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CONTRIBUTIONS

I

TO TllK

NATLRAL HISTORY OF ALASKA.

■f ■^■- ■■'••' H

RESULTS OF tNVESTlUATlONS MADE CHIEFLY IN THE YUKON

DISTRICT AND THE ALEUTIAN ISLANDS; CONDUCTED

UNDER THE AUSPICES OF THE SIGNAL SERVICE,

UNITED STATES ARMY, EXTENDING FROM

MAY, 1874, TO AUGUST, 1881.

PKEPAURD UNDKR THE DIRECTION OF

BRIO. AN1> BVT. MA.T. OEN. W. B. HAZEN.

CHTKF SIGNAL OFFICER OF THE AKMT,
BT

L. M. TUKNER.

No. II.
ARCTIC SERIES OF PUBLICATIONS ISSUED IN CONNECTION WITH THE SIGNAL SERVICE, U. S. ARMY.

WITH 26 PLATES.

WASniNOTOX:
GOVERNMENT rUINTING OFFICE.

1886.

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T.'i'SS'

DEC IS 1^

Nortiitirn Adiirs Library
OTTAWA

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ARCTIC SERIKS OF PUBLICATIONS

ISSUKIl IN OON'NKOTION Willi

THE SIGNAL SERVICE, U. S. ARMY.

No. I.— Report of tlie Expedition to Point Barrow, Alaska, liy Lietit. J'. II, Kay. 1885.

No. II.— Contributions to the Natural History of Alaska. By L. M. TuuNEB. 188(i.

No. III.— 'Report upon Natural History Collections iiiaile in Alaska in 1877-1881. By K. W.
Nklson. 1880.

No. I v.— "Report of the Expedition to Lady FrankHn Bay. By Ltextt. A. W. (Ireklv. 1887.

No. V — 'Report of Observatioiit* made in Ungava and Labrador. By L. M. TuBNEii. 1887.

'Ill (iiin'M! (if |iir|iaraticiii.

LETTER OP TRANSMITTAL.

National Muskum, AprU2rt, 1882.

Sib: Hcrinvitli 1 have tlio honor to tiaiiMiDit to jou for publication the foHowing notes made
by me in tlie Territory of Alaska during the years 1874 to 1881, uutler the direction of the Chief
Siginii Olhcer, U. S. Army, and in connection with tl»e National MuReiim, under the direction of
Prof. &. F. Haird, Secretary of tlio Smithsonian Institution.

A brief recital of the various localities visited by me is necessary.

Under sjtecial orders I was directed by the Chief Signal Ollicer to proceed to Saint Michael's,
Alaska, and there establish a meteorological station. I arrived at Saint Michael's May 25, 1874, and
began taking meteorological observations June 2(5, 1874. During my leisure time I was employed
in obtaining such objects pertaining to the natural hii-tory of that region as could be done. The
collection embraced specimens ot jtlants, insects, lishes, birds, mammals, and a great <iuantity of
ethnological nmtter, together with extensive vocabularies of the Unalet, Malemut, Nulato IngiV
let, and Aleut languages. Each of these subjects received the fullest attention that the means
and time at my disposition would allow; si)ecial attention being given to obtaining a full series of
the birds of that region and to collecting all ethnological material possible. Several specits of
fishes and birds had not hitherto been detected within North American limits.

This work was prosecuted iiiifil 1 signified my desire to return to civilization and was relieved,
at my own rerpiest, by Private E. W. Nelson, Signal Corps, U. S. Army, who assumed charge ot
the meteorological duties and other work, under si)eeial orders from the Chief Siginil OBlcer.

To Private Nelson was turned over all Government property under my charge, July 14, 1877.

I returned to Washington City, and at my own request was discharged from the Signal Corps,
U. S. Army.

On the <Uh of March, 1878, I again was connected with the Signal ('orps, and, under si)eciiil
orders from the Chief Signal Otlicer, was directed to proceed to Unalashka Island, Alaska, and
after establishing a meteorological station at that place, to also estaldish stations at Attn, Atkha,
Belkovsky, Fort Alexander (Hristol Hay), and Saint Paul Island, of the Pribylof (Jroup.

I arrived at Unalashka May 8, 1878, and proceeded to Fort Alexander to establish the station
at that ])lace. I secured the cooi»eration of Mr. J. W. Clark, to whom was intrusted a full set of
meteorological instruments, excepting barometers, of which 1 had none even for myself, and sta-
tionery. On my return to Unalashka in the early part of July, 1878, I soon departed for Belkov-
sky, for the purpose of establishing a meteorological station at that place, but not finding a person
there whom I considered of sutlicient intelligence and reliability to perform the work, I was com-
pelled to abandon that station. At Una'ashka there was no one to take observations during my
absence, and lateness of the season jMeventeil me from going to the western part of the Aleutian
Islands to establish stations at Atkha and Attn. At Saint Paul Island I secured the services of
Mr. H. W. Mcliityre, who promised to take observations at that jilace.

In May, 1879, I visited the ishmd of Atkha, but not finding a white man i)ernianently at that
place, I was necessitated to reniain there until September, 187», when I returned to Uindashka;
where I remained until June .'J, 1880; and upon an opportunity oftering I proceeded to Attu to
take persoiml charge of a station at that place, I remained at Attu until June, 1881, and returned
to Unalashka to be relieved of furtlier duty by Sergeant S. Applegate, Signal Corps, U. S. Army,

CONTUI1UJTION8 TO THE NATURAL IHSTORY OP ALASKA.

ami by tli« Huiiie order wan iiiHtmcted to proceed to WaHliiiiKton t'ity and report to the Chief
HiKiial Onitter in person. I departed t'roin UnalaNlil<a .Inly 122, LSSl, and arrived in WaHliington
('ity September 15, 1881, wliore I received inHtriictioiiH to prepare tiiin report from the not«w mmle
by me wiiile in Ahiska.

Oftiie dillicuKieH under wliicli I Itave hittored t<f carry out my inHtrnutionM, and to procure the
number of ol)Jectrt of tlie natural liiMtory of tlie placeM visited by me, it in not neceMsary to relate
in this conuection.

The report is intended to jjive only such notes as were nmde by myself in the held, and only
in sucli instances as are necessary to substantiate my own observations have 1 made any citations
from otiier works on the subjects under consideration.

The arrangement of subjects is presented under tlie heads of —

Letter to the Chief Signal Officer.

Physical and descriptive geography.

Meteorology.

Botany.

Fishes.

liirds, with list of other birds known to occur in Alaska.

Manunals.

The subject of meteorology is believed to be sufficiently explicit in itself to require no explamv.
tion, other than that the tables are bused on the observations as taken by the persons whose
miuies are made in that connection.

The list of itlants is that given by Dr. J. T. Kothrock in Smithsonian Report for 1807, and
contains those plants principally collected by the employes of the Western Union Telegraph
Comitany, in their e.\i>loration connected with the ]{nssian overland telegraph expedition, Dr.
Rothrock himself among the number. To this list has been added such plants as were collected
by me and identitied by Prof. A. Gray, of Harvard University ; the ferns by Prof. 1). C. Katon ; the
grasses by IJr. O. W. Vasey and Mr. Conant, of tlie .Agricultural Department. The order of the
list has not been changed from that presented by Dr. Rothrock, and with it are combined such
notes and <Mstiibution of species as were made by me. There is no doubt but that the list will
admit of many additions, tiiere having been so little opportunity to consult and reach all the litera-
ture on the entire subject, I could not in time obtain the more recent works so as to present to it in
accordance with the recent (classifications.

I may justly state in this (;onnection that of all great ditliculties the most troublesome was
to preserve the plants after I had collected them. The constant moisture of the climate has
Ireiiuently ruined my entire collection of a summer's work. All that remained after snpiiosing the
plants were sutliciently dried wouhl be a mass of mold and dry edges of paper, this being appar-
ently dtnie in less than forty-eight hours' time.

The only rejitile obtaine«I by me was a liana HylratUaf from Fort Yukon, just within the
Arctic circle, where this species is «juite ]>lentiful. This and a sjiecies of Unto from the vicinity of
Sitka are tiie only two batrachians known to me to be found in the Territory.

The collection of ttslics w.as not large, owing to the lack of preservative material in other
tpiantity than merely sutlicient to preserve only the rarer ami smaller kinds.

To Dr. T. U. Bean, curator of ichthyology of the National Museum, was given the task of
elaborating the material, many of the species being new to science and others rare. The notes
are given just as made in the held. That they could have been made more extensive by consulting
other authors is evident, but such course was not deemed necessary.

The engrossing nature of other work necess.irily limited the collection of birds, as it was im.
possible for me to leave the station for the purpose of making more extensive investigations; and
there was no one to whom I could entrust the duties to be performed by me. In the spring and
summer, when the birds were most plentiful, preparations of the past season's work had to be
attended to, in onler to ship them on the expected vessel, whose movements depended entirely on
the absence or presence of the ice; so that only the latter part of the summer was available for
procuring siiecimeus. During the period from November to the succeeding May few ptarmigan

t!ONTUll{[JTI()Na TO THK NATURAIi HISTOUY OF ALASKA.

Hiul Hii oudaNioniil riivini will ho tii«u)iil,v bittlH sw\ tluiiiiK thai time, hence there are tor tli<< (greater
pari of the year Ixit lew hinls to be aUded to the culleetioii.

The iiiites 1)11 the hirilM are, except in tew inNtaniH'H, the rcHullH of ni,v own olisei valiouH in Ihu
llekl. Several Npecie« collected b,v nie are new to the North American bird ranna,and otherH, \cry
rare HpucicM, which had hitherto been Hpecial tlesiderata. To my own notes In an appendix (M>ntain-
in^; a liHt of all the birds known to occnr within the limitH of Alaska. That many more names of
birds will be added to the list is only a (piestion of the time when the Ten itory w ill be fully inves-
ti);ato(I by a thoron^h exploration, as many sjievieH are known to be abnndant on the borders of
the^conntry. Yet the fact,of there beiiif; no recorded instances of their occurrence in Alaska has
been sntlicieut to excilude them Croni the list.

Without entering; into a detailed account of the mnnn(>r in which the birds are best obtained
in a country whose features have but little in common with others moie sonthern, I (;oidd only he
sure of securing ull the biids I ctnild attend to by bein^; well prepared with a hunting outfit, so
far as (jun (a tine one nnide by I'arker Bros., West Meriden, Conn.) and ammunition w«>re con-
cerned— for without these it is impossible tt) obtain specimens where the birds jterceptibly become
scarcer and wilder each year, due to the introdiction of immense quantities of cheap shot ;fung
that do more hurm by scaring than killing in the hands of the native youths. At Saint .Michael's
the j;eese and ducks have {jn'atly decreased in numbers, if wo may believe the reports of the hunt-
ers of former days who ba),'Red many times the quantity which may now bo obtained, and this with
infinitely better ^nnis and certainly not worse shots. Among the Aleutian Islands the birds have
forsaken the vicinity of the villages, and only by visiting the uninhabited islands can a complete
series of specimens be obtained, as the i)eople an*l foxes have driven the birds away. This is note-
worthy from the fact that the natives of Attn speak of a large cormorant, which, from the descrip-
tion given by them, could have been none otln-r tjnin the greatly desired Pallas's cormorant
(I'hnlacrocorajperiipivillatnH I'all.). This bird is now not to be found, where but'twenty years ago
(when no fire-arms were used) it was quite abundant at Attn and among the other Nearer islands.

At the j)re8ent time most birds are seen as the ves»el quietly moves through the still wnters.
At sea myriads of auks of various kinds sit among the title streams, feeding on various substances,
and are only disturbed by the vessel making a narrow break in their ranks as they stretch away
for miles in length, where even in moderately rough weather the birds spend most of their time,
each species in a manner by itself, but with an occasional intrusion of a puffin, gull, or other bird
in theseriation formed l)y the gently undulating sea. Though generally each species or it and its
congenors keep well together, yet the interval separating the species is generally distinct, even of
but few yards or by overlapping ranks but slightly separated.

The gulls aiul ravens prefer the shingly beach or sands, and carefully scan the surface for a
8crai> of anything lit or not fit for food. The former sedate and often of .solemn mood, the reverse
of the wary raven ever on the alert for a trap in which his foot may be caught, for they frequently
walk along and instantly jump as though something had exploded directly under it, yet continue
its fantastic actions for hours.

The snipe and kindred birds seek the more nuirshy places, where they abound in their season.
But few species of the waders remain in the Aleutian Islands and none in the northern portions of
the Territory during the winter. The ducks and geese are widely distributed, and in a great
measure modified forthe time being by their surroundings in each locality.

The list of mammals presented represents all the known living and fossil species, the greater
part being found on the nmiidand. On the Aleutian Islands the only mammals are the foxes and
the seals, with few 8i)ecies of rodentia, of which two species are imported. There are no mi<!e or
rats on the extreme western islands at the present time, and only one species of fox, Vulpen
lagopua. One of the small islands near Kiska Island i3 said by the natives to bo literally honey-
combed with the holes of a species of spermophile. I was unable to secure specimens for identifica-
tion. I was also unable to procure a specimen of the bat, which is plentiful at Kadiak, and occa-
sionally ranges, in the months of July and August, even as far north as Nulato, on the Yukon Hiver.

(A large collection of insects and shell*- was also made bv me, but owing to circumstances beyond
my control I am not able to present the notes pertaining to them in this connection, or to give a
list of the species.)

8

CONTUIIUrnoNS TO TICK NATUUAIi III8TOIIY OK ALASKA.

It liiiH Ihhmi «lePiii«Ml iMlviMulile to ({ivf n liMt of tlu> priiifipul luvulitioH with tlieir t(t><>grii|»liicitl
poHilion, c>H|ii'fiiilly tlioHv int'iitioiitMl in iii,v iiuteH.

Miiiiy iKM'MoiiH liiiviiiK \ JHitiMl AliiNkii iiihI thrown into roiitact witli |m>o|)Io H|H>akiiiK tlio ItiiM-
Hiiiii hiiiKiii)K*s wliirii hiiH 8carci>i,v iiiiy iiniiiit.v witli tin* Kn^liHJi, iinil dining; thi'ir MJioit Htiiy hiivn
in'fNtinu'il to hitvurniiNtoi'iMl lliu Honn(lMor<-onNoiiiintHantl vowi-Im wliich aic prcullar to tln< ItiiHNJan
iaiiKUUKi'; Iti'iuu* many (liKcirpunciKH havo aiiHcn and n-Hulti'd in Npt<llin),r certain woiiIn in NovtMal
cironroiiM ways. The nanu'ot'ono of th<> piincipal hii'Ko ixhintlH of (In- caHtiTn part of tin* Aicntiaii
uhiiin IniN ltf«>n Kivcn tliiiM, AonahiNJika, Oonahinlika, OonalaNka, I'nahiNka, ami ('nahiNJika. Th«i
luiOority of Mn^liMh writiMH in NpflliiiK tlu> Uii^Nian patronyniicN a'lVi^ an ./or.//' »» tin' cntiin;; for
ItnMMian wonJN which really i-ntl in the koiiimI of/, and Hhonid he ho written, as the Nonnd of />**
ttwUlental in all words endini; with the hard semivowel 'i>, or when plact'd hefore htron(( ecnisonants,
and thtMi taking the Hound of its eorrfspondint; lultiir 4', whieli m the pure anil simple/ as nsetl in
English.

Thu following nnnifs are la'lieved to la* entirely in aeeordantte with the pioper soninl of the
Itiissian ami native names. The latitude and longitude are taken mostly from the determinationa
nnidu hy the U. 8. Coast Hiirvey uud other authorities. Thoy nru Huniciently (correct for the
pur])OHe intended. ,

[.(iialltv.

IT. HCiiiinl Survey .SUlliin. Hllkn

AKlKiiiiinilriil Hlalliiii. Saliit Pjiiil Mm bur, Kgillik

Kiiililk Vllliiu.., K».llak

Villiiiiii in Di'lnriir llRrbiir. I'iiK'I laliiixl ••■■'

lU'lk.VvHkv Vill,.)ni

C'lipi* IVIn)f, wi'«t Riid (il'Saiinakh Ulniiil miil Uiirbitr

HiiiilliwiMt pdint iil'i'iitnyii'i< lu Kulw I'xu Ixtwoi'ii Alluikn noil Tnliiiak

SouUi Cii|M', A kiitiiii IhIaihI .,,

Morili Capo, Unaiun ImIiiiiiI

NnrUi Capi', AkAii Inland

AHlrononitral Sliillun, <'hcrnov»ky liny

Antnniomlial KIntlmi. Illulink VlllaRn, rnalaxlikn Inland

Ntirtli point nf rnniak iMliinil

]to|{HNliir iHUntl

Went point of Anillii Inlaiiil

Vllln>[i^ (nHtrononileal ntutton) on Naxan Ittiy, Atkhn Island

Koruvinnky IVnk (v(di'iinn, 4,8.Vj frat IiIkIiI

KnnHKa IVak.on KniMi|{n Inliind .

tN>nHlHntlne Miiy, AHtronontlealStntInn, Anicbltka Islnnd

Anliononiloiil Station at villain, Kyaka Harbor, Kyaka Inland

Bouldyr Inland (K. Capo)

Went point ol'Sondrhl Inlanda

Nortbeant Capo uf Agatta Inland

Kant Cane, Attn Inland

FlaKntalf in Chli'biipit° Ilnrlior, Attn laland

Capo Wianeel (lb« wvnti'rn point of Attn laland)

Obu'nnoi (Mannnen*) Iliiv, notitb aide of Attn

Monlh uf TuJaik Kiv.'r'

Aniak InlailM

Fort Alexander, on Miiabaifak Klver

Cape New(>ubam

Cape Uuniiant!M)f

Went point of Stnart laland

Saint Miebneln

Unalakbllt ,

Benborougb Inland

Cape Prince of Wales, tbe r'*«ternniosl imint of mainland of North AmerioK.

Went Cape. Saint Oeorije Im^nd

SniiMiweai Cape, SiilntranI Inland

Sou tlieant point of Saint Matt hew Inland

Soul hraat Cape, Saint Lawrence Island

Latltnds.

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23. 7

OU

00

00 W

30

24

00

00

36

00

16

00

00

00

uo

M
30

1'

vey.

S. Coast Snrv

Do.

Arclilnianilrllof.
I.'. S. (.'iijint Survey.

Ilo.

Do. ,,

Voronkovnky.
Krenitilu.

Ilo.

Ilo.
U. .S. Coast Snrvpv.

Do.
Viinilief.
II. 8. Cuast Snrvcy.

Do.
I'avbif

Halniatof ,ind others.
I'. 8. Cuast Survey.

Do.
Gibson.

Do.
Denieman and othera.
Gibson.

U. S. Const Snrvey,
Gibson.

1)0.

Staninkovlob.

Uo.
Wrangel and othera.
Vasillef and others.
Etolln.
Tebienkof.

)lean of Kellelt and Zagoakln.
ZaKonkin.
Kbrnnicbenkn.
U. S. Coast Survey.

Do.

Do.

Do.
Pavlor.

Chorit Peninnila Ilea in about 66° 16' N., and 162° W. long., and Is directly north of Chanilnso laland. In Bachsoholta Bay, a part of Kotis
bue Sound.

Kamea of othir looalitlea mentioned in these papers are believed to be suRlolently explicit.

I desire to express my deep obligations to Prof. S. F. Balrd, Secretary of the Smithsonian
Institution and Director of the National ]\[useum. in affording mo every facility in preparing tliese
pages. To Mr. Ilobert Hidgway, curator of ornithology of the National Museum, my obligations
are deep for the many valuable suggestions he has made. To Dr. L. Stejneger I am under great
obligations for suggestions on several subjects, especi.illy those pertaining to Pyrrhula and Mota-
cilia, which were reviewed by him. Also to Dr. T. U. Bean, curator of ichthology, I am greatly
indebted for the identifications of all the flsbcs collected by me. To Messrs. J. N. McQuostiou*

CONTRIHITTION8 TO THK NATUKAI, IIIBTOItY OK ALAHKA. 0

A. Mayo, Htiil J. Ilurper, <»f the iipiwr Yukon DiHtrict, I iiiii (lee|>ly inditlttiMl f<»r many H|MHnnienM of
binlH wliitth 1 would not otberwiHtt liuvu obtainiMl.

In the UnuluHhknn DiHtrict 1 t-an but retntMnlM^r with pleaMure tlie raciiitioM ctronltHl niu l)y
the WeMtern Fur iintl TradiuK Company thiouKit tli*ir aKfnt«, Mr. John Uimm, and eH|ieoially to
Mr. Kobt^rt King, agt^nt of tlie diHtriot.

To the Kentlenicn (•x)uip«>Hin(( tlie AluHka t'oiunitTcial Oonipany, in Hun KramtiHco, I tuke
]>leaHure in aflknowJMlginK tlie many favon* i^xteiidt-d im with extrcMiu- (U)nrt«'Hy at Saint MichaprH
and duriuK the WrHt year of my stay at IJnaliwhka.
I am, HJr, very reH|ie«tfully, youra,

LUCIKN M. TUKNKK.
The Chikk Skjnal O. piokb U. 8. Abmy,

WaMkingUni, IK V.
8. MiH. I6f> '2

■/,

RESEARCHES IN ALASKA.

I'art I -OKIsTERAL DESCRIPTION.

Part II.~METEOROLOGY.

Part lII.-PI.AlSrTS.

Part IV.-FISHES.

Part V.-BIRDS.

Part VI.-M^MMAI.y.

11

K/.

- /(T^c*. "-/cyz^, c/^^, ■

PAKT r.-(iKiNEKAL DESC'KIPTJON.

I'HYSICAL CHAKACTKUISTIOS OF TlIK I'OUNTHY.

Tlie cliaracter of tlio country in tlie vicinity of Saint Micbael's is tliat of a vast moorland, niiicli
diversified with low, rolling areas to higher levels on which are situated either liifih hills or short
chains of mountains of not jrreat height, usually surrounded, esiieeially near the coast, by great
marshy plains or tundras, on which are numerous lakes of greater or less si/,e, and in most instances
connected with each other, or else having short, small outlets whicu run directly into vsome one (»f
; ,e numerous coves or arms of the sea, or unite with a larger stream which leads its tortuous way
to the smaller tributaries of the great Yukon ]{iver. The size of these streams is variable ac«!ord-
ing to the soil througii which they wind. In the vicinity of Saint Michael's there are none of suffi-
cient size to be worthy of mention.

Along the eastern side of Norton IJay are several small streams {s«;arcely of size to be called
rivers) which empty into the bay and take their origin anumg the hills to the eastward and whu^h
form the watershed between the Yukon River and Norton Sound. The streams on the eastern
side of those hills are tributary to the Y'ukon, and are of inferior size. '^ he trend of the coast on
the eastern side of the sound is northeast and .southwest. It contains biu few, and those broad,
indentations, the general line being incurved and having but few islands on its margin; the
larger islands being Stuart and Saint Michael's, the former on the outside of Saint Michael's, and this
only separated by a imrrow strait, while Saint Michael's Island is separated from the mainland by a
narrow gut of only a few rods in width, and of such slight depth that in (J(;t(»ber, when the lowest
tides occur, it is dry at low water. The coast on the northern side of the sound has an east and west
trend; the extreme ))()rtions only being deei)ly indented to form Norton Hay aiul (Jolovin Hound
at the eastern end, and (Jlaren<'.e Soun<l on the western extremity. The only islan<ls worthy of
mention on this stretch of coast are Aziak or Sledge Island, and ()k<''vuk or Kiny's Island, the
latter situated at some distance from the mainhuxl, the line of the coa.-^t being ratliei' abru])t and
having but a narrow strij) of low laiul before the foothills of the Kavyayuk reiiinsula The region
embracing the Yukon Delta is very low, only occasional hills, and these rarely touching the sea, to
relieve the monotony of the area. Several streams of moderate size are to be found between Saint
Michaels ami the Yukon. The delta itself comprises numerous streams of variable size, and these
constantly changing by th" force of the ice brought <lown by the spring freshets, which plows away
entire islands, and blocks channels and forms others among the yielding alluvium, while back trom
the sea-shore the flat land is infinitely intersected with sluggish streams, lione of which (Huitain
water only during the wet season. The.se streams and the land in that vicinity are frequently over,
flowed by the high titles of December. The ice frozen to the soil is lifted by the waters, aiu) in rising
carry tons and tons of earth from the bottoms of the creeks and dejiosit it beyond the banks. When
the spring opens large masses of fresh earth are often nu>t with, carried out in this manner. I
observed a single deposit of this kind over 5(10 feet long, abmit .'i(t feet wide, and averaging 2 feet
dee]), thrown out of the '' canal " between Saint Mi(;hael's Islantl and the U)aiidand, and this led me
to a(!count for the numerous little knolls of earth in the neighborhood. They may be detected also
by the ranker growth of grasses which are found on them.

Ketweeii the Yukon Delta and Cape Kumiantzol the coast line extcmls m)rtheast an<l south,
west. It is indented by numerous, shallow bays ami low, narrow cai»es. Many streams, nme of

Ii I

u

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE NATURAL HISTORY OF ALASKA.

coiiHiderablc! sixc, drain tlu- vast, oxtroniolv <h>|ir(>8se»l, area bptweon the Yukon aiHl KnHkok\'im
Rivers. Tlie coast line between tlie Knsk()kviin River and Aliaska is i)artl.v low in the northern,
and rufjfjed in the eentral part, with alternating low and high stretches on the southern part.
This extent is nin(;h broken by broad ba.vs of water, several largo streams, and the large rivers,
Nushagiik, Kvichftk, and Ugi^sik. At varying distances along the entire coast line broken ranges
of mountains ajijiear, their general diri'ction being east and west for the southern i)art, ami north
and south for tlu' norlhern jiart. The cliara<'ter of the interior is not known, except along the
larger rivers, and that being of generally the same character as the coast. The peninsula of
Aliaska is sinijily a cotiiinuation of the Alaskan Rlonntains, forming a comimratively long, narrow
strip of land, extending nearly northeiist and southwest. It is very mountainous, much broken
into short ranges, usually seveiiil peaks on a wide base, or else isolated mounltiins olten of great
height, the iiortion ol those over L',H(Kt led high being destitute of vegetation. These ?nonntaiii8
are (|nite iibrujit on the southern side. iMid have numerous bays, coves, and arms of the sea thrust
aiming tlii-hi. e\<'n to tlieii' luLses. Hie ntntliern shore of the i)eninsnla of Aliaska is a low, varied
slriit ot lan<l,a lew niilis to a lew rods in width, the eastern end of the north side being generally
widei and of less elevation, somewhat approaching the geneial characters of the tundras of the
Yukon District.

The Aleutian Islands :iii' liul an interrui)ted continuation of the Aliaskan Peninsula. They
extend in an easterly and western direction for a little over 1,000 miles; the (H'utral islands being
farther south give the chain a nearly regular curve. Including the ('oinniauder I.slands, the chain
has its ends terminating nearl,\ in the same degree {'>rt°) of latitude, and the southernmost islands
lying in about 51° !'(>' north. The priucii)al islands of the chain have their longer axis nearly in
the same direction as tlml of the deciirvatnre of the entire chain, the shorter axis lying to the
eastward of north. The ishinds in the central part i>resent a slight exception to these directions.
These islamls are, generally speaking, very mountainous (among them several active volcaiu)es,
some of them very high), their sides generally abrupt, conti'.ining inuumerabh^ indentations, such
as deej* bays and coves — these more abundant on the northern and eastern sides than on the south-
ern and western. (Nearly all the an(!liorages, and the villages, with few excei)tious, are on the north
ami east sides of the islands.) There is but little level ground on an.\ of the islands, that little being
formed at the entrsfiice to the larger valleys flanked by lnfih mountains on either side, from which
descend innuiner.iOle small streams from the summits of the mountains (irowned, in most instances,
with eternal snows. These streams unite to form creeks of slight depth and width, having a short
course before they reach the sea. Lakes of variable size aie to be found on nearly all the islands,
some of quite large area being situated on the higher hills. The hardness of the rocks and the
slight degree liy which they are Ijeld in solution, reiulers the water flowing over them reuuirkably
pure and of excellence for drinking |)ur])o-ics. I much doubt if water from any part of the globe
nnikes bi-tter tea.

SOIL.

Tin greater portion of the coast line is bound with trachyte, jtorphyrite, syenite, and lava
The hardness of the rocks has ])rodueed a nu'ager soil, though in some localities it is sandy and in
others a few isolated beds of clay occur. Near, the mouths of the larger rivers great deposits of
alluvial matter are to be found, geiuMiilly formed of fine sand aiul decomi)osed vegetable nuitter.
The depths of soil vary in each locality, and in the areas less favorably sitimted for drainage tlie
soil remains frozen at a depth of less'than 18 inches from the surface. The stratum of frozen soil
varies tiom '.i feet to an unknown depth. 1 have seen .se'cral holes dug for various purposes and
in apparently well dinined hit nations, aiul have in each instance, on the hill on which is situated
the ndoiilit of Saint Michael's, found the continually frozen soil to be at a dejith of less than 3
feet from the surlaic in localities which are well drained the layer of frozen s'il may even dis
appear during the latter part of summer, and in soi .e places among the alluvia', ilejmsits it thaws
out earl\ in ,]u\\. Amtuig the Aleutian Islands the soil is frozen only during protracted periods
t»f cold. The constant rains speedily thaw out the ground, which is in most placis but a thin sod
ol a few inches to li or .! feet, resting on a lied of giavel formed ages ago, and graduallii encroached

CONTKinnTIONS TO THE NATURAL niSTOKY OF ALASKA.

1.^

upon iiiul inattetl togetlior by tbe ruuts of giiMtieH wliicli thrive on tliu lower landH, and which
having fnlfilleil all the requireuients of natnre, are prostraietl to the earth, not to rapidl,)
ilenay, but even for yearH to remain and help bind the fe\v particles of soil together lest it fallt^
between the interNtices of the gravel bed below. In the Yukon I>istric.t it is almost impossible tc
(ind pure soil ; the particles on being dried and seiiarated reveal undecompo.sed vegetable filH'rs,
and disintegrated volcanic scoriai. This character of soil made it necessary that we should Ire
quently moisten our garden-beds at Saint Michael's lest they blow away.

VKOETATION.

The scanty growth of plants, other than mosses, is due to the great accumulations of sphagnum,
which, in the localities favorable lor its growth, leaches a depth of G to 80 inches in the extremely
depressed areas, and forming a covering, which, by its non-conductivity of heat, prevents the warm
rays of the sun from penetrating to the frozen stratum below. JJrainage being imperfect is a
principal cau.se of the constantly frozen ground. Water remains in certain localities of extended
area for ages, while at the bottom is in most instances to i)e found a thin de|tosit of mud resting
on either frozen soil or pure ice. In walking over the low tracts I have lre<iuently felt tl-e
ground undulate beneath me like a sLeetof thin ice when walked upon. Fre(|uent, snuUi rounded
holes were found of only a few inches in diameter. Into these holes I have often stepped and gone
down to a depth of over 2 feet, and jtrevented from going farther liy the hole l)eing too small to
admit my body. Having one <lay shot a duck, which mysteriously disapiii-ared, 1 went to the
edge of the jiond and looked for the bird. 1 then thrust a long stick uiuler the edge of the sod
resting on the water of the [»ond, and could feel with but little interference from grassroots far
in under, yet the water was too deep for me to touch the bottom of the pond. I now saw that
the margins of the ponds were being gradually encroached ui)on by the matting of the grasses,
which in the couj'se of lime would entirely cover the surface, and in their turn be succeeded by a
growth of sphagin.:ii, which by its retention of cold would prevent the ice formed in the water
below from'being thawed ont, and by the accumulation of vegetable matter on its surface decrease
the power of the sunnner's sun to melt the frozen lake for more than a few inches of its depth.
These lakes of ice have beun the source of the ice bluli's presented on various parts of the coast,
especially north of Bering Strait, the accumulation of soil on them iirodncing the wonderfully
iittractive mas.ses of j)laiits and tlowers spoken of by Aictic voyagers.

Another cause that may intluence the 8i)eedy freezing, an<l conseipient non-thawing of the
coast line and moorlands is the fact that the annual snow-fall is ])robably only half as nuicli or a
third less than in the interior, comparatively adjacent. The greater part of the snow which falls
on the coast is immediately drifted either into the sea or else far inland. It is rare that a depth
of more than 18 inches of snow is found on the low level coast lands. Scarcely a day from
November to Ai)ril passes but that the snow is drifted. The ravines, gullies, and abrupt hillsides
are the first to till up, and by the middle of December the general character of the snow-sheet is
level, only interrupted l)y blurts and steep hillsides. Those places where the snow collects into the
deeper drifts are found to be the scene of the more luxuriant vegetation in spring.

With these facts it wouhl seem incredible that tlowers should appeal in this apparently bleak
and desolate regio.i.

The mantle of snow has scarcely disappeared in spring than the whole surface f the earth is
awakened, numerous plants flourishing under such circumstances, existing, it would seem, independ-
ent of terrestrial heat, and in the cour.se of a few weeks surprise is changed into wonder at the
luxuriance and beauty of the vegetation, equaled only in more favored climes. With the sun
above the horizon throughout the twenty-four hours the growth of plants is rapid in the extreme.
The snow has hardly disappeared before the tiny but hardy Dodevatlieon has in twelve days from
its birth pa.ssed through the successive stages of growth, flowering, and the fctrmation of its fruit.
The Pediculares in a short ten days have shot up several inches, and though the leaves are not yet
formed, the brighter pink raceme is full of bursting Howers. By the middle of July (and the snow
sometimes continues falling to the middle of June) epilobiums, anemones, asters, ranunculuses,
and dozens of gaudily colored plants enliven and variegate the earth. During the long Arctic
days the plants have their period of sleep, short, though as plainly marked as iu the tropics.

.il

■If

ll

■: I

I
I

16

CONTUIBUilONS TO THK NATUKAL HiSTOUV OF ALASKA.

This tiiiitt of n^Ht is iiidiciitt'tl l»,v tlio (IrtHipiii); of thv leitvcH and feldiiig of the uorollaH and other
siffiiH whieli Hie olmerved in iiiiMtT cliiiieH. Each Hpe<;ieH of plant requirex a certain aiiioiiut of
beat, li^ht, and nioiHtnre to I'liltil the reqiiire<I conditionH of life. Of light and nioiHture there iH
Mutticient in the higher latitndeH ; tlie detiuienc.v of heat may be Huppleinented by certain changes
in the plant without lotting their individuality, and nniy be changed to uieet the requirements
necessary for their existence in this latitude. The colors of the flowers are usually most intense;
shades of blue and red ))revail, the leaves are thicker or more fleshy and contain less woody
flber. The stems of uiany of the flowering plants attain their full height before the leaves and
branches are half developed; and, in many instances, the flowers appear l>efore the leaves, thus
showing that in the struggle for existence the leaves and other parts of the p.lauts have remained
subservient to the fruit-producing portions. In many perennials the roots attain larger size than
in warmer latitudes, and thus seem to store up an <^nergy which not oidy ada]»ts the plant to with-
stand the rigors of tiie climate, but forms a store from which to draw vitality in the early spring.
The shrubby plants growing near the coast are peculiar for their change of growth by which they
are enabled to lie nearer the ground and thus receive a greater amount of heat and also to be
the better protected by the mantle of snow. The thickets of alder and willow are extremely
tangled, the stems forming intinite curves and elbows, interlaced and matted together in such
degree that ])ro^ress is not possible among then). These shrubs in the nmst favorable localities
attain a height of but feet teet, while their manner of growth and numerous abortive leaf-buds
indicate their struggle for existence.

The willows and alders and dwarf birches alone attain a modevate height in the imu •^diate
vicinity of Saint Michael's. About 20 miles from the coast line, and just beyond the low hills
which are near the sea shore, a scanty growth of ])oplars may be found in the protected ravines.
These trees rarely reach a diameter of over 8 inches, and are generally decayed within. On the
portage from Unalakhlit to the Yukon lliver a few spruce and poplars attain a height of 25 feet.
Not until the watershed of the Yukon is reached ilo we And trees of considerable size; there
spru(!e, willow, poi)lars, and birch obtain good size, and form the supply from which all the wood
of the district is obtained. An incalculablf quantity is brought down as drift each spring, and.
thrown on the broad ocean, is distributed by tides, currentt, and winds over the shores of all
the islands and mainlaml bordering Bering Sea. Not until the shore of the inner part of Bristol
Bay is reached do we find spruce growing immediately on the coast. On Aliaska trees are only
fouiul on its extreme eastern limits, and then mostly on the southern side. The willows and alders
grow to a greater size on the western part of Aliaska than on the Aleutian Islaiuls. The eastern
])art of Kadiak Islantl and those lying to the northeast of it' are abundantly supplied with spruce
and other trees. Of late years many cords of wood are exported from Kadiak to the Aleutian
Islands for fuel.

Among the Aleutian Islands the only trees are the spruce from Sitka, set out by the priest of
the Unalashkan district in 1832, on the island of Amakudk, a few hundred yards from the village
of lliuliuk, on Unalashkii Island. The trees grew, some died, and now but fourteen remain ; the
other eight were either broken down or died. They have not reproduced their kind, though an
abundant croj) of <;ones is produced. Alders and willows are the only large shrubs found ou the
Aleutian Islands. Their growth is scarcely superior to that of the same species at Saint Michael.
Even though drill-wood is scarce and cord wood is dear, the Aleuts prefer to burn a few wisps of
grass or a bunch of Empvtrum rather than go the same distance for the alder or willow. Though
it is true that among these islands the Kmpttrvm attains its rankest growth, the entire hillside is
covered with it, and the grasses contend in height with the billows.

f}

hi

PART II.-METEOROLOGY.

in

ABSTRACTS FUOM THE DAILY JOURNAL AT SAINT MICHAEL, ALASKA.

JULY, 1874.

July 1; A Htri)i)(? galo from the Hoiith, iittiiiiiiiiK » innxininiii velocity of 55 miles. —July 7: The temperature has
been hIowIv inert nsiii;; for the past nevernl iIh.yk and is now qnito pleasiuit. — July 9: Light lains in early a. in., and
beautiful rosy suntet.— July li : Light to gentle rains.— July liJ: Light to gentle rains. — July H: Light rain in a.
ni. — July l(i: Hard shower of large drojis of rain.— July 17 : Hard showers of rain. — July 18 : Hard showers of raiu. —
July ^1 : Maxinuim temperature of the seasou was reached to-day; C5°.— July 24 : Miixinium temperature of 70° was
reached to-day ; three distinct peals of thunder from a cloud in the southwest ; no lightning observed.— July 20 :
Showery in a. m. and early p. ui. — July 27: Drizzling rains all day. — July 20: .Showery at intervals.— July 30: Light
raiuM ending in mist. — July :tl : Light rains at tlinc.

Al'GrST, 1874.

August 1 : Heavy falls of rain ; showers in the distance. — August 2: Kain in the distance. — August 3: Kaiu late
in p. ni.— August 4 : Hard rain to-day.— August 5 ; Hard gale from the south toward noon ; raiu at intervals. — August
d: Light showers of rain. — August/; A light pale blowing at 2 p. m. ; light misty rain. — August 8: A light rain in a,
fii. — Ain;nst 11 : Frequent light showers ; bard gale from the south after noon. — August 12 : Strong galo from the south
by 2 p. m. ; light rain in p. m. — August 13: Showery at interval.s. — August 14: lieautiful bands of cirro-cumulus
clouds having their texture disposed in waves iiud tibers in all directions. — August 18: Fog and mist in late p. m. —
August 19 : Showers of light character. — August 21 : Light galo from the north. — August 22: A sharp bail-storm at
3.24 p. ni. with rnin, lasting until 3.42 p. m. — August 23: Red glare on the clouds as the sun neared the horizon ; a
red and yellowish rain-bow a]>peBred, accompanied by a second, which lasted but a few miuutos. — August 27 : A very
slight rain in late p. m. — August 28: Foggy in early a. m. — August 31 : Foggy in early a. ni ; a light raiu in early
p. m.

8EPTEMBKK, 1874.

September 2 : Heavy rain iu p. m. — September 3 : Frequent showers during day.— September 7 : Hard rain in a.
ni. and light mistiness in p. m. — September 10 : Aurora began at 9.09 p. m., lasting until 0.25 a. m. of September 11 ;
it began as a single arch low down, a second arch at an elevation of 20 degrees formed soon after; a third arch appeared
after a few minutes at an elevation of 40 degrees ; the ends of the three arches coalesced at their eastern parts and slowly
vanished, to form again as the tirst arch, only more blight in color, from which beams shot up to form an arch at 60
degrees elevation ; between tlieso tw o arches slender beams constantly played ; one long beam touched the easteru end
of the two arches and rnjiidly (;wept their entire length, and disappeared beneath the western horizon; after this
beam bad disappeared the auroral urcli subsiiled into a state of passiveiiess, which gradually faded into an auroral
haze. — .September 11 : The auroral haze of yesterday lasted only twenty-live minutes after the beginning of the day.—
September 12: An aurora similar to the ore witnessed on the 10th instant was observed this evening; the color was
a ycllowish-greeu.— September 13: Very dry to-day ; the cistern of the hygrometer had to be filled twice ; the lowest
humidity was at 12 ni., showing ouly 35.9 per cent, of moisture iu the atmosphere. — September 14 : A very light frost
was observed this morning. — September 15 : A dense fog in the day ; a light frost in ' the early a. m. — September 17 :
Showery during the day. — September 27 : Light spit of snow during the night. — September 28 : Light gale from the
northeast ; beautiful display of cirri clouds at 7 a. m.

OCTOBER, 1874.

October 1 : Suow fell heavily about 18 miles cast of here.— October 2 : Few flakes of snow fell at 9 p. m.— October
4 : An aurora consisting of three well detiucd arches with numerous streamers moving from east to west lasted until
4 a. m. of October 5.— October 5 : The auroia of yesterday evening lasted until 4 a. m. to-day ; but little disturbance
was shown.— October 8 : Alight snow-fall tu-day. --October It: A light spit of snow in the late p.m. — October 13 :
Several Huft's of snow fell at intervals.- October 14: Light suow at times.- Octolier 15: Rather heavy snow-fall dur-
ing the day'.— October 17: Beantilul gulden huurise.- October 18 : Hard tnow-storni in p. m. — October 19: Spits of
snow fell during the day : some small pieces of tloatiug ice were seen in the bay, — October 20 : Snow fell quite rapidly
8. Mis. 165 2 17

, g.a, ■■inj^.i'jLij laft-jujiuJi-i

n

C0NT1UBUT10N8 TO THE NATURAL HISTORY OF ALASKA.

f

Hi!

i

h

to-(luy.— Octobor Ul : A light gale ttoiu the south. —October 2:i: A light gale Increaalag to a storm rat« ])r«vailed
to-day ; Hnnw and raiu foil nearly all day. — October 'H : A Htrong galu I'roni the Kiiitheaiit ; HhowxrH of rnin, changed
to niiatiiieiui in late p. ni.— October 26 : Strong Htorni fioni thi> Konth, increasing to H7 miles per hour at 7 a. m ; mod-
erato<l after noon ; rain fell in a. ni. — October 2(t : Very high tldu to-diiy caused by the south wind of the 25th. — October
S7: Strong storm of wind from the south ; severe Hhowers ot rain in p. ui. and mistiuesM in a. ni. — October 29: Very
heavy fall of snow. — October 'M : Much snow full to-diiy.— October :il : Light spit of snow to-day.

NOVKMHER, 1874.

Novembers: Snow nuOtod slightly to-day. — November 4; Snow foil lightly to-day. — November 6: Snow fell
lightly; largo jiioces of ice have been observed floating in tlie bii,\ ; a pale auroral arch of yellowish color was
seen this evening. — November 7 : Alight gale from the Nonth; heavy fall of snow occurred.— November 8: A brisk
gale from the northeast in p. m. ; a pale parhelion wiin oliHerved ut 1.4S p. m. — November i): A fearful gale fk'om the
northeast increaHing to the strongest storm rato.— Novenil)er 1(1: Wind .lortheast to south, high to a gale rate. — No-
vember 11: Gale from the south; light fall of Know ; Honio thaw in exposed places. — November 12: Strong gale
from the south ; a lew drops of rnin fell in p. m.— Novcmlier 111 : Gnle of wind from the south. — November 14 : Mod-
erate gale blowing from the northeast. — Novenilter l.'i: Stronger gnle from the northeast; lighter gale from the
south. — Noveuilier It! : Strong gale from the south; beautiful red Hunrise. — November 17: Gole from the south early
in a. m. ; ice in the bay rapidly breaking up and going out to Hca. — November 18 : A light gale in the middle of the
p. m., increased to a strong gale; light Huowt'ull to-diiy.— Noveuilier 10: Very high barometer (:t0.7D3) to-day. —
November 2U : Ice in the buy coalesced during the night. — November 21 : A light gale from the northeast ; ice in the
bay is breaking into slush. — November 23 : A (;itle blowing from the northeast all day ; a pale aurora was seen in the
early evening; the bright moonlight prevented it being readily seen.-November 24: Alight gale from the north-
east.— November 29: A few irregular flashes of auroral light were seen this evening. — November 30: Beautiful red
' aunrise ; a pale aurora was observed at 10.20 p. m.

DECEMBER, 1874.

December 1 : Decrease of temperature caused great dcpoHits of frost spiculie on the hairs, feathers, and nail-heads. —
December 2 : A moderate fall of snow in a. m. — December 4: A parhelion was observed at 1.45 p. m. — December
6: A gale blowing from tho east. — December 6: A strong gale from tlio northeast in p. m. ; a faint auroral glow was
observed from 5 to 10 p. m. — December 7: a ntrong gale from the south in p. m. ; large masses of snow iViI. —
Decembers: A slight auroral display was observed at 9.;10 p. in. — I)ecemli«r9: Strong gale from the northeast •
deep flory-red suiiHct. — December 14 : High gale from the northeast; a niagniflcent auroral display of five perfect
arches, commencing as pale, titful streaks nnd grnduuUy UNHuniing arches; held this position with little disturbance
until 4 a. m. of December LI. — December 1-^' : A strong gusty gale from the northeast ; the aurora observed yesterday
continued until 4 a, m. to-day ; a second aiii(ira,conHi»itingof tlio same number of arches and relative position in the
heavens, was seen from .t.'M p. m. to 11.30 p. m. of to-day. — December Iti : IVw flakes of snow ; lunar corona of fine
coloration when the clouds pass the face of the moon. — Decemlter 17 : Brilliant parhelia in p. m, ; the one to the left
south of the Hun had about 30 degrees of the parbelic circle well develojied. — December 18 : Magnificent displays of cirri
olouds. — December 19 : High storm of wind from the northeast ; very gusty. — December 20 : Wet snow fell during the
night; a beautiful lunar corona at 9.30 p. ni. — December 21 : Great quantities of frost spiculie were formed; snow
fell in small ainouutH. — December 22: Snow fell in consideralile amount. — December 23: A strong storm from the
south during day ; a light amount of snow fell. — December 24 : A strong hurricane from the south ; maximum
velocity recorded was 89 miles per hour; tho ice in the bay was thrown in huge blocks upon the shore; the tide
rose the highest it has been known for years ; a light rnin fell at times. — December 25 : High to a low gale from the
■outb; heavy fnll of snow. — December 27: A fearful hurricane prevailed, attaining a rate of 94 miles nor hour at
5.24 p. m. ; the snow was whirled in blinding drifts. — December 28: Low gale of wind from S. to NW. — December
31 : Beautiful sunrise ; an aurora of slight intensity was observed this evening,

JANUARY, 1875.

January 1 : Gale from the northeast ; a slight tinge of an nurorn at 5.25 p. m.. lasting until 1.45 a. m, of January
2. — January 2: Strong gale from the east, increasing ton Hlonn rate; aurora of yesterday evening disappeared at
1.45 a.m. to-day.— Jaiinory 3: Brisk gale from the northeast; finely developed twilight curve this evening. — Januory
7 : Moderate snow-fall from 3 n.'ni. to 3.20 p. ni. — January 9 : High gale during latter part of the day ; light amounts
of snow fell. — January 10: Strong gale from the northeast in early n. m. ; a magnificent rain-bow this a. m. ; the
colors were the brightest I ever witnessed ; three bows vere developed. — January II : Strong gale from the east nnd
southeast; rain and sleet fell in light quantities. — Janniiry 12: Beautiful sunrise of gold and red. — January 14: A
magnificent sunrise of bright flame-color, the clouds having di.,.ortud edges of lighter color, — January IC: Beautiful
display of upper clouds. — January 17 : Dense fog covered everything with spicula' of frost. — January 18 : A fog-bank
passed byat 2 p. m., covering everything with frost crystals.— January 19: Bnuntifiil lunar corona of vivid prismatio
colors this evening, caused by the white stratus clouds passing the moon's disk. — January 20: Faint lunar halo at 9
p. m. — January 21 : High winds caused much light snow to be drifted into the air and caused the production of •
halo of 22 degrees, the lower part of which was cut off by the earth ; the sun is too low all to be represented ; the
ends could bo seen between the hills and myself; the upper side of tho halo was also cut oft' as the particles of
drif^'.ng snow were not at times carried high enough into the air to produce a complete circle above the suu. —January

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE NATURAL HISTORY OF ALASKA.

19

93 : Solar halo pnrtinlly viBiblo In imrly a. m.— Jitiiimry 8:) : Tliiit nioriiiiig, a* the inn ruMi, a briglit perilielloii with 10
dogieea of tlin |mrbi>llo circle waH forninil ; »t tlic iiioiiicnf of ^rcatunt briKlitnesN the hiiii apponrcil iloiibli; lik« a flgnn)
H Nomewhat approtiiMMl, tin- lower waH tlin triio hiiii, wliilx the nppur waa the mock hiiii ; tliii tciiipnrntiirH hnH bouii
OH low aH — IW In tho poHt twenty-four Iioiiib. — Jiiiiiiiiry iil ; 'I'lio tciiipurature wont iw low aa — :t7^ to-tlay. — January
US: A high gnic from the northeast iiicreiiHiMl to a Htorni rate from the south; much hiiow ilrlfteil during the day. —
Jnnnary3(>: Strong guHty Htorm from the miuth ; iiiiii'li drifting Hnow.— .lannary 27: Strong gale from the east and
southeast; a slight driczle of rain in p. m.— Jaiiiinry 2)?: Strong gale from HE. to S. ; beautiful display of upper
clouds. — January '29 : Qale of variable rate from H. to HW.— January 30 : Strong gale from the south.— Jannary 'il ;
Strong gale from the northeast; beautiful red siiiiNet.

FEBKUAKY. 1875.

Febriinry 1: High uortheast gale.; a most extravagant display of upper clouds until 3 p. m. ; snow fell at 4
p. m. of light character. — February 2: Much drifting hiiow from the high winds. — February 11: Ligtit gale from the
south. — February 4: Very light gale from NIC. to K. — I'Vliriiiiry .'• : Onle of light character from the northeast. —
February 6: A strong gule from the noitheaHt ; an aurora began at 'J.'Xt p. m., appearing hood after like heavy
drapery moved by a high wind. — February 7 : A light gale rate of wind prevailed at times; eleven bright bands of
cirri haze appeared when the sun w'as within 3 degreen of sotting; they wore 35 degrees high, and apparently convergent
opposite the siiu. — February S : A strong gale from thenoutli. — February !): A moderate gale blow from the northeast
and east. — February 10: A furious gale in p. ni. from tlio south; frecinent spits of snow.— February 12 : A brisk gale
from the northeast.- February l;t: Today was ho warm and pleasant that a tly ventured out in my room. — February
14 : A light gale from the east; a jiale liinnr halo at ti p. m. — February 15: A Htrong gale from the southeast. — Feb-
ruary 1C: A light gale from the northeast; few Hakes of snow fell; a halo and bright corona around he moon at
8.15 p. 111. — February 17: Strong gale from SK. to S\V. ; few liakcH of snow fell; lunar corona and halo this oven-
lug. — February 18: Fr')st Hpicula- In moderate qnantitieH formed on diflerent objects to-day. — February 19: Alight
gale from the northeast drifted much falling snow. — February 20: A strong gale from the northeast; much snow
was drifted.- February 21 : Much drifting of hiiow I'roiii the light gale of wind from the northea.st. — February 22 :
OuNty gale from the northeast; snow <lrifte(l t'urioiiHly. — February 23: Gale to a storm rate of wind from the south.
Snow fell in \t. m., but was drifted. — Fobniary 24: Snow fell, but was drifted. — February 25: A variable gale from
NE.to K. — February 20: Strong storm of wind from N. to NE. ; an aurora was visible at 7 p. m., beginning as a low
thin, pale yellowish arch, broken in the center; thise ends soon united, and from which three other arches appeared
and ext«nded across the heavens for 35 degrees south of the /.enith, and about the same distance north of the zenith ;
the center was somowhut broken, the brightest part being near 30 degrees from the center; at 7.;15 p. m. the southern
arch disappeared, the band intersecting the zenith had much faded; the one at about 03 degrees elevation had also
decreased in brilliancy ; the decrcuNe of inteimity of thone three niclies He- ined toangmeut the power of the lower arch;
at the same time the dark segment appeared well detiiied ; at !• p. m. tin remaining arch began to send up streamers
which, faint at first, soon became very brilliant and gathered in the zenith (really slightly east of it about 11 degrees)
to form a magnificent corona with east and west extciisionH; the cupola broke at 9.40 p. m., forming a leng arch with its
center in tho zenith; this arch was of a briglit Hiilplinr-yellow ; a few minutes elapsed and tho arch was broken
into disconnected beams which rapidly vanished, so that by 1.30 a. m. of February 27 it had completely disappeared. —
February 27 : Strong gale from the north in tho early part of the a. in ; a slight trace of yesterday evening's aurora
was visible this morning early ; a pale aurora was observed this evening at 9,15 p. m. — February 28: Considerable
vertical mirage this morning ; a pale aurora from 8.20 p. in. to-diiy lasted until 3 a. m. of March 1.

MARCH. 1875.

March 1 : Strong gusty gale from the luu-tli ami northeast, a pale ill-defined aurora from 9.30 p. m. to 10.40
p. m.— March 2 : Beautiful twilight curve this evening ; a pale aurora of a single arch from 7.25 p. ni. to 11.40 p. m. —
March 3: Aurora of a single arch was visible from 10.15 p. m. until 3.25 a. m. of March 4. — March 4: Tho aurora of
yesterday evening continued nntil 3.25 a. m. to-day.— March ti : A ])alo aurora at 8.15 p. in. consisting of ill-defined frag-
ments with few "dancers "on tho eastern cxtreuiity. — March ' : A pale aurora from 7.45 p.m. to 11.55 p. in. was obscured
by clouds. — March 8 : A low storm of wind blew gustily from E. to NE.— March 9: A hard wind-atorin blow from var-
ious points of the compass.— March 10 : A gUHty gale to a high storm rate of wind from tho south and southwest;
maximum velocity of 71 miles per hour was rcg;:jti;rcd at 1.30 p. m. little more fell and some melted in exposed
places. — March 11: A high, gusty gale from tho south, largo Hakes of snow fell plentifully, but was drifted. —
March 12: Much gustiness of wind; air full of frost-films; two halos, <me of 22 degrees and one of 46 degrees,
formed round tho sun; parhelia formed on tho inner halo.— March 14: Gusty gale from the northeast ; fantastic
arrangements of upper clouds prevailed to-day. — March 15: A brisk gale from the northeast ; snow fell at a distance. —
March 16: A high gale rate of wind prevailed from the northeast.- March 17: Much snow fell to-day, drifting furi-
ously.— March 18: Gusty gale from N. to W. ; snow fell in abundance, but was drifted. — March 19: A moderate
gale of wind from the north; air full of frozen vapor, making a faint parhelion; at sunset a faint arc of a halo of 22
degrees was observed ; a single arch of an aurora was seen frcm 10. 15 p. m. to 11 ,45 p. m . when it was obscured by clouds.—
Harch 21 : A perfect halo of 22 degrees was formed around the hiiu at 2 p. m, — March 22 : Considerable mirage from 7
to 8 a. m. — March 23 : A strong storm rate of wind from tho west ; the ice in the sea at the northeast point of Saint
Michael Isiand moved out to-day. — March 24 : A strong storm of wind prevailed from the northeast ; much snow
drifted,— March 25 : A strong gale from the north in the early part of the day ; much snow drifted ; a halo of 22 degrees

fp^p

i ■

"h

11

1 M

«

to

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE NATURAL HISTORY OP ALASKA.

•nd or4n dPgrerH fiinnrd iiroiiiiil tlin Hiin ; an tlu< niiii Hiiiik liciii'iitli tint liiiriioii n I'nnirni )i(>Hm Rhnt up for 7 ripftrpei
•nd :) degrei.H wide nt iIik liori/.on, I'liitiiKi^d to ii nmikIi' vortical lii'nin it' 13 di'Krefi* IiIkIi nit tti« miii fiirl1i)«r dlHap.
pearod. — Mnroh !tll: Vitriiilily IIkIh to n HtniiiK ka'" >'"'<' '^^ iiiti'iviri pioviilhMl from H. tn SW. ; iit l.4r< p.m. n
■plundiil itrriiiKcmi'iit iil liuliiit iif 'J*j <l<'((ri'<'H iiinl 4<i df);n'i'ii wftli piirlielln at thn InlcDH-fltioii witli tint parlinlly
fornivd pnrlii'lk' rircio wiih iiiterriiptitd willi liriikcii MtriitiiH. — Miircli UT : An niirora of h poorly tlelliicd arcli will) fow
"daiicnm" iitid MiihIh h IiisIimI Iroiii H,40 p. m. to :i.4.'> a. m. of Miiroli V!H.--Miirr1i UN: Tlut aurora of ycnlcrday evpiiiiiK
laNtnd until '•iAtt a. iii. of today ; an aurora of IV«lili> iiitciiHity lic^tiu at H,l>l) p. m., dlHappcariuf; at I l.tW p. m. — Marnh
30: A high ga\f pnnailcd early in tho day from the nonlli; tini' nih>\v wan drifliMl from Ihu iiky for thngrnatur part of
tho day ; a halo of 'J*J di>)(ri'('H and ono of Hi dcKrcoH fornntd round tln> nun ; parhnlia formud on the hnlo of 'HI ditKrona ;
a pair aurora of ii Hin^lc arch from H.;|0 p. in. to :i.:ir> a. m. of March ;il.— Man h III : An aurora, the continuation of
the ono seen March 'M, InHtcd until ;i.:ir> a, ni. of to-dny ; duiin); thiH nn)nth ho much huow lian drftf>d that nieiwurr)-
ineutd huTu not hoen at all tinniH )io88ihle,

Ai'Kii., isrr..

April 1 : A hurricane klowiuK from the south ; much Hin)\v llyiu); in tliu air. — April 'i: A hurricnnu from theiouth,
blowing at a rat»< of H6 mileM nt tinieit ; icii in the hcu brcukinK up.— April It: A hurriuano ruto of wind from the Houth,
blowing 86 niilcH per hour at itH maximnin ; nnow on the ground ncaVly gone ; much ice in the sea Ima moved out.—
April 4: A Htorniy gale from the Houth ; much huow fell and drifted. — April Ti: A high gale early in a. m. from thn
south ; much snow fell and drifted. — April tl : (JuHty gale vutc of wind from N. to NK. ; an aurora was viHilile from 9
p. Ml. to 3.1U a. in. of April 7; no arch waH foi'me<l ; a grand display id' NtreainerH and lieaiiiH taking the form of
drajiery moved by thu wind. — April 7 : Auiora of ycHleiday evening continued until 11.10 h. in. of to-day ; an aurora
diniilar to the one recorded ycHterday wav Keen tluH evening from i) p. in. to 2.W5 a. m. of April 8; it bud a horse-
shoo form and coimtantly waved back and forth, xuliHiding to a lia/.e and reappearing. — April',): Aiirorii of Ajiril H
disappeared at U.'jr> a. m. ; an aurora of slight InleiiHity wits ol)served from 10.10 p. in. to 11.42 p. in.— April 13: A
low gale rate of wind from various iinarteis; a light spit of huow.- April 1."); Much frost in tho air. — April l(j ; A
strong gale from the HouthwcNt. — Ajiril 17 : A light gale from S. to 8W. ; Inrgu (lakes of snow fell. — April 18 : A light
fog in the oveuing ; uincli frontiness in the uir. —April I'J : FoggineHs all the early a. m ; considerable thaw to-duy. —
April 'M: Large Hakes of snow fell irregularly. — April '.'5: Litllc snow fell in large Hakes. — April '26: A dense fog in
early a. m. ; a light gale froi thu north toward noon ; much thawing; pulo solar halo. — April 37 : Hard storm of wind
from the north and uortht>,.<4t ; snow fell in light amountH.— April '^8: A light gale from the east and northeast;
beautiful display of upper clouds. — April 3'J: Snow rapidly inciting ' ijuite warm to-day; sviaiiB {Olor ooliimbianiit)
arrived to-day. — April 30 : A strong gale from NK. to K.

MAY, 1875.

May 1 : A gusty gale from the northeast, at times attaining a storm rate. — May 2 : A Ntorin rate of wind from the
northeast. — May 3 : A low storm of wind at noon. — May 4 : A gule rate of wind from the northeast ; at 5.84 p. m. a
bright halo of 22 degrees having biilliant parht-lia at the interNcction of the parlielic circle and n very bright parhelion
at the intersection of the vertical beam. — May fi: Kolur halo of 23 degrees attended by brighter parhelia in tho early
p. m. — May 8 : Some of the larger wutor-fowl arrived this week. — May 10 : I'og during the early p. in.— May 1(> : Several
species of loud birds have arrived ; the unfavorable weather has been much against their coming.— May 17: Little snow
to-day. — Moy 18: Half an inch of snow fell during the day. — May lit: Consideroble snow fell during the night.— May
21 : A heavy fall of snow in early a. m. — May 23: A few radishes, lettuce, and cabbages growing tinely in the hot-
bed.—May 27 : Dense fog in late p. m. — May 28: Dense fog prevailed. — May 29: Several additional birds arrived this
week, among them were snipe and a blackbird; a light gale prevailcdcarly in a. m. from the south. — May 30: Light
gule from the south. — May 31 : A light gale from the southwest.

JUNE, 1875.

June 1 : Ice has agoin accumulated toseawnrd.- June2 : Several lepidopterstlying around to-day. — June 3: Grass
and few flowering plants are beginning to show above ground.— June 4 : A strong gale from N. to S. viii E. blowing. —
June 5: Warm and pleasant. — June?: Several light showers of rain. — June 8: Rain of light to moderate character
all day. — June 9: Light rain during day; fog prevailed at times. — June 10: Fog at times. — June 12 : Ice in the bay
breaking into small pieces ; a light frost last night ; few flowers in blossom. — June 14 : Two vessels reported in night as
being far out to sea ; they name through the broken ice by evening. — June 15 : A moderate gale from the south and
sothwcst took out the ice in the bay ; also the two vessels, which sustained no harm ; a severe thunder-storm occurred
in the early p. m.— June IG : Attempts to reach the vessels were frustrated by tho pack-ice. — June 18 : Strong gale from
the east and southeast.— June 19 : Very gusty wind to-day from SE. to 8. ; ice still jammed in the bay. — June 20 : A
hard storm of wind from the southeast ; ice in the bay dashed to pieces by the waves and rapidly disappearing. — June
24 : Bain fell of light character. — June 38 : Strong gale from tho south.

JULY, 1875.

July 8: Light shower of rain. — July 9: Light gale early in p. in, ; rain of light character fell. — July 1": Strong
gale from the southeast ; light rain fell.— July 12 : Very light raiu-fall ; strong gale from the south,— July 13 :
Strong gale ; light rainfall. — July 14 : Light gale from the north. — July 15: Moderate raiu-fall. — July 17 : High gale
from the southwest.— July 18: Strong gale from the northeast,— July 20: A strong gale (rom the south ; hard rain-

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE NATURAL HiaTORY OF ALASKA.

21

fall.— .Inly 8ri: l.txlit Rale frnm tli« iinrtli — July 4tl: IIIkIi K^l" from tlio iiiirtlifnnt ; Ktii< twillKlit viirvx,— July '/7:
A K»i« of varlHlilit rate from tlio iiortlimtHt: t)-m|ier»tiire 7()^ to-duy.— July UH: Tnm|H'rntnru 70' to-ilay.— July :10:
8tioii){ Hlorm of wind from llitt Month; hard raiu late in p. m.— July :il : (lukty Httirni of wimi from the MUth ; much
rain fell at inlervaU.

ArOlIST, lH7r..

AuKUHt !i: A Mronj; Mtonii ralp of wind from H. to K\V.— Au^umI :I : Htorm rain of wind, vi-ry unMy ; ruin fell in
lijjlit i|unntilrt'.— AuKMHt 4: Mnderati" Mtoriu rate of wind from tlinHoulli; lu-iivy ruin.— AumiHt fi: Heavy ruin fall.—
AnKUht 7: IliKli Kulf lato of wind from tin' houIIi.— AujtnHt 10: SeviTul light hIiowith of ruin.- AuKUtt 1!: Hi({h Kal"
from tho south; llxht ruin-full.— AngUHt 18; Stronn Mtoriu of wind from 8. to H\V ; heavy raiuH in tlio dlHtunee.—
AuKnxt i;i: A hurd iihower of rain in early p. m. — AuKUHt 17: MkIiI ruin lute in p. ni.— AuKUMt IM: I.ijjht ruin in early
a. m.— AiiKUHt yS; A liuht gale from 8. to E — Anmmt 84: A heavy dunh of ruin in u. m.— AukunI 811: A liglit ruin in
p. m.— AngUHt 87: Hish Rale from tli« en8t.--Au({nBt 8H: Slronn hnnieuin! from the xouth ; n nntximum veloeity of
81 miluH per hour waH ohtainud ; light ruin fell.— AngnHt 8t): A Hlrong gulu from the HouthweHt and went ; li(|ht raiii-
AU.

.SEI'TKMHKK, 1875.

Qoptemhor 1: A high gale from the euHt; light rain in p. m.— Septcmher 8: Light rain in a. m.— Soptemher U :
Moderate ruin-fall ; u pulo areh of nn nnroru wan Heen from 8.30 p. m., until 10 p. m., when clondH oljHenrud.— Septeni-
lier .'■>: Hard showern in p. ni.— September (1: llurd ruin in a. m.— Seplemlier 7 : Light rain in middle of day.— Septem-
lierH: .Slnni;; gale from tJie HOUthweMt; briglit uuriira partially olweured hy clondM. — September 10; Strong gule
ft-om 8. to 8\V. — September M: Light to high gah'M from the MiutheuHt.— Septemlier ir>: Moderute gale from the Honlh-
eaHt.— .September Hi: Strong Htorm of wiml from S. to 8W.— September 17: BriHk gale from 810. to K.— September 18:
Huin of uHidenite character in p. m.— Septi'uiher 1"J: Moderute ruin in u. m.— September 80: Kog in eurly a. in. — Seji-
tember81; Fiery-red and gold HuiiHi't.— September 88; Light gale from the northeuHt ; sea very rough.- Seplomber
8:t: Strong gale from NE. to E.— September 84: GuNty gales from the northeast ; sea water very turbid. — Septumber
a.""): Coppiry red sunset.— September 87: Strong gale from the northeaNt; light ruin in p. in.-- -Septomber 80: Moder-
ute ruin-full.

OCTOHEK, 187r>.

October 4 : Anroru of a single arch visible from H.IJO p. ni. to8 a. m. of October .■). — October r> : Aurora of yester-
day contiuucd until 8 p. m ; aurora visible this morning, consisting of tlire<^ pale arches, lusting until midnight;
high gale in p. m. northeast. — October (i: Strong storm from the northeast ; niiroruof a single arch from H p. m.
until dnylight of October 7. — October 7 ; Keurfnl surges of storm rnte of winds from tlie norlln'a.st ; brilliant Huuset ;
thin tilms of ice on the shallow pools, aurora of October 6 continued withrnt change until daylight. — Octol)er8:
high gale rate of wiml from the northenst ; water in the buy very low ; heavy ice on the fresh water.— Oitober 'J :
High gale of wind from 8E. to 8. : snow fell in the distunce.— October 11 : nrilliant meteor in the Houthcast at D.ltH p.
ni. — Oet<d)cr V.i: High gale from tho northeast.— October 14: Light ruin in p. in.— October U>: Light ruin in a. m. —
October 16 : Strong gale from the north. —October 17: High gale from the northeast ; light snow-full and sleet ; wuter
very low in the bay. — October ID: Heavy frost last night. — October 8.^>; Vvyf tlukes of snow. — October 8<i: Spits of
sleet and snow.— Octolior 80: High to a strong gule fVoin the south ; snow fell, changing to ruin, which froze fast us
it fell ; misty raiu in lute p. ni. — October DO: Light galo from the southwest; snow and rain tell lightly ; ice making
in the sea next the iihore.

NOVEMBEU, 1875.

November 1 ; A high gule from the northeust auroral arch in the cveni' irtially obscured by clouds. — November
2: Aurora of yesterday emitiniied until 4..')0 a.m. to-day; auroral haze was observed at lO.lU) p. in. — November;!:
Auroral ha/.e from 6.80 p. m. to U p. in. — November 4: Light gale from the sontliwcst ; ice forming <[uite heavily in the
bay ; snow fell, but was drifted, — November 5 : Little snow and sleet fell in a. in ; a pule auroral glow in late p. m. —
November 6 : Several sleet squalls of light character. — November 8 : Lunar halo of 88 degrees in late p. m. — November
9 : Fine snow fell in considerable (|naiitity ; high gule late in p. m.— November 11 : liriglit parhelia at 8.40 a. m ; a well
defined vertical beam also showed ; the red color was very bright, changing to pale blui.sh at noon. — November 18 :
Light miri.ge. — November 13: Lunar halos of 88 ami 41) degrees with parselenes at the intersections of the parseleuic
circle and vertical beam. — November 16 : Considerable amounts of frost crystals. — November 17 : Long spicnlm of frost
attached to the grass. — Noveniber 18 : Heavy fog ; everything is bent to the ground under the weight of frost crystals ;
I liavo never before witnessed such a grand erystaliizatiun of moisture.— November 10: Much mirage. — November 80:
F. w tlakes of snow.- Novembftr88: Strong gale from the southwest ; all the ice to the northeast of the island has moved
out to seaward. — November 80: Moderate gale from the northenst. — Noveniber 89: Aurora begun at 5.84 p. m., ami
continued all night, lasting until 5 a. m. of November 30. — November 30: Aurora continued until 5 a. m; a single
auroral arch began at 9.30 p. m., continuing with little change until 5.30 a. m. of December 1.

DECEMBER, 1875.

December 1 : Aurora of November 30 cou:iiiued until 5.30 a. m. of to-day ; aurora of feeble intensity from 0..50
p. m. to 4.35 a. m. of December 8; slight iimioatious of an arch at midnight. — December 8: Parhelia having slight
tails were seen to-dsy ; aurora of December 8 continu' 1 until 4.35 a. m. to-day ; an aurora, hardly recognizable, was

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CONTRIBUTIONS TO THK NATUUAL HISTORY OF ALASKA.

Tiiilile at D.IO ]>. III.— Dooninlwr It : Nlriiiif{ unU< I'roiii tli» miiilliwi'iil ; |inl<t ttiir<ir» itt 1*.:I0 p. in.— I>«onmhrr 4 : Faint
auroral nUivi ; iiiiiuli iiiir»K<t. — DcutMiilMir !) : Air riill of fro/i'ii |iiirtioli<ii, roriiiiiiK imrlialia uiiil • iIuiiIiIIiik of llio miii nt
lO.tH) ». III. M It roiMt lliroiiKli Mm Htrntnni of ilriniiiK hiiow ; |>unM<lniiiiit wi<r« furiiioil In thn nvniiinK ; it ooinplnta pnr
Mtlttiilo olrole wllli a clreiiiii/.t'iiillinl cxtfriinl arc anil tliii <iiii< lit'low It wrrn wall ilrllnml. — I)i>vninlier 10: DazxIinK
parhelia fnrniml towaril iiihui ; parNi'li'iii'H anil pull of a puiHoli'iiir I'lrvlii wi<rii ilovvlopnl In the uvonlnti ; innitli miow lly-_
in){ tlironKli tlin ulr.— l>i>r<-nilii<r II: I'arliiiliii and parHiili'iii'H fiirini'il to-ilay. — Dix'KinlHir 1ft: Miioli mirage to-ilay. —
Dri'umlii'r 17: I'alo aurora Iwk»i> at 1) p. in., laNtlii)( until :i.l.% n. in. of DecmnlH'r IH.— l)«c«uibflr 18 : Tli« aurora of yi>K-
txrilay <iv<inin)(<'onliniioil until It. 15 ii. in. of (o-ilay ; an ill-fornii«l uioli of an aurora bi>gan at U p. ni., IttHtiuK until 11.40
p. III. — Derunili^r I'.h I'alit auroral k'"* at !> p. in.- Doci'inln'r 'iO: IIikIi Mtorin n'nin the winth; ninch mow ilrlfteil. —
Devflnilier 'Jl : A iiioilvratp galx from tlm HonlhwoNt ; Hnow ll.viiiK fnrioiiHly. — Di'citinber 'i4 : High KUitty Kal« from NiO. to
K.— Dt'cemlier Sffi: A high naif from K. to NK. ; niiioli iinow fi-ll. — Dfoemlier*! : Vnry lii)(h tide.— Oi-ctmilinr W7: Strung
Kale from the aoiith. ; liiKh tiil« at r>.ir> p. in ; niiirli ico iiiovim ofl' to wawanl. — Uiicouibiir 'iH: Htioiig gale r.:Hn the
Hoiithwi'Nt; ii']ow ilrifli-il fiirioiiNly.— Ih'i'unilm! 'Al : .\iirora at 10.15 p. in., laMtml until T.'iO u. lu. of Duc.uniltor :IU. —
Deooinber 'M : Aurora of yimU>rilay laNttnl until 'M a. in. of tii-ilay ; an aurora of litllo inlennity from H.'25 p. ni, IosIimI
until 7.15 a. in. of DotMUnbtir III. — Di't'i-inlwr 111 : Aurora of ycHtcrday laMi'd iiiilil 7.15 a. m. of to-day ; aiiecund aurora
of feobln intiMiHity bi>f{aii at 10.115 p. in., and laitttHi until 7.li5 a. in. of January 1, 1876. The aurora* of December,
1875, have bvun rtniiarkably luw iu lutenitity.

.lANUAKY. IH70.

.Ittiiuary 1 : Aurora viHiblv at 1.5U u. ni., laittinx until T.'fft a. m., the continiiatloii of the one mmmi yeiitprday even-
hift; miicli nilraK" to-day.— January Si: ('oiiHidi'nildo miraKo to-day. — January I! : Very jji'ity gale fnnn the i-aitt by
qOoii— January 4 : HIiouk ^UHty ){al« ; iniich hiiow ilriftcd.— January 5: h*lriiii){K'ii'.V K"'*) Ironi the Honthvaiit. — Janu-
ary 0: Very gUMty K»lu from tliK HOUthraNt ; niio» fril.— .lanniiry 7 : Ili)(h Kliirm from the Hoiitli ; iniiidi hiiow drifted ;
ice began to move out tliiH evening.— Jan iiiiry h: Much hiiow fell, Home drifted.— January 1*: (iiiHty gale from themiiith
andHOuthweHt; minw drifted furioiiHly.-.liiniijiry 10: l.nniir log bow with faint Hii|M<riiumerary; ]iarhelia In p. ni. with
bright vertieul beam.— January II : .SlroiiKgale rroni the north; threatened rain.— January Vi: Light gale from IheeaHt ;
Buow during night.— January 14 : Snow Hil'led I'lom the Hky.— January 15 : Irregular gale from the hoiiIIi ; iiineh hiiow
flying.— January 10: High Htorin from thoHonth; mhow drifted furioiiHly.— January 17 : Ounty gale from the Honth ;
Boa-ice all gone exeepting that in the bay.— January 18 : High galVi from the Hoiith ; all the Mea-ice gone, an uccnrreiiue
rarely known at thin Beaoou. — January 19: Hard gale from the HonthweHt ; much huow in large llakiw fell.— January
i20: Strong gale from the HoiithwvHt. — January 'ii: (iiiNty gale from the Houth, increased to a high atorm ; indiHtiiict
auroral arch obtienred by cloudH IIiIh evening.— .lunnary '.^4 : Hard gale from the north. — January 25: OiiHty galo
from the HOuth ; auroral arch ut7u. m., laxting until 8.'2Ua. m.— January !<U: Territic gule from thebiuth; very gugty. —
January 27 : Hard gale, with iiiueh tlying tinow.— January '.'8 : I'ale auroral arch from 1.5U a. ni. to 7.15 a. m. — Janu-
ary 2!): Palo aurora at 7 u. m. ; auroral haze at 10.15 p. in., <lii>nppearing at 11.15 p. m.— January DO: Light gate from
K. to ME.— January Dl : CiiiHty gale tioin eaht ; auroral iireli ut * a. ni. ; lanting until 8.10 u. ui.; very bright display.

KKHKl'AKV, 1870.

February 3 : Faint auroral arch from T a. "in. to 7.45 u. in.— Kehrnary 8 : UrlBk gale from northeast inmlo the snow
(ly, — February U: Gunty gale frcuu N. to NE. ; mueh snow llying. — February 13: Light gale ft'om the north; aurora^
haze from 7 to 7.115 a. m.— February 15 : Auroral haze fioin 8.110 p. iii. to 10.15 a. in. — February 17 : An aurora of mod-
erate inteUHity, forming an arch from 8.1(5 p. in. to H.IO a. in. of February 18. — February 18: The aurora of yesterday
evening IttHtud until 8.10 a. ni. to-day; aurora from 7.110 p. in. lasting until 7.45 a. m. of February ID; this aurora formed
nu arch, having slight diHtnrbaiiees on the I'aHteni en<L— Fehrnaiy I'J: Aurora of yesterday evening lasted until 7.46
a. ui. of to-i^iy ; aurora of a Hingle arch from 8.15 p. in. to midnight. — February 21 : Bright parhelia and halo at noou. —
February 22: Fog bow during the middle of the day. — February 211 ; Dark-edged halo of 22 degrees around sun. —
February 24: Variable gale from the south ; snow fell and much drifting occurred. — February 25: Sua|ipy gale of
variable rate from N. to NE. ; a furious siiuw-htorm prevailed.— February 26 : Part of a halo and parhelia toward noon,

MAKC'II, 1876.

March 3 : Gusty gale from the northeast ; snow tlying furiously. — March II : Small lunar halo of 22 degrees in the
evening. — March 4 : Strong gnsty gale from the northeast ; considerable snow falling and drifting. — March 5: Considera-
ble thaw. — March 6: Strong galo from E. to NE. ; snow drifted; bright lunar halo of 22 degrees at midnight. — March
7 : Hurricane gusts from SE. to S. ; snow tlying furiously. — March 8 : Irregular gale rate from S. to E. ; snow and rain
fell in light character.— March 11: Suow flying furiously; gorgeous sunrise. — March 12: Snow fell and drifted. —
March 14: GuHty gale from the southweHt.- March 17: Gusty gale from the north. — March 18: Light gale from the
north. — March 11): Light gale from N. to NE. — March 21 : Much drifting suow. — March 25: Aurora of two archoB,
upper fuiut, appeared at 9.20 p. ni., lasting until 1.30 a. ni. of March 26. — March 26: Aurora of yesterday continued
UDtil 1.30 a. in. of to-day ; a pale arch of an aurora visible from 10 p. in. to 4.30 a. m, of March 27. — March 27 : The
aurora of yesterday lasted until 4.30 a. m. of to-day ; aurora this evening lasting from U.40 p. m. to 11.15 p. m, — March
28 : Auroral arch at 10 p. in., became very bright at 11 p. ui., continuiug until 4.35 a. ni. of March 29. — March 29 :
Aurora of last night continued until 4.35 a. lu. to-day. — March 31 : Considerable flne snow sifted to-day.

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CONTRIBUTIONS T() Til R NATUHAl. IIIHTOUYOK ALABKA.

n

AI'KII., 1870.

mill I'tirtrnphfHiu Hiviiliii ; iiiiirh iiirlllliK ■>! Ill)' miow liriiiK" tlii'm >ii' 4 tii llii' i'iiiihI. April 'JII: ii-ik,! uin wi nm'n ,
triiili-rn rrporl llii' niiow ot',tlii< iiitiTior tii lii> rupiilly iiii-ltiiiK'- April W-t : Miitli liiii' kihiw fell.-- Apiil '.'.'■ : l.urKi' tlitl(i<*
of Niiow (I'll uliiiiiililiitly.— April W(l: Kxtmiirly lii'iivy lull of Iuiki' miiow lliikri; I iilirn'rvi'il » cliicRHili^i' on <ini> of
lh« liiiiiwn,— April '/7 : Arrival of it trailer, froiii Iho KiiHkokviiii KlviM', who rcporlN tin- iippi'iiriiiii'u oIkii'm' uiiiI iIiu'WhIii
tbut viviiiUy.— April :K) : Miirli miow liitviiiK fulliMi in tlii< poNt wwk liitn prevuiitoil iniKratiiry liiriU from up|H'iiriiiK.

MAY, lM7tl.

M»y I: A Unlit ({i»le from thi> north.— Miiy 'i: Miiih hiiow fi-ll iiiul ilrifti'il.— May :i : fifroiin n^h' fVom the
north. — Mjiy 4: Arrival of a trailer, who ri'piirtH warm, HpriiiKlikx wi-athiT at Ihr Yukon ili-lta, with an uliumlani'it of
Ki!i'«o anil iliirkH.— May I): Arrival of Ihu llrHt >{•«'«'. -May M ; Low cxI liaromrtiM- riMiil '.iH. 7-1(1 to ilay.— May tiS: Snow
ha nearly all goiiu ; ice iit the bay anil to Huawanl Ih iirarly all nmw.

JUNK, IH7().

Juno U: ()n»ty gale from 8. to 8\V, — Jnni^ II: Mnrh ire ri'lnnii'd In tin- hay.— Jnne I'J: Di'iihi' fog ; whaleM,
Orra iiaciflca^l), wito Ni'nn in tlii' largi' liolo in thi' ii'c in tlii' hay.— Jiini' I'.i ; I,i){ht galr IVniii th" Noulhwi'Ht ; iIimihc fog
prevaili'il.— ,Inin' M ; Doimn fog ; ire in Ihi' hay nearly gono.— .Innc It! ; itunsi' log; wviTal whito whah'H, Ihlithinapierut
caloihn, .vi'rn m'I'Ii to-ilay ; herring laino at I! a. ni. today in gnat nnnilH'rn. — .Inne 17: Icr Ntill ii'inainH in the
vicinity.— Jnno IH: Deime fog. — .Inim 11); Light rain; ili'imi' tog in p. m; niiiih ii'c, in tlii< form of a lielt, at Hea.—
Jono 20: liaiii of light I'haractur; wo plaiitnl ganli-ii hi'i'iIh May 'Jh ; the yom.g vigctalil. "i look very promiHing.—
June lit : DenHi«t fog.— Jnne '£\: TrailerH from the head of the Yukon ilintriit arrived to-day. ~,lniie 21 : Denne fog.—
June 25: Arrival of a veHwd from San Kraneiiteo ; the ri'inainder of the iioats helmiging to the dilVerent trading
HtatiouH of thia iliHtriot arrived to-day, — June 2H: llurd, daNhing rain, aeoompunied liy thunder and lightning ;
temperature riwe to 75" ; arrival of oteiunor 8t. Paul. — June ;iU: Hard rain, with thunder and lightning.

JULY, 1S70.

July 1 : Light rain ; niixt in middle of day. — July 2 : (innly gah' from N. to NK. ; heavy rain fell. —.inly 4 : Light
gale from HK. to S, ; light shower of rain. — July 1(1: Very high tide at H.lo a. 111.— July II: Kenie fog.— July 1-1:
Very gUHty gale.— July LI: Light to moderate rain. — July Id: tlimty gale from the Honthnaxt. — .Inly 17: Light galu
from the NontheuHt. — July IH: Strong gale from the Houth. — July III: Hard, gusty gale from the Hoiith ; light
Hhowera. — July 20: OuHty storm of wind and rain from S, to K.— July 21: Oniity gale from 8K. to S. ; intervaU of
light rain. — .luly 22: Light rains ; the hoats loaded for the distant stations of this district have lieeii di'tained eleven
days hy the strong winds. — July 2G: Light rain. — July :I0: Hjither hard rains.— .luly :tl : Moderate rein at intervals.

AU0U8T, 1876.

Augusts: Rain of hard eharacter. — August H: Kain of light eharaeter. — August 4; Showery in p. m.— August ."i:
Hard dash of rain fell as snow on the hills. — August (i: I'rost dnring the night.— \ugiisl Id; Light rain. — ^Aiigimt 11:
Moilerato rain. — August 12; l^ard dash of rain.— August i:t : Halo around Niin.— August 14: Light rain; gusty gale
from N. to NW. — August 17: Light rain. — August IH: Moderate rain.— Acgnst 19: Light rain; very high tide at
7.10 a. ni.— August 20: Light to hard rain; very gusty frmu the smithwest.— August 21 : Misty rain; great nuinliers
of migratory birds have departed within the jiast week; the list inelndes terns, spurrows, and swallows. — August
2U; Heavy dew. — August 2.^: During the past ten days we have enjoyeil an aiiniidaiee of blue berries. salmon-l>erries,
and cow-berries, forming an agreeable addition to our plain fare. ^August 27 ; .Several bi:ats arrived from the Yukon
delta; the men report lunch rain during this mouth.— August 20; Di'iise fog in a. m. ; bright display of aurora this
evening, forming u complete veil over the northern heavens, notable for the rapid changes from one form to another;
the aurora was so low that a dense cuiunio stratus cloud was visible beyond the aurora at times.

SEI'TEMBER, 1876.

September 1 : Light rain in p. m.— September 2: Moderate rain in p. m.— .September 3 ; Heavy showers in night.—
September 4: Gusty gale from E. to S. ; hard dashes of rain.— September .'> ; Gentle showers to moderate rain.— Sep-
tember 6 : Moderate ruin.— September 7 : Light showers.— September 11 : Light rain.— September 12 : Fine display of
upper clouds.- September 13: Surging gale friuu SE. to 8. ; very high tide.— September 14; Light gale from the
suutheaat.- September Ui Heavy rain.— September 16 : Light ruin.- September 17 : Very disagreeable and damp.—
September 18: Light rain, -September 111: Drizzly roius; snow fell on the hills.— September 20; Light ruins.—
September 21: Light rain; iavy snow fell on the bills,- September 22 : Moderate rain.— September 23: Few pellets

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CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE NATURAL HISTORY OF ALASKA.

of 8lcet foil; Hharp freeze; iue nearly half an inch thick on the freoh-water pools. — September iiTi: A faint auroral
glow from 8 p. m. to 10 p. ni.— September 26: Light spit of hdow ; brilliant aurora. — September 27: Light rainit;
aurora of yesterday continued until 4 a. m. of to-day. — September 28 : Solar halo of 23 degrees; flrost and ice. — Sep-
tember 30 : Heavy snow fell to the eastward.

OCTOBER. 1876.

October 1: Solar and lunar halo.— October 2 : Light galo from NE. to E.; moderate rain in p. m.— October 3:
Heavy rain; high tide. — October 4 : Light to moderate raiM. — October T): Fog in p. m. ; largo flock (about soventy-
tivo individuals) of Sabine gulls (-Vfiiin sahinii) How past this place aud to the northw^ard : this is a rare bird in
this vicinity, and rarely more than one individual is scon at a time. — October 6: Densest fo^ ; light spit of snow.—
October?: Kaiji of light character begun late in night.- October 8: Moderate to hard rain; very low tide ; water
l.li fcot below moan tide. — October 10: Unusually brilliant aurora, greatly obscured by clouds; rain late in p. m. —
October 11 : Moderate rain. — October 15: Ousty galo from the north; faint aurora iu evening. — October 16 ■ (iusty
gale from tho north. — October 16 : Two to three inchcsof ice on the lakes ; ico has aU" formed whore the sea-spray has
ilaslifd on the rocks of the beach. — October 18 : Great numbers of largo gulls ( l.anii barroviaiiniiii aud hiuviilerua) have
been scon to-day. — October 20: Brilliant aurorii revealed through a rift in the clouds —October 'i4 : Several gulls of
tho species niontioned October 18 have been sefii to-day. — October 26: Light spit of snow. — October 28: The gulls
|)rovioiiFly uiontioncd have been luiiuerous to day. — October 2'.l : Ico beginning to form in the bay. — October 31 : Ice
formed on the bay so thick that a couple of people crossed on it.

NOVEMBER, 1876.

November 1; Strong gusty galo from S. to SE. ; ice in tho bay taken out by the wiiul ; rain and sleet of light
character. — November 4 : Light galo from N\V. to N. ; snow fell heavily iu the distance; ice in the bay forming
rapidly. — November 5: Low gale from tho uorth. — November 7: Strong gale from the south ; a larger part of the ice
was carried out ; snow fell and drifted. — November 8 : Snow late iu p. ui.— November 9 : Misty, freezing to the grasses
and weeds; ico again went out of tho bay. — Novonibor 10: Misty, with intervals of snow-siiualls. — November 12:
Aurora began to show at .'•.24 p. ui. a.s a light haziness, which gradually became denser, forming an arch at 7.10 p. m.,
on which beams danced with incredible velocity from E. to \V. and vice rcysa, with an irregular dapping up and down ;
tho colors were pale greenish-yellow above and deep purple below; the center of the arch for its entire length was
yellowish, v.itli a nuirgin of about 16 degrees In width of green to deepest yellow, while below, for about 2r> degrees,
tbo edging was bine, green, purple, red, aud yellow at dilferent times; when an intense wave would start, from near
the eastern md and rush rapidly along the arch all the colors listed above would shine vividly ami in such (|nick
succession that it was at times impossible to keep account of their changes ; tho ilark scguu'ut was ill-delined ; the
dLtplay lasted until HT.'iO p. ni.— Novi'uiber l."!: Pale aurora from 6.10 p. ui. to 9.2.') p. m. — November 16: Palo aurora
from G.20 p. ni. to 10 p. m. — November 17 : Palo aurora formed an arch, lasting friun .').50 to 11.10 p. m. ; at 4.24 p. m.
1 was startled by two Hashes of light, which, to a great degree, dimmed the llaiuo of an argand burner on tho lamp ;
1 immediately ran to the wiiulow to look for lire, but seeing none, I rushed out of the house, and looking in the W.
N\V., i. f., 23' N. of W., saw an irregular streak of tiro perpendicular to the earth ; below t Ids was a second a-id a
third below that ; the tii-st streak at an altitiule of 28'', and was ab(nit 2^.5 long and 12' wide, then at a space of 3^
began the socoiul or middle streak, having the sanui length aud width as the upper ; the third ;>r lower was like the
middle streak, excepting It was shorter aud much brighter; all had tho peculiar bright while ''ght of the sun, not
yellowish, like the moon ; I iinmedi'ifoly ran to tell Mr. Noniuai.:i, who lives in the next hoirsu ; ho was hunting his
hat to come and tell me that he had seen it fall ; he li-.'scribed it as descending slowly in a /.ig/.ag manner, as indi-
ated by its path, and that if seiincd to swell and slivink in size in tailing; he described tho size of tho moleor to
be about tho size of tho moon, aud that the outMnes were very irregular; we watched the light from 4.24 p. i.i.
to ri p. m.,^t which time the upper streak hud faded out of sight; the miildle streak had moved westward (nearly
northward) 10 degrees and was now inclined to tho horizon; the third or lower streak was also inclined to the horizon,
aud moving to the westward ; the middle one had now taken tho exact shape of tho hull of a large vessel, aud was
plainly dlstingnishab'e us well-detinod cirri streaks in daytime ; tho lower streak faded out at 5.3,') p. in. ; the middle
or hull-shaped one lasted until 5.46 p. m., or a total time of one hour aud twenty-two minutes; this meteor was
witnessed by three white men, including myself; many natives also saw the meteor, and were greatly frightened.—
November 18 : Auroral haze in early evening, obscured by clouds. — November 20 : Light spit of snow. — Noveinber 25 :
Pale halos and purselenes.— November 26: Air full of frozen vapor, making a pale halo and parhelia; u \iale aurora
from 7 to 7.25 a. m. ; pale auroral arch at 6.25 p. ui.- November 27 : Aurora of yesterday evening continued until 7.30
a. III. to-day. — November 30: Lunar halo all night.

DECEMBER, 1876.

December 1: Much .snow flying. — Dcceinber2: Cold, gusty gale from the north; snow flying; imperfect solar
halo ami parhelia. — December 7: Strong gale from the south; much drifting snow. — December 9: Snow fell and
instantly drifted. — December 11: Strong gale from the northeast ; snow driftid furiously; palo aurora from 5.10 to
8.10 p. UI. — December 15: Air lull of frost spicnlie ; snow fell. — December 18: Faint auroral glow hidden by clouds.
— December 20: Stroii;; (fusty gale from the south. — December 21 : Strong galo from N. to NE.; Snow and rain fell,
light in character.— December 26: llrilliant lunar uoronte.— December 27: Much mirage, — Doceml . 30: Air full of
frost films. — December 31 : Parhelia at noon.

0ONTRIBUTIO>Tb TO THE NATURAL HISTORY OF ALASKA.

25

JANUAUY. 1877.

.Tiwniitry 1 ; Terrible Btorm to a hurricane rata of winrt from tlio north ; snow drifttMl furioiKily ; hrlRht parholia
mill pm-Hi'li-iicH. — .lanunry '2: 'IVrrilils Htorm riito of wind from tli(> north ; piirliolia and paraploiii-H. — .Iiuinary H: Vt-ry
hiftli null- froir tlio north; Ihn iirriviil of iradrrn from tlio Kimkokviin Kivcr waH a pIcaHnnt snrpriHo today; tho
traders report niiicli ruin and wiow; hard rains near the winter solstiee took otV all the snow and made the river rise
BO hiffli that many natives tU'd to the hinher lands; the niontli of November, IMTti, was very cohl and used mneh

distress nnj; the natives ; alonj; the Ynkon delta was niueh snow and generally mild weather; fnr-bearinK animals

are reported to hi- alinndani ; these traders ex])! ess the severity of the wind anil void on the lirst of this month as lieioK
extreme.— .Inn\iiiry 5: Pale anroral ineli of little change from H.:tO p. ni., lastinj; until 7.'jr) a. m. of Jannary (i.— .Ian-
nary (i: Uinh, Knsty (jale from N. to Ni;.; much horizontal mirage diirinj; the niornin;; ; anroral haze from .^.10 j). m.
to II i>. m.— Jannary H: Moderate sno-v leii.-'r.nmiry 1>: Heavy snow fell.— Jannary U: IVrrible snow-storm from
the hi^'h winds driving the recently-fallen snow.— Jannary I'J: Litiht gale from the south ; little snow fell. — )anniiry
ir>: Mneh line snow sifted dnrinj; the day. — lannary lli: Variable }{a hi from the .south, with driflin); snow.— Jannary
17: .Strong gale from the south; temjierature rose to4l'=; snow much nu'lted.— January IH: Vitdent Kustsof •• linr-
rieane rate from thi^ south ; iee carried liijjh (Ui tlie lieaeh liy the tide and wind.- January 'iO: Kxtremely lieautiful
forms of upper clouds toilay were the admiration of all who witncs.-<ed them. — .lauuary 21 : Tale lunar corona.— Jan-
nary a-i : Fine snow of delicate prisms silled from the sky ; iiale Innar corona in the cvoniii)i;.— ,lanuary '->;!: Kaint halo
of 22 decrees around the moon.— .laiuuiry 21: Kaint hifar haloof 22 decrees.— .lannary 2.">: Oreat amount of fro.st spic-
nhe dejiosited on every t h ill'; ; these spic alie liiMpieutlv attain a len};t'i of 2 iueln'sand form a beautiful scene when tho
Hun shines on them.— Janmiry 27: Solar and lunar halo of 22 deforces.— .lannary 2H : rarhelia at 11 a. m.— .lannary 'M)
Many frost tilnis in the air.

KKHRUARY, 1977.

I'ebruary 1: Iii(;ht foj; in middle of ilay; pale, white luiloaronnd the sun. — Kehruary 2; Temperature, 11 \ fi ;
jiale aurora of two iirehesfrom .^.2■l p. m., (d)senrcd by domls at lO.IIOp. m. — rebrnary H: Tale halo at mion ; sliifht
mirage; pale annua, with well-dctined dark scfimcnt from M.;lll p. m. to 10 p.m., and then iibscnred by cIouiIh.- reb-
rnary 4 : l.ifcht to a jjusty jjale from N. to NK. ; snow drifted furiously; a bright vertical beam 10 dcjjrccs in length
passed over the moon's disk in the eveniii);. — February .'i : .Solar halo and parhelia. — February 7: Parhelia at U a.m. —
February 8: Parhelion at 11 i>. m. ; pale anroral arcli from !» p. m. to 11 p. m.— February '.): Many frost films in the
air ; parhelia and solar halos. — February 10 : Pale aurcual haze from .^..''lO p. ni. to 11.10 p. m. — Fcbrnar) 11 : Haloof22
dejjree.s around the sun ; beautiful red and }{ohl sunrise ; much mir;i;;e. — February 12 : .Mirajje to a slight i(ej;rce ; faint
parhelion at 2 p. m. ; a pale annual haze at 7 p. in., iiicreascil to form :iii arcli at 9.10 p. ni., with si'veral sheets of low
intensity below it at the castirn end ; at I'.ilO p. m. r,i>;ns of brcakiii}; into two arches with several jiatches of less
intensity tryinj.' to form a tliinl iircli, at which rime cmly the geiilral arch was perfect; at 10 p. m. three imperfect
arches ; at It p. iii. three full ar.licsof lij;lit inti'iisity ; at 1 a. iii. of February IH a broad arch ilitl'nsed itself 20 decrees
wide and •jradiially bi'caiiie uai rower 'o lade out ut sifjlit at o a', m. — Feliniary 111 : Anroral haze bewail at li p. ni., last-
inj; until '.) p. UI., when it ladeil out of siylit to ri cur as jiart of an illip.M' and very liri}{lit with considerable waverius,
lastiiii; unlil 1 a. m. of February II. — February M: Much hori/iuital and veil ical niinij;e ; thri'e parhelia and a halo
from 1 to 1 p. m. ; verliiiil beam was H de};i'ees hi;;h at sunset ; contact ai'cli ii'.nch V''*haped ; pale auroral liazi' from
r).riO to 8.10 |i. 111.— Febniarv IT) : Much snow ll,\ iiiK ; mock suns, parhelia, vertical beam, and a halo liii. Iiif; the day. —
February IT : Much tlyiuK snow ; a vertical beam at sunrise, a pale halo and two parhelia ditriiifj the day. — February
18: Parliciia and tlyiiifj snow tiliiis; pale iiin.ual arch from 8.20 ]). ni. to ll.l.'i p. ni ; minimum temperature .'lO' to-
day ; I leani from natives living on the north side of Norton Sound thai the bri);lit meteor of Noveuiber 17, 1870, was
seen all aloii;; that coast. — February 10: Temperature low as— ■'SO , giviii;; a mean teniperatnre for 'the day of - !.">" ;
much miiMj'c; pa!,' anroral arch at 0 p. in. — February 21 : Auroral arch of cop|iery color ; much verlical'aiid hori-
zontal iniiiifie today. — Febrnai.N 22 : A bcantiful red sunrise.— February 21! : Much iiiirafie :i1l day. — Febieary 2(1 :
niiieli ni'rafse ill a. m.— February 27 : Miles of iiiiri'j;e ; part of an eeliiise of the moon was observed. — February 28 :
Much mirage; lunar halo and iiarselencs at il p. m. ; this has been the coldest of all months since 1 have been here.

MAKCII, 1877.

March 1 : Pale aurora iieaily obscured by clouds; two species of Hies were seen in the house to-day. — March 4:
Much mirajie.— March .'>: Sudden envelopment of foj; from 2.20 (i. m. to ."i p. m.— March ti : Much miraKC, (jreat
aninnnt of frost sjiicuhc on evcr,\ thiiij;;; aiiror.il haze from 0.1(1 to I0.;i,'> p. iii. — March": Much mirage. — March 8;
Jlrilliant red nietenr at (i.lO p. ni. in S. ."O" \V. at an altiliideof 20 degrees. — March 0: Much horizontal and little
vertical mirage ilr.iing the day; an auroral light showed thidiigli the clouds at ().2."i |i. iii. ami rapiilly advanced
to .''lO degrees south of zenith as a Inizy band, with its center over the magnetie meridian ; then a clear space of 20
degrees wide; at ."> degrees south of zenith a broad, swaying baud of 2.") degrees wile, composed of vertical beams,
rushed over the ,sky from east to west and rice rernd with such rapidity that it was at times hardly "redible; at 7.20 p.
ni. an attemp' was made to form an auroral corona of broken, scattered beams, which whirled in the /.enith like a
wliirl)iool of water; some of the beams revolving twice round the center, lasli:ig only a minute, to burst out with a
Uiish to scainiier oil to the westwaid, where the end of the aieli was extremely bright; violet, green, bl,'e, red, and
dlflfercnt shades of yellow were seen in this display ; at 8 p. in. a broad, surging band of LI degrees was holding a-^ross the
zenith from east to west, with bcnius dancing along its length ; at 9 p. m. tlio au.'ora was nearly spent and at midnight
8. Mis. 155 3

ill

l! t

u .

ii
if

! I

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20

CONTEIBDTIONS TO THE NATURAL HISTORY OF ALASKA.

was presenting only n l»int color, lieconiiug obsonred by tho clouds. — March 10: A low auroral arch from 9 \t. ni. to
ll.iJOp. m. — March 11 : Auroral arch from 9.25 p. ni. ; to 11.50 p. m. ; much inirago.— March 12: Very Hlroug mirage. —
March IH: Aurora seen through the clouds; mi-ngo at 7 a. in. — March 15: Much mirage. — March V,»: l{ed-poll linnets
(Acanlhiu) came to the redoubt to-day ; these birds are residents of this vicinity tind arc only migratory according to
the exigency of the weather. — March 20: Much mirage. — March 2H: Mirage; aurora of live arclics; moonlight too
bright to allow much intennity of color in the aurora. — March 24 : Lunar corona.— March 30 : Slight sjilts of snow. —
March 31: Light gale and gusty from NK.to SE.

APRIL, 1877.

April 1 : Snow much melted, ground quite barj. — April 2: Snow fell abundantly on the hill-tnps, with rain in the
valleys. — Ajiril 3 : Light rains. — April 4 : Light snow ; strong giile from K. to SE. — April 5 : Light gale from S. to SE. ;
ptarmigans and red-poll linnets are ([uite i)lcntiful ; much of the snow has melted ; little snow in large Hakes fell. —
April () : Blue-bottle Hies were humming round the houses today. -April 7 : Auroral arch from H.40 to 11 p. ni.— April
8 : Auroral arch from 8.20 to 9.40 p. ni., and obscured. —April !) : Snow fell late in i». m. — April 10 : SI rong gusty gale
from north.— April 11 : Strong gale from N. to NE ; sleet fell in small aniountN. — April 12 : Light Hnow-fall.— April 13 :
Sleet and rain of light character. — April 14 : Several spits of snow fell, harder cm the hills. — -ipril 17 : I'arhelia and a
halo with faint contact arcs. — April 18: Faint aurora at 11 i>. m. — April 19: Solar halo of 22 degrees at 2 )>. m; gulls
are reported to be plentiful outside of Stewart's Island. — April 2U : Arrivalof a trader from Nulato,oii the Yukon Kivor;
states that the ]iortage between that place and here is nearly bare of snow ; the creeks and other streams arc full t>f
water; that ducks and gulls were seen in that vicinity. — April 21: Light gale from NE. to SE. ; heavy rain in tho
distance. — April 22: Gusty gale from SE. to S. ; heavy showers of rain. — April 2!!: (iale rate of wind from the south ;
rain fell heavily in the (iistance. — April 24 : The snow has disappeared as if nuigic; much vertical mirage; a nn)8-
quito was seen to-day ; gulls (/.«»•«« iiniroriiijijiug) were seen Hying high in tlieair to-.lay ; halo round the moon. — April 25:
Arrival of a trader from the Lower Yukon ; ri;ports war'' weather with much rain; geese and other water birds are
plentiful in that vicinity, — April 27 : Several pairs of g, '"se have been seen today ; I think tho absence of snow does
not favor the arrival of the geese. — April 28: I'irst api)enrance of the Lapland long-spur (Cahariiis lapponicue)
to-day. — April 29: Parhelia with cou.siderablo "tails" were seen to-day; mirage of varying amounts; a pair of
ducks was seen ; the first goose was brought in to-day. — April 30 : Many species of ducks, geese, snipe, and other
water birds have arrived within tflo last week; several species of insects have also been observed ; it is considered
to be a very open spring.

MAY, 1877.

May 2: llalos, jiarhelia, and contact arcs with a parhelic circle ; the halosof 22 and 4ti degrees were well developed ;
parhelia at 15,22, 30, 46, and 90 degrees; the anthelion was extremely- bright; the parhelia at 22 degrees were so bright
as to rival the sun in splendor. — May '.' : Strong gale from N. to NE. — May 5 : Light raiu.-— May 6 : Light gale from SE.
to S ; several spits of snow. — May 7 : 'ligh storm from the south; snow-Hqnalls freciuent. — May 8: High gale from
E. to SE., with light rain.— May 10. Light rain; ice formed in the night. — May 11: Light sue ; ice formed last
night. — May ?C: Ice breaking olf and j'oiiig out to seaw 'd ; little i<e niaile in the fresh-wa. .■ poipls. — May 13;
Heavy snow on vhe high hills; sea is reporti'd to bo free from ice about 10 miles distant. — May 14: Much vertical
mirage. — May 15: Kain .'ind snow fell ; ice made in the night. — May 17 : Sleet in slight anioiiuts fell. — May 18: Sleet-
squalls; ice rapidly going out. — May 19: tinsty gale from the sontlieaNt; ice all gone. — May 2t': lee-jani in the
bay. — May 21: Sleet-scpialls pri^vailed. — May 22: Light rain; very gusty at times; arrival of swallows (Clielidon
erjithrognster), — May 28; Several peals of loud thunder and vivid Hashes of lightning in the distance; tew drops of
rain ; brownish haze has xirevaileil for several days.

JUNE, 1877.

June 1 : lee moving in from the iiortheast and northwest; halo, parhelia, and contact arc. — June 2: Ice to
southward all gone.- June 4 : Light, rain, fog later. — June 5: Eoggy early.— June 6 ; Ice all gone from sight ; salmon
are reported to be plentiful outside the island. — June 9 : Kain and hail ; a single peal ni thuniler. — June 10 ; Eoggy .
vegetation rapidly springing uji. — June 11 : Traders from the niqier part of the district arrive; reports of early
spring throughout the district. — June 16: Many peals of thunder; rain at noon. — June 17; Herrings are plentirni
in the hay. — June 19: Arrival of schooner General Miller from San Francisco via IJnalashka.— June 20 : Arrivalof
Loleta from San Francisco. — June 27 : Very hard rain. — June 28: Moderate rain.

JULY, 1877.

July 2: Light rain.— July 3: Mode) ite raiu. — July 5: High winds. — .Trily 6 : Frost, gne.ty gale from the east. —
July 7 : Moderate gale from S. to N.- July 8: IiTcgnlar rains. — Jr.ly 10: Light showers at intervals. — July 11 : Light
rain.— July 12: Heavy rain.— July 14: High winds; arrival of steamer St. Paul ; orders received from the Olhce of
t'le Chief Signal Oflicor, U. 8. Army, directing me to turn over all property of the United States in my possession to
Private E. \V. Nelson, Signal Corps, U. S. Army, and relieving me from duty at this station ; all projicrty was turned
over and I proceeded to San Francisco and thence to Washington, I). C.

The following cousitlerations of the meteorology of the vicinity of Saint Michael, Alaska, are
intended to convey a general description of the principal f'lvtures incident to this area. Though

CONTRIBUTIONS TO TBE NATUBAL HISTORY OF ALASICA.

27

imperfect as the knowledge is, and recognizing the necessity of carefulness, I shall endeavor to
]ir<',sent only facts, and leave the more important deductions to be made by those better pre
ti> undertake the task.

The system of observations undertaken by me should not be considered perfect, as 1 have, in
a great measure, relied upon my own tact, through an inability to obtain the mrch-desired instruc-
tion and advice from the proper authority from the first to the last of my three years' stay at this
place.

ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE.

The variability of pressure at all seasons, depending aa it does on the influence of locality, is
sometimes greatly extended, so that a considerable district is included in the area of low pressure
in summer and generally loccl in winter, while area of high is usually more restricted. The
fluctuations of the barometric column are great. Usually a low barometer is preceded by a high
range, and I'iec rerna.

The oscillations, considered for a season, are much greator in winter than in summer. At
times the fall is regularly graduated and at others rapid in extreme, while opposed to this the
coir, u is s )metimes very sluggish, scarcely moving for the entire day. In the winter oscillations
a rise or fall of seventy-five hundredths of an inch is recorded several times.

The average low winter pressure will be found to result more from the qu' k succession of
storms than from any other cause. Wave after wave of cold, each succeeded by one of warmer,
will keep the column in a state of continual oscillation. The fall ij usually more noticeable and
extended in winier during a storm from the north or northeast than from any neighboring effect of
heat.

The oscillations during a storm correspond to the variable force of the wind, and usually
coexistent with the greatest force of the wind.

The extreme height of the barometer is usual in November upon the seating in of winter,
reading .30.!)(J((; a corresponding low from the increasing heat of summer in May, reading 28.701.
A continued maximum, when the barometer reads above .'50.00, is of frequent occurrence in all
seasons of the year. A corresponding low prevails to a less degree. Often periods not controlled
by other than local influences show that the rain-fall begins at one-tenth of an inch below an
assumed mean of 29.700, and the column wavers upward immediatelj^ on the fall of the first few
drops.

TEMPERATURE.

The range of temperature, covering the extremes of 75° in June and — 50° in February, is
extremely vaiiable for each month, and this for the different years is irregular.

Starting from April, we find the mean monthly heat increases almost uniformly to a niaxi-
mum mean of 55".;?55 for .Inly and 52°.!)96 for August, then as steadily declines during the fall and
winter months, usually reaching its minimum mean in February or March.

The minimum may occur in either of these months. During the winter the temperature is
subject to a greater range for each month than in summer. In .lanuary a range of 80° has been
recorded as the extremes for a month, and in July a range of 32° was the greatest. Ranges
nearly as great as the former may ocwsr at irregular periods during the winter. The least varia-
tion between the extreme means for any two days in a month is lound usually in August, when
80.5 is read, while the greatest variation between the extren)e means for any two days in a month
is found ill Jaimaiy, giving a reading of 50°.7r). The greatest monthly variation is found in July,
with the mean of 55°..'355, and February having a mean of — 23o.8, making a dift'erence for the
extremes for the months of 790.155. That this latter is exceptional will be seen from the appended
summary.

The least daily variation, derived from the maximuni and minimum thermometers, shows only
20.5, while 4° to 5° is common.

HUMIDITY.

The prevailing high humidness of the air in this locality shows considerable variance between
the winter and summer; in the latter reading occasionally as low as 40 per cent., and usually at

«i

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98 CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE NATURAL HISTORY OF ALASKA.

70 per cent, reaches its maximum extended period in winter, where for months the I'ecord of sat-
uration is not broken. This is further proven by the fact that a piece of ice half an inch in thick-
ness will be two months clinging to an er^ct pole. The least amount of vapor iu the air is recorded
from 11 a. m. to 3 p. m., or corresponding to the maximum heat for the day.

This is, I believe, somewhat at variance from the usually assumed rale.

The humidity of the various surface-currents also. presents great difierences. The northeast
current contains least humidity, though this wind, being the most frequent, presents many
irregularities.

Following the card of winds to the south, the humidity increases, while south-southwest
diminishes to a slight degree. From north buck to southwest the humidity increases. Of all the
wiuds, the southwest contains the greatest iunount of moisture, aud is sure to result in rain or fog
in summer if the wind should back. To this the month of June, 1877, presented some exceptions.

The wind blew from the southwest iluring the night, laden with moisture, and backing the fol-
lowing morning to north or northeast (a warmer wind), brought on fog as a thin stratum, though
not at auy time as it was in former years.

RAIN.

Rain usually begins, with low, foggy clouds, precipitating small drops, and generally increasing
iu size to the middle of the shower, then decrease to taper off a longer time than beginning. Mists
to moderate is the usual character of the showers. Hard dashes seldom occur, and then never
with that violence that seems to fall on the mainland but few miles distant, or in warmer countries.
Shower after shower hangs in the neighborhood, rarely api)roaching within 2 or .'i miles, and
carried to either side, generally to the west.. Thunder and lightning seldom accompany these
showers. Only orce has a shower, accompanied by vivid lightning aud loud thunder, passed over
head, and then rivaled a thunderstorm of the Middle States. Thuiuler is sometimes heard in the
ueighborhood, though not more than three or four times on an average in a year. Li'-htniug is
yet rarer. The greatest amount of rain usually falls iu August, and for any one ''.ay the greatest
recorded depth is .83 inch, while showers are frequent that give .1 to .3 inch.

Rain occurs every December upon the winter solstice. The exposed thermometer has reail 24°,
while rain during this period occurred.

Hail from a heavy cumulo-stratus cloud has twice fallen, and was restricted to an area of prob-
ably less than 3 scjuare miles. ]!fo visible electric display accompanied these falls. The latest
raius that fall are frozen the instant they touch the earth, these octiurring in Cctober or November.

I have thought that it is probably a provision of nature to overload the weeds and grasses to
break them to the ground, that the seeds may be more protected from cold by the approaching
winter's snow.

SNOW.

Snow usually falls in moderate quantities. A depth of over a foot has occurred but twice in
three years. A hard wiud generally accompanies the storm, so that it is usually drifted ihe instant
it touches the ground. It may fall iu any month but July.

Ouce the old and new snow met on the highest hilltops. Varied forms of flakes are met, but
usually the compound flakes are precipitated ujwn a high temperature, while the smaller kinds
fall during cold. Often fine flour like particles are sifted from a thin veil of cirro-stratus aud thin
stratus; this rarely exceeds one-tenth of an inch in depth. During clear weather frost crystals sift
from the sky and can ouly be recognized by looking over the top of a building while the coznb of
the roof hides the sun. It is probable that the greater part of these frost films do not reach the
ground, as all my endeavors to collect them on black paper iu a situation well guarded against
currents of air were fruitless. Sometimes when a crust is formed on the snow, the heat absorbed
into the earth through the snow liberates vapor, which, emerging through the snow, is crystallized
in loug spicule like a forest of feathers, minature ferns, and palm leaves.

In February, 1875, 1 noticed a V-shaped halo on the ice below me, and extending a great
distance, regularly diverging with the apex toward me. I now venture to suggest that these
frost-crystals on the ice might produce such refraction and reflectio)'.

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE NATURAL HISTORY OF ALASKA.

29

Frost spiculiB attaiu a length of 2 iuches during a temperature between zero and melting-
point of ice and a light southwest wind. These grow on all objects, though on posts, palings,
feathers and hairs the most beautiful needles are formed. They are generally broken off by
a succeeding wind.

The results obtained from measurements of snow have been very much less than the actual
amount. No sooner does a snow begin to fall than a wind will drift it into the sea or interior.
The annual fall is probably not one-half so great on this part of the coast as it is in the interior
but few miles.

I estimate that only about three-fifths of the true amount has been recorded, so deficient have
been the snow measurements. It has a range of seventy degrees of temperature for falling.
Large flaltes, almost snow-balls, have fallen when the exposed thermometer read 40°, and the
lowest has been— 30°.

The greater amount of snow falls in March, and as this month is the windiest, it is very
evident that the foregoing statement may be correct. 1 estimate, roughly of course, that tlie
snowfall of winter is fully one-third greater than the rain-fall for summer.

DEW.

Dew is not often noticed, probably from the fact of the short nights during the period
that dew should fall. It is most often noticed in August and September, sometimes forming
copiously.

FOG.

Fog is rare in winter and more common in summer, as often the result of the low descent of
clouds as to the effect of the intermingling of two currents of air having different temper.tures.
Fog-patches are often seen on the h)w grounds. A general fog attends the breaking up of the ice
in spring, and is said to be an index to the breaking up of the ice in the Yukon River. On two
occasions this has been verified.

Tlie fog-cloud seldom lasts longer than a day, still more often for only a few hours, though
intervals of more or less density have prevailed for two or three ti ys. A wind backing to the
southwest after a warm spell usually produces the most persistent fog.

CLOUDS.

Situated as this part of the country is, and partaking the nature of both a marine and con
tinental climate, tlie amount of cloudiness is not so gro"t, after taking an extended i)eriod into
consideration.

The proportion of cloudiness is taken at 2 p. n>. ; about equal to the amount of clear ami fair
days taken at the same hour of the day.

From June to November the amount of entire cloudiness consumes about two-thirds of the
time.

From November to March the number of clear days equal at least those of cloudy, while fair
days are proportionate equally to either.

The ratio of clear to cloudy is one t - three, wliile fair stands two to three. To be plainer, one
day in six is clear, two fair and three cloudy, when taken for an extended period.

The greatest number of clear days occur in November and February ; the latter somewhat in
excess of the former month.

. STEATUS.

I have divided the stratus cloud according to its apparent height by a qualifying word.

This cloud, usually low or at a medium height, presents its characteristic color. Variability
of color is recorded whenever occurring.

Sometimes in moderate weather the color assumes the deepest blue-black, having this color
more intensely than in any other form of cloud.

Stratus prevails to a greater extent than any other cloud, often continuing for nearly a month

30

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE NATURAL HISTORY OF ALASKA.

at a time. Stratus and nimbus are so intimately related that to separate them would add con-
fusion, and I have used the term nimbus for an actual rainiug-cloud. From these two kinds the
groater part of the precipitation falls, excepting the finest particles of snow.

OUMULO-STBATUS.

Cumulo-stratus, attendant upon the wannest days of summer, is the most prevalent cloud
during; that season, and attains the majjnitude it does in warmer latitudes. Far in the edge of
the east or south horizon, several small, firmly-outlined clouds will expand to overspread the
greater part of the lieavena by 2 p. m., and from these the most copious showers of rain fall. The
height of this cloud is from '2,000 feet to about 2 miles, usually of blue color and white edges.

CUMULUS.

Cumuli are classed as belonging to the lower system of clouds, and rarely present any other
appearance than extraordinary cuniulo stratus. But few distinctions have been made in the daily
journal between these two clouds.

True cumuli r.irely approac^h nearer than G to 10 miles, and more often the heads of the
clouds are but little raised above the horizon. These clouds are principally formed in the south-
east and west-southwest.

I noticet' rain to pour from one of these clouds in June, 1875, for several hours on the main-
laud, about 20 miles distant, and accompanied by thunder and lightning.

The usual color is dark blue to bright indigo, and occasionally silver-edged.

'I ia

;i I

I nil

CIRRO-STRATUS.

Cirro-stratus is not often observed, and is usually the result of rapidly descending cirri.
StTatus and cirro-stratus are at times scarcely distinguishable. Snow in finest, rouud, firm ritts
form this cloud in winter. The usual color is grayish.

PALLIO-CIRBirS.

This cloud forms itself in such an incredibly short time as to give but little time for its study •
it disappears as suiblenly. Usually i)erfe<;t, and really an exaggerated form of low globular cirro-
cumulus, rarely moves from any other point than north or south, an<l is almost certain to result
in snow. It seldom remains longer than three hours, and but once hung for three days, this sel-
dom attaining sutlicient density to veil the sun, and i)resents that singular phenomenon of sunshine
and clouds. It has a , 'ale-blue rounded form and white-edged, seemingly in a state of repnlsion.

riRRO-OUMULI.

The prevr.iling forms of this cloud are the apparent converging biinds, often of the greatest
delicaciy of texture.

On one occasion eleven perfect bands were seen, and four to seven being common. These
bands usually extend due eust and west, moving from south, rarely from north; and northwest
and southeast, moving from northwest, rarer still north and south, moving from either point,
though more frequently from south ; and southwest and northeast from either point, though most
frequently from northeast.

These bands most often extending east and west is probably due to the indrawiug effect of
tl' • ascending and descending currents near this latitude*

Broken bands and irregular forms are common. One of these irregular forms is like a wall of

onry with the mortar left ont, and, if in the east or west near the time of sunrise or sunset, it
itt •■li -it beautifully tinted with a rather deep pink, forming a splendid spectacle.

The cirro-cumulus cloud has a great range through the atmosphere of probably 1 to 4 miles.
Their color is usually pale pearly-blue to white.

OONTRlBUTION^i TO THE NATURAL III STORY OF ALASKA.

81

OIBBl.

The prevailing forms of tiiis doinl are pencil-strortks uiul wliirls. Many inotllHfations octsiir,
which bring the cirri and cirro cnniiihis in such close relationship that it is often a matter of nice
discrimiinition to separate them. In this condition the.v ar»< recorded as intermixiMl. This condi-
tion may continue for several days with not another cloud to ho seen, and calia to gentle surface-
currents, while the two clouds are being rapidly hurled from north to south, or, more commonly,
rice verna.

Above this intermixture and the upper limits of the cirri are nniltitudinous modilications of
the primary cirri. Among these the i)rincipal varieties arc Jelly lish (usually head to the wind),
horsetails (rare), wisps, plumes, and (iloplumatc curls, pectinate and (iouble pectinate; forms like
the blur of a moderately-stretched cord having locks of loose ('(ttton closely arranged on it antl the
string put in motion with, a twang of the linger. This api»ears to be the pencil and curl cloud
interformed.

Many other varieties, such as the fancy can suggest, are alsd seen. The cirro-cumuli and cirri
in this latitude presents such attractive forms tiiat the pen cannot describe and only the most
skillful brush portray.

Pale, scarcely distinguishable cirri rapidly lorm the frayed curl cloud, descend through the
cirro-cunuilus region, seem to miss the cirro-stratus, and form stratus in su(!h a short time that it
is hardly credible. Rain in the summer or snow in winter is sure to result from this rapid descent.

SUNSET SHADOWS.

Sunset shadows are seldom se(^n, and more rarely perfect. On one occasion eleven jterfect
bands or lingers were seen to point to the zenith when the sun was within 2 degrees of setting.

CLEAR WEATHER.

The sky is often clear of cloiuls for days at a time, especially in the months of November and
February; clear days occur rarely in the summer, and are then ])leasaut in the extreme.

1 have entered only absolutely clenr weather as clear, or w ith such few exceptions as will
readily show themselves.

WINDS.

In the earlier months of my stay at this station 1 recorded the winds in tiu-ii' subdivisions of
the eight principal jwints of the (iompass, but later I have disregarded this on account of the
extreme unsteadiness of all winds.

The oscillations of the vane are extremely rapid, and covering on oiu' occasion a range of 180
degrees, while the usual swing is 15 to SO degrees, 4o being common ; steadiness of the vane being
very rare, and then only in light to fresh winds.

SURFACE (J UKUEN IS.

North irhid, — This wind i»revailing in the southwest and westerly quadrants of storms, has a
general tendency to veer, and often, by its extrenu; unsteadiness, oscillates from north 18*^ degrees
W. to NNB., or even to ENE. It blows for days together without a sign of clouil. Its velocity
is extremely variable, from light breeze to a terrillc hurricane.

In October it blows for weeks at a late of from 1,1 to 70 miles per hour, while for the other
seasons its average rate is about 34 miles. During the prevalence of this wind fair to clear
weather obtains. This wind is taken as the standard for relative freiiuency, and will be considered
as the unit of ratio.

The temperature of this wind is low.

NortheaM wind. — The northeast current so nearly resembles that of the north that to separate
them is more convenient than advisable. The oscillaticnis of the vane, during high winds from this
point, cover two-thirds of the oscillations for the north wind, besides having its own tendency to
eastward. Its velocity is usually about 31 miles, and ranges from light to highest storm-rate.

w

i i;

89

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE NATURAL HISTORY OP ALA«KA.

This wind ia the most frequent, and haa the ratio of two to one of the north wind. Its temper-
ature is higher than that of the north wind.

East icind, — A due east wind seldom prevails, as it has an oast- northeast or east-southeast
tendency. It seldom lasts longer than one day, and usually for only a few hours, as it is in general
only blowing during the passage of northeast to south. Its velocity is high, about 28 miles per
hour, and on two occasions has exerted itself to a hurricane-rate, once of H(5 miles and at another
time of highest storm-rate. Its temperature is warm, generally pleasant.

It has the ratio of flve-tenths to that of the north wind.

Sovtlieant tcind. — The wind prevails from this point so seldom, and often in the relapse of the
north quadrant of storms, or else when the northeast wind is veering to south for a long i)eriod.

This is the warmest of all the winds, and raises the temperature many degrees in spring, at
the season when this wind occurs most often, and attaining its greatest violence, sometimes that
of a hurricane-rate to that of highest gale. It is intimately connected with the south wind.

Exceptions hold this wind for thirty hours, but the average duration is not longer than Ave
hours, with an average rate of 35 miles, always having a tendency to veer. It has a ratio of .25
to the north wind.

South wind. — The surface current from this point is the most frequent of the southerly winds.
It is the great current pushing toward all the storm centers of Northern Alaska. For days in
winter, and longer in summer, it will burl masses of air at least a mile deej), and often 4 miles
deep, northward, at a rate of 60 miles per hour, and ibr hours asserts its terrific hurricane strength
of 85 to over 100 miles per hour. A short lull usually occurs in the center of these storms. The
vane is comparatively steady, considered for hours, but has sometimes a backing or veering tend-
ency, or even both, of 20 or 25 degrees on either side of south.

To this wind we owe our very esfistence in this country. By its power the ice is forced
through the straits. The tides caused by this wind raise up and break the otherwise iirmly
bound shore-ice. Our annual supply of wood is thrown on shore by this wiml and its accompany-
ing tides.

The temperature of this wind is higher than any other wind, excepting the southeast. It has
about the same frequency as the north wind.

Southiccst tcind, — This wind, occurring so frequently and usually the resting point for backing
winds from the northeast, has a ratio of four-fiftlis to one of the north wind for frequency. Being
most often the result of a backing wind, it has the effect to reduce the temperature 15 to 20
degrees. By its low temperature it causes the greater amount of fog at this place. It always
has a tendency to veer, rarely backs, and especially to veer if the wind should hack to this point.
Its rate is usually 30 miles per hour, and very seldom blows over 50 niiles per hour.

