132 !

480 i 22

197 1

j

;81

144
462
195

314

4flO
125
284

iw' ;

25

495 1

159 1

lis'

485 i

! 2,622 ! 22

62-'

Kill

26

28

29

227

907 1

30

324

324

31 ..

444

411

820

535

2. mil

Total • . - .

6 725

?9

4,497
345

7,059

5,350
459

15 2:), 840 { 37

360

340
IS

2

1,010

1,025 '

3

4

489

80

ROl 1 1

5

6

403

305

708 1

o50
290
608
142
525

7

344
390
249

1,025

628 j

633

1.803 >

8

9

11

12

874

1,572

113 1

128

40

238

346 ' 0

5,53
1.016

345
1,632
1.010
2,320

1,736

3,248

435

1,143

0
12
20
43

60

.18
U
14

13

14

15

" \

18

285

308

1,711

' Jm'

• 1,260'

12
29

31

32?
10

99

547
184

887

355

i2'

22

6

1,248 1

85 i

930

42S

510

37
201
841

180 i

898 20
234 1 11

1

19

20

304

14

i

* Tlluelmck.

The ftreat iimltiplication of pound nets iu the lower Coluuibia, especially in
Baker Hay aiul uround Sand Island, is a feature of the .saiinou fisheries which
impresses a visitor very fonibly. The nets form such a maze on the Washington side
of the river that it seems impossible for salmon iMitering the river west of Sand Island
tx) escape capture, and it would appear that access to so many nets is cut ofl by the
lines of other nets that a large proportion of the traps would fail to pay expenses.

A Washington.law requires that each trap set in the waters of the State shall be
licensed. In 1803, 4(»0 traps were licensed ta fish iu the Columbia Iliver, of which
442 were in Baker Bay. In 1804 tlie number was 410, of which .'{87 were in the bay,
as I am informed by ]Mr. James Oiawford, the fish <'oiiimissioiier of Washington. Mcst
of t'aese are owned iu Oregon and are properly credited to the fisheries of that State.
T'je law also retpiires tiiat a space of 800 feet be lefi" between each line of traps and a
space of at least 50 feet between the bowl of one net and the leader of the next.

The catch of chinooks in pound nets is larger than in any other apparatus except

May

J mil'

NOTES ON THE FlfHERIES OF THE PACIFIC COAST.

251

HI Ma

eel-
ud*.

.b:

22

fiill nets, and the diinook is by far the most valnabh^ .species taken in the poiiiula.
More blueliacks tiian tthinooks, however, are .secuied in pound nets some seasons, the
yieUl of the former usually beint? larger than in any otlier forms of nets except wheels.
The catch of steellieatls is always larf:fer in pound lu^ts than in otiier aj)pliance8.

Tlie quantity of .salmon taken with .seines is less than with any other important
form of apparatus. The number of seines used is relatively sniiiU, and the invest-
ment in this kind of Hshiufj; apparatus is insi^rnitieant compared with that in fiill nets,
pound nets, or wheels. In ordinary seasons more ehinooks than any other species are
caught in seines, although in seasons when there is a jiarticularly heavy run of blue-
backs in the river, as, for instance, in I8i)i', the eatcii of l)ln<'i)a(ks is largest. The
number of seines used on the Columbia is usually about forty, most of which are
operated in the lower river near its moiitii.

The following iigures represent the results of a seine fishery in the lowerColuiir
bia in 1892, 1S'.)3, and 1894, the record for the last year being incomplete, in the
first year the lishing season was from April 20 to August 11. lu 1893 seining opera-
tions did not begin till June M. The figures are given to show the variations in the
catch of ditferent species from month to month and the relative (piantities of each
taken by this means. The catch of this seine is larger than the average for the river,
being 124,353 pounds in 1892 and G(j,(i73 iwuuds in 1893.

87

statement of the dnilij catch of chinook, sticlhcad, and hlinbuck salmon in a Heine fmhed at lirowngporl
Sands, opposite Pillar llock, Columbia liivcr; iu ISOJ, IHUS, and IS'.U {to Jane 1).

9

12
20

43 I

60

M
U
It

especially in
heries which
shington side
'Sand Island

lit oft' by the
' expenses.
■?tate .shall be
iver, of which
re in the bay,
iugton. Most
(jf that State.

if traps and a

le next.

laratus except

Date.

1892.

1893.

1894.

ChlDooks
(lionndB).

Blue-

kaoka

(pouuda).

Steel.

head*

Ipouuda).

Chinuoks
(pounda).

Blue-
backa

(IMllludB).

Steel-

heada

(pouiidn).

Chlnooka
(IMiunda).

Blue-

backa

(pounds).

Steel-

liradu

(pounda).

AprU20

22

26

28

27

501
452
407
340

286
211
104

155

i'io

49

:::::.;:..:

1

123

67

17

28

29

ao

Total

May 8

&.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.

6

7

g

670
312
788

279

j

200
394

j

1

3,470

2, 073

1

278

187

66

;

310

894

i.w-

791
1,035

373
071
635

lis

1,064

i

248

06

96

47
203

1

M

_ _ _ 1

,. .. i ]

78
1^
105
200
137

121
480
616
644
616

8-

16

9

10

11

12

13

U

15 . .

62d
1,144
1,734
l,4i;i

058
1, 1B7

537
l.O,^
1,920
1,704
1, 327
2,711

i

i :::;■

V

1

1

i::.,

327
190
308
411

912

1,062

752

270

*

16

18

19

20

21

23

24

2S

J7

623
402
378
401

:, 138

305
730
780

244

278
218

71

16

506

597

47

38

116

ioo

109

94

ii

118 I

1

299

94

85

28

Total

June 7

9

10

11

227

22

1

16,354

14, 234

I

3,238

5,653

543

1

160

473

1,010

473

He

i ._ 1

30

IU

1

62 64

113 62

i

i

1

252 lUILLETlN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

Staiimeiit of the daily catih of chit.ook, nteelUmd, and hlurhack salmon in a trine, etc. — Coutiniied.

DiiU).

1803.

1893.

1894.

(Jhinonka
(poiiuds).

Illue-

backB

(IMiuniU).

. 81

luo

129
166
342
610
385
452
722

Slw.l-

hi'adH

(pouiiiU).

58

35

63

126

832

77

314

260

255

81

42

85

ClilniKikB
(]>oiiD(lnh

lOun.

ImrkH

(pouoUif).

nine .Sleil-

liacks hewla

(pouuUs). j (poimda).

Juno 13

U

15

17

628
6U3

<m

U12

2, 32*

UOU

i.one
es7

1,033

1 .

:::::::::::::::::::::: :::::;;;:::';::::::::::i

1

20

ai

1

1

1

24

25

1

i

!

•i*

i«»

37
138

32
72

t

298
:io2

19:1
102

175
220

1

::::::;:::::::::::. :;;:.;;;:;;::;:i

Toliil

July 1

3 * *

' i

10, 807

3, 312

1,017

6110

385

305

1... 1

!

458
7»9

11

234
250

279

203

152

1

;..... ." 1..:: .::;;:

m-

505
752
318
389
480
628
1,092
850
725

6«g

436

i:m
94

37

27
103

04
118

f)0

on

43

184
299
421
5U8
613
2.'l
146
645
521
526
570
442

!

4

6

«

7

8

tu

1,565
404
376
280
224

m

67

302
208
225

287
173

:::::;:;:;:::::::::: i::;::::::::i

■

::;::;;;:;:i;:::;:::::

1

j

<

11

776

105

:::::::::::::::;::;:;: ::::;:::::'i

1

13

14

15

16

17

574
405

728
1.504

253
199
211
773

1

1

'1 ;■■■■

.:;;::; l::::::::'":::::::i

685
787
801
850
9<l5
1,376

3
5
14

403
303
374
311
S38
414

18

19

20

21

22

23

863
3.880
2,542
l.KOS
1.586
1,077

212
1.294
1,278

032
1,213

496

35

:

4.108
.3,744
2. 0U7
1, 202
2,169
1,208

1,057
593

25

\

!

26

27

1,708

1,867

931
480
374
212

■; 1 ::*"*

1

28

29

30

31

487
2, 339
7,410

587

587

2, 212

119

1,858 1

1

601

j

Total

31,8:18

229

13,458

29,542

1,321

11,761

2,258

2,920

881

844

304

269

22(1
71
106

38

209
366
155

3

4

5.

6

7

3.777
3,048
2, 6:1s
2,570
2,1»4

742
1.542
1,:i8»

7B7
1,437

315
13

1.421
3,058
1,618
1,080
1,«09-

223
201
105
248

:w9

40

8

9

1,BS2

1. 129

301

600

609

1,235

[

10

11

Total

Uraiiilliital.

1,325
610

239
345

19.011

7,590

16, 743

" 1,990

3.936

i

1

81.540

10.848

22,965

46,^:3

1,706

16,002; 3.516 5.740

aos

iao quaiuii'it'H Hiiowii lu mm coiuiud lor auKani. rDifrvai'iii aiiiau uniiiouK saiiuuii, musiiy iiauer 4 pounns in weigni,
nnd are not iiicludwl in 1I10 grand total.

The following table, relating to tlie year 1893, and applying to that part of the
( 'olniiibia Kiver adJiioiMit to Astoria, shows by nionth.s the immber of different kinds
of salmon taken by certain gill nets, pound nets, and seines, respectively, the entire
catch of which was landed at a cannery, from the books of which the figures were
drawn. The fish here shown are the same as those whose average weights &re
recorded in anotiier place in this report.

Dctc
ren and
presentei
wlicflls O]
river wlu
is about .'
(Jelilo,

The
the owne
<laily cat(
iiiid one
lor detail
and the
tishing.
vohiine
iibiindan
vajiiabk
salmon m
The
inclusive,
these, IG,"
latter ha
'file largi
l.<i77, in
he used,
ivcalled
hUieback

NOTES ON THE FISUEUIES OF THE PACIFIC COAST.

253

'able showing the monthly catch of chinook, bluehaek. and Hteelheiid nalmon in a certHin number «/ ijill nrti,
pound nets, anil HeiniH employed at the mouth of the Cnlumhia Hirer in IStiS,

Montbk.

April ...
M..y....

Juno

July....
August.

Total .

Olll nets.
(April 17 to August 10.)

Niiin.

ber

of not*

used.

Number of flsb tiikaii

lit

160
lOS
168
136

Chlnooks.

lllue-
backs. : beiuls.

Voiiud lifts.
(April 17 to August 10.)

Mum
ber

.I'JSl ! Total. ••,';,'J«f I Chinook..

Kuuiber of Hsh taken.

6,409 I
23,468

2'.', WW
15, Bl"
U. H»2

2

16
»1

18!
17

.111
847
617

6, 420

at, 501

22,610
16, 767
l:i, !>39

40

7,1 I

75 1

75

75

418
1.793
3,350
6,5.10
3,10»

Blue- Html-
backs, heatis.

208
1,7»2
,1,466
l.KUl

.11)

207 i
4, 137 ,

10.031
2, 305 !

Total.

6H3
3, 7112
12. 0,13
18. 382
5,414

80,604

2,010 82,846 j

15, 218 I 0, 167 Id, 73S i 41, 224

Months.

April....

May

June

July

August .

Total.

Seines.
(June 20 to August 10.)

Nuin- Number of lish taken.

ber of

seines f,,,,,,-.^, i Blue- i Steel-
used, j l-hluooks. ^y„„^^ ; Leajg.

158
6.889
2,872

413

426
5,827
1,555

Total iiumbrr of lish tiiki-ii.

ni.i«»AT... Blue- Steel- ,p„4.i
(.hlnooks. y^^^_ h^^,^ rotol.

813
12. 129 I
4,427 I

6,826
25. 261
25,518
28,356
18. 873

8, 019

M2 i 7,806

17,369 ;

104,881

210

1,808
5,786
2,217

10,021

77

224

5,074

16,705

4,507

26,687

7,112
27. 20:i

■n9, 376
47, 278
23,380

141,430

Detailed statisiiex for Hnlmon iohceh. — Tlirongh the coiirtosy of Mr. Fiaiik Jf. War-
ren and Dr. .lolin Willianisoii, of I'orthind, Orcg., tlie following dt'tailcd data are
])re8ented, showing, for u i)eriod of years, the daily catch of salmon by certain
wheels operated at the (Cascades of the Columbia, which is the lowermost part of the
river where the use of wheels is possible. The number now operated there aiiiiiially
is about 35, and about 2.S more are eini»loyed in the upper river at The Dalles and
(Jelilo.

The following figures, which have been drawn from the records of Mr. Warren,
the owner t)f the wheels, show, for a series of eleven years, terminating in 1894, the
tlaily catch of each kind of salmon in tnie wheel fished on the Oregon side of the river
and one on the Wa.shington shore. The catch of the wheels in tiuestioii was .selected
tor detailed jircsentation because they were operated coiitiiiuously during each season
and the yield reinesenta the jirodnctive capacity of that part of the river for wheel
lishing. Thenncertaintiesattendingthe prosecution of thisti.shery; the iufiuence of the
volume of water on the catch; and the daily, nmnthly, and annual fluctuations in th»!
abundance of the ditterent salmon are well exhibited in the tables. The data are al.so
valuable for the comparisons that may be made. Separate figures are given for the
.salmon weighing 20 jiounds tu- more and those weighing less than 20 yiounds.

The aggregate catch of the two wheels in tjuestion during the years 18H3 to ],Si)4,
inclusive, was S04,(i'.)3 marketable salmon, as shown in the following summary. Of
these, ]63,52(i were chi nooks, 5<Hi»,l 83 were bluebat'ks, and > 1,984 were steelheads. The
hitter have only iwently come into use, and the ttatcli is not reported jirior I o 1887,
The largest number of ti.sh, namely, 1-34,144, was taken in 188«i; the smallest number,
1.1)77, in 18!)4, while in 1880, owing to the htw state of the water, the wIkh'Is could not
be used. The catch of chinooks was larger in 1884 than in any other year; it will be
ncalled that the acme of the canning industry on the river was then attained. The
blueljack yield was largest in 188(i. The biennial character of the run of this lish, of

264

UULLE'lIN OK THE UNITED STATES F18II COMMISSION.

wliidi nuiiitioii it* «'lHe\vlHMt' iiiado, i» well illiistruted by thcHc H^ures. On coiii]mriii(r
18.S1, 1S«(), 1HH8, IH'IO, and IKOL' with IWH't, ISH,"), 1887, ISJH, and 1H<)3, it ai)pt'ars the
catili (Iminjj the I'oriner scries was .'U1,L'.').'{ fish, and diiiin^f the latter 24(i,8iSl lish.

^'Hmmui'j/ uf the yi'urly valcli of aaliiion in liio irhefh localiil, renpeclively, on the Ihregon and 1f'a»hin{ilon

»ldm of the Colnmbio Jliver, at the Viuoadet.

Teun.

Chtnooki.

Xumber.
20.908
27,902
12. 049
13.641
21.984
11.996

IlliiDburka.

Xumbtr.
75. 121
83.219
.'.O. 208
120.503
80. MM
40,978

HUielheMls.'

ToUI.

1883

Xumbtr. \

Numbtr.
06,029
111,12!

71.257
134. 144
107,506

59, 079

1884 .

1885

1

1886

1887

5,356
6 105

1888

1889

18(10

23. 161

4.080

12. .'.72

14.670

5,54

163.526

74.410
10.448
22. 134
21.018
1.049

8.004

I..V.7

14.074 i

16.724 1

74 ;

10.5.674

16.004

48.780

53,382

1,677

18M

180;'

1891

1894

Total

589, 183

51, 984

804,693

* Not uMliiMl prior to 1887. The flali caught were giv<>ii iiwny.

The folUtwing tables illustrate the monthly variations in the abundanee of ehi-
nooks and bluebaeks during each of the year.s mentioned. The largest cateh of both
tish is obtained in -lune; in April and August the yield is inBigiiitlcant.

Slulemnil of the iiiimhir of chiiiook i,r.!!iiin taken iv mihlij in two irheelii loititid, mpeclirelii, on the Oregon
and ll'anhinglon aideii of the Colnnihia liieer, nt the CaiivadcH, from JSS.I to //^!/4, inclusive.

Ytan.

April.

May.

June.

7.393
1,5.303

7,102
11.427

7.305

0. .'>9:i

July.

Augnat.

Total.

1883

5,ai7

3,787
3.123
410
3.228
2.666

8,458
8,722
1,824
1,804
11,271
2. 725

20,908
27, 902
12, 040
13, 641
21.084
11,906

1884

1885

1880

1887

90

1888

12

1H89

18'.»

13. 331
1.072

281
1.487

620

8,970
2,878
7,008
8,710

a5l

139

4. 3.59

3.912

'■

23, 161
4.089
12. 572
14,670
654

1891

1892

24
553

1893

8

34

1894

Total

54

34,962

83. 778

44.065

607

IWl. 520

Statement of the number of blueback lalmon taken monthly i» two wheel) located, respectively, on the Oregon
and Washington sides of the Columbia Hirer, at the Cascades, from 1SS3 to 1894, inclusive.

Yeora.

April.

May.

June.

July.

August.

Total.

1883

5.108
4. 3.50
5,206
2,161
5.283
4,281

59. 621
65. 302
42,717
111.40U
;i8. 644
31,014

10, .192
13,477
11.195

fl.942
36.3:11

5.496

75, 121
83, 210
.59. 208
120.503
80.166
40.078

1884

1883

1S80

*

H87

1888

187

1889

1890

88

12. 170
1.022

0. 203
1.783

1. 030

54. 670
7.583
11.334
12. 515

7,4K5

94;t

4,591
7,544

74,419
10, 448
22. 131
21. 938
1,049

1891

1H92

8?

1H9J

12
10

1894

Total

1

297

49,902

434.790

m,i04

90

.589. 183

Tlis maximum height of water shown in the tables was .30 feet 8 inche.« in 1804.
Shortly after that i>oiiit was reached the wheels were washed away, and the water

omiMirinp
(jH'iirs the
.1 iish.

n'aihinglon

NOTKS ON THE FISHERIES OK THE PACIFIC COAST.

255

iiico of clii-
itcli of both

, on i.he Oregon
nvlusice.

I/, <iH ihc Oregon
iiiliitive.

rontimiod to rise till Juiki S, wIumi it iittaiiu'd a ln'it;lit of 41 iWt !> inclies. Tlic lo\v»'«t
water ri'conl WHS 10 fi-et (» iiuilu-.s at tiic Itcj-iiiiiiim <»f flio Hca.son of 1.S!».'5. Very fow
ti.sh coui])arativcly are takcu when the water is niider 15 feet IiikIi- Tlie poorcHt
season, wlicii tlio Hsliiiifj was not siis|MMuh'<l on account of to<t low water or too high
water (as in IS.Sl) and \ii\H), was in 18!)I. In that year the niaxiiniiin hei^jht of water
was only 1!) feet T) inches, and only during the lirst ten days in .1 line was the water over
n> feet. In 1.H.S4, the best year for these wheels, the water was over 20 feet dniin;; the
entire time from .May 20 to .Inly S. In 188(1, when the moat bluebacks wer<^ taken, th^
water was L'O feet or over from May 27 to .lune .'JO.

The following tables give, in detail, the daily catch of the wheels referred to:

Slahmieiil (if Ihv daily vulrh of Halmon in tiro wheih loratiil, iinpevlinlji, on Ihii Oreijon and If'tiHhlniiton
sides of Ihc I 'ulumbia Hirer al the CnHiadm, with a nvuril of the hiiijht of water ahuve hir-watvr mark.

iKihep in 1804.
md the water

Date.

Height

oT
water.

Sinilll
cliinmikn.

I.iirK"
uhinookH.

Xumbtr.
0
6

2
3
2

14

78
167
208
214
1311
115
244
245
273
231

Oregoo.

Wnslilngtoii.

Ul<i«
backri.

Xumber.

85
58
21
32
45
91
224

Rtecl-
head!.

Total.

Small
t'liiiiuiikii.

Xumbtr.

I^ariie
cliiiiuoks.

Xumber.

Kliie.
backa.

Xumter.

su.«i.

bunds.

Total.

1883.
.Mny 14
15
16
17
18
19
21
22
23
24
25
26
28
29
3U
31

Total .

Juo« 1
2
4
S
6
7
8
9
11
12
13
14

Ft. In.
19 0

W 4
21 3
21 6
21 8
21 10
21 9
21 7

21 6

22 0
22 7
22 10
22 3
21 10

21 10

22 2

Xumbtr.
45

28

It

20

52

62

230

25!)

252

IIW

176

178

232

250

237

236

Xumbfr.

Xumber.
136

95

36

55

99

170

538

788

790

fl.'.7

674

007

714

9fl»

802

1.0fl;l

Xumbtr. \ Xumber.

'

(

4
9

22
38
63
48
38
72
71
53
M
52

10

20
39

88
123
109 j

i:i8

80
259
289
227
214
228

38
«2
81
104
77
37
174
192
155
144
168

4

4
12
13

5
13
20
19
14

8

3110

330
2.13
3118
3IU
238
■!74
392
576

2,482

1,941

8,808

8,291

1.137
1,100
076
1,920
1,8.12
2,436
2,080

2, 769
1,403
2,939
4,510
4, 302
2,558
4,310
4, 522

3, 140
2.643
2,215
1.479
3,453

959
1,101
1. 130
1.114

616

118

1,240

1,87(

22 3
22 3
22 4
22 2

22 1
22 1
22 1

22 2

23 2

23 9

24 4
24 7
23 9
23 8

23 11

24 1
24 2
24 3
24 0
23 11
23 10
23 10
23 10
23 0

229
130
(2

m

50

96

88

109

81

62

112

145

131

78

146

122

107

176

56

121

64

55

73

113

244
208
104
111
102
144
118
180

ai

81
140
101
131
205
210
202
212
113
l,i9
116
55
82

664

768
820
1,700
1,080
2.190
2,4811
2.404

57
43
40
23
45
46
51
U
48
44
59

It

4
22
11
11
24
24
32
36
13
30

184
224
500
288
608
536
527
090
204
296
616

267
271
022
822
604
006
002
772
348
863
705

1,237
2,790

4,288
4,110
2,2116
4, 03U

18

,56
70

24
30

503
04b

683'

754

19

20

4.166
3.816
2.204
1,800

21

i j "

22

24

68
GO

00
67
80

72
79

0
16
12
26
17
18
13
21

296
308
408
330
328
384
272
290

23

..

