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«

NOTK TO THK HKPKINT.

Tliat portion of Part II wliicli preot-iles pago 50:{ of tliis volume of tin- TniiiH-
actions, luul l>eeii priiiti'd anil the author's separate edition of 150 copies mostly
distributed before the Hre, by which the rejtular edition was destroyed, eausiujf
considerable delay in issuing the volume. A. portion of the author's edition
WHS also distributed, as soon as printed, in sheets, each bearing its date of pub-
lieation, to all those Zoiilogists known to be interested in the subject

Hence it was thought inidesirable to introduce in this reprint even those
chanK'es which the progress of science has rendered necessary, except when it
could be done in parentheses or foot notes, without essentially changing the pag-
ing and original reading. Therefore, in the tlrst five articles, no changes of impor-
tance, unless typographical errors, have been made, excojit in footnotes t« which
"_R,.j)rint" ii appended. In the sixth article, it V)eing wtill incomplete and less
extensively (iistril)uted, I have intrmluced cliangas more freely, yet without chang-
ing the paging, and have in all important cases altiixcd "—Reprint" to new mat-
ter. When a name has been changed the original name follows in parenthesis,
in order that no confusion may arise from references to copies of (lie first edition.
The following are the mosi important changes : p. 38(5, Gorgonia is changed to i^Mxi-
rdJa, and I'tfrogorgia to Gorgonia; p. :i87, Litfgoigia to Leptogorgia; p. 392, L.
mtila is made a distinct species; p. 39.S, L. Levis changed to L. alba; p. 398, L.
fwosix to L. Caryi; p. tlO, Eugorgin Mexicana to E. uurantuica; p. 413, Leptogor-
gia aiiraiiti'im K and H. to Echiiogorgla; the measurements of the spicnla of Lep-
togorgia and Eugorgin have l)eon (wrroctod in accordance with the note on p. 415
(Ist ed.), and in some crises additional ones given ; new localities have been
a.lded from the collections of McNiel and Capt Pedersen; p. 411, Psammogorgia
fuCDsa added; p. 450, Echinogorgia aurantiaca lulded; p. -197, Cemmariii changed
to Epizuanthtin.

The above changes in nomenclature have also been made in the American .four-
nal of Science, vol. xlviii, p. 419, Nov., 1869, from which they shoidd date.

A. K. VKKKIl.L.

Nkw Mavkn', Conn., November 15th, 1S09.

v"'\ ■ . k ••'

B

•S*Tv

b'

Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 877

No. 0. — Review of the Corals and Polyps of the West Coast of
Ameriea. By A. E. Vbruilu

Prosented, April, 18b8.

Rbcbnt explorations of the west tropical coast of America, prin-
cipally by Mr. F. H. Bradley for the Museam of Yale College, have
contributed ho much to the knowledge of the Polypi of that region
and have so increased our store of specimens, that a new and much
more complete catalogue of the species has become indispenHablc for
a proper understanding of the geographical distribution of the ani-
mals of this class. The Smithsonian Institution has contributed the
species collected by John Xantus, Esq,, at Cape St. Lucas. ' v"

In a paper published two years ago,* the writer enumerated nearly
all tlie species then known from Panama and called attention to the
remarkable contrast between the polyp-fauno) of the Atlantic and
Pacific coasts of Central America, and the bearing of these facts upon
the supposed former comiection between the two oceans, across the
Isthmus of Panama.

The additional forms now presented make these contraats still
greater and more remarkable, and add greater force to the evidence
then brought forward to show that no deep or extensive water con-
nection, sufficient to modify the ocean currents, can have taken place
since the existence of the species now living upon each coast.

The Panamian fauna proves to be remarkably rich in Oorgonaeea,
no less than 43 species having already been obtained. The genus
Muricea appears to attain here its greatest development, since 16 spe-
cies, besides several peculiar varieties, perhaps distinct, are in our col-
lection from Panama Bay, and others from Acapulco and Peru, while
from the West Indies there are but four well-ascertained species. The
occurrence of two peculiar, gigantic species of Pavonia, a genus of
corah hitherto known only in the Indo-Pacific faunuc, is noteworthy,
and also the presence of a peculiar new form of Dendrophyliia.

The classification here followed is that proposed by the writer three
years agof with a few changes that have become necessary by a better
knowledge of the anatomy of some groups and the discovery of new
forms.

, • Proceedings of the Boston Society of Natural History, vol. x, p. 323, 1865.

f Proceedings of the Essex Institute, voL iv, p. 146, 1866. See alao Memoirs of the
Boston Society of Natural History, vol. i, 1864.

878

VerriU, .Yotea on Jiadiata.

Order, ALCYONARIA. ,. V . . • <

Sub-Ordor, I'KNNATULACEA. ' •

Family, Remllid^.
Renilla.

The polyps arise from the upper surface of a flat, reniform, cavenious
disk or frond, having a hIhus on one edge, near which there is upon
the lower surface a locomotive peduncle, which is muscular and
greatly extensible and divided in the interior into two longitudinal
chartiber?, which communicate with two largi. cavities at its base, and
through these with the smaller cavities of the disk, and thus with the
bodies of the polyps. The integument of the lower surface, peduncle,
and upper surface, is filled with numerous, slender, prismatic spicula,
and around the bases of the polyps there are pointed, projecting groups
of similar spicula. The polyps originate by budding around the
edge of the disk, and are therefore regularly arranged, alternately
both in consecutive circles and in ra'^iating lines, which are symmet-
rical upon the right and left side of a median plane passing through
the sinus, and they are smaller and more crowded toward the edge
than on the central parts. The polyps are rather large, much exsertin
expansion, but wholly retractile.

Besides the ordinary form of polyps, there are in this, as in other
genera of Pennatulacea, a second kind, having a different structure
and appearance. Or, in other words, the polyps are dimorphous in
a manner analogous to that observed in many Ilydroids. In Renilla,
the second kind of polyps are scattered thickly over the upper
surface between the others, and appear in alcoholic specimens like lit-
tle papillae, with clusters of whitish spots on their, surface, and sur-
rounded with apicula similar to those around the ordinary polyps, but
less numerous and smaller. They are also asexual.

The writer first described these peculiar dimorphous forms of the
polyps of Renilla, in 1864,* as " rudimentary polyps," and afterwards
those of LeioptiUum undtUatum, Ptilosarcus Ourneyi, Veretitlum
Stimpaonii, etcf

* Revision of the Polyps of the Eastern Coast of the United States, Memoirs of the
Boston Society of Natural History, vol i, p. 12.

f Proceedings of the Essex Institute, vol. iv, p. 182-5, 1866.

,C;ti\?-i*;..

WM

. -J*

Bavemoug
e is upon
3ular and
c^itudinal
base, and
witFi the
peduncle,

spicula,

g groups

»iind the

ternately

symmet-

throHgJi
;he edge
lexsertin

in other
structure
phous in

Renilla,
le upper

like lit-
and sur-
lyps, but

8 of the
terwards
^retitlum

ma of the

VerriU, Notes on RaiHata,

Hi

Dr. Albert KftUikcr ha« recently investigated this interesting sub-
ject much more completely, both among Pennatulacea and Al-
cyonaoea, and has already published a short notice,* preliminary to a
more extended memoir upon it. For these reasons it will be passed
over in the following pages with only such descriptions of the exter-
nal appearance of the two forms of polyps as may be useful for the
determination of the genera and Bi>ccies.

Renilla amethystina Voniu.

Bulletin of the MuHoum of Oomp. ZooL, p. 29, Jan. 1864; Proooedings Boston Soo.
Nat. Uistorj, 1866, p. 326.

Plate V, figure 1.

Frond large, rather thin, broad reniform, broader than long, propor.
tion of breadth to length about as 1*3 : 1 ; sinus extending more than
one third across the length of the frond, about equal to one third of
its breadth ; the posterior lobes broad and rounded, meeting behind^
Peduncle placed at about its own diameter from the end of the sinus ;
length, in contraction, equal to about a third of the breadth of the
frond. Lower surface and peduncle rough with spicula, which are
arranged somewhat in radiating lines, upper surface slightly convex,
covered with very numerous, rather closely set, small polyps, which
are surrounded at base by slightly projecting, rigid calicles, strength-
ened by numerous spicula, which rise up in angular clusters. Thickly
scattered between the ordinary polyps are those of the second or rudi-
mentary kind, which form, in the contracted state, much smaller ver-
rucje, surrounded by a lower border of spicula, and consisting of clus-
ters of from eight to thirty, small, round papillae, each with a dark
point in the centre.

According to Mr. Bradley's observations upon the living polyps,
these are mostly -25 of an inch long, and about '12 across the expand-
ed tentacles, the bodies of the polyps being about '06. " They are
transparent, with an opaque stomach, the eight radiating lamellae
showing through the walls ; around the small mouth, which is edged
with white, are eight radiating white points, corresponding to the
intervals between the tentacles ; ai'ound ihe base of the tentacles is a
brown ring, which runs down in points opposite the spaces between
theuL Opposite the base of each polyp are two (rarely four or five)
bunches of little white rays. The frond is nearly transparent, but highly
colored by very numerous purple spicula, evenly distributed on the

• Verhandlungen dor physik-medicin QeseUschaft in Wiirzburg, Dfec., 1867.
Annals and Mag. Nat Hist, March, 1868.

Also,

380

Verrill^ Noten on liadiata.

■'{■

\.

peduncle and lower tmrface, but on the upper side arranged along the
edges of the polypiforouB radiating lines, and especially concentrated
about the five (rarely six or seven) white points that surround the
closed polyps. The polyps are arranged somewhat in q-iincunx, in
lines that radiate from the attachment of the peduncle, and curve out-
ward on the sides to the lobes. The tentacles are narrow and taper-
ing, -04 to -06 long, bearing, especially in young specimens, well marked
pinnae at the tip and edges, which in old ones often become reduced
to a mere fringe."

In alcohol the usual color is deep rich purple, due to the color of
the spicula, with the tip of the peduncle light yellowish ; but some
specimens are light, reddish purple, and one is pure white, due per-
haps to disease or injury, for it has become deformed. The polyps,
when expanded, usually show the eight white lobes around the mouth,
and the brown band below the tentacles.