West icind. — This wind, usually prevailing in that quarter only temporarily, and from a backing
wind, has an eflfect to lower the temperature, but if veering to raise it. This wind, usually fresh
to brisk, has but once reached a gale rate of 55 miles per hour. It has a ratio of .25 to one of the
north wind.

Norfhicent wind. — This is intimately connected with the west wind, and like it usually tempo-
rary in that point for only a short time, and usually the result of backing. Its temperature is low.
Its ratio to the north wind is as one-fifth to one.

The rate of the wind is inconsiderable, seldom over a brisk rate, and its highest recorded
velocity is 48 miles an hour.

That the west and northwest winds should occur most frequently I am led to infer from the
fact that during the winter of my first year at this station a delegate was sent from the neigh-
boring native village to request me to turn the dial of the anemometer so that it should face the
west, as it faced east-northeast, as the reindeer in moving go against the wind, and that would
bring them to this part of the coast.

After some i^f'.iey I convinced the native that the machine did not make the wind. I never
heard anything more about it.

CONTKIBUTIONS TO THE NATURAL HISTOKY OF ALASKA.

88

OENERAL REMARKS OONOERNINO THE WIND.

Tlie iiiterincditito wIiuIh liavo boon left out, and included in tlie reiiiiirkR for tlie ei(;lit principiil
pointH. A few reniurks coiiceiiiing tlie surface winds will not lie out of place.

The effect of Itackiiiff, if on tlie west side, is to lower the temperature ; heune t« veer on that
side is to raise tlie temperature.

To veer oil the east side Is to raise tlie temperature; to ba<"k is to lower the temperature.
The ratio or frequency of veerinjj or backing is {{reater for the latter. A view of the " summary "
will show the number of times of frequency from ail recorded points of the winds.

Upper ciirrentK. — Of these there are four, of which the one from the south is the most frequeiiti
and probably equal to that of all others. The north current is the next most freciuent; then is
followed by one from southeast and one from northwest, the former in excess of the latter for
number of times.

At times streams of upper clouds are carried from south for days and even weeks at a time;
even if the lower sky should be cl(Hide<l for a time during this period, I have reason to believe that
the u|)per current has not been interriii)ted.

During the latter days of my stay 1 began to foretell changes of wind on the surface from north
to south by these upper clouds moving from north. It has but rarely failed unless the whole
mass of the atmosphere was to move from the south.

TIDES.

Tides toriiiing a part of my regular observations, demand attt ntion. The obstuvations have
been most of tiie time without a proper gauge, as tlu^ bottom in the arm of the sea here consists
of line volcanic gravel and ashes, w liicli make a very unstable fbiiiidation for a gauge. The high
waves have carried out three gauges; hence I have adopted permanent stones and rocks for the
necessary measurements.

The effect of the attraction of the sun and moon on the water in Norton Sound is to raise a
tidal wave of about '2i feet in height. This is proven during periods of comparative (juiet, when
the winds are at rest.

The winds having a much greater effect will be considered next.

Starting from the nortli and northeast, the effect of brisk to high winds continued for two
days is to lower the water of this part of the sound about li feet, and continues in this pro[)ortiou
for each day of winds from those points, though a northeast wind is more effective than a north
wind, as will be seen from the trend of the coast and the low pressure to the westward.

The east wind occurring but seldom, and never so vigorous as to produce any apiireciablo
effect, is left out of the question.

The southeast wind, holding for two days, by itw southward tendency always raises a tide 4
to 6 feet above mean. This extreme tide occurs usually in the months of iMay and September.
The south wind exerts the greatest force, and raises the tidal wave to the extreme of (i to 7 feet
above mean tide.

The hard storm attendant upon the winter solstice produces annually an extnMiie tide of 7 to
8 feet. This, and the southeast wind are the oi)posite in power to the north and northeast.

The north wind in the month of October, acquiring a high storm velocity and lasting for
many days together, throws 7 to S feet of water out of Norton Sound.

The shallowness of the 3-fathoni curve bounding this part of the coast, and the low tide,
would render it very unsafe for any craft to be inside.

The beach around the island, facing the sea, is narrow, only a few feet, and composed of fine
volcanic sand, the remains of the solitary basalt-rock which forms the foundation of all this part
of the coast, and, from its extreme hardness, is well termed iron-bound.

When I first came here I uitule notice of certain unchangeable places on the beach, and these
are now 18 inches above the level taken at that time.

American traders who have been here ever since the occui)ation of the Territory concur with

me ill the statement, i. c, that the coast is rising. The natives inform me that many years ago

an earthquake occurred in this locality and raised the coast several feet in the neighborhood of

Kegtikhtouk, a village about 18 miles east of this place. The fierce beating of the north and

S. Mis. 155 5

I ll

if

j 'I

i i!

ll!

il

if

I

i

i

r

'

34

CONTBIBUTIONH TO THE NATURAL HISTORY OF ALASKA.

i^i

northeast wIikIh in October throws huge winnows of sand on the beach, and are not conformed
with tlie general level until the following spring.

It is rare that more than one tide occnrs in a day, and in those times is what is termed a
long and short tide.

The usual time of high water occurs fifty minutes later each day, though there are so many
exceptions that it cannot be given as a rule.

For several days the rising of the tide is shortened in time, and floods at nearly the same
hour for several days. No positive rules can be laid down by me on the tides.

■ RAINBOW.

This spectacle occurs seldom, by reason of the entire cloudiness during rain. In summer the
bow is HOinetimes complet<>, and does not (lifter from those in lower latitudes. In winter an arc of
10 to 20 degrees will sometimes l)e seen, and on one occasion, when only a slight rift toward the
sun made opposite to it a rainbow wIiosa length was scarcely half its width.

In November, 1874, an arc of 15 degrees in height was seen, and besides the primary bow there
were three supernumerary bows of variable colors, as given in the journal lor that day.

I can conceive of no more beautiful object in nature than this spectacle so brightly displayed
against a sky of leaden hue.

The fog-bow is sometimes seen during the day, and on several occasions after night. Only
once, and then after night, <Iid it incline toward prismatic coloration, aud that of faintest re<l.

conoN<E.

Ooronn) have never been seen, excepting surrounding the moon. A white mass of stratus in
winter, if not of too great density, produces this phenomenon in its greatest brilliancy. The
ditt'erent rings are of variable width.

HALOS.

I shall divide the halos into three classes, according to intensity or absence of coloration.

A pure white halo of 22 degrees often occurs tluring a time of clear upper sky and the lower
atmosphere lilled with finest frozen fog like particles. It is probably due to the smallness of
these particles that the halo is colorless, for the Siiiue reason that a fog-bow should be white.

A second kind of halo occurs fretpiently, which I have recorded on the Form 4 as a dark halo
of 22 degrees. It usually occurs during a very dense streaked cirri veil, and increases to such
deuisity as to obscure the sun.

In my earlier days I have frequently noticed that if a pieese of perfectly clear ice is held at a
certain angle, and looked through edgewise, it appears bhick. I now venture to suggest that the
films of ice in the atmosithere were descending at this angle, and hence the bah) appears dark.
The inner edge of the ring is usually whitish, but the lino dividing the dark and white circles is
very apparent to an observer.

This halo and the first mentioned halo are always without parhelia or contact arches.

Tlie third class comprises all the halos that exhibit prismatic colors.

The sun during the season for this phenomenon does not rise sufficiently above the horizon to
permit an entire lialo of 22 degrees to be observed, but it has frequently descended to the ground
aud not distant half a mile; and was one time, as previously referred to, seen on the ice at a
diverging angle; probably the reflection of tl'e portion in the air. The halo of 45 degrees has
been recordcul several times. These two alone present coloration, oftentimes very brilliant, but
always less so on the one of 45 degrees than on the one of 22 degrees. The parhelic circle has
been "' on complete on two occasions, and always white.

Parhelia at the intersection of the two halos are common enough ; often the tail is prolonged
to several degrees. The coloration oi these is extremely bright, and sometimes so brilliant as to
dazzle the eyes. The contact arch is seen only above the sun for reasons stated before.

These are more noticeable during the descent of frost films, and are best observed by looking
over the top of a buildiug to hide the sun.

The "horns" are fully developed, with the lenticular space well preserved. They exhibit

CONTBrilUTrONS TOTHH NATURAL HISTORY OF ALASKA.

80

pale, iiriHinatiu colors, inoHt ot'teii red. Vertical boniiis are soinutiuieH noticed, but tiiey rarely
intersect the halo of 22 <IeKreet«. They are more often 5 to H deK''«5«'*t above and below the hiui or
moou. Like the parhelic circle, they contain no triu'.e of coloration. The antheliuii in Heen only
with the parhelic circle complete.

In March, 1876, traccH of parhelia, on the parhelic circle, indicated the presence of the liulo of
00 degrees radius. lu May, 1877, it was more plainly seen.

MIUAOE.

I have divided this phenomenon into two kinds, viz, vertical and horizontal, or lateral, the
vertical mirai;e beinj; the commoner of the two.

During the moderately fresh winds, or seusouH of calm in winter on clear days, this kind of
mirage is seen. It lasts with varying intensity for the entire day, oft«u extending along the coast
for miles. The horizontal mirage is less common and usually weak. Occasionally the high hill-
tops, off 30 or 40 miles, are thrown into the greatest confusion, or else extendctl laterally over a
consitlerable area, or distorted and broken.

This kind of mirage seldom lasts more than half an hour after the sun has risen, and is the
most intense about half an hour before sunrise.

The rapidity of motion is greater in the lateral than in the vertical kind. The low coast and
absence of trees and bare rocks on the hill sides do not allow of very much variety in either kind
of mirage.

TWILIGHT CURVES.

Twilight curves may be seen at any time after sunset or before sunrise, during clear weatiier.

Their ocicurrence beiug as certain a« the setting of the sun, I have kept no reconl of tliein except

in the daily journal, and there have merely alluded to them as having occurred during the period

referred to.

ELEOTBIOITY.

Klectricity haa shown itself to be very abundant during the periods of great cold in winter.
Having no special instruments to determine intensity of kiiul, I shall confine my remarks to those
occasions when it was developed by friction of the hand on the fur of a dead animal.

A conple of foetal seals had been stuii'ed with straw, and as my hand was stroking them one
evening in the dark 1 noticed sheets of electricity to follow the hand, accompanied by the charac-
teristic crackling. I then tried an india-rubber comb on my dry head, and found that very con-
siderable sparks could be drawn out.

At another time I had occasion to tear a piece of muslin that had been washed, and being
where the temperature was at least minus 16° Fah., I found that by simply tearing the cloth a
streak of light much like that produced by drawing a match across the moist palm of the hand in
the dark could be plainly seen. I repeated the experiment several times, and extended it to stiff
manila paper, and with the same results.

I requested Mr. Neumann, agent of 'the Alaska Commercial Company, to try the experiment,
and some time afterward he assured me of his success in producing the same results.

In fact, the air seems to be filled with electricity during the above-mentioned periods. This
naturally brings me to the magnetic variation of this place.

I placed the compass carefully on a board constructed to point due north, and for months
at a time I have never seen a tenth of a degree variation of the needle from 23 degrees east, not
even a tremor being observed during an auroral display. This 22 degree (!) variation is exactly
what Capt. E. E. Sudth, of the schooner Eustace, informed me bad been before determined, but
by whom ascertained is unknown to me.

ATTBOBAS.

The auroral displays seen at this station naturally divide themselves into two classes, accord-
ing to their intensity.

The first of these is what I have described as an auroral haze. It has very slight intensity,
no particular form, seldom lasts long, and more seldom recurs. This is the most common display
recorded.

36

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE NATURAL HIHTORY OF ALAHKA.

m

Tlie Hvcoiid cliiHH will eiubniuu nil other kiiitlH, with their vnriiibliMieHN of inteiiHity iind form.
Rarely tin iirish forum itMelf inileMH pretuHltMl hy the HrHt cIuhh uh ii hiize.

TIiIh Neeontl cIimh to he produced, the haze KntlxMHiiito u pidv narrow areh of variable heiuht,
UHiinlly at 20 de^reeN altitiiile, jiiereaMeH in liriKhtneNH by U o'clock, and then forniH a Hccnnd arch
above, at u dixtance varying from r> to 20 dcKrecH, and rarely more than 0 to 10 de^reeH wide.
Three or more archcH are rare. The Ninf;learched variety liaH iti* eaHterii and wentern end«
incurved lit timcH. Also the ea.stern end Ih often broken into a Mheet, or patcheH irrettnlarly
Mcattered, but in the maximum inteiiNity they are nbNorbed into tlie areh. HeaniN, waven, Htream-
era, folds, and other fiiiitaNtic pert iirhationN attend a brilliant diHplay. TheNC ImaniM move eiiHt
to west, or rice rerun, on the arch with a fri(;htful velcM-ily. Sometimes beaiiiH move from eaHt to
west wiiile others from west to east are beinj; translated with tint same rapidity.

No clash or interferen(!e is observable. These jiulsations soinetinitM travel the entire length
of the visible length of the arch in less than two minutes, and once in less thiin one minute. The
liigheMt grades uf auroras seldom occur over this locality. The coromi has been but once perfectly
developed. The width of beams, arches, &c., are variable, as is also the length of the streamers.
The usual color is pale straw to sulphur-yellow. Other colors have never but twice been observed.
Recurring tits are but <litferences of intci .ity, and may be said to attend all the displays excepting
those of the tlrst class. The dark segment, when present, is usually sharply defined.

The freipiencty of auroras at this station is somewhat less than is assumed for the latitude of
04 degrees north, and is probably due to the pievalcnceof (-louds during the months of greatest
fre(iucney. For four months, May, June, July, August, and a part of September, auroras are not
observable at all from the twilight. March and February show the greatest number of disjdays,
and for the entire year about thirty-two auroras are recorded.

Siimmury o/ melrurologUal obm-rvationn Uiktn at Saint MickatV$, Alaika.

T>st«.

i
1

a

<■

Maximum barom-
eter.

r

i

u

a-

»

\

\i

i

38

P

1.18

u

s

5

10

i
1

I*

1
13

1

5

0

1

i
1

•3

i

1

•1

21

1
s

B

■a

i

26

s

a

3
78

1

i

15

-1
8

i

18

1

3

1

&

It

0,676

i

1874.
Jnly

2».902

30. '.'81

29. 420

.52.7

70

It 8S

0

Anxiist

211. MM

30. 435

29.375

■>3. 0

67

30

2.07

13

1

8 K

US 87

8

8

48

21

12

8

1

n, 0)15

0

;i<*pteiiibrr

•Hi. 7lU

30. lUl

20. 332

42.0

56 1

23

0.70

4

5

14 11

57

70

23

30

14

7

10

12

6

0, 401

3

Ootobi'i'

2U.e^U

3U. :ill

20. 026

28.4

45 ;

13

2.06

9

2

5

24

20

74

6

6

73

15

10

4

3

11,838

•i

i». 77S

30. 852

29.085

20. 3

42 '

1

0.78

4

8

7

16 14

105

11

16

43

8

4

5

4

12,264

4

December

1875.
JHiiimry

•i^t, b\ii

30. 58U

29. 015

IS. 9

38 -

«

2.03

8

5

11

16 2

146

14

7

37

»

2

1

6

14,182

7

3U. 029

30. 700

28. 876

17.1

36 : -

87

0.28

3

2

12

17

20

97

16

7

40

18

9

S

6

18, 708

2

Februiiry

2«.76a

30. 264

29. 269

20.4

38 ■ -

25

0.09

11

4

11

18

6

116

27

15

27

3

0

1

3

16,844

4

Miiruk

2».tl54

30. 703

20.068

0 6

.30 -

.16

n

7

5

16

10

32

66

20

7

21

30

19

5

9

18,416

10

April

May

ilU. 117

33. Mi

VO. 481

12.4

39 -

■23

•0.08

2

9

11

10

26

50

21

0

32

43

13

8

9

11,991

8

M.'JM

30. 28U

29. 277

30.6

42

15

0.31

7

1

13

17

49

77

6

0

15

3tl

21

9

2

13, 797

0

•Hi. 815

30.380

20. 382

44.8

64

20

0.67

6

0

12

18

28

76

18

20

21

27

14

5

1

13,397

0

Jaly

•29.B25

30. 312

20. 645

.Vl. 4

70

30

1. :s

9

1

10

20

69

43

13

9

33

23

10

8

8

14, 4.'(3

0

AuKusl

m 717

30. 112

20. 301

60.7

64

28

2.21
2.00

14

0

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28

31

21

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44

56

17

11

8

14,827

0

September

29. 7'9

30. 28U

20.404

46. 5

M

30

11

0

7

23

10

48

I'l

12

24

54

18

2

8

12, 603

1

20.694
30.2tl

30. .'.83
30.008

28. 862
20. 300

35.4
8.0

54

24 -

17
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0.2S
0.20

7

0
7

4
10

18
12

20
14

126

•6

;

3

18
19

4
41

2

8

1
1

5
30

16,511
7,960

n

VoTember

7

l>eeember

1876.
jADUary

2«.86C

80.463

20.011

-0.7

20 -

32

0.57

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9

«

14

■^

48 10

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29

65

8

4

2«

9,668

12

99.814

30. 582

20.018

8.9

84 -

28

0.33

5

0

.0

16

21

4r i'i

10

60

24

2

0

17

16,208

7

Febrnary

30.207

30.089

20. 341

-0.3

17 -

40

(*)

1

20

3

6

38

K :

2

11

2

0

1

76

7,156

8

Mfcrch

311. 145

30. 508

20. 358

7.06

34 -

28. 5

(')

7

8

8

16

67

SJ , il

1

19

30

U

2

38

11, 896

4

^':::::::;:::

29. 899

30.366

29. 335

15.7

41 -

-17

1.58

7

8

0

13

1«

86

18

9

10

46

3

4

15

8,477

0

37 4
47.4
62.7
40.2

57
75
68
04

16

32
39
34

•0.41
1.46
l.RI
3.13

8
6
10
15

0
1
3
3

11
10
5
9

20
19
23
19

44

52
23
49

60
28
43
44

14
10
11
17

87

8

25

4

30
14
61
18

17
47
47
40

4
10

1
14

9
11

1
17

3
5
5

4

is, 020
8,779

fl

20.763
30.808
29.835

30. 000
30.306
30.150

20. 410
20. 210
29. 106

0

July

0

AU|{UAt

0

September

•-'0. 676

30. 285

28. 700

44.4

50

31

3.24

17

0

3

27

35

30

27

22

64

22

2

4

14

7,560

2

29.665
30. 145

30. 323
30. 632

28. 722
20. 495

30.3
6.0

43 1
36 -

8
24

1.67
0.33

12
9

1
12

3
3

27
15

87
68

62
■IB

6

4

6
2

'?

23
40

1
12

6

20

9
44

17, 112
6,480

2

November

7

December

1877.
January

29.749

30. 404

28.041

.3.4

36 -

26

0.10

8

2

8

21

42

73

11

4

31

35

2

0

21

18, 720

1

20.008

30.427

29.211

1.6

41 -

39

0.93

10

4

t

18

33

36

4

3

62

26

7

0

44

14,036

2

February

30. 103

30. 626

20. 371

-23. 8

12 -

50

(*>

4

10

3

6

58

48

0

U

8

0

7

8

42

4,680

11

March

29.880

30. 179

20. 200

12.7

88 -

16

0.27

3

12

11

8

66

73

27

16

2

1

2

1

31

6,696

7

April

29.704
'•■).5«4

30. 145
29.092

29. 022
29. 078

28.8
37.4

43 : -
57 ,

3
16

0.42
0.39

8
8

6
0

10

n

16
20

70
U

73
60

11
14

12
37

21
80

12
17

4

5
9

4
3

12,456
16,368

8

May. ;..::.....

0

June

29.821

30.805

29,456

62.2

70 1

1

88

1.08

4

"

17

10

60

33

15

18

18

40

»

"

6

12,831

0

• Snow drifted too much to allow accurate meaanremeiita.

CONTEIHUTION8 T() TUB NATURAL HISTORY OF ALASKA.

37

Thtrmomftrie ohinratioiit tukm al Salnl Mtcharl'i, Atatka.
(ObMnrsr unknown. (.'apl*<l frnm Wllil, Ht. Pctvnburg, 1883, p. 336. |

TtM.

1

1

^

1

1

1

i

1

11.3
0.8

i

8.3

7.0

1

1.8

!

-8.1
-S.1

1

r

1
1

IMl „

•

tH4 :.

.

ii.i

18.1

uS :.;....:.;' !!;;;!;:

-ii,i

-ai

-18.8

-B,0

-0k7

8.4

Mean*

-Ml
-14..

17.6

-13.8 '
7.7

-0.0
16.8

-0.7
31.5

1

1.4
43.5

_

13.7
M.8

10.4
51.3

7.8
48.0

1,1
84.0

-5.38
33.8

-188

33.0

-3.81

Miant

35.4

*0«ltlna thcnnomator.

tKahrenb)' -

SIttrorological obitrratloiii at Jiedoulil .Saint StIchatVi.
iCIatsrn barometer No. 1613, anil lliormoiuctcni, by Janiva Oreen, New York— UbHvrviT, Captain Kledrll, unpeilntesdent of InMllnK-atatioa.)

OaU.

Uuur,

1860.
Joly 3

4

Oa m

12 ni

3 Ij. m

5

0 a. m

Ijni

a n. m

8

13ni

3 n, m

7

Oa. m

ISm

0 p. ni

8

13 ni

8 p. m

0

0 a. Til

ISni

3 n. ni

Op. 01

'10

12 in

3p. ni...

0 V. ni

11

0 a. m

ISm

3 u. m

0 D. n)

13

Oa.m

12 m

18

Oa.ni

12m

3 D. m

"

12 m

3 p. ro . . . . , , .

0 p. m

15

0 a. ro

Hni

3n. m

16

0 a. m

13 ni

0 p. m

17

12m

3 p. ro . . . .

18

Oa.m

I3m

3n. ro

Op.m

Att. ther-
ttiopmter.

•4.6
88.3

84.0
•1.8
81.0
61.8
(17.5
68.8
61.8
60.3
8A.S
87.0
86.0
62.0
68.8
85.3
6S.3
61.5
62.0
64.0
61.3
58.0
67.0
57.0
55.8
66.5
63.5
SO. 5
58.5
58.0
62. B
00.7
58.5
S.'i.2
64.2
63.8
62.0
57.5
83.6

'Bi.'s'!

60.0
61.0
61.5
61.6
61.8
61.5
61.0
62.5
61.8
63.4
62.0
59.6
61.2
61.4
61.0
60.0
58.8
63.4
63.4
61.0
89.0

Darnnirter

Baroiiirter
rwlucetl U>
atanilaiil
and 3'>>' F.

39.708
.778

39.888
.880
.645
.583

39.605
.837
.624
.807

29.668
.655
.653
.656

29.634
.645
.040
.605

26. 615
.600
.631
.714

2».825
.821
.895
.84^1

29.907
.914
.911
.924

29. 934
.941
.935
.941

20. 906
.886
.881
.915

29.891
.887
.883
.919.

21). 078
.075
.065
.052

30.029
.038
.059
.104

30. 102
.099
.108
.071

30.011
.006
.015
.016

29.894

30.008

29.974
.053

.Wind.

Cloadi.

DeUrhetl ther-
nioinet«ra.

rMted.

Dlreo-
tlon.

8K.
B.
N.

N.
N.

N.
BE.

N.
ENE.
ESE.

E.

E.

i;

ESE.

ESK.
ESE.
ESE.

8.

H.
NW.

W.

NE.
NNE,

N.
NNW.
NW.
NW.
NW.

W.

NE.

N.

N.

W.
8W.
8W.
8W,
SW,

SE.

Force.

3

3
8
5
«
4
4
4
3
4
8
8
6

I

6

3
3
3

4

I
5
5
4

4
5
S
2
4
4
3
4
3
8
3
5

AtuonBt

10
10
4
4
4
8
e
0
10
0
0
10
10

!

10
10
10
10
8
8
8
8
8
5

?

I
0
0
0
0

?

0
0
0

Kind.

CIr. nlm

Dry.

Wet

20.(10

0

84.5
56.5
65.0
83.5
82.0
62.0
60.0
66.0
84.0
63.5
87 0
65.8
66.5
84.5
84.0
86.5
88.5
83.5
63.5
53.0
53.5
44.5
56.5
5.'). 5
86.0
5«.5
55.0
7&0
64.5
40.0
54.0
60.5
83. 5
49.0
!i:i. 5
6.^0
62.0
53.0
54.0

e

.873
30.808

.in

CIr. mrat

CIr

.:::::::

.768

CIr, cum

.608

Cir. atrat

:;;;■■■■

30.785

.787

NIni

.730

Rain

.718

Nini

30. 706

.786
.778
.771

Nlm

Rain

Hain

Kali.

Nlm

Nlm

Rain

lUin

Ralu

Nlm

('uin.; Hqually

Cum. cir

Nlm

30.764
.780
.786
.710

30.730
.730
.744
830

30.038
034

47.0
47.5
47.0
40 A

.834

Nlm

.043

Strat

30. 035
.034

Cum

47.5
55. 0

.018

.080

Cli'ar

80.063
.054

Clear

Clear

48.8
50 6

.042
.040

Clear

Clear

53.5

30. U2«

Ciiiii .'

.008

Ctim

53 0

29.008

Clear .... '

51.5

30. 020

Clear .^

30.012

.008

29.908

SE.
8W.

8.

8.

8.

8.

8.

8.
SW.
SW.

8.

8.

a.

8.
8.
8.
8.
E.
8W.

1.
NW.

4
3
6
6
6
6
5
5
4
4
6
6
6
5
5
4
3
3
3
3

I

1

0
10
10
10
10
10

111
lu

10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
8
10
0
0
8

CIr. Rtrat

7U.0
52.0
53.0
54.0
54.5
51.0
52.0
55.0
55.0
53.0
50.0
50.5
52.0
50.0
51.0
53.0
50. 0
58.0
54.5
58.5
67.5
54.0

59 5

30.030

30.092
.090

Nlm

Nlm

47.5

.080

Nim

40 5

.078

Kaln

48 0

30.144
.160
.177
.210

30. 220
.316
.318
.186

30. 126

. .120

.126

Fon

Rain

Kon

Com

Fob ; rain

Fog; rain

Nlm

Fogi rain

Foii; raln-nqiialU

FoK: raln-aqualU

48.5
51.0
51.0
40.0
47.0
47.5
48.0
47.0
47.5
40.0

.124

Cir. cnm . .. .

49 0

30. 114
.124

Strat

Strat

50.0
51 0

.088
.063

Cum. strat.

Cum. strat .*.

53.5
50.0

H

III-

i

111;

iir

38

CONTRIBUTIONS TO TIIK NATUUAL IIISTOBY OF ALASKA.

Utltoroloyical obtfrtalioiu at KfdouH Saiitl iUioAatr* — Continued.

DM*.

itm.

Auk. Ifl

11

CONTHIBUTIONS TO THE NATUHAL F118TOUYOK ALASKA,

Mvl«ort>tofic»l otMTMHoii* at Jlt^otiM Saint Micharl't Coiitiniutl.

Wlml. Oloiiflii.

39

T

Hour.

la

IS

It

ID

I 81

n

24

25

2«

27

Dp. in

Hn.rn

; I'i III

! Ip.ni

liP"

dn.m

I'-'ni

3 |i. Ill

I)p.iv

tii.m

: 12 ui

U p. lu

9 p. m

' 0 H. Ill

, lam

I 3 p. m .

I Vp.m

I ta.ni

12 ni

8 p. m

t p. m

>*.m

12m

3 p. Ill

U p. m

» ». ni

! I'.'ni

; a p. ni

• p.m

I l)».ni

12 ni

ap.m

ft p. lu

»». ni

I 12m

I Sp.in

»p.m

On. m

I 12m

I 3p. m

9p.iu

! Dit. m

I 12 m

3 p. ro

I »p.m

I »». m

12m

i!l p. ni

I 0p.m

; »».m

I 12m

. 3 p. m

» p. ni

t ft. ni

12m

3p. m

I P p. lu

Oft. m '

I 13m

I 9 p. Ill

I »p.m

I S*. ni

j I2iu

3 p. m

I » p. ni

! 8 ft. Ill I

I 12m

Sp.m .

• p. m

81

Hrp I

28 > 9«.m.

13 m..

3 p. m .

9 \i. Ill

39 9 ft. Ill .

r.' m . .

S p. ni .

9 p.m.

8(1 9 u. m .

I 12 m..

;8p.m.

I 9p.ra,

9». m.

13m ..

8 p. lu .

9 p. ni .
9 ft in .
13 m .
:i p. ni .
9 p. Ill .
Ut. in.
13 m .

Alt. th..r.: '"^Z"'

81.7

«a.8

DO. 9

83.9

81.8

84.8

82.9

84.0

82.8

84.0

84.5

8.\5

82.7

83.0

83.3

82.5

84.0

87.0

80.0

88.0 i

82.3

70.0

87.5

81.5

89.0
89.3
88. «i
83.0
60.7
«4.0
(16.6
80.0
B3.5
81.0
83.0
83.5
(14.0
83.3
82.7
mi. 5
68.7
81.5
04.0
80.7
81.7
«2. 3
83. U

«:i.7

84 5
84.3
81. •:
80.0
6,1.8
84.0
64.0
05.0
84.0
83.2
82.5
80.8
06.0
64.5
04.8
64.2
84.0
59.3

6ao

S4.8
83.5
82.5
59.0
59 0
.^8,(l
no 0

.W. 5
59 0
59.0
00.2
81.8
80.0
80.5
82.0
83.0
83.0
M.0

mo

6.V 0
(Ul. 0
57.0

a. 0

.988

30.030
.018
.040

311. 992

29.908
.878
.888
.880

W. 8.'W
.804
.873
,MKI

31I.IH4
.970
.970
.070

30.058
.083
.082
.080

10. 079
.070
.037

Utironiotw
itMltirtMl to
atHltiUnl
unil 32' F.

.880

39.898
.904
.918
.877

39.783
.7.%7
.748
.711

'.■». 738
.740
.746
.771

39. S.'6
.H,VI
.853
.848

39 938
.934
.ai4
.943

29.941
.938
,932

DIroo-
tlon.

a.

NW.

NNW.

N.

N.

NK.

NK.

N.

K.
SK.
SSK.
NK.
KNK.
NK.
MR.

Pori'A, , Amount.

Kind.

S
8
I
1

a

7
8
9

9
9
9

9 ,
7 ;

S I

a

4 '
1 I

3

a

3
3
5

3

CI,-

t'lr. pum

t'li-

i;ir

CIr

attftt

NIm

Kftln

Knin

Sirai. inm .

St ml. onni

I'lv. »trul

CIr. n^Tftt

Cum. clr

Cum. i-lr

Cum. olr

Cum. pir

I'Ir. I'um

Cii'. rum

Cir. pniii

Ciiiii

Stun. I'ir

Strut. plr

Culll.Hllftt ...

Dolftphwt Ihor
ninmptoin.

nry.

55.5

52.3

88.5

87,8

57,9

60.1

63,0

86.5

58.5

59,5

83.3

6.V0

58.5

58.0

72.0

65.5 I

54.0

64.0 '

89.0 '

73.0

58.1.

(13. 0 ■

75.5 )

7^3

Wot.

51.5
48.9
83. I
83.5
5.V3
!W,7
50. U
81.3
55.0
54.5
.57,0
58,5
55.9
53 0
85.0
!UI. 5

5ao

!W.O
81.0
«,V5
,^1 5
55 0
6a 3
87,5

29,988
.M2
.940
.908 I

29.993 I
.900
.994 I
.756 i

29.530 I
.548
.830
.700

29.873
.934
.910 I
.U:J i

39.834 i
.910 i
.943 I

.10. 064 I

.10 350
.351 ,
.382
.280

30,195
,140
.(KM

30 808

2U. 7IM
.701.
.796
.85,1

39. eO'.
.868
.810
.813

291886
.910
.910
,984

89,978
.978
.9-8
.972

39. 1KI8
,930
.870
.770

•JU. 664
(hM
.,%76

39. ,VI6

'.538

..^84

.586

29.500
. 503
.508
.KH

30. ,^4»
.540
.,M4
.018

30. 7.'8
.76(1

29.833
.808
.811
,787

39.888
.868
.885 I
.846 '

39.403 I
. «u5 j
.503 i
.581 I

39.760 I
.804
.811
. 8(W

30. 736
.795
.830
.9.M

30. 134
.136
.143
.139

30, 071
,017

K.
KSK.

30 95:1

NNK.

.7|i7

NK.

311 674

N.

.074

N.

.674

N.

.733

sw, !

39. 748

KR,

.749

MK.

.690

.(198

39. 7,58

S.

.786

W,SW.

.786

wsw.

.811

wsw.

39.856

s.

.889

SK.

.865

w.

.848

sw.

39. 830

SK.

.813

N.

.781

WNW.

.063

WNW.

30. .Wl

KNK.

4110

KNK. 1

.470

K. 1

.4,^0

KNK.

■:■■'. 439

NK.

.117

NK. 1

.439

KNK

.4.'m

KNK. j

39.389

K. 1

,387

KSK.

.390

KSK,

.416

S.

30. 417

SSK.

410

asw.

. 431

sw.

»'18

sw.

;.1l 638

SSK. j

6,10

SSK,

1

3

8 :

* \

8

8
10
10 I

10 :

.»'

10 I

10 I

10 !
10 j
10
10

1

1 .
10

0

5

5

8
■ 0
10

10 :
11
10
i'l
10 '

10 '
10
10
10

8

4

7
10
10

8

9
10

9

9

9

8

9

9
10

9

9

9
10
10
10

9
10

» I

*
10 I

V

«i

8

9 I

(^IIUI, AlVIlt

Cum. Atmt

Cum. Hliftt

StIAt. Ililll

Niiii. ntlu

NIm

NIm

NIni. rftin

Mm. : UkIiI foK.

l>iltnl,v rain

Nlui. puiii

NIm

NIm

Niiu. iitrftt

Strut, ciim

St nit . nun

KUu' Mill

l-'iiip niln . .

Klnt) ruin

KImi ralu

NIm

N'm, ulrftt

»ir«t

atnit

NIm. ralu

atrftl

Sinit

Nim

s'mt

sum

Strut. : nim tog

Cii. «tl»(

Ciiiii. I'ir

Cum. ulin. oil ....

(■iini. nim. cIr

Cum. Plr

Cum. nim

Cum

NIm

Hint

NIm

Stun
St nil.

nim

Plr. nim

SliHt. plr. iiim

Sd'iit. nlni.

Strut, iitm

Stmt

Sinil

NIm

NIm

FiiK

NIm, ntid

Nliu. piim

Niiii.; ralii-iiqnHUd...

S'mt. nim

Strut, uini

Nliu

Slral. nim

Cir. Htrnt

Cum. mrut

('inn. plr

Cum. pir. iilin.: rftln

08.7

6&5

78.3

86.5

76.0

88.0

62.0

.15.8

57.0

510

58.0

510

58.0

52.8

57.0

52.6

.W.5

50.0

54.8

.-) 0

58,3

-. 0

5.10

4k. s

53,5

M.«

54.8

5(V8

56.0

.VI 5

52.8

49.3

53.0

49.9

5.\0

60.3

58.8

53.0

53.0

48 5

4a 0

46 3

,14.3

50.0

,18.5

5.\0

M.0

51. 0

54.3

49.3

57.5

51.5

.19.0

.M.0

57.5

53.0

57.5

54.0

58.5

54.5

01. 0

.'AO

.12.0

47.6

51.8

4(12

.18.8

49.0

54.8

51.0

53.0

47.8

5iV.O

50,0

58.0

52.5

,18,6

,13.9

53,0

47,2

.54.0

49.0

5(\0

,1.1,0

57.0

51.0

5.1.0

4a 0

5,1.5

49,5

58.3

51,8

67.2

.12. 8

M.0

49.5

53,0

49.0

68,8

51.0

58.5

.10.6

52.6

49 0

54.0

,10.8

57.0

53,6

57.0

M.0

58.0

52.0

56.7

51. U

58,0

MO

51.0

50.6

SS.S

88.0

»8,"6

48.0

50,0

4.V2

53.0

48.0

a.o

46.6

i

!R

, 3"!

40

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THK NATURAL HISTORY OF ALASKA.

Meleorologieal obienaiions at Redoubt Saint MiohaeVi—ContinueA.

I

D«to.

Hour.

Att. tbor-
mumeter.

Barometer
uncor-
rected.

Barometer
reduced to
standard
and 32° F.

Wind

Cloudi).

Detached ther-
mometers.

Direc-
tion.

Force,

Amount,

Kind.

Dry.

Wet,

1869.
Sept. 2

3p.lD

0

69.2
CO.O
57 6

y.o

fil.2
o5.0
57.0
J8.0
69.6

5a8

«0.0
59 5
61.5

.818
.828

29.900
.8.54
.758
.524

29.336
.348
.402
.604

29.726
.766
.766

.709
.717

20. 705
.753
.657
. 528

a. 233
.242
.292
.496

29. 616
.857
.652

S.

SB.

K8E.

ENE.

JCNK.

15 NE.
NE.byE.
NE.bvB.

ESE.
SE.

ESE.

ESE.

SW.

2

2

10
9
4
6
8
10
10
10

Gum. oir.; rain>Bqnalls

0

62.0
61.0
60.0
66.8
66,8
32.5
63.5
65.0
54.0
51.0
62.6
56.2
55.0

o

47.5
47,0

3

9 A. M...

46,0

12.n

Cuni.cir .

60.0
48.8

p

iip.in

9 n. In ,

Cum.nim.! rain

NiDi.tftnfl raiii

47.0
49,0

12 m

Scotch mist . ......

50 6

10
10

sao

46 0

5

7

4
6

47.0

12m

Cir. Htrftl ....

49 0

49,5

7

60.3
61.6
69.8

29.702
.956
.868

•'" 680
.841
.857

SW.
SW.
W.

8
9

49.3
50.2
62,0

44,0

12 in

Cum. cir,

46,3

4

4&5

8

3 A. in

::":::;::i::::::::

i

12m

60.0
68.5
68.5
67.5
56.0
57.0
59.5
00.0
56.0
57.0
63.0
61.5
58.6
68.0
58.0
67.0
67.5
68.0
60.6
58.0
68.5
58.0
59.6
57.6
57.5
56.5
61.5
52.7
62.3
64.0
53.2
52.0
51.7
52.0
54.8
56.3
56.2
68.0
61.2
59.0
69.0
68.0

29.800
.758
.820

29.754
.700
.690
.688

29.704
.712
.728
.726

21'. 692
.090
.600
.662

29.684
.604
.516
.600

29. 776
.772
.834
.870

28.638
.604
.516
.000

29.776
.772

29.834
.870

30. 070
.074
.080
.076

29.962
.966
.966
.966

30.062
.070
.074

29.789
.651
.7'3

29. 651
.600
..■■,88
. .579

29. .594
.612
.620
.008

29. 578
.584
.585
..567

29.582
.501
.411
.289

29.889
.065
.728
.760

20.635
.501
.415
.486

29.B85
.682

28.738
.777

28, 980
.885
.880
.078

29.863
.865
.860
.861

29.958
.961
.868

HE.

NE.

NE.

NE. by E.

NE.byE.

I'NE.,

SI':.

SE.
ESE.

ESK.

rsE.

ENE.
NNE.

N.

N.
NNW.

N.

2
3
4

4
5
S

4
2

4
3
4
1
4
4
5
5
4
0
0

\

\
1
4
2
2
6
5
3
5
4
1
3
4 or 5
3
3
3
2
S
t*

4 or i

6

4

4

\
10
8
7
9

Cir. cum

545
55.0
48.0
49.0
56.0
48.0
51. Ii
.52.2
63.0
54.0
52.5
.51.5
58.5
56.5
51.5
64.0
66.0
.55.0
50.0
50.0
61.0
50.3
4a 6
50.3
60.3
58.0
62.0
49.0
60.0

4a 6

44.0
46.6
47.0
47.7
46.2

4a 3

50. C
60.0
48.0
50.0
52,6
52.0

48. 0

Cir.ctim .-..

Cir, cum

48 0

9p, m

42. C

9

9 It, m

Clear skv

43,0

12 m

4a 0

10

3p.m

9p.m

98.m

12iu

Cuui. cir

Cum.nim.; rain

Stratcir

4a 0

46.9

47 5

48.0

47.0

11

%\, lu

0

\
7
0
7
fl
7

48.0

12m

53. U

50.5

fin. m

4'

12

49.0

12m

Cum. cir

Cum, cir

49.5
49.5

9 n, ni

45.5

13

«a.m

12m

SE.

"sw."

NE.
NE.
NE.
NE.
NE.

N.

N.
NW.

8.
SSE.
SW.

s.
s.

SSE.
SSW.

ssw.

SSW.

s.

NNE.
NNE.

10
9
9
3

4

46.0

Cum.nim

Cum.nim

46.5

44.7

fin. m

43.5

Clear sky

Clear flky

45.5

12 Dl

63.5

62.0

9 p. m

>a.m .

12m

5

8

4a 3

16

43.6

6
9
9

Nim. cum. cir

46.0

42.0

9p.m

39,0

19

9». m

9

Nim

42.0

I2ro

10
10
10
0
7
0
4
8
4
1

Nim

43.0

3p. m

Nim

43.6

Nim

. 42.0

17

9 a. m

12m

44.2

45.0

8 n, m

46.0

43.0

18

9 a. m

Cum. nim

45.0

12m

3 n, in

47.0

Cir

4a 0

It

9a, m

67.6
57.0
68.5
B0.0
69.0
58.0
67.0
69.0
57.6
68.0
61.6
56.6
54.8
55.3
58.3
56.5
53.3
53.7
55.6
57.3
63.3
62.7
61.5

62.6
60.0
60.0
62.0

i9.982
.990

3C.004
.004

29.060
.900
.892
.881.

29.822
.814
.808
.808
. 29. 860
.884
.8)8

.on

29.860
.084
.866
.068

29.906
.880
.763

.634

28. .526

.624

.520

29.879
.887
.897
.883

29.851
.794.
.788
.777

29.717
.708
.604
.706

20. 762
.785
.786
.816

29.806
.868
.803
.863

29.786
.741
.638

.516

:■!. 416

.413

.408

ENE.

E.

4
3
0
2
3
4
B
5

\

4
1
1
2
1
3
4
8
4
8
8
3
2

1
2
3

»l

4

7
9

'S

9
8
2
8
7
9
7
7
6
7
6
9
5
6
7
7
6
7

8
0

'1

Cir. Btrat

Strat. nim

4a 0
52.0
63.0
60.0
60.5
58.5
63,5
49.8
49.7
82.3
62.0
60.6
SI.O
',.5
54.0
49.7
47.6
52.6
51.3
4&0
61.0
62.0
62,0

4a 0
60.0
34.0
M.5

42.0

12m

46.0

■" „ m

47.0

SE.
NE.
NE.
NE.
NE.
NE.
NE.
NE.
NE.
NE.

N.

N.

N.
SE.

8.

8.

8.
SE.

S.

N.

NNW.

NE.

NE.

NNE.

44.0

20
21

40.0

12 in

^trat

47.5

Strat. cir

Cir

Cum. cir

Cum. cir...

4a 6

9 n, m

46.0

43.3

ISm

47.5

«p.m...

9 p. m

46.5

4a 0

Strat, nim

Strat. nim

Nim

46.7

12 m

4a 7

4a 0

Nim

45.5

23

Strat. oir

Strat. <<ir

Cir. Htrat

43.5

12 m

4a 3

4a 4

t'lr

Cir

42.5

34

9 A. m

4a 0

13in

Cum. dr

Cum. cir.; light baffling
wind.

Cum.nim.; rain-mnullii

Clear nky

t;iear «ky

4U.5

47.0

43.0

35

»a.m

12m

JP-"

lp.m

45.0
48,0
44,6

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE NATURAL HISTORY OF ALASKA.

41

Meteorological ohaeivationa at liedoubl Saint Michael's,

Dkte.

Sept. 26

Hour.

Alt. thonii.

1613. I 1600.

I

» B. Ill 60. 0

10..^ II. Ill .W.5 '

11.5 « III I ."iT.O

12.1 p. Ill MO

1.5p. Ill I .MS !

2 ji. Ill I ^r\5 I

3 p. Ill I ba.a I

4 |t. Ill j M. 5 j

50.5
5K.5
5.-1. 6
54.2
50. 6
.17.0
M.5

RcinliliK of Ki-iulilig of j
barouieler , linroiiu^ttir
No. 1018. I Nu. 1609.

W (1.

Direc-
tion.

Foixo.

Strut. I'll-
Stmt, fir .
Strut, cir .
Stmt, cir .
Sirat. cir .
Strat. cir .
Cir. Htrat .
Cir. strut .

Mfliorological olmmations ai I'orl Yukon, Alaska,

[CiK*«rn barometer No. 1609, and tliorinometiirs, i>y ffuinoa Groeji, Now Yorlt — Obaervora, Mr. J. J. Mi^or aud Private Mioliael Foley, ITulted

States Army. I

Date.

1869.
AUR. 3

A lie. 10

Aliu. II
AllL'. 12

A lift. 13

AllK. 14

h. III.

0 00 n. in .
X 00 p. m .
G 00 p. m .
10 00 a. ni .

2 00 p. Ill .
7 00 p. m

10 00 a. m .
12 00m ...

3 00 p. m .

4 00 p. m
0 00 p 111 .
a 00 a. in .

1 1 00 n. ni .
3 30 p. in .

6 45 a. Ill .

7 00 II. Ill .

7 30 ;t. in .

8 (10 a. ni .
8 30 a. lU .
0 00 a. Ill .

12 00 ni....

2 (III p. ni .

3 00 p. Ill

4 00 p. m

5 Oil p. in
0 00 p. Ill .

7 110 p 111
» 00 a. Ill .

10 00 n. ni .

11 on a. Ill

3 00 p. Ill .

4 00 p. Ill .

8 00 p. Ill .
8 00 a. Ill .
U 30 a. Ill

II 00 a. ni

11 00 a. Ill .

12 00m ...
3 00 p. ni .

6 00 p. m .
D 00 a. Ill .

1 1 no a. Ill

12 00 Ml....
' 00 p. Ill .

2 00 p. Ill .

3 00 p. ni .

4 00 p. Ill

4 1.1 p. ni .
6 00 p. ill .

6 00 p. Ill .

7 (10 p. Ill

5 no ji. Ill .
B 30 p. m .

0 3(1 n.ni .
10 0(1 a. ni

' 1 1 (10 a. ni .

13 (Mini ..

1 (III p. ni

2 on p. Ill

3 00 |i 111

4 00 p. Ill

8. Mis. 1

TIIKIIHOMKTEKH.

Wind.

Cloiida.

TTiiUi- cover. \ Open air.

: Bnronu'tcr
lllicor-
rectid.

Alt. i Dot. : Dry. Wet. |

62.0 I 05.0

0.1.0 I eas

04.0 I 08.0

GO. 0 ' 03. 0

60.0 ; 63.0

0(1.0 : 63.0

60. 0 ' 63. 0

.19.0 ' 01. 0

03. 0 i 07. 0
72.0 I 07.6
e-2. 0 : 67. 0
5!!. 0 02. 0
GO. 0 ' 64.0

-«4. 0 ! (>9. a

.17. 5 60. S

57. 5 00. 5

50.0 02.0

59. 3 02. 5 1
.10. O' 02. 0 I
.19. 0 02. 0
00. 0 03. 0
U4. 5 68. 0

04. 0 67. 5 I

03, 0 07. 0 1
08. 0 07. 0 !

66. 0 6T. 0
04.0 , (17.0
.18.0 ; 61.0

01.0 65.0

«:■;. 0 00. 0

67.1 73.0
72. .1 73. 0

60. 0 > 71. 0
.18.0 62.0
00. 5 64. 0
6(1. 0 64. 0
0(/. 0 04. 0
01.0 I O.'i. 0

04. 0 70. 0
0.1.0 73.0
00. 0 03. 0
01.0 65.5
62. II 67. 0
04. 0 01). 0
65.0 71.0
65. 0 72. 0

67. 0 ; 74. 0
07, a 75. 0
67.0 ; 74.0
67.0 74.0
80. 0 : 72. 0
b.".. 0 ' 70. 0
6.1.0 67.0
Oi. 0 85. 5
62. 0 05. 6
0-. 0 0.1. 0
(14.0 68.0 j
0.1.0 71.0 '
( ". 0 73. 5 (
07. 0 73. 5 I
67.5 ' 76.0

Jlnronii'ttT
I'ciluc.'d 1(1
atanilard
and 32" K.

1

Dirin-
tion.

Force. ; Amount.

Kind.

20.011

28. 910
. 862

s

8
8

28. 971

Nim.

.003

. 8.17

SK.

1

7

Nim. ; rain at intorvalH.

20. 020

28. 024

NNV.

2

8

Nim.

.024

.928

N\V.

2

8

Nim.

2&996

. 000

NW.

2

8

Nim.

20.004

28, 008

NW.

2

8

' Nim.

.064

,971

W.

1

0

('inn. iiiii).

.077

,074

■\v.

1

4

Ciim. nim.

.089

.902

w.

1

4

Cum.

.074

.973

0

3

Cum. Btrat.

20.165

29. 0«2

0

7.B

.166

.070

0

5

Cum. Rtnit.

.181

.075

0

5

29. 332

29. 259

NW.

2

7

Cum. nim. Hdat.

.333

.213

NW.

7

Cum. niin. .strat.

.340

. 2.

NW.

7

Cum. him. Almt.

.341

.245

W.

1

6

Cum. Hlrat.

.3,13

,250

W.

5

Cum. HtiiU.

.353

. 2.10

W.

5

Cum. Hti'ut.

.326

.229

E.

5

Cir. ciirii.

.312

.2113

sw.

3

(Mr. rum.

.300

.192

4

(Mr. cum.

.274

.104

u

i

(Mr. »-inu.

.216

.0118

0

4

.260

. 1,13

0

4

CIt. ciini.

.2.14

.140

0

4

(Mr. inm.

29. 3.19

20. -^47

s.

1

3

Unht Hcfcv rloudn.

21-. .10 1

29 4(11

sw.

1

5

(Mr. nrrat.

.501

. :iou

sw.

4

(Mr. atrat.

. 40.1

.378

NK.

1

4

(Mr. Mtrat.

.404

. 3(14

NK.

1

3

Cir. Ntrat.

.488

. :i75

0

2

(Mr. Mtrat.

29. ,110

29 418

N.

1

1

(Mr. Ktial.; lijilit and tloi-cy

..■.14

.4111

N.

2

1

(Mr. Mirat.: lijilit and tleccy

2(1. .'i.lO

2!l. 4.13

N.

2

.1

(Mr. stmt.

20,673

211,418

0

1

.664

,404

W.

1

0

.663

.455

w.

1

3

(Mim.

.630

.120

w.

1

3

20. ' 56

29. 4.10

w.

1

3

Cum.

. 4.12

0

1

Cum.

Oil

.449

s.

1

1

Cum.

.646

.4;w

S

1

1

(Mini '

.636

. 120

s.

1

(Mim

.636

. tJO

s.

1

I

(Mim.

.536

.4'Jl

s.

1

1

.6;r2

.417

s.

1

1

(Mini.

.524

.400

s.

1

1

(Mini.

.626

.411

s.

1

1

(Mim.

.636

. 4'j:i

s.

1

1

.526

.410

s.

1

1

(Mini.

. .126

.421

s.

1

1

29. :m

29. 440

0

(1

. .114

.442

0

II

.634

.432

0

0

.534

.426

(1

II

.634

.424

sw. i

]

1

.542

.427

sw.

1

!

Cum.

.540

. 425

0

0

.638

.421

0

0

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE NATUKAL UISTOKY OF ALASKA.

Mflvorological obiirvationH at l''oil Yukon — C'niiliiiiiL'd.

TIIRIIMOHRTRKD.

Wtnil.

CIniidii

Uutu

Anir. 14

Aag. IS

Ahu. 10

Aug. 17

Aug. 18

kuH. 10

All);. 30

.\iijl.

mM

Tiiiio.

ITDdor

cover.-

Op^ii air.

iiiiciir.
reeled.

riMliu-eil lo
alanilanl
nud 32" F.

Dine-
tliin.

'■'iilee.

Att.

Det

Dry.

Wet.

A. irt.

o

0

■>

0

;

fi 00 |i. m ...

6 00 )). m . .

7 00 p. in . .

69.0
68.0
66.0

75,0
75.0
72.0

.586
,534
.526

,416
,410
.413

0

(I

0

8 00 p. m . .
0 ilO p. ni . . .

66.0

ns.0

70.0
70.0

.636
,616

.428
,408

■■"sw.'

0

0 30 «. m . .

62.5

66.0

20. 603

20.490

w.

10 30 a. m ...

64.0
64.0

67.0
67.0

.064
.662

.558
.,554

w.
\v.

11 00ii.ni ..

•70, 0

■,5lV7

I'J 4.'> p. m ...

riS.O

71.0

7<).0

63,0

.664

.5,54

\v.

2 (Ki p. ni . .

60.0

73.0

84.0

62.5

.605

,492

w.

3 00 p. ni . . .

68.0

75.0

,S2. 6

64.0

.586

.408

w.

4 00 p. ni ...

oao

76.0

82. 0

62.5

.584

.488

w.

5 on p. Ill ...

68.0

76.0

81.5

62. 5

.576

.4,58

w.

fl 00 p. Ill . . .

68. 0

7.'!.0

81.6

63.5

. .576

.458

w.

7 00 p. m . . .

U7.0

72. 5

72. n

.511 0

,570

.401

w.

8 00 p. ni . .

67.0

71.0

60.5

,57, 3

.578

.401

w.

» 00 n. ni . .

fll.O

64.4

50.8

55,0

29,664

2'J. .W

w.

10 0(' a. ni . .

H3.0

66,4

67.8

59,2

.664

.5,59

SK.

11 00 a. 11- ...

64.0

66.4

71.1

61,4

,006

.498

IJK.

12 00 lu

65.0

70.0

71,6

62.0

,554

.444

E.

1 00 p. ni . . .

66.0

71.0

78.0

60.7

54<'

.433

E,

'-' 00 p. ni . . .

m.i

';i.o

80.7

62, 5

. ^1.

.482

E,

3 00 ]), in . . .

07.5

73.0

82.6

64.0

>i

149

E,

4 00 p. in ...

«».0

7.5.0

86 6

00. 2

..'

436

E.

B 00 p. Ill . . .

69.4

70.0

81.5

64.5

!6r.

134

E.

C 00 p. Ill . . .

OH.O

76.0

70.5

02. 4

..516

425

K,

7 00 |i. Ill . . .

07. 3

72. n

65.2

01.7

.,554

138

UK

8 (Kip. HI ...

04.0

00. 0

01.4

,54.7

. ,5.56

.448

.SK.

» 00 p. Ill . . .

64.0

01). 0

no. 7

65.4

.646

,425

E.

10 00 a. Ill . . .

61.0

04.0

71.8

63,0

20. 556

29, 4,56

K.

11 00 a. Ill ..

03.0

07.0

71.8

00,4

.354

,419

E.

12 00 in

6.5.0

00.0

71.6

02.2

,552

.442

E.

1 00 p, III . . .

07.0

73.0

78.0

02. 5

,546

,431

K.

2 00 p. Ill ...

67.0

73,0

82.6

65.4

. 514

.420

E.

3 00 p. ni . . .

68.0

7,'-.. 0

81.5

0.3.2

. 534

.416

E.

4 00 p. m ...

73.0

70.0

84.7

05.0

. 536

.409

E.

fl 00 p. Ill . . .

87.0

76.0

88.0

06.2

.,544

.376

E.

6 00 p. ra . . .

84.0

77.0

82.3

6.>. 5

, ,536

.376

K.

7 00 p. in ...

7,3.0

77.0

71.5

03.4

.518

.386

SW,

8 00 p, ni . . .

ee.o

71.0

64.5

01.6

.446

.333

SW.

10 00 p. in . . .

65.0

69.0

50. 0

63.4

.446

.336

SW.

9 00 a. Ill . .

61.0

65.0

02. r>

51.4

29. 466

20.458

E.

10 30 a. in ...

63.0

07.0

73.0

60. 5

,,566

.461

E.

11 O0a.ni ...

114. 0

67.0

71 2

62.0

. .574

.466

E.

12 oil ,;

6.-1. 0

70.0

70. 5

61.2

. ,576

.406

E.

1 00 p. in . .

00.0

72 0

78.11

03. 0

. .574

.401

K.

" (jO jl. lu . . .

(18. 0

74.0

82. r,

03. 0

.570

. 4.58

E.

3 00 p. Ill . .

70.0

7.^11

82. 0

02.5

.504

.441

E.

4 Oil p. Ill . .

ir.. 4

00 0

8.5. 0

04.7

.,504

.453

E.

!• 00 p. 1,1 .

70.0

70.0

87.0

05 n

.5r.4

.431

K.

C 00 p. in . .

«». 0

74. 0

7.-I. 4

02. 5

.,5tM

.443

SW.

7 00 p. ni . . .

08. 0

73.0

70.6

01.0

29. 546

29. 428

SW.

8 00],. ni ...

07.0

72. 0

Oj.5

.51). 5

. .540

.431

N.

» 00 p. 11, . . .

80.0

71.0

01.7

.511. 0

. 544

.431

N.

8 00 ,1. Ill . . .

Ml. 0

02. 0

57.0

.53. 0

29.414

29, 320

E.

!> 110 a. Ill .

61.0

04.0

04.0

.55. 0

.340

. 240

.\.

10 30 a. in .

04.0

07. n

71.3

60.0

.324

. 210

E.

11 00 am .

04. 0

08. n

71.5

.58. 5

.314

.200

E,

12 00 i„ ...

0,VO

08.0

70.0

62 7

.;i40

. 230

SW.

1 00 p. in . . .

611.0

01). 0

72. 2

00.5

.344

.231

s.

2 00 p. in .

«7.0

70.0

71.5

60.4

.326

.223

s.

3 00 p. Ill . . .

60.0

09.0

Oil. 0

03. 0

.326

.211

SW.

4 00 )i. Ill .

67.0

70.0

07.5

58.5

. .324

. 200

SW.

5 00 ]i. in . . .

07.0

0(1. 0

05.0

5,5. 5

.328

.211

SW.

6 on p. in .

O.i. 0

08.0

63.0

.'^.O

324

.21-!

SW.

7 00 p. ni . . .

64.0

07.0

.■>8. 0

,54. 2

. 355

.247

SW.

8 00)1. n, ..

(i3. 0

05. n

57. 5

5.3.0

. 3,5;i

.248

SW.

8 00 u. 11, . . .

50.0

01.0

.54.0

40. 5

20.415

20.321

SW.

II 00 n. ,11 . .

60.0

02. 0

M. 2

51.3

.414

.317

SW,

10 00,1. ni ..

01.0

03. U

57. 0

52. 0

. 425

. 325

SW,

11 00 a. ni . . .

6S.0

113. 0

58.5

51. 2

.410

.306

SW.

12 00 ni ....

66.6

00.0

02.0

.52. 3

.42,5

.311

SW.

1 00 p. Ill . .

67.0

OH. 0

00.0

.52.0

,425

.310

SW.

2 00 p. Ill . .

62.0

on. 0

02.0

53.5

,423

.321

SW.

3

3 00 ]i. Ill . . .

08.0

67. u

61.0

52. 0

, 425

.307

SW.

3

4 to p. 11, . .

03.0

01). 0

03. 0

5;i, 5

,425

,320

SW. ,

3

.'> 00 p. Ill

04.0

07.0

.5!). 5

51.5

.438

,328

SW.

3

0 00 Jl. Ill . . .

611.0

60. 0

03. 5

,53. 5

. 425

,304

SW.

2

7 00 p. Ill . .

02.0

o.-,. 0

5.5. 4

.51,. 2

.447

,345

SW.

2

8 no p. 11, . . .

82.0

0.-,. 0

,54.0

41). 2

. 4.58

.366

SW.

"2

il 00 a 1,1 .. .

.5K.0

01.11

,56. 6

52. 0

2!). 475

29, 388

SW.

•t

10 On a 111 .

GO. 0

02. n

58. 7

52. 5

.176

,379

SW.

■_,

1 1 00 a. Ill .

01.0

03. 0

.58. 0

51.7

.4,50

, 3.50

SW.

:1

12 00 ni ....

01.0

03. n

.50. 7

,53. 5

. 4115

.395

SW.

1

1 00 p. Ill . . .

Ul.n

o:i. 0

01.5

54. 5

.440

.346

SW.

1

2 00 p. Ill . .

02. n

05. II

01.4

,5.1. 0

487

.386

SW.

,j

3 on p. jii . .
3 30 p.^ii

03.0

0.1. n

07. 0

52. 0

.486

..181

SW.

1

06.0

07. n

«4.7

.54. 5

.436

.322

SW.

•J

4 00 p. ni . .

72.0

07. n

02. 5

.57. 4

.497

.3m

SW.

,j

7 00 p in .

04.0

07.0

50. 5

62.6

.486

.377

SW.

2

8 00 p. m . . .

0«.0

on, 0

,50. 0 1

51.1

.4,36

.323

SW,

1

AiiHMint.

Ktiiil.

0

0

n

0

1

1*11111. ; li^^lit and fleeev.

1

(Mr. Hiral.

1

(Mr. Htriit.

1

(Jir.Hiiat.

1

(Mr. alral.

1

(Mr. airiU.

1

(Mr Hlrne.

1

(Mr. all-Ill.

1

(Ml . «lral.

1

(Mr strnt.

1

(Jir atrai.

1

Mr. a'uil.

5

Cum.

3

Cr.lii. cir. atrat.

2

tMr. 8 rat.

2

(.Mr. 8- rat

1

(Mr. a Tat.

2

fMr. Huat.

Oil-, alrat.

(Mr. nil at.

2

(Jir. Kinit.

3

I.lL'lit 111 i-e.\ 1 IiiimU.

6

(Mini. (-ir. Nir.it,

5

Cum.

&

(Jiini.

1

Cir. atrat.

1

Clr. atl-al.

1

Cir. Htrat.

1

(Ml-, strut.

'2

Cum. i-ir. atrat.

2

Cum, i-ir. atrat.

3

Cum. iMi. atrat.

2

(.Mr. sti-at.

2

(Mr. atrat.

1

(Jlr. atrat.

2

Cir. atrat.

1

(Mr. atrat.

2

(Mr. atrat.

I

Cir. atrat.

1

(Mr. atrat.

2

(Ml. alrat.

1

(if. atrat.

2

I.i'.-lil Hi-iTV iliiuda.

3

Cum.

3

(Mini,

4

Cum.

«

(Mini.

i

(; i,i».

■*

(Mini. I-ir. at rut.

4

(Mini, eir atrat.

2

(Mini. eir. at nit.

4

Clltii.oir. atrat.

5

(Mini. oir. atrat.

5

(Mini. cir. atrat.

6

Ciini.

5

(Mini. i-ir. Ntiat,

7

(Mini. I-ir. atrat.

V

(Mini. t-ir. atiiit.

7

(Mini.

7

(Mini.

7

(Mr. atrat.: litllo rain.

7

(Mr. htrat.; liille rain.

(Mr. atnit : little niiii.

4

(Miiii i-ii. atrat.

4

(Mini. I-ir. atrat.

4

(Mini. I-ir. Htiat,

5

(Mini. I-ir. atrat.

5

(Mini. eir. atrat.

7

(Mini. civ. atrat.

7

(Mini. I'll, atriit.

7

(Mini. eir. atrat.

7

(Mini, i-.ir. atrat.

7

(Mini. i-ir. atl-ilt.

7

(Mini. I-ir. Btnil,

7

vMiin. ,-ir. atiat.

7

( nni.i-li. atial.

7

(Mini. eir. atrat.

7

C-ini. eir ali-,,1.

7

(Mini. (-Ir..'*liiit.

7

(Mini. I-ir. atiiit.

0

1 Mini. eir. .-<lrnt.

7

(Mitn. etr.Ktrat.

(Mini. eir. atrat.

0

(Mini. cir. atrat.

5

(Mini. cir. ..itrot.

4

(Mini. eir. atnit.

4

Cum. eir. atrat.

;d,|i

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE NATURAL HISTORY OF ALASKA.

iMeorohgiaal ohieriialioHii at fort i ukoii -Cuutiuuud.

43

Date.

IKflll.
Aiiir. ;;i
A lift, -22

A MB, L':i

Aug. 34

Auk. 2"

B 00 p. Ill
HI .'lU II. Ill .
n 110 a. Ill

rj 00 III . . .

1 00 p. Ill
3 00 p. Ill

3 00 p. Ill .

4 00 p. in .

.'i 00 p. Ill

u 00 p. Ill .

7 00 p. Ill

6 00 p. ni

7 00 11. Ill .

5 00 a. Ill .

0 00 II. Ill .

10 XD II. Ill

1 1 ou i>. Ill .

11! 00 III ...

1 00 p III

2 00 p. Ill
.'! 00 p. Ill .

4 00 p. Ill .
Ti 110 p. Ill ,
U 00 p. Ill
II 00 11. Ill

10 00 II. Ill

U 00 m. Ill

12 00 111

1 00 p. Ill ..

2 00 p. Ill . .

.■I ao p. Ill . .

■1 00 p. Ill . .

5 00 j>. Ill .

0 00 p. Ill

7 00 p. Ill .

« 00 p. Ill . .

10 '10 II. Ill . .
12 00 111

1 00 p. Ill .
:i 00 p. ni ..

0 00 a. Ill .

10 30 n. Ill . .
12 00 in

1 00 p. ill ...

2 00 p. Ill .
4 oil p. Ill .
•"> 0" p. III .

11 00 II. Ill ...

11 00 a. ni ..

12 CO in

4 00 p. in . . .
7 110 p. m . . .

TIIKIIuaMKTKIII!.

Dnili'i' covir. Opoii air.

Att I Det I Dry. Wet.

Wind.

flI.O I
."■lU. 0

01.0
(il.O
lil.O

m.o
n.). fl
oil. 0

71.0
70.0
U.'i. 0
01.0
,'i7. 0
.10. 0
.".C. 0
"lU. 0
.■|!l. 0
(ill. 0

0:'. 0
(13.0
05.0
Uli. 0
00.0
83 0
.'iO 0
.18. 0
00. U
01.0

02. II

03. 0
01.0
O'J. 0

ll:
til.O
OIVO
00.0
.-ill. 0

mi. 0

(10.5
00.0

.'i9. .'> '
,W. .1

m. 5

82.0
03.0
113. fl
02. ,1

r>3. 0

58.0
.10. .-■
00.0

:>« 0

04.0
01.0
03.0
03. II
U'l. 0
11.1. 0
00. 0
07. 0
Oil. 0
00. 0
07. 0
85. 0
.W. 0
.TO. 0
811.0
01.0
62, 0
O.'i. 0
68.0
IIR 0
OII.O
UU. 0
OH.O
80 0
.Ift. 0
(ill. 0

o;i. 0
8:i. 0

08.0
07.0
11.1. 0

o.-.. 0

8.1. 0
84. 0
63.0
83. 0
02.0
(H.O
84.0
04.0 '

03.0
O.'i.O I
84.5
07. 5
07. 5
87, 5
68.0
SKO
50. 0
00. 5
02.0
80. 5

53. 5
5S. 2
58. 0
5K. 2
5!) II

82. 7
0,1. 5

83. 0
03. 5
05, 0

5S

2

55

*>

40

.1

51

0

•)

80.

7

02

5

8.1. •>

03. 7

71 0

72.0

fill. 2

85. II

03.4

55. 0

01.0

04.3

8X 4

05. 0

li« 2

04.0

Ot. 3

83.4

61.0

.10.0

54.0

58. U

02.5

02.3

60.7

58.7
90. r>
82.8
87.3
6.1. 0
06. 5
(H.3
48.5
4U. 0
.10. 0
50.0
40. S
1

58. 0
52. 4
.12. 5
.12. 5
51 3
.13. 7
.16. 2
511.6

50. 0
55. 4
.12.0

51. 1
47.0
.10.4
4!l. 3
.1:1, 2
.13, 0
.1.1. 3
.18. 0
.18 5
58. 0
.W. 2
58.7
.14. 0
51.0
.12, II
.10, 5
55. 4
.15. II

54. 5
5.1,0

55. 4
5.1.3
.16. 5

53. 4
.10, 0

54. 0
.18. 0
.18,0 '

55. 5

.18, 0 ,
.18.0
.18. a
00.0
M.i
80,1
58. 1
47,1

47, >
47,1

48. c
43. 5 I

80,0

58. 0

47,0

47,8

47, 5

48.0

uiicor. ri'<l"co<i to
Htaiidai-il

('IiiuiIn.

mctuil.

: and 32» i\

.445
20. 605
, 085
.874
.025
. 825
. 835
. 845
, 655
, 035 ,
.815
.815 ;
20.784 ■
.715
.785
. 758
.7,18
.745
, 736 ;
.738
. 725
.715 .
.605
, 875 :
20, 437
. 428
.415
. 453
, 308
, :170
. 3.10
.340
. 345
. 328 !
.318
. 285
20, 348
.348
.337 ;
.335 ;

29. 340
.347
.345
..343
. 338
. 330
. :i28

29. 447
.460
.475
.478 ,
.493

. 345
20. 671
..185
.574
. 525
. .125
. 525
. .1:12
. 520
.406
. .')05
,515
20, 675
, 828
. 873
, 082
.062
.818
. 034
.031 ,
.815
.IW2
.582
.670

20, ;i5ii

, .134
,318
. 353
, 2114
,271
.2.18
.244
. 243
.228
.210
. 108
2!l. 254 ,
. 240
.230 .
.238

29. 2.13 .

.251

. 247

.231

.231

. 224

.224
211, 30:1

. .173

.387

.370

.408

Dllec.
tion.

•SW.
.SW.
SW,
SW,
SW.
SW.
SW.
SW.

«w.

SW.
SW.
SW.
SW.
SW.
SW.
SW.
SW.
K.
SW.
SW.
SW.

SW.
\v.
w.

K.
K.

y.

X

K.
K.
K.
K.

s,
\.

X.

NE.'"
■-■■■■

Kiiiio, Ainoiint 1

S.
SW.
SW.
SW.
SW.

xw.

NW.
NW.
NW.
X W.

1
1
1
1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1 I

I

1

1

0

1

?!

0 !

1

1

1

1

1

0

2

.3

2

Kind,

Cum. cir. Btrat
I Cain.i'ir. Hliat
j <-iini. I'ir. Htrat.
' Cum. cir, Htrat.
; Cum, I'ir. n(riit.
I t'uiii. rir. Htrat.

Cum. lir Htrat.

Cum. rir. Htrat.

('mil, cir, Htrat.

Cum, rir, fltriit

Ciiiii. lir. Htrat,

Ciiiii, cir. Htrat.

Ciiui.ilr. Htrat.

Cum. rir, Htrat

('mil, cir, Htnit.

Cum lir. Hiiat.

(•'mil cir, Htrat.

Cum. cir. Htrat.

('uin cir. ntrat

Ciiiii cir. Htiat.

Cum. cir, ntiat.

Cnni. cir. Htrat.

Cum. cir. Htrat.

(.,'iini. cir. Htiat.

Cum. cir. Htiat.

Cum. cir. Htrat.

Cmii. cir. Htrat.

Cmii. cir. Htiat.

Ciiui, cir, Htiat,
Cum, cir. Hiiat.
Cum. cir. Ktrjil.
Cum. cir. htrat.
f/'uni. cir. Htrat.
Cum. cir. Htiat.
Cum. cir, aliat.
Cum, cir. strut.
Niiu. emu.
Cir. iiiiu,

Niiu. uiiiii. sliat.

rain.
Cum. dr. nini.
Cir. nun.
Cir. cnni.
<''ir. cmn.
Cir. luin.
("ir. cum.
t'iv. cum.
.Villi.

.Vim ; li|{iit lain,
('iiiii, uiin,
('mil, iiiin,
Niiii,

cir. I liglit

"Imi.iilioiiiio/ iiiiiiiiiiiim lenijitinitiire (tiiiini/ the iiifihl.
(Spirit tlicrmmiictcr, liaviii« a ktccl index witliin llic tiilii-,]

Dalo.

.Inu'llHt m, 1880
AilKUst 20, 1880
Ail)iiint 22, 1800
AllKUHt 23, 186"

Obsorvoii

niiuiiiium

tempera-

tnre.

41.0
43. ii
42.4
42.4

'riicrminii.
ctcr rc-
"liiccil to
opcu.air
dr.v tlier- i

nioinelur. '

Date,

:l

30.8
42, 0
40,0
40.0

AiigiiHt 21, 1861),
AllKUHt 2,1, 1889,
.\ilKUHt'28, 1809
AllKUHt '27. 18119,

Latitude 88 X\' 47"
September, IS89,

iouKitude 145 17.47" «eHl ol tirecnwieli; c piited byCapt, C, W, Hii.m d, K

OllHOl-vrd

Tlic
iti

■111.
r re-

minimiim

ed III

tempera-

npini-air

turo.

dry

tlicr-

nuimeler

0

0

86.2 '
40.0
48.0
44.5

.14.8
44.4
46. ,1
43.0

vUKiiieer CiirpH, IJ. .s. A rui.v , ,riily tu

4d

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE rATURAT HISTORY OF ALASKA.

ABSTRACT OF DAILY JOITRNAL KEPT AT UNALABHKA ISLAND, ALASKA.

SKPTEMIiER, 1878.

8epteinb«r 2 : Giile from tbo nnrtliwuHt. — Soptombor !) : Gale from the west . — Sopteniliur 5 : Light Kule from E. to
SE. ; moderato rain. — Soiiteinltor fi : Lijslit gain from the Houtliwcat ; hard rain. — Soptomber7: Misty in a. ni. ; mod-
erate rain-fall. — Septombi-r 11: Modoviite rain. — Soptemljer lU : Light rain. — September 14 : Light ruin.— September
If) : Light rain. — September 16 : Moderate rain. — Seiitoniber 17: Moderate rain. — September 18 ; Hard rain. — Septem-
ber 1!) : Moderate rain. — September •Jl : Gnsty gale; light rain. — September 8.5: Light rain. — Sei)tember 88: Light
rain ; gn.sty, high wiids. — September 29 : Light rain ; sni w on the mountains. — September 30 : Moderate rain ; gusty,
high winds.

OCTOBER, 1878.

October 1 : Moderate rain-fall ; heavy snow on the hills. — Oetober 2: Light rain. — October 3 : Light rain ; snow
falls every night on the hills. — October 4 : Light rain and sleet. — October .'i : Light frost during night. — October!):
Hard storm of wind ; light rain from the Houthwe.tt. — Octqbor 7 : Fearful storm from the southwest; moderate rain. —
October 9: Gusty, gale from S\V. to SH. ; moderate rain. — October 11: Light rain.— October 14 : Gusty gale from
the southwest. — October l.'i: Moderate rain, fell as snow on the hills. — Oetober 10: Light snow; lieavy squalls of
sleet. — October 17 : Heavy squalls of sleet. — October 18: .Snow s(|ualls. — October 80: Moderate snow fell. — October
88: Moderate rain.— October 8lt : Moderate gale from the southeast; heavy rain. — October 84: Moderate rain. —
Oetober^25: Heavy rain; high, gusty winds from the southeast. — October 8(1: Very hard ralii. — October 89: Light
rains; solar halo. — October 30: Moderate rain. — October 31: Light rain; snow has fallen quite heavily on the
monutaiiis.

NOVEMHEK, 1878.

November 1: Heavy frost ; lunar corona; solar halo; heavy snow on the hills. — November 8: Light snow squalls. —
November 3 ; Heavy snow. — November 5 : Light snow squalls. — November 6 ; Moderate rain and snow. — November
7: Light rain. — November 8: Gusty gale from SE. to SW. ; light squalls of snow and sleet. — November 9 : Strong
gusty gale from the west ; heavy siuiw aiul sleet squalls. -November 10 : Gusty gale from the southeast ; heavy rain and
sleet. — November 18: Slight earthquake reported at 8.30 a. m. — November 14 : Moderate snow fell. — November 15 :
Slight spits of sleet. — November 10: Modc^rate .snow; .solar halo.— November 17: Moderate snow. — November 18:
Heavy simw.— November 80 : Snow squalls. — November 81: Snow falling lightly. — November 28: Heavy snow. —
November 83: Light suo.v. — November 84; Heavy snow.— November 8.5 : Moderate snow. — November 80: Moderate
snow. — November 28 : Uain, sleet, and snow quite heavy. — November 89 : Light rain.

■Kif

i f ■

'1

III

DECEMBER, 1878.

December i. Light snow. — December 8: Light snow. — Decembers: Strong gale from the southeast ; snow chang-
ing to rain, quite heavy. — December 4 : Hard rain. — December ,5 : Modor.ato rain.— December 0 : Rain, s!U)w, and sleet
in heavy squalls.— December n : Hard rain. — December 1 1 : Moderate rain, sleet, and snow. — December 18 : Moderate
snow. — December 13 : Strong, gusty gab' from the southeast ; moderate rain.— December 1,5 : Moderate rain. — Decem-
ber 10 : Moderate snow. — December 18: Heavy i-now. — Deceur r 19 : Heavy snow s(iuiills. — December 81 : Fearful gale
from the north ; much cirlfliug snow. — December 88 : High gale from N. to N\V.; falling snow drifted. — December 83:
Sno.- fell and drifted from high winds. — Dicember84 ; Misting, later heavy rain. — December 85: Fearful gale from
^ ■ .theast ; dashing rain melted nearly 3 feet of ground-snow. — December 80: Heavy rain. — Decemlx^r 87 : High
gale from the southeast ; very heavy rain. — December 88 : Terrilic giile increased to storm from the southeast ; heavy
rain-fall. — December 89 : High, gusty gale from SE. to SW. ; heavy rain with snow. — December 30 : Rain and snow of
moderate character. — December 31 : Fearful hnrrieaiie from SE. to E. ; very heavy riiiu-fall. An anc^roid barometer
in the office of the Alaska Commercial Company read 87.84 at 4.20 p. m. ; all the siuiw molted from the mountains.

li i M'

m

i' '•

.JANUARY, 1879.

January 1: Moderate rain. — January 2: Light rain. — January 3: Light snow. — January 4: Modeiate rain and
snow. — January .5: Light snow. — January 0 : Light snow. — January 10: Light rain.— January U: Misty.— January
12: Light snow. — January 10: Snow sqiialls'of hard eharaeter. — January 17: Snow and sleet, drifted furiously. — Jan-
uary 80 : Snow and rain of light character. — January 81 : Gale from the southwest ; heavy snow. — January 88 : Gnsty
gale I'riuu the southwest. — January 84 : Heavy rain. — January 85.— Moderate rain. — Januiiry 8(i : Hard gale from the
southeast; bard snow 8(inalls ; snow drifted. — January 87 : Fearful gale; hard snow fall. — Januaray 88: Gusty gale
from the Hoiithwest ; snow s([ualls. — January 89 : Awful hurricane from the southwest; snow fell and drifted furi-
ously; aneroid barometer in the olllce of the Alaska Coiumercial Company read 87.70 at 4.80 p. m. — .lauciaiy 30 :
Terrific gale from the southwest; snow fell and drifted furiously. — January 31 : Lunar halo. The natives predicted
that this mouth would be one characterized by its extienie mildness; the report shows thai each <lay was busy and
replete with atmospheric disturbances.

FEBRUARY, 1879.

February 1 : Heavy rain. — February 2: Moderate snow. — February 5: Gnsty gale from the southeast; solar halo
from drifting snow. — February 0: Moderate rain. — February 7: Gusty gale from the southeast; inoderria rain. —

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE NATURAL HISTORY OF ALASKA.

45

Ffibniary 8 : Mi>ili<ratfl rain.— Foliriiiiry 12 : Mmlonitc rain.— I'Vliriiur.v 13 : Mixltiruti' rain.— Foliriiury 14 : Hani frost.—
Febrnary I'J: Gusty galo from NE. to N\V. ; liKlit hiiow.— Ftiliruiiry aO: IliKh nalp, vory K"«tyi ff""' N. to N\V.— Feb-
ruary ai ; Gusty Kalo from N. to NW. ; liard hmow wiuails.— Foliruary yi ; Snow fi'll and ilrifti'tl.— Febrnary 'S.i : .Snow
fell and drifted.— February '24: Snow drifted fiirionsly.— February aii : Snow diifted lightly.— February 27: Snow
drifted furiously.- t'obrnary 28: Light snow fell.

MAUCH, 187».

Mareli 1: Hard snow squalls.— March 3: Miiidi snow drifteil.— Mareli (i; Solar halo and parhelia.— March 9:
Heavy snow.— Mareli 10: Heavy snow.— March 11: Heavy snow.— Mareli I'J: Snow si|ualls of li({lit character. —
March 13: Hard snow-fall.— March 17: Misty.— March 18: Heavy snow fell.— March '23: Solar halo.— March 2r>
Imperfect solar halo.— March '28 : minding snowstorm; little rain foil.— March 29: Moderate snow squalls.— March
30: Light snow S(innlls.— March 31 : WarnuT, with threatened rain.

APRIL, 1879.

April 1: Arrival of schooner llella from San Francisco; snow squall of fre(|uent occuircnce. — April 2: Snow
Bipialls of moderate character.— April 3: Lifjht snow and .slc(a.— April .■>: Gale from the southwest, very gusty; wet
snow fell.— April (i: Moderate snow fell.— April 7: Moderate snow fell. — April 9: Moderate snow fell.— April 1(1:
Heavy snow. — April II : Gnsty gah^ from the went. — April 12: Light snow. — April II : Light snow.— April 17: Fear-
ful vstorni, much drifting.— April 1^: Imporlcct solar halo.— April 19: Heavy snow fell. — April20: Lightsnow.—
April J I : Light snow and sleet.— April '22: Tale solar halo.— April 23 : Moderate riiiii. — April '27: Arrival of vessel .St.
George from San Francisco. I prepare to depart for Attn Island under instructions from ollice of the Chief Signal
OlUcer. Observations discontinued at this place.

ABSTRACT OF DAILY JOURNAL KRPT AT ATKIIA ISLAND, ALASKA.

MAY, 1879.

May 4: .\rrived at this place. ^Mny ,': Ves.s('l (lischiiigcd caif^o,— May (i: Departure i f vessel; instnimenU put
in temporary position.— May 7: Began taking meteorological <d)se,v;itions; light snow I.dl in early a. m. — May 9:
Light sqnall of sleot and rain.- May 10: Copious rain. — Miiy II: Lij^ht gale from the southeast; heavy rarn. — May
12: Moderate rain. — May 13: Sleet scpialls of light chiiracler.— May 1': Very gusty gale SK. to S. ; heavy rain. — May
15: Strong gale ; moderate ruin. — May Id: Few tiakcsof snow. — May 17 : Moderate rain ; gusty wind. — May 18: Light
rain. — May 21: Light snow. — May '22: High winds; light snow. — Ma." "23: Giiaty gale from NK. to SE.; moderate
rain and few snow-liiikes fell.— May '24 : Moderates rain. — May 2."): Ligl t rain.— May 'Jti: Hard gale from northwest;
sleet fell at intervals. — May'2ti: Light snow fell. — May 29: Light rail. — May 30: (iusty SF. to NW. winds; heavy
rain. — May 31: Light rain; high teniperaturo (().">").

JUNE, 1879.

June 1 : Light rain. — Juiie 2 : Very gnsty from the iioi thwest ; light to moderate ruins. — June 3 : Gusty gale from
the Dorthwest ; moderate rain ; severe eartliipiaUe at 9.3IIJ a. in.; the shocks were almost without interval, moving
from E. to W. ; the undiilatioiiH niimberid eight and lasted about six secmids; the clock was stopped by being thrown
out of perpendicular.— June 7 : Moderate rain.— June 8: Gusty giile Ironi the iKUthwcst ; hard rain. — June 9: Light
gale from the northwest ; heavy rain ; sleet Icll iit times. — .liiiie 13: Light rain. — .luiie l(i: Solar halo at 2 p. m. — June
17: I'ale solar halo. — June 21: Dense fog. — June '22: Light rain. — .liiiic2:t: Light rain. — June '.i^i: Gusty gale from
the northwest. — June 27 : Arrival of icviiine cutter Kicliard Kiish. — June 'Jf* : Dejiarture of Richard Rush. — June 30:
Gusty gale from the northwest ; light rain.

JULY, 1879.

July I : Heavy rain-fall.— July 2 : Light gale from the west ; rain, snow, and sleet fell; (piite heavily on the hills. —
Jiily3: Solar halo.^Jnly 4 : Distant thunder ; hard rain.— July .""): Hard rain. — ,Iiily8: Heavy rain. — Jnlyll: Hard
gale from SE. to S\V. ; very heavy rain.— July 12; Hard rain.— .Inly 13: Light gale from the southeast; moderate
rain. — July ir> : Light showers.— July If: Light gale fiom ilic west.— .Iiily 23; .Moderate rain.— July 24: Moderate
rain. — July '28 : Moderate rain. — July "29: Heavy rain. — .Inly 31 ; Very gusty gale from the west.

AUGUST, 1879.

August 2: Drizzling rain.— August 3: Modcrali' rain; temperature readied (UV. — August 4: Gusty S. to SW.
winds; light rain. — August.'); Vi'iy heavy rain. — August (I; Very hard rain; lunar corona. — August 7: Moderate
rain. — August 8; Gale from the west ; light rain. — August 9; Light rain; gusty I'loiii tlie west. — August 11: Hard
rain. — August 12: Light rain. — August 14 ; Hard rain : arrival of schooner St. George, froir "nalashka. — August 15:
Moderate rain; departure of St. (icorge for the westward.— .Viigust 17: Light rain.— August l8; Moderate rain. —
August 20; Foggy.— August 21; Hardest dash of rain.— August '22: Very hard rain.— August '23; Very hard rain. —
August 27: Gusty in a. m. ; hard rain.— August '28; Gusty winds blowing a hard gale from west; moderate rain. —
August '29 : Arrival of vessel St. George from the westward ; depart for Unalashka ; observations censed because there
was no one to take tbeni.

1

1 1!

■;!i

it

1M:)

I 1!

V '11 j

II i

48

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE NATURAL III8T(JRYOP ALASKA.

MONTHLY AnSTBAOT OF DAILY JOURNAL KEl'T AT UNALASUKA ISLAND, ALASKA.

After uiy return from Atklia iHlaiul ou the 8tli of Septuiiibor, I phvuud the iiiatriiinentH in
poaitiun aiitl began taking obaervationH on the 17th iuHtant.

* SK1*TKMI»EK, IH71>.

Septeiiilior 38 : Solar halo. — Scptoinber !K) : Light rain. — S«|iteinhi)r 'M : Moderate rain.

OCTOUKH, 1H7!». • . I

Octolior fi: Rain, Hnow, and Nlont fell qnite heavily.— Octolitir 7: Light rain. — October !(: Lij{ht rnin.— October
10: Moderate ruin. — Oetolterll: Ll);lit rain. — October Iv!: Liglit rain, — Octolierlil: Liglit rain. — OctolMir II : Moder-
ate rain.— October Ifi; l.i);lit rain. — Octolierlti: .Snow fell on llie nionntaiiiH.— Octolior IH: Moderate rain; Hleet IVl
lightly.— Oetolier 1!>: Moderate rain. — October 'Jd : Light ruin. — Octcdier '21 ; Onnty gale from the north; hih)SV and
Hleet H(|nnllN; lirHt appearance of fnr-NealH {('allorhiniiH imiHUH) from the breeding-groninlH at the I'lihilof iHlandH. —
Oct(d)er '^'i: OnHty gale from the north; niiow ami Hleet H<|nallH of hard character. — October '.jit: Snow and NJeet in
light H(|nallH; ice formed on tlic shallow po(dH, — October 'ii : Low gale from the north; hard sleet and Hnow
(joallH. — Oetolx^r a.^: Moderate rain witli sleet Hi|inills.— Octol)er '.Jti: Light rain and sleet squalls. — October 37;
Onsty gale from the sontheast ; very heavy rain; arrival of schooner llnalashka fr<«n San Franeiseo. — October '2rt :
Hard gale from the Honthcast; extremely heavy rain; nearly all the Hnow has ilisappeared from the moniitainH. —
Oct(d>er 311: l>ashing rain; lunar ctorcma. — October 'M: Light rain; frost in the evening. — October ;il ; Moderate
rain, fell as snow on the nu>untuinH.

NOVEMBKR. 187U.

November 1: Fretpient showers of rain ; ice fornuid dnring the night. — Novombor 3: Heavy snow and rain
scpiallH. — November '.\: Rain and snow, the former qnite heavy at times. — Novemlier 4: Very gnsty from SW. to
.SK. ; light rain and snow.- November r> : Very heavy rain. — November (i: Hard rain. — November 7: Light gale
from SW. to NW. ; moderate rain. — November 8 : (insty gale from the west; snow and ruin of light character;
departnre of Saint (5eorge for San Francisco. — November 11 : .Snow 8(inalls; dense fog in the IJuinnik Pass.— Novem-
ber tl : Hard gale from SW. to ,SK. ; very heavy rain. — NovembiT 13: Strong gale from the sonthwost ; moderate
rain. — November 111: (lusty gale from the west; light rain and snow. — Novembc^r II: Light rain ami snow. —
Novend)er 15: High gale from tln> north. — November 17: Rain ami hail. — November IS: Rain and snow, very
light. — November 30: Light sleet.— November 33: Hard rain. — November 3:t : Hard rain; very gnsty. — November
34 ; Low gale from the southeast ; moderate rain. — November 30 : Moderatr rain. — November 37 : Very heavy rain. —
Novt^mber 38: Lunar corona; departure of Daisy Rowe lor San Francisco. — November ;jy : Drizitliug and foggy
clouds. — November ;iO: Light rains.

DKCKMHKR. 187!».

December I : Moderate rain. — Deccmlier3: Light showerH id' rain, (dnvuged to snow.— December ;i : Very gnsty
winds; frecpient H(|nall8 <d' sleet ami snow. — December 4: Low, gusty gale t'roin the northwest; snow and Hli'ct
squalls, very light.— December ;■>; Light snow and hIci^ .sciualls. — Dceciidicr 0 ; Light snow and sleet, — December*:
Spits of snow and sleet. — December !•: High gale from the northwest ; violent squalls of snow and sleet.— Deceudun' 10:
(iale from the muthweHt ; violent swirls of snow and sleet. — December 17: Hard rain. — December 18: Hard rain. —
Dec^einber 19: Heiivy rain. — December 30: Light rain. — December 31: Light rain; Hchooner (Jeorgie R. Iliggins
departs for San Franeiseo. — Decendier33: Light rains. — December 3;t : Heavy rains. — Decend>er 34 : Frost.

JANUARY, 1880.

Jannary 1 : Heavy frost. — January 3 : General shooting stars this evmiing. — January:!: Light spit of snow.—
Januarys; Heavy frost — January It: Light snow. — January 10: Light now. — January II: Light snow changing to
moderate rain.— January 13 : Moderate rain. — January l^i: Rain, hail, ami snow. — January 16: Very light spit of
.)Uow.— January 17: Much rain mixed with snow.— January 18: Hard rain.— Janmvry 19: Onsty gale to u low
gtorm rate from the south: light snow tell.— January 30: Gale from the northwest; heavy buow.— January 31:
Heavy snow.- Jannary 33 : Light 'm>w.— Jannary 3:i : I.,ight snow ; lunar corona,— Jannary 34 : Heavy snow, —
January 3(): Moderate rain ; gale from SE. to SW. — January 37 : Fine snow Ml in late p, m, — January 38: Moderate
rain and snow. — Jannary 39: Light smiw.— Jannary ;tO : Light rain anil snow; few discharges of hail with rain. —
January :tl : Gale from the northeast; heavy rain and snow.

FEBRITARY. 1880.

February 1 : Moderate rain with snow.— February 3 : Light snow.- Fobrnary Tt : Heavy snow and light rail. ,— Feb-
ruary (i: Light rains. — February 8 : High winds with snow which drifted furiously, — February 9 : Gusty gale from
SE, to SW,; rain, snow, and sleet fell in nu)derate quantitios. — February 10: Furious gale from the west; violent
drifting of the falling sleet and snow.- February 11 : Drifting snow ; moderate snow fell. — February 13: Kain and snow

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THK NATUIlAIi HISTORY OF AhASKA.

47

of iiiuilAralo c'liuruotitr. — Kdlirnury 13: lilght miiow.— Feliiii«r,v 14: Kiiint. Iiitio luid |mrlii'lia. — hVbriiury 17; Kiiii' Holiir
hiilo, lirilliiuit iiurlicliii, itiiil wnll-diivcloped liiiiitr lialii.— Knliiimry IH; lliiril niiii I'm I'mv iiiiiiiitim, liiti-r very HkIiI.
Kt'hrniiry 1!': Kiiin, liiiil, kIi'iiI, ;iiiiI hihiw iirin<>ili>ritti' clmrHili'i-; miiviil of ItiiiHV Rowr Iroiii Sun KiiinrlHio. — l''rliniiiry
ad: NiirMiwcNl k"!'' "•' liiiil cliiirnrti'i'.— IVbrimry ^I : (iiitly iHiilliwcut naif.- Kcliiiiiiiy VV: (iiil" rmiii tlic mutlnviHt ;
iniHUiriitii ruin witli hiiow.— Kiil>iiiiiry 'i'.i: Mmlorati' rain. — Kchrnaiy 'l\: MkIiI rain. -I'clniiary ■.'r>: Kuw Hlorin I'rcun
tliii .siintlnMiNl ; liaul raiTi, liltli' Kici't.- ['"I'lirnary 'jri: (inNly k»I<' '''"'" lln' tinrlliwi-Nl, Hfliiw anil hIciM.— IVIiruary a7 :
Iliiril ruin with hiiow, — I'ohrilnry U8: Snow itnti nIim'I Ni|na1lN.- I'Vlirnury !2'.): Solar halo anil parliolia.

MAH(;il, IHHO.

Marili 1; Palo lialo ariinnil tho Hun.— March '.J: I'ali- Holar halo.— Vlanh II : (hiMty j;iilo Irnni llii' wthI | liiiil
raiiiH.- -March I : M(thl. rain. -March T) : (iaic from the wcsl ; rain, hiiow, anil mIcii, willi thnnilcr ami liKhlniii);.—
March (i: (iimly ijalc; rain, miiow, anil Hlcet.-- March 7: Lijjhl rain.— March H: Ijulil hiiow.— March 1» : Moilcralc
miow,— March Id: llaril rain anil Hnow. — March II: l.ijjht nnow.- March lU: IjkIiI rain.— March 1:1; Liiiil nalc
from the HonlhcaHt; very heavy rain. -March II: l.ifjhl rain. —March l.'i: llanl Hlorm from the MonlheiiNl ; heavy
ruin.— March Hi: l,i){ht rain; pale nolar halo.- March 17: llanl rain ami hiiow. -March IH: l.inht rain.— March 111;
llinh nale front the norlli ; much hiiow ami nleet fell ami ilrifleil.— Mifch 'Jd: Oiinly jjale from the norlhwcHi; hIccI
am) snow, lirifleil aH it fell.— March '.'l : Muhl rain ami snow. -March 'Jl : I JKht rain. —March '£> : Arrival of Matliew
Turner from Sail KranciNco.— Maich ','ll: Solar anil lunar halo. — March 'Jrt : I,i(;ht rain. — March 'M : M^lit rain.—
March 'M : Very light ruin.— March 111 : M);ht Hhowern of rain.

AI'Ull,, IHHd.

April 'J: liaiii anil hiiow of liifhtcHt character. — April :i: Li);ht rain anil hiiow. -April 4 : I.if;lil hiiow. April ,'i:
Sled Hi|iiallH. — .\pril (1: l.inht rain anil hiiow. — Aiiril 7: (iiinty wimls from SI'",, to N\V. ; moilerate rain. — April H:
Stroll;; storm from theiiiirlh; little hiiow ami hIccI ; arriviil of ITiialiiHlika Iroiii San I'liiiiciHco. — April Id: I.i^ht ^ale
from the sonthcaHt ; rain with hail.- -A "il 11 : Uk''' hiiow. — April V! : l-i^ht rain, hail, ami hiiow. -April lit: Kaiii,
HIIOW, anil slcct.- April II: IliKh gaie 'rom ilie west; liKht hiiow ami nlcet. — AlirillT): Lar^e llaken of hiiow fell
lightly. — April It!: (iuNty Kiile from the HoiithwcHt ; moderate rain with hiiow.- April 17: (fusty ^ale from southwcHt;
rain, hiiow, and Hleet of li^hteht character. — April {><•. IliKh storm from N\V. to N. ; moderate huow ami nleet ; hard
freeze hiHl night. — April llh Heavy hiiow Hi|Hall. — April yi: Moderate ^ale friiiii the iiorthwcHt ; violent hluet Hqiiall. —
April 'J;i: l.i(;ht rain ; Holar halo. — April 24: Light rain. — ApriliiV: Light rain. —April 'JH: Very light rain.— April 110 :
Spring-liko weather.

MAY, 1880.

May 1: Removal of my ofllco to room iidJoiiiliiK otllce of the WcHterii Kiir and Trading ("oiii)>any.- May 10: Sohi
halo. — May I'J : Hard rain.— May IH: Hard rain.— May 14: Ml.-itj. — May l!"): High wiinlH; hard rain.— May Iti: High
windH from the northwest; hard rain; later misty. —May 17: Iliird rain,— May IH; Strong gale: hard rain.— May
1!> : Light rain. — May !il : Light hiiow and rain. — May 'J:i: ,Snow and rain of moderale character. — .May "Jit: Minty. —
May'Jt!: Heavy froNt ; .solar halo. -May '^7 : Showery, of light character. — May '.",1: I'reparatioiiH for departure to Attn
iHland, AlHHka, for the piirposu of taking a Ncrien of iiieleorological idwervatioiiH at that place,

ABSTRACT OF DAILY .TOUKNAL KEl'T AT ATTU ISLAND, ALASKA.

.IlILY, IHHO,

July 21 : Placed iiiHtriiiiient in poHition.— .Inly 'Jli: llcgaii taking mctciirological oliHorvatioiiH; tino weathor,with
clear, warm dayH and no precipitation for the rcniaiiider of the iiinnth.

AUdUST. 18S0,

AngiiHt 4 : OnHty gale from the iiorthwent ; niodeiate rain. — August :"> : Hard gale from the iiorthwent with violent
rain, — AugUHtO; Low gale from the northwest: very hard rain.— August 7: Very hard rain with low gale from the
northwcHt. — August 8: Light rain ; natives aHscrl that the gale which previiilcd lor the three pant ilayn in an iiiiusiial
occnrience for August. — August 14: Misty. — Angiist l.'>: Light, minty rain.— August 10: Light rain.— August '2M :
Light rain,— AiigiiHt y:t: Light rain.— AugiiHt 211: Hard rain.— August 'i7 : Light rain.— Augimt 'iH: MiBty. — Angnnt
2St : Hard rnin, — August MO : Moderate rain, — August 111 : Light rain.

SKPTKMIIKR, 1880,

Septt'uiher 1 : Light raiii,—8epti'niV)pr fi : Very light rain,— Scptemlicr 7 : Drizzly.— Septemlier Id : Light rain.—
Septemhcr 1(1 : Hard rain.— Scpteniher IH: Hard rain. — Septcndu'r '.id : Vrost ; lunar halo.— Septcinher "JI : Showery;
lunar halo. — Septeiiihcr 2','; Light rain.— Septcmhir 'Jit: Meihrate rain.— Sc))tciiiliir '.'4: DaNliiiig rain; gusty gale
from S, to SK, — Seiitciiilier '.','1: StitV gale from the sonlhcast ; hard lain,— Scpteniher 28: Little hail fell in ji, in, —
8eptonihor liO : Dashing rain with gusty gale from the southeast.

48

CONTRIBUTIONS T(J THE NATHUAL HISTORY OF ALASKA.

OCTOHKK, 1H«().

0(!tu)iur 1 : V«ry Jiiiril ruin; kiiI« from tlio luirtli. — Ootolicr '.^ : SliitwurH of ruin; npitH of hiiow ; lii){li winilx. —
Ocliilicr It ; lliinl iliiHlii'N of ruin. — Oi'ti)ln'r I : Hn'iw fell liciivil.v on tlio nioiintiiiiiH.— Octolii'r fi ; A Cnrioim ({IiIb with
({nNiN (if a liiirricimo rati> nil ilit.v ; llii' roof of my Iioiino wnn taken oH', tlir ImarilN looNi'ni'd, a llooil of watxr ontcriHl
from till' torrmtH of rain ; tl^i' anrnionirtur rarrii'tl iitV anil liriit out of ^lla|lo ; nil of my H|ii'cinii'nNiif natural liiNlory,
inolnilin); a ('oni|il«li! wrii'H of jilantN I'roni various iKlamlN of llir Alriiliiin rlniin, worr riiimil ; no lirl)i of any kinil

hurt' anil vory littlu with uliirli to rc|iair ilamiiKr; all ri hIn wrilti'n with ink wrro in nioHl inHtanci-H liiipitli'Hxly

rninril ; tlui winit blew from SK. (o K. ovir tlir nionntain topM in tlir nioNt violent ({iiHtH. — Ortolior (i : (lal<> from tlio
Hontlii'aHt ; Hliowi^ry. — Octolirr 7 ; (lusty (jalr from K. to NK. ; Iiiiril rain.— 0(^tiilii'r H : (Jiistj kiiIo from tlio nortlinaHt ;
snow on tlio liills; moiliTnto nIiowi'M. — Octolii'r '.* .' ){ain ; xiiiiw frll in ll^lit anioiiniN, iliNiippi'iiriii); on lli« IiiIIh, —
Oi'tolirr 1(1 • liiinar halo. — Octolicr II: Moili'mlo rain; heavy snow on thr hills. — Ocloher l)i : Moilerato snow anil
rain. — Octohiir Kt : Hani rain. — Oitnlirr Hi : Li^lit rain. — Oitoher 17 ; Arrival of stramrr Dora from rastwaril ; I liavi',
just this ilay, ri'pairi'il tlio ilamaKi's which oiTiiriiil to my lioiisi' r.n Ortolior 5 ; lunar halo in ovimiin;.— 'Ii'tobcr IH :
Linht rain anil snow.— Oijlolirr ",'(1 ; Miiili'ratii rain; lif;lit frost. — Oi.tolii'r 'Jii ; Haul rain. — Octobor 81) ; Lijjht rain. —
Octobor 81 : Misty. — Oi'tiihor y."i : Drizzly.— Oelobi>r 8H : Moilcrato frost anil froozu. — October lU : Four vilinitiong of
an ('urtlii|naku at .UD u. m. ; nnilnlations from K. to W.

liM

:■ V.i

■Hi

NOVKMBER, 1880.

November 2: Lijjlit snow. — Novembor 11: Light slept and snow spits. — November? : Rain and hail of liriit ebar-
actor. — November H : Liriit rain ; lunar eorona. — Novcinlier lit: Light rain iiiiil snow. — November 14 : Rain and snow
of modorato character. — November ICi: Hard gale fnim the south; moderate rain with snow. — November 17: Mod-
erate rain with little snow. — November l-<: Hard rain.— November li» : Hard rain.— November 8(1: fiight to misty
rniu. — November 88: Misty to niodcrate rain.— November 8:1 ; Hard rain.— Novenibir 84: Very hard rain.— Novem-
ber8.'i: Moderate to hard rain. — November 8(i : Very hard rain. — November 87: Light rain. —November 88 : Very
hard rain. — November 8'.l; I'lirioiis gale fioin. the sinitheiist ; dashing rain.— November lid: Strong gale from the
Bouthoost ; hard rain with muuw.

DECEMBER, 1880.

Decombor I : Light rain, nnow, and sleet. — Docoinbor 3 : Very heavy rain. — Docombor 4 : Very heavy rain. —
December .'■>: Light rain. — December (!: Very heavy rain-fall. — December?: Hard rain. — Decembers: Hard rain. —
December 9: Light rain. — December 10: Misty; snow on the moiiiitains. — December U: Very gusty gale from E. to
S. ; niodenite rain with sleet si|ualls. — December 18: Light sleet, snow and rain. — December l;t ; Wet snow fell
lightly.— December 14 : Light sleet; giisl from the northeast. — December 1.1 : Sleet siiiialls; very heavy sea rnnning.—
December l(i; Sleet of light character, very moist. — December 17: Light rain. — Deoembor 18: Hard storm from the
northeast; violent sea; hard rain with .snow.— December 1!»; Violent storm from the northeast; heavy rain with
snow. — December 80: (iiisty north wind ; nioilerate snow with rain. — December 81 : (.Justy northwest wind. — Decem-
ber 88: High winds backing and subsiding; light sleet .iiinalls; sea violent. — Deeeiiiber 8:t : Gale from tho north-
west ; light sleet siiualls. — December 81 : High gale from the northwest ; sleet and snow. — December 8.') : High gusty
gale from the west and northwest ; sleet swirls of light character. — December 80 : High gale from W. toNW, ; little
snow fell; sea raging viohntly.— December 87: High gale from the northwest. — December 88: Northwest gale of
gusty character; rain, sleet, hail, and snow fell of lightest character. — December 8!1: Northwest gale, rather gusty ;
hard ruin and snow. — December liO : Heavy rain; snow nearly gone; sea going down. — lioceinbcr ;tl : Hard rain;
natives report an enrthiiuakc shock as having occurred at or about 8 a. m. of night before last (HOth); a slight shock
was felt at 7.85 p. m.

JANUARY, 1881.

January 1: Moderate ruin and snow. — January 8: Light snow.— January I!: Air full of frost films. — .January 5:
Territie gusts of a high storm rate from SW. to SE. ; snow drifted furiously from the mountain tops. — January 6:
Very heavy fall of frost tiliiis from the sky ilnring clear weather; not a cloud in the sky when they fell, yet the air
was darkened with the tiliiis. — January 7 : (iusty south winds ; snow drifted fnrionsly ; sleet later in the day, with
heavy gusts of wind. — January 8: Kriglitful gusts of a high storm rate from S. to .SE. ; heavy dashes of rain. — Janu-
ary 9: Gusty gale from 8. to SK. ; solar halo; moderate snow. — January 10: High gale from 8. to SW. ; frei|Uoiit hard
snow squalls. — January 11 : Light l'rei|ncnt ilntl's of snow. — January 18: (iiisly gale from SW. to SE. ; moderate sleet
and snow. — January 13: Gusty 8. to E. winds; moderate snow and rain. — January 14: Rain, icy sleet, hail fell o'
hard character. — January lo: Heavy snow; light gusty gale from E. to NE. ; light snow and sleet. — January 16:
Violent snow and sleet squalls; sea violent; rain fell late in p. m. — January 17: Gale, very gusty from tho north;
sleet and snow squalls; lunar corona. — January 18: Gnstiness from N. to NW. : tierce snow and sleet squalls; slush
forms in tho bay. — .January 19: Few .-leet pellets. — .January 80: Temperature l?"^, lowest up to date; very gusty from
the northwest, increased to a hard gale ; frofinent sleet and snow squalls; ■snow tlying furiously. — January 21 : Heavy
fall of sleet and snow ; the groniid is covered to a depth of .'i feet with sleet and snow.— .January 88 : Galo from the
northwest, increased to storm ; snow and sleet fell heavily ; snow drifted furiously. — January 83: Rain and snow; the
bay is covered with frozen snow -slush, a very unusual occnrreiice ; water-fowl are extremely scarce. — January S4 :

1

I

0ONTRIBUTION8 TO THK NATURAL HISTORY OP ALASKA.

49

Moderate rain and Hnow; guity xate fVom the nortli.— January Ki Ouaty gale ttom the north; light rain. — January
36 : Mgbt gale late In p, in. from tho Hoiitli ; rain and Hnow fell lightly.— January 37 : tiard rain with little anow ;
hard gale rate from 8K. to K. — January 3H : QuHty gale from tho northcant ; moderate rain with snow. — January 39 :
Ou§ty gale from 8. to NK. ; hard rain with nuow.— January ;10 : Heavy sea running.— January :)1 : Nativee preparing
to go olf to the other iNlaodH to hunt Nea-ottera ; they are detained by the severe weather of this entire month ; late
in p. ni. they started, but were Hoon compellud to gu to land ; tho hiiow has nearly divappehred from the low ground* ;
all kiudH of water-fowl are extremely aoaroe, and froHh food is not attainable.

FFBRUARY, IHHl

Kobrnary 1 : Light snow and sleet.— Febniary 3: Deposit of front on various objects; hard fi'eeze ; snow of light
ohariictur in p. m.— February 3: Heavy sea running. — February ti : Light snow with dritzling rain. — February 7:
OuMty galo from the Houth ; short, hard rain ; snow drifted violently ; lunar corona. — February H. — Violent gusts from
tho south; quite hard freeze. — February 9: Hard gale, increoHod to a storm rate from tho northeast; hard rain with
anow. — February 10: Light rain, with snow and sieut H(|uallB; lunar corona. — February 11: Sea very rough. — February
13: Lunar uoiona. — February IH; South to east gale ; light rain-fall.— Febrnory 14 : High gale f^om NE. to NW. ; grass
l>oginniug to poop out.— February L'i: Moderate snow with galo from tho north. — February 10: Qusty gole ftroni the
northwest; flno huow fell. — February 17 : Light sklfts of snow and sieoi. — February 19; Light snow-fall. — February
30: Groat gustinesH of wind from the north ; misty. — February 31: Hard rain ; earthi|uakeat 7.16p. m. ; it gave quite
a wrench to tho house; undulations from K. to W. — February 33: Light gale from NE. to N. ; moderate rain ; violent
sea running. — February 34 ; Light snow foil. — February 3r) : High gusty winds from 8W. to NW. — February 36 : Sleot
and snow squalls. — February 37 : Oale from S. to 8W. ; light sleet and snow fall. — February 38 : Violent snow squalls,
with sleet; during this month tho natives have made several ineftoctual attempts to cross tho straits between this
island and the Someehi Islatuls, to hunt sea-otters {Enhydrit lutrts) at tho latter place ; the weather has not been so
bad during the month of February for several years.

MARCH, IMl.

March 1 : Onsty gale from the south ; light snow-fall. — March 3 : Heavy snow-fall. — March It : Solar halo. — March
4 : Moderate snowfall. — March 6 : Ousty gnio from the south ; increased to high storm from northeast ; snow drifted
most furiously, a gloomy day; the very earth trembles under tho shocks received from the force of the surf of the
violently 'iging seo. — March 7 : Violent gusts from SW. to SE ; snow fell and drifted furiously.— March 8: Very
gusty from SW. to SE. ; snow fell heavily and drifted. — March 9; Sleet and snow drifted violently. — March 10: Qusty
galo from the south ; sleot and snow drifted furiously. — March U : Light sleet and snow squalls. — March 18: Lowest
temperature (10°). — March 13 : High galo from E. to NW. ; light snow-fall. — March 14 : Heovy gole outside from the
northwest ; snow and sleet fell lightly. — March l.'i : Hard storm from the north ; moderate snow with little sleot. —
March 16 : Ousty gale from 8. to SE. ; snow fell late. — March 17 : Violent gale from SW. to E. ; snow of moderate charac-
ter fell, much drifted ; sea in terrible commotion. — March 18 : Strong gale from N. t« NE. ; little snow fell. — March
19: Hani storm from N. to NE. ; violent sea; sleet nud snow squalls. — March 30: Oale from the northeast ; light
snow. — March 81 : Light snow skifts. — March 83: Hard gusts from NW. to 8. and NE. ; sleet and snow of moderate
character. — March 33: Severe earthquake at 7.04 p. m, ; began as gradual settling then a series of rapidly successive
vibrations lasting nineteen seconds, — March 34: Terrific gale from the southeast ; snow and sleot furiously drifted. —
March 35 : Light sleet and snow with great gustiness of wind from 8. to SE. — March 36 : Large tlakes of snow ; light
mist.— March 87: Ousty from N. to NE. ; misty. — March 38: A'iolent sea running; light rain.— March 89: A light
freeze and frost; light rain. — March 31: Light snow changed to rain.

APRIL, 1881.

April 1 : Violent .'lurricane from SW. to SE. ; dashing rain ; all the snow gone from the lower grounds ; arrival
of wild geese {Branta canadensis hutchinsii); several snow-llakes {Plictrophenax nivalia) were soen to-day; they are
not migratory from this island ; the greater number of these birds remain throughout the winter but are only rarely
seen during that time on the north side of the island. — April 3 : Irregular gale from SW. to S. ; rain, snow, and sleet
fell moderately ; a severe earthquake of sufficient force to awaken tho entire viilp ;e "ccurred at 3,15 a. m. ; several
vibrations, all from E. to W. — April 3 : Moderate snow and sleet ; the party of ' : t<' « (19) return from the Semechi
Islands ; they had but poorest success, having obtained but six sea-otter skins wuc.o lu former years they secured over
a hundred. — April 4 ; Gusty gale from N. to 8. via E. ; sleot and snow fell lightly. — April 5 : Hard gale from 8. to 8E. ;
light snow with rain, — April 6: Gusty galo from the east. — April 8: Gusty gale from the south. — April d: Low gale
from tho north ; misty in p. m.— April 10 : Moderate rain ; I loam to-day, that swans (0/or columbianua) were in alarge
flock ill the lake near the head of Massacre Bay on tho soutb side of this island. — April 11 : N. to E. gale ; high sea;
moderate rain. — April 13: High gale from the northeast: light rain with little sleet. — April 13 : Northeast gusty gale ;
very high sea running. — April 15 : Light rain with snow. — April 16: Hard rain with snow; variable gale from the
northeast. — April 17 : Low gale from the north ; hard rain with snow.- April 18 : Light rain ; gale from the north. —
April 19: Heavy snow-fall. — April 30: Moderate snow-fall. — April 83: Strong gale from tho south. — April 34: Bolar
halo. — April 35: Light raiu. — April 86: Light snow-fall with rain. — April 87: Light rain-fall. April 30: Light rain.
S. Mis. 155 7

I

60

CONTBIBQTION8 TO THE NATURAL HMTOBY OF ALASKA.

MAY, itm.

M»y 5; Quaty frimi 8. ; llnht r»iu,— May 6 ; Krf<|ii«iit Mi' yen j frost In l»t« p. ni.— May 7 : Terrlflc gimtA from
8. to HE. ; froit of light character ; much wet hii:(w ; '" „ *l tliiieii.— May H : llanl showem ; giiiity gal* from 8. to
NW.— May 9: Wind every wher«, bl<»wiiiK a gale at tiiiu'ii ; rain aiitl wiiiw fell lightly.— May 10 : Light iinow.— May 11 :
Frequent raiDH and snow ; arrival of Htl^alnt<r Dora from eastward.— May 13 : Rain and wet snow nearly entire day ;
departure of Dorn ; schooner C/.ar arrived off tlie island at 7.40 p. in; preparallons to leave this jiUoe.— May lU:
Cxar came to anchor; heard that word had lieen sent that I was to bo relieved of duty ; preparation for departure
to Unalashliu where I arrived June '2H. Turned over all (lovernnient property in my possession to 8. Applegate, Ser-
geant, Signal Corpa, U. 8. Army, on July •-', IhmI ; leave lor Hun Krancisco on July fU, 1H«1 ; arrive in Washington
September Ul, 1881.

5ummary of meteorological obiertationi taken atplacti on the JleuUan J$landi, Alaeka.

(Unsluhks IsUnd (Illallak VillsK*). UUtuds Sir W i looRltnds !««<> 88'.)

Months.

1>78-'T».

September .
October . ■
NoTMnber. .
December ..

Jsncsry

February . .

Miirch

April

il

0 a

a
I

48.02
40.77
S3. M
85.13
33.87
28.26
82.18
33.07

M *

9(

a*

'1
I

lis

1^

3. SB
8.87
8.78
in. 03
3.88
1.35
3.38
2.83

I

I

INaian Bsy, Atkbs Island. Latitude 53<> IC 40" ; longttnde 1T4<> W IS" W.]

?!

r

187».
M»v*

88.80
43. 08
4a SO
50.31

65
04
85

es

30
30
38
46

4.49
1.76
4.36
8.01

1?
1«
20

0
0
2
0

0
3
4

0

35
38
35
28

I
8
0

J

i

•

2

7

37

7

0

«5

47
40
40

>

0

1«

6

13
15
18
42

82
41

58
74

28
41
6
2

It
28
M
34

Janet

July

Augastt ••

[TJnalsablu Island, ninUak yillsge.]

f .

187»-'60.

41.85
37.83
31. 36
30.32
20.33
81. 37
33.25
33.83
85.10

51
48
36
34
39
43
46
53
52

37
24
24
23
18
37
24
35
38

0.37
8.98
6.JW
3.68
4.11
3.30
3.38
1.18
3.80

2
33
23
16
30
19
35
18
10

0
0
0

1
1
0
1
0
0

s

0
4

0

1
1

4

0

14
31
31
26
30
28
3»
37
38

10
46
9
3
28
11
12
21
14

10
18

9
14

6

»
31

4
38

0

4
0
0
S3
S
1
7
0

29
20
89
42
47
44
61
66
41

5
3
7
4
16
18
9
10
2

22
22
53
30
38
33

7
11

8

8
53
54

2^
50
63
89
14

0
38
13
111
15
23

4
18
68

14
13
37
17
16
II
38
32
26

October

8,111
7.688
8,799
7,213
9,611
7 761

December

Uarch...

April

8,983
6,960

fiSyl .....-!.

(Cbiohagof Harbor, Altn Island. Latitude 63° 55' 43": longitude 184° 47'.]

188fr-'81.

JnlyH

August ...
September .
Octiiber. ...
Ifovember..
December . .
January....
Febrnarr...

March

AprUH

May

20.794
39. 659
29.887
29.887
29.536
39. 520
39.375
29.6.18
29.598
29.737

30. 152
30. 113
3U.22Z
30.466
30. 188
30. 344
30.311
30.343
30.134
80. 703

I 29.497
29.096
20.179
28. 922
28. 771
28. 7,'^4
28. 74«
28. 926
28. 638
28. 830

53. 35
51.56
47.75
41.12
35.45
33.91
81.17
31.95
39.03
30.70
30.55

0
4.63
4.06 i
8.01 I
6.46
6.52 '
5.10 !
2.01
2.43
2.16 I
1.30

3 8

23 40

18 { 24

27 I 65

26 ! 74

30 I 36

24 ' 27
8 ' 20 ' 81
7 23 I 49
3 ! 27 I 36
1 i 12 I 6

!

924
5,184
6,408
4,773
7,734
14, 474
9,033
7,781
10,658
10,922
3,597

'First twenty .eight days of the month,
t Lost twenly-flve days of the month.

t First twenty-nine davs of the month.
S Last fourteen days of the month.

II Last ten days of the month.

T First thirteen days of the month.

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE NATUKAL HISTORY OP ALASKA.

51

l^fltorctogieal ohttrtaUon* at IHuUuk, Vnalathlca, lH-2r> lo 1834, old ilyle.
(Utltud* 68° ti',7 1 loogltud* 1M° IS*.!. ObMrrkUoai of tb* buonMUr, ruduuwl to H" Kuamut tS°.S fkbraabolt.)

TMIt.

J-atuttj.

Febnurjr.

Mareh.

.April.

Uu.

11 Id.

Ufa.

Max.

Mln.

MeMi.

Max.

Mln.

Mean.

Max.

MIo.

Mean.

im

80.00
20. BO
80.04
30.04
20.73
20.00
80.14
80 33

as.w

80.20

3H.49
28.68
88.40
28.77
3H. ao
W.VJ

28. 30

29. 08
28.40
38.00

28.041
20.030
29.3IM
39.47
29. 29
29.4IU
29. 807
29. 748
39. U3U
39.S79

29. 61
M. 19
29.97

29. 84
28.69

30. :i8
3U.0B
30. -(6
80.08

:io.39

3a 43
39.49
2a 49
38.36
2a 66
2a 87
2a 27
29. 07

2a h:

2a 49

2a 983

29.688

29.297

29 17

20.20

29. .602

29. 1117

29.697

29.246

29.509

20.71
20.94
.10. 01
30.08
29.98
80. I'i
80.00
30.11
30.00
30.20

28.19
28 49
28.77
2a 73
28.61
2a 98
2a 16
29.28
28.60
29.17

2a 968
29. 243
20.320
29.43
29.08
29. 639
20. 309 1

20.88
80.02
30.04
30.74
39.84
30.20
80.03

20.84

2a 50
2a 70

38.08
2a 44
2a 78
2a 00

2a 08
2a 60
2a 70

20.241

|m5

29. 210

inr

30.414

810

Ill

30.83
20.66
20.300
20. Ml

■D

20. 778 30. 97
20.303 30.11
29. 860 29. 90

29.633

m :""::;;::.!";;";;...

29.673

8M

29.439

M

UaMi* .

30 08

28.00

20. 817

30.03

28.

29.341 1 80.03

28.67

20.410 1 80. 03

2a 73 i 30. 420

2a 27

80.20

38.20

80.89

80.20

2a 16

1

80.24

2a 44

i

H».y.

June.

July.

Aognit

Tmti.

Hm.

MIn.

Meu.

Max.

Mln.

Mean.

Max.

Mln.

Mean.

Max.

Mln.

Mean.

1115

29.00
20.03

2a OS

20. O'J

29.410
29.498

20.79
20. 89

2a 88
29.04

29.364
29. 401

29.81
29..78

28.08
28.09

29.601
29. 447

20.80
20. 8S

28.75
20.31

20.400

IIM

20.66)

19ST

:'

|gS9

30.00
80.11
30.01
20.00
30.88
30.80
80.00

38.94

28.80

28.02

28.90'

29.04

20.17

20.44

29. SO
29.4:l
29. .lUS

29.ssg

29.500
29. SI8
20.713

20.78

29. 89
29.80

30. 10
29.89

28 00
29. 06
28.87
29. 13
29.23

29.44
29. 66
29. 642

20.82
20.78
30. 03

) 18

29.60
^9. 678

30.66
:io. 22

20.20
29. 09

28. 96

29. OS
29.00
29.11

20.66

20.99
20.04
29. 13
29. 05
29. 16

20.518

]g30

29.663 1 29.87
'9.671 1 29.93
. 9. 686 20. 96
'9.712 30.04

20. 467

JB3J

29. 642 3U. U4
29. 604 30. 05

29.493

29. 61 1

"t

30.00

29.011

1^^

29.99

|7

29.S28

:u.04

1

He»Qii

20. OS

20.02

20.404

29.80

20.620 39.91

29.09

29. 688 : 29. 97 {

30.04

29.637

II

80.11

2a 80

80.

2a 87.

80.06

j

80.22

28.76

1...

1

September.

Uotobor.

NoTember.

December.

Yearly

Hu.

Mln.

Mean.

Max.

Mln.

Mean.

Max.

Mln.

Mean.

Max.

Mean,

Mln.

meant.

18J1J 1

20.84
20.64

2a 74
28.41

29.400
29.100

29.87
29.70
29. 8S

29. 82
:io. 0.1

30. OS
3U 04
3U.01
20.85

28.17
28.16

29.202
29. 105

29.76
20. 70
30.08
2I». 86
30.31
'.'U. 93
20. 91
29 82
20.03

28.31

28.07

20.005

28 991

*29 290

IgU 1

30.14
30.28
30.38
30.23
20.02
29. 55
30.32
30.22

28 60
2a 87
2a 71
2a 88
2a 07
28.11

2a 04
2a 07

29.S63
29.66
29. aj
29.700
29.328
2a 892
29.428
29.392

29.318

1117

29.01 29.23
2a 46 29. 16
28. 87 29. .121

28. 00 29. 44
28. 66 20. 20
23. 57 29. lUtn

129 373

1888 1

39.77
39.70
30. IS
30. (10
20.80
20.82

28.74
28.,^
1'8. .M
•.'8. 95
28.00
26.40

20.41
29.161
20. 402
29. 176

29 ran

29.2B9

29.48

1829 '

29.438

1830

1831

1833

I8SS 1

1834 '

2a 94
i». 69
2a 45
2a 51

29. SIS
20. -^O
29. .'130
29. 019

2a 05
2a 31
2a 46
2a 66

29. 076
29.642
29.214
29 388

29.460
29.397
20. ,673
29.308
{29.029

\

Mmds

39.87

2a 60

29.307

29.90

2a 57

20.319

29.88

28.39

29.287

30.13

28.67

29.476 i

BlKbest and lowest

30. IS

2a 41

30. OB

2a IS

30.31

28.06

30.38

2a 07

* Mean for eleven months.

t Moan for neTcn niontbs.

* Mean for ittx months.

NoTB.— The barometer by which the above obHervatiims were made U marked Benjamin D4 XV and woe compared In 1827 with the

barometer of the discovery veesel SenlaTin under , and found to read 0.3*2 inch lower ; therefore all these observations must be tncreued

by that amount.

The mean of all the above observations, nine ftall years, la 29.421 Inches, the highest observed reading in the above time was 80. 89
Inohes and the lowest 26. 05 Inches.

warn

62

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE NATURAL HISTORY OP ALASKA.

Mettttrological obeenatioi'ii at IHaUuk, Unalathka, 1827-1834.
(Tempentun oburvkUoDi from 1828 to 1834, old style. 1

Jantaj.

Febniary.

Marob.

Tmt.

A.M.

Nifon.

P.M.

ye»n.

Obaarred.

. P.M.

Mean.

Obaerred.

A.M.

Mean.

Obaerved.

Mai.

Mln.

Max.

Mln.

Max.

Mln.

40.8

28.6

21.80

28.08

26.60

30.86

30.31

82.8
31.1
28.4

81.8
82 8

1R20

1830

20.6
28.2
25.2
29.8
29.6

23.8 : 19.8
80. 5 ! 2& 1
80.3 , 24.3
33.2 29.6
m.t 30.1

89.9

2.7

26. i > 38. 0

26.1

44.4

47.7
48.8

—0.6

17.1

24 8 17. 9

ID. D

45.5
42.6
63.5

0.5

1831

1832

41.0
41.0
40.3
39.4

..6 1 26.8 j 20.4
7. 2 34. 0 36. 9
18.6 32.6 1 35.8
16.2 31.8 i 30.6

39. 1 27. 41
38. 2 34. 77

10. 2 ; 26. 8 no. 9 [ 24. 6 27. 43
26. 2 ! S3. 8 37. 8 32. 3 84. 65

7.2
18.6

32. 2 33. 49 i 42. 1
30.0 33. 10 46.6

18. 6 ' 30. 2 36. 0 28. 9 .32. 00 ; 68. 4
20.7:29.7 3(1.4 28.4 31. 63 | 48. 4

18,6

1834

16.1

26.66 80.02

1

12

Ueans..