442
480
452
412
482
3B7
396

25

1,204

3,216

840

1,024

!<84<

924

! 26

27

28
29
.10

Total.

July 2

! 3
4
5
6

2,541

3,268

50,98;)

50,792

1, 178.

400

8
19
18
14
6
9
19
20

8,638

10,222

23 9
23 0
23 6
2;i 3
22 11
22 6
21 11
21 S
21 1
20 9
20 5
:'0 1
19 4

172
162
285
325
853
366
113
225
206
25-
2?0
212
105

99

i:i3

279
38*
337
335
210
292
204
177
166
188
61

784
752
8.-12
880
903
832
368
560
504
368
424
464
204

1,0.V>

1.047

1.396

1,580

1,6113

1,533

6U1

1.077

904

802

810

864

430

72
1(10
88
55
32
16
28
30

108
160
208
136
104
80
64
56

248
286
314

205

141

106
111

106

9

10
11
12
13
14
16

28
44
20
32

18
33
29
51

40
40
10
10

8«

119
05
99

^66

BULLETIN or THE IJNITKD STATES PISH COMMISSION.

Stalemenl of the daily laick of aalmnn in liim wheelf, etv, — Cuntiuiinil.

Date,

Ilslubt

of 1

Oncoo. 1

Hnmll
chluooki.

Sumber. '
77
66
00
40
22

Waahlngt4>n.

Hniall
oblnookn.

LariiP
RhIniNika.

III 8t«>l

backa. liNUla.

Total. !

1
l/umbtr.
529 1
827
661
284 ,
141

LiirKo
chinmikn.

ItlUK

Imckid.

lieaila.
A'umW.

Total.

1883.
July 17
18
19
20
31

Total

( i rand
total.

1884.
Mav 12
13
14
16
10
17
19
20

?i

^l
20
27
28
29
30
31

Total.

June 2
3
4
6
6
7
9
10

11

12
13
14
10
17
18
19
20
21
23
24
25
20

n. in. 1

18 11
18 6 1
IH 0 ,
17 5
17 0 1

Xumi*r,
155

Numbtr.
IK

184

488
307
146
1U2

Kumbt.

Xuinber.
70
89
09
53
43

Numbir.
18
IS
24

8
H

S'umb»r,
IW)

171
153
107
•,J

179 i7.'i

86
91

53
8

3,060
8.083

3,401

9,2:13

16,288

822
2,610

575

1, 160

2,687

8,610

64,083

8) .'178

1,0M

11,038

14,663

■

1

53
91
32

2
8
2

48
68
IS

102
155
50

16 9 06 1 3

17 8 123 5

18 1 40 ' 2
18 3 101 1 7
18 6 179 10

ieo

210
88
312
388
204
10(1
HO

228
344
130
480
677
621
427
218
283
226
49«
545
315
436
240
241
382

24
33
76
72
41
82
52
104
130
124
36
24
28
28

2
2
4
3
3
1
1
11
17
8
4
2

33
24

88
80
72
72
04

68

58
108
154

no

105

117

223

241

2U0

80

42

78

94

19 5 237

20 1 248

21 0 124

21 9 122

22 3 90
22 5 247

22 9 241

23 2 . 154

23 9 180

24 6 90
24 10 72
24 9 100

20
V.)
14
9

10

152
I'iO

17 232
40 204
25 I.'IO
34 210
15 138
U : 100
2 280

108
88
08
40
18
48
64

2

2.491

241 1 3,360

6,098

981

71

984 1 1 2,039

24 0 ; 221
24 2 423

24 8 408

25 4 ! 18U

25 10 I 173

26 3 1 202
26 8 270
2» 7 284
26 7 32»

23
77
80
70
00
95
70
84
120

344

744

004

432

701

7.12

1.184

1.640

2.708

1,776

2,096

1,788

2,592

3.344

3.994

3,080

2, 752

3, 440

2.984

3.032

2.0.10

1.560

1,992

2.9:6

1.488

588
1,244
1,458
082
943
1,049
1,536
2,008
3,218
2.241
2,390
1,993
2,854
3,809
4,691
4,421
3,343
4.027
3,431
4, 362
2, 524
1,034
2,414
3,626
1,931

138

220

124

78

48

66

100

130

120

160

84

4

80

52

232

296

248

142

1.16

196

72

152

104

164

240

22
32
28
21
0
11
21
42
37
70
25

i:iO
258
216
232
204
130

398

508

388

331

321

203

333

408

663

850

600

63

640

397

1,007

1,805

1.540

782

830

1,270

4112

1,519

714

1,160

1,213

200

228

490

624

400

48

440

320

712

1.408

1 238

570

050

1,010

416

20 9
27 3
27 2
20 11
20 9
20 6
20 2
25 9
25 8
25 6
2.') 6
25 4
•a, 4

350 1 109
232 08
103 42
210 62
343 122
400 231
475 206
359 232
395 1 192
319 128
511 219
318 1 120
2)8 i 110
284 ! 138
382 1 208

9H1 1 !«•'

20
25
63
101
00
64
;<8
07
4
47
18
30
77

i,:i2fi

592
900
890

27 s.'S 3

28
30

Total.

July 1
2
3
4
5
7
8
9
10
11
12
14
15

ToUl.

Granil
total.

24 11
24 2

7.883

3. 1:i4 1 51.000

62,623

3.378

998

13, 786

18, 162

23- 10
23 6
23 1
ti 7
22 1
20 11
20 4
19 10
19 2
18 0
18 4
17 4
17 0

315
254
474
417
514
459
484
330
307

266
294
331
304
280
22.5
169
130
11)9

1,266
736
984

1.248
900

1,003
882
580
301
485
245

1,847

1,284

1.789

1,969

1.754

1,687

1,536

1,049

977

849

420

146

.56

168

260

228

240

228

134

92

04

52

90

92

120

124

02
50
02
35
37
70
01
80
25
17
20
32
60

544

050

072

708

786

238

200

160

112

64

88

48

00

774
9H1
962
1,043
1,001
412
353

1:54

Hi9
171
'JOO
206
270

201 1 103
120 > 49

.

32 i 15 1 99
8 I 2 i 40

1

3.981 1 2.277 j 9,096

16,353

1,904

600

4,382

6,8401

14,356

5,652

64,007

84,074

0,206

1,629

19, 152

27, W? 1

,

Data.

1888,
May II
12

13
14
16
18

18
19

20 !
21

22 I ,

23 j i

25 I ;

26 I 1

27 )

28 I :

29 I I

30 I 1
ToUl.l...

June 1 I 1

a I

8 I I
4

5
6

8

9

10

11

12

13

t!i

10

17 1

"* i

10

20

22 1 2i

I 23 ! Ju

j 24 I 2(J

25 { 2IJ

20 : 20

27 I 20

29 ;

30 !
Total .

J"lv 1 I
2 •
3
4
0

7 :

8 [

II •
'lolal :.

'•riind
iiital.]

■ ■■"lO. i
M,.v 12 ;

13 ;
14

15
2(1
21
22

24 I

25 i
20 :
27 '
2H
20,
31

■l'"llll. .

Ii;

Total.

tlnr.

3,557

14,863

2,030

18, 162

fl, 845 :

27, W

NOTES ON THE I'ISHKUIKS Ol" IIIK I'AflFIC COAST.
Slalfnienl of ihr ilnily vatch nf tatmon i'h tiro irhftU, «<c.— ContiniiPil,

•ifj?

llolglit

of
water.

Oragoa.

, ..

Wiwliliigt«n,

Uftte.

Rninit
rtiliiiMika

Sumlttr.

13

B

7

12

11

36

70

28

110

IM

lOfl

122

40

56

8

4

4

2

801

L«rg*
rhlnouk*

.Viim»«r,

BIu*
tack*.

bMdi.
Numbrr.

Total.

Hmull
rhinunkii

Urge
I'liinooki.

.Vt4in5>r.
2
5
3
2
2
2
3
2
5
12
18
24
24
14
13
0
8
7

Itlue-
bavke.

Xumbtr.

.50

134

84

88

6t

,56

76

41

116

152

14)

108

104

184

360

153

134

108

m

138
128

132

no

176

8t«el.
hewU.

Total.

Xuii^r.

77

IHHft.
Muy n
1"

ft. in.
16 0
10 6
16 7

16 0

17 4

18 1
18 0
18 0
18 8
18 6
18 7
18 0
18 7
18 3
17 11
17 8
17 a
17 8

Numl>«r.

101

138

114

88

188

S7S

844

318

4.33

834

858

480

138

138

78

8i

83

73

Knmbtr.

203
140
I.U
KM
180
416
423
350
567
803
7B0

eao

174
201
85
88
88
78
S,2S8

03

155

383

4V0

345

771

621

812

004

1,040

1,280

1,558

734

1,711

6K6

470

1,341

2,008

2,087

8,2»6

2,700

2,150

2,511

2, 370

Kio

1.403

"32,756

070

1,105

880

8:ii

OOO
0,'>8
833
582
384
2158
7,806

45,860

Xunibrr,
10
40
31
28
23
10
33
17
38
Ji
02
72
100
113
88
37
44
84

a
74

73

51
42
88
32
36
48
46
80
68
.50
28
12
28
32
30
fit
116
52
56
52
02
78
84
1,T^8

' 88

08
40
20
32
40
22
32
20
32
433

A'uiit6«r.

1
2

Its 1

];i

111

U

118

1&

1
4
B
0
16
23
28
18
6
B
1

74

113

63

''0

150

21

303

22

254

'•:i

204

2S

328

20

310

27

340
IBH
174
179

2H

i'

:to

TuUl .

80

130

2116

352

218

400

560

712

736

028

1,148

1,433

558

1,500

630

302

1,173

1,713

1.80S

2,863

2,438

1.027

2.2.33

2,123

063

1,118

38,333

1.008
686
037
768
811

m

i.m 1

17^

17 4

18 2
18 8
IS 0
IS 0
10 4
10 1
18 10
18 6
18 5
18 6
10 6
10 8
10 10
10 11
20 0
20 2
20 0
20 8
20 8
20 G
20 4
20 3
20 0
1010

12

IS
108

60
334

48

08

lie

71
72
101
72
33
20
32
02
184
143
208
140
126
102
184
120
148
'2,788

112

132

124

108

84

72

51

32

34

18

1
a

23

3(1

il5

13
32
52
50
40
25
106
170
36
48
77
201
130
1,15
122

loe

80
63
48
07

13

33
32
26

2(1
38
71
41
66
05
06
33
0
35
10
30
08
02
22
46
28
41
44
44

— -jg«

2

338

3

237

4

103

5

250

0

248

385

2.12
352
380
316

no

360

633

600

424

840

473

678

1, 3.18

. 1,344

INI8

018

1,1121

1,520

006

038

14,404

6118
448
472
608
458

'.'M4 1

;ciii I

10

;ioo 1

303 1

u

12

386 '

l;i

523

>5

754 1

16

681

17

446

18

683

19

523

645 1

1,368

'Ki

1,553

1,043

26

1,020

26

1,104

27

1,653

li'>

818

30

1,068

r»tal .

1,001

.7.7......

IT, 083

July 1
■ 2

10 8
IB 7
IS 5
10 8
1« 0
18 4
18 2
17 0

17 3

18 10

Si

55
76
86
48
75
34
10
16
8

^41
43
18

7

18
30
20
15

6

— .

588

3

530

4'

635

0

504

7

608
353
430

668

8

748

304

g

534
3M
238

483

10

437

11

7 ! 208
163 \ 4 588

347

To(«I .

7te

444

6,807

j,"2ir

lininil
total.

4,844

3,81ft

SB, 201

8,058

12
8
8
8
4
20
18
4

16
5(1
40
28
18
4

1,435

20,007
53

36,807

66
48
32
20
21
01
84
03
40

165
03

136
68
28

iHse.

Mnv 12

12 4
12 8

12 0

13 8

13 0

14 3
16 2
18 6
18 11
10 5
30 6

21 6

22 0

23 11

' 13

40

14

24
12
15
80
8)

88

15

20

.

2
3
4
1

21

:;::::::::i"-":::::

22

24

16
12
12

16
28
28
20

a

4
2

187
145
183
128
100
326
303

186
101
107
144
2:12
361)
327

25

24

20

4
2
3
2

111

27

51

05
40

28

5
0

4

20

31

24

'I'otal .

.

132

24

1,451

1,807

234

20 710 1 i 064 1

I

F. C. B. 1804-17

2r>8

HULLKTIN nV THK UNITKI) KTATKH KI8H (.'OMMIBHION.
Stalemtnl of Ihe dally ratrK of lalmoH in tiro whtelif *te, — Continnml,

1

nrlllil

iiT
wat«r.

Orf'Kuu.

Waablnftm.

1

Snmll
ehliHMika.

lfumb*r.
62
88
116

152

;kki

102
116
106

248
240

Ifta

14ft
212
204
330
200
214
177
310
408
440
342
470
188
224
346

Ijirao

rbiiiiHikii.

tlumbtr,
10
IS
44

71

114

77

OU

71

100

103

62

64

1311

129

138

110

68

82

138

200

168

132

144

34

62

130

HI no

l>H4'ka.

54«
480

S8:i
578
886
890
671

Hlaal-
hrod*.

Aumtif.

Total.

Hraall
ohtnooka.

Lari*
Khinooka.

SmHt4r.
12
10
18
34
84
14
14
38
71
21
24
28
48
38

HIiiK. 8lMl.
baokt. Iiaadi.

Xiimbtr. Numttr.
44

Total.

m

n. tn.

24 4
14 0

21 11

2ft 3
2ft 6
26 U

26 a

M 9

26 0

20 H
26 6
26 U

25 4
24 11
24 0
14 0
23 6

22 H
22 3

21 10
21 6
21 3
2U 0
2U 0
20 2
20 0

Numkir.
•14
(W
T4S

m

1,010
1,168
847
1,708
8,680
8,187
3,(01
3, (SO
6.l«l
0,001
(I HI
8,(14
8,188
8,034
8.400
•,04S
4,735
S,S0O
4,748
3,3(4
IMl
1, 078

Xumbtr.
10
4T
70

181

IM
60
44
48

136
8«
83
80
73

IM

76
18.1
340
888

376

166

]

M

18U

21S

ft

218 i

7

\n '

«

190

338

s

1,437
2. 101
2. 844

1. 284

2, 749
4,810
6,360
7,044
8.444
8. 851
7,775

144 '

127

10

800

1,0T.I
888
M
1,417
1,(B3
3,4(8

480

12

871 1

]4

l,;nj 1

1,486 1

2,804 1

17

!".:

21

IM
83
(4

130
106
8<<
80
((
52

81
48
33
113
73
SO
80
80
80

1,972

1 g4H '

8,189

1.(88
1,628
1,127
1,611

876
1, 136 i
1,080 1

847

22

7.S4A
S, 437
4.117
4, 820
4,128
2, ISJ
1,157
l,6U2

1^1

1 StlH

24

H88 1

1,432 i

7H2 1

1,008 1

BI2

486

ToUl.

10 11
19 0
19 S
18 11
18 t
18 4
18 1
17 9
17 8
16 6
16 3

6,138

232

284

228

SU

4

20

48

12

2, 474

91.234

100,110

1,807

918

10 166

21,9811

'

July 1

100

72

66

26

6

9

6

17

837
837
547
2.V'I
187
2-.M
171
125

1,388
1,103
841
880
197
280
225
154

76
02
82
24
44

4
33
25
20

8
12

40

B7

35

13

18

1

6

6

3

B

1

812 i

0,17 1

927 I

8t:i|

233 1

ftlO

818

310

247

ISlit

83:

83'

778 1

3

000 '

. 5

•
7
(

0

10

216

456

812

272

216

136

12
13

40

40

Total

888

302

3,268

4,488

410

105

3,874

4,288

...

Grnid
total

7,lft8

1,800

78

100,911

3,880

1,133

IN

23, ftftO

37,233

15 8

16 B
16 6
16 ft
16 0

16 11

17 0
16 9
16 S
16 0

16 S

18 8
15 ft
1ft 0
10 0

17 2

18 10
21 0
21 ft
21 0

21 10

22 11

23 11
25 11
27 3

1887.
May 2
3
4
B
7
9
10
11
12
13
14
16
17

178
78

1

j

54

72 1

07
187

3IU

4:'8

720

2:17

3.10

<M]

620

2771

93!

691
122:

m\

36'

20;
111

72

3

10

108

73

38

80

108

360

518

110

lie

181

208

188

4

20

44

40

24

12

8

4

20 I

04 1

150

a

12

278
10!

298
114

118 i

1

1

68 1

78

24
72

80
84

104
188

mo 1

3

3

1
1
3
2
2
7

170

200

120 '

..

232

10
20
21
23
24
25
26
27
28
30
81

'

271

68
108
52
68
83
120
111
48
24
12

2
12
8
10
10
14
20
4
8
2

56
487
222
184
213
236
159
346

64

126
707
281
262
300
370
2S0
208
93
38

410

112 '

83

1
6
2
3

48

72

40

40

24

12

24

8

022

1

89

2,671

3,682

2,180

31

2,612 1

4,82(!

1

^ 1

ll.'ll,

1 >l4ll<.

III'

wall

1887.

n. <

IIIIK 1

28

6

',u

7

110

8

20

9

20

10

28

11

28

13

28

14

28

1ft

20

16

28

17

.10

18

31

20

32

21

31

22

31

2ft

I 27

18
29
30

■Intnl.

.Inly 1
2
4

S

23 I 31

24 31

31
31

31

80 1

30
28
20
28 1

6

28

7

28

8

28

U

28

10

27 ;

11

27

12

27

13

20

14

20

IS

29

10

2ft

18

21

19

23

20

22

21

21 1

22

21

23

21

2ft

20

20

10 1

27

19

28

to

20 :

18 1

Iiital

Am;;. 1

(irniiil
total

1HK8.

A|.f. 20
27
28
30

1 "Inl .

Mav 1

18

18

12
IS
13
12

12
12
12
13
13
14
14
15

Nv TE8 ON THE K18HKKIE8 OF THE I'ACIKIC COAST.
SlattmtHl of tht ilailf calch i>J' salinuH in /no irhetU, rfc— ('onliniiiid.

259

Total.

\b4r.

Kumbtr.
7(1
IM
240

hhh
;i7()

366
3.18
227

i,o;;i

598

M»

1,417

t,C53

a,4M

1,139

l.tMl
1,625
1,127
1,611

876
1, i:ili {
l,U59i

617

21,981 I

«a7l
927
813
253 I
519 I
818
310
247
158
53
53

4,288 1

27,233!

M

72

29

74

258

189
97

157

304

438

720

2.17

350

458

620

277
»3|
091

1221

M
20
13:

"TeaTi

Hnlcht

iif
wairr.

Hiiiall
rlilncMilia.

Numb*r.

Large
oliliiuoka.

Jfumttr.
I

OngDH.

WMhlagton.

Ihilh.

Bine- 8tMl-
baokt. bewU.

Total.

Sumhtr.

B7

48

147

!I83

662

l,A23

1,476

1,413

983

l,U6:i

1,8:18

2. 42B

718

60

1,40«

3.634

2,200

2,377

3.486

2,7«g

3,638

3,706

4.477

Hiiiall
rliilliMika.

Sumhtr.

liMfKH

rliltiiHika.

iiiiii-.

biu'ka.
yUmbrr.

HIkcI.
hiwU.

Numbtr.

Total,

IMT.

n. in.

28 10

;<i 7

110 2

29 7

29 2
28 9
28 a

28 9
W 1

30 4

29 8

30 3

31 11
82 10
33 4
33 2
33 1
33 1
33 5

32 a

33 0
31 7
30 10

Numb*r.
M
41

111

son

B3tt
708
999
820

ooe

1.4311

Kumbtr,

Ifuminr.

Nu)i%btr,

6

6
34

72
100
22:1
412
470
224
440
206
348

84

2
10
20
48
43
173
88

16

ia

43

88
207
187
432
250

7

*
7
26
.31
65

113
62
87
86

129
34

•1

40
74
116
164
94
79
190
274

1

H

4 ««

7 m
13 iia

.16 884
36 13«

11

lu

11

13

14

15

64
42
64

it 380

30 iOH

366
48U
506

16

1,4.'><1

1,94.S

OtlO

5a

1,472
2. 5.36
2. 022
2. 1169
2.114
2.484
8,384
3,216
3. 743

17

34
3

408
24
58

18

20

21

2(
4)1
104
192
208
191
17B
800
480

22
2.1
24

84
36
80
12
36
80
70

sa

33

37

673
448
0211

788
6117
1,0.17
278
820
747
653

25

27

10 2fia

M

4

35
55

280
632
B38

{ 29

1 30

'I'ntal.