The spicula are all slender and irregularly prismatic in form, some-
times bent, a little thickened in the middle, tapering slightly to near
the ends, which are somewhat enlarged and bluntly truncated. They
vary considerably in size, those of the upper surface around the polyp-
cells and in the integument of the lower surface being the largest ;
many others are about haif as long, and others not more than a fourth.
The largest spicula of the upper surface are about •810""" long and
•064""" thick ; some the larger ones from the lower surface are •544™"'
long by '056'""' thick, and •608"'™ long by '048™™ ; with these are
many small ones about 'SSO™"' by '048™™. Some of the larger spicula
from the white specimen are ^640™"' long by •064™™ thick, and the
smaller ones '240™™ by •024"'™. The color of the spicula in the darker
specimens is deep amethystine purple ; in the lighter specimens, light
purple or silvery white. The spiculia all reflect light in a peculiar
manner, which gives them a silvery lustre. They do not appear to
have such well marked triangular sections as those of " It. ameri-
cana,^* figured by Dr. Kdlliker,* the angles being less prominent,
without reentrant angles between them. In many cases the section
is nearly round, or quadrangular with rounded corners, but to-
ward the ends of the spioulum, usually triangular with rounded
angles.

When contracted in alcohol, one of the largest specimens measures
3'75 inches in breadth ; 3^30 long, from posterior lobes to front ; 2'20
from sinus to front; '35 in thickness; diameter of polyp-cells '06.
When living, some specimens were more than 6 inches in breadth.

* Icones Histiologicse, ii, Taf. xix, fig. 16.

Verrilly Notes on Radiata.

•81

nloiifir the
nocntrated
round the
incunx, in
curve out-
arid tapcr-

II marked
reduced

le

color of

but Home

due per-

he polyps,

the mouth,

)nn, some-
ly to near

ed. They
the polyp-
e largest ;
n a fourth.

long and
ire •644"""

these are
[er spicula
:, and the
the darker
lens, light
» peculiar
appear to
-ft. ameri-
•rominent,
le section
, but to-

rounded

measures
out; 2*20
cells '06.
ladth.

Panama, north of the railroad-wharf, on sand at extreme low-
water, abundant on one occasion only, — F. H. Bradley; Panama, —
J. II. Sternbergh, Capt. J. M. Dow, T. KowuU, Esq. ; Pearl Islands,
dredged on muddy bottoms, 4 to 6 fathoms, — F. II. Bradley ; Acajutla,
San Salvador, — F. II. Bradley ; Zorritos, Peru, dredged on muddy
bottom, — F. H. Bradley.

The single white specimen, referred to above, was found at Panama
with the ordinary variety. The frond, apparently owing to injury or
disease and subsequent restoration, is divided into three nearly equal
lobes by two deep lateral notches and the sinus. The polyps are not
retracted and appear a little larger than usual. The spicuU are pure
white and apparently somewhat smaller than in other specimens.
This species has but little resemblance to B. reniformia of the south-
em Atlantic coast of the United States, being much larger, with
smaller, more crowded, and far more numerous polyps, while the frond
is broader than long, instead of longer than broad. The color is
also much deeper and brighter, and the under surface rougher. It re-
sembles R. patula Verrill, from Cumana, Venezuela, more than any
other species, but can scarcely be confounded even with that, since it
differs considerably in form and color and in the size of the polyps,
and has a thicker frond.

Family, PENNAxruDiB.
Leioptillum undulatuxn VerriU.

Proceedings of the Essex Institute, iv, 1866, p. 182.

Basal portion smooth, pointed at the end, swelling into a large bulb
just below the pinnee. Posterior part of the body, except along a
narrow median band, covered with large verruciform rudimentary
polyps, forming rounded papillie, some of which are a tenth of an
inch in diame,;er. Pinme large, very broad and rounded, with nar-
row bases, the edges thrown into undulations or frills. Polyps rather
large, arranged in three alternating rows along the edges of the pin-
nffl. Axis very slender, about two inches long, extending from about
an inch above the basal end to about the middle of the pinnate por-
tion. The naked base, of a specimen 4*25 inches long, is 1*76 ; the
largest pinnse '75 long and 1*12 wide. This specimen has twenty-five
pinnte on each side.

Piunacati Bay, Gulf of California, — Mr. Stone. (Smithsonian
Institution).

382

Verrillf Noteit on Rttdiiittt.

lii

Ptilosarous Ourneyi «ruy.

Sareoptilwi {^ItiiotwKM) GurneyiGray, Ann. and hing. N. II., voL v, p, 23, pL U,
fig. 2, 1860. « . -

Penmitutii fe»«a Oiibb, Proo. Cnl. Acnd. Nat 8cl., 11, p. 160, 1862.
JHitotarcua Ourtwyi Vorrill, I'roc. Khhox Inst, 1806, p. 183.

Puget Sound, WaHhington Territory, — Dr. C. IJ. Keniierly,

..I .1

Family, ViKuuLARU).*.

Stylatula Vorrill, 1864.
Polyps forming clusters upon the upper »i(lo of the lateral processes,
which are supported beneatli by conspicuous, sharp, radiating, Hpine-
likti spicula, which arc mucli expanded at the base and divided into a
number of irregular teeth. Besides these there are numerous, much
smaller, acioular spicula imbricated at the base of the large ones and
imlicJd'jd in the C(cnenchyma. The stem is long an<l slender, nt iit
Virgvlaria^ and the lateral processes become obsolete belr, The ba-
sal portion is naked, enlarged and bidbous at the base. The axis is
almost cylindrical, stony, with a radiated fibrous structure, and parises
through nearly the entire length. This genus is, as yet, known oidy
from the west coast of America.

Stylatula graoilis VorriU. j ; •• ..**>•. i^ivit-

BuUotin Mus. Conip. Zool., p. 30, Jan. 1864. - •• "■

(/) Virgularia gracUia QrsXiti, op. clt, iii, p. 120, March, 1864.

Plate V, figure 2.

Stem very slender, cylindrical ; base smooth, swollen and bulbous
for a considerable distance relative to the length ; above this a row of
transveree processes (or wings) commences on each side, which are at
first very narrow and slightly prominent, and leave between them, on
both the front and back, a longitudinal naked space ; the lateral pro-
cesses gradually become wider and more prominent upward, and the
naked bands becoming linear, the one on the back side is soon
obliterated by the over-lapping of the lateral wings, while that on the
front side finally disappears by the meeting of the processes in front.
The lateral transveree processes at first bear very small rudimentary
polyps in the form of small papilla?, hijrher up they become more ele-
vated and supported beneath by sharp, white, radiating spines, 10 or
1 2 to each wing, while on the upper edge they bear a single row of
16 to 18 moderately large polyps, which in contraction are papilla)
about equal in length to the spines. In the middle region the wings
are close together, about 30 to an inck .ranged alternately upon

p. 23, pL iii.

ly.

1 processes,
tiuj?, spine-
ided into a
reus, much
! onoH aii'1
ider, iib 111
The ha-
'hc axiH is
and parisos
nown only

Vi rriU, Notrn on liuillota.

883

d bulbous
is a row of
lich arc at
1 them, on
iteral pro-
d, and the
B is soon
hat on the
B in front,
dimentary
more ele-
lea, 10 or
l\e row of
•e papilla)
the wings
tely upon

the sidt'S and n'j^ularly ovorlappinf; hcliind. Near tho ii|»p<'r vwA

ihcy hi UK' niori' ohliinu' and U-hs crowded, almut 15 to an inrh, hut

overlap strongly. Tlicse winj^H are everywhere evenly rounded out-
wardly and more or less eresrent-Hhajfi'd. The axis is white, solid
and very calcareouH, Huhcylindrii-al, witli three slif^ht longitudinal
grooves, diameter "OM of an inch in the middU' of the largest fipeei-
ni us. The radiating spines of the wings are sniooth and sharp at
the outer en<l, longitudiiuilly striated toward the base, which is en-
largi'd to a greater or less extent, Hattened, and usually divided by
several irregular incisions into u lual lobes. In the largest speci-
mens, several of these spines mi ; Mire respectively 1 •67""" long by
•20"'"' wide; P47"'"' long by "i^' " wide; l-HO"'"' long by •!;}"'"' wide.
The small spiculii among t''. -jases of thene and in the cicnenchyma
are slender, somewhat prismatic, ai.d acicular; those of average size
measure •59'"" long by •06""" thlcik, hut many are smaller than this.
The entire diameter of the largest specimen from Panama liay,
from which the above measurements are taken, in the middle portion
is •!© of an inch; its length is unknown, both ( ruls being broken oft'.

A nearly perfect specimen from Cape St. I.ucas, having much smaller
wings and spines, measures 6*8 inches in length ; diameter in middle
•07; of bulbous base •!+; length of V)ulb to commencement of wings
(much contracted) 1-30; length, or elevation, of wings '08. Color, in
alcohol, yellowish white.

Pearl Islands, Bay of Panama, ilredged in 4 to 6 fathoms, — F, H.
Bradley ; Cape St. Lucas, — J. Xantus.

Virgularia gracilis Gabb.

Vm/ularia yracilis Gabb, appears to be near the preceding, but no
mention is made of spines bolow the lateral wings, which are s-nd to
l>e acute. It may be a ditfarent species or even a ditterent genus.
The 8[iecitic names, gracilis and elongata, were, by a singular coinci-
dence, independently given to these forms by Mr. Gabb and myself at
about the same time. Ti»e following is the original description:

" Polypidom long and very slender. Decorticated stem circular or
elliptical in section, smooth on the surface. Poly|)iferou8 lobes slen-
der, exsert, lunate, acute at the tips and broad at the base ; arranged
obliquely and alternately oa the antero-lateral face of the stem.
These lobes occupy the upper half of the polypidom ; retaining their
full size to the extreme apex, but diminishing below, so that on the
middle of the stem they are exceedingly minute ; and an inch or two
below, are only represented by a slight ridge on the sheath, in which
Tbans. OoNNEcncuT Acad., Vol. I. 4S^ Apeil, 1868.