2&08I 29.66

40.32. 10.82 30.18^ 34.3

1 i !

t 20.7 31.68 45.

: .8 1 27.64 83..36; 26.4 28.03 i 61.66

1 ' i , 1

12.18

1 ! 1

Ap^il.

May.

Jnoe.

Tmt.

Noon.

P.M.

Mean.

ObMrred.

A.M

Noon

.P.M.

Mean.

Obierred.

A.M.

NooD.

P.M.

Mean.

Obaerred.

-

Max.

Mln.

Max.

Mln.

|Max.

Mln.

1838

86.7.

33.8

37.6

33.21

36.66

30.81

36.38

41.2
41.2
40.0

46.8

46.8

36.9

40.8

84.8
29.8
■M. 4
34.4
33.6

60.7 i 20.7
46.2 16.2
47.7 25.9
47. 7 18. 6
53.4 1 26.4

; 30.5
37.2
46.3
43.2
40.6

42.6

97.3

1 65.8

32.7
27.6
32.7
36. 6
31.3

46.7
46.0
47.2
46.7

40. ,i
48.1
60.4
48.2

42.3

44.8

M 7

1831

1832 ....

81.
36..

r i 88.2

1 39. 3

1 1 au. 3

41. 0 i 36. G
46. 1 38. n

37. 04 62. 2

42 .Ml Bl -i

42.0 ! 46.02 ; 57.9
46. 4 1 47. 64 [ 66. 9
43. 2 46. 21 66. n

84.2
42 i

1833

36.

46.2 40.6 43.0 61.2
49. 3 39. 0 43. 0 i 68. 3

43.2

34.2 { 38.3

Means . .....

3&18

39.18

33. 38

86.72

49.14| 23.34

41.1

1 44.72 38. 23| 41.28 67.70; 32.141 46 IV)! 48 96

43. 32 46. 21

If! 1

38 05

i 1 1

1

1 1

Jaly.

Anguat.

September.

Tmt.

A.M.

Koon.

P.M.

Mean.

Obaerred.

A.M

1

Noon. 1 P.M. Mcun.

Obaerred.

Mean.

Obaorred.

Max.

Mln.

Max.

Mln.

Max.

Mln.

60.9
60.3

'67.(1

:::::: ■":: !:.;;::j::;:;:i 56.7

4,3.2 47.6 I 61.7 46.4 | 48. T-

1

46.9

49.6
60.4
46.6

68. •<
66.0
48.2
64.5

47.5
47.0
43.8
40. C

64.8 38.' 3 46.'3

48 6 43.8

45. 7

66.9
60.0
62.2

.30.9

1880 ...

.'>0.4 71.4
46. 19 ' 64. 0
61. 66 70. 2
54. 17 76. 3

42. 1 63.8 1 6.. 9 ! 50.3 1 63.7 77. 0 43. 0 42. 5 ' 46. 1 42.3 43.3
30.4 46.6 ! .'il.3 ! 44.4 1 47.46 Ul. 2 4U. 3 39.9 4.'l. 1 37.0 4(1.32

28.0

1832

61.4

43. 2 03. 6 ' 68. 4 52. 6 < 64. 80 77. 0 42. 1 : 40. 1

4.'>. 5 40. 1 i 41.80
47. 0 . 43. 4 44. 87

60. 0 ' '^R~ H

1833

63.9

57. .' '•!. 1

44.8 40. H

63. 8 47. 0 50. 20 73. 6 88. 1 43. 2

54.5

32. U

1834

1*

1

Mawi..

50

63.46|47.68| 50.60

70.06

42.54 50.3

54.4

! 48. 12 61. 91 i 70. 68! 40. 64i 42. 22' 46. 22

41.40 43.66

64.48

29.88

1

1 i .

Oetober.

NoTamlNir.

December.

YMr.

A.U. I

^oon.

P.M.

M«an.

Obaurved.

>Ioon.

P.M.

Mean.

36.6

31.8

34.2

29.7

32.76

34.13

27.90

Observeil.

Mi«n.

85.4

2.1.0

28.40

26.20

30.66

,in. 26

27.30

Obsenrsd.

Yearly

inennH.

Max.

MIn.

Max.

Mln.

Max.

Mio.

.827

'.',''."

35.8

88.6

38.3

36.7

36.05

35.60

36.07

1

'

^8. O.'!

1828

1880

Ittl

1882

1888

1884

87.6
86.9
35.1
84.1
•M.7

40.6
88.3
38.7
87.8
39.2

i

1
!

17.0
16.0
1.4
16.1
U.3

64.6
46.6
46.6
48.9
48.0

36.8 38.3
24.6 38.7

28.0 32.0

24. 1 I 33. 5

-•0. 8 28. 3

36.5
81.9
34. 6
36. S
31.4

32.8 1

28.0

31.8

33.7

26.8

64.6
43.8
38.8
47.7 '
87.2

18.6
14.7
18.6
26.4
6. 1

28.0 3!. 6
24. a 27. 1
20. 0 32. 8
28.3 31.3
20.7 29.0

27.9
23.7
20.3
30.1
26.1

46. 6 1 12. 0
4tl 7.0
38. 9 12. 9
46. 6 18. 6
38.7 6.0

.16.41
3.1. 61
36.46
3K62
37.78

35.48

. ..

i

Heui....

98.86

i

16.86

86.72

48.88J

23.86

30.74

38.82

30.64

32.44

.•<.6)l

17.06 27.04 30.84 27.42 29.08

42. m

11.8

37.88

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE NATURAL HISTORY OF ALASKA.

53

Ob$«natiofu for direction of toind at lUuUuk, UnaUuhka, for IS25, l»i'J, I8i7,' 1838, 1839,1 1830, 1631, 1833, 1833, 1834,

old ityle.

Uonthi.

Diroetloo.

North.

KortbOMt

BMt.

SonthOMt.

Sonth.

88
74
84
81
68
89
94
76
55
55
57
60

266

SouthwMt

WMt

Kortl.wMt.

Oalmi Mid
hlKh kin.

•Ttnaary

130
58
81
53
40
34
21
37
67
52
68

139

196

22
20
16
82
42
88
23
16
19
13
18
20

113

52
81
48
63
78
56
17
15
28
29
87
47

219

74
66

83
81
76
84
72
74
88
54
57
39

242

39
46

U
87
63
77
130
86
82
94
69
62

143

49
48
83
79
87
41
7S
101
114
93
122
66

144

60
62
•8
67
81
47
33
64
63

107
73

114

164

188
148

81

Anril

90

Mliy

113
130

July

August

141
176

149

156

133

Drmmbur

Il«pinit« obwrTntionii in 1827,
1828, anil 1829

184
64S

Xotal

966

401

767

1,060

1,137

1,033

1,0m

1,003

3,331

* Jannnry, Fitbrnary, Uaroh, April, Ootobor, November, Deoembor. t Kirat six month*. In thin time about 160 oburTations lout.
ObiervatioHi for tht force of wind at IliuHuk, UnaUuhka, for »9i)i!ii 'jeiiri, betweep 1825 and 1834, old ttyle.

Months.

Janunry...
February .

March

Apri!

May

June

July

Atignnt ...
8*'Tttember
Oc'lcjVr ...
November
December..

ToUl

Three obnervattona each dav.

NoTI.— On the 17th of March and 29th of October, 1833, tlie wiiiil vrna extmordiuarily atmnK.

Form.

Light.

Moderate.

Freah.
69

strong. ,

Very
etrong.

286

137

41

12

237

114

68

36

366

167

80

46

260

167

95

S3

273

187

66

31

330

113

a

9

870

104

63

13

S65

148

48

»

30«

131

86

46

30B

133

T>

48

134

116

77

84

317

116

82

78

2,980

1,634

tao

427

66

Obtfrraliont of the tceatber at IliuHuk, Vnalaiihka, fomeren nei.iH, \»i:>, l»iG, 18-a," IKiO, tStl, IH;W, 183:1, l«M',old ityle-

Mentha.

Janaary...
February .

Ma'-oh

Anrll

May

June

July

AuKUni ...
.'^pi*'nil»ev
ilotolwr . ..
.Voverober.
Dccem'^er

Total

Clianice-
able.

Oluudy.

58 ;

69

76

:o

81
85
77
77
73

ni

90
112

lUln.

68
51
61
91
106
88
76
113
148
113
M
47

Snow.

118

84

114

86

31

4

0

3

39

90

126

132

y«r.

Total tbnn. Total earth -
deratorma. quake a.

1,016 866 I

398

* l*art of each of tlieae yonra. '^hrre obaervationa each day.
Thnnder-ntormi and earihqunkct noted in the above period.

Tear.

1826

1836

1880

1831

1333

1833

1839 and 1BS4

Total.

Thunder-
•tonn*.

lUrth-
qaakw.

17

33

OONTRIBITTIONS TO THE NATURAL HISTORY OP ALASKA.

JoHmal of meitorologieal ohtervationt at the village of IHuliuk, itland of Unalathka, from October, 1866, to Jpril, 1667, ty
tk« Bev, InnooeHt Shyathnikof, prie$t of the Unala$hlia district.

ti "

Tims.

Hoon.

n

1

f

Direction and force of the
wind.

Weather.

ie«6.
Oot 29

8a. m

0

40
60
42
40
48
46
40
4S
41
4C
42
3S
Sg
40
38
M
38
40
40
44
41
89
88
33
33
39
3«
30
38
SO
2«

39
44

38
33
44

20
35
41
29
28
33
28
26
37
36
34
35
32
28
36
33
27
41
32
32
39
32
38
40
40
41
42
38
40
41
38
39
42
89
3^
'.i
41
37
42
41
39
40
35
35
42
35
30
34
80
S9
40

o

"44.0"

"44.'7"

■■4L3"

NW., moderate

WNW., moderate

Snnsliine and otonded.

Noon

Sky interohaoging the whole day.

fin. m

do

30

S8W., )lKht

SSE., ino<leratD

8SW., moderate

.... do

WSW., moderate

do

WSW., fresh

Noon

Sky interchanclng.
Overcast or gloomy.
Clear.

31

8 a. m

Noon

8p. m

Cloady and at timea rain.

Not. 1

Sunshine and clear all day, but in the evening rain,

do

8d. m

40.3

do

2

Sunshine and clear, bnt at time* a wet anew fUllng.

Noon

do

38.0

■38. 6" ■
■'ii.'?'

"'36.'7"

"k'o"

do

3

8 a. m

B., Tery strong

Overcast or gloomy, and much wet snow and atrong rata.

Noon

8 D. m

88 W., moderate'.

Clear and at times rain.

4

8a. m

8SE., fresh

Noon

8n. m -

do

Clear and siiushine, with showers.
Overcast, wet snow.

6

8a. m

WNW., fresh

NW., very strong

do

Noon

Overcast, hail.

Do.

0

Sunshine and at times hail, clear, and oloaded.

Noon

SW., moderate

SSE., light

NW., niodirate

do

B i". m

Overcast and fine snow.

7

8 a. m

Siinrthinc, at times snow.

8d. ni ....

32.7

do

NW., moderate

OvercKst, at times snow

e

Noon

36.0
'40.'3"

KSK., fresh

IToon

WSW., ll»ht

Clear and snnshiue, withont clouds.

saw., light

10

8 a. m

do

Do.

■ "36.'3' '

NNE, light

Do.

8n. m

do

Do.

11

do

Cloudv and at times snow *

UToon

do

8p m

35.0

do

Clear and without clouds.

do

Do.

Ifoon

do

Clear, sunshine, and without clouds

28.3

do

h

NNE., fresh

Do.

Noon

do

Do.

8 p. m

36.3
' '33. 7'

"szi"

do

Do.

.... do

Do.

.... do

NNW.,fresh

N W., moderate

WNW., moderate

Clear and variable.

Cloudy and occasional snow.
Do.

Do.

NMJ., light

do ..

NNW., fresh

Do

CloL'dy and ccoaiiiuna' snow.

17

NNE., moderate

do

Noon

34.3

'46.3'
"so."?'

'■40.'o"

do

Do

Gloomy and at times snow.

ESE., very fresh

. ..do

Do.

do

Do

Do.

20

8 a. m

E. fresh

Do

ENE. fresh

Do

NNE., very fresh

NE. moderate

Cloudy and at times n.in.

21

8 a. m

ENE., moderate

do

Do.

Cloudy and at times rain.
Clouily.

. . .do

38.3
' '46.0'

23

8 Ik. m

NE. moderate

Do.

do

Do.

do

Do.

24

NNE., lli'ht

do

Do.

38.0

Do

Cloudv.

do

37.3

20

NW., fresh

Cloudv and at timea snow.

Noon

do

8d. m..

81.3

lo

Cloudv and at times snow.

17

WNW., moderate

D".

NOOD

NNB.,ilght

Clear and wltbont oloodi.

i I'

OONTBIBUTIONS TO THE NATURAL HISTORY OF ALASKA.

55

Journal of meteorohgioal obiervationn, <f'C. — Continued.

Time.

Honn.

i
1

>>

Direction and force of the
wind.

WfAMin.

laai.

Not. 27

0

34
34
38
36
26
35
34
31
31
29
20
28
25
24
24
25
20
3t
25
21
30
24
24
28
28
32
39
39
39
40

40
39
33
3li
36
38
42
40
39
40
38
36
44
33
37
41
38
35
39
35
37
38
38
39
43
41
36
30
3>i
36
39
35
35
39
37
34
39
36
31
30
26
26
29
84
30
37
34
30
,35
26
25
35
35
37
42
37
34

0

34.3
"36.6"

ENE. fresh

Overcast, enow.

Do.

Do.
Cloudy and at times hailing.
Clear and sunshine.
Overcast, snow.
Cloudy and at times snow.

Do.
Clear, clonds.

Do.
Cloudy and at times snow.
Glminiy and thick snow.
Gloomy and at times snow.
Cloudy and at times snow.

D?

r,i.

Clear lud sunshine,
rinudy and think snow.
L'louo V' and at times snow.

Do.
Cloudy and at times snow.
Clear and variable.

Do.
Cloudy and ponrlng rains.

Cloudy, rain, and snow.
Cloudy and rain,
Ovircast, riiiu, and snow,
'loudy nod at times r»ln.

Clear and variable.

Do.

Do.
Clear, sunshine.

Do.
Cloudy.
Overcast and much rain.

Do.
Cloudy and fine rain
Clou ly and at times rain.
CloudV and heavy rains.
Cloudy and at times rain.

Do,

Do,

Do.

Do.

Do.

Do.
Cloudy.
Hunshiue and at times rftln.

Do.
Dftrk and tint, rain.
Clouil\ [lid w,'t snow,
CliMirt V ;iiid at 1 imes rain.
c\o ^^ anil liiBvy rain.

!)0.

Do,
Cloudy aid thick snow.
Clear 8L" iinshine.
Ciondy ami at times rain.

Do.

Do.

Do.
Cloudy and heavy snn "
Fog and line snow.
Cloudy.
Cloudy and at times rain.

Do.

Do.
CI iily.

Cloiidv and at times snow.
Cloudy.

Do.
Dark, pouring rains.

Do.
(>lear and no clonds.
Clear and suushine.
Cloudy.

Clear and without clouds.
Cloudy and at times snow.
Clear and without clouds.

Do.
(Mrar, siinsbine, clouds.
Cloudy.
Dark, rain.

Do.
Dark and wet snow.

Do.

NE., fresh

Noon

NB. moderate

8n, m

NNE., fresh

Calm

do

20

8 a. m

81.7

NNE., fresh

30

g 0. m

Noon

Dec. 1

8 p. m

30.3

8 p. m

27.!.

Dm. 3

Noon.-..

24.3

3

'28.8

4

8 ft. m

Noon

8 n. m ...... ......

25.0

5

8ft. m

8D.ni

26.6

c

8 ft.ni

Noon

....... ..............................

8 n. m

3^6
39.0'

7

Noon

NNE., light

gF-n.

g

Noon....*.. ........

do

8 D. m

39.3

SW., moderate

do

t

Koon. >■•..•

do ..

8d,iii

34.6
'46.' 6'
'39.0"

SE., fresh

£N£. very fresh

10

8ft. m

do

11

6ft. m

SSW. very fresh

Noon

8W., verj fresh

12

lio

do

Noon.

37.6

do

do

13

8ft. m

Noon

"38.6'

do

... do

14

8b. m

do

... do

8 p. m

15

8ft. m

37.6

E.. very fresh . .

ENB., very strong ...
ESE., very fresh

Noon

8 p. m

16

8ft. m

Noon

. do

8 p. m

41.0

"37.6'

do

NE., light

Calm..

47

8ft. m

Noon

8p. m

S.SE ..moderate

do

18

8ft. m

Noon

do

36.6

do

Calm

do

19

8ft. m

Noon

37.0

•26:6"

"29.6'
"33. i"

ENE., moderate

8W., moderate

SSW., moderate

SSW., fresh

N., fresh

20

8ft. m

Noon

R p. m

21

8ft.m

Noon

ftp. ni

do"

Calm

22

8ft. m

..i". fresh

23

8ft. m

Noon

NNE., moderate

NNE., light

EN«;., fresh

NNE., fresh

do

8p.ni..

24

Noon*.

8 p. m

30.3

NNE Ilrzht

25

8ft. m

Noon

do

8p. m

31. «

NNE. fresh

M

8a. m..

Noon

8p. ni

do

«

88.6

NNE. very fresh.

8».m

do

*Me*n teraperatnre for November, 36°.l. Win , NNB. Bftin, snow.

\m.

^m'

m

m

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE NATURAL HISTORY OP ALASKA.

Journal of meteorological ohiervationi, j-o. — Continued.

Tims.

18(6.
Dm. 37

38

I' I

■li

'hi-'-

,) si

3»

18«T.
Jan. 1

Honn.

Noon.
8p. m
8». m
Noun.
8p. m
8*. m
KooD.
8p. m
8 a. m
Noon.
8p. m
8a. m
Noon.
8p. m

8a. m

Noon.

8p. m

8a. m

Noon.

8p. m

8a. m

Noon.

8p. m

8 a. m

Noon.

8p. m

Bt;. m

Noon.

Bp. m

Bam.

Noon.

8p. m

8a.m

Noon.

8p. m

8 a.m

Noon.

8p. m

8a. m

Noon.

8p. m

8H.m

Noon.

8p.m

8a. m

Noon.

8p. m

8s.m

Noon.

8p. m

6 a. m

Noon.

8p. m

8a. m

Noon.

8p. m

8a. m

Noon.

8p. m

8a. m

Noon.

8p. m

8 a. m

Noon.

8p. m

Bam

Noon.

8p. m

Bam

Noon.

Bp. m

8a.m

Noon.

Bp. m

8a.m

Noon.

Bp. m

8a.m

Noon

Bp. m

8a.m

Noon.

Bp. m

8a.m

Noon.

8p. m

8a.m

Noon.

81
30
23
31
38
3S
39

35
36
36
36
39
36
36
37
36

35
35
38
86
34
86
32
32
33
34
83

33
37
28
27
38
36
35
36
37
34
41
43
39
32
29
26
27
28
25
24
24
30
81
28
26
30
31
25
29
26
29
36
26
19
32
28
26
38
29
31
87
29
26
84
30
34
35
33
34
34

=3

30.3

30.0

'37.' 6'

35.6

37.0

S«.8

38.3

36.3

38.3

33.0

32.6

33.3

36.0

30.3

26.3

24.3

29.6

26.6

31.0

32.3

34.0

Direction a id force of the
wind.

NNW., TetT strong.
NTS'., very itrong . .

WNW., fresh

do

W., tteab

WNW., freah

do

do

NNK., light

Calm

KNE., raoderatt* —

ESE., moderate

ESK., fresh

rNB., fresh

Weather.

E,, moderate

ESE., moderate

E., moderate

S8E., light

SSW., moderate

.I'ISE., very fresh j Dark and fine snow.

S., fresh 1 Clondy and at times snow

Dark and at timea snow.

Dark and snow.

Dark and at timea snow.

Do.

Do.

Do.

Do.

Do.
Clear and withoat clouds.
Clear and snnshlne.
Clondy and at times rain.

Do!
Dark and wet slow.

Dark and heavy rain.
Clondy and at times rain.
Dark .ind heavy rain.
Cloudy and at times rain.
i>o.

do
BSW., moderate....

, do

S., moderate

NNE., very fresh..,

NNE., light.. ,

do

NNE., fVesh

NNE., iresh ,

do

NN W., moderate . .

N., veiy fresh

do

NNE., very strong.

W., very fresh

VVSW., fresh

SSW., fresh

SSW., moderate ....

do

8SW., light

, do

SSE., light

ESE., light

ENE., mode-'te

NE.. mo<^-iat«

NNE., aoderate —

dj

, < o

N., freah

do

do

N., very fresh

NNW., very fresh..

do

N., very fresh

NNW., very fresh..

do

N.. very fresh

NNE., ?resh

do

do

do

do

NNW, , very fresh .

N., fresh

. . do ,

NNW., fresh

NNW., moderate ..

N., moderate

do

NNE., light

do

Calm ,

do

do

do

do ,

ENE., moderate...

Calm — . . . . .

NNE., moderate

do

ENE., moderate

NE., fresh

do

do

NNE., moderate

N.,ft«8h

fto.

Do.

Do.

Do.
Dark and wet snow.

Do.
Clear and sunshine.
Cloudy.

Dark and fine snow.
Clondy and dne snow.
Clear and without clouds.
Cloudy.

Dark and dne snow.
Dark and heavy.
Dark and fine snow.
Dark and snow at times.

Do.
Cloudy and snow at times.
Clear and sanshine.
Clear and without clouds.
Cloudy.

Do.

Do.
Dark and snow.
Dark --■ dne rain.

T o.
Dark ai.'< rain.
Dark and s<,-'>w.

Do.
Clear and without clouds.

Do.

Do.
Clear and at times olondt.

Do.

Do.
Clondy and at times snow.

iJo.

Do.
Clear and sunshine.
Cloudv.

Do!

Do.
Cloudy and at times snow.
Clear and at times oloudn.

Do.
Cloudy.

Cloudy and at times snow.
Clear and sunshine.
Clear and without clouds.

Do.
Clear and sunshine.
Clear and at times clouds.

Do.
Clear and sunshine.
Clear and without clouds.

Do.

Do.

Do.
Clear and at times clouds.

Do.
Cloudy.

Overcast or dark and flne snow.
Overcast and heavy snow.
Overcast and at times snow.
Clear and clondy.

Do.

'Mean temperature for .ueoember, 83°.87.

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE NATURAL HISTORY OF ALASKA.

57

Journal of mtteorologieal ohtervatUyM, fe. — Contianed.

Time.

Honn.

Sii

§1

e«

=3

Direction and force of the
wind.

Weather.

1867.
Jan. it
26

31
Feb. '*{

9
10
11
12
13
14
16
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23

8p. m .

8ft. m .

Noon. .

8p. m .

8 a. m .

Noon .

8p. m .

.^ a. m .

Noon..

8p. m .

8 B.m .

Noon..

8|>. m

8 A. m .

Noon . .

8p. m .

8 a. m .

Niinn.

8p. m .

8 n.m

Noon..

8 p. m

8». m .

Noon .

8 p. m .

8a.m.

Nnon..

8p. m .

8A.m .

Noon. .

8 p. m .

8 a. m .

Noon..

8p. m .

8 a.m .

Noon..

8p. m .

8a.m.

Noon..

8p. m .

8a.m.

Noon .

8p. m .

8 a nt .

Noon..

8p. m .

8a.m .
I Noon..

8p. m.

8 a. m .

Noon..
! 8 p. m .
I 8a.m .
I Noou . .

8p. m .

8 a. m .

Noon. .

8 p. m .

8a.m

Noon.

8 p. m . .

8am .

Noon . . .

8p. m

8 a. m ..

Noon. ..

8 p. m . .

8a.m..

Noon ..

8 p. ni . .

8 a. m . .

Niton. ..

8 p. ra . .

8 H. Ill . .

Noon...
8 p. m .
8 H. m .
N.ion...
8 p. m . .
8 a. in . .
Noon...
8 p. m . .
8 a ni . .
Noon . . .
8 p. m . .
8am..
Noou...
8 p. m . .

28

27
33
26
26
32
26
35
3«
36
36
38
36
36
38
36
•M
27
21
20
22
20
16
16
13
17
20
13
16
20
17
27
31
34
30
44
33
32
49
34
30
44
33

32
36
32
36
45
36
27
28
26
29
34
36
44
45
48
40
52
42
37
37
34
26
ii
34
34
36'
35
34
38
29
89
44
42
44
48
38
87
44

85
36
84

30.3

2a 3
30.6'
'38.'3'

36.3

26.6
20.' 7'
'ii.7'

16.7

ii'.i'
'36.7

35.7
'38.3"

35.0
'38.6"

33.3

38.6
'27.'o'

33.6"
'45.6'

44.6

'36 6'

34.0
'35.6'

33.8

41.6
'43.3

do

NW, moderate

WNW.,morti'rate....
NNW., moderate....

Calm

\V., moderate

do

do

SW., moderate

Calm

K.,fre«h

do

NE., very Htronjf

ENB..very slrond ...

NE., fresh

.. do

N., Kale

do

do

do

NNW., fresh

NW., fresh

do

do

do

do

NNW.. fresh

?^., very fresh

NNW., fresh

do

WNW., mmlerato....
KNE.. very fresh —

do

NE.. moderate

Calm

do

do

do

... do

SSE., mo<1erat«

8SW., moderate

8 W,, modulate

ESE., very fresh

S., fresh

SW.,fie8h

do.

SSW., fresh

do

ESE., fresh

SSE., moderate

do

Cnlm

W.fW., very strong.

NW., fiesh

NNW., fresh

Calm

do

SW.. moderate

S., miMlerato

ilo

do

do

do

do

SSW., frish

SW., fivHh

SSW,, fresh

Catiii

ilo

EVK., fiBsli

BNE., viry fivnh .
SW., very fresh ...

do.:

WNW , fimh. ...
W\\V.. moderate.
N.NE . model Htti...

S., Iitwh

do

do

do

to ,

S., uKitlerate

S V fnwl.

WSW., iivsh

.do .

86.0

WS>V., iiiolerate.
W.. mnder.ite ...
SW., flesh

Clear and without clouds.
Cloudy.

Clear and sunshine.
Clear aud without clonda.
Clear and at times olonds.
Cloudy and at times snow.
Clear and at times clouds.
Clear and without clouds.
Cloudy and at times snow.

1)0.
Clear and without clouds.
Clomli'.

Dark and wet snow.

Dark and fine snow.

Dark and at times rain.

Dark and fine snow.

Cloudy.

Cloudy and snow.

Oloudv and at time* anow,

60.

Do.

Do.

1)1.

Do.

Do.

Do.

Do.
Cloudy

Cloud} and at times anow.
Clouilv.

Dark and snow.
Dark.

Dark and snow.
Clear and without clouds.
Clear, sunshine, and clonds.
Clouilv and at times snow.

Do.

Do.
Clear and at times clonda.

Cloudy.

Do!
Do.

Clear without clouds.
Cloudv anil at tiineii rain.
Cloudy and m times hail.
l>(iTk and at times snow.
Clear mid without clouds.

Do.
('leni'. Miiishino, and clouds.
Cloudy.
Dai'k Hiid wet snow.

Do.

Do.
Clear and at times cloudy.
Clear and without clouds.

Do.
i;ioiidy.

Dark and fine anow.
Cloudv.

Do.

Do.
Clpikr aud dark weather.
Clear and without clouds.

Do.
Clonily.

Clear aud without olouds.
Chmdv and at time* mow.

Do.

S. Mis. 155 8

*Meau tcmpuralure for JaanaTy, 81*^.66.

58

ii i

sfc a

•i '

OONTRIBlTTIOIfS TO DHE NATURAL HISTORY OP ALASKA.

Journal of meteorological obiervationt, fc. — Coutinned.

Time.

Honra.

f

DirectloD and force of tbe
wind.

Weather.

1867.
Feb. 24

Ha.m

0

26
25
21
26
29
17
32
35
33
39
41
35
86
40
34
35
39
32
33
4>
28
32
45
32
32
36
32
«5
43
3C
37
39
35
39
41
29
35
37
35
38
40
30
36
45
34
32
42
34
31
43
29
37
42
32
34
39
37
35
47
35
33
48
35
40
45
36
38
40
31
38
44
37
45
46
42
44
46
40
42
49
38
38
43
42
41
44
37
42
43

o

"ii'.o
"24.6

"33.'3'

WNW., very freah

Cloudy.

8p. m

N., fresh....

Do.

K

Calm

Noon

do

Do.

8 p. m

do

Do.

2«

.. do

£SE. moderate ...

Clear, sansbUie, vithont olondi.
Do,

8E., fresh

Clondv. '

87

Ham

S8E., freah

do . ...

Do.

38.5
'36.6'
'35.3'

do

do

Do.

28

Noon

8p. m

do

SE. fresh

Do.
Clear and wlthont clouds.

8a.m

Noon

SSE., light

Cnlm

Clear, sunshine, without elondi.
Do.

do

Do.

2

Ha. ni

do

Do.

do

Do.

34.6

do

do

do

Do.

3

Cloudy.

36 3

do

Clnndv.

4

X()on

Uo . . . .

33.3
"38.0"

'36.3'
'35.8'

NNE., fresh

5

8 n. m

NE., nioderttto

do

0

do

E., moderate

ENE.. light

Dark and heavy rain.

8p.ni

7

SW., fresh

do

Cloudy.

Noon

8

8a.m

ENE. fresh

Noon

6 p. ni

,lo

Dark and heavy rain.
Do

9

ESE verv fresh

3a 0

Gloomy and heavy rain.
Clou'lv iwid at times rain.
Do

10

Nrton

SSE., fresh

do

3S.3
"35.8

Cloudy and at times rain.

11

8 A. m

ENE. fresh

Noon.

8.SE., fresh

8 D. m

SSE.. moderate

1)0

12

Noon

36.3

do

Do.

13

do

Do.

Noon

"36.' (V

do

Do

do

SSE. fresh . . .

Do.

14

8 a. in

Cloudy.

do

8d. m

37.0
'39.0'

NE. fresh

Do

16

NNE., fresh

NNW, moderate

WNW., light

Calm

Cloudy.

16

8 a-m

Do

do

Clear, sunshine, and cloudy.

38.6
"46.3'

ENE.. fresh

17

8 a. m

Noon

Cloudj-.

SSE., light

do

Cloudy and at times rain.

18

do

Noon

8p. m

1 (in

Do

36.3

Calm

19

do

39.0'
'44. 3'
43.6'

SSB., light

Do "

B., fresB

Gloomy and heavy rain.

20

S., fresh

do

ESE., fresh

Noon

8 p. ni

21

S8K., fresh

Noou

du

ESE. fresh .. .

Gloomy aud heavy rain.
Cloudy and at times rain.
Cloudy.
Do

22

8a,m

SSE., fresh

do

43.6

SSW., fresh

SSE., ft-esh

23

Do

do

8 D. m

41.0

E.SK., fresh

24

SB., fresh

Do.

do

Cloudy.

6d. m

40.6

SfitW., moderate

26

do

Noon

do

Cloudy.

* Mean temperature for February, t8°.32.

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE NATURAL HISTORY OP ALASKA.

59

Journal of meteorological obaervationi, tf-o. — Continued.

Time.

Houii.

|l

>>

Direction and force of tbe
wind.

Weathe.-.

1867.
Mar 26

Sp.m

8a. m

Noon

o

80

32

34

28

28

23

21

23

3S

27

87

49

35

29

3«

24

o
40.3

Cloudy.

do

'si.s'
■■2io'

W8W. niod«rat«

Do.

NW., freiih

Cloudy.

27

N., gain

Cloudy and at timen anc\w.

NV.,?re8h. .:::!:::.*;!!!'.'..

28

(;i()ii(|}-.

Noon

2&3

SB. froRh

Dark and huow.

29

8a. m

Noon

Cloudy and at (ImeB anew.
Clear, HUUHlilne, without clouda.

.'do

38.0

30

N., fresh

do

Cloudy.

Noon

*

8 D.m

29.6

8E., moderate

Do.

* Mean temperature for thirty ' lys in March, 38.°81.

SUMMAKV^.

Month.

Mean
tempera*
tnre. ^

Daily
maximum.

Dally
minimum.

THo clood-
leu days.

o

36.1

33.0

31.7

33.3

318

o

41.7

41.0

37.0

4S.6

44.3

o

30.3

24.3

24.3

14.7

23.0

Uarcb,1867

1 [ if

1!

PART III-PLANTS.

Note.— The matter inclosed by parentheses, and including the initial T, has been added to
the list of plants given by Dr. J. T. liothroclc.*

RANUN CUL ACBiB,

Thalictrum alpinum, L., Kotzebne Sound and Port Clarence.

Anemone alpina, L., Kotzebne Sound.

Anemone jiatens, L., Fort Yukon.

Avemone parviflora, MiOHX., Kotzebne Sound.

Anemone rkhardnoni, Hook., Unalasbkii, Kotzebne Sound, Yukon River.

Anemone narcinsiflom, h.,\ = A. multiMa of IIookeb). "Kotzebue Sound, Point Barrow to
R[ackenzie River, Unalashka Island. (This species is abundant throughout the Aleutian Islands,
attaining a height of 1 foot. The early spring growth on the upper en.l of the root is eaten by the
natives of those islands. It has a waxy, farinaceous taste which is not disagreeable. T.)

Hepafivn triloba, OliAix., Sitka.

Ranunculus palla^ii, ScHLEOiiT., Kotzebue Sound.

Kanunculm hyperboreuH, Rottb., Norton Sound to Wainwright Inlet.

R.purshii, RiouARDS., Kotzebue Sound.

B. lapponicus, L., Kotzebue Sound.

B. pygmceus, Waul., Kotzebue Sound.

R. nivalis, R. Bb., Kotzebue Sound.

R. eschscholtzii, Sohlecht., Kotzebue Sound to Oape Lisburne.

B. occidetitalis, NuTT., (B, recurvatus, Bongard in Vegetation of Sitka, but not of PoiR), Sitka.
(R. fluviatilis, L., Atkha and Attn Islands. Quite common in the running streams of water,

and occasionally in the upland pools. T.)

(R. nelsoni, D 0. Abundant throughout the Aleutian Islands. Attains a height of 15 inches.
T.)

Oaltha palustris, L., var. aaari/olia, Uualashka, RoTHROOic. (All Aleutian Islands, quite com-
the lower hill slopes. T.)

C, leptosepala, D C Sitka.

0. arctica, R. Bb., Tliis species doubtless occurs in the extreme northeast part of the territory.

Coptis in/olia, Salisb., Sitka.

G. asplenifolia, Salisb., Sitka.

(0. trifolia, Salisb., Common throughout the Aleutian Islands and mainland coast, growing
solitary, 2 to 3 inches high. This species was collected also at an elevation of 1,300 feet at Atkha
Island. T.)

Aquilegia formosa, Fiscn., (= A. canadensis, BoNO). Sitka.

Delphinium menziesii, D C. Kotzebue Sound to Cape Lisburne.

Aconitum napellus, L., var. delphini/olium. Smith. Sitka, Kotzebue Sound, Chain'.*so Island,
Norton Sound, and between Point Barrow and Mackenzie River. (Quite common through the
entire Aleutian chain. T.)

NTMPHiBACIiJB.

Nvphar luteum. Smith. Sitka,
west side of Attu Island. T.)

(This species grows vigorously in a shallow lake on the south-

• Sketch^of the Flora of Alaska, by J. T. Rothrock, M. D.

(Suutbsouiau Report for 1807, pp. 433-46:),)

61

62

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE NATURAL HISTORY OF ALASKA.

PAPAVERACB2I.

Papaver alpinum, L., P. nudicaule. Norton Sound, Kot/.obno Sound, and from Point Barrow
to Mackenzio River. {Nudicauh occurn upiiriiiKly i» the rociiy bed of tlie creeic beyond tlie large
lake aoutheaat of the village of lliuliuk on UnabiHlika Island. It wau not observed on any other
ialand, though carefully searched for. T.)

FUMARIACBJa.

Corydalis pauciffora, Pbrs,, Norton Sound, island of Saint Lawrence.
0. gluuca, Pitrsii. Point Barrow to Mackenzio River.

I : I

iS ■ .

i|i'

M 1

CRUCIPBRJB.

Barber ea vulo'tr is, R. Br., Sitka and Norton Sound. All Ahnitian Islands. (T.)
Arabia hirauh', Scop., Sitka and Unalaslika. (All the Aleutian Islands. T.)
{Arabia petraa, L., var. ambiflua, Reokl. Sitka and throughout Aleutian Chain. T.)
Nasturtium palustre, I) C, Es(!hlioltz Bay, Unalashka, and Yukon River.
Cardamine Icnensis, Andre. Island of Saint Lawrencic, Unalashka, Sitka.

C. pratemis, L., Kotzebue Sound, Point Barrow, to Mackenzie River; ^Norton Sound and
throughout the Aleutian Jp.lands. T.)

G. hirsutu, L., Unalashka and Sitka, (Atkhii Island. (Joninion. T.)

G. purpurea, Cham., Kotzebue Sound, Wainwright Inlet, Unalashka.

G. digitata, RicnARUS., (Possibly only a form of V, prntenitia ; see J. I). Hooker in Outlines
of the Distribution of Arctic Plants.) Wainwright Inlet, island of Saint Lawrence,* and between
Point Barrow and Mackenzio River.

AlysHum hypcrboreum, L., A doubtful native of America. Jjedobour, in Flora Rossica, simply
tells us (on authority of StoUer t'.nd Krasch) that it is "in ora occidont^ile Americio borealis."

Parrya macrocarpa, R. Br.., Kotzebue Sound, Cape Lislmrno, between Point Barrow and
Mackenzie River, and island of Saint Lawrence.

Draba algida, D C, Island of Saint Lawrence.

i>. alpina, L., Kotzebue Sound.

]). glacialis, Adams. Cape Lisburne, Assistance Bay, Garry Island.

D. stellata, Jacq., var. hebeearpa. Kotzebue Sound, Unalashka, and Saint Lawrence Island (t).
(High hill-tops of Aleutian Islands, rare. T.)

1). hirta, L., Kotzebue Sound.

D. incana, L., Garry Island, Saint Lawrence Island, Unalashka, (all the Aleutian Islands.
Quito common. T.)

Z>. gracilis, Ledeb., Unalashka.

D. borealis, D C. Islands of Saint Lawrence and Unalashka. According to Ji D. Hooker
this species is perhaps only a leafy form of I), incana.

D. unalaschkiana, D C, "A var. D. borealis" (T), Ledebour, op. cit. at Unalashka.

D. stenoloba, Ledeb., Unalashka.

I), inuricella, Wahl., D. nivalis, Lil.iebl., Wainwright Inlet.

I), grandis, Langsdorfp. Sitka, Unalashka.

Cochlear iafenestrata, R. Bu., Norton Sound to Point Barrow and Assistance Bay.

G. ohlongifolia, D C. Sitka, Kotzebue Sound, Wainwright Inlet, and between Point Barrow
and Mackenzio River, Norton Sound.

G. anglica, L., Kotzebue Sound and Assistance Bay.

{Gochlearia officinalis, h.. Saint Michael's. Seven inches high, not very common; abundant
throughout the Aleutian Islands. T.)

Tetrapoma pyriforme, Seemann. Tab. 2, Bot. of Voyage of the Herald. Probably introduced
by the Russians, as it has not been found elsewhere than at Saint Michael's.

Hesperis pallasii, T. and G. Kotzebue Sound and Cape Lisburne.

Sisymbrium sophia, L., var. sophioides. Kotzebue Sound and between Point Barrow and Mac-
kenzie River,

OONTUIBUTIONS TO TUK NATURAL MISTOUY OF ALASKA.

68

f!ry»mum lanccolntum. It. Ull., Arctic <'«)nst, Pillion.

Kutrema edwnrihii, It. Hit., Siiiiit Lhwitik-u.

Aphrngmim enehiichoUzianun, Andiix., IJiiiiliiHlikii.

IIutchitiHia calycina, Oksv., KoIzpIhkj Hounil uiul Capo Kriizfliisterii.

VIOLACB^.

Viola hijlnra, Ti., viir. xitchnmis, Hv.aVA,. Silka.

V. blandii{1), Kotzt'hiic Houinl (Motaiiy of nocclio.v's Voyiijj*')-

V, Laminilorffii, Fiscn., Kotliiik aiitl IJiiiila.slika. (Tlim H|u'(;i('.>* 18 qiiito pliMitirul on all tlie
Aleutian iMlandM. Tlio phiiitH foiiiiil <iii iu>i'taiii areas of tlii^ lowtT (^roiinils attain a vi;;()roiiH
growtli. TlioHe which occnr on the iMlantl of Attn are (|uite Hinall and of lif^hter lilue color. T.)

DROBBRACBJE].

Ih-oitcra rotnndiJ'oUa, L., Siti<a. (This plant is not conimon at Saint Michael's, there growin)?
in rery small patches. The (lowers arc white; ; ttaiiis there a hei;j;ht of 'J inches. Anion;; all the
Aleutian Lslands it occurs plenlifnlly, here atlainin;; a;;reatei' size and lar^e patches which reiiiaiu
in (iolor (decj) reildish brown) tlirouKhonl the entire winter. 'I'lu* leaves exude a visiiid substance
which allnres small dipterons insetrts, and these are linally at»s(n-lied. T.)

Paniansiii imhinlris, L., Norton Sound, Fort Ynkoii. ((Jonimon at bases of ravino sides and
hills amoii^ the western islands of the Alentian chain. T.)

P. httzvhttn, ClIAM., I'ort (llaience to Cape lii.sbiirnc, Hoi. Herald. (Oommon on the western
islands ot the Aleutian chain, less so on the eastern islands, ^rowin^ ai the bases of hills. Flowers
white. T.)

CARyOPHYLLACB.a3.

DianthuH rupenx, Wii.t.d., Norton Sonnd, Kolzebue Somid, ('apt- Lisbnrne, and Yukon Hiver
banks.

iiViVefie fi«f(u/i«, L., Kotzebuc Sonnd, ('ape liisburne, an<l between I'oint Harrow and Macken-
zie lliver.

jMelamlryum apelaliim, Fkn/i,., Kotzebiie Sound anil northern lioasts.

Spvrgtild siijiiiioides, \i., Sitka, dialashka, and Kotzebiie Sound.

»V. rubra, T. and (l., Sitka.

iS. arrenHiH, L., Sitka.

Areiiiirifi rcnia, L., (var. hirin). Western sh< 'c of Norlhern Alaska.

A. arctira, Fknzi,., Kotzebue Sound to Cape Lisbnrne. (This plant was obtained ( ;ily at
SaniiAk Island, ^lo^vin^ in lar^e stools; the heads were of a delicate pink color. Not observed
elsewhere on the islands to the westward. T.)

A. mocrocarpa, Funzl., Saint Ijawrcnce Island anil northwest coast.

Ifonke^irya pfiploiilex, Kn\t., Norlhern shoi'es. (Obtained at Alkha Island; not common;
grows on the drier hill sides. T.)

H. peploiifen, vnr, ohloHiii/oUii, lOiiii., Silka and Kotzebiie Snimd.

Mcrkiii pin/sodes, Fihch., Norton .Sound lo I'oi'it Harrow.

MdcliriiKjiii laterijlora, I'"];n/,l., Silka lo I'nalaslika, Fort Yukon.

Slelliiria media, Smith. Silka and IJnalashka.

S. horcalin, Higki.ow. Sitka and Uiialashka.

S. borvalis, var. crisjm. Sitka and ;Jnalashka.

>S'. crangifolia, ICnii., Sitka.

S. humifum, Kotthl., Silka, Norton Sound, Kot/.ebue Sound. •

8. lomjifoUa, MuiiL., Sitka and Kotzebiie Sound.

>S. Inngipin, (iOI.dik. Kotzebiie Sound, Yukon Kiver.

S. ulijiinom, L. (Obtained only at Attn and Atkha Islands, growing; under the eaves or in the
crevices of the oldest wooden houses. It is ipiite rare at either place. T.)

GeraHtium vuhjutum, L., C. alpinum, in I'.oiigard's Ve^-etation of Silka. (Obtained at Atkha
Island amoug the wet localities on sides of hills. Flowers iu early July. T.)

64

CONTKIBUTIONS TO THE NATURAL UI8TOUY OF ALASKA.

l^W

C. vulqntum, L., viir. grandijtorum, Lkubii., in Florn IlimHioa. Norton Sound.
0. vulgalum, L., var. hehrinijianum, Lkdkh., in Fiorii UosNiini. Norton Sound.
(Sojjinn Hnnm^ }*bu8T., ()l>tiiined from tliu lilgli iiiUto|m of Atltlui Inlund ; not coininon.

T.)

lAnum perennc, L., Fort Yukon.

LINACBiB.

OERANIACB^

Qermiium erianihum, D ('., Sitknand (JnaliiMlilia. (liaroat Saint Micliavl'H; abundant tiirough-
out tho Aleutian Islands. Flowers palu blue. T.)

LSaUMINOSA.

Lupinus perennin, L., Kotzebuc Sound.

L.nootlcatenHin, DoNN. Unalaslikii, Fort Yukon. (This jilant is very abuiulant tlirongtiout the
entire coast line of Alaska, including tlie AltMitian Islands. It attains a iieiKlit aceordinp; to
locality, tlie more northern i)lants are of small si/e while on the Aleutian Islands it frtniuently
attains a height of 4 fiet. The flowers are pale blue to nearly white, forming; a raceme of nearly a
foot in length. The root is very large; and, in rich soil, becomtvs over 15 inches in Ienf;tli by 2 or '^
inches in «lianieter and of spindle-shape. This plant is calhMl zh6Uia h'lren or " yellow-root," by the
Itussian-speaking people. About tho middle of ()(rtober the Aleuts dig great quantities of these
roots for food. The roots are carefully scraped until the skin is removed, the interior possessing a
slightly bitter but farinaceous taste and is eaten either raw or else boiled. When eaten in exeei^s
jt is apt to produce disagreeable ett'ects, and if oily food is not also eaten soon after the ijresence
of so much woody fiber in tin- stomach and intestines, is likely to produce fatal intlammation. The
roots are frequently tho only food that the hunters can obtain during long-continued storms. Sev-
eral such instances have occurred to my own knowledge. 1 am not aware that the natives of the
mainland nnike use of Ihis i)lant for food. A remark concjerning the spread of this plant may not
be out of place. Near the grave-yard of Iliuliuk village on Unalashka Island in 1878, but few stalks
of this plant were to be seen; in 1881 the area was covered with a mass of vigorous stalks and were
frequently referred to by others who had noticed their rapid growth. Tho cattle formerly collecte«l
there when they had eaten sulliciently, and their droppings may have favored tho increased growth
of these plants. T.)

Trifolium repens, L., Sitka; fide Dr. A. Kellogg.

Astragaltis frigidus, Gray. Phaca frigidus, L., Kotzebue Sound.

A. (ilpinus, L., Kotzebue Sound to I'oint Barrow, Fort Yukon.

Apolarin, Bentk., Uediscovored by Seeniann at Eschscholtz Bay, in Kotzebue Sound, during
the voyage of tho Herald. See J. D. Hooker, on Distribution of Arctic Plants.

A, hfipoglottis, L., Pcint Barrow and eastward. Fort Yukon.

Oxytropis campentrin, J) C, including 0. horealiH, D C Kotzebue Sound.

0. uralensis, L., Kotzebue Sound and west coast of Alaska.

Vieia gigantea, Hook., v. amerivana, MuuL., Sitka, Arctic coast.

Lathyrus maritimus, Bigel., Sitka, west coast of Alaska. (Grows abundantly throughout
tbe coast line of Alaska, south of Ca])e Lisburne, and including the entire chain of Aleutian
Islands. In some localities it becomes very luxuriant, the legumes bearing several seed of consid-
erable size. There is no usr made of this plant by tho natives; neither is it eaten by the cattle or
sheep. T.)

Hedymriim horeale, NuTT., Kotzebue Sound and Cape Lisburne.

H. mackenzii, Uichabds., Yukon Eivor, 50 miles west of Fort Yukon. Sweetish root, eaten by
the Indians.

ROSACEiB.

Spiraa betuli/olia, Pall., Kotzebue Soiind.

8. arunctis, L., Bitka.

S. salicifolia, L., Point Barrow to Mackenzie River.

S. peotinata, T. and G., Sitka and about Bering Straits.

0ONTKIUUTION8 TO TIIK NATUUAL HISTORY OF ALAHKA.

Dryaii ovU>itviala, L., Kctt/.ubiio aouiitl to Port (Iliironcc hiiiI iiortliiTii hIioip. Dr. Uothronk
Hft.VH lio ciinnot do otlicrwiHo thiiii unite /'. inU-grifolia, Vahi,., with tliiw HpecicM ; J. I). Hooker
iiiiN iiirettdy iloiio ho in liiH piiper qiiototl id)ov(\

Gcnm vxacroiihyUum. VVii.i.DK,, Hitkii, UnaltiHlikii. (Olttaiiu'd only iit Attn iiiul UniiluHlikii.
Not common iit llniiliiNlikii, iinil l>ut litllo more so »t Attn. Tlii' semidoine.stlcatcd younj,' of the
whitoehi'oki'd \^^^^m^ devour the JeiiveMof this phmt ho tliiit it in dillicult to ol)tiiin ^^mi\ Hpocimeim
of it. Flowers yellow, pliinl att. \h \\\i ii height of M5 inclieM. T.)

G. falthi/oliii.H^i^yiiTU. UniiliiHlika, Sitka. (Orows amonK the drier crovices and defts of
rockH alonjr the beacili. Usually in Htooln of variable size. Flowers bright yellow. .lune to latter
part of Annust. Some of the leaves remain green the entire year. (!omnion throuKliout theentiro
Aleutian chain. Kare at Saint Miclnu I'l,, and there (piitti stunted. T.)

a. (flacidle, Adamh. (Jape Lisbiirne and Kotzebue Sound; also found on northern Hhore, west
of Mackenzie Uiver.

G. ronHti, Skuinok. Unalashka.

Siinguimrhn canadcnitiH, h., Hanks of Muckhuid River, llnnlashkn, Sitka, Fort Yukon, Yukon
River banks,

Sibhaldia imwumhenn, L., Uualashka. (All the Aleutian IslandB, rarely exceeding an inch in
height. T.)

Potentilla norvegica, L,, Sitka, Point Harrow to Mackenzie River.

P. jyeHnsylranica, L., Kotzebue Sound.

/'. (tnnerinti, L., Sitka, Kotzebue Sound, I'oint Marrow, northern coast, Fort Yukon.

/'. nana, Lkum., Kotzebue Sound.

/'. vmaryiiiata, Puusii. Kotzebiu' Sound, between Point Barrow and ivrackenzie Kiver.

/'. nirva, L., Kotzebue Sound and (ioast west of Cape Hathurst, ,/irfe Botany of the Herald.

r. rillona, Pall., Kotzebue Sound, Cnalashka, Sitka. (Common throughout the (ioast of the
mainland and the Aleutian Islands, growing, on rocky places near the beach. Flowera yellow. T.)

i*. bijiora, Lkiim., Kotzebue Sound, Cape Lisburne.

r./ruticona, L., Kotzebue Sound, banks of Buckland River.

P. paluxtrin, Scoi'., Sitka, Saint liawrence.

Kiilmn HjwctohiUn, PuKSii. Sitka, Kadiak, Cape Saint Hlias.

li. arvtkuH, L., Kotzebue Sound, Saint Michael's.

R. pedatus, Smith. Sitka.

li. ehamwmorm, L., Sitka, nortli and west coast of Alaska. (Very abundaut at Saint
Michael's and southward along the entire coast, including Aliaska and Uniniak, AkuttiU, Attn,
and Agattu, of the Aleutian Islands. It is not found on IJnalashka or any of the intermediate
islands to Attn. The berries are sliglitly acid when fully ripe, and are eagerly sought for by the
natives, who preserve them by putting them in water and allowing the nuiss to freeze. Among
the Eskimo of Norton Sound the berries are mixed with the backfat of the reindeer, to form the
talkuaha of the Russians. The children begin to pi(!k these berries as soon as they have formed
in fruit, and eat them in such quantities that scarcely anything else is consumed during the entire
day. T.)

(liubus utellatuii, Smith. Not observed at Unalashka; plentiful at Atklia, and less abundant
at Attu. Flowers pink ; fruit insignificant, scarcely having taste. T.)

R, nutkanus, M09., Sitka.

Rosa cinnamomea, L., Point Barrow to Mackenzie Eiver, Fort Yukon.

Pyrwt riviilaris, Dougl., Sitka.

P. sambucifolia, Cham, and Schleoht., Sitka. (A species of " strawberry "; grows abundantly
on Akutan Island, the fruit being very fragrant and of excellent flavor. At Atkha island the
same species is found sparingly on the path from Naztiii Bay to Old Harbor, I have eaten the
fruit from both the localities named above, but could not obtain specimens of the p'^nt at the
proper season. It is not Ibund on any other of the islands to my knowledge. T.)
S. Mis. 156 9

-TfWJ^BS^JTSRW'r'gP?^!?'"

66

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE NATURAT. HISTORY OP ALASKA.

ii

11
II.

ONAOhACEiB.

Epilobium angiuii/olium, h., Sitka, Unahi'lika, Fort YiikoB, banks of Yukon River, nortli and
tvest sliores of Alaska. (At Saint Micliael's this plant occuivs, generally solitary, among the tall
givwscs on the steeper hill J'.les, growing to a height of 8 to 17 inches. Flowers pinkish to leil. T.)

K InU/olium, L., Nor.on Sound, Point Barrow, Sitka,lhialashka. (Abundant along the rocky
^lauks of creeks ^ attains a height of 18 inches. Flowers reddish purple, very showy. The stems
are very wo:"dy and difdcult t j break. T.)

K luterm, PuHSH. Sitka, Unalasldta. (Abundant throughout the Aleutian Islands, rare at
Saint Michael's. Flowers yellow. T.)

JE. pahistrc, L., Kotzebue Sound, /(rfe Ledebour, in Flora Rossica.

E. teiragonum, L., (iriven as a native of this rcH'io".

E. roseum, Schreb., Sitka. (Plentiful throughout the Aleutian Islands; grows in wet locali-
ties. T.)

E. alpinmn, L., Sitka.

E. affine, Bongakd. Sitka. (Most altiindant on the western islands of tlii^ Aleutian chain;
less common on the eaateiT. islands. Grows 2 feet high. T.)

Cirvan alpina, L., Siik i.

Eippuris vulgariH, I.., Sitka, Bay of Good Hope.

B. montana, Ledeb., Unalashka.

I'^. maritima, Hellen. Kotzebue Sound and delta of river Bncklnnd.

PORTnLACACB.ffi.

Glaytonia virginica, L., Kot/ebuo Sound.

C. sarmcntom, 0. A. Meyer. Cape LiKburne, Kotzebue Sound.
Cjiagellaris, Bong,, 'S'ltkv..

0. sihirica, L., Sitka, Cape Saint Ellas. (iNbundaut tlirouglunit the Aleuliiin Islands, growing
amongst rank grasses and otiier i)lants. Flowers wliite to r<'d. T.^

G. chaniiHuonis, EscnscilOLTZ. (C.aquatica, Nt i r. iii Flora Nortli Anunica. Torrey aii'I (iray,
Jide Ledebour). Unalashka.

Montia fontaun, L., Sitka, Unalashka, Norton Souiul, Ivdlzebuo Sound.

CRASSULACB^.

Sedum rhodiola^ I) 0. Norton aud Kotzebi uiids.

GROSSULACE^.

Uihes riibrtim, L., I'ort Clareuce, Kotzebue Sound, "akon River, (Saint MiciiaeCs. T.)

H, hufhonkvium, ^'.iCHARDS,, Yukon River,

R. hui^fiorum, IV'Usu. Cape Saint Elias an' Sitka.

F bracteomm, UoucvL., Sitka.

B. lucmtre, PuRSii. Point BarroW tH Mackenzie River.

SAXIFRAGACBiSEI

Saxijraga opponHifotiti, L., Unalnshki', ( i']n' Lisburno, T'otzebiie Sound, and northern coast.

jS. hroDchialis, L., Kotzel)ne Sound, W'ainwright Inlet, Unalashka.

S. niti<ta, ScnRUB., Un}i^-si?i.-a, ./irf" Ledelioir,', Flora Rossica.

8. esch/iclioltzii, Ste" ;<«., Cape Lisburne, l-iotzcbue Sound.

S. JiageUnriti, \Vi;j,D., Cape Lisburne, Ivct/i'lyiic " -und, Assistance Ba\.

iS'. /(/»r«/«,v, L., Norton Soun ' lo Point Barrow, and k'l noitliern coast. (Common ".long the
beach and wet i)la<es of the lower hillsides ot the Alcntian Islands. T.)

S. tricu«2>i'^«t: , Retz., Kot'.cbue Soiiiid. Unalashka, Fort Yukon.

S. serpglli/l 'i i, PuRSii. Cape Lisburne, '"i;'i!:;.'-.!;!;M. Saint Lawrc'ice Isliuid.

S. leuc(i'\tlu 'nifolia, Lai'., (s, atrlhirisy h , var. hnniiiolanay BoNOAUi), Veg. Sitka.) Sitka and
Cape Pri'jce of Wales.

M

OONTUIBUTIONS TO Til If NATUUAL HISTORY OP ALASKA.

67

S. daniriea. Pai.i,., (Sceinaini has ijiiitiul with this species S. ilahclli/oUay avA apparently on
good grounds.) V,\\h> Lislmrne, Ivotzcbuo Siniiid, Tliialaslika.

S. iiirnlh, L., UnahishUa, ('ape Jjisbiirne, and other stations on th<,i coast.

S. ariDiit, L., Point Barrow to iMacken''.ie Uiver.

S. hiemciJ'oUa, W. and K., Saint La vrence, Kotzebne Sound.

S. nelHoniana, DoNN (Not of Hooker and Arnott, in Botany of Beechoy's Voyage). Norton
Sound.

S. spivatii, DoNN. SIed!j:e .Island, Cape Piiiuie of Wales.

S, puiiftdld, L., S. n'stirtiUs, FiacMnn, Sitka, Unahishka, Kotzobuo Sound, (all the Aleutian
Islands. T.)

S. argnta, DoNN. Northwest coast. Where?

S. nudicdKlis, DoNN. between Norton and Kotzebuo Sound, _/iV/^ Ledebour, Flora Koasica.

S. In'temiithvni, llooKHK. *V. mertensiitna, Hdng., Veg. Sitka, Jiik Lodebour, S. a'stinaliH, var.
T. and U. Sitka,

«S'. Milin, Srici'ii., Schiscliniaiell' and Esehsclioltz Bays. Jlost likely as suggostoil by i7. D.
Hooker, only a weedy state of iS'. cerniia.

S. nibirint, L., Kotzebue Sound.

(S'. rii-idiiris, L., Kotzebue Sound.

N. campih Kd, L., Kotzebue Sound.

S. e.varattt, Vii.i,., Unalasldca, Kotzebue Sound.

.V. siknijhra, Stkhni!., Kotzi'bue Sound, I'nalaslika. ((.'onnnon on all the Aleutian Islands. T.)

S, anihvxncea, L., Is hardly likely to be identical with tiie plant said by I'ursh to inhabit the
northwest coast; Dr. Hothroek does not include it in his list.

lioi/kinitt richardsiiiiii, S(i.cijh(i/<i ricliiirdmiiiii. Hook., S. iiclsoiiiitna, Hoo'C. and Arnott, in
Botany of l!i'eil;e\"s Voyas'i', tab. L'!t.

Jjcptarrheua jj/ri/olm, K. Bi!., Unalashka and Oape Prince of Wales? (All the Aleutian Islands,
growin;^' t.) a hei)i;ht of! foot. Flowers in ciirly .Iidy. T.)

Clirysosiilcniiiiii oUrntifolium, L., Kotz-bue Sound to Capo Lisburno. (Found only on tops of
hills in areas bare of other vegetation. Atklia, Attn, L'nalashka Islands. T.)

TJMBELLIFBR.aEl.

J>iii>liunim rnnuiirutoiilm^lj.. Port Clarence to (!ape Lisburno, Norton Sound. (Obtained only
at Saint Michacrs. (irows in single stalks on the drier spots of n-.arshy tracts. Flowers bright
yellow. Sol (■oinMuin. T.)

Lijjustiium KCiiticiim, L.. Silka, Kidiak, Kotzebue S()unil, and Norton St)und.

Coitioscliiiumjisrhcri, \\'iMJt. and CrH.vn., Sitka, Unalashka, Kolzelme Sound, ami Arctic coast.
(This species occurs throughout the Aleutian Islands, giowing on the, lowlands. It is regarded as
highly poisonous by the natives. T.)

llemch'um htiuitinii, Mk^iix. Sitka.

OKmo)Tlii:(t «(/'/((, Tour., O.bycriyti/Iiis, BoN(i Alio, Wgelation of Sitka, Unalashka, Sitka.

Arehanijdlm ofwiniiUs, Hdki-'m., iJnala>>nka, Kotzebue Sound, Sitka. (Tiiis species occurs
sparingly in the vicinity of Saint Michael's, rari^ly attaining a height of more than 2 feet, and
having a stalk scarcely more than half an inch in I'ianietir. Among the Aleutian Islands it is
very abundant, esi)ecially on the outskirts of (he sites ol' ancient villages and in the excavations
which formed the dwellings in thosti villages. It attains, in such localities, a height of several
feet, 4 to (I feet being eomnn)n sizes, and of very thick stalks. This s|iecies is one of the earliest

plants to appear in spring. The ieaf stalks bet e very long. \l .Vttii I have seen thiMu 4 feet

long, bearing a leaf as large as a palinleaf fan. 'fhe (ender leafsti.lks ami the nniin stalk are
eaten by the Aleuts. Dnring the montlis of .May and .Line Uw women go and gather great bundles
of these stalks and bring them to the village. The lirst linger is inserted into the hollow stalk and
rapidly split open; the teeth are then used to assist the fingers to separate the tender parts from
the exterior skin and strings of the stalk. It is an operation which re»|uires much de.Kterity and
pra( ticc to enable one to iirevent the tender parts from breaking. The nuiin stalk is stripped of

-;WllTO^W»Jl',W?

\mmr

\

68

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE NATUKAL HISTORY OP ALASKA

its skill, wliicb, wlien young and tender, is easily accomplished. Ttte main stalk possesses a
sweetish, aromatic taste; the leaf-stalks are sweeter, bnt less f.romatic. I have seen hoys and girls
eat these stalks by the yard at a time. A boy at Atkha rocoivod the nick-mime of I'oochka, the
Bassian name of this plant, because he devoured so much o ' it. On the approacl* of frost tlie
plant rapidly withers, and leaves the dry stal'Ts standing until pushed out of the way for the next
year's growth. When these stalks are in aufiicient quantity near a village the people use them as
fuel. The exterior bark of the dead stalk is impervious to the rain ; hence when camping out a
Are is easily started with these stalks if they are first broken open. They produce a llerce fire. T.)
A. gmelini, D 0., Sitka, Unalashka. Kotzebue Sound.

ARALIACE2I.

Panax horridum, Smith. Sitka, Kadiak.

Adoxa moschatellina, L., Kussian America, ./i<7e Ledebour ; what parti!

• CORNACBi?.

Oorrms sueoica, L., Common on western coast of Alaska. (Common at Saint Miciiael's. I'Mowcrs
in the latter part of June. Grows in small patches along edges of grassy bluffs. T.)

C. unalasohkcnsis, Lkdebour. Unalashka.

G. canadensis, L., Sitka. (Abundant at Saint Alichael's. Fruit bright red, edible, sweetish
taste. Plentiful among the Aleutian Islands. T.)

G. stolonifera, MiCHX., Fort Yukon.

CAFRIFOLIACEiB.

Samhiicwi pubem, MiCHX., Sitka.

Viburnum acerifolium, L., Fort Yukon.

}'. paudjiorum, Pylaie, V. aceri/olinm, Bongard's Veg. Sitka. (The slipulifonn iippendages
appear to be the only constant dift'erencc, between these two species in my specimens. They are
quite variable in length of stamens and shape of corolla. — J. T. Itothrock.)

Linnwa borcalis, CiRoyov., Norton and Kotzebue Sounds, Sitka, Unalashkii. (.Vbundant
throughout the Aleutian Islands. Grows on the cold hillsides. Flowers pink. T.)

RUBIACB^.

Oalium triMum, L., Unalashka and Si J",.

0. borcale, L., G. rnhiriden, Hook, and Ar ■fOT'^, Bot. Beech ey,.AV7(' Seemanu. Kotzebue Sound,
Bucklaiiu Eiver, Fort Yukon, and banks of Y. ' i Hirer.

0. trifiorum, Mionx., Sitka, Unalashka.

G. aparine, L., Sitka, Unalashka. (Found only at Attn Island, growing under the eaves of an
old house. Flowers greenish white. The plant consisted of only a single stalk and was certainly
an introduced individual. T.)

VALERIANACB2].

Valeriana dioica, L., Norton Sound.

V. capitata, Willd., Kotzebue Sound to Cape Lisburne, Sitka, Point Barrow to Mackenzie
River, and sonth to Aliaska.

Tellima grandiflora, DouGL, Sitka and islands adjacent to the coast.
Tiarclla trifoliata, L., Sitka and Alaskan coast.
Heuchera glabra, Willd., H. divaricata, Fisoii., Sitka.

coMPOSiT.a:.

Nardosmia frigida, HooK., includes N. corymhosa, HooK. ; Unalashka, Norton Sound, northern
coast.

Aster muUiflorus, Ait,, (l'erhai)s we may include und(!r this A. ramulosis, IjINDl., ami A.
falcatus, LiNDL. If this be done we have one polymorphic spiwies ranging from Georgia to Point
Barrow and Mackenzie River, and from Massachusetts to the Rocky Mountains.) Northern coast.

CONTlllBUTIONS TO TUB NATURAL UISTOKY OF ALASKA.

69

A. peregrinm, Puhsh. Unalashka, Norfolk Sound. (Abundant throughout the Aleutian
Islands. Usmilly solitary stalks. On some of the islands this plant blooms until covered with snow
in the middle of November. Where the roots have been covered by heavy snow-drifts at elevations
of 1,500 feet it is the last plant to flower in 8i»ring; the colors of which vary from lightest pink to
blneish. T.)

A. foliaceuH, Lindl., Unalashka.

A. Halmginoauii, Riohakds., Sitka, Unalashka, Kotzebue Sound.

A. alpinuH, L., Unalashka, 2,000 feet above sea-level.

A. sihirkiis, L., including, after J. D. Hooker and Fries, A. montnnus, Kioiiabds, and .1.
richardsonii, Spb. Kotzebue Sound, Unalashka, Point Harrow.

Erigeron uniflorum, L., (Following Fries, I inclu<le under this species U. puhheUum, D C, as
a variety. There is unquestionably good ground for the union. — J. T. Rothrock.) Unalashka,
Cape Lisburue.

E. glahellum, Nutt., Wainwright Inlet to Mackenzie River; var. oHpcrsnin, Fort Yukon.

Solidago virgaauren, L., Unalashka to' Kotzebue Sound Oape Lisburne, and on northern coast;
var. niiiltiradiata, Fort Yukon.

/S. confertijiora, D C, Unalashka, Cape Mulgrave, Kadiak.

Ptarmica borealis, D C, Sitka.

P. sibirica. Unalashka, Fschsdioltz Bay.

P. speciosa, D C, given by Ledebour, on the .inthority of J. G. Giiielin, as a native of this
region.

Achillea millefolium, L., Norton Sound, Unalashka, Sitka, Fort Yukon.

Leucanthemum integrifoHum, D C, Kotzebue Sound; Saint Lawrence Island, and from Point
Barrow to Mfickenzie River.

/y. arcticinn, I) C, Norton Sound to Washington Inlet. (Abundant lU Saint Miclmel's and
throughout the Aleutian Is'i.inds; growing siloiig tlie bencii in solitary stnlks, widi roots huh:U ex-
posed. The 'caves of this plant at Saint Michael's are very liesliy. T.)

Matrirariii dincoidat, I) (!., Sitka, Unalashka.

M. inodortttd, L., Kotzebue Sound, var. eligitlntfi, Norton Sound. Tliis may be yet entilled to
specitic raidv, as Set'inann suggests.

Tiinaoeiu'ii kotzehuensis, Hk.ss., Cai)e I'lspenberg, ./iVfc Li'debonr ex Eschscholtz.

T. hurDUtnsc, NuTT., Fort Y'^ukon.

Artemcsin boreal is, Pallas. Kotzebue Sound, Arctii; coast, and wliat seems to he a variety
with glonicrute, almost ciipitate, intlorescencc from Sitka.

A, rxlgari^, It., var. tilcsii, Fort Saint Michael's and western and northern coasts.

A. glomerafa, Lkdeb.? Kotzebue Sound.

A. and rosacea, Seem., Hot. Herald, tab. G; A, glomerafa of Hooker and Am )tt, l>ot. Beechey,
but not of Ledebour, fide Seemann. This, it is tliought by Dr. Hooker, may prove "an arctic,
tufted variety of some better-known plant."

A. globularia, CiiAM., Unalashka, Saint Lawience.

A. arcfica, Less., Cape Lisburne and Point Hope, and possibly Sitka.

A. chamissonis, Bess., Seemann states that though A. arcfica and A. chamissonis are by some
authors united, they may be at once distinguished ')y their ditfcrent habits.

A. absinthium, L., Given by Ledebour (Flora Rossica), on the authority of .1. (r. (rmelin, as a
doubtful native of Russian America.

(hiaphalium sylraficum, L., Russian America, ./Mc Ledebour ex J. G. Gmelin.

Anfennaria alpina, Gaert., including ^l. monocephala, 1) C. Kotzebue Souml, Saint Lawrence
Island and Unalashka. (Common throughout the Aleutian Islands, growing in stools among the
clefts of I'oekn on the sides of the drier ravines. T.)

A, dioica, Garut., Islands adjacent to the American coast, Ledebour ex .). (t. (inu'lin. (Com-
mon throughout the Aleutian Islands; grows in the clefts of the di.er rocks on the faces of
blufts. T.)

A, margnritacca, R. Br., Sitka, Unalashka. (.\bundant throughout the Aleutian Islands,
growing on the drier hillsides. Rare at Saint Michael's. T.)

I

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70

CONTEIBUTIONS TO TUB NATURAL IlISTOUY OF ALASKA.

H!i

Arnica angustifoUa, Vahl. Kotzebne So".ud, Fort Yukon.

A. chamisaonis, Less., Unalashka.

A. obtudfolia, Less., Unalashka.

A. unalcMchkensis, Less., Unalashka. (Common everywhere on the Aleutian Islands, growing
on the drier hillsides. T.)

A. latifolia, Bong., Sitka.

Senicio resedifolms, Less., Cape Lisburne, Kotzebue Sound. (Common throughout the Aleu
tian Islands, growing on hillsides. Flowers yellow. T.)

8. frigidu^i, Less., Kotzebue Sound, Cape Lisburne, Siiint Lawrence.

S. triangularis, Hooker. Sitka.

S. pseudo-arnica, Less., Common on western shore of Alaska; also Cliamisso Island.

8. aureus, L., Fort Yukon.

8. lugens, Richards., Kotzebue Sound, Cape of Good Hope, Fort Yukon.

8, palnstri8,T) ^J., Norton Sound, Kotzebne Sound, Wainwris'ht Inlet, northern shore. (Obtained
only at Saint Michael's, growing on wet situations, 2 to 3 feet high liigh. Not coinnion. T.)

8. hookeri, T. and G., Kotzebue Sound.

8aussurea alpina, L., Kotzebue Sound. Dr. Rotlirock here iiieludes 8. moniicola, which was
found by Pullen on the northern shore from Point Barrow to Mackenzie River.

8. subsimiata, Ledeb., Kotzebue Sound, Bot. Herald, tab. 7.

Taraxacum densleonis, Desk., Kotzebue Soujid to Point Hope and northern coast. Unalashka,
var. ceratophorum, Norton jound, (and all the Aleutian Islands. T.)

T. pulustre, D C, Kotzebne Sound. (Common throughout the Aleutian Islands, growing in
the dry clefts of rocks on the hillsides and faces of cliffs. The flowers are ricli golden-yellow and
form of mass of bloom. The leaves are used by the Alents, who steam ov wilt tiie leaves and ap|)ly
them to indolent ulcers. T.)

T. lyratum, I) C, Unalashka.

Mulgedium pulclieUum, Nutt., Point Barrow to Mac', iizie River.

Nahnhis alatus. Hooker. Unalashka, Sitka.

Apargidium horeale, T. and tr.; Sitka.

Hieraceum triste, Willd., Unalashka, Norfolk Sound. (Plentiful at Atkha, Attn, and Una-
lashka. Grows on the wet hillsides. Flowers yellow. At Saint Michael's this plant is quite
rare. T.)

(Cnivus kamtchaticHs {clrsium, Ledeb.). This plant (for tlie first tiiue detected on the North
American side) was obtained only at Attn, the westermnosl ishmd of the (tiiain. It attains a
height of 7 feet and has a remarkably vigorous growth, the stems attaining a diameter of .'} inches
and developing a great amount of woody fiber. The leaves are very large, the spines long and
sharp, producing a very painful wound. T.)

CAMPANULACE^Xi.

Campanula dasyantha, M. and Bleb., Unalashka, Cape Prince of Wales.

0. rotundifolia, L., 0. heterodoxa, Vest., Sitka.

C. uniflora, L., Kotzebne Sound, Capo Lisburne, Unalashka.

C. lasiocarpa, Cham., Kotzebne Sound, Unalashka. (Common fnroiighout the entire Aleutian
Islands; grows solitary on the hilltops. Rare at Saint Michael's. T.)

(C. pilosa, Pall., Abundant at Unalashka; grows on the lower Jiillfops, which are barren of
other vegetation, usually solitary. T.)

ERICACE^.

Va<xinium vitisidaa, L., Unalashka, Saint Lawrence, Sitka, Norton Soniul to Point Barrow,
and on the northern coast. (This plant is abuiulant throngiiout the coast line of the mainhind
and on the eastern islands of the Aleutian chain. Among the western islands it is not so i)lenti-
ful and not at all common at Attn. It attains a height of several inches, growing in small
patches or else scattered among the other plants of the lower hills. The berries are deep red and
intensely acid, but of good flavor after a taste for it is acquired. Tiie luitives gather great quanti-

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE NATURAL HISTORY OF ALASKA.

71

ties of the berries for food, and in some localities are in demand for preservation by putting them
in pure water and kept for winter's use by the white peojde of Alaska. When cooked with a suf-
ficient quantity of sugar tliey make a good pie or au excellent jelly or jam. T.)

V. myrtiUoidcH, Hooker. Sitka.

V. niyrtillun, L., Sitka.

V. chammonis, Bong., Sitka, Unalashka.

V. ovali/olium, Smith- Sitka.

V, parvifolmm, oiaiTH. Sitka.

V. saliduum, t^iiAM. and SCHLECHT., Unalashka.

T'. cwmntosum, Mioiix., Sitka.

V. ulifjinomm, L., Sitka, Unalashka, Kotzebue Sound, northern coast (Plentiful at Unalashka
and Attn ; less common on the intoraiediate islands. Berries ripen in latter part of August and
early September. Tiiey are gathered in great quantities by the natives. T.)

Oxycoccm vulyiris, PuKSii. Sitka, Kotzebue Sound, Unalashka.

Arctostuphylos alpiiin, Si'UKNG., Unalashka, Norton Sound to Point Barrow, Arctic coast.

A. uvanmi, Si'BENCf., Unalashka, Cape Prince of Wales, Arctic coast.

Andromeda polifolid, L., Sitka, Kotzebue Sound. (Common at Saint Michael; rarer among the
Aleutian Islands. Grows in little clumps. Flowers purplish. T.)

Cosnandra calycuhtta, Donn. Kotzebue Sound.

C<U8io])e lycajwdioides, Donn. Kotzebue Sound. (Plentiful throughout the Aleutian Islands.
Grows in large masses on tlie low liilltops. Flowers white. Not common at Saint iMiciiael. T.)

C, ti'Imgoiia, DoNN. Saint Liiwu'iice, Kotzebue Sound to Point Barrow, Arctic c-oast.

0. mertenniamt, Donn. Sitka.

C. stelleriana, D C., Sitka.

PhyUodoce paUnsiuna, DoNN. Sitka, Unalashka.

Men~iesiu J'erriujinea, Smith, Sitka, Unalashka.

Loisclenrin jn-ocumbcns, Desv., Cape Lisburne, Unalashka, Chaniisso Island. (Occurs plenti-
tifully in small patches tlirougliont the i\leutian Islands. Flowers white. T.)

Rhododendron Inpponicnm, W'AU].., Port Clarence.

L'. IvmtKchativum, I'Ai.L., Unalashka. (I'lentiliil at Unalashka and Attn; less so at .Vtklia.
Grows along the rocky edges of elitls. Flowers reddish-jjurple, quite showy. T.)

Kalmia glaum, AiT., Sitka.

Ledum latifoUum, AiT., Sitka.

L. pahiHtre, L., Norton Sound to Point Barrow and northern coast. This and the preceding
species should probably be united. (Abundant at Saint ^Michael's; common at Unalashka, Atkha,
and, Attn. A tea is made of the flowers of tin., plant. The infusion has a slightly terebinthine
taste, which becomes pleasant enough alter a time. Among some of the white people it has a
reputed tonic ett'ect on the .system. T.)

Cladothamnun pyrokvJloruK, BoNG., Sitka.

Pyrola rotundi/olia, L., Unalashka, Kotzebuo Sound, and northern coast.

Fyrola rotundi/olia, L., var. braotata, Gray. (Common throughout the Aleutian Islands,
growing in wet places. Flowers greenish. T.)

P. minor, L., Unalashka.

P. nccunda, L., Sitka, Kotzebuo Sound.

Moneses grandiflora, Salisb., Sitka.

LEINTIBTTLACEiB.

Pingnicula vulgaris, L., Sitka. (Abundant at Unalashka, rare at Attn and Atkha, growing in
wet places bare of other vegetation. The leaves exude a viscid substance which caiis^^s many small
dipterous insects to adhere to them. Flowers blue. T.)

P. microceras, Willd., Unalashka.

P. macroceras, CuAM., Unalashka.

P. rilhmi, L., Islands of Chaniisso and Unalashka, Norton ?ound.

t.

72

CONTRIBUTIONS TO TBE NATUItAL lilSTOKY OF ALASKA

Hi-

i!J.

PRIMULACBiB.

Primula nivalis, x'ALL., Uiialaslika, Saint Lawrence, Kotzebne Sound.

P. stricta, Hornem., after J. I). Hooker, Dr. Rothrock includes uiuler this apecies P. home
manniana and P. mistasfiinica, both of 0. and S. and of MiOHX. Kotzebue Sound.

Androsace chamc^amie, Willd., Kotzebue Sound to Wainwright Inlet. (Plentiful at Una-
lashka, rarer at Attn. Grows among the drier rocks on the faces of cliffs. T.)

A. aeptenlrionalia, L., Kotzebue Sound and Chamisso Island, Port Yukon.

A, vilhm is stated by Ledebour to have been found at Kotzebue Sound. It is likely an over-
sight, as Hooker and Arnott do not contain it in their list of plants collected there.

Dodecatheon meadia, L., Sitka, Kotzebue Sound, and Cape Lisburne. Dr. Rothrock includes
in this species D. integu/olium and B.frigidum, and regards them as varieties of a widely distrib-
uted polymorphic species. (Common at Saint Michael, Unalashka, Atkha, and Attn. At Saint
Michael's I have known the ground to be covered with a patch of snow on the 1st day of June,
which on the 12th had melted, and this plant was then in blossom. iV.t Atkha Island I obtained
specimens at an elevation of 1,500 feet, where nothing but scattered stalks of this plant would grow
on the barren areas, having little soil mixed with the sharp-edged stones. The plants in sucli sit-
uations were scarcely an irch in height. T.)

Olaiix maritima, L., Sitka.

Trientalis europwa, L., Sitka, Norton Sound.

(T. europaa, var. m-ctini, (iuAV. Grows abundantly in wet places among all the Aleutian
Islands. T.)

OENTIANACE^.

Oentiania amarella, L., Sitka.

O. acuta, MiOHX., Unalaska.

G. tenella, Roltb., Kotzebue Sound. (Common among the Aleutian Islands, but rare at Saint
Michael's. T.)

O, detoma, Fries., I'oint Barrow to Mackenzie River, Fort Yukon.

0. propinqua, llioiiAUTLS., G. riirlchldiia. Kofzcbiie Sound, Point Clarence, Norton Sound.

G. aleutica, Cuam., UnaliisliUn.

0. prostraf ', IIainke. Unalashka, Kotzebue Sound. (Common among the Aleutian Islands.
Grows in wet situations. T.)

6. glauca, Pall., Kotzebue Sound, Waiuwright Inlet.

G. platypetala, Griesb., Sitka.

G. douglassiana, Bong., Sitka.

Pleurogyne rotata, Griesb., Kotzebue Sound, Buckland River, Arctic coast. (Rather common
among the high grasses on dry hill-sides at Saint Michael. Flowers white. T.)

Swertia perenim, L., Kadiak. Dr. Kellogg also obtained *'. j)ere«rtj,v L., var. ohtma from
Kadiak.

Villarsia cristagalli, Griesb., Sitka.

Menyantltes trifoUata, L., Unalashka, Sitka.

POLEMONIACE2I.

Phlox sibirica, L., Kotzebue Sound.

Polemonium caruleum, L., Norton Sound to Point Barrow ; islands of Saint George, Una-
lashka, and Chamisso ; Fort Yukon. Dr. Rothrock recognizes but two species of this genus
belonging to northern North America, the one, P. reptans, L., which is well marked, and the
other P. cmrukum, L., as made u]) of all the otiiers. The numerous forms of the latter aggregate
species are easily connected. Even P. pulchelluM, Bunge, which is perhaps the best marked
variety, shades oft" by invisible gradations into the others. (Common throughout the Aleutian
Islands. Grows to 3 feet in height. Flowers blue. T.)

Diapensia lapponica, L., Saint Lawrence. (Obtained only at Atkha Island among the clefts of
rocka on the faces of cliffs. T.)

CONTltlBUTlONS TO TIIK NATUKAL III8T01tY OF ALASKA.

73

BORRAGINACB^.

Mertcnsia maritima, Donn. Sitka, Norton Sound to Point Harrow, and Caiic Batliiirst.

M. jKiniciilata, DONN. ^f. pihsa, I) C, Kot/.cbno Sound, Kort Ynivon.

i}f. sibirica, DoNN. M. denticulata, IJonn, Kotzebnc Sound.

MyoHotix sylvatica, IIoffm., CJape Lisburno and Arctic coast.

Kchinoapermnm rcdownlii, I>i;iiM.,f Fort Yukon.

Kritrivhiiim viVo.iiim, HUNOH., Dr. Uotlirock Iiorc. includes, aftvr -F. I). Hooker, 1. c, K. tirefi-
oidcs, A, 1> C, which form is found at Cape Lisburnc and ishind of Saint Lawrence. Tab. Ill,
Bot. IlerahL

E.plehejum, Alph. D C, Unahishka.

HTDROPHYLLACEiB.

Romanzoffia nnaUiwhketms, Cham., Unalashka. (Coniniou on edges and in croviccs of clifls.
White Mowers. T.)

Ji. nitehensix, Cham., Sitka. (Abundant in the clefts on the sides of ravines and faces of bluffs
of all the Aleutian Islaiuls. T.)

SCROPHULARIACEiG.

I'enMemon J'rnksirnx, Lamu,, Unalashka. Xot found since I'allas is said to liiive discovered
it in Kamchatka and in the island of Unalashka.

MhnuluN httens, L., M, giittatun, D C. Cape Saint Flias, Unalashka, Ivadiak, Sitka. (Very
abundant at Unalashka, Atkha, and rare at Attn, {irowinj; in the coldest springs of water that
issue from the hill-sides. At Atklni this plant is wonderfully abundant, forming large patches,
which in the Howering season (early -lune to the middle of -July) are a nniss of golden yellow. T.)

Veronica (OiafldUlsy Ti., Sitka. (Common in wet places throughout the entire Aleutian chain.
T.)

Vero7iica americana, ScnwEiNiTZ. Sitka.

V. beccabunga, L., Unalashka.

V, stelleri, I'all., Unalashka. (Common among the Aleutian Jslands. Flowers white. T.)

V. alpina, L., Sitka, Unalashka. Common on the hill-sides throughout the Aleutian Islands.
Flowers white. T.)

V. serpyJlifoUn, L., Sitka, Unalashka. (Common throughout the Meutian Islands. T.)

Casiillejapalliila, Kuntii., Sitka, Kotzebue Sound, Chamisso Island, Arctit! coast. Fort Yukon.
Dr. Kothro(5k thinks that .T. I). Hooker has justly included with this siiei^ics C. svptenfrlonalis,
LiNDL. Professor (Iray has also united them in the last edition of his Manual of Hotany ; also, in
his revision of the genus (see Am. Jour. Sci., second series, vol. xxxiv, p. 4-1).

C. i»irviJlora, HoNfJ., Sitka. This is api)arently the commonest species and of widest range
west of the Rocky Mountains, extending fiom Itussian America to Southern California, Cray, 1. e.

(fJttphrasia officinalis, L., common throughout the Aleutian Islands, growing in wet places.
Flowers white or vellow. T.)

h'hinantlnis cristi-fftilli, L., Unalashka. (Throughout the Aleutian Islands, most .abundant at
Atkha. Growing in wet places. Flowers yellow. Attains a height of it inches. T.)

I'eflicularis vcrtictUaUt, L., Sitka and the islands generally; also, Kotzebue Sound. (Common
at Saint Michael. Crowing in solitary stalks on wet places. Flowers i)ink to red. T.)

r, vhamissonis, Stev., Unalashka. (Common throughout Alaska. Crows in isolated stalks
in wet places. The tlowers are reddish, and at Saint Michael's is among the first plants to bloom,
the flowers appearing before the leaves have grown half an inch in length. T.)

r, liediciUata, Bungk, P. naniita, Bong., in Veg., Sitka, nou — M. A. Bieb., Jide Ledeb. F'l.
Kossica. Sitka.

P. subnuda, Benth., Sitka.

P. palu8tris, L., Arctic America. At Bay of Good Hope, ./ir/e Ledebour in Fl. Ross.

P. euphramoides, Stepii., Norton Soun<l, Kotzebue Sound, islands of Chamisso and Kadiak.

P. sudetica, L., Cape Lisbiirne, Kotzebue Sound, Arctic coast, island of Saint Lawrence. J.
S. Mis. 155 10

I

I
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Si

74

CONTKIBUTION8 TO THE NATUltAL HISTOllY OF ALASKA.

tide J. D. Hooker.

I), llookor sujjKPsts uniting tills witli /'. lungsdorffii, and Dr. Hotlirock, on liis iiutliority, lulniitH tlio
reduction. (Common iit Atkliu, Attn, aiul Unalasiikii. At Saint Micliael's tliiH plant iittaiuH a
height of only a few inches, rioweis pink to red. T.)

r. hirsrta, L., including here P, Janata, Wii.Li)., as done by Hcuthaiu,
Islaiids of Saint George, Saint liawreuco, Kotzebue Sound, and Arctic; coast.

P. revHicolor, Waiilknu., Kotzebuo Sound, island of Saint Lawrence.

r. capitatUf Adams., Kotzebue Sound, Arctic coast, Unalasbka.

OROBANCHACB21.

BoHchnialda glabra, 0. A. Mkyeb., Sitka and Kotzebue Sound.

SBLAaiNACEiB.

Oymnandra gmelini, CllAM. et SOHLUCHT., Unalashka, Saint Lawrence Island.
G. stelkri, CuAM. et Soulkcut., Kotzebue Sound, island of Saint Lawreuce.

LABIATiB.

Dravocephahim 2>arriHornm, L., I'ort Yukon.
Brnndhi nilijarig, L., Sitka, Unalashka.
Oaleopsls tctrahit., Sitka. Probably introduced. .

PliUMBAOINACBA.

Staiicc armcria, L., Unalashka, Kotzebue Sound, and northern coast.

PL ANT AOINACEiB .

Plantago major, L., Sitka, banks of Yukon liiver.

r. macrocarpa, CiiAM. et SciiLEnrr., Sitka, Unalashka. (Common among the Aleutian

Islands ; growing in wet situations. Flowers white.
r. marithna, L., Sitka, Unalashka.
P. media, L., Russian America, /^e .1. G. Gmelin,

T.)

POLYaONACBiB.

Oayria reniformis, Uook., Sitka, Unalashka, Saint Lawrence, Kotzebue Sound, Cape Lis-
burne, Arctic coast.

Rumex sulid/olius, Weinm., Sitka.

B. acctom, L., Kotzebue Sound.

li. domcitticuH, Hartm., Sitka, Unalashka, Kotzebue Sound to Wainwright Inlet.

Polygonum historta, L., Kotzebue Sound to Point Bairow and no'-therii coast.

P. viriparum, L., Sitka, Unalashka, along tlie coast generally.

P. polymorphum, Ledeh., var. lapathiJ'olUim, Ledeh., Kotzebue riound. P.alpbium, Hook, et
Arnott, in Beeehey'a voyage, fide Ledebour. Kotzebue Sound.

P. triptirocarpxim. Gray. This species is not fully proved to be distinct from P. polymor-
Ijhum var. lapathi/olium, but an additional series of specimens may i)rove it to be. Coal Bay.

P. aviculare, L., Sitka.

bmpbtracb;&

Empctritm nigrum, L., Sitka, Saint Lawrence, Unalashka, Norton Sound, Point Barrow,
Arctic coast. (This heather is found abundantly throughout all the treeless portions of Alaska.
On the Aleutian Islands it obtiiins its maximum growth. The lower hills are covered with largo
patches of many rods in area with this s])eci('s. Tiie Iterries are black in color, have a slightly
aoid taste when ripe, being prodiu-ed in profusion on the stems, so mucih so that nearly a handful
may be gathered at a tinu'. (heat quantities are gathered i>y the natives, who use them either raw
or else cooked, thougli rarely in the latter manner. These berries form the food of several species
of birds, such as geese, ptarmigans, and plovers. The natives of Aliaska and some of the eastern

1

CONTltlJJUTlONS TOTllIO NATURAL 11I8TOUYOF ALASKA.

75

iHlaiulH of tlio Almitiau cliaiii use tliiM heiitlifr lor fuel. Tlie womcii fjiiUier fjrt'iit liiiiuilies by
pulliii(( it from llie frroniul niitl carrying it to tlicir Iiouhom, wIk^o it in iiiiini-diatrly iiHid. In rare
iiistaiKios it iN Ivcpt tor a few days {Imt only liecause tln^io in a Hnlllcifncy of otlior fu»il to l)o used
in itH stead), until it iH dried out. it is UHed in tiiu foliowini; manner: The pot or l^ettlu contain-
in{!; water or food to be boiled Ih placed on a Hmall Htick Htuck in the side of tlie sod chimney of
the hut; a few shreds of the |)Iant are litjhted, it burn.s rapidly, and has a ([uick, darting llame, like
the branches of pine trees. The l)unch of liglitcd fuel is held under the vessel, and, as fast as it
is consninetl by tlame another wisi> is li^^hted, until the boiling; is linisiied. This work is usually
performed by the smaller boys or n'nln. This kind of fuel is not used by the Attn people, the
Atkan people beinjf the farthest to the west who employ it for that purpose. The Attn peojde
have never u.sed it, and oidy those of Attn who have been to the eastward know how to use it, as
it requires considerable skill to kee\) the heat properly applied to the vessel containing the water
or food.

At Atkha Island I saw .several large patcshes, which had a deeper green and seemed to be
of more vigorous growth. On iiupiiry I found that the people had in few years past taken the
lieather otf from those areas, and that it was being renewed with a heavier growth. T.)

(liryanthuH alcutivnx, Gkay. Common on the high hill-tops of the Aleutian Islands. Flowers
white. T.)

SALICACEiB.

Salix myrtilloidcs, L., Kotzebuo Bound.

S. lapponivum, L., Kotzebue Sound.

tV. glmtca, 1j., Cape Espenberg and Chaini.sso Island.

S. arctica, Pam,., Unalashka, Kotzebue Sound.

IS. myninites, L., Saint Lawrence Island fulv Ledebour.

8. oralifoUa, Tkautvklt.; S. uraursi, Seemann, JJot. Herald (Jith Anderson). Kotzebuo
Sound, Cape Espenberg, Unalashka.

8. rhamni/olia (I'ALL.t). Unalashka,

8. ulavialin, Anders., Between Cape IJarrow and Mackenzie Kiver, "Captain PuUen."

8. reticulata, L., Unalashka, Kotzebue Hound, Cape Lisburiie, Arctic coast.

8. i)hlehoi>ltyUtt, Anueks., Unalashka, Saint Jjawrence, Kotzebue Sound.

8. polar in, Waiii.., Wainwright Inlet.

8. speviom, Hook, et Aunott, in Hot. Beechey. Kotzt )uo Sound.

nV. rifharihimi, Hook., Kotzel>ue Sound to Cniie Ijisburnt^

(iS. ro<«H<///b/i«, Tkautvelt, var. ictiisa (?). This si)ecies of willow was collected at Atkha
Island, where it is common, growing among the heather {Eiiipvtnim iilt/rum), with its heads of
cottony catkins peering Just above the surface of the other vegetation. I did not observe this
species ou any other island, though it doubtless occurs. T.)

8. barclajii, Andkks., Kadiak.

S.phyllicoides, Andeus., Western Arcitic America (Avatscha Bay, Seeniann).

8. cordata, Mum,., var. maihtiiziana. Point IJairow and along Arctic coast. This form
Anderson regards as a hybrid between 8. vordatu and 8. rar/ants.

(8alia; pallasii, Andekh., var. olicordata, Anueus., This siiecies of willow attains the greatest
size of any among the Aleutian Islands. The growth is exceedingly (irooked, rarely straight for
more than a foot, attaining a diameter of li to 3 inches, but often decayed within. In all the valleys
and wider ravines this species is found in al)undance. The roots form an intricate mass, often nuich
exposed, and, with the crooked branches and trunks, form an impenetrable thicket of considerable
area. When drift-wood is scarce the Aleuts grub up these shrubs (for they are not tit to be termed
oven an approach to trees), to be used as llrewood. When the wood is well seasoned it produces a
bright hot lire, making a much better heat than any of the drift-wood which is cast upon the beach.
Venniminof states that in former years the willows grew to such size in one of the ravines opening
ou the west side of Captain's Harbor at Unalashka Island that the Kussians and Aleuts procured
sufUcient of these trnnks to be used advantageously in making bidaras (open skin boiits), and
hidarkan (skin-covered canoes). I visited the locality to lind traces of such former growth and found

9 :

76

OONTKinUTIONS TO Til K NATnUAL HISTORY OF ALASKA.

the willows to bo of but little better hI/o tliiiii in other i)lace.s near by. It is a fact that on the
(ops and liiKh Hides ctf some of the hills just beyond the itresent graveyard at liiuliuk are to be
found at the i)reNeni day large roots of the willow exposed to the air and lint little dec^ayed. At
those heights the willows do not at present grow, and no species of willow is now found growing
near them. Those roots are of ciinal size of any that now grow in the ravines nnmy hundred feet
feet below. I may add that I have heard visitors to those places nniUe tln^ assertion that those
roots are the roots of oaks. T.)

8. HitvhensM, Ledkii., Sitka.

PopiiluM balsamif'ira, L., Chilcaht, Yukon River.

URTICACBiB.

Urtiva dioiva, L., Sitka, yiV/t? Hongard.

BBTULACBiB.

Jietiila glandulona, Miciix., Yukon River.
li. nana, L., Norton Sound, (Miamisso Island, Point Harrow.
li. ermaui, Cham., Unalashka.

Alnus viridis, D (J., Sitka, Unalashka, Norton Sound, Kotzebue Sound, Yukon River, North-
ern coast.

A. rubra, HoN(}., Sitka.

A. incann, VVilld., Kotzebue Souiul.

M

Myrkagah; L., Sitka.

MYRICACB.ai.

CONIFBR.!].

Abies ennadensis, Miciix., Sitka.
A. mcrtensimia, IJoNa., Sitka.
A, sitchensis, I5oN(J., Sitka.

A. albn, Miciix., Northwestern Alaska, where, according to Seeniann, it grows from 20 to '2r>
feet liigh.

riinis ccmbra, li., Kotzebue Sound, vide liongard and Hooker ami Arnott.

P. tontorta, l)oi'<ii.., Sitka. Dr. Rothrock thinks this can hardly be /'. Impn ot Ait,, as is
alleged by some authors.

Thija creclsa, HoN(f., Sitka ami Southern Russian America.

Junipcrus nana, Willd., Sitka.

SALSOLACE^.

Teloxyx arMnta, MngiTiN-TANDnN. Russian America. (Whore!)
Atriplcv Uttoralia, L., Kotziibue and Norton Sound.
A. (jmelini, 0. A. .Mkveu, Rong., Veg. Sitka. Kotzebue Sound, Sitka.
Uorlspermum hyxnojii/oliinii, Stku,, Point Harrow to Mackenzie River.
BUtum capitation, I;., Fort Yukon.

TYPHACESJ.

Spargaiiiiim natans, L., Ivotzebue Sonml, Unalashka.

AROIDB.3}.

Lysichiton l-amtschatcenxe, Sciiott ; nraconticum kamtchatvvnr, L. ; Symplocarpus kamtuchnti-
CMS, BoNO/.RD; Arctiodracnn lamischaficum, Gray on the botany of Japaii in Menu>irs of Ameri-
cau Academy of Arts and Sciiences, new series, vol. L', i)p. 108, 4(t!>. Sitka. Dr. Rothrock gives
the description aud souu', reniarks on the aflinities of this plaut, by Professor Gray, 1. e.

CONTUIHUTIONS TOTIIK NATURAL IlIHTORY OF ALASKA.

77

NAIDACBA.

Zonti'rii niarinn, h., UimliiMlikii.

I'otiimotjrltni ndttmn, L,, Mitkii.

/'. rii/rsceHH, IIknmi'.r., UimliiNliiikii.

Triijlorhiii 'iiiiritiiintm, L., Sitka.
T. piilunln , li., TTimliiHlika,

JUNCAOINACBA.

ORCHID ACE A.

Corallorhixa mcrtemUtHn, liiNPL., Hitkii.

v. iiinalit, 1{. Hr., Kotzfhiif Sound, Uiiiiliislikii.

Micronli/Hs iliphyllos, LiNDi,., Uiiiilii.slikii.

Coh/pno horealiM, Samsii., .Sitka.

Orcliis Idtifiilid, L., Unalslika.

riatanthoa ohtitsata, LiNDi,., Kot/.cbuo Soniid.

1\ HchiscluiKniDidna, LiNDl.., Unaltislika.

1\ Kooihjii, TjINDI.., Sitka, Uiialaslika.

r. (lildtata, LlNUL., Sitka, Uiialaslika.

I'eiisti/lux clidiixinniin, LiNUL., Cnaluslika.

J*. brartenluH, Lindl., Uiialaslika.

Linteid cordata, It. liii., Sitka, Uiiala.slika.

L. i'8vhscli()ll:idna, CllAM., Ciiaislika.

SpirdiillivH I oiiidiizo(liand, (IllAM., Uiialaslika.

('i/priiwtliinii t/iiltdluiii,i''\VMiry., I'lialaslika. (AluiiKlanl on tlic diiiT hill sidt-s at Uiialaslika;
coiiiinon on tlu; liificlitT jiartsol' tlin valU'.vs at Attn ; not found on tin; intfi iiii'diate islands. I'low-
ei'8 {^recMiisli-wliite, with dots of brown or rusty color. 'I'.)

IRIDACB^.

Sisyrinchium hermuilidna. Ij., var. ancepa. Sitka.

IriH sihiricd, L., Norton and Kot/.cltiic Sounds. (A s|H'ci('s ai Iris is (|nitt' plcntifnl on all the
Aleutian Islands. I am not aware to which s[ii'(Mt^s it should be reterrcd. T.)

SMILACEiE.

Streptopim dmplexifolius, 1) C. Sitka and Unlalashka. (Hare at Saint Micliael's. Aiiiouk the
Aleutian Islands it ^'ows aloiifj the deeper ravines, aniont; the rank vef^ctatimi, iittainin^i .1 heijfht
of over three feet. T.)

S. ro-seux, Miciix., Sitka.

Smildcina hi/olid, Kku., Sitka. Dr. Rotlirock adds:. "The laifje-leaved form aiijwars most
coiiiiuou by far, if we may Jiidse from the iiroiiortion of it in the collect ions made at Sitka.''

{Sitiilacina Uplia, \&T.occi(l<'ntalix. This insifj^niticant plant was obtaiiietl only at Attn Island.
It is quite rare, growing on the level wet tops of the lower hills. T.)

(Urularia ampledi/olid, L., Throughout the niainland coast south of the Uering Strait; very
l)lentiful on all the Aleutian Islands; grows along the bases of ravines and among other rank
vegetation. Fruit bright red, edible; flowers greenish. T.)

{Maianthemum hifoHuni, 1) C. Not comiiion ; tliroughont the Aleutian Islands. T.)

LILIACE.S].

Lloydia serotina, Riohknu., Saint Lawrenco Island, Uiialaslika, (Uipo Lisburno, Kotzebue Sound,
((irows in clusters on ledges of highest blutts. Flowers while; obtained only at Uiialaslika; not
observeil elsewhere. T.)

Fritillaria kamtitchatcensis, FLSon., Sitka, Unalaslika, Capo rriiice of Wales. (Common at
Saint Michael's, there attaining a height of only a few iiuslies, with bulb proportionately small.

'

78

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE NVTUIlATi HISTORY OP ALASKA.

r

'li

I

Tlie flower Imng Hiiiall niul of more ^'rcuiiiHli color. Tlio natlvcH of Norton Hoiiinl cut tlio ixill),
hut not to Hucli a (Ic^trco iih tlut niitivcN of \\m Alontian IslanilH, wlioro tliiH plant Ih fonntl in groat-
THt ahun*lan<-« and HJ/.e on all tlio JHlantlH. Tlio nativcH (AUmiIh) consume great «]tianlili«>H of the
liulliH. During the montliH of SeptcmlHtr and AuguHt the women accompany tlio men who go out
hunting the gecNc, which arc making their autumnal migration. The wonien dig the rootN of this
lily and Htore tlieni in huge grasH uackH for winter's uho. The liulhs are dug up with a copper or
iron rod, the dirt Nhakcn off and expoHod to the air to dry the remaining dirt, which i» then re-
moved as much aH poH8il)l(^ The bulbs are boiled with meat or simply in water ; either way reduces
them to a pasty consiHtency, having about as nuuih taste as so much boiled starch. When eaten
raw the bnlblets have a bitter taste (the bitterness lies only in the thin skin which surrounds
them), and is at tlrst diilicult to acrpiire a taste for. Those plants which grow in rich, loose soil
form a bulb which is often 12 inches in diameter ami an inch in thickness. This proves that by
cultivation these bulbs could be produced of such si/.o that they might bo used as a substitute
for the watery potatoes which am grown on some of the islands. The RussiansiM'aking jteople
call this plant m >a nd, meaning lily. T.)

Allium schwnopranum, L., I'ort Clarence, Norton and Kotzebue Sounds, and rapids of Yukon
River. (A species of garlic occurs plentifully at Attn on the south side of the island. The natives
dig it in the latter part of August, and use the bulbs for seasoning geese ami other water- fowl. It
is very strong, and when once eaten of is never forgotten. It does not, to my knowledge, occur on
the eastern islands of the Aleutian chain. T.)

ZygtidenuM j/laucus, NliTT., Kotzebue Sound, Port Clarence, Arctic coast, Fort Yukon.

Veratrnm eschnchoUzii, Ckay. Sitka.

Tojitldia coccinca, liicilwWH,, Kotzebue Sound, Chamisso Island, Cape Lisburne.

T. (ilutinosti, I'liBSH. Sitka.

T. horcalis, L., abundant throughout the Aleutian Islands, growing along the little streams
which issue sluggishly from the ground. (T.)

JUNCACE^. «

Luzuln pilosa, WiLLD., Sitka, Kotzebue Sound.

(L. comosa var. congcstd. Common throughout the western Aleutian Islands. T.)

L. mmdicea, 1) C. Sitka, Unalashka, Kotzebue Sound.

{L. iipadicca,D C.,v&r. iHxrviJto)<i,MK\En. Common throughout the western islands of the
Aleutian Chain. T.)

L. arouata, Waiil., Kotzebue Hound, Saint Lawrence, Unalashka.

L. campestriii, D C., I'lialashka, Sitka, Kotzebue Sound.

L. spicata, 1) C, Saint Lawrence, Kotzebue Sound.

Juncm bnUicus, Dethaud. Cape Espenberg, Norton Souml, Unalashka,

J. arctivuH, Willd., Sitka.

J. cimfolim, WiOKSTUiiM. Unalashka.

(J, xiphioides var. triandrm, Rng., Common at Atkha ami Attn. T.)

J.J'almtun, E. Mkykr. Unalashka, Sitka.

J. custanem, Smith. Sitka, Unalashka, Kotzebue Sound. (Common throughout the Aleutian
Islands. T.)

J. higliimis, L., Kotzebue Soninl.

J. drummondi, LEUjiu., Unalashka (to Attn. T.)

J . paradoxuK, Meyeb. is given by Ledebour as a doubtful native of Sitka.

CYPBRACEiB.

Sitirpus cwspHosm, L., Unalashka, Sitka.
S. itylvaticUH, L., Sitka.
Eriophorum vaginatum, L., Sitka.

E. svhcuchzeri, IIoppe. Kotzebue Sound and Sitka, fide Mertens.

E. ehamMsonk, C. A. Mey^eb. Sitka, Unalashka. (Abundant on the boggy places throughout
the Aleutian Islands. T.)

CONTItimiTIONH TO Tlll'3 NATUUAI, HISTORY OK ALASKA.

7i)

H. riilHtriT, (^iiAM., Siiiiit Idiwrti'iiu".

Hhti/oliiiin, \j., IncliidiiiK UpolnHltuhjum luid K. univih', Hitku, Norton Soniid to Point Mur-
row iuhI llio Aictii- ooawt. "Tli»« HJlky Imir of tln« roUnu jjriiMHfn in nrn'd li.v I lie Km|iiiiniiux iim n
Hulmtilnto for tintlor," SiMMniinn. (Not. nnooniinon on tin- Alonliiin iMltmUH. T.)

(W. mpiliitum, Host., Uiillior coi on iit Saint Micinu'l'M. T.)

]ih)/nclioMi>i>ra nihil, Vaiii,., Silliii.

Klynii spiintii, Sciirad., A nit in coast.

Vitrcv Umrarpii, ('. A. Mkykii. Sitka, UinilaNlikA.

C. miiropoila, 0. A. Mkvkii. IJrnilasiika.

V. liriiniitii, 0. A. Mkyiok. Sitka, llnalaslika.

(K nifirifinm, i). A. Mkykii. Sitka, Unalaslika.

V. paidijloni, I;1(1I!'J'k., Sitka,

V. donijiita, L., Sitka.

C. U-porinii, L., IfnaliiHlika.

V. Iiiijoiniiii, Waiii,., Kotztjliih! Soninl.

0. norvcijkn, Wim.d., Sitka, K(>t/,t»i»nu Sonml.

C. rinifsri'iiH, L., Sitka.

v. Hli'lliiliitii, (iooi)., Sitka, IJinilaHlika.

C. rcmola, L., Sitka.

C. Inulioiiinii, Waiii,., Sitka, (Saint Minliatil'-s. T.)

C. mcrtviiKii, I'llKsccviT. Unalaslika, Sitka.

V. ntriitii, \j., Kotzebno Soniid.

C. ymt'lini, Hook., Sitka, Unahuslika, Ivot/.obiio Suuiiil.

U. liviila, Waiil., Sitka.

C, ciipiUinis, ]j., Unala.slika.

V. rari/hra, S:mitu. Uiiala.slika, SrliisdunarctV Hay.

G. rotvndata, Wahl,, Kotzebue Soiuul.

C. macriwhwta, 0. A. IMkykr. Unalaslika, Sitka.

C. militnoviirpa, CiiAM., Saint fjawivnco.

C. stylosa, C. A. Meyeb. Sitka, Unalaslika.

0, limosa, Tj., Sitka.

0, saxatilis, Waiii,., Kotzebue and Norton Sonnds.

C. va'spitimi, L., Sitka, Kotzebue Sound.

G. Htricta, Good., Kotzebue Sound.

G. aquatiliH, Waiil., Uualasbka, Kotzebue Souinl.

G, oryptocarpn, C A. Meyeb. Sitka, Kotzebue Sound. (All tlie Aleutian Islands. T.)

G, acuta, L., Sitka.

G. iienicaria, L., Sitka, Kotzebue Sound.

G./uUginom, Steunh., Kotzebue and Norton Sounds, hi a loot note Dr. Kothrock stateH
that he had not access to IJoott's {jreat work on ('arox, and lias followed Ledebour as the latest
available authority. Most likely some inoditic ations of this list will yet bo needed.

J

ORAMINE^a].

Hordeum prateme, L., Sitka, Uiialasaka.

Il.jnhatiim, L., Fort Yukon, Saint Michael's.

Elymwi sibiricus, L., Sitka.

E, arenariun, L., Norton Sound to Point Barrow.

E. mollis, Tbin., Sitka, Norton and Kotzebue Sounds. (Abundant tlirouj;Iiout the Aleutian
Islands. CJrows to a height of the feet in favorable situations. The grains have a tendency to
produce ergot. It is rare to tind a head without one or more diseased grains of often an inch in
length. T.)

Triticum repens, L., Kotzebue Sound.

Festuca onina, L., Kotzebue Sound.

^

80

CONTKIBUTIONS TO THK NATUUAL HISTORY OF ALASKA.

i

'I

'I

M

-'<'. rulm , h., Sitka, Kotzcbue Souml. United by M'jsars. Ilookor iiiid (-ray witli F, of'ma,

F, sv^iilata, IJoNO., Sitka.

Bromux eiiuitiin, L., Kotzobiio Soiiiul.
li. luhulKtus, Lkdeh., Uiialasl'ka.

B. (ilcutvnsis, Trin., Unatasli'vi.
I>. nit-'heniiiK, Hong., Sitkii.

I'oa nfcHuntha, Ti'.in., IJiialiislika, Sitkji, and In AiiuMiiM Arclica and I'rcMim Hciijawin,
Ledel.)iir Flora Kossi'SiV, vol, )■•, p. M'l. {In a fool-noto Dr. Kotlnock ailds that on tln> authority
of I'rof. S. F. JJaiv.i the fietirn Sonjaw-n is c" the Asiatic sick', and lies in latitude 01° ^5' north
and t iifj^itudo 172" 'Mi' west, between 'vayne Island and the Asiatic shore.)

P.flaricaiis, Ledkii., riialaslika.

I\ arvtica, It. Hr., Kotzebne Sound, Unalashka, Sitka.

i'. reK/,virt, All., Unalashka, Ciii)e Lisburue, Ko'.zebiu' Sound. Dr. 1 loth rock aerc includes
1'. abbreriata, Wu.

r. rotund)!. TitiN., Uimlaslik:i.

P. lu'iitorallti, Ij., Kot/ebui' biuuid.

r. niniiia, L., Sitka.

/*. pratnixit., L., I<<!t:'.!'bue Souiid, i'ualiisl'.Ua.

Colimihiiii ^iilrum. l.:;i)Ei!.. K'il/el»ue Sound.

Duixnitid psilot.iilha, lii'l'R., Kot/ebue Sound.

Catnbroxu (Uiuaiica, P-eai!V., .Siika, t'cle Le<le jour.

C. ahjiila, 1''ries. Kotzebue Sound.
Atropis maritinw, Ledeh., Sitlca.

.1. angujitata, Leder., Kotzebue Sound.

(riyceria aquaiicn, S.Mll'll. Sitka.

0. gUmitr'o. TjEdeu., St. Lawrence, Sitka, Aliaska, Kot/.ebue Souu( .

7. n»(jiti'(,.:,i, x'kesl., Atkha IsUmkI.

(i. sfenantha var. rh-lpvra. Atkha Lsland.

Jlieroclilon hDrcalis, U. and Sciiplt., L^nalashkn, Ivot^iebuo Suund.

II. alpiitii, K. and Sciiult., Uualashka, Ivotzebtie Sound, Arctic Sound.

Tiisctum subspicatitm, TiiiN., Unalashka, Kotiobue Sound, Point Parrov to Mackenzie Kiver.

T. sesquiflotum, Trin., Unalashka.

T. ceruuhir Trin., ^icka.

Aim rwK' .., Tbin., Unalashka and mainland.

.4.. cwspifosa, T:ilN.. va:. bottnica. Sitka. (Dr. lto;,hrock adds that, in lookin.i; over the specl
mam oi ji. cwnpitoaa in Herb. '.>ray, ho Ihiisone fioin the Sandwich Islands, and another from
Fort Vancouver, both of which appear identical with our forms from Sitka. They havinji been
authentiodly named b" Colonel Munro as Aim civspitosa var. bottnica, he has labeled the Sitkan
specimens in accordance with hi', deterniiinilion. Trinius, in Iconcs (rrauituuni, in the text front-
ing his A.Jie.iHoui.vAv. .'.'()^;.•>m, speaks of an Aira very similar to A. bottnica beiiifj found at Sitka
by Mertei''. Bongard is silent en the siiltjeet i!i " N'egetatiou of Sitka,'' though he finds in Herb.,
Gray, a specimen similai to the Sitkan op:s marked (but frou) Unalashka) as A. cdxpUosa, var.
longifina. Tri'iius 1. e, Vol. Ilf, writes of the same plant from Silku, "Cieteium liac varietate
transitus (juidain sistitur ab ^4. cn'spiPim ad tiexuosam "; which statenii-nt seems probable enough.)

A. arcti'^a, Trin., Kotzebno Sound, Unala.shka, Sitka, and interior of the (uuintry.

A, atropuspurca, SCHEELK. Sitka, Unalashkii,and from Point Barrow to Mackenzie River.

CaUimagrostis aleutica, Trin., Unalashkii, Sitka.

C, purpurascuH, R. Br., Fort Yukon. Torrey and Gray regard this as a form of C. Kylvatica
I). C.

C. strigom, Wahl., Sitka. Munro unites this with C. alcutiva, Bono,

(\ neglrrfa, (Jaertner. Kotzebno Sound.

G. lapponira, TiiiN., Unalashka.

C canadensin, Beaiv., Kotzebue Sound.
C, langsdoi^^i, Tbin., Kotzebue i^ound.

:/, ,. f?

mtuammumfmmi^

■"l

CONTltlBUTIONS TO TUE NATURAL HISTORY OF ALASKA.

81

Arctagroxfis latifolm, Ledkh., Kotzebue Sound aiul Arctic cosist.
Cinna lutifolia, Ledkk., Sitka.
AijrostiH lequivalvis, Trin., Sitlcu, Uiiiiliushka.
A. erurata, Trin., Uiiiibishka, Sitka, Kailiak.
A. ijcminatit, Thin., Uiialashka.
.'I. hu'ifhrn, K. Bii., Unalasliki",.

I'lilnim pmtemc, L., Alaska, where it tl;riv',\; well accordiiijj; to Kello^f;'; but in what pari of
Alaska '?

J'-alpinuiii, L., Sitk.i, Lliialashka, Kotzebue Sound, Saint liavvrence (Aretii! coast '.).
Atopiriirun alpiniis, Sm., Saint Lawrenc(>, Kotzebue Sound (and Arctic coast f ).

EQUISBTACEiE,

I-JiluiM'tnm (trrcnsc, L., Sitka, Unalashka.
E. sylrtiticum, L., Kotzebiic Sound.

LYCOPODIACE.a3.

Li/coixxltiim scliino, L., Sitka, Uiijilashka, Ivotzebue Sound. (Throughout the Aleutian Islands,
^rows in stout dumps. T.)

//. iiiniotinum, L., :5itka, Unalashka, Kotzebue Sound, Norton Sound.

/,. sitchcnse, Ki'imikcut. Sitka.

L. complanatum. Sitka, yiV/c Led(d)our, Flora Ilossica. (Abundant at I'nalashka, and coniinon
on the western isnmds of the Aleutian t)hain. (irow.s amongst the scanty grasse.s on the dryer hill-
tops, T.)

L. (ilpinuin, L., Unalashka. Found in abundance throughout the treeloas districts of Alaska.

/;. (Icndroidcnm, Mioiix., Sitka; Jiilc Ledebour, Flora Ilossica.

/>. clnrntum, L. Sitka, Unalashka. ((Joinmon at Saint Micihael's ami the Aleutian Islands,
growing at times twenty feet long. T.)

HeUminella spiiwsa, Beauv., Unalashka.

VILICES.

Opiiioglossum vidgattim, L., (obtained only at Unalashka, where it grows in great abuiid iiu;e
among the rankest pat ciies of other ferns and weeds. The leaf is bright sap green during life,
and turns golden yellow as it withers. This species was carefidly sought for among the other
islands, but not discovered. T.)

lioiyiU'hinm liinarid, Jj., Unalashka. (Abundant at Unalashka and Attn. Not observed i-lse.
where, though carefully searched for. This fern grows on the edges if the rocks which have been
covered with a light or thin deposit of soil. The inuid)er of plants found at any given locality,
though of very rrstrieted ari'a, may be as great as tifty,and varying from 1 to t! inches in height.
At Attn they were found on the gravelly level at the head of Chiehagol' Harbor, among tin' scanty
grasses I ust a few lods west of where are the renndns of the former ho ises of the nati\es who W(^re
taken to the Commander Islainls. At Sarana liay, on the northeast side of Attn, this tern grows
in great iirofusion and attains a height of !) ii: • -es in the rich, warm, sandy soil wliicli i ■ at the
head of that bay, among the rank grasses of thu*^ place, iwiw the jiresent liousi!s wliicii constitute
the summer village of the At tu people. T.)

(/>'. horcnlc, !Mii,i)i:. This si)e('ies was not observed elsewhere than 0:1 the sides of the paths
beyond the graveyard at lliuliuk village, Unalashka. It luiver grows in jiatidies. Rarely more
than one stalk will bo found at a time or separateil by at least a few in<du's from another, and not
more tha.i half a dozen will be found near the lirst. \t attains a variable size of half an inch to
•I inches in heigiit, dependnig altogether on the, soil, for in tlu)se places where the lianks, or sides
of the cow-paths have parted, and fresh soil has been exposed several years before will be found
the larger jjlants of this species. T.)

(/{. luHfi'iihttum, Ai'osr., Common at Unalashka, growing isolated among tli<' scanty grasses
and mosses of the low hill tops and along the broken edges of the paths leading beyond the lake
southeast of lliuliidi village. T.)
S. Jlis. loo 11

82

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE NATURAL HISTORY OF ALASKA.

(B. rtitaceum, VVii.Li)., (B. matricarifolium, A. Ekovvn. Uiialaslika. T.)

[B. teniatum, SoHWABTZ. Oomnioii at lliialashka, growing on the lower level grouiKls and at
tli(? hase.s of ^jradiially .sl<)])iiig hills. This species remains green throiighont the winter, the last
frond alone remaining so, and toward spring turns a dull bronzy color, which disappears with the
enlivenment of spring. This species was uot observed to the westward. T.)

(B. virginicum, Schwartz. Very rsvre at Unalashka; not observed on any of the other Aleu-
tian Islands. T.)

Ciistopteris fragUh, Beknu., Unalashka, Kotzebue Sound. (I f<iund this speciies to be rare at
St. Michael's, of scanty growth in small clusters. At Unalashka it occurs in the small eaves along
the beach. At Svenoi or Hog Islaiul, in Captain's Harbor, it is very identiful. In a cave at the
Lead of Goltseb Harbor, on the northern side of Attn Island, it is very abundant, growing in large
patches and of luxuriant growth. It does uot occur on tlie intermediate islands that I am aware
of. T.)

{AHpidUnn oreopteris,^\\Mi'V7.. Common at Unalashka and Attn. Not f(Hind on the inter-
mediate islands. Not ])reviously described from North America. T.)

[A. spimdosum var. dllutatum, HooKEB. Obtaiued at Unalashka, Afognak. and Attn. Quite

common at the latter place; grows in tufts of a half dozen fronds Ir a single root. The plant

has a yellowish-green color in life, and is conspicuous among other plants at the bases of bluffs
and the sloi)ing sides of the wide ravines. T.)

^1. lonchith, SWARTZ, Umilashka, Chaniisso, and Eschscholtz. (A single tuft, of half ii dozen
fronds, was brought to me by a native at Saint Michael's. It is (jnite rare theie. At Uindashka
it is extremely abundant, growing on the ledges of cliff's and hlnlls which form the steej) sides of
the deei)or ravines. This species was never nuit with far from the seashore, ami was not observed
on the islands to the westward. T.)

A. fraiiriins, Swartz. Sitka, Unalashka.

^l. (tculeatum, Swartz. Sitka. (Prof. i). C. Eaton says this species has been found but once
at that locality. T.)

BIcchnum .spicant, RoTH., (Lomaria Hpicant, Desv.), Sitka.

Pterin aquUina, L., Sitka.

P. argentea, S. G. Ghelin. America-Rossica, Steller ex Pallas. (.\u evident error. T.)

AUosorm sUchcmis, Ruprecht. ( — Uryptogmmmc a<rosiichoi(les,]i.V>ROVfN). Sitka. (.Mihi
ignota, Ledebour.)

A. finrolatUK, Rupreoht. Unalashka, Kadiak. (This species is the same as (Jryptogrnmme
acrostkhoidcs R. Brown. T )

{Plwgnptcrix poUipodloidfs, FEE. Common at Unalashka, Afognak, ami Attn. T.)

{P. (h-yopterin. Vkk. Abundant at Unalashka, Afognak, and Attn. T.)

Polypodium rulgari;, L., (Abundant throughout the Aleutian Islands; grows anunigst tiie tall
grasses to a height of a foot, while on the rock ledges it attains a height of only an inch. T.)

Admntum pedatum, L., (Common at Unalashka and Attn. Grows on tlii^ ledges of io(rks which
are covered with turf. It was not observed on the iiiternu'diate islands. T.)

AnpU'nium fclijc-fwinina, Bkrnu., Unalashka, Sitka. Kadiak. (Not eoianion in the spruce
woods of Afognak Island. T.)

ANOPHYTE,S.

■4.

SiEl

[Uctoriiiiiii^d iiiid coiiiinluil l)y Tliouias 1'. .J;iiiics.]

MUSCI.

Sphagnum cymhi/oliion, EiiRil., Sitka.

(S'. tereti, VVaui,., Nulato.

iS". cunpiddtum, var. recurvnm. Beauv., Sitka.

S. aciitifolinm, Ekrii., Sitka aiul Alaska.

S. timbriutum, Wilson. Kotzebue Sound,

S.Jhnbriatiini, var. ramis uenso <'-ompaetis, foliis brevioribns snlicUi])tii'is: Norton Sound.

Wcixia Hemilnla, Funic, Nulato.

smiiMmtsmmmBaskiiuiHmmmMkaMimsmauiimtm^

CONTRIBUTIONS TO Til H NATURAL HISTORY OF ALASKA.

Divranum cri.spiim, IIkdw., Kotzobiie Soiihd.

D. iMli/carpiiw, Eiiiui., Aliiska.

D. hctfiromailnm, ITkdw., Aliiskii.

D. cniujenfum, Bimd., Sitl;a.

i>. scoii'trium, IIkdw., Ivotzebiie Sound iiiul Ala.skii.

/>. eloHjjatum, Schwakg., Kotzobue Soiiiid.

I>, Ihilustrc, Bum., var. thliis pliiiiis ncc iiiKliiliiti.s., Sitkii, Niihilo.

/>. majits, Smith., Sitka.

JK svhra<1ci-i, Schwako., Kotzcbnc Soiiinl.

liarhulii miillcri. Bit. and Son., Alaska.

Ccrdtodon pnrpiircn.s, Bkid., Kotzi'l)iu! Sound, Sitka, Nnlato.

Dintkhium cnpUhtcciiDt, Br. and Sen., Kotzebuo Sound, Nnlato.

Tetropliis pelhiiiil((, IIkdw., Sitlui.

Ulotd hiD-cIaiji, Jii'j'i'KN., Sitka.

h'ncoinitrinm acicuhirc, BiiiD., Sitka.

ii*. fdwiruhirc, Brid., Alaska.

A'. cancHcens, var. ericoidcH, Bbid., Sitka.

R.. hntiifihinsum, Br. and Son., Ivotziibuo Sound.

Tai/loriu scrratit, Br. and Son., Sitka.

Tetraplodon mniDklen, IIkdw., Kotzobue Sound, Sitka.

Sphichnum spjKrririim, Hkdw., Norton Sound.

nV. i-finculosum, LrNN., Sitka.

T. urceoial;;.". Br. and .son.. Kotzcbno Soninl.

Eucalyptni rhdhdocnrpa, Soiiwakg., Nulato.

Funaria hyfiromctrira, IIkdw., Iktifi'alik.

Barfrmiiid vieiizicnii, IldOK., Western llu.ssian America.

Com*>fomnmborc((l(', SWARTZ., Kotzcbue Souiul.

Bryum i»dymorphum, Bb. and Son., Sitka.

B. rtuUins, SrnRF:Ti., Kotzi^bue Sound, Sitka, Iktigalik.

B. criidum, SonRKi!., lkti;;alik.

B. puriforme, Hrdw., Iktigalik.

B. lacustrc, Brid., Kotzebuo Sound.

B. invUiiatum, Br. and Son,, Kotzebuo Sound.

B. capiUnre, Hedw., Sitka.

B. (xrfienfcum, Linn., Iktigalik.

Milium punctdium, IIkdw., Sitka.

M. rosfrotxm, ScnwAicci.. Kotzebue Sound.

M, affinc, var. zchttum, Br. and Sc .: , Sitka.

M. menziesii, Hook., Sitka.

Aulacnvinion iinujUhnn. SoiiwaK't , !-'.otzebne Souml.

A. pahintn', Soiiwakg., Kotzebue Sound, Sitka, Nulato.

Pogonafum cKpillnre, Mioiix. and Bbid., Kotzebue Sound,. Sitka, Ala.ska.