4,397

1,686

83,884

3H,966

953

3ao

6,600-

a, 978

30 2

20 6
29 0
38 10
28 8
28 B
28 2
28 1
27 10
27 8
27 1
26 »
26 3
25 9
25 1
23 10
23 2
22 8

21 11
21 6
21 1
20 3
10 11
10 6
10 2
18 11
18 8

■Inly J

4<M

428
312
332
314
348
264
228

196
180

98
119
100
110
108

83

4,315

4,272
3,196
3,628

4,875
4,886
S,6U0
4.079
3,054
2,635
1,870
1,330

143
120
76

136
110
112
96
120
64
98
72

5a

56
72
60
100
28
18
32
8
48
78
37
36
.18
28
38

109
76
74

100
84
67
81
83
22
25
10
34
17
14
8
41
11
20
28
12
.10
72
20
16
28
21
11

648
684
4U8
312
240
344
496
828
264
296
224
178
112
206
266
2M
72
84
108

la

24

'

900
780
558
548
434

• 623
673
613
434
5.51
414
3U4
329
650
524
861
187
234
652
1114
462

1,094
457
398
838
313
301

4

5

«

2.840
•-', 177
1,408
1,028

7

8

0

76
84
132
108
128
144
IU8
200
424
76
132
484
128
360
944
4IH)
340
272
2R4
252

10

11

208
1»4

60
152
110

80
108

72
272
344
516
380
276
212
144
220
212
204

86
80
20
26
10
12
54

;»

K
70
08
130
52
2fl
30
44
54
36

6;i2
577
224
040
508
480
781
204
224
210
4»fl
.'>3a
384
320
352
464
48U
48il

876
771
:i04
818
"0«
572
946
366
501
Oiie
1,110
1.052
712
558
526
728
746
720

12

13

14

16

1 18

! 19

20

21
22
23
25
2fl
27
28
29
80

i Tutal.

Au«. 1

<iraii(l
total.

1«.<8.
A],!. 26
27

6,430

1.H41

30,775

39,046

1,886

1.114

5, .564

5, 122

13 686

18 0

62

28

334

324

11,748

3. 615

66.330

81.604

5,087

1,633

13, 8:16

6,356

26, 813

12 1
18 1

13 2
12 10

44

«H
.'>6
19

44

68
56
81

1

28

30

12

I'ola! .

12

187

190 ]

'

Mi.v 1

12 7
12 8

12 B

13 6

13 11
U 4

14 g
IB 0

1

17
28
44
54
20
80
00
20

24

66
81)
132
40
64
2
32

41 1

86 i
124 1
1S6

00
14S

66

62

2

t

i

3

4

5

....

7

1

4

e

9

';"'

260

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.
Slaioment of the Saily catch of salmon in two wheels, etc. — Continued.

Date.

IlKi^bt
water.

Oregon.

Wartiiingnm.

Small
chinonkA

Large
i-liiiioikn.

nine- 1 Steel. 1 t.„. ,
bacn.. 1 hc8.1». i Total.

Small
oliiuooks.

Lar.^e
rliiiiooks.

lilue-
liackK.

SU-el-
lieada.

Total. 1

Sumbfr.
105

78

80
151

86
lUO
160
189
210

94
144

08
2*7
165
112
149
101

47

30

1888.

Ur.y 10
11
12
14
15
18
17
18
19
21
22
23
24

. , 25
28
2H
20
30
31

Total .

JUDU 1

2
4

5

6

7

8

9

• 11

12

13

14

15

16

18

19

20

21

22

23

26

20

27

28

29

30

Tutat .

July 2
3

4
6

e

7
0
10

11

12
13
11
10
17
18
19
20
21

Total .

Grand
toUl.

Ft. in.
15 3

15 9

16 2
10 2

15 10

16 0
10 5

17 1
17 9
17 6
17 4
17 1
17 0
10 8

in 5

10 3
10 4
JO 9
17 3

Number.
18
28
08
84
28
44
00
30
04
61
48
80
100
0,
18
28
34
40
32

Xumber.
2

iXiimber.

72
104
440
112
144

06
180

82
216
184
168
168
112
104

48

64
176
152
248

A'umbtr.

Ifamber.
90

\umber.
48
36
32
53
62
73
84

80
61
78
44
185
06
64
64
51
28
17

Sutnbfr.

1
2

o'

3

8
fl
10
14
4

Xumber.
50
40
48
96
24
24
08
88
120
16
64
24
90
64
48
84
48
10
13

Xtonber.

130
612
106
174
142
280
72
292
252
224
254
216
172
64
91
212
210
280

4

2
2
4
4
12
4
8
6
4
4

1

2
2
18
6

1
2
3

068

84

2, 820

3,872

1,532

82

1,461

8,076

82

139

73

110

229

31<

240

2321

154 1

196

700

401 j

381 '

1!«

2i)5

265

386

591

906

1,280

713

1,006

l,3i»l

1,219

1,446

17 9

18 5

19 7

20 3
2d 9

21 4

21 9

22 1
22 7
22 9
22 10

22 11

23 10
23 3
23 6
23 7
23 6
23 4
23 1
22 11
22 1
21 7
21 8
20 10
20 7
20 4

48

70

60

30

60

36

28

24

36

172

108

136

28

24

64

06

224

308

238

320

164

240

280

228

384

384

20

32

34

20

30

18

24

12

70

120

70

70

28

4

62

112

174

210

117

100

34

20

38

26

24

20

27i

34C

648

874

272

394

230

220

396

406

8U

606

958

176

292

484

880

1,030

1,510

1,917

1,904

1,634

2,826

2,686

1.8.i4

1, 8811

1,37'

28
88
9
6
11
0
15
14
10
17
85
13

'I
15
20
02
56
48
55
52
90
88
88
64
108

6
6

48
96
64
104
216
308
210
216
144
172
Cll8
384
368
102
178
224
304
496
702
1,144
692
856
092
704
550
6.32

440
284
216
304
176
168
360
860.
662
328
752
120
264
388
672
632
992
1,582
1,574
1,316
2, 38t>

2
2
9
2

7

20

4

6

1

8

10

20

23

26

28

21

26

19

25

24

26

11
11

16

30
63
48
124
202
404
512
680

2,308

1, Olio

1,4'»2

068

3, 708

1,485

20,500-

25, 783

980

321

1U,514

2, 181

14, WIS

19 7
19 8
18 10
18 7
18 5
18 1
17 6
17 1
16 7
16 3
15 10
15 6
14 10
14 6
14 4
14 4
14 1
13 10

3IU
348
316
272
288
ibi
894

m

4
104

8

14
12

8

432
630
704
612
416
8C8
844
232
48
192

744
808
1,032
702
714
408
652
898
52
102

20
63
511
44
48
40
12
10
18
6
8
4
4
4
8

»

2
10

'I
14

11
3
1
1
1
1

138
280
344
3««
240
170
5«
32
48
24
10

8
8

•

392
616
488
302
344
298
196
181
236
220
230
112
66
62
24
14
28
24

650
OSU
89"
813
046

6a

267
227
303
2M
275
132
6»
64
40
21
28
30

6'

1

6

2.256

70

3,724

6,050

330

69

1,772

8,924

6.095

7,022

1,639

27,044

16, 705

2,863

472

13,9:14

6,105

23,374;

1

He

Date.

wa

1890.

Ft

.Vpr .30

n

May I

11

2

l.i

3

11

6

11

6

2(

7

2(

8

21

9

■i\.

10

2:

12

24

13

2,')

14

2.")

15

2.'

16

1I.*>

1;

25

19

25

20

41

2^i

21
22
26
27
28
29
30
31
ToUl.

.Tune 2 j
3 '

t\

?!
0

25
24
2t
24
24
24
23

22
21
21
21
20
20
19

10 I 10

11 ! 10

July

I i:

12 1

18 I

16 I
17
18
19
20
21
23
24
25
26
27
28 ;
30:
Total j

1 i

2

3

4

6

7

10

U i

12

14

15

16

17

18

19

21

22 ;

23 I
I'otal . I

lirandl
toUl. ...

19
10
lU
19
19
10
18
18
18

Total.

utnber. |

a, IHl

14,OU5

302

SW

fil6

OM

488

897

303

813

344

we

2IH1

B3

196

207

184

227

230

303

220

251

250

275

112

IJI

5a

N

62

64

24

40

U

21

28

28

24

30

3,024

6.095

I

e, 105 1 23,374

NOTES ON THE FI8HKRIES OF THE PACIFIC COAST.
Statement of the dailg cateh of lalmon in two wheeh, etc. — Coiitiuiied.

m

Oregon.

WaahiDKtoD.

Dat«.

Small

Lnrgo

Hlup-

Steel-

Total.

SmaU

Large

Illiir-

Steel-

Totai.
Ifumb4r.

fhlnookH.

cbinoukB.

bai-ks.

lieada.

cbinouka.

cliiiiiioks.
Xumber,

bai'ka.
yumber.

boa<U.

1800.

Ft. in.

yumber

\umber.

Xumber.

yumber.

yumbfr.

yumber.

Xumber.

Apr. 30

12 10
14 1

88

1

89
28

May 1

i

—

24

3

2

15 5

16 8
IB 3
20 0
20 8

1

66

208

312

272

96

57

208
336
298
118

7
14

15
24
20

89

72
64
80
45

1

77
92
81
M
68

3

6

2

2

6

20
24
20

4
2
2

6

7

1

8

21 4

32

2

80

174

30

4

27

87

9

22 1

23 2

24 !

25 0
25 6
25 7

25 7

26 6
25 0
25 10

68
28
24
20
44
64
64
120
408
193

12

2

156
14

48

■i-i

88

.56

72

136

328

984

236

174

71:

72

138

124

158

284

902

1,403

8

4

7

4

22

28

47

128

318

244

1

10

20

21

8

16

10

21

58

144

162

28
24
29
14
39
47
74
212
668
478

10

12

1

13

4

e

4

22
28
168
226

2

14

i

3

«

26

104

80

15

16

H

IB

20

2

21

25 ,0
25 7
24 6
24 4
24 3
24 3
24 1
23 10

664
850
558
75B
016
464

:m

6,093

292
292
280
232
180

2B6
549
124
188
261
182
182
U5
2,338

640

1.' J
1,399
2, 024
2,479
2,224
1.022
722
037

364
246
444

350
494
6!0
202
308
3,972

150
93
67
64

104
86
57
70

928

ir.2

33
778
HOU
680
480
120
160
3,836

~ """48
136
2(18
240
2.56
624

608

371

1,287

1.020

1,278

1,100

409

538

22

26

1,344

1,280

1,312

376

162

162

8,340

27

28

2U

30

31

Total.

ie.m

i

8, 744

.June 2

22 e
21 10

21 6
21 1
20 7
20 . 2

133
74

06
119
04
60

264
360

280
344
472
652

651
726
608
743
76«
801

120
190
248
234
li>4
2.30

28
66
82

103
03

144

190
398
512
581
488
1.012

3

4

4
4

16
1!

4

6

6

7

9

9

19 6

116

33

392

4

545

156

46

448

•0

««')

10

19 5

144

68

488

8

698

148

77

088

LO

93;i

11

1ft 7

128

32

664

20

844

228

104

776

31

1, 139

12

19 9

136

72

690

^7

921

208

134

808

36

1.180

13

19 10

140

IOC

992

23

1.201

161

88

760

32

1.031

14

19 8

127

106

1,080

32

1,345

178

120

960

36

1, 300

16

19 5

74

76

2.232

24

2,406

141

fi

1,728

00

2,025

17

19 1

90

<«2

2,888

20

3,040

116

S-J

2, »i>?.

44

3, 102

18

10 0

44

16

2,J52

8

2, 920

92

47

2,728

52

2,niu

19

18 10

68

11

2, 4.'I2

16

2. 527

92

47

2,618

64

2,821

20

18 8

18 7

288
2,960

I?

32

300
3. Mil

8

84

136
2, 232

8
119

152
2 509

21

120

28

74

23

18 3

64

14

2,296

76

2.450

80

29

1,280

180

1.589

24

18 0

32

6

1,336

48

1,422

96

45

1.160

228

1. 520

25

17 9

4/

4

1,296

76

1,420

60

12

1, 1.36

208

1,418

26

17 7

'•4

8

1.208

76

1,336

36

7

952

133

1.128

27

17 5

52

10

1,088

88

1,2.18

44

23

1.120

176

1,383

28

17 6

68

22

1,048

124

1,262

28

20

728

216

992

30

17 7

34

13
1,203

86«
29,384

92

805

995
34,433

60

17

584

260
IM9

021

Tou:.

3,061

3,188

1,527

25,300
692

31,970

July 1

11 i

■ 72

14

1,048

116

1,250

48

19

280

939

2

17 2

32

10

776

112

930

46

10

416

256

728

3

17 1

20

10

496

136

662

56

26

2B0

408

770

4

16 n

28

10

376

208

622

24

27

.544

848

1,243

5

17 0

32

8

464

240

744

32

8

312

604

856

7

.16 11

20

4

192

128

344

16

2

160

196

374

8

16 lU

32

a

36()

132

526

12

S

152

292

461

0

16 8

24

4

288

80

396

12

«

160

224

402

10

16 8

12

2

120

40

174

12

S

172

272

462

11

16 7

12

16

80

40

148

18

7

80

236

341

12

1« 4

8

2

88

25

125

12

7

56

160

235

14

15 10
15 6
15 4
14 10
14 7
14 3
13 8
13 4
12 11

8

32

8

48

4
4
4
13

1
3

51
16
40
«0
24
32
5
7
6

88

122

' 90

104

84

84

18

12

4

148
1.57
140
170
112
112
21
19
10

15

16

17

3

18

IB

4

21

22

23

I'olal .

800

8S

4.820

1,266

5.907

83«"

133

" " 1

.3.m

~47oitr

7, too'

(irand

total.

t,4H

3,633

42,024

2.070

6T,171

7,4Mt

2,5M!

33,385

6,034

M,60S

1 1

2G2

BULLETIN

Hf

Date.

w.

1882.

«

?fuy 14

1

16

n

17

11

IS

r.

19

i;

20

i:

21

1.

2.'!

1.^

24

11

25

Ih

26

21

27

21

28

1!

30

2.

31

23

Total.

Juno 1

24

2

2;

3

ij

4

8

2;

eads.

Toul. 1

1

umber.

Xumbtr.

6

g

11

20'

1

"i

1

47

44

101

72

1

65

U

IM

143

107

200

M

3

47

IM

9

1,370

1

Ml

1

2381

2

224

2

27J

2

20t

88

142

IW

130

:<

99

2

145

6

239

17J

5

213

8

244

9

213

8

1»1

8

183

8

lj<i

12

•A

14

,,

88

.5)1

s:

»3

224 :

"34 ;
4C :

*'>\
'7 t
«7 1
176 I
157 ;

68 ;

63 I
68
27 i
44

87 I
80

20 '

5i

4,1I1>«

NOTES ON THE FISHERIES OF THE PACIFIC COAST.
Staiemeut of the daily catch of laimon in two wheeln, ric. — Continued.

1

1, 135

1.843

1,368 I

1

8,207

264

BULLETIN GV rHIC UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.
Statement of the (Utily eatoh of lalmon in two wh'eU, etc. — Continued.

Date.

Heislit
water.

Oregon.

Waaliingtoii.

Small
cliliinoks.

Large
vhiniioka.

Blue-
bucka.

St«el.
Iieiida.

Total.

Small
cliiiiooka.

Large
clilnookK.

Illuc-
biu'kti.

Stefl-
hoatla.

Total.

1803.

Ft. in.

.Vumfcer.

JVu»ii6er.

Humbtr.

Number.

Number.

Number.

Number.

Nwmher.

A'u»i6«r.

Number.

Apr. 27

May 1

3

t

8

10 6

la fl

8

12

1

21

:

1

14

15

5

1

10

1

18

" 1
i;

14

14 (.

2
S
1
2
2
2

15
16
21
29
36
35

17

■20
•25
2V
38
38

10
6

10
3

3
28

4

36 1
37

1

i'

1 j

i

7

2

23

1

33

9

10

n

12
13
15
10
17
18
IB
20
22
23

It
28

14 0

15 4

16 4

17 6

18 t
10 7

20 a

21 7

22 7

24 0

25 8

26 2
26 0
25 8
25 3
25 0

•i

10
4
2
B
9
19
12
5
3

1

0
6
1
6
4
11
17
9

31
18
46
38
3<1
40
3
7
2
11
24
21
,56
40

35
20
40

11
40
«0
70
17
10
5
14
27
•24
64
70

9
21

2
3

25
.52
16

7
U
10
13
35

3

8

8B
78
17

3
13
13
22
47

B

1

i
1
1

8

11

2

1

2

1
1

1

4

1

2

::::::::::::::::::::!

3
3
2
6
17

5

is

21

1
2
10

5
27
58

5

7
8

35
46
86

46
81

163

}

3

27
29
3.,
31

Total.

Judo 1
2

24 «
24 0
24 0
23 11

62
144
110
140

23
60
62
31

8D
112
73
88

155

306

235

• 263

14D
74

113
60

32

6

15

12

160
50
116
101

4
3
6

349
133
250
173

4

660

233

937

10

1, 740

582

112

846

29

1,56B

24 6
•24 7

162
166

28
46

120
96

316
309

76
136

16
34

141

■246

0

3

230
410

1

3

24 10

240

95

68

2

405

no

32

3118

2

43'J

5

24 10

322

72

.19

9

402

71

14

52

6

143

«

7

24 6
24 11

264
184

75
62

80
368

419

020

124
114

40
38

168
127

283

0

4

8

25 1

124

60

144

7

325

97

49

126

8

278

8

25 10

96

26

144

4

270

88

3-

94

6

22.')

10

28 7

72

14

264

t

354

101

48

279

9

437

12

27 3

32

12

138

7

189

17

4

52

5

78

13

27 8

20

5

96

e

127

33

13

100

1

153

14

28 1

16

4

96

4

120

35

6

9B

2

142

15

28 2

8

6

80

2

96

10

1

•y

1

51

16

27 10

8

3

79

5

95

8

1

36

3

48

17

27 3

28

0

180

6

200

49

lb

129

5

202

10

26 5

104

62

80

2

238

108

57

88

3

266

20

26 3

126

72

65

8

286

134

125

173

13

415

21

20 0

148

92

136

7

383

105

180

498

12

885

22

2« 0

116

61

06

8

272

84

123

43B

16

663

23

25 0

80

46

80

8

213

48

64

300

18

420

24

24 11

00

34

176

12

282

48

48

360

19

482

• 20

24 1

224

108

284

23

619

149

94

319

16

578

27

23 10

272

172

40U

28

872

334

230

1.038

4»

1,657

28

23 8

103

0(1

335

34

628

153

102

1,116

49

1.42U

2B

33 5

IHU

88

322

44

614

102

90

1,078

48

1,3"1

30

Total .

July 1

23 7

132

06

304

88

500

92

47

832

57

1,0'J8

3,327

1,381

4, 250

l-^O

9,284

•2,496

1.508

8,259

359

12,6'iO

23 5

120

88

288

111

807

150

69

1,086

140

1,435

3

22 »

84

42

138

132

304

40

23

232

65

3119

4

22 4

72

32

208

132

444

113

53

571

89

8W

5

22 2

66

43

216

180

485

108

52

884

98

1,142

6

22 3

68

24

108

156

446

78

:7

649

118

8IB

7

22 0

68

16

202

12>l

406

140

;!o

399

328

8

21 11

66

17

184

204

461

203

70

445

499

,,217

10

21 2

54

18

152

348

572

45

15

76

829

4114

11

20 n

34

24

84

.•151

493

58

33

r22

822

8.'l.1

12

20 lU

40

20

92

264

406

56

10

911

498

6A4

13

21 1

52

24

104

388

l>48

b;i

7

72

538

6.i0

14

21 6

76

40

103

360

.579

39

16

90

660

79.^

15

21 7

80

49

72

400

601

31

23

64

'8S1

1,0<»

17

21 1

28

18

42

189

277

IB

16

27

378

410

18

21 0

28

18

50

252

;I54

34

18

39

462

s.w

19

20 11

32

14

58

241

343

18

11

2

090

419

20

20 10

24

e

38

•247

315

15

6

28

857

4116

21

20 10

30

10

35

24U

327

20

10

23

408

4111

22

20 8

30

IB

80

•248

327

25

8

26

612

671

24

20 4

27

16

81

188

262

10

11

18

252

300

Total.

i>iber.\

Numbfr.

1 I

n 1

1

18

4

36
37

1

1

33'

3

80
76

X

17

3

i;i

13
22
47

4

0

::::::i:::::::::;

21

45

1

81

1

153

i

345

3

133

6

250
173

20

1,568

6

2:10
410

432

0

143
332

4

283

0

278

6

225

g

437

5
1

78
153

2

142

1

51

3

48

5

202

3

266

13

415

12

KH5

16

6f)3

18

420

1»

482

10

578

4»

1,667

49

1.420

48

I,3"l

57

i,o:;8

359

12,620

140

1,435

360

80

826

98

1,142

118

499

.,217

320

«22

«:i3

400

664

538

6,iO

650

795

'951

1.0119

378

440

462

5.')3

;)»o

410

357

4li6

4IIH

4111

612

671

252

300

NOTES ON THE VISHERIES OP THE PACIFIC COAST.
tylatemeiit of the ilaily vnlch 0/ salmon in two wheeh, etc. — Continued.

265

Oregon.

1803.

Ft.

in.

July 25

20

•i

• 26

20

1

27

10

9

28

19

8

29

19

1

31

18

6

SniRll Large |
chlnooka cliinnokl.

Illue-
backa.

Xumber.
28
,38
36
44
36
28

Number. ! Number.
15 23

18 20

Steel-
headi.

Numbtr.
112
172
140

138

go

134

Total.

Small Liirun
cliiiKMtkH.loliinoukN.'

Nxtmber.
178
V,\
227
232
1.50
"172

WiMliliiKtun.

Total .

Aug. 1

3
4

5

7
8
9
10
11

Total .

Grand
total.

1804.
ApriU2
13
14
17
18
20
21
23
24
25
20
27
28

18
17
17
17
10
16
15
15
16
15

Total.
May 2

14
18
16
16
15
14
14

1,265

627

310

S,482

76

2,310

14 10
16 0

17
19

21

4 I 20

5 , 20

21 10
21 10

I

I
10
11
12
14
IS
10
17
18
10
21
22
23
24
25
26

0

19 4
19 10

20

20

20

20

20

20 1

21

22 I

23

23

24

26

20

28

20

30

ToUl.