I j

884

Verrillf Notes on Radiata.

diameter of expanded base
Collected by Dr. J. G.

are two or three cells. The lower fourth of the sheath is dilated to
aboat three times the thickness of the rest of the stem.

Length 19 inches; diameter of the naked stem "03 in.; smallest di-
ameter of stem, with the sheath, "04 in. ;
•18 in.; length of largest lobes '15 inch.

Locality, Bay of Monterey, 20 fathoms.
Cooper, of the State Geological Survey. ' • .;

This species can be at once distinguished from V. elongata G.
(Proc. Cal. A. N. S., vol. ii, p. 167) by its more slender form, its pro-
portionally large poiypiferous lobes, its cylindrical stem, without any
grooves, and the comparatively smaller portion of the stem bearing
the lobes."

•

Stylatula elongata Vemii.

Bulletin Museum Comp. Zoology, p. .SO, 1864.
Virgvlaria elongata Gabb, Proc. CaL Acad. Nat. Sci., ii, p. 167, 1863.

This species is larger and stouter than the preceding. The pinntc
are broader and more overlapping, leaving a naked space between the
lateral rows for only a short distance from the base. In the middle
twenty of the lateral wings, on each side, occupy an inch. The spines
are larger and less numerous.

Near San Francisco, Cal. — A. Agassiz.

Sub-Order, GORGONACEA.

Family, Gorgonid^.

G-orgonia.

This genus, which formerly included the entire su>»-order, has been
repeatedly restricted to narrower limits by successive authors, until
in the work of Milne Edwards and Haime* it is limited to those spe-
ci<>p allied to Q. verrucosa of the Mediterranean. Yet even they, as
it now appears, united with it some speciesf allied to Muricea, etc.
Dr. Albert K8lliker, who in a recent workj has very thoroughly in-
vestigated the microscopic structure of the Alcyonaria, reunites with
Oorgonia sevoral of the genera established by Milne Edv^ards, Valta-
ciennes, and others, viz: Rhipldogorgia, Pt^ogorgia, Xiphigorgiu,
Hymenogorgia, Phyllogorgia, Phycogorgia, Leptogorgia, Lophogoj'-
gia, and part of Gorgonella. As thus enlarged, the genus Oorgonia
of KSlliker includes all the Gorgonidse having a horny axis and thin
coenenchyma, with small and simple spicula.

* Histoire naturelle dos CoralUuiroa, 1857, vol. 1, p 157.
f Mwicea vatricosa Koll, TAesea exserta D. A M., Echinogo. gia arida, etc. •
X Icones Hlstiologic'o, oder Atlas der vorgleichenden Gewebolehre, ii, Leipzig, 1866,
4to, witli six platea

I

is dilated to

smallest di-
;panded base

by Dr. J. G.

elongata G.
form, its pro-

without any
item bearing

The pinnsB
e between the
[n the middle

The spines

'der, has been
authors, until
i to those spe-
even they, as
Muricea, etc.
horoughly ir-
reunites with
rards, Valta-
Xtphigorgia,
a, Lophogoi'-
lus Oorgonia
axis and thin

etc.
li, Leipzig, 1866,

Verritl, Notes on Jiadiata.

.385

He sub-diWdes the genus, however, into three groups, as follows :

1. Species having only spindle-shaped spicula.

2. Species having spindleG and bracket-shaped spicula (Klammem).

3. Species having spindles, and in a peculiar external layer, singu-
lar club-shaped spicula.

The last group contains G. verrucoaa and closely allied species, and
corresponds partly with Gorgonia as restricted by Milne Edwards.
It appears to be a very natural and well-defined group, approaching,
by its smooth external layer composed of club-shaped spicula, the
genus Eunicea. All the ascertained species belong to the Mediter-
ranean and African coasts.*

The second section is also a natural and clearly defined group, cor-
responding to a great extent with Gorgonia and Pterogorgia of
Ehrenberg, though a few species of the latter go into the first section
(P. sarmentosa and P. petechizans). It includes the typical species
of Pterogorgia, Xiphigorgia, and Hymenogorgia of Edwards and
Haime, and two species of Leptogorgia, as well as the type of lihi-
pidogorgia VaL {R.flabeUum). All the species, so far as known to
me, are Atlantic, and nearly all art confined to the West Indies and
Atlantic coasts of North and South America, not one having yet been
found upon the Pacific coast of America.

The first section, however, appears to include several natural groups,
two of whifh appear quite as distinct as the two preceding. Among
the species eimmerated by Dr. KOlliker aVe several species referred by
Edwards and Haime to Gorgonia, Rhipidogorgia, Gorgonella, Lep-
togorgia, Pterogorgia, and the typical species of Lophogorgia.

The numerous species of Gorgonim from the west coast of Amer-
ica, would all fall into the first of Dr. KOlliker's sections, but among
them there are two well-defined groups, characterized best by pecul-
iarities of the spicula, each including numerous species.

In the first of these divisions the spicula of the "^oenenchyma are
mostly small, warty or papillose double-spindlesf of two kinds, — a
longer and more slender sort, mingled with those that are shorter and
thicker. (Litigorgia V.),

In the second division there are, in addition to the two forms of
double-spindles, a large number of " do'xble-wheels," or short spicula

* 0. papiBosa Rgper, formerly supposed to be fVora the Eaat Indies, was collected at
the Cape of Good Hope by the United States Exploring Expedition (Coll. Smithsonian
Inst and Yale Museum).

f Those spicula having a fusiform shape, more or less pointed at the ends, with a
narrower and usually smooth space in the middle, are termed "double-spindles" (Dop-
pelspindeln) by Dr. Kolliker. Those without the median constriction are " spindles."

mm

886

Verrill, Notes on liadiata.

with a slender axis, smooth in the middle, but surrounded toward
each end with a circular and usually sharp ridge, like a little wheel.
These spicula are often broader than long, and then, when seen end-
v/ise, resemble disks or circular beads with an apparent depression or
perforation at the centre, owing to the transparency of the axis. In
addition to the six species dcBcribed below, this group includes G.
faseo-purpurea Kcilliker, the spicula of wiiich he has well figured (Taf.
xviii, figb, 28-31), and perhaps other described species. {Eugorgia V.).

In each of these two groups there ai-e species with virgate, pinnate,
bipinnate, and reticulated branches. There are also, in each, species
with flat and with prominent cells. It is therefore evident that such ex-
ternal characters as the mode of branching and degree of prominence
of the cells, cannot be considered as of generic importance, and that
such genera as Rhipidogorgia Val. and Leptogorgia Edw., founded
only on such characters, are unn.'Jtural and heterogeneous groups,
which should be dropped from our system of classification.

It is probable, however, that more than the two natural groups
above described, are included in the first of Dr. KoUiker's sections,
represented by species that I have not been able to study satisfacto-
rily, and among those groups that are most likely to prove distinct
types, is that embracing G. pahna and allied species, corresponding
partly to the genus Lophogorgia Edw. and Haime. ,.

The species of Gorgonina? which I have been able to study, may
be arranged, in accordance with the above considerations, in the fol-
lowing manner :

Gorgonia. — Species having spindles in the coenenchyma, and an
external layer of peculiar, small, club-shaped spicula, producing a
smooth surface. Type, G. verrucosa L.* (now EuniceUa V. — Reprint).

Pterogorgia. — Species having in the crenenchyma small double-
spindles and also crescent or bracket-shaped spicula, nearly smooth
on the convex side. Type, P. acerosa Ehr. (now Gorgonia. — Reprint).

Eiigorgia. — Species having longer and shorter double-spindles, and
numerous double-wheels; surface decidedly granulous, with naked
spicula. Type, E. ampla V.

* It is not improbable that upon further study this group will bo found to belong to
the PlexauridcB, near Eunicea, with which Ehrenborg, indeed, united it. So for as my
examinations have gone this appears to me to be more in accordance with its true affin-
ities. If this suggestion prove correct, the group should receive a now generic name,
and Oorgonia should be rostrictod, partially in accordance with I^hronberg's work, to
the second group (now Pterojorgia) with G. flabsUum as its type, and including, also,
the true Pterogorgim ; and in fact these are also the most common and well-known
Linnaean species. (Later studies having confirmed tliis view, I have since adopted '*
in Am. Jour. ScL, xlviii, p. Nov., 1869, — Reprint).

li!

tided toward
I little wheel,
en seen end-
depressio!! or
the axis. In
> includes O.
figured (Taf.
lurforgia V.).
;:ite, pinnate,
each, species
; that such ex-
•f prominence
ice, and that
Idw., founded
eous groups,
in. ^,

itural groups
er's sections,
ly satisfocto-
rove distinct
orresponding

study, may
IS, in the fol-

lyma, and an
producing a
7. — Reprint),
mall double-
3arly smooth
'I. — Reprint),
jpindles, and
with naked

ad to belong to
. So far as my
th its true affin-
f genoric name,
borg's work, to
including, also,
nd woU-known
nee adopted '*

Verpll, Notes on Jiadiata.

387

Litifforgia. — Species ha^ ing the two forms of double-spindles and
often a few small double-heads : surface somewhat granulous, but less
so than in the last. Type, L. Florm V. (now Leptogorgia. — Reprint).

Neither of the two groups belonging to the Pacific coast of Amer.
ica can be referred to any of the generic divisions defined by Ed-
wards and Haime, and if classified by their system, each group would
have to be dismembered and distributed among Grorgonia, Leptogor-
gia, Pterogorgia, and Rhipidogorgia.

Consequently I have thought it necessary to giv 3 distinctive n»r.ie8
to the two groups already characterized, which I believe to be natu-
ral and well defined, and of generic importance, although others may
consider them as subgenera merely. But in the present state of the
science there appears to be no w .ly to determine whether a certain
natural group be a genus or subgenus, except by the arbitrary decis-
ions or opinions of writers,

Leptogorgia Edw. and Haime, sens. mod. (Litigoegia, .st Edition).
Leptogorgia {pan), Gorgonia (para), Pterogorgia {pars), lihipidogorgia {pars), Gar-
gonella {purs), and Lophogorgia Edw. and Haime, Corall., vol. I. — Reprint.