7*. ntpinum, LiNN., var. foliis eaiisulis longioribus. Kotzebue, Sound and Sitka.

y. alpininn, vnv./inrdlKiti, Brid., Scliisniareft' Bay.

P. alpinum, var. cdnipaniilatuin, Bbid., Uiuda.slika.

P. atrorhcns, Mit'J'kn., Sitka.

/'. con''irtiim, Mknz., Nortliwest coast of Ru.s.sian Amcriiia.

/' ilintdtiim, Mknz., Northwest (M)ast of Uussian America.

PoUiirirhum (trncUc. Mknz., Kotzebue Sound.

P.formoaum, IIkdw., Alaska.

P. cdrifnllam, WiLsoN in Bot. Hvjrald (Seennmn)., Kotzebue Sound.

P. pili/enim, SoiiUKii., A' iska.

P. jnniprniinm, Wili.d., Kotzebue Sound, Nnlato.

P. inniperinum, var. sfi-ictum, Br. and Sou., Kotzebue Sound and Sitka.

83

84

CONTRIBUTIONB TO THE NATURAL HISTORY OF ALASKA.

m

»i#';

P.jiniipirinnm, var. Ibliis (listeiitibiis, iinyihstioriljUH piitiilis. Kotzohuc Sound, Sitkii, Nithito.
/'. Hexanf/ulafc, Hoi'i'., BaiTon spociiiKsiis frdiii Herald Island.
P. commune, Linn., Sitka.
Aiititrivhia curtipctidula, IJuiu., Sitka.
A. valifornica, Lk.syx., Alaska.
N'cvJccra douf/lniisii, Hook., Steekine, Alaska.
N. mcnzienii, Hook., Alaska.
Akia callj'ornica, Lesyx., Alaska.
Jlyfiuuni triquetrum, LiNN.,Nuhit<) and Alaska.
If. loreum, LiNN., Sitka and Alaska.
II. squarroHum, LiNN., Sitka.
11. crisitifolium, HooK., N. W. Rutisian America.
//. lu.ri/oliiim, Hook., N. \V. Jiussian America.
//. sjiUnulins, Hkdw., Niilato and Alaska.
//. strigoHum, ilovim., Nnlato.
II. undnlaPuvi, Linn., Sitka.
fL iulescem, IIitds., Kotzebui; Sound and Alaska.

//. myoKuroidcs, var. xtobmiferum, Hook., >f. W. Russian America, Sitka, and Alaska.
H. ruthcnivum, Wkinm., Sitka.
H. sdhrnhnri, Willd., Sitka.
//. .•itokcuii, TUENKR (not L. M.). Alaska.
//. itnciniiltim, Hkdw., Kotzehue Sound.

//. unchiatWH, var. majns, Wilson, twicer as !ar},'e as the ordinai'.y lorrn. Kotzehue Sound,
Alaska.

IT. rcwdvenH, Swaktz, Kotzebuc Sound.

n. circiiKile, llooK., Kotzebue Sound, Nulatc, and Alaska.

//. ruf/osum, Hedw., Kotzebue Sound.

//. (7?we/>r(W),ScnWyEG.,var.(^aulisdi\ isionibussubdendroediis riiliissui»intcgerriniis. Alaska.

IF. rii'ularc, 1>r. and Son., var. ibliis minus aeulis. Kotzebue Sound.

H. salehrosumf Hoffm:., Kotzebue Sound.

n, nitcns, ScnilEU., Kotzebue Sound.

11. denticulahim, Linn., Sitka.

ff. serpens, Linn., Alaska.

HBPATIC.S3

Mdirhoniia polymorjiha. Linn., Alaska.
Fct/atdia coiiicii,('oiiT)X., Sitka and Iktigalik.
Fimbraria tenella, Nees ? Alaska.
■Juniiermannia alhiciins, LiNN., Alaska.
./. tiichophylld, Linn., Alaska.
Scapnnia numeroHa, Nees. Alaska.

LICHENEB.

[List CDiiiiiili'il liy II. M;iiin ]

Spwhivphoron fragile, Peu.S.,

S. coralloidcs, Pebs.,

liwomi/rcs icmadophilns, Nyj... liiulora icmadophi/lla, anet.

Cladmiia gmcilis, Hofkm., Sitka, Kotzebue Sound.

('. pyaddata, AcH,, Kotzebue Sound.

C. deformin, lI()Fi'':<r., Kotzebiu' Sound.

C. uncialiit, lloFFM., Sitka, Kotzebue Sound.

C. rangiferina, Hoffm., All Russian Ameri(!a.

C. sylvatica, AOH., All Rnssian Amc rica.

I'ilo^horon rohustum, Nyl,., Islands of Bering's tf raits.

0ONTRII5UTIONS TO TriE NATURAL niSTORY OF ALASKA.

85

P. am-ulare, TuOK., (Sect, of iUereocauhn.) Russian A n.orica.
Stcreocmilon poMchale, Lawu., I^otzc^hiic Sound.

......rt,rrs:;.' ""'"■"■ '""^"""'' *•"" "■" "»■"'«- Ai.»ou„„r ,„,it „,„„„. „„.».

ThamnoUa vcrmirulare. Common

..»,i!r::;;;r's::^:r: ""''•"■" « ■" «» «-" '"« ^.™ . ^"«. v,..-. -.

vl. dirm-gens, Nyl., Various Io(;a.liti<'s.

Cclrarin is-landica, Aon., Common.

rUttysma micullntnm, Uoium., Common.

P. septnntrionair, Nyl., Kotzel)ue Sonml.

P. tjlaiinum, Nvr,., Kotzcbiio Sound.

Nephroma nrrtimm, I^'imks. Kotzebim Sound.

Peltigern venom,, Hoffm., Kot/.obuo Sound.

P. mwinrt,, IIoPKiVT, Kotzebuc Sonne!.

P. polydadyla, IIOFFM., Kotzobuc, Sound, Si(kii, Ac.

P. aiJ^/ma, HoPFM., Kotzobuc Sound, Sit.lia, &<;'.

mictapulmomcca, Acit., Kotzobuc Sound, Sitka,\^t(^

& scf>r/«c»«/a^«, Acii., Kotzcliuo Sound.

Pimmlia perforata, Acii., Kotzobuc Soniid.

P.pcrlata, Aon., Kofzobirc Hound.

P. mxatilifi, Aoir., lvotzcl)nc Sound.

/'. rliacca, Acir., ICot;?obuc Sound.

Phynria parieflna, I). N., K'otzcliuc Sonml.

y\ sfelUms, Ji'riks.

P. o/wwm, Friks. Kotzebuc Sound.

Lreannrapalksrcns, y.iv. upmlcmk, I-'uiks. |<„(z„bu(^ S(.und

//. t<irtar!ca,viii:/r!f/ida, Aon., Kotzebuc Sound. ' ,

PIneodium elc</aiis, FiUF.fi,

Proroma hypnorum, I) C,

Dothidea hetulina, var. Bctulw nance, Fbie.s
Erineum roseum, Sohultz.

FUNOI.

Kotzebuc Sound.

Fmm vcsindosus, L., Plentiful in Kotzebuc SouuiL

Alarm esrulcnia, Cuv.v., Arcitit; coast.

Chorda Jllnm, Stack".,

Pi/ciioHiphon/aninilarevn, (Jiir. v.,

Cha'topteri.s pinmoaa, Kirrz.

Odonfhaliadenlata, var. anfjusta. FIarv., Arctic coast

[OdoHlhaha Immlwhatka. Sanna!;li Island. T.)

Rhodomela lariv, Aa. ,

(Hhodomclajloeccom. Saiinakli IslancL T.)

Pdesseria smnom, A({., Arctic Ocean.

{PeleHseriajilrf/ensii. Sannakli Lsland. T.)

{Halmacemi ramenfaceum. Satinakli Island.

{Ptilota aitplenoiden. Sannakli Island, T.)

(PUIotaplumosa \m: filicitia. Sannakli Island.)

(Halidryu onmiindacea. Santr.kh Island )

P%«oj/^«.«ft,v,^/,c/, J. AO. Arctic coaJt (single specimen broad-leavcd variety

AlntcldUa { GymnogongruH) pHcata, J. Aff. Arctic co'ist

No,:oc verrucomm^ Fresh- water pools at Point Clarence

T.)

]\

^^il.jprf'FBfmiiB^'T^^'

PART IV.-]^^I8HES

GASTEROSTEIDiE.

1. Gasterosteus catapiikaotes (I'all.) Tilesius

»■ '"=i'«'- T.K.,,i;':::™;;,!:,;;r;' ::'r:i;:';;rr^^^

gmit sou-otter fewund of Ala.ska. ^o.ieacd .Jul^v 14, 18,8, ut &auiialdi Island, tlie

2. Gasterosteus MrCHor
This species was taken at Saiiiiii!

■ ijfTs rui'ai'd.

v-as taken. There is no speeial .^;Cbr. I'^^'rhe^habitJ'" """ '"""" '"'" """" ^•-''^'^'•-^-
Ot the two species the (bruier ^yas tho ii.ore abundant.

3. GASTERosTErs rrxoiTurs L. snl.si). MRAOirYPODA Bean

a small stream of water is spurted out offl , v , the ventral spines are j.ressed

painful. ' ^ "' "'""• ^^ "■"'""' I'™^l«"e<l by the spines is extremely

The natives eat these fi.sh eitjier raw or cooked

The specinu-ns obtained by nu. were collected in June, 187(1, at Saint Michaers, Alaska.

PLBURONECTJDiE.
r>. PlEURONEOTES STELLATIS I'allas.

At Saint Michael's the Flounders are quite uuinerous Th.-v •i.)n....r ,„.„. . i.,. i
the winter's ice has l..ft the shdh.w..r u-.,t,.,... n , ^"'•^•^1''" '" '"'" "'•' ^'•"'•P''^ as soon as

.lay is the best time tor ta^'' ^ ^^ir^'^;. ''';"'^ 't" T?""' "'" ''"'■''' *"^ ^'-" '"■ <""
llesh. The natives pri.e the S^il tf ^L tt^irU'l.l^;'^- ''' ''' '''^' "'^'^^'» -*"' -^^ '^'''^l "f

87

88

CONTIUBUTIONS TO THE NATURAL TllSTOliY OP ALASKA.

thoiii biuik in the water when caught. There is but little meat uu thoui, aud that is full uf tsliort,
strong lM)iie.s.

The Ku.s,siaii name of the FlouiHler is Kdmhal. Th»» Hmaller ones are called Kaiuhnliishhii. Tlie
Eskimo name ol" this .sjteeies is JN'« lii'g nid; and is derived Irom the word Nd tiil:, sij^nify iny boot-sole.

G. I'LEUUONKOTES GLACIALIB Pallas. (See Fij;. 1.)

This species has the same habits as P. stellatus at Saint Michael's. It is smaller in size than P.
HtclldtuK. The Uesh is not so palatable as that of the other sj)ecies.

Hotli species are liable to be diseased in the summer montlis. (ireat tumors appear on the,
sides at the ba.ses of the tins and near the gills. They are so rei>ulsive that cue can scarcely eat
the lisli alter seeing them in this condition.

During calm weather I have had opportunity to observe the habits of Flounders from the wharf
at Saint Michael's and Unalashka. The lish towards evening usually come near the slion;, especially
when the tide is rising. The lish lie on the sandy bottom waiting for food to come in reach, or
else by a (piick movement of their lins throw the sand over their back so as to compltstely hide
tlieir body. After tlie sand has settled, a sliglit mark will lead to the detection of their hiding
lilace. In the course of a few minutes a single eye of the lish will be thrust out for half an in(;h
and slowly be moved round and round in search of food. Should a small lish come near it is in-
stantly s(!ized l)y the hidden Flounder.

At Saint Alicliael's I was once on the wharf where several natives were tishing. One of the natives
was a wt)niau who had but a few days before come from Nulato aud had never seen a Flounder in
ht^' life. She soon caught one of these lish, and when she saw that it was ditlerent from any other
lish she had ever seen her astonishment knew no bounds. The lish gave a tlop aud exposed its
white lower parts. The wonum gave a scream and shouted, " Slapjack Iteba."

The word .slapjack is universally known lor the pancake or griddle-cake, and rclm is the
liussian word for lish. At the present time the Flounders are usually called " Slapjack lleba."

Neither species of the Flounders attain a greater size than fourteen inches in length, and
ranily weigh over ten to eighteen ounces.

At Unalashka Island the Flounders attain a greater size than observed at Attn Island, and
sciucely as large as some individuals seen at Saint Michael's.

lli. lliProoLossus VULCtABis Fleming.

The Halibut is not common at Saint .Michael's, and rarely attains asizeof more than UO inches
in length and a weight of more than twelve pounds. It ocours in Norton Sound near the shores in
the months of .Inly, August, aud September. It is doubtless migratory, as 1 never heard of it
being obtained at any otht'r time.

Among the Aleutian Islainls it is a constant nssident, and there allaius an enormous size
and weight. In some localities it has been caught weighing over .'JOO pounds. The larger
ii\ilivuluals are extiremely ditlicult to kill, aud re(iuire a great amount of "plaving" before being
brought to the surface and there dispatched vlth a club ('• yu>/(>/«'s/iA'((" of the liussian-speaking
Aleut).

Tile tish are often taken while tishing for cod and other li*U.

The usual methot,! pursued by the Aleut of the i)reseut day is to make a wooden hook that re-
sembles a shoe with the sole detaehed, excepting at the heel, from the upjier. Through the part
which I have likened to the sole of the shoe is driven a strong sjiike, usually three or four inches
in length, aud set at an angle of about forty degrees from the sole, and directed inward. The
ui>i>er part is then fastened so that the under surface will be about an inch and a half from tiu', point,
of tlu! spike. The bait is securely fastened to the lower part, and when the tish attempts to swallow
the bait, the upper li]» is pushed on the spike by the interference of the upper part of the hook,
so that any atten.pt of the lish to withdraw front the hook is only to transllx the ull|iet',|;^U iKore
flrndy on the si)ike.

This hook is usindly set in the early "uorning, and is watched Irom tlui house, or shore. An in
Hated stonnvch ol a seal is usually attached to the line, as a Uoat, and wIumi it is seen to nioxe, Ihell
it is kuowu that a Ualibut is at the bait. Other tish rarely attempt to take the bait, as the wooden

"

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m

Coutrlb. Nnl. Hint. AluHkjt. i'liviiir.

PLATE 1.

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PLATE a.

IMAGE EVALUATION
TEST TARGET (MT-S)

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CONTKIBUTION8 TO THE NATURAL HISTORY OF ALASKA.

89

jiarte of the liook move round so tiiftt they are frightened off. ()«!caH!oiially a largo cod niity bo
taken that way, but only tlie perHisteut endeavors of the Halibut enable it to be t^kt-n by this means.

At Attn Island the Halibut attains a great size, but the larger ones are rarely taken. The
Atkhan Aleuts secure large Hsh of this species. At Atkha two canoes usually go together so as
to assist each other in case of necessity. When a large Halibut is taken the man gives a signal
to his comrade, and begins to tire the tlsh out. The cuiuradu approaches so as to be near when
the fish is drawn to the surface, as they are so strong that they have frequently up.s<!t the canoe of
the Msherman, who is nearly always drowned if alone.

When the flsh is exhausted it is drawn to the surface and struck on the head with the elub
used by all the Aleut iishermen. The one who comes as assistant is the iiersuii who does the killing,
while the other holds the line, rea<ly to give play at the least movement of the Hsii. After the
fish has been killed it is secureil between the two canoes and taken to land. This method is
pursued only for large fish ; the suialler ones are managed by a single lisherman.

The fish usually lie in water of 20 to 100 fathoms. The larger flsh in the deeper water.
Their llesh is excellent, but dry, unless properly cooked. The best way is to roast a large piece
of the belly with a little water and scraps of fat pork, to keep the fish from becoming too dry. If
properly attended to it makes a feast fit for a king. The natives usually Ivoil tiio tisli, a not very
choice way of pn-paring it. Large strips are cut up and hung on poles or lines to dry. It becomes
very hard, and unless it is not eaten with sufUcient fatty substances it is not healthy. Tlie driiMl
strips are usually put in the stomach of a sea-lion and kept for winter consumption.

QADIDA.

ITi. RonKooADUS SAiDA (Lepech.) Bean. (See Fig. II.)

Tiu^ spe(!imens «»f Arctic; Cod collected by me were obtained in the latter part of February, 1877,
the coldest month during a nearip four years stay at Saint Michael's.

Some natives had iimdc holes in the ice in the bay, aiul were tishing through these hoI(>s when
I visited them and obtained several specimens. This species wiis not ol)served at any other than
the winter season. The natives informed me that they only occur in winter. They wore obtained
in about three and a half fathoms. I could not learn any particulars of their habits.

10. Oadi's mokriiu . Iiinnfeus.

The Cod of the North Paciflc ranges to about latitude 04° 30' N. on the American shores,
and ])erhaps not so high on the Kauu;hatkan side. The limit of their imrtliern boundary is the
line of constant ice during midwinter, although the northern limit of these flsh is not yet well
matle out.

The Cod fisheries of Alaska are of great importance, the banks very extensive, and containing
an abundancie of tisli for all |)uri)oses.

The favorite localities are the Sliumagin Islands, Cook's Inlet, and throughout th»i Aleutian
Islands. North of Aliaska the best-known locality is about thirty miles luutheast of Amak Island,
and another of jirobably less importance lies thirty miles off shore from Cape Strog<Miof to the nmutli
of Hulinni River. An tng the Aleutian Islands, especially on the north side, a hook (ian st^arcely
be thrown in the water without taking a Cod. One of the locialities where the best fish are taken
among the Aleutian Islands is off tlie north head of Unalashka. Another is at theentramietoNazan
Harbor (Atkha Islainl) and on the north side of Atkha Islaiul. Off the northeast shoulder ot
Kiska Island, and in recent years olf the northwest shoulder of Attn Island, they ae abnn*lant.

I have learned of nothing that would lead me to believe in large migrations of t'le Aleutian Cod.
They retire to tin' deeper waters of the neighborhood on the approach of winter, and draw near the
land in May. They are most abundant in .Inly and Septemlier in some localities, and in others in Feb-
ruary end March. The time of their greatest abundance at any particular locality varies according
to circumstances that are not yet well understood. Whileat Amchitka Island in IH.Sl I si>w the bones
of ('odfish of suci size as to excite wonder, yet 1 was informed by miti ves that the Cod oidy comes ou
the north side of that island in .Inly and never stay later than the first of September. Rones of
immense size were extremely abundant on the soil around the ancient village sites. At Attu
8. Mis. 155 12

90

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THIS NATURAL HISTORY OF ALASIf A.

Island the Codfish are very numerous at the present day. They attain immense size there. I saw
one individual in February, 1881, that weighed Just out of the water an even thirty jiounds. The
fish was fat and vigorous. It was caught in water of about twenty-flve fathoms. The natives ot
Attn inform me that the CoJ has not long been an inhabitant of the waters a. ound tliat island. Its
advent was near 1873. Previous to that time individuals had been obtained but rarely, and many
of the men had not seen a Cod prcvions to that time. At Atkha Island the Cod also attains a great
size. I have never seen a sickly flsh at that place. In the entrance to the "Old Harbor" {Starry
Oaven), on the north side, the old m^n repair in summer to catch the Cod to dry for winter. They
assert that they are plentiful and Oi larger size than anj' other locality near that island.

At Unalashka these fish arc very abundant and here unhealthy flsh are quite common, though
on the outside of the northeast point of the island large, healthy fish are taken in greatest abundance.
The supply among 1 e Aleutian Islands being always equal to the demand made on them. The na-
tives frequently sell the surplus flsh to the company, which salts them to send to the Pribylof
Islands for the use of the people there. Of course only large flsh are bought. The price paid is
five cents in trade or money for each flsh in the fresh, cleaned state. The size of tiie runs of flsh
depends greatly on the season and depth of \r :,ter from which they are obtained. The larger flsh
are obtained from the deeper water. The average weight of the flsh among the Aleutian waters
will be alwut twelve pounds. Individuals of 18 to 24 {wunds are quite common, while the majority
of the catch will bo about fifteen to sixteen pounds. It is possible that the off-shore flsh will
average one or two pounds more than the shore flsh. Myriads of small Cod are to be seen round
the wharves at Unalashka during the latter part of September, and all of October. These bite
readily at the hook.

A piece of jther flsh is generally used for bait for catching Cod. The Codflsh is one of the
principal food-flshes of the Aleuts. They frequently go out to the banks, some miles off shore, and
in the course of a few hours return with their canoe loaded tlowu to the water's edge with fine fish.
They prepare great quantities of these fish for winter's use by drying them. Their manner of
preparing them is as follows : The head is partly severed from the body at the throat, the gills are
taken out, a slit along the boUy and the entrails are removed, the backbone is cut on each side
and either removed as far as the tail, which is left to hold the two sides together to allow them to
be hung over a pole, or else it is left in and dried with the body. When flsh are abundant this is
rarely done. The sides are then cut transversely through the flesh to the skin and tl't* body then
hung up by the tail to dry. During rainy weather an old sealskin is tied over the bunches of
fish to keep them dry as possible. When the fish are suf£jiently dry they are stored away for
future use. The ravens have a fine time watching the stages of drying flsh, for if there is any-
thing which a raven loves it is a flsh that an Aleut has hung up to dry. The natives of Attn will
not i)ermit cats to be kept on the island, because the cats, which they furuierly hud, ate or des-
troyed more flsh in one night than an Aleut woman could hang up in a day. It would be interest-
ing to know bow many Cod are taken by the Aleuts west of Uniniak Pass. If each fisherman re-
I)orted daily to the " Tyone " the number taken, the anmunt could be given to the agent of the com-
pany there, and at the end of the year a very nearly approximate total could be given.

The api>earance of the Cod is extremely variable. The darker-colored flsh are generally the
older ones, and most of them have a dark patch at the base of the bead. The general color alH>ve is
a variable dirty brown to dusky. The sides are i>ule brown to gray, becoming nearly pure white on
the Itelly and lower side of the head. Back of the anal fin the color is generally the same as thai of
the middle of the sides of the body. The older flsh have tiie more uniform colors, while the middle
size and younger flsh have the colors more distinct and the blot4;hes are less confluent.

The ground color of the flsh is also variable, being gray, yellowish, plumbeus, or even sooty.

The size and shape of the head are also extremely variable; in fact scarcely any two flsh caught
the same day will have similar heads.

18. TiLBBiA UBAGIM8 (Tiles) Swainsou. (See Fig. III.)
This species is known to the natives and white residents of Saint Michnel's district as Vi'ikh nya,
a word of uncertain origin, but supposed U have been introduced from Siberia, as it is used by the

C'uutrtb, Nat. UUt. Aluaku.— Tuiul'V.

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(JONTKIBUTION8 TO THK NATUKAL 11I8TOKY OF ALASKA.

91

KuHsian-Bpeaking population. The Eskimo name of tbis fish if* ^ Mth loo Ak. Many of tlio
white traderH give tiiis tlHii the Kiiglish name of " Touicod."

Natives of Unuhishka speak of tlie flsli as Wdh nya, a name nsed by all the Kussian-speaking
people where this species occiiis.

At Haint Michael's this s])ei;ies is a (;oi;stant resident, and wonderfully abundant at all seasons.
In the spring, as noo:i as the ice goes out, they are caught from all the small points of land that
project into the water. During the summer but few are caught as the abundance of other Ashes
make the V'akhnya little sought after.

When the ice in November has set, small holes of a few inches in diameter are cut through it.
The thin ice which may form during the night is easily removed with the ice ])ick, and scooikhI out
with a small sieve-like scoop of a few inches in diameter, having a hoop made of bone, horn, or wood,
and netted across with whalebone (baleen) or sinew. This scoop is also used to free the holti from
slush which drifting snow may make during the day while Ashing. The hook used by the Kskimo
consists of a ])iece of slightly (uirved bone, ivory, or deer horn. A small piece of metal (preferably
copper, as this will not be so easily broken as steel or iron) is sharpene<l and Armly set in the con-
cave side of the shaft of the hook. No barb is used, as the weather is so cold in winter that the
hands would be fm/.en in removing the Ash, which the presence of the barb would render necessary.
Without the barb the Ash is detached instantly unless the hook is swallowed too far. Sometimes
the hook is made to imitate Uie form of the sea-slug or other crustacean. The great secret is to
keep the line taut, so that in drawing it to the surface the Ash has no chance to become detached,
but does so as soon as the line is slackened. The bait used is generally a piece of fresh Ash of any
kind. The bait is secured to the hook by two little sinew threiuls which are fastened to the upper
part of the hook. This keeps the bait from being taken off by the Ash, as in winter it would be
serious work to fasten on bait every few minutes. All this is done before leaving the village. The
line is generally made of whalebone (baleen), cut into long strips, and |)olislied so that the water
will not cling to it and freeze. The lower part of the line next the hook is sometimes made of strips
of the shaft of the (piill of a gull, goose, or swan, or the sinew from the wing of a swan is also used.
Several of these snoods may be used on one line, and during times of abundance of Ash eiuih hook
will hav»! a Ash on it.

Each of these materials has the ]U'operty of not retaining the water on its surface, so that the
line rarely becomes clogged with ice. A sinker is seldom used, excepting in summer Ashing, and
then may be a grooved stone from the beach, or often a |>iece of ivory is cut in imitation of a Ash
and tied on the line wiih the tail upward. This serves two purposes, one to represent a Ash going
down to seize the bait and make the live, big Ash hurry up and bite, and secondly, to make less
resistance when the line is drawn from the water. Just above the hooks are sometimes found small
red beads, or the little led processes which are to be found on the base of the bill of the anklet {Simo-
rhynchm cristatellus). These are also used as attractions for the lisli.

The Eskimo Ashernian,or woman, goes out early in the morning to the hole, which has been
made the day before, for while cutting it out the Ash are frightened away from it and nothing will
be caught that time. The person takes a grass sack or basket along to carry the Ash home in. A
piece of old sealskin or grass mat is taken to sit on. On arrival at the pla«e it is carefully cleaned
out by means of the seine-like scoops with as little disturbance as possible, the line prepared and let
down into the water. Ere many seconds one or two Ash will be drawn (uit and slung high in the
air ; and, as they slap down on the ice they invariably become detached from the hook. The native
is now in good humor, as an abundanc^e of Ash is indicated by their taking the hook when Arst put
down. He takes ott' hi glove and contentedly reaches behind his right ear for the quid of to-
bacco, which has lain t. ..-re for the last twelve hours, covered by his abundant locks of hair; and,
thrusting it far back between the teeth and cheek, calmly lets it soak while he pulls out dozens
of Vakhni (plural form of the word). When he has caught a sufficient number he gives a signal for
those on the lookout to come with a dog and sled to carry them home. During favorable times
two or three bushels may be- caught by a single Asherman. Any that are not wanted for home
consumption are brought to the trading post and sold for so much per basketful of about 75 to 125
Ash, the price being Afteen to twenty cents in trade, which represents six to lune cents in money.
During the winter Ashing a short pole is used, while in summer a longixtle is held over the pro-

92

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE NATURAL HISTORY OP ALASKA.

icdlnjj ledgo of rottkH. The number of flali of this sppcies coiiHiiiiioil by the inbHbitantfl of Norton
Sound is (>iu)rniouH. They are ustMl as food for man and dog. The uativcH citJiw cook tluun by
boiliuir, or else freeze and oat theai raw. I liave never eaten a boiled Vakhnya, neither do I
dcNiro to eat it. Tiie Hosh in rather firm, but in a very nhort time be(!ome.s watery. When (liey
are fried hard and brown tliey do well enough as a change but not as a regular diet month after
month. 1 have eaten them while fVozon so bard that the tiesh had to be sluived oft' with a knife,
but there is so little fleshy fiber and so much water in the meat that it is like eating ico made from
the water in which they were boiled.

The geographical distribution of this species is not well made out. They occur on the mainland
shores of Alaska from Bering Strait to Kadiak Island. Auu)ng tlie Aleutian Islands I have seen
this si)ecie8 only at Unidashka, and there only on two (xuiasions and not half a dozen fish altogether.
I do not believe that it occurs to the westward of that island, as all in<|inries cone4>rning it at
Atkha and Attn elicited no infonnatioit that led me to recognize tliis species as CNisting there.

T!ic Eskimo assert that these fish spawn in February among the pebbles at the bottoms of the
deeper jjortions of tlie bays. I have seen small fry of this speciies in the latter i)art of Septem-
iter and in October. They were about an inch to an inch and a half in length. They do not as-
semble in huge s(!hool8, but seem to stream out irregularly along the beatili and search round
and round for food. There appears to bo but little regularity in their method of moving fnmi place
to i)lace for either young or old fisli.

There is considerable individual variation in this species. Some have a darker (iolor than
others and a slightly different shape. The general color when fresh is a grayish brown above,
becoming lighter on the sides and belly. Toward the tail the color is also lighter. Some indi-
viduals have sn)all, darker colored spots on the sides; but this seems to be due to the efl'ect of
season, as tlie greater number of spotted fish are t« be found in the winter months.

The size of this species is not great. They rarely attain a greater length than fifteen inches
and not more than a pound and a quarter in weight.

19. Lota maculosa (Le S.) Rich.

'this species is tlu^ "7/osA" of the Hudson Bay men: and the name lias been introduced into
Alaska also, as the Russians, in speaking of this fish, always uae the word ♦' Losh."

This fish attains a considerable size, oft«n of more than four feet long and weighing sixty to
seventy five pounds. Their flesh is firm and dry, scarcely eatable, used principally as dog food.
The liver is very large, and conlains a great quantity of rich oil which is highly prized for cooking
purposes by both whites and natives. When part of the oil ha« been removed from the liver the
latter is then excellent food when fried and eaten hot. The roe also attains an immense size, and
aftbrds a very rich soup. This species is found only in the Yukon River, so far as my own knowl-
edge is concerned. It is said to be abundant throughout the Hudson Bay territory.

1 am not aware tliat it visits the sea. The lowest point on the Yukon River from which I could
obtain any infornnition was at the Mission, and from there up to Fort Yukon it is plentiful during
the winter months. It is usual,\ taken in wooden (wicker) tmps.

The specimens which I saw were brought from Nulato to be used for dog-feed while on a trip.
They were too large too be ])re8erved by any means at my disposal.

LTCODID.S].

20. Gymnelis VIR1DI8 (Fabr.) Reiuhardt.

The small fish discribed under this name were obtained at Saint Michael's, October 10, 1876.
They are to be found at low tide under iie flat stones in the muddy places along the beach. They
scoop out the mud and a slight amount of water is retained in the depression until the return of
the tide. They are very plentiful in such localities; as many as a half dozen may be found uuder
a stone not over a foot in diameter. Their food consists of slugs and marine worms.

They are small in size, rarely over four or five inches in length and of very sleu ler botly. The
cx>lor is uniform, dark sooty-brown with a greenish reflection when wet. Many interrupted bands
of lighter color extend ou uides and lower jiarts.

('iMitrlli. Nil). IliHi. AtimKu — 'I'iiiim'I.

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CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE NATITRAIi IIIHTORY OF ALASKA.

93

Thej are difitribnteil aloti)? the ROHRf AN far north hm H<>riiiK':i Htrait lunl on the Kniiichntkiin
shore. They mioiir ainnnf; the Aleutian InhindN, but not ho pUMitifiill.v nx rartlicr north.

The Biikiino name of tliiH Rpecieit In Kooth hc'y nk, a name I <;oul(l not uet the Ni^nitleation of.

21. IjYCOdks TlTBNKBl liean. (See Kij;. IV.)

A Ringle npeciinen, of thin hitherto unknown HpeeioN, waH coUecteii Mnieh 2K, 18711, at Saint
Mi(!hael'8, Atatka.

It wnH Helected from anion); a lot of other IIhIi, which had h«>i'n caught tiirou^'h iiolen in the ice.

It is not a common fish, a8 it wan the only one Heen while at that place, hence nothiiiK can he
((iven of its habitH.

This Nppciea has been fully dcHcribed in I'roc. 1 1. H. National MuNcinn, N'ol. I, p. lO-'J-KW, 1M78,
by Dr. Tarlet^n H. Bean, of the U. 8. FIhIi (JornmiHNion.

8TICHiSlID2Q.

23. S'rioiiy«iis puNfiTATUH (Fabr.) Runhardt.

A Hinjjle individual of this species was collected at Saint Michad'H, Alaska, June 2I>, 1874. It
was picked up on the beiuth after a rather severe storm.

Previous to my flnding this specimen it had not been detected (in the I'acillc - iwst.

The tish is quite small, about live and a half incdies long.

It has no economic value, and is of rare occurrencic.

A full description of this species, togctlier with (^onipaiative tables with n her sp ■ imeiis (Voiu
the Atlantic, will be found in Proc. V. 8. National MuMenni, Vol. I, p. l!7!t--.-il, 187«, by Di. Tarle
ton H. Beau, V. 8. Fish Cor risiou.

XIPHISTBRIDA.

28. anoplarchus atbopubpubkhs (Kittlitz) Oill.

This little flsh is usually found associated with Ojimntlin ivViV/m and MnrmioxkK orhntux under
the Hat stones among the silt washed from the high banks above.

This species rarely attains a greater size than six inches, and as it has nu economic value it is of
little importance.

.30, MuB^NOiDES OBNATUS (Oirard) Gill.
I obtained several specimens of this species at Atkha Island, May 2!>, IS7!>, They are abun-
dant among the mud which has been washed from the high turf banks above and lodged between
the crevices of the rocks in the water below. Where the various patches of seaweeds grow these
fish may be found at low tide by turning aside the alga-. Hometiines a i)erf'eet nest, containing a
dozen or more individuals, may be found in such a small place that it will be tilled with these tish.
It rarely attains a great size. The largest speciincn was eleven iiu^hes. The smaller ones are a
beautiful red color, dotted with minute black spots in life. This species occurs among a!l the
Aleutian Islands. I am not aware that the natives use it for food.

ANARRHICHADIDJB.

32. Anabbhiohas i.eptukus Bean. (See Fig. V.)
Two specimens were obtained at Saint Michael's, one June 24. 187fi, the other June 10, 1877.
This species had not previously been represented from the Pacific.

Itisamigratory fish, coming to the shores at Saint Michael's as soon aH the ice leaves the
beach. It remains until ice forms in November. During the period between those dates it is
quite plentiAil. It frequents the rocky ledges, shelves, and points which have vegetation growing
near the edge of the water. The Eskimo prize the flesh of this fish very highly. The meat is
white, firm, and of a flue flavor. The Eskimo bait a large hook with tender grass roots and cast
it into the water when the tide is at half flood in the evening, as the t*K»> is mostly nocturnal
in its habita. The part of the line near the hook is usually made of a stift' strip of baleen to pre-
vent the numerous teeth of the fish from cutting the line in two. The strong teeth are used to tear

u

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE NATURAL HISTORY OF ALASKA.

the HO(l8 of grass that may wash into the son from the shore or cliH' ledges into pieces to eat. My
attention was once directed to a Heating sod a short distance from tiie shore, going througli strange
raiitions. I called the attention of the native with mo. He informed uie . hat it was a Koo choo thldk
eating it. 1 well knew that that name was applied to this species. I tiirected the canoe toward
bhe smi and saw the tlsh tearing it. It was with difficnlty that we made the flsh leave its food, and
only aft<nr several thrusts at it with the patldledid it switu off. The natives told me how to catch
them. I afterward saw them set their liooks, baited witli grassroots, and was assured that a tlsh
would be taken by morning.

The upper parts and s:ies are uniform dark chocolate-brown in life. The abdomen is lighter,
sometimes gray, clouded with brownish.

The natives strip the skin from this tish and tan it, to be used in inserting between the seams
of boots and other waterproof garments. The skin of the tish is said to swell when moistened, and
thus draw the threads tighter together. The dried skin is totally difl'erent from the fresh skin, in
that it is nearly black and beautifully mottled with black and silvery dots.

I have not seen this species in any other locality, though it doubtless occurs in other portions
of the waters of Bering Sea.

A full description of this species is given in Proc. U. 8. National Museum, Vol. II, pp. 2r2-214,
1879, by Dr. Tarleton 11. Beaii, of the U. S. Fish Jomuiission.

LIPARIDIDiC.

LirABis OAi.i.iODON (Pallas) (Jiiiither.
This small flsh was collected by me at Saint Michael's, Alaska, in the early part of October,
187(5. They are usually found attached to rocks by the sucker-like disk on the thorax. They
rarely attain a greater length than three inches and are not common in that locality. The Eskimo
name of this species is Niip e' chfili, meaning sucler. They are of no economic importance.

38. LiPAKis CYCLOi'US Giiuther.
A single specimen of this species was obtained by me June '28, 187{), at Atklia Island. It is
quite small, rarely attaining a lengtli of over two and a half inches. It inhabits the vliallow de-
pressions in the rocky shelves of the bead where the tide overtlDWs. It was not a common flsh,
as 1 saw but two specimens during the foui months of my stay at the i)lace.

AGONID^.

40. SiPHACiONiTS BARBATUS Htcindachuer.
A single specimen of this species was picked up dead on the beach at lliuliuk village, Una-
lashka Island, in August, 1878. It was the only specimen seen there. 1 could olitain no informa-
tion conceri'::.B it« habits, excepting that the natives asserted that it is "a seaweed lisli," leading
me to infer that it frequented the patches oi'/iici and other alga: It was shown to several persons
at Attn Island. Those natives assured me that it is fre<iuontly found there. It is a small (ish of
only five and a half inches in length. It is not used for food.

COTTIDJB.

43. CoTTUS tj>;nioptebiis Kner. (See Fig. VI.)

This species occurs abundantly throughout that part of the Territory north of the Aleutian
Islands. It is a constant resident of Norton Sound. During the summer months tliey are ex-
tremely abundiint. The Eskimo prize the ilesh very highly, though they have so many subcuta-
neous parasites ttiat I couhl not induce myself to touch the Hesh.

They attain quite a large si/,e, though the average is about a foot long. The head is so large
that the body is quite small when ))repared for the table.

The general form of this species is much more slender than the others. The colors of the fresh
fish are much varied, principally shades of gray and brown with large blotches of yellowish on
the fins.

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Coutllb. Nut. lliat. Alasltu— Tinurr.

PLATE 6.

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Coutrib. Nat. lll»t. Alaska.— Turner.

PLATE 7.

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Cuutrlb. Nut. Hiat. Aluxkii.— Turuur.

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s
<:

X

u

CONTRIBUTIONS TO TIIK NATURAL HISTORY OP ALASKA.

90

44. COTTITS POLYAOANTHOCRPHALDS PallaS.

Tbe Spiiiy-lieadecl Sciilpin is very abuiulant among all the Aleutian IslandH. I am not aware
that it occnrH north of AliuMka on the American side.

It does not ditTer in habits from the other specieH, and like them Ih nned for food by the Aleuts
and some of the whites.

It attains a greater size than the preceding species, has a larger head and thicker body. The
colorri^ion is also different. The ground color is dark brown ; sides and tail are more or less dis-
tinctly banded with yellowish ; the dorsal fin has two oblique dark bunds in front and three ou the
posterior part. The anal Hn has four dark bands; each of the outer ones less evident.

The pectoral has three irregular bands of dark brown with yellowish spots. The caudal is
obscurely banded with dark brown and tipped with yellowish.

46. CoTTUS HiTMiLis Bean. (See Fig. VII.)

This Sculpin is very abundant at Saint Michael's throughout the year. During winter they
retire to the deeper portions of the bays. In summer they approach the shores and obtain most of
their food durlug the flooding of the tide. They ui o not active ; usually they progress a few feet and
then rest quietly on the bottom. When a desirable object of food conies near they give a quick dash
niton it. The size of the mouth makes up for any ap])arent lack of sjiecd. The Eskimo call this
species Kd nukh pfik, or Big-mouth. The Russian name is Kalug, and is applied to all the species
of this genus which occur there. The Sculpins are generally taken with hook and line. Any kind
of fresh meat is used for bait. The fish are voracious feeders, and when caught with the steel
hooks they frequently swallow the hook so deei)ly that the tish has to be ripped open to take it
out. They are caught principally by the old women and men who are not able to go great distances
to procure other food.

Other species of Sculpins occur in Alaskan waters, but a lack of means to preserve a great
nuniber of specimens necessitated my collecting only the most important.
54. IlEMiLEPiDOTUS JORDANi Bean.

A single specimen of this species was taken in October at Unalashka. It is a common species,
and occurs throughout the Aleutian Islands. It attains a considerable size, often fourteen to
sixteen inches in length. The general color above is umber-brown, becoming yellowish-brown
below, with numerous spot^ and blotches of irregular size on sides and fins. This tish is considered
excellent food. It is not infested with parasites like other fishes of its kind. They have similar
habits with the true Sculi)ius.

CHIRIDiB.

70. Uexagbammus asper Steller. (See Fig. VIII.)

This fish is knowu to the English-speaking people of Saint Michael's and the IJnalashkan dis-
tricts as " Rock-cod," and to the Russian-speaking population as " Terpdo/;," a word moaning a
rasp.

The " Terpoog" frequents the rocky ledges, points of land which extend into the water, and
shallow coves, fhose places where the various kinds of sea- weeds abound are the best resorts for
this fish. When the tide is high they seek their food among the rocky reefs. The natives value
their flesh very highly. The meat is quite firm and contains lew bones; it has a peculiar greenish
color, but eoou becomes light in color after the death of the fish. The women do most of the fish-
ing for these fish. Any kind of fresh meat is used for bait. Frequently the women will be taken
by the men to some favorite locality and remain there to fish while the men continue the journey
in search of wood cast uj) on the beach, or go out to sea to catch Cod or other fish.

During the winter time the foxes of the Aleutian Islands catch many of these " Rock -cod," as
they are left in the shallow lagoons or rock crevices by the receding tides. The fox is quite expert
in catching the fish. He will watch them for a long time until they w! ider into the shallower
water, upon which the fox springs, even immersing his eutire head to seize the fish.

This species rarely attains a greater length than fourteen inches and a weight of a pound -ind a
half to two pounds. Their distribution iu Alaska is the entire coast south of Bering's Strait, and in-

96

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE NATURAL HISTORY OF ALASKA.

cludiiiii: all tlio Aleutiuii IhIiiimIh.
UnalaHhkn, Sminakli uiul Uiiga.

The localities of greatest abnudauce tti:e Attu, Atkha, Kiaka,

71. HuxACRAMMi's ORDINATUS (Cope) BcBIl.'

TliiH HpecicH \\i\» not obtiiincti at Suiiit Micliael'H b.v ine. It is extremely abundant among the
Aleutian IrUuhIh. It has the Name habilH as the other species, and is known by the same name
among the people of that region.

72. IlKXAdiiAMMva siiPKUCiLTOsrs (Tall.) .lord, and flilb.

Thift species does not difl'cr in life liabits from the other two. It is abundant throughout the
Aleutian Islands. During tlu- months of AiigiiHl, September, and part of October, the old men of
the Attu take tiielr wives and repair to sonic favorite haunt of these tish and while there (hey
catch a supply, wlii«!h is «lricd for winter u.sc. The boys and girls go at low tides along the beach
and with their hands search among the seaweeds and rock crevices for these and other flsh which
are to be usc<l as food. This species of fish is quite variable in coloration. The ground-color is
black, varying to light Itrown, with blotches on the sides and abdomen of deep vermilion, shading
to light umber.

This species is rarely over sixteen inches in length.

75. Pleurowrammus monoi'TKRyoius (I'all.) Gill.

When I arrived at Unahislika in 1878 I heard much talk about the "Mackerel." During the
summer of that year I had an ojiportunity of conversing with those who frequented the western
islands of the (!hain where these fish were said to abound. Several persons referred to these flsh
as"Spanish Mackerel," others called them " Horse Mackerel" and "Alaskan Mackerel," and under
several scientltic names. They were served at the table on several occasions, and all who ate of
them highly praised their good qualities and spoke of their great resemblance in taste to the
Atlantic Ma(;kerel. It w as not until in May, 1871), that I had an opportunity of visiting the locality
where they were said to l)e abundant.

During the summer of 1870 I was at Atkha Island, and soon made inquiry concerning the
flsh. I was told that they make their appearance in the narrow piiss between the islands of Atkha
and Amlia nbont the 1st of June; and, that the flsh invariably come fron\ the Paiiiflc Ocean, which
here mingles its waters with that of Bering Sea.

The first arrivals of flsh are the males of largest size and beauty of color. They arrive a few
days before and await the arrival of the females and immature males.

By the 18th of June the fish have come in countless thousands. They arrange themselves
with their heads toward the tide currents which rush violently through the pass. The flood tide
sets in from the Pacific, while the ebb flows toward the Paciflc, or, in other words, a southerly
directed current for the ebb and a northerly directed current for the flood tide. The pass is very
rocky, with numerous sunken rocks in the middle and on the eastern side. The western side of
the pass has the deepest water and is three fathoms deep in the chaunel. On the north side of
the pass numerous ledges of rocks, hidden rocks, kelp patches, and small islets of but few feet
above the water's edge are to be found. It would be very difficult navigation for a vessel of over
twenty tons to go through there with safety. The natives of the present day cross pretty well
to the north side of the pass until they get under Amlia Island and then run near the shore of
Amlia with their small bidari or open boats.

Among the sea weeds or kelp patches on a cloudy day of clear lower atmosphere the flsh may
be seen in the following order :

The young males and immature females form a stratum of three or four flsh deep and several
feet wide, beneath these a second stratum of older males and females, whose roe is not yet de-
veloped, and will later, in the spawning season, take their place with those in the third stratum,
which is composed of vigorous males and females. The latter are the most abundant. The
female deposits her eggs on the kelp, though much of it must doubtless be lost by the swift cur-
rents washing it oil'. These Uiales and females remain in this place until the spawning season is
over, generally by the 2Uth of July. After which they gradually disperse and quickly find their

nONTRIBUTrONS TO THK NATfTRAIi FIISTOUY OP ALASKA.

97

way bn'!k to tliP Pacific. Many times I iiave hwu liiiuu lliiiiliiit {IliiiiunjloHHHH fulflarin), lyiiij? like
\aTiie ttafiHUnwH lifiieatli the lowt-r Htnitiini of HhIi, waiting tor one to romt^ within rcacii. Witliniit
mox ill); a (rrcat diHtaiice I could hoo over a lioxcii Halibut at a tiuif. I <>.stiniatt>il thi> w(<it;ht of
801110 of tli(> larger oiit'tt to l>e not lesH than tliire hundred and tifty )iouiidH.

The nativcH of Atkha repair to tliis place aii<l have several turf houses of sin:ill size built there.
It is also a |<^ii'deu spot where a fuw vegetables, such as radishes, turnijis, :ind a few potatoes are
idaiited. To attend to their pirdeiiH and to be near the lishin^f^romids the Aleuts of many places

not

have built these HUiiimer villa;;es and call Iheiii ha;}! nik. Here assemble all the old men
able to hunt and tluMthildren and women of the hunters t;one oil' on a summer's cruise for sea otters.
These lay in a store of drie<l and salted tlsh for their sons and friends. I made several visits to
this pla(re to learn the habits of the tisli.

The natives obtain tlie greater number of the tlsh in the followiiif; manner. I'.acli man has a
twolioled bidarka (canoe). In it a small boy sits in the front hole while llu^ old man sits in the
rear hole. The man uses a pole of several feet in leutrth ((feiuMally nor less than I'i feet lon^), on
wlii(;h is (irmly secured a hook of iron, having;' a Hattened point with a sliar|i ed^e and a not(!b
filed on the inner side to act as a barb. When the canoe arrives at the place the boy is ordered
to seize hold of a strong; frond of thetSiant Kelp, whi(-li streams out sometimes for over a iiiindred
feet, and among which the tlsh are most abundant. After comiiij; thus to an(;li(U', the man care-
fully thrusts the pole into the water, and if the tisli are )>lentiful he will soon fee! them snrgiiif;
against it. He now begins to Jerk it up and down in the waler to gig any tisli that may <;oine
along. In a few setiomls he brings one out. The work now bc(!omes ex(!iliiig, for sc-arcely has the
pole been again thrust in the water than it is Jerked into another lisii. A man may thus, in a <;ouple
of hours, take two to three hundred lish. After the canoe is loaded it is taken to the shore, where
the women slit open the back of the rtsh, lake off the head, clean out the enlraiis, and with a cut on
each side, the backbone is removed to the tail. The two sides of the tisli are left hanging together
by the tail. This is to enable the fish to be hung over a jiole to dry. Often the men tiring the fish
directly to the principal village and <'leaii them there, though this is done more often when the
fish are to be salted. At the season between June liotli and .luly 2r»tii the lish ii ■ extremely fat from
the abundance of a small crustacean, which has previously eoiiie in myriads lo the same places as
tlie.se lish. The fish which are to be dried are usually taken about the 1st of August, as they are
so fat before that time that I have seen the oil drip from the drying llsli. They also, from the
presence of the oil, become rancid in a short time, and are said not to keep so well.

At Attu Island I also had an excellent opportunity for studying tlif habits of tlies.^ fish. At
this place the fish are most abundant at the entrance to Clii(;liagof llarlioron the northeast shoul-
der of the i.4land. Several islets antl many reefs are disposeil nearly aisross the entrance to the
harbor. Between these the tide currents run with great velocity. An abundaiue of large kelp
patches is found in the vicinity. The fish arrive at Attu, from the southweslward, alioiit the 24th
of April, though this date varies according to the openness of the season. It is rarely later than
the 1st of May. The tisii come at first in a straggling manner, and tlicir liist appearand- is made
known by their being caught on hooks while the men are fishing tor other kinds. Tl|e first comers
are usually nearly adult males. They are not fat on arrival, but soon become so from the abundance
of small crustaceans that fairly swarm among the pattihes of sea-weed by the KUli of May ; and at
which time the lish are tolerably numerous. Hy the lOth of June thousands of these fish can be
seen in the shallow water (about one and a half to eight fathoms deeji) below. The natives here take
considerable quantities of these fish, and dry them for use at an early tlate. Tiiey rarely salt them,
for reason that, they state, this fish makes the consumer thirsty. When they go tcx^atcih them they
the visit the various localities known to be the haunts of these fish, and by looking beneath the mass
of kelp fronds can see them if present ; if not, the fish are ott" in the open water. They then watch
every floating piece of detaclied sea-weed. It is constantly turning round and round like in an eddy
of water. The fish are playing with it, and there will be found an abundance. The gaff is quickly
thrust into the water, and one is soon struck and brought out.

I here had opportunity to come to the conclusion that these fish will bite readily at the hook.
I saw them jump and struggle to get at the gafl' and could feel them strike against it while it was
8. Mis. 155 13

98

C'ONTBIBDTIONS TO THE NATURAL niSTOItY OF ALASKA.

ill tliv wittor, uiid iit times it was impo88il>le to liuld it in poHitiuii, iim tlio iiiimh of niuviiiK flsii uur-
ri«il it along witii thetn.

Any IdntI of froHli flsh may be used as Imit on a Hinall cod-liook for tliesc fisli. A |»ie(!e of
H(*4irlnt flannel tied above the hook is good to attract tlio llsli, tut tlii\v will iIkmi bite voraoioiiHly.

With the hook a person can catch the flsh as fast as put into the wiiter. With the use of sev-
eral hooks on one line several flsh may be taken at once. With the gatf the lUli are t«ken in great
quantises, equal to all demands. The run lasts at Attn until •Inly 2.'>tli, after which the flsh are
■pent and slowly disappear from the waters.

These flsh were not known at Attu previous to 1875. They came niiexpectetlly and were caught
ou hooks set for other flsh. Since that time the people have liatl an abundance of them. From my
own observations I am led to assert that '>00 barrels of 2011 pounds each can be procured at Attu
in the season from June 1 to July .'il. At the entrance to Clii<;liagof Harbor is the only known
locality at Attu where these flsh resort. The natives assert that the coming of these flsh was
coincident with the disappearance of the sea-lit)ii HuiiuiopidH Htolhri ; and those natives maintain
that the flsh drove the sea-liona oft'. Just opposite to my own concluHJons, for I think the flsh
come to those jdaces where they will be least persecuted by the sea li(nis.

These flsh are also reported to be abundant at Kiska Island, between the islands of Atkha and
Athakh. Also between Uiu'ilga and Unalashka, and also in the passes between some of the Shu-
magin Islands. I saw a few individuals in Captain's Harbor, Unalashka Island, in the early part
of July, 1881. This is the flrst instance of their occurrence in that locality. Tliey were small in
size, and of the si/.e which constitutes the upper stratum as spoken of in r«-gaid to the disposition
of the flsh on the spawning grounds of Audia Pass.

. This flsh (;ould be easily taken in great o: uitities, especially at Amlia I'ass aii«l Attn. Some
writers of Alaskan afi'airs have mentioned exorbitant prices paid for a barrel of salted flsh of this
kind. They can be prei>ared at a cost of two dollars per barrel for the flsh at eith r Attu or Am-
lia. The cost of the barrel and salt, of course, is to be added. Only the necessary sheds for pro-
tecting the barrels from the weather would have to be erected. Native help <iould be procured at
a cost of a dollar per day for a man, and flfty to seventy Ave cents per diiy for the women, who
can clean the flsh as expertly as the men.

Ere many years these flsh will command a highly remunerative |)riKe to those who will engage
in the enterprise.

Nothing has been done by either trading couq)any in the matter of bringing these flsh into
a market.

In the beginning of this article I gave the various names used by the white people who have
become acquainted with the fish only on reputation. The Knssian speaking ])eo]>lc refer to them
as Soo dnch kc', a diminutive form of Soo duk, meaning a sangre, or perch pike. The natives of
Uualashka and Atkha Islands speak of them, in the Aleutian language, as Ta mu't'. ghes, while
the Attu people call them Tti'v loeen. At Atkha, on June 18, 1880, I had several sitecimens brought
to me for purposes of description, the notes of which are as follows:

Male, adult, June 18, 1880:

Dorsal outline, from anterior spine of dorsal fln, gradually sloping to the base of cau<lal ; ante-
rior to the dorsal fln the outline is descending for two fllths its length to end of snout, though having
a slight upward curve directly in the center; anterior to the boundary of this ])rominence the
occipital outline begins, and continues a direct slope to the end of the snout. The abdominal out-
line is moderately decurved ; the post-abdominal line is nearly straight in its slight ascent to the
base of the caudal ray. The thoracic and gill outline is gradually ascending to the base of the
inter-maxillary bones, while the line from the base of these tothe inentum is rat her abrupt, ascending
at an angle of forty-flve degrees. The body has its greatest vertical depth at the base of the four-
teenth spine of the dorsal fln. The greatest lateral thickness is at the intersection of the same line
at a right angle, gradually becoming thinner as it a])proaches the base of the anal fln, where it
preserves a uniform thickness, giving great strength to the caudal rays. The coloration is ex-
tremely variable, generally dark (light in some 8])ecimens), olive (nearly approaching black in some
specimens) on the dorsum and above the median lateral line; below this line, especially on the
sides, and posterioi to the vent, are five bands, or bars, the three anterior bands becoming obscure

(JONTItmUTrONH TO THK NATURAIi HISTORY OK ALAHKA.

99

on th«> nlxloiiuMi, tlic iiiili'iior of wliii'li in Ii>hh <>vi<lont tliaii tlio mm^oikI, hut in iiit<Mi.iifl«Hi in out-
Iiiu> iiM (lit- Imnds siirciril |)iiNli-ri()i'l,v to tlu* liiNt, which uiitiroly eiicircleH tlio llNh. Tlit>Hu IiiuuIb
vary much in wiiltli iiiiii ilcpth iit°(Hih)nirii)n. (Tht* luliilt iniilPH wliich Hi8t lurivc hiivt* thu cohirs
much nuIxIiumI, anil not until the hei^'it of tint Npiiwniu(; hoiihoii do they iiMsiiini' their vivid
colorH.) Tlit'He Imnd.s are of tlic ;;ontual (■.oiiir of the doiHum, variabht xhtuleH of olive. Tiie <H)lor
between tiie hanilH is i^ohh^i yeMow to leddiNh orange yellow, ntraw and lemon yellow, and each
liavin^; a (loppeiy relleetion, making' a (Contrast of extreme splendor.

The li};liter colored parts are evanesi-ent to a great de^^ree, and are soon faded on tliH death of
the HhIi. They then turn ilark pliiinl)eus and gradually fiMlu toa luHtorless white; numerous white
patches then ajipcar on vnrious parts of the body. If the ttsh is soon preserved in salt, or othur
substance, the bands of color do not entirely disappear.

The head is lar^e, stout; bones (Irmly knitted together; nostril small, above which is a notice-
able depression in the nasal bone.

Mouth medium sized, directed slightly obliijuely upward when closed and nearly circular when
opened ; lower lip mo<|crately pendant, upper lip thick and rolled baitk. The teeth are small ami
weak. Hye laigc; orbit strong, irregularly oval, longest diameter in a line from corner of mouth
to anterior spine of dorsal. The upper outliiu' of the orbit slopes (»bli<pmly in front, prcHenting a
peculiarly foiined contour, b<>ing four lifllis as high lut long and one-fourth the length of the head
to end of nasal bone, and c(|ual to two thirds the width of int«>rorbital space, and om- and three-
fourths times the distance of antcricu' edge of orbit to middle of nostril.

OpercMilum narrow and stiong, waved on upper edge,and (Huu-avely outlined; lower edge mod-
erately «h)ii vex; the postcrioi- side of operculum is irregular, the uppt'r connu'of which is above the
center of the ]iostcrior third of the opercular bone, thus : forming a subtriangle in outline.

The gill ra,\s arc seven, forming a rounded outline with the gill covers.

Dorsal tin UHxIeralely curved, attaining greatest height at eighth ray and preserving this
height to the eighteenth, then decur\ etl to the twenty-third, then usceiuling ti> the twenty-ninth,
gradually an^hing to the thirty-sixth, and <le(!nrviug to the forty seventh or last.

The dorsal rays are moderately strong, ami arched backward. The soft membrane is (;onsi(l-
erably de])iesMMl iii^tween the spines. The height of the longestdorsal spiin^ is contained (if times
in therengti. ot the dorsal tin and equals the distau<;e from the tirst to the eighth s]>ine of tliu an-
terior part of the (in and the last ten of the soft niys. The third soft ray is equal totwo-Hfthsthe
height of the eighth spine.

The i)ectoraI tin has a roundeil outliiu', rather stout, contains twenty-live rays, of which the
sixth to thirteentli are of the same 'engtli. The longest rays are two and one-fourth times the
height of the eighth to eighteenth dorsal, each ray terminnting in soft membrane. The insertion
of the pectoral is wide ami tlcshy, equal to one half its length.

The ventral tins, long anil weak, contain six rays, each terminating in fllam ' , the third ray
forming a long point beliind ; the base is eqmil to om^-fourth the length of longest ray, the rays
much branching.

The anal lin contains twenty four rays, of which the third to the eleventh are the longest,
though they all form a convex outliiu» ; the penultimate ray is ecpial to two-fifths the ItMigth of the
anterior ray.

The caudal lin is notched for half its length, the edges of the notch waved half as deej) as its
length at nu'dan line, forming a deep notched, nearly heart-shaped caudal tin. The scales are
small, smooth, disposed in four rows between dorsal flu and upper lattmil line; eighteen to eleven
rows of scales between fir.st (ui)per) and second lateral lines, which extends from edge of operculum
to the end of the tail, and is 147 scales in length ; the upper lateral line contains lilO scales from tail
to bifurcation (of lateral line) on the dorsum. The point of bifurcation of upper lateral lino on
dorsum is eleven scales anterior to the first dorsal spine; the prolongation of npijcr lateral line at
bifurcation is five scales. A third lateral line extends from just In front of the lower insertion of the
pectoral fin, and continues between the abdomiinil and oectoral to even with the end of the pros-
trate twelfth ray of the pectoral, where its eiul is brought down and continues for .VJ scrales, then
interrupted for the distance of the length of the i>ectoral flii, thrr) contiinuHl 41 scales, termiimting
abruptly.

100

OONTRIHUTIONH TO THR NATURAL IlIHTORY OF ALASKA.

A fourth laturid liiiu bo^iiit* JiiHt lKMu>iitli Mie in ((ill I'overH, imihhch l)otwe«)ii thu ttbdotiiiiml tiiiN,
ami roiitaiim 4H HciilfN; It then hil'iirciitt^H lU li linotM'hciith half tho lotiRth (»f thu vtnitral tlii, tlivn
(liver|{VH to arch omm' thu anim, imHH«>H a NtraiKht lino of tlvu HuaieH ahovu tho ami! (In t<» torniin-
ate ttC the iiiMortion of tlio int'urior oiitidal ruy, and contains Ml NcaiuH from itH hifurcution to
cauilul ray.

The number of latoral linoH varii'H, lui tbtex also thoir relative poHition on thu Hido of the flab;
howuver, the nuinlter of hit)>nil lincH iH never Ichh than three, thu absent one Ihmu); tiiu Heiuuid one from
above. Thu t;reiiter lu-rcentap' of nialeN liave four lateral lineH, while Home of tlio I'umaleH have
but three.

The intUHtine In about twice the length of the HmIi Iuhs thu tail.

Thu milt of the male is waxy white and of tirm (tonHmtencu in the fruHh HpecimeuR. The
femnluH have the roe dixposed in two folds about six incheH long and an inch in dianiutur, ta|Ktrin((
at both cndH. The e^Ksof the female when matured for spawning are ab«mt the nixe of ttuunilior
twelve shot, and ha\e a dark ^'rayish spot on one sidu of them.

At Attn I saw a small specimun of this species on October 1 Ith. I thouKht it t«) Itu a Hsh of the
prt^ceding year, as it was about two inches long and too lar(;u to have la'cn of that year's spawn,
unle»8 they grow very rapidly.

UMBRIDiB.

82. Dai.lia I'ECTOKALis Huan. (See Via. IX.) *

A now genus has been established for this Hsh by Dr. T. II. Huan,* of the V, S. Fish Commission,
and dedi(;ated to Mr. W. II. Dall, of thu Fnited States Coast Survey, in appreciation of hiH
oontributions to the zoology of Alaska.

Thu guiieric characters are as follows : Dam.i A, gen. nov. UmhrUhv t

Bo«ly oblong, covered with (tyidoid scales of small size with radiated striat; lateral line not
conspicuous; eye smaller than Vmhrn; cleft of tho mouth of moderate width. Ventrals inserted
in front of the beginning of the dtusal, composed of three rays. Basis of anal as long as, or longer
than, that of dorsal. Caudal tin rounded and many rayed. Villiforni teeth on thu intermaxillaries,
tho mandible, tho vomer, and the palatines. Pectoral rounded and many-rayed.

Dallia pectohalis, sp. uov., Bean.

B. VII-VIII; I), 12-14; A. 14-16; V. .3; P. 33-36; C. 30-33.

The height of the body is contained four to four and one-half times in its length without
caudal; length of head four and one fourth to four and one half times. Thu uye is onesevunth to
ouu-sixth as large as the head. The pectoral is onulialf as long as the head to end of upper jaw,
the ventrals one-third as long. The origin of the dorsal is twice as far from the end of the
snout as from the origin of the middle caudal rays. Thu longest dorsal rays are a little more
than half the ii>iigth of the beutl. The anal begins almost directly under the origin of the dorsal
and has nearly the same extent; its longest rays equal or slightly exceed the longest dorsal rays.
The ventrals originate in advance of the dorsal, and can be made to reach to or slightly beyond
the origin of the anal. The vent is immediately in front of the beginning of the anal. About 77
scales in lateral line ; eleven rows of scales between the dorsal and the lateral line, and eleven
rows between the lateral line and the anal.

Color. — Dusky brown mottled with whitish, all the tins similarly colored, the dusky spots some-
times becoming confluent on the caudal and simulating bands; belly mainly whitish, but in some
Bpecimens thitikly covered with small dusky spots.

LIST OF SI'K('1MKN».

S34i>6 a-g. (collector's niinibcr, 14H0) 7 speciuieiiH. Saint Michaol's, Alaska, February, 1S77. L. M. Turner.
23498 a. D. 13 ; A. l(i ; V. 3 | V. IMi ; ('. 33 ; B. 8. Longth 205""".

•The description, as gl vin above, tofretlier with the ray foruiiila-, was taken from Proceedings of the U. .S. National
Musenm, volutno 3, paj^en 3.')8-t), of Descriptions of some genero and species of Alaskan fishes, by Dr. Tarloton H.
Beau,

t'uDtrlb. Ntt. UUl. Alaakt.— Tiiruci.

PbATB 9.

f I

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE NATURAL HISTORY OF ALASKA.

101

•J:M<J8 h. V. l;( ; A. 14 ; V. :i ; IV lilt ; ('. lil ; B. '-(>. LoiiKlli 8<HM">".
2H4i»8<'. 1). 14; A. Ifi; V.lt; IMW; (Mil; 11.8. Lt>ii({lh IHO""".
•JIUUHrf. 0.14; A. 14 : V.ll; 1'. 1111 ; ("..llll : 11.7-^. I-riigtli 1H4""".
•Jll4!)8f. I). Ill; A. 14; V.ll; I'.lir. ; l". 110 ; II. H. l,i>iij!tli 17r>""".
•i:U<Mf. D.14; A.14; V.ll; I'.li:.; (Mil); H.8. Lciigtli 17(1""".
•JIU'.W <;. I). Ill; A.14: V.'.l; IMIT. ; CMU; H. 8. LfiiKtIi 107""".

Tliis H|H'ci»>s is niolmbly tlio most ivl)un(]:int of all tlu' (Islie.s wliiidi o(Tur in tlio fresh i»iul
bnickisli waters of tlio iKUtliorii part of Alaska. It Is known lo tlie whites as " Black-flsh," to the
Russian speakiiifr populiition as "Ciiornia Reeba," iind to Hie Eskimo its K mdnji fik."

It is foiiml in all tiie siniill streams of tho low {^roumls, in the wet morasses and sphajjnuin-
coverod areas, whieh are soaked with water and whieh at times seem to contain but snflicient water
to more than moisten the skin of the fish. In the low <jroiinds or tundra iire iniiny, countless
tiiousands, small i)0!uls of very sli<;lit depth, conneeted with eacli other by small streams of
variable width, of few feet to tiiose so nari'ow iis t<) be hidden by the overhippiufj sedges or spliaj^nnni
moss. Tlie.se smaller streiims are siiid to have been made by the ninskrats and mink, whieh travel
from i»ond to pond in .search of food. Tliese narrower outlets of tne ponds are at cei tain seasons so
full of these tish that they eoiiii)letely block them up. The soft, yieldinj; sphii^iinn: moss above
is pushed aside, and under it these fish Iind a convenient retrciit. Here the tish are partially
protected from tiie jiicjit cold of winter by the eoverinii of mo.ss and {jrass. In such situations
they collect in sncli numbers that (iffures fail to express iin ;ide(|uate idea of their numbers.
They are to be ineiisnieil by the yard. Tiieir nmss is dee[) iiccording the luiture of the retreat.
If it is a pond overgrown with sedges and mosses which by their non conductivity of heat
al',>W8 only a slight depth to be thawed out in the short Arctic summer, the (i.sh mass will
completely fill it up. Tlie natives rt'piiir to the phices, which are known to be the refuge of
these ttsh,;ind set ii small triip constructed after tln^ following manner: A number of small spliiit.s
of spruce wood are carefully bound togetiier so ;is to in;ike ii c,oni(!alforined weir some eight feet
in length, the smaller end of wliich is opened about two to tiire<> iiii^hes. Tliis communicates with
a large basket-shaped tr;ip, wliich is so placetl that when the lish enter the small orifice next the
trap they will scarcely find it by which to make their exit. The larger end of the funnel is ten to
eighteen inches in diameter and set with the mouth toward thedireciion from which the mass of tish
is moving. The fish push on until the basket is filled, their number prevent those within from
moving outward until the whoh> ti:ip is a mass of living fish. The natives remove the basket every
day or two to relieve the pressure on it tiiid to 8Ui>ply their I'wn wants and those of their dogs.
Nearly every head of ii family has a trap, and during the greater i)art of tht^ yesir, from May to
December, tons and to. is of these fish are daily removed. They form the ])rincipal food of the
natives living between the Yukon Deltii ;ind the Kiiskokvim Riverand as far interior as the bases
of the higher hills. North of the \ iikon Delta they are iilso iibundiuit, esiiei'ially cui the sphagnum-
covered arciis back of Kollilik and I'iUmiktiilik. The natives sell many of these tish in biiskets
(they are sold by tlu- baskclfiil), a few cents paying for about three fourths of a bushel. When
taken from the trai)s tlu^ tish arcimmcdialely put into tliese baskets and taken to the village, where
the baskets of fish sue jil iced on st:tges, nr caches, out of the way of the dogs. Here the tish iire
exposed to the severe tcini>cr;\lui'i' und cold winds. The mass of fish in eiuih basket is frozen in a
few minutes; and when reiinircd to liikc.tlieni out they have to be choitped out with an a.v «)r
beaten with a club to divide then iiili> i)ieces of suHicientsize to be fed to the dogs, or lait into the
pot to boil.

The vitality of thes(> lish is aslonishiug. They will reimiin in those grass-b;iskets for weeks, and
when brought into the housi\ and tli.iwed out they will be as lively as ever. The pieces which are
thrown to the ravenous dogs arc eagcly swallowed ; the animal heat of the dog's stoimuth thaws
the fish out, wIumcui>ou its movement i sotni cause the dog to vomit it up ;ilive. This 1 have kccii,
but have heard some even imu'c wonderful stories of this fish.

The food of these lish hiis ahviiys been a matter of wonder to me, considering the number of
fish to be supplied .n the scanty waters where they abound.

The contents if several stoniiichs were examined and found to contain only a nni.ss of uiulis-
tinguisliublo earthy matter, vegetaltle I'ragment.s, and what a|tpeared to be the undigested portions

102

CONSRIBUTIONS TO THE NATURAL HISTORY OF ALASKA.

of 8kiu8 of small worms which frequent the ponds and low grounds. I was unable to save any
sperimens of worms, supposed to be larvie of some kind, as the alcohol in which they were placed
reduced them to an unrecognizable condition.

The spawning season is in June and July, or as soon as tiie lagoons thaw out sufficiently. The
eggs are <leposited in the vegetable slime at the bottoms of the shallow ponds.

MICROSTOMIBA.

83. OsMERUS rsNTEX Steiudachner. (See Fig. X.)

The smelt arrives sparingly at Saint Michael's about the Ist of June. The ttrst appearance of
tlie hsh is generally known from its being caught with otiiers in small shore-seines or else on a
hook set for otl.er ttsh ; though they rarely bite at the hook in tliose waters. By the middle of
June the tish have become abundant. They appear to come from Ihe southwest, and arrive in
small schools at the beginning of their a))proauh to the shore, and later come in schools of several
yards wide and many rods in length. They swim along the shore, seeking places to spawn. The
spawning setison begins in the latter part of June and continues until the middle of July. The
eggs are deposited among the sea- weeds, which grow Just below tlu! Hiirface of the lowest tides.
They disappear by the last of July.

The Eskimo catch great quantities of these fish and dry thorn in the air. The lish are gener-
ally obtained by means of a short seine about twice or three times as long as wide. The tsh are
then drawn on shore, where they remain in heaps until the women take the entrails out by a dex
trous pinch of the thumb and forefinger, which tears apart the liesh . I'tween the gills and belly.
The foreflnger is then run inside the flsh and the belly ripped open, which same movement takes
out the offal. The women in the fall have prepared great quantities of grass blades, which are
twisted into a thin rope, which is run through the gills and out the mouth of the tish, or else the
strands of the rope are twisted around the lish's head as the rope is made. These strings of flsh
are then hung on poles in the open air. After having dried for a sutlicient time the flsh are then
stored in the caches.

When dried these fish are not bad eating, as there is sufficient oil in them to prevent their
drying too hard, and jet not enough to become too rancid.

The Eskimo natne of these fish is Ithl kwiig nuk.

I have not seen this species among the Aleutian Islai ds, though it doubtless occurs there.

85. Mallotus viLLOsi's (?i'<ller) Cuv.

This species ranges over the en tire coast line of Bering Hea. On the American side they are most
abundant south of latitude 60°; and, above that are known to me only from a few specimens seen
in the dridl state with another fish, HjipomenuH olidus.

Among the Aleutian islands these fish abound in incredible numbers.

At Atkha Island in 1870 I had an opportunity to observe these tish as they came in to the sandy
beach of Nazan Hay to spawn. The Ulst of July of that year a boy brought a basket of these flsh
and asked me to buy them. I inquired where he had obtained them. He rei)lied that they were
abundant along the sandy beach not far from the village. I imnu'diately ' ent to the place and
found that the waves of the preceding day had thrown millions of these fish on the beach. The
number was increasing every time a wave was broken on the beach. The fish come to the sandy
beach to spawn, and when a high wave runs on the sandy fiat the fish cast their spawn at that
time. The spawn is covered with the sand, which the retreating wave washes back with it. The
dead tish were so thick on the beach that it was imi)ossible to walk without ste[)ping on hundreds
of them. They could be gathered with a shovel, they laid so Mii'-Jy. The spawn is very snail,
the eggs not larger than the size of half a pin-head, an<l is exte ided in small masses, which are held
together by a viscid mass which is ejected at the ;,arae time. If the sand does not cover it in-
stantly the mass is soon nothing but a small rounded ball about a cjuarter of an inch in diameter,
of fine sand held together by the egg mass. This is rolled over and over by each wave until it is
but little injured by the action of the waves.

The eggs which are hidden by the sand soon show signs of life, usually about thirty days after
de[)osit. The be.voh then becomes a (puvering mass of eggs and sand. As soon as the eggs are

Ountiib. Nttt. llist. Aluitku.— Tuiiiir.

PLATE 10.

u

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CO

D
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(d
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09
O

Ccmtllb. Nut. IIl«t. Alaskii.— Tiiiiifr.

PLATE 11.

O
O

Z

O
O

u

K
O
O

I (

II r

I I

KlMj

Contrili. Nat. Hist. AlnnkB— TiiiinT.

PLATB la.

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i.«j,j

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE NATURAL HISTORY OP ALASKA.

103

li»t«ke<l th« fry arc wiiHlied bacK into the sea by tho waves. The nativen aHHert that tliose flsh
deposit tlieir Hpawn only in the phices against whicli tlie waves will wash when the tish-fry are
reatly to be hatchtul.

The natives prepare great qnanfitles of these fish by drying tliein in the air. They are not
cleaned ; a blade of strong grass is twisted betwe< a the gills and neck, which makes a rope of flsh.
These ropes will sometimes be many yards in length.

At Attn these Hsh are said to be very abundant every third year. This was .ilso stated to be
a fact at Atkha. One thing is certain that they were very plentiful at Atkha in 187!), and not in
1880 or 'HI, and that they were not at Attu in 1880, and were reiwrted to have been abundant in
1878.

The Oulls, Terns, Sea-lions, Killer whales and Mair-seals have a great liking for these little
flsh. Thousands of (Hulls and Terns were hovering over the schools of these flsh at Atkha in 187!>.

At Unalashka Island these flsh are said to be common at times, but I could get no deflnitxi in-
formation con(!erning them. The Hus.sian-.si)eaking people call them " Ko' rush Av."

I know of no flsh which has a sweeter taste tliiin this specnes. When fried to a rich brown color
they are excellent. The head is nil tliat is necessary to be removed, as the entrails cojitain nothing.

80. Hyi'omesus ounus (I'all.) Gill.
This little flsh abounds at Saint Michael's as soon as the shore ice is lifted sufllcieutly to allow
them to pass uiuler and tliroiigli Hie little streams which, the rapiillyinelting snow filling uj) the
fresh water ponds and lakes, have made their way through the sands to the sea. These flsh ascend
to the lakes by these small streams. So many are hurried onward by the necessity of soon casting
their spawn in the lakes tliat they choke up the streams which lead into them. The ponds are tVe-
qutly verynear the sea level, and only separated from the sea by the barrier of sand thrown up by the
snrf, and at extreme high tides and waves are brackish. Into these, great quantities of drift wood is
thrown. These ponds seem to be jireferred by these fishes. In one large pond, of nearly lialfan
acre in extent, a few miles from Saint Michael's, these flsh were found in incnMlible numbers. The
date was Maj' 20, 1877, by whicli tiiiie they were in such numbers that the natives procured
thousands of them by thrusting a stick into the water and throwing them out with it. A small
dip net was also used, which brought out two or three gallons at a time. When fried these fish
possess a sweetish taste, and are excellent eating. The natives at Saint Michael's dry these flsh
on strings of grass. I did not have time to investigate their spawning habits.

COREOONIDiE.

75 (of Ai)|iendix). Stknodus maokenzii Richardson. (See Fig. XII.)
This large Whiteflsh oc(!urs plentifully throughout the Yukon River and tributaries. It attains
a great size, weighing sixty pounds, and reported to be of greater weight, and is a valual)le food
fish. Numbers are procured at the Yukon Delta in the winter by cutting through the ice ami set-
ting wicker-traps for them. The natives bring quantities of these flsh to Saint Michael's to sell.
When roasted the flesh is excellent. The specimens seen by me were of such condition and size
that I could not [ireserve them.

The Russian name of this species is Nrhna. The Eskimo name is Chi'. This species is distin-
guishable by the presence of weak teeth, strongly projecting lower jaw, pale plumbeous dorsum and
upper sides, becoming silvery white below.

85). OoRKGONUs LAUBETT.v: Heau.
This species is (juite small, rarely over fifteen inches in length. The dorsal and abdominal
outlines are but little curved ; the head is small, lower Jaw projecting but slightly. This fish in
the Yukon River is poor in quality of flesh and bony, it being there considered the jioorest of all
the Whiteflsh. It is most abundant at Nulato, on the Yukon River. Dr. T. H. Bean, of the U. S.
Fish CommiRsion, informs me that this species occurs plentifully in the neighborhood of Bering
Strait and that the fish from that locality are excellent eating. It is a well-kuowu fact throughout

I ■

104

OONTBIBUTIONa TO THE NATURAL HISTOUY OF ALASKA.

Aln8ka tliiit lotinlitieti of but short (liHtaii<;«H ii])art make Ki'L*>^tv'*t ilitfiironccR in the iinality of the
Menh of varioiiN kiiulN nf tlali.

The UuHoiaii name of tliiH BpocieH iH Nulafovnky cigd.

JM). CoREGONUS MBRCKti (iiinther (var. T).

ThiH HpecieH prefers the larger ti<Ie lagoons ami streaniH wliidi are nliglitly brackish and con-
tain muddy water. This tlsli is abundant in September to tlie middle of December. The tiesh ia
very fine and fat. It is at tliat time <|uite abundant. The natives set nets acrosN the tide wattr
streams when the tide is high, and as it recedes the tlsli retire toward tiie bays and are caught by
the obstructing net.

This species is the Mornkoi cigd of the Itussians.

The coloration is darker than in the other species. Tiie head is well formed and has n slightly
projecting lower jaw. The entire flsh is rarely over ten inches in length, and weighs about three-
quarters of a ])ound.

91. CouEUONUS cn'i'EiFORMis (MitchiU) Milner.

This species is the largest of the genus ; it often attains a weight of over thirty ])oundH. It is
very abnndant in Noveml>er to January in the Lower Yukon. It is less abundant in summer. It
spawns in September and October. The flesh is excellent when roasted. Many of these flsli are
caught in traps set in the ice, after the middle of November.

The color is somewhat, lighter than Stenodun; the lower jaw is shorter than the np,)eri the
scales large, as are also the flns. The head is moderate, seeming small on account of the stricture
at the nape; the teeth small and deciduous.

This species is the Malsiin of the Russians, and Clif of the Eskimo.

93. CoREOONUS (jUADRiLATEBAi.is Uicliardson.

Thisspecies is quite small, rarely attaininga greater length than fourteen inches. It is extremely
aitundant at the mouth of the Yukon in the early winter months, and has a range throughout the
entire river, as young of thisHj)ecies about four inches in length ware obtained from Fort Yukon in
the early part of .lune, 1877. They were the fish of the precieding winter. This 8i»ecies is not very
delicate eating. The form is peculiar, as its name indicates. The head is small and attenuated,
the lower jaw shorter than the upper. This si>ecies is called Knlg by the Ifussians.

There are two other well-marked species of Cnregoni in the Yukon district. I did not have the
opportunity to procure specimens.

Thellussians refertooneof thenias Qorhata, signifying /it()«/>w/, orarclied back. I am notcertain
to which sjiecies this should be referred. Several individuals of this species came to my notice,
but were obtained in January at Kothlik, near the Yukon Delta, and brought to Saint Michael's on
the sled with other lish. The tins were so broken by being frozen that the spe<Mmens were worth-
less. The second species may be the one referred to as C. kcnnicottii* by Mr. Milner. Not having
specimens of my own collecting, I am not able to state positively that this is the species, but it is
more than probable, as Mr. W. II. Dall collect«d it at Nulato, on the Yukon, March 27, 1867.f

SALMONDIiE.

95. SAI.VEL1NUS MAXIMA (Walb.) Jordan and Gilbert.

The Salmon-trout is a resident of the smaller streams of the mainland and islands. It comi s

from the sea in September in great numbers into the rivers emptying into Norton Sound. In the

latter part of October the natives put down wicker-traps and catch great quantities of these fish.

They are brought to Saint Michael's by the sled-load and sold. In the month of iTuly they descend

*A flf(iiro (No. XI) of this well-iiiarkcd HpccioH is inserted iu order to show the characters of it. SpecimeuH,
now in the collection of tlia U. 8. Nut. Mysenni, were procured at N'nlato, Aliiska, by \V. H. Dnll ; and, from thebe
the drawing whs prepared.

tThe occurrence of the Grayling in those <vater8 is of suHlcient importance to warrant the insertion of a figure
of Thymallub sig.nifer (Rich.) Cnv. & Val. Specimens were secared by H. M. Bannister at St. Michael's, and by
W. H. DaU »t NaUto. (See Fig. XIU.)

CoDtrib, Nat. ilUt. ^lliiiiku.— Tiinivr.

PLATE 13.

)t have the

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D
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X
H

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„ i;ai-»—iit«i'*m

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(•ONTItlHUTIONH TO TIIH NATUKAI, niSTOl' V Ol" AI-ASKA.

106

the Htrt'iiniH iiikI ii-iiuiiii in tli«^ Ht>ti until H«>pt<Mnl)i>r. The iiuirt* nortli«<iii lociilitit'H linvi* tlii> iHr^er
IndivitliiiilH, tlioNO iiiiioii); tli(> Alciitiiin IsIiiiiiIh hfin^ hiiiiiIIii' tlian tlioMc hci'ii at Haiiit Mifliikol'H,
uiitl wliicli ail' of lli<> HaiiH* hI/.i- iiikI itolor hh tliimo. si>< ii at Karliik, on KailiaU Islaml. At tliiH phteu
((rt'at iiiiinlx'i'N arc Nciiicil t'niiii the rivtT and Haltt><l tor iiiaikot in 8aii l''rani-iNi-o. Tli«< iiv«*riiK(4
wri^lit of tli()Ni> |ir(>|iai'*'il lor inaiUfl i^ near two ami a halt' |hmiimIn.

The nativi'M of the Alt'utlan iNlanils niako but litllt> nsr ol' tht'Nt' lUh, a^ llic,\ arc takiMi numb
aliiiniliinlly ilurinKth*' Hcanon wIumi tho Niilniou iirc pK'ntiliil.

I am not prcpaii'il to »\ 'to wlu'thiM- tlitM»< is any Mporial <lill't'i'ftn(!i' or not tx'twi'iMi th« llsh Coiinil
ill tlif .Niiiall HtrcaiDN of the Alfiitfan IslandH and tiloH(> ri't't'i'i'fd to nndrr llii.s articit'. Ah the
brook IImIi of thi^ islands liavi^ not the rod spots oi. the Hi<!<>N and have n(>V)>r been seen to altiiin
siieli si/,e as that of the spe(Mes lit the heatl of tiii't artiele, they will be Ireatiil of as a sepi:rate
species until known to be otherwise. They have l>;il'its whieli are essentially dilVerent in that they
seldom K<>to the sea for more than six "eeks of time in September and Oelolier, and thai th(\v di^
out the banks wh(>re the current is delleeted from a point above, and undi>r Ihe.st! banks (;oll(ii;t
ill Ki'<'>il nninb(*i'H. They are poor und lean in tlit^ spring, sind not until late in August do tliey
become fat. They .ire in April and May rcdiuu'd to mere skeletons in some hxMlities. They are
abundant at ['nalashka, Atklni, and Attn. They have black spots on the siiles, and the (general
wilor is very dark. .Mfer the hu'Ke Wsli have ivtiirned from the sea they are lighter in viAor und
liuve white e(U'.cs to the liim.

A lack of preserving material prevented me from procuring H|)eciinens ol Ihesc lish. They are
referred to liy tht^ while people as Itrook-trout in (Mtntradistinction to the Salmon trout as mttant
by iStilnliniis iikiIiiki. During the late summer the Itrooktroiit are iMught by nu-an.s of the tly, or,
in lieu of that, a piece of sali.ion, <m' the roe of tiie salmon, is good bait. This same species ih
reported to be abundant on Nnnivak Island, and ulsu on Unga Island. It donliiies.s o(;enrs in all
the mountain streams south of latitude &2° N.

Tlie Itussian name of this speckles is liolet:;. •

!)!). (>N(!oiMiVN(iiii'S ciioi'idiiA (Walb.) .lurdan ami (iilbert.
This species attains the largest size of any of its genus, weighing from sixty to oin^ hundred
poHinds. S(tnn^ individuals have been taken which were said to have weighed (uie iiundred and
forty pounds. The range of this species in Alaska is from Sitkiv to liering Strait, and it is found
in all the considerable streams of the mainlanil. It arrives at the mouth of the riveis south of the
peninsula of .Miaska in tht! month of May or early part of .lune. In tliose rivers n<»rtli of the pe-
ninsula it arrives according to the season, being in the Nushagak Itiver rarely later tlmn the Hth
of June and a few days later in the Knskokoim Kiver. At the Vukoii Mella they arrive about
the lOtli to the L'ttlli of , lune, a few days earlier or later, depending on the ice in the river break-
ing up, generally occurring about that time before' it is removed from the delta. The lish remain
tiutside for .several days before entering the fresh water so as to accustom themselves to the change
of water. The larger lish usually enter first. They are the healthier and s| rouges! Ilsli which have
been able to nnike IhtMr way in advance of the others. By the 1st of .Inly they have ascended
about 401) mih^s of the Yukon and by the middle of tln^ month are u thousand miles from its mouth.
The stronger lish ascend the river for several hundred miles beyond that point. The natives, Es-
kimo and Indians, prepare immense (|uantities of these lish for Inture use. 'i'lie lish are caught in
varioii.s ways. Tlu! ICskimo usually set nets ofshort dimensions, fastened at oiu' end to the shore oft'a
point of rocks, the other end let into water of one to two tathomsdeep. Floats of variously shaped
pieces of wood i)revent the net from siidiing too deep and <lragging on the bottom against the jagged
rocks. The nets are set in the evening as the tish a|)|>roach the shore during the late hours of the
day and early hours of the morning, or between 10 p. in. and r).a.m. The meshes of the net are made
so that when slretched out diagonally they will be live to nine inches across. The tish in attempt-
ing to jiass through are caught by the gills, hence cannot i)ass through or go backward. Early in
the morning the men visit the net and secure the ti.sh by tlrst drawing them to the surface and strik-
ing them over the head w ith a club. Several hundred pounds are fre(]nently caught in a single set
gill-net of that description. The natives of the rivers use the same kind of lu'ts, and usually take
these nets in their single canoes and descend the stream. The net is thrown overboard ; and, as the
S. Mis. 155 U

I '

i I!

106

CH)NTUI1UJTI0NS TO TIIIO NATURAL IIISTOHY OK ALASKA.

|l '!

; ;

Hsli arc asceiuUiifj they vxmw in contiict witli the ii«>t. Tlioy t'ithor bocomo t'litaiifjlt'd in (ho iiu'slios
or elso in their 8lruj;Kl*'*< f'l' "*'^' l>i'ct)nu'8 .so wrapped around them (liat escape is iinpossihU*. They
are drawn to the 8iirl'aee and dispatelied by a bh)w on the head. Tlie lisli is (piiekly pn' in the
can<H' and the <lescent of the river is eon tinned until (lieeanoe is U)aih'd. Dnrinf; the tiiiu- wlien tlie
water in tlie n\ er is ninthly the tish cannot perceive the net at a gny.\t distance and rely on their
own strength to break tlironjih the barrier. In a.scenilin},^ (he streams tlie tish keep near the shore
to avoid the sti H\jitU of the current and also to feel the (than^ie of water which may issue from th<«
tributaries of tie main stream. The natives then also catch many of (he larger llsli by means of
spears, to whicli a thoiifj is attached sons to be able to withdraw (he lish when struck.

When the liih are to be prepared for dryin}j. the head is tirst .severed from (he body, (he belly
ripped open, the entrails and other inner parts are removed. The backbone is removed by a slit
leujjthwise, dividii.i; the ribs from it, and tlu^n cuttinf^; down throuj;h the skin. The lisli is then
left so that the two sides are attached only at the tail. These iiiccesare then thrown over u j)ole
or stapfinj?, with the tlesh side out, so as to dry as rapidly as possible. Should the (ish be larj;e
several transver.se incisioMs are nnulo in the llesh to facili(a(e tiie pn>ccss of dryiufj.

Amou}! the Indians oi the Yukon (his species is prcpari'il .so as (o make a lirs( rate f,'rade of
ilkali (the Russian -.t-ord for i;ll kinds of dried lish). The tish is (Mi'e;'iilly cleaned; (he back boiu^
taken out with as many of the .'((ached ribs as po.ssible; in mos( ins(aiu'es, especially If (he lish is
larj;e, all the boiu's, except the has, are carefully removed. Thi> lish is hnnn up for seveial days,
until it has dried lait to a certain tkvree. The lish are so full of oil that amon^' those people who
have not the opportniiity of procnriiifj ieal oil, e.\<^i'iilinn what is broiii;li( (o (hem by (he lOskimo
for (rade, wooden vessels are placed nniic'r the (ish to obtain (he oil as it drips from (he lish
when «lryiug. This oil is ealen as food, or is faveil nidil 'vinler (o i.. •> in (he lamps Af(er (he oil
has dripped out and (he lish is soi:.ewhat driet;, the pieci s are then separated and placed bel wetMi
layers of bi.eh bark, formed so (ha( (he pressuri of the ish and weijiht of stones, put on (lie pile of
tish, S(iueezesout nearly all the oil in the llesh. This oil is idso saved for use in the dwellin;;s. The
tish, by this pressure, become very dry, yet not too much .so. Thi.i process secures a lirstrale ar(icle
of ukdJi, which is much son}{ht for by the traders.

The inferitu' {jrades of dried tish are used asdojvfeed. .\ lish which wciylis, when fresh, about
(iO poniuls will mak(^ about LM pounds of ukali. When the backbone is diied with the rest of |lu>
body, i( (hen forms thrt'e slices. This is done only with thosi^ lish which aie of iiii interior {^rade,
and are intended tor don-feeil, though they are used oy the natives as well.

The e.xact localities where this species sjiawus was not determined to my satisfaclion. They
have such an expan.se of water to ranjie over that amoMj;' the numerous tribntaiies it would be, a
very tlillicult mattei' to as(u'rtain their spawi.iii;;' places. It is, doubtless, u.iovc Nulato on the
Yukon River. The run of this species lasts In tin* Vukon for about tueuly li\c days, •' e best lisli
beinti the tirst, while the last are weak and frcipicntly immature lish. After spawning the lish be-
come I'xhausted, and are thrown on the beat;h in immen.se (luaiitities.

At the Kiiskokvim River this specie: is not so plentiful as in either the Yukon or the Nnsha-
};ak River. On the north side of .Miaska the lish ari> nit)st abuiidaiil in the livcis in the follow-
iii){ order; Y'likun, Nushagak, (T^^asik, Kiiskokvim, and Kvi'eliiik, the latter heiii;; the outlet of
llyanina Lake.

North of I'nalakhlit this species is not to be found in consideiable iiiimbers, it beiii};- (here
rei>laced by other species.

Ainonp; tlu. AltMitian Islands this s|)e(;ies is not olteii obtained. It appears there to be a
mere slra;;}>'h>r, and annuij; the eastern islands of the chain not more (lian a couple of do/ens are
taken in a year. 1 saw a line female, which iiatl spawned and liad retaiiied lotltese.i, taken at I'lia-
laslika, September 1!"), 1.S7S. This iiiilividiial weiffhetl JtS i»ounds, and was ii excelleni condidon
for the (able. It was taken while seining;' for other species ofsalmo;..

At Atkha Island this species is ocuasionally taken in tli(> early spring, but mil more than half
a lo/.eii are yearly procured.

At Attn they are raiely seen. Hiit <me was taken in ISTIK and one in isso. liodi were takt>n
in the latter part of September.

(Jreat tpiiuilities of these lish are salted by the tvhite people of the Saint Michael's district for

i '"

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CONTliimiTIONS TO TIIK NATUK'AL IIISTOKY Ol' AI-ASK A,

107

lioinc (■(iiisiiiii|>( JiMi. A lew liarn'ls of li(>llifN (tlitt clioict'sl part of llic lisli) sii'i* scut to particiiliU'
IVinids ill other parts 111' the tcri'itiir.v, iMid IV t(Mv n-acli Sail Kraneisco. \l Nii,-(liap:ak tlio Alaskiv
("(•imiificial Coinpaiiv lias a supply pit-parcil to l»t« taken to the I'rilivlof Ishviid.-: lor the natives al
that place.

At Niisliaj^ak, in IS7S, a lar;;e trap was made ol' spruce splints lastcnetl !,> stakes driven inl4)
the soft lied ol the lixcr. The <loor\va,v was so placed that the llsh entered, when ascendiii); iVoin
I he sea, and conlinncd to a cliainltc:' U\ a tcu'tiioiis passajjc way; and, as llu>coiu'ccnliviu'!iaiiiliers led
ii}j;aiiisl the stream Ihc llsh coiistanlly strn^j'^lcd to the innermost parts of the trap. The in^fress
was so small that il would lie dilliiMilt for the llsh to relnrn li.v it. I have .seen several hundred
llsh, at one tide, taken in tli(> trap, and not one of the llsh \vei;;licd li>ss than L'l) pounds, ran^in;;
from that up lo (1(1 pounds. Thcv frciinciitly Imrsl the tiapsidcs, from the pressnreof tlit>ir bodies,
wlieii the tid<> rc\'cdcs. .\l this lime Ihc lish are taken omI and sailed.

The flirt her I'orlh the lish are found Ihc lictlcr the ijiialit.v of the Ihsli. The while jicoph", who
have had an o|iportuiiil,v of ealinp^ the lish frmii llie various localities named aliove, itivariaUlv
pronounce the Yukon lish lo he the licller, and a dilVcrenct^ inii.v he delected in lli(> llaviu' uf the
fish from each locality.

The ticsli is so oily that fal of any kind is unnecessary when I'ryiii};. Tlu> pan is made hot and
a thin sicak not o\ cr half an inch mi Ihicliiicss is placed in il ; a snllicicnl oil is soon tried out to
cook the lish to :' rid;, crisp lirowii. The lish shoiihi he eaten wliile hot, as it loses its line t'avor
wlien cold.

The color of the fresh llcsli is \ariiihle in lliis species; some of the individuals liein^an oniii>;e
red, others lia\ iny; a yellowish red color, others a deep-red oraiific. The Idood is (luite tlark. Tlu'
color of Ihc spawn is rcddisii oraiijic lo a lifjlil reddish lirowii. The e;j;;s are larjie, and lie in two
Hreat masses, one on each side. When the vjXi^s are mature they are nearly onellflh of an inch in
diameter. The mill of the mal(> is also in I wo sacks and is of ii li;>'ht asliy c(diir. The milt is
},'enerall\ alioiil one lliinl Ihc si/c of Ihc roe of a fciiial' of the same wei<ihl, thouf^h the rot< of the
feinah' will wcijjh several |uiuiids if she he a larn'c I'sh.

The lish present Ihc following; color, though there is considtM'able individual variation: llciid,
nape, dorsum, and tail dark plumlieus, nearly lilack in some individuals and of a greenish cast in
oiluM's. The sides arc li;;hl pliimlieus, ||it> liclly ;^iayish or ashy. The llns arc ficncrally much
darker than the oilier |iorli(iiis of llit> liody. The K'lissiaiispeakin;; people call this species
(7i(r'i(7(((, a wind derived from the Kamchadalc lani;uai;(' and applied lo this or kindred species.
The iOskiiiio of Saint Michad's vicinily call this species T<iL- zhtik JUL- meaniiij; the lii;; salt initir,
from the w«)rd liiL' :liiil.\ iiicaiiiii;;' mk and used also I'm- n'tlt. The Aienliian naiiu' of this salmon is
.1 mt' iniij.

x'iim- lh(>re

KM). ()N(ii()i;ii\ N<in s M'-r:. (NValh.) (iill and .lordan.

This species laicly allaiiis a -^w.xt wei;:;hl. The laincsl individiiiils weij;h as much as 12
pounds in the fresh state.

This species ariixcs al Saiul iNI ■chacl's alioiil the l.'illi of .Inly and coiil iiiiie lo run for ahoiil
Ihice wccKs. Tiicsc lish prefer Ihc sniallcr sireains. and when ascciidiiii;- (h(> lar^'cst rivers usu-
ally run into sonic of ihe li ihiilanes wliicii have a pehlily or rocky hollom.

(ireal nuinlieis of llicsc lish arc c: u;;lil h,\ means of seines drii;;fied ahni;; I he sides of the
str<>ains. In the I'liMlakhlil i;i\cr Ihcyarc excessively alnindanl. To this slieani Ihc natives
from Ihc ncijihluiriii};' coast repair lo pii^pai'c Ihese llsh for winter use. The lish an* slit into two
pieces. Joined (Mily by the tail, and then dried. The backbone is taken out, as the lish dries more
rapidly and does not ,so soon Iku'oiiic I'ancid. The backbones are also dried for do}; food. When
dried thoroughly, tiii> averau<> wcij^hl is not more ihan a pound and a half, as the backbone and
head arc taken olf.

This species was not obserxcd amoii^' any of the .Menlian Islands. 1 was infiu'iued that it is
taken in scanty nninbers at irrciinlar seasons al Unalashka and .Mtii. This lish remains ,so!iieliin(<H
in Ihe rivers until the cud of Ihe year. They spawn aboni Ihe Isl of August and have (■oiii|ileled
by the Itlfh. They relnrn weak, and in innst' iiistuiiee.s injured on thu rocks, .so that tli(\v ivro e.iiHt
))ii tlic slior(« in ^>real i|uanlilies.

I 1

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108

COXTKlJiUTlONS TO THE NATURAL HISTORY OF ALASiIA.

Tlio flcMli of this speines is not good. It is coarse and without a decided flavor. The color ri
the freah ilesli in lif^lit-icddiali oran^ri', the mature ova beiupf still lighter. The exterior color of
this flah is coiisid v>ral)l.v lighter than 0. choui'cha, but of the same j..ittern.

The Russian name of this species is Hoikd. The Eskimo name at Saint Miciiael's is Nnk kuk,

101. ONCiioiniVNC'ii's NKUKA (Walb.) dill and .lordiin.

This species arriv»'s .it Saint Michael's about the last da.vs of July and remains until the Hrst
week ill Mei)teinl>er. 'I'liesi' tish prefer the smaller streams of the maiidand and islamls. 'IMiey are
caught in great nun)>iers by means ot seines. These seines are usually set across the stream, and
when a snfncient 'aimber is canp'-.i, lelow, the seine is drawn on shore and the lish thrown out of
the seine as fi'st as the number of the lish will permit it. Huinlreds at a time are caught by thi''
means. The I'i.-'kin'o also use a small dip-net aiid secure many of these fish by inserting it un<ler
the shelving banks, or between tlu rocky places, where they may have stopped to rest. Among the
Aleutian islands tlu^ small moniitain streams, which t'orni the outlet of a lake situated at the head
of large ravines, arc^ favorite jihuies for these lish to ascend for spawning. The si)awn is said to be
placed among the line gravel at the bottom of the deei)est portions of the lakes. The tish ascend
these streams at the high tides which occur toward the early morning, usually from I to .'i r. ni.
They play around the mouths of the streams for many days before entering. They enter slowly at
first. In the course of a few days a suflicieiit number have arrived at the spawning phuies. They
swim round and round the lake, seeking the best locality, ami on the arrival of the greater part of
the tish that will enter that place the tish begin to clear the mud, slime, and moss;: accumulations
off the pebbles which are at the place .selected by them. Tl.e fish work industriously, turning over
the gravel with their snouts, until a clean surface is presented on whit^h to place their spawn. 1 had
an opportunity to verify this at Attu Island in the latter part of August, l.S.S(K Tlie tish were ob-
served shooting through the watCrttf a lake near the village; and, on impiiry, I was informed tliat
they were clearing tlicii si)awniiig-grounds. While (ileaiing the area they iciot around among the
gravel and mini, and wln'ii a sulli(!ient space is upturned they swim rapidly over it, the motion of
their body (-reating a current, wliicih removes the loosely adherent particles of slime and mud which
have settled on tlli'm, the result, of the accumulations which have been washed down during the
winter ai.d spring months. Tlie s])awn is then dejwsited on the clean surlace. The young fry
do not leave the lakes until the following spring, or Just before the adults arrive the following year.

About the 1st of May the Aleuts of Attu Island prepare tiie weir (zvpor of the Hnssians)
which obstructs the i)assage of the fish to the lake. A level phu-e in the bed of the creek is selected
where the baiik.s are so high that in times of very high water it wdl How over the top of the weir
before it will undermine tiie place where the ii|>i»er log of the weir is secured in tlie bank. Each
head o.'' a family and the young men contribute so much material in the shape of stakes of the
requisite length, generally about !> feet long and .'{ inches in width by '2 inches in thickness.
A long log is laid across the stream at a convciiient height (al)out .< feet abov(< the bed of the
stream). The stiikcs arc then si'l slanting, with the lower end further up-stream. Large rocks are
used to hold the stakes in ]iositi(m and to allow the water from above to i>ass through, .\lter this
is done the betl ol iiie creek bi-low the weir is cleared of all loose stoin's, so as tt) allow the net or
hand-seine to be used in (•■.itching the tish, which collect below and cannot pass lieyond.

Eiiily in the morning the people visit the locality ; and, if su(li(!iei:t lish have collected during
the night, all the people at the place assemble, and those most expert in using the .seine stand
some distance below (he weir. The young boys ami girls have gime into the water some distance
below, and with shouts and beating the water the tish seek the shelter near the wt.'ir. Those hold-
ing the seine then enter and soon have all tht fish se^-ured. They are thrown on the bank ami
pleaned. The (ish an* owned in common; any one wlio desires to wor!: can do so, those not sode-.
firing will of course be renu'inbcred, in the winter, when the tish are to be dislributetl. After f'>e
fish are dried they are carried on the backs of the women and children to the princi[)id village and
stored, in October, in sea lion stomachs for winter's food. The stomaciis of these animals are very
)»rge, and when fresh are intlated with air ami stretched as much as possible, sometimes having a
papacity of over .'(.") gallons, or a little more than a barrel. These skins make a convenient recep-
^cle for storing these tish, as thty absorb just 9uflicien(; nioisti^re to keep the contents in good con.

CONTJIIBUTIONS TO THE NATURAL IlISTOKY OK ALASKA.

109

dition and also ])r*n'ent mold from spoiling tlicni. When food is scarce, tlio chief or some other
selected person divides the supply of fish, giving to each person a stated niantity, so that each
will get an e()ual share.

The fail of snow of the ])receding winter has much to do with the summer's catch of lish at Attn.
The streams are short and shallow, so that if snfticient snow has not fallen diM-ing the winter to
feed the streams with water daring summer the fish will not enter the creeks, 'i'lie supply of these
fish laid l»y at Attn for the winter of 1,SS()-',S1 \va« not over 1,'J(M», for during the preceiling year hut
litth' snow had fallen and Itut little rain in July and August of 1S,S(). This same species is also
caught at that place hy means of a ^inall seine about l2(M'eet long, olV the mouths of the small
streams as the fish are wailing for a favorable tide to lielp «'.arry them over the small bars at the
mouth of the creek. When the wiiul is blowing on shore the fish keep at some distance, but when
blowing from the land the fish cotne into shallow water. The net is carried out by nu'ans of two
canoes lashed together, or else from a small, open skinboat called a hidani. Two men. row the boat,
another puts the net ont in the iirojaM" jiosition, while those on .dioni hold to a rope by which it is
gently drawn along the bea(!li until the fish begin to show signs of Iteing within the net. The boat
is then rapidly taken to shore and the two ends slowly dragged out until the captured fish are
drawn out. This manner of taking fish is practiced by all the Aleuts, while the traps across the
streams are not used at all i)laces on ai^-'ount of scarcity of wood. At Atkha and IJnalashka
seines or nt^ts are mostly used.

The Aleids in former times procuired th"ir fish in the sanui manner. At some i)laces are tra«!es
of former superstitions concerning the fish streams. A man who was gniity ot sonui crinu' against
Ills fellows wa.", not permitted to cross the stream during the fishing season. At Unmak Island
wonu'U at certain jieriod* are not, even at the present tiu)e, allowed to partiiiiiate in the labor of
catching the tish, l')r i\ar of polluting the stream.

The Alaska t'omnu'rcial <'omi>any and the Western Fur and Trading Company have erected
qu'te extensive packing works at Karluk. on the northwest einl of Kadiak lslaiul,for salting their
fish. During the season of ISSl over ;i,0(lO barrels of these (isli were put up for the California
market. The workmen of the two comi)anies used seines for catching the tish, and (H)uld caich as
numy as were jiossible to save when caught.

This s])ccies is called Krdsiiayii rv'ha in the Kiissiari I.iiiguage, ami V«'/i- A/V/.' in the I'jskimo
language; and ,1' iiul: by (he Aleuts.

10-'. Oncowiiynciu's KisuTCiri (Walb.) dill and .Ionian.
This species ariives at Saiid Michael's about the first of August and remains until the freez-
ing of the t'resh wa.er in the latter part of 0(ttober or early Noxcmber. These l"sh are not so
numei'(>n,s sit Saint iMichael's as the snecies lurka, hela, ov (inrhusrliu. They are larp-r than either
of tho-r si('!'i('s, ami less in size than t!u> clKwivlia. The aveiage wi'iglit of this species will be not
far I' 1. twi (v-two pounds. They are darker colored exteriorly than the other species and have
s;;' .s ■ • 'i 'iiis, upper si<les, and head. These spots are daik clioeolate in life, ami soon become
inU' ai .' /•■ |i. They are procured in the same nninner as the other species and are drie.i for
food. Ti. ' lalrves of the mainland do not consider this species as being |iarticnlaily good. It is
used princi|';i,;,\ for doji-t'ood by the Kskimo. I have reason to believe that tln^ nioi'e northern
imlividuals of this spctaes aie not so good as tlmse found fartln rsoutli. They ai'e ipilte pleidiful
anu)ng the .Meutian Islands. Here they are presei vcd by drying, salting, or <!rying for a few days,
then salting vei v slightly and han};ing In the smok" to linisl drying. When prcjiared with care
and snniked for several days with good hard wood (an,> ; "ii«/ than siirnce <u' eottonwood) they aie
tin»( eating. When frieil vliese fish are very dry, and have a tendency to crnnilile to fim- pieces
while in the ))an.' The libers of the meat ilo m)t hold together. This species is the last to arriv(> at
the Aleutian Islands ami renniin until the snow covers the ground. The habits of this species arc
b- /'.ar to those of the species iiirha and fiorhusvliii, excepting that the spawn is laid anu)ng c-oarser
(.fiif c", >ind stones along the banks of the creek ami lakes. These fish tear uji large areas of
Stt'i ' ' ^; ,1 by rolling them about clean the slinu' ami mud from the surface of the s])aw!iing-
gro.iiuiH. l<;vcn ; he banks of the lakes, w here a gravel bed has jirevionsly foriiu'd, will bo
excavated so as to jirocurc t'"^ necessary stoiies tnhong whjcli to deposit their spawn. Tl'O

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1

110

(JONTBIBUTIONS TO THE NATURAL HISTORY OP ALASKA.

siioiitH niid liiiH of tli«- ArIi aro worn nearly off at the end of the Hoason. The Wsli in tlio latter part
of October and November are so exIiaiiHted that they then ascend the Hniall branclieH of the
principal streams and there wait tiieir tleath. I liave seen them with the end of the snout worn
otf past the inuK/le and not a tin on them. At this seiwton the native (Aleut) boys no early in the
mornint; and eateh tiiese fish ns they move in the deej)€r portions of tl little slreitnis — deeper
than wide — which have cut thron},'li the ravines. The nnnd)er of these lish at Atkha is considerably
iirealer than at Attn and lest! than at Unalashka. I have seen individuals of this s|)eeie»' can^l't
as late as the middle of January. They are, after the middle of September, in poor condition and
tit only for food duriu}; most i)ressint; need.

The fish is a stioiifj swimmer and very active, stemming the strong currents of the nu)untain
streams with a rai)id, zigzag course.

The eggs of this spi'cies are collected by the youngsters and put into the skin of the fish after
all the (lesh has been removed. This is as carefully saved as is the ukali made by the adults.

The Russian name of this species is Ki'zooch. The Aleuts call it Kn Ac' thnkh.

103. ONriiORYNCiius GOBBUSOiiA (Walb.) Gill and Jordan.

This salmon is the smallest of all the species in this genus. Tli.?y will not average over five
pountls in weight. They are distinguisliable at a glau' <• by the arched back, which gives them the
common name lluni]> back or Gor'otVsha in the liuss, r- ige. This species arrives at Saint

Michael's about the 2oth of July and remains five weeiit v also prefer the smaller streams

and in some ])liices are to be counted only by hundreds of i i ,inds. They appear at the surface
of the water like the pindrops of an April shower. Near the liead of Norton Sound these tisli are
so abundant that the streams are choked with the struggling mass impelled by the calls of repro-
duction. These fish are obtained in the same manner as the other species. They are fat and when
fried are next to the cliavi'cha in flavor. The extremely old fish have a mealy substance at the base
of the dorsal fin, beneath the skin, which has a tendency to make the meat dry. The belly is very
fine, and in the earliest tisli to arrive it is not to be surpassed as a pan piece.

Tliis species has about th«> same habits as the leta, preferring, however, to deposit its spawn
on the clean sand at the bottom of the lakes.

The exterior color of this speiiies is much lighter than either of the others. The back is light
plumbeous with silvery sides, the belly white. The fins are darker at the tips and lighter at the
base, tlie dorsal and caiulal are like the color of the back.

TliiK lish makes a good article of ukali, but in ai)t to become very dry. Much other matter
might be written in regard to the salmon of Alaska. The fishing interest is merely being awakened,
and not until the sujiply nearer home is exhausted and the demand becomes greater will it be fully
known what stores of lish are yet in Alaska awaiting the enterprise of the people to bring them
to a market. The season is sufficiently long for any well-iegulated cannery or packing establish-
UH'ut to procure all that could be taken care of. Native help is abundant and may be procured
at a very reasonal>le rate, especially if supplies of tea, coffee, sugar, flour, ami crackers are kei)t
in sloi'(> for the natives to draw upon while engaged in the season's work.

Several i)ers(nis have atti'inpted to establish works for preserving these fish, but have failed
for !a(!k of the ie<piisite know ledge and, in some instances, iiisutliciency of cai)ital. There is no
doubt that tlidusands of barrels of salted salmon and the same number of cases of canned fish
could be pre|»ared in the summer season at the mouth of the Yukon. A vessel would have to take
the supi»lies for each year in advance, as the fishing season would be half over before a vessel
«'ould arrive at the grounds, owing to the shifting of the channel. At the Nushagak and Ugasik
l-iiveis, also, canneries (H)uld 1»(^ i)rolitably erected, and with a season of ten days longer than at
the, Yukon. At Kadiak but little has been done, though the day is not far distant wLen other
establishments will l)e eici'led in that neighborhood. The fish alrea<ly command a remunerative
]ui(re in the San Francisco markt'ts, and have only to be introduced to give an extended eiwteru
demand for I hem.

The Aleuts give the name Ath fin' yuk to this salmon.

Th(^ relative values of the different species stand as follows, according to the opinion of those
who have had o[»portunity to test tlie matter ; first, the vhavi'vha, tlicu yorbimchd, kiiiuU'h, keta^
mn\ nerka,

I,

!

ContiiU. Nat. lllHt. Aliiskii — TiiiiiBr

PLATE 14.

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CONTRIBUTIONS TO Tni') NATURAL HISTORY OK ALASKA.

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The natives have tUflTerent opinions of their relative values. The Aleuts consider the cartihvfj-
inous nose and forehead of the kiHutch to be the best of food when fresh. I liave seen the entire
family seated on the parlor Hoor with a kinuUh before each nicnibor, who was industrioiisiv strip-
piiifj that portion ott' the head and devouriiig it. The heads make a ricli soup wiiiiih is highly
praised by some of the white people. Tiie belly of the chavi'rhii is usually cut from the body «)f the
larjje fish and salted as a separate piece. This is the tinest of all salted tlsh. It is very fat and
has a taste that once partaken of is rarely forgotten. Wiien freshened and dressed with spices and
vinegar it is a tenipting dish. The Russians make a kind of pastry. of salmon bellies, rice, eggs
and such other things as may be at hand. When prepared in good style it is vtuy nice, but when
it has a few shreds of Attn garlic in it it is better to let it alone if you expciit to entertain friends
during the next several days.

CLUPEID^.

100. Cltjpea mibauilis Girard. (See Fig. XIV.)

The herring arri' "s at Saint Michael's about the lOlli of .Line and remains ten to twelve days.
It is extremely abunUiint, swimming in large schools near the shore; seeking localities where stsi-
weeds abound on which to deposit its spawn.

The natives use seines with meshesof two inches across for these lish and catijh them by the ton.
They are eviscerated and dried for fooil. Among the Aleutian Islands this species is wonderfully
abundant. At Unalashka they are plentiful in thv latter i)art of .Inly and again in September,
though the second appearance of the fish is not always certain in this locality. The Aleuts of
Unalashka catch thousands of these tlsh in seines. 1 knew one haul of a weine, about 75 feet long, to
su(!cessfully land 3,(i00 of these fish at Immrigne oove, near Iliiiliuk villag", on Unalashka Island.

At Atkha Island they are excessively abundant in Old Ihirbor, on tl <^ northeast side of the
island. The Atkhau people preserve large numbers of these fisli bydrying Miem. 1 do not. know
that they occur at Attn Island ; for during the two seasons that I was there, none i>ut in an appear-
an(H', and as the natives did not sjjcak of them I am led to conclude they d( not visit that island.
All along the south side of Aliaska and the Kadiak district these iisii are p entit'ni. Tlieir range
is comprised bt^tween the southern coast of ('aliforuia and Bering's Strait.

The heriing of the Aleutian Islands are larger than ihose of the Saint Aiichad's district and
possess a decidedly sujierior flavor.

The Russian name of this lish is Selld; the Eskimo name is I hath hto iVk piik ; I he Aleutian
name for the herring is U'l nyan.

RAIIDiB.

n;3. Rata I'ARMiFEBA Bean.

This Ray is abundant at some lo(!alities among the Alentinii Islands. Toward evening, when
the tide is high, these iineer-looking objects ('ome near the w;ilers edge to seek the (ilVnl, wliieli may
have been thrown on the beach after the fish caught tlnring the ilay have been cleaiieil. Th<' IJays
appear to forget that the tide in the ocean has an ebb as well as a Hood, for iniml)ers mc left on
the beach by the reiiediiig tide. I'arly in the morning in Jannaiy, I'ehniary, March, and the early
part of April great numbers are left on the beach. They seem to niiike no sti iigglt; to get buck in
the water, as the sand under them is apparently uinlistiirbed where they lie with tiieir lieads to-
ward the point from which the wind was blowing at the time. When a Iiaiil wind storm is eoni-
inencing these Itays may be seen sporting at the surface of tlu^ water like Hashes of light or snmll
white-caps just breaking : dozens at a time may be seen. There is no use, made of the llesli. The
Aleuts look with disgust upon these fish. The color of the lish is about that of dressed sole-
leather on the back and white underneath, with pinkish patches near the nose and anus.

1 have never seen this species west of I'nalashka, though it doubtless occurs tlirougliont at
least the eastern islands of the chain.

At Saint Michael's it is very rare ; only a few individuals were known to the natives. This
species attains a great s-'i/.e, often three feet long ami two feet wide. This and one of the large
Sculpins (Cottiis) are the most disgusting inhabitants of that i>art of the sea.

112

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE NATURAL HISTORY OP ALASKA.

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Their food is couipoHed of anything that may come in the way. Tlio mouth is capable of
being projected three or more iuchen and is sntticieut in iwwer wlieii projected to cause tlie hand
to receive a smart blow.

The Russiaii-Hpeaking peojtle call the Rays Morskoi Chikit, or Sea gulls.

PETROMYZONTIDiB.

lie. AiWMOtHKTKS AURRiis Bean. (See Fig. XV.)

This 8i)ecies of Lamprey ascends the Yukon River in the latter part of December of each year
They are so abundant that figures fail to ex])res8 an a<lequate idea of tlieir numbers. They swim
in large schools toward their spawning place, which is yet undetermined. They are not rapid in
their movements, so that by the mi<ldle of February they have ascended only about 2.10 miles up
the river. By that time they have arrived at Auvik and Mission (ui the Yukon, and by the latter
part of April they have arrived at Fort Yukon, over 1,(M)0 miles from the mouth of the river. The
season at any given place is about three weeks.

At Mission and Anvik the natives, who are on the watch for their coming, cut a narrow piecje of
ice out of the river, and in a direction across the current where the fish are asctMidiug. A long
stick, having several twigs or forks left on it, is used to obtain these fish. The native then thrusts
it into the water, and with a (piick lift throws out dozens of these lish at a time. In a couple of
hours an industrious native will have caught a wagon-load of them. The fish are thrown into piles
and are left to freeze as they fall. So long as the ice in the river lasts the i)ile of fish is secure, as
it is frozen so hard that nothing affects it. When the fish are wanted for food a chunk is |»icked
oti' and taken to the Isuts. The fish are very fat. The oil is leadily boiled out, and is said to have
a ]deasant taste, though a rather rank smell. 1 am not aware that this s]>ecies is fouu<l anywhere
else than in the Yukon itiver.

The color of the lish is yellowish olive on the back, becoming lighter on sides and tlull sul-
phur-yellow on abdomen and low(!r side of head. The lower jmrts posterior to the anus are like the
color of the sides.

The Russian name of this sjtecies is Memuja, meaning Lamprey. As tliis sjiecies does not occur
in the vicinity of Saint Michael's, I coidd not learn any name for it in the lOskbno language. These
people oidy know of the fish by its being obtained from the Yukon.

SCYMNIDiB.

95 (of Api)eudix). Somniosxts miobocephalus (Blocli) <iill.

On the ii.Sth of November, 1874, a trailer was visiting .some fox-trai)s a few miles above Saint
Michael's. His attention was directed to the dogs which accompanied him, snilling the air, and
running to the shore under a high bluff where they found adead Shark wlii(!li had api)areiitly been
lying there several days, and was probably stranded there previous to the bay having been frozen
over on the 10th of that month. 1 was informed of it, and went with him to the i)lace. In the
mean time he had set several fox traps near the carcass, as the foxes attracted by the food had
visited it in great nuudiers. On airiving at the place he told me to look out for traps. ,Iust at that
instant a setter dog stepped into one of the trajts. The fright made the dog jump so high that she
struck him, and nearly knocked him down. Alter releasing the dog, we pried the Shark out from
between the rocks and shore-ice. It measured seven feet nine inches in length, and weighed ;{40
pounds. A portion was taken to the redoubt, where it was used as dog food, the dogs having no
dislike for the meat.

A second specimen was castuj) bythe sea near the village of At hwik, or Stebbins,on the western
side of the island of Saint Michael's, in November, 187G. These two individuals were the only ones
ever known to occur in that vicinity, as the natives had never seen or heard of them previous t<»
the appearance of the first one.

A large species of Shark (Squalus acanthias lAnni) occurs in the neighborhood of Karluk on the
north western side of Kadiak Island. It comes there in large schools, sometimes numbering thirty
to fifty, to obtain the salmon which are entering the snnill river at that point. The natives en-
gaged in helping preserve salmon for the fishing stations there generally take a calm day and hunt

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Cunti'ib. IVitt. Hint Alanliji.— 'rmiiui'.

PLATE IS.

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CONTUinUTIONS TO THK NATURAL HISTORY OP ALASKA.

113

tlieHO Slmrks with liiirpuoiiH. At'Uu' liuiiiK Ntruck aiul tiiotl out tliu tiMli in (lis|iiit*;liiMl with nlniiuc,
driven tlirouf;Ii tlic licart. Th(t livers iirc tiikoii out and the oil iill(>w(>d to drain IVoni tlieni an<l used
AH food, and Ih conHid(>rcd ((uitc a prize by thoHi^ peoph*. Tlie Heason lor the arrival of that Shark at
Karliik is from the ISthof .Inly to the'J.'Stli, and it reinainHonly afew days. I saw the bodies of over
11 do/.en individuals from wliich the livers had been taken. The liver is very large and will yield ii
considerable (|inintity of oil.

At Atkhu Island I saw a large Shark swimming, with its blaek tin out of water, in Naxan Hay,
in the latter j)art of .June, 1S7!*. I (Ired several shots into it, but failed to get it. This speckles was
doubtless ditVerent from the one seen at Karluk, and totally distinct from the one at the head of
thisartiele. Unfortunately I had not the nieansof preserving large llsli, so had, in several instanceH,
to let desirable lishes be passed by.

OCTomrH l-UNOTATUB Oabb.

This ereatnro is distributed in great abundance throughout the southern and eastern part of the
coast line. It is not plentiful north of the Aleutian Islands, but among tlieni is extremely ])lenti-
f'ul. The natives assert th<!t it was common in Unalashka ))revious to 18*i7, but an earth(|uake
caused them to leave the neighborhood of Iliuliuk village. Of late years tliey are beginning to
reappear. At this i)lace they do not attain a very great size, seldom over three to live feet in expanse
of arms. At the islands west of the islands of the FourCrat(!i's this species is found in great num-
bers, and in some I(M;alitios attains a great size, some iiulividuals being over lU feet in oxpanso
of outstretched arms. At Kiska Island the largest individuals occur, though but little larger than
those of Attu.

They fre»iuent the shallower parts of the flat toi)ped reefs of rocks and roctky shoals at the
entrances to harbors and between islets.

They are generally drawn up in a crevice of the rock, awaiting an uidiu^ky flsli to pass within
reach, when the arms aij thrown out with lightning like rapiility, and seizing the victim it is
slowly drawn toward the body and devoured. The animal then remains very sluggish for some
time. The natives also lind them where the receding tide has left them in a crevice of the rocks.
The animal is said at this time to be easily frightened and will run over the beach to the water
with astonishing rai>idity. The natives catch them with a hooked gall', wliich is carefully placed
under the animal when it is discovered in the shallow water. I?y a quick jerk the animal is with-
drawn betbre the disks have an opportunity to grasp the surf'acj of the rocks. The flesh is used
as food, either in a raw condition or boiled. It is considered very line eating. When going out on
a lishing party the jjcoide are generally successful if a "Kak" (Russian name) is secured for bait.
Fish of all kinds, which will bite at the hook, eagerly seize this food. Again, the lislierman often pulls
up a fish and to it is attached an Octopus which has seized it as it was draggetl near its retreat.
It oftentimes seizes the bait of the tishermau and is brought to the surface. It is very dillicult to
manage a large individual, as the arms are i)ulling and thrashing in every direction. The native en-
deavors to seize the animal just behind the head, where a slight s«;'ieeze will instantly kill it. The*
women are very expert in this, and will frequently kill those of such size that the men will hesi-
tate to struggle with.

The gall of this animal is dried and used as an article of ])aint for canoe-paddles, and orna-
mental stripes on their garments. The gall is of an india-iiik color; has a lustrous f'lcture, and
is prepared as a pigment by pounding, or grinding, it on a flat stone with a little wat < t is applietl
with the hand and well rubbed in. After an hour or so the painted surface is carefuily oiled with
seal or other animal oil, and held over a Are to allow it to be absorbed. It then turns a dark slaty
black, and is extremely durable.

This animal is so abundant that it could be made available as a supjdy of bait to be used in
catching cod and other fish.
S. Mis. 155 15

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PAKT V-JUKDS.

|Tlic iiiiiiibur prccciliiig the muiio corroHpoiulH to tUo number in tlic A. (). U. Clu'ck-list of 1.S80.J

'J. Coi.YMlM'H IIOLIUKLMI (Hciiili.). llolbaiVs (Irchc.

TliiH (irclto JH not coninion in iiny part of tlio territory. A Hinfjlo HiucMnicn wiim broiijjlit to nio
from lliis Knaliolivim Hivor, acptt'inltor 10, 187(1, by Mr. J. \V. (Maris, wlio inl'onncd nic tliat tiiiM
spi'cii'H was cxtroineiy raio in tliat locality. It froiincntH tlio lalvOH and tide lagoons.

Two MpecimenH were obtained at Unalasliku Island. In tliis locality tliey are to be found tiidy
in the winter season, and are not at all eonimon.

The iris is blac^k ; bill, greenisli-liorn ; dusky on cnbnen ami toniial edges; lip of up >er nnin-
dible, black ; lower, greenish ; feet, greenish with edges of scales darkened ; ti[>s of toes d, i k ; in-
ner edges of lobes dark ; claws light-edged ; a male, No. Iil7, from Umdashka, December 1', , 1H7.S.
Another specimen, from the sanio locality, has the bill dark mi base of eubnen and ogionof
nostril, otherwise yellow ; feet greenish-yellow with darker limv. through centers of scales, while
the scales themselves are edged with brilliant yellow.

Several specimens of CJrebes were observed among the Aleutian Islands, but it was beyond
my power to obtain them. The Eskinu) name of this Cirebo is Ta td liik, from its note tatatu.

3. CoLYMiius AURiTtis Liuu. Homed Orehe.

This Grebe is occasionally seen in the neighborhood of Saint Michael's; more often in spring
or fall. In the interior of the Yukon District it is common, especially along the tributaries of the
Yukon. At Nuhito ami Fort Yukon it is said to breed ; although, 1 do not think it does along the
coast in the vicinity of Saint Michael's.

Among the Aleutian Islands it is to be found in the winter. I did not observe it there in the
summer and at no time to the westward of Unalashka Isliind.