Grand
total.

2 I
1 •

Bl

98 I

too

10'

2,401

5, 493

0,806

4
25
24
30
32
56
00
106

6
20

8
10
13
27

4

78
44

25
100
16
6
4
2

338

0,181

120
147
99
91
145
45
30
42
32
4

764

21,654

23
25

11
63
42
40
54
74
113
130
10
32
13
10
15
29
7

684

705

Number.
36
22
13

35
32
13

114

4,699

1
2

13

Numbtr.
7
12
10
13
21
11

' niiic-

Steel-

lllK^kH.

lieiuli.

Number.

Numb*r.

17

290

29

305 '

20

315

27

221 ,

20

335

3

108

Total.

Number.
360
368
300
296
414
135

001 I

s,08:i

0, 359 I 16, 442

54

43

2,273

14,243

170
107 I
171 ]

00 I
121 j

20 I

10

10 i

198
224
109
110
163
28
23
20
40
9

815

1,020

10,583 I 31,078

30
66
27
43
62
22
.50
115
64
81
«7
83
8«
45
4»
81
21

n

26 !

40 i

247

200

82

609

17

915

578

49

072

On the salmon hiduHtry in 1876. — lu the y»>ar 187(i Mr, M. J. Kinney, now t\w most
e.xtensivesalmon-iiackerat Astoria, bepin the canning of salmon at that jihice. Tlioro
were then only abontiOO gillnet boats on the river, traps and wheels were not employed,
and only chinook salmon were utilized for ciinniug. The gill iietH were then smaller than
those now used, being only 300 fathoms long and 40 meshes deep. The season of 1870

266

lUJLLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

was siiniliir t<» l.S!>4 in that there was a very lieavy freshet, which for a time imperiled
the lisheiy. The niii was ('iiormous. With tlie jjcar now eniphjj'ed and the facitories
iiow<t|ierated Mr. Kinney estinnitestiiattheoiitpnt (»f tlieC'oliimbia liiver in 187t) wouM
have been l,r»(M),0(M» cases ; there were em.iifili hsh in the river to jiack that qnantity.

Tiie iiack, as elsewhi-re }f| ven. ainomited to 4."»(),(MH» <'ases of ehinooks, equivalent to
over 1 ,1'()<).(MM» lish, alaifjer jtaek and catch than had been made in any previous year,
while in only nine of the sulisequent eishleen years were the canning oi)erati(ms more
extensive anil in only eijiht weie more cliinooks paclvcil, notwithstanding^ the advent
of pound nets and wheels and the increase of "»() to 7"> per cent in the number of gill
nets employed. The boats lishing regularly for Mr. Kinney took an average f 4,3()0
ehiiiook salmon each during the season. One boat landed !),li)4 fish at the cannery,
the catch being apportioned as follows among the ditlerent months: April, 1,020;
May, 1,051 ; June, 2,G31 ; July, l\-AU; August, 328.

Thi^ daily cateh of the foregoing boat and of ten other boats fi.shing for Mr. Kinney
is shown in the following table. Tiu^se boats, while rei»resenting moiethan the aver-
age proiluction for the h»wer river, are not selected for this reason, but because of the
fact that their operations covered the greater part, if not all, of the fishing season.
The aggregate catch of the.se eleven boats was 5."),h;52 chinook salmon, A similar
average catch at the jiresent time would mean an annual pack of over 2,000,000 cases
of chinook salmon. These figures are interesting as showing the daily fluctuations in
the abumlance of fish as well as art'ording a basis for comparison witli otiier years.

Table itlioivinij the daily catch of chinook salmon by eleren gi'l-net fl»hennen laudinc Jink at the cannery of

Mr, M. J. Kinney, at Attoria, Oreg,,in 18711.

Date.

Mo.l.

No. 2.

No. 3.

3fo.4.

Uo.5.

No. 6.

No. 7.

No. 8.

No. «.

No. 10.

"No. 11.

XoUl.

Apr. 15-26

-1,000

.;

,1,000
24
40
26

15
20
26

0

28

20

20

30

1 '

Total

Xlnv 1

1,020
82

60

>

1,089

as: .■

81

20

=^..

30
65
61
53
21
16

21
13
13

184

222

336

212

427

320

158

584

;i95

300 1

369 1

263

389

132

406

289

630

732

507 !

767

352

651

343

455

615

3.'i4

388

303

Mg

260
643

' 2

28
42
311
30
26

29

28
47

56

18
32

38

17
26
34
30
26

24

18
48
20
40

3

61

55

4

5

59

75

45

10
41
51

........

46
53
60
68
95
20
61

64
66

25

48

.^8

5i

37'

0

7

8

IOC
36

51
45
52

71

42
51

80

23
........

38

54

36

77'

42
24

61

26
58
27
87
15
48

50
31
22

62
34
52
87

n

10

ii

13
22

11

110

12

36'

52

:il

13

84

26

43
18
46

51
42
27

23 I 47

14

15

135
94

51

•Hi-
ss

58
56
111
60
17

74'

60
35
34
6J
54

«6

43

66 ^^

16

.^7
93
65
67

68'

64
29

77
05
50

:uo

ia'

'""'ioi'

SO
92
47
49
73

34

17

31
78
52
68

43'

48
54
59
27

49
65
24
16
47

29

20

io

27

68

• 60

101

110

7(i

68
12
UK
.'il
45

19
40
77
113
128
22

36

72
45
31
50
41

^'

50
67

60'

61

18

19

127

64 71
4U 42
36 (U

20

146

21

69

31

22t

107
25

66'

28

22

86

1U>
46
47
87

108

47'

78
80

85'

;w

79

2:1

24

25

26

8t 34
23 • 65

20

27

34 : 47

27

28

28

.10

66
84
74

62

47
37

26

i«

60-
««'

49 • 34

78 27

:)3

31

Total

223

1.631

1,030

971

750

1.350

1.212

1,281

1,311

903

941 1,110

12,508

' No arcnratv reronl was kapt for the tlrat 12 ilaya' flahiiiK of thia tUliprman. He made hiiiiiv vt-ry large lifts
befurr moat uf 'm otiier ttslitrmen begin operatlonii, auil Iiia catch whh eatiniati'il liy Mr. Kinney at tlie nuiulter shown.

imperiled

factories
87t> would

(|uaiitity.

ivaloiit to
II Ills year,
ion.s more
lie advent
ber of gill
f 4,;{()0
B cannery,
•ril, 1,020;

Ir. Kinney

tlie aver-

ii.so of the

ng season.
A similar

t.OOO cases
nations in
years.

e cannery of

11.

Total.

—

.1,000

24

40

25

...

1,089

184

24

222

18

336

48

212

20

427

40

320

156

62

584

34

395

.'■2

3U0

67

369

31

263

47

389

132

ir,

496

63

289

34

530

71

732

42

5U7

04

787

59

352

34

651

34

343

65

455

...

616

27

854

47

383

303

34

649

27

250

32

643

111

12, .<i(l8

NOTES ON THE P'ISHEHn:S OF" THE PACIFIC COAST.

267

Table ahowing the daift/ catch of rhhiook salmon hii eleven i/illuet ftiihtrmtn Inntihiti Jlnh at the oauHery of
Mr. M. J. Kittueyj at jMtoriUf Orey., in 2S70 — Contiuuud.

vy Ii)r)(e lilts
iub«r showu.

Date.

Xo.1.

No. 2.

No. 8.

Mo. 4.

No. 5.

No. 6.

Hi

24
.11
'.•22'
142-
74
124
5)1
40-

No. 7.

No. 8.

123
82
72

i;i3

104
97
53

Nil. 9.

No. 10.

No. 11.

ToUl.

778
79»
760
1.4:10
1,277
912
7.55
819
546
1.50
769
829
957
9:19
687
445
,539
604
383
667
566
812
197
470
861

43
117
114
208
172
141

"'ui'

128
119
58
121
108
52
.31
122
61
63
103
67

80
65
78
26
52
93
109

e:i

39
36
25

m'

02
100

78-
«"

"iij

87

Ofl-
lfl()»

Ui
21 T
1H8
145

49

107
11

174
74

72

83
70

""'123'
.......

137

164

112

78
117
75
67
80
61
73
68

121
1U8

45
138
106
130

71
105

72

62

2.1
117
107
lit

80
103

85
105

1 2

1 3.

5

, 6

7

8

0

138

84

87
18

106
12

1(1

91

21'

173
200
181

11

12

63
72
72
110

70
89

74
82
74
62

"" 132'
78
124

139
42

103
68
13
77
62
68
.53
48
80
82

5U

6i'

114
104
44

64

80
rio

1....".
i35

85
78
81
72-
89

81

60

21
79
19

1 13

170
171
184

14

15

1 in

17.. ..

77
82

106
43

153
63
80

82
19
29

69

19

20

66'

81
47
55
73

82'

25
96
61

82
103
33
87
47
37

61
44

r>8

.48

""Hi'

21

22

70
35
81

2a'

43

75
45
65

23

24

25

26

04
128

19
148
126

24

77
100
100
30
65

18
140
125

53
125

92
62
88
186
116

35
74
42

72'

70
25
63
49
72

70
101
05
80
103

27

94
94

66
25
12

107

28

066 1

29

664
967

30

Total

July 1

1 110

2, an

1,728

61

140

132

118

95

85

54

14

22

46

39

36'

83
37
87
97
110
6:1
94
78
54
16
60
33
32
19

1,325

1,479

1.934

2,002

- — -=^^— -
56
162
91

82'

102
81

1,945

48
121
100
97
60
60

1,954

m
112

103
90
49
83

104

1.059

"40

27'

61

1. 124

72
103
51

■■"126
90
94

2.3:15

sT

166
132
Kin

88
123

6.1

20,110
442

i,;i2o

1,1. ')0
879
1.0(5
1. i:i6
856
14
819
715
709
608
799
872
8W
777
799
777
828
879
704
704
568
.'>U8
473
405
4»5
159
249

141
166
184

94
171
168

91

" 70
154
128
M
57
73
94

112

115
81

133
80

115
68

113
164
IW

206
237
147

i ■ 3

5

6

7

8

9

10

182

128

105

04

144

165

181

132

168

174

92

145

230

113

108

107

90

74

60

SO

25

70
51
41
53
59
73
104
83

7i'

54
83
44
46
33
25
31
66
44
16
13

48
78
63
56
44

98'

90

35
94
07
82
43
27
31

90
148
104
95
82
98
170
121
140
127
58
36

121

46
«5
41
71

72
89
51
50
74
150

52

Itl

59

7.*>
66
70
66
128
90

82
54
94

8:1
85
05
200
108
74
95
88
122
77
52
45
34
,50
41
26

11

12

81
34

108

m

26'

36
6

13

14

15

17

65.
108

91
73
94
148
109
80
107
72
50

....^

Ji
33

18

22

75
63

20'

94
»i
25
47
30
39
66

112
84

104
78
88
78
73
83
91
87
46

20

iis

65
64

77
8.)
76
5:1
68
35

21

22

24

71

25

26

64
40

27

28

29

54

2«

30

11

19

88

64

Totlil

3,674

6U
24
40

1.688.

1,711

1.674

2,551

908

1,879

2,026

82
31
28
2S

780

"27"
28

1,648

32
28
66
44
64

2.288

m"

"52

35

26
31
21
20

20. C'.I7

34
47
35
15
18
17

il
5

8

210

2IU
190
139
231
1J5
185.
137
36

2

3

4

8
22
17
33
39
20
24
20

5

65
48
41
33
11

328

i^

0

7

34
12

......"

55

84 1

8

1

:::.:..: ::

ToUl

Grand total.

i ; 1

199

8

183

220

65

313

200

1,612

0,184

4,465

4.206

3,980

6,02.'

4,122

5,105

5,611

3,377

3.«»

5.939

65, 8;i2

268

miLLETIN OF THK UNITKD STATES FISH COMMISSION.

Xotea on flie icfh/ht of Hnlmon, — Owinjj; to tlio practice of tlio coiiiiers of buying tlie
Hiiliiioii only by wcigiit or by minibcr. ii.-< may be dcterniiiicd on at tiio b('Miiiniiif>- of
tlie .season, it is not alway.s eawy to obtain acenrato lignre.s sliowing tlie averuKO
wei};ht.s of salmon, except in small <|uuntities and for i,solale(l dates. The following
tabulations and notes may tlieiefore possess some elements of general interest and
serve as a basis for comparisons.

In the case of cliinook salmon it is foniiil that the largest Hsh are taken in
greatest nnmbersalxmt.fnnc 10 or L'O'of each year. Tlie (ish running at the bcgiiiniiig
and at the end of the .sea.soii rcjircsent the iniiiimnm average .sizes, the (bcliiie in weight
from tin* middle of Jnne being in both directions. In 189-t there was a noteworthy
mil of very large fish in the lower river about the middle of Jnne. One salmon
weighing 71 pounds was landed at the cannery of J. (). llanthorn Ct Co., Astoria,
M Inch was the largest seen in a number of years; its greatest girth was 45 inches and
its length was .'><! inches. Seven ,' alinon, caught in gill nets and tiajis on June 20,
and weighing" 3)»() pounds in the aggregate, were found lying together at the cannery
of Mr. M. J, Kinney, Astoria.

The average weight of the Columbia River cliinook sabnon is usually given as 22
to 2."> iiouiids. The detailed data obtained by the writer give 22.70 pounds as the
average weight of 1()4,8.'{1 cliinook salmon caught in lSi)3 with gill nets, traps, and
seines. The weights vary considerably with the apparatus employed and, as previously
stated, with the season. Contrary to the usually accepted theory, the average weight
of the fish taken in iiomid nets is but little less than those caught with gill nets;
during the month of .June the. trap-caught fish Are hirger than those obtained with
gill nets, and there are days in every month when- the traj) (Ish- will average larger
than the others.

The following table is a detailed iiresentatiou of the variations in the average
weights of Chinook salmon, depending on the month and appariUus in which ca^ight.
More than 100,000 Hsh are involved in the comparison, a uumberwhich is sufiiciently
large to warrant generalizations from the figures.

Statement showing by 7noHths l)ie number, weight, and average might of thinook salmon taken with gill nets,
pound nets, and seines at the mouth of the Columbia liivcr anil landed at a salmon cannery at wistaria,
Oreg., in 189S.

Mouths.

Caught by gill uet«.

Caught by pound nets.

Caught by HtoincH.

Totul.

Vn o.t ! Total Aver
"""• l(pouu<l»). weight.

Uo.of
Osh.

Total 1 Aver.

weight ! age-

(pouuds).' weight.

V„ „f Total ] Aver-
«-h weight \ age
"'"'• |(pouud»)., weight.

Vn nf Total ' Aver-
«V weight • age
""''• (pounds).; wefght.

April , 6.409 129. 0S2

1
20. U H6
22.52 1,793
24. 10 3, .LW
2.1.58 1 6,f'>0
21.88 1 3,109

7,569
39,922
86,018
140, 360
64, 404.

18.19
22.26
25.86
■22. 35
20. 73

I

e,825J 1.10.621 20.02
2.5,261 1 .'>«8,420 22.50
25.510 020,819 i 24.33
28. 356 053. 104 1 23. 03 :
1^,873 406.002 • 21.54

) * '

Juno

July

Auj{uiit

22, (K)8 r>3(l, 397
15,017 : ,374,801
12, 882 : 2«/-, 139

iss

5,889
2,872

3,804 1 24.08
131,953 1 22.41
.59, 999 j 20.80

Total . . .

80.694 1,844,037 22. 86 ] 15,218

344, 933-

22.67

8,fll0i 195,756! 21. 95 1 104. 831 2.385,^20. | 22.76 1

I i 1 ■ I

Some daily comparisons of the weights of ehinook salmon caught in gill nets
and pound nets, respectively, are pre.sented in the following statement. The figures
reliite to about three months of the llshing season of 1893. The fish shown were
landed at a cannery in Astoria between April 17 and June 28. The smallest average
for gill net fish was 18.4!) iiounds, on May 0; the largest was 26.15 pounds, on June 3.
The smallest average for trap fish was 15.!)5 pounds, on April 2V; the largest was
28.00 pounds, ou Juno 10.

lyiii;; tlie
iiiiiiii^' of
^ iiverHKO
('(illowiiig
ercHt aiitl

ttilvcn ill
x'jrinnjiig
ill wi'iglit
itewortliy
ic saliiiou
,, A.storia,
iclics iiiul
I Juno 20,
e cannery

iveii lis

'>5

(Is as tlie
traps, and
l»ri'vionsly
\gp wcigiit
I gill nets;
liiK'tl with
age larger

le average
cli ea*iglit.
sufliiciently

ivitA gill net»,
•1/ ai Astoria,

otal.

r«tnl ' Aver-
I'ilihl age
iitiiiU). weight.

M,621 1 20.02

itX.iW I 22.50

20,819 i 24. a3

53. 104 I 23.03

iifi.002 ' 21.54

85. C2fl

22.76'

1 gill nets
'lie figures
Ijown were
jst average
on June 3.
argest was

NOTES ON THE FISHEKIK8 OF THE I'ACIKIC COAST.

269

.S'/n/cmrNf of the daily averaye weiyhln <if tliimiiik kk/hioh lukni in ijill iifli miil iiduikI iirlH nl tin- mitiith nf
the Columbia Hiver and Inndeil at n cannery in Jitoria, Orfi.. Iirtinni Ajiril i: mid June SS, iS9,1,

VaU.

){o. of { Averaga
fl*h. { weight*.

Apr. 17.
18..
It.
20.
21.
24.
25
26.
27.
28.
129.

May

1
2.

'J;

5.
6.

8.

9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
U.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
22.
23.

816

685
244
07
122
409
«>-
010
401
335
650

278

462
442
420
3.'.3
737
391
791
410
435
302

1.014
428
950
803
910

1,497
749
958

1,418

Trap*.

Mo. of Avitrnge
fliih. weighU.

I Poundt.

21.17
i 21. 60

20. 08

23. 14
! 21.«fl

21. 13 I
I 20. &4 ■
I 20.47 I
1 21. 70
I 20. 78 I

• S2I.C0U
« *'.>i.i nil ' 1

I'oundt.

1

2

17.8

16

23.44

5

20.00

46

19.04

•>22. 60
22. 18
21,80 ;
21.40 I
21.27 I
18. 49

21, S4 i
2:1. 89 •

22. 20 .
22.58 i
22.01 j

21. 20 1

22. 88 1
21.75 1
23. 19
22. .'i9
22. 65 ;
22.88 I
24.:;'!
23.42

115
06

57
8-.'

118

.'il
118

88
116

02
127

43

18.46
15. 95
18.00
18.60 I

17.80 il

18.20
10. 10
10.51
19.08
18.84
19.22

Mn.v

iTiiiii'

Hate

24.
25.
20.
27
29.
•M.
31.

1.

2.

3.

8.

IfllliiHia.

No. of I AveragK j No. of j AvtTjige
fliih. ! welghw.

30
01
109
09
78
25
63
78
00
32

19.76
21.00 I

in. 6u

19. 05 ;
17.92 '■
20.39 I
20.44
21. IS I
21.13 ,
18.98
23.85

9.
10.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
19.
20.
21.
X.
2).
24.
26.
27.
28.

l.2;i5

1,090
789
858
1)44

1,3,58
738

1,112

1.332

2, u:i0
848

1.083
400

1,075
805
932
58:i

1,025
402
467
694

1,387
572

1.380
014
867
517

001

610
713
614

Vownig,
2:1. 44 I
•2.'i. 54

23. 80
24.83

24. IB
21. 07

25. W)
25. 58
24. 35

20. 15
2.V 38

21. 08

21. 20
24. 21
24. 12
23.88
20. 08
24.56
24. 03
24. 07
23.00
23. »1
23. 38
23. 18

22. 93
22.44
22.01
21,67

23. (HI
23.19
23. 49

Total I 27.D00

28
9

34

34

74

66

43

00

83
118
117

78
380
207

31
201
217
116

13
143

14

78
220
207
107
120 1
3 i
1511 !

01

52
120

3,349

Pvunde.

33. aa

23, 38
23 90
28.14

25. 48

26. 15

25. 41

26. 75
24. 02
24. 08
20. 53
26. Ml

23. 90

24. 62
27. 115
28.06
23. 92
22.82
23. 40

22. 27

23. 0(1

20. 51

23. 48

24. .5(1

21. 65
2». 04
21.00
21.25
23 72
24,73
23. 13

* 8. 75. Inch incsh.

*• ».25tnch niodh.

I Salmon taken in aniall nicslieil ih-(h (7-inrli) liatl an av<<rnf.;n wfi^lit of 11.70 itoiunU,

1 Salmon taken in Hniall meaheil nets (7 im-h) ha4l nnaverauc weight of 13.80 pinindH.

Note Daring tlnMveek ending 'Inly 8, 2,488 glllnet (Nil liiiil an ax'era;;ii wei^'ht f>r 21. ."iO iMminlH and 1.191

pound-net tiwli an averatfe weight of 25..'>9iiound.s.

Average flgures similar to those given for chiiiook salmon are availalili' for liliie-
back salmon. Tlie weight of this (ish is usually estiniatetl by ciinners and (isiicrmtMi
at 5 pounds, whitdi is very close to the actual figure. The following table, giving the
catch of bluebacks in the same apjiaratus and by the same fisliermen that took the
Chinook salmon previously referred to, shows tiiat tiie average weight of !t,'.»lil blue-
backs was 4.96 pounds. The largest fish were taken with gill nets, and in May; tiie
smallest with seines, and in April.

Statement ahowiny by moiithx the iiiimher, ireiyht, mid areraye weiyht of hhielack Holmoii taken with yill neta,
pound nets, and si'ines, at the mouth 0/ the. l.'oliiinhia Hirer and landed iit a Halinon canmry at Anturia,
Orey., in 1S9.1.