Spicula of tiio ccenenchyma mostly small double-spindles of two
forms, longer and shorter. Branches usually slender, subdividing in
various ways; often reticulated, pinnate, or bipinate. Cells usually
prominent, sometimes flat, mostly in lateral rows or bands.*

A. — FlaleUiform, branches hipinnate or tripinnate, not reticulated.
Leptogorgia Florae Verrill. (Litigoegia Florjc, 1st Ed.).

Plate V, figure 3 ; and Plate VI, figure 1.

Corallum very much subdivided, forming elegant, fan-shaped tufts.
Several slightly flattened, slender, principal branches usually arise
from near the base and spread divergently in a single plane. Each
of these gives off, at intervals of about a quarter of an inch, ^ ery
slender, nearly uniform branchlets, which are alternate, or sometimes
opposite, and arranged pinnately. Most of these, especially in large
specimens, are again pinnate in the same manner, and some of their

* Having recently received from Dr. Kolliker the spicula prepared from the original
specimens of several of the species of Leptogorgia of Edwards and Haime, iucluding
the type {L. viminalis), I have ascertained that of the fourteen species referred by them
to Leptogorgia, at least five, including the first, belong to the group which I had named
Litigorgia. Therefore it seems, on some accounts, best to restore the earlier name, al-
though a complete change in the definition and limits of the genus will bv necessary.
Of their other species, two belong to Echinogorgia, two to Pterogorgia, one apparentlj
to Gorgonella, while three are unknown to mo. — Reprint (See Am. Jour. Sci., vol.
48, p. 325^ November, -1869).

I

(

388

Verrill, Notes on liadiata.

pinniB again subdivide, but less regularly. The branchlets are all
of nearly uniform size, slender and short, somewhat flattened and en-
larged at the ends, which are tridentate. The cells are very small, but
form well marked conical verrucie, arranged in two alternate rows on
most of the branchlets, but sometimes forming only single marginal
rows on the terminal ones, The front and back sides of the branches
are destitute of cells, and on the principal ones usually show a well-
marked longitudinal furroiv. Color bright red, sometimes tinged
with yellowish. Height of the largest specimens 6 inches ; breadth
12 : diameter of the main branches at base '12 of an inch ; of the sec-
ondary ones '06 ; of the terminal ones "04 ; length of the terminal
branchlets usually about '35, rarely '76. '';

The spicula are bright red with a few yellow ones intermixed. The
longer double-spindles are rather slender, with acute ends, and cov-
ered with close warts arranged in about six distinct whorls, besides the
terminal clusters ; stouter ones smaller, v/ith blunt ends ; polyp-spic-
ula bright yellow, slender, with few, distant, small warts or papillae.

The longer double-spindles measure -132""" by •048""", -132 by '036,
•120 by '048, '120 by "042, -108 by '048, '108 by -042, -108 by -030 ;
the stouter ones -095 by -042, -084 by -048, -084 by "042, -078 by -036,
•060 by •OSO ; the polyp-spicula '108 by •033, ^108 by •030, •096 by 024,
•072 by -018.

Panama and Pearl Islands, — F. H. Bradley, J. H. Stembergh.

This species resembles, in its mode of branching, Eugorgia Mexi-
cana V. and M Daniana V., but is much more slender and delicate,
with a smoother surface and denser coBnenchyma, and is very distinct
in its spicula, its color is also very different. The spicula resemble
closely those of L. eximia V. but are somewhat more slender with
the warts not so close. The external characters are v " different.

I have named this elegant species in honor of the excellent wife,
whose sympathy and encouragement were the chief causes that in-
duced me to devote my life to the study of Nature.

B.—FlabeUiform, the branchlets mostly coalescent and reticulated, the terminal ones free.

LeptOgorgia Agasslzii VerrUL (LmooBaiA Agassizh, Ist Ed.).

Shipidogorgia Agassizii (pars) "Verrill, Bulletin Mus. Comp. ZooL, p. 33, Jan., 1864.

Gorgonia Agassizii {pars) Verrill, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat Hist, x, p. 327, 1866.

Plate V, figure 4.

Corallum forming very finely and regularly reticulated fans, usually
rounded in outline. Several flattened main branches arise from the
large, thickened and very short base and radiate across the fan, sub-
dividing so rapidly and regularly that they cannot often be traced

ichlets arc all
tened and en-
ery small, but
mate rows on
ngle marginal
the branches
I show a well-
etimes tinged
ches; breadth
of the sec-
■ the terminal

irmixed. The

ends, and cov-

rls, besides the

is; polyp-spic-

irts or papillae.

•132 by '036,

108 by -030 ;

•078 by -036,

0, -096 by -024,

embergh.
'kigorgia Mexi-
sr and delicate,
is very distinct
icula resemble
i slender with
' different,
excellent wife,
causes that in-

termiaal OMB free.

<L).

>. 32, Jan., 1864.

[>. 327, 1866.

id fans, usually

arise from the

98 the fan, sub-

jften be traced

Ven'iUy Notes on Radiata,

389

more than half way across, before becoming lost in the small, even
branchlets. These form small, angular meshes, usually about a tenth
of an inch across, but often smaller, ordinarily about as high as broad,
but sometimes twice as high ; at the outer edge the branchlets are
free for about an eighth of an inch, with expanded tips, and have a
diameter of about '05 inch. The cells are small but conspicuous, in
the form of small oval openings at the summits of small verruc»>.
They are thickly scattered over the whole surface of the frond, except
upon the large branches and base, where they are few and distant.
Color deep red mingled with bright yellow, or red with yellow cells,
the relative amount of red and yellow varying. Height of the largest
specimen 12 inches; breadth about as much; width of main branches
near the base '32 ; diameter of branchlets ^04 or 05 of an inch.

Spicula deep red and bright yellow ; those of the polyps pale am-
ber. Most of the spicula are rather short, thick, and blunt, with rel-
atively large, crowded warts, and a very narrow median space. The
longer spicula are not so blunt as the others, and have smaller and more
numerous warts. The longer ones measure '120""" by •048, '110 by
•048, ^108 by '342, -102 by ^064, ^084 by -036 ; the stouter ones '090 by
•084, -084 by '048 ; the double-heads -048 by •030, -036 by -033 ; polyp-
spicula •oeo to -084 long by '012 to '024. The openings of the cells
are from •21'"'" to ■35"'"' in diameter.

Acapulco, — A. Agassiz ; Cape St. Lucas, — J. Xantus ; La Paz, — J.
Pedersen.

Leptogorgia media VemiL (Litioobgia media, ist Ed.).

Rhipidogorgia media Verrill, Bulletin M. C. Z., p. 33, Jan., 1864.
Gorgonia media Verrill, Proc. Boat Soc. N. H., x, p. 327, 1865.

Corallum regularly reticulated throughout, with larger meshes, form-
ing broad fans, often higher than wide, and frequently 'obed and more
or less subdivided, strengthened by large midribs. Several principal
branches, which are large and compressed, arise from near the base
and pass divergently through the greater part of the breadth of the
frond. The branchlets are round and small, and nearly all coalescent
except the short terminal ones, forming meshes that are mostly nearly
square and usually ^20 of an inch in diameter, but often i:ot more than
•12, and sometimes up to ^80 in height, with the width -20. The
branchlets are from •06 to '08 of an inch in diameter. The cells form
very small verrucse, with oval opening about '005 in diameter. The
largest specimens are about 15 inches high and 12 broad. Color red
or brownish, often tinged with yellow, especially on the midribs.

Spicula very small and blunt, bright red and deep yellow intermin-

^ \

390

Verrill, Notes on Radiata.

<'li

^•!i

gled. Longer double-spindles covered with '^ imerous, close warts
with a narrow Imt well defined median space, the ends blunt; stouter
onea nearly as large and with similar warts. The longer double-spin-
dles measure •102""" by •042"'"', -096 by -042, '084 by -042, -084 by
•0S6 ; tiie stouter ones -084 by -048, 072 by -042, -072 by -036, -060 by
•036, 048 by ^024; the polyp-spicula -060 to 084 by 018 to -024.

Acapulco, — A. Agassiz; Cape St. Lucas, — J. Xantus; La Paz, —
Maj. Wm. Rich ; San Salvador, — Capt, J. M. Dow ; Corinto, Nicara-
gua,— J. A. McNiel ; La Paz, — J. Pedersen.

This species resembles L. Agasaizii more than any other species.

LeptOgorgia eximia VerriU. (Litigorgia eximia, 1st Ed.). ;, , ..

Plate V, figure 20. Plate VI, figure 2.

Frond broad and rounded, composed of slender, round branches,
which are openly riticul.ated throughout, except the short terminal
branchlets at the edges. There is no distinct midrib, all the branches
being nearly uniform in size, except very near the base, which rapidly
subdivides into a large number of nearly equal primary branches, not
distinct from the secondary. Occasionally secondary fronds start out
from the sides of the frond, and one specimen has irregular, crookedj
simple branchlets, arising from the sides, with a hollow axis, apparent-
ly the habitations of some parasite. , V' . ' t-r >>

The reticulations are quite irregular in size and form, frequently
squarish or rhomboidal, from "20 to "2b of an inch across, but more
commonly with about the same width and three or four times higher
than wide. Many short free branchlets often project into the larger
meshes. The terminal branchle* , are sometimes free for an inch, but
usually much less. The cells are small and usually closely arranged
on all sides, forming small, rounded verrucese, which are slightly prom-
inent. Color bright red or vermilion. The largest specimens are
about 10 inches high and broad; diameter of branchlets •OB.

Spicula bright red, with a few light yellow ones ; those of the polyps
light yellow. The longer double-spindles rapidly taper to the acute
ends, and are covered with rather large warts, which are not crowded ;
stouter ones niiich smaller, blunt at the ends, with fewer and more
crowded warts. Polyp-spicula very slender, with few distant warts.
Tlie longer double-spindles measure •138"'"' by -080, •182 by ^054, •132
by -048, ^120 by -054, ^108 by ^048; the stoutei ones '108 by -054,
•090 by -048, •OBO by '030 ; double-heads •OBO by •048, 'OaS by •036 ;
polyp-spicula '072 to -120 by ^012 to 024.