This species prefers the fresh bodies of water, and only resorts to the bays ajul estuaries when
the fresh water is frozen. The nesting habits of this spe(!ies were not learned by me.

The iris of the species is yellow, culmen black, rest of bill bright yellow, outer side of tarsus
and under side of web blackish ; inner side of tarsus, toes, and lobes bright yellow, with faint
greenish tinge; claws dark.

The native who brought nic a specimen of this bird had no name for it, and declared it was
the tirst he had seen.

At Attn Island I observed a Grebe, which I suspected was this species. It was so shy tbat
near approach was impossible.

7. Urinator imbeb (Gnnn.). Loon,

This Loon occurs but sparingly, according to my own exjierience, along the Alaskan shores. I
saw three individuals at once in the vicinity of Cape Newenham, and occasionally an individual in
the vicinity of Saint Michael's. I failed to secure 8])ecimen8 of it for preservation.

8. UuiNATOB AUAMSii (Gray). Yellow-hilled Loon.
This Loon occurs sparingly in the vicinity of Saint Michael's.

The only specimen seen by me, that I could certainly identify a. this species, was killed by a
native. A press of other work caused me to delay preparing the skii until it was too late.

115

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116

CONTUIHUTIOXS TO THE NATURAL HlSTOUY OF ALASKA.

".). Urinavob aucticus (1 inn.). Bliukthroated Loon.

Tlio Hlac-ktliroiiti'd Loon is quite comuion nt Siiiiit MicbaoVs, wlioro it arrives by tliii nii<Ulioof
Ma.v. As soon ns tlio scaiee is n'ovetl those birds resort to the sea, rarely far from land. Dnriiijj
(lie breeding season they retire to the smaller lakes, whose mar<jii.s are hedg :! with -a {jrowth oJI
rankest jjrass. A neat was known to be in a i)oiid some distance from ihe Redoubt. 1 went there
to obtain the efjfjs. The parent was sitting in t'.e pond and wouUl not tiy, but dove and swam
round in t lie water and seemed much distressed by onr presence. Several siiots were fired into
her betVne she was killed. They are extremely teinie.ions of life; and when they are killed it is
only after the body is riddled with shot.

These bivds are to bo found amon-j the Aleutian Islands at any season of the year. At Am-
ehitka Islam! a iiair frequently were seen in the bay, dnriuR the nu)nt!i of June, but always just o»it,
of raiifie for a shot.

They would swim up and down the bay for half a mile and return by the .same (bourse. A mi-
tive boy finally shot one of them, unknown to me until after lie had jilucktMl the feathers from the
body. The Aleuts value the llesh very hi<;hly, but admit that it is u.i.-;h.

.Many years a;;o the natives of 8aint JMiehael's vicinity made use of tiie skins of this species for
a iMimber of purposes. 1 have seen liiem convcrtetl into a sort of work liafi; in which small, but
valuable tools were kept. Tiie skin in such a cast, is cut down the back and (he llcsh renu)ve<l.
The skin is then dried by bein<i worn on the lieail of the jiersoi. owuinf; it. Another i>uri)()se for
which it is used is to form a recei)ta- Ic for the bunch of liiu' shaviiifjs whii h are tied toKclher and
serve as a lleshbrush while takinti a bath; and, for this reason, it is just as well to ask what is in
it before investipiting its contents on your own account, as these p-eople have but little soap and
employ sometliin}:; else, in lieu of it.

On the Lower Yukon Hi vev is a village called by the Kussians Ijnynru *S7/«//^((, and means Loon
("ap, on account of the natives wearing' the skins of thesis birtls ascajis.

The '"^imo name of this siiecics is Tu C Oil:, and is derived I'om the note too cc — a most dis-
mal sor. . ' ■ .ird in the stillness of the night.

](». IIRINATOB PACiFious (Lawr.). I'dcijir Loon.

A siiigK specimen of this Diver was obtained August L'.'i, 1S7(>, at M.ilnt Michael's. It is not
coaimon, and was not recognized to a certainty at any other time. This specimen was an adult
fennile and had just passed the breeding so.ison. Where, or how, tlii., bird breeds i« iinknown to
me.

This species wasobservcd in Chiehagoi '.arbor, Attn Islaml, in the winter of ISSK-'M. 1 «li(l
not observe them there at any other season of the year in the vicinity of Attn; yet they breed in
c'Uisiderable ni"'Mbert' on the low grounds of Semiclii.

11. TinNATOK M'MMK (Gunu.). Retlfhroatcd Toon

The lU'd thi'oated l)i\er is quitt' abundant throughout the Tenitoiy. It is common among
the tributaries of the Yukon Kiver.

This Diver arrives by the L'Oth of May, and immediately lepaivs to the lagoons and grassy
lakes wiiere it breeds. It renniins until late in September.

They obtain much of their food from the sea. They consume anndl fish, whi»'.h they obtain by
diving. They are very watchful and rely more on their ability to csca|)e danger by diving than
by tlying. When about to dive they draw the lu^ail and lu'cU back, throw the body forward
with a plunge, or else, when surprised, '^hey quietly sink in the water in such niiUMier as to leave
scarcely a lipple on the surf'a(;e.

Among the Aleutian Islands thissivcies is quite abundant. It breeds in nearly all the islands
of the chain. Ai Atklia sevc;:'.! pairs were known to breed amoTig the lakes on the highest hills.

Several ytnuig of this bird were brought to me, while at Atklia in 187!», but want of time, w hen
1 receive*! them, caused me to put them in an (mt-building. The next day I went to look for them,
and found thai ;!>•' rats had carried them otf during th night.

When the yo.mg birds are not yet able to accompany the jjarents the latter feed them on
tmall flsh fry from the sea. A pair which had nested a couple of miles back of the village afc

CONTRI MOTIONS TO THK NATURAIj IlISTOHY OF ALASKA.

117

Na/.aii Hiiy, on Atkliii Isliuid, attnwtod my attention early mory iiioiiiiiijr by tlioir liarsli, wick-
ling notes as the jiaront llmv toward the bay to obtain food. I oinleavonMl to discoviM- whentie tlio
parent came, and i)08ted myself near the track it nsnally Hew, but the interveninj; hills pnv
vented me from detecting *'ie locality. 1 could not but observe the regularity with which the
morning visit wiw made to the bay It never varied ten minutes from H o'clock a. ni.

The tlesh of this bird is conside.ed palatable by many of the Aleuts and most of tho iteoide
near Saint Michael's.

Tliis species renniins anion}, the Aleutian Islands tho entire year, but less in winti'r than in
summer.

Quite a number of these Loons brood on Somichi and Agattu, of the Nearer (iroup,

12. Linda oiiiiiArA I'all. Tuflcd Piiifhi.

The Tufted rullin is common in the neighborhood of Haint jMichael's, though hert^ not more than
one- third in nuMd)er(H)mpan'(l with F. coniiciilala. W some of the localities south of the Kavyj'iyak
reuinsula these birds abound. On the outer side of Whale Island, near Saint IMichael'.s, they are
more plentiful than elsewhere, in the immediate vicinity of Saint Michael's. A nund)er of pairs
breed on th(> littU' ninnd island. just outside of Whale Island, to the right of the entrance to Saint
Michael's. A few also breed on lOgg Island, to the northward of the entrance to the liarbor. .\t ^'ap^^
Newenham but few of these birds w<'re seen in comparison lo the iiumiier of /•'. corniciilata, wilh
whifli tlie.\ aie generally associated. Along the northern shores of the Aliaskan I't-ninsula they
were seen i!! considerable i.iiinber.s, as they were also at the l*ribyIol'(ii(iu|>, Saint Matthew'-! and
Saint Lawrence Islands. Among the .Meiitiaii Islands, and on tlu^ south side of Aliaska, with
adjaceni i^jlands, tliesn rullins are found in great nunibers. Sonit' of the islands atVord lieller
locations for breediiig,and these are resorted to by inciredible numbers of these birds. Their f.Kid
consists of molluviks and other marine food, suiOi as small tish.

The nesting habi.s'. of this L'ullin resemble those of the Horned Putlin. My own obser\ati'»'is
show that the former prefer the clilYs and edges of blulVs overgrown vvith grass, which has made
an acciimnlatioii of soil on the tops and edges of some bliitVs to a depth of Si'veral feet. This soil
is a perfect network of holes and burrows of these birds. That species of grass usually grows in
large tussock.-- and the falliiij'; stalks and blades, overlai)i)ing the other tussocks, form acouvenii'iil
retreat for thesi' birds, and d'libtless the grass is of ranker growth, due to the e,xcrcineiit of these
biids coming almost in contact with the grass roots. It is not witnout danger to attei.i) t to walk
among lliese tussocks, as ilu'ir roots arc' not strong, for the least misstep would precipitate the
person many feet below.

Tho nest is usually tlu' bare earth, whereon a single egg is laid. The young tuke to the water
before being able to Hy. The ])arent bird assists the young to the water.

The adult bird may be found many miles from land. 'I'hey probably visit certain hicalilies
iHr otf in searc^h of food.

Durine; perli-r'fiy calm weather they exiu'rience great dilliculty in rising from the water, but
will tlop and kiclw along the surface for many rods and suddenly drop. \'» hen alighting <m (he
water they usually uive under the surlace for a few feet. They are exi>ert divers, and when
wounded are dillicult to obtain n.;cil life is extinct. They are extrcMiely Ticious when caught, and
witii tl'.eir powerful Jaws they (tan intlict a severe wound, not relaxing their hold until the beak is
pried apart. Their claws are extremely sharp, and scratch deep!. Mito the hand, inllictirig painlnl
wounds. Tlie skin of this bud is \ery tough ; and, as the iilimnge is nearly uniform i.i color,
thef.o rutlins iire much sought for by the natives, who ust^ th .i tkins to (convert into articles of
clothing.

While tho nativisare on the summer hunt for sea (titers they improve tho days unfavorabhi for
that ])ursuit in visiting the breeding lo(;alities of the Tufted and Horned Pullliis, to catch them for
their skins. The ham! is iisuall\ tuolected wilh a leathern glove of sealskin,or else a coat slee\c
is wrapped around on the hand. Tliebird makes little attempt loavoid captuu',but holdsby Ihe beak
to the jierson, and uses its feet to best advantage, 'i'lu^ natixcs endeavor to catch the bird by tht^
wing, as the claws are then used to retard the bird being withdrawn from its (!revi(!e or hole, and,
besides, iu tho struggle, if tUu bird should bo taken by the body the feathers might be pulled out.

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«w> iij^i4f witiip>!||i, m fgfmym

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CONTRIBUTIONS TO TUB NATURAL OISTOKY OF ALASKA.

f

As 800U as tlio bird is captured tlio natlvo I'itlior breaks the small of tlio binl's bat-.k, or else bites
it ill the head. Thislatt'r method is ])referre(l for killing all kinds of large birds, and is more
j)racticed by the Aleuts, while I lie noil hern people break the back of the bird. When the native
returns home with a snfllicieut number of birds for his own and family necessity, the labor of taking
out the flesh begins. The beak is cut off just at the edge of the feathers, the meat, bones, and
overything else inside of the skin must come out at that hole. The viiigs are carefully drawn un-
til the humeruh can be dislocated from the body. The wing is then cut off. Tlio skin is now
turned inside out and the larger, adherent jiartides of llesh and fat are removed. The skins mo
then hung up to dry until the severe weather of winter tomj)cls the women to remain within
doors. A certain liquid has been saved up for a considerable timenntil it acquires a intolerableodor.
The skins are theTi soaked in this liipiid until the oiliiiess and fatty parts are removed from
the skins, and if the person is able to purchase soap the skins arc then washed in a strong suds.
If not washed in soapy water it matters little, as the greater i>art of the odor is removed by wash-
ing in some convenient creek until the person is tired, which occurs before long engaged. The
skins are then hung up to dry. After that llic skins are carefully scraped ; and the tougher parts
chewed between the teeth to make them jdiable. An Aleut woman will go on a visit to a neigh-
bor to have a Chypect, or tea party ; in the intervals of drink and gossip a bird-skin will be drawn
from beneatli the folds other garment; and, she will then as complacently chew the skin as one of
our cointry dames will draw out her knitting and pipe to while away the time.

The number of skins used for a iKirha, or long gown-like garment, with or without a hood, is
variable, according to the si/e and height of the wearer. A common-sized man requires the skins
of forty-tivo birds of the I'uthn kind. The women and children retpiire less. Forty-flve skins are
usually bundled together and rated as one parka.

The parka is worn with the feathers inside; and, when the garment is new, makes the wearer
quite conspicuous. The skins are cut down the back, leaving a straight edge, to which another is
sewed until the required length is obtained. On the edge of this strij) another strip is added.
This will be heavy and inconvenient in sewing, so another jyair of strips are sewed together until
the desired height of the garment is obtained. The arm pieces are made sejiarately, and are the
last to be sewed on. The edges of ^lie collar and sleeve are bound with cloth to prevent tearing.
The flesh side of the skin is then ornamented with strijies of j)aint of various colors, such as
vermilion, green, blue, or black. Hefore the introduction of dry paints the natives used various
colored rocks, which they powdered up and mixed with blood of the raven or other land-bird, and
applied it for ornamental purposes. A parka is exjtected to last for two years; but, in the soot-
begrimed houses, it soon becomes a receptacle for all dirt. The parka may be washed in water
occasionally; and, I believe this is only done when it Ixjomes so infested with vermin that the
owner is afraid to put it down for fear it will w.dk off. A washed parka of nearly two yea'-s old
\i a sorry-looki"g object. The long feathers are by that time mostly fallen oft'. A few j/atches of
down and skin are about all that remain.

Before t!ie advent of the Ilussians and the introduction of civilized clothing this i)arka was
the only garment worn by the Aleuts, and is now quite exicii'sively used by the Attn ineii and
women.

14. Fratekcula corniculata (Naum.). Horned Puffin.

The Horned PuflBn is abundant on all the shore line of Alaska p -nth of the Arctic circle; and,
ii. favored localities it abounds in incredible ii'iinbers. Their favorite resorts on land are the high,
precijiitous walls of rock, which face the sea, or else the small islets which have their bases composed
of immense blocks of rocks thrown irregularly together.

At Saint Michael's Island there are but few places art'ording suitable locations for them. On
Whale, Stewart's and Round Island, in that neighborhood, the al.mpt nature of their outlines
form convenient harbors for this bird; hence they frc()iient those places in considerable numbers.

AtCapeNeweuham,on the northern side of Bristol Bay, I saw these birds in countless thousands
in June, 1878. They were constantly flying from the sea to the higher parts of that bold cape.
A few days after I saw them quite as plentifully in toward the head of Tugiak Bay. Later in
that mouth I saw them in thousands near AmAk Island, just north of the western end of the renin-

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE NATURAL HISTORY OF ALASKA.

119

sula of ^liaska. This is the beginning of the area of their greatest abundance. All the Ahuitian
Islands, with their adjacent islets, form an cast and west extension of a continuous breeding
ground of these birds for over a thousand miles in length. The Pnbylof Group, Saint Mathcw's
Island and Saint Lawrence Island are also great breeding places of these Puflius

Their nests are placed on the ledges of the highest dirt's of those islands where foxes are found,
and on islands where foxes are not found these birds breed generally at the bases of bhitti,, un-
der the large rocks which have become detached and fallen down. Their nest is composed of Just
whatever . ippeus to be there, be it sticks, stones, or earth. A few feathers may be dropped from
the bird, but not for an evident purpose of nest construction. A single egg of clear white color
is laid on the bare gravel or earth. The egg is very large for t}ie size of the bird, and when cooked
is tolerable eating. The bird sits long at a time on the egg, and does not leave it until hunger com-
pels her to seel: food. Their food is composed of mollusks of various kinds, a few shreds of cer-
tain sea- weed fronds, and larvix;, which iire abundant on some of these sea- weeds.

The young leave the nest before being able to tiy. The j)arcnt asJsts them to the water; and,
should they have been reared on the face of a high blurt', the old bird catches the young one by
the wing and they flutter at a long angle to tlie water. The old bird endeavors lo keep under the
young one. I have seen them drop their young accidentally and causo great consternation of the
parent, which could'not check her flight immediately, but returned and showed great solicitude by
turning the young one over and over in the wpter to see if it was injured. During severe storms
the young are taken to the lee of sone reef or islet until the waves become quiet.

Early in the morning these birds quit the shores and go out to sea to hunt their food.
Late in the afternoon they return. For several hours these birds keep a constant stream on the way.
They frequently go many miles from land, and should a fog prevail they return with unerriiigcor-
tain*y to thtir particular locality This rullin is constantly .associated with L. cirrhata, ami, in
general habits, agree witii it, tluiiigh tiie former is more dirticult to obtain. The skins of this bird
are used to a great extent in making articles of clotiiing for some of the western Aleuts and some
of the natives near the Yukon Delta and southward.

The Eskimo name of this Pufliu is Ka tu'kh puk, and signifies Big white-breast.

IG. Ptvciiokami'iius aleutious (Pall.). Casuhi's Attklef.
A si)ecimen of this Anklet was obtained at Atkha Island, June 2.'^. fSTO. The binl was brought
by a (isherman who lives at Old Harbor, on the northeast end of AtKIm Island, lb- ri'port<'d fMs
species to bo not abundant, yet common and l)rei'ding there.

Vriioiiy: the Aleutian
IN not soi'labie, being

17. CYCLOUUIIVNCIIUS I'SITTACULUS (Pall.). I'liroqin Auklet.
No specimen of this Auklet was obtained or .seen at Saint .^lichad's

Islands it is abundant, and breeds in all suitable places along tin* chain,
rarely .seen in tlocks of more than three or four, and more often solitary.

This species is more abundant among the central portions of the A'.eulian chain than else-
where, and is plentiful on Agatlu Island; rare on the other islands of that group, Ihon^li not
resident.

18. SiMOBiiVNcnrs oristatki.i.us (Pall.), (hrstrd Auklet.

The ('rested Auklet was observed on two occasions at .Saint Michael's. It is very rare in that
immediate vicinity, though it doubtless occurs in other localities near that place.

At Bristol Bay and on the northern side of A ""ska I saw numbers of t'lese birds.

Among the Aleutian Islands this Auk is extremely abundant. They .fsort to thr ng

islets and rocks away from the larger bodies of land.

I failed to obtain their eggs, for the rea.son that the nest is placed far under huge rocks, or in
the deep, inaccessible crevices.

This species remains, in few numbers, among the waters surrounding the .Aleutian Islands, but
in the summer season is greatly more numerous, es])ecially so anuuig the mor(> western islands.

The iris is white, feet dusky, bill crimson with a horn-blue tij*. The colors of the bill become
intensilied upon drying.

^1

120

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE NATURAL HISTORY OF ALASKA.

The note of this bud is a peculiar grunt of two or three sjilables. It is impossible to repre-
sent the sound by any combination of letters.

In former years when the Aleuts of one village or Island made war on their neighbors the early
morning notes of this bird indicated to the people the time of day for making an attack.

The Eskimo of Norton Sound use the red prnf^psses at the base of the bill of this bird to attach
to the flshlines to attract the flsh.

19. SiMOEHYNcnus PYOMi"5US (Gmel.). W hislered Aulkt. [See IMato I.J

Three specimens of this Auklot were obtained at Atkha Island, .lune 12, 1879. Two of them
were adult males in the breeding i)luiuage 'uid one in the downy stage.

They were brought to me by a native, who had killed them near the base of Korovins.y
volcano.

They were reported to be common in that neighborhood.

I saw several individuals near the outer islet at the entrance to Nazan Bay, on Atkha Island.
They were not recognized in any other part of the Aleutian Chain, excepting on the Nearer (iroup,
where they were quite abundant.

The summer plumage of the adult male is dark slate on head, nape, back, and wings. Tiie
shoulders have an obscnre bronzy sha«le, the tip of the wings becoming lighter. The throat is a
little lighter than the head and fades to light grayish on tiie abdomen. The tuft on the head
consists of live to seven lilamentous feathers, ef eolor of head, curved forward so that their tips
hang directly over the tij) of the bill. These feathers, which form the tuft, beeonie lighter in color
according to age of the individual. In front of the eye and above the angle of tiie month three
Ulamentous feathers of pure white point diieetly backward. These form the upjicr angle of a V-
slmped white patch, which has its forward angle beginning at the base ol' the upjier nnmdibie.
The other branch continues back of the rictus and terminates in white lilaments, which extend
back the same distance as the terminal lilanients of the upper branch. Heiiind the eye is a while
narrow stripe, consisting of several very long, white tiiaments, the longer of wiiicli extend about
half an inch beyond the shoulders when the bird is sitting on the water.

The young in the downy stage is of dark, sooty-brown, somewhat lighter on the abdomen.

In the atlult the bill is deep vermilion, with bluish tip. The feet, toes, •vcli antl claws dark.
Iris black. In the young tfie bill and feet are dusky.

20. SiMOBHYNOHUS PUSiLLUS (Pall.). Lcost Auklet.

Many individuals of this Auklet were seen while I was on a sailing vessel tniv«'lling from one
place to another among the Aleutian Islands. TL s species occurs along the entire chain, and as
far east as Kiuliak. On the north side of Aliaska I observed it only in the vicinity of Aiuiik
Island, near the western end of the peninsula of Aliaska.

In 1874 I observed it in abundance near Saint Mathew's Island.

Tills bird does not come near the present settlements on the Aleutian Islands, while at Saint
(leorge's Island, of the Pribylof Group, it is wonderfully abundant almost in tiie village.

They are very active while on the water, and disappear like a llasli when lliey di\i JJoar
Semichi and Atkha I observed quite a number of these little birds sitting on the water.

21. Synthlibobhamphus ANTiyuus (Gmel.). Ancient Murrclet.

A single specimen of this bird was obtained at Atkha Island, June 12, 1879. It was brought
to me by a native, who had shot it at the base of Korovinsky volcano, on the northeast end of
Atkha Island.

Upon inipiiry I was informed that these birds are plentiful in that locality, and breed in holes
tnade in the turf, or sod, overhanging the brow of the dills.

Among the Nearer Islands this Murrelet is abundant in summer, breeding, and is sparingly
resident; rarely coming to Attn, but more plentiful on the western end of Semichi and the south
side of Agattu.

24. Bhaohybamphus kittlitzii (Brandt). XittUtz'a Ouillemot. [See Plate II.]
A single specimen of Kittlitz's Guillemot was obtained April 24, 1879, at lliuliuk village ou

I.

PLATE

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K>-

{^ 4v-"V *«» ij; ^'' ■^■^^i'

V*.

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w»^T/:

SIMC'^MV^i.Mi;:

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- -I

PLATE

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% I

SIMORHYNCHUS PYGM/EUS (Gmel.) Adult, Breeding Plumage.

: 1

**-»-,

PLATE II.

Ill

I

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iits i"H9* LiBliri •n.hr.Ni) cc n

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BRACHYRAMPHUS KITTLITZII (Brandt). Adult, Winter Plumage.

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pr-y-^ 'WW ^^ '^wiM".wti' ' ■» *j w' *«•"

i4i«Wf''

lit

\ •■

OONTIllBnTIONR TO TFIK NATURAL HISTORY OF ALASKA.

121

UiitiliiHlikii iHltiiitl. It WI18 tlic iin),v iMir NH'ii ill tliat loimlity. The iiativi' wlio hioiiKht it to mo
HNHiTli'il tliat tliiH K|)m;i«>N iHiibiiiMliint tlii'iiu<;li(>iit the year at Saniiakli IslaiuL Tlioy breed there,
laying a NiiiKle, |nire white ef;K- 'll>e nest \h placed ainoiif; the rootM otihe hiip^ tiiHHO(;kH0t'(;i'i(><^
on the I'dfreN of hliitt'M and elitt' led};es.

1 oliMerveil neveral of theHe liirdK to the wcNtward of (Jnahishka Island. They are not rare on
Ainehitka Island, and in the nei^flihorhood of tht« Old lliirhor, on Atkha Island.

The sjieeinien olitained hy me was in the winter ]>lnmii),'e of the lollowin;; pattorn :

Forehead, top ami back of head dark itlninbiMins, i):ick, rnmp, and nppei tail ( overls plniabe-
oiiN. The feathers of the middle baek and whole of the rnmp tipped very narrowly with white-
Tail dusky, tipped narrowly with white. VVinjjs dusky slate. Secondaries and frreater eoverts
narrowly tipp»>d with white. Scapulars (ihieHy white, forniinfir a bioad. longitudinal stripe. \ nar-
row, wliite collar round hind neck scarcely interrupted in inifldle portion. .\ bioad, transverse
Hpace of iiniforin slate color on each side of lireast, separated by less than an inch of white between
them. liOies, su))er(riliary and suiuaaiiriculnr regions, with rest of h -ad and neck and entire lower
parts, pure white.

Hill black, feet weak, pale Itluc in front and darker posteriorly. Olaws and iris black.

The followiii}; ineasniements were taken. Lenfjth, f(.7."); win^', .'».l.'»; bill, I; ricitus, I ; farsus, .5 j
iniddhf toe, '.)'>. A comparison of this species with that- of H. marmortifKn shows tlic winter ]>luinage
of the latter to be: Forehead, sides, top and back of head dusty slate; back and iiinip pluiubcouH,
each feather of the back narrowly tii)ped with white; tail, slate; win;j;s, dark slate, the reniifjes
deciiledly darker. The secondaries and jjreater coverts tipi)ed with a narrow edjre of wliite.
Scapulars white, forinin;i a broad lon(;itndinal stripe. Heneath pure white. While collar inter-
rnpted, for 'learly half an inch, on back of neck. Measurements show: Lenjitli, Kt.li; win^', 4 9;
bill, .8; riutUH, L3; tarsns, .78; middle toe, 1.1.

28. Ceppiius MANUTii (Licht.). MawWH (hdUemot.

The Black Ouillemot occurs rarely at Saint Michael's; only twospecimens were olitained there.
One of them was shot Febrnary 1, 1875, after a severe storm had moved the i<('.

It was obtained by a native, who shot it as it sat in a crevii-o of the ice. It was in the winter
])1nmage. The setiond specimen was obtained late in March of I87r>, far out at sea beyond Slew ait's
Island, and juocnied also by a native, who was out sealing;.

I know nothing of the {general habits of this bird. It was not ob.servcfl at any other place
along the coast, or on the Aleutian Islands.

The bill and iris are black, mouth crimson, ftvt red.

29. Ceppiius ooi.umba (Pall.). Vujcon Guillemnt.

This Guillemot occurs sparingly in the vicinity of Saint Michael's. Around the northeast einl
of the island of Saint Michael's and near Whale Island a few may be seen after tin' ice has left the
shores. It breeds on the little islet near Whale Island. I could not obtain the eggs, be(;ause they
were too far under the huge blocks of stone at its base.

Ac 'Jape Newenham I obsei\((l numbers of these birds in June, 187S.

This species is abundant at some of the Aleutian Islands. It freiinents the saiall islets otf
shore and u- rather shy, permitting no reasonable aiii)roa(rh. The only way I could obtain them
was to watch iVoin the top of some blutl'and shoot them as they sat below. They utter only one
note, a sharj), ringing ^(^we^ When sitting on the water they ride buoyantly, and rise without
diflHculty. This siiecies is not abundant at the extreme western Aleutian Islands; but few were
seen at Attn, though in the neighborhood of Agattu an<l the Semiclii Islands they are nn)re i)lenti-
fill, and not observed in winter. On the south side of Aliaska, and adjacent islands, I saw numbers
of these birds.

Oft' to the north of Umnak Island, about twenty miles distant, lies the recently ui)heaved island,
named Bogoslov; here I saw thousands of these Guillemots in 1881, as I passed it. The i.sland
seemed to be one of the principal breeding grounds of this s])ecies, as they were here in such num-
bers in June.

The uiouth and feet of this bird are bright red ; claws, bill, and iris black. The Eskimo name
of this Guillemot is I'i tUk.
S. Mis. 155 16

Is

i

\ !

li

122

CONTltmUTlONS TOTUK NATUUAL UISTORYOF ALASKA.

30rt. TTria timiIM'. caijI'ohnk'A (Hrviiiif). Cali/ornin Murre.

Tlip Cnlilorniii liiiillt'iimt (kmmiim Mpaiiiinl.v iuiinnjr tlm plact'i* iCHortt'd to It.v ''. lomria ntni, atul
iR HO intiiiintt'ly iisNociatcd with tliat N|K>ci«*N, in iii(i(l(> of lit'(>, i\n to chII for no m'puiitto ilcxi^iption.
The only (lifVcn-nct' in IIm' hinls is the (■liaiiictcr of tlic l>iil.

I iini not a\vai«> of tiic cxtrcin)' nortli) rn ran^c of tiiiH spocicH; tliiH conltl )>«' ilt'lcnniiMMl only
by an intliNcriniiinit»> slannlitciof ail tlic j.'onnNol)tainal»U«. I iliti not jtrocnn' it -it Saint Miolnn !'«,
but ol)8Prv»'il it as far nuilli as Saint Mntlnnv's Island.

'Ma. TJhia i.omvia AurtA (rail.). PnllaM'n Mnrri'.

Pallas'.s (iuillcniot iirri\i'.^ at Saint Mi<^liat'rM as soon as thr ico lias moved snflicit'ntly lo sliow
wntor in tlio cracks or alxnit the Ihisph of tho small, onllyinn isli-ts. This date is rarely later than
the 'jntli of May. This specios is not almndant in the immediate vicinity of Saint Michaers. At
E>:ff Island, ahoiit ten miles (rom the entrance to the harlior, many of these liirds Ineed e\ery year
on theldiitls andledj;es. The fjin is laid on the bare roik withont pretense of lu^st. Only oneejijr is
laid in a season if uiidistni litd, hut will lie renewed if the season is not loo far advanced. The c^^
is veiy larj;c, lia\in(; i' llllli^h (jiccn ;;ionnd with dark, hrown mottlin{{s of varialile outline. The
Rliell is e.\ce< din(;ly slionii and may he Killed around in snch manner as to aHtonish any one noti
familiar with it. It is very jialatable ami remains fresh for a loii^ time.

At ("ape Newenliam, on the nrirth side of IJiistol Bay, I saw Ihoiisands of thesis birds repair-
ing to the clitl's ol that cape. They were especially nniiierons in other localities alonu llie northern
side of Aliaska. Ahm;.! the entire Aleutian chain these birds mv to be found. At I'>o<:()slov
Itiland niilli(uis <d till m bleed c\ery sninmer. I was in a boat within few yards of that island in
June, liSM», and jiassid villiin .''<(» ,\aidsof it in a ve.-sel in .Inne, 1881. A larjic colony of sea-
lions bit ed here e\('iy year. Some of the crew tiled rille shots at some ot the sealions, and when
the sound of the iep<irt was reveibi'ialed against the bliilf the air was tilled with these birds.
The entile surface (d' the island, from KKM'eet irom its base to its top, was made white with the
breasts of these birds. Tlit> island is about (JtHt feet hi^h.and conical, comjtosed (d' disintej;ralinj,'»
angular ]iieccs. constantly being detached, by a(dion of the weather, fnnn the mass which composes
the island. When tlie birds Hew from their nests small jiicces of stone weni thrown down, and
these again started others, that on one oc<'asion caused, by the great mass of line ro(!k falling on it,
a huge rock to conic bomuling down its side right in the midst of one of the priii(;ipal places wlieie
the sealions were l\ ing. The large rock that fell was not less than twelve feet sipiarc, and wcighcti
over a hundred tons. 'I he thundering noise caused the huntlreds of sea lions to takti to the water,
and in their haste niaii,\ \Mrc so injured as to be incapable of regaining their places when their
alarm had siilisidcd. 'Ilieiock Killed nn several, and mashetl them flat. Tlu! birds took tlighl,
and darkened the air with their iinmbecs.

These birds are very <|iiarrelsonie during the breeding season, and many are killed by being
dashed on tlie rocks below the nests. I liavt fic(pieiitly, after a liard storm, found these birds
dead on the beach where the waves had thrown tlicm.

On the water these biids ride gracefully and have the habit of swiniiiiing on one side only. 1
had observe<l this feature in .several of them, and susjiected the bir<ls to have been woundeil, but
on chasing them I found to the contrary. They have two notes, one of which is like tlie b'eat of an
old ram, tlie other is like calling na to some one at a distance. From the latter note is derived
the specific name of the bird. The Eskimc call them y(/it /)«. The Russians call them ^bra, and
some writers have siijiposed this to be the oiigin of the spe(tiH(! name, Imt in all the languages of
the iieopI(^ neighiioring to tliese birds the verinuMilar is derivtMl IVoiii the note ««, and in these,
languages tlie name invariably begins with a. T\n' iris and bill of this bird are black, the fetd are
dusky. The llesli is iialatable and is eagerly eaten by the natives,

Th is bird is (|uite jilentiful among all the Aleutian Islands, and is a winter resident from IJiia-
lashka to the end of the chain.

36. Stkucorarius pomarinus (Temni.). Pomarine Jaeger.
The romarine ,Ja«'ger arrives at Saint Michael's by the first week in June, or it may arrive by
the 23d of May if the season is sufliciently advanced. This species is au iuhabitaut of the drier

CO^TIUUT'TI<)^B 'IOTHK NATIIUAIi IIIHTOIIY OK AF.ASKA.

123

portioim ol'tlif IdU'liiiiils, iiMiinlly snlitury, (lioiit;li Ncvcral iidiv lie n<tii iit iiii<> tltni- in tli<> iM>it;lilK)r-
liooii. Wlii'ii nut on tlitt win^ tlioy niiiy hu Nt-iMi Hitting on an t>lt>v.it<>il insMick til' uiass wiitcliiiiK
for iiiNi-(;tN. Tln'y nn-k llii-ir food by wanil- liiin ov»>r ^ivat tin'iis, jjiMH'ially llio cliaiim oC laken.
Aii,\ reriiHc inalt*M', Kiiiall li.sli or wonnilt* i liini, Im iMiKcrly N<>i/<M| Ity tlii'in. When Hiding on tli»
water the Iniiiyaru^v "I tliJH l»ii<l is hii, n that it sccnis to Hcarecly toui^li llic MUiCaco of tlio water.
Tliu iriH ot' IIiIn bird {h dark brown, tarni .k:i<l toi>N i IniNli, w*d) and Holt>H black.

.'W. Htkhcouahm's I'AHASiTious (Lliin.) I'lirnititic Jimiir.

Till- rarasilit! .lai'tfcr aniv«'.sat Saint Miclnicl'N aliont tbt'sanif titni'as the otliorspccios. Tills
s|i(>cics lrf<|iicntN the water nioie lliaii tlu^ I'oniarinc ■! u>{;i'r. It Ncarclii'H tlii> lieacli, bay.s, and
bikt'H lor food, wliicli coiiMiNt of IIhIii'm that may liavo been cunt on tint bearli, wliell tl.sli, and
other animal food. They also eat the berricH of hhtipflrum niiirum. They harass the (inlls and
terns, eatisini; them to dis)ror^(! the footi whieh they have Jnst swallowed. (Mi one oe(;asion I saw
two of this species attempt to cliasu a (iiill, L. harroriaiiuH, wlii(;li is not an ae,tive bird on the
win^, lint on this oe(;asioii was ill a bad humor. Amidst the flereesi sereaiiis the (lull siiiMU'eded
in pnliini; both the .laeKers ti> lli;(hl, and piiisiiit was (;ontiiiiietl for several hiiiidred yards.

I was out one evening, Just as the sun had disappeared behiml tlu^ hills. When I eame to tlie
elii ill of lakes liaek of Saint Miehael's, I observed several mnskrats swiiiimin;; in one of the sliallow
lalvi'M. After 1 had walclied them for hoiik* time, I shot oiiit and too'c olf its skin, wliieli 1 threw
on the surface ot the water. A ((eiitle wind drove it several yards from nie. 1 was about to go
elsewhere, when I observed a bird, half a mill- otf, making; directly tor me. I ieco;;iii/ed it to bo a
.FacKer, which, with scarcely a movement of its wiiifis, drove strait;ht for the piece of miiskrat-skin.
It sei/.cd the skill in its beak and then pas.sed it to its claws, by which it cariieil it olf a little
distance and be^iaii to strip the adhering; muscle and fat IVoiii it. This liiid was ceiiaiiily pos-
sessed of keenest eyesifjht. These binis are said to breed on the faces of hinh bliilfs. I never
saw the nests or e(;}rs, 'J'liis bird is a fi'i'(|ucnt \'isilor to the Alciiliaii Islaiiils. I oltscrvcd it at
Alkha -Inly 17, 1>7'.S and iifjain in .lime, l.SSO, at tlii^ same place. A few d.iys alter I saw one
ll,\ii near the vessel while otf Kiska Island. At the Semichi Islaiiils it breeds abundantly, tie-
t:"i(liii • to ihe assertiiuis of the natives. I have .seen the bird on several occasions ne.ir (Miicha;;of
liail'^ir, Attn Island, but it visits only tliis islaiul finm .Aj^attu and S( iniclii.

At Anichilka Island I saw .several of these birds sitlin^t o" the hillocks and tussocks of ^rass.
They were at this place exci-edinj^ly shy, and W(uild under no circiiinslanccs peniiii me to ujiproach
within gunshot. During line weather these birds have tlii^ habit of siitiii;; for a loii}; time in an
apjiaiciil (lo/,<-. Of the luanv indniduals seen on the Alcnti.in InImihIs 1 have never observed that
activity of this bird which <:haiacteii/.e8 it in the Yukon district.

The I'lskimo have many traditions connected with this bird. They ascribe, great jirowess
and liiaxery to it. In the earliest times this bird was a caiiiiilial, and is now called ,1 hhtldi td ydo
li\ and means thief, because it forincrly stole iiieii. The iris of this bird is brown, tarsi and toes
bine, web and soles black, claws black, lieuk blackish.

38. Stercorakius LONUlCAUDUS Vieill. Long tailed Jaipcr.

The Loiijf tailed .lacfjer arrives several days previous to the ajipearance of its conjjeiiers. The
18th of May, IST.j, was a day ot s]ie<'ial abundance. 1 killed iiiiit^ of them that day, and did not
walk out of an area bounded by thirty yards s(|uare. On their lirst arrival they are somewhat t;re-
various, thoii^di this ii ay be due to the limited portions of (ground free Irom snow. At this time the
little pools of the low {jroiind are being rajiidly thawed out; many cracks in the heaving sca-ice
expose the water to view. These places are then scanned for food. When the iiie in the lakes and
larger ponds is melted, these birds usually are hovering in the vicinilv, ov seated on .some knoll
watching a gull or tern dive for a tisli. 'Ihe .Jaeger gives irhase, uttering a scream that frightens
the gull or tern, and causes it to disgorge the tisli. The .laeger is extremely swift on wing, and
when pursuing another bird thrashes the air with wiii^ and tail, giving an iindiilatory motion to
the body. These birds may frciiuently be .seen sitting on a solitary rock, cNposed in some shallow
tide lagoon, orel.se walking along the beach, in search of food cast up by the sea.

Their nests and eggs were not obtained by uie. They are said to build on the clilfs and bluflfs

i

I

!

124

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE NATURAL HISTORY OF ALASKA.

along tiie Yukon Uivi'v near Mission. They also breed on tlie hillsides of the tundra. Several
(.airs wer" known to be breeding near Saint Miehael's, but I fViled to diseover their nest. During
the b'vediuf; seaicni tiiey are very shy. In tlie fall t!iey have suttieient curiosity to allow them to be
killed, blionld tne of their kind be shot aiid slightly wounded the others w'U gather round it, and
if not fn.i.'lit<iMi .'. ;i\v,ty will soon dispatch '.heir (roinriide.

I had freiiuci.tly wounded desirable species of ducks an<l other birds on the lakes, but when
taken out by the wind from i.y leacli 1 had to 1' ave them until I returned, sometimes the next day.
On n.y return 1 always found that the feathers had been ]>lucked fron> the breast of the bird and
the f .sh had been eaten. 1 suspected the niuskrats of having done it until I detected a .laegei-
in the act of eating a bird which I had left.

The liOngtailed Jaegei' is rarely seen on the Eastern Aleutian Islands. I saw one at Sannakh
Island in -Inly, JS7S. I saw a tew at Alkha Island in 1870, and two at Attn Island in 18H(». They
were Hying over the water of the bays but never in gunshot. Tl'.is species is rei)orted :o breed
at tlic Seniichi Islands — there atnonj; the little knolls of the low ground. Throughout the Terri-
tory of Alaska the .Jaegers are known to the Russianspeaiving ]>opulation as Kns hoi nik, a word
meaning robl>er, 1hi"f. The Eskimo of Ncr'.ou Sound call this si)ecies Yi, .r/ I'lh, and means little
man. The Jaegeis are all intimately connected wit;i many of the traditions of the Eskiaio.

4()((. RiSSA TPiiJACTYLA I'OLLICAKIS Ridgw. I'acijic Kiltiirahe.

The *'aci(ic Kittiwike is a common bird at Saint Michael's when tiu^ ice lireaks up, adale v.hich
varies from the ir)th of ?.lay to the middle of Jraie. They remain longer than any of the gidl kind,
exceiit L. hnrrorhDnis. It is not an abundant bird at any time in this viciuity. The great breeding-
grounds of this s])e('ies is farther south. On the Pribylof (Ironp and some of the western Aleutian
Islands this sjiecies breeds in thousands. In this locality (Saint Michael's) I am letl to infer that
it br"eds but s])aringly. A ,\onng female (a bird of the yearl was killed October 2, 1874, at Saint
Miclmel's.

The adult i)lnnii.g<' is assunu'd th" lirst year. This spi'cinid'. i)resented the following pattern
of colori/iion : Head \Hii'e white with circumorbital spa(!e cloudi'd with more or less black. I'ost-
auricnlar space au'l a naiiow band over hind neck black, succeeded by a grayish band leaching to
the intersca])ulars. Hack dark gn!l l)lue, lightening toward the u|)ii('r tail (U)\'erts, whiidi :'vi' puie
white. Tail black tijjped for little more tlian an inch, ^^'ing coverts at their insertion blackish with
numerous lighter per.l-blne markings which becouu' v hite on the tips, forming' a longitudinal
band. Irimaiy cov its black, rriinaiics black, eviopting the I' unes, which are white tiug"d
with blreish 'J'he (unler side of the priinaiies is nlack with white >naft to the <|Uill.'-, The plumage
below is ]nire wl .te. his black, bill bl.ick, claws black, feet pale tiesli. Thi.s Ki'tiwake usually
seeks its food iigains tiie wind, an<l il' several birds are togetln r tlie,\ gi abreast, st re i<du'<l out
for many yards in lit e. When an oh, eel of food i." discerned this bird generall;i mounts a h'w
feet and comes dow;, with a plunge, and remains on the water s*. .cely an instiut. I have never
seen one sitting for an\ length of time on 'lie water, '''lu'y are lu'aily always on tlie wing.

41. RissA uiiEViKosTKis (ihiu'li.). lledU (jged KHHwake.

The Red legged Kittiwake is not a >,'omnion bird in tlie viciiity of Saint Micharls, Theonl.\ one
obtained there was a young fensale, dated Septembei 18, ^8"'!. Far'her sou li this bird has been
observed in thousands. The Aleuiian Islands ar<l llie I'ribylof (ironp , ire its homi. On Akutan
<piite a iiiiinbci- were observe,<l on, high dill ..cur th" village on that island. In the s.iine year
(1878) 1 saw a un at Sannakh, and in hi'., r years I frecpieiitly saw them passing the vess(d licb
1 was on. To the westward this Kitti'.ake occurs more plen'iftilly t, .m Iriihah/hi, with whi,'!i it
BBS! ciates.

Not having rjiportniiit.', , diirinj the breeding neason, 1 .lid not obtain eggs of this bird.

The rich vermilion if the leg*, the crimsiM eyelids, cle:ir hazel iris, wiih the jiiire \\ hite of
head, neck, and under jiarts coii'.ast beaut iinlly with the jieari giay Mianlle of back a.id wings.

The Eskimo name of this iii d is J'Jf/ hU; and signilies big throat.

-%

CONTRIBUTION'S TO THE NATURAL HISTORY OF ALASKA.

125

42.1. Larus habbovianus Ridgw. Western Glaueous Gull*

This Gull is the earliest bird to arrive at Saint Michael's, liy the middle of Ajnil they arrive
in few niiinbers, sailing liif;li in the air, almost out of sight. Their note, being the lirst intimation
of their presence, is always gladly welcomed as a sign t'lat the ice, fartlier south, is breaking u])
They resort to the low jilaces on their arrival and eagerly scan the Assures of tiie ice for food.
They are not at all shy at any season of the year. As they sit on the exposed roclis, just at the
edge of the water, a native, or other person, in a canoe may pass so close to them that tliey may be
knocked off with a jtaddle. At times they wrangle with tlie ravens for the otfal ot lish wiiich some
native (isiierman has left in the village. This large (Jnl! is not particular about food. Anything
which lie (an swallow is gul])ed down. 1 saw a young bird of this s|)ecies catch a tomcod that was
too laige to be swallowed. It Hew to the bank and j)icked it tt) pieces. This biid had been follow-
ing my canoe for many hundred yards, and when it caught thetish it was not twenty feet away.

This Gull nests in a tussoc^k of grass that nnry grow in the middle of a ])ond in the lowlands,
otherwise foxes might disturb it. 'I he nest is built of grass and other niateiial. The eggs are
(lei»osited early in .lune and are two or three in numbei'. Should the eggs be removed the parent
will renew the cr)m|>lemeiit, lait <udy one or two will la^ laid. The period of incubation is about
three weeks. The young iire downy and pui'c white on their tirst appearanc(>, but soon cihange
to gray with diirkcr mottlings Tin- plumagi' in the tall of the lirst year is <laik an-I remains so
until the fall of the second year, when it is changed to a much lighter sliad(\ The spring of the
third \iiii gi\('s it the adult plumage of jiearl gray and white. A most beautiful bird, so neat in
plnmiige that, though it walks the muddiest lu'ach and sits in ihe months of the little streams,
whi< h pou)- (Uit a toirent of muddy water allei a hard lain, not a single feather will be soiled.
Among the Aleutian Islands these birds remain thnjughout the year, tliougli in winter much less
in nnnd)er. They aie compelled by severe periods of weather to come diiecrtly into the villages for
food. I hav; lVe(|uently seen then- sitting on the sodc'overed houses of Ihe the naiives. At tlie:se
times I have seen them scrrceely liy when iiiiproached. fhey sit ■iiimng the breakeis of tli^ little
bays, and when a wave would (Mime ami thieateu to upset them a single rtai» of their large wings
enabled the wa\e to pass beneaih without distiirbiince to the bird, which was waiting for the
underiov*' lo wash up some refuse mutter that would oflbrd a morsel of food. They freipienlly get
rolled ove. by a wave when their attention is too « ,..;■ riveted on .some i .iject that a previous
wave i;;'d brought to view. When taking HIght from the water these (iulls -ipread tlu'ii' wings out
and run tor se\eral feet on tlu' surlace of tlu' water.

This (lUll is {'specially numerous in siuue localities. Al Saint Mi<'ha,is liut few breed, while
on some of the Aleutian islands, esi)eciall.\ AKutan, I'muak, Auichitka, Amlia, nniny tlnuisauds
breed. At Karluk, on the muthwest shoulder of Kadiak, I saw countless thousandsof these (iulls
in Angus;, ISSI, us they weic on the elllls ne;ir the lishint; station.

The bill and the feel ol' the young bird are brown to lead gray. The iidult has ijcsh colored
feet, and yellow bill, on which is n red spot nciir the end ot the lower mandible.

The note oi' this bird is variable, in spring a harsh hitti'i, which changes to a deep /(()»/,• in a few
weeks. When living along Ihe shmt' a prolonged, giiiiiting croak is ulleied. 1 h;i\(' also ob
served that the Western (ilaiieiis Gull changes its note during the winter, as at this lime a note is
uttered which is heard at no other sensiui; and in the sjiring the note is not again heiirtl.

The ICskiino name for the \\'esterii (ilancns (!ull is h'n ki':li ruk meaning the large one utter-
ing ko /i<;.

The Aleuts have sexeial names for it to indicate the special plumages as arc shown by the age
of the bird. The adult is culled lllii hihii, and is derived fr(uii the note of this species.

There is no sp<'ciiil use made of these birds by any of the naiives of Noithein Alaska, except
for food. The llesli of the young biid is considered excellent, and when otiier food is seiiree an old
Gull is often killed for that pnipose. The eggs of this sjiecies are excellent when fresii, iait become
rancid in a few days.

U. 'fiAKi'S (Ji.Afci'.scKNS Naiim. (llnuvouHuinijed (iiiU.
This Gidl occurs sparingly in the vicinity of Saint Mi(!haers, where 1 obtained <uie specimen.

* See "Auk," July, 18«6, pp. JUO-l.

*l )

:i

■Si

X I

%

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»n>ii^ijlnV!inw"''yi'ii"'j:^j^'J"'"' ■'■ ■ii»i"'»w!'«li»i

126

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE NATURAL HISTORY OF ALi SKA,

Along tlie Aleutian Islands it occurs in greater numbers, but is generally in tbe It'Hs acciessible
places. I obtained a si)ecinien at Unala8l)ka Island in tbe winter (December 14\ of 187S. i did not
obferve it so often in the eastern islands of tbe Aleutian cliaiii. It o(!cnrs pie itifully round San-
nakb, tlie Sliiimagin Islands, and Kadiak, and abundant on tbe Nearer Group. 1 did not obtain
eggs of this species, though it doubtless breeds along the entire coast of the territory south of
Bering Strait.

55. Lart^s brachyrhynchus Rich. Short-hilled Oull.

The Short -billed Gull arrives at Saint Michael's a<;cording to the oi)enness of the season. It
comes in few numbers as soon as large cracks are made in the ice. Tliis may be early as the lirst
of May or a,s late as the 25th. The season of 1874 was unusually oi»eii. Upon our arrival at Saint
Michael's, on May L'5, buudretls of these gulls were tlyiiig over the bay. In the course of a few days
ihey became (ess, so that by tbe middle of June only few ])airs were seen. In later years they were
not abundant at any time, though the breaking up of the ice was accomi)anied with visits of num-
bers of them. During tlie breeding season these Gidls resort to the higher blulls and (iliff's. Such
locations are not found in tbe vicinity of Saint Michael's, and but few pairs were known to breed
there. Sometimes they breed on Whale Island near there.

Among tlie Aleutian Islands these birds congregate in many thousands on the (ilitl's to i)reed.

Oi) tbe islands where I have been stationed natives also live. They and the foxes keeji, to a
great extent, these, and in fact nearly all other water birds, from breeding near the settlements. It
is to the uninhabited islands that the majority of the birds resort, hence did not obtain the eggs of
this siiecies.

At Atkha Island, in the early i)art of August, 1879, a small si>ecies of tisb {,}[<tllotttH villonut)
was thrown up by the waves onto tbe beach. These fish cast their sjiawn in the sand and is cov-
ered by the next wave.

The Gulls of th:.'* species follow the wake of these tishes, and during the spawning season
devouf many thousands of tbein.

At Amchilka Island I observed this species frequenting the beach at low tide and securitig the
sea-urchins {SlnnKjylorvntratiin (IrolxichicuKiK A. Ag.) which occur ijleiitifully. The i)irds sei/.e the
prey, carry it .siveriil yards into the air and then drop it on the rocks ; or, as it freiiiiently happens,
into the little pools lell by the receding tide. These jiools are of variable depth, but when of not
more than a (vw inches deejt, the bird again took theobjec, toilroi» it, perhaps into the same place ;
evi<leiitly not with the intention of wa.shing any objectionai. matt' fioin its surface, but simply
from the fact that the bird had not yet learned to calculate th ■ hr of falling bodies, yet when the
shell- tisb wasdioppi'don the rocks and broken open the bird gree.. ... devoured the well tilled ovaries.
These (Jiills and the Havens, fretjiiently carry the shells far to the inland and there break them open
with their beaks. The olil shells may be frequently found on a knoll of gronnil or tuft of glass.

During the winter these birds retire to some other locality but not distant, as they return early
in Mar(!h to the western Aleutian Islands.

The He.sh is said to be very good ; the Aleuts eat it either raw or cooked. The bill, feet, and
toes of this s])e(;ies are greenish yellow, the web yellowish, eyelids crimson, iris tlark hazel.

(10. Lari's PHILADELPHIA (Onl). Bonapiutc'H Gull.

Individuals of this species wen^ procured and seen oidy at the mouth ol the Kuskokvim River,
June 17, bH7lt.

At that date the twilight lingers throughout the entire night, and dining this time 1 wandered
along the banks of a large lake, lying several hundred yards distant from the warehouse, used to
store the trader's annual suitj)lies in if he does not ha|i|)en to meet the vessel when she arrives in
the spring. I secured three specimens of this (Juil, but was unable to i)reseive them on account of
bad weather coming on the next day, causing other feelings than a desire to skin birds.

This is the only locality where 1 saw this Gull.

ii2. Xkma sauinii (Sab.). 8abine^:t Gull.
This (iull is lound abundantly in the vicinity of Saint Michael's. A few miles farther south it
is very numerous. It breeds along the low grounds from Saiut Michael's to Bristol Bay.

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THK NATURAL HISTORY OF ALASKA.

127

A youiiR one ncarcdy able to fly wtis obtained at the " canal" on the 2l8t of 'Inly, 1875. It
had doubtless been reart »1 at tliat i)laee.

They are rarely seen in larjje Hocks, tliongh a dozen may be seen at a time. I saw once a
flock of not less than seventy-tive, on the 29th of October, lH7<i, flying northwai.l past the redoubt.
They settled on the water of the bay for a few moments and took their Hight farther northward.

Tlieir food consists of worms and aquatic insects.

I examined tiie crojjs of eight sjieijimens that were obtained July 21, 1875, and all were filled
with aquatic larva' of an insect that could not be determined.

I have never seen this bird hovering over the jionds like the Gulls and Terns.

I observed this sjiecies at the mouth of the Kuskokvim River in June, 1878, and at Nushagak
and Tugiak, on Bristol Hiiy, in the same month.

It is not found on the Aleiiiian Islands, except in rare instances, as I saw but one at Atklia
Island, in July, 1870. and one tlyitig near the vessel ott' Kiska Island, in .Tune, 188((.

'I'lie young birds have a lilack bill and flesh-colored tarsi, tm's, and web; claws black.

The adults have a lilaek bill with yellow tip. iris black, eyelids bright red ; tarsi, toes, and web
dark lead color; claws black.

The Eskimo name of this bird is Na chii'thl ngd ilk, and refers to the cap or hood of the bird.

71. Si'i.uNA PAUADis^KA Hriiiui. Arctic Tern.

Tlie Arctic Tern is one of the earliest birds to arrive at Saint Michael's. The earliest date
recor(le<l was Aiuil 2."), a very early seascui, showing that the Terns only await the movement of the
seaice to ajipear in any localitv. They become very alnindant by the middle of May. They breed
on the low groiinds, preferably a low, damp island, such as those at the northern end of the "(ianal.''
On this place hundreds of nests were discovered in 1870.

The nest is merely a bare spot on the ground ; sonietinu's a few blades of ^i-.ss surround the
margin of the nest, but these seem to be more me result of cleaning oft' a bare spot than an attempt
to construct a nest.

The eggs vary from one to two, never more.

The Arctic Tern is so intimately associated with the Aleutian Tern, both in ne.--(ing habits and
procuring food, that the remarks for the one will apply for the otht>r. Their nests are sometimes
placed within two feet of each otlier, and ai)|iarently without causing animosity between the species,

The young are hatched in two and a half weeks, and are ready to fly by the lirst of Autrust.

These birds remain until the end of the first week in September, or some ten days lalei' than
iS. alcviica.

They procure their food by flying over the water at a slight distance, the head constantly
twisting to one or the other side to scan the surface for small fish. With a sudden dash, s(nnetiines
nearly disai)pearing beneath the water, the bird rarely fails to bring out the lish for which it dove.

The Tern will sometimes not see a fish initil it has flown past the object, and umler such cir-
cur.istances I have seen the bird tniii a complete somersault and twist over right side u]t and dive
for the fish it had just passed.

AVhen they have comi)Ietely wetted the surface of their plumage they halt for an instant, in
their flight, and a (|uick shiver causes the water to be shaken off.

They are tVe(iucntly harassed by the large Skua (Julls or Jaegers {Stcrcurnrii), which cause
the Teins to disgoige the contents of their croiis

The Terns evince iheir displeasure by a defiant nqnuc.

The bill of this bird is crimson ; tarsi vermilion. The young buds have tlesli-colored bill
and feet.

The Eskimo name of this Tern is Tii kuthl kiri iik, and refers to its note.

I have observed this bird at Kuskokvim River, liiistol Ray, Atkha Island, and at Attn
Island. AuKuig the Aleutian Islands it is not at all common, although more plentil'nl to tin wesi
ward portion of the chain.

-:;.*

• 11

The

7.'{, Steuna ALKiTioA Baird.
Aleutiau Tern arrives at Saint

Aleutian Tern
ehael's

M

the Ist of tlune, and renuiins until the latter

ill

128

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE NATURAL HISTORY OF ALASKA.

I

i*.

11^

W ^ B ''

K t

part of Aiipiist. It is very abundant in tliis vicinity, breeding pJuntifuUy on a Hinal! island juat at
the nortlicrn end of the "canal." They are usually aHsociated with S. parailiHwa, both in procuring
food and nesting habits. The nest (ionsists of a bare spot on the ground, with few wisps of grass
round the margin of the nest. Sometimes no sign of a nest is visible; the eggs then are dejjosited
on the ground. The number of eggs is one or two. Incubation lasts for seventeen days. The
young are able to fly by the first of August.

The note of this bird differs from that of S. parndiiicea in that the "squay" is weaker and
squeaky; the other tu)te is like twe-e-e-e i)rolonge<l, and is readily distinguisiiable from the harsher
"squay" of the S. paradiswa.

I have never observed this Tern among the Aleutian Islands, although it may occur there,
especially on the less rugged islands.

The Eskimo name of this Tern is £g lug nd giik, and refers to tlie white stripe on the head.

81. DiOMEDEA NiGRiPES Aud. BUick/ooted Alhatfoss.

The Black-footed Albatross is quite a common bird in »onu' hxialities north of the Aleutian
Islands. In Bristol Bay in June, 1878, 1 saw numbers of them in the vicinity of (!ape Neweidiam.
They were not shy and seemed perfectly at houu^ Toward the western Aleutiiiii Islands they are
not common but are frequently met. Tliey follow the vessels for miles or even day after day, feed-
ing on all manner of scrai)s of food, which were thrown overl)oanl from the galley.

They h.ave a peculiar note, which is only uttered when a less fortunate bird attempts to seize a
morsel of food from another's beak. TI'.?! note is then a whining groan. On the wing these birds
are extremely graceful. They rise and fall in their flight with the curve of the wave over which
they sail; and, at times, it seems as though the tips of their wings touch the water; and apparently
without effort these birds will continue on flight for a great distance without other movement of
their body than a simple roll to one or the other side.

I have often tried to catch them by baiting a piece of po-'; on a hook and letting it trail many
feet in the wake of the vessel. The birds become very intelligent ant' soon suspect the intention.
They seize the baited hook in the tips of the long, stout beak and by rising partly on wing, with
feet spread out and tail bent into the water, they make a strong jjull against the line; and frequently
snap a stout cord. Many will collect round the vessel and each one seems eager to snatch the
food uped as bait; they rarely try it but once. In rising from the water the wings are unfolded,
joint at a time; and, only when the bird is on the water, a quick stroke with it« feet sends it to the
surface, where by skipping and flapping along the body gains suflicient momentum to enable the
wings to carry it away.

I have 1U1 doubt that this bird breeds in some locality among the islands, for it is found there
from the early i)art of May to late October.

There is much difl'erence in the color of specimens seen in thes(> norlhern localities. The bill
is dusky to pure white, plumage sooty to lighter, with considerable white about the neck ami chin.
The feet are dusky to black. Some of these l)irds were suspected to lie young of the year, but I
could never get a sjiecimen of them as they were too far ottfroni land; and to obtain one, while a
vessel is in motion, is impossible.

82. DiOMEDEA ALBATRUS (Pall.). Short-tailed Albatross.

The Short tailed Albatross is found in great abuinlance in tlie neighborhood of Cape Newen-
ham, near Bristol Bay. In June, 1878, 1 was on a vessel in that locality, and at one time counted
fourteen indivi<luals, flying or sitting.

The mouth of the Kuskokvim River was the farthest north that I observed these birds near
the shore, but at sea I have seen them near Saint Lawrence Island. The natives of Saint Michael's
as.sert they arc to be seen in rare instances f)ft' the northwest jioint of Stewart's Island.

Anu)iig the Aleutian Islands they are quite common, but geneially far out at sea. They af)-
proach the land during dense fogs, and may then be found sitting on a small rock jutting from the
water.

1 never could obtain a specimen in comlition to save the skin, for the birds do not come near
the settlements ; and, when a native kills one he saves only the wings, from wliich to take the sinew

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CONTRIBUTIONS TO Till! NATURAL HISTORY OF ALASKA.

I2d

for wrapping round his spear liends. At Attn i saw two specimens that were killed in the latter
part of March, 1881. The wings had been cnt off and the body partly plucked of feathers. This
species passes the winter in this locality and may be found, during very severe weather, about the
western end of the island of Attn. 1 received a head (by which the species was identified) from
Nushagak, on Bristol Bay, in September, 1878.

This species undoubtedly breeds near some of the places mentioned as having been observed.

80 b. FULMARUS GLACiALia cii^uPisCHA (Stejn.). Pacijic Fulmar.

Hundreds of thous.inds of these birds were seen oil' Uniniak Pass and the eastern end of
Unalashka Island; in fact, they covered acres of water. The dark form prevailing in number,
while the remainder were of the light form. To the westward I have seen them less abuiulant
though still very numerous, near Seguam Island, Kiska, Amchitka, Atkha, and plentiful at
Semichi.

The habits of this bird are very strange. They are seldom seen during stormy weather and
then only individual birds. During calm periods these birds sit, some few miles from the land, on
the water and will scarcely endeavor to avoid a vessel drifting through their midst. I have never
seen a live bird of this species either on or over the laud. Where a bird, so abunc^ant as this,
breeds or what its specific habits are I am unable even to conjecture.

"With these birds are associated, in a nuiiiner, another bird of which I obtained, at Amchitka
Island, a single specimen, which had been thrown up dead by the sea and so far advanced in decom-
position that to lilt it separated the members of its body. This dead bird resembled those asso-
ciated with the Pacific Fulmars iind was, so far as possible to identify it, a specimen of Viiffinua ten-
uirostris Temm. Natives of Attn, who were with me on Amchitka Island, informed me that birds
of this kind (like the dead one) breed plentifully on the Semichi Islands.

105. OCEANODROMA PURCATA (Gmel.). Fork tailed Petrel.
A single specimen of this Petrel was brought to me by a native who had killed it while out in
his bidarka (canoe) hunting seals oft" Stewart's Island. They are said to be rare in this locality,
though abundant far out to sea. I had observed many of this species while 1 was traveling among
the (Vleutian Islands. Tbey are rarely seen near land. The Atkha peo[)le assert that these birds
breed abundantly on the cliffs of Koroviusky volcano, on the northeast shoulder of Atkha ishiud.
I have seen this species as far westward as Attn Island. At Atkha a native brougiit me a specimen
of this bird, but it had been kept so long before an opportunity occurred to permit his return to
the village that the bird was too far advanced in decomposition to allow the skin to be taken oil'.
The Eskimo name of this bird is 0 In il; and means oil-eater. Th issert that this bird skims
the water for traces of oil which may have flowed from a wounded seal or whale, and that large
Hocks of them will follow the floating carcass of a seal for that purpose.

120&. PiiALACKOCORAX uii.opiius ciNCiNATUS (Brandt). White-crested Cormorant.

The White-crested Cormorant is a visitor to Saint Michael's by the tenth of June. It does not
occur in great numbers in that vicinity; only few breed here. At Besborough Island, some forty
miles north of Saint Michael's, this bird breeds in abundance on the walls of that almost inac-
cessible island.

A young bird of this species was obtained October 2, 1876. The gular sack is yellow, bill i)alo
with darker culmen ; feet and webs black. Iris dark gray. The Eskimo name of this Cormorant is
Man uthl k<i lik, and means tongue cut off short.

The white plumes on the head of this Cormorant, in the breeding season, are used by the in-
habitants of the Aleutian Chain to adorn the small sacks (used as worl-bags) made by the Aleut
women. The feathers of the neck are also used for the same purpose.

123. PuALACROCORAX PELAOicus Pall. Pelagic Cormorant.

In most localities of the Aleutian Islands this form is extremely numerous. Along these islands
the bird is a constant resident, apparently more numerous in winter than in summer.

It breeds on all thQ principal islands. The nest is usually placed on a ledge of some bold-
S. Mis. 155 17

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130

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE NATURAL HISTORY OP ALASKA.

faced rock ; and, in most instances, about forty feet above the sea. The nest is hirge, built of sea-
weeds, a few grass stalks, and an abundance of its own excrement.

Tbey are filthy about their nests; the walls of the neighboring rocks are covered with the liquid
excrement of this bird, and may ofteuer lead to the discovery of a nest than any other sign. The
nests which I observed on Arnchitka Island were being occupied Juno 7. The eggs number three
or four, blue of pale shade to white in color. They receive accumulations from the nest and soon
arc indistinguishable in color. The young are hatched by the middle of .Inly and take to the water
by the middle of August. They arc then scmewhat heavier than the old bird. The young assume
the adult plumage on the second year. The color of the bill is dark on the ridge and yellowish
below, the ui)per mandible having a greater or less amount of dark while the lower is nearly
always yellowisi. with perhai)8 a lighter tip and darker base. The gular sack is red and wrinkled.
I do not remember to have heard a sound uttered by this bird.

They are exceedingly inquisitive and will fly round ami round a vessel or boat, sometimes
within a few feet of the sails. When on the nest it frequently stretches out its snake like neck to
watch a passing canoe, and its curiosity not being satisfied the bird will leave its nest to follow.

It is by fur the most beautiful bin? of Heiing Sea. The plumage glitters with metallic re-
flections of blue, purple, and bronze.

During severe weather of the winter and fall these birds resort to the high rocky ledges or
the single rocks which jnt from the sea. Some of the rocks are fairly covered with these birds,
and these appearing like a lot of black bottles standing on the rock. The natives of all j)arts of
the country use the flesli of this bird for food. Some of the Aleuts, especially those of Attn, prize
the flesh more than any other bird. They formerly obtained many of these birds with a kind of
net which was thrown over the birds when sitting c«;i the shore rocks, being driven there by tiie
severity of a storm so that the birds could not ren)ain on tlie outer rocks without being washed oil".

In former years this bird was reported to be extrttiiely abundant at Attn, but has greatly dis-
appeared in the last fifteen years.

Before the introduction of civilized clothing ihe skins of these birds were used for clothing.
Fifteen of them were counted as a luirha or long gown-like, garment.

The natives of Attn have spoken to uu^ of another cornuuant, whicth many years ago abounded
there, but in the last fifteen years none have been seen. They describe it as being Inlly twice as
large as the red-laced cormorant and of dill'erent plumage. From the description, 1 liave reason
to suspect that the bird referred to was Phdhicravovax ijempklllatm I'all.

The Eskimo name of this species is (Ig a 'liiik, and means clilf-dweller. This word is also used
to mean any kind of dried, desiccated meat.

123a. PuALACUOCOKAX PELAGicus KOBUSTlJS Ridgw. Yiolct-green Cormorant,
The Violet-green Cormorant is very common near the entrance to Saiut Michael's. Tliese birds
arrive about the r)th of June and remain until the ice closes in in October or November. They
frequent the rocky shores and clifl's. A few of this species breed near Saint Michael's.

When passing along the shores of Rristol Bay I observed numerous Cormorants, which I also
referred to the present form.

124. riiALACiJOfouAx uiliLE (Gmel.). Reih/m-eiJ Cormorant.
A single specimen of this Cormorant was obtained at Saint Michael's. I did not to a certainty
observe it in any other locality, though it is known to occur in numbers in other parts of the ter-
ritory. The Hussians have the word U reel to be an equivalent with our word Siiag or Cormorant;
aud, again, the Russian-speaking population, together with the natives, have each singular ideas of
color, so that any attempt to obtain information of birds, by describing their colors, is very unsat-
isfactory and frequently exasperating.

129. Merganser americanus (Cass.). American Merganser.
A pair of these birds was seen in the possession of a native at Unalashka Island, January 17,
1879. He would not part with them on any consideration, as he supposed the good will of the
person to whom they were presented to be of more value than anything repeived from one outside

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0ONTBIBUTIOJS.S TO THE NATURAL HISTOUY OF ALASKA. 131

the pale of his church. They wore the only oiiesof this species seen in the country. At Unalaslika
Island they remain during the winter, but do not breed there in the summer.

130. Meroansee SEBnATOU (Linn.). Redhreasted Merganser.

The Ked-broasted Merganser is common in the Saint Michael's district. In the Aleutian Island
district it is mot with in pairs, aiul then only rarely. It is more abundant at Attn and Atkha than
any other of the larger islands visited by mo. In the Saint Michael's district it arrives early in
June or late in May and remains throughout the summer to breed. The fully-tledged young were
observed there in September.

At Atkha it breeds in the small ponds on the high levels of the mountains. I found a dead,
young bird of this species on the 4th of July, 1880. Among all these islands this bird is a con-
stant r('-<ident.

The flesh of the Ited-broasted Merganser is quite a delicacy among the Aleuts, who seem to
prize it higher than the flesh of any Duck.

The Eskimo call this bird Pi' iil; because the nest is shaped like the Pi, or hole, of the bidarka,
or canoe, in which the person sits. The llussian name is Kro khdl,

132. Anas bcschas Linn. Mallard.

The Mallard is a common duck in the Yukon district. It arrives abont the 1st of May and re-
mains throughout the summer. It is rarely abundant in any locality and seldom seen in largo
flocks ; half a dozen individuals usually comprise a flock. It breeds wherever found in the sum-
mer season. It is plentiful on the Aleutian Islands in winter.

The low land at the head of Captain's Harbor, on Unalaslika Island, forms a winter feeding-
ground for hundreds of these ducks, where they congregate in large flocks in December and the
earlier months of the year to remain until the season is sulliciently advanced to lavor their north-
ward migration. Only a few i)airs were ever seen at Unalaslika Island in the breeding season.
At Attn Island this duck is common in winter. It breeds si)aringly at Agattu Island and on
the Scmiciii Islands. A few pairs wore also observed at Amchitka Island in the latter part of
May, 1881. During the fall and winter the flesh of this duck is excellent, being fat aiul tender.
The llussian name of the duck is S6 le sen.

135. Anas stbepeba Linn. Oadwall.
A single specimen of the Gadwall was obtained at Unalaslika Island in December, 1878. It is
not common among the Aleutian Islands, but is abundant along the Yukon Delta district in sum-
mer. In habits it is nearly identical with the Pintail, and often associated with them. It breeds
in the high latitudes, but not on the Aleutian Islands that I am aware of.

137. Anas Americana Gmel. Baldpate.

The Baldpate is not abundant in the Saint IMichaol's district. It arrives about the S.^tli of
May, or even later. It is not at all gregarious, being found solitary or in pairs. It fre(pients the
marshes, preferably those which are overflowed by the higher tides when it first arrives. As soon as
the sef.son is advanced and the greater part of the snow is gone, tho little rivulets are full of
nuidd,\ water they resort to these places for food. They seem to delight in, shovelling among the
mnd ;n search for their food. I once saw two ducks (which, at the distance, I could not recognize)
feeding in one of these small mud sloughs. I made quite a detour : one ran uj) to the top of the
bank and watched me, as it thought, go away, and quietly returned to its mate, I came back to the
jdace by another way and approached within a few yards of them unobserved. They plunged their
heads at times completely under the soft soil to obtain a tender root or slug. They seemed to be
in a playful mood, as they freqnently caressed each other by putting their heads round each oth-
er's necks and crowding near each other. One finally came up to the top of the bank and was
then within a few feet of me ; with a spnttering squak it flew ofl" until I dropped it. It was a
male. Tho female flow off.

The flesh of the Ualdpato Is fine eating.

I have never observed this species among tho eastern Aleutian Islands. To the westward I

% A

132

CONTUIBUTION8 TO THE NATUllAL HISTORY OF ALASKA.

siiw a iiair tliat wore feeding at the mouth of a little Htream which runs tlirough tlie village on Ka-
zan IJay, Atkiia iNhuitl. I Hri'd but failed to obtain them; I never Haw tliem afterward.

At Attn Island the Haldpate is rare, a summer visitor, and not aseertained to breed. The
conditions on Semielii are favorable lor a breeding locality of this species.

138, Anas crkooa Linn. European Teal.

A male of this sitecies was obtained by me at Aktha Island June 28, 1870. As it was the only
H|)eeiinen observed and nothing tliflering in habits from A. caroliiicitseii nt the time it was procured,
1 <!an give no information otiier than it is extremely rare and not known to be other than a sum-
mer visitor and probably breeding among tlie islands of the Aleutian chain.

This is the first spe<;imen of this species recorded from the Pacilic coast of North America.

139. Anas oakolinknsis Cimelin. Grecn-u-iniicd Teal.

This beautiful little duck is found in all ])artsof Alaska. It arrives at Saint Michael's by the
loth of May.

It never occurs in large (locks; singly, in pairs, or less than half a dozen individuals being the
usual numbers seen at once.

Along the low lands bordering the "<'anal,"at .Saint Michael's, it can be tbund at anytime
from May to Septend>er li.lth. It breeds among the sedges at the margins of the ponds. In tliofall
it resorts to the lakes of the higher grounds. This bird is not at all shy and eiuleavors to conceal
itself among the grasses ratlu'r than [\\\n\ llight.

Many ol' these, ponds have a species of grass growing on (heir margins that tbrms a kind of
matting of its roots ami stalks that in time encroaclifs on the pmid in such manneras to completely
cover it. Tliis sends its tender roots down into the watci' and in time foi ins snllicicnlly fiiiii masses
to walk on. The Teals seek these i)laces tor food ami wlien surprised usually tli\i' under llu> mass
of vegetation out of sight. A careful search will sometimes revealjust their head and neck thrust
out of some hole while their body is hidden l)eIo\v.

I once shot a Teal, which dove under the edg(( of the grass on the margin of a ))ond where it
was sitting. I thrust a stick umler and could feel foi' over a yard without interferen<'e of grass-
roots, yet it had sutlieient tirmness to sui)i)ort me even on its edge. 1 llien knew how it was that
wounded ducks always disappeared in such a hitherto, mysterious manner.

I liave observed the (ireen-winged Teal at the mouth of tiie Kuskokvim Iiiver in the early part
of June, 1878, and in the same month at Nushagak settlement, on the river oflliat name; also at
Ugasik, on the peninsula of Aliaska. It. is found on all the lai'ger islands of the Aleutian Chain.
At Unalashka it occurs in the neighborhood of Captain's Harbor at all seasons of the year. It
undoubtedly breeds theic, although 1 have not seen the eggs or nest in that exact lo(!ality. It
also occurs on allot the islamls west of Uindashka. At Atkha, Amchitka, Semiclii, and Attn it
is abundant. At Atkha it seems to i)refer the bars that make oif the mouths of the cieeks wliiith
empty into the sea. Just below the village on Xazan liay, at Atklia Island, is a small stream that
throws out great (juantities of sand, gravel, and clay, (ijuite a bar, or shallow jjlace, s been
formed Ity it, and when the tide recedes a lai'ge area is exposed, to which (inlls, Mallards, and
Teals resort.

At Attn the Teals frequent the southern side of the island more than the northern.

At the Semichi Islands luunbers breed every year anu»ng the marshes that abound tliere.

At Ainchitka Island they were extremely abumlant in the middle of May, 1881. Along all
the little streams that were cutting dee]) into the earth, and so narrow that the tall grass (!()mpletely
hid them for many yards of their length, the Teals were Ibund walking along under sn(!h j)lac(!S,
searching for tender roots and insects. These streams are not long, as they are usually the outlets
of some inland lake, and their sides are i)revented from widening by the dense mat of giassroots,
so that their streams are deep and narrow. As soon as the current has excavated bem-ath the
roots of grass the stream widens, and the banks thus form an overhanging shelf on each side.
Under these places the Teals resort, so that it is dillicult to lind them, as they will not fly up while
in such places.

CONTIIIIUITIONS TOTIIK NATURAL HISTORY UF ALASKA.

133

In tho evcniiif; tlioy iissiMiildo in tlio laifjcr, nIiuHow luki^s, and even then nit or «li|j; Mi'i^ly or in
pairH, aH tlicy arn distiibntcd over t\n\ smliicc ol' (lio lakos.

At Anicliitka Inland tlu-ii- l)n'('diii;,'pla('i'N arc arnoiiJL; tiic tall glasses thai };ro\v on llio Nca-
Hido of sandbankH thrown ajt hy the o(;L'Mn, or oIhc on the Hteeji Nlopes of other hills faeiii{{
the Hoa.

The (h'Hh of this bird is excellent and nsnally fat, except in the middle snninier months.

Tho Itnssian name of this species is Vhvi'ok.

140. Anas disoous Linn. Blnewiiujed Teal.

Tho IJIno-winfted Teal was not obtained b.v me. A imtive had a speeimcn which he had killed
in the lakes, on the mainliind, a slioit distance from the Kedonbl. 'i'lie bird was niinns the greater
l»art of its leathers, cxcepliny the (piilis of the winj; and feathers of tlit^ head. 'I'lie s]ie(!nluni of
tho winj; was sntUcient to determine the species, i saw several individuals on the winjj in tho fall,
bnt could not i)ro('ure them.

At Atklia Island, July 7, l.S7!>, I saw a female of this species sittinp ainouf; some seaweeds in
a place where 1 could not approach nnobscived. I hati cartri(lK'<'s loaded only with No. 12 shot.
I waited some tim(>, hoping tln^ bird would approach hulticicntly near to kill it with such line shot,
bnt when lirisd at they had no ellcct on the bird.

1 am in(^line<l to bclic\cd that lliis species is a \'cry irre^'ular visitor to the Aleutian Islands,
yet the (Jrccnwinj;cd Teal abounds there.

At Saint Michaers it is not at all common, and more plentiful in the spilM^ than fall. It un-
doubtedly breeds in the interior.

ML*. Si'ATl'I.A CLYl'lvATA (Ijjliri.), iSlii)irl<:r.

The Slioxt'lei' is a rare bird in the \icinity of Saint Micliaers. Tin- oiil_\ ,'-]:i CiU i n oliiainnl
by lue M'as shot near the " canal " (ui the l.'.-»th of May, I.S77. ll is lare from the inv.t of the many
linndreds of birds bron;^lit by the natixcs to llii^ sloic to sell I never found one of this species
timon^r them.

14.S. DaI'MI.a Aci'TA (Linn). I'iutnU.

The Pintail is a common duck in the Saint Micliaer.s district. It arrhcswith the earliest
birds, early in May, and remains until late in September, ll breeds anion}; the la^^ooiis w lii(^li
abound in this locality.

The I'intail is found spariii<;Iy on I'lialasliKa Island In N'ovcmlper. It does i ot winter on tlit*
Aleutian Islands to my kn()wled;;e, as none were ever obsciAed tlii'ic later than that month.

This duck feeds principally on the tender shoots of scd;;es and other j^rasses that ^m'ow round
the niai'sius of lli(^ marshes. 1'hey become \eiy fat, and an^ then sluji};ish and slow to rise. In
the spriiifi they are lean and rather shy. They lly faster than any other duck. 'J'heii llesli is
excellent in the fall.

This bird is usually found in small Hocks or in pairs.

148. AytiiyA matmLiV NKA1!("J'I<;A Ste.ju. American Si'anp Piirl.-.

Tho Scaup J)uck is not common in the vicinity of Saint Alicliael's. It ])refers localities with
]iigbcr coasts than there. It is sai<l to bi^ r.ithei' identiful on the outside of Stewart's Island and
in the neiffliborhood of Unalakhlit.

This bird arrives there as soon as the sea is partially free from ice. In this locality I never
found tho nest or e;;f;s, but it undoubtedly breeds there.

It is common along the entire Aleutian Clialn, but it is shy and dinicult to obtain. It in more
abundant in winter than in summer, and remains the entire year,

150. Aythya fOLLAUis (Douov.). Ixhiff-nccli'd Ihuh.

This bird is not common in the vicinity of Saint Michaers. It arrives as .soon as the sea isjiar-
tially free from ice, this date Iteing vaiiable — May !t to the lust of the month. It also frefinenta
the brackish lagoons in the eailier months. The nest and cfigs were not obtained.

It is rarely seen about the Aleutian Islands, It is so shy as to scarcely permit apiiroach with-
in giiurange.

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134

OONTUimiTIONS TO THK NATURAL HISTORY OP ALASKA.

At Aiiicliitka Island I olisoived a mal« of tliis spccins in a frosli-water lako near tlio coutorof
tlio JHland. Tho bird was extrcinoly sliy, and nnder no (•irciiiiistanccH could I ai)proacli within Huf-
ll(!iont distanco to pniciiio it without it instantly dovo out of sifflit and disaiipcarcd. 1 susijpctod
the fonuilo to liavc a nest in the vicinity, although I could never detect her wherealtoutH,

In Cliichagof Harbor (Attn Island) I observed several individuals of this species durini; tlie
winter of 188(>-'81. 1 repeatedly attempted to secure them, but failed on aceiuuit of the shyness ol
tho bird. AVhencver observed at this place the bird was always alone; two or more were never
Hoen at a time.

150. Olaikuonktta cf-anoula ami;ui<!ANA (litump.). American QoUkncye.

A sin{jle spccMnien of this bird was bn)u;;ht to \w at Haint Michael's, but it was in»t in condi-
tion to save the skin. It docs not appear iu any numbers there. The few to bo seen were individ-
uals, always singly.

It is not conunon among the Aleutian Islands, In Uiialaslika it was obtained in the nmnth of
December, and reuuiins there all winter. It was never observed there iu suninior, and at no season
among the extreme western islands.

153. ClIAIHTONKTTA ALHKOI.A (TJnu.). UtiOlnJieitd.

Tlio IJuUlchead is not common in tbo Saint IMichael's district, and not i»k'nliful anywhere in
the territorv that has come under my observation.

It occurs at Unalashka in the winter, when my sj)eciuiens were obtained. It was not observed
to the westward on the Aleutian Chain, except rarely, and then only in the winter.

154. Cl.ANOUI.A TIYKMALl.S (Liuil.). Olil-Sfllinir.

The Old-squaw is a couiuiou sea-duck in all parts ot tlie Saint Michael's dislricl. It arrivtw
early in May and remains until the ice closes iu November. It winters among the entire Aleuti.i.i
Chain, and is extremely abundant there. They breed to the far northern regions, and only spar-
ingly at Saint Michael's. It oidy sparingly breeds along the Aleutian Islands auunig the fresh-
water ponds. It is essentially marine in iis habits, and was never observed iu the fresh water
lakes or streams excepting during the breeding season. It is remarkably strong in flight and
alights on the water with a haid <lash, making the water tly for many feet. It al.-o ascends to
gicat Iicights as it tlics from one locality to another, if distant. It is very noisy and the note nniy
bo heard a great distance. The natives of Attn call this bird ^1 Idng iik, from its note, which is
repeated at short intervals.

It congregates iu large Hocks, sometimes of over a hundred. They search for their food in the
shallower places in the coves ami bays. \Vhen searching for food they string out In a long lino
and swim abreast. At a signal ono at tho extreme end goes down, the rest follow in regular time,
never all at once, and rarely more than two or three at a time. The last one goes down iu his
turn with the regularity of clock-work. As they dive they seem to go over so far as to throw the
long tajl feathers until they touch water on the other side. They remain nnder water a long
time, and usually come np near each other. They utter their noi.sy notes and again spread out
for another dive. When wounded they swim many yards under the water. The flesh of this duck
is not unpalatable, but has a decided fishy odor, which may disappear if tho bird is cleaned and
hung away for awhile.

155. IIiSTKiONicus niSTHiONicus (Linn.). Ilorlequm IJucl:

This pretty duck is not common in theimmediate vicinity of Saint Michael's. South of that
place it becomes more numerous, and extremely abundant around all tho Aleutian Lsl.inds. It pre-
fers the rocky places, exposed reefs, and shallow gravelly banks that are altorimtely covered or
left bare by the sea. The food of this duck is of an aninud nature. Shellfish of all kinds do not
come amiss, the common black mussel (Mytclis cdulis) being its favorite food. Those mussels are
everywhere abundant on tho rocks that are not exposed to too great a swash from tho sea. Among
the coves and small indentations of the sea, especially if in the neighborhood of small islets, these
dncks are to be found in great numbers. They dive after the mussels, and are frequently caught
by the shellfish and held until tho former are drowned and cease their struggles, upon which they

CONTUIIUITIONS TO TIIK NATUHAFi HlSTOItY OK ALASKA.

135

arc roIiMised. This bird m not atallNliy. They luo, in tlif niiddio of llic viidDi, UHUidly I'oiind
BJiiKly or in Hninll tlookH, At thi8 HcnHon tlioy will I'ven Ncpiirato tlicir rankH to allow a caiuiu
pasH l)«twtwu tlioni, or ol.w lly a low yards and a>,'aiu stttle. They nnnally are near tho 8lioro,
Bcardnn;? tlui Hhaljow, pehbly places for food wIumi llic surf is hi«li. Winn a l)n'aki'r ('omics over
them they tiive until it (lasses. At Attn 1 have seen them tlivt^ iiefore a breaker strnt^k them, and
in such shallow water that I often wondered how they held on, aH they come up at times not a foot
from where they went down. They have a peculiar whistle for a note, and in the niatin>; season,
early in Mareh, they assemble in lari^t^r tlocks (sometimes as many as twenty or thirty individinils
forma Hock); they then constantly inter this whistle, as they chase each other o\er and through the
water. Several males \vill attend one female dnrinjj this season until she selects lier choice. Dur-
ing the breeding sciison I have seen three males with one femide.

The tiesh of this duck is good, but somewhat llshy.

The Aleuts have but little. liking for its tlesh, as they seldom slmol it when tlic.\ have oppor-
tunity.

The nest and eggs were not procured and the only nest i ever saw was near llinliuk village,
on Llnalashka Islaial. Two immense blocks of rock had become detached from the <iliil' above, and
when they fell their edges formed a hollow place beneath. In under this I discovered a deserted
nest, which the native who was with nic asseited was that of a bird of tins species. The foiiii
was similar to that of the nest of C. hi/vmiilis, and in liUit so closely resembled it that I persisted
in it being of this bird until the native asked me if I did not know that the Old s(iuaw did not build
in such i»laces.

li'tl. KNlfiONKirA STKI.LKIU (Pall.). Stfllll'ti l)Hik.

Steller's Duck is rare at Haint Michael's.

On the southern and eastern shores of ISristol I!ay and the norlliern shores of Aliaska this
species is i)lentil'ul.

Among the Aleutian Islands it is only rarely seen in summci'. In winter it abounds in Cap-
tain's Harbor on I'nalashka Island. It kee])s offshore and ventures nearer only in boisljMous
weather. It dives deep in the water for its food, and remains under a .!;i it length of time. Its
food is of an animal nature, procured from the sea.

[ was never able to procure the eggs of this species.

The winter iiliunage of the male is cxtrcnu'ly beautiful. The top and sides of the head silky,
silverywliite, with faint greenish shadeon forehead and lores; an anteorbital spot of velvetv green;
eircuniorbital black spot, narrow in front and wider behind; an tjccipital band of green, having a
minute black edge at the lateral ends; rest of head and ujiper hinil neck white; chin and throat
black, with bluish reflection; a narrow collar of greenish blue-black on neck in front, which in the
liind neck is coiitiiiiious with the same color on the back, licioiniiig ])iirplisli blue-black on the
upper back and darkening ixistcviinly, wlieie the rump and njipcr tail coverts are lustrous, dark
sluty black. The scapulars and inter.scaiiulars long, and the latter linear, having the exterior
web, with brilliant, violet blue-black retlection on each of the linear leathers; flic inner web white,
and each of the.se feathers tipped with white. The specnluiii of same color, but with a white in-
terior spot on ea(^h feather, forming a perpentlicular bar; preceding the s]ieciiliim is a white bar,
having nearly double tlu^ width of llie posterior one. Wing slaty lilack, rather liglicr toward the
insertion of the (piills; tail same color as wings. A narrow white tollar incircling the np|)er breast
and broadening out on the sides of the lower hind neck. A small blue-black sjtot on the sides of
the lireast where the feathers overlap tlu^ carpal joint of the closed wing. Under surface of the
body deep brownish black, darkening jiosteriorly, to become black on the erissum and uiuler tail-
coverts, and becoming rich reddish brown on l)reast and sides, which on the upper sides and upper
breast bc(!ome butf, fading to a creamy white on the shoulders and under the wings. The sides
directly under the carpal joint of the closed wing have a distinct black blotch of small size.

The female in winter has the head light olive-brown, slightly mixed with rufous and finely
marked with black, producing faint narrow bars. On the neck and upper back the reddish brown
is confined to a crescentic margin and tip to eacli feather, inclosing a small, rounded black spot,
the nnddle having a narrow tip of reddi.sh brown of darker shade to eairli feather, l)eeonnng ab.so-

''V.

Hi'

13('>

CONTnilUfTIONS TO TIIK NATURAL HISTOUY OF ALAHKA.

Intt'ly Imrrod with Mack aiul licli cliPHfmil on niinp iiiul ui)itt'r tiiilcovoilH. ScapuliirN ratlicr
liKlitcr llisiii back aiul with a iiairow rtl^iii^' of l)rowiii.><h on t'atli riathcr, the tipH of tlii> iin«>nr
intcisc-apniaiM witii Milvcr.N };ray. ^^ iun rich, daik clu'stiint. Thi' spccnlnin hhiinh liliick, ('(incil
Willi white as a wiih'i' liar antnioilv and miitdwrr poNtciioilv with Hit' while liar. lireaNl and
Nidt'H ricb. li^hl icddiNli Inowii, with a r<aiiidt'd dot nf lihirkiHh liiown on each tcallii r. TlicNe
coloi'H heconic lilendcd on the lircast and aiidoineii to piddiice u dark lirowni.sh black on tlio,s«t
piirtH, and darkening' poNterioily. The iris dark brown, bill dnsky horn bine, feet diiNky olivo.

On Hie western inlands of tlie chain I have observed this dnck to be <|iiite ph'titifnl abont llin
Nearer Islands dniiiifj; winter, and few were seen alonj; the western end of Attn in .Inly, IHHO,
the naliv(>M nHHcrlin^; that it breeds spiirin;:i,\ on Alalia.

Ifi8. AucTONi-.TTA FisoiiinM (Itiaiidt). SiwvtacUil Eider.
This hu'fje Midcr is coniiiiiin in the vicinity of Saint Micliacl's, where it arrives early in May.
Alon;; the coast of ISristol liay it is extremely abundant with others of this p'niis.
Its iiestin;; habits are similar to that of the Kin^ lOider.

'I'liis sjietMes occuis amoiiK all the Aleutian Islands, where it breeds anil is a constant rcsldiMit,
but e.\treinely shy.

1(11. HoMATKlUA V-NKiiiA (!ray. I'uci/ic IJitlir.

Tlie I'aeille Kitler is to Ix^ found in all parts of Alaska tlial have conu^ under my idtservtitioii,
viz : Norton Sound and coast soiitli tol'eninsulaof AliasKa. am! west lo A tin of I he Aleutian Islands,
antl east to tluM'ntrancc of Cook's Inlet and nci^^liboiliood of Kadiak. At Kaiul Michael's it is
cominon, iirrivint; as soon as the sea ice breaks in the sjiriuK. '^'y earliest specimen was .May .'Jl,
1.S7."..

In ISristol Hay it is plentiful and extremely abundant in the iiei;iliborhood of IJ^asik. where I
liitve Hccii thousands at a linu- on I he bais lel't by ilie i'eccdin<; tides on Hie iiorthcastern siiores of
Aliaska.

.\monf; the .Meutian Islands it is a constani icsidont, the f;reater number beiujL; found in
winter.

At Saint Mi' liMcl's they breed in considerable nuiiilieis and there prefer the o|icn tiniilni for a
ncsliui; ]ilace. .\ nest was found uiHi eleven e;:';:s on the hillside alioul half a niile back of tlii^
Hedoulit. The nest was made in a mossy situation, con.si.vHuff ol few blades of grass and well lined
with the .sooty-colored down from the abdomen of the bird itself.

Alon^; the Aleutian Islands the bird [irefcrs the stee]! slopesliea\ ily I'lothcd svith rank ;;ras.se8,
such as wild rye ( I'll/ mux), which ^rows in liuj;f tussocks, amon}^; wliicli the nest is hidden. A sli<jht
depression is scratched out ; the en{{s ari' placed on the bare •ground, the down beiii,!; used only
HH a cover for the eggs when the parent is absent fioin the nest. The eggs :<ie never jilaced on
the down.

The down is jilucked from the brea.st for that purpose only, and increases in amount as the
increased complement of eggs demands a greater amount ofcoN'criug.

The nest when first scratched out is usually left to drj out several days before it is used, as the
bare spots were sometimes seen a week bcfoic an egg was dejiositcd. With the lirst egg only a
small (piantity of down was found in the nest, and will be replaced two or three times if removed.
When the nest is full of eggs and they, with all the down, are removed, the bird seeks some other
locality for again laying fewer eggs, generally not more than live for the .second nest. Another
]ieculiarity that was brought to my notice by a native was that these birds usually seek some slope
where the Duck Hawk has its nest on the high point lorming one end of the slope. This was true
in three instances that came under my observation. The Eiders were more numerous in Hueh local-
ities than otheiwise. The natives always are glad when the. Hawk comes .screaming overhead as
the canoe is being paddled along the shore, for they know the nest of the Haw k is near and
that many nests of tlie Kider will be found close by. The female Eider becomes very fat in the
breeding .season. Thi < may in a measure compensate for the loss of the down from her breast.
The skin on the breast also is thicker and, with the layer of fat, will be over half an inch in thick-
ness. The male Eiders are at this season very poor and lean.

(3()NTUIhlJTI<)N8 TO Till: NaTUUAL IIISTOKY OF ALAHKA.

137

In the • iuIy Hpriiij; I luivf hih'D iin iniiiiy iih Ncvt'ii iniilt'N t'ollowiiitj (tiic (Viimlo hh tlii-y wpn^
tlyiii^; Ity. I I'liitlifr lii>lirvt> Unit a IViinilc In iicv«>i' iittciiiliMl )iy ii hjiikIi' mult', iih alwiiVN two or
inoi'(> iiiiilcH wcro Hft-ii with it t'ciniili'. At all Nt'iiHoiiH oC tlu' yt'iir tlio iiihU'h iiro iiiort' iiiiintM'oiiH

tllHIl tilt* tt'llllllt'H,

Tli«^ KitN'iH iiev«r rt»Mi)il to the IVcnIi water |»oiuIn. Tlu'y aieMi'»Mi in tin* vicinity of frcMli watt^r
only wlicn^ a .small (Mcck i>iii|itii's into the nisi, ami wiTf tlii'ii Ntiitpost'il to he tlicn> lor the |iiii'|ion(>
ot'olitaiiiiii^ Ii'cnIi water todiiiik. The t'ooil ot the J'^idciN Ih of an animal nature. Tliey dive and
obtain inoNt of tlieir food Iroui thv bottom irt' the bayH and fov(>H. They remain under tlie water
fur a lon^i; time, and, while niider, Nwim exa.s|)eratin^ly lont; diHtanees.

The bird i.s very NJiy exeept when on land diirint;boiNteron»« weather. At that time thenativeN
oftliu weNtein iHlandH of the Aleutian ('haiii iiHed rimall hand netM to throw over the birdH at* they
Hat Htnpidl,\ on the .shore. A bii^ht iii{{ht with a hard pale of wind waH tln^ best lime 'o seeurii
them. The birds then sit in a linddle and many are eaiif^ht at one throw of the net. The natives
assert thai lh«^ coiiiiiion Hair Seals (tateh thesis birds wiien on the water and dra^ them under to
play with them ; hence, these birds are constantly on the alert for seals and take. Ili^ht as .soon as
H Meal is dis(M>vered near.

The yoiin}{ male Kiders assume the adult plumage completely only a' the begiiiiiiii^ of the
third year.

The Kskinu) name of this bird is mi't hiik, and Ih derived from the dull, liissin); sound uttered
by thiM Mpo'ies when disturbed.

KiL*. H()MATi;i{i.\ .si'KCTAnii.is (Linn.). King FAdtT.

The King Kidcr is not common in the vicinity of Haiiit Michael's during the Minimer. It i.i
more abundant in spring and tall. It breetls sparingly at Saint Michael's. I never obtained itH
ne«t, but saw the binls under ciitiimstanccs that (taiise mo to assert that it breeds there.

It oc(;iirs among the eastern Aleiilian Islands, inoro abundantly in winter than in summer.

Tlie nesting habits (d' this «iiecies are identical with that of V-niyra.

Ui3. OiUKMiA AMKKKiANA (Sw. & Hicli.). AmericaH Scoter.

The American Scoter arrives at Saint Midiael's by the 1st of .Iiine and remains until about
the last of October, or when the icy slush begin.s to form on the sea. They are not plentiful, at
least in that iiiimedialc vicinity. A few miles further up the coast they are more abiiiid'iiit.

Along the shores of Aliaska and the water.s of Bristol ISay I saw numbers of these birds in
1878, but under such clrcninslances that I was unable to obfain them.

Ainoi g the Aleutian Islands they are to be found throughout the year, though more plentiful
during the winter, and breeding sparingly along the entire chain.

They are not gregarious, rarely more than three or four together ; and cd'ten only Holitary.
When alone they are easily approached if the bidarka is directed so as to i>ass them at a few rods,
Tbey often dive and remain under water an astonishingly great i»eriod, and frequently never appear
in sight, though the water may be perfectly calm and allow careful sean-h.

The male is noted for the gibbosity of pinkish-white near base of bill ; the lower edge of the
swelling is deep red, giadiiall.s blending with the black of the rest of the bill.

Thetlesh is excellent during the winter. They feed on mollusks and other animal life; yet the
flesh does not acquire a strong taste.

The Kiissians call this duck Tiirpdn.

165. OiDKMlA DEGLANUI (Hoiiap.). Whitcvhiged Scoter,
I found this Sc'oter to be rare in all localities visited by me. It does not occur except sparingly
ctmoiig the Aleutian Islands that I could discover.

A single 8]>ecimen was obtained at Saint Michael's. I know nothing of its habits.
Another individual of this species was iirocured April 'JO, 1870, at Unalashka Island and incor-
rectly referred to (). fuxca Liniic, but upon more careful examination it proved to be this species.

l(!(i. OiUKMiA I'KusriciLi.ATA (Liiiii.). Surf tScotcr.
The Surf Duck is common in all localities of the Yukon d.sirict bordering on the sea, but be-
comes more abundant to the southward.
S. Mis. 155 18

f I

138

CONTKIBlITIOIirS T«> THE NATUliAL HISTORY OF ALASKA.

. *■;

It is c. iiinioii iiinoiid i'le Aleiitiaii Islands. It t'rcq.uMil.s llie !ar."er covi'.s iiiiil bays, where
ill favoi'cil .sitiiatioiis tliis itird i.s abinidaiit in wIiiiim-.

(t is r .tlier sliy, but wlicii siii^rl*! or in jiairs it !>ia,\ In- appioaciicd to witliiii Ion;' raiiffo. Tuts
fav'jiite way to ol)tain tliis ducrk is to wait until it di>- s, tluMi to fjo to w licit' it will cohh' up. It is
then so confused tliat ample time is piveii lo obtain a shot at shortt-r ianK»'. When wounded this
diiek will dive and swi.n for two or three hundred yards. I have wounded them and waited for
twenty ini.nrres > have Uiein reiij^pear. They oiten sink to the l)otto!ii, as they die under .vater,
and there is ,«ot suHicieiit tiir iii tliei'- '.nnjjs totidat tlteni. If not this, there is always some bi{j lish
tliat aeeonipai.'es the hi'iterand takes the bird only after it has dived under the water.

Unless the bird is killed outrif;ht there is hut little ehance lo oltlain u.

They have a peculiar habit of sf retelling iii> their necks as though lliey had swinii throat
dlsaase like tbe " papes" in the younj: chickens.

The flesh o' tlii.i duck is very nice, and if well iirc)iared is ex(!cllcnt food, being free from any
strong odors. Its food is obtained froni the bottom of the bays and coves, and coiisisi. almost
entirely of slielltisl.i and worms that are found among the rocks.

The Surf i>".ck is the ISrextun, or Whistler, of the Ilussians.

KiOn, Chkn .lYPKUBOlJKA (Tall.). LcKniT '<noir Goosv.

The White or Sue \v Goose arriv 's :u the Yiik'jn district early .'n May It is usually contein-
porai,,' ill its arrival *vith the White fronteil (lOosc and ti.c Nortiici'i C;'ane {(f. caiKulcnsis).

It occurs only sparingly in tiie viciiiity of Saint Miciiael's, an remains but few days until i;
goes farther north. 1 .mii not aware iiiat it breeds soutii of the- Ar<ti<' Circle. They do not retuiii
along the coast in *be fall by «ay of Saint Hicliael's. They are usually .m the wing by l(t o'clock
ol each day, and to jirocnre these birds one must s^eek them at early ,lav. n while they are feeding

Their flesh is only tolerable eitii;^, ii S-ing lean and has a peculiar odor.

This is the P.uHy (iookc (Vliite 'Joose) of tlie Russians.

It is not known lo wint'.T in any j'lut of Alaska. It does not occur on any of the Aleut. an
Islands, even during the migrations.

ITlrt. .\NSKK AT-nTi''Rf'NS OAMHKM iHartl.). Ameiico)! Whilcfronied (iooKv.

This sjiecies of goose arrives at Saint Miclniel's as early as .Vjiril '.',T in favorable yeais, and
rarely later than t!ic lt»th of May i" any ye:-:. By the L'.'ith of May they are abundant.

It Inhabits the fieshwnte lyns, and is essentially -i vegetarian. 'I'he only animal looii

found in their crops was aipiaiii. )a: va- and insects. I am iioi aware that it eats shell lish at any
season of the year. The young grass .-siioots loiiiid in the margins of the ponds form its principal
food.

It breeds in greatest numbers on the Yukon Delia. The young are attended by the jtari'iits
until the former are ible to fly in kite Aiifjust.

These geese rcnain in this \i(inity uiiii' t'v sharp frosts in October freeze the margins of the
ponds.

I have never observed liiis (fjiecies i i' goose <m the Aleutian Islands. 'l"he.\ probably never
visit the islands lying west of the mainland, as that region -.iocs not conlaiii their jiaiticular food
in si'ttii:ient ipiantity to induce ihcm to visit it.

The flesh of this goose is e.\c> llent for the talilc. ai'd tliey be •onw very fal in the fall of the year.

At k^al'it Aliehael's this siieciea of goose is calleil in Russian I't'in <hi nii (loose, or Low ground
Gbuse.

"- iiis species does not winter in any part of Alaska.

ITL*. BuANTA rANADENSis (Linii.). Canada (Sookv.
The Canada doose is net comiiKMi (Ui the coast. A few stragglers are .shot during the spring
migrations. It occurs along the upper Yukon Hiver regicn, and seems to )irelcr the inlcrioi rather
than the vitiinity of the coast. The Canada tJoose is not knoun to oc'iir on any of the Aleutian
Islands.

CONTRIBUTIONS TO TFIE NATURAL HISTORY OF ALASKA,

139

17Li . HuAMA (CANADENSIS III TciiiNSii (S\v. ami Kicli.). I{utchuis\s Goose.

Iliitcliiiis's (i()08t> is one of tlic most i)l)uii(li)iit of tlio rccsl' tlial occur at Saint .Micliaol's.
Tlipy arrive in cari.v May and breoil ail along tlie coast lowlands. Tlic.v arc cNi)ccially abniulaiit
around tlic Vulvon Delta and lowlands hack of ('ape Konianzof.

Tlii'ir nestin;;' habits aic the same a.-, iliat oltlie otiiei' geese of tlie genua

Tlie llcsli of this species is ex(H'llcnt fooil in the fall when they are fat.

On the Aleutian Islands thc\ are esjiccially abundant to the westward of I'nalashka, aii'.
breed by scores <mi Aikha and in thousands or- the Nearer Islands, being so intimately as.sociated
with /}. caiKuhiisis iiiinima as to be indistinguishable in their habits.

I72c. HUANTA CANADENSIS MINIMA HulgW. Cdclding GoOKC.

The White cheeked (ioose is the llrst one of its kind that visits the vicinity of Saint Micliael's,
and arrives about the Isl oi' .May, or even earlier. It is tliecomnKUU'st of all the gee.se that abound
there. It breeds all along the coast of the Yukon district, but is rci)orted to be rare in the interior,
its place there being taken by /.*. (■(inatlcuKix hutcliinsii It is also abundant on the Aliaska Peninsula
(imrth side), Ibisttil l!ay,and the lowlands of the XuslM.:ik River district. It may breed at Una-
laslika Island, but if it d<ics it is not to my knowlcdgi Mler repeated iiujuiry on the subject. The
vesternniosc of the Aleutian Islands is also alav(uit«' icsort in summer for it. It breeds in great-
est abundance on the Scmechi Islands Uiid Agattu Island of the extreme western islands. The
Semechi Islands are especially adapted as breeding-grounds. They lie in 174° IC. longitude, and
are low and level, (tovciccl with ma'^hes and lagoons lank in aquatic vegetation, among which the
geese breed in thousands.

Tlu'ui)per Yukon l)istiict,lhe Yukon Delta, and soulh to the Bristol l?ay District are fairly alive
with llieni in the breeding season. Tlu'y leinain in I his locality until about the 1st of October,
while in the Aleutian Islands they remain until the middle of November. This bird does not win-
ter ill any part of Alaska. The (■liitcii of eggs varies from .seven to thirteen, and arc laid in a care-
lessly-arranged nest ciunposedol'dead grasses and lew fcalhcrs. The young remain with the])areiita
until the latter molt, iiy tlie-dth of Anj-ust, by which time the ytuing are able to fly. This date
witnesses a few of the older young and adult males I'oming from the breeding-grounds on the
Semechi Islands to the island oi Attn. The geese have exhausted, by that time, the food supply
of that jilace, and repair to Attn to feast on the berries of the Vacciiieiim that are rapidly ripening.
Attn Island has a great many lilne I'"oxcm ( F. /i/i'/d/x/.v) on it; hence is icsortid to only by adult
bir('s. The birds arrive poor and lean, but by the lOtli of Sei)teniber they aboiiiiil in tliuusandN,
and are very fat at this time, 'flie birds usually alight en the hillsides, and <piickl\ strip the lower
aieasol ilie berries that have ripened earlier. Toward I he evening the geese restut lo the shallow
pools blestitulc of vegetation, with gravelly bottoms) (ui the sides of the mountains.

^vfter a ciilain holida\ of the (lii'co Illls^ian (hurcli in Sijitembci', the natives k'xiw that the
geese have liecuiiic fat. and e\(i.\ one has pie|)aied himself to hiiiit th. m.

Their nils( cllaneoiis as.sortment of gun.-. — from Ih.' old style liussian spill-out si:otgun to the
modern thin barreled Ameiicanor Itclgian shotgun, that kicks as hard behiiiil as it shoot '' ahead — is
carefully dissected. A new till"' perhaps is added, but of uncertain fixity of iiiirpesc, as it ollen
flies out at limes least expected. 'I'iie breech (iln is taken out and ••aieliilly scoiiu'd and oiled, in
till' absence of screws a lew thongs ol sinew will secure the parts .'.getlier, and, lightened by meaiiH
of small wedges of wood, gi\c solidity. It is a ludicrous sight t. see an Aleut youth handle a
gnu of this description. He tries to hit a mark with a large number of shot and but little powder
togi\e them tbrce. lie misses the mark, but c(Uisoles liimself that tlit gun was fixed up to kill
geese. Ibit the younger ones of the youths rarely kill a goose, as they li.ive not yet acquired the
native cunning of the eldci s w hicli enables them to secure more by this means ilian by relying on the
good shooting (pialitic/^ of their gun.

The adult natives take to theircanoes and go some distance from the village to hunt tor several
days at a time. They sometimes take the women along fngather berries and roo;s for winter's ikhc.
The men take a small supply of salt to preserve the gei-se unlil their return. When a sufllcient
number is obtained t hey take I hem home and sail I hem in an old barrel. Should tliev not be suecess-
lul, and remain o'lt tor a long time, the birds become very rank from lack of sullicientsalt to preserve

i

!■>;

140

OONTRJBTTTIONS TO THE NATURAL HISTORY OF ALASKA.

them. It makes but little dittereiice to tliem if the goose is fresh or stale. I once remarked to a
native that he was saltiut; };eese tliat were far advaueed. He rejtlied that thev <lid not ask in
winter, wiien food was scarce, whetlier food stinks or not.

The manner of shootiuy jjeese at Attn Island is diifereiil f.oni that pursned in other localities-

In the evening the geese repair to the shallow pools to preen their feathers and be secure from
the atta(!ks of foxes. These resorts leave niiniistakable signs of the i)re8ence of geese of preceding
nights. The native wanders over the bills until he finds a hike where "signs'" are abundant.

Every prei>aration is made for camping out a night or two. A jialr of long boots, made of
sealskin and watertiglit, are taken. A long sort of shirt (called a kamltii/ka), made of the intes-
tines of the sealion, is u.sed as a water proof against rain and the wet of the rank vegetation of
the low grounds.

A hut is generally to be found near th»' favorite night haunts of tiie geese. To this one jour-
nies in a canoe; and, on arriving the chiinik (teakettle) is hung on the soon-kindled fire to boil, as
the chypect (tea-drinking) is a certain concomitant of all Alnskan Jaunts, eitirer of plea.sure or of
protit. The chyi)eet over, the api)roach of dusk is awaited. The hunters then seek the chosen
ponds and secrete themselves in a gully, or on the hillside near the place .selected to watch the
geese as they come in for the evening ; for during the day the geese have been (ceding on the
smooth, sloping Inllsldes.

The hunter is carefid to api)roa(!li these lakes, lest he leave a foot-i)rint or other sign of his
presence, as the goose is ever on the alert for such traces and forsakes any lake that is sus])eeted.
They will in such eases hover round and round, endeavoring to discover danger, and when satis-
tied that the lake has been visited by man, or that lie is present, their loud cries give warning to
all the geese within hearing, as they quickly stream olf and away to the head of tlie ravine from
which they came. After such an occurrence the hunter would just as well go houie, <u* seek some
other locality, for no more geese will visit that lake until the next night.

A night on which the sky is partly clouded and a light wind is blowing is the best. If the air
is calm, and the night bright, the still water reflects too strongly the outlines of the surrounding
hills, making the water inky black and renders it im]iossibIe to distinguish a goose sitting on the
water.

At the time the geese are expected, each person has selected his jilace and remains quiet. On
the api)roach of the first flock for the night a low whistle from the hunter to his companion gives
signal. A low hiuil; hiiiik of the geese iind a swirl of wings announce their ajiproach. A straight
dash, or a. few circles round the pond, and they settle. Shoot just iis tiny alight aiul iigain as they
rise. Sometimes they become so confused as to enable the holder of a breech loader to get four shots
at a single flock. The dead geese serve as decoys, and soon many are added to those already killed.
The gentle wind slowly blows them ashore, while you are waiting lor others. In a short time a
sutii-ient inimber is obtained. At an aj)pointed time another native comes from the hut to heli>
bear home the geese.

Another method is still ])ursued at this ])liice, but as it is being su])erse<led by the use of the
gun it will not b'' out of ijlsice to record it, as it is now adopted by the older men .done.

A net is jtrepared in the following manner: Stiij»s of whalebone about threefeet in length are tied
by cords at intervalsof two inches a i)iirt, so that the hMiglh of the net may be thirty feel and threefeet
high. Tiie net is |)liiced edgewise (Ui the margin of a iion<l fiequinteil b_\ geese in October, A stout
cord is secured to the end of the net, and lirndy fastened to a peg in the ground. The other end is
secured in like manner. A long cord reaches from the middle and to]) of the net to the owner who
sits a convenient distance oil' to be out of sight by the geese. On the approach of a flock of geese
to the pond they are not alarmed at the net, as the strips of whalebone stand on end and resendde
grass stalks. They swim near the net; and, when suflieiently near, the cord held by the man is
jerked by him and causes the net to be thrown on the geese. The inteistices of the net entanglea
their heads, necks, and wings so they cannot fly. The hunter runs out to twist their necks and
again sets his net lor another flock. This method was emjiloyed almost entirely before (he use of
(^uns became general.

In the earliest times, and before the advent of the Russians, they used another means to pro-
cure birds of all kinds, but especially geese and ditcks.

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE NATURAL HISTORY OF ALASKA.

141

The bpiich wns soiiiclied Cor tliioc rouiulod stones of iie:ir eqiinl weifjlit aiul size, generally
about one and one lialf indies in diameter, tlidii^ili tins diiTeicd w'tli eaeli individual's strengtli,
women the also tisinj;- lighter stones than those used liv tlii' men.

After the stones had been selec-ted a {jroove was cut loiind the stone and dee|ien<'d sullieiently
to hold a stionji tlioiif; olsealsiiu about twelve inches lonn. I'laeh stone was tiius jiicpared with
the thong securely tied to it. The three loose ends of the strinjis \>ere then tied ;ogether, so that
the distduee between two outstretched stones was about twenty inches. The strinj^s wei'e then taken
by the knotted ends anil laid earelully in the ]ialm of the hand. The stones tiial are attached to the
other eiul8 of the strings were carefully disjiosed oil the eoile<l tliongs in the hand. A flock of
gee^e that (!ame witiiin distance would have this biilas thrown at them, and was certain to become
entangled on the neck or wings of some goose, which fell to the earth and was immediately
secured. The women weie adejits at throwing these stones. An old woman told me that she had
often secured two and occasionally three geese at a single tliiow.

About the 1st of t)ctober the geese aie so fat that they freciiiently burst the skin on their
breast when shot and fall to the groiiiul. During the simimer tlie geese are not molested. The
uativeK take many of the young and domesticate them. 1 ha\ c seen as many as fifty young ones
at a time at Attn Island, owned by the natives, to whom the goslings bei-ome much attached,
esi)e<'ially those who attend them. The goslings remain at large dining IIh winter, but have t(>
be fed during seveie spells of weather. The honsc-tois being coxci-ed with sdd, the excessive heat
within causes the grr.ssroots to continually send out new blades ol grass. The geese are con-
stantly searching evciy house to]) to lind the tender bliides. One mini had a paii of adult geese
which he assured me had been reared from gosliiif^s, and that they were then entering the sixth
year of tlieii captivity. Tiuse two gi'cse did not bret'd tht second year of their life, but that every
year tlieieafter they had reared a brood of \oiing, and brought them home as soon as hatched
The wings and half of the tail feathers had to be cHjiixmI every mmsoii to iirevent tlu'iii migrating
jii *.!e fall ot l.S.SO this ]iair of geese w<ut away and «ere gone so long that the man supposed they
V, .id not return. After .some time tliey returned, and on calcliiiig them, to .clip them, it was found
that the male had a shot hob' hrough the web of tuie toot and a second hole in the .tl her leg. This,
doubtless, made the geese think "there is no place like home." This jtair was killed later in the
season.

As an illustration of the parental solicitude exliibited by tiiese birds, I will relate that several
years ago a heavy fall of snow occiirrccl in the latter jiart of .Iiine at the islands of Agatfn and
Semichi, and covered the ground with more than three led :ni.'\v. At that date the geese
were incubating. The jieese did not (juit their nests, and were suffocated. The natives found
scores ol the birds sitting dead cm their nests alter the snow had nielteil

Alter the loth of November these geese leave the islands and are not to be seen until the
following April. At Aikha the peoi)le rear a number of tlie goslings of this sj)i cies. The young
are obtained from the islets lying contiguous to the larger islands in tliat vicinity, h'roin the
best information 1 could obtain this an<l Hntchins' (ioose ...e the only species wiiich Itrecd on the
Aleutian chain ; ami, none of them lirecdiug east <»f I'uashka Island. On rnasliUa, Amiia, Atklia,
Athakli, Kanaga, Tanaga. ivisku, Boiildyr, .Semichi, and Ag;;.tu are the greatest breeding grounds
of the Aleutian Islands. On some of these islands foxes of various kinds are niiinerous, liem-e,
while they arc excellent feeding giounds tor the gee.se in Ihe fall, the geese are comi)elled to rear
their young on the nearer islets, where the foxes cannot molest the young goslings, unless there
happen to be lakes contaiuiug small Lslauds in them. There the getsc are seiuire from foxes and
other animals.

174. HranT/V nigricans (Lawr.). lilack Brant.

The Ulack Brant arrives at Saint .Michael's from the 5th to the loth of .May; and, is usually
about a week to teu days later than the other geese.

Along the eastern end of the caiuil, which separates Saint .Micliael's Island from the mainland,
this Brant is seldom seen ; and then either siiigl.\ , or in small flocks of less than a dozen individuals ;
and these are apparently stragglers from the great stream that jtonrs northwaid between Saint
MicLael's Island and Stewart's Island. Three or four days aftei' ( he appearance of the first arrivals,

142

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE NATURAL HISTORY OF ALASKA.

the low grounds, honUMiiif^ tlie strait between tliese two islands, were in former years, a favorite
place for sliooiing tiiese l)inls; lor here tliey tlew but few yards above the ground. As many asa
hundred and titty were obtained in a single morning's sljooting. In later years they have become
much less numerous in this i)arti(;nlar locality. Their tlight was directed to the Kavyayak Penin-
sula, north of Xorlon Sound. The\ do in)t letnain on tlight more than a week or ten days, in their
migration, in si)ring. The natives living on the south side of that i)eninsida assert that this bird
does not breed there, but continues its tlight to the Arctic regions. They do not breed in the Yukon
district, but return in the fall by the way of the interior, for but few are then seen.

This species does not occur on the Aleutian Islainls to my knowledge.

The tiesh is not good, as the birds are so lean in the spring that they are strongly tlavoped.
They are eaten by the Kussians and natives.

The Hussian nanu' of this s|iecie8 is Nimki'; when used in the plural number.

176. I'liiLACTK CANAGir/V (Sevast.). Emperor Goohc.

This beautiful goose is found in all parts of Alaska within tlu' following boundaries:

Cook's Inlet for the eastern, the iieninsula of Aliaska and islands to the south of it for the
southern boundary, and extending to Attn Island, \vlii< h tonus the western limit. The northern
boundarx includes the Aleutian Islands, l'rib> lof (Jrouii, and Saint Lawrence Island, then across
eastward to Saint Michael's, on the mainland.

The habitat of this goose is strictly littoralinaritinu', frt'(|Mentmg oid,\ the reefs, locks, and
shoals of the salt water an<l the brackish lagoons of the mainland coast. It is never found in fresh-
water localities, e.\ce|)ting those coutignous to the sea, such as the lower Yukon Delta, mouth of
the Kuskokxiin Hiver, and the bars lying off the in "ith of the Nnshagak Hi\cr. It is most abun-
dant in the vicinity of Kotlilik, on the noitliern edgi of the Yukon Delta; the tide lagoons near
Cape Romanzof and those at the mouth of the Tgasik River on the nort'i and east end of the penin-
sula of Aliaska, on Saiinakh Island, and some of the Aleutian Islainls.

The moil' northern localities nieniioncd Ibiin the summer habitat and breeding grojuids, while
the entire south side of the Aliaskan I'eninsuhi and tht^ Aleutian Islands torm the winter resort-

The migration to the iivirthward begins in Apiil, alter (he middle of the monlli. A constant
stream of these geese ])our into the lagoons, on the north .side of the ])eninsula, in the neighborhood
of Ugasik. They remain there until the snow and ice begin to clear from their breeding grounds,
on which they arrixc by the middle of May or early part of June. i!y the middle of .June incu-
bation has begun. A slight dejiressjon in the ground, lined with few stalks of grass antl few feath-
ers from the parent liiid, forms a lu'st in which are dejiosited se\ en to elex en 4'ggs ol a soiled white,
or sometimes witii dots of pale olive. The i)resence of the dottings on the shell is extremely vari-
able, as even eggs in the same nest w ill lie witlnnit them, or sometimes only one |)art of the egg will
be so marked. The period of incubation was not determiiu'd. Thevoung leave the nest as .soon
as hatched ami remain with the |iarent birds. The former ari' able to lly by the lirsi vvcik in Sep-
tember, as ayoiing bird was killed by me at Saint Miihael's on the Hth ot Sei»tenil)er, 1874. It was
the only one of its kind ever obtained in that, immediate locality. A few miles to the south of.
that place the bird beconu-s numerous.

In the nuuitli of October, usually from the 7th to the 201 li of I lie niontli.a strong niu lli-noi llit'ast
wind blows, attaining at times a sironj; galeri.'te. '1 his conslant wind has the elVect of lowering the
waters of Norton Sound to a remarkable degree, sometimes as much as eight feet below the lewest
water of otiiei seasons.

At this period the I'Imperor Goose visits the vicinity of Stewait's ami Saint .Michael's Islan<l8
in great numbers to feed on the shellfish exposeil by the low water. Hy the 15tli of November
the rocks are coveied with frozen slush. The geese then depait for tiie south .>-iil(' of the )ieninsula
and the Aleutian Islands. They ariive at I'milashka by the Ist of December, ami renniin until
the next April.

In Captain's Harbor {Uinilashka Islan>l) several reefs are freiiueiiled by them during the night
and early morn.

On Athakh, Kanaga, Tainiga, Amchitka, and Kiska Is',iiMis the.v are plentiful in Jiinuary,
February, ami March. At Attu these geese arrive in the la( ter part ot December and remain uutii

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE NATDKAL HISTORY OF ALASKA.

143

the latter part of March. They are, however, not so ab'iiuhint on the extreme westward ishuulH
of the chain.

They do not breed on any of the Aleutian Islands.

The flesh of this s()ose is coarse, besides having a very disaffreeablc odor and fishy taste. The
latter can, in a decree, l)e removed by stri[)i»in}{ ort' tiie si<in and lettinji tiie body of tlic bird freeze
over nif^ht. Wiien well roasted it is tolerable food. Several ])]M<ked birds were brontjlit to me
froir; the Seaiitdii Islands by natives, who had repaired thither to hunt sea-otters; and in (lie absence
Oi olher fresh food tlie tlesii of the limperor (.loose foniied an acceptable clianjje.

The bird is very shy ; and, as it frecpients only the most exposed rocks, isdiflicult toajiproach
openly. They are ofteuer obtained as they fly unwittinjfly over a concealed hunter.

It may be well in this connection to add tiiat the Ifussian name of this particular t;oose is
Sa stir ka, Many persons, having; but a limited knowledge of the Russian liMij;ua^e, and more ijjno-
rant of the rules for ])ronuncialioii and the rounds of the consonants, have i>re.sumed tiiat the word
Sa adr ka is referable to the word Tsar, ineaninf; Km|)eror, or to the word tsdrskic (an adjective
derived from Tgar), signif'yiuf; pertainintr to a Tstir.

The word ^'(^ .sar ka is nothinj,' more than the Kussiiui word for (iuinea lU'U, Niimidea meleayrin.
A certain resemblance of the two birds in coloration is obvious, hence !lie ai)plication of the nani«
in question.

Another remark may not be out of place. Along the Aleutian Isliint's the name of this bird
in HusHian is '^Ltdenmt (joouc"' (Beach (ioose), while at Saint .Micliad's the ^'Lldtnna G'ocAr" is the
White cheeked Vim.si', li. caiuidcnsis /(((/(//i/i.s//, and this binl among the Aleutians is called the
^^ Tiindfiua Goose;" jiud again at Saint Michael's the "r»«(/r/)i(( (loose" \st\\v A.alliifxnis (inmhetii,
or American White- fronted (ioose, a bird tiiat does not, to my knowledge, occur on the Aleutian
Islands. The specific name cf this bird was a curiosity to me, and after much trouble I succeeded
iu finding the following article hi the Nova Acta Academia- Scientiarum Imjierialis l'etro|iolitanie,
tomus XIII, 1802, j). liHi: "Description d'une nouvelle cspece de Ciinaid et (rune varit^te de
I'liuitrier, (jui se trouvent dans le cabinet d'hisioirc naturelle de rAcadc'inie ImiH-rialc des Sciences,
par 1' Adjoint Sewastianott'. Presente et lu le 8 octobre ISdO."

After giving a description and measurements of this species the article, on |uige 349, gives the
probable origin of the specilic name:

I'c caiiiU'd, (111 lis Ir C','itill(>j;iii' (IfHOisciiiix aplxilK^s pal Mi". liilliiif;.'*, iidiIc Ii' luiiii s.\ -iriiiiil iiiiic iVAimx taiKtijita, II
I'st ti^s prolialilt cnv irtlc iiDiivcllr t'Hpi'ci' a ('•ti'- tlf^coiivrrti' jiar Mr. le C'apitaiin' HiPiiiys ,siii I'ilc Canada, mi Kvlitak,
uiie (li'H iU'H Aldmiti's la phi.s proi-lir (It's cl'itc.-i de l'Aiii('i'ii|ii<' wplrntrioiialt' el silni't- ilcrii'Tr li- cap Aliazliii, et i|ii«'
le 111)111 (le IV.Hpi'co, i-'v.st I'l din' ('(imiyica, a t'lr hiipusi^ a cct (li.scau dii iioiii de la piciiiii-re He, (Ui di^ i-cliii (k'» piiiici-
paiix llallltull^< d(^ I'llu KyklaU apiiclt'c t'niiitujueii oil Vaniujiiex, i|iii, pciil-('lr(' avaiit appiivoi.si^i^ cct oiNcaii, I'ipiil iiiidii
(luiiie»tl<iii(>,

Ct'N mm\ IcN sanvajji's tii'M licllliiiienx et ([iio les Kiisses, daiiH iiii .vccdiid V(iyaj;(^ i'iitieiiris]iar bcliclicliolt, avoiciit
bpaueoiip dc jxliu^ ii sc Ndiiiiioitrc.

Near longitude 177' west of Gieenwicli lies the huge Aleutian ishind railed Kauaga. This
island could ha\e been relerred to in the above description, but as it snys that the island is situ-
ated behind, " situe dirrihe le tap Aliazka,''^ the ]ieninsnla of Aliiiska, the island now called Ivadiak
is doubtless referieil to. The original liiiiiiit name of Kadiak w:is Koniutj or Koiniijuk. The name
Kyktak, as used above, is simply one of the many forms of spelling ol the Inniiit word Kikhtak,
meaning island.