Monthn,

Caught by gill iiota. ! Canght hy pound net*. | Caught by Heine*.' | Total.

No. of
Hah.

Total

weight

(ponndii).

10
01

^Z' No. of
weTght. "'"'•

Total Aver- x,„ „, ! Tolal Aver- ' v„ nf 'TntaX Aver-

weight , age ","•," ; weight ago 1 „"•,"' weight age

(iwunda). weight. "'"• (pouuilB). weight. """■ (pounda). weight.

April

M«v

2
16

5.00 208

1 1 ■ 1 • 1
835 1 2.87! i 1 210 545

2,60

5.80
4.83
4.62

5.69 1,792
4.97 1 5.400
5.00 I 1,801

10 301 5. 80 ! ' 1.808' 10,482

Juiie

,Iiily

91 1 452
3 15

20,385, 4.83 2J9 1.102 4.81 i 8,780: 27,039
8. 170 4.54 413 2(139 4.84 2.217 10.233

Total . .

j 1 . 1

112 I 568

1

5.07 1 9,167 45,490 4.90 1 642 | 3,141; 4,89, 9,921, 49,199 1 4.96 1

270

lUTLLKTlN OK THK UNITKD STATES FISH (-'OMMISSION.

The only otlicr iii'.iiibcrot the Htiliiion rainily tlnit i.s a if^ular I'luttor in the Halnioii
industry <»f tlie li)\v»n(!oluiiibia !« the Htcclht'ud. Ten pouihIh is usually a.ssigned as
tlie aveia;;!' \V('i;;lit of th»^ (ish. l-'roiii the followin;;' table, sliowiiijif th« weights in
Hiiiiilar t'orin to that exliibited I'or the ehiiiook and the liluel)a('k, it a|)])ears that '2V>,')H1
ateelheads taken in IHO.'J had an average weight of 1()..{;< pounds. The fish are largest
in August anil smallest in April, while tliose taken in gill nets are heavier than those
obtained in pound nets or seines, the seine, tish being lightest.

Statement nhowimi by monlliH llie number, uei;iht, and areraye wtiglit of tteelheud sulmiin taken uilh tjill nvle,
ponnd netn, and iieiniii, at the mouth of the Columbia Bieer, and I'lnded at a talmon lanuevij at Aiioria,
Oretj,, «» 1S9.'I.

Molitlm.

April

Miiv

( 'might liy Kill nvta.

C'aiiglit by poiinil ii.>U. CniiKht liy mIusii.

Total.

K« nf 1 '"''•"' ' Aver-

(l«i. ^"''K'" •"■'«
"""■ (poiimlH). w.ight.

77 736 9.56
334 2.373 1 10. 16

No. of
flail.

18
17

Tiitnl Aver-
weight 1 «Ki'
(lioiiiiil»).,welglil.

167 j 9. 28
1711 1 in :i.'i

No. of
Huh.

59

207

4, 137

111,031

2, 305

Total
wi'lKlit

(|HIIIIhIh).

509

2,097

42, 9o;

llll,8,'iM

23, 105

Avor- w r

'I'oIhI Aver-

weiglit N|{«

(poiiiittn).' weight.

9.64

10.18

•TtllK

.Illl.V

Au){iiat

TiiUI . .

51 1 .'i, 040 9. nx
Ml 1I.5'.I4 l:i.«9
047 . 8,735 13.50

10. 37 • 420
10,15 i 5,H27
10.02 1 1,555

4, 204 j 10. 08
.S8, 4WI 10. 04
15, 009 10. 04

5, 074 .VJ, 251) ' 10. 30
10,705 , 171,038 , 10.29
4, 507 1 47, 449 , 10, 53

2,040! 25,721 12,81 | 18,7:19 170,536

10.19 ; 7,808

1

78, 389

10.04 26,587 ! 274,646 | 10.33

1 1 1

Dcsfrucfii n of salmon in the headtraters. — By some reputable persons considerable
stress is laid on the iiijiirions intliu^ixH'. on the abundance of ehinook salinnu in the
Columbia River of the destruction offish in the headwaters. Mr. W. II. Barker, of the
firm of ()eorge«!t Barker, of Astoria; JIr..J (). Hanthorn, of the linn of .l.O. Ilaiithorn
&('()., of Astoria, and other cannera, as well as regular Hshermen and sportsmen,
attribute the jjiesent relative scarcity i)artly to the sacrifice in the upper waters, by
white men and Indians, of large quantities of salmon that have run the gauntlet of
the lower river and deserve luotection when they have reached their spawning-
grounds. The fish are taken with great facility in the shallow streams constituting
spawning beds, and the quantities killed some seasons are said to have been enor-
nio"s. The fish taken in such situations are hardly fit for food, being '' logy," diseased,
and emaciated. At times they have been used <m the land by wagon loads. The
improvitlent red man often cuts out the eggs and dries them, discarding all the
remainder of the fish.

Mr. Barker lias obser\ed obstructions placed across narrow streams up wliich
fish were riinning in September, October, and November, an(' lias known many hun-
dreds of pounds of ripe fish to be shipped from a single point in Idaho to places in
Iowa, .Missouri, ami otlier States.

Mr. llanthoin has known good si)awning-grounds to be destroyed by irrigation
ditches, the building of wliich lias so reduced the supply of water in the streams that
the salmon have ceased to resort to tiiem. The irrigation work is also said to
keep otherwi.se clear streams muddy oi *' roily," and thus impair their usefulness as
spawning beds.

According to the statements of reliable people on ttie lower river, blueback salmon
have had their spawning grounds restricted by the erection of dams at the outlet of
certain lakes in the headwaters of the Columbia. Favorite breeding-grounds for (he
small species are now utilized for irrigation purposes, and are said to be dammed
against the entrance of fish.

NOTER ON THK FI8HKHIKS OK THK fACUIC COAST.

;7i

111

III

!llt
iln).

Aver-

-

TM

27;i

•JSO
44U

0.5C
lU. IS
lO.IlO
10. L'«
10. .')3

«46

10.33

Destriirlinn of Mtnall anlmon. — The Htivteinent Iiiih from time to time boon made ii»
|)nl)li(; print, and tlit> opiiiioii prevails aiiion;; some persons inteiesteii in tiie lislieries
of the Columbia Kiver, that to the deslnietion of young cliiiiook salmon i.s to be
attributed at least a i)art of the decline whieh the industry has underptne. It may
be said, however, that most persons attach very little importance to the taking; of
.small llsh; and the spf^eial committee of the ()re:;on legislature app<iiiited to inv<>sti
gate the tislieries of the State seeme«l inclined to favor rather than oppose the capture
of the*Mmall fish Ibund in the Columbia, on the ground that they were stunted lish,
the muUii>lieati()n of which tended to impair the (piality of the race. The prevalence
(if the opinion that all the ehinook salmon constituting the rutm up to August 1, or
even later, will naturally die after the completion of the sjiawning process, is sullicient
to outweigluiny compuiu-tions that may be entertained as to the sacrifice <»f small tisli.

In i)roportion to the extent of the fishery, the catch of chinook salmon too snuill
for canning is generally unimportant. During some seasons there is a larger run of
small lish than during others, and then considerable quantities may be destroyed.
Mr. M. J. Ki'uiey, of Astoria, is authority for the statement that at a seine fishery
above Astoria iv great many small chinooks were sacrifice<l in IMil.S. Perhaps a third
of the catch of ."iOtOOO pounds consisted of lish urder 4 or a pounds in weight. Some
were bnmglit to Mr. Kinney, who dumped them overboard an<l refused to take nwue,
as did other canners. Fish of this size are too small to can. Nefeienee to a table
(p. Uiili) giving the daily cat(rh of salmon at a seine fi.shery at Hrownsport Sands,
near Pillar Hock, Washington, shows that in the month of August, 18!*.'{. !,!»!)(» |iounds
(if chinook salmon, having an average weight of only .'{.i jiounds each (.some weighing
(iiily U jiounds), were caught ami thrown away because there, was no sale. Seines
nearer the mouth of the river are reported not to take a great tnany small fish, and
pouml nets in the same situation are said to catch very few ordinarily, although some
(if these small chinooks are thus taken each sea.son. Oir .Tune 20, at Astoria, a few
were seen weighing only 2 iM)unds; the.se had been obtained in pound lU'ts.

According to the statements of (dinners, ti.^ 'lermen, and all other jjer.sons con-
nected with the salrion fishery who have had opportunity to make observations, the
small chinook salmon in question are all males which, tlioiigh undeveloped as to
size, are sexually mature. This opinion is based on the following facts and hypotheses :
1 1 ) That only fish capable of undergoing the reproductive act enter the river; (2) that
male fish of this small size are known to have had ripe milt and ■. Ii ve undergone
tlie spawning i)roce8s; (.'3) that no female salmou under 7 poun<l8 m \ eight has «'ver
been taken in the river.

The following remarks on this subject emanate from a report made to the Oregon
legislature by a special committee appointed \o investigate the fisheries of the State:

Parti(!.H ungiifred in cither of tlie (liflTrrent niodea of fiHliiiij; iianibd geni-rnlly iiiHist that that
]i:iiticuhir mode of tishin}; i.s least in.jiirioiis to tho fish interoHt of the .St!it(?; mid a (jroiit deal of
ci'iiiplaiiit haH hecii made and many olijoctions hav(« been ni-^ed a]i;ainHt ligliin;; with trajiH, wlieels,
siinpH, and simihir appliances. Tlio main olijiTtion iirjfed ai;ainHt »he inodcn of tishinK.jintt eiiiimcniliMl
i> that they are detrlniontal to the tisli interest of tin; State in thi.s way, that tliey destroy vrry snuill
llsh (salmon), and liy the destruction of the small lish canso a jjeneral fallin;' olf in tho supply of
silmon; and it is nr^ed that this mode of fishinj; is so destrnctive that it will ultimately cause the
annihilation of the salmon industry of tlie Colnmliia. We have, therefore, undertaken to make a
tliorouf^h invcsti(i;ation of that snhject, and have done so to the best of our ability, to such an extent
that we feel contldent that we have arrived at the proper solution of the iinestion.

The small tish, or salmon, that are can({ht with the la,st named appliances, .".nd which it is claimed
aie destroyed by such modes of fishing, consist principally of small chinook salmon, and weigh from

272

BULhKTIN OF THK UNITED 8TATK8 FISH COMMISSION.

II or i III 7 or H iioiiiiiIn. TId'.y run iil lliu niiiiii< tltni' itiiil witli tlic liir|{«, or wliiit we fi-rni tlio ro.val
t'liliiook Hidiiinii. 'I'lii' otliir Hiiiall IihIi cniiulit art- hliii'liiirk iind a vit.v I'i'W Hiiiall NtrclliuailH. Tliu
liliii'liarUN of tliu Ht/i>N caii^lil arii wliat »o coiiNidrr tll<^ avt'ru^i' oT llii> run, ami of the Ninall ntt'el-
InuilH tliat iiri< raM);lit llii'ri' uri> ton frw to be worlliy of I'onMiilrratlon.

Tlicri* Hconm to nxlnt i|iiili> a illviTHlty of opinion with ri'^aril lo tlio Hiniill Hiilinon ri-f«rri'il to,
Hitrnii pumonH iiiiH<>rtiii)( thiit they lirn ftMiall diinook, wliilo otIinrM inNiHt, on iirroiint of thii paliun-MH of
lliu llcnli, that tlii-y uro anothttr and (lllfuri<nt Npi^'icH, or wliitu Huhnon. Th» laitt claim Ih niatlu niuinly
liy ptM'HonN intrrcHttiil in thoNi- inoiloN of tlHliin^ liy wliirh Nrnall lixh aro takon. After a tliorongh
invi'Htlgation we I'imI that wo ran ]iosltiv<'ly nNHcrt tliat llioni' Nnnill Haliiioii ho taktm, not inchidin);
IduidiuckH and Htoolhi'ailH, an' Hniall chinook Hulnion, and wi',Mliall hi-ri' k'^" our ruaHonn for coming to
tbut conclnHion,

During our invoRtiKutlon up and down thv (7nliiiiil>iiv w« uarofully ooinpnrod thoM Rnnitl Nalmoii
with tli« lar^K Halnion, and wi- found that in uvcry n-Mpiict, ttxropt color of IIchIi, they had the Hanie
diittinKniHliing cdiaracturiHlirH that thu lar^fo Halnion have. \V« mIho had hiindriMlM of thonu niuuII
Halnion opviird, mid every one of tlioni proved to hu ii inaht Nitlnion. ThuHmalleHt fenialu Niilinoii foiiild
Ity iiH diiriii); all our inveHtiKatlon wiih one e.uii){ht near ANtoria, whieh wuif(lied il^ poiindN.

The ehairnian of thiH eoniniitteo liaH had the opportunity of OMitiniiiiiiK into that i|iieHtioii for inniiy
ycnrs. lie han uxainlned liinidredH — he eonid Hafely May thnuMandH— of tliosn Hinall dtiion, mid nil
that Irt) has ever exaniined were male except one, and that one weighed SJ poiiii'' 't beinj} the

HniallcHt female kjiIiiioii over Heeii by liliii, tbi> next HumlloHt b«iii|; tho otie oeen by t 'uittoo, au<l

wel){hinK IIA poiindH.

Since 1JSH7, Hciiator h- T. liaiiii, tlio (iliiiirmiin of tlie coiiunittee whoso report has
been quoted, ha,s been ort'oring $25 lor any female cliinook nalnion woJKliing 7 pountls
or lesH, tjauglit in tlie nets of tlie ('oliinibia Kiver tishennen.

Senator Harin lias maile some iiiteie.sting observations, which probably throw
light on tiie stunted tlsh ])roblein, and has coininunicated the same to me. Some
years ago, on an island at tiie mouth of th«t Willamette lliver, ho iiscertained that
some blind sloughs, inhabited by cattish, (contained numbers of snnill ehinook salmon.
The sloughs had not been overtlowed for two years, to the positive knowledge of Mr.
Harin, and tho lish must, therefore, have been retained for at least that length of time.
They were much stunted in growth, owing, as the observer sui)poses, to delicieney of
food. lie thinks that ev«'ry year larger or smaller numbers of parrs are left in blind
.sloughs adjacent U> the river.s. sind are liberated in a dwarfed condition, after one or
two seasons, by the reciUTeiKse of firsliets similar to those which caused their retention.
In Mr. liarin's o])inion all iipparently stunted salmon taken in the river aro tish
which have been left in .sloughs witlumt sutlicient food aiul otlior suitable condit'ons.
An unexplained fact, howt^vcr, is that all the small lish appear to be iiuiles.

(Jiiiilitiio/f'all rhinoitl; Htilniitn. — The (^aiiimrs lay great stress on the poorfpialityof
fall chinook salmon ami the little value they possess for (\anning. The tisli which run
in September and October are healthylooking and have little suporlicial ditference
from the spring aiul summer lish. Thoy*.vre apt to have a somewhat i)aler llesh, liow-
ever, ami the meat is destitute of oil, which is essential to lirst-([iiality lish.

While the ordiiiiiry lish will sell for .^."i.L'.") per case of 4H one-pound cans, these
lish can never l)e sold as No, 1 fish, and have to be diverted to an inferior trade,
uot even ranking with good second-class fish. The demand is limited, and tlieir sale
tends to reduce the reputation of the Columbia Hiver salmon. The differences between
the early and late lish when canned are very marked, aiui maybe appreciated even by
a novice. Natural oil of a rich yellow color will be fouml in a can of fish taken before
Sei)tember, while no oil worthy of mention will be found in tlio late lish. There is no
tlitterenco in the size or iiitpearanco of the tish, aiul often little or no difference in the
<'olor of tho fish before or after cooking.

Tho I
lii'long to
mil in the
li^li. The
ii'turn tot
.iitumpts '
will be ceil

Sill inn
ili'iilers CO,
lioiii food

Accor
the biisin
I liiiiook sii
l.'iver, iit <

l''oo<l (
stuinachs i
siiiiielimes
thrown iii
tiie food WI

Dnriii!
loiisidcred
I'.i the Pori

'I'ho sail
'"'111 made v
lli'iiry (ioiihii
«cre taken ii
Hlit're it ig sa

On Jill
of lish wer
the extreii
Mscend.
tiiUeii by ii
Ijiit ii few \
Fisiiii
liooks, and
111" under t
usually pai
of the size
'vill jieriiii
pinkish or
Poioil
tlio Coliiiiil
tlie past li\
Tlic (igur(•^
nf tlie salm
liiis been
their recor

NOTES 0>f THE FISHERIES OF THE PACIFIC COAST.

273

in tlie royiil
lumdM. Tlio
Hiiiall Hti'el-

rofurri'd to,

|lllltl|ll'llH of

ii;i(lu iiiiiiiily

It tlioroiiKh

It iiK'IiiiliiiK

)r ooniiiiK to

iiimll Nuliiion
nil thu Hiiiiie
tlioso Hiuull
iiiliiioii roiiiul
I.

ion for many

nioii, anil »lt

t being the

iiittoo, uu<i

•(•port has
ji 7 pouiids

il)ly throw
iii<>. Sdiiio
taiiicd that
)ok siiliiion.
3»lgo of Mr.
;;th of time,
lefioiency of
left in blind
lifter one or
ir retention,
'cr are lisli
I coudit'ons.
s.

oniuiilityof
li whicli run
il differonco
r llesli, how-
1.

cans, these
ferior trade,
id tlieir sale
ices between
it«'d even by
taken before

There is no
irence in the

The opinion is qnite prevalent anion;,' tlie eanneiH and tlHliernien that thu llsh
III lung to a ditVerent rat!e from Mie sprin;; and suinim<r tish, bein^ similar to the fall
iiin in the other rivers of the west eoast, in all of whirh the fall rnn consists of lean
li-'h. The opinion also prevails that tne Itsh hatched from eg^fs of the fall run will
ii'tnrn to the river in the fall and be IhcnndesirabU^ llsli, and the hope is ;;eneral that no
,iltum)its will be made to propa^tate tlie late llsli, but that the clfortsof lish cultiiristH
udl be centered on tlutspririji^and summer broods, which a lontuu'c suitable for canning.

Sdlmou ((iliiiiji/iKKj in f null icolo-. — The o]iinion anil observation of llshermen and
ilcalers coiiicide in attributing to the chinoiik sahnon llu^ habil of wholly abstaining
tioni food afti'r entering the river.

According to the statements of llshermen there is only one locality in that part of
tlie basin of the <"olnnd)ia Kiver where comnn'rciiil llshlng is carried on where the
I liinook salmon regularly tak)> the baited liook ; this is at tli*^ falls of the Willamette
I.'iver, at Oregon ('ity, where anglers use fresh salmon spawn with great suiicess.

I'\)od consisting of partly digested snnill llsh has peatedly been observed in the
>t<anachs of salmon taken ator near tin; mouth of tin liver. IJnmutilatcd snudtshave
siimetimes been seen to fall from the months of chiin)ok salmon when the latter were
tlirown in a scow or boat. In all such instances, however, the inference is clear that
flic food was ingested bcfiue the lish left the ocean.

During the month of .lune the angling at the falls of the Willamette Hiver was
considered unusually line, and large numbers of chinook salmon weie taken. On Juno
I'.t the Portland Onijoiiinn contained the following not(* on the subject:

'I'lio Halinon liHliiii); at t\w fullH of thu Williiinuttestill rontiniii's ^ooil, anil some line catrlicH linvo
lii'in niadu within tho past fi'W dayH. Mr. 1j. T. llarin caiiKht '21 on Satnrilay anil At .lohnNon anil
lli'iiry (lonloii caujilit ovrr HO. Sovoral othiTH ran);ht from lOtoL'O, anil in all Mi'aily KM) yoiiiijj chinnok
WITH taliiii in ono ilay, w<>if;hin>{ from 2 to 10 imiinilH, anil iiviTiiKinK alioul 5 |ionniln. I''or a ronntry
» lii'i'r it in Kuiil Halinon wonlil not take a hook this is |iri'tty K'>'><1 n.sliiriK.

On June 'S,l the writer made a visit to Oregon (-ity, and found that a large number
of lish were then below the falls. The best Hshing is from a rocky island lying at
tlie extreme left of the, falls, at the only point where it is jxissible for the tish to
iiscend. In the course of an hour about lo chinook salmon, mostly of small size, were
rnkenby a dozen anglers. Most of the llsh hero caught anumder 10 jiounds in weight,
but a few weighing from !."> to 2~i ))ounds are also se(!iired.

Fishing is done with jointed rods, fitted with .10 to 100 yards of stout line, one or two
hooks, and a light sinker. The current is very swift and strong, and the lino is cast
up uiuler the falls and jicrmitted to drift dowu.stream. From 10 to 2~) yards of lino are
usually i)aid out. The only bait nsi'd is fresh salmon sjiawn. This is cut into pieces
of the size of a cubic inch, and is i)laced on the hook as securely as its consistemiy
will permit. The vivid red color which the spawn naturally has gives place to a pale
liiiikish or white color after immersion in the water.

Periodical/ of run of hliiehackn. — A study of the statistics of the salmon fishery of
the Columbia Hiver collected by the U. H. Connnission of Pish and T'lsheries during
tlie past five or six years discloses an interesting feature of the run of bliieback salmon.
Tlie figures show that the fish are nuu'.h more abundant in the alternate years. Many
of the salmon-cannersand fishermen have overlooked this fact, which, when the ?natter
hiis been brought to their attention, has been clearly deujonstrated by reference to
tlieir records. So far as generalizations may be made from the data at hand, the

i\ C. B. ltii)4~18

27't

■r~^v

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

relative abuiHlance of bliiebacks durlii|Lf any given season may be with certainty
pietlic ted. In tliis respect tbe blueback resembles the humpback (0. gorhtischa).