P' ' islands, 6 to 8 fathoms, by divers, — F. H. Bradley.

11

\ I '

Verrill, N'otes on liadiata.

301

8, close warts
blunt; stouter
T double-spin-
y -042, -084 by
y -036, -060 by
H to -024.
us; La Paz, —
)rinto, Nicara-

ther sjjecies.

>und branches,
short terminal
11 the branches
, which rapidly
V branches, not
ronds start out
gular, crooked,
axis, apparent-

orm, frequently
cross, but more
iir times higher
into the larger
for an inch, but
losely arranged
3 slightly prom-
specimens are
ts -06.

se of the polyps
•er to the acute
•c not crowded ;
Fewer and more
f distant warts.
(2 by -054, -132
•10 8 by -054,
, -038 by -036 ;

IKy.

This beautiful species resembles in its reticulations L. media V., but
the meslies are 'isually larger and the coral has a more open and flex-
ible appearance. It also differn, in all the specimens seen, in having
no distinct midribs or large branches. The spicula are quite distinct,
and resemble those of L. Florae much more closely.

LeptOgorgia Adamsii Verrill. (Litkioegia Adamsu, 1p* Ed.).

Rhipidogorgia Agasauii (pars) Vorrill, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., p. 32, 1864; Proc. Bost
Soc Natural History, x, p. 327, 1866.

Rhipidogorgia ventalina Ducli. and Mich., Supplomont aux Mom. sur Coralliarios des
Antilles, 1804, p. 20, Tab. iv, fig. 3, (non G. ventalina Linn., Pallas, Esper, etc., nee R.
ventalina Edw. and Hairae).

Gorgonia (Litigorgia) Adamsi Vorrill, Am. Jour. Sci., xlv, p. 415, May, 18G8.

Plate V, figure 5. Plate VI, figure 4.

Corallum forming large, broad, rounded fans, with very small
reticulations. Very young specimens, with fronds one to four inches
across, usually have a rounded outline, nearly as high as broad, often
very regular and almost circular, and in this stage have a few prin-
cipal branches, radiating from close to the base, scarcely compressed,
and traceable about half way across the frond, but often for not more
than a fourth of the breadth. The branchlets are all vtry slender and
uniform in size throughout, producing, by their fine, regular reticula-
tions, a very elegant etfect. The terminal branchlets are free and
usually project about a tenth of an inch. The reticulations are
mostly square or polygonal, sometimes rounded, and average 'QQ to
•10 of an inch across, and the branchlets are ordinarily about "03 in
diameter, but often less.

Adult specimens have large, slightly compressed principal branches,
which arise from near the base, and diverging through the frond, throw
off large secondary branches which spread often at nearly right
angles. Sometimes these coalesce, forming large, somewhat quad-
rangular areas, two or three inches across, and filled, like the rest of
the frond, with fine reticulations. Occasionally secondary fronds
arise from the sides and spread at right angles, other secondary fronds
occasionally appear, like nearly circular rosettes, attached only by the
centre to the side o^ the primary frond.

The largest specimens are 20 to 22 inches high, and 20 to 25 broad ;
the large branches •S to ^4 thick ; the trunk at bf se 1 inch to 1-6, :

Color light purple, usually with the terminal branchlets light yel-
low, sometimes yellowish over the whole surface. In life, one speci-
men was " bright crimson, polyps deep orange," — F. H, B,

Spicula light purple and yellow, sometimes the same spiculum has

Tbans. Connecticdt Acad., Vol. I. 50 Junk, 1868.

392

Verrill, Notes on Radiata.

If f
if ;-

ill

m III

its opposite ends of these two colors. Longer double-spindles with
slender and acute ends, the warts rough and not very close, though
more so than in L. eximia V. ; the warts nearest the narrow median
space are considerably largest. The stouter ones are much smaller,
and also acute. Polyp-spicula light amber, very slender. With the
larger spicula are many small, short ones, with only a single wreath of
warts at each end.

The longer spicula are -ISG""" by -036, -166 by -048, -120 by -036,
•132 by -042 ; stouter ones -096 by '048, '072 by -036; the smaller
•048 by -024.

Panama, — C. B. Adams, J. H. Steriibergh, F. H. Bradley ; Pearl
Islands, 6 to 8 fathoms by divers, large ; and Zorritos, Peru, — F. H.
Bradley ; Punta Arenas and Corinto, Nic, — J. A. McNiel.

This is, when well grown and perfect, a very elegant and beautiful
species. The reticulations are of about the same size as those of i.
Agassizii, but the branchlets are more slender and the cells smaller.
The character of the midribs is also different, but the best characters
for distinguishing them are found in the forms and structure of the
spicula, which are very different in the two species. It has some re-
semblance in form and color to Pterogorgia flabeUum of the West In-
dies, but the spicula separate them generically.

I have dedicated this to the memory of the lamented Prof. C. B.
Adams, who was, perhaps, the first to bring it to this country. His
specimens are in the musenm of Amherst College.

Leptogorgia mtila VemiL (Litioorqia Adamsii, vAa butila, ist Ed.).
Rhipidogorgia Agaasizii {para)YeTrLA, op. cit, p. 32.
' ' Plate VI, figure 5. ;

The specimens from Acapulco are bright light red in color (between
minium and vermillion) and differ in several other reiipects. The
branches are not so slender and the reticulations art smaller and more
regular, the cells also are more crowded, prominent, and distinctly
bilobed. In these external characters it resembles X. Agassizii,, but
the cells are not quite so large and the branchlets more slender. The
axis is amber-color and translucent in the branches.

The spicula are mostly light red, variable in size and shape, mostly
rather slender. Long double-spindles rather slender and acute, with a
wide median space; each end has three or four whorls -of warts, those
next to the median space considerably largest, the others diminishing
to the ends. Stouter double-spindles about as thick but shorter, blunt,
mostly with but two whorls at each end, the inner ones much the

spindles with
close, though
irrow median
much smaller,
sr. With the
Hgle wreath of

•120 by -036,
}; the smaller

Jradley; Pearl
Peru,— F. H.
iel.

and beautiful
as those of L.
J cells smaller,
best characters
ructure of the
t has some re-
)f the West In-

3d Prof. C. B.

\ country. His

ILA, 1st Ed.).

1 color (between
rPipects. The

mailer and more
and distinctly
Agassizii, but

•e slender. The

d shape, mostly
md acute, with a
J -of warts, those
lers diminishing
it shorter, blunt,
ones much the

VerriU, Notes on Radiata.

393

largrst, the outer ones close to the ends; median space rather wide.
There are immerous much smaller spicula, with a well marked median
space, and a whorl ol warts on each end, which arc more or less con-
fused with a cluster of terminal warts. Sometimes the terminal warts
form a small terminal whorl. Polyp-spicula light red, slender, acute,
slightly papillose.

The long double-spindles measure -156"'"' by '048, 121 by '048, -144
by -042, -103 by -030; the stouter ones -090 by -042, -078 by -042, -072
by -036; the small ones '054 by -028, -048 by -024, -036 by -024.

C. — Flabelli/orm, loosely and coarsely reticulated; terminal hranchlets free. Cells f .t or
but slightly raised.

LeptOgOrgia Stenobrochis Verrill. (LixiooRorA stenobuochis, Isted.).

Gorgonia stenobrochis Yal.,* Voyage de laV«5nu8, pi. 12, fig. 1, 1».
Bhipidogorgia stenobrochis Val; Edwards and Haime, Corall., i, p. 176, 1858; Verrill,
Bulletin M. C. Z., p. 32 ; and Proc. Best Soc. N. H., x, p. 327. (Misspelled.)
B. Englemanni Horn, Proc. Phil. Acad., 1860, p. 233. (Perhaps distinct).
Oorgonia (Eugorgia) stenobrochis Verrill, Ani. Jour. Scl, xlv, p. 414, May, 1868.

Corallum forming large, openly retit iilated fans, with stout, sub-
parallel, upright branches, and long, oblong or rectangular meshes.

In young specimens the trunk is divided close to the base into two
or more principal branches, which give off irregnlarly numerous bran-
ches of nearly the same size, so that the main branches very soon blend
with the others and can be traced only for a short distance. The
secondary branches and the branchlets start out nearly at right angles,
and then suddenly bend upright and become parallel with the preced-
ing branches. The cross branchlets project nearly at right angles,
connecting the branches together at intervals varying from '5 to 2
inches, so that the meshes have openings of these lengths, and about
•20 to ^26 wide. The terminal branches are of about the same size as
the other branches and free for the distance of one or two inches.
The branches and branchlets are often nearly round, at other times
compressed in the plane of the frond, or even at right angles to it.

The cells are small, very numerous, arranged closely in many rows
along each side of the branches and branchlets, but nearly covering
the latter. They are mostly flat, but occasionally the borders are
slightly raised. Median naked space well marked and often having
strong longitudinal furrows. Color dull yellow, often tinged with
purple, frequently stained dark umber-brown in drying. In life,
" brownish yellow to faint salmon, polyps light yellow," — F. H. B.

• The locality given (New Zealand) is probably an error,
type agree well with the ordinary form& — Reprmt

Spioula of the original

m

Verrill, Notes on Radiata.

Height of the largest Hpecimens about 2 feet; breadth about the
same; diameter of branchlets 'IS of an inch.

The fipicula are reddish purple and light yellow intermingled, both
colors sometimes occurring on one spiculutn. Long double-spindles
somewhat slender, acute at the ends, with a rather wide median space ;
warts distant, forming about three whorls around each end, those next
the middle much the largest. Shorter double-spindles thick and blunt,
with a wide median space, on each side of which there is a whorl of
large thorny warts ; beyond these is a small wreath of much smaller
warts, close to the ends, and often confused with the terminal cluster
of few small warts. In addition to these there are many much small-
er double-spindles, with two well separated whorls of small warts on
each end, one of which is nearly terminal and much the smallest.

The long double-spindles measure •121""" by -038, and '108 by '036;
the stouter double-spindles -084 by -048, -072 by -048, -061 by -048, and
084 by -042 ; the small ones -036 by -024.