The geese form an important arlicdeof food in the Yukon Disirict, alike to the white and native
population. Tliey are mostly obtained by means of the gun.

The best localities near Saint .Michael's are towiird tlie western end of the canal, along the
edge of the low g'onnd.. bordering the hills of the inainhind, and near the village of Stepliiinsky
(Athwik, nativi name), on the westein side of Siiint Michael's Islniid. This area is low, inter-
sected witli innnmerable swamiis and connecting streams, Ibrining a tine feeding-ground foi- all
kinds of waterfowl.

A regular camping outfit is taken by sledge and dogs to a < lioscn locality. In the early morn-
ing a site is selected where the geese i\\ n uiid .some ending of a hill lange, for they tiy low and
prefer to sweep round the hills rather than mount over them. They arefreijueutly so low in tlieir

' I

144

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE NATURAL HISTORY OF ALASKA.

ttiffht tliat the huiitiT lias to wait until tlio, jicf^o. arc well past hct'oro he can shoot them to an
advintage. A iieaily eonstmit stream of ^eese tly ronnd a certain |)oint, jnst to tiie left of the
Crooked Canal, on a sli<j;iit eminence, formed from the deposit of soil torn np h.v some immense
ice cake, which the liifjli tides of some December in years Ions ^(""^ I'.v, had left as the water
receded and the warm weather of si)rin}; liad melted; now overfjrown with patches of rank
vegetation.

At a convenient distance a niitive i)repiires a fniffrant pot of tea, with slices of hiUMiii and
some hard bread, to be eaten when a surfeit of sport caused one to think of else than the slanghter
of fjeese and dncks.

By ten o'clock the f?eesc were (lone llyin}; for that morniiif;. The low clmracter ot the {^ronnd
did not favor approach to the jieese feeding at the pon<ls. Dnrinj;' the middle of the diiy a (piiet
sleej) invif^orated the lumter foi' the late evening shootiii},'. The latter j;enerally iitlordinji' a l(!ss
nnmber of j;eese than the nioiriinn's shootin;;.

By the next morninji ' snilieient iMiml)er of ^eese were obtiiined to lieaxily load a sledge ;
drawn by six, Insty lOskimo do};s, assisted by two stnrdy natives. This sjtort generally liists from
the arrival of the jjeese nntil the (irst week of >lune. At this time they repnir to the breeding-
grounds. During the summer the geese are not liuuted. The eggs are eagerly sought by the na-
tives ami whites and take the place of meat of the l)irils. In the latter part of .\ugust or the early
part of September the fall shooting begins, as the geese have moulted, the young are able to Hy, and
they are fattening on the ripening berries. The geese are now obtained by watching tln' jionds, or
as they lly over in small tloeks or s.ngly. Should a tlo(!k not Hy sntli(!iently near, a favorite method
to attra(;t their attention is for the hunter to lie on his back, swing his arms and hat, kick np his
legs, and imitate the call of the geese. It rarely fails to bring them within distance, and may, if
several be just slu>t from their ranks, be repeated, and even a third tinu'. F/ater in the season, when
cool and frosty nights are regular, great numbers of the geese are killetl ami disemboweled for
freezing to keep tlirongliout the winter. The feathers are left on the birds, tor the llesh is said to
keep in l)eiter condition. The body is washed out and the bird hung up by the neck in tiu) ice.
house to keep, even until the geese have arrived the next spring, 'flie tiesh, when thawed out
slowly, has lost all the rank taste, and, in my opinion, is much improved by the freezing |)rocess.

1 haveeaten the llesh of all the various kinds of geese, fre(|uentiug those northern regions, aihl
place them in value of tlesii as follows : Wliilefrouted (loose, ,1. <ill>i/niiis tjambelli ; White cheeked
Goose, a, canadcntiis ';(;•'■''/;/,>// and B. auiitdctisin minima; Canada (ioose, II. ((tniKlen.^is; Black
Brant /i. «iV/''i'or(«,v, an ^ i.ri always tough and lean, tit food oidy for a Ktu'.^ian; 8now (loose, CVicu
hyptrlioreitx, is sci.rcely lit for food, cxcejit in cases of necessity. Its llesh is coarse, rank, and has
a decidedly unpleisaiit o lor ; the l'imj)er(n' (loose, P. cniuijiifa, is siiaicely to be thouglit of as food.
There is a disgusting odor about tliis bird that can oidy be removed in a degree, and then only
by taking otf the skin and freezing the body lor a time. Even this does not rid the llesh entirely
of its strong taste.

180. Ol.oK COLIMHIAMS (Ord). M'tiixtliiifi Siraii.

The Whistling Swan is a common bird in tiie Yukon district. It ariives about the 1st of May,
or in open years two weeks earlier. The Swan and the Creat (!nli, L. Iiarniriiiniis. are r early con-
ten)fi)raneous in arrival. They do nut airixc in large Ihtcks, l>ut rather in a straggling manner of
one, two, or three at a time, and rarely are seen in greatei' nnmb?rs than half a ilozen at a time.

It breeds abundantly along the lowlands of the coast. The eggs are one to thiec in nund)er,
placed in a tussock of giass thai grows in a pond :• way from the margin of it. The eggs are soiled
while to sli-ititly fidvous in eohu'. The young are able to leave the nest by the lii'st week in -Inly,
and Hy by the mitldle of Septembir. They migrate about the middle of October, and at this time
the ndgration is invariably to the northward from Saint Michael's, and <lire(^ted toward the head of
Norton Soiiml. As many as live hundred may loiin a -Ingle line, tlyiiig silently Just over the shore
line at a height of less than <»(»» feel. I alwa,>H oiispeelcrl that these birds Hew to the northward as
fur as the Uli'ikuk Portage, in alioiit ()')° IW tHHiU hitJIiide, so as to get to the Yukon River at
Nuliito, about I'JO miles in tlie interi(n' of liie Territory, and continue tlu'ir Hight up the Yukon
River, which w<»nld in its course let these birds more easily cross the Rocky Mountain ridge with

h

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE NATURAL HISTORY OF ALASKA.

145

least efl'ort. This is supported by the fiiot tliat I never saw Swans, at any season of tlio year,
migrating to the southward.

The Swan is f'onnd on the extreme western islands of tiie Ah'utian ("hain in winter, and occa-
sionally it is reported as having been .seen in winter on Sannakh Island. At Attu Island a large
flock was seen in a lake, just back of Mas.sacre Bay, on the south side of the island, in April, 1881.
They were very wild and remained for oidy a week.

In former years (luite a nutnbtjr of swan skins were annually exported from Saint Miciiael's.
The tiesli of this bird is not palatable. A young bird is only tolerable. The eggs are coarse, oily,
and raidf. The feet, bill, and iris are black. The bill has a yellow .s])ot on it.

Ii().j. Gnus CANADENSIS (Linn,). Little liroini Crane.

The Little Brown Crane is one of the earliest arii vals at Saint Michael's, it being in advance of
theGee.se and nearly (contemporary with the Swan. The earliest date of its arrival was May 2,
1875. .\ few birds usually come in advance of the main l)ody ; where, if they rea<di the grounds too
early, they pass most of the time on the wing. By the middle of May hundreds of them may be
seen on the low grounds.

During the mating season they exeeu'e the most surprising antics. They assendde on some
level place; and, amid their deafening croaks, there i)erform a series of motions very similar to a
quadrille as danced in the rural districts.

Tlu' nest is )>laceil on a lussock of gra.ss, which nniy grow on an islet of some j>ond. The num-
ber of eggs is one or two. The young are hat<rhe(l by the 10th of July. Tiie young remain in the
downy stage until the autumnal moult. They remain in this locality until the latter ])art of Sep-
tend)er. Their Hesh is consiilered tolerable^ eating, lhouj;li it is strong uidess the bird is young.

I have been informed on good authority that the.se, birds pass over the entrance of Cook's
Inlet in thousands, in April, on their way to the northward.

I have never seen nor heard these birds on any of the Aleutian Lslanils. The natives of Attu
assert that .several years ago one was killed in October on tl;Tt island. It was doubtless a storn)-
driven straggler.

1222. Crvmoi'iiilus fui^icakhis (Linn.). AV ' /,■,'"-'-("

The Red I'halarope arrives at Saint Michael's abort i , •>. ,;une. They are not abundant

at any time, e.scept during the early part of June. Tiiey ,:re. im t 'nqnently seen on the mainland,
oi)posite the Redoubt, than on the island of Saint Michael's. They depart from this locality by
tlit^ end of August. They breed lu-ar liere, but eggs and nest were not found. In the neighbor-
liood of the Yukon Delta they are abundant throughout the sununcr. Their habits, on the land
and lakes, are identical witli that of/', lobatus. In the early part of June, 1878, I was on a vessel
going to the Kuskokvim, Bristol liay, and other plain's in tliat vicinity. I freciuently saw large
flocks of these birds alight in th(> sea to pick up such food as minute mollusks, or following the
wakes of sea-lion troops, or that of a whale. At times they were so (close to the vessel that they
could have been caught with a diii-net. When seeking a locality abounding in food the flocks of
these birds are constantly wheeling spirally upward and outward for two or three hundred yards,
and again dart to the water or again start upward in the same manner.

They utter all the while a sharp liccct, and wiien sitting on the waterare exceedingly graceful;
their bodies so buoyant as seeminglv not to touch the water. They rarely progress on the water
in a straight line, a few inches forward and a turn to right or left, and again to right or left.

I saw but few of these birds at Nushagak. At the mouth of tln^ Ugasik River, and the
low grouinls surrouiuliiig it, I saw hundreds of these birds.

I luive no record of their occurrence on the Aleutian Islands. They may oc(!asionally occur
there with the other sj)ecies.

A belated imlividiud of this sjiecies was killed October 14, 187f5, . "^ Saint Michael's. A fierce
enow-storm was raging at the time. The specimen was in the winter plumage, and as it flew by
me its bewildered a(!tions reminded me of a bat.

The iris is reddish brown, tarsi, toes, and lobes of web flesh colored, joints bluish. Bill yel-
lowish, tipped with black.
S. Mis, 155 19

146

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THK NATURAL [FISTOKY OF ALASKA.

h

223. I'HAi.AiKti'iiH LOiiATUH (Liiiii.). Northern Phalurope.

Tlie N<n'tir«'rii I'lialiirope occurs nhiindaiitl.v at Haint Midiad's. It arrives by the 25th of May,
thouffh tl.c i'arlicst record of this species was May l.'Uh, Tliis s]>ecies fre(|iUintH the sliallow pools
and iiiar^iiiN of the hikcK, scciiiii}; its t'lMxl among the sedKes and other acpiatic plants. It swims
anion}; them, or c^reeps over the little knots of prass. Their food consists entirely of aquati<! worms,
sings, larva', and tlies.

They hreed in .Inne. TIk^ nest is jilaced anuMig the grasses and consists of a lot of grass blades
arranged with little care. Four of five eggs of greenish gronnd, thickly blotched with dark are laid.
The young are able to tly l>y tlie lirst of August. The female of this species is noted for having iv
brighter pattern of coloration than the male, and is somewhat larger in size. This species is widely
dispersed, and ajiijarently abniulant throughout the Yukon district. It occurs far np the Yukon
River. On the coast it abounds in the lower portions. Hundieds :)f them were seen on the low
grounds on the northern side of Ahaska. On the Aleutian Islands this si)ecies was not observed
at Unalashka. On the western islands of the Aleutian Chain it is abundant. Many breed on
Atkha, Anu;liitka, Hemi(!hi,and Agattu. At Anmhitka they were very numerous among the little
streams which form llie outlet of the inland lakes. They remain until ()(^tober on these islands
and return in the latter part of April. The iri8ofthiss])ecies is variable, a recblish brown to nearly
black, the bill is l)lack with lighter base, tarsi and toes bluish with dark joints.

The Attn i)eople call this bird Chi'f hliiikh and is derived from the note.

230. Gallinaoo DBLiCATA (Ord). Wilsoti'H Snipe.

Wilson's Snipe arrives at Saint Michael's early in June, or even in the latter part of May, if
the season is sufiiciently open. It is comn)on enough, though more often heard than seen. They
frequent the more broken higher parts of the lowlands, and always in the vicinity of the larger
ponds of fresh water, where they seek their food among the sedges an<l other a<|uatic grasses.
This Snipe is not shy, and relies more on hiding in th(^ gra.sses than taking to flight. Early in the
morning or late in the night (during the long twilight which prevails from the middle of May to
the middle of July in this latitude) is the best time to tiiul these birds on the ground. During
these hours they will s( aicely tly, unless suddenly startled, but will I'un along over the crouiul,
an<l may be driven for r^uite a distance, especially in tli(> breeding season, before they Hy.

During the day these l)irds aie mostly on tiieving. In the breetling season the males Hy
high (at times undiscoverable) in the air over the location of the nest. Their wings make a i)ecu-
liar noise — hnttle, huttlv — continued for half a minute at a time ami repeated at short intervals.
This sound is very deceptive, and long search often fails to discover the bird.

This Sniiie remains until the middle of September, and becjonu^s very fat at that season.

I have seen this l)ii(l at the mouth of the Kuskokvini River in .lune, 1878, and at Nushagak,
on Bristol Bay, in the same month. It was not observed on any of the Aleutian Islands.

2;52. MACKOKitAMi'HVS scoij ii'ACEUS (Say ). Lonf) billed Doiritclnr.

This Snii)e arrives at Saint Michael's after the nn'ddle of Ma. . usually about the L'Otl; of the
month. It is common in certain localities on the i.sland of Saint Michael's, and more jvlvntifid along
the lower end of the •' Oauiil" and neighborhood of the Yukon Delta. It prefers tlw muddy i)lace8
and slimy edges of the smaller pools. It is rarely found among the sedges aod other grasses,
resorting to these places only in the breeding season. It is rare that more tlv*ii one individual is
seen at a time. The nest and eggs were not discovered, though the bird bre^xls in this vicinity, as
it was observed tliroughoiit the season until August.

I ob.served this Siiipe near ilie Kuskokvini River in June, 1878. 1 have never seen it on the
Aleutian Islands; and, from the j)hysical charaeter of those islaiuls, doubt that it oceans there.

2.'}t. Tlu^'(}A CANiTi's Linn Knot.

The Knot airives at Saint Michael's by the 25th of May. It breeds along the lioast in this
vicinity among the grassy swamps.

I did not see the eggs or nesi. It is (juite conunon early in June, but retires to the more
secluded places by the miildle of the mouth. The specimens obtained by me diil not vary from the

CONTItlBUTIONS TO THK NATURAL niSTOUY OF ALASKA.

147

following:: Length, l<>.,"(; Rxpaiisi', 20.5 ; wiiifi, 6.75; tail, 2.75. Iris, bill, ami i'ot^t Ijlack. I liiivo
not obHerved this bird west of U^iisik, ou the eastern end of Aliaska, wlu/e it was qnite plentiful
in the latter part of Jnne, 1878.

236. TuiNOA coUESi (Uidgw.). Aleutian Sandpiper.
The Aleutian Han(lpii)er arrives at Saint Michael's early in JMiiy of each year, and in consid-
erable numbers, beirifj ^jenerally, on tiieir arrival, in the dark pliiniaj;e, which is chaiifxed for the
summer liy the tirst of June in this locality. On their api)earatu',e tliey are strictly littoral-mari-
time, resorlinfi to the lart^cr bowlders and rocky shelves (covered with seaweed, amoiijx wliicli
these binls industriously scarcii for slugs and other marine worms. U ually several birds are to-
Kether, rarely sinfjiy, and seldom over eight or ten in a Hock. It is not at all shy, depending
more on its color to hide by s(|uattitig among the crevices of the dark la\a rocks and thus be un-
observed. When cautiously ai)i)roached these birds generally run to the highest part of the rock
or bowlder which they are on then huddle together before taking llight the moment after. This
habit allows them to be nearly all killed at a single disidiarge t)f the gun. The native boys, having
oi)servcd this habit of these birds, jtrocure a club al)out two fei't long, and when the birds huddle
together, before taking llight, the club is hurled in such maniu'r as to sweep all the birds otf the
rock. This manner of procuring these birds is practiced by the western Aleut boys to a great de-
gree. Hy the middle, of .lune it is rare to see one of these birds in the winter pluma^.e. On as-
suming the summer plumage the hal)its of the birds are entirely changed. They build their nests
; lie dryer jilaces of the nuirshy ground and are usually seen either singly or in i>airs. 'i'he nest
'.i toiiifortably made of dry grasses and a few feathers phu^ed on a small dry tuft of grass growing,
]>erhai)s, surrounded by water. The young are able to leave the nest by the UMli of .July. The
nundter reared in a nest is four or live. They follow their jiareiits until they a.ssume the winter
plumage in the latter part ol August or September, or even later. The males are much devoted to
their mates while iiuaibating, and I have every reason to believe that the male does the greater
l)art of the labor of incul)ating, as they were the ones generally fouml either on or near the nests.
When alighting near the nest either sex has the habit of raising its wings perpendicularly ami
slowly folding them, all the while uttering a trilling i)eep continued for several seconds.

This species seems to bo most abundant among the Aleutian Islands in the winter season,
although 1 obtained seven specimens in the breeding plumage at Atkha in .June and .July, 1879,
and observed a few at Attn in the summer of 1880, and several pairs at Anuihitka in .June, 1881.
At Unalashka they are quite numerous in Captain's Uarbor. In the month of November these
I irds becom(> very fat, aiul possess a delicate liavor when broiled.

2;5!». TRiNctA MAOULATA V'ieill. Pectoral Sandpiper.
A single specimen of this Saiulpiper was obtained at Saint .Mi(!hael's. It is (piite rare, accord-
ing to my ex[)erience. .Vt Attn Island, on the 22d of September, 1880, I started up a s()ecies of
Snipe which I had not seen before or since in the Aleutian Islands. It was in a small, but treach-
erous, swamp to which I could only ai)proa(!li the edge. The bird started u|> with a sharp tircet,
and was away before I could fidly ideitify it. I always suspected it to \m' of this sjiecies. I con-
sidered it to be a straggler, as I visited the same locality for others but failed to see more of them
until the 2!)th of the month, when 1 scc'ured three specimens in the same swampy tract ami fully
identified them.

243a. Tringa aijmna i'Acifica (Coues). Red-backed Sandpiper.

The Red-backed Sandpiper is one of tiie latest arrivals of the scolapacine birds. It rarely
couu's before the 5th of .Iuiu\ It is comnu)n; inhabits the lowest nuirshy tracts of the (!(Uintry.
tt does m)t wander iiittt the interior, that I coid<l <liscf.ver. It goes u[) the Yukon Delia (juite a
distance, but prefers the neighborhood of the sea. I did not discover the nest or eggs, but it
doubtless breeds abundantly, as it remains in this locality until the first week of October.

It was not observed on the Aleutian Jslaniis, though it may occur on the eastern islands of
the chain.

148

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THK NATURAL IIISTUKY OF ALASKA.

ii

m

247. KuBKUNKTES oooiDRNTAMS. (Liiwr.). WeHtirn Sandpiper,

The Weshirii SiiiidpipL'r iinives iit Saint Mi(!lmnl'H by tlie luiddlo of May. My earliest record
was tlio I4tli of May, 1875. Liifn many_t>tli»^r of llie litiiicoiiiie birds its inovcinciits depend much
on the openinj; of the slimy jiools whiidi it freciiients. It i.s otten us.H(n'iated witli /'. lohiitus.

About tiie tirst of .Fune it bej^ins to build its nest anions; the dry niosaes found on the low
grounds; a slijjht depression in the moss, (rontainin;; a few fi-athers. Four or live ej,'jrs are laid.
The male assists in in(!ubatini;, as tll(^ tirst specimen i olttained was a male, whi(^h lluttered from the
nest as thon<;h he was wounded, llis tintterinii; winj^s, low pee]iin{:r note, and limping;; gait caused
me to detect the nest almost between my I'eet.

While the female sits on tlie nest the male is constantly hoverin}>- over her, fluttering his
wings with rapid strokes ami uttering a peeping trill the entire while.

The young are hatched by the tirst of .Inly and are able to tly in three weeks. 1 am not aware
that more than one brood is hatched in a season.

By the tirst week in August these birds resort to the tide-swamps and muddy jdaces along
the beach.

They depart to the southward by the middle of September. There is great diversity in the
length of the bill of this species. The bill is dark with lighter base. The iris black ; tarsi dark.
The males average smaller ineasurenKMit than the females.

This Sandpiper is abundant in all the Aleutian Islands.

At Atkha and Amchitka it is extremely abundant.

At Saint Michael's it probably oulnund)ers any other wader individually.

250. LiMOSA LAPi'ONiCA BAUEKi (Nauin.). Pavijir Goihcit.

The Pacitlc Godwit arrives at Saint Michael's about the tirst week in .Mine. In this locality it
tirequents the banks of the numerous intersecting streams of tlie lowlamls, and is 08i)ecially abun-
dant along the "canal."

This species probably breeds here, as it was observed duriirg that season, although 1 did not
obtain the eggs of this bird.

This (Jodwit is fouiul on the Aleutian Islands in the latter part of .May as it is on its way to
the northward. On Atkha Island 1 obtained three s[)ecimen8. They were on the sandy beach of
the west side of Nazan Bay. They remain but a few days, and are probably stragglers from the
luain body of their kind.

At Amchitka I saw four of this species on May 24, 1881. They were in Constantine Uarbor of
this island.

I do not think they breed on any of the Aleutian Islaiuls.

The flesh of this bird is excellent, being quite as large in body as the Green winged Teal.

253. ToTANUS FLAViPKS (Gmel.). Yellow-legs.

The Yellow-legs is only a straggler at Saint Michael's, and was seen only on two occasions on
the beach in the early i)art of .Tune.

1 obtained a specimen at Fort Yukon, where it is not common. On some parts of tlie Yukon
lliver it is said to be common, but not so according to my own observation.

I saw a specimen of this Snipe at Is'nshagak, on Bristol Hay, in the month of June, 1878. It
was running along the muddy edge of the river. 1 had only time to identify it as it tlew, and that
before I got within distance to shoot it.

It does not occur on the Aleutian Islands that I am aware of.

259. Hetebactitis incanus (Gmel.). Wandering Tattler.

According to my own experience I found the Wandering Tattler to be a rare bird in all parts
of the Territory visited by me.

At Saint Michael's the bird arrives by the first of June and remains until the earlier frosts of the
middle of September. It appealed to prefer the less freciuented portions of the rocky shores where
the crevices and rifts abound in the shelving rocks jutting from the edges of the islands and points.

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE NATURAL HISTORY OF ALASKA.

149

RiinO.v dill I IIihI two or three of tlicHf ItinlN (n cii iii'iir pacli rttlun-, tlieir ImbitH r»Mi(lcriiij{ tlicin
pccnliiirly Molitary. VVliih' not sliy, Jt'l tlic.v nn* not i'iimIIv apiiroiu'licd, for iih hooii iih they detect
daiiK*'!' tlx'.v are apt to skulk, and rely upon their (Mtloialion of plnnni^ct to enable tlieni to escapu
detection. I w is infortned l>y ('redihle unlives that lliis spei'ies has been known to breed on the
Hnndl island (Whale InIuimI) near Haint iMiehaer.s. I'lidcr the varionw rireunislaiices which I ob.
served this Tattler 1 conjd not doubt thai il breeds in thai vicinity. The I'nalit lerai this bird Tii
va td ti'ik. Anionn the Aleutian Islanils it was observed once on Unalashka, several on Atkliiv,
an<l twice on Attn.

-'01. Nkmknu'M LoNOittosTUis (VVils,). Loiuihilkil Curlew.
A single iiidi\ idnal of this s]>(M'ics was seen in the marshes, west of Saint Michael's, Ktward the
middle of the nit;ht of .lime 111, IS74. The bird was veiy shy. 1 suciieeded in wounding,' it in tlio
tip of the will}; and came near securing; il. il look lii^'hl and Hew just b(\vond \i\\\\ nin^e each
time 1 approached it. It tinally tlew beyond a hill, where 1 (;<Mdd not succeed in lindiii;; il. This
Ih the only instauce of ito occurrence in that vicinity, and is remarkable that it should be found in
that locality, for it was far north of its usual haunts. Th(< t;reat si/e of the bird, Ihe extreim^
length of the bill and pattern of coloration tMiiiid not cause me to mistake it for liiid.iunivuii, which
is not rare in that locality.

2(i'>. NiiMKNius iiUDHOMrrs (Lath.). llHihnnian Vui'lew.

The Hudsonian Curlew is not a common biid in the vicinity of .Saint Miclnh I's. On the Yukon
Delta it is said to be <piite (Mtmmon. I am not aware Ihat it breeds in the nei},'hborhoo(l of Saint
Michael's.

It dueti uot ucuiir on any of Ihe Aleutian Islands to my kiiowlcd(;u.

20(5. NUMENlua BOIJKALIS (For.st.). Esldmu Curlvir.
A single si)ecimeii of this Curlew was obtaimnl May 2-, 1874, on shipboard about .sixty miles
west of Nunivak Island, lierinj; Sea.

The bird was much fatigued and made no attempt to lly when taken by the hand.

270. CiiABAiMJTl's syuATAROLA (Liiiii.). liUivl, bellied Plover.

This large Plover is not rare in the vicinity of Saint .Michael's. It prefers the drier uplands,
where it procures its food of insects and berries. They are .seldom .seen in flocks of more than
a dozen; half that number being the more common, and pairs or couples (juite as often. I found
them always on the alert, and not easy to approach.

They occasionally o(!cur in the spring migrations on the Aleutian Lslands, the more abun-
dantly on the western islands than those in the vicinity of Unalashka. I saw several on Saii-
nakh Island in the sjuing of 1S78, and also in late August of 187!t.

The nests and eggs were not (»btained. In general habits they are similar to the Golden
Plover. They arrive at Saint Michael's by .Iiiue 1st and leave by September 25th.

272«. CuAKAUKius DOMiNicus FULVi^s {(imel.). Pacific Golden Plover.

The Pacific (ioldeii Plover arrives at Saint Michael's by the Lst of June or jierhaps a few
days earlier. It freipients the sides of the low hills as .soon as the snow is melted. They are
rarely seen in docks, though several may be seen at a time scattered over the higher parts of the
low grounds.

They feed principally on berries of the Vaccineum and Empetrum on their first arrival, as
many of these berries do not dislodge until succeeding growths push them off.

A few of these '''• i. breed in the vicinity of Saint Michael's, but eggs were not obtained
by rae.

In the fall the o birth become very fat, and are line eating.

I observed one . f tin- species on Sannakh Island in July, 1878, and one was brought to
me in plucked coiidii.i>i) (f body, but wing, head, and neck feathers remained on it; hence
sufficient to identify it on the 17th of May, 1879, at Atkha Island. 1 also saw tWi) of them on

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150

OONTEIBCTIONS TO THE NATURAL HISTORY OF ALASKA.

the beach at Massacre Bay, ou the south side of Attti Island, in the early part of October, 1880.
I had no guu with me, so could not procure them. They were then (October 3) in their winter
plumage.

274. ..^aiALlTiB SBMtPALMATA Bonap. Semipalmated Plover.

A single specimen of this bird was obtained at Stiiut Michael's in the yard. It wa>^ shot Octo-
ber 1st, during a freezing rain. It was the fattest bird that ever came under my notice.

This bird does not appear lo be numerous in this vicinity, although in the interior along the
Yukon River it is plentiful and abundant at Fort Yukon, wheucc I obtained most of my specimens.

This species was not observed on any of the Aleutian Islands.

282. Aphbiza viRGATA (Gmel.). Surf Bird. : ; .. .
The Surf Bird was not observed at Saint Michael's, though it doubtless occurs there during the

summer. At Sannakh Island in 1878, and at Kadiak in 1881, I saw several individuals of this
species, but under circumHtances which rendered it an impossibility to collect them. It has much
the same habits as A. »ietonocepAa{a. . :■-,...

283. AiiENABlA iNiKBPBE8(Linn.). Turnstone.

The Turnstone is of more frequent ocurrence on the region about the shores of Bristol Bay,
the Aliaska Peninsula, and the Aleutian Islands; perhaps more common on the western iislandsof
that chain than to the eastward. I saw individuals at Attn, Amchitka, Atkha, and u\ the vicinity
of Belkovsky village. What appeared strange to ine was the fact that but one could be found at
a time, and then most unexpectedly as it flushed from thecrevicesof the rough edged shore; occa-
sionally venturing along the sandy beach where the long waves roll slowly up and down the strand
washing, here and there, a raollusk or crustacean from under the flat, thin stones, and eagerly
seized by the birds ever on the alert for a morsel of fooit. In tliese situations the manner of the
bird caused it to appear out of its usual haunts, hence timid and shy, taking flight long before one
is within gun range; yet among the crevices of the rocks it often relies upon its coloration to con.
ceal it from view. Its noise is not at all charming enough to be called pleasant; a rattling, discord-
ant, harsh note, apt to startle on , if the bird flushes directly from your feet.

I observed the bird at times and under such conditions that I could not doubt the proximity
of a nest.

They do not arrive ou the Aleutian Islands until the middle of May, and none were observed
anywhere after the 1st oi October.

284. Abenabia hblanooephala (Vig.). Black Turnstone.

The Black Turnstone is one of the earliest arrivals in the vicinity of Saint Michael's. The
13th of May was the earliest date recorded. It arrives with the earlier geese, and for the first few
weeks frequents the edges of the low ]ionds, which are the first to be freed from ice in spring.'
After the sea ice has left the shores it repairs to the rocky beach and seeks its foo<l among the
stones and seaweeds. It is ever on the alert for a venturesome slug, which may be exposed as the
waves roll the stones back and forth on the beach. This bird then follows the wave until another
causes it to retreat. They are often netted in these instances. They usually squat on the place
where they may be when alarmed, but on taking flight they utter a rattling scream that is quite
enervating when they are suddenly come upon. They are mostly solitary in their habits, rarely
more than one is seen at a time.

I did not discover the nest and eggs of this bird, but it breeds along the entire coast of the
mainland. I saw two of these birds at the mouth of the Kuskokvim River in June, 1878. They
occur on the south side of the peninsula of Aliaska, as I saw one at Belkovsky in the early part
of August, 1881.

They are reported to be plentiful on Unga Island and Sannakh Island. The sea-otter hunte*^
both native and white, detest this bird as it frequents the places moat resorted *o by marine mam-
mals and is certain to give alarm to the otter or sealt which be hunter is endeavoring to approach.

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THB NATURAL HISTORY OP ALASKA.

151

I did not observe this bird west of Belkovsky and believe that the island of Sannakh is its
most weHtera limit of range.

The natives of Unalashka, who go to Sunnakh Island every year to hunt sea-otters, say that it
does not oconr at Unalashka and other islands west of the mainland.

287. H^MATOPUS BAOHMANi Aud. Black Oynter -catcher.

The Black Oyster-catoher is founu on the islands of Alaska that lie south of the iieninsnia of
Aliaska, as far east as the Shumagin Group, and to the westward as far as Kiska Island of the Aleu-
tian Chain, and is a constant resident of this area. I observed this bird on the jteninsula, but only
on the south side of it. The low, marshy character of the northern side of Aliaska precludes the pos-
sibility of its ocuurrouce there, as it invariably frequents the rocky reefs and water-washed rocks
that lie ont fVom the main body of the island or shore; and, is strictly littoral, never on any occasion
going inland ; and in it^ flight invariably flying over water.

The flight consists of a few rapid strokes of the wing, followed by a sail for a few yards. It is
sluggish when on the wing, aud flies with difticulty, and rarely long continued. When alarmed it
flies over the water within few yards of the shore, and in going from one point of rocks to another it
either makes the trip in easy stages from one large rock to another, or else follows the indentations of
the shore line. The bird is always on the alert, and not at all shy. It generally sees the hunter long
before he suspects the presence of the bird. The bird cither squats in a depression of the rocks, or
stealthily creeps U> the topof some huge bowlder, where it utters a piercing, whistling chatter like that
of a policeman's rattle. It causes tlie intruder long search to discover the presence of the bird, for its
color is sonear thntofthe rocks itfrequents that it is not easily detected. The note is then answered
by another bird, so that in a few minutes a dozen may be chattering hideously, making the hunter
wonder where all the birds came from so suddenly, as all the birds within hearing assemble on the
first note of alarm.

The Black Oyster-catcher is universally detested by both white and native hunters, as it fre-
quents just those plaees most resorted to by seals and sea-otters, so that on the approach of a hunter
to obtain those animals the bird is certain to give the alarm and cause the animal to disappear
into the water.

I once procured a less than half-grown bird of this species, and if any one would like to have
one it can be gotten up in the following manner : Take the hinder half of a black kitten, dip about
four inches of its tail in red paint, then fasten to the legs a piece of tallow candle about four inches
long, jab the wick end of the candle down hard on the floor to spread it out for feet. Stand it up
and heave a boot-Jack at it to give the desired animation, and a good representation of a young
Black Oyster-catcher will be produced, for a more comical object than a toddling Oyster-catcher is
difBcult to conceive.

The one I had was put in the house until an opportunity ofltered to preserve its skin. It always
greeted the opening or shutting of the door with its deafening noise. At night it became lonely
bud attempted to sing a song. 1 got n|> from bed to quiet it, and succeeded only as long as I re-
mained out of bed. Neither the bird nor I slept that night. By early dawn it migrated to another
building from which it esca|)ed when I unguardedly left the door open.

The food of the Black Oyster-catcher consists entirely of whelks, limpets, and other similarly
shaped shell-flsh that adhere to the rocks. The crops of many of these birds were opened, and in
only one instance did I And anything of a vegetable nature, and that was supposed to be pieces of
sea- weed.

The feet are well adapted to a secure footing on the O.imy rocks. The horny pectinations on
the toes give additional security. It backs up a slippery, incline'! rock when it wishes to change
position ; hence the necessity of only three toe?.

This bird breeds on all the area mentioned. The eggs are Iai«l on the bare rock, just above
high-water wash. The number of eggs varies from one to three, usually two, and are laid about
the 10th of June. The exact time of incubation is not known to me, but the young are able to
walk about soon atler hatching, and fly about the middle of Augnsu. The coloration of the young
bird is the same as that of the adult, with the exception of the bill, which is lighter colored at the

- - --»'■-■'.- . -

152

OONTRIBOTIONS TO THE NATURAL HL8T0BY OP ALASKA.

anterior half aud the basal half much lighter, even having a decided shade of yellow. The month
is yellow. The flesh of this species is very .lice when thn skin has been removed.

The Russian name of the bird is Morskoi Pt(Mkh,or Sea Co<!k. The Aleutian name is Hekh at
Unalashka and HegU at Atka. At Attu the bird is only known by reputation, and is there called
Hekh, from its note.

It has never been ob8<>rved outside of the limits defined above. Mr. H. W. Elliot does not
place it in his list of birds fVom the Pribylof Group. I did not observe this bird at Kadiak Island,
though Messrs. Dall and Bannister, in tliu List of the Birds of Alaska, with biographical notes,
Transactions OL icago Academy of Sciences, 1860, rccoid that it was obtained abundantly at Kadiak
and Sitka.

The great distance betwe<«n Kiska aud Bouldyr Islands, together with inability to sustain
protracted flight, may prevent this bird from attaining the westernmost islands of the Aleutian
( .lain.

298. Drndragapus canadensis (Linn.). Canada Grouse.

The Canada Grouse occurs in the wooded districts of the Yukon Valley. It is common in
some localities and rare in others. The lowest point on the Yukon River where it is found is at
Mission.

The specimens obtained by me were fh>m Nulato and Anvik, in March, 1876.

300ft. BoNASA UMBBLLUS UMBELLOiDES (Dougl.). Oray Ruffed Qrome.
The Gray Ruffed Grouse is a resident of the wooded districts of the Yukon Valley,
abundant at Nulato and AnviMT

The specimens which I obtained were from Nulato,'March 15, 1875.

It is

301. LA(K)PUS laoopus (Linn.). Willow Ptarmigan.

The Willow Ptarmigan is found in abundance on all the lower-ground regions of the entire
mainland coast, including the Peninsula of Aliaska. It prefers the more level, open localities,
and is rarely found near the edge of the wooded districts, it beiug there replaced by the Dusky
Grouse, D. obsciirua fiiliginosxut ; the Spruce Partridge, D. canadensin, aud the Gray Ruffed Grouse,
B. umbelltu umbelloides. Though during winter the Ptarmigan seeks shelter under the willow
patches or other bushes on the creek banks and in the ravines, I li ive never observed this species
on the Peninsula of Aliaska or on any of the Aleutian Islands. The physical character of those
regions precludes the probability of it inliabiting them, it being there replaced by L. rupeHtria,
and it alone. The Willow Grouse is always abundant where found.

In the last part of March, nr by the lOth of April, the male begins to show few markings of
rich brown on the neck. This is so constant a period that the lunuit have adopted it as the name
of their fourth month, and call that mouth Kiip ndkh chik, or when the neck of the Ptarmigan is
half brown.

The mating season begins by the middle of May. The mule selects his mate by going through
a series of t'ant4istic antics, such us spreading his wings, his tail outspread and thrown over the
back, the neck ruffled, and head either thrown back to meet the tail feathers or else stretched along
the ground, while he utters a hoarse, barking croak and starts into the air with a bound, to sail and
flutter round and round in a circle, and, alighting a few yards from her, to advance to her as though
he wanted to run over her, but stopping when near to stretch up his neck and again go throueh
the same performance. Woe to another male which thinks to coax away the object of his choice.
The intruder has only to be seen by the other when a battle takes place. They seize each other
by the feathers or comb. They pull and Jerk until the one or other is exhausted. The intruder is
nearly always vanquished, as the other would die before deserting his chosen female.

The natives have taken advantage of his pugnacious habits and capture great numbers of the
males by preparing a stuffed male and fastening it firmly to a sharpened stick inserted into the
body and securely tied to it. They then have a small net of three or four feet square, to which are
fixed two pegs, one at each corner, to fasten it securely to the ground. The native sets out in
search of a pair, aud can hear them before long, as they are near some patch of snow on the open

OONTEIBUTIONS TO THE NATURAL HISTORY OF ALASKA.

153

groond. He approaches, fastens the net to the ground, and sticks the bird-decoy near tlie net. The
live male soon perceives the decoy and inshes to it to give battle ; he pulls and tugs at it until the
native Jerks a string which throws the net over him. I once saw a male Ptarmigan lulvau' <i to the
decoy while the native was yet setting the net, and not a foot from the decoy. In some instances
the male la so courageous that he will advance when the decoy is held at arm's length. Even
throwing the net over him does not cause him to desist fighting.

The nesting season begins about the Ist of .Tune, or when the snow is generally gone from the
low grounds and hillsides. The nest is usually on a hillside or under the shelter of a solitary
straggling bush of small size. A few grass stalks or blades, with the few feathers that fall from
the female's breast and abdomen, form the nest.

The number of eggs varies from nine to seventeen. The period of incubation was not deter-
mined. The young are able to follow the parents as soon as they are hatched. The young remain
with the old. They are able to fly as soon as they are as large as Bob White, C. rirginianus.
By the middle of August they attain this size, and are the size of the adult female by the 1st ot
November. During the month of September the birds feed on berries, and their flesh is then bet-
ter than at any other season.

When the snow has pretty well covered the ground in late November the Ptarmigans assem-
ble in immense flocks, often numbering thousands. I was once out on the higher grounds ju8t south
of the CrookedCanal. J ascended a slight hill and came, unexpectedly, on one of these large flocks
that covered acres of ground. I was among them before either was aware of it. They flew, and
made both the air and earth tremble. There must have been over five thousand birds in this one
flock. They flew beyond a neighboring hill-range. Approaching night and a heavy snow falling
prevented me from following them.

During the winter these birds subsist on the past year's twigs of the willow and alder or other
bushes. I ha^'e cut open the crops of many of these winter-killed birds and found them to contain
only pieces of twigs about one-third of an inch long, or just about the width of the gape of the
posterior, horny part of the bill, as though this has been the means of measurement in cutting tliem
off. The flesh at this time is dry and of a peculiar taste. In the spring the Ptarmigans congregate
in great numbers on the willow-bushes and eat the tender, swelling buds. The flesh then ac(iuires
a bitter, but not unpleasant taste.

As open weather advances they find berries that have remained frozen the entire winter, and
tender grass shoots, and later, insects. The young are insectivorous to a great degree in their
youngest days. They consume great numbers of s^.idcrs that are to be found on the warm hill-
sides.

The Ptarmigans that are reared on the Kavy&yak Peninsula migrate late in the fall to the
interior. In the spring these birds go back to their summer haunts. The natives then arrange
pieces of brush into small clumps set in a line and extending along the ice. Ou the branches of
this brush they hang nooses of sinew. The place where the birds usually go back to the peninsula
is near the end of Norton Bay, opposite 8haktolik and Egowik. The natives there prepare these
thickets set with nooses during this season of migration. The birds come in such numlH-rs to
those places that when they see the bushes they follow them and many tliousands are caught in
the snares.

A single native, having only half a dozen clumps of these bushes, placed about seventy-flve
yards apart, cannot take the captured birds out fast enough. They say the birds seem to fall to
the ice from every direction, they come in such great numbers. A man will, in a single day, catch
a sledge-load of them. The natives bring them to Saint Michael's by the load; and sell them in
that quantity for a mere trifle. They are used for dog-food at this season.

The Ptarmigan is by far the most abundant land bird of the Yukon district.

The question has been agitated whether the Ptarmingan moults the feathers from the summer
plumage to the white of the winter plumage, or whether it is a fading of the colors of the summer
plumage. The female during the incubating season is completely denuded on the alKlonien and
inner side of the upper thigh of feathers. In the winter this tract is completely feathered with
white feathers. The abdomen at that season (when bare) is covered with a thick yellow, greasy,
wrinkled skin, that is probably to protect her from the wounds she n)ight sustain while on the nest,
S. Mis. 166 20

im-

154

OONTRIBUTIONS TO THE NATURAL HISTORY OF ALASKA.

and also to allow her to bring the warmth of her body directly in contact with the eggs. Birds
killed just on the approach of the moult for winter always revealed pinfeathers having a white
feather just starting out

The Eskimo name of this Ptarmigan is A kdzh gik, and refers to the sound nroduce<l by this
bird when alarmed. Then the note is a kaak, when sounded deep in the throat.

302. LA.OOPUS BUPESTRis (Gmel.). Rock Ptarmigan.

The Rock Ptarmigan is found on all the hills and higher ground along the entire coast region of
Aluska. In the interior it is found only on the mountain chains. It is abundant within the Arctic
circle and down to Krvliuk Island. To the westward it is found on the peninsula of Aliaska and
all of the eastern islands of the Aleutian chain. It is the only species of Ptarmigan found on the
eastern Aleutian Islands, unless the Willow Ptarmigan may be found on the island of Unimak, a
few miles from the iieninsula of Aliuska. On some of the islands it is extremely abundant ; among
those may be mentioned Unalushka, Unimak, Akutan, and Akoon.

It is resident where found ; and, among the islands, rarely leaves its native island. At Akutan
they are more abundant than elsewhere observed. They come even directly into the village, and
may be seen or heard at any time on the hill-sides near by.

At Unalashka they seem to prefer the high, rocky ledges, but everywhere come down to the low,
narrow valleys to roost and rear their young. They rarely assemble in large flocks ; a dozen to
twenty individuals usually comprise a flock.

The mating season begins in the early part of May, and is continued for abont three weeks, by
which time a site for the nest is chosen, usually amidst the tall grasses at the mouth of a wide
valley, or else on the open tundra among the moss and scanty grass.

The male has assumed his summer plumage of rich chestnut, fulvous, and black markings on
the neck, head, back, anJ edges of the wings, the rest of the body being white, which, by its
contrast with the other colors, makes a maguiflceut plumage. The female has less chestnut, black,
and whito plumage, and more of the fulvous to render her less conspicuous. In the male the neck
is stretched along the ground, the tail spread and tlrown over the back, the wings outstretched,
while he utters a rattling croak that may be heard for a lung distance.

They seem to be less pugnacious than the Willow "Grouse" or Ptarmigan.

The nest of this bird is composed of a few i^talksof grass and a few feathers that fall from the
mother's breast. The nest is a very careless ntfair, and often near the completion of incubation the
eggs will lie on the bare ground surrounded by a slight circle of grass stalks that have apparently
been kicked aside by the mother impatient of her task. The number of eggs varies from nine to
seventeen, eleven being the usual number. The exact date of incubation was not determined by me.
The joung are able to follow the mother as soon as they are hatched. As this bird never collects
into large flocks, I always supposed the flocks seen in winter were the parents with the brood
reared the previous summer. The power of flight of this bird is much stronger than its congener.
It is sustained for a longer period and much more rapid. The flesh of this species is better than
that of the Willow Prarmijtan and is much sought for as food. The best time to hunt this bird is
early in the morning when the wind is calm and a moist snow is falling. The birds are then slug-
gish and dislike to rise to the hilltops. At Saint Michael's this bird is more often seen in the
winter, as during the summer it is on such parts of the mountains as are rarely visited by man.
The physical character of the Aliaska Peninsula is eminently suitable to this bird, abounding in
abrupt ridges of mountains and high, small plains,.just such grounds as are not resorted to by the
WMllow Ptarmigan.

The seasonal changes of plumage take place in April to the middle of May for the summer, and
in November for the winter plumage.

The Eskimo name of this bird is Vng ati trik, and refers to the guttural note produced on being
surprised.

The winter plumage of this Ptarmigan is pure white with a black stripe at the base of the bill.
In many of these birds the black stripe in the winter plumage is wanting.

The adult, male breeding-plumage of the specimen obtained from Unalashka, May 18, 1877,
presents the following pattern of coloration :

u

<

III
o

•<

D

K
U)

X
D
GO

!•
J
D
Q

w

2

H

w
2

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JC

H
<J
w

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PC
H
en
W

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O
<

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a,
O
O
<

&

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X
b

K
U

CO

<
X
ui

f"

s

Q

Id
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a,

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<

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r , \ I >• iv

\. I.

•1 ' I - •! I

I t ■ , I' I.

,t

I

I I, II. r .

, ii'm II- I' I I I' ,(1 li • il . I.-' I

1 '■-. .11 ,1 - >|. ' 'I ' '.■ II .' I -s

i! ■• ' ■• s.'l ''ii'- . ■,

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■•V*

OONTBIBUTIONS TO THE NATtJBAL HISTORY OF ALASKA.

166

. I

Orouiul color of back, McupiilarM, riiiup, nml iip|)er tiiilcovortHdnik livprbrown, the nape and
crown li({lit reddiMhbrowii barred witli bhick ; wliile the back and oilier jioMtcrior part« arc very
finely and dunrndy vcrniiculated with black, jtrodncinK the dark liver brown aHpcct. Chin and
throat, white. Tlicjut;idiim Hindliir to the crown and na]it>, but with the black ImrN broader and
more diHiinct, becoming liner and leNH diMtinct on the upper breaNt. The winK< incliidinK the
priiinirieH, MccondarieH, and Nome of the tertiaricH, white with few Ncattercd featherH of the name
pattern of coloration aH the upper back. The lonf^er tail-ci >ertH are Homewhat darker than the
color of the back, owin^; to the liner verniieuhition of the black and the brown colorN. The black
Hti'i|)e from base of Hide of bill iiucli Hpottcd with white. The lower breattt, abdomen and under
tail coverts white. Tail black wnh a very narrow tip of white. The outline of the tall is decidedly
i-ounded.

The adult female breeding pluuuigeof a Hpecimen * obtained at Unalanhka May 18, 1877, pre-
sents the foIlowin({ pattern of coloraticm : Upper i)artH, including' bead, neck, and upper tail covertH,
bright brown ocher, tli" tips of each feather either brighter or else white ; coar.sely barred, having
a tendency to spotting with black, wliicli on elevating the superincumbent feathers is greater in
area on each side of the shaft. The lower parts, incliidint; tore neck, breast, and sides, bright yel-
low ucher with sparser, but more regular, bars of black, i ' wings, including [trimaries and sec-
ondaries, white. The wing coverts similar to the coloratio'i oi' the hind neck. The thinks and
sides broadly barred with black and light yellowish ochei The abdomen white. The lower tail-
coverts very distinctly barred with black and yellow' '\ ochei. the latter color lliiely dotted with
black and narrowly tii»ped with white. The claws 'li^ek, with liglit edges and tips. The tarsus
ami toes of both sexes covered with line downy, white feathiis, containing but few bristles.

Ti,<> I- loratiou of this bird is entirely distinct from that 1 1 the species occurring farther to the
westward, and is somewhat darker than birds from the interior of the mainland.

IWIo. Laoopus UUPESTK18 ATKHKNHIB (Turner). Turnerh rtarntigan. [See Flutes III
and IV.]

Catalogue number 8r).'5!)7, S ad. Atklia Island, Alaska, May 29, 1879.

(hound color of ni>per parts light olive brown, altogether lighti'r th.in in corresponding
plumage of r«|)<'«<ri«. The whole surface very finely and densely vermiculated with. black. The
tips of nu»ny of the feathers lighter and more grayish, with vi ry narrow crescentic bar of whitish.
The ground color of bead and na|)e above is more yellowish than on the back. The crown spotted
with black. Ground color of fore neck, jngidum, ami upper breast, light fulvous or yellowish-
brown, distinctly and somewhat regularly barred witlr black, The ui\»er breast, sides, and flanks
similar, but more tiucly and distiui^tly barred with dusky. The wing, lower breast, abdomen, and
under tail-coverts i)ure while. The inferior upper tail-covorls, in this example, are little lighter
than the rump, simply the obliteration of the prevailing color of the back. Tad black and de-
cidedly truncate, not rounded, as in rupeiitris, and narrowly tipped with white.

No. 85598. $. Juno 7, 187'J. Alkha Island. This example of few days later plumage pre-
sents no appreciable ditt'erence from the one of May 2'K The distribution of the white on the up-
per breast is little greater. The dusky shaft of the primarieu is quite conspicuous in both exam
pies.

Catalogue number, 85(J00 9 ad. Atkha Island, May li9, 1879.

Ground color of head, neck, breast, sides, flanks, and upper tail-coverts, liglit-browu ocher;
paler and much less rusty than in the correspi>nding i>lunmge of rxpeHMn. The upper parts irregu-
larly barred witb black. The most of the feathers tfpped with a narrow, crescentic bar of white,
the black bar immediately preceding it is much broader than the others. The fore part of the back
is irregularly spotted with black. Crown spotted with black, some feathers tipped with yellow-
ish-white. Jugidum and breast more sparsely but regularly barred with black. The sides and
abfiomen similarly, but more broadly, barred with black and light yellowish-brovn. But few white
feathers occur on the breast and abdomen. The uiuVt tail-coverts very distinctly barred with
black and light yellowisU-brown. The wings white, the dusky color on the shafts not extending to
the tips. The tips of the upper tail-c«verts and tail have a narrow baud of white.

* The bird occiirriug un Uriulanlikn Iitlund has since been doscrilrad, by lit. L. Stttjuegcr, as a new sub-ipeciea,
under tbe name Lagopu$ rupe»trU neltoni. (See " Auk," I, 1864, p. 226.)

156

0ONTBIBUTION8 TO THE NATUBAL HISTORY OF ALASKA.

Example 85599 9 ad. June 7, 1879, ttow the same locality, is similar in pattern of coloration.
Bill and iris black ; claws black, with white edges and tips.

When I first obtained these birds I was struck wi^h the greater size and also with the shape
of the bill and greater length of the claws when compared with the mainland bird. This bird
frequents the lowlands and hills of the western islands of the Aleutian (3hain. They are qnite
plentiful on Atkha, Amchitka, and Attu Islands. The nest is built amongst the rank grasses at
the bases of hills and the lowlands near the beach. The nest is carelessly arranged with few
dried grass stalks and other trash that may be near. The eggs vary from eleven to seventeen,
and are di.rker in color than those of rupeatris, and but slightly inferior in size to those of L.
lagojms. A number of eggs of this species were procured, but broken in transportation ; hence, can
give no measurements of them. The general habits of this species are those of the other species.
At Attu they frequent the higher elevations, ])robably on account of the great number of foxes
( Vulpea lagopus, Baird), which occur on that island, and have but little to subsist on. The natives
of Attu assert that this same species of Ptarmigan occurs on Agattu Island, and that it is qnite
numerous there, probably on account of the absence of foxes.*

The following tables show the com])arative measurements of eight males and seven females of
rupestris, taken from various localities in the central part of the Hudson Bay Territory and from
Alaska :

Average J .
Average ? •

^1

"Si

. It ; 4. 10
.18 3. SO

I

1.21
1.10

.07
.04

.6S

7.50
7.10

Eight eiBmpIea.
Seven eianiplea.

MeasuremeniB of two maha and two/emaUa of atkhennis from Atkha Island,

ATerege cf
J -wage 9 .

.01

.44

.«7

.36

.24

4.2S

1.34

1.06

.65 7.82

.8t

.44

.83

.30

.24

4.00

1.28

1.10

.87 7.69

Two examples.
Iwo examplea.

331. CiBCUS HUDSONius (Linu.). Marsh Ilaick.

The Marsh Hawk appears to be a resident of the Yukon district only between the early part
of April and late November. Many specimens were obtained from the interior and none during
the winter months. A single specimen was killed at Saint Michael's, where it is rare. It frequents
the lowlands and rolling ground, and especially the neighborhood of extensive marshes bounded
by low hills, where its food of ducks and large snipe abound. I did not obtain nest or eggs, though
it breeds in the interior. At Fort Yukon it appears to be abundant, as many specimens were ob-
tained from that locality in May of 1875 and 1876.

A flock of ten individuals of this Hawk were seen near the graveyard near Iliuliuk Village on
Unalashka Island. The birds wheeled round and around my head, and at times darting after my
cap, which I threw into the air. I never observed it before or after that date, October 16, 1878.

This species is a rare summer visitor to Attu Island.

332. AcciPiTEK VELOX (Wils.). Sharp-sMnned Hawk.

Several individuals of the Sharp-shinned Hawk were seen in the vicinity of Saint Michael's.
I could not obtain a specimen. The natives of the lower Yukon River use the skins of this species
in several of their ceremonies performed over the sick.

This species does not visit the Aleutian Islands.

*Tho Roik Ptnrniigaii occurring ou the Nearer Group of the Alontian Islands may prove to bo distinct from
the one nronired from Atlcliii, as the isolated condition of the gronp \vill fully warrant the assumption. I saw the
Attu ttaruiigaus only in winter, a period of the year not to be taken as a time for making comparisons of birds so
nearly alike at that season.

0ONTEIBUTION8 TO THE NATURAL HI8T0BY OP ALASKA.

157

334. AooiPiTBB ATEIOAPILLUS (Wils.). American Goshawk.

The Ainorican UoHhawk is a coinmon HpecieH throughout the Yukon Valley, and apparently
confines itself entirely to the mainland, althouf;h plentiful along the Heushore. Specimens were
obtained from Fort Yukon, Yukon Delta, and the vicinity of Saint Michael's. The tracts preferred
by this Goshawk are the narrow valleys, borders of streams, and the oj)en tundra, which it con-
stantly scans for IMarmigan and snuill mammals; the Lemming forming a considerable portion of
its food. It will sit for hours in some secluded spot, awaiting a rtarmigan to raise its wings. No
sooner does its prey rise a few feet from the earth than with a few rapid strokes of the wing, and a
short sail, the Goshawk is brought within seizing distance; it pouiutes upon the bird, grasping it
with both feet under the wings; and after giving it a few blows on the head they both fall to the
ground; often tumbling several feet before they stop; the Hawk not relinquishing its hold during
the time. During the mating season of the Ptarmigans many males sutler death while striving to
gain the affection of the female, for as he launches high in air, rattling his hoarse note of defiance
to any other male of its kind in the vicinity, the Goshawk darts from a patch of alders or willows,
or from the edge of the neighboring bluft", and with a dash they come to the ground, often within
few j'ards of the terror-stricken female, which now seeks safety in flight as distant as her wings
will carry her. I have seen this hawk sail without a quiver of its pinions, until within seizing
distance of its quarry, and suddenly throw its wings back, when with a clash they came together,
and the vicinity was filled with white feathers, floating peacefully throu;;h the air. I secured both
birds, and found the entire side of the Ptarmigan rippe<l open.

On another occasion I shot a fine individual as it rose from a small clump of willow, to which
I had approached unobserved by the bird. It had been devouring a Ptarnitgau, which it had se-
cured but a little while before. The flesh of the bird was yet warm, though nearly all devoured.
The Goshawk was only wing-tipped with shot and i)roved to be cpiite vicious, seizing my boot
with its talons and striving to grasp my hand with its beak. The bird was so (juitik that I liad to
call the assistance of a native to detach the claws from my clothing. Upon skinning the bird I
found its crop to be full of the fiei-h of the bird it was eating when I flushed it. I am under the
impression that the (ioshawk is not able to fly with the weight of a Ptarmigan in its claws. It is
a resident of the interior and conies to the coast quite early in sjiriug, as is attested by the fact
that 1 killed one specimen Ai)ril 28, and a fine exaniple was brought to me from the month of
the Uphiiu (part of the northern Yukon Delta), where it was killed Ajiril 25. It was a female,
and contained an egg quite ready for extrusion, and had already received a pale bluish-green color
on the shell. The bird was shot while on the nest, placed in a small j»opIar tree. The nest was
composed of sticks and a few blades of grass. The size was (juite bulky, measuring nearly two feet
in extreme diameter, and having but a slight depression. The bird was extremely vicious, choosing
to remain on the nest rather than desert it. The male attacked the native and tore his cotton shirt
into shreds and snatched the cap from the head of the astonished man, who was so surprised, at
the impetuosity of the attack, that he struck wildly at the bird with his arms, and before he could
reload his gun the bird took flight. This Goshawk breeds wherever found in summer, placing its
nest in a tree or shrub, or even on the ledge of a cliff, imutcesNible to foxes or other enemies.

The Innuit i)rize the tail and wing feathers of the Goshawk very highly for tipi»ing the shafts
of their arrows and darts. The relative value of out* of these birds is that of two skins of the adult
reindeer. They give the name Cv ini/ n llkh tiik to this species, in allusion to the bars on the tail-
feathers. The iris of this si»ecies is yellowish, the feet nearly the same color, lighter and brighter
in spring and summer and darker in winter. The cere in fresh specimens is ;<ale greenish, becom-
ing ytllow on drying. The beak is pale bluish, to duinky or clouded, and always having a blaclc
tip. Claws always black. The eyelids yellowisli or yellowish green. This species apparently
preft .• tracts of country the opposite to that chosen by its near relative, A. atricapllus Htriatulus, of
the lower portion of the Alaskan territory ; the latter preferring the more heavily wootled por-
tions. I was led to conclude that the American Goshawk is not apt to wander over great areas of
countvy, but that after it has chosen a locality, which will aftord a supply of food, it remains in that
immediate vicinity, changing its location only in winter upon stress of weather.
\

158

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE NATURAL HISTORY OF ALASKA.

347a. Abchibuteo laoopus sanctijohannis (Gmel.). American Roughlegged Hatch
This Hawk is not abuiulaut in the Yukon Distiii-t. A specimen was obtained from Saint
Michael's and one from Fort Yukon. At the hitter place it is more common than on tlie coast.
I know nothing of its general habits, as I failed to obtain either eggs or nest.
An individual of this si)ccie8 was seen in captivity at Ilii'iliuk vilhige, on Uualashkn Island.
I had Just returned to the place from a sea voyage in July, 1878. The Hawk was a sorry looking
object, having been shot through the wing. It eagerly devoured jiieces of raw lish that were
thrown to it. A Bahl Eagle, also in captivity at the tinie, was its compaliion. The two birds got
along well together. The Hawk was quite passive and rarely attempted to show a vicious dispo-
sition.

349. Aquila OHKYSAiJ'Jos (Linn.). Golden Eagle.

The Golden Eagle is not rare in the neighboihoodof Saint Michael's. It is more frequently
seen further north in the \ icinity of Norton Bay, and in the hills back of Pastolik, than on Saint.
Michael's Island. The single specimen obtained by nie was brought from a few miles back of I'ikmik-
tiilik, where the bird had been caught in a steel trap .set for foxes. The bird was caught by the feet
as it attemi»ted to carry away the bait fastened to the trap. The date of its caijture was March
10, 1877, indicating a winter residence in tliat locality for this bird. That momii vvas the coldest
March during the four years at the village of Saint Michael's, but few miles north of Pikmiktalik.
The bird was doubtless impelled by keenest hunger, as it was observed ior several days to attempt
to take bait from other traps when this one was set, and succeeded in taking the Eagle. The range
of this bird is irregular. It is found in some localities with the Bald Eagle, and again where the
latter is not to be seen.

On the Aleutian Islands it is quite a common bird. At Uualashka they are fully as common
as the Bald Eagle, and are reported to breed in March in the high blutts on Makusliiu Point.

On the western end of Uimlashka Island I saw several of these birds flying along the cliti's.

At Atkha Island they are quite numerous, being more i)Ientiful than the Bald Eagle. They
are reported to breed on the clitts and crags of Korovinsky Volcano. At Atklia the Golden Eagle
is not at all shy while liying, seemingly more intent on satisfying a curii)sity as they pass overhead.
1 saw a single specimen on Amchitka Island, in May, 1881, and UDiie further west of that place.
They do not at all occur at Attu, as a year's stay at that place aftbrded me the sight of but one
eagle while there. The (iolden Eagle has but one note, of a prolonged, shrill whistle, uttered either
on the wing or at rest.

Their food consists of ptarmigans, ducks, and other birds, while I have seen them under such
circumstances that I believed they were eating from a dead lish, which had long before been tlirown
on the beach.

The Eskimo of Norton Sound call this bird Ma uig vik, a word I could not obtain any ueau-
iug for.

352. Hali^etus leucocephalus (Linn.). Jiald Eagle.

The Bald Eagle is occasionally seen in the vicinity of Saint Michael's, and is reported to bo
not uncommon in the interior. I saw several specimens along the coast of Bristol Bay in 1878.

Among the Aleutian Islands it is plentiful. At tJnalashka Island it breeds among the cliffs
on the noi thern side of the island. They breed early in March. The young are frequently brought
to the village of lliiiliuk, where they are kept for several weeks, or until some one amiiciously kills
them. Several adults were also seen there in cai)tivity. They had been wounded and brought to
the village. This eagle has the habit of sitting on the edge of some high blurt' for hours at a time.
They are at this place quite ditlicult to approach. At Atkha Island they are very numerous, coming
directly into the village to remain for several hours .it a time. At this time is not at all shy. They
will allow approach to within few yards, so close that I have thrown a stone to make them fly .so that
I could shoot them while on the wing. They breed on several o( the high bluHsof the northeast
shoulder of the island. Near the anchorage in Nazan Bay, of Atkha Island, are two large,
sugar-loaf shaped rocks tha^ rise perpendicularly from a rocky base, which is exposed only at
lowest tides. On the top of these peaks, of near 250 feet high, the Bald Eagle has reared its

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE NATURAL HISTORY OF ALASKA.

159

young for miiuy years. This eagle is foiiud as far westward as Attn, but does not breed tliere,
according to the natives. I saw one at a great height in October, 1880, and bringing a ghiss to
bear on it I could easily recognize it to be the Bald Eagle. This was the only instance of its
occurrence from July, 1880, to June, 1881. The white head and tail, with a different mode of
flight, enable one lo distinguish it at a great distance.

At Anichitka Island 1 saw several pairs of this bird in June, 1881.

I was always on the lookout for B. alhicilh, hnt have come to the conclusion that it does not
occur on the Aleutian Islands.

Kepeated inquiry among the traders, who had been long in the country, revealed to me that
when they had seen such birds as I most desired to learn the occurrence of, 1 found, on longer ac.
quaiulance with them, that traders genera'ly described an eagle that turned out to be a Cormorant
or Loon.

The adult Bald Eagle is a tine looking bird and always in clean plumage. When in captivity
he is the most bedraggled tibject, with scarcely a clean feather on him.

The food of this eagle is rather mixed, consisting of i)tarmigaiis, ducks, and an occasional flsh.
Any fish or bird that may be thrown dead on the beach is eagerly eaten by this eagle. I saw in
Nazau Bay, on Atkha Island, a pair of these eagles wrangling with dc/ens of gulls and several
ravens over the putrid carcass of a sea lion.

This bird is undoubtedly the origin of the " bajglei" of the Eastern Aleuts, as it sometimes sits
on a .1 toj) or open space and o])ens its wings to air them, or sits in such ;i strange position
that It is, at a distance, scarcely recognizable as a bird. The timid Aleut imagines it to be some
strange beast, which entices the victim within rem li and disappears with it; and, according to
their story, this beast tnrns out to be a man, who keeps the captive as his servant.*

I once had occasion to ascend the top of a high hill near Iliulink village. When I was up
about 500 feet high 1 saw something, otl' at what I thought to be but a comi)arativ<'ly short distance,
and supposed it to l)e a native hunting Bock Ptarmigan, L. rupestrh nclnoni Stejn. I hallooed for
the person to wait for me. 1 then passed round to another side of a spur and To'ind the object had
disappeared, but eoon saw it return, and found it to be a B.ild JOagle, which looked as large as a
man ; lor the ditlerence in density of the atmospiiere had magnilied it, as I was much lower, that
when I arrived at the top of the mountain I saw what a great distance 1 had estimated as being
only a couple of hundred yards. Wiien I first saw the bird I did not know that a terrible gale
was waiting my arrival at the toji of the mountain.

353. Falco iSLANDrs Briinn. White Gyrfalcon.
A single specimen of this Gyrfalcon was killed at Saint Michael's May 15, 1877. It is not a
common bird in this vicinity, andofteiu'r seen in spring than at other seasons.
I could learn nothing about its habits.

354«. Falco ktsticoM'S gvrfalco (Linn.). Gyrfalcon.

Several specimens of this Gyrfalcon were obtained in the vicinity of Saint Michael's, where it
is a constant resident, with probable exception during protracted periods of severe weather in
winter only.

The natives assert that this bird breeds on the high hills, either on a rocky ledge or on the
moss-covered groun<l.

I did not obtain eggs and nest of it. It is very active on the wing. Its food consists princi-
pally of Ptarmigans, which it seizes only when the prey is on the wing. I saw one capture an
adult male Ptarmigan in April, 1870. The Gyrfalcon struck the bird with its breast; and, as the

• Tlie batjijlie storios of t!ie Aleuts are u woiKlcifiil mixture of einiiiiiig and suiicrstitioii. I think, Innvevrr, tlie
earliest. Russians made use of tlie oxpressiim (for in the Russian language llie word means deserter, niuaway) in all
its subsequent meaniuns, in order to deter their women, whom they had, in most instances, forced from their homes
and compelled to live w ith their hated mates, from deserting them and returning to their own pepple. At the present
day it is used as a •' bugbear" to prevent the small children from wandering away. Many of the adults stoutly niain-
tttiu that they have seen these apparitions. The Attn people do not use the expression only as they have heard of it
from their eastern relations. •

160

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE NATFBAL HISTORY OP A.LASK.\.

Ptarmigan recoiled from the blow, the havk seized it with its claws and bore it to the gronnd,
where it soou dispatched it.

In the freah specimen the color of the iris is yellow ; bill white with dark tip ; tarsi and toes
bluish-white ; claws black ; cere greenish.

The natives use the wing and tail feathers of this bird as vanes for the shafts of their spears
and arrows.

Tlie° Eskimo name of this Gyrfalcon is ChS M'v ySk, and refers to the longitudinal stripings on
the breast

356. Falco pereorinus anatum (Bonap.). " Ditch Sawk.

I saw but two or three individuals of this species at Saint Micimel's; the character of the
country not appearing favorable for its occurrence. They were observed at such irregular intervals
that I concluded the Duck Hawk was merely a casual visitor to that part of the coast. In the
interior, and especially along the high blufl's overhanging the Yukon River, it is reported to be
not rare.

In the vicinity of Bristol Bay I saw two pairs launch from the cliffs near Cape Newenham,
and also one bird fly past the vessel as she was anchored in the Nushagak River, op|)osite the
trading post on that stream. This date was June 25, 1878.

There can be no question that the Duck Hawk breeds in the more suitable localities of the
entire range over which it wanders. I did not obtain eggs or nests of this species. Its general
habits are quite well known.

1 356a. Falco FEREGRINUS PBALEi Ridgw. Teale's Falcon.

This Falcon was frequently observed on Amchitka Island in the month of June, 1881; and on
several occasions on Attn Island, during 1880 and 1881. It breeds on nearly all of the islands of
the chain, and is a winter resident, on the Nearer Group at least. On Agattu it is reported to be
very common ; and, on Amchitka I knew of three nests on the ledges of the high blufl's, hanging
over the sea. Any approach co the clifls was heralded by the bird darting from the nest and
circling high in the air, scre'iming fiercely all the while. Any attiiiipt to shoot the birds, while
flying over the water, would have resulted in the loss of the specimen, for they always flew in front
of the clifls out of gun-range.

At Attn Island I frequently saw one of these birds join the Ravens when the latter were
performing their aerial gymnastics on the approach of a gale.

The Hawk endeavored to imitate the Ravens, which paid but little .attention to the antics of
the intruder.

At Attn this hawk is not common, though the natives assert that it is common enough at
Agattu and the Semichi Islands. The natives had told me that where this Hawk breeds there
will be found the nests of Eiders. I could not believe it until a short stay at Amchitka Island
forced me to recognize it as a fact, for, in each instance, the nests of Eiders were very abundant in
each of the localities where the nest of this hawk was known to be. It is quite probable that the
hawk selects the place with special reference to prospective young Eiders.

The Eskimo use the skins of the smaller hawks in several of their dances, and in many of the
incantations held over those afllicted with disease. The skin is affixed to a large mask, worn over
the face. The skin of Accipiter velox is also used for the same purpose.

357. Falco columbarius ^Linn.). Pigeon Haicl:

This species of Hawk was observed on several occasions in the vicinity of Saint Michael's,
though never at such times as led me to believe that it breeds there. Its visits were merely wan-
derings at times when not caring to devote it«elf to the duties of rearing its young.

Unfortunately their appearance was at such times that I could not procure a specimen from
the mainland.

An individual was procured at Unalashka in the year 1879, and was the farthest west tbat I
observed the Pigeon Hawk.

In the early part of August, 1881,1 saw two, evidently mates, at the northwest end of Kadiak
Island.

f

IJ[iJIHH,,i .i,i7"-»'iii,«»(».

0ONTK1BUTION8 TO THE NATURAL HISl'ORY OP ALASKA.

161

V.

364. Pandion HALiAfirus OAROLiNENSis (Giuel.). American Otprey.

A Hingle speciineu of the AinericAu Oaprey was obtained from Fort Yukon, May 20, 1876. It
is re]>orted as an early arrival ; and during tbe summer to be not unuommon, though it ranges
along the smaller tributaries rather than the larger rivers.

I have been assured, by natives and white persons, that the Osprey does not descend the
Yukon River lower than the Mission. At Nulato it is quite common on the north side of the river,
and rarer on the south side.

They return for many years to the same nest.

I did not obtain either eggs or nest of this species.

Some of the native tribes greatly prize the wing and tail featliers to affix to their arrow shafts.

367. Asio ACOiPiTBiNUS (Pall.). Short-eared Oicl.

The Short-eared Owl is the commonest bird of prey in the Territory. It is to be found in all
localities of the mainland and Aleutian Islands. It is most abundant on tbe lowlands, where it
may be seen on the wing nearly every day in the year. It is a common sitrht in the spring, during
the arrivals of the smaller kinds of water birds, to see this owl sailing or Hopping over the marshes
in search of food. During the brightest days it generally remains in an alder thicket, but flies at
the least alarm. They are more often shot as it flies unwittingly by.

I had occasion to go out to the end of my house one night with a lighted cigarette in my
mouth. Suddenly something came so close to my head as to nearly knock my cap off. In a
moment another came. I saw it to be an owl and ran for my gun. As I suspected the light from
my cigarette had attracted the bird I tried some inatclies. In a moment owls were thick around
me. I succeeded in killing nine of them, and knew that several more were lying not far ofl", but
could not And them, as 1 could only see objects which were several degrees above the horizon.

I could not obtain eggs of this species, although it is reported to breed anywhere among the
gniss and moss of the hillsides. Among the Aleutian Islands this owl is not rare. I obtained a
specinuMi at Unalashka Island, where the natives assert it is to be found in the larger ravines.

At Atklm Island I saw one of then: as it flew from a patch of wild rye. It wa« the only one
seen. At Attn I saw one, but missed killing it, as it was too far ott° for large shot. The Aleuts
have no good word for this bird. The women are afraid to touch it.

Among the natives of the Yukon District the liver of this bird is used as a love-philter. The
liver is dried and reduced to a powder; and placed, unknown, to the person to whom the philter
is to be administered, in some food. On eiiting the food the desired afl'ectiou is supposed to make
itself evident. I knew of an instance where a native endeavored, by this means, to regain the
affection of his wife. The motherin-Iaw had more potency than dried owl-liver; and as she con-
trolled her daughter the philter was as naught.

It is administered, indiflerently, by man or woman, and is frequently used by the Eskimo.

The native (Eskimo) name of this owl is M&ny ku chef wuk.

370. Ulula oiNEBEA ((Juiel.). Great Gray Oicl.

The Great Gray Owl is a resident of the Yukon Valley and was obtained on the coast at the
Uphxiii Slough, (he northern part of the Yukon Delta. It is not common ♦here. The specimen
was a female containing large, but undeveloited, eggs, two in number; hence should conclude the
period of incubation to be from the latter part of April to middle of May, as this specimen was ob-
tained April 8, 1876. The iris was yellow, bill white, cere pale flesh-color, and dark claws.

Several specimens were obtained from Fort Yukon, where this bird appears to be uommou
and resident.

It is said to be very stupid during the day but active during the twilight.

Their habits weie not learned.

The colors of this 8i)ecie8 are dusky grayish-brown and grayish-white; the former color pre.

vailing above and the latter below; the upper surface with mottlings of a transverse tendency;

the lower surface with the markings in tbe form of longitudinal stripes, which are transformed into

transverse bars on the flanks, &c. Face grayish-white, with concentric rings of dusky. The tail

S. Mis. 155 21

162

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE NA.TURAL HISTORY OP ALASKA.

having a denidud teiideiii;.v to iiltvriiiitiiiK baiN of Miu prtwailiiiK 'rolorH of tlio body. IriH yollow ;
bill ivory- white in llfu, drying ytUlowish; cere pale tleHh-color in life; elawHdark.

[.'JTOa.l Ulttla fiiNEBKA LAPPONlCA (Ketz.) Lapp Owl. [See Plate v.]
The difference between thiH specieH and cinerea is in the coloration alone, which in lapponica
Is: Above, pale browniHh-gray and grayish white, with the latter color pretloniinating on the
lower snrface, neck, and head ; back with greater anionnt of browni.sh, rather darker on wings and
tail, which is somewhat darker on the lower half than in vinerea. The diH|)osiMon of the colors pro
duce irregular, ragged stripes; longitudinally less evident and the brown narrower on the lower
parts. Facial disks asliy-grny, with narrow, concentric rings, scarcely regular, hut more so than in
cinerea. Bill yellowish in life, somewhat the color of soiled ivory. The iris yellow, claws light
edge<l, with darker bases. Cere dark.

A single specimen, an adult female, of this species was brought to uie April 15, 187(>, from the
Yukon Delta. It is said to be quite rare. I could not learn anything special regarding its habits.

371. Nyotala tkngmalmi BiCHAEDSONi (Bonap.). RicharAson'» Owl.

Richardson's Owl does not occur on the coast near St. Michael's. It inhabits the wooded
districts.

A specimen was obtained from Fort Yukon, where it is reported to be not uncommon.

Natives from Nulato describe a small species of owl as being qnite ])lentifui in that vicinity. I
have uo doubt they referred to this species.

I

"•750. BlTHO viBOiNiANtTS STTBAROTioi'S (Hoy). Western Homed OtrJ.

The Western Horned Owl is only an occasional visitor to the immediate vicinity of Saint
Michael's, its i)lH(!e on the barren grounds being taken by N. nyctea.

A single specimen was obtained from a valley about sixteen miles sourlK^ast of the Redoubt.
This locality contains a few stunted poplars and alders, of which some of the latter were the largest
seen by me along Norton Sound coast. Another specimen was a young bird obtained on the port-
age between Illukuk andNulato, though nearer the former i>lace, in the month of October.

Along the upper part of the Yukon Uiver this owl is common and resident wherever found.

The Eskimo name of this owl is MU M pi nk, and has reference to the tufts of feathers
on the head.

There is great difterence in the pattern of coloration and its distribution in each specimen of
this bird obtained b.v me.

In examjjle 730.S!), 9 , ad., March, 1877, from Saint Michael's; a nearly pure, white ground-(!olor
beneath, regularly barred with narrow brownish black on sides aiul flanks, becoming obsolete on
legs and median line of abdomen and lower breast. The under tail-coverts bar:ed with black, the
bars about one-third as wide as the white ; the under tail surface contaiiissix transverse bars, whitdi
are about one-fifth as wide as the white, the latter terminal. The upper breast and thrctat white,
with irregular, large blotches of slaty black. A few feathers of rufous on the lower parts, mostly
evident on elevating the feathers. Wings, head, and back slaty brown, much spotted with irreg-
ular markings of wh'.te. Face lighter than back. The upper surface of the tail is similar to the
back, except that the markings are finer and show no signs of bars only when the tail-feathers are
elevated. A few irregular patches of yellowish, brown become evide it when the fenthers of the
upper surface are <listurbed.

No. 7.'J(I90, S , ad., June 20, 1876, from Fort Yukon. This exami)le has the slaty brown pre-
vailing on the lower i)arts. The breast and sides are nearly confluent bais, wliicli extend across
the ui)per breast; disappearing and leaving a pure white patch on the lower breast and upper ab-
domen. The lower abdomen, thighs, and tarsus are whitish-fulvous, with very fine bars of dusky-
brown, which become nearly obsolete on feathers of the tarsus, and there jtrevail as fine broken
bars on i«n ashy ground, showing a slight fulvous tint. The under surface of the tail-feathers con-
tain* se'en bars of less distinctness than in No. 73089. Wings, back, head, and tail above are a
«'ia«lc darker than in 73089, with the dottiugs of whitish very irregular in size and distributi<ui.

f

'|» v'^mimfttwnilfv^.

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;

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■■■>

ULULA CINEREA LAPPONICA (Retz.) Adult Ffma

»»«■.

1 f, ONK-TllIPn iNATUP

xi%i

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■^n^. ;*ipiiw">'7'

,?75ff. Hvpo viKiHMAN'T.s srHAuoTK't n (Hoy . ^^',1te'■'a }lorned O'rl.

Tilt' \V»>»ti'iii [loriifMl Owl is oiily nil (H-cjisioii.il visuivr to tho iiniinMliut*' 'viciiuiy of rtiiiiif
Mi' ;iu»-!'s, its j)liiri> on tli«.'>iHT<ii gn'iinils boinR laki'ii Ui Y. n/i'tt'i.

A siiinU' ftpeoiincii Wiis ol)t;iii)e<l froiii .<. ^ Mcy about :-:r!ci('.j!! 'iiilas H(tntlic;»st of ll»i> Red mbt.
'n<i>' ItHrtiify (MJiitHiiis v CiMv .stinitfil i><))>l,:r;- .ul a'lltTS, of wliici' -oiuc nf tin- hitlcrvi"!!' tin- l.ujrHut
Bdi-ii l\v lilt' i!-tr.»f \orf<ni .Siitinil coaht AixNipr ■'iH'^'imf?; *8-< ■• yniiiji t,nl <>l)lj«bi •( "vi flir !)i»rf-
jigi' ix-iwi'.'fi > MMik aJi'lNnlato, tlio-iijili i-'*'w tKe tir>i ►«("■• <4i»i - !i. !ii< .^Mi-th «it «Vf</»,

A 'oi if ih* wji^Mi^j fpsirv skf i5>f Yukofi l< .>i Mo»« owl <• - - .1 iv » •! k.-' w 1; r ',t'it\ii i\HH*»i.

on Ml* l.i'itfl.

'l*hf !?• ! jjieat titttVij' i!i'<> 'r, -iH- fvnv-fp of At4»n *U, w «■ > ♦V^Jvti"^-'
tfiis fiiril '"liUtint'd ii.v ine.

hi (■Xiiiiijilc 7uOH!l, 9 , lul., ,M.in'lj,.IHTT. t'roiii S:»i;i; M^'liat? ,j i»'h'I>
boiuMth. it'unlarly l)!H'r("l \>i!ii nuirow biowaisli hlucK '.r, siiii> unl il.inK
h>jrt< iiinl iiicilian liiii> of ahiinDioii ;iii<l low. 1 'iiffn.si. 'J'bi* -inile! i.-iico .>rl-< liarrcd with 1)1, ick, tin-
\K\ve> al)iiiit (iiif tliiiil as V"i<U' n< tlio w liitt> ; tiiuand*)!' t&il HOifiU'c >. ■> itniUMsri (ihiisvit>'- .l>iii>. wliii'li
uie iihoiK ono-tifth its' wide a," the white, the l»itert«ntiiRa!. Ti-. iipiHT > -list ami ihioat wi.irc.
with icujiular. !ar..;«- i.l.'tchfm.f »»!i»t . hlnck. A fow fvatlu'i-s of fifou.s i-u 'ic \<n\fv iiari,;. riiosdy
t'vid* II! on t'k'vj»U")i rSi. f«,ithti« Witij;s,lMiiMi, iUid lisn-l- ■<iat» i.iowti. ii!-. - 1' npot u><l witli ini-jr

I- :ir'7!» ot f»«»ti »,.•!«

'It . .0'}| SJX'tlMlt'n ol

M hill' yruiui'i I'oloi
I'DiiiiiiL' ohsoli'te on

ular tntifkiiiir.H of wh;;

r-uv

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'ibun iNtfk. 1 lie ii})!H*jr sifH«i* of

,i<\ IN Minilar tu (he

»-.ick, e.vtcjii thai t!i. Hisrkmg'^ nr •*'■»? aiiU slio* uo i«i{.'ii-> of |.i-Lt only v.L«-;i fhc tiul ft'iiliu'ix aio
fiieviitei' A WW iircjfti'ar pjtti^M>. ;V ii'JtowWb, brow it iwcoiiu' Lv.>leiir wIik; tlio ffHtla-i-n of tho
■)i«j>^r .>iirf;ic»' iir*- (li^turbt'd.

So. (•'«Mt(l, ij , ail, .hin^> 20, H7w iyifWwi 'i »kon. Vhi- <',«i*!iiiili- hats jhi sl.uy l>,':\vn]U!'
4*ki:^ on the lovor junts. The hrtA^. $»W^#<W *fv n<?»rlj co'iHuout liar.s, wUk-Ai 4'y.r.-H«l (miiokk
i'., «. Kinr hri>ai«t; (liftupiu'jirinij and U i Htsg; #i|*** ♦*t»'t^ ,'.«tch on : lie lower lif^axt uud iit>|i«T ah-
•■i(*i»»-*? T(o».'<".wor iilxlonii'.n, thiiflis. titu* T^fwi)' ^tN' ^Kjb»ii fiil\.iii». with vory (irie I ,tr.-t of dusky-
?»»)**>, <»|«Bt«Ji bPWHoe iH'aily obholot*- on i i»het> iW h*- ■ s<''>a«< and Hurt* prevail as riue bmkeu
!»Af» iv« M* >*<sUy gifiund, sliowing a rilij:ht l^so^o? .i,,: . '! ,>» ifxliT KiirfHce of tlii' tail foathi-rs I'on
iMni* 'Wf4'tt imr<i of 1<"<» distiMCtness tUfHi iu >*-(>, '••"<*• '•' <« <*, back, head, unit tai! ;Uio\i'. tui a
*i»j«^« dailiw tluiii in TVtSO, with the dottuijirs of i^iii* t*t^ •nrwgultii in size and distribution.

h

162

ooNTiimrrroy t oothf «j«fauAL iii»tory of alaska.

h«VT>i(r .1 diio,idf<l ttnd«^>'fy N- » •wt'iiittii*^' lat- ■ <* hIk' itrfvai'iiir coIoik of llm Icdy. Ii!- \<'ll<)w;
N(l h'orywhil* in liiV, dryiiip. '>«)«|irti*h; n* i^Ip deMb «xtk>rm lift-; <ilawH.birl*.

i'<70«.] lTr.UJ.il fH(K;^«i,A i,APP<»»»i. JiPtz.} '«w) (Vir/. jS»>«' f'lrtte v.]
Th" <lirt'e.«tK^; l»»'f we** '.*■» tiiWSJ'**' 'Jist4 tdafrm m in the roloration «k»i«», wliwii in <Ofvm«c<i
1h; AIk)v<', pmIj" bi'»»iiiHU> ?"■.* i»Md ***?>>♦» «hii»", «vilh tho lntt«<r «»! >i pn-donvBAiiii); on tho
lower t»iit faw. U"».li mid hr 1*4 »»*vli v ; !. ■■ '<nt»?r aiKonni A lirownUh, r.nhti daiktr on \viiitf« ami
fiiil, which JM )»oi.> nhtti 4li».'/'i* ^imUi* k -iv^ >nlf th.nt lU ('i««'rffo. Tin! disfn-itionoi tlo' lolDripro
diice iir«);iilsti, 1 H'Jt*'' wf'**" • 'aB^tii'i.ft^Mj leHH fvideiil i»u<l th<i bi-owi iianowiT on rln« lower
jmrta. I'-ivciwI <iti*V» iMdi . -i^'W-, wJtb iMjsiww.ooitceutiw rinij:^, sonrcely icfijolHr, but more sio than in
oinerfa. i'ill «vfi(kwi-«li iti '•fc «otnov»lu 'iie folor of soih .1 ivorv. 'ih.' iri- yi«llo«, claWM lii,'ht
©dgetl. with liar' «<r '•KKes, • i>r.' dark.

A ait'jflc ^i«wi**en, afi a^i iH feiUA(«. i»<' bis Hp»»f;U'!' • »• bmujrht Ui >ui» April 15, H7t), from the
Yukon l)( lt*». t •* xaid to t« Mnfte ran^ / "nuld iua Icmk anythiiiK > "• iai r»'tfai'diii!,' ilshablt.».

371. i*V«U*I,A IIINO «!(«,«•) ttl' HirM«»!'!*Xf {lkM.*» • i5tH#rtJ«^-»v^»< rJwi

KichftnlifOKi f»*l d'M»* »n»> »><!«*' <>« fJH ..ukjih i«f<i» •*» tfwM (h»*'. ^ if*vs'i*»i>H ^b*- <»->041>hI
di-»rn<:f;ic.

A sitetniuMi w)w< obfaiiifcrl ftoin ^N M ,\nkon, wwii* .f i* r«'j* ■•»♦-! jo b» nM eifv^jmrt ii<»m.
Xntives from Niilatodesciibo n .^u.nH s;. tH!i«v of / > is Imm? ', 'tiiit«p'*ii» <!»1 ii! Moo viriiiity.
hioe 'io doiilit f h»'y refiTi'fd to thin npi'cies.

1

iCV.

X

-^»-*-— T^-"-^"rv- -n^ip>n

iivuifw.sif •■'.■•■■wwi^iw «ivpf^^imm«tvviipvqmp«ff«

PLATE V.

• I.U ii'Ka« LitrflTT rR.NTiHe c

ULULA CINEREA LAPPONICA (Retz.) Adult Female, one-third Natural Size.

•t;

PLATE VI.

:^c..4i&^^

^^eto#.^..«?^|P^

UB'try ~fti«IT,(lfl » N

SURNIA ULULA (Linn.) Adult, three-sevenths Natural Size.

»^ *n'

■WW^W"|(|P^"^(<WH I l»l I

CONTKIHLTIONS TO JilK NATURAL IIISTOKY OF ALAHKA.

Ift3

TIm> tlmmt Ih white with irr«');iihir pHtch«H of hJHttkiHh, iiaviiiK f«*w NpotM of IuIvoiimoii t'ltcli TiMttlit^r
not puri'l.v whitt\

No. TOL'TIt, I'rotii Huint Mifliiu'l'M, liiiH tiit* ImrN tlii«>r iiiul i<xt«'iiiiiii^r iM'iirly ium'ohm tlif iiiiticrMiir-
fH«ioortlii> IxhIv, Willi *-xff|itioii ol'throiit, iipptT Itrt^itHt, uiul Ickm. 'rh« tliroiit ni'iirly piiri' white.
Thi'JiiKiiliii' iiiiii iippiM- iii'fiiNt witli t't^wiM' ItlotdiiPH of IthutliiNli. Thi> tail itiiil Km iiimIci' covcrlM
tiiH'ly liiirrt'ii witii iiii>n> <lc4-iilfil lirowiiiHJi. Ij«*km lu'tiriy iiniforin wliitiNh fiilvmiN, witli f)>w irn'^iilitr
nuii'kiiiKH of li^'liItT Ill-own than on itlxloiniMi himI Hhowiii^ iiiii littli> liiti'i'iii(.'. l-'.ntir*' iippi>i'Miirfii<'«>
bimI win^H MJitty Itrown, with very lliu^ initi-kiii);N of whiti^ and fiilvonH, tlit> hitliT in I'xit'HH on cli^
viitiii^; lilt' tipN of tlii> fi'iilh-iM, tlioiit;|i ncHiiy coiicfaltMl wImmi tlit* I'tNithcrs iir« arraiiKi'il in onh^r.

No. 7(»-'77, 9, Saint MifliacrH. This I'xaiiiple in MirikiiiKly "litH'icnt fioiii all lln- oIIumm. Th»<
groiiixl rolor Im ^raylsli I'iiIvoiin alio\«>; tail anil win^ covtM'tN ar<> tlii> ilarkiT portioiiN of tli*' iipp«>r
Hiirfaci'H. 'rii<> Itai-k, mIioiiIiIits, Iii'imI, anil rninp hIiow narrow liiioN traimviTHfly, uiili liitli> iliHpo-
8ition to form Imuh, iIm' inarkiiiKM iM'in^ v«-ry irii'^iilarly ilixpoNiMl. The tail aliovc hIiowm u slight
evi(lt>iii-«> of hairiii^r, anil lit'coint'H niMirly olmoh'ti' liclow, whi>ri> tlit* inferior Hiirfare of thi* fiMithiTM
Rhow the ItarH only on the inner weh ami only olisoletely on the extreme half of the outer weh.

The lireaNt, neck, hIiiIoiim mil let;H are nearly pure whitish ; \>arn of very line lineN are traiiH-

vernely ilJHpoHeil on the Niiles and llankH. ThiN example is a yoiiii); male, in nearly adult plumule,
olitaiiieil in Mareli, IH77, having been a liirdof the previoiiH year.

There are no appieeialile ilitVeienceH in the ineaNiireiiientN of any liirdH of thiH Hpei^ieM olttHined
from thoNe loealilies. The liill is iiliie lilaik ; eere ilark K>'*'*'niN)i ; elnwH hlaek, with lit;liter ti|m;
Iris yellow, with line, hiownish sp. eks, etipeeially nearer the pu;)''-

'M(\. Nycvi-ka nyctka (Linn.). Snowi/ Owl.

The Snowy Owl is a leniilent of all the northern part of .\Iiwka, both inte'ior and iimiilar.
The first specimens seen i)y me were on a hi^h pieee of tloatiiiK iee, far out at sea between
Saint Mathew's Islmid and Saint Lawrenee iNlanil, in lierin;; Sea. Several ritU* shots were tired
at them, whieli had only the etfeet to make the birds walk to another phiee on the iee. At S.iint
Michael's this owl was frcipiently liroiiKht to me. I have seen them on the hill, just liack of the
Kedoiibt and on the liills be.xond the ''(Janal." A few miles in the interior it is quite plenlilul at all
Heasons of the year. It Hies ipiite as well dnriiif; elouily days as at ni;;lit but Is at all times rather
shy. They are inoie often obtained when they are startled from some buii()i of ^jiass or straKKlinfj
willow patch. I know iiothinjj of their breedinp habits, but the natives a.ssert that it breeds under
the overlapping },'rass on the edjte of a low blutl'; that it lays four white ej{K'< early in April.

This Owl is not rtire on some of the Aleutian Islands. A tine spei-iineii was shot by Mr. Rob-
ert Kiii^, the a(;ent of the Western Fur and Trading Company, at lliuliiik vilhi};e, I'liaiashka Island.
The (Jwl had l)eeii observed for several nights on some of the buildiii^js near the stal)le, doubtless
watching a convenient opportunity t^) pounce on a ]>air of tame rabbits that lived under the stable.
Tli« bird was ailtiiiK on tlie tla}f-statf but a few yards in front of the dwellinj; of Mr. King, who
immediately presented tlie bird to me.

This is the only instance when; 1 obtained a specimen from Unalashka Island. 'V\h\ natives
assert that it is only occasionally seen there. At Apittu Island it is quite common. It rarely
visits Attn, but few miles from it. Its rarity is, doubtless, due to the presence of foxes ( V, layojms)
on the latter island.

On Agattu Island this Owl is a constant resident.

The food of tl is bird is composed of grouse, ducks, and an occasiotial stranded tish. The irin
is yellow; bill and claws white.

The Eskimo name of this iwl is Cng pUk, or Great Beard.

[377.J SuKNiA uiATLA (LinD.). Hawk Owl. [See Plate VL]
Above light brownish gray, darker on up|)er back; sides of lower neck, wings, and tail much
spotted with irregular, quadrate blotches of grayish-white, having a slight tendency to produce
undulating bars on the it ddle back ; the brown color ])redoiniiiating on the tail, wings, and lower
ueck. Head and nape wl, -sh-gray, with tine bars of light brownish-gray on the occiput, becoming
les8 ju (iinouiit i^t tlte lower .losterior margin of the crown, Crown grayish, with numerous, irregular,

1

164

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE NATURAL HISTORY OF ALASKA.

transverse, narrow bars of brownish-slate, these dark markings becoming more numerous on the
forehead. The ear-coverts of slaty-brown, forming a conspicuous, perpendicular, bar which is
produced over the disk of each eye. A poatcervical band of light brownish gray is scarcely
interrupted in its conjunction with the perpendicular bar behind the ear-coverts. Sides of wing-
coverts nearly pure white, with few markings of the same color as the middle batsk.

Facial disks grayish-white; the bristles on the sides of the base of beak blackish.

Lower surface grayish-white with numerous narrow bars of grayish, brown; the latter bars
oe«npy about one-half the width of the grayish space on the breast and sides, and become about
one-fourth as wide on the abdomen and with a corresponding increase in the width of the grayish;
or, in other words, the grayish is about four times as wide as the brownish. Inferior surface of the
tail rather lighter than the superior and have the grayish bars less apparent, owing to the two
colors blending together. The superior surface of the tail is marked with eight, narrow, transverse
bars of grayish, the latter terminal, while counted from below there are nine bars. A broad,
pectoral band of grayish extends from tiie carpal joint, of the closed wing, to the opposite side, and
is nearly an inch in width, devoid of other tliaii few. subquadrate markings of light brownish-gray.
Above this band there is a blackish spot, of irregular outline, formed on the upper sides of the
breast. The under surface of the wing is not different from the superior surface, excepting that
the spotting is nearly pure white and of larger size than that which shows on the outer webs of
the superior surface of the wing-quills.

In life the bill is ivory-white; iris yellow; claws dusky.

This bird measures slightly larger than the American Hawk Owl. The wing, 9.75 inches ;
tail, 7.10 inches; culmen, .85 inch ; tarsus, .86 inch ; middle toe, .82.

The European Hawk Owl is but rarely seen in the vicinity of Saint Michael's.

The first bird of the kind that I saw was brought to me by a native, who obtained it in the
bushes near the southeast base of Shaman Mountain, near the Redoubt. An Eskimo dog stole the
bird and destroyed it before I could get it away. The second specimen was ])rocured by me. I
was ascending a gravelly point of land on the northeast t-nd of the island, when a native who was
with me called my attention to the bird, sitting in a clump of rank grass. I had no gun with me;
the native assured me that the bird was not vicious. I seized the bird with n:y hands; and, while
examining it, the soil and grass beneath me gave way, iind while attempting to prevent myself from
sliding down hill the bird got away from me and flew ott'. The third example was brought to me
by a native. The skin was preserved, but ha« been lost in some unaccountable manner.

The two species are distinguishable at a glance, by the <lark markings, prevailing as spots, on
the American bird, and the light markings predominating on the European bird.

The natives assert that it is a resident and breeds in the vicinity •.' Saint Michael's; also that
it is a coabt bird, t. e., not going far into the interior; and that it can live a long time in winter
without food, as it remains for days in the protection of the holes about the tangled roots of the
willow and alder patches. The native (Eskimo) name of this species is I Ung nUl; and signifies
pallid.

377a. SuBNiA ULXTLA caparoch (Miill.). American Hawk Owl.
Description. — Above dtirk vandyke-brown, darker anteriorly, less intense, and more grayish, on
the tail; a narrow streak of brownish-black originates over the eye, and extends backward above
thj upper edge of the ear-coverts, where it forms an elbow, passing downward, in a broad stripe,
over the ends of the ear-ccverts. Confluent with this, at cbout the middle of the vertical stripe,
is another of similar tint, which passes more broadly down the side of the nape. Between the last
stripes (those of opposite sides) is another, or medial one, of less pure black, extending from the oc-
ciput down the nape ; every feather of the crown, forehead, and occiput with a central, ovate dot
of white— those anterior more circular, those on the occipit less numerous and more linear. Be-
tween the lateral and posterior nuchal strijies the white prevails, the brown forming irregular, ter-
minal and transverse or medial spots. These become more lineal toward the back. Interscapu-
lars plain; posterior scapulars variegated, with partially concealed, large, transverse, spots of white ;
the lower feathers with nearly the whole, outer webs white, their confluence causing a conspicuous
patch above the wing, Rump with sparse, irregular, but generally traiisverse spots of white j up.

r

14

OONTRIBUTIONb "^O THE NATURAL HISTORY OF ALASKA.

165

r

per tail-coverts with broader, more regular bars of the RHme, these about equal to the brown in
width. Lower feathers of the middle and secondary wing (joverts each witli an ovoid, wliite spot
on the outer web; secondaries crossed by about three series of longitudinally -ovoid, white spots
(situated on tlie e«lge of the fciithers), an<l very narrowly tipped witli tiie same; primary coverts
with one or two less (continuous, transverse series of spots, these found only on the outer feathers;
primaries with about seven transverse series of white spots, tliese obsolete, e.\cej)t on the ti.ti outer
feathers, on wiiich those anterior to the emargination are most conspicuous. All tlie prim«ries
are very narrowly bordered with wliite at the ends. Tail, wifii seven or eight very narrow bands
of white, those on the middle feathers purely so, becoming obsolete exteriorly ; tlie last is terminal.
Eyebrows, lores, and face grayish \.uite, tht ;jrayish appearance apparently cuised by the blackish
shaft of the feathers ; that of the face continues (contracting considerably) across the lower parts of
the throat, separating a large space of dark brown, wlii(!li covers the whole throat Iroia an indistinct
collar of the same, extending across the Jugulum, this collar uniting the lower ends of the auricular
and cervical, dusky bands, the space between which is nearly clear white. (Iromid color of the
lower parts white, but everywhere with numerous, very regular, transverse bars of deep brown of
a tint more reddish than the back, the brown bars rather nu re than half as wide as the white ones;
across the upper parts of the breast (beneath tlie gular (collar) the white ver\ much invades and
reduces the brown, forming a hroad, lightei belt across the jugiduiu; below this the brown bars
increase in width, their aggregation tending somewhat to a sutlnsion, giving the white jugular belt
Iwtter definition. On the legs and toes the bars are narrower, more distant, and less regular.
The whole lining of the wings is barred like the sides. The dark brown prevails on the under sur-
face of the primaries, &c. ; the former having transverse, irregular, elliptiiiil spots of white,
those touchiiig neitlier the sliatt nor the edge; on the longest cpiill are seven of these spots; on
all they are anterior to the emargination.

There is considerable individual variation of plumage in this species. The darker colors may
be of a more or Uws reddish-brown and have the same general distribution of (coloration as de-
scribed above, or else the lighter colors may be greiiter in amount with the saimc general pattern.
The beak is generally palest flesh-color in life, or even ivory-white, but becomes yellowish on
drying. The(!'aws are dark to jiaie horn-(!oh)r. The wing is i> inches long; tail, (>.."> to 7 inches;
tarsus, .9 inch ; middle toe (without claw), .80 to .H,'i inch. There are no exterior (lill'eren(!es in the
sexes of this bird.

The American Hawk Owl is a very coi::'non resident throughout the Yukon district. Along
the coast it is quite abundant. They usually seclude themselves in the willow or alder patches,
or are frequently startled from some grass covered bank of a lake. They fly equally wc'l by night
or by day. I once observed a bird of this speci(>s sitting, during a bright day, on a post. I ap-
proached the bird to within a few feet. It s(pn»tted, then stood up, and seemed ready to fly at any
moment. 1 went within six feet of it, and it then settled down as if to take a nap. I retired and
threw a stick at it to make it fly. I shouted and made other noises, and only after several attempts
to dislodge it did it fly. When taking flight from an elevated i)osition they invariably drop to
within a few feet of the earth and sail away rapidly. They arte not at all vicious ; they hold tightly
with their claws, and in no instance did a wounded Hawk Owl attempt to use its lieaU, though the
feathers on the head and neck were raised and an attitude of threatened attack with beak was
always made. Alter a f(!w minute's cai)tivity they become passive and make no ai;('ini)t to escape.
In the neighborhood of Nulato, Anvik, and P'ort Yuk(Mi this owl is (jnite abiindaiit. It is iiroba-
ble that this 8i)eci(s rare'y wanders far from where it was reared, though excessive periods of cold
lUiiy cause it to retire to the ravines and bush-patches of the interior. The natives assert that
these birds can live several days with(mt food, whi(!h (consists of small birds and mice ; the heads
of its vi(ctims being the preferred i)arts.

The nesting habits were not learned by me.

The Eskaio call this bird Tiilfe a ling iik, and refers to the sjiots on the plnmoge resembling
something else.

390. Ceryle alcyon (Linn.). Belted Kinjijinher.
A single specimen of this bird was obtain(Ml at Fort tuHoUt
(ihe entire Yukon River and is a smnnier visitant only,

It is s;iid to be conimon along

166

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE NATURAL HISTORY OF ALASKA.

394. Dbyobates pubfsorns. Downy Woodpecker,
The Downy Womipecker ranges throngliout the wooded districts of AInskn.
Along the Ynkoii Kiver it is very common. It |)refers the poplar groves an<l alder thickets.

A.t the Yukon Delta it is common in winter, seeking its food among the willow patches.

It occasionally visits the vicinity «»f Saint Michael's, as t>ne was seen at a distance as it took

flight from a thicket of willows on the edge of a lake, west of the Retloubt.

401 fl. PicoiDES AMRKICANUS ALASOKNSis (Nels.). Alagkan Three toed Woodpecker.

Specimens of the American Three-toed Woodpecker were obtained from Nulato and Fort
Yukc.i, on the Yukon Kiver. The bird is a resident of the wooded districts, and common in some
localities.

The iris is black; tij* of bill black, becoming paler posteriorly to nearly white at base; toes
and feet black.

The difterence in plumage of olascemis and dorsnUs is sutticient to warrant the separation of
the two forms, but from a lack of sutticient material for comparison the matter may be considered
as not yet decided.

4016. PicoiDKS AMKKiCANUS noRSAi.is Baird. Alpine Three-toed Woodpecker.

This Woodpecker is abundant in the interior wherever there are wooded districts.

It rarely visits the vicinity of Saint Michael's. A single -ipecinien was seen in April, 1876, on
the high staff' at the end of the warehouse. It Hew ottiniu.' iliately. 1 again saw an individual of
this species among some poplar trees, about eighteen miles southeast of the Redoubt, in March,
1877.

At Fort Yukon this bird is numerous. From there I obtained all my specimens.

I could not learn of the occurr* nee of this bird on the western part of Aliaska. At Nushagak
Station, and on the river of tliat name, it is quite abundant.

412. CoLAPTES AXiRATUS (Liun.). Flicker.
The Flicker does not occur on the coast of the Yukon District to my knowledge. A specimen
was obtained from Fort Yukon, v. here it is int abundant.

457. Sayornis saya (Bonap.). Say's Phcehe.
Several specimens of thi.s bird were obtaiu'^d from Fort Yukon, where it arrives during the
latter part of May. I am not aware that it descends to the coast.

474. Otocoris alpestris LETroL.«:MA (Cones). Pallid Horned Lark.
A single specimen of this bird was biought to me by a native, who said he had just killed it
at Egg Island, a few miles (rom the village of Saint ISlichael's. It was a female and had been just
killed. This species is not common in that vicinity, but is said to be common en the higher hilla
just back of the seashore. Ihe bill, leet, and iris were black.

47.1. Pica pica hidsonica (Sab.). American Maypie.
A specimen of this Magpie was not obtained by me. Several of the traders from the Upper
Y'ukon district reported this siucies to be not rare in the neighborhood of Fort Yukon, and rather
more common in the vicinity of Fort Reliance, farther up the Yukon River but south of Fort
Yukon. I saw a single individual at Fnga Island in the latter part of .July, 1881. Itis said to breed
on the island among the alder thickets. At K.i^IiiiU Island I ob.served quite a number of these
birds. A young bird was seen as !> .aplive r^ ivarluk fishing station, on the northwest shoulder
of Kadiak Island. The bird was quite gentle, constantly uttering its harsh cry. At Saint Paul's
village, Kadial- Island, 1 observed quite a number of these birds among the shade trees within
the village. They were constantly ((uarreling ; even the dashing rain, which prevailed during my
very .hort stay there, did not at all dampen their ardor in nmking a noise. Several nests were also
8ee!i, which had been used euiljer in the jear, lor I «m them Aufjust )), 188J,

!ip[fH|swiuuiis)|;j{>nnii!i)'

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE NATURAL HISTORY OF ALASKA.

167

This siwcies does not visit tlie Aleutian Islands, The farthest west that I could learn of their
occurrence was at Belkovsky, though they may bo eventually found on Uniuiak Island, next the
western end of Aliuska.

484ft. PebisoreX'S canadensis FiiMtFRONS RidRW. Alaslon Jay.

This bird is known by the name of Whinly Jaek throughout the Hudson Bay territory, and
Sdyah to the Russian-speaking element of Alaska.

It rarely occurs in the vicinity of Saint Michael's. Two siteciniens were obtained at the Re-
doubt, during my three-anda-half years' stay there.

Along the Yukon River it is abundant aiul a permanent resident.

The most of my specimens were obtained from Fort Yukon, Nulato and Anvik, on the Yukon
River.

I did not observe it in any oiher part of the country.

There is great diversity in coloration of plumage. The old birds become nearly white, from
the dark sooty plumage of the young.

486. OoBvus CORAX siNUATUS (Wagl.). American Kami.

The American Raven is a resident throughout the Territory of Alaska. In the vicinity of
Saint Michael's it is common in summer.

During the excessively cold periods of winter it retires to the int.T or. It visits ■ le coast during
warm, broken spells of weather in winter; in the early spring many individuals uiay be seen.

It does not breed near Saint Michael's that I am aware of, bu' on the high blutis along the
Yukon River it breeds in numbers.

The Raven seems to prefer the more thickly settled localities, and is more abundant near
villages than in the less i)opulated districts. It is eoiiimon at Nushagak and on all the Aleutian
islands.

At Unalaslika it is extrenudy numerous. I have counted over t wo hundred individuals at one
time at that place. At Atkha and Attn Islands it is also very numerous. They are the scavengers
of the villages. They have a great share of intelligence ; though not sliy they are extremely wary,
and when ihey assemble round a i>ile of ottal, left Irom cleaning tish, which some tisherinan has just
brought in, they are ever on the alert. It is scarcely possible to )»ick up a stone to throw at them
without being seen, even though the di.«tance ott inight make one think he has not been observed.
When the person arrives at several rods from throwing distance, the Ravens take tlight, to return
as soon as the intruder is out ot reach.

At Atkha the natives and others have many chickens. The Alaska Comnurciul Company had
two roosters and several hens. One of these roosters, a veritable Turk, IbuKlit the younger rooster
until the latter had, in some one of his battles, lost his rigiit eye. The loss of this eye i»re-
vented him from guarding against the sudden attacks of the «)lder rooster, which finally drove the
younger to the outskirts of the tlock or else to solitude. The youn^-er roost used to hang round
some of the hens to divert them from the attentions of the older one, wliicli llnally gave him such
a beating as to nearly kill liiiu.

The Ravens used to watch these atVrays, and alight within a few > anls to witness the tight, but
always taking good care to keej) ont of reach of the old rooster.

Out of revenge and a mixture ot jiure cnrsedness they would wait until the younger rooster
was walking among the tall grass and sail directly over liiin, then diop dt)wn on the ground near
bim, uttering a loud miuak, which nnule the young looster believ.' the old one liad slipped up on
him. I have seen this done over a score of tiuu's, and have seen the young rooster drop on the
ground from fright.

On the approach of bad weather the Ravens retire to a high, bold precipice ; and, over its top,
or along its face, they go through the most astonishing, aerial e\oluiions, chasing each other for
hours in and out, to the right ami left, up i nd down. Their tiiglit at such tinu-s is extremely
varied with rapid In-atsof the wing or a short sail, a sudden halt, and turn conijiletely over and fly
back from where they started. They also turn over sidewise, generally to the right and uiuler,
connng up on the other side and continuing without halt. They frequently liy with one wing closed
and the other straight up in the air.

168

CONTKIBUTIONS TC) THE NATURAL HISTORY OP ALASKA.

One Riiven will svcnre a choice bit of offal aud dy away with it. Another, desiring a share,
will give chase, which results in the most wonderful performances. The ])ursuci' endeavors to fly
beneath and snatch it with the claws by turuing over and grabbing it from the beak or claws of
the other. The lirst is ready to turn abruptly upward and sail for many feet directly up. The
pursuer follows, and a dash to the very ground ensues, after which the chase is continued until the
one drops the morsel or the other becomes tired of pursuit.

1 have seen a Raven chase a duck (Histrionicua histrionicus Linn.) for over a mile. The
Raven kept at the same disti'uce from the duck, neither gaining nor decreasing the distance of
about 20 yards between Ihem. I had a goo«l view of the chase, and saw the duck start out of the
water about 20 yards ahead of the Raven as the latter was listlessly tlying over. The Raveu took
after it with a '• /urflA" which urged the duck on at a rapid rate. The Raven increased his speed
to kee]> u]> with all the turns and angles of the duck, which finally flew out to seaward, upon
which the Raven ceased pursuit and flew along just as though nothing had happened. The Raven
chased that duck for no other reason than ])ure maliciousness. I have reason to believe the Raveu
could have caught the duck if it had wanted to do so, as 1 had seen Ravens fly faster on many occa-
sions, but never before had seen a Harlequin Duck in a hurry. At Atkha Island I saw a nest con-
taining two, nearly fledged, young Ravens. The nest was pliiced on a ledge of a low cliff. The nest
was composed of dried stalks of a sjwcies of Archangelica, which grows abundantly on all the islands,
and son.e dried fronds of seaweed. The rocks in the neighborhood were whitened by the excre-
ment of these filthy birds. The walls of the bluff formed a rather narrow angle, and when I ap-
proached the uest the clamor of the young birds was deafeninjj.

The young are able to fly by the middle of June. The young do not assume the lustre of the
adult before the next year.

The notes of the Raveu are extremely varied to express surprise, danger, satisfaction, or nearly
anything else, as they convey much by their note. A single male will sit on some slightly ele-
vated knoll, and with outstretched, rutHed neck, he utters a note that sounds like that of a choking
dog. Two will get close together in early spring and talk to each other for half an hour, jttering a
series of kuttle, kuttti\ kuttle, all the while.

AVlien one lias a piece of offal stolen from him he utters a hirtih. On the wing they utter a
short croak, at other times they utter al liikii, al lukli, which sounds like the Aleut word for two.
The similarity of t lie sounds wuised me to remark to a small boy, who was with me that a Raveu, which
had just flown by and littered his allfikh, alliikh, had counted us coneiitly. The boy did not com-
prehend my remark until I iiitbrnied him that there were but two of us aiul that the Raven said so
as he flew by. The boy was soire time laughing at the idea of a Raven counting us in the Atkhan
dialect.

The Eskimo name of this bird is Tu hi lag tik. The Unalashkans call it Ka Ui kak. The
Attn Islanders call it Ka'l gakh. Tliroughout the entire Territory this bird is intimately connected
with the myths and legends of the natives. They ascribe deeds of valor, heroism, sagacity, and
deepest cunning to the Raven.

50't. ScoLKCOPHAGUS OABOLiNUS (Mill!.). Rv^<ty Blackbird.

The h usty Blackbird is one of the earliest land birds to arrive at this locality (Saint Michael's) ;
May 2r)th being the earliest date recorded. It is not coiumon here, and does not breeil in this
neighborhood to iny knowledge. On the Lower Yukon River it is said to l)e abundant.

Along the uj»per part of the Yukon River, especially in the neighborhood of Fort Yukon, this
bird is abiiiulaiit. It arrives there by the 10th of April and remains until October.

The iris is white; bill aud feet black.

The Eskimo name of this bird is Kdth ka gd yuk.

I did not observe this Blackbird on Aliaska nor on the Aleutian Islands.

515. PiNicoLA ENUOLEATOB (Liuii.). Pine Orosbeuk.
The Pine Grosbeak is a resident of the interior and wooded districts of the entire Territory of
Alaska. It occasionally visits the Redoubt of St. Michael's duriug a warm i)eriod of weather iu
winter.

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE NATURAL IIISToRY OF ALASKA.

169

It is very plentiful alonp the Yukon River, especiiiUy at Nulato, Auvik, and Fort Yukon.

The specimens were all obtained from one or the other of those places.

The fresh si)ecimen8 that came to me in 'i frozen condition presented the following coloration :
Bill dark; tarsus, toes, and claws darker; iris black.

It feeds on seeds; preferably those from the cones of the spriu'e.

1 observed several individuals of this species amouj; the scattered clumps of spruce trees at a
few miles from Nushagak, on the river of that name flowing into the head of I'.iistol J!ay.
oKi. PyRRiiULACAssiNi (Baird). Cassin's liulljinch. [See Plate VI I.]

(Dr. L. Stejneger has kindly furnished mo, in February, 1.S82, the following renmrks upon the
status of th'^ present species) :

"Prof. S. F. Baird's Pyrrhiila coccinea var. casxiiii (Trans. Chicago Acad. I, ISGS, j). 310), has
been the subject of several interpretations.

Mr. Tristram (Ibis, 1871,]). -M) considers it to be entitled to specilic rank, while other authors
regard it as belonging either to Pyrrhiiht ciiieracea Cab. or to P majur Brehm (= coccinea De Selys).

It would, therefore, bo interesting to know to which species liiis only American specimen
shoidd be referred.

I have nunutely examined Professor Baird's type, which is deposited in the collection of the
Smithsonian Institution.

The specimen is not in the best condition, tlie outermost tail feather on one side and the
innermost remex on one wing being lost.

It appears from examination (as idso Mr. Dybowsky and PnitVssor Cabanis, Jour, fiir Ornith.,
1S71,1).4(), havo conchidctl lu'lbre m(')that the American s|iecinien isaliMualc. Tiiat tlie specimen is
labeled as an adult male is in all probability founded on error wliicli should not mislead us. It is
not the first instance that the label has given erroneous information concerning the sex.

Measurements of the specimen give: Cidmen, .40; wing, 3.75; tail, 2.85; tarsus, .74, mid-
dle toe, .48 inch.

Forehead and top of head lustrous blue-black, this black extending as a narrow line entirely
round base of lower nmndible and expanding to about three times its width between the rauu of
the lower mandible, The tail, including the ui)[)er coverts, is lustrous blue-black above and slate-
black below. Wings slaty on the renuges, becoming the color of i.ie tail on the tertials. The
outer web of the first primary is g'My, with slightest tinge of red. The primary coverts are dark
ash and are thus (juite consi)icuous. The greater wing coverts are broadly edged with blui-sh-
black and broadly tiijped with grayish-white. Nape, back, sca])ulars, lesser and middle wing-cov-
erts uniform cinereous. Kuniii and lower tail coverts pure white. The lower parts reddish-gray,
becoming decidedly vinaceous on the tlanks. The aurieu'irs tinged with red. Bill brownish-black;
tarsi brown ; toes darker.

The specimen in question is neither a male of F. majdr nor ci,>('niir(f nor (/fiscirtntris Lafrsn.

If it be a male it would be tpnte a new species, ot which the male would be almost precisely
like the female oi' cineracea, as I propose to show below.

When we shall deciile on this ease we i>refer without hesitation the first alternative as being
the most natural and probable one.

The under j arts are of the same color, exceiiting a sonu'wiiat purer gray than the same sex of
the (ireat European Bulltineh, P. m jor. The color of the back is jmre cinereous, without the
brownish wash of /'. major. The white of the rump endiraces an area in width of .i) inche^^ (22
mm.). The outer web of the first primary has an edge of gray. The length of the tail feather are
2.85 inches (72 mni.).»

In some of these ]iarticnlai-s, which the si)eeimen examined lia.s in common with the female ot
P. major, it dill'ers from P. cineracea in which the white of the rump embraces an area of l.;?S inches
(34 mm.), while the light border on the outer primary is nearly always wanting. Tlie first priuiaiy,

• " Hftiifl, UrewiT, and Kidgwny, in Hist. N. A. It., I, )>. 457, giv<« tlio Iciistli of tliti tnilas;i.a.'iin<'lit>8(f'"i nun.). Tlie
ilitVi'itMiei' of llu' li'nj;[tli iirist'H friini tlie ilin'i'n-nl nKtiini-r of nirasnroniiMit. 1 myself (as dnen Mr. Kyliowsky) measure
tlie tail-featliei'S fniui Ihe liasi' of the ipiills at llieir insirtion anil ii(il.:i.s in tlie work nientldiieil alio',,', ' ficim the
cooojsl insiile the skin.'"

S. Mis. 155 22

170

CONTRIBUTIONS TO TOE NATURAL UISTORY OF ALASKA.

»1

with very few exceptions, is shorter tliiiu the fifth. lu tlie Hiuno milliner the ineasureinents best
agree with tliose cf i'. major. The avenige leiifjtli of tlie tails of twenty iii no females was found
by Mr. Dyliowsky to be 2.85 inches (7li nun.). Tlie wiiifj; being 3.5S inch (HO inin.) or precisely
the same nuinl)ors which I have given above. On the other haiiil the specimen agrees so closely
with the colors of the female of ciiwraira that there can be no doubt but that it is the female of
churacco. The ditt'crences noted above are only such as also occur in occasional female individuals
of cineravea, (See E. v. Ilomeyer, Jour, f'iir Ornith, 1879, p. 178.)

There are also two more marks by which- Professor IJaird's bird agree with P. ciiicracea, for it
lacks thereil sjtot on the innermost tertial. The spot in that bird being gray, with a bluish-blacli
spot at the tip, and has the tii>s of the greater wing-coverts gray and not white. It may, however,
be well to state that occiasional individinds of /'. major also laciv the red spot on the inner tertial.
(See Dybowsky and v. Ilomeyer, I. c).

The white on the outer tail leather is rather large and thus agrees with the majority of indi-
viduals of ciiicracea. J'.cassini has nothing to <lo with P. oriciitalis Tkm. {=griseireatris Lafr.sn).
This is a smaller bird and much nearer allied to the small European form as will be understood
from the following comparison which I had the opportunity of making in the museum of the Phil-
adelphia Academy of Nat. Sciences:

The specimens of Pyrrhnla oricntalis Temm. here described are a male and a female, numbered
777 in the Phil. Acad. Nat. Sci., and were obtained from .laiian.

The male of P. orientalis Temm. isesi)ecially distingaishabk' from the male of /'. europwa (the
small species) by the gray of the back being less ])ure, it being strongly tinged with rose-red ; also
by the black cap extending less farther posteriorly. The color of the throat and cheeks is purer
and more glossy rose-red, while the breast and remaining under parts are strongly shaded with
gray. The red color extends to the crissum without becoming less intense. The tips of the greater
coverts are pure gray, not white or whitish. The innermost tertial has no red spot. Measurements
of the male give: Culmen, .-tO; wing, 3.30; tail feathers, 2.40; tarsus, .04 inch.

The female of orientaUs is distinguishable from the female europwa in the same manner as the
male by the gray tips o'- the greater wing coverts and wanting the red spot ou the inner terti^il.
The back is more tinged with brown, duller and more reddish than in any of the four females of
europcea now before me, in which the shade of gray in ciiropaa is more fulvous, the cap somewhat
shorter, the auiiculars, chin, and throat more reddish — -just the same parts which in the male are
more rosy. Measurements of the fenuile give: Culmen, .37; wing, .'(..l-j; tail feathersj 2.44 ; tarsus,
.70 inch.

The synonomy of i'. cassiiii will, consequently, stand as tjollows:

1831 — Pyrrhnla rubi- :11a Pall. Zoogr. liusso Asiat., II, p. 7 ( 9 jiartim.).

1809. — I'ljrrhitla <vcciiua var. cansiidi liaird, Trans. (Jhic. Acad., I, ISO!), p. 310.

1871. — ryrrhiihi cusniiii Tristr., Ibis, 1871, p. 231.

1872. — Pyrrliiihi cinvracca Cab., Jour, liir Oinith., 1872, p. 310.

Figures. Transactions Chic. Acad., I, 1809, PI. XXIX; Cab. Jour. f. Orii., 1874, PI. I."

While in Alaska 1 made strenuous endeavors to obtain specimens of /'. caxsiiii Haird, but
failed to procure them. The (piestion of the rehitionship of the si)ecies referred to may, lio\ve\er
be considered as settled, as Dr. L. Stejneger, since he wrote the above, has had the opitortunity of
comparing Baird's tyi)e of cofisiiii with an undoubted specimen of ciiierucea, and finds his identili-
cation to be correct.

521. LoxiA CUKVIROSTRA MINOR (Brelini). American GrossbiU.

. had the good fortune to obtain a specimen of the American Crossbill at Saint Michael's on
^" :nst 4, 1875. It was sitting on a weed near the base of the sundial, back of the inclosure.

'easurements of the fresh specimen were as follows: 5.75 by 10 by 3.25 by 2. Iris black, feet
and bill dusky, male, adult.

This bird is extremely rare in this locality, as some natives to whom I showed it declared it to
be the first one they had ever seen.

This species was not obtained by Messrs. Dall and Bannister in the Yukon Territory.

This is the only individual ever obtained north of Sitka, nearly COO miles further south than
Saiut Michael's.

PL A IE VII.

■.*.■!

^^1##"

.,'^.

* '.„

LOXIA LEUC0PTE:RA (Gmel,) First Plumage.
PYRRHULA CASSINr <BAr-n\ A-u- r F; ma- r

H

17(1

OONTKIJil'IlOSa T<,« *rt» ■ \ki;itAL illM'OKV Ol'' ALAhKA

witli very :i".*' i>\<A!|>ii.'!is, 11 sh<jft»i ..ka*. Iik tiA.t«. iii the Aiiino iiiumn'i thv ni'-Huifif*';:!*. Iwsl

rtjjTfc wi'.ii most' i.r /■ iitiyor, iit(.- i>.h\'.i[*t,<' Ifu^rh .•■. f ti« niiU of i»>i'iiiv nit,«- i'eii>itlt<M U'.^ ruiitid
by Mr. iMliowKky to l>o, 'i.*i '/•*-».-«( 72 mm •. ' hr wiu^' Ih'Iiik l.oft ita-Ji .'O iiim.; '»i ^tuscist'ly

IIH! laniO IllKllttM'* wbiC'll I ;-»>•' ^1«-U jiIjKV < 0;i (iitM>tll*-r luilld ihc J-jKIi '(l.*"-! ll.fM- -a ;*.> (iloscly

witli dm ii'li'ts 111' ilii« r»-!»i.y :', {iwrroim' '« f ihoii'iaii l>e in> ijoiil.i Itui '. hut it jh '.Im' iViiwl.-, of
•iviinr,.}. 'I'iti< dilUri'' <i:*M i ••' 'ilw»<i wr .'•jii .«"w;h ,i-. ai-«i occri iii ';i'i'a,-ii"ii;il iViuhIi liuliviiluals
iif (•(ii.r/y(..e.(, I'Si"!' r ■ ti.«i c-yt. Jovi. *><>i!.itli, lA/K, p. I.'^.

.Ilir'ie rtiv alui' V '■.,!»< toHi'kik ..\ «.;'ili I'l iWi'H^iii' iiiiinl'-i \»inl ;iyr>'< witli !'. riiuriir:it, l>ir il.
l.u•l^^ till rt'il M|>ot >. .)i.' iiiiKTOio-t I'/ i.-.i i'lH ^\wt ill tliiit bl <I btMii'.' ,:i.i>", v.nh ,i bli)i»lil)liii'k
>il»itt at ilu" fi|», '••Ki 'la* llic tl|>st>r lilt- ^'rufor witi^^ (■(n-< rts yniy and ,ii(>f v inic. It may, liuvvt'ViT,
!«• '.Veil ui ^'.>U*^ '. <vi ui <M.siiiii;il iiidu I'ui^iN of ''. inuj<n siUo l.ick lln' tc<\ •)!"'». on tin: inner t<-rti;if.
(Jjf< I '.\ !mi .•-•;. , .tiid V. lloiiieyiT. 1. • 1.

i ii' * ;ii ,v< ilic i)Ult<r tn\l l^NtifliiT is i.i!lu;r liiijjf iind tliiiS np;i>"'.» wiili lln' iu;i|'/rily uf linli-
\ ii1i!,i;..H 1 ' u «■'« /'. ''.i«*tii il vs ;i<'l bin (,»'») du wifh /' iirU'HtalU lK<i, i:-.:i]fi.icin utiln liAl'"H.s.\>.

'I'hv -.li :..i* .H.M blr<) .,ilil 'I 'l t.f'j!"'! ' 'i' rf- r<t tl- : knV Klll'<H>+"i V i'Till il:< « ill bi M n Km'nI ooil

( i'-r,i!- I., -r. tbc :iiiif;<:iii' 'i'' it •■ ''tril
• I'l ai.'it ij ('•iji»ii!««. luii/ilii'ifti

ir<i.>. i.iu toii'i'viiij' ■,<Mji}i.ir!'- ••_ »-\i\'-'ii \ ■■ , ' ri' ■vi '■

sl'lvljlilK A<-;Ulri.l\ '.'I .> »' »^ Tt.'vy

777 ill >!i<- I'liil .A': id. N:»t -•■• , .tnd >»(»■».• t-ru^w • ' -'Jk..