The greatest abundance i ." the blueback salmon in the Columbia Kiver corresponds
with the even years. The catch in those seasons so far exceeds that during the odd
years as to clearly establish tlie contention of a bi^innial run. Tiic following statistical
data, based on the book records of canners and others, show that in 1^00 and 18i)2 tlie
catch of bluebacks wa.s more than three times larger than in 1<S89 and 18!H. Compkn?
figuies are not available for the years 1893 and 1894, but the information at ham',
indicates, and the testimony of the canners and lisherTnen bears out tiie statement,
that in the former year the run was snudl, and in the latter was larger than t'yv live or
six years, and i)robably larger than ever before known.

Statemenl of the number of blueback nahnou caityht on the Columbia Hirer from 1S89 to 189i, iticlmive.

Tears.

Nnni'ier of
DbIi vau^'ui.

18H9

324, M2

094, 471

2>37, 8?0

l,f/«4,308

Igi.iO

18»l

1882

As a matter of related interest ii; may be mentioned that tbe run of bluebacks ia
the Fraser River is similar to that in the Columbia in its periodicity, the dittcrcuce
being that the fish are most abundant in the odd years. jVn exatninution of the otlicial
reports of the Canadian Department of Marine and Fisheries shows a well-established
T)iennial feature of th... run. In the year 1893 the i un was extraordinarily large, con«-
eponding with the very small catch in the Columbia, and immediately preceding tlie
phenomenally large run in the Columbia in 1894. Whether there is anything more
than a mere coincidence in this alternation in the abundance of the fish in these t^o
gi'cat rivers remains to be determined. It is not impossible, however, tha< )ie lisli
entering these streams belong to the same general body, aad that a largo run in one
river is more or less at the exiiense of the other.

Condition of the water as nffecling the catch. — As in the case of ail river flsherios,
there is in the Columbia a certain relation between th-i abundance of fish at a given
time and the resulting catch on one hand and the condition of the water on the othei.
The following notes are a meager contribution to the subject of the dependence of tbe
catch on the water. The unprecedentediy high water which prevailed in the Columbia
basin in IMay and -'ane, 1894, interfered to some extent with lishing; with all foru/s of
ai)paratus, although the damage done was much less than was at iirst anticipated ami
reported. The most serious injuiy resulting from the freshets was done to the wheels
located at the Cascades and The Dalles, where the riso of the water was gicarrst,
Ow iig to the expensive character of the wheels the iimincial losses were very iiciivy.
Of 19 scow av.d 8 stationary wheels in operation at the Cascades at the time the
freshets began, 7 of the former and 4 of the latter were either entirely lost or seriously
damaged.

ITp to June 20, 1894, the lepoitcd shortage in the salmon pack of the Culunibi.i
Kiver was due almost entirely to tbe loss of time and -ipparatus occasioned by the
floods. \V th the subsidence of the high water the run of bluebacks and cbiminks
became so numerous, and tbe catch of bluebacks in wheels and pound nets and of

N0TE4 ON THE FI8UEK1E8 OF THE PACIFIC COAST.

275

itli certainty
rbuscha).
V corresponds
iiriny the odd
iiif^ staiisticiil
0 aud 18'J2 the
)1. Comploip
itiou at liand
le statement,
lan t''>r live or

li>9J, inclusive.

f bluebacks i:i
the ditt'oreiice
1 of the orticiiil
ell-establislicd
ly large, cone-
prec^eding tlie
uiything more
ih in these tflo
r, tha< heM
irgorun in one

river flsherios,
flsh at a given
erontl'.eothei.
•endence of tbe
u the Cohunbiii
ith all forii/s ol'
mticipated and
e to the wheels
r was grc;iti>s(.
n'e very heavy.
it the time tlie
o.st or serioa.sly

f the Coluiiibi.i
ittsioued by the
» aud cbinookvS
lid nets aud of

( hinooks in gill nets was so large, t'>at the shortage was overcome, and the aggregate
season's pack was much larger than last year.

Trap fishing in Baker IJay and the lower river was somewhi-.t interfered witli by
the large amount of driftwood brought down by the freshet. Many of the traps,
especially those on the edge of the channel, became clogged or were torn liy brnsli,
jogs, etc. A few stakes were also washed out by the high water. Swift currents and
floating debris also int€rfered with the setting of gill nets and the hauling of seines.

As is well known, the wheels retpiire a certain amount of high water in order to
do well. At the Cascades ifc is found tliat iiie largest quantities of fish are taken
when the height of the river is 20 to 2r> feet above mean low water. Several explana-
tions of this circums'ance are offered. Some hold thut more fisli are promj)ted to
enter the river when an unusually large volume of fresli water is being poured into
the ocean. Mr. Frank M. Warren, wiio operates wheels extensively and has had much
experience in the nuitter, attributes the larger catcdi during liigh water to the fact
that the nets in the h)wer river can not take so nmny fi.sli and that a larger number
are able to reach the wheels. During the prevalence of high water the gill nets in
the lower river do not so etl'cctually sweep thj bottom, and new channels jiro mad(H)n
tlie sides of the river, up which the fish may jia.sa uniiiwlcsfed. For detailed data
showing the relation between the height of water and the catch in wheels, reference
is III de to the table giving the yield of (tertain wheels at the Cascades.

'Jhe clearness or muddiness of the water has an imjjortant bearing on the snccess
of tbe llshing operations of trap and gill net fishermen. Trap nets always do best
wi;on the water is clear, and gill nets take the most f'Kh '.vhen the water is muddy.
It therefore usually happens that when traps are making large catches the gill nets
are likely to have poor luck. The explanation of these phenomena .seems to be as
follows: In muddy water the salnum swim into the gill nets before becoming aware of
the existence or nature of the obstruction; on the other hand the leader of a pound
iiet, with its hue meshes often occluded by grass and other diift material, acts as a
soUu barrier, and when the salmon swim against it tiiey (|uickly withdraw and move
in other directions. When the water is clear, the fish readily see tue gill nets at some
distance and do not attempt to go tl-rough them, but swim along the side of the nets
and go louiid the ends. In the case of the leaders of frr!i)s, the lish act the same way
and are ed into the nets, the tendency of the salmon being to go into the heart rather
than toward the free ends of the leader, for the reaso:; fhat the water becomes deeper
in tho direction of tli© pocket.

STURGEON AND THE STURGiJON FISHERY.

CALIFOUNIA.

The white sturgeon {Acipeitfier trdiixmoiitdintu) is cneof the most ])romiiiciit food-
tishes of the State, its edible (pialitics and economic value being of high rank. The
taptiiro of sturgeon for market is practically restricted to San Francisco Hay and the
liiwer reaches of the Siicramento and San .loaquin rivers, The fish is taken with large-
iiieshe«l gill nets, in salmon nets, and witli set or troll lines jirovided with uubaiteil.
barbless hooks. The principal pnit of the yield is obtained with set lines. In IS'.Ki,
for the first time, a license was reipiired for the use of sturgecm set lines. A license
leo of $10 was charged to each tishcnnan.

?76

BULLETIN OF THE UMTED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

I'p to tlie iniddlo of June, 60 licenses had beeu grauted to flshernien, distributed
as follows ill four counties:

yiiihing center.

Coiiuty.

No. of ;
,flHlii'riiion

Mart ini'Z C'onlm Costn .

lUiK'lt Itianioiiil do

Sual IhIiukI <lo

Mjir»li liUiidiiig ilo

Antiiicli du

.Icrsi'v I.aiidine d<t

Iluiildiii Islanu Sail Joaquin .

Hunici.i .Solnuo

liiiiiU'iit Flats I ...do

Hoc iHlainl do

I.onix IhIhikI do

Cut Ott' clo

Suiniin Crick do

Mont o7 tuna do

Hroad SIoiikIi do

Diitton'h do

LakovUlo Sonniua

Polalunia Creek du

The law by virtue of which tlie.se licenses are issued (section (i.30 of the penal
code) has a limited value so far as the protection of stur;;con is concerned. Its utility
arises from the fact that it enables the State tish coinniissioners to regulate the size
of tiie lu.oiis used, to iti'cp a chc'clc on this method of fishing, and to secure a sniiill
fund ^^•ith which to carry out tlio patrol of the State waters. The commissioners
have no discretion in issuing licenses, and oan not regulate the metiiods, the lishiiig
eeason. or the quantity of set lines employed by individual (ishermen.

The method of taking sturgeon with set lines is generally and justly considered
very destructivo and cruel. It probcbly originated in China and was for many years
extensively practiced by the i hinesc fl.shernien of California. Eecently, however, the
use of set lines by the Chinese has been interdicted.

One of the features of the method which makes it e.specially harmful is tbe
destrui'tion o<" immature llsh. Very large ([nantities of sturgeon only 1.") or 18 inches
long are often seen in the markets. The sacrifice of small sturgeon is said, however.
to be unavoidable, as the lish that are snagged by the hooks are injured so severely
that even if liberatiMl alive m ist of Ihem would soon dii'.

Hegardiiig the abundance of sturgeon, it may be stated that while fishermen and
dealers acknowledge that the supply is much less than it was prior to ten years ago.
still tlie catch during the )»ast four or five years .seems to have been about uniform
and appears to be undergoing no reducti<m.

Sturgeon are usually received at the stalls of the wholesale dealers in a roniui
condition. The (ishermen are jiaid, however, only for thedecajjitated and eviscerated
canvass and fur the roe. The latter is made into caviar by some of the dealers. The
proportion of the weight of roe and waste parts to the total weight may be judged
from the following figures applying to a large female sturgeon examined in the San
Francisco market ,lune 11, 18S)4:

Pounds.

Tot.il weight 243

Weight of roo 51

Weight of liend and viseern ()2

Weight of (IresHud carcass 130

Nearlj
of which c
'•sturgeon
liotels stur
cut of the

Small :
ill San l"'ra
Side of mai
sturgeon.

The St
i which is ta
t'ornia, is oi
•tmgeon is
.Inly and A
tlic smeit a
.sti-.rgeon ol
River liad i

It reacht
Vit' have soer

The av

Columbia is
III 1892 one
one weighi^
stiirget

The
streams
attention
regarded .
contempt
ing it in
sturgeon
located on
business,

Practi
barbed ho

Most (
it is also c
close of tl
iiliout Ai)r
a lime win
l.sifj by i^l
lisliery
at .'!iir),(KI(
sti'adiiy ii
tiigether \
ol over $1

s-eighii
eon e>
hi

i^V

distributed

NOTES ON THE FISHERIES OF THE PACIFIC COAST.

277

of tho penal
. Its utility
ulato, tlic size
et'iire a sinall
oniuiissioners
.8, the fisliing

!'•

considered
)r uiany years
, however, tlie

armful is tlie
.■) or IS iuclit'S
^aid, however.
ed so severely

fishermen and
ten years a^*''
ibout unifdriii

ers in a round
lid eviscerated
dealers. The
nay be judged
lied in the Sau

rounds.
.. 243
.. 51

. . fi2
.. 130

Nearly the entire catch of sturgeon is consigned to San Francisco, in tho markets
of whicli city the (ish is constantly found. It is there known by the trade naiiios of
"Sturgeon," "bass," "white salmon," and "tenderloin sole." In restaurants and
liotels sturgeon is commonly .served as "tenderloin sole," wliich represents the choicest
cut of the flsh.

Small numbers of the green sturgeon (.1. medlroKlriH) arc caughtand (ind a market
in San l-'rancisco. The^prejudice against this tish is too strong, howver, to permit the
sale of many, and the price received is less than half that commanded by the white
sturgeon.

THE COLUMBIA RIVER. ' '

The sturgeon utilized in the Columbia is the whice sturgeon, the same .species
which is taken in Calitrruia. The green sturgeon is also found there, but, as in Cali-
fornia, is only sparing'y eateu, and in most places is totally discarded. The white
•tuigeon is found in t.ie river every month in the year, but it is most numenms in
.luly and August, when thesardines are- running, and in January and February, when
tlie smeit are. found in abundance The sturgeon feeds on these fish. Writing of tho
sti-.rgeon of the west coast at a tii.i" when its commercial importance in the Columbia
Kiver had not brought it into tne prominence it has since had, Dr. Jordan .said:

It reiichos a lenjjth of 8 or 10 feel or more, and is said to attain u weight of 400 to 500 pounds.
Wi' liave seen noiio of over 150 )toiiiKls weiglit.

The average gross weight of sturgeon taken in the regular sturgeon fishery of the
Columbia is about 150 pounds. Fish weighing r»(M) iionnds and ev«'U moie are not rare.
In 1892 one weighing 8(l0"pounds was taken off iv Point, and in the previous year
one weighing 848 pounds was caught near Kalamn i his being probably the largest
sturgeon ever taken on the west coast.

The history of the .sturgeon fishery of the Columbia ('■ is that of most other
streams in which the sturgeon has been assiduously souglit. I'or many ytiirs no
attention was paid to the fish and its value was not recoguizeii. It was gi- 'rally
regarded .as a nuisance by the salmon fishermen, who emphatically expressed their
contempt for such a fish whenever it was caught in the salmon nets by qui<kly knock
iiig it in the head aud throwing it away. The institution of a regulai lisheiy for
sturgeon dates from 1888. During that year some fishing camps were ex limcntally
kxated on the river, andtheabundance of fi.sh led to the establishment of a i)ermanent
business, contingent on the presence of fish.

Practically the entire catch has been taken with set lines armed with unb ed,
barbed hooks.

Most of the fishing has been done in that part of the river below Kalann: ill hough
it is also carried on as far up as the Cascades. Tho fishing sf-ison extends from the
(lose of the salmoii-jtacking. al»out August 10, to the 0])eiiii)g of the salmon season,
iiliout Ajiril 10. The sturgeon fi.shery thus occupies the attentioii of the fishermen at
II lime when other fishing has been suspended. The in<iuiries conducted in 188!» and
1S(I'2 by Mr. W. A. Wilcox, of this (kunmission, showed that in the first year of this
lishery (1888) nearly l,000,(tOO pounds of dres.sed fresh i"id pickled sturgeon, valued
at .'itir),000 to the fishermen, were shipped frcuii points on the river. The business
steadily increased until, by 1892, over 2,9()0,0(M» pounds of dressed fish were sold, which,
t(ii;cther with various secondary products (caviar, isinglass, and "bone"), had a value
01 over $41,000.

278

BULLETIN OP THE UNITED STATES PISH COMMISSION.

The sturgeon meat is practically all shipped ea8t,tlie bulk of it going to Sandusky,
Oliio. Tiie carcasses arc cut into pieces of convenient size, which are frozen solid and
then iD^ided into rctVigerutor cars for transportation. Up to tlie time of Mr. Wilcox's
visit in 18013 the sturgeon iiad been found in ample abuiidance.for the purposes of tiic
Hrnis engaged, but at that time the llshermen were beginning to experience some ditli-
culty in taking as nniny (is!i as formerly. They were obliged to.move fiom one llshiiij,'
ground to anotiicr more fre(iuontly than had previously been necessary and they were
compelled to use larger quantities of apparatus in or<ler to keep up the catch. In the
season of l,S!)3-04 tliert! was a very perceptible decrease in the supply and the fishery
was generally regarded as bising on the decline. Under-date of February Id, 189-t, Mr.
C. B, Trescott, who is extensively engaged in sturgeo.i fishing and shipping, wrote
to the l"'isli Commission as follows, regarding the condition of this industry on the
Cohunbia Kiver:

Sturgeon lishiiig lias coiuplctoly failed on tho Coluniliifi. There lias been no flshcnnght since Inst
Novouilicr to iiiiioimt to iinythiug. At present tho entire <?atcli on tlie« river docs not aiiioiint to over
1 ton of (liesscd tinh a day, and is growing less. We do not expect to be able to lisli.longer tl: au the
l.'tli ol' March, and wliiit few wo get now do not pay Cor handling. At present wo do not h^'vo niiiili
piitli ill tlio sturgeon biisiiiess on the Columbia. Usually wo have a good run of tish in January or
Kobniary, but thercaro no linli tliis year and there is every indii^atiou of the iisli being caught oat.
We have thought that we would, have our usual run of sturgeon on the Coluiubiii iu .January uud Feb-
ruary. Tlio sturgeon season will begin again on the l.'itli of August, and if wo do not have our usual
run offish then it will p- • ihat tho sturgeiui lishing is done for here. There is every indication of
the sturgeon business havl'ig seen its best d.ays on this coast. The total catch for thisiseasou has not
been 25 per cent of tho catch ; st season, and what lish were caught were caught in August, Septem-
ber, and October.

The suggestive remarks of Mr. Trescott are in accord with what m'glit iiave been
expected as a result of the useless waste of enormous numbers of small fish taken iu
wheels, pound nets, and other nets, su])[)lemented in the past five years by tho very
active use of set lines, by which very large (piautitiesof spawning fish have been sacri-
ficed, llegarding the destruction of sturgeon in wheels iu 1888 it wao said:

The wheels often take iu a day many tons of sturgeon. less than 50 pounds in weight. Such are
not marketable and are now thrown into tho river. Their ntilization would bo a blessing to the
fisheriuaii, for they now help to contain iiiato the water. — (Report on the Fisheries ortho Pacific Const
U. S. Fish Comniission Keport, 1888.)

In an interview with Mr. M. J. Kinney, of Astoria, he made the following remarks
concerning sturgeon in the lower river:

In 1893 there was a good sujiply of sturgeon The tish sold for.2 cents a ])onnd. The fishermen
as a whole did not do well, however, altliough the price received was double that of the previous yenr.
Iu 187!) the sturgeon were so thick in Baker Bay tli.'t we did not consider it safe, early iu th<i seasmi,
to put our gill nets out. The tish woro so numerous 'ind large that they wei-e able to def iroy a great
amount of netting. I'or yours every sturgeon taken was mutilated or killed with an -^x and thrown
back into the water. Theishorcs of the river would be lined with dead sturgeon, and numbers could
alwiiys be si'en tloating lown the river. It is quite di rent now.

The destruction of .^niall unmarketable >turgeon in trap nets must bo extremely
large in tho course of a sea.son. The« salnmn fishernn'n pay little attention to the
sturgeon and have no interest in the preservaiion of the supply. A salmon trap near
Sand l.sland. lifted on June .23. was observed. to contain over 50 sturgeon, none over "
feet long, and .some only 10 or 12 inches long, all-of which were dumped into the boat
and consequently destroyed. On this occasion only a few salmon were caught, which
were gatled out of the net, and it would have been an easy matter to permit the small
sturgeon to escape.

When
when the 1
into consid
;lll(l must I
cult to avo
ill tho Colli
\\>h in the
increase in

Inquir
(Aufinilla c
care is exe
i|U('ntly e.N
occa.sionall
lampreys.*

The oc
three-tootli
uiia, and m
liasin. Th
to take the
ixcejit in t
of asccndii
tiicy are eii
li;ind. Th(
were forme

The la

At the
rocks at th
covered w
several lay
piofuse gr
;he currei
tlic bottoi
tliemselvc
ti;e rocks
iumdrcds
tlio.so whi<
-alt water
synchro no

It a PI
these falls
(iitliculty.
tlie postei
wliippt'd a
were .seen
eiiiat'ated

" A few

0 SaiuUisky,
en solid and

Mr. Wilcox's
ri>ose8ot'tlic
10 sonse dilli-

1 oiui li.shiiij,'-
11(1 they were
iitcli. Til the

I tlie li.sliery
10,1894, Mr.
ppiiig, wrote
ustry oil the

nn^ht ninco Inst
aiiiouiit to over
l()nj;i*r tl ui the
) luit hi'.vo iimcli
li in Jainiiiry or
iii{5 caiifjht out.
iniiary uud Feb-
t have our uHiial
!ry iudication of
jiBPasou has not
August, Septem-

flit iiavebeen
lisli taken iu
s by the very
ivo been sacri-
aid :

oight. Such :\re
V lilossiug to the
bo Pacific Coast.

)\viug remarks

'I'he flshermen
lio previous year.
:ly iu tl"i seasdu,
3 (lePtroy a great
n -ix ami thrown
d iiumberH could

t bo extremely
ttentiou to tlie
Imon trap iieiir
II, none over "
I into the boat
caught, which
rinit the small

NOTES ON THE FISHERIES OF THE PACIFIC CO.VST.

279

When the large number of salmon traps in the lower Ccdumbia is recalled, and
« lien the larger oi' smaller (luantitit's of sturgeon caught at nearly every lift are taken
into consideration, it may be readily understood that the, aiinnal loss must be enorniou.s
iiiid must have had an appreciable inlluence on the abunilmice and catch. It is dilli-
iiilt, to avoid the conclusion that the i)resent scarcity of stuigeon of marketable size
ill the Columbia Itiver mu.st be at least partly attributable to the destruction of small
li>h in the manner stated, which ba.s been becoming greater each year with the
increase in the traps.

LAMPREYS.

Iu(iuirie.s regarding the results of the attempted acclimatization of the eel
(Aiifliiillit chrysyjxi) on this coast arc apt to elicit misleading information unless great
(lire is exercised. In the San Franci.sco markets one learns that eels are not infre-
i|iiently exi>osed for sale, and that both salt-water and river Hshermen catch them
(iccasionally, but an examination of the reported eels usually shows them to bo
lampreys.*

The only "eel" of the west coast that attracts the notice of rtshermeu is the
tluee-toothed lamprey {Eiitosplicitiis tridi'iifatiin), which ranges from Monterey to Can-
ada, and a.scends all the major streams. It is esjiecially abundant in the Columbia
basin. The San Francisco market steamers llshing imranzellasott' Drake l{ay are said
to take these "eels'' at almost every haul. The lamprey has no commercial value
except in the region of the Columbia liiver and its tributaries. IJerc i. ;ias the habit
(if ascending the streams in large bodies and of clinging to the rocks at falls, where
they are entirely oblivious to the presence of man and may be easily picked off by
hand. They are considered excellent bait for sturgeon, and several hundred barrels
were formerly salted annually for that purpose.