Zorritos, Peru ; Panama ; and Pearl Islands, in 0 to 8 fathoms, by
divers, large, — F. H. Bradley ; Panama, — J. 11. Sternbergh, A. Agas-
siz ; Corinto and Pimta Arenas, — J. A. McNiel ; San Salvador, — Capt.
J. M. Dow ; Acapulco, — A. Agassiz.

Leptogorgia stonobrochis, vax. Englemanni. (Litiourgia, ist Ed.).

The original specimen, described by Mr. Horn, and others from Aca-
pulco and Panama differ slightly from the ordinary forms from Panama
in having smaller and usually less elongated reticulations. The branch-
es are also more compressed and in some specimens thicker, though not
constantly so. The cells are very nvmierous, thickly scattered over
the whole surface of the branches, but sometimes leaving a narrow
median space. They are oblong and slightly prominent.
, The color is reddish brown, yellowish brown, or dull brownish yel-
low tinged with reddish.

The spicula are light yellow and deep red intermingled, and agree
nearly with those of the ordinary variety in form, but are smaller.

T).— Imperfectly flabelliform, the branches pinnate or imperfectly bipinnak, not reticula-
ted; branchlets rather short. Cells somewhat prominent.

Leptogorgia ramulus VerriU. (Litiooegia eamulus, 1st Ed.).

Ghrgonia ramulus VaL, Oomptes-rendus, t. xli, p. 12; Edwards et H., Coralliaries, i,
p. 160. 1857 ; VerrilJ, BuUetin M. C. Z., p. 38; Proceedings Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., x,
p. 326, 1866.

Gorgonia humiUs Verrill, Mem. Boston Soc. Nat Hist, i, p. 6, 1864, (non Dana).

r iMphogorgia Panamensis Duch. and Mich., Supl. CoralL des Antilles, p. 19, Tab, iv,

fig, 1, 1864, (the red variety).

a (1th about the

Tiningled, both
(louble-Hpindles
e median npace ;
end, those next
thick and l)lunt,
re is a whorl of
f much smaller
terminal cluster
my much small-
small warts on
le smallest.
id -108 by -036 ;
)61 by -048, and

;o 8 fathoms, by
bergh, A. Agas-
5alvador, — Capt.

LiTlOORGIA, l8t Ed.).

athers from Aca-
ms from Panama
ns. The branch-
icker, though not
J scattered over
eaving a narrow
ent.
11 brownish yel-

igled, and agree
are smaller.

Cpinnate, not retieula-

Ed.).

Bt H., Coralliaries, i,
n Soc. Nat. Hist., x,

I, 1864, (tion Dana),
tillefl, p. 19, Tab, iv.

Verrill, Notes on Hadiata.

306

Corallum very branoliing, often in the form of a densely branched
shrub or bush, but frequently, especially wlicn young, more or loss fla-
belliform. The base is usually large and spreading, and quite fre-
quently several distinct trunks arise from the same base, forming a
thick clump. The trunk is very short and soon divides into several
large, divergent branches, which are nearly round, but sometinics a
little flattened, often more or less crooked, and give off from their
sides, at distances of about a fourth of an inch apart, numerous short,
irregulai*, crooked, and nearly quadrangular branchlets. Many of
these become longer and larger than the rest, and again subdivide in
the same way. The ultimate branchlets are usually about "OH of an
inch in diameter, and from half an inch to an inch long, but occasion-
ally 2 inches. The terminal branchlets are mostly somewhat acute at
the ends. The cells form small rounded verruca*, which are quite prom-
inent and closely arranged in two series on each side of the branches,
giving them a quadrangular appearance. On the larger branches the
verrucaj are more scattered and irregularly arranged. The openings
are mostly on the upper side of the verruca?, and laterally compressed.
The branches and most of the branchlets have, along the naked me-
dian space, a Avell-marked. longitudinal furrow, in which there is usu-
ally a slender longitudinal ridge. The axis is light wood-color at the
base, blackish in the main branches, slender and light wood-brown in
the branchlets. The ccenenchyma is almost always either uniformly
greyish white or deep purplish red, but occasionally pink specimens
occur. One specimen has the lower branc! and base wl ite, the mid-
dle part of the trunk and the branches arising from it purplish red,
and the upper part of the trunk and terminal branches white, showing
conclusively that the white and red specimens are all one species. A
large specimen of the red variety is 8 inches high and 16 broad, with
the main branches '15 in diameter; another is 13 inches high and 10
broad, with the main branches '22 in diameter. Most specimens dp
not exceed 6 inches in height and about the same in breadth.

Small dwarfed specimens sometimes occur that are 3 or 4 inches
high, with the main branches '08, and the branchlets '05 of an inch in
diameter, but agreeing in other respects with the ordinary forms.

The spicula in tho white variety are all white ; in the red variety
light purple, the polyp-spicula bright yellow. The long double-
spindies are but little longer than the others, not very acute at the
ends, thickly covered with distinctly separated, large, wai*ty tubercles,
axis small. The stouter double-spindles are more blunt and more
closely covered with warts, which are still separate. Polyp-spindles

1mm

306

Verrill, Nbtea on Radiatn.

i^.

ij ;.!;;

Blender, distantly papillose. The lonj^er 'louble-spindles measvo
•108""" by -042"'"', '102 by '042, '096 by -030, '090 by -042, '084 by
•036; the stouter ones "084 by '048, -078 by -036, -072 by '042.

Panama and Penrl Islands. — F. II. Bradley; Panama, — J. II. Stern-
bergJi; Zorritos, Peru,— F. II. Bradley; Acapulco,— A. Agassiz ;
(?) Cape St. Lucas, — J. Xantus ; Sau Salvador, — Capt. J. M. Dow ;
Corinto, — J. A. McNiel.

The two very distinct colors assumed by this species are somewhat
remarkable and may serve to divide it conveniently into two varieties :
Ist, the ordinary white form ; 2nd, the red variety. But as shown
above these colors may be found on a single specimen, and are not
accompanied by any other constant differences. The red variety is
possibly the form described as Lopltogorgia Panamensis by Du-
chassaing and Michelotti, but does not agree well with their figure.

Their brief and very imperfect diagnosis is as follows : " Ramosa,
ramis distinctis sub-compressis, majoribus 4, minoinbus 2 millitnetris
latis, colore rubro. In insula Flamenco, prope Panama."

All the specimens from Zorritos are of the red variety, and agree well
with those of Panama, except that they are mostly somewhat smaller
and more slender.

The specimens from Acapulco and Cape St. Lucas differ considerably
in appearance from those of Panama. Tlie brarichlets are shorter and
thicker, length '2 to -6 of an inch, thickness '08, often somewhat clavate.
Cells nearly uniformly distributed on all sides of the branchlets, smaller
and less prominent, distinctly bilobed. Color deep red, some of the
spicula bright yellow. This may possibly prove to be a distinct spe-
cies when a good series can be examined.

The specimens in the Museum of Comparative Zoology, formerly
described as Gorgonia humilis, and supposed to have come from
Charleston, S. C, appear to be identical with specimens from Panama.
The former locality is probably altogether erroneous.

LeptOgorgia pumUa "Verrill, sp. nov. (LiTiGORQiA PCMiLA, 1st Ed.).

Plate V, figure 8.

Corallum low, densely branched, imperfectly flabcUiform, a few of
the branchlets coalescent, forming irregular, coarse reticulations.
Several crooked principal branches arise near the base and subdivide
in an irregularly pin.iate manner, the branchlets being about a fourth
of an inch apart and from a fourth to one inch long. These are rather
thick, rounded, quadrangular, mobliy curved, and spread at a wide
angle. The cells form small, rounded verrucae, which are but little
prominent and not crowded, alternating in two rows along each side

Verrill, Nbten on Tlndiatn.

89Y

indies moasr-o
y -042, -084 by
2 by -042.
1, — J. II. Storn-
— A. Agassiz ;
)t. J. M. Dow;

8 are eomewhat
o two varieties :
Hut as shown
n, and are not
e red variety is
imenais by Du-
h their figure.
0W8 : " liamosa,
)U8 2 millitnetris
la."

y, and agree well
Jinewhat smaller

ffer considerably
3 are shorter and
jmewhat clavate.
anchlets, smaller
red, some of the
:>e a distinct spe-

)6logy, formerly
lave come from
as from Panama.

, 1st Ed.).

Uiform, a few of
le reticulations.
le and subdivide
y about a fourth
These are rather
pread at a wide
h are but little
along each side

of the branches. Tlio largest H))ecinu'n is 6 inches high and the same
in breadth; diameter of the main branches "15; of the branchlets '08.
Color bright red, the surface sometimes fading to yellowish red.

The Hpicula are mostly light |)urpiiHh red, mixed with a few light
yellow ones ; polyp-spindleH light amber-color. The longer double-
spindles resemble those of the preceding species, but are relatively
larger and more acute. They are clo-Jely covered with largo warts,
with a rather wide median space. The stouter double-spindles are
similar, but blunter at the ends ; with them arc many small, white

j double-spindles with only one wreath of warts near the ends. The
longer double-spindles are -laS""" by -048, -132 by -054, -120 by -048,
•120 by 042, -114 by -030; stouter ones -132 by '060, -108 by -049,
•102 by -048, -098 by -054, -084 by -042. .

Zorritos, Peru, — F. II. Bradley.

This species is allied to the last, and branches in a similar manner,
but has thicker branchlets, with larger and more widely separated

! verrucas, which are less prominent a'ld open outward. The branchlets
are scarcely quadrangular, the spicula different in form, and the coa-

I lescenco of the branches, common in this, is very I'are in L. ratnulus.

LeptOgOrgia diffusa /orriU, sp. nov. (Litiooboia diffusa, Ist Ed.).
Plate V, figure 6. Plato VI, figure 3.