'I'lu Hi;i!"- Ot /*. I ■■i>,l,till(K '1 I;MM. i-- • '|»c. . 1,.» lll <': ,1. . U', jiI. f. • ,1i llt- .lllclli" uf /'". eumftno ;m;|'

.-^iiiMii ^'I)l cii-.-i i<y ii'f Ki'iy I'l'tije liiuk bvui< iijM ji'.ii' , •< M iiirf .--" ■ >^tI^ iiii^'<*d n'itli n»-<i!H'i! ; id.-u
!i\ the bUnk <ii|» fxi'-iidiiig b-s.-i budii'i |H»sf( liorly, 'l'!u i dor n tb<' !iui".i'i imd < lioi-ks is piiri'i
.Uid III' no ^''''''y ii'>-<'i<"d, wiiii;' tln' bleiist nlii; IvniHiliilli; nndi-r iMisdn- sfrini:;l\ sliiidcd \villi
gr<i\. 'Iht 1<'*1 i'ol(irOxt«'!uU to thr. cns-nni \v;i)iii(i| bi-i'iiniii/ li-^s i iiri.-c. Thu tips in' tin' ;;ri'aici
coxeits are ]'tiri' t;r.i\ , iiol wbiti' oi' whitisii. ') la' inncininsit ttsrti.il ii.is iiori^d spot Me isiuenii'iil."
of tin' 11. lie. givi'-. I'ldnu'ii, ,10; 'Viiiy;, '( Mu : tad li'.i'.ls.iS, J.JO; i.ir:i.i.<. X\\ iindi.

Tln^ l'i'in*ii(' 'if ,,ri,ntitl!n is distuiiim^biddi^ !Viiiii il.i' I' inii't turojiivi in tin' .-:iiiie iik.jiih.'I .is tin-
ni."li' lis ibf (^I'dv tijis iir the ;ii':i!i '■ i^in^' i')\ cil.s \,vA s\;,!iii;ii; Uh' led i<piii. on tin inin" ti'iti.ti.
i 111- l';ii;K ,s tiioi'' tin;;!'! •lb 'i .vk, riidj.i niitl m- li' ii-l'lM. Ilniii in .•ny i>i tlu> It/ ;' ' i .'< > ol
■ «,-, u.yti ti'iw iu'lori' nil', i'l *!.!• ... i>. nj*- n; j>r;iy in i'ary. ■ . nmr.- ■.ilfOii.'i, thi' ca|i .-(.n.. « n »t
■[(■■iiM-. ■ 111' iiiii ''nd.ii-i, (diiii. >iii . V* '■ . •■ -Misii-ji .-;! 1. ".Kin^ |.ic - bi<!)! iij tin- ni'ilc ,iii'
iii^r*'- '■' '. . "•!' I-,'': '. nn-ui i if 111, . •" ■ - •„, ' .. . -■•i'. -T . ■mi.: ■">'•, :•< ' ii''<t> J (■; '-on.

:<» 'l: .'

t;r :-\ noil./'.t.

Ji i ' L^il.'^MlW •Vlll, (Mil .-I <t<' Il

v> I ill loll.r.'

l-s.;! — i'\irihi<'i> riii,!, ,!i,. ('ji;!. /ii(.|;r. I{nh.»<) .■•.•.<•'., il, p. 7 i i ! :*'';ii ,

!,^ij<i — V'jriliuht vocrinw \\n. c isxiini i'.nird. fiiin-. rh;<:. Vend., i l.Mi" p. .'ilii.

ISTI. — I '>/)■)■ /ill ill (,7Mvi)i/. ! iisti., li'i.s, iSTi, p. 'S.W.

ls':i.~- Pjii ihiii-i (■//.i</«i'''<>, Cnii., .Wii;r. |iii Omiili., !.>7:j, p. dn.

rii;ni.'s I) ii-.u'iiniis ( .li-.i .V.aii., I. ..M,!), PI. XXIX; <'ivb. -buir l <»rii.. l.STi.l'l. I.'

\^ iiilc ill -\'.: ■» ■ 1 iiM', -I ii'fiuou-i endeavors lo oblaii sp.i'innii- -it J', rnnnjn! Haiiil. Init

taii'd u> pnx'.mv ;i • o Jli, • ■fiimi til tin lil.iliolndii!' ot' . : • -(""'itf ol'.'l icd lu tnii.\ , liouevir

be lonsidrM'd i..s ;,.■) t.«i. if} ' '. .StcjiH-jU'r, xilii-f lie -.vrnt" "'le .I'-ri . Ii.ia h.ld the oppoitnnil.\ r.

eon.]. in ill.:.' Hni'M »■ : ',!■■• ■■'. i -•,♦(»'. *»irii an h'«1ou:i!< d <pe. ui,- .» nt • .(/,(((.'(;, ind 11 'ids i.i.i ..|.:n!,

- i; inn til Hi eoiioi ; .

:-2f. L 'XtA oriiViBOfiji; .M.'fili .'15i<i< ii;. Aintr. uti ( I'liKbill.
' ..id the good fortiui«» to ol'i • >i«'<lMin 1 die Americnn i ir.-.-diili ;U S.r.i' '^f .•* m**;/, ^

.»t 4, 1875. It «'as ..-diciii MM • 'in.uii. ) ftsw of 'be hih, l^M, b.i' k oi Pi- ;i«-.. •.<

M-'>*Mit!J'teni.s ot (111. fn'sli «ire'%^ . -v <•.< a,s (t-il.ovv.-. : ""..V.") ii\ 1 1> iiy {.'-'•") bj :.' h- .> 'i.t
au .t^iSwvkv, nu.'..', ^linlt.

■ ••' .^ <';.»i*on'l,i' r.tn in ilii.s I.h :i«,j?» a*i ;- ■ - ''^Mm-s <o s\ ho.n I sluisw.d it d' • m.. 't !■>
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PLATE VII,

LOXIA LEUCOPTERA (Gmel.) First Plumage.
PYRRHULA CASSINI (Baird ). Adult Female.

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COMHIIH T\o\s in I'M! VATrPvr. MIST<H;Y (»!• AIaSKa.

171

.".JJ I,(i\n I Ki ' Mfii ,i.< i.'iifl. W'Int, V in;/:'! ('iitii»l>ill. (Sof IM.il<.- V 1 1 ;

r>;. NVIii»evi'i(ii;i<l (.•ii«.s'<1i'il idul^uiKlittif m ilir iiitt lu.ni) Mn' Yukon liinlr'i I .iml iiiln r w.h tv.l
|iiriN, It i»ccii«ti(iiiiill\ viiiis tJ 0 in iulibi»rliiK»«l «f Sitiiit MicliuofH, llioit^jli not i'l iiumlM'i^, ur. <'til'.
Ill i«<llviiliial.-ii- V \>ry miii;iII H.-oI. mn.V be M.'i>i» JUMitrliiR •»■ •"»"• " ""''• '"■♦" 't" tl""i>fl' it viiJ^'ii
i («liiili(i' fil,u'<' ;tii<l ii»i\i'iu* to u' I i»«u.v, tor jl wtin \ny isliy.

Miv«iif<"iM iir» i)r II rr«'«h s|M'riim'ii Dhtinni'd hum NuliU" w**!*' »« ii-Uowi' N' i .'KJ, .'i,.'> ' II
li;. ,' - '• tiiK, bill, ffct, .iii'l fiinvfi Mill k. Dufinl Mim li >■'•. l«7r..

i.f.i ro.«ri'Ti- fKi^ritM riu (Hininlii. .\f'-viiiit, fmiC'liitf. [>'>■>■, I'la...' Vlfl.|
' it 1 (HM-ci#>' i» (i.jurniiii I'll nil Hik AUnti.'in l->!iiiiiU, lu.'jiuliii;; IIm' I'liliNlol' <!r(»np, 4S«iiii.ikl.
•ibiinl Hi }{ctl»i»' -! > , I'nRit IhIiiIiiI, nuii wii-' nl o »ili-.i vImI nt Kmllali Islinnl.
At Attn I «►!".( Ml. I»lrii u'M-ii,v> rntli<i "(.luin^jis n-.n Cliicliityint' Hui Ixiv, Iml towjmltli" «''.-i, i"
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,1,,.... IMIOIlyil. At III' \lll.l-.S olS'lllt PiHll':t Irtl Ml.l Mill 1 llilt uf aUlIll OtflV (,.• f.-llllll till' ..III

<- ilivii.ldM 111 lli<i Ml. .'iilU-il n»i«»'t!'. I liiivr .•omii.'i! iH iiiiiir, /k tw»'ni,\ iio'" liii .1.- i.n.ii'. .1.
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i.' 11 1)1 111!', Hi .'N. it> 1 •-;! •! •.'"l;.-

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..V flu, lir.-l '.I' Aii;:u t.

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«■ . , ..i'i»i liM-,i!,n • ■ ' i h. ill. Ill ;i'.'' I! wiiiici or iininii-r.

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n .■>iili-!ir..
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.ifiinit.'.'l u\-.i.* ol" L"''in <i .

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.171

522. LoxiA i.ijUooi'TERA Ciiiiel. Wlutvwingcd Crossbill. [See Pinto VIL]
Tlio White- wiiifjfd Crossbill is abundant in tli(> interior of the Yukon distriet and other wooded

parts. It oceasionally visits the neif^hborhood of Saint Michael's, tnouf^li not in numbers, jvt only

an individual, or a very snnill (lock, nuiy be seen in sjiring or fall. It thtM acts as thonjjfh it was iu

a strangle place and anxions to get away, for it was very shy.

Measurements of a fresh specimen obtained from Knlato were as follows: No. 213, 6.5 by 11

by 3 by 2.(i ; iris, bill, feet, and claws black. Dated March lo, 187'>.

Leucosi'ictf GiusKONT'OUA (Rraiidt). Aleutian LevcosHvte. [See Plate VllL]

This species is common on all the Aleutian Islands, inc^ludiuf; the Pribylof Group, Sannakh,
main! uid at Ik-Ikovsky, Xlw^x Ishnid, and was also observed at Kadiak Island.

Ai Attn Island the bird occurs rather sparii.yly near (Jhichanof Harbor, but toward the western
end of ihe island it is more abundant. At Unalashka, in tlie nei^ldMirhood of Iliuliuk village, the
bird is also not often seen. At the village on the harbor of Na/'ui (Atkha Island) the bird is rarely
seen, though at a distance of a few miles from either of these places Just mentioned the bird is
common enough. At the villages of .Saint Paul's Island and that of 8aint (Jeorge Island the bird
is abundant in the so-called streets. 1 have counted as many as twenty individuals around one
building at Saint George's Island; and some of lliem within few feet of several persons. They
seemed regardless of the ju'esence of man; while at other places they were seldom seen aiul -.vere
then shy, taling long llight when uppniaclu-tl.

This bird |irefers the bold, ragged cl ills along the sca-.diore. Th(>y are constantly iu nnition,
either on the wing, tlying in swee|iing, long curves, sometimes near the earth, to mount thirty or
forty feet at a single etVort, alighting on some projecting ledge of a blutt" to search for food, and
away again ^o alight for a moment on a weed BtaP... Their nest is built on a small protected ledge
of a bluft', or else in a small crevice.

A nest was obtained by me from a small "'eft of a ro(!k on the side of a high bluif. It was
composed of small i)i"ces of wildparsnij stalks, coar.io grass stems, and liner blades of grass to
form the lining. The nest is not elaborate, the material being somewhat carelessly arranged.
Four (sometimes five) white eggs are laid in the early j»art of June. The young are able to Hy
by the tirst of August.

I believe that but one brood is reared iu a season. In thelatter i)art of August, and during Sep-
tcnd)er small Hocks, numbering never more than eight or ten, have been fre(juen;ly observed, bat
I was led to consider these com])aiiies ns the i)arent birds with the bro(<l of young Just reared. On
the api>roach of winter these birds separa'e, .,;> that during the winU-r more than one .it a time is
rarely seen.

In April they seem again to assendile in small tlocks of not mere thai> live to eight iu number
and leinain so until the mating season separates them.

The nnnil)er of birds seen in winter is niutjli less than that seen in summer; hence the conclu-
sion that part of tlicni migrate, but to what locality is yet unknown, as their habitat is lestricted
to Kadiak on the east, Atai on tlie west, the Pribyldf Islands on the north, and the southern sides
of the Aleutian Islands and those islands to the south of the Aliaska Peninsula forming the
southern Itorder of their habitiit.

r)27f/. AOANTIIIS IIORNKJIANNII KXIMI'KS (Coucs). Ilonrij Redpoll.

The Hoary l{e(li)oll is acommon bird throughout the entire Territory of Alaska. The number
at any given loc-ality scarcely changes in winter or summer.

Along the less protected jiarts of Ihe coasts, where food is not so readily found in winter, the
birds go to the interior lor a time, and only along the coast is it iinperl'ecstly migratory. In the
wooded districts it is a permanent resident.

Asearlyas March great numbers visit Saint Michael's, restirting to the bushes, weed stalks, and
denuded areas of ground.

This sjiecies breeds at Saint Michael's.

The Eskimo uame of this bird is Okfek tit yal; or dweller among tlm Ok fig at, or alder jiatches.

.i-" "fr

172

CONTlllliU'ilONS TO THE MATUHAL HlSTOliY OF ALASiJlA.

528. AcANTHis i.iNARU (Liiiii.). ReilpoU.

The coininoii lledpoll is a resident of all jyaits of Alaslia ext'i'ptiiijj; tlic Akuiliaii Cliaiii. At
tlio latter iilace (Aleutian oliain proitf^i) this si)ec,ies is a HUinnier visitor t>iil,v, tlionfih breeding
hero. It makes its appearance in Ai)ril and remains until the latter part of October. It was never
observed west of Unalasliki' Island.

In the Ynkon district it is one of the commonest birds to bo met with. It breeds wherever
found in the summer.

The ir.ale birds 'vith their brillii'nt rosy breasts and crown, their cheerful twitter makes them
a general favorite.

The rosiue&s is not Inlly developed until after the second year. The young birds resemble the
females of tlie second or third year, though old females also have a faint rosy tiuge on the brea*'.

Their .sociability was so developed that they would sit on the windvane, placed on a high start
and turn round with the vane as the wind veered or backed. The yards often contained a hundred
at a time. They were quite fearless and only took uight for a few feet.

The nest and eggs were not obtained. The natives assert that it breeds at Saint Michael's,
amontj the bunches of weeds and grasses.

The Eskimo call this species by the same name as the Iloary lledpoll. The nati es iccsog-
nlzc r.o specific differences betwecii the two.

My own observation tends to the same belief. They are so intimately associated that only
the most rigid comparisons separate them in even a slight degree.

534. Plectkopuknax nivalis (Linn). SiioicJIalc

This pleasant and familiar little bird may be seen at Saint Michael's, or in its vicinity, at any
season of the year, excepting during the protracted periods of coldest weather in midwinter. It
is very abundant in the spring months of May and June. In April it i'; usually found in large
flocks on the low ground near the Canal. As the snow is melted oft" of the higher grounds it
repairs there to procure the seeds that remain from the last year. By the 15th of May the birds
begin to separate iiito pairs and seek the cliffs and blurt's, on the sides of which they build their
nests in June. The nest is placed on some small jutting point from the clift", or sometimes in a
chink or crevice. I have seen only deserted nests. The young are abli^ to tly by the 1st of August,
and they, with their parents, remain together until October, when they assemble into larger fio(!ks,
sometimes of hundreds in number.

The Snowdake is irregularly migratory from the coast to the interior in tiie higher latitudes, and
are permanent residents of the Yukon District.

i observed this bird at Nushagak on Bristol Bay in June, 1878, under such circuuistances
that led me to conclude it was breeding.

At Uualashka Island the Snowrtake was s^^en on the eastern . ud of the jsland only in Ai)ril
and May and never during the suunner months. While at Chernovsky (village) I saw this bird
abundant in the mi'ldle of June, 1880. At Akutan Island I have seen ir in July and Septend)er.

Among tht western islands of the Aleutian Chain the Snowtlake is a pernianent resident,
breeding there in great abundance at Atkha and Amchitka. At Attn Islaiul tlie bird is plentiful
at all seasons, and in the hardest woatlier m.iy be seen on the gravelly beach eagerly searching
for food. They breed here in numbers. The note of the male during the Itreeding season is a clear
whistle prolonged through several notes and cadences. Its note can be heard a great distance.

The female utters on.y a chirp, which is '.ilso the note of the male at other than the breeding
season.

Among the Aleutian Islands the summer pimiiagc is assumed "u the early part of May, and in
the latter part of May at Saint Michael's.

I observed this bird at Belkovsky in July, 1881, and at Kadiak in the early part of August,
1881. At the latter place young i)irds of the seaso7i were abundant.

The Eskimo name of this bird is A m6u 6 thllo ttk, and refers to the white plumage contrasted
with the black.

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CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE NATURAL HISTORY OF ALASKA.

173

I

1

536. Calcarius lapponicus (Linn.). Lapland Longspxir,

Thp Lapland Longspur arrives at Saint Midiael's fioni the f)tli to the 15th of May. A few ar-
rive at first, and before a inoutli elapses it is the most abundant land bird seen in that locality. They
frequent the lower grounds on their arrival and retire to the higher levels as soon as the snow if
sufflciently melted. They have but little fear of man, and scarcely hop more than a few feet from
the path even when they have but just come.

The mating season begins soon after their appearance. The pair usnally select some open ^not
that may be only a foot or so above the general level of the ground. The male takes possession of
the highest point of that ground and reserves it for himself during the season of incubation. The
nest is usually p'aced in a tuft of grass or dry moss. It is composed of grass and lined with
feathers, forming a snug home. The number of eggs is four or five, laid by the lOtb of June. The
young are able to fly by the 25th of July. A second brood is often reared, and in my belief it is
only the earliest arrivals that rear the second brood, as those pairs which I had earliest noticed on
the nearer selected spots of ground were the ones that certainly had hatched two broods.

The male is most assiduous in his attentions during incubation. He seeks tho highest part of
the ground, and dashes into the air, to circle round and round the nest in gradually decreasing spiral
flight, while he utters a trilling note, a beautiful sound, then alights near by and utters a chirping
Un-eep as he walks o;"r the ground. In a few minutes he rei)eats the flight and song. This is
continued all the day, usuu!'y the first bird-song heard in the morning and the last at night. The
last part of September sees these birds preparing for departure. They are gone by the 5th oi
October.

The Lapland Longspur Is abundant on the westernmost of the Aleutian Islands. At Attu it is
very f.bundant, at Amchitka scarcely less so, and especially abundant at Atkha. I have nevoi
■jbsrrved it at Uualashka at any season. At Belkovsky it was seen in July, 1881, and at Kadiak
Island it was abundant in August, 1881. Among these were manj birds reared that season.

542. Ammodramus sandwichensis (Gmel.). Sandwich Sparrow.

This little Sparrow is one of the earliest arrivals at Unalashka, usually by tho lOtli of May.

By the 1st of June they become quite abundant. TKey frequent the grassy bluff's and sandy
tracts along the beach.

They breed in June, in the grass. The nest and eggs were not obtained oy me, though several
nests were shown to nie and asserted to belong to this bird, but as I hau no positive proof Icould
not accei)t them as such.

The young are able to fly in the latter part of July, though some young, that were just fledged,
V. ere seen as late as the middle of August. I suspect that more than one brood is reared in a season.

On the eastern Aleutian Islands this Sparrow is quite common. At Unalashka Island many
are to be found early in May.

They are especially abundant on the low portage across the middle of Amakniik Island, lying
in the northeast part of Captain's Harbor.

At Atkha Island I saw but few of tiiese birds in 1S79, and none fiir' '.ler west of this place
until I visited Attu Island in 1880 and saw a few of these birds. Young birds, just able to fly,
indicated they had been reared oti the island.

5426. AMMODRA^tu;:; SANDn'iOHENF£S ALAUDiNUS (Bonap.). Western Savanna Sparrow.

The habits and arrival of tiiis species ire identical with that of A. sandwichrnsis. There is
nothing except in coloration to du tinguisK them. This species was not obtained at the Aleutian
Islands, but at Saint Michael's is ns common as the other species.

Upper bill dark ; lower jiule ; feet pale.

555. ZoNOTRlCHiA INTERMEDIA Kidgw. Intermediate Sparrow.

This sparrow arrives at Saint Michael's early in June. It is quite abundant among the alder

patches on all parts of the island of Saint Michael's. It breeds here, as yonng birds were obtained

in the first week of August in fully fledged (!onditiou. It leaves this vicinity in the latter part of

August. I observed this bird at the mouth of the Kuskokvim River in June, 1878, and during tho

J1'

174

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE NATURAL HISTORY OF ALASKA.

liitter part of tho sainc inoiitli at Niisbajrak, on Bristol Kay. At tlio latter place it was very abun-
dant along the thickets tliat fringe the streams of the low grounds. It does not visit the Aleutian
Islands. The Eskimo name of this bi.d is Cha pang akh tu U a gak, and signifies the small Cha
pting uk; or rasserella iliaca.

557. ZoNOTEirniA fORONATA (Pall.). Goififn-crowned Spanwr.
A pair of these birds were shot in .Tnne, 187(>, on the western end of Whale Island, near Saint
Michael's. They frequent the edges of thitikets of alder which grow on the sides of steep hills
or hang over the brows of cliffs. They are also f'oniiil at the bases of high difts near the water's
edge, seeking food among the decaying sea weed tlirown ui)by the waves. They are not common in
this vicinity, as these two wore the only ones obtained at this place, although this jiair would un-
doubtedly have bred here. In the interior they are not common, as I obtained only one sj)ecimcu
from Fort \ukon, and none were seen in other jtarts of the country. Several individuals of this
species were observed near th' village at the fishing station of Karluk, on the northwestern shoul-
der of Kadiak, in the early part of August, 1S81.

550ff. Spizella MO^"n(■OLA ocnKACEA Hrewst. Kentern Tree Sparrow.
The Western Tree S])arrow arrives at St. Micliat i v the 1st of June and reaiainsonly two
and a half months. It breeds in the alder thickets tlii> e small lakes on the low gr.nuuK

It is quite common ; and, in the breeding season the nnile ha. utiful twittering song. I observed

this Sparrow at Nushagak, Hristol Ray, in .lune, ISVS. In tuc interior it is (]uite al)undan;. At
Fort Yukon and Nulato it is especially so. The Eskimo name of the Tree Sparrow is Miit chdk I'lk,

500. Spizella socialis (Wils.). Chipping Sparrow.
Several specimens of this S])arrow were obtaine<l from Fort Yukon in June, 1876. It is not
found on the coast in the vicini'y of Saint Jlichael's, nor was it observed at Nushagak in June,
1878. It does not occur on any nf the Aleutian Islands, to my knowledge.

567. J UNCO UYEMAi.is (Linn.). SlafccoloredJunco.
The Slate-colored Tunco is rarely common at S«int Michael's. It is to bo seen only in May or
November. In Ike inteiior it i.< (juite ('(iiiiiiKin. breeding at Foit Yukon and Nnhito. T do not
believe that it breeds anywhere along the const of the Yukon district. It is not a resident of the
district, and has not been yet detected on Aliaska nor on the Aleutian Islands.

5(i7rt. JUNCO HYEMALIS OREGONVS. (ToWllS.). O.rgOll JuilCO.

A single si)eeimen (female) of tlieOregon Snow bird was obtained at Unalashka Island, April 8,
1870. The bird was shot by a native at the mouth of the creek back of llinliuk village. It is ex-
tremely rare, as the native asserted it to be the first time he or his companions had seen such a
bird. It was undoubtedly a straggler, from the mainland, and blown to this place by the extreuiely
boisterous weather of that spring.

I have not observed this bird anywhere else on the Aleutian I.slands.

Numerous individuals of this s]u'cies were seen at Karluk, on the northwestern shoulder of
Kadiak. The birds were quite familiar, bopping about the village and among the stakes which
supported the stages of drying fish.

582. Melospiza ciNEREA (Gniel.). Aleutian Song Sparrow.

The Aleutian Song Sjiarrow is a constant resident of the Aleutian Islands, the peninsula of
Aliaska, and the adjacent islands lying on the south side as far eastward as Cook's Inlet. It does
not occur to my knowledge on the north side of the iieninsula. It is strictly littoral in its habits,
never going tar into the interior of an island or the mainland of the peninsula. It jtrefers the vicinity
of clitfs and precipices or the beach covered with immense bowlders. During the breeding season
it is found abundantly on the low swales which are heavily clothed with wild rye.

Mating occurs late in April, and incubation about the first week in May. Young birds, able to
tiy a few yards, wwe obtained as early as the 12th of May and as late as the middle of August.

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CONTEIBUTIONS TO THE NATURAL HISTORY OF ALASKA.

175

Two, and aometiiucs three, broods are reared in a single season. Tlie nest is placed in a tussoek of
grass, either on a steep hillside or on a ledge of some clifl'. A^ain the nest is occasionally found in
the low places near the water's edge of some small cove. There is great <liversit.v of location
sought by this bird iu'nesting habits. The nest is well bnilt of grass, coarse blades for the foun-
dation and liner onea as the nest approaches completion. The inside of the nest is lined with
leathers of various birds.

The number of eggs varies from four to six ; the latter numl)er is rare, live being the usual
number.

The young birds are fed exclusively on insects for the first few days. The old birds are quite
expert in seizing insects on the wings. 1 have frecpiently seen them dart from a i)roniiiient rock
to secure a i)assing lepidopter. The large gallinipper is a choice morsel for them, and these birds
may frequently be seen hopping, along the paths or edges of grass patches, in search of them and
other insects.

This Sparrow is not shy, as it frequently alights on the window sill to search about the turf,
piled against the houses, for food.

I frequently threw out pieces of bread or cracker for these birds, and .soon taught them to
know where they could get something on days of bad weather; and those days come with suf-
ficient frequency.

The housetop was a favorite place for them to alight early in the morning to sing. One bird
delighted to sit on the winilvan<', while a gentle, unsteady wind would sv iiig him round and back,
evidently to his great delight, as lie constantly utti'red liis song, wliicli 1 have in vain tried to imi-
tate, as it consisted of such rapid modulations that I cdiild never catch it. They will at times sing
l)art of their song and stojt short, as though iiitcriu|ite(l, look around for a few seconds, and be-
gin where they left oil'. The song is usually sung in answer to that of a rival nmle. After being
repeated many times one or the other of the males is certain to approach the other and again re-
peat his song.

The males are as a general thing i)eaceable. I saw two males which were a long time in set-
tling some variance between them. They began early in March to alight near each other and
remains steadfastly, within two or three feet of each other, each waiting a movement of the other
which would be immediately taken advantage of. Any retreat was <!losely followed up, and the
pursuer was frequently brought to an abrupt stand by the sudden turning of the one pursued.
When either of them took tlight the other immediately attacked liim by j'ccking and attem])ting to
catch the wing feathers in his claws to biing hint to the grountl. Only once did 1 see them in
close combat, and as they soon parted without apjiarcnt damage, and again that same day re-
newed the chasing on the ground, 1 concluded they did not have a very serious matter between
them. This warfare between these birds continued into early May, when they, being absorbed in
their household duties, lost sight of.

During the severest weather these birds seek shelter under a projecting bunch of grass on the
base of a blutV, or under the cave of the house, or edge of the thatch: during the severest gusts,
of wind and snow, these pleasing birds will l)e singing their song, nuiuindfid of storms or cares.

The name of this Sparrow in the Attn language is Vh'ik rlu' fiLh, and refers to its note,

A careful comparison of individuals of this species from all the i)rincipal islands of the Aleu-
tian chain and from the islands south of Aliaska, inchuling Kadlak, reveals no a[i]ireciable differ,
ences, but they are notably dilVerently celorcd, and avciage slightly larger than rujiiia from ('ook's
Inlet, the mainland, and the adjacent islands south of the iidet.

In cinerea the upjier surface is brown i.sh plum hesus,out<'r surface ( :f wings st)me what more brown,
the greater coveits slightly rnfescent. Interseapuhus with medial broad Imt obsolete streaks of
sepia brown ; crown and ujiper tail coverts with more sharply defined and narrower dusky shaft-
streaks. IJeneath giayishwhite, much obscuretl by brownish phunbesus laterally. A whitish,
supraloral space, but no apjueciable suiterciliarv strii)e: a whitish maxillary stripe, beneath it an
irregular one of dusky sepui ; inegular streaks of dark grizzly-sepia on breast and along sides,
blended into a broad crescent across the Jugulum. The Icmale has more grayish white on the
lower parts, especially on the abdomen; otherwise there is no exterior differences in the sexes.
The autumnal plumage is little darker, but similarly tlistributed, and with less whitish on the
lower parts.

.JW-— ^■—iw.-ti'xjt^r ^'

176

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE NATURAL HISTORY OF ALASKA.

885, Passeheli.a iliaca (Mt>rr.). Fox Sparrow.

Tbe Fox Sparrow arrives at Saint Michael's by the 8th of June. Ihceds here in the thickets of
alder round the edges of the small lakes. It is not abundant, though in some restricted localities
several pairs may be found during the breeding season. The nests are built in the densest parts
of the thickets, which renders them extremely diflicult to tind.

A male bird was shot in the edge of a clump of bushes on the 17th day of July, and in its bill
were over a dozen gallinippers, which had been divested of their wings. They were intended for
food of very young birds of this species. In the interior, and especially at Fort Yukon, this
Sparrow is quite common.

It leaves the vicinity of Saint Michael's in the latter part of August.

This Sparrow is a beautiful songster. The Eskimo name of this bird is Vhapand uk.

613. Chelidon erythrooasteb (Bodd.). Barn Stralloic.

The Barn Swallow arrives at Saint Michael's about the 7th of June. A few of the more intrepid
ones may arrive some few days earlier. By the loth of the month as many as forty pairs have been
counted in the dusk of the twilight, which is light enough to see to read by at midnight during
this season of the year.

The earliest arrivals dart into the usual places occupied by them as though they were the iden-
tical birds hatched there the preceding year. On their arrival they are loud in the manifestations
of joy for the termination of the long journey lately winged to the distant north.

In the spring of 1878 snow squalls and frosty weather held until late in June. The poor birds
had had no oi)portunity to recover their exhausted condition, resulting from their long flight to the
north. Many of them succumbed to the chilling weather, while others, benumbed by the cold,
permitted themselves to be handled and seemed to enjoy the warmth given out by the hand, as they
nestled closely between them, withiMit evincing any fear.

They bi ild their nests on the beams projecting from the old houses and under the eaves of the
other buildinfe3. Niditication begins as soon as the sun thaws the ground siillicieiitly to allow them
to obtain the mud with which to construct their nests. After that the yard is searched for feathers
with which to line it. At this season of the year many game birds are killed for food; hence the
yard has various kinds of feathers in abundance. The swallows api)ear to delight in picking up a
feather, carrying it high in the air, and drop it to cat( ' it again as it tiutttrs downward. Oftentimes
tw r>r more swallcws will join in playing with a large feather, from the breast of a swan. I
na\ seen one swallow chase another, wiiich was carrying one of these large feathers, snatch it
from him, and only to be followed in most wonderful aerial evolutions l)y the one from which it was
taken. This sport continues for an hour at a time.

The Russians protected this bird ; hen<;e it seems to have less fear of man in that region than
in warmer climes.

My win«low was favorably situated from which I could observe these birds collect mud, for
their nests. I never before knew how it was done, but supposed that they picked the mud pellet
up between their beaks. I have watched them lor hours at a time, and when my eyes were not
to exceed four feet from the birds at work. They tlew to the puddle of water and mud, stepping
over the ground until they found a place having the pro|)er consistency, would look up at me as
if to say that this will do. The neck is stretched out nearly its full length and the head kept
with the bill at a right angle to the neck. A slight pressing of the beak into the earth and
a tugging twist of the body gently pulls toward the bird a small jjellet of mud. Ihe bird then
lowers its neck to the ground with the beak on the opposite side of the pellet (or on the sule next
the bird.) The beak is now thrust under the pellet until the mass of mud is j)ushed onto the top of
the bill and rests against the forehead. This i.^ the manner in which it obtains the mud and is in
position to enable the bird to deposit it. The mud is also smeared with the top of the beak.

The Swallow frequently rears two broods in a single season. The tirst brood is fully Hedged
and on the wing by the loth of July. The second brood is ready for flight by the li.'jth of August
They remain around the Redoubt until September 10th to 20th. Previous to their departuie they
assemble on the buildings, in the evenings an«l early morn, tilling the air with their twitter. The

"'Tyrir;'!^-^^^ T*^^

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CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE NATU!{AL IIISTOKY OF ALASKA.

177

liite yoiiiifj iiii' .soiuotiiiifs not reiuly to iiiHlertiikf tlii'ir Ion;; Journey. TLo older ones }{i't''er
roiinil it and actually pu.sli it from the buildint; to make it tly, as it seems to tear to trust iti>eU to
its win^s.

Tlieirarrival in spring is always welcomed by the |)eoi>le who live iu theUedoubt, while in the
fail some one will remark : " It has been some time since 1 saw a swallow." Each person fully uii-
derstooc' the thought that (jctuipied the other's niintl during' the momentary silence that followed the
remark. It nu'ant that winter was near; how will it be, and what shall we dof

The distribution of the Ham Swallow in Alaska is well made out. It is a rey;ular visitor to all
littoral Alaska, aud as far along the northern coast as Unalakhlit in latitude 05^ north, while in
the interior it is found all along the immense Yukon Kiver. Along the jieninsida of Aliaska it is
sparingly found. It ajipears in scanty numbers at Iliuliuk village, on Unalashka Island. It breeds
there. During the spring of 1879 not one was seen at this place, neither were there any seen dur-
ing the summer or fall. It was an excei)tionally boisterous year: gale after gale rapidly succeed-
ing the other possibly deterred the usually venturesome bir<l from coming there. This is the only
species of swallow found on any of the Aleutian Chain proper, and is not known west of the islaud
of alashka.

While at Atkha Island in IfSTit, and at Attn h ' sid in 1880 and 1881, I made special impiiry con-
cerning this bird, and only those persons w',. <■ visited Unalashka Island and saw the bird there
knew of its existence. The absence of k.iowledg i of this bird at either of those places shows coii.
clusively that neither it nor its congenors visit those places.

At Nushagak (Bristol Bay) the Barn Swallow is found in considerable numbers. It breeds
there, as I saw their nests in June, 1878.

The Hitumlo UnalanhkemiK, Gmelin, is certainly not referable to any known America swallow.

014. Tachycineta nicoLOR (Vieill.). Tree Su allow.

On several occasions I observed this Swallow Hitting about the buildings at Saint Michael's,
during the months of August and early Sei>tember. The lateness of the season led me to conclude
they were birds having reared their young in the interior i ortions of the country, ami were now on
their way to the southward, preferring, through some frea c or fancy, to return by the coast rather
than the interior.

At the trading station on the Nushagak Kiver I saw a great many, certainly a dozen pairs, of
these birds sw iftly scouring the edges of the river banks and upi»er dry lands to obtain the myriads
of insects to be found there.

This species was not observed in any other i)ortion of the country.

(JIO. Clivicola RiPARiA (Liuu.). Bunk Swallow.

The Bank Swallows were but occasional visitors lo the vicinity of Saint Mid'ael's, where it was
observed only during the middle of the summer .season. It came at very irregular intervals and
remained but few hours.

They were quite jdentiful along the high banks of the lower poition of the Nushagak Kiver in
the latter part of June, 1878. They were intimately associated with T. hicolor in their search of
foml. I'nfortunately 1 was unable to obtain specimens from either locality.

618. Ampelis garrulus (Linn.). Bohemian Waxwintj.

This binl is only an occasional visitor to the coast. A single specimen was brought to uie by
a native, who said he had killed it near UnAlakhlit, oi> Norton Sound, and further asserted that it
is rare in that locality.

Other specimens were obtained from Niilato aud Fort Yukon. At the latter place it is not at
all common.

In the neighborhood of Anvik on tiie Yukon Kiver, ami at Kolma':"'' Kedouht on the Kus.
kokvim Kiver, it is reported to be common.

The Eskimo name of this bird is Tik e che u wdl; and means a killer of small birds. The
clotted blood of it« victims may be seen on the wings of the Waxwiiig.

S. Mis. 155 23

!

178

CONTRIHUTIONS TO THK NATURAL HISTORY OP ALASKA.

(Wl. Lanius noRKALis (Vieill). Northern Shrike.

T\u' (Ticat NortluMii Slirikc is ftumd tliioii^flumt tlic Yukon district. It is iinjHTtVctly migra-
tory as periods of I'xcossivcj.v cold wciitlicr impel it toscck food in wanner localities. It is a resident,
lu-eedin^ wherever fonnd in thesummer. It rarely visits tlio immediate vicinity of Saint Michael'H.
On one occasion an individual was observed sitting cMi one of the lai(;e warehouses within the
Redoubt.

Not observed elsewhere.

040. IIKLMINTHOPHILA CELATA (Say). Orauge-crowned Warbler,
Two of these Warblers w ere shot amonj; the weeds snrroiindinfj; the Redoubt of Saint Michael's.
They are not coninion for they were the only ones ever seen at the place. As these specimens were
the only ones procured by nie while in Alaska, and were obtained in the month of Seiitember, I am
led to conclude that they came from the interior, where they probably may have bred.

Oa'J. Dendijoic'a tKSTiva (Gmel.). Yellow Warbler.
Si)ecinieiis oi the Summer Yellow Hird were obtained from several localities. It is common
at Fort Yukon, Nowikakit, Nulato ami Mission on the Yukon River. At the Yukon Delta it is
occasionally fonnd. It rarely visits the vicinity of Saint Michael's and tlien only in the fall while
it is migratiuf,'.

055. J)EKUUOiOA roRONATA (Linn.). Myrtle Warbler.

The 8i)ecimen8 of the Yellow runij) \Yarbler collected by me were obtained from Fort Yukon,
where they breed.

They inhabit only the wooded iJortions of the district.

I observed this Warbler at Nushagak, Bristol JJay, in June, 1878, where it wa« quite abundant
among the willow thickets on the banks of the river.

601. Dendboioa striata (Forst.). lilackpoll Warbler.

This Warbler was obtained only from Fort Yukon on September 18, 1875, and again from
the same locality on May 28, 1877. It is not common at any time in that locality.

Those dates must nearly represent the earliest appearance and probable latest stay in that
locality.

675. ScirRT'S NOVEUORAOENSi.s ((iiiiel.). Water Thrush.

Several s|»ecimens of this Water Thrush were obtained at Saint Michael's in August, 1870. I
have never observed it in that vicinity at any time other that after the breeding season.

The birds were quite gentle, and frequented the paths among the tall grass, searching for
worms and insects. They evidently were hatched in the interior and visited th; coast ou their
fall migration. After the 25th of August none were to be seen.

The Eskimo name of this bird is Checking (<fc, derived from the note cheche-vhe.

085. Sylvanta PUSiLLA (Wils.). Wilson^s Warbler.

A single specimen of the Black-capped Yellow Warbler was brought to nui by a native, who
said he had shot it among some straggling willows, which skirted a lake, about a mile distant from
the Redoubt of Saint Michael's.

It is not a common bird in that vicinity, occurring only in the fall migration.

Other sjiecimens were obtaint ' from Fort Yukon and Nulato, where it is not rare.

The bill was pale horn-color with darker tip; legs and toes pale; claws darker.

[695.] MoTACTLLA ooiiiiARis Swiuli. Swinho^s Wagtail.* [See Plate XL]
At Attu Island, Alaska, I was looking out of my window on the morning of May 14, 1881,

•Ah the Bpccimcn was not H«cnreil iiii accuiati' idciitiHcatioii of the Hoeeies (•aiiiiot be made. It may have been
a 9 of M. Iiigeiix (Kitll. ni-c Tcnini.), wliicb breedH in Kanitchatka, for (be female of this Hpei-ieH ean be distingnishi'il
Iroui M. oviilaiis except by a most caiefnl eonipuiison of specimens; and as the latter luiH been taken within Lower
California, I have thonglit it preferable to record my observation nniler this heading.

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OONTHIhHTIONH TO TIIK NATUUAL HISTORY Ol' AliAHKA.

170

wuti^hiiiK tli« vi'HHt^l, wliicli wiiH to tiikf ink (o UiiiiliiMlikii InIuiuI, ciilfi lln- liiulior. I hiiw ii hinl
jimt lR>iM>aMi tlio wiiiiliiw iiiitl mi ilic ^louiitl, not ini>r«> tliiiii Mi>vi>n tlH*t rrotn my t\V('H. At tli** lliHt
^litiict< I Mii|)|iom><l tlM> liini to li*' I'ltvlrniihiniaj' uiiuiliH. A inoiiit'iit Niitlii-ctl to coiiviiH'it int' tliitt it
wiiH not. I run to \n't iii\ kuik innl, as I (>|i«'ii*'il tin* door, ol' tlii> ciiti'v wii.v, to avt oiit,tlit' <loor
o|i«'iH'<l tlii'i-ctl.v Oh tlu' liiid, uliii'li, witli a cliirp pn'riHcly liki' that of lUnhiUn jUtrun IfvriintridtuM,
ttt*w oti' to a (liMtaiH't' of 75 .vaids and ali^lilcd. I apiiroarlifd »n iiraiiy an I daiid and tiled at it,
hat t'ailt'd to olitain it, iih the ^niii was loaded with No.il shot. It tiew olV lieyoiul the hilln and wnH
not Keen a^aiti. Tlu* liiistle and |ii'e|iai'alion for depattare prexented lae tVoni following the liinl.

1 had aiiiple time to i<lentit',v the liird iin a Moliwilla, and one new to my list. The Itliick on the
head and neck, to^etlier with the grayJNli on tli(> other portioiiN of the liody, and the iiianner ot'
f;uit, were Niinie.ient to eaiiNi^ it to he leeoKiiizetl.

Mr. \V. II. Dall (Milieeted a specimen of thiH HpecieN lit Plovor Hay, Hiheria, and one was col-
lected hy Dr. T. II. Mean, of the II. H. I'Msli OomtniHsion, in the same locality in IHHO.

Seehohin (Ihis, 1M7H, p. 'Ml',) says: " I have a skin of Matorilla iimumiMis Seeli., ( ollected hy
WossnesMcnsky on tlu^ \i'M of April, ISl.'), upon Ooi'0);an Island, possihiy either one of the Kiirile
or <nie of the Aleutian Islands." I have endeavored to IIikI tiie ^eo(;raphical position of Ooro^an
Island and have failed, It may jiossiliiy he one so small in si/,(^ as to Ix' known only to those who
visit that locality.

An intimate a<'(|iiaintanee with the names of all the Aleutian Islands compels me to assert
that it is not to he foniiil aiiMUi^ the Aleutian IhIiiiiiIs, unless it he soiiu* i, laud which, from the
Hpellin^, " Ooro);'an," is not now reco(;uixahle, nor is there any island ol the eh lin which approaches
it in sound, as the Aleutian lanKua;;es ha\c no " 1{" in their vocahnlary. It i> necessary, however,
to state that Wossiict:;; imky dio, aiioiit that time, c nileta spccimen.s of un' iral hisliny alonj; the
coasts of the Okhotsk Hea for the Imperial Aetulemy. And (hewink, in Hesehall'enheit der Nonl-
WestKiiste Ameri(!iis, Ht. I'etershiirf;, lH"i(), says:

hii Aii){iihI IHIID^i'IiI ,1. (i. Wimiii'HM'iiNKy iil>, Ixxiii'lil IHIO iiikI tstl Ni'iiiijliiiin, Ohi'r iinil riiliTi'iilironiiiMi, 1H4'2
iinil iSC! ilii' Alciil IncIiuil tiiNclii, iiii'liri' liiM'lKrii|i|i)'n iiii lii-i'iiivHi'<<'<'T'<- ii. (It'll KiiI/i'Iiiii'HiiikI, ts<l'l ilir Kiii'IIncIiiii IiiniIii .
1H45 iiiitl ln4(! Iii'I'vIhI i'I iIIc ()i liotskor KUnIu, 1KI7 iliul lS4h dlti t;uiiZ(' iriilliiiimtl KiiliilHcliatku iiiiil ki'lirl vim liitii' Uliur
.Sitdiii Jul! IH4'.l tiilt iltMii .ScIiIIVh Atvlai liucli St. Pt'ti'rMliiiru zuriluk.

A Hccoiid refen'iice to the voyajres made hy Vosiiesseiisky is to be found in Nouvclles Annales
des N'oyuges, rails, A. iJeitrand, l.SKi, tome III de la Collection V", serie VI, tome II, p. -att.

UiiiiN III sf^Hiicddi) I'Auailt^niio Iiii|i(<rial)i <Ui Saint- IN^torHlioiirK (rliiHuit |ili,vHi(H)-iimtli(^uiiilii|iic), iln til Noplrnilur
ilrriiiiT (I" octiiliK', li. I't.), illic li'lllr ilc M. I'.tliullli ii liiit riiMliiilIrr Iih iliTlili'li'M iMiiiiHrH ilii jiiV'iiiiiiili'iirN'ii/iH'HHi'iiKkv,
Diiim IVli^ ilii 1^4.■l, api'i'H iivciir viHili' lis IIch KniiiiN'H, li' vojiinmii a iiiiiiiillriS iIiuih Ii> purl ilr ritnipiiiilovHk, an
Kaiiilrliaka ; piiiH ilr lit II H'rMt umiiIii mix Din ili' lii'liiiiin, i\ Attn, Alklia, Saint I'aiil fl .^aiiil-(icoit;rH,i't II iHt nviiiii
I'll aiitoiiiiiii il Niivii'ArkliaiiKlK'lxk. l/i\M. lOlliollii liil ii ioiinii rncciiNlnii ili< viHltcr Ii'h iIi^M'iiIIn iIin KiiIi>i:Iii'n. An
iiioiiKint <ln ilf'parl ilr la pdhti', \'ii/,iirHHi'iiNk,v NiMlispiiNail pniir nii viiyii);r a OkholNk I't ilaiiH Ir j^ollV il'Ai'aii, il'nii il
tluvitit iTVi'iiiriV I'utriipaiilnVHk. Cjnaraiilr-ilitiix raJHi'N, ri'iil'i'iiiiunt lu ii^cuIih iIvh (loriiii-ri'Ni'iiiiiHcMiln /oltMiatiiralmtc,
(Staleiit jmrtieH iioiir Saint-I'i^li'iNliiiiirK par la vnir du l.iniilifH.

Gi)6. lUiDYTKH I'LAVUS LKUCOSTUiATUS ( lloiii.). Siberian Yellow Wagtail.

This bird arrives about the I2th of .lune; a few days earlier or later, depending on the opening
of the Hpriiig. IiniiKuliately oil its arrival, in hut few numbers, they are very shy, aliglitiu<>: on the
bare areas of gioiiiid to lly away at only an instant of rest. Few females arrive with the earliest
visitants. Hut few days elapse before mating begins. A pair is no sooner mated than the labor
of making their nest coinmeiu^es. A tussock of grass, on which the dead steins and blades have
fallen over and form a cover, is the jilaee selected for the nest. The nest is constructed of tine
glasses with few grass roots, built into a compact form, having the edges or walls of the ne.st well
earned uj), so that the silting bird is nearly obscured in her nest.

Kggs are sometimes laid before the nest i.s comjileted. The process of constrncl ion goes on
until the open spaiie, niider the overhanging grass, is tilled with the bulk of the nest. The over,
hiiiigiiig grass-blades are then drawn over the nest, leaving only a sniall rounded hole between
them as an entrance to the nest.

The conipleinent of eggs varies from five to seven, the latter number being the usual number
iu the nest.

HI q ■Ilili.lMWHl*

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J 80

OONTHIBl TIONS TO TUB NATURAL HISTORY OF ALASKA.

Iiiciibatioii liiNtH tiv. to IhirJc'cn days. The young birds are I'od ex»!liiHively on inHect food.
They are able to fly in ^;t■tee^ to eighteen (hiys after hatclung.

The earliest birdti sometimes hatcli two Itroodw of young in aseason, as young. just able to tly
have been observed as late as August IStii.

By the Iht of September the birds of this species collect into sumll flocks, of eight to twenty
ill number, and remain until as late as Stpteinber t-Mst, at wlii<!li date they have about all disai)peared.
Tliey generally signalize their readiness to depart by asseinbling on the low banks, bordering the
beach, and dart high into the air to return to the same, or similar, i)luce after a few minutes time.
At this i)articular season of the year they are i tremely wary and difliciult of ai)proach. Tlie only
note ever heard was an imjtatient chirp, uttered <udy while on th'i wing. On the ground the
bird walks, with a screwing motion, the head and neck moving back and forward with each
step, whilu the tail is constantly' tilting up and <lowi).

There are no seasonal dirt'erences in the adults, the coloration of the male being only brighter
than that of the female. The young assume the aduli, pbiinage only on the second ye;vr, or at least
after they have det)artetl from this region.

The nests and eggs were obtained after inuch dilliculty.

I en<leavi,red to procure the paren*^ of some nests for certainty of identitication, and iu)t until
a native suggested to me to place a slip-noose over the entrance did I succ^^ed in catching every
(die 1 desired.

The range of this bird is strictly littoral, and includes the outlying islands near th" mainland.
It was observed at Saint Mi»'.haels, Yukon Kiver mouth, Kuskokvim River moulli, and Nushagak
on Bristol Bay (luring the breeding season.

1 once observe'.,! the l)ird on Attn Islaiul (the westennnost of the Aleutian Chain) on Sunday,
October 8, 1880. I chased the bird up and down for two liours. but was not able to get near
enough for a shot, as it was very wild. It was evidently on the fall migration, and none were .seen
i'ter that day. It iloes not remain on the Aleutian ! 'ands diiring the breeding season.

The Eskimo name of this bird is I'xitii kfik and refers to its note.

A comparison of this species with the European bird sIk vvt out little diflerence, it being only
in the amount of dark on the upper breast, and the amount of gray (ui the head, though this varies
extremely in the Alaskan specimens.

697. ANTiTHS PKNSiL/ANious (Lath.). Americ n Pipit.

The AmericiJi Pipit occu"s throughout the Territory of Alaska, including tii" Aleutian
Isi.ruds.

It !8 found in greatest abundance in the interior of the mainland, especially in the neighbor
h(n, I of Kort Yukon. In rarely visits Saint Michael's except in the Tall.

On the Aleutian Islands it prefers the high"' iiills. Thosii whose to))^ are bi>re of vegetation
seem to be their favorite re-sort. They br<»..l wherever fouiul .n summer. A jtair coUecited in
August, 1878, at Uiialashka Island, were known to have nested on the high hills jnst east of the
graveyard. I searched many times for tlit> ucst, but laiied to lind it, and then shoti the birds.

Their note is a peculiar whistling strain of a high Key, and uttered (uily as the bird Hies from
one peak to another. When sitting on the ground a chirp resembling tlie chirp of U.jlavun Im
uttered.

At Attn Island 1 saw this bird in the early part of Septeml)er, I88(». The bird alighted tor
a moment on a little eminence <>f a high plateau at the head of Massacre Bay, on the south side
of this island. Not having a gun with me I could not secure the bird. It is not at all abundant
at that place, as it was the cnly one seen there.

At Atklii> Island I saw a pair of these birds which evidently had a nest on the lop of the
high hills bip'kof the head of Nazan Bay. Another individual was seen on the northwest side of
the same bay. I heard it singing and scaled a steej) blufl'of near 800 feel high to secnie the bird.
It must have been disturbed by my presen "e, for Just as 1 arrived at the top and stojtped, to take a
nioi.ient's breath, the bird took a long t^.„'ht and was lost to siglit and hearing.

[r>9J>.j Anthus CKRVINUH (Palias). Meadow Pipit. |aee Plate IX.]
A single specimen of t his bird was obtained by Mess.s. Dall and Bannister at S'liiit Michael's.

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riii i'rulii'-it (>ir(I- ■■' 'iii'liiafs >i tv-. • ' *i:. )>*<»!>(ls ul voni.f; 'i' a.McisiSDti. -v \ 't ' < !■•••'' .f"«- - !'.

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s.'.j.. .ihiii' till' f;->l i.< i-(,ti^iii)i'!' (vr (ir >t

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•>::i- 1 lit ,ii':l.

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PLATE IX.

Ua ll'Mli l.lll(>»-» ""-h'LNB to «

TROGLODYTES ALASCENSIS. (Baird ) Adult.
ANTHUS CERVINUS (P^-.l.) Adult. Winter Plumage.

•4»!i(il!Vl>ip«J»lW|lppi|Uf«Lj,Jki»WWlWS'»».>l«^

'"yjl'lf!!! ",i,"»*«^*»wy'»fW'''*<'?»y!Ti9.^."jpi I

w^jt*^t;Tjwt'^WV^^*'*'-!i"tJ-'l'*!'."rJT*»'"»^w-^^( mjjg^l^^^ »

^«Ei»^5l^yWwv-

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE NATURAL HISTORY OF ALASKA.

181

This with » 8i)eciiiien obtained in 1845 in Greenland are the only two examples of this species taken
on the American shores.

The habits of the species are known only from Enrojtean individuals.

It is deemed of sufficient interest to present a i)late of this si)C(;imen to accompany this report.

701. CiNCLUS MEXiOANtis Swains. Amerimii jyipptr.

Obtained from sever.-il localities. Number 170 was obtained at Unalashka Islaml, Alaska. It
inhabits the rocky creeks flowing from the mountains. It is not common here. I observed it on
another occasion, but failed to secure it. A permanent resident and breeds here.

The (''xM specimens were obtained from Nulato, Alaska. At this itlace the bird is common,
breeds here, and is a winter resident along the open streams in the neighborhood of springs which
keep the water from freezing even in coldest weather.

No. 210 presents the following measurements taken from the fresh .siiecimen, 7.5 by 10.8 by
3.4 by 2.2; iris and bill bla<',k : feet soiled-white with dark joints; claws white; ?ad. No. 1022
measures 7.75 by 12 by 3.8 by 2, with iris and bill black; feet soiled-white, with dark joints.

I observed this bird at Attn Island. It was in the small creek which efupties in Chichagof
Harbor. The bird flew a little distance, on my unexi)ecte(l ii))pioach, and further search failed to
drive it from its hiding place. It is said to be extremely laie at Attn, as only few of the natives
knew anything about the bird.

723. Troglodytks alascknsis Baird. Alaslan IV»e«. [See Plate IX.]

Original No.s. G, 172, 173, 174, 175, 176, 177.

This jdeasing little bird is found iu abundance on all the Aleutian Chain i)roper. It also was
observed on Unga Islaud, Kodiak Lsland, and on the mainland at Belkovsky. It never goes to the
interior of even the medinm-sized islands, but remains strictly along the dills, bluffs, and other
high places forming the .seasides of the islands. The lowlands in proximity to the water is also
inhabited by them. The latter, together with the large bowlders lyiug at the water's edge, form
their favorite haunts. Weed-patches near a settlement is also a favorite resort of these Wrens

in the fall.

They remain on these islands during the entire year, and are as numerous in winter as in

summer.

Their food consists of insects, and occasionally a few seeds will be found in their crops.

Mating occurs early in May or late in April. Nidification begins immediately. The nest is
placed in a crevice in the face of a cliff or anmngst the large tussocks of wild rye or other grasses
The nest is large and well built; coarse grasses and roots form the foundation, and as the nest
nears completion snuvller grasses are selected. The interior of the nest contains few feathers of
various species of birds. The walls of the ne.st are well carried up, and in some instances form a
partial roof over the nest, leaving a hole in one side as an entrance. Five to nine eggs are laid;
they arc i)ure white in color. The young birds are able to fly in three or four weeks after hatching.
1 am not certain that more than one brood is hatched in a .season, but young birds have been seen
late as August 25th, At the ai>proach of winter the bird l)ecomes very familiar, and is frequently
found on the window-sills searching for insects.

On one occasion 1 heard a gentle tapping at my back windo\v; as I had frequently ho^rd the
sauie noise, I carefully drew the curtain i)aitly aside, and saw a Wren endeavoring to obtain a fly
that was inside of the pane of glass. The bird did not appear to be disturbed by my presence.

Their note is a prolonged twitter of several uiodulations and repeated at short intervals. When
surprised, or when they come npon an object that excites their curiosity, a rapid and long rattle is
sounded as an alarm, soon to be answered by a second bird. These two keep uj) the sound until
all the Wrens within hearing assemble to investigate the cause. As many as a dozen will surround
the object, and ai»proaeh so close that the outstretched hand might <;ai)ture them. The least
motion, however, disperses them so quickly that one wonders wliere they have disappeared.
They, at the.se times, hide under the stalks of the weeds or grass.

The fresh <'ol(>.- of the bill varies from very pale to dark horn. The base of the lower nniudi-
ble is always paler than any other i)art. The tarsi and feet are pale, with darker claws. The
length of the bill is extremely variable. The iris is deepest, shining black.

.jffft.A^yr

■W^WTKT.

182

CONTRIBUT[ONS TO THE NATURAL HISTORY OF ALASKA.

7351). Pakus ATRKJAPiLLiTS occiDENTALis (Buinl). Oregon Chickadee.

Tlif Oregon Cbickadeo riingeH thiough tlie Yukim District. During a warm period of winter
titese birds were occaHionallj seen at Saint Micliael's. Tliey retire to the interior during the nioutb
of May and are not to be seen during the snnuiier on tlie tioast.

They breed in the wooded districts.

Specimens were obtained from Fort Yukon, Niilato, and Saint Michael's.

This Chickadee presents several cliaraeters wliieh may eventually permit it to be ranked as
a variety peculiar to the iN'orthwtst coast. An insnfliciency of specimens from intermediate locali-
ties alone prevents lue from making a comparison of tiie present material. The evidence at hand
scarcely warrants the separation of the bird as a variety.

739. Parus cinctus obtectiis (Cab.). Siberian Chickadee. [See Piute X.J

Parm vinctus Auct. nee BoDU. (1783).— Ridgway, Bull. Nutt. Orn. CI., 1878, p. 37.

Parvs nihiricus Auct. uec Omel. (1788.)
!182f). — I'aruH einereun Pall., Zoog. Rus.soAsiatica. I, p. 558.

1853. — Parm sihirictis forma major MlDD. Sibir. Reise. I, p. — .

1871.— i'«>-«« (Poerila) ohtectm Cah., Jour. f. Ornith.. 1871, p. 237 (May).

1871. — Parus grixencens Duesseu and Siiakpe, Birds of Europe, Part VI, I, p. 5 (August).

1883. — Parus cinctiis grisescens Nelson, Cruise Corwin, |). (JO.

Several specimens of Parm were obtained from various localities in the Yukon district. They
were referred to the species vinitux. (See Bull. >utt. Ornilh. Club for January, 1878, p. 37.) That
they should liav? been referred to the sjiecies obtectvs will appear from the following comiiarisons :

Previous to 1878 ParuKcinclnn BoDD had not bi'eii detiMited within our Nor<h American limits.
About the same time my specimens were received at the Smith.sonian Institution. A Parus
(obtained by Mr. MacFarlane at Fort Anderson, Hudson Bay Territory, June, 1864) was discovered
among the duplicates and was subsequently determined to be the same sjiecies.

A comparison of my specimens with Parus nnctns BoDU (=P. sihiri<ius Gmel. et Ai^CT.), from
Lapland, siiovvs that the American specimens are not P. ductus, but are undistinguisltable from
i*. obU'ctus Cab., as 1 propose to show :

Partin cinclim BuDi).

Cnlmen. Wiiig. leathern l'"''""'-

j
^'toe.'" '*«='■ LocBlity. ' Dale. i

0.46 2.65 3.65 0.63
0.41 2.01 2.61 0.62
0.41 2.B1 2.60 0.67

0.3« cf »d Lapland 1 i

0.35 d'ad do ! Mar., 18.'i5

0.37 $ ad do Mar., 1855

0.42 2.63 1 2.82 I 0.64

i ;

0.37 1 1

if

I'anm obtfctiis Cam.

ass!

2.65

2.65

0.08

0.40

2. CO
2. 65

2.07
2. 40

0.02
0.60

0. 35

0.40

0.40

0.40

2.70

2.t<5

0.C6

0 40

0.41

2.70

2.80

0.85

0.40

0.40

2. 70

2.70

11. 38

0.39

0.40

1

2.65 1

2.68

0.63 1

U.39

— nd.. .Nulato Mar., 1875

9 ail.. Kort Anderson ... June. 1864

— ad.. Nulato Mar., 1 875

? ad do Mar., 1875

J ad.. Saint Michael's... Feb., 1876

,/ad.. Nulato Mar., 1875

Although the tables of measurements prove but slight relative difference between the species^
the jiattern of coloration will show that P. •■inctuH has the forehead, top, and back of head light
grayish-brown. Back, ligiit grayish, raw umber. Tail, plumbeous. Greater coverts edged with
brownish white; secondaries edged with grayish wiiite. Lores, snutt-brown, Neck, and sides of
head, white. Chin and throat, sepiabrown. Breast antl abdomen, white. Sides and flanks, reddish
ochraceous. In some of the Lapland spetiimens the darker colors are much inteusifled, especially on
back and sides.

i

\p

-->■ #

..-iwK'i

■s.

'v^ ■■*■

>«# k

PLATE X,

FAR US HUDSONJCUS 'For,t.;
:-.,J3 CJNCTUS OBTECTUS (Cai.

•■^^■^"•'B.i I JilJ^pillflU. •Hill "I

1«2

tJONTHIlUTTlONvS TO THE H iK' r< ii >?T»»UY <»1 At,ABK\

T'.i' Ovi'jitMi ('lii(;kii<)('e ihii)B1'«' tii.i«*?»£ti ;ln' Viikou !-;*ti;ct. Mninti; i» v*vu\ f«-- 4/4v '^* *.*•;'*.«»
tli«*i4 iiinl.s vv>;n' oucM.sioii>i1!j* •■<-'»*.i '*! Srthit Muv-irr-*. '".-•s ii'iiri' lu t(i( i))<' ri'Ti 'iM. .<-*?■'< *''«..><
Ill May .iiiil auMiot t'H'ir *.-«-•»» rtv«.«K rt»»» (•iiniii t^i <>ii ?!•< < ..*t.

Tlii'.v hii'ci,' ill till' wi,MnJ<<i vfiN.ivv>:j(,

Sim-jtiicn^ tt'rrc ■)htvia»ni (!••.«> ?•.,»•„ Viiknii, ,N'uiJUt» .s!4 H;Uiil ilii-lu»nr«.

'I'lii^ <'liick;i li'f III*-!*)'*!!-.- w»'Vt.'»-«l ri(irttrtfterH »1> (5 .! '• i.'U'iitiisIlj |>»'>init it :r. : 4- r,inlu'il iix
u. Miiu'ly i>c(!iiliaii- to thf >'iiflir» k» . .,.n,(. ,\n iftjdiftcH r.i. . .>! ^jxsiiimnis ir^>m iiiHtki 'iliat«* lortili
lii'H ;il<iiic |.ii<vfiit.s Till' l«"">il i.i.a*!< ^ » i>^stttiari*(»<t'«if H« i^i.«s«:!t. iniiUM'ttil Tlit» f \i ii^iicu at liiiiic!
sitiiii'fflv wam^H .'be m-ioijiitji.ii • 'he iivi »»)< « 'un^-t*.

V.l'.i. r.Mn < ^■l?^^■n.;? V ; '* f ■>

/'•■.'■«* •('/**•/»« A, li;t. ?»•'<• ?V ♦.••»•;,.

!,H.'..{..... '■■(/ ><■>■ nibiruiM V'H'.vw.*. .« . r--

1,h7 1 .•— ' 'n >'!■ •( ■• l've''Hii I ■>iw'.vj»\ '. ' ,'■ t
l,s.<'.. — t'aiw <-\iwtu.s (/)■/. sMiv'MK N f."

> Cifcb.). '*i'*^W» *;*«*«'•'. r^( Pla*,' X.!
■- -«Mlg«a.v. Hull, ^«lU I'r . '" !«:/. j; -iT

".V'^.rf*-'- -a^'SHf. U«»o«»»- J. I' --.

.\<(,

iSt'Vt'iMl sjw;r!Ui*'iis ti'i I'lirvn wviv i>!if swrvi p r»* vHCi'i^ f*>. vJjii^/ ' 'i' '< M>r«»(i liiviinv Tti-y /^
M (•!♦' i'-it'iU'<; til th' .-^iHi'it s ( u(c/i(,s'. (Shv F.!i' Stdi, Oriii"!' \*'itf'i'H s^i » uy, 1H7.'<. p. ".7. 'llixt
tl,c\ >liril.!(1 liSUC i'crll Kl'clliii ii) lllf ^|iHi>''' "ft' ritu wi 1 :.)•.;■'•'/ f;*)^-. ' .i>- I'tilov i)IK i>im|wiri»<'liS

I'lwiii.i.s lu l-S7'^ I'ljrut: rlin'lit.t I'l'iDV liml ii. < i». (• < (!i't( n t •viid.n v,( '■-■.(•lit ,\>iii'i'i<';in biii.t"
.\tiiini IIk' Mime tinu- isiy •pi'iiiii'-ii.'^ wvn- (ycisv-"' at tli Srrith'.tit.'.i 'istitiition. A I'aru
'(ihtailii'il by Mi-. Miu'l'iiihinr !it h\<\\ Aiiili'r.-i<.iii, /iiiii-i>nli y 'I'l-i'i itin> •■■>riv, 'sfi ! ; was liusciMfr*-' .
;hi!<);^4 t|"( iliiJiiii'iitt'S :U)<I v\;i,-i niitiscij u'l'fly ([<'t('iTiiiit'ii .!> be 'in» >fiiii,r .).■• n-.'S.

A i'.i!.j|>ai'isi>n of iii> -iiccnrii'M.s with l''iru« (in'tm Ji-iii' > ..t }'. mhii i^-r-- iiMV.; , <*( Al I'T.:. f'pi _.
I..i;tlit(iiJ. slic>'.\s ;h;it 111' A>ni..iHLui siu'ci'iii'i!.- isn- !• / /' •I'dn'w, hu> ■■:i' - ii(listili,';iri>'ml)ii' 'i" n

,". .1/' -,■>/< ' ' Ui , rt,- ! 'ft'lH'S' ill ^liOV. ;

0 :i

ift'

.). »; : •■ -i<

■ .xl

._(.;*..■.

': t

'. (-• 1 ^. .-i

.•,»t

.1') .

. ilar.

(i <P 1 I., u;

,' ...i..

.. ilu

. . M»r.

IIS.V

- tvj

- -^•;ri~"iiv

f'artt''-- ohirittm '.' \l\.

Nir.vO.

.V.ii

1. ■>.■

1 1VS

i" »-

1 411

- l.l

NiiluU:

XUi

^^.•^

V .«

lit

i '-i

a-,1 ...

M»'

Kf,

t ft*

.- »u

,. ..1

s.i;iil Miii.a .1 ,<

!■»!>

iS7(i

!l !S

i (9

1-1

'.' ; .!ii

. M»r

: SVJ

\!tli<iit;!i ill'' -ibli'Ji of iiicasuiinK'iits o«ii\ ■■ ••;it -l<i:! ! v ..»;-*■ liiiVfrfiu'i" iH'Uif-fii ilii' >: (';'ii-y^
Uio [).tiK.';n ''I '.• iSiiintimi wi'l sln>«- that f'. i ('wvl-'.^ ;- 1* ;iii } 'i ^.'iid, t<.i).>, ;imJ b'u-k ni" (in- ■ |li|',i't
ur.iyiali-bi >v' 1', H.mA, tight t>iii-yi'<li. raw iiuibej. !'»'■, 'liviT-f. -: i/tvatar ri\t>zi.n vthjc , u,;li
'irownisli ■-> liil<' ; s.-i-inul, trios i>iiy;iMl wit li grayisb ^laiNv i/<'i» v hhiV hruvvn. >ivfii;. aini ^ l-'-i of
tit'ud. v^Viit*', <'li!i! iiuii (lirout, Ki'iiis! imnMi. Urei-.*" ai-,'* :»u<itiiu*'!i, v-Mj-u. Hiilcsiuid tl.-mk.*, .»i|(!i<'li
ochiaof'O'u. hiKi'iuc or rliv l.aplam! .sjiHi'.iiUi'iis tli' ittfi i.-'i »'i<i<»i--. .tic iii'U'li iiit«ii.sifi>:'vl, f.^p<;<; iHn «ii

■■^P'"""""^^ ■?"»«!. '.■•'

mjmi 119. ■ *WL^'i*aiM— wiji.n Wij"ifi"iiwn*»» wwj^^»i'TW

PLATE X.

^■

^^•

^"

^/\

I, Its ftw* LtBl*'" "fliHru

PARUS HUDSONICUS (Forst.)
PARUS CINCTUS OBTECTUS (Cab.)

^itPWipPTWHiillW.' wii|i|i»"iiw"j.H!Ji= «i;V;^'""«»5",w»

>'I|W.I9'H'VP|IV.»IIUIII)M MIII.'V

CONTKIBUTIONS TO THE NATUHAF. HIHTOUY OK ALASKA.

183

I'nruH ohtevtUH C!ah.

r(>i'elit'H(l,to|iaiiil hiickot'lit)ii<l,l)r(i\vniNti ^'m.v. Hackji^'lit t'ii!>»iiH f;ra.v. Wiiif^H, ilimk.v hIuIo
S('Cuii(liirieH(!()iiN|ii(;ii()iiHl,v t'll^otl with whit)'. Tail,]iiiiiiilM'oiiH'Mhttii; <)iiti'rt'i>atii(U'Mf(l^re<l with |ial<tr
))liiinU'ou.s. Nfckantt Hidi'Hol' licati, white. Chin and throat tnii^in<)nN(inNk\,N()inc<)t' tiit> poHtiirior
t«>atlM>is of the throat tipped with white. Kieast and abdonieh, wliite. A nai'niw,(lark, t'lilif^inoiiN
Htripe iiuiN t)iroii(>h tlie e.ve anti Heparate.s the wliito of the uuiiuuiarH from the color of tiiu urown.

Tliu iris, hill, and feet, lilack.

I'aruH cinrtuH is an inhabitant of the northern portions of Kiiro])u and western Hibiria as far
east as the Yenisei Uiver.

rnrm obtevtuK is found throughout tlie eastern portions of Siberia, and is the true Siberian form.

This species (ohfrctiin) is not abundant in the known portions of tiie Yukon Distritit. It is a
winter resident and doubtless bucds theie. A sinjjie specimen was obtained (Vom Saint Michael's.
The Chickailees visit the coast onl.v during (avo; able weather in winter. 1 have never seen any
species in the viciidt.v of Saint Michaers dnrinn ll e bieedin;; season.

The siiecinien jirocured by Mr. MacrFarlane was a female. The nest ami egjjs of this individual
were also securetl, and are now in the collection of the Smithsonian Institution.

740. Tarus HUDSONioi'H Forst. Hudxonum Chivhidcc. [Sec Plate X.]

A number of sitecimeiis of this Chickadee were obtained from Fort Yi '(on, Nulnto, ami 8ev»
eral from Saint Michael's.

It visits the (!oast only during; the winter. .May 2t»tli was the latest date obtuiimd at Saint
Michael's. This particular bird was shot while it was anu)ng a straggling clumi) of low willows uii
the edge of a high bank, forming the outline of a lake.

The iris, feet, and bill of the fresh specimen are black.

It is a constant resident of the wooded districts, and in some localities is cpiite abundant. It
was not observed out of the Yukon District by nu'.

749 llKot'Lts <!AiJ',Ni)t LA (Liuii.). liuhij vroiaml K\»(iht.

Specimens of the Kuby-crowned Kinglet were obtained from J'\)it Yukon, where it is coin»non,
breeding there.

This bird may o(;cur on the coast of the Yukon District, although 1 have not seen it.

At Kushagak, on Bristol Bay, I saw a single .si»ecimen of this bird Hitting among the willow
tliickets which skirt the banks of that river. Th^ date was June 28, 1878.

757. TxTKDUS ALiciTic Baird. Oraycheelcd Thrush.

This species is not common at Saint Miiihael's. A pair were observed. Hitting from one clump
of small alders to another, ju.st back of the Bedoubt. They flew to a larger jiatch, where I obtained
the nuile. The feunile took flight at the <lischarge of the gun, and was not se<uired.

This species breeds in this vicinity, but I failed to discover the nest and eggs.

They arrive about the first week in June. I have no date of dei)arture. The iris and upper
mandible, black ; lower mandible, dark anteriorly and lighter at base, drying very pale. Feet
dark, with paler soles, (rape yellow.

This 8|)ecics has not yet l)een detectetl on the Aleutian Islands.

7.'>8rt. TxTRDUS iTSTULA'rrs sv,Ai«soNi (Cab.). Olive-backed Thrvsh.
A single 8|)ecinien of this species was obtained from Fort \ukon, Alaska.
It ia apparently not common in any locality and probably does not visit the coast of the Yukon
District.

761. Mebitla migratoria (Linn.). American Robin.

The 8j)ecimensof the Robin collected by me were obtained from Fort Yukon, where it is quite
common and breeds.

It arrives there during the lattei twenty days of May and remains until the sharj) frosts of
September. 1 obtained no specimens from other jiarts of the Yukon District.

184

CONTBIBUTIONS TO TMH NATURAL IIIHTOIIY OF ALASKA.

1 WHH Ht NiiHliiipik, iifiir tlie river ut tliiit iiitiiu> ('tiipt.viiiK into Itristol liii.v, in .Iiin*s 1H7H,
wlierp I IiikI a f'<nv lioiirs' ImiitiiiK' Aliont two inilfs Ixn-k of IIk^ vIIIiiko iIic tiiiilMT h('(;iim. It in
II scanty jjiowtli ot'sprncH. many of tlic trccN iHolatcd. Aionj; llic MtrcaiiiM licnvy K'owtl'N "laldor
I'orni I'xttMiNiv*' tliicl{ftH. On a))|)roa(-iiin(; one ol tlif.sicluiiiiis I hi-anl a twittcrini; of an iini<nown
l)inl. I crept np Ntealtiiily, hut tlic hiid dartt-d to tiic otluT Hide of fiie tliieket. After repeated
triaiN to ^et witliin Mliootin)> diNtanee, and foliowinK it over two rnileH, I tired at lonu ran^je and
failed to ^et the l>ird. What it was 1 jiave no knowledge. It looked liki^ a Uohin, Itnt niiieh more
active, and of deeper color. Tiie son;;, whicii was iittere<l incesHantly when not on tlit^ wiiijj, did
not at all resemble that of tiie IColiln.

The Koltin has not Iteen detected on tlie Aleutian Islands, althou^di it Is reported to bo nwn an
II chance visitoi' during the mi^ratoiy season at tiie I'riliylof Islands.

7<l.'{. HKSPKKOtUOIIt.A N.KVIA ((iincl.). \'ilti<il ThfHHh.

One Npeciuion was obtained at I'^oit Yukon, iVhiska, Sept(>uiber 4, lH7<i. It is not i)lentiful
at any time, A second specimen was bronuht to me at Haint Mlcthael's <ui May 27, IM77, killed by
a initive, just back of the Redoubt, anion;; the pali^hcs of alder. It was far advanced in di>i;ompo
sition when I saw it, and found it impossible to even save tlii^ wind's and other parts for idttntiflca
tion, else than on the s))ot.

It is only a casual visitor to the coast, and apparently not abundant anywhure in thu Yukon
District.

This Hpeciee was not detected on any of th« Aloutiau Islands.

LIST OF THi: BIRDS OF ALASKA.

The following list contains all the authentically known and recognized spctiios of Alaskan
birds. A full investigation of the natural history of the Territory will, doubtless, add many inimes
of birds which have not yet been dotecteil within its border and iruiliided waters.

The nomenclature liert* adopted is that of tiie A. <J. U. (Jlie(!k-list of North American Birds,
18SU. The numbers preceding each species w subsjiecies correspond with the numbers in that
Check list.

Family TODICIIMD^E. Gueues.

Genus CoLVMBUS Linmeus.

2. C0LYMHU8 HOLBCELLi (Rciuh.) UoUxkIVh Orebe.

3. C0LYMBU8 AURiTUS L:nn. Horned Grebe.

Family L^IINATORU)^}. Loons.
Genus Urinatob Cuvicr.

7. URINATOB IMBEU (Guui!.). lAWn.

8. UaiNATOR ADAMSII (Gray). Yellow-billed Loon,

!>. Ubinatob arotious (Li;in.). lilackthroated lAwn.

10. Ubinator paoificus (Lawr.). Pavijic Loon,

11. Urinaxor lumme (Gunn.). Bed throated Loon.

Family ALGII)^^ Ai;ks, Mueres, and I'uffins.

Geuns LuNUA Pallas.

12. LUNDA OIRBHATA Pall. Tiift^d Puffin.

Genus Fratercula Brisson.
14. FbATEBOULA COBNIOULATA (Naum.). Horned Puffin.

'^

OONTKIIJUTIONH TO T»K NATUItAL IIISTOIIY OV ALAt'KA.

OoiiiiH ('KBoKiiiNOA lioiiaparto.

15. Obborhinoa monoorrata (Pull.). RhinoceruH Aukkt.

(.)«1I11IM I'TY<III(>UAMPHUH Kmiult.

16. PTYOHORAMPnrS AI,BITT( 'H (I'llll.). (laKHMH Auklet.

(loiiim CYOi,oRKnYNCin;8 KiMip.

17. OYOLORRHYNrnuH PHiTTAriTi.tii (Piill.). I'aroquet Auklet.

(leiniM HiMoRilYNOHUB Merr«in.

18. SiMOBHYNOHUS fiRiSTATKLMis (I'llll.). (hented Auklet.
I!). HiMORlIYNOiniH PYOMvKtrs ((iiiidl.). W'hiHkvred Auklet.

20. HlMOBHYNCIIl'M PUHILU'S (I'llll.). I jMHt Auklet.

GeniiH Synthmborhampiuib Hmndt.

21. Synthlibobamphtih ANTiytiua ((hm-l.). Andent Murrelet.

22. Synthlibobamphits wuMizrsiTMK (Tcniin.). Temminvk^H Murrelet.

(ItMiiiH Braoiiyriiamphus Brandt.

23. Brachyramphus marmoratuh (diiiwl.). Marbled Murrelet.

24. Bbaohybamphus KiTTi.iTZU Braiult. Kittlitz'ii Murrelet.

(IciIUIH CKPPHU8 PalhiH.

28. Oepphus mandtii (Liclit.). MandCn Ouillemnt.

29. OBPPHtis OOLlTMBA Pall. PUieon Guillemot.

GciiUH Uria BriHsoii,

.%o. Ubta tboile oalipornioa (Bryant). (Jalifornia Murre.
31. Uria lomvia arba (I'all.). PnlUin's Mune.

Famit.v STKH(H)KAKlll).15. Skuas and JiisoEBS.

(icniis Htkr<!()UARIU8 Bri.s8on.

3fi. STKRCORARtus poMARiNi'.^ (Tt'iiiiii.). I'omiirhic Jivger.

37. Stkr(!orarius PABAMiTicua (Linn.). I'araxitia >l(r(jcr.

38. Stkrc'OHARIUS i.(iNGi(!Ai'i)lia (Vi«'ill.). Ldikj tailed J<eger.

Family LAKIDtK. Guixs and Terns.
CtiMuiH Gavia Boie.

39. Gavia alba (Gumi.). Ivory Gull.

Genus RissA Stephens.

40a. RissA TRiDAOTYLA poLLiCARis Ri«lgw. I'acific Kittiicake.
41. RisSA BREViROSTEis (Brucli). Hedlegged Kittiicake.

GennH Labus LiniifBUH.

42i. Labus babboviannus Hidfjw. Wextern Glaueom Gull.
44. Labus glaucescens Nauui. Glauiounirinyed Gidl,
46. Labus nelsoni Hensh. NeUciCs Gull.
S. Mia. 165 24

185

186

OONTIUBUTIONS TO THE NATUKAr; HISTORY OP ALASKA.

11-

48. Labus schistisagus Stpjii. Slaty-backed Gull.

52. Larus oachinnans Pall. Pallati'H (lull.

63. Labus oalifobnicus Lawr. California (lull.

55 Larus brachyrhyncih . Uicli. Slwrtbilled Oull,

Cft. Labus Philadelphia ^Onl). lionaparte'it Gull

Gf JUH Rhodostethia Maggillivray.

61. Rhodostethia rosea (Maggil.). Roh8^s Gull,

Genus Xema Lo>»<'''..

62. Xema sabinii (Sab.). Sabine's Gull.

Genus Sterna Liiniieus.

7L Stbbna paradiSjEA Brilnn. Arctic Tern.
73. ST3BNA ALEUTICA Baird. Aleutian Tern.

Genua Hydbochelidon Boio.

77. Hydbochelidon mora surinamensis (Ginel.). Blade Tern.

Family DIOMEDEIDJi. Albatrosses.

Genus Diombdea Jjinnaeus.

81. Diombdea niobipes Aud. Black-footed Albatrosn.

82. DiOMEDEA ALBATEUS Pall. Short-tailed Albatross.

Family PROCELLARIID^a. Fulmar.s and Shearwaters.
Genus Fulmarus Stephens.

866. Fulmarus GLAcnAL's glupisoua Stejn. Pimfic Fulmar.
86c. FULJ.ARUS GLACIALIS BODGEUSII (Ca:-^^). Hoihirrs\s Fuinuir.

Genus Puffinu,^ Biisson.

96 1'U17"INUS TENUIBOSTK13 (Temiii.). Slender-billed Shec rater.

Genus -Estrelata Bonaparte.

100. iSfiTPELATA FiBHERi Kidfjw. Fislier's Petrel.

Genus Oceanodroma lleichenbaclj.

105. Oceanodroma fukoata (Gmel.). Fork-tuii "d Vetrel.
106.1. Oceanodroma hoknuy (Gih,v). Hornuif.. I'ltnl.

106. Oceanodroma leucorhoa (Vj^iii.). Leach's I'ltrcl.

Famil\ PHALACKOCOKaCID^. Cormorants.

(ieilUS I'HALAOROCORAX Bris8< 1.

1206. PhalacBv CORAX DILOPHUS ciN'.iN A'i'njs (Htaudt). White-crested Cormorant.

123. PhalacrocorA'. pei.A(;ici!.s Pall. Pelagh ('onnoront.

123«. Phalacrocor .X pelagicus robustuh Kiilgw. Violet-grten Cormorant.

124. Phalacroooi ax I'RILK (Gniel.). Red fa,;ed Cormorant.

(t) Phalachocob*x perspicillatus Pall. Pallas^s Cormorant.

'W"*™'??!'

129.
130,

131,

132.
135.
136.
137.
[138,
139.
140.

142.

143.

146.

147.
148.
14!).
150.

lol.
152.

153.

54.

155.

157.

158.

(CONTRIBUTIONS TO THK NATURAL lIlSTOItY OF ALASKA.

Family ANATIDuE. Duoks, Geese, and Swans.

Geiins Merganser Brisson.

Merganser americanus (Oa.ss.). American Mergamtr.
Merganser serrator (Linu.). Bed brecMted Mergamer,

Genus Lophodytes Reichenbach.

LoPHODYTES OUOULLATUS (Liiin.). Hooded Mergamer.

Genus Anas Linneeus.

Anas boschas Iiinn. Mallard.
Anas strepera Linu. Gadicall,
Anas penelope Linn. Widgeon.
Anas Americana Gmel. Raldpate.
] Anas cuecoa Linn. European Teal.
Anas carolinensis (inieliu. Green winged Teal.
Anas discors Linu. liluewinged Teal.

Genus Spatula Boie.
Spatula clypeata (Linn.). Shoveler.

Genus DAilLA Stephens.
Dafila acuta (Linu.). Pintail.

Genus Aythya Boie.

Aythya AMERICANA (Eyt.). Redhead,

AYTUYA VALLISNERIA (VVils.). ^unianhoek.

Aythya marila nkarctica Steji;. Ameriean Scaup Jhtek.

Aythya akfinis (Kyt.). Leaser Scaup Ihivk.

Aythya collaris (Douov.). King-necked Ihick.

Genus Glauceonetta Stcjneger.

Glaucionetta clangula amkrujana (Boniip.). American Golden eye.
Glaucionetta ISLANDIOA (Guuil.). Harrow's Golden-eye.

Geuus Charxtonetta Stejneger.

Chabitonetta albeola (Linn.). Ihtffle-head.

Genus Clangula Lench.

Clangula uyemalks (Linn.). Ohlsquan-.

Geinis EliSTRloNicus Lesson.

illSTBiONicus HiSTRioNlous (Linu.). Harlequin Duck.

Genus Eniconetta Gray.

Eniconetta stellebi (Pall.). Sleller's Duck.

Genus Arctonktta Gray.

Abotonbtta fischeei (Brandt). Spectacled Eidm\

187

188 CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE NATURAL HISTORl OF ALASKA.

Genus Somatebia Leach.

161. Somatebia v-nigba Gray. PaciM Eider.

162. Somatebia spectabilis (Linn.). King Eider.

Genus Oidbmia Fleming.

163. OlDEMiA amebicana 8w. & Ricli. American Scoter.

165. OiDEMiA DEGLANDi Bonap. White winged Scoter.

166. UlDEMlA PEBSPICILLATA (Linn,). Siiff ScoteT.

GenuH Chen Boie.

169. Chen hatebbobea (Pall.). LcHser Suoic Ooosi.

170. Chen bossii (Baird). Rosses Snow Goone.

Genus Ansek Brisson.

171a, Anseb Albifeons gambeli (Ifartl.). American White-fronted Goose.

Genus Branta Scopoli.

172. Bkanta canadensis (Linn.). Canada Qoone.

172a. Bkanta canadensis hutohinsii (Sw. and Kicli.). Hutchins^s Goone.

1726. Branta canadensis occidentai.is (Bainl). White-cheeked Goo.se.

172e. Branta canadensis minima KidKw. Cockling Goone.

174. Bbanta nigeicans (Lawr.). Bla^k Brant.

Genus Philacte Bannister.

176. Philacte canagica (Sevast.). Emperor Goose.

Genus Olob Wagler.

180. Olob columbianits (Ord). U7(i,vfi ng S- </h.

181. Olob buccinator (Kicli.). Trumps '.r iwan.

Family ARDEIDJi;. Herons, Bittbbns, etc.
Genus Abdea Linn.
194. Abdea hebodias Linn. Great Blue Heron.

Family GKinD^. Ceanes.
Genus Geus Pallas.
205. Gbus canadensis (Linn.). Little Brown Crane.

Family KALLII)^. Rails, Gallinules, and Coots.
Genus Fulica Linna'us.
221. Fu'.ica AMERICANA Gniel. American Coot.

Family PHALAHOPODU)^.. Phalabopes.
Genus Cbymophilus Vieillot.
122. Cbymophilus fulicarius (Linn.). lied Phalarope.

Genus I'halaeopttr Brisson.
223. Phalabopus lobatus (Linn.). Northern Phalarope.

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE NATURAL HISTORY OF ALASKA.

189

Family SOOLOPAOIDJS. Snipes, Sandpipers, bto.
Genus Gallinago Jjeach.

230. Gallinago dblioata (Ord). Wilsonh Snipe.

Gtiiiiis Mackobhamphus Leacb.

231. Maoborhamphus GiiiSEirs (Gtiiel.). Doiritcher.

232. Maoborhamphus soolopaceus (Say). Long-hilled Dowitcher.

Genus Tringa Linuseua.

234. Tbinga oanu'I'US Linn. Knot.

235. Tbinga mariiima Briinn. Purple Sandpiper.

236. Tbinga couesi (Kidgw.). Aleutian Sandpiper.

237. Tbinga ptilocnemis Coues. Pryhilof Sandpiper.

238. Tringa acuminata (Horsf.). Sharp-tailed Sandpiper.

239. Tringa maculata Vieill. Pectoral Sandpiper.

240. Tbinga kusoicollis Vieill. Wliite-rmnped Sandpiper.

241. Tringa bairdii ('ones. Rainrs Sandpiper.

242. Tringa minutilla \'ieill. Leant Sandpiper.
242.1. Tbinga damaoensis (Horsf.). Long-toed Stint.

243a. Tbinga alpina pacipica ((^oues). Ped backed Sandpii)er.
244. Tbinga perruginea Biiiun. Cnrlew Sandpiper.

Genus Eurynorhynchus Nilssoii.

[245.] EuRTNORHYNOHUS PYGM^US Liuu. Sj)oon-bill Sandpiper.

Genus Ereunetes Illiger.

246. Ereunetes pusillus (Liuu.). Semipahnated Sandpiper.

247. Ereunetks occidentalis Lawr. ' V/entern Sandnper.

Genus Calidbis Cuvier.

248. Calidbis abenabia (Linu.). Sanderling.

Genus LiMOSA Brissou.

249. LiMOSA FEDOA (Llun.). Marbled Godicit.

250. LiMOSA LAPPONICA BAI'EBI (Niium.). I'acijiv Godicit.

251. LiMOSA H^MASTiOA (Liuii.). HudHonian Godicit.

Genus Kotanus Beclistein.

254. ToTANl's MEi,ANOLEi'(Uis (Giiiel.). Greater Yetloir-legs.

255. TOTANUS FLAVIPES (Guiel.). Yellow-tcgn.

256. ToTANUS SOLITARU'S (Wils.). Solitary Sandpiper.

Genus Heteraotitis Stejueger.
259. Heteraotitis incanus (Giuel.). Wandering Tattler.

Genus Bartuamia Lesson.

261. Bartbamia longicauda (Bechst.). Bartramian Sandpiper.

Genus Tbyngites Cabanis.

262. Tbyngites subbuficollis (VieilL). Bufbreagted Sandpiper.

h ; *

!. ^i

■ (

I

!rt 1^

iii

190

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE NATURAL HISTORY OF ALASKA.

Geuus AcTiTis Illiger.
203. AoTiTis MACULARiA (Liiiii.). Spotted Sandpiper.

Genus Numenius Brisson.

264. Numenius lonoirostbis Wils. Long billed Curlew.
205. Numenius hudsonicits Lath. Hndsnnian Curlew.
260. Numenius bobealis (Forst.). Enkimo Curletc.
[208.] Numenius tahitiensis (Gmel.). Bristlethighed Curlew.

Family OHARADRIID^. Plovers.

Genus Vanellus Brisson.

[269.] Vanellus vanellus (Linu.). Lapwing.

Genus Oharadrius Linnseus.

270. Oharadrius squatarola (Linn.). Black-bellied Plover.

272. C'nARADRius dominicus (Miill.). American Golden Plover.

272a. Oharadrius dominicus fulvus (Gmel.). Pacijic Golden Plover.

Genus JiaiALiTis Boie.

274. •^GiALlTis semipalmata (Bouap.; Semipalmated Plover.
[276.] iEGiALiTis DUBiA (Scop.). Little king Plover.
[279.] iEGiALiTis MONGOLA (Pall.). Mongolian Plover.

Family APHRIZlDJi}. Surf Birds and Turnstones.

Genus Aphriza Audubon.

282. Aphbiza viboata (Gmel.). Surf Bird.

Genus Abenaria Brisson.

283. Arenaria interpres (Linn.). Turnstone.

284. Arenaria melanooephala (Vig.). Black Turnstone.

Family ILEMATOI'ODlIhE. Ovsteboatohkr^.
Genus U^ematopus Linnieus.
287. Fi^MATOPue bachmani And. Black OysUrcatcher,

Family TETRAONID^E. Grouse, Partridges, etc.
Genus Dendraoapus Elliott.

297a. Oendragapus obscurus fulkjinosi'!S Hid^w. Sooty Grouse.
298. Uendragapus canadensis (Liiiu.). Canada Grouse.

Genus Bonasa Stepliens.

3006. BoNASA UMBELLUS UMBELLoiDES (Dougl.), Gray Ruffed Grouse.

*Soe CoiiPH, Itirds N. \V., p. 4r)r); mid Fiiimli Al)b. Nat. Ill, ipiT'i, (W, AliiHkii. It ih cpiitu )ir<ib»1>Ii> that tbo H]>ecin8
■■efei'rad to Hboiild bo ^E. iiemij>atmata ; ami t'Hpi'cially us this species iiboimds iu that regiou, while circumciiicta is au
eastern birtl.

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE NATURAL HISTORY OF ALASKA.

Genus Lagopus Brisson.

301. Lagopus LAGOPUS (Linn.). Willmr Ptarmigan.

302. Lagopus rupestris {Gniel.). Ruck Ptarmigan.

302b. Lagopus rupestris nelsoni Stejn. N'elson''s Ptarmigan.
302c. Lagopus rupestris atkhensis (Turner). Turner^s Ptarmigan.

Genus Pemooetes Baird.

308. Pediocetes PHASiANELLUS (Linn.). Sharp-tailed Orouse.

Family FALCONIDJi. Vultures, Falcons, Hawks, Eagles, etc.

Genus Circus Lac^pkle.

331. Circus hudsonius (Linn.). Marsh Hatck.

Genus Accipiter Brlssou.

332. Accipiter vrlox (Wils.). Sharp-shinned Hatch.

334. ACCIPITKR ATRICAPILLUS (VV'ils.). American Goshawk.

334n. Accipiter atricapillus striatulus Kidyw. Western Goshawk.

Genus Buteo Cuvier.

337^. Buteo BOREALIS calurus (Cass.). Western Red-tail.
342. Buteo swainsoni Bonap. Sicainson's Hawk.

Genus Archibuteo Brebni.

[347.] Archibuteo lagopus (Briinn.). Bough-legged Hawk.

347a. Archibuteo lagopu.s SANCTUtmANNis (Gmel.). Ameriion hough-legged Hawk.

Genus Aquila Brisson.

340. Aquila chrysaetos (Linn.). Golden Eagle.

Genus Hali^tus Saviyuy.

352. IlALl^TUS LEUCOOEPHALUS (Liuu.). Bald j^agle.

Genus Falco Linnietis.

353. Falco ISLANDX'S (IJiiiiiii.). White Ggrfalcon.

354. Falco rusticolx's (Linn.). Gray Gi/rfulcoii.
354a. Falco kusticoli'.s avRFALcwt (Linn.). Gijrfalron.

356. Falco pkregrints anatum (lionap.). Duck Hawk.
356a. Falco pkbeouinus pkalki Hidjiw. Peah^s Falcon.

357. Falco coh'MBARU's Linn.. Pigeon Hawk.

Sola. Falco coLVMBARius sucKLKVi Kidjjw. Black Merlin.
300. Falco sparverius Linn. American Sjiarrow Hawk.

Genus Pandion Saviguy.
304. Pandion haliaetus carolinensis (Gnud.). Atnerican Osprey.

Family BUBONID/E. Horned Owls, etc.
Genus Asio Brisson.
367. Asio AOCIPITRINUS (Pall.). Short-eared Ihcl.

191

1^2

CONTEIBUTIONS TO THE NATUEAL HISTOKY OF ALASKA.

'If'

\.4''

GeuuB Ulula Ouvier.
270. Ulula oinebea (G.nel.). Great Gray Owl.
\370a.] Ulula cinerea lapponica (Retz.). Lapp Owl.

Gomis Nyotala Brehm.
371. Nyotala tenomalmi bichardsoni (Bona,..). Richardson^s Owl.

Genus Meoasoops Kaup.
373d. Meoasoops asio KENNiooTTri (Elliott). KenniooW, Screech Owl.

Genus Bubo Cuvier.

375ft. BUBO vmomiANUS abctious (Swains.). Arctic Horned (hcl.
3750. Bubo vieginianus saturatus Eidgw. Dusky Horned Owl.

Genus Nyctea Stephens.
376. Nyotea nyotea (Linn.). Snotcy Owl.

Genus Surnia Dum^ril.
[377.] Surnia ulula (Linn.). Hawk Owl.
377a. Surnia ULULA CAPABOCH (Miill.). American Hawk Owl.

Family ALCKDINID^. Kingfishers.
Genus Ceryle Bole.
390 Ceryle alcyon (Linn.). Belted KintjfiHher.

Family PIOID^. Woodpeckers.

Genns DBYf)BATES Boie.

tu'n^ZT''''^^ ''''^'^''^''^ i^EUOOMELAS (Bo<i,l.). Northern Hairy Woodpecker
•^'•i^-O^^OBATESVVB^samsiLmn.). J)owHy Woodpecker.

Genns Fiooides Lac^pMe.
401. FicoiDES AMERicANus Brebnu American Threetoed Woodpecker.
4 ft' VZZl Zr'^"^'^' ALA.OEK.,. (Nels.). Alaskan Three-toed Woodpecker.
401ft. Pi,,oiDLS AMEBIOANU.S DOKSALLs Bainl. Alpine Three-toed Woodpecker.

Genus Colaptes Swainson.
412. Colaptes aubatus (Linn.). Flicker.
■ma. Colaptes (;aeer saturatiob llitlf-w. Northwestern Flicker.

Family TEOCHILID^. Hummingbirds.
Genus Trochilus Linna'us.
433. Trochilus bufus Gmel. Eu/ous Hummingbird.

Family TYEANNIDJi. Tyrant Flycatchees.
Genus Sayobnis Bonaparte.
457. SAyoBNis SAYA (Bonap.). Say's Phcebe.

■mM

.Tr"*:;r7?'",'fT»™*. ""'"^I^

CONTRIBUTIONS TO TUB NATURAL UlSTORY OF ALASKA.

(Teiins Empidonax Cabiiiiis.

4()4. Empidonax dikficilis Hainl. Baitd's Flycatcher.
4(iG. Empidonax pusillus (Swains.). Little Flycatcher.

Family ALAUDID^E. Larks.
Genus Otocobis Liiiiiiuus.
474«, Otocobis alpestbis leucol^:ma (Cones). Pallid Horned Lark.

Family CORVlDJil. Caowa, Magpies, Jays, etc.
Genus Pica Brissoii.
475. Pica pica hudsonica (Sab.).

Genus Cyanocitta Strickland.
478. Cyanocitta stbllebi (Gmel.). Sfeller's Jay.

Genus Pebisokeus Bonaparte.
4846. Pebisobeus canadensis FITMIFKONS Kidgw. Alanl-an Joy.

Genus CoBVUS Linnieus.

486. CoBVUS COBAX siNUATUS (Wagl.). American Raven.
480. CoBVUS CAUBINUS Baird. Northicest Crow.

Genus Picicoetus Bonaparte.
491. PicioOBVUS COLUMBIANUS (Wils.). GlarMs mitcrackcr.

Family STUKNIDiE. Stablings.
Genus Scolecophagus Sw'ainson.
509. ScoLECOPHAGi's CAEOLiNrs (Miill.). Rmty Blackbird.

Family FKINGlLLIDiE. Finches, Spabeows, etc.
Genus Pinicola Vieillot.
515. Pinicola enuclkatoe (Linn.). Pine Oroshealc.

Genus Pyeehula Brissou.
[516.] Pyebuula cassini (Baird). Camn's Bullfinch.

Genus LoxiA Linnieus.

.")21. LoxiA CUEVIEOSTEA MiNOE (Hrelim). American Crossbill

522. LoxiA LEUCOPTEEA (Gmel.). White-winged Crossbill.

Genus Leucosticte Swainsou.

523. Leucosticte geiskonucha (Brandt). Aleutian Lemosticte.

524rt. Leucosticte tephuocotis littobalis (Baird). Hepburn's Leucosticte.

Genus Acantiiis Bechstein.

527rt. Acanthis noRNEMANNii ExiLiPBS (Coues). Hoary Redpoll.
5'JS. Acantiiis linakia (Linn.). Redpoll.

528rt. Acantiiis linaeia iiolb(ellii (Brelun). HolhivlVs Redpoll,
S. Mis. 155 25

193

194

OONTUIHUTIONS TO Til K JJATUKAL llIdTORYOF ALASKA.

li

UlMinS Pl,KOTIlOPHENAX Sttyiiogw.

'i'Si. Pi.KOTBoiMlKNAX NIVALIS (Liiiii.). ISnowflake.

5.Urt. I'LKOTROPHKNAX NIVALIS TOWNSKNDi Uid{;w. TownsernVx Snowjlakc.

535. I'LKOTBOPHENAX iiYi'EBBORKUS Kidfjw. McKdy^H 8nowfl(ike.

Genus Caloabius Bechstciii.

53«». ('alcabhts lapponicus (Linn.). Lapland Longnpur.
537. Calcakius PiOTUS (Swains.). SmiWs Lonfiquir.

Qenns Ammodbamus Swainson.

5lL*. AMMdDBAMUS sANDWiciiENSis (Gniel.). Sandwich Sparrow.

Hi'Jh. Ammodbamus sanuwiohensis alaudincs (Bonap.). Wentern Savanna Sparrow.

Geuu8 ZoNOTBiGUiA Swaiiison.

5.">5. ZoNOTBioiiiA INTEUMEDIA l{i«l{jw. Intermediate Sparrow.
.■)57. ZoNOTEiCHiA CORONATA (I'all.). Goldencroicnc'd Sparrow.

Oenus SpiZELLA Bonaparte.

.")5i»r. Spizella montioola ocukacka Browst. Western Tree Sparrow.
5(i(). Spizella socialis (Wils.). Chipping Sparrow.

Genus JuNCO Wagler.

567. JUNCO hyemalis (Linn.). Slate-colored Junco.

.567a. Junco hyemalis obegonus (Towns.). Oregon Junco.

Genus Melospiza Bairtl.

581/. Melospiza fasciata bufina (Bonap.). Sooty Song Sparrow.
582. Melospiza cinebea (Gmel.). Aleutian Song Sparrow.
.583. Melospiza lincolni (And.). LincoWs Sparrow.

Genus Passeeella Swainaon.

585. Passebella iliaca (Men-.). Fox Sparrow.

5S5a. Passebella iliaca unalaschcensis (Gmel.). Townsend^n Sparrow.

Family HIKUNDINIDJS. Swallows.
Genus Petbochelidon Cabanis.

612. Peteoohelidon lunifeons (Say.). GHf Sicallow.

Genus Chelidon Forster.

613. Chelidon ebyxheogastee (Bodd.). Barn Swallow.

Genus Taohycineta Cabanis.

614. Taohycineta bicoloe (Vieill.). Tree Sparrow.

Genus Clivicola Forster.
616. Clivicola ripaeia (Linn.). Bank Swallow.

Family AMPBLID^. Waxwings, etc.

Genus Ampelis Linnaeus.
618. Ampelis gaeeulus Linn. Bohemian Waxwing.

CONTKIBUTIONS TO THE NATURAL HISTOltY OF ALASKA.

Family L.ANIID^E Sukikes.
GemiB Lanitjh LiiiDii'iiH.
(i'21. liANirs BOBEALIS Vieill. Northern Shrike.

Family MNIOTJLTll)^:. AVooDWAUirLEKs.
GemiH IlELMiNTnoi'ini-A Ifidgway.

(iKI. llELMiNTHOi'iiiLA CELATA (Snj). Oumgevrouncd Warbler.

•>»()«. HuLMiNTiioriiiLA CELATA LUTESCENs (Kidgw.). LuleMvent Witrhler.

Oeiins Dendroic'A (riay.

052. Dendroica yESTIVA (Giiii'l.). Yellow Warbler.
Cmu. Dendkou'A couonata (Liiiii.). Myrtle Warbler.
(i«;i. J)KNni{oiCA STRIATA (Foist.). Blaekpoll Warbler.
(i(!.s. Dendroica townsenbi (Niitl.). Totemend^H Warbhr.

Genus Seiukus Swniuaoii.

074. Seivuus aubooapillus (Liiiii.). Oven-bird.

(175«. Seiubtjs nove«orA(!Ensis notabilis (Griiiii.). GrinneWn Waierthrmh.

(iemis Sylvania Nuttall.

(iS,'). Sylvania pusili,a CWiLs.). Wihonh Warbler.

(iSiVf. Sylvania vush.la pileolata (Pall.). Pileolated Warbler.

Family MOTAGILLID^. Wagtails.
Genus Motacilla Liuniiiiis.
|<l!»rij. Motacilla ocularis Swiuh. Swinhoe'n Waytail.

Genus Budytes Cuvier.
()!»7. Budytes flavus leucostbiatus (Honi.). Siberian Yellow Waytail.

Genus Anthus Beclistein.

»!97. AN'1HI'.s I'ENSILVANICX'S (Latli.)- American Pipit.
|(Ji)tt.J Anthus oervinus (I'allas). h'etllhroated I'ipit.

Family CINCLID^. Dippers.

Genus GiNCLXis Beclistein.

701. (;iN(^Li'S MEXiCANi'S Swains. American Dipper.

Family TKOGLODYTID^. Wkens, Thrashers, etc.

Genus Troglodytes Vieillot.

722a. Troglodytes hiemalis pacieicvs Baird. Wenton Wintir Wreii.
723. Troglodytes alascensis Baiid. Alaskan Wren.

Family GERTHIIDJD. Cbeepebs.

Genus Certhia Linnaeus.

72(i. Gerthia FAMiliabis AMERICANA (Bonap.). Broun Creeper.

195

'"vr^^

m OONTBIBUTIONS TO THE NATURAL HISTOKY OF ALASKA.

FAMILY PARID^. NUTHATCHKS AND TiTS.

Gonus Pabus Linnmiis.

'S; IZ: ™™ ™" r™Z'"'"";f .<"»"■'"'• ""'■"•>"■' »"■*"*'■

FAM,tV STLVIIDA WARm.EB,, K,»„LEm, KTO.

QeuuB Phyllopheustes Ak-jor.
747. PnvLLoPSExrsTEs bobealts (B,a«.). KennicoWs WiUo. WarMer.

Genus Regulits Ouvicr.

Family TDRDII)^. Thrushes, etc.
Genus Tuedus Linumus.

.59. Tuubus AONALASCHK.E G.ncl. i>.r«,/ir„. J/'?;:!;,,.

Genus Mebula Leacli.
76L Mebula miobatobia (Linn.). Amencan Rohin.

Genus Hesperocichla Baird.
703. Hespeeocichla n^via (Gmel.). Varied Thrush.

, Genus Cyanecula Brelini.

1764.] CYANECULA suEcrcA (Lin...). Bedspotted JUuethroaf.

Genus Saxicola Beclistein.
765. Saxioola cenanthe (Linn.). Wheatear.

lam

PART VI -MAMMALS.

Order CETACEA. Cetaceans.
Family DELrillNIDii;. Tiik Dolphins.
Gl'iius DELriiiNUS.
Deh'HINUs BAiRDii Dall. BainVs Dolphin.

Genus Leuc'orh .ipiuts.
LEUCOiiilAMPiirs noREALls (ri'iile) Gill. liiijht-whnk roryohe.

Genus LAOENORHYNcnrs.

LAOENORnYNOHUS OBLIQUIDENS Gill, mipi'' Dolphin.

While returning from Attn Isliind to Unalaslika I observed, in the vicinity of Anichi'tka Island
quite a number of Dolphins sporting about the vessel, as she was speedinfjat a lively rate over the
water. These creatures were only about eifjht or nine feet in len^'th ami hiid nunierons markings,
stripes or bars, along the sides and throat. Tlicse markin;;s wcic two or lliree indies wide and
of a sulphur-yellow color, while the ba(!k and sides were bluish-black.

Two or three ]>ersons on the vessel de(;lared they had seen the same species in the waters of
the Japan coast, and gave the name Japan Dolidiinsto those seen near Ainciii'tka. I do not know
to what species they should be referred. They do not, however, occur about the easterti Aleutian
Islands.

The Aleuts give the name A gamdkh cMlh to a .species of striped, or barred. Dolphin ; but to
which species the name should be referred 1 was not able to determine satisfactorily to myself.

Genus Orca.
Orca atra Cope. Paeific Killer.

The "Killer" Whale is very abundant in the waters of the AhMitian Islands and the I'ribylof
Group, occurring less plentifiUly in the more northern jjortions of Bering Sea.

At Saint JMiehael's I have but once seen them in the small bay ; this instance occurring when
the surface of the water was covered with ice, the oidy break lieing a place of several hniulred
feet in length and only a few rods wide. They had come from the sea ami appeared in this
opening. They remained several hours and apparently disliked to dive again under the strip of
ice, over half a mile in width, between the break and the open sea. Many of the natives saw these
creatures, but would not attempt their capture, asserting that the "Killers" would cut their canoes
in two with their fins and then swallow the occupant of the kaifik.

In the vicinity of Saint Paul's and Saint George's Islands this Dolphin commits great depre-
dations among the smaller individuals of the Fur Seals, repairing to those islands to breed. The
Killer is certainly most numerous in the neighborhood of Kyska Island, for, on the north of that

197

198

0ONTUIUUTION8 TO THE NATUBAL HI8TOUY OK ALASKA,

I

i

ialaiul, mill not tun niil(>H i'roni hIiofo, I Inivu Noun not Iuhh tinui one biintlretl and tlfty inilividualH at
u Hinglo glancfl over tlio Hurfant of tlio water; Home of tlieni appearing; to liavo a length of not
loNH than twenty eight feet.

Near the recently formed iHhiinl, HogiLslov, 1 witnenNed Heveral of the.se murine out-tliroatH
obasing the 8ea-lionN. One of Hie DolpliiriM seized a nearly full-Rrown female Healion, and in plain
view, for the creatnres were not (llty feel from the vessel, lying in a ealni and l)nt gently moving in
the Hlight undnlationn of the sea, tore the lliroiit from the hnge lieast, while the remainder of the
Sea-lioim wore attempting to elamlier npon tla^ vessel, wlii(;h they doulitless mistook for a rouk.
One of the "Killers "attempted tosei/eaiiother Hea lion, hnt just at that moment observed the vos-
Bel, and, while passing under her stern, reeeived a shot Irom a ritle, whieli paraly/.ed it. The ball
unti^red the " blowhole," and a spirt of blood issued .several leet high. The creature sank obli(iuely
tbroueh the water. The muzzle of the gun was certainly not more than six feet from the Dolphin.

In the vicinity of Tigfilda Islaiul I witues.sed two of these creatures attacking a very large
Fiid)ack Whale. The latter was n(>arl,v exliausted by tlii> iiersistent and impetuous lunges made
npon it by its eiiennes. The sound of the splash made by the attacking Dolphins, as they leaped
entirely out of the watir and thinnlered upon the body of their |>i'ey, could be heard nnire than
half a mile. It is not an unusal occurrence to liiid the c.ar(!ass of some one of the larger sjiecies
of the cetaceans, frequenting the Alaskan waters, with the throat lorn out by the " Killer," which
is said spocially to relish the tongue of its huge victims; the remainder of the body otien showing
marks of the contest with its foes, for a single " Iviller" never makes the attack, usually two to
seven individuals engage in the struggle, eutleavoring to cause the Whale to dive and be thus
l)revented from breathing, thereby the sooner becoming exhausted, as the merciless foes attack
with the savage ferocity of enraged wolves.

The food of tlu^ "Killer" is susjiected to be ()uite varied in character, for it is frequently seen
following the schools of Surf Smelts, Uypomcxux oliiUm (Pall) (lill, which occur in numbers beyond
calculation near the sandy shores of some of th(^ Aleutian Islands. Here are seen single "Killers",
swimming amongst these little fishes; and, during the ai)pearance of those Smelts, was the only
time that I ever saw the " Killer" lU'ur the shore.

The Aleuts have a wholesome dread of this ])ol])hin. They relate nnnierons instances where a
skin canoe has been upset by them and the o(!cupant devoured. 1 suspect, however, that the na-
tive touched a hidden rock, while attempting to discover the lociality where tln^ " Killer" ivould le-
appear, and that the misfortune was due to his own iuailverteuce. Let it 1)0 as it imiy, the Aleut
of the present day betakes himself to the nearest landing place on discovering the jiroximity of an
individual; and, wiien safely lamled a<ldresses it, claiming to have d(me neither it nor its relations
any harm; and if tin- Killer fears to attack him in the water he may now have the opportunity lo
come out on land and try its strength as (li<l its ainu'stors, which vainly contended with a humuii
chara(;ter of ancient times, in which the then amphibian "Killer" was worsted, and has since that
time become strictly a creature of the water.

I had but little opportunity to observe this sjiecies from November to the following May, but
am led to conclude that the various species of Dolphins do not remain in the vicinity of the sea-ice
during the winter. They aiqiear plentifully about the Aleutian Islands by the last of Ajiril, and
probably follow the retreating ice to the northward, arriving at Saint Michael'M by the middle of May
Their breeding habits were not learned ; although, very small individuals were observed as early as
the middle of June, and these apiieared well alile to follow the adults.

The Alents speak of the Killer as Ag li/iilc; and, to another species, which they recognize, they
give the name Ihn gu likh.

I have seen what I believed to be two specdes, and perhaps three species, of the so-called
"Killers," swimming together, all moving in the same direction.

. Genus Delpiiinapterus.

I

Delphinaptebus catodon (Linn6) Gill, White Whale.
The White Whale is of frequent occurrence in the more northern portions of Bering Sea. It
is more littoral in its habits than any other cetacean, often ascending the larger fresh- water streams

CONTRIBUTIONS TO TIIK NATUUAI, HISTORY OF ALASKA.

1{)9

for !i (liHtuiic.u (>>' ovor a liiiiiilifd milcH. Tlit^ Kiis.Miaii H|ii>iikiii(; |)o|iiilati()ii i'<>fi-i' to tliJN Wliali* as
tli<> Itfluf/ii, a Word wliirli in lU'opcrly rt'l't-rabU' In a hum' m|m'cii'h oI' >SliirK«'oii, and by noiihi Mtraiinc
iiiiHcoiiccptioii tlii> iiaiiif lian liccii traimplaiitcd anion); tlic AlaNkan people, and will forever r<>niain.
The AleiitH ^ive the name Hd tlnil.h to the White Whale, while the mainland Innnil refer to it li,v
the name A'l ll liii/ ii'iil> foi' the mor»^ northern villaj,'eN, ami varionsly npelled wiinlH, sne.li aw Sliriik
and Slirak lor the middle and lower villajres, re,speetivt'ly.

1 have nevei' seen this (treatnre went of the Aliawka I'eninHula. In the vicinity of the nnnith
of the KuNkokvim River and northward to the Ar('li<' eirele the altnndanee of thcNe WhaleH \h at
times alinoHt incicdiMe ; yet, where this year they nniy ho plcnfifui they may lie entirely iilwent
the in'xt Neason. It Im a eieature of very erratic hahitH and dispoNition.

ThiH Whale ih hi^'hly prized liy the maiidand Ininiit for its llesh, oil iitid nkin. They eiiptnru
it in the early spring; as it appears, anion); the last of the liroKen ice lields, aloii;; the Hhore. The
capture ol one ot these individuals is a source of ureat praise and prollt to the slayer; and, for
his portion rectoives tlie head and Hkiii, wliilo tho remainder K<ies to the vnritins people of tho uom-
mnidty. Not a few are taken in the s(<al-nuts s*'t in the lat(^ fall at Saint Michael's,

The natives in Ihi^ vicinity of Cape ltnniiant/,of are niore fortunate than those either north of
the Yukon River or south of the Kuskokviiu River, for here tlit* (Miuutry is so low that the spring;-
tides overflow };reat areas of the low-jironnds and communicate with the shallow lagoons and lakes
of that depressed area, lyin;; near the sea lictwccn the mouths of those livers. The inhaliilants
procure fiieat niimliers of these Whales as they rejiair to those lakes and evidently for^fet to go
out with the tide, and thus fall an easy prey to IIk^ spear of the watchful mitivc.

'I'he luiinit of the souIIkmii side of the month of the Knskokviin l!i\er are noted hunters of
these Whales; and, the more readily to approach them they paint their kaiiiks with a whileish day,
found in that vicinity, in order to rejiresent u jiicce ol tloating ice, and thus lie less liable to fri{;liten
the usually wary Reluna.

In the months of .Iniie and July thoyonnfr, of nearly lihu'kish blue tioloi', may be seen olint^iiifj
to the back of thc^ mother as she slowly (Mimes to the surface to breathe.

The skill of the Meluna is converted into (iovers for skin boats and into boot-soles; but is not
so liijrhly valued as the skins of the larjjer species of seals, for the reason that it is not so imper-
vious to water, 'i'he blubber is cut into long, narrow strips and placed within the stomach of either
a Seal or of a 'White AN'hale itself. It is hij^hly jirlzcd as an arti(!le of food, and is worth about fifty
per cent, more than the same (inantity of seal-oil. The flesh is very dark ami full of blood, whicih
remains in the distended veins tliniU);ii lack of ]iro]ier means of liletnlin);. The intestines and
larfjjer f'ood-re(!eiila(!les are hifjhiy valued for making; sky-lijjht covers of the former and bags for
containing oil or flesh from the latter.

I have oaten the tins and tails of these Whales an<l found, after they had lain in a strong brine
for several hours, that the tasfe was not disagreeable when fresh.

Not having seen one of the ^\■|lite Whales south of Aliaska, I am not jiositiveto wiiat portion of
the sea they go when the northern portions are covered with ice. It is certain that they do not
occur about the western Aleutian Islands.

The food of the White Whale consists .if the smaller species of marine fish, the smaller salmon
being consumed in great ipiantiries. I am not aware that it has any other enemy than man.

This species does not obtain the creamy-whit«^ skin until it is five years old. The newly-born
young are about thirty to forty inches in length, but rapidly increase in size until they attain a
length of six to eight feet, and theu slowly grow to a maximnni length of sixteen feet.

Genus Monodon.

MoNODON MONOOEUOS Linn6. Narwhal.
The only information concerning the occurrence of the Narwhal on the Alaskan sliore are the
assertions (more jiropcrly traditions) of a large creature with a spear sticking from its head ; they
do not now occur in the vicinity of the coasts 'iihalilted by the Maldnuit, who gave the information
to me. They even had no name that I thougl t was reliable for this creature.

200

OON'-ZP-IBUTIONS TO THE NATUBAL HISTORY OF ALASKA.

fW

I IE

1. , , l» !

Genus I'nocM'.^A.

Phoojena V()MKK1]S\ (iii'.. California Hnii Forjioise. (?) I .ioc.kna communis.

Tliis small r(>ri)oise wsih obsci-.^'il 'mly ainoiij^r Xho. Aleutian Islands and in the vicinity of
Kadiak.

In Gaptain's Harbor, Unaiaslika Island, tliis species is rather coinnion. 1 have never seen it
singly ; usually two lo seven inilividuals may be seen in the vicinity of the wliaif; and, on two
occasions the;-e IMifli'.^- ri;;s ha e been taken o'l hooks bailed for codtish.

The ivre;;nlarily of theii' appearanc" jirevented an opportunity to study their general habits.

Tiie Jxussians jieaking people ai)))ly the name urinlM to this Torixiisc, wliile the Aleuts give it
the name of .1 l<i yikli ; and to another small Porpoise they give the name An giii ijikh.

Family PHYSETERID.E. Spkrji Wiialks.

Genu;, PUYSETEB.

PllVSETKU MACKOCKPnAr.iis Linnd. .S/Jerw Whale.

\ saw but ii siKgle individnal of this huge Wlialeiu the Alaskan waters.

In the latter part of August, 1S8(), 1 was outs>ide of the entrance to Chichagof Harbor at
Atli; bland. Not oOO yards olf appeared a hug*' 8perm Whale, nndiing directly for the boat iu
^hich i was silting. In a few miiintf-^ -Aw. appeared sithin lilty yards and present_<i an excellent
opiH)i'tunity lor identilicarion. This individual wascei tainly not less than eighty feci in length. She
jnissed on out to seaward, while the natives were relating that in former times the Si)erm Whale
w IS a fre(iuenl, summer visitor to the Nearer Group of Jslai^l.-^.

In the midiile of July, KSSl.asnnill individnal wis stranded on the est side of Oajjtain's
Ilarboi, Uaalashka IsI.iiki. This siteeimen was oidy about twenty feet ii length, and so far ad-
vaiK'ed ill decoieposi*'')!' tha^ a near approach was impossible.

Tl' se are th>'only instances of the occurrence of this species; and I am led to coiuilude that
it is now only an oc(%ision:.l visitor during the later summer mouths.

The Aleuts apply the term Ar/ilid gikh to the Sperm Whale.

Family ]}ALJiNID^E. Wiialehonb Whales.

Geuus Rhachianeotes Cope.

KHACHii.i<iiCTE.s rrLvt'CLTS Copi? Cidi/orniii Gnin Whale.
I am not certain that I ever Si'v.- this largi whale, excejtting on one oc(!asion when crossing
the iHHthern portion of Diiimak Pass, in the eaily part of June, ISIS, wheic (jnite a luunber, prob-
ably a dozen, of these creatures were observed at KOU)e distance, slowly making their way into
Bering Sea.

Genus Megai'Tkua.

MEttAPrERA VEKSA ULis Copc. II itm'>''inclc Whale.

'i'he Humpback is (luite plentifnl in the waters of iieriug Sea and to the south of the Aleu.
liau I.slands. Hs extreme iK>rlhern range is not known to me.

From the latter par* of April to the last of October many in<lividuals of this species occur in
the immediate vicinity of I'nalashka I.'. land and are liunted by the Aleuts. The killing of these
Whales was, in former limes, attended with interesting ceremonies, often of a mysterious significa-
tion. The whale hunters were considered as the great men of the \illage, and to them was ])aid
special honors, nol oidy while living but also after death.

At the [)i('sei\t time the Aleutian whalers are confined to the islands lying eastward of and
including t'mnak. At Ilinliuk but two or three persons are iu)w living who ai<' hardy enough to
attack this large creature. In fornu'r years the Iwad or point of the whale-spear was made of
slat«', but of later ,\cars it has been iliscarded, and the point is shaped from a portion of the side
of a beer or thick wi'u' bottle, the lormer ii'ing consideied the better adapted, as the glass is brittle
and .'oro easily tashioued into the required form of three inches to four inches in length, and hav

Pi i

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE NATURAL HISTORY OF ALASKA.

201

iug a broailtli of two to two mid a Imlf iiu^lics, exclusive of the neck, by which it is afflxed, by meaus
of thoiigH, to the shait of wood, which has a Iciif^th of six to cinlit feet.

The hunter nHiially seh'ets some yoniitt boy, of about sixteen years, to aeeoui])iiny liiiu on the
seach for these ereatiiies. A two holed l<aiuk is nsed, the boy actintf as tlie jirciielliiig jiower when
the prey is sighted, and on him depends much of tlie sueei'ss of tlie iiunter, wlio is of course the
teacher of the boy as to the method to be jjuisni"!. !!'he boy obe,^s implicitly all instructions; and,
as the quest of whales is attended with much privation, they often undergo considerable suffering
before one is struck.

The conditions of tlie weather are noted, for ueilln r a gale nor a calm is ventured in, the hitter
enabling the Whale to observe the apjtroach of the hunters, while a gently iindn la ting sea is ineferred
for that rei'son. When a Whale is sighted tln> o('cii])aiils of tlie canoe aiij)roa<'h, with the least jiossi-
ble noise, and when near the place, where the Whiileisexjiccted to rise, the hunter lays asjde lii.spiid-
«lle and takes his speiirin hand, and with it directs the boy v. !i-; tv tojirocecd. As soon iis the Whale
rises the hunter liinnches the spear int ,) the side of the creature, and the canoe is instantly uiged
backwardout of tliespl.ish made by th ' ,i niige of the Whale. 'I'he motion ol itsbody breaksdtl' the
brittle head of tlie sjiear, and each movement of the victim tends to drive the jiiece of glass deeper
into its tiesh until some vital spot is touched; the whale tlien sinks to the bottom, where it is
supi>0Ked to remain for three d;i>'s, when the gases, generated by deciiniiuisition, cause it to rise to
the surface and, in course of time, is drifted to the shore, i'ersoiis are sent tVoni the villiige to
scan the sea for tli. floating carcass, oi' to search the coves, reefs, and bays for the stranded body.

The number of whales procured in this manner nniy amiMint, at lliiiliiik, to as many as titteen
in a single summer. In the summer of bSV'J no less than seventeen weie struck, and but three
became available to the jieople; the currents and winds often carrying them far beyond the place
where struck.

It was related to me ti.at a whale carcass has been found on Fnalashka Island that had as]icar>
head sticking in it, which had been thrown by a Kadiak native whaler; and the body had drifted
nearly (iOO miles in a wes.-southwest direction.

When the carcass of a cast whale is foiiin'. the people of the nearest village cease all other
work and hasten to the scene, where t!ie blubber and llesh is (juickly stripjied, and then carried to
the village, when! the pieces are hung up to dry tbi food.

In foinier times the entire Aleutian iioiiulation li\('d to :i giciit extent on the llesh and blub-
ber from these cieatuies; but of lat»' .\eais their time is so niiicli occupied with hunting sea-otter-*
and seals that they devote but little lime to the pursuit of them, 'i'iie Atkhan antl Attn people
do not now engage in the chase of whales.

I have heard two iiiinies applied to the largei' whales, and am nrijiositive to which siucies
they should be I'cl'iii'cd. 1 think the mime of Clii' thiihli lielongs to die Humpback; and I ijucs
tiou the applicaiioii of the name Vhi ka'kh liiUh to the I'inbacli.

On many of the ishiiids of the Aleutian Chain are ancient vilhijic sites still sliowing the ar-
rangement of the ribs of the larger cetaceans having been employed inst'ad of wood to support the
turf sides of tlnir IbiPier dwellings. On Attn Isiiiiid I saw a siiijih- slab, probably cut fioiii the
lower jaw of aspeiiii whale, th:it had been used a door to the extrauce ot one of their ancient
houses. The slab was about thirty inches wide b.> forty inches long, and nearly two IncheH thick.
It required two men to carry it.

(5eniis H\I,yHN(lPTKl^A.

l}AI,^-N01'TKI?A DAVinSONI Scaill. Fillhdd- [Vllillf.

There are certainly two species of Finba<'k NN'hales occurring in the waters abcait the Aleutian
Islands and the I'eninsuhi of Aliaska.

Tiiere is <ronsideiable dilleience in the si/<' of the two spt'cies; the birger one being more fre-
quently seen on the south side of the islanils and the peninsula, while the smaller is plentiful on
the n«)rth side during May, .Inne, and duly.

Having but little ojipoituiiity to observe the actions of the two siiecies, I iniisl dismiss them
by giving an Aleut word Clii ha'kli liihli, as ap]iliciible to one of llie two species ol Finbacks, though
I am not certain to which it belongs.
S. aiis. 155 2G

202

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE NATURAL HISTORY OF ALASKA.

Genus Sibbaldhis.