The largest runs of lampreys are often coincident with tho.se of salmon.

At the falls of the Willamette River, near Oregon City, Oreg., on June 23, the
rocks at the parti(!ular part of the falls where salmon ascend were i.t times completely
covered with laini)reys. In places where the force of the current was least they were
several layers deep, and at a short distance the rocks appeared to be covered with a
liiofuse growth of kelp or other Avater plants. A lamprey dislodged by the force of
the current or by an angling rod would often carry half a dozen others with it to
tlic bottom of the falls. At the sides of the falls, numbers of lampreys had drawn
themselves entirely out of the water to avoid the current or remained hanging from
the rocks v.itli only their tails iu the water. In the turbid water beneath the falls
liiiiidrcds of lampreys could be .seen trying to get a position on the rocks, some being
those which had been swept from the rocks above, others being new arrivals from the
silt water. This noteworthy run had been in progress for about a week, ami was
synchronous with the in()\ ement of chinook salmon els(!wliere alluded to.

It appeared to me that only a very small i)iirt of the run could ever surmount
these falls, over which, as has been stated, salmon must have passed with the greatcist
ilillicnlty. The bodies of most of them showed the etVects of the rough usage received;
the posterior part of some was worn oft' fully one fourth the total body lengl h by being
whipped against the surface of the rocks while the head remained fixed; and luiiiibers
were seen to lo.se their hold, fall back in the water, and float away apiJiircntly dead,
eiiiac'ated, and covered with bruises and fungus.

' A. few true eeln have been takru in Ciililoniia, but tliey are now very rare aud Heldoni seen.

280

HULLKTIN or THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

THE SPINY LOBSTER OR CRAWFISH (Panulirus interruptus).

Tills valuable ciustaccaii is icfjularly exjwsert for sale in tlie markets of San
Francisco and other cities of tlio Pacific coast. Jta distribution, howevei', is restricted,
as it is not abundant and not taken in noticeable (jnantities north of Santa Barbara
County. South of that limit it is extremely numerous ami exists in sutHcient abun-
dance to sui)idy all luesent denninds.

With commendable forcsifjht the California fish commissioners have thoujiht tho
time miylit come when unrestricted capture of the '•crawfish" would preatly reduce
the i)roducti()n, and have taken measures to avert, as long as may be, a diminution in
the sni)i)ly. While no laws appliiablo to the entire State have thus far been enacte<l,
several counties have, at the solicitation of the fish commissioners, passed local ordi-
nances. The followiufj acti(m by Los Anjieles County has also been taken by San Diego
and Ventura counties; other counties interested will soon adopt similar regulations:

Every porsou who, in tlio county of Los Anl;olo^, iStato of California, shall take, catch, or kill, or
bcUh, cxposcH or otfcrH fur sair, or lias in bis iiossossion, any lobster or (Tawlish between the 15tb day
of May and tho ir>th day of .Inly of each year, sliall lie guilty of a niisdeiucanor.

Every person who, in tho cor.nty of Los Angeles, Stateof California, shall at any time buy, sell,
barter, exch.i'igc, offer or expose for sali!, or bavo in Iiis possession, any lobster or crawfish of less
thau 1 pound in weight, shall be guilty of u misdemeanor.

The purport of the first of these provisions is to secure the protection of the spiny
lobster during the i)eriod when the eggs carried by the female reach maturity and
hatch. All the female lobsters examined by the writer in Jlay and June had eggs
attached, and it is evident that the close .season stipulated in the ordinance quoted is
the proper one. The eggs are of a brilliant brick-dust red color, and are much smaller
thau the eggs of the true lobster {Astacun (imcricanus) of the east coast, their diameter
being between one third and one-half that of the latter.

The spiny lobster is caught in a kind of dii) net, or drop net, similar to the
apparatus emi)loyed for taking crabs. It is baited with fish or meat, lowered into the
water from a boat, and raised at intervals. Kegular lobster pots' are also employed
at various jtlaces.

Spiny lobster.s are shipped to nnuket alive in sacks holding from 50 to 7.") pounds,
and are displayed on the counters of the dealers, like lobsters on the east copst.
Considerable numbers are also at times boiled by tho dealers and sold in tl. tt
condition. When cooked, the spiny lobster acquires the intense red color which in
the true lobster is so familiar.

Some of the spiny lobsters exposed for sale are very large, and others are
relatively quite small. Examples observed by the writer on June 1, in San Francisco,
weighed as much as 8J ])(>unds, and those weighing 10 pounds can not be rare.
Six-pound and 7-pound individuals are common. The average weight of those sold
in San Francisco is between li and 4 ])ounds.

The sjiiny lobster ai)pear8 to be a more active, if not a more intelligent, animal
than the true lobster. It easily moves through the water with greater speed than the
eastern htbster, and it also seems endowed with a faculty for escaping capture that
tho Atlantic representative <loes not i>ossess. Experiments nnule Avith the typical i)ot,
which is so eflicacuous in the taking of the lobster, have demonstrated that the spiny
lobster is often able to escape from that form of traj). The California Fish Company,
of Los Angeles and San I'e.dro, had a large number of lobster pots made with vertical
and obliipie entrances for the captureof spiny lobsters to be used for canning purposes
at its factory in San Pedro, but, according to the reports of the company, little success

il

ets of San
restricted,
HiirbiUiv
■ioiit iibuii-

lioiijilit the
ll,\ reduce

iiiiiutioii ill
11 enacted,
local ordi-
Saii iJiego

egiilatious:

•h, or kill, (ir
the 15tli (Iny

imo Imy, soli,
awCish of less

^f tlie spiny
aturity and
ic had ejigs
ce quoted is
inch smaller
eir diameter

nilar to the
red into the
30 employed

0 75 pounds,

east co?st,

lold in tilt

lor which in

others are
II Francisco,
lot be rare,
if those sold

;eut, animal
!cd than the
apture that
typical pot,
at the spiny
h Company,
rith vertical
iifj: j)urposcs
ittlc success

NOTES ON THE FISHERIES OF THE PACIFIC COAST.

'^81

attended their use. It was stated that the "crawfish" would enter the pots, er.t the
liait, and then depart.

lu the absence of other similar crustaceans, the spiny lobster occupies an important
]place among the iKpiatic food animals of the west coast. It is, however, much inferior
to the eastern lobster, the Hesh being coarser and less tender.

TERRAPIN AND TERRAPIN-FISHING.

The question is often asked by eastern flshermen and dealers whether the diamond-
hack terrapin is found on tlie Pacilic coast, and, if not, whether there is an accei)tablc
substitute therefor.

Tlie diamond-back terrapin ( Molnvh-mmnn pnhistris) does not exist on t he wi^st coast,
and the genus is not there represented. TIk^ ("alilornia terrai)in (ChHopiis nun mo-
ratus), the only member of the order which has as yet attained commenMal inomincnce
on the coast, is much inferior to the diamond back in food value. It inhabits the
rivers and freshwater ])oiids west of tlic Sierras, and its range extends from Mon-
terey to the Canadian border. It prefers warm, sluggish water, and is especially
abundant in California.

The nets used in this fishery are simple, inexpensive fyke nets, although they are
not designated as such anywhere in the State, being called "turtle nets" and "turtle
traps." Tlie prohibition by the State of the use of set nets of any kind makes this
fishery illegal, but the law was enacted for the purpose of preventing the captnvc of
shad, striped bass, and other desirable fresh-water fish on the spawning-grounds or
in an immature condition, and was not intended to limit the turtle fishery. So long,
therefore, as these nets take onlj terrapin and catfish, carp, chubs, and other similar
species generally regarded as nuisances, the legal question is waived.

A fyke examined by me at Sherman Island in the San Joa(|uin Kiver on June 10,
1894, may be described as follows: Tlie framework consisted of .'{ light iron hoops of
uniform size, 20 inohes in diameter. A short funnel, with a horizontal, elliptical opening
about 0 inches wide, extended from the first hoop, the aperture being rather nearer
the top than the bottom of the netting. It was lield mi position l>y means of cords
running to the second hocp. Tiie size of the mesh is .about 2-in(!b stretch. The net
is kept in position by means of stakes, to which the first hoop and pot are tied, and
also by a stake placed on each side of each hooji ])ierciiig the netting and driven into
the bottom. The bait is suspended by a cord from the top of the sticond hoop. A
jiieco of rope attached to either side of the lower part of the first hoop facilitates tlio
lifting of the net. ^'alue about $1 or $2.

The terrapin are very numerous in tlie marshy lands <if tlie Sacramento San
.loaquin delta and around San Francisco Bay. As many as 10 to 20 turtles arc sometimes
cauglit in a traji at one lift. Their size is, however, small as compared with tlie
diamond-back terrapin of tlic east coast, and examples over ii inches in length are not
common, although the species is said to attain a length of 8 inches. They are gener-
ally called " turtles " l)y the fishermen.

Much of the teirajiin fishing in California is semiprofessional or incidental to
s.ilmon-fishing, althougli a few persons devote considerable time to the business, and
may bo classed as regular "turtle" fishermen. The greater part of the catch is
marketed in San Francisco, where the terrapin are exposed for sale throiiglioiit the
year. The annual sales in that city are about l,."i00 dozen, with an average value of
■i" I per dozen.

282

IllLLKTIN OV THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

The ronditioiiH seem excelloiit for tlie successful iutioductioii (tf the (liiunond back
terrii])iii to t lie west coast. The cxi 'iisivc salt iiiaislios aioiirid Haii Francisco May
and in other ])hi<'es woidd ttonbtlcss su^^nly a snitabhi habitat for the aninntl, wiiose
hifjrh food vahu^ wouhl in time bring it into .Motive demand and stimulate cultivation
and a profitable trade.

THE MARKET FISH AND THE FISH TRADE OF SAN FRANCISCO.

There are few cities in the United States in which such a largo variety of fresh tlsh
is found in the markets or in which the sui)i»ly is so constant as in San Francisco. Not
only is there a varied fish faumi in the innncdiate vicinity of the city that is utilized
by a large resident hshing itoi)ulation, but the fiesh and .salt waters of tiie three coast
States contribute their rich resources to the city's supply. Over 100 species may bo
seen in the markets during a season, and i)erhaiis half that nund)er may be found at
almost any time. The (piantity of fresh fish landed and sold in San Francisco, as
determined by the agents of the Fish ("onimission, is from 9,000,000 to 12,000,000
lM)unds annually, worth to dealers from ijtOOO.OOO to $800,000.

Among the fishes which are handled in largest quantities in San Francisco are
the salmon, flounders, herring, shad, smelt, sturgeon, suckers, anchovies, cultus-cod,
viviparous perch, and rock-cod, of each of which more than 100,000 pounds are annu-
ally S(dd.

During the latter part of May and the first of June, when I visited the whole.sale
markets regularly, the following Ushes were observed. Tiie scientific names are
necessary for their proper ideutilication; the common names given are those heard
in San Francisco. A few data collected concerning these are added.

FISHES.

Acipenser medirostris. (Ireen Sturgeon. Rarely exposed for sale. Brings about linlfthe price of the
white sturgeon.

Acipenser transmontanua. SliirfleoH; ffliite Sturgeon. Of constant occiirreuce in the market. A great
many Hniiill fisU under 2 foot in length received. The bnlk of the supply is from the Sacramento
Htver region.

AmeiuruB albidus. Caljhb.

AmeiuruB uebulosus. Catjish. These exotics arc .Tlniost invariably sent to the market in a dressed
condition; it is only in that state that they meet with any sale. The dealers do not encourage
the sliininent of cattish by the tishermen, and the (|uiintitics sold are dispro|)ortionate to the
abundance of the fish.

PtyohccheiluB oregonensis. Pike. This largo roprese-itative of the minnow family is sent to the
.San rranciseo market ehietly from the Sacramento and .San .Joniiiiin rivers. The fish is large
enough to bo taken in salmon gill nets, but it ha.s such littlo market value that it receives scant
attention from the sahnon tishermen. Fish weighing 4 to 7 pounds were seen. The price is only
2 or 3 cents a pound, anil the demand is chielly among the Chinese.

Cyprinus carpio. <\irp. The carp docs not rank high as a food-(i.sh in San Francisco, although con-
siderable (|uantities are annually sold. The local Chinese fishermen catch a part of the supply,
the renuiinder coming from the .Sacramento and San .loaijuin rivers. The receipts give no idea
of the abundance of the fish, and doulitless the catch could be easily increased fifty times we'e
it reciuired by the trade. The average price of the carp is about 2 cents a pound.

Clupea sagax. Sdrilhie. Very few sardines were seen, and, as elsewhere stated in this report, the
fish is much less abundant in San Francisco Bay than it was comparatively few years ago.

iiinoiid back

inci.scd Hay

iniiil, whose

(Miltivatiou

iCO.

of fresh flsli
icisco. Not
t is utilized
) tiireo coast
cies may bo
bo found at
lancisco, as
o 12,000,000

raiiciseo are
, ciiltus-cod,
lis are aiiim-

le whole.sftle

names are

those heard

the price of the

arkot. A greut
;ho S.ici'iiiuciito

let in a dressed
not encodragc
rtionate to the

is sunt to the
^lio fish is largo
t recoires scant
he price is only

, although con-
; of the sdppl.v,
its give no idea
ifty times were

this report, tlio
years ago.

NOTES ON THE FISIIEHIES OK THE PACIFIC COAST.

283

Clupea sapidisslma. Shad. \'or.v iidMicroKS iit all tiiiirs. ImkoicI in the niarkels every niontli in
greater or less al)nn(l((n('e. The wdpply greatl.v exceeds th<^ diMnand, jind the jiriee is so low that
the shad heconu'S availahle even for the inipeennlods Chinaiiian. The dealers ar(< (ddiged to
restrict the receipts, other\viH(s the markets would be mntinnally overrnn. The prices paid liy
the dealers vary from one-haifu cent to I eeiils a ]>odnd, the average lieiiig \! cents. As lini-
shad (IS ant ever sei'ii in the markets of the Kasteni States, weighing fiddi I to 7 pounds, may
now often li'' liodght at retail in .San Francisco for 10 to Ifi cents. The supply comes chielly
from local lisherineii in .San FcanciHco Hay and from the .Sacramento Uivcr.

Stolephorus ringens. .1 hc/iocj/. T'his was perhaps the most abiindadt tish in the markets ddriiig the
period (if my visit.

Oncorhyiichus chouicha. Chinonk mlmon. I'lie sales of I'reNli salmon in San Francisco amount to
over 3,000,(H)0 podiids iidiiudlly, the larger part of which ([diiutity consists of chinook salmon
and conies from the waters of California, The tish art^ most common in the markets during .\pril,
May, and Angust, but are exposed in all th(^ other months, except Heptemlier, during which
month there is u close season, when the salmon receipts are from points onlside tlie .stale. The
following statement of the quantities of salmon handled by the San Francisco dealers in each
month in 18U3 and lK!)t (to ,liine 30) has been prepared from the rcconls of the dealers, and has
been furnished by the California Fish Commission, through .Mr. .lohn 1'. Habcock, chief deputy :

Statement of the receipts of California freth saltnun Itij the San I'ranciuro dealer).

Month*.

1893.

January.....

February

March

April

May

June

Jul.v

A(i|;ust

Soplfmlsr...

Oct«b4*r

November . . .

Ileceiuber

UuL-lasftitled*

Total .

Poundn.
137, 4611

03, 263
139, 401
374, 478
325, 170

70, 216
140,217
575,800

240, 7.13
183, 780
155,000
135, 455

2, 588, OOl

1894.

Pound*.
128, 556
103. 801
163, 131
211,562
242. 126
138, 675

84,084

1, 071, 925

* Salmon bandied by minor dealers, whose monthly receipts can not he shown separately.

Data are available showing for much the larger part of the salmon receipts the sources
■whence they came. The Sacratneuto basin fdrnishes more than two-thirds tln^ (|iiautity hamlled.
Eel Hiver, in Humboldt County, and the ocean adjacent to Point Keyes also supply a consider-
able proportion. The monthly receipts, specified by localities, are shown iu the following table :

Statement for a part of the fresh-Balmon receipts in San Francisco, shoninij in punndu the localities from

which the fish came.

Montbu.

1803.

1804.

Sac-
ramento
River.

Hum- 1

boMt 1 Ocean.
County. 1

All other
rivers.

ToUl.

Snc- 11 uu-
ramcntu liuldt
liivcr. County.

Ocean.

All other
rivers.

Total,

Pounds.
125, 015
04, 708
153, 487
178, 720
2(15, 330
126, 277

Poinidf.

20, 708

55,306

117,334

340, 053

300, 004

44,100

17. 382

,M5, 701

Pounds.
110, ,574
33,016

Pounds.

Pounds,

5,058

1,189

6, 202

. 1, H95

Pounds.
130, 400

00.111
120,770
347, 048
310,036

OU, 802
122, 903
544,773

Pounds

28. 530
38. 308

J'ounds.
0(1. 485

Pounds.

Pounds.

FebruaVy

50. .157 i _

5, 7M
13,031
3,069

aiarch..'

6. 150

12!l, IBl ! 11.205 1

April

17j. 051
203,741
120, 140

\

Mftv

072

16,606

105, .521

20, 072

1,580
0,131

::...:::::

July

,

October

182, 130
30,028
47,040

40,873
143. 040
09,303

223,012
182,677
147, 249

November

..

Total

..........

1,606,417

433,565 1 161,931

14,434

3, 296, 347

695, 057

158,307

7,720

21,863 i 883,637 t
1 1

284

nULLETIN OP TUB UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

Balmo gairdnerl. Sierlhentl

Salmo mykls*. f.ake Trniit. A few noen which hnd beon ohlpped from Oregon.

Balmo mykisB henihawl. f.nke Tiihne Trout. Very roiiimon.

Atherinopsia oalifornieiiBls. .Smill. During my viiiit this smelt wna morn or leaa abundant. It i*
liiipiiliir mill lirliigH a good prii'o. Tlio Hiiticiiiioiis (■xiiinincd wore In i\ Hiinwnliig rondition.

Bphyreena argentea. Itiimnndn. KcnohoH .*<iiii FruiioiHco from itoiiifH Hoiitli of that city, the bulk
of tli<> Niipply coming from tho cxtrcmo Nonthrrii ])art of tlio State.

Scomber ooliaa. Miuhrnl . This (IhIi, tlio liiiirn-oyo or chub miivkorcd of the east conut, has great
food viiliic in ."^an Francisco and always meets with ready sale. No large i|iiantitieH were seen,
but several boxes full were observed on a uiiniber of occasions between .Inno 6 and 13. The lish
weighs about <'l poiindH, and sells in the markets at 10 to 20 cents a |ioiind.

S.irda chllenala Itonito. Weighs 10 to l.'i poiinilH. C<miea chiolly from the south.

Trachurua plcturatus. llome-mackeiel. Not iincominon.

OrcymiB alalonga. I'liniiii. A few oliserved lliat weighed '.'() or !.'"> jioiiuds.

Archoplit-ea intcrriiptus. I'cirli. Oneof tlio iiest frosh-watorfood-dsliesof thoconst. Itsabimdancn
has greatly decreased of late, and the price keoiis correspondingly high, averaging more than
double that of the ehiiiook salnioii. The greater part of the supply (tomes from the .Sacramento
Hiver.

Roocus lliieatUB. Slniinl Ham. The most commmi name by which this lish is known oit the oast
coast, viz, rockllsh or rock, is fortunately never used in California, the designation rockfisli being
reserved for various species of iSebaittichlhy». The striped bass is found in the city markets at all
seasons; in fact, there is not a day in the year when it ioay not bo looked for. The average
weiglitiH 10 pounds, althoiighagreatmanyKmallerliHliare sold. In I8!H) the board of supervisors
of .'^an Francisco County passed an ordinance making it unlawful to buy, sell, or have in pos-
session any strijied bass weighing less than H ]ioun<ls. In 1891 the ordinance was amended
reducing the mininiutn weight to i! pounds.

Serlphua politua. h'iiitjjhh. A few seen every day, but no large qnauiities observed. The hulk of
the receipts conies later in the summer.

ZSmbiotocidae. I'ereh: Salt-water I'lrch. Numerous species of this interesting family were seen in the
markets daily, the most abundant being Ditrema j(H:knoni, the black surf-lish, and JfjisterocarpUi,
iraski, the "perch" of the fresh-water streams of this region. The boxes in which these lish
are kept in the markets and the stalls on which they are exposed were littered with the
young.

HexagracamuB deoagrammus. Sea Trout; Rock Trout. Common.

Ophiodoii elougatuB. radfinli. Even at this late day there are many Sau Franciscans who believe
the true cod is found in the waters immediately adjacent to the Golden Gate, and this lish, the
cultiis-cod, is sold by no other name than codtlsh iu the markets of California. Indeed, I was
nppioached by at least one dealer who wished me to state that the fish he hail on his stall was a
genuine cod. The lish is found in 8an Francisco Bay and in the adjacent sea at all times. Exam-
jiles weighing 10 to 20 iioiinds were observed.

Bebastichthys, species. Jlockfinh ; Hook-cod. The members of this genus arc among the most abundant
and important lish found iu the markets. The annual sales are considerably over 1,000,(X)0
pounds, the ruling market iirice being from G to 10 cents a pound. Several species of rockllsh,
ill varying c|uautitios, but usually abundant, were noticed every day. Those positively identified
were the rod rocklish (S. ruber), the most abundant species, the black ropklisb (.S. »i,i/«(inui), the
orange rocklish {S. phinijiev), and the yellow-tailed rocklish (iS. /oi'i'i/hs).

Mlcrogadiis proximua. Tomcod. The diminiitiveness of the tomcod would naturally be expected
to jilace it at a great di-sadvantage among the many large llshes of this coast having recognized
food value. On the contrary, however, the sales are quite large and the prices are good, although
niiicli less than a few years ago.