Corallura loosely ramose, the branchlets subpinnate, producing an
open, shrub-like form. The trunk divides near the base, in the orig-
inal specimen, into two main branches and these again fork. The
branches give off pinnately, at distances of half an inch to an inch
apart, slender briinch'uts, which are flattened and spread at nearly
right angles, varying in length from a quarter inch to three inches
before subdividing, as some of them do, into secondary pinnie. The
main branches are round, but the branchlets are much compressed and
slender. The cells form rather large verrucje, which are enlarged at
base and quite prominent, not crowded, and arranged in two alterna-
ting rows on each side of the main branches, but in only one row on
each edge of the branchlets, which therefore appear serrate on account
of the broad-based cells. There is a very distinct sulcus on the larger
branches. The specimen is 5 inches i-.'.gh and 0 broad ; diameter of
the main branches •lO; width of branchlets -06. Color bright red.

The spicula are all bright rf , resembling those of L. ranmlus, but
larger and relatively stouter. The longer double-spindles are long,
covered with large pnpillfe or warts, those next to the median space
largest. Stouter double-Sijindles decidedly blunt, closely covered by-
large, rounded, rough warts, Polyp-spicula slender, bright yellow.

898

Verrill, N'otea on Radiata.

The longer spicula are -144'"™ by -042, "132 by -054, •120 by -054, "108
by •048; stouter ones -114 by -054, -084 by -048, -072 by -064; polyp-
spiciila -180 by -036, -144 by -030, -114 by -024.

Pearl Islands, Bay of Panama, — F. H. Bradley; Gulf of Nicoya,
by divers, larger, — J. A. McNiel.

Readily distinguished by its lax branches, and distant, slender,
flattened branchlets, serrated by the distant, uniserial v^^rucaj.

Leptogorgia Californica Vemii, sp. nov. (LiTiooaaiA Calipobnioa, ist Ed.).

Plate V, figure 10.

Corallum somewhat flabelliform, low, subpinnately branched, the
branchlets ascending, not coalescent. The branchlets are nearly round
and usually curve outward at first. Tliey are from 1 to 2 inches long,
before branching, and from '08 to 'lO thick. Cells flat, scarcely rising
above the general surface, arranged in about three rows along each
side of the branchlets. The a])ertures in contraction often appear
stellate. The naked median region is quite narrow. Color reddish
purple, often with a narrow yellow streak along the centre of the
median spa>.e. Height 4 to 6 inches.

The spicula are mostly reddish purple, some are half yellow, others
entirely so. The longer double-spindles are slender, scarcely acute,
with a wide median space, which is bordered by two whorls of large,
rough, distant warts. Close to each end and distant from the preced-
ing, there is a much smaller whorl of small warts, while the ends tc-
minate with two or three similar small warts. Stouter double-spindles
thick and blunt, with two wreaths of warts on each end, closely
crowded together, those next the narrow median space much the larg-
est. Polyp-spicula slender, light yellow, with few, small, distant
papilliB. Compound cross-shaped spicula occasionally occur, which
have short blunt rays, with rough, irregular waits. The longer double-
spindles measure -108 by •048""", •OOO by -042, -084 by ^040, -084 by
•036 ; '096 by •036 ; stouter double-spindles -096 by ^048, '072 by '036,
•OVS by ^042, ^084 by ^048 ; the crosses •072 by •006, and -054 by •048.

Cape St. Lucas, — J. Xantus ; Margarita Bay, — A. Gan^et.

E. — The terminal branchlets slender and elongated. Cells scarcely prominent.

Leptogorgia alba Ven-iU. (Litigoroia lefis, Ist Ed.).

f Lophogorgia alba Duch. and Mich., op. cit, p. 19, Tab. iv, Rg. 2, 1864 (non Gorgonia
alba Lam.).

Gorgonia rigida, var. kevis Verrill, Pi-oa Boat Soc. Nat. Hist., x, p. .^2'', 1866.

-•.;. ■-%.-- '■'■i.i:. V- ■-■■ Plate V, figure 7. ■ "... ;•;-•;„.;,, -;;. v;;

Corallum flabelliform, v/^th long, slen<ler, virgate, somewhat fasci-
culated branchlets. Tlie trunk is small, often nearly round, sometimes

VerriUf Notes on Radiata.

399

comprcssetl, and has n r,r^J.' thin base. It soon gives off from each
side, in a somewhat pinnate mahner, several main brandies, nearly
as large as itself. Those nearest the base are usually about a quarter
of an inch apart, and spread at a large angle ; those higher up art-
more distant and curving outward at the base afterwards bond upward.
The branches subdivide in a similar manner, and some of the branch-
lets again subdivide. The smaller branches and branchlets are of
about the same size and all have a tendency to become parallel by
bending upward. The terminal branchlets are from 1 to 5 inches
long without subdivisions, but mostly 2 or 3 inches long in ordinary
specimens, with a diameter of about "05, but often smaller. The cells
are often perfectly flat, but usually form small, slightly prominent
verructe, with a small oblong opening. They are not crowded and
arranged alternately in two rows on each side of the branchlets, but
on the large branches they become more crowded and often form
foui rows on each side. The axis is slender, light-wood color at the
basL', dark brown in the branches, yellowish and setiform in the
branchlets, Coenenchyma thin. The largest specimens are about 12
inches high and 15 broad. \nth the trunk and main branches "10 and
•12 in diameter. Ordinary specimens are about 4 to 6 inches high and
broad. Dwarf specimens occur in which the trunk is only '05 in diam-
eter, and the branchlets '03. The specimens in all cases appear to be
white; the colored forms, referred to it formerly, prove to be a dis-
tinct species {Etigorgia Bradleyi). In life, " the stem is very light
pink, heads deep pink, polyps transparent," — F. H. B,

The spicula are white, resembling those of L. ramulus, but longer
and nore acute, with the papilto less crowded. The longer double-
spindles are variable in size, some of them being 'ISS'"'" by -048'"™,
•144 by -030, '120 by -048, and -168 by '060; the stouter double-spin-
dles '108 by -060, and '102 by -048 ; some of the small ones are -048
by •02'*, and many are still smaller,

Panama and Pearl Islands, — F* H, Bradley ; Gulf of Nicoya and
''Jorinto, — J. A. MeNiel ; San Salvador, — Capt. J. M, Dow.

This species resembles in form Eufforgia Bradleyi, from whi'^h, by
its color and very different spicula, it may be readily distingulsljed.
In color it is like the white variety of L. ramulus, but differs in its
mode of branching, in its long, slender, rounded branchlets, and less
prominent cells. : v

Wla'ther the Lophogorgia alba Duch. and Mich, be this species or
the white variety of G. ramulus, I am unable to determine with cer-
tainty, but have referred it to this mainly on account of the size of

Trans. Connecticut Acad., Vol. I. 51 July, 1868.

m

400

Verrill, Notes on Radiata.

the branches. Their brief diagnosis is as follows : " Ramosa, venta-
lina, alba, calycibus prominulis, sparsis, Hab. prope Panama."

"Height 10 centira., branches all, as well as trunk, 2 mill, broad."
The name, alba, was used by Lamarck for a " Oorgonia^'' of which
the generic affinities are still unknown,* an-1., therefore, cannot with
propriety be used for this, even if it was intended for the present
species. Esper also gave the name, Gorgonia palma, var. dlba, to a
form which proves to be distinct from his G. palma.

Leptogorgia flexilis VerriU, sp. nov. (Litioorgia FLEXiLis, Ist Ed.).

' ■ .; - -i ' Plate V, figure 11. ••

Corallum when young flabelliform, with slender, elongated, erect
branches; Avhen large scarcely flabelliform, often bushy or fascic-
ulated, with long, slender, drooping branches. The trunk gives off at
distances varying from a quarter inch to an inch, alternately from
each side, large primary branches, some of which are often nearly as
large as the main stem. These arise mostly at an acute angle and
give off secondary branches in the same way, but at greater dista ices,
mostly 1 or 2 inches. These branches again subdivide, giving off in
a subpinnate, often secund manner, a few very long, round, slender,
nearly parallel branchlets, nearly as large as themselves, and from 10
to 12 inches in length without subdivisions. These diminish very
gradually toward the ends and in full grown specimens droop some-
what like the branches of the weeping-willow. Possibly, however,
this may not be the case while living.

The trunk and main branches are frequently somewhat compressed,
but often round, and are marked by several strong longitudinal
grooves. The cells are broad-oval, rather large for the genus, not
prominent, \isually open, arranged upon the branchlets in four or five
irregular longitudinal rows on each side, leaving very narrow, naked
median spaces ; on the larger branches they form two broad lateral
bands, made up of many rows. They are not crowded, the spaces
between them being mostly three or four times their own diameters.
Colbr dull reddish brown, uniform throughout. Height of largest
specimen about 2 feet; breadth 10 inches; diameter of trunk -25; of
main branches '15 to -20 ; of branchlets at origin '10 to '12 ; near tips
•04 to -08; of cells '015.

A Panama specimen, owing doubtless to an unfavorable location,

* Dr. Kolliker has sent spicula from the original type, whicli indicate that it is a
Plexaura, therefore I have adopted aiba for this. — Reprint.

Verrill, Notes on Itadiata.

401

icate that it is a

grew in an oblique or creeping position, the branches being nearly
all secund and crooked, and the branchiets much shorter and erect.

The spicula include sevci^al fonns and sizes of double-spindles.
The larger double-spindles are slender and acute, with a wide median
space ; each end with three or four whorls of well separated, nearly
simple warts; the whorl next to the median space is largest, the
others diminishing regularly to the ends. Stouter double-spindlcR
much shorter and thicker, blunt at the ends, of several sizes ; largest
ones with a wide median space bordered by whorls of large - ough
warts ; beyond these, and close to the warty enc!, there is a much
smaller whorl, with small crov/ded warts; the shortest ones have the
two whorls on each half and the terminal cluster of warts crowded
together into a sort of rounded triangular head; some very small
ones have the second whorl well separated from the median and close
to the end. Other small spicula, approaching the form of double-
heads, have a very narrow median space bordered by close whorls of
very small, crowded, rough warts, which are confused Avith the ter-
minal cluster ; in an end view the whorls show four or five close warts.
Cross-shaped spicula occasionally occur, which have four nearly equal,
club-shaped arms, covered with rough warts. The longer double-
spindles measure •102""" by -036"'"', -096 by '042, -096 by -036, -090 by
•042, -084 by •OSO ; the stouter ones -GTS by -042, -072 by -036, •066
by 042, -066 by -039, •OOO by -036, -054 by '031, -048 by •OSO, -036 by
•030 ; the crosses -060 by -048.