SiBBALDiiis VELiFKUTTS (Copo). Finback Whale.

Tliis liirge Fiiil)H(rk Whale (iccius nuistly, accoidiiif;- to my own ohscrvatiiiii, on the south sido
of tlic Ak'iitian Islands, and to the east as Car as Kadiak.

An occasional individual ia cast up on the shores of the eastern islands of the chain.

The Aleuts do not attempt toeai)tnre either of the species ot the Finbacks at the present time,
contenting themselves with the smaller Humpback.

SiBBALDiiTS SULFUREITS (Cope). Sulphvr-lioftom Whale.

This large sjjecies of Whale does not to my knowledge occur west of Tniinak Pass. The only
indi\idnal ever seen by me was one near Ui^ Island of l^kamfik, to the west of Kadiak, in August,
1881.

(ienus RaltIO.na.

Bal^na japonica Gray. Pacific liUjht Whnle.
The only infoiuuition i have of the occurrence of tiiis species, in the waters here included, is
from hearsay only. 1 have had no oi)i)ortunity of observing au individual which I thought be-
longed to this .speciies.

Bal^;na MYSTiCKTUS Linn<'\ Jiouheatl.
This Arctic sjjecies of whale is so well known that any remarks I could nmke wotild add nothing
to the history of this much soughtlbr creature.

Order UNGULATA. Ungulates.

Family CERVII)^. Tup: Deeks.

Genus Cervus.

Cervus canadensis Erx. American Ell:
It is somewhat (|uestionable whether this mammal leally occurs in the region here included.
My only infornuition, concerning its occurrence, is derived iroin miners, who have visited the south-
east ])ortions of the country.

Genus Alces.

Alces 5IA0IILIS (Linne) Gray. Moone.
Within the jiast lifty years this huge beast has become quite iilentiful in Alaska. The Yukon
District aiul the headwaters of the Tauanli, Knskokvini, and the NushagAk Rivers are the ijceues
of abnndajice of Moose at all seasons. A single in(li\idual was killed in the vicinity .of I'astolik,
lu'ar Sanit Michaers, in the early winter of 1870. This was the tirst inslaiute of its occurrence, on
the seacoast, north of the Yukon River.

Ge-.ius Rangifer.

Rangifer tarandus (Liuu(?) Gray.

RANGIFEH TARANDt'S GRtEM-ANDU'l'S (Kerr).

At the present writing I do not feel warranted in sejiarating the Barren-ground Reindeer into
two species, or even subspecies, lor the distinctions are not sutticiently dill'erentiated to substantiate
the separation.

'ihe Baiien ground Reindeer 0(curs i)lcntifully thioughout the entire ojien area of the broad
territory under consideration.

A bmit of time alone prevents me from giving an history of an aniiri.\l so intimately connected
with the very existence of the people dwelling in Alaska.

B|A«».«tWMnmi

■Wj!?j

MHIi «|i "it' j11t*l

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE NATURAL HISTORY OF ALASKA.

a03

Rangifek takandi'S cakibou (Kerr). Woodland Reindeer.

Tin's large Reiiidicr occms most iilciitiriilly in the wooded i)Oitioii8 ol the territory, coiiiiiip; on
the treeless areas, :ts may snit its convenience, at any season.

It is not known to occnr noilh of the headwaters of the Tai:ana River, bnt is plentiful about
the interior back of Bristol Bay and thence south.

Family BOVIDiB. The Cattle.

Genus OviBOS.

OviBos JiosciiATUS Blainviile. Mii.sk-o.v.
There is no positive evidence of the actual occurrence of this mammal within the region hero
included; but, as the northern Innit and Indians are so well acquainted with it, there can be no
doubt that it has but recently disii]ppeare(l, if scattered individuals do not yet inhabit the region
northeast of the Rumiantzof Mountains and near tiie Arctic coast.

(icnus Ovis.

OviS MONTANA DAI.LI Nelson. DcdPs Mountain Sheep.

F) oni the material now in the National Museum, at WashiHgton, D. ("., there is suflicient reason
to the claim being valid that the northern Mountain Sheep is entitled to rank at least as a sub-
species. It is more than probable that it may prove, when additional information is obtained, of
specific ran'c

The range of this nnimmal is e\ en to the low hills of the interior lying as far north as latitude
sixty-eight, i!i this extreme range approaching quite near the western coast. The £outhern limit
has not yet been defined.

ORDEii RODENTIA.

Family SCIURID^. The Squikeels.

Genus Arctomys.

Arctomys pruinosus Gmelin. IT ;/ Marmot.

The Hoary Marmot occurs in the interior of the region along the tributaries of the Yukon
River; and, is more ]>lenliful in the diier areas toward the southern jjortion of the Tananil River,
Kuskokvim River, and the rej;ion cast of Lake llyamna. The exact range of this rodent is not
well known. The skins are brought in for trade, but as they possess no special value they are
not mu(!h sought for.

The information, concerning its habits, v:ame to me from the traders only, who have stations in
those localities mentioned.

Genus SrERMOPiitLUS.
SPKRM'.ii'HiLt'K EMPETRA empetra (Tall.) Allen. Parri/n Spermophile.
This rodent is (piite plentiful in the region about Nulato also to the eastward and south. Its
exact range ami habits are not known by me.

SPERMOPHiLUS EMPETRA KADiACENSii' Alien. Kttdiak SpermopliHe.
Originall.\ described from Kadiak, this siK'cics has a range greatly beyond that island.
Havi.xj; no opportunitj' to study the habits of the rodents in the country, I can add nothing
that is not already known concerning the larger species.

Genus SciURiis.

ScuuRUS HUDSONius HUDSONivs (I'allns) Allen. JJitdsonian Squirrel.
1 am not positive that the Squirrel obtained by me from the wooded portions at the Yukon
district sh'-^Ud be referred to this species.

204

t'ONSHlHUTlONS TO THK NATURAL FHSTOHY OF ALASKA.

GcniiK S(!iuu<)r'X'ERi's.

ScirHOi'TKia s volttki,! a in DHONirs (Giiiflin) Allen. A'orthn-n Flying l^qvirrcl.
Not linviii^ Keen an individual (if iIiih H]u>(;i(>M in Alaskii, nnd m.v int'oiniation being only from
hearsay, ;\et HiifUcientlv (instwoitli.v to lielieve, thai a siitcieis of FJxin}; S(|ainel oeeurH in the
eastern part of the Ku.>-lia};ak and t'ook's Inlet refiions, I can Iml doubtfully refer it to tbis siieciea

Family (JAST0H11)J5. Tiik Hkaykus.
(ienuN Castok.
TAt^TOK FiBEK (Liuut''). llcani:
The Heaver is generally distributed over all the mainland of Alaska, excepting the imnie-
diatf coast and the more mountainous portions IVoni latitude sixty-seven to the extreme north-
ern jioitinn.

The number of Beaver is said to be rai)i(lly diminishing; not only by the persecution by man,
but Irom other causes not well undt i>'(i<i(l. There iieing less demand than formerly nuiy, per-
haps, allow this inijiortant, fur-bearing /uamnial to regain its wonted abundance.

Family MUKID^E. Thk IMice.
fieuus Fiber.
Fiuki; ziBiTHEri's (Linne) Cuvier. MusJcrat.
This mammal has a range ever all the regit)n of the mainland south of latitude sixty-eight. It
is exlraoriliiaiily abundant in the marshy tracts of tin' mainland between latitude sixty-four and
fifty-nine, esi)ecially so between the Yukon and Nushagak rivers. Its habits are so well known
that they need not be repeated.

Genna CuNicuLUS.
Cl'NicrLi's TORQrATtTS (Pall.) Cones. ^Yhite Lemming.
This Lemming occurs in the northern portions only, that I am aware of, from theshoresof the
Arctic Ocean to latitude aixty.

It cannot be said to occur plentifully in any particular portion of the region ; scattered individ-
uals were all that I ever saw ; and, .is they aic mori' readily ])ei'ceived in the late fiiH. when they
have assumed their silky coat of jiure white fur, their habits could not be ascertained.

When in this condition the Innuit gi\e them the name Ki Jiu/myii iiiJ:, or inhabitants of the
upper regions ; for those people stout'y maintain that these creatures drop from the bky during a
snowfall.

Genus Myodks.

Myodes obensls lirandt. Tmrny Lemming.
This species has a much greater range than the white species, occurring throughtnit tin nniin-
land of northern North America.

It is, according to n>y own experience, much more plentiful than the White Lemming. Its
habits were not well asctertained. This and the preceding s])ecies are the well-known "Deer-
footed Mice" of the traders in the northern regions; tlie delusion arising from the tieculiar pro-
cesses ajipearing fin the claws of the forefeet, and which are deciduous as soon as tl.c sr.ow melts
in the sjiring.

Of the smallei' Muri<la' the following genera and s]iecii>s are known to oc<Mir wilhin the terri-
tory ; but as they are of no s])ecial importance merely a list of them will be given;
Synaptomys codPEKi Baird.
EVOTOMYS RtiTiLT'S (Pall.) Coues.
Aevicola Rii'AUiiis BOREALTS (Rich.) Coues.

AaVICOLA XANIHOONATIM S Leacll

Hesperomys LEt ropi'ssoNOKiENJiis (Le Coiite) Coues.
All of which occur on the mainland.

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE NATUEAL HISTORY OF ALASKA.

205

Family HYSTRIOID^. roRoiiriNES.
Genus Ebkthrizon.
EiiETHRizoN noRSATUS KPixANTHUS (Bnindt) Allen.

This si)e<'ie8 occurs on tlie niainhuid, from tlic Arctic circle to the southern limits of the region,
and is occasionsilly found on tlie extreme western end of Aliaska. To thissjiecie.' has been given
tlie nama Kiinil; a word of Aleutian origin and now transplanted among the people of the main-
land of AJaslva. The Russian name is, however, (juite different. Tlie Innuit name is I Uin ku chuk.

Family LEP0R1D^5. The Hares.

Genus Lepus.

Lepus timidus Limit?. Polar Hare.

Occurs most plentifully about the treeless areas, and prefers the dreary coast to the interior.

Lepus amebioantjs amebicanus (Erx.) Allen. Northern Varying Hare.
Very plentiful throughout the wooded and bushy po^-tions of the region. It seldom wanders
on the barren areas. Roth species of hares are confined to the mainland, excepting the Polar
Hare, which is often found (ni Unimak Island, to which it travels on the ice formed over "False"
Pass. The smaller Hare does not occur on the western jiortion of Aliaska, hence does not reach
any of the Aleutian Islands.

Ordkr (JHIROPTERA. Bats.
Family VESPKRTILIONIDiE. True Bats.
Genus (?)

A species of Bat is asserted to be quite plentiful on Kadiak Island, and ranges in summer as
far north as Fort Yukon and Nuli^to.

To what genus it should be referred I shall not attempt to decide, as a specimen uever came
into my possession while I was in the Territory.

Order INSECTIVORA. Insectivores.

Family SORIOIDiK. Shrews.

Genus SoBBX.

SoREX FORSTERi Richardsou Forster^s Shrew.

This little creature apparently ranges throughout the territory, from the Arctic Ocean to tho
southern limits.

SoREX cooPERi Bachman. Gooper^s Shrew.

(?) SOREX SPHAGNICOLA Coues.

A species of Shrew was collected at Saint Michael's, but has been mislaid, ;vu) i ho determina-
tion of these insignificant creatures is tooditficult to be attempted without greal st 'dy and sufficiency
of material for comparison. A species of Shrew oc(!urs uear the largt^ lake at the head of the spit
on which Iliuliuk village is built. Specimens were not preserved, so that it is impossible to refer
it to any genus or sjx'cies.

Before dismissing the rodents, it may be well to state that no species of mouse, rat, or slirew
occurs on the extreme western islands of the Aleutian Chain. A number of the common house
mouse and rat are to be found on Atklia and to the eastward. The rats on Atkha are very large
and extremely vicious, often contending the p.athway near the rocks, which shelter them from the
attacks of foxes and birds of prey.

206 CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE NATURAL HISTORY OP ALASKA.

Order CARNIVORA. Flesh-Eaters.

Family OTARIIDiE. Eared Seals.

Genns Eumetopias.

- Eumetopias iSTELLEni (Lesson) rotors. Korihern Sea-Lion.
Too well known to nood disoussion in tliis ooniioction. Its range extending to latitude sixty-
five degrees north ; liere, liowever, merely stragglers occur, being, doulitiess, the males worsted
on the hauliug-grounds farther south, and the barren females driven from those places.

Genus Calloriiinus.

CALLORUiNxrs UBSiNi'S (Linn(^) Gray. Fvr Seal; Alaslan Fur Seal.
Bering Sea, from latitude sixty south into the Paciflc Ocean. Migratory only into Bering Sea
This sjiecios has boon .soaceurateiy described by Mr. II. AV. Elliott* that i'uitlior comment upon the
creature would be useless. In the spiing of 187;i a scarred male Fur Seal was killed in Tebenkof
Cove, a couple of miles southwest of St. Michael's Redoubt. The individual was so exhausted,
from his wounds and journey, that he made no attempt to escape when approached.

Family PHOCIl)^.. Hair Seals.

Genns Phoca.

Pno(!A 7i'fULiNA Liuu^. Harbor Seal.
The entire coast '"'le and Aleutian Islands are frequented by this small species, which is highly
prized by all the inhabitants.

Phoca grcenlandica Fabr. Harp Seal.
All the Arctic shore, Bering Sea, and among the Aleutian Islands.

Phoca fcetida Fabr. Ringed Seal,
fr,' tdo same range as the preceding, but dis[)ose(l to be more plentiful in the northern and
inia^lle portions of its range.

PIIOCA FASCIATA Zimmerman. Ribbon Seal.
This species is confined to the eastern portion of Bering Sea, having its center of abundance,
80 far as is known, in the vicinity of Nunfvak Island.

Genus Erignathus.

Erignathus BARBatx^s (Fabr.) Gill. Squareflpper Seal; Bearded Seal.
Most i)lentiful in the eastern and nortliern jiortious of Hering Sea. Among all the Aleutian
Islands is not so plendful as is reported to have been in former years.

Family UKSIDJ<]. The Bears.

Genus Ursis.

Ursus AMERICANUS Pallas. Tihtil: Bear.
The Black Bear ranges thiouijliout the wooded i)ortions of Alaska. It is very i)lentiful in
certain tracts along the Yukon vulley, Kuskokvim River, Nnshagak River, and thence southward
and interior.

*A inoiiiiKrnpli of tlio Si'al IslamlH .if Alaskii. Siprci.il Hiillrtin l*(i. Rcpriiitid, with mlilitions, frotn tl'O
report ou the Fishery luduHtries of the Tenth Coiimuh. WMahiiigtoii : Guvf niiiii'iii Priiitiug ODicu, IrliU,

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE NATURAL HISTORY OP ALASKA.

207

Ursus noKRiBlLis Old. Grizxhj Bmr.

As I Lave not seen an undoubted individual of this beast within the territory I can ohly give
the assertions of others who have des(!ril)e<l an immense bear from the interior ahjng the "south-
eajstern jmrtions of the Yukon River.

From the description 1 should conclude that the Grizzly Hear was referred to. Along that
river the creature referred to ventures nearly to the Arctic circle.

Uksus richardsoni And. & Uacli. Barrengrovnd Bear.
As the name indicates, this species is conlined to the treeless areas of the territory. It is sufH-
ciently |)lentiful for all purposes; having its eeiiter of abundance on the area aboiit the eastern
end of Aliiiska, although ranging to the extreme northern land. It occurs on Unimak, the eastern
Aleutian island.

The largest skin of a wild beast that 1 ever saw was taken from a huge male of this species
killed withiu a few hundred yards of Pastolik, near the Yukon Delta.

Family ODOBiENID^. Walruses.
Genus Odob^nus.
Odob^nfs OBESfs (111.) Allen, radfw Wahtis.
Bering Sea, riirely descending south of the Aleutian Islaiuls. Formerly had a greater south-
eru range. N.)w restricted to the northern portions of the Pacific. Occurs very rarely among the
Aleutian Islands. A two-year old male was killed on Attn Island in SeiitembeV, IS.SO.

Family PROCYONIDJi. Raccoons.
Gen. P»0(!VON.

Procyon ldtor (LinuiS) Storr.

I have heard, on what I consider , el

south portions of the Alaskan niainhii,(i,

•WIK.

•iority, that the Rjiccoou is not uncommon iu the

Family MUSTILlDJi;. Weasels.
Genus Fnhydris.
Enhydris lutris (Linnet) DeKay. Sea Otter.

Occurs now only in south Bering Sea and North Pacitic Ocean. Most plentiful between
latitudes fifty six and fifty north.

Genus Lutra.

LUTRA CANADENSIS (Turtou) F. Cuv. North American Otter.
Entire mainland of Alaska south of latitude sixty-eight.

Lutba FELiNA Molina. Chinchimeii.
This species is supposed to occur in the southfjj n portions of the Alaskan maiulaud only.

Genus Gulo.

GULO luscus (Linu6) Sabine. Wolverine.

All the mainland of Alaska ; more plentiful near me wooded areas.

Genus Putorius.

PUTOEius VISON (Schreber) Gapper. American MinJc.

All the mainland of Alaska south of latitude sixty-eight. Very abundant on certain marshy
areas of mid ! j Alaska.

208

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE NATURAL HISTORY OF ALASKA.

1,1 1 ,,M

if

t i

r.H

PuTOBius vxTLaABis Liiiiid. Least Weanel.
All the maiiilHiid of Alauka.

PuTOBius EBMINEA (Linn^) Griffith. Ermine; Stoat.
Tlii» specieB has th« same range as the i)rece<ling.

Gemis MusTELA.

MusTELA PENNANTi Erxlebeii. Pehtn ; VenmnCs Marten ; Fisher.
Occurs sparingly in the upper Yukon Valley ; rather more abundant in the heavier timbered
regions to the south.

MuSTELA AMEBiCANA Turton. Marten ; American Sable.
Very i)leutiful in the wooded areas; occasionally venturing to the rocky, barren tracts of the
mainland only.

Family OANID^. The Dogs.

Genus Vulpes.

VuLPES FULVCS FULVrs (Desmarcst). Red Fox.
All the mainland, excepting the immediate north coast; Saint Lawrence Island; Aleutian
Islands as far west as Umnak.

VuLPES FULVUS AEOENTATUS (Shaw) Aud. and Bach. Silver Fox ; Black Fox.
All of Alaska, excepting the extreme western Aleutian Islands, Pribylof Group and Saint
Maihew's Island.

VuLPES FULVUS hecussatus (Desm.). Gross Fox.
.ill of Alaska, excepting certain islands to the extreme west of the chain, the Pribylof Group
and (t) Saint Mathew's.

Vulpes LAGOPUS (Linnd) Gray. White Fox; Arctic Fox; including the Blue Fox.
The White Fox occurs only in the more northern portions of the mainland; occasionally car-
ried to the more northern islands of Bering Sea by means of ice flehis. The Blue Fox occurring
on the mainland south of the Arctic circle and on all of the Aleutian islands, attaining best con-
dition on the Pribylof Group and the western Aleutian Islands. At the latter place it is the only
terrestrial ntainmal.

(jANis LUiN s OEiSEo-ALBiTS (Tiiiin). Sabine. Oraif IKo//.
This wolf ranges over all the maiidand of Alaska. On the Aleutian islands it occurs only
on ITniniiik ; attaining that locality by crossing on the ice, from tbe north,. jamming into "False",
or Isanotxky, Pass, se^jHi^ating that islaiwl from Aliaska.

FAwnn.Y FKLID^]. The Cats.
Genus Lynx.

Lynx boeealis CANADENSIS (Gray) Mivart. Canada Lynx.
Woo<led portions of the mainland; rarely wandering on the treeless areas.
(Future investigations into the natural history of Alaska and its neighboring wateja Vi\\\ b^^*-
tainly reveal many additional species to be added to the list given in this coniu (lion atld ludy tt-
quire a revision of some ot those already listed.)

hi!' '."''

i \\.

INDEX

XOTK.— A '"W orrora occiiriiiiK In tlid «ileiit
A.

Altliroviiita (Pou) fig

A hipH iilha 7fl

fillmtli'iiHlH 70

nuTtfliMiiiTiJl 76

sifclienHis 70

AliHinthlinn (Aileincnln) 09

AcnnthlnM (Siinaltin) ji2

Ai'HiitliiH 26

liorndiiiinnil oxillpoH 171, 103

liiiaiia 2.1,172,103

hollliu'llii 103

AciliilliocciilinluH (Cottiis) 85

AniiiIiH (Silcne) ^3

Ai'('i]iitcr ntlicnpiUiis 157^ loj

KtrhltllluK iri7, 191

viliix ISO, 100,101

AcclpitliuilH (Anio) 101, 101

A Ci-Hfoliuni ( Viliurnnm) gg

Aoi'toHu (Uniiiox) 74

Ai'liillea luilliroMum 69

Aoiinlni'o (I'iloiihiiron) fis

Acicularu (Ruonmitriuni) 83

ArniiUiim iiapcllua itu1|iliinirnlinm ni

Acroalii'hniiles (CrviitoKraimnc) 82

Aitltis iiiacularia 100

A(;nleatilni aspidiuin 82

A cnmiiiala (Trliign) 180-

A('Uta (Ciirux) 79

(Daflla) 133,187

(ficiitiaun) 72

Acutifoliuin (Spliat;nuni) 82

AilftniHii (Uiiiiiifor) 115,184

Ailiaiitnm prcliitum 82

Adoxa inoHcluitcllJna , og

^piaIitm"iiR'lniia circunicincU 100

llioii};<i]a JQQ

• Heniii)a!niata ISO, 190

^>|liivalvia (Acnistis) 81

iEstivn (Di'ndroicn) 173, 1 OS

^etrrlata Usheii igy

Afllne (E|iilutiiuin) gg

zelatum (Milium) g3

Amiila (Aytliya) 137

Agrostis ie(|Uivalvia 81

i>xai'at» 81

goiniiiata 81

laxitlora 81

Aim areticft yo

atrnpurpiirea hq

CEcapitoHa f^Q

bnthilca 80

floiiioaa jo

Iniif;i(li)i a 80

Alalia u»(i(ili-nla 85

ALinrcnala (I'lcuidca ainirlcanua) 100, 192

(Trogloil.ytos) 181,105

IIOlKii/Niili.iliiB) 70

A ImMJIfMIII ( A imiiiimIi BinrjH Hiinil wlilietiala) 173, 194

H. Mitt. 156 27

ific niiinin in tlio lext aro coin cteil in tlio index.

70
185

Alba (Abi(!s)

(GuvifO

(Itbynclnifiimni)

AUmtruH 0'i<nn(!(h'ii) j^y lyg

Alhi'olii (I'lmritonctta) i:j4_ lay

Albioiinn (Jini/'ermnnnin) g4

AIl)iciIIii (Iliiliii'otus) ift.'(^ joi

AlbifmnH Kiunboli (Anmr) 138, 143,144.188

Alct'H (iuu'IiUh 202

Alcyon (Ccrylc) 105^ 192

Alectoiin divoi-yens §5

ocbrolciicrt g5

AlPuton«in {niomitH) go

AIoutit;i\ (Cjihuna^ioHtiH) go

(Gcntiium) 72

(Stonm) 127^ igfi

Aleutiotm (Ilrvnnthiis) 75

{Ptychoraniphufl) 119, lg5

A Igida (Cutubi'oaa) go

(Dralm) 02

AIlciiD (TuriliiH) I83, JOti

Allium HcliiL-noprasiira 78

AlloHurun fi^vcolatua 82

sitrlicnsla 82

AInfdIdtia plicuta Hb

A Inns incaua 7e

rubra 7

viridiH , 7(1

Alopecuius ftl|iinnn 81

Alsia cnlifnrnica 84

Altcrni folium (CliryBOspIenium) 67

Alpestri.sleucoliuina (Otocoris) 166, W^

ffl
0!)
7!
GO
62
80
181)
73
70

Alpina (Anemone^

(Antt'nn.'irlii)

(ArctOHtiij)!!^ I08) ^ .

(CirciL'u)

(Dral.u)

{Tlitirochloa)

paciHca (Tringa) 147,

(Veronica)

(Sassiiioa)

Alpinuni (Kpllobiuni) 66

furcatnm (P"Kt>nit""') 83

(Lycopixliuni) gl

(rapavcr) 62

( IMiIiiuni ) , 81

(Pognnatum) 83

(Polygonum) _. 74

(TbiiU(!truni) 61

Alpinitfi (AIopocuruH) 81

( A Hler) 69

(Aslragalus) , 64

AlysHiim byporboreuin 02

Amari'Ua ((hntiana) 72

Aincricaua (Anas) 131^ \n^

( Ay tbya) 187

(CertliiafaniiliariH) ., jys

(1''"1"<'I») 188

(Glaufioiiutta clangula) 134, i87

210

INDEX.

ii

li

AriKM'it'iiim (MllHtolfl) 2U8

(Oldi'nilii) .• 137. 188

(Vi'i'olili'il) 78

AiiiKilrnniiii alimrciiniii (Pitoldra) IH, 102

(tnrrtiiliH (ricuideH) 16(}, 193

d.iiiii") liOB

(l.i'pim nnirilcnniiii) 205

(MiTirnililor) I3U,I87

(I'iClplllBK) KK

(Ilrniiri) 2(10

Antlnot'd'leH uureliH -. \\2

Anniindniiiiitn MiindwiclitMiwts 17H, 104

hUiiiIIiiiiii 17:i,llM

Amiii'llH iriinuluM 177, IIM

Aniiili'xlt'iilluB (SlrciitiipuH) 77

Alnpli'-xifiiliii (Uvuhiilii) • 77

AninrpiirtiM (Motiicilln) 170

AimpvlliH (Vi'i(iiiioa) n

Aiinnhlclmn li'iitiiiua OH

Aiii\» iimorlcaim 131, 187

bo8clia« 11)1, 1H7

c»rollnen»lii 132,187

crPCCR 132, 187

aiRCors 133,187

p«pelope 187

strcprra 131,187

Aniituni (Kiilrn Dcrciiriiiim) ICO, 101

AncOiiH (SiH.M-incliiiuii lici-niiitllaiia) 77

Aiu1n)nKMlii poll folia 71

AiuliiiHiueK (Aitimenia) 00

Ainllosurcft (SaxilVn^ia) 07

. AnUrosaco ilumiffjasnio 72

septfUtrioualls 72

vUluaa 72

Anemone alpinn fll

narcfHsifiora 01

paiviHora 01

pateitn... 01

riclmrdsoiii 61

Anglli'a (Coililcaiiii) 62

AliKtmln (Oilniilhalia dciitata) ?... 85

Au^iiMtaia (AtiopU) 80

(Gl.vcciiu) 80

AnpiiRtifidia (Arnica) 70

AniiUHtifclimn (E|.iliil)iiim) 06

Aniiotinmn (L.vcopodiiilii) 81

Aniina (I'oa) 80

Aiitiplbicliiis atiopurpuieiii* 93

AljBir all.i friiim s"">l>'-li 138, U3, 144, 188

Ansel ilia (I*oti>ntillii) 65

Auti-nnnria alpina 69

dloica 09

niargarltat'pft 6

Antltrhhia calit'nniii'a B*

rurlipendula 84

Anthiia ctTvinui^ ... 180,10.')

IH'nsilv.'xnU-ii.s 180, Ui.'t

Antiqim.s (S\n11ilnHiiaiiiphn»l 120, 185

AonalaiiiliUii.' (Tiinliinl : 100

Apai;;idiiin) binealo 70

ApaiHH' ((ialliuni) 08

Api'taluni (Mclandiynni) 63

Aplira^iinus onclmclinlt/.ianilR 63

Apluiza viiKiita IW, 100

AplliOHa (IN-itigi'i-al 85

Aquilina (PUMitii 82

Aipiatitis (Can-X) 79

A'pnitica (('atalir(tsa) rfo

(CtlvoTin) HO

Aiiuil.'l clil ysiii-l»m 158,191

Aquili'^ia lortniiHa 61

Arahi.s liirstita 62

petiica 02

Arclianfcelica ntUciiiaUs 07

KHiflini 68

Arclubutco la;;o])n8 191

V»g».

ArrhlliiitrnlaKiMiMx lanili.lciliannla 158, 101

AidaKri)pitl« latllidla 81

AiTlica (Ahu) HO

(Aivnaila) 68

(Arlenii'slal «»

(Callha) 61

(I'(iu) 80

(Sallx) 75

Cli liiilallM .Miropua) 72

AlTtinini iNi'phrnma) 85

( I.tMirniitliiMiiiiin) 69

Arctliim illnliii vii;:iLilaniiKl 103

AicliiHlcafon kaiutrtchatioiliit 76

AlTtirii.< (.ri'iicu") 78

(HiiliiiHl 65

(rilnnliii) 118,184

AntdniyM pniiiiostirt 203

Aiiti.ni'lta (iHilMii 136,187

AirtoHfapliyluN alpina 71

iivaitrai 71

Aniiftta (liiznla) 78

Aldi'O lii'niiliaa 188

Ari'iiaiia aritlra 68

niacn <'arpa 83

vfrna Iiirta 63

(Calidiii.) 180

int.rpria 1!W, 100

nialnnoi-oplialu 150, 100

Arenatin^ (Klynin.-*) 79

Arctioiili'H iKi'iti'U'liluin) 73

ArciMitt'iiln (Biyiini) 83

Ar;i4Mitatn.s(V*ulpcs fiilvus) 208

Armiilia (I'lPiin) 82

AiKiita (.Saxifrnsa) 67

Arisiiila ( I'lloxys) 76

Ariui'i la (Sta(icf) 74

Aiiiica angUHtUViUa 70

r1ian)iH!iui)i!4 70

latlfidla 70

olitimilolla 70

iiiiAl!is<-))k<>itNm 70

Ana (I'riali.nivia) 122,185

Artctni'Nia absinth iiim 69

i)l)di(iHa4'i>a 60

aicliift 69

liorealla 69

ebnuiiHflnnlH 69

Klobniiil ia 60

glonici ain 69

viiluaiiH 60

tilfsii . 60

Ainnon.f (Spinca) 64

ArvciiHi* (KtpiiHftnm) 81

ArvcnHi.s (Sprruula) 63

A? vir(»la 1 ipaliu!* lidicalla 204

xanlbnKnalliMS 20^

.\sli) a<TipiliiniiH 101, 101

k. iinici.tlii (Mc);a»oiip«) 192

Aaprr (H(^xa'.:iaiiiniuH) 95

As*i'ldiiini aiuliatilln 82

IVaKi'anH 82

loncliitLs 82

orcoiiti'iia 82

Hpiniibisnni dilatntuni 82

Aapli-nifolin (C.iplisl fll

Ah, .•■iiiiini tV-lix in inina 82

AapliMinideH (I'lilcila) 85

Anlfl' alpinua 69

fnliaciMis ... 00

nmltillorn.s 08

pcn'<irlnil.s 60

Halnnuinosna 69

Sibil icu.t 60

xVstragralus alpinus 64

f'ri^idna 04

bypogluttia 64

Jh ,4^K^.^-.J^3^M!i^J:'

INDEX.

211

t'Oiin

AHtniu'iiIun iioUrfH 84

Aiia.irirollil (C'llllllH imlllnll'lii) tl

Atkhi>u»iii (LiiifopiiH nipi'dliU) IM, 1811,191

AtiiiuMplifrlc pti'MMiiii' 27

Atln lOriii) ' IW

AliatH (Caipx) 70

AliUBpilllm (Al(ipltPl) 157,101

ocilili'iilHlirt (I'unin) 1H3, IBO

"ptintiiniinllit d'Arun) I'Jfl

»trliitiiluii(AoilpUi'i) 187, 101

Atriplcx jrriii'liiil 76

lilloriills 76

Ati'iipiH fiii>£UNtata M)

IIIHlitldlii 80

Atropiirptiri'ft (A v(ii) 80

AtiopiiipiiriMm (Aiioplarc'liUM) 03

AtrovlifijH (l*ii(iniiutiim) 88

Aulacuiiiiiloii I'UplIIar'' ■ ■ ■• 83

paliiHtt'i* 83

lut'tiiiliuii 83

Auialus (C'niaplia) Hi". 10-

AurtMirt (AninnK'a*tt3H) 11-

(Si'uldo) 7(1

Auiltua (Colyinbiw) US, 184

Aiiiocapillim (S.-iiiun) 10.^

AiinirRH 35,36

Avlciilain (Pol.VK»"'ini) '^

A.vtliya anicricaiia 187

affliiU ■ '87

.'ollaiU i:t:".i87

niarlla iirarrtlcn 1^3, 187

Talllnnerla 187

B.

llaclininiii (lIu'iiialiipiiR) 101,1110

Hn'omycea iriiiiiilophilua 84

Bairdli (»clphiim») 1»7

(Triuga) 180

Baltt'iioptcradaviilsoiii 201

Bahi'iia Japuiika IfOS

inysticetus ..-. 202

Bnlanniifora (P(ipnlu8) 70

liiilticiia (Iuiicuh) 78

BarbatuR (Siplia;;oiiu»( 94

(Kri(!iialliii») 206

Barberea viil)(ai1n 82

Barbiila niUlleil 83

Baiclayl (.Snlix) 75

(Ulota) 83

Batrovianmis (Laiim) '^i", 123, 124, l'jr>, 141, ISfi

Barlranilii li>ii(;ii'aiiilii 180

iiioiip.ifHii 83

liauoll (Linioiia lapponiiii) 118, 180

BeccabuilKa (VtMoliiciil 73

Kcbiliminmim (Ci'iastiiim vul;;:ituni) 64

Bormiiiliaiia (Si»yrincliiuiii) 77

Hmniiiilianum auccpu (Si»yriiirliiiiiii) 77

Botiila onimni 76

glandtilotta 76

nana 76

BcIuIk' niiiiai (Uothidoa betiilina) 85

Betulifolla (Spirwa) 64

Betulinn (Unthlclea) 85

Beuple.'Mt, :ii u'lCiiloldeH 67

Blator: iiMiuiil,., Ml Ho 84

Bloiiloi (Tauliyi 11 . la) 177, 104

Blfiora INii nl illi ' 65

(>UriirIisi. viola* 63

HlfoIla(S.-' l«.Mii'i 77

Hilulinm (Mil. 'iilllPliium) 77

Bi^IumiH (Jiincim) 78

BbunU iViulii) 03

Blochniun spit-ant 82

. Blituni ntpitatuni 78

Btinasa unilicltun timbelloidt'a 152, 100

BoiKiilp ( A iiariililliinil 70

' (lliillMlilnm) , 81

((*<'(H>4ti)ntiinil 83

(OalllUMi) 68

(lli-ilyiiiiiiiinil 64

Ilori'.iliK (AiliiiHsla) 60

(Aivlciila ilparliiii) 20t

(IJrabu) 62

(CulypHci) 77

ranaili'ijnln { Lynx) 2C8

(Iliiri.ihlcMi) SO

(l.anlMK) 17C. 105

(Lrnniihaniphua) 107

(Llnniin) 68

(NiiniHniu*) 140,100

(rii\ll"p»iiiHtc») 106

(IMaiiiilcaj 6»

(St.dbnla) Oa

(TclUldia) "

DoT'rnuaduH Hiiiita 80

llciw lia« ( A niw) 131. 187

BoHi'litiiiikia ijlnbia 74

Botl'ycbiiilii borralH 81

lancpolut llni 81

Itiniuiti 81

limtrirHVifuHlim *. 82

lulacmini ^-. 82

tciniituni 82

virgin irnm 82

BotI niia ( A ii a I'lCHpiKma) . . 60

(Aiia tli.xuoRa) 80

Boykiuiii lii'bardHonii 67

niaibypc.da (GnHlijiostima punKitliiR) : 87

BrarbyranipbuH kitllititil 120,195

niaruuiratua 121, 1H5

lliaibvibyni^biiH (I aru») 128, 180

nianlaranudt'nRlx ..131', 144, 188

canaib-iwls butolilnsil 40, 1.10, H.), 144. 188

caniKb'nrtiA iiiininiti 139, 144, 188

t-anadi-iiHU ticcidiMitaliH 188

i,lgiic:iinH 141.144,188

Drailala (rutundifiilia I'yrola) 71

BiaetiatuK (I'dilKtylus) 77

Brnftecmuni (KibcH) tW

Bri'vlrrwirii (Kisaa) 124,185

Brodhii (rh,\ll.ipb(ilB) 85

BruuiuR ak'ntonMlH 80

oiliatim 80

sitclieimin 80

snbubitUH 80

llruncbialiM (Siixifiii!;u) 66

Bllllii'lla vnl^iii'i* 74

Bryant hiiK aliMiticna 75

Bryuin HiKi'nlcuMi 83

copitbire 83

cradnm 83

ini'linatiiru 83

la.URlre 83

niitani* 83

piilyniorpbnnl 83

pyrifornir 83

Bubii virginiiinnH amicus 102

virKinianua unbaictious 162,102

Buii'inator (Olor) 188

Budytes llavufl lencostriatna 179. 195

Bufo 6

But(*o Hwainsoui 101

Bnxbaiitnii (Oari-xf 79

C.

Cacblnans (I.anis) 186

Ca'tiileuni f ri.b.monium) 72

Cwspitosa (AIra). SO

l)ottnlca(Aiia) 80

(Ciiiex) 79

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212

INDEX.

CvapltosK loiigtflon (Aim) 80

(Saxilruga) 07

(Sclrpua).... 78

L'iniipitoiiiiin(VacciDluni) 71

Cafor ■iitiiratior (Colnptca) 182

UilamniinmtiBalmitica 80

cHnaduDHis 80

langailarflii 80

lapponioa 80

ncglvcta 80

pur|>uraso«iiB 80

■Irlgoaa 80

aylvutica 80

Calrariua lappuiiicus 26,173,104

plctna 104

Cuk'DiluIa (li«Kulaa) 183, IM

Caliilrla arennria 189

Callfoinlca (Alhln) 84

(Antltrlctrla) 84

(Uilft tiollo) m,18J

UnlirornlouH (L:iriis| 186

Calliodoii (I.iparla) 04

CallDi hiiMia iiiainua 46

Call ha «ictU:» 61

leptoKepula 01

imlustria aaHiirifblia 01

Calthifoliuni (Oeum) 68

Oal.vcina ( IluU^liinala' 63

Calyriiliita (Caaaiiiidm) 71

Cnl,vpao bni'i^olU 77

Cftuipanula ilu> vantUa 70

tAHiorarpa 70

rutiimlillnm' 70

pilumi 70

uiiiUiTU 70

CampaDullUDi (PuKcmiituni alpiniini) 83

Canipeatria (Liizula) 78

(Oxytropiia) 64

Canadeuaia (Abiea) 76

(Bran til) 138,144,188

(CulnmaKiwttia) 80

(Cervua) 202

(Uoriuiit) 68

(Uoudnigapiia) 152,100

fumifroua (I'eriaoreua) 167, 103

(Gnia) 138,145,188

hutcliiuaii (llrauta) 40,130, 143,144,188

(I.ntra) 207

(Lyiii lioreulla) 208

niioima (BraiitH) 120,144,188

ucciitnntallH ( Braiitn) 188

(SanKiiiaurba) 65

Ci';..i|{lc8 (Phllaute) 142, 144, 188

Oaueaceiia (Caicx) 70

ericoidea (KaGomitriuin) 83

Canina (Peltiicera) 86

CanlH lupiia criacoalbua 208

Cauiitiia (TriiiKO) 146,180

Caparoi'h (tfiiriiia uliila) 164,102

Caplllaceum (Uiatlcblum) 83

Capillare (Bryiim) 83

(PoKountiiiii) 83

(Aulacomiiiuu) 83

<'apllIaila(('Brex) 70

Capltata(lVdicularlH) 74

( VaU'rlana) 68

Capitatiiiii ( Blituin) 76

( Grinpboruin) 79

CardaminH digitaU 62

hlraiita 63

leDHiiaiH 62

pratpuaia 6a

piiq)aroa 62

Carei acuta 70

atrata 7J

aqustilia n

Paga

Carol butbanmlt 70

ua'apiUwa 70

caneac4'ua 70

capillaria 70

circlnuta •. 70

cr>ptucarpii 70

elongata 70

fullKlnoaa 70

linieliul 70

lagopiua 70

leiocarpa 70

lupurlna 70

liinnaa 70

llvldn 70

iimorucbfuta 70

luelanovarpa 70

iiiui Uuali 70

iiiioi'opoda 70

uiKriiana 70

uorrogioa 70

pancidora 70

raridora 70

remota 70

rotnndata 70

•axatiUa 7n

■tcllulata 70

atriota 79

atyloaa 70

Tnaicariii 79

Caribou (Kungiler tarandaa) 203

Caroliuunala ( Paudiou baliasetua) 161, 191

(Auaa) 132,187

Caroliuua (Sculi'ouphagua) 168, 103

Caaaaudra calyculata 71

Caaalnl (Pyrrhula) 169,170,103

(Py rrbula coceluea) 169, 170

Caaaiopu lycopmlioidea 7l

mertouaiaoa 71

at«lleriaua 71

tetraguna 71

Caataneua (J uncus) 78

CaatiUeJa pallida 78

parriflora 73

aeptentrionalia 73

Caator fiber 204

Catabroaa algida 80

aquatica 80

Catapbroctca (Uaateroateua) 87

Cntodou (Uelpliinapterua) W3, 198

Caurinua (Corvua) 103

CaTifoliuni (Polytricbuni) 83

Cclata (Helminthophila) 105

luteaoena (lleluiinthopbila) 105

Combra (Pinna) 76

Ccnisia (Poa) 80

Cepphna coluinba 121, 185

mandtil 121,185

Ceraatiuni vulgatum 64

bvliriuginnum 64

granditiorum 64

Coratodon purpurena 83

Ceratopbornm (duna-lunnia Taraxacnm) 70

Cernua (Saxifraga) 67

Coruuiuni (Trlai'tuni) 80

Cortirblnva niouoccrata 186

CertUin faniiliar'a americann 100

Cetraria ialuudlon 85

CBrvinua (Antbua) 180,105

Cervua oanadonaua 202

Cerylealcyon \.. 165,102

Cbietoptrria plumoaa 85

Cbaniajjaanie (Audroaaoe) 72

Chamieniorua (Kubua) 65

Cbaaiiaauuia (Arnica) 70

(Artemeaia) 60

(Claytouia) . at

■^BaPWWB

INDEX.

213

Past-.

ChaniiMouiH (Eriopboriim ) 78

i I'cdlculurls) 73

(Vacciuiiiiii) 71

ClmrndriuB dotuiuiouB ]qo

t'ulvas 149,11)0

K<]ualai-oIu 11)0

Cliaritont'ttn albeolu 134,187

Clinliiloii iT^thiuKAHter 2(i, 176, 177, 104

Chen Iiyiieiboroa 188, 144,188

roHail ' 188

Cliimla liliini 85

Chuiiittinua (I^ortBtyluH) 7;

Climiidm (Oucoiy milium) •. 105, 108

Chi\VHOf4])U>uiuni altei iiif'olluiu 67

Clirysaiitua (A<|(iila) 168, lOi

Ciliatiis (UromuH) go

Cinaniniium (Hoda) ofi

Clnciuutim {PlialitcroconiX dllophiiH) 120,180

CimUiiN iii«*xii>aiiiiH 181, 10&

Ciiirtiifi yriif sceiiM (Partm) ]8'J

ulteCllKH (I'lUUtt) 182, 106

(I'HMiM) 182,183

Ciiiuiurua (r>nliiila) 160, 17a

Cimafn luppuiiicu (Uliila) 162, 102

( Mt'luHpiza) 1 74, 104

(Dlula) 161, 16-Ml»ii

(Mima liitit'olia gi

Ciit'tun itlpiua ... 60

Chriiial.' (H.vpnum) $4

(^iirhiala ((larux) 79

Cii iuinciiictii {if:<£ialiti8 uieluila) iM

Ctrciitt biidHoniiiH 156, |91

CiiTliatii (Ltuulu) 117,184

Cirri 31

Ciri u-riitiiuli 30

CirMstratim 30

Clailnula drforniiB 84

f;rariliH 84

pyxadnta 84

rau^cifiTina 84

eylvatica 84

uncialis 84

CliulotliatniiiiH py r(i1a;t1(iriiH 71

Cluiigiilu atiiuricunu (tilaui^ioiietta) 134, 187

hyemaUs 134.135,187

Clavatiim (Lycopndiuiii) 81

Oaytoiiia chainiHHonis 66

flaKullaria 66

Harmuutotta 6C

Bibirica f\Q

virKinii'a 66

Cloai- woatht-r 31

Clivic'ula riparia 177, 194

Cloudrt '»j

Clupea niirabitin lU

Chipuifuriniri (Corojjomis) 104

Olypeata (Spat tila) 133, 187

(viiioiiH kanitcballi'im 70

CoecimMi lahHiiii (ryrrbubi) 160,170

(Tclh'Idia) 78

Cochtearia aiinUca 82

t'eiieBtrata 02

ubtnii^cifolia 62

utliciualis 62

CulapK'B auratiin 166,192

cttlV-r saturntior 192

Coliuus virKiuiaiMiR ., 153

CullariH ( Ay tbyn) 133, 187

Culpodium fiilvuiu 80

Coluiiiba iCfpphuB) 121, 185

jUohimbarluB ( Falco) 160, 101

Biirkloyi 1 Falco) lOI

CohiinbianuB (Olor) 40,146,188

(IMolcorvuB) 103

ColyiubuB uuritun 115,184

Paga

Colymbua holbcBlHi 115,184

Comiuuiie (Polytttirbum) 84

ComnitiiiU (Phtxraina) ., 206

( 'iimoMa OfiUKeata ( Luzula) 78

Cnmplaiiatuin (Lycdpitdiuiu) 81

Gunfurtidora (Solida^o) 69

ConK»Htiiin (Olcranuni) 93

Cou^ttata ( Liizula I'omuaa) 78

Couira (FH<:atulla) , 84

Couiusulluuin tJauhnri 97

CuiioHtonium boreulo - 88

Coiitortn (Piuiia) 76

Couturtuiu <Pu>;uoatum) 88

Coopuri (Sctrex) 205

(Syuaptomya) 204

CuptiH OHpU'iiirulia 61

iiifuliu 61

trifolia 61

Coralluidea fSpliH-ropliarou) 84

Curax Hi'uiiitiia (Corvna) I67, 193

Curdata (Lint era) 77

maolt4M)7.ia]ia (Salix) 7.')

(Halix) 7.1

CoruguuiiH ciupoifurniiB ]04

koyiiiruttii io4

laurfttai 103

lucrokii 104

qiiadrilatcralU io4

CuriapL-rininii liyHHUpit'oHum 76

Coruiciilata <Frat«rcuIa) 118, 184

Coruus cauadciitiiH 68

Htuloiiifoia 68

siueica §8

nualaacbkenaiH oH

Cui uiiw 34

CorouatA (Dcudruioa) 178, 10,5

(Zcjiiutiiehia) , n-l 104

Corrallurbuainiiata 77

luurteiiHiaua 77

CorviiHcauriiiUH , 103

corax Hiuuatiia 107, 103

CurydaliH ^lauca 02

puiu-idora 63

CuttUH tiiiiuili4 o.'v

pulyacaiithoi'cpbulua 05

tiL'nitipliM'iiK 04

Oouurti (Trinjia) 147, igjt

Cuuutry, jib^Hiial cliaractoriatiuH uflbi' 13

CraHHilolia {StoUaria) 03

CruuraiAiiait) i;i2, 187

Crittpa iliorralirt Stfllaiia) 63

Cr'rtpiruliuui (llypiium) 84

CriMpuiii tUu-rauiiiii) 83

CriMtanalli (ViUarHia) 72

CriHti-pilli (Uhinanlhua) 73

Critttiiti'lliia (Siiuurbyut;liiis) Ol, 110, 185

Crudiuii (Itryuiii) *. 83

CrymnphiliiH t'lilicuriiia 145, le8

Cryptiuarpa (('ari'X; 70

CryptomaiimM> luTosticboiduB 82

Ciifutlatuiii (Platyaiim) , 88

Cuciilatua (Luphoilyto**) 187

Ciiiiiulo-htratiia 30

CumuliiB 30

CuniLulua turqiiatiia 204

Ciirtipundiila (Antitricbia) 84

('iirvirnatraiiiiiiur {f<o\ia) 170, 103

Curtpidatiim rctiiivinii (Splia|;uum) 82

Cyaiifi'iila Hiiet-ica 106

CyaiKH'ittii HtnlliTi 193

Cyclopim (LipartH) 04

Cyclorrbyiu'biiB p8ittariilti8 110, 185

Cyinbifuliuni (8pba;;iiuin) 82

Cypripcdliim Kottatum 77

Cy Btopteris fra^ilis 82

J

214

INDEX.

m

'I

DaaiaiioiiU IJ3,I«7

Dalll (Ovin mnntiina) 208

DalllR pi'rt«r«llii 100

l)iiiiiacfii«l» (TrliiKR) 189

nnayntitliH (Cnntiinniila) 7U

lliiviilAoiit (IliihMinptvrn) 1*01

Daviiiini iSaxifraKa) 07

Di'OIIRBatUB <V"'pP8 fulvtiB) "JOB

Defciriiila (Ola uia) 84

Prclanill (OiclciiiU) 137, 1««

Del»r98oriaJUiEt'»"*H W

ainiKwi M

Dvlloata (Oalllnnuo) H6, IRO

T)flphiiianlcnia ratiMlon 23. Mt8

IVIpliiiiilullain (A('unitumii»|ii'lluii) 01

Dvlpliiniim moii/.ieall fli

Di'lphiniia balnlll lOT

PeiulraKapiia raiiadoimin . ■ . ■ IS2, 190

nbselirtia i'lillKllKmils IS'2. 190

Dvudniku aisllva 178,196

cortinata 178. 193

striata 178,195

id;

81

86

83

102

78

84

70

72

2»

72

68

83

townBoudt

Penclri'idijm (Ljcupodlimi) . .
DrnlKia aiigiiMa (Odoiithalia)

Ueiitaliiiii (riisonnlum)

DcnlfX (Oi<nu-rii»)

UciiliiMilala (McrtHimla)

Di'iitir.ulatiini (H.vpminO

DeiialoonlK craraxariim)

Detou«a (Uentlaiia)

D»w

Dlapunnia lappniilca

DIaiitliilK u-peim

Dkruuum eonc«-«Him

criKpiim 83

clunKatntii 83

hrti'iiiiiiallum 88

iun,iiin 83

paluHtr*' 88

pnlyi-urpmn ■ 83

Hcluiulori 88

acupariuii) 83

Dlltiiilla (Enipiil(Miax) 193

DiUitnta (raiilaiuluo) 62

Tlllaiata (rlalanthcra) 77

I>llataluiii (AnpliUuni npiimlnmm)) 82

Uiliiplius rim liialiu (i'lialaeiiHorax) 129, 186

DIolva (Anii'iinaria) 69

(ITiiloa) 76

(Vali'ilana) B«

Diomertea alliatrim 128,186

liiKripes 128, 186

Dipliyllos (Micr.)«t,\li«> 77

DIiuoiiUm ( Matiicaiia) 60

IM-iora (Aliaal 133, 187

OUIirluiiui rapill.ici'11111 83

l)ivei):cn» (AliHtoiial 88

Uod»!CMtlll>OIl 16

uiendin . 72

Itotnuatlima (Kiimex) 74

Diimluiriiii fulviia (Charadriua) 149,100

1)01 aal Is ( rii'oiilfM Biin-ricnuus) 166, 192

l>i>rwilii» I'pisaiil hurt KiHtbrliou 205

Diiiliiilpa lii'liilinn ImIiiIic nhua 86

DoiiKlaalniia (Crut lanal 72

VciucluHnil (Nerkera) 84

Dralia ulgida 62

alploa 82

borrali* 62

Rlacialia 62

graciUa 02

hlHs 62

iniuina 68

mnrioclU M

Page

Draba sUllat* 62

ateuoluba 62

unalaaubklana 62

Draooccpfaaluni parvifloriini 74

Iiraiontiiiiii kamUchaltvuu) 76

Dn'ibacblt'ualH (Stninnytoceutnitua) 120

Di'oarr* rutuuillfolia 63

Drunininnill riincna 78

Dry'A** "f'l*)|>*^tala 65

Uryobatfa piibeacena 106,102

vilbMiiB leiicomelaa 192

Uryoi)(pri8 ( I'h^Kopt uria) 82

ItiiiHiiitia pniluanthn .J 80

l)y vtioaiphou fieuiciilnopiia 85

B.

Ki'liinnapomiiini rixlnwiikil 73

Edwardail (Kutrcnia) 63

Electricity 35

Eli'Cans ( Plarndinm) 85

EllKiilata (luiMli)rala Matricaria) 69

Klougata (Carex) 79

Eliiiiuat 11111 {Ulorauiiiii) . : 3.1

ElyiiillH areliarina 79

niollia 79

■ibiriciia 79

Blynaapicata 79

Kiiiarciiiata ( I'utt'iitilla) 05

Euipctni eiiiiH'tia t.Spi>rmopbiliis) 1^03

kadiaccnaia (Spi'i'iiiiipbiliia) 203

(Speniiiiphilua cniprtral 203

Eiu|ietrniii 16

niKriiiii 74,75,123

Enipidoiiax 'iflidlla 193

Eiihydria liitris 49

EulcoiK'tta atelleri 13.M87

Ensifaliiia (Juncua) 78

Eiiucleator (Pinlcola) 168, 193

Epilobiiiui affluu 06

alplnnni 66

auKUfltifoliiiiii 06

latifoliuiii 06

i:!toiiiii 66

paliiHtro 66

ti'li»Ki>iiiiiu 66

rortcuiii oa

Kpixaiitbii» (Kiotbriitoii diiraaliial aor>

Eiiuiaetuiii nrvcimc HI

aylvaticiim «l

Eretbriiiuu dniaalilH epizalltbilfl 205

Ercuimtna iMTidi'iitali" » 148,189

Eriaiitbnni (Ocraiiiiini) 04

Ericdides (Kucninitritiin caneaccua) 88

Erigeron |{labelIuDi 6D

ituitlurutll fiO

Eriiniatbiia barbatiis 206

Erniln™ (J'liliiriinl ;;08

Eriopbonini callitrix 79

capitatillii 79

cbainiaaonia 78

Kracitc 79

latiMliiiii 79

polyatacbyuiii 7|»

scbouchicri 78

vaciimlufii 78

Erili'ichliiui ari'tioidca 7|

plebi'.lura 78

vtUoRiun 73

Ermani (Betulal 76

Eryainiiini lanccnbiliini 62

Erytbrouaatcr (Obclidonl 176, 177, 1(4

Earbarbaltziana (Lit* err.) 77

Eai^hacboltilaiiiia (^ pbraitraua) 63

Eacbachultiil (KauviiKiiliia) 61

(Baxifraga) 66

(Vvratrum) 78

j»*ni

INDEX.

215

6»
00
208
•>'{«
70
7B
711
70
79
79
78
78
73
711
73
T6
Vi
177, 194
77
03
01
06
78

P»({e.

BKulcnta (AUrlii) 85

Eucftlyptrn rhalidnciirpa 83

Eiimptnplaii Htollt'rl Q8

Eiiphrania ofllrinalia 78

Buphrnalolilcn (PeilifiiUrlii) 73

Biitupaia (ryrrliiila) |70

Eiirnpa-n (Tripntnlia) 72

Eiirynorhyuohim pyKiiui'iia 189

Enl ronia edwuiilaii J3

RTiitomya nitlliis Jot

Bxarata t A Rnul la) gi

(Sailfraua) 67

Eici'laa (Tbiijal 76

Ezillp«ta ( Acanthi' liorneniannii) 171, 1"3

Bxllia (Saxifrng*) 07

r.

Faloatna (Jimoiia) 7g

Falt'oonlimibarliia 160,101

colnnibariua auekleyi 191

Ulaiidua ^ 150, 191

pur«|{>'i»i>" analiiin 160, 101

porej^rinna pealei 160, 191

nia1ic4iliiH 191

ruHticohiR (ryrfalco ... l.'iO, 191

HparvpiiiiH 191

Familial la amrricnna (CVrthia) 105

Faarinla ruHna (Mplimpiza) 175, IM

Faaclata (Vlinca) 200

Fascicular© (Kacoirtltrium) 83

FaveolatiiH (AUnnnnif*) 82

F«Katclla coiiica 84

Frlliin (Lntra) 207

Felix-fn3inina (A'plpniiim) .. 82

FeneatraiA (Ciii'lilearln ) 62

Ferrugiut-a (Mcnzicala) 71

(Trliiga) 189

Foatuoaorina. 79

Tiibia 80

•nbiilata 80

Fiber (Cnator) 204

zIbithecilH 204

Fillclna ( I'tiliita pitiiuvaa) 85

Fllum (Cbiiiila) gs

Fliiibrtutiiiii (SpliAjiiiiiin) 82

Finibraria tenilla 84

Flachori (Arctoiiitla) 136,187

(ConioHifllniim) 67

Fiaberl ((Eali Plata) 186

FlagoUarlH (("laylonlu) 66

(Saxit'ruffH) 66

Flaviiana ( Piia) go

Flavlpi-8 (TotiinuH) . 148, 189

Fl»vii«lcuco«trl«tu.< (ISmlytt'a) 179, 105

FlexiKimi biictliira (Aira) go

Klocci'osa (UlmdmiH-Ia) 9^

FliiviatillH tKanliiiciiliiH) fli

KiEiiU'ulainua (Uyctbmipbon) 85

Firllila (Pbucai 200

Fog 20

Fuliaceua (Aster) 69

Foiitaiiii (Montlal 66

Furmoaa (Aquilf«};la) 61

FortiioHUtn ( Poly triobunn) 63

Foratprl (Sorox) 206

Fragile (Splin'rophoron) 84

FragUla (Cystoptorln) g2

Frngrans (Anpidiunt) 82

FratPlTObi eorniculat^ 118, 184

Frlglila (Lecaiiora tartarioa) 85

(Nardoftoiiia) 68

Frlgtdua(Seniclo) 7o

(Aiitragaliia) 64

Frltillarla kaintapbatuenaia 77

Fmteaoena (Pentateinon) 78

Fratiooaa (PotcntilU) 66 |

P»g»

Fupiia veaoiculoana gs

Fiilioa ainrrloniia Igg

Fiillciirliia (Cryniopblhia) 145, 188

Flillglnoaa ((jan'x) 70

KullgliirwuH (DendnigapiiHobHcnriia) 1.52, 190

Fidiiiania glaviuliagliiplHcba 120, 180

rodgeiati igo

Fulrniii (Colpodlnin) so

FiilviiH (Cliaradriiiadoiiilnlciia) 149, 190

nrgoutsliia (Vnlpea) 208

deeiiaHUtiia (Viilpea) 208

fiilviiii (Viilpea) 208

(Viilpea fiilviia) 208

Fiircata (Ociaiioilroina) 129, IWi

FninirroiiHiPeriDoreuncanadenaU) 187, 103

Fuuaria bygronietrica 8:1

Fill cntitm ( Pogoiiatiim alpiiiiini) 83

FiiBcn (Oldi'iiiia) 137, 188

KiiacicoUia (Tringa) 189

a.

Gadnn morrhiia 89

Gale (Myrlcii) TO

UaleopHiK ti'trablt 74

Oallilinuo di'licata 146,189

OhIUiiiii iipai'Ine 68

boreain 08

trittdiim 08

tritlonini (W

Ganibellii (Auiter Mlbifroiia) 138,143,144,188

GairuliiH (Aiii|ie1ia) 177, 194

Gii»l'»rofltiii(* catapbrni'tea 87

iiiici'oeaplmliia 87

pilligltiiia braebypoda 87

Oavia alba 185

Ueniinnta (AjtrnatU) 81

(teiitiaiia tieiita 72

alentlcn 72

aniorella 72

dotonsa 72

doiiglHaiana 72

iilaiicu , 72

platypetala 72

propinqna 72

pruntrata 72

tviiilla 72

Geniiiiiiiii erlantbiiin 04

Oeiini eultbifolium 65

glaiinle 01

marropbyllmn O't

roHsii 65

Oigantia (Viclii) 04

Olabelliiiii (Erigeron) uu

Glibra (Iliiuborn) 08

lilabra (ItoHcboiiikln) 74

Obu'iale (Geiiiii) 05

Olaiiidin (Dnilia) 02

UlticialiH gliiptHihn (Fnlmama) 120, li^O

GlucluliH (Pli'ilriinecten 88

rodgeraii (Fiilmariia 180

(Siillx) 75

Olandiiloaa llletula) "11

Glaiiia (Uiiryflalis) 62

{Geiitlaiia) 72

(Kiiliiiia) 71

(.Sallx) 75

GlHllceHceiiB (l/urua) 125. 185

Glaiicionetra riaiigiila araeiicana. ., 134. 187

iaiaiidira 187

Glauriitii (Platyaiiia) , 85

GlailcilH (Riii'bialieoletf) 200

(Zygiitleniia) 78

Glaiix inaril Inia 72

■( i lobillaria ( A rtelecaia) 69

GlomeratatArtuiiicHia) 0!)

Ulumaria (Glyceria) 80

216

INDEX..

OliiplM-ha (FuIiuBrii> KiM'lalU 1»,1M

78
M
80
80
80
68
7«
79
74
6»
110
"0
83
84
02
00
«4
71
(18

GlLtinoMi (ToflrlilU)

Olyrorln >nKi'"l*t»

nqiiRllcii

gliitiiarlii

■ti-imnth«TiTtp«ni

(Imrllnt (Airliniicnltoa)

(AtrlpUn)

((^nrex)

(G.TmnaiKlni) ■ • •

Op*phiiliiim nvlvRlii'mii

QorluiHclin (Oncorliviirliuiil

Orarllv ( Eiioplioniiii)

(rnlylrtchnnO

Orni'lIU (ClailnnU)

( Drnbni «

(Til««l»»

(IrnniUHnini: ((;«riii<tiiiin TulKHlnm)

(irniiillfioc ,Mmi««ii»)

(T»llinia)

Gricoacena ( I'ania I'inrlua) '82

GriapiventriafPyrrhiila) 160.170

Oriafiiuiiclip (LeurnatirlK) 171,110

Grlaeo allma (C'aiila liipiis) 208

Grii'iilauiliea (IMiiKii) *'"

GrcfnUmlii'nH (lianulfer tarnmlua) '•'02

GriiK 4-iin»<l('UA!H ■ 1^ '^•'*" ****

Oulii luatua 5*^

UiiltiKiiH (Mliniilii!!) "•'

Giitlntiini ((;>i)rlpi'.ilnm) ""

Gynmaiiitrn gmclini '*

M.llori "■»

Oyiniu'lla virldla W.W

(Oymnogttnprua* plicatft 85

Gyrfisl Knlroniaticolua) ISO, 181

H.

nH^ninsticA (I.iiitoaa) 180

lIiPiiiatopiiH hai-hmanf l«*»lt 1^*

Halia-ptua all.iiilla 159,191

larollni'iiaia (I'andlon) 101,191

liMiforuptialtiH 158, 191

Hnlidrya •uniliinlaroii 85

HaloH .

S4

Halonarcion ranii'iitaceum 85

Ilptlyaarum lMtri'»K» • • 64

liiarkcnzii 64

Ilelmlnlliopliilncidiita 178,193

ri'laU lilteaconA .

HvinUepldntiisjtttdaiii

Ili'patita Irilidm ..

llrmrUMiiii lanatuiii

Ilniidiaa (.\nlra)

lleiMttinallutii (Dirniniiin)

HeHpcriM'ifhla nu^via

193

95

61

67

188

83

184,190

Ui'Npeiia paltuHii 62

IIiapciiinivH U'licopiia winorienaia 204

ileterartitia liiianiia 148,189

Hcttniiitlii'ni (SaxiTrsK*) 07

Ilt'iu'lKMa iilalira 68

Hexaiilanimiia aaper 95

ontinAtna 96

aiiiH'rciHonuH 96

Hinmalla pariAriiK (Tm|{l<><lytoa) 195

Iliirai'it'iiMa (Saxifraita) 67

Hteraciuiti triate 70

llitii-m'titoa alpina 80

boi-pnlia 80

Hipimi'Iiiaalia viil|!oria 88,97

Hippitria iiiaritiiiia

Tiiotilaim

vul);arla

HtrvnlDB (SaxirraK*) —
lllrta (Amiarla ri'i-na) .

(DraWa)

HIniiU (Arabia)

0«
60
60
66
63
62
62

Vtgf.

Binnta (Cardamlno) M

(rediculirlai 74

Hiriiiiilo iinaIaabli«'naU IT7

Hl«trloulrn,hl«tilonlcna 184,168,187

(lllntrlonlcna) 184,1*8,187

Hulbndlll (CnlymbuB) 115,184

pi'plolriM 68

TInnkftneya pvploldea oblmigf folia 63

Ilm.kcrl (Scnir.li.) 70

Ildidoiini Jubatnui 79

pralrnaii 79

Ilornliyl (Gfeanralronia) 185

Jlonii'mannll oxlllppa ( Acanthla) 171, 198

Ilorrlliiila (rr«u») 207

niiirlduin (l>ana«) ... 68

HinUoiiIainMn (Itibt-a) 66

HiidnnnU-a (IMra piia) 160,193

Hiidannloua (Niimi'niiiB) 149, IBO

(Parua) 183,196

HiidMMiina ((!lrcu«) 1.16, 191

• liudMniiiita (St'liinia) 203

(S<liirnpl.TiiB vidncella) 204

(Si'luriia hnda4>tiilla) 203

lliiinidity 27

Iliinilfnaa (StollarlB) ta

Hiunilla (Cnttiia) 98

lliironcnao (TaiiAri^tuni) 69

lliitrliiitaia ralyrina 63

IIiitrhiiii.ll ( Ilranla ranadtmala) 49, 139, 143, 144, 188

llyilrochc'idiMi iilcra Miii-iiianionaia 186

Hypiiialix (ClnnKola) 134, 135, 187

(.riinii) 174,194

nn<i;oniia ( Jnnco) 174, 194

Ilyiiniiiiftiiort iFiiiiiirla) 83

lly pirlmri-a (Clieii) 138, 144, 188

II>|HMlntnMitii (AlyflBiim) 62

llyppilionufl (riectntpht-nax) 19*

(Itaiiiiiiiuliial 61

Hypnomin (PHontnia) 85

H.iltnuni oirclnale 84

crUplfolitiiu M

di'ntU-tllatiini 84

ilrrt'bnilll ... 84

luxifidliim 84

loii'iiin 84

lilti'soiMia 84

iiiyoHiirnldt'a Ktulonlfernm 84

iiiteiiM 84

rovtilvoiiB 84

riviilare 84

rnKoHiitii 84

mthinicniii 84

mtli'bni^um 84

scliri-bori 84

wrp.'iis 84

i4plt>itdt>na ... 84

Ktnki'Hil 84

at ri mHtini 81

miUiirniHilln 84

trinnelrtmt 84

iindiitatiini 84

nnii'liiatiiin 84

IIypo(tliitti« i.^atinyaliia) — 01

llypomi-alla olldila 102, 1113, 198

UyaBiipifnllum (Coriaperiniini) 78

I.

Irmndnpliylla (Hiat4ir,i) 84

Irmadopliilna < lla'omyct'n) 84

Iliaia (PBaacridlal 174,176.104

llinca unnlaaiiiiM'iifiH (Paaiwi-olla) 194

llloifbiiini (llypiinni) 84

InilM-r (UrliiaUir) 115,181

lucuiia (AIniiB) 76

(l)raba) 62

Incamia (Uet«»otltl|) 148,189

INDE5X.

217

InoHiutiim (Bryam) 88

iur»iiii (CoptiM) , ai

louatA (Cormllorhiaa) 77

lDo<lonit4i (Mnti carlH) 09

Inopn (TiunB) 76

luleferirolmm (Leucaniheniura) «0

Int«riii«illii (Zniiot rlchlR) 173, 1M

Inh't-pren («\r**narjn) l.Vi, 11)0

Irin HibiriuA 77

iNliiiiilU-a (L'elrarii) gfi

(Glaiu'inuetU) 187

UUniluH (FmIcu) 16tt. 191

J.

Jii|H>Dica ( BuliBDu) 202

•ToiilHui ']I**iitilepi(lotUB). 96

Jubutiiin (UordfUiu) 79

Juncu byemaltii 174, 194

oreftoniiH 174,194

Juneiu arvticod 7H

balUciis 78

(jftrhimln 78

csHtuiiuuri 78

druiiiiiiondi 78

fiiHlfitMiia 78

fali'ittiirt 78

pnradoxiiti 78

ziplitoidf H t riHudrua 78

Jiiiiffcrninnniii HlhiuaiiA 84

tiiihuphylU 84

Jiinlpfiiniitn (rolytrkliuiu) 83

JiiuipcruH iiHiiii ... 70

Jiirgeusii ( UtduaitvriA) 85

K.

KAdiiircuftln (SpennophlluM ompetra) 203

Kalmia kIhii^'A 71

Kamtc'IiaticH ((Mtnithalia) 85

KamtschatceuBe (Uracontinm) 70

KamtHcbatcendU ( Fritillaria) 77

(LyH I'liitou) 70

Kanitachaticuin (Arctiodmcon) 70

(Cnlt'iiH) 70

Kamlrbaticam (Rbododeiidron) 71

KaiutscbHtU'iis {Syiiiplot'arpuM 7fl

Kenuivottti (Coret:oiin.*) 104

(Me^afWopH aain) 192

Keta <Onoorh.Michti(f) 107

EUtitcb (ODcoihynehiis) 109

Kittlitzli (BrailiyranipbuB) 120, 165

Koenijiii (Plataniht-ra) 77

KotKebiiei (rariiaitHia) 03

KotEobutmatH (Tauacetuni) 69

L.

Lacnatrfl (Bryum) 83

(Ribea) 00

LaKenurbyneburt obtiqiiideDa. 107

LaKopiiiii (Carpx) 79

LagopiiM (ArehibiiU^o) 191

IftKopuH 23, 152, 191

(LflgopUB) ....23,152,101

riipcBtris 154.150,191

atkbcnsi)! 155, 156,191

Dolsoiii 155,159,191

saoctiJohaDoia (Art'blbut«o) 158,101

(VuIpM) 139,150,103,208

Lanata (Pedicularli** 74

Lanatnni (Heracleuni) 67

^auc^olatnm (Bolrychtnm) 81

(Kiyalmum) 03

Laii(iiHlor£Bi (Calamaiirotitis) 80

( Pf dieuIarU) 74

(Viola) 63

Lanlua borealis , 178,195

8. Mis. 156 28

raB%

LMnuKtndMiim (Racimiltrium) 81

Lapatbit'oltuiii (Polyuonuiu polyiuun'l>uiu) 74

Lapt»onlca batiuH ( LiiuoRn) 148, 189

(CabiiiiH^roHtiB) 80

( Dla|>PUi(lu) 72

(riiilaciucrea) 162.109

lApponl"utii (KhtidiHlendraa) . 71

Lapoiiicum (Saltxf 7S

LapiHiiitrMH (CalrarttiH) 173, 104

/lUnuiiriilurt) 01

Lai ix ( KliiMbiiiiidu) 85

LaniH barntvlaiiniiH 24.20, 123,124.125,144,185

braobyrbyucbiiB 120, 186

car.biuanM IM

calilniultMia 189

;tlaii(-fHci>nH 125, 185

IflU'OpttTIIH 24

iictMoiii 185

pbiludi-lphia 120.180

KbintiHiiuuN 180

LaHiocarpu it'aiiipiiuula) 70

T<at«<rltlor» (Mnt briti^ia) 68

I^tbyi'UM iiiaritbiiiiM 64

Latifulia (An-ta^roMtiMj 81

(Andra) 70

((^iuim) 81

(Ori'hiM* , 77

LaUfuUum (Kiiiipborum) 79

(I-ednm) 71

I^iitt'tta (I'dictroniiR} 108

Laxirtiiia 1 AtCfof^tiH). 81

liaxifiihutii (llypuum) 84

Laxirtitruiii (Kil.i'iiy 00

Lf caiiiita pldlt'^<-f iiH u)tHult'UHi8 85

tui'tarit>a fi igida 85

Lmlniii lutiruliuiii 71

pillllHtlt? 71

I eim-arpa (Ciircx) 7o

Lfiii*nHiH (Cardainiiie) OJ

Leporiiia (('arex) 79

L(>plarrbfM)u pyrifulta 07

LeptoM"pala (Caltha) 61

Loptiiriirt ( AnatiliichaH) 9S

I.t'puB am»ricautiH anu'ilcamiB 206

timidiiH 205

Lt'iu-aiilhiMuitblia (Saxifraf^a) . — 00

Lencautbfinum arcticnni f*9

intot;rifo1ium 09

Lcncocephahirt (HaliueUia) 158, 191

I^^ncolnniia {Otocuritt HlpfBtila) 100, 193

LcuconmlaH (J>r>nbnte)» villoauH) 192

I.eiKoptera (Luxia) 171,193

I.i-iu'opiiB (tonorii'UHiH (Ht-Bpuioniys) 204

I.i'iUMirhoa u>('('iu)iHlritnia) 186

Letii-orhampbiiB bnroalia 197

Leiicoaticte ^riHeonurha 171, 198

tepbmcot is littoralU 193

I^ucoatiiHlUH (Hndytes flavuH) 179,195

LiKUHtimni BCMiticuni 67

Uiiiima (Canx) 79

birniaatica lJ*9

Umtonica bnuurt — 148, 189

Ui:aiia (Af-anthU) 23,172,193

Ltncolni ( MelonjjUa) 194

LhiDita buri-aliH 08

IJiinii-i (Sajiina) 64

Linuni peitJDue 64

LipariH callindon. 94

cyclupua 94

Liplla (K'tidf ntalia (Smilai-ina) 77

LittoraH8iAtiipU'i) 70

(l.euc<>fitictt> tepbroeotffl) 198

Listera cordata — 77

eacliRrlioltztana 77

LIvida (Carex) ... 79

Llof dla serotiDa 77

21g

INDEX.

PaCB,

Lnlmtuii (I'huliimpiiri) 145, IM, UK IW

L«U)>litiiri« proriimbviM 71

LomAriH n|iirant . K

Loiiivl«»ri»(lTil«) 1»2,I8B

Liiiii'liitiK (An|i<cllllln) 8]

Loiiuiciiiiila tllArtruiiiIni IfiQ

LniiKlraiiiliiK If^ti-Lrinu'liin) 12a,li<S

I.iiiiiC<Hara (Airn I'li'niiliiMii) . 8V

I.oniil'iiliB (Sli'llarin) 113

LiiuglpoK (SIcllBrln) m

LiiiiKiniiiti In ( Nniiii-ulu*) 149, IBU

Luphixlyli'A ftinilAtua 1B7

Lnrviiiii (Uvpniim) 84

L4ita tnioultiHA 93

[.iilur ( PrcM'von) 207

Loiix'iirvinmtnt minur 170. IW

letiKipterii 171, IW)

LtiKcnii (Miitwtlln) 17»

iS«Diclii» 70

Li\iiiiiu( (CriiiHtori 116, IM

I.nimrlH ( ll<itiyi'liium) 81

Lnndn I'ttrliiila 117,114

LiinirritiiA (rutrm'lifliilun) 194

Liipun Krinfo-HUiitH ir'unln) ao8

LupiniiM no<>tk«t4*i)itln 04

IMTt-niii'* 04

LllHCIiH Hi II 111) 207

Liitimiuii lllrlnillitlmplilla lelatil) 19S

in.vpuiim) 84

I.iitiuiii iKplliilil » 00

(N'liphnr) (1

l.iitviiK (MiiMiiIiiA) 78

l.iiini raiiiiili'iiHiit 207

fi'liim 207

I.utrln (Knh.vilria) 4«, •-'07

LiKiilii arriitita 78

raiiip4>Htriit . 78

coiiiumi I'onKtuta 78

pililTO 78

apaalkeii 78

•padiecB piirvillorn 78

aplratik 78

Lyrodeii tnnieii 9:1

LycopwlioUleii (('aiwiuiM') 71

LvnipiHiiiitii iilpihiiin 81

aiiiiiitiniiin 81

(l,ivatiini PI

riiiiipliilialiiiu fl

dfiiilioideiiin 81

"••laiio 81

■iti'lii'ime 81

X.ynx I'ltrpaliw raiiniliMiaU . 208

l,yraliii>i ('raraxaniiii) 70

LyMicliitiin kaiiilHrliatciiiiae 76

M.

Machli* ( Alws) 202

MHrki'liKiaiia (Salix rnrilata) 75

Mm-kpiizli (lli-il\naurMin) 64

(Slinailim) 103

Macrncarpa (.\ri-iiarfa) 03

<ralTya) '.. 62

( Plaiitaeo. 74

MaciiiPfplialiiH (PlivMitcr) 200

MiicriH'i'iaa (PluKiiicula) 71

Mairocl;u>ta (*'ar»'x) 79

MaiMophylliini (Ocum) 05

Mairorlianipliiin wnlnpaoi'iia 140, lt<9

Matnlaria (Aitilint ino

Maculiita ( riiii((a) 147, 1X9

Maeulona (I.otal 92

Uaiantlieiiiiint bifolium 77

MiOor (PariLiaibirU'iia) 182

(PlantaKu) 74

(Pvrrbiibi) 1«S,I70

rtge,

MiO>» (DU-riniini) 83

lllypnnm umlUHluni) '■' "4

Mulliiliiii vUliiniia IW

Malina (.SalviOiima) lUt. 10*

Ualiillii l('i'p|.liiii.| 121,185

>1an-liaiilirt pnlyiitiirpha '• 84

MaiKailtaiM'ii 1 Aii<i'iiimrla) 69

Malllaiiialili.a (A.Mliya) 133, 187

Marina (/uNtvlal 77

Maiitliim lAtriiplit) 8*

(lilaiu) 72

(HlppiirU) ca

lMertep«l») 73

iPlantAKn) 74

(Tringal 189

Mari'liiniiii iTrl|{liirliiu) 77

MailtiiiiiiH iLathyniN) 64

Mai'DiiiiatiiH (Hrarli>iaiiipliuH) 121.185

MartMiaii'iiii (Ciirralliirlii/.H) 77

iInlil.aiiaill«<ii.U'B W»

iuiKloi-ala 09

I'liKulal* 69

M.iliicariroliiiui (ll<i(ryctiiiinii W

Mi-ailiii iMiHti-rattitiilif 72

Mi'dia ( Plantat;!!) 74

iSlrllarlal 63

Mf^iipliTa vi'iMalillU i-'UO

Mi-^UM-dpH tiHiii ki-iiiiieutttl 192

Mi-liiniK-fpliiilrt ( Ai'i-iiaria) 1.^0, 190

Mi'laiiiili'iirtiM iTodtnii^'i 189

Mi'liitla t-irciiiiirltii'la (.-l-^Kiiililin) 191'

H<*1imptza ciiinifa 174, 194

raarlata riillua 175, 104

Malaiiitryitm api-laliiiit 63

Mrlaiiix-arpa (Carrx) 79

McIiiAiiba limnliii 194

MiiiyaiillifiH 1 1 il'iiliata 72

Heuzit'tla frii ii>:iiii*a 71

Mt-Dzii>Mii (Hartiuitiia) H3

(IMpliiiiuiii) 61

(Milium) 83

(Neckura) 84

MiTrkH (('otvxoiuiH) 104

MrrpinsiT altiorii'anilrt l^to, IHT

Ki'llaltir 131. 187

Mfrkia pli.\nnilf.>« ii:!

Moraiii'U'H (Salix) 75

MiTti'liHia ili'litii-itlala 73

iiiariihiia 73

paulciilata 73

pUosa 73

niliiiica 73

Meiti-DHiaiia (Aliliia) 70

iCaaaiopu) 71

Mi'.ti'liHii K'an'i) 79

Meriila migratoria 183,190

MctfOruluKy 17

KOneral couHlderationa of 26

MfXlcaiiim (CIiuIuh) 181,195

MiciiM'i'pl.uUiH (<iriBl«'riiaU*iia) 87

(.Soinuioaiia) 112

Mlcrocctna (P)U){uiciila) 71

Miciiipoda (Cati'X) 79

Miciiwl.vliit diplivllna 77

Miitratiirla (Minila) 18:t, 196

MllU'liiliiiiii (Aihilli'a) 60

Miiiiuluii iiuttatiM '. 73

MiniiililM liilfiia 73

Minima (lliauin c«uaden»is) 189,144, 188

Miniir (l.uxia iiirvinmtia) 170,193

(Pyrola) 71

Miiiutilla ( ItiiiKa) 189

MirahlliH (Clup.a) HI

Mlr»i;e 35

Mnliim alUne r.i'Iatuui 83

meuziiMil 88

INDEX.

219

Page

Mutiiin piitotAliim 89

rimlr«tuiii M

MniiililiMi i'li'tiii|>li>ilnn) 83

Md'hiiiixiit I iterlHnr* US

llulllii ( Kly •) ;»

Miiiii'RUM urAiiilltliini 71

MouRiilai.KiilxIiliK) igo

M(iiii>i'i>ralii(l'<'rt>rliinc*) It>5

MolKii-ttroM (Mnliotlnll) 1(10

&luiiud<iii iiifiiiiifM rnti .. . lliU

Miiiio|iti<rvtihiH (HIinrnKrammnii) M

UtiDtiiiift (iMppiirlNr 08

tl.illl (dvln) 2(13

Mull till fnlltHIIU AA

Moiilli'iilii .H'liliii'cil (Hpiii'llii) I'4,1M

Mdirliiia ((fUcliiH) HO

Miixi'liHli'lliiiu (Ailuin) 80

Monrluilllil (OlibiiHI 203

&li>taoniA aniiiri'iiMln HO

luxi^im 178

(HMiluriH 178, IDS

Miiliii'ilhiiii |inlolii'll>ini 70

MiilliTl (IlHibiila) M

Miiliill<pnm(A»tprl (If

Mfirti'iMiiilfH iiniutuN 03

Muncfllit (Druttii) t... 62

.MilKlcli aliirriciiiiH 208

IM'lllinliti 'JU8

.M.MIlll-H lllll'IIHfH 'mi

&Iyi>Hi)tiH hylvHtit'K 73

Myuniiiiiiili'H rtloloiilluniin (H.xpuum) 84

M.vrlrn Koln 78

MyililliiWi-H (Salix) 75

M.M'lllliin iViiri-itiiiinif 71

Myslii'i-liiit (I<"l'i'in>) 'iOl

K.

Nnlmliin nlnta* 70

XnvU ( 111 *iiemoichla( 184, Its

NttDH (HotiilA) 78

(Jiii)ipt-ruH) 76

(I'cilt-iililK) e»

Nnpt-HiiH (Irlphinititliiiiii (Aconitinn). 61

NHroiMHidorH (AiK'niouc) 61

Niinlimoiiin frijiiila 88

Niutturtiinii paliintit* 62

NaMutn (rcdictilarin) 73

Natat'H (rutAtiii>f:fttiu} 77

(!^pHr):Aiii<itn) 76

NeArrtlca (.Vjtli.va iiinrila) 133, Irt

NpckerB iliiiiKlAMsii 84

nifTi7li-i4ii 84

Nt>}ilei-tA (L'AlaniaijmstiH) 80

Nelmni (LaiioP'ik iiipeMrUl 155, 150, 101

(Laiiik) 185

(KaiiuiM-iiluH) fil

N«l>ollt>ii« (SAxirrapn) 07

NetiHiraliH (l*i>a) 80

Nfplininiit arv'tii'iMii 85

N(»rlia (OiiciiihyiirliiiN) 108

Ni>:ru .Htitiiiann'imirt (tl.vilroohrUilon) 186

Nigricaii* (llraula) 141.144.188

(L'anx) 70

Nlgripen (Dioini'ilpa) 128, 186

NiKriim ( Kiupotruni) 74, 7.5,123

Ni(«iiH (llypimni) 84

NItiilA (Snxifragai 06

Nivulia (rii-clruplii'iiall 23,40,172,104

(I'riiiiuln) 72

(liaiiiiiK'iiliia) 61

(SAxifrailA) 67

UiHimriiili il'leotruphxnai) 104

Nivca (I'lit.iilllUi 65

MiiotkatfiiHis (l.iipiniM) (M

Novcborai-euala I8eiiirii«) 178, IDS

Pane.

Norregloa (Careil 70

^'uli'nllllal 65

N<iNt4H- viTnu'tiMiiiu 86

Nulla ((ixiiiiiililra) 67

Nllillcaiili<(I'a|iavi'l| 82

NiliUi'Aiilin iSHiil'raKA) 87

Niimi'iiliia iMircalia Ut), 100

liiiiliuiiili'iia 140. 100

KuiiiinMtrla 140, 100

taliitii^iiKia ,,... 100

Kllilii'riiHii (Si-apalllcu) 84

Niiplmr liiti'iiiii 81

Niituiiii I 111 yum) 83

KutkaiiuH (Kiiltua) 85

Nycl. 1 uyil.a 183,1(13,102

(Nyiii'AI 182,163,102

Nyi lale tiMiKUialmi rlcliarilaonl 162, 102

0,

Obcorilala (.Salii palliMli) 75

OIiiminU (.MyotlfN) 204

(Mh'MUh (OiIiiIlmiiih) 207

(IbhiiiiiiliuiH (L.i^tmiiill>lit;liUM) 107

()lili>iiKif<>lia (CiH-)ili-atial 82

(|H>pli>iilrrt Hdiikcnoya) 63

OliMrui'un fuIiKiiii>!4iia (l)i'Uilra}(Hpii8) 1.^2,190

Uliauuru (I'liyHilAi 85

OlitwtiiK (rulim) 182, 183

(J'anmillictlla; 182,106

Obtiiaa (riatauthenO 77

(^SHurlia) 72

UbtUNiliilia (Aiuica) 70

Oociilintalla (Urania caiiadruala) 188

(Eii'iine(oa) 148,180

(I'liruaatricapillual 182,106

(Uaiiunciilim) 61

iSuiilAi'inu liplia) 77

Oovaiiodrnnia lurLAla 120, 188

liiimbyi 186

It'ucurhoa 186

Ovhracpa (Spiiulla inuntlciila) — 174, 104

OobroiuiicA (Al(M:loriA) 85

narmt'ntoaa (Alpctoria) . 85

Oo(op('t.ila (Urvaa) 65

Oi'tupua pUDl'latUH 113

OcuUrin (Moiarilla) 178,105

(Ulitba-uua ota^aua 207

Oliiudialia ilfUlala anguaU 85

KuMitmliatica 85

<£uautUi' (.Saxicula) 108

(JBiclualia (Arobaumliia) 67

(CorbliAriA) '.... 62

(Eiipbirtaia) 73

Oidrinia aiuiTiuaaa 137, 188

di-Klaiidi 137.11:8

fuMia 137,188

pinpiiillata 137,188

(IliiluH lllypiiiiiosual 102,1113.108

Oliviii'iUK (KiKulus aatrapa) 106

Oliir but>(-ili!ltn|- 188

iuluiiibianiiH 40, 144, 1 SH

Oncurbyuchurt I'bouirba 105.108

gorbiiHCiia 110

keta 107

kiautih 100

uirka 108

Opbioiibmnuui vul^atuiii .. 81

OppoMitifoIia (Saxit'ia^^al 06

Urea at ra 107

pacitlcA 23

Orchis latifnlia 77

OrdinatUi) (Ili-xagiaiuiuDs; 96

(IreopttTU ( Anpiiliiini) 82

OrcKoiiiia (Jiincii hyenialia) Ii4, 104

Oil«utalia (Pyrrbula) 170

220

INDBX.

I'mie.

Urn*lua(Miiiinnnld«ii) H

Ounipnia i1«nU«x .... 103

Oniniirrlilu iiiiil* i... 67

Ornniindawii (llaliilrya) M

OtncnrU nlpoNtrlii leiicnlii'tua 1(M IM

Ov»liri«ll» (Snilx) 7B

OTalirulhiiii (Vkcoliiluin) .... 71

OvIIkm iiiiMrhalua SM

0»ln» (KfMuiin) 70, M

OtU niotilan* iliiMl 2011

Oxyt'oi-nia viilnHriM, 71

Oi)rl*rKiiir<>rnili< 74

OxytrviMin cainimstrU M

unlcDtla M

P.

PusiUca (Orrk) 2^

(Trlnga alpiim) 147, 1»»

I'aciflcua (TrnKliNlvtiis hltnialU) 10'^

(rrliiatm) 116,184

P»lld» <CHali.ll..,t«) 71

Palluianu (I'hylliMlocs) 71

Pallaall ( llrapi'iiri) M

oliinnUU (Saltx) 78

(lUniinunliial 01

(Salli) 7»

I'allt>nri'ua npaftlenaia (L«H?«noni) HA

ralllii'iimia 30

Paluatro (Aulttrimiulitii) ^

(nirmiiuiii) H8

(Kplloliliiin) M

(LoliiiiO 71

(NaaHiilluiiil 68

(Taraiartmo 70

(Trluliichlii) 77

PaliiatrixaiMHiH'oUiKOaUha) .. Al

( PantHiiHitt) fi3

(PotHutlllu) 8»

(Sciiklo) 70

Pundloii ItallH'Hiia oarollnenal* 101, IDl

Panax bftrrldiiiii fit*

PauU'ulala(Mmlrniila) ';)

Papaver alpiniiiii Vi

i]iiiIi<'hmIi< Ol'

I'aradiMi'K (SIfi ml 127, I2«, 180

Paradoiiix (•liinriiia) 78

PnriiiitiiuK (Sifiiorailua) 12i),18f>

I'aiii'tina d'hyatin) Hfl

PaiDiFlin pii total;! W

piTlaln 8S

aaxatllia : M

lilUc'ca H5

Pannirfni(Kala) Ill

INlI'DaHHia kotzi)t>lu>l 03

pfllUHtlii* 03

Parryft ntucniearpa 02

I'arua atrtcapilliia ucciilenlalla 182, I M

aepteiitrUmalia 1H6

ciDctua 182,11(3

Kficvaccna 162

■iblKclua 162,100

liiidaantrna 1^3, 100

oliii-ctiia .. 182,183

ruf«Hri-lia . 190

albirii'iia 182

ninji>r 182

Parvlflora (Ani-nioiie) 01

(Cuallllfja) 73

PaiTidorum(Ura>'oi'i>pha1uin) 74

ParTifoliiim (Vui'tiniiiDi) 71

Paachulii (St^Tcw-Hiiton) 8fi

I'aaavn-Ila lliuia 174,176,194

iiiialanrlicanala 104

Pateua (Aiii>nK>ni<) , 01

Pauvlflora (Can-x) 79

(Corj'dalla) <2

Pa«a.

Paurlfliinim ( Vlliuriiiim) 01

I'rali'i ((•'alniiMTciirliiua) 100,191

IVrltnalii t.Splrti>a) .' 04

l'i'i'liiralli.(lininai 100

I'tMlaliini (,\illaiitiifnl ft

I'lMlatua iKiiliiia) ... .* U

I'Mlli'illata (Ptxileiilnita) 71

JVdloiilari«H 1ft

PiMliimlarla capitala 74

rliaiiitHNoiila 71

•upliraaloldM 7t

hiraute 74

Unata ... 74

lauiixloiRll 74

naaiila 73

IMdIi'lllata 71

aiiliiiuda 78

amivtii'a 7S

Ti'ral^olur 74

TWilcilliilii 78

P*-dit)e<i*tt'M pliiu«tniM*llfiM 181

Pi'laKli-iia ll'lialamiviirax) 139, 186

rnhiiatiH (I'lialarrooorax) 130, IM

Polluclda (Ti'iriiplilal 88

l>iilli|;i'raapUi<i»a 85

t'aiiiiia 8t

pnlydMfltyla 86

vennaa 8t

Pviii'liipo ( A naa) 187

IVniiaiili (M(iaU>la) Wt

I'oniinylvHiiiuu iPotKiilllla) 86

Pi'itNilviuiU'UH (Aiitliiia) 180, 196

IViiiatt'iuoii rnitnact'na 78

I'aplnidia ( Ilonkeiivyal 68

obluii^trollii (llnnkeiieya) 63

PfrcKrililia anntiilu <Kiilcti) 100,191

(Anlxi) 09

pimliiKKalc") 100,191

IN^rt'iilH (l.uplniiN) 04

(.Swi'itiu) 73

Piin>niii' (1 >""■») 04

PiTlui'UtH U*aruH>)ia) 86

Pt-rimiri'iiH rtinait<-ii!4iH fiiniitmiia 167,193

rriia(>IiiN hill, IfatiiH 77

clioii.^aniiH 77

I'l rliita ( t'ai niclla) 86

l'cr»pi.illalB (l)Ml.iiiiii) 137,188

I'oriipii'illntiM (Phalaurocornx) 7, 13u, 186

Pt'tni'U (Ariibia) 03

I'etinebi'litltm lunU'ruiiH 194

PhuhicKH'uiax dilopliiiauiDcinatna 129,186

pelat;!''"" 129,186

robiiHtiia 180,186

IieiaptclllaliM 7,130

III Up 13U, 186

PbalaHip"" ><>l>a><>" 14S,146, 148, 188

I'biiAiaiii'lliin ( I'tM'.iwnMuH) 191

IMii'^oplniia ilryiifMcria 83

IMilypoidea 82

I'bUfbopbylla (SiiUx) 76

PbU^lllii nlpiniiiii 81

pratuiiat' 81

PbilM'te HiiiaiiUa 142,144,188

IMiibidrlpbIa (Larua) 136,186

Pbiira fciaibita 206

lipllda 206

Knt'ulandii'a 206

vitiillna 206

rbocirua cMiiiiuunia 300'

viininrlna 200

Phlox alblrUa 78

PhyllUoirti'a (Salix) 76

riiyllwloRc pallaalaua 71

l*h>lluphi>ia ItrtHlia'i 86

Pbyl!opi(riiat«A bort'aliH 106

Pbyacla parietlna 86

MM*

INDEX.

221

Phyicl* ohMur* N

KlrlUrlii IS

rh V'Kkir iiini-i in'i<|iliiiliia 300

IMiyiiiHlcr) (Mnklii) «:i

I'li'il |>ir» IiiiiImidU-ii IM. Il»:i

hiiiUniili'it (I'tfl*) \m.\M

IMi'iiiorviiH i-iiiiiiit))liiiiMii t IV,\

Pii-oiiloN niimrlrHiKiia lirj

alimi duiilt IIM,I«;I

iliiriiulU . IM, IK

PlotnuK/'klrKi'iKl |M

I'llmlnlo (KylvKlila |illlillU) IH

Plllf.-nim (IVlyd'ilimii) n

l*ilopbornii iiricntM*'!) OA

ntliiiHtiiiii 114

I'llou (('anipHuiilH) 70

(LtuiilK) 78

(Mori In) 7S

rin){iileiilii iiiiuTiH-HruM 7|

inti iiirnrHM 71

vllloNa 71

vtiltfurlii 71

I'iniriiln cniirlrator IM, IM

IMinin ct^nibra 76

coutorlA 78

liinpii 7J

PJAfoilliiin I'lfttC^n** H6

PlnntHKoiimcrucfirpii 74

niiOur 74

nmrltliiiik 74

iiimliit 74

Plnt«nl1i«ra dilnlnU 77

k<M>t)iKil 77

olititHU 77

Ncliliicliiiuti-filllAna 77

Plat.vpplairt lUeiittiiiia) 72

Platymiia iMiiMiIlHliini fin

Xlaiieiini 85

Hf^pti'iilrinnuti* HS

Plobi\|uni (Kritrlrlihini) 73

Plevtroplieuaz hyporlKirvita 11*4

niviillii 2.1, 48, 172, 104

iilrnlin towiimMidl ". im

PhMiroKraniiuiiH iiionitpU'ryKiii" IW

I'luiinidyni' riilttU 72

Plearoueot4>H clac'talin .« Sk

Mi'llatiia 87,(18

Plicata (OymnogrDii^nit^) 85

IMuniuiia (CliiftoptorU) 85

I'cllciDH (I'lllutn) HS

Poa abbrevinta KO

annua — .... no

arctira 80

ucniaia HO

flavU'ana 80

nemoralla 80

pratfuaU KU

rutumla ., .. i-o

ittt^niiiitliu HO

Puguuatuiii alpiiiuni 8:1

Htri>vli'eD» 8a

r«pillarD 88

coiitortum 83

dHitHtiim 83

Polaria (AattnitHlua).. M

(Sallx) 78

Polenionluni rwi'iilfam 72

pult'helliiiu 72

rcptann 72

Polifolla (Amlronii'da) 71

PollUarla (Ki»ii»lrlilii<!ljla) 124,185

PolydaclyUlPcltisiia) 85

Pulycarpuir (l)icraiiuni) 83

Polyganiim alpinnni 74

aviviilarti 74

polyniorpliura lapatbifoUum 74

Pit«i>-

Pulyilontnii iHptiTit oarpiini 74

vl\lpaniin 74

Pol> iiiftrplm (!ktjii Imnlla) 84

Piilyntiirpbiitii (Iti-yniii) 83

liiplllilt'ohiim IPiilyRnuiiDi) 74

PolyTMHUtun vul)fart« 82

I'olypiiiilKa (Plii'gop'irlal 82

Pulyti'b'hiini cuvirolliiin Kl

t'oiiiiinin<« 84

fonnmum H3

lirai'lUi H3

Jiiiilprrlniiin H.'I,M4

•Irii'tum H3

plllftirum 83

aviangulara 84

Pntyatnvbyiliii (Kiioplloriini) 7t

PuniHriniiH (SiftTiiiHrluN) , 132. 1H5

PtipiiliiM baUaiiiifi'i.i 7i)

PfltaiiioKi'ttii) niitiiim 77

niri-Hi-(<iia 77

Potcnl Ilia niinci Ilia .. at>

lililiiia M

riimiKiiiiitn ; (l,^

riiilli'ORii 8.'i

nana <t^

nirea ii8

nnrvi't(lra ii5

piihiHliia n^

piMiiiNylviiiiivM (Ki

vllnKii 8.^

I*rat«iiNi> llordi'um "»

(I'hliMini) HI

PraU'iifliH (Cnrilaiiihir) - fij

(l'"«) wi

Primula nlvullH 7a

i-lricl» 7a

UrooumbiMia |I.iila<'li>urln| 71

(Sllilialdia) (W

PriMyiin liiliir .'U?

Pru|ilu(|uu (lii'nllana) 7a

PpMlnita ((iviiilaiial 72

Piiiinnniia (Arcldiiiyitl — -jM'.i

PiuMido-nnilt'a (Si'iiiriii) 70

Patloiiiiiha (niip'iiiita) 80

I'nil iHiiiluK [i y I'liii rbyurhiia) 1 lu, 185

pHiirouia liypmiiiiiii 85

Ptuiniica liniiiiliH iiu

aibli'ira (11)

ajHH'.loaa ,. oil

I'tiriamui'iitia H2

ii(|iiiliiiii 8a

Plil.KlllMllH 1 IliuUll) I8U

Ptllulii impliuiiiili'a 8.^

Pluliiiiaii llllf ilitt 85

I't.Mliumiiipliim nliMitli'ua 110.185

Plilii-iiH (Saiiil)ti('UH) 68

Piilii--iiiii» ( l>i vdlmli'B) |H(i, 192

Puflimii* leniiirMiitiif* 120,180

I'ulcli.'lhiiii (Muliiidliim) TO

(PolcniiMiiuiu) 72

Puliu<iiiui-.a (Slic'lal Hh

Piiiirtiilu (Savifniuii) 07

Punilatiiiii (MiiiiMii) — 83

Piiniliitni. (OilopiiH) 113

(Sli.liuMiB) oa

PnnKitiiiii biwliypnda (iliiHti'n>Hl«iiB) 87

PutpuiiiM'pim (('aliiiiiaifroatiri) 80

Purpurea (( .'ardiiiiiiiio) 02

Purpiiri'iiH (I.Hiiitiidoii) 83

Purahil iKiuiumnlua) 01

Puaillu (Sylviiiilii) 178,195

pih'olHtii (Sylrania) 105

I'uailUla (Hlniiirh.\ uiliua) 120, I H.")

Piitdiiim i-riiiincH , .'. 208

vIbkii ,.. 2U7

vulgaria 208

222

INDKX.

P]r|(ininiia(Rurynorh.vD«liiiii) IN

(tUniiniiiiluii) 01

(Mliiiiirhyni'liuii) mm

ryrirolU ( I.<>|iUrrhi>iift) *'

I'jrrirnrmn (Hryiiiiil H.I

(TetrHpoin*) (H

I*)rnljt,iiiln(>r Tl

rotiiiiilirolla Tl

bmcKU Tl

Hoounilii Tl

P.vnilH'tlKrln (Clmlot liiuiiiiaal Tl

Hyrrhiilii riuMlnl IM, 170, 1(3

olhKiwiMi IM,170

oiM'«lni« cuhIdI IMI,1T0

uuruputii ITO

KrlMtvDiitrls IN, 170

niiOor 1N,1T0

orlKiiUllii 170

riibliillU 170

I'yriiii rlviiUrU 6A

Hitmliiu^iriilU OA

PyindnlB (ClwIonU) M

g

Qiiiuli llnlvnilli) (Can<)|«iiiiii) IU4

K.

Kociiniltrluni lU^ionl•rK US

ouuencvns ftrlroldiw f3

faxMi'iilure 83

ImiUKluiiauiii U

lUi^liianiM-li-H kIuiiimiii 'MO

l{itl» psriiilfnra Ill

Knlii M

lUllllHIW U

lUiiiriitaceiiiii ( llaloMooion) M

liana Nvlvatira 0

lUiiKlfur taranilaa 202

ourllHiii 203

gr(riiUoillaua 802

UaiiKllVriiia ((;iMli>nia) 84

lUimiioiilolilva (Benplvruin) 07

Kaiiiiii€iiliin i-aokM'holtail 01

tliiviatllin 01

li) lierlmreua 01

lapiHiiiloua 01

iivla<iiii 01

iiivalia 01

uooidvnUlla 01

pallaall 01

piirahH 01

pygmniua 01

Karittora (Cami) 7»

Keciirviiin (SpliaKniiiu cuapidatiiiii) 82

KMlowikil (KvhinoapKrnium) 73

KcKnlna calrniliila 1H3, IDO

aatntpa 100

ullvaoeua IM

Ucmots (Carex) 70

Kanlforniia (Oxyria) 74

Knpena (Diantliiia) 03

(TriroHiiin) «4

(Triticuiii) 70

ItopUna (Piilemonlmii) 72

KoMMliro:ia (8<-iilclo) 70

Reticulata (Salix) 7S

KeTolvviiH (llypiium) 84

Khakdocarpn (Enoalyptra) 8«

Bliamnlfolla (Sallx) 78

Khinaiithiia crlatlKalll 73

Rhudodeudnm kanitt^baticnin 71

lapponlvnni '. 71

Ubwilola (Smtam) 00

Rbodoinxla flacceoaa....: 8!>

•arix 85

Bhodoatetbla roae* 186

KbynrbiMp<ira aM« 70

UIImwi bni<'ti*<Muiii , 14

tiiiilwinliitiiiin • M

liti'iintnt ,, li

laxlfloriiiii M

nibnini • It

Rlobanlaunl (Ai iiiiiitl 01

(Nyi'talKlnUKIliailiil) 103, lOl

(Hallx) 75

(Uraua) NT

Uli'biiriliiniill (lliiyklnla) tfl

Kl|i«ll,i ((Mlvlmilal 177, IM .

l(i|>ui liiH ImivalU ( A rvlciiU) 2U4

Klaaa linivinwtna «, 124,180

trldarlylii |H>llloail« 124,1110

KlviiliiFK (llypiiunil M

Ulviilaria (i',\riia) 60

(HaiirraKa) 67

Kubiiiitiiin (riliipbiiruii) 84

Koliualiia (rbuiiicrcN'iiriK (..daKlcual 130, 186

UuiIkitkII (Kulniiirun Kliu'inila) 186

KuiiiniixolUa nllrluMiHla « 73

iiiiuliMrJikt^UHU 71

ItoiiiaiiKiiRluiiu (Spiruiilbiwl 77

Uoaa rlUiiiiiDiiiHu 65

iluaia (Uboilimiiahia) 160

K<mi'Uiii (Kpiliililuiii) 66

KuiHMin iStrrptopiia) TT

Koiwll (Cbi'ii* ,18

(•l.iiiii) 65

Itumruliiin (Mciliini/* 81

lutlMtu (ritJiintftyue) 71

Uutiiiiilutik ((yiirox) 79

Hiitii iCMlla ,thuaera) 09

Itiitiiiidii (I'lia) 80

Uiitiimnfollii (l'.\nila) 71

(Sallx) 75

Rllblla iilr licllM 65

clminiciiKtriia 66

iiulkauua 65

pwliUuH 00

apiMlnlilila 65

atKllnliiK 00

Riihlcllla (I'.vnlmlii) 170

Uiibiu (Alnim) 76

(Sptrifula) OS

(FiHliini) ' 80

Kiibnini < Itibcii) 66

KuanaiMtiliMpizaraaciats) 17^ 104

Kufinu'enn (I'nrua) 106

(PotHiiiogotou) 77

Itllfua (Trii. blliiK) 102

KiiitoMiiii (llypmim) 84

Uiinii'X BculiiHA 74

ddiiieHtirua 74

aaliiifolina '. 74

ItilpratHn atkbenala (Lanopila) IM, 190,101

lU'laiml (Laitopua) ISS, ISO, 101

(LiiKupiia) 104,101

KnatlMilna (Fali'u) 109

Uyrfali'u (Kaico) ISO, 101

Kutacoiini (Biitryrbliiiii) 83

Kiitbi-nu'iini (llypiitiiii) 84

Kiilllu«(KT<>t<)iiiy«) 304

S.

Sablnil (Xenm) 120,186

Saitina liiiiiti't 64

Sttgliioiclia ( Spurgiila) 03

8aidn (lluri'iiiciidUH) 89

Salrlirimuni (llypimiu) 84

.Salkifolla (.Splnca) C4

SiilU'itiiliun (Kiimox) 74

Salli'imiin (Vucriniimi) 71

8rIU aitica 76

barclayt 76

INDEX.

223

■'■(■'

MlimnltU .. .. 76

niki'kKiialiin* 7S

Klai'litlla 7.1

■Imivii 71

h|>|i«iilriiin 7S

invriiliilliw 75

my rtllliililKK 7(

omliroll* 78

pslla^l T5

iilMuiniiiU 7t

plilrl>ii|ihyllii ;5

pliyllU-ulilna 78

tMilM-lii 76

mlniiliitH 79

rliKiiiiiiroliii 78

rlchnnUoiil 78

riitiiniliriilln 78

•It^'hi'iiiilii 76

•pMiiHia 78

iivk'iinil 78

Tiifiinlii 78

Kuliiiiiiliiimiiii (Apilerl Ml

HHlt'i'lliiuii iiinliiiH 104, 105

HHiiilMH-ir<*lift 0*>riiN) 05

HniiiliiiriiH pulii'iM 6H

Hiincll |"li'<>>iili< (Ari'lillnili-ii InKHiMia) 18H, lUI

Saiicl»li lii'imln nliiiiilliliiH I AiiitiiiKli>liill») 173. IU4

(Aiiiiiiciilrniiiiial 17a, |IM

Sidi^iiiHiii Im I'jiiiiitleitNiH 68

Harnii'iilim;! (.VIoctorlao in ■) 85

(Cluyliinia) 66

HkHaiimi alpliiit 70

Hitl u iiita 70

Hiitra|in oIlMU'iiia ( KoKiilua) inn

(ItciiulilK) IIH)

Batiirallnr (l'nla|it«a ouhr) IB-J

Haintlllii «'iir«ii 79

d'aiim^llu) • 68

Saxicdiu (tiiitiDlIm 106

Ha\ifrauii aTKlrnaat'i'tt 67

iirmitu 67

lirniicliialla 66

n*rimii 67

ra'Npitoaa 67

tliiviiilni 87

ini'liHi'liolUII 60

I'XAmtii 67

<'«lll« 67

(liilli'llnrla 66

Itctrniiitltt'rii 67

lilcini ll'cilia 67

litrriiliiH 66

Ii<i)i'iiiil)it*niifi>lla 66

nititlii 00

ni-lN(»niaiiu 07

iiivAlin 67

niHliiuiilia 67

ii|i|iiMltll'<ill» Ml

liiiiu't.tln 07

vn-iiliirln 07

umptlliliillii no

Hiliii ii'a 07

Hiloiiittiirn 07

Hpicittii 07

trli'iiaplilaU Ut

Sayii (Sayoriiia) IM, IU2

Sayoniia Miiyft 100. 11>2

h4

78

7H

77

Kl

M

Kca|ianirt iiiinM<r(m'-.

St-hiMii-l)KiTf (Kri'.phtii'iiin)

Kchii'iiopi'iiHiMn (.'Mliiiiii)

tH'hiMrhiiiaroOlaim {IMatiiiitlu'ra) ..

84-)irniluii (DicruuiiiD)

H4ilir«bi'ri (llypniiin) — 1

Scli'piiH crnpiloan

a>lvntirtla

8<!liinip'.«nia voluculla IiuiIhoiiIuh .

78
204

Hsiiirua hmlaiiiiliiahiiilautiiu*

Honlni'iiphHuiia nanillinia

8«filtipa4'riiM (Miii'nirliNiitphiu)

Hotiparluin iI>lri,iiiiiMi) ,

Honrlilriilnta (.St Ida)

R«ull< mil I I.lKiiatli iim)

HeiMiiiita (Pyrula)

llMiiiiii rhiHiloln

84«lnriia aiirnraplUiia

nuvi'ltorarttnaU

flalauliit'lla apliioaa

H<>latf» (l*yi'<)p*'<lli>iiO .

H«iiiipaliiiali< (^ulalltU)

Hi^iiii'iii aiirciia •••

friililua

linokvrl

liiXrua

imlualrla

|iaciiil» arnica

naiiilll'iillii . .

ti'liuitfuiiir'a ,.

Hi'pli'iitr<Mim|i> (l■lnl.^alllal ....

H*<ptt>iilrl(iiialiH (AlHliiMHva) ...

(CaKtllUJa) ...

(I'uriinatrlr. ptlldal

H<>ip»iiH lllypiMino

H«.rpvlliriilla (Siiiir .'.I

( Vi-l(Ml.l.tt)

Hcnilliia (Miiyilla)

Sari'uliii' (.M riiuiiMii)

rriiylitiiii)

MiMiilalii (U'l'laln)

S4'!4<|iii6 Ill rrriai-tiiiti)

.Suxanuuliiri^ (I'lilyti icliiiiii)

ShIntlauKUH (I. mux)

Sllibaltllii proi'iiinbxna

Slhiilca (f'hiyli.iilill

(Iil«)

(Mcrti'imla)

(I'lll(.X)

(I'turiiiii'ii)

(Hiixll'rHKa)

Hililrloiia (Aat«ir)

(Klyiiiiia)

iiiiOiir (I'liriia)

<l*atiiNi

HIiiiilfKi ( Tliyiiiulliia)

Hlh'lKi ai-iiiilla

HilfiiiUiira (.Saxil'nicii;

SlinurliylH-hila iTlatiitnlltia Ul,

puallliia

liyKiiiHiiia

Hliiiintiia (('orviia corux) ..

Shiiiiiaii (Di'lraiti'i'lu)

Sipha^oliua litiiliHti«a

Slay iiiliriiiiii Hupliiii aopliioiilita

Siayi-lU4--liiiiin l>i>niillillKiiil

Iii^i iniiiliiiliiini Hlicvpa

Slt«hfl)He (Lyi'uiMMliiiiii)

SltihoiKiH (Al'iiua)

(Alltmorua)

(Hrniiiiia)

i Koitiaii/nnta)

(.Sallil

(Viiila lilttiira)

Hmiluoiiui lilfolia

liplia occidt^iitalla

Show

Soirlalla (.Spim-llB)

Soil

8iiHtla(Eo (Minfi^i'tiHoi-a

vir^a-unrea

Holflariiia ('riiUitiia)

Suiliati'i'ia apfctahilla

V. nigra

8(iiuuioaiia inlcrocephalua

MM

166,166

146. IM«

»3

88

m

71
N
lift

176,106
HI
81

IM, 160
70
T6
76
TO
70
70
70
70
«■
70
70
100
04
06
71
77

Ul. 187
83
82
60
84
110
00
00
77
70
71
60

m

66

70

181

181

104

68

07

IIU, 1H8

130, 185

no, 188

187. IN

85

64

61

77

77

61

76

83

80

78

76

63

77

77

18

174, IM

14

69

00

180

137, 188

1:10, 188

113

224

INDEX.

SonnrteiiHiii (IleiipeiomyH U.u»iiius) 2u4

Sophia HopluoiiltMi (SinyiiibrhiDi) 62

Soiux i'(H>peri 'J05

fufHter! , 205

Hphamiirnin 205

Hpadicea (Lii/.ula) 78

pavviflom ( Liunb) 78

Spargnniiim iiatHim 76

Hpari erinn (Fnlcn) 101

Spatiilin'typiMita 133. 1«7

SpftittHH {PUnnira) 60

(Salix) 76

SpeclabiliM (Rubim) 65

(S«i«iU«ri«) 137, 188

Sp^rgtila arvHiiHis ftl

rubra 03

HaKinuldeH 63

SporniophiUt 7

SpvrnH)pliiltiR oiupMlra nnjirtia 2u:i

kadittconHiH 'JOC

Spbffirieuin (Spluohniim) 8;i

Hphirrophoi on <'orallniileH 84

fraKile 84

SpbaKnionlii (Sijrex) 205

Rpbaiintim aciilifnlium 82

cuHpidiiliiin itH^urvum 82

rynibifoliiim 82

flmbriittuni 82

tert'H 82

SplachbLMii Hpbr.^iicani 83

vaaeulofliini 83

SpbixletiH (Ilypiinm) 84

Spioitul (llli'<:biiuni) 82

(Lomana) 82

SpicaU (Etyna) 70

(Luxulii) 78

(Saxitra^n) 67

Spintma (SrlaniiH-Ua) 81

HpiniihiHUin ililatatiim (ARpidiiini) 82

Spinra aruncuH 04

he tiilifidia 64

pf4-t iuata 64

H:ilic.ifulia 64

Spirantl. ^ romnnzottiana 77

Spixella iiionttrolaoi-hraoeu 174,104

8ooiaIiH 174, 104

SqiialuH acautbiuH 112

SqiiftiTOHum <Uypnuni) 84

Squrttarola (Cbarndriua) , 100

Statico arnierbi 74

Stellat ia borealia 63

rrispa Kt

onutsifolia 63

hiiniifuHa 63

Iimgifolia 63

lougipea 63

nit'dia 63

uli^inoaa 63

Stcllaria ( Fbyaola) ■. 85

Stellata (Dmba) 62

Stellat 118 (rioiironect es) 87, 88

(Kiibus) 65

Stelloriaua (Cawiiope) 71

SUiUei i (Cyanocitta) 193

SfelbTi (Enicoiiyita) 135,187

(Euniotopiaa) 08, 206

{GymiiaudnO 74

(Voronira) 73

Sttdlnlata (Caiex) 79

Stenantha vivipera (Glycoria) 80

(Ptm) 80

SteumliiB inackeni^i. 103

Stennluba ( Draba) 62

Stert'ticaulon paschale 85

tonicntosum 85

Sterna aleutica 127,186

PftgA.

Sk-rna parodUw '. 127,128.186

Sturt'orarnia IcuiKtcaiiiliis 123, 185

paraHiticiifi 123,185

pumariuua 122i 1*5

ShchRjiiipiinilatua W

Stii-ta pulnionaroa 85

HonrbU'uIata ... 85

Stokmlt (Hypiuini) 84

Stolimifera (C(»rmiH) 68

Stnlniiifi'nim (llypiiiiin uiyoanrdiduH) 84

St ratuN 20

Strcp^Ta (Anaa) 131,187

Stn^ptopiiB aiiipb'xlfidiua 77

ItHttMID 77

Striate (Dpndrtdca) ....178.105

Stiiatuhis (Acoipiteratrkapillua) IW, 191

Striata (Carex) 79

(Primula) 72

Strichiiu (Polytriobiiiii Juiiiptirimnn) 83

fStriufma ((;nluiii])^'n>aliH) 80

Stiij;iwniTi ([lypiiiiiii) h4

SlTonj^ylm-i'iitratua driibaubiciiHiH 126

Stybma (Carox) ^ 79

Subarclit'UH (lliibo virKiidanuH) 162, 192

Siibuiida OVdicubiriH) 78

SiibriilirolliH (Trynsitert) 189

Stibaiiiiiuta (SiisHtiruat 70

SultHpioittiim iTriaiiUiin), BO

Suimluta Foatma , 80

SububituH (UruiiiuH) 80

SucUK'yi (KiiU'o colmiibariiia) 101

Siitlctica ( PcdiiMilaiia) 73

Siiorica (Coriiiia) 68

(Cyaufcula) 106

SuiiHet abadowa 31

^iiipt-iuilioHua (Ht'xagrainniuH) 06

Suriiiaiiit^nHiH (Hydroi:)udid«n ui);ra) 186

Stiifucr i-urrunta 31,32,33

Hiiraia uhila 163, 103

capamcb .. 164,102

Swaiiihoni (lliiteo) 191

Swaiuaimii (Tiirdua uotulatun) 183,196

S wertia per«nni8 72

obtnaa 72

Sylvauia pnailhi 178,195

pileubita 195

Sylvatica (I'alaniaKroHtia) 80

(CJadimia) 84

{ M 3 ()sot ia) 78

Sylvaticiim (Kqiiiatitum) 81

SylvftlicuH (Sciipua) 78

Syiupb)curpua kanitar.baticiia 76

Syiiaptoiiiys »;onpevi 204

SyntbliboianipbiiH autitiima 120, 185

wnmizuHiimo 185

T.

Taobyoiiiota bicob)r 177, 194

Ta iiittpti'i'UH (CuttUH) 04

Titbit ioiiaia (Nuineniiia) :. .. 190

TauHci'tuin burouoiiae 60

kotznbiirnaia 60

Taraiidaa (Kaiigifor) 202

caribou (Itantziler) 203

Kru'iilaiidinm (Kaiigifer) 202

Taraxacum dcna-U'ouia 70

var. coratopboniro 70

ly rat u ni 70

pnhiatre 70

Tnitarica fri;;ida (Lecanora) 85

Taylorla h, r-ata gg

THtima >:raiiditb)ra 86

Teloxya ariatata 76

Trmperaturt* 27

Ti'iittUa {Gtiutiana) 72

< Finibrarla) 84

;/JP-

INDEX.

225

lenKinalnil rifhanlKunl (KycUle) 162,11)2

Temiinnlrii (PiitHniw) 1», 186

I»3

88

82

71

66

74

TeiihliMvitiK littnraliii (l.rilroslirli-)

Ti>nn (SphaKi'O'ul

T«rnatuni (I^)tryrlitiim)

TetraKou* (Ca«i>in|>e) •

IVlntKomim (E|iil<ibiiim)

Tetrnliit (I'»Ii'u|m1h)

Tetmplmlnii iiiiiioides

T*'lrrti«tnm p.vrifurinp

Ti'triiplils pelliirlila

TbHliftniii) a)piiiuni

TI.HiiinMliH vonDiciilAip

Tlni.U I'xi't-IiMi

'riiyiiiulliiH Hi^nltei-

Ti»tfllBirir«H«ln ...

Tidm

Ttlriia Knx-illa

Titfnli (Tulgaris artenii'Hla)

'I'Uiaiwa (FarimJia)

riiiiiiliia ( Litpns)

'J'iitli>ldia Ixirealia

f'occinfa

^lutiuo^a

Toinentonunt iHtvreooanloD)

Turqiiatiia (Ciiniciilua)

62

88

61

8S

76

104

118

:)3

IKI

6»

85

205

78

78

78

M

204

TotatniH tlavipea 148,180

iiit^lanolfMictifi ifto

Holitariurt 189

TowDMiidi (Deiidroioa) ig6

il'li'vtroplienax uiralial 104

'i'l'iundrim (Jimciia xiphioldrB) 78

Tiianfii>l**i'>'* (^t'ul^fu) •- 70

Tiiriipliylla (JuiiKerniBunia) M

TrtcuapiduU (Saiifraiia) 66

Trldaitjla polllcmia (Ulrwa) 124.186

Trieutalia ruropea 72

ai'ctica 7

TrlUdiim((iallliir.i) a^

Tiitolla (OopOa) (i

Trlfollnta (Men.vaiitlio) 72

(Tiarella) os

Trirtuium ((lalUniiO (jg

TrifoHuut repcna 04

Tri^Iochin luuiitiiuuiii , 77

palnatre 77

Trilnlia (Ili-putUal gi

'i'rintfa lu-miiiiiata igy

ulpiua pacihCA 147, 180

bairdii 189

lanutua 146,18

"oiieel 147, 180

UuiuacoDKin 189

ferruginea 18O

I'uacicollls 189

muculatu 147,180

inaiitiiua 180

nilnutilla 180

ptiUtoutjmia 189

Tnptuiot'arimni <Polygonuti) 74

Triqiietnim (llypnum) 84

Trtaetiiiii rcTiiiiltim 80

auaqniHnriira 80

Huliaploatnin 80

Xii»t« (Hiernciuni> 70

Tritloum rvpena 70

'IrotihiliiB rufua 102

Troglodytes iilaacenaia 181,199

hieiiinlia pnolfloufl 105

Troiloi-Jilifornira lUiia) 1?2, 185

T urceolatua 83

Tryngltiw anbruBrolUn 189

Tiirdiia alloln 183,106

aoD«...achliie 106

iiatiilat iiB 186

awalnsonii 183,196

Vage.

Turgldnni ( A iilacomninn) 88

Turnerl (Lycodpa) Oil

Tiriltght riirvHa 36

r.

Dliginoaa (St«IUrla) 03

Ullglnoauin (Vaoninliiinl 71

Ulola bnrclayi S»

ritila caimrwh (Siirnia) 164,102

'•ineriw 161,102,102

lapponii'* 162, 10'.'

Ulllla (Sumift) 163. 192

UiiilM'llobbn (Ihiuaan iinihfllua) I.'i2, 10(1

Uiiibplliin unilH'lliibloa dloiiaaa) 152, lOfi

rnaliiNchcfimiN (I'aH8<>r«IIa iliaciO IM

rniilaHchki'iMH (Arnica) 70

(('■•llniKl B8

riialaHcbkt'iiaia (Kuniauznflla) 7:1

Unalaslikf'iihiH (liirundo) 177

UiiHlaHclikiaiia (l)iaba) 02

0Di'ialia (Cladoiilai 84

I'ncinatiim lui^lua (Ilypniini) 84

ITudiilaliiiii (ll.vpuuni) 84

Uuitlui'u (Caiiipantita) 70

Uuiftoroiii (EiiKi'Kin) 60

Upaoleuain (Lt'caaura pulleat'eDa) 85

Uralenxia (Ox.vtropiiai 64

Uicfolutiis ( r ) 83

rria lomria arra 122,185

ti'uile califiii'iiloa 122,185

I'rile (I'lialaiiui-orax) 130,186

Uriuator adamsii 115,184

arctkiii. 116,184

iinbei 1 16, 186

liinime 116, 184

paciflciia 110,184

UnlDUR (CallurbiniiH) 46,206

rrsuB AiiitirloauiiH 206

bonibllia 207

richardsoui 2il7

Diticadioica 76

DatulatuH BwaiUfioiiii (Turtlna) 183, 106

(Tiinlua) 106

Cvulavia aoiplexifolU 77

Uvaiirsl (Arctoataphyloa) 71

(Sallx) 76

V.

Vaci'iuiuiii (-ffapitoaum 71

>!baniiasoni« 71

niyrtlllua 71

iiiyitilloidt'a 71

uvalil'uliuui 71

paivil'ulium 71

HHlicinuin 71

uligiiiuauiu 71

vitiaideea 70

Vngaiita (Sallx) 75

A'agiiiatum (Kriophorum) — 78

ValeiiuiiHcapitata 88

dloica 68

Vallsiiuria (AyUi.va) 187

VanflUua Tauellua lOo

(Vanelliis) 100

VaariiloBum (Splaohmim) 83

Vegetation 16

Velox (Acclpiler) 186,100,191

Veuoaa ( Peltigera) 86

Veratruiii eaobai'liollJill 78

Vflrniictitare tTbaniiiolia) 86

Verna (Hirtfturenaria) 63

Veronion alplna 73

amerlcana 73

aiiagallia 78

biMicabungii 78

uirpylllfolia 73

S. Mia. 165-

-29

22«

INDEX.

I'lige.

Verontc-a Bt4^Upri 7j

Verrucoanm (Nontuc) MS

VeraabUia(Maiiapteni) -. 200

VertlnllUta ( I'mllculnrlal 73

Veacionlunna ( Kiiiua) M

Voaicarii (Carex) 7»

Venicolur (I'lHlii^nlarta) 74

Vibiirnom acerifolium 08

paiu^inoruiii Ail

Vicla gigantea 64

Villaraia criatanalli 72

Villoaa lAudrnaatrl Ti

VIloB* (I'lDnniviiln) 71

(PatmitiUal 05

Villumini (Kpltriiihliiin) 78

VllloDuslfucumelaH (Dr.vobaton) IK

(Mallntiin) IW

Viola bi^ora aitohtimia «8

bliinda MS

lanRmloiHii «3

VlrKaaiirru (8oli<l»KU) '. (Ill

Virgata (Apbrizn) 1.10,190

Virgiiiinniia arotirim (Biibni 102

((.'iiliiiiiH) 153

allbarctiouii (Itilbcii 162.192

Vlrglllion (l.'liiytdiiliil W

VirginuTim (liotryihlum) Kt

Viridia (AIniia) 76

((i.vniiu'llh) ■ 08,93

Viila-idiL.a ( Vavclniuiii)

Viaoii (PiitoriuH)

Vitnlinn iIMuh'a) ..

Vivlpaviini (Polygountii)

Vivipera (Glycciia alHiiaiitha)

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Voiuerlna ( IMiocifna) 200

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Vulg«ri»(Art«ni«ala) . 611

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IIIipiKiglnaaiial M,tT

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XaiilbitKiiatbuH I Arvicola) 204

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ZeUtiiiii (Mnliiiti afHnp) 88

ZIldtLiM-UR (Fiber) 204

Zonotiiubia rotonala 174,104

iiiteraiedia 178,1114

Z«»Ht4.ra mai'lDa 77

Zygndi-tma glanriia 7

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