HippoglosBUS hippoglOBSus. Haliliut. A few are taken by the San Francisco market fishermen, but
tlie supply i^ always small and uncertain, and the price commanded liy the fish is very high,
rnnning from 10 to 2."> cents a pound. This condition of atl'airs oilers a good opportunity for
th(' establishiiient of a halibut fishery out of .San Francisco, and it seems probable that a very

I reinnnerative fishery might in time be built up. In the early part of .Mine, 1894, a vessel reached

San Francisco from the banks off the northern coast with 75,000 pounds of fresh halibut.

iiidant. It is
iiilition.
ity, the bulk

nut, has (;rpnt

t'H vri^rvi Neon,

13. The liuh

tHuliiindnnPA
nn lunio tlmn
0 iSacriimeuto

n\ on the oast

rockliHlibpiii)}
inarkutsat all
Tlio average
r)!' Hupiirvisors
hnvo ill pos-
was uuiuixled

The bulk of

■ro seen in tlio
Iliisterorarpun
licli tlieso fish
ared with the

8 who believe
this llsh, the
Indeed, I was
liiH stall was a
inies. Kxam-

lost abnndaut
over 1,000,000
3S of rockilsh,
.I'ly identified
myatinut), the

jT be expected
ng recoj:Mized
cod, although

ishernien, but
is very liigh,

iportuuity for

le that a very
essel reached

liulibut.

N(JTE8 ON THE I'ISHKKIKS UI' THE PACIFIC COAST.
The result of this ventnre is thus described in the I'.xnminif nf .lime 10:

285

"The IInIi war wliieli hax been agitating the liieal llKlii>rnii'n I'lii' the ]iaNt ten days is now over
for (lie present. Cupt. I>. .lolinHim, nt Ihe scliiinner h'hniiiil, whu ranie down from ihe nortliern
waters with a eurgo of halllmt, lias sold out, and it will he IIn e. or si\ weeks before he will lie
back Willi another load. Wlieii the /•./irmii//! cargo arrivi'd h.ililmt w lis retailing at L'5 < int» a
poniid, iind it n as searce at that, (.'iiptain .lohnson ollered to Mill nil his llnh to the ri.'<lierinen's
I'nion at a very small price, liiit they would not iiceept it, and the eiiptain opeind np a llsh
market on the ileek of the sehooner, selling retail at •'> eeiils a poiiiid. lie kepi two men biiMV
entting up the tish for rnHtoiners, and in live days the whole nirgo of 7."),l)()(l poiindH was milii.
When the Italian lisheiiiieii heard the Klwniid was eomiiig w itii n eargo of lialiliiit they illlonned
the cnstoms ofllelals that the sehiioner was I'oniing down the riiaHt with opiiiiii. 'fliat inloriiia-
tion was sent to the sound, and when the Ehviiml was'passing Cape flattery a revenue entter
o verb ail led her, but only tisli and lie were found on Iioard. When the \ eNNel tied np lit I he dock
the health inspectors were informed that she had acargo ol rotten llsh. and an inspei tor was
sent to her at once, but he bmiglit Ihe largest IIhIi he could Iind and took it home for liis own
table. .None of the lish-dealers dared handle the lialilnit for fear of being boycotted liy tlie
local men, and Captain .lohnson was furced to open a market or throw the llsh overboard.

"As soon as he began to sell the local men got into their boiits and every net.iii San Kranclseo
was set for fish. They hoped to make a good >'atcli and glut Ihe market, but luck was against
them and they returned almost empty. There was conKei|iiently a big demand for hiililinl. and
now the schooner is cleared of her cargo. The local lishermen say that another cargo shall not
lie sold in San hYiineisco."

Parallchthys callfoniiotis. Ilulihul. Cnmnioiily sold under the nauio of halibut.

Psettichthys melanostlctus. i^ole. Only a few seen.

Pleuronectes Btellatus. I'loiiiidir. This was the most abundant and eonstant lloundcr in the
markets. Knorinous i|iiautitios were observed only (i or 7 inches long. The largest weighed
about 16 pounds. Aluch the largest part of the llatllslies which reach the San I'riiucisco
markets is caught by steam vessels fishing with paranzellus off the ninuth of Drake Kay.

Ill iuldition to fl.sli pioper, a voiy L'-Ktcihsivc tiadt' i.sdono in other finlieiy piodncts
in tlie San l"'rim<;i.sco nuirkets. In fact, the value of tlie niolhi.sks, cru.staeeivn.s, and
reptiles which enter into the tish trade of the city is greater than that of the liish.
The fi>lh)\viii}j: prodiictH, which constitute all the ]uiii<ripal economic a(|uatic objects
additional lo tish, were observed in the nnirkeUs in greater or less abnndance;

MOLLi;.SKS.

Ommastrephes tryoul. Squid. Consumed chiefly by the (Miincso, although also eaten by natives of

southern Europe. On one occasion a I'ortugnese woman was seen to take a small fresli sipiid

from a counter, bite off its bead, and devour it with a)ipareiit gusto!
Octopus punctatus. Oviopim; !)fril-li«li. Usually exposed for sale by suspending from hooks in the

stalls or at the doors of markets. Katen by ('hinese.
Ostrea rufa. Xalire ftyntcr; I'tilifnrxiii OtiHirr. Sells for iflt to $t jier bushel. The flavor is "coppery,"

and the oyster can not lie relished by one not accnstomed to it.
Ostrea virglnioa. Juislrni Oynter. The anuiial sali s are over 100,000 bnshcls, valued ut about .f I per

bushel. The sujiply comes from San Francisco Hay, and depends wholly on seed and |daiits

brought from the Kast.
Tapes Btamiuea. Ilnrd Vlam. f

Mya arenaria. Soft Clam.
Modiola capaz. Miiisel. \ '■'-'■

CRUSTACEANS.

Cancer magister. This was the only crab seen in the marhets. It weighs from 1 to 4 pounds, the
average being Ij or 2 pounds. Next to oysters, it is the most valuabh,' of the invertelirato prod-
ucts. The annual siles amount to 1,200,000 to 2,000,000 crabs, having a viiliio of 5 to 7 cents
each. The supply is largely from Sau Francisco Hay.

Panulirus iaterruptus. Crawjinh ; Lobnter. Reference to the spiny lobster will l)e found in a separate
chapter. The name crawfish, by which this is often called, is an unfortunate misnomer.

286

HULLETIN OK THE UMTKD STATKS FI8II COMMISSION.

Craugoti fraiioUoorum. Xhiimii. 'I'lic m\\on ol' nliriinii in Sun rrnix'Uco ani very Iiii'KO, uihI Iiiivi*
iiiiri'iiHi'il III' laid ,v(>arH. At tlio incHciit time tlii' Nliiiiii|i Ih, iirxt In tin* criili. tlic moxt valinilWn
(TiiHlai'iMiii I'lili'iiiiK into llii* I'ily'H Hiipply of wiiti'i' rnnil, iiiiil in cxcftolcil in valiin only l<y
nynli'i'H, NofI I'laiiift, and cniliN. In Ihnm Mr, Wilcox I'ounil lliat l!!lO,(Njll ponndn of IVcnIi Klirimp,
worth i)<2ll,20<l, or M iniilHa jioiinil, wrri' hhIiI in llio nuirkolM; in IHilH Mr. AIi'XhuiUt uitciTtainfil
that tho riM'ttiplH aiiionnli'il to hi;5,IMM) ponriilN, valnril at !|<l t,J5(), or fi I't^iitn u jionnil. Ak Id \v»I1
known, Iho Khriinp llHliiTy Ih in Ihu hanilH of thi' ChinrMu, who, in adilitlon to RelliliK largo
uumlturs in u fruaU conilitton, ilry uuil nbip to Chinii niuch lurgur i|uuutHlv8.

HKPTII.ES.

Raiia pretloaa. lluUJ'nuj. ThiH nnir",itt \n ll^'oioK >>>orit oonHpicnoiiHly in thu Hitn KraiKiMco markctit

nai'h year, anil ulri'aily lian ^'.cat voinnixrcial vahif. 'I'lio rnlinji; pric» U ifH to iM per iluzen, anil

tlin annual Malrs anionnt to hetwucn 5,000 unil 10,(H)0 ilo/eii.
Chelopiia marmoratua. Teiraj in. Mrtwc<<n 1,000 and 2,(K)0 dozen are lold itnnunlly in San Kran-

ciHro, at $',i to ii<'> per dor,»n Tho Hupply coiniMt rhiflly from tho niarHli,y rogiuiignt tliuii mith of

tlio Sarranmnto Hivor.
Chelonin virgata. Nia rnrlle; (ititn Turtle. KcachcH thu San I'ranrinco nuirkuts IVoni the sontlieri'

I'ouHl uiul l.owiT California,

THE I-ACIFIC WHALE FISHERY.

The i>rin(;ipiil whaling port in tho United HtatcH is now San Fraiirisco. Be« ■'""
having a imiiicrons lionic tlect, tliat city is the rondezvons of a large nninber of New
Bedford vessels. The growth of the m hnliiig iiidii.stry on the west <'oast has been due
to the scarcity of whales in the Atlantic and their abnndaiice in the North Pacific and
Arctic oceans. The jjresent importance of the whale fishery carried ou from Han
Francisco is largely due to tlu* extensive nso of steam vessels, which are ccmsidcreil
e8,sential lor the projter pro>secntion of (he business in the more noitliern latitudes.

The year 18(K1 was the most successful one in the history of the Pacific whale
fishery. The San Francisco fleet killed and ntili/ed over 350 Avhale.s, of which 294
were bowheads, a much larger number than had lu'cn obtained in any i)ievions year.
The ((uautity of bone represented by this catch was 401, <KM) ])oiinds, valued at
$l,L'4t>,l()8; and (»,74() barrels of oil, worth $!>3,100, were extracted.

The fleet consisted of 4(i vessels, of which -*() were sailing craft and lid wore
steamers. Kleven of the sailing vessels took l(i bowhead whales and 1> took none, the
sea.son for this class of vessels thus being a failure.

The yciir was remarkable for the remote grounds frequented by the steamers, and
the abundance of whales there foniid. Wiiile none of the sailing vessels ventured
east of Point ISarrow, owing to the ice and fog, a large part of the steam fleet did so,
going as far as Herschel Island, (^ape liathnist, and Banks Island. Four steamers,
which had wintered at the north of the Mackenzie Uiver, took 94 whales off Cape
Bathnrst, where they went in .Inly. Heturning to the \ Icinity of Ilerscbel Island,
they were joined l)y 9 steamers from the west, and this fleet of 1.5 vessels took Ui4
whales by the middle of September, IS9,'$. Ten vessels that went to Okhotsk Sea and
Bristol Bay cai)tnred l."> whales, 2 obtaining nothing.

The present aspects of whaling in the Pacific are thus referred to by tho San
Francisco Call:

Tho whalo is destined to disappear from the North I'aeiflc, nuieh more speedily than ho was driven
from the eastern approaehes to tlie Arctie. The whale lleet sailinn out of the jjort of 8au I'rnueisoo
has this year <'an({lit in Antie regions no Iiks than ICi.l whales. The jiroduet of this season's cateli
would have been represented by about if^.tHKl.tKH) had prires remained as they were about three years
ago. Wheu one small steamer takes 6:^ whales in a single season, and a still^mallcr one kills 64, there

(V, llllll IlltVP
Oxt Vltllllllllo

llllll only liy

'ri'Nli Hliriinp,
iiHivrtiiiiiiiil
Ah JH wtill

xfIIiiik lart{v

iHI'll llllll'kctM

ir iluxi'M, mill

ill Sun Frnii-
tllr II until of

the HoiitherL'

Be,; '-^
Ikt oC New
IS 1)0011 due

Pacific and
1 Ironi Siiii

ooiisidcreil
1 liititndt'S.
urilic wliule
f wliich 294
nioiis yciii'.
, valued at

id L'(! were
k none, the

•aiuers, and
Is ventured
fleet did so,
r steamers,
es ott" Cape
bel Island,
ds took lti4
siv Sea and

by the San

10 was driven
au FrautiHci)
sasoii'a catoli
t tlireo years
kill8 64, thvru

NOTES ON TMK KIHIIEUIES (»K TIIK I'ACIKIC C'CAHT.

287

in a MtiikltiK illiiHti'Htlon of whiit Mteiiiii in (IoIiik f<i<' I'le itxtnriniiiatiini of tint wlialo in tlin rmillc.
riii<r<> will lie no rcntricllon. 'I'lir whaln llNlii'ry liv Hiillinij vi'Khi-Ih Iiuh liir mhiio tiinr iicrii iiii|irollliililu.
Wliat till) NiiilliiK i-ralt wniilil not ilo in a lir»tliiiu of yiMii'H tli« Ml(*»ni wlialor f>'ill |iri'tt,\ i<llt<i'tiially
accDinpliNli in a viiry fuw yxara,

MINOR NOTES.

A I.AIiUK SKATK.

At AHtoria, on .lane L'O, two saliiioii {{ill-net flslierineii brought in u very large
skate, wliirli liad hecoine entan;;lcd in tlieii' net at tlie nioiitli id' tlit^ river, it was
landed at a cannery, and was said by a number of people wlio saw it t(t iiave been
the largest akate ever lauded in Astoria. Its greatest width was 5 feet, its total
lentjth was a little over (I feet, and its wei},'lit was 150 pounds. A Chinese sabnoii
dresser was enga};ed to ojien tlielish; its alimentary traet was found to contain a
number of eral)!, (r«;«^r w*«(//«^tT), some of which were almost whole. The dliinese
cannery hands watched the e\ isceiatimi of the skate very intently, and when the
oppoi'tunity (uiine hastily madeiott with the intestines, which are, by tlieni, consnleied
a giciit delicacy. From a sketch made of this skate and an examination of the teeth
the specimen has since been identillt'd as the \>\n skate ( /iVm'x cooperi (iirard). It in
the largest representative of the genus on the Pacific coast, and is hnid by Jordan
iVt (lilbert to have an egg (lase nearly a foot in length. According to the. o authorities,
it is abundant from Monterey to Sitka.

FIHH IN LOS AN<»BLEH MAKKET.

At Lo8 Angeles, on .Iiiiie ~>, the following meager representatives of the rich fish
fauna of the coast of Los Angeles County were seen in the market, which is sii[»plied
by the fishermen of San I'edro:

Serlola doraalis. Vellow-ttiil. One IImU wtiiKliinu LTi ]ioiinilH.
Orcynus alaloiiga. Albiuore. Onr wiiinliin-; LT) iiipiiikIh.
Sarda cbllenslB. Ilonito. Two having; wei^ilit of S |ioiinilH oncli,
Halichoerea semicliictua. Kiliifinli. Si'venil wriKliiiig iilioiit a ]iounil oacb.

Sebaatichthya, Hprvies. Uorkjinli. A nnniliur of tlieHu tinh, belonging to Hvvoral Hjteciea, wore on oale.
Leptocottuaiarmatua. Sciilpiii. A few.
Parallchthya oallfornloua. Halibut. Srvoral.
Oncorhynohua chouicha. Salmon. A few from San Francisco.
Miorogadua proxlmua. Tomvinl. (;oinniiiii.

Some anchovies (iS7«/(7»/iorM» nwf/e«#) prepared as '• Russian sardines" were also
.seen.

FRESII-WATEK (."UAWFISII.

The business of takiiu'' crawfish for market is of very recent origin, and their utili-
zation is as yet limited, y.-veral sjiecies of the genus I'ottiinohinti are t'oiiiid in the west
coast States, but they are taken only in a few localities. They may be seen «^\i>osed
for sale in San li'ranci.sco and Portland. Tliev are especially numerous in the sloughs
of the Columbia and Willamette rivers, from which the greater part of the siii»idy is
now drawn, although they occur in great abundance in suitable situations throughout
this region. On .lune 18 several hundreil remarkably large and fine looking crawfish
were seen at a lish-stand in Portland. Some were somewhat over •» inches in body
length.

288

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

The Oregonian of June 10 stated in regaul tc the crawfish trade of that city:

Thu Urat ohipnieiit of big crawfisU from down the river was received hero yesterday, and tmma
of t'-.eiii wore who|))iei'B. at lonst 6 iiiohrs In longtli. Thoy look more like youug lobsters than ordi-
nary or:uvfiHii. Tbcro ie quite a demand for tlicso crustaeoans, now thiit tho AnierioanH bave bej^un
to Iriirii wliiit the Krencli and Gfcrniaim lia\ ■ li>ng known — (hut they ari^ do.licai'ies. Tboro is no end
of tbcni ill till! Coliii:' irt i.nd \VllliiMi<!tti\ wlioro tlipy (>row to lari;« nIzc, and smaller on(\< aro fiiiiud
in nearly every .stnraiii in tlio State. Quite a biiKiness is done by soveral persons in sliipping cookeil
.inii spii'ed erawlisb to'Sau I'riineiseo, wbero there is a great demand for them, and thoy are now found
regularly on tiic bill of faro at a niiiuber of restaurants. It is not likely tha' 'here will ever bo so
many millions of dollars in the crawtii'li fishi'ry as in the salmon, or evf,n ii: '\o sturgeon and shad,
bnt it can be nia,.o to yield a protit to nuiny flsbermen,

INIr. A. B. Alcxaiitler, of the Fish Con'.niission steati ?r AJImfross, found tlnit in
18!>3 t\w quiintity </i" ci-iiwfi.sh received by Poiti.iud dealers wa^ L'i>,OUO dozen, with a
value to tiie fisliernien of A.'^OCO, or 1 cent eae't.

FISHES OF MONTEREY BAY AND VICINITY.

Tlie mounted collectioti of fishes of Mr. 11. 0. Winston, of ranific Grove, has
alrt-ady heen referred to. The collsetiou is inter iPting in that it is a fair representation
of the tish f^iuua of a definitt' part of tlio coast, oeingniadeup from specimens drawn
almost exclusively fron). the iiniiiediate vicinity of Monterey; that is, from Monterey
Bay aird the adjacent oceen. Mr. Winston has courteously supplied alistof the fishes,
Tfyhich discloses some interesting species and seenis Morthy of presentation.

J'olialolremn ntniiii. llagfish.
Heplrniichiiti miiciu^tiin. Sevcn-gillod .■ihark.
CaMiiK iitrr. I'nlTv 8::ark.
TriakU Mmifaitc aliis. Leopard shark.
CarcJiaruiHii 'jlaueut, llluesliirk.
.iloiiii,. ,,'pfk. Threahof shark,
Inmiiii comuhica. Maekerel shark,
SqiKi' n iicuiilliws. Dog shark,
Ithiiiuooliiit proUiicliiti. Shovel-uo3C shark.
A'nid itiurnala. Skate.
lluiii Ktilliilata. Skate.
MnViohtili^ c((lij'b)niciif. Stingray.
Jteiiidomiiniii borealh. Lnnoe i:«h. liiire.
Synoili » liiciorei)). I.izard-fi''i.
jiJca/MS califoi-Kh'iie. Klyiug-lisb.
SitthiK'touiu e«/i/o»TficH«('. Pipefish.
llipiiMiiiii, -III: hi(jei\K. sW'ft-borse. Rar.!,
Syhjirona nrr/enttu. Barraeu n.
Hcomheieoliiit. Mackerel.
Sa>;'a rhilenifin. Skipjack.
7Vii'ni/i«v picliirnliix. Ilorso mackerel.
Seriiila (lorialU. Vehowtail.
Oirtlla nii/ricans. Kingtisb.
Ditreimi laUrtile. Hl'io perch.

. Surftish.

CnnhlatHiiH yirinc";./*. Whiteftsh.
Hexiiiji'iinimiis diraiirnmmii'i. Sea trout.
Ophioiion rli)n(/.iliin. California cod.
Auoptu^onia Jimhiiii. IJlack cod.

HebauiodcH pa icisfiinin. Itoceaecio
Sebarlichllnja llaridr.n. Vellowtaileil rccklisb.

>:Hniat)ii>. l.'aHber,

ruhev. Ued rocklish. Very rare.

t'oHHtellalHs. Spotted corsair.

mali;ifr.

nehiil.'xiii. Gfvrrupa.

neniieps. Treefish. Noi common.

niniocinctiis. Hlaek-banded rockJisll.
One specimen.

f/dodei.
Sehnatt>l(.f»ii> nhmcnnng. Alaska rock-cod. Very

rar,-. Two specimer.s,
I'.eliiiiix ijiiiidriner'.aliiii. Sculpin,
Knnphrtjs binon. Scorpion-fisb.
Ndutichthijn ocnlofaMtitits. Sculpin, Four speci-
mens,
lih(tmphncoHu» ridiardtoHi. liamflsh,
J'orirkthiiH manjnritalnn. Midsbipman.
Xriu-Uniin anliniiin. UatOsb. Karc.
Cliiiiifi li-idfi. Illenny.
Xiphislcr viu^ioinx. (Jlenuy,
Cebi'diclilhijK marm,iialiiii. (.'rested blenny.
AiKiirichlhiiD ocelhnts. Wolf-lish.
Mil rogadua proximun. Tomcod.
[UppoghnmiH hippoulot^im. Halibut,
Lepidopaetin bihiicata. Solo,
rhuronecten ittllatus. Uough-jacket llonnder.

hat city :

nlay, ami some
iters thiiu orili-
iiH have bej^iin
riiero is no end
oiica aro foiiuil
lii|)pii>fi codked
i' iiro now fo\iiiil
will ever 1)« so
rgeou (lutl !<li!ui,

oniid tliiit iu
dozen, with a

c Grove, has
eprosen t.atiou
jiuiens (h'awu
cm I^Iontoroy
t of the fishes,
)n.

leil rockfiah.

, Very rare.
I corssiir.

Noi ooniaiou.
bnndeil rocktisli.

rock- cod. Very

liii. ror.r speci-

ilBll.

[irnan.
re.

d blenny.

nit.

;kct rionndei.