Panama and Pearl Islands, 6 to 8 fathoms, by divers, large, — F. H.
Bradley ; San Salvador,— ^Capt. J. M. Dow.

The spicula, though much smaller, resemble most those of X. 7'iffi-
da and L. cuapidata, from which it differs in the length and slender-
ness of the branchiets, etc. When young it branches much like L.
alba.

P. — Imperfectly flabellifDrm. Branches free, rather stout, rigid when dry. Ter-
minal branchiets elongated. Cells in lateral bands, flat or slightly prominent

LeptOgorgia rigida VerrilL (Luigokgia eigida, 1st Ed.).

Plate V, figure 9.

Leptogorgia rigida (pars) Verrill, Bulletin M. C. Z., p. 32, 1864.

Gorgonia rigida (pa/rn) Verrill, Proc. Boston See. Nat Hist, vol. x, p. .'52V, 1866.

Gorgonia (Eugorgia) rigida Verrill, Amer. Jour. Sci., vol. 45, p. 114, May, 1868. .

Corallum scarcely flabelliform, except when young. Trunk dividing
very near the base into several stout branches, which are often strongly
sulcated and much compressed. These give off, in a more or IcoS

, v

402

Verrill, Notes on Radiata

Ji^

fsecund manner, at distances of a quarter inch to an inch, somewhat
smaller secondary branches, most of which again subdivide. The
branches and branchlets mostly arise obliquely, at an acute angle, but
occasionally curve outward somewhat at the base. The branchlets
are from one to five inches long without subdivision, rather stout,
rigid when dr /, irregularly compressed, often crooked, and scarcely
taper toward the ends, which are often even somewhat enlarged and
blunt. The cells are oval, a little prominent, rather large for the
genus, and arranged in quincunx, about three or four times their own
diameter apart on the branchlets, in four to six longitudinal rows,
forming broad, somewhat prominent lateral bands of verrucse. On
the lar e branches the cells are in many more rows forming broad
lateral bands ; sometimes, on the Same specimen, paii; of the cells are
prominent, while the rest are flat. The median spaces are distinct
throughout, with a mediai. groove that often becomes wide and con-
spicuous on the larger branches. '

Color deep bluish purple, or violaceous, occasionally reddish pur-
ple, sometimes Avith streaks of yellow, or with yellowish surface.
Height of largest specimen about 15 inches; breadth 10; diameter of
main branches -IS to '26; of secondary '12 to 'IS; of branchlets '10
to •12 ; breadth of verrucfe '04; openings of cells -02.

Spicula of several sizes and forms, with many intermediate, all
deep purplish red in the typical variety. Longer double-spindles
thick and stout, regularly tapering to the somewhat acute ends ; with
a narrow median space ; each end with three or four crowded whorls
of rough irregular warts, those next to the median space much the
largest, the others rapidly decreasing to the ends. Other more slen-
dar forms occur, with distant warts and a wide median space, and
having only two whorls of warts on each half, the ends acute.

The shorter double-spindlos are short, tliick, blunt, with a wide
median space, which is bordered by prominent wreaths of large rough
warts, another much smaller whorl of warts is placed just outside of
each of these, and close to the ends. Many small, short double-
spindles occur, wliich have only a single wreath of warts on each side
of the median space, with a small cluster terminating each end. Occa-
sionally compound cross-shaped spicula occur, which have the four
rays about equal, short, blunt, closely covered with rough warts.
Longer double spindles measure •i;)2""" by -OSG'"'", -132 by -048, -126
by -048, -120 by -042, -114 by '048, -108 by -042, -095 by -036 ; stouter
double-spindles -120 by -060, -096 by -048, -090 by -048, •078 by -048,
•072 by -048, -000 by -048, '054 by "048 ; the small ones -048 by -030,
.042 by -024.

Verrill, Notes on Madiata.

403

Cape St. Lucas, — J. Xantus ; Acapulco, — A. Agassiz ; San Salva-
dor,— Capt. J. M. Dow ; La Paz, — J. Pedersen.

This species and the next approach Lojihogorgia palma E. and H.
in the character of the spicula, more nearly than do any of our other
species of Leptogorgia.

The existence of numerous small, short, double-spindles, with but
two whorls of warts, gives the spicula of these species an appearance
quite different from those of the more typical species of Leptogorgia,
but similar spicula occur in L. stenobrochis, and, to a less extent, in
several other species.

Leptogorgia cuspidata Vorriii. (Litigoegia cusproATA, 1st Ed.). ' '

Leptogorgia cuspidata Verrill, Proc. Essex Inst., iv, p. 186, 1865.

Gorgonia (Eagorgia) cuspidata Verrill, Amer. Jour. Sci., vol. 45, p. 414, May, 1868.

Corallum broad, sub-flabelliform, irregularly branching nearly in
one plane. The trunk divides near the base into several principal
branches, which subdivide in an irregularly dichotomous manner,
forming a somewhat fasciculated clump ; sometimes the branches are
subpinnate. Branchlets moderately elongated, thick, rigid, nearly
straight, tapering to the ends. Cells numerous, rather large, rounded ,
covering the surface of the branchlets, except along a narrow median
space on each side. Longitudinal grooves scarcely distinct, except
near the base. Color deep purple, the ^ ^Us surrounded by bright
yellow, and the median space sometimes streaked with yellow.

Height about 8 inches ; breadth about the same ; length of branch-
lets 1 to 3 inclies ; diameter '10 to '13. ; ■ :

A specimen from Cape St. Lucas, referred with doubt to this, resem-
bles T: rigida in its subpinnate mode of branching. The branchlets
are from '75 to 1 inch long, and '12 in diameter, and less cuspidate
than in the typical form. As I have not had an opportunity to examine
the spicula of the oiiginal specimen, I add a description of those from
this doubtful variety, which B^ay, perhaps, belong rather with L. rigida.
Spicula of various forms and sizes, deep red and bright yellow ming-
led. Longer double-spindles large, with acute ends, median space
rather wide, warts well separated, forming 3 or 4 whorls on each end,
the whorl next to the median space much the largest, consisting of
large, ragged warts ; the others diminish toward the ends, the last
warts becoming very small and simple. Stouter double-spindles thick
and blunt, with a deeply sunken median space, bordered by whorls of
large, crowded, rough, compound warts ; outside of these, but clo 36
to them, there is a whorl of much smaller warts on each end, and usu-
ally another subterminal whorl of very small simple warts. Many

iff'

404

Verrill, Notes on Radiata.

small, short spicula have the form of double-heads, with a well-defined
median space, and two closely crowdp-!' wliorls of small warts on each
end. Cross-shaped spicula occasionally occur, having acute points,
with well-separated rough warts.

The longer double-spindles measure 144""" by -042, -132 by -048,
•120 by -048, -120 by -042, '114 by -054 ; the stouter ones -096 by -052,
•090 by -054, -078 by -054, -078 by -042, -072 by -039 ; the double-
heads -048 by -033, -054 by '036, -042 by -024.

The specimens from Zorritos belong to this variety but are dwarfed.
Height 3 or 4 inches, branchlets "25 to "75 long, "08 in diameter. Color
purple, with the surface streaked and stained with yellow. Spicula
much like those of the specimen described f.bove.

Cape St. Lucas,— J. Xantus ; Acapulco, — A. Agassiz ; Corinto, — J.
A. McNiel ; Zorritos, Peru, — F. H. Bradley.

This species is closely allied to L. rlgida, yet the typical specimens
from Cape St. Lucas have a very differe appearance, due mainly to
the larger, straight, cuspidate branchlets, and the peculiar color, which
is seen, however, to a less extent in some specimens of X rigida.
Possibly it may ultimately prove to be only a variety of that species,
when a larger series of specimens can be examined. Owing to the
doubtful affinities of the peculiar specimen from which the spicula
above described were taken, no reliable conclusions can, as yet, be
based upon the slight differences observed in the spicula.

Leptogorgia Carsri VerrilL (Litiqobgia pucosa, 1st Ed.).
Pfexawra /iwosa Verrill, Bulletin M. C. Z., p. 45, (no» Val.).

Corallum dichotomous, subdividing some distance above the base.
Terminal branches stout, two to four inches long, as large as the main
stem, nearly round. Cells very little raised, scattered on all sides of
the branchlets. Color bright orange-red. v . ■ ; v*^^^^ ^:

Spicula yellowish red. Longer double-spindles rather stout, scarcely
acute, Muth a wide median space ; two or three whorls of large, com-
pound, rough warts on each end, those nearest the middle much the
largest. Stouter double-spindles short and blunt, with a wide median
space, each end with two or three crowded and usually somewhat
confused whorls of large rough warts, forming a large terminal cluster.
Some approach the form of double-heads, with a narrow median space
and a large cluster of closely crowded warts on each end. Other
" heads " are shorter, lack the median space, and are entirely covered
with crowded warts. Crosses, with four short, roughly warted
branches frequently occur.

Verrill, Notes on Radiata.

405

ll-defined
? on each
3 points,

by -048,
B by -052,
! double-
dwarfed.
;er. Color
Spicula

jrinto, — J.

specimens
mainly to
olor, which
\ L rigida.
hat species,
ring to the
the spicula
, as yet, be

»ve the base.
5 as the main
, all sides of

;out, scarcely
f large, com-
ic much the
wide median
ly somewhat
minal cluster,
median space
end. Other
irely covered
ighly warted

The longer double-spindles measure •150'"'" by •060'"'", '144 by '006,
•144 by -000, •132 by -054 ; stouter double-spindles -120 by -060, •I 14
by -054 ; double-heads -150 by -078, ^144 by -071, -120 by •000, -114
by -066; heads -126 by -060, -114 by -060, •078 by -048; crosses ^144
by '120, -120 by -078, •096 by -084, ^084 by -072.

California, — Maj. Wm. Rich; near San Francisco, — T. G. Cary,
(Coll. Mus. Comp. Zoology).

The original description (of O. fucosa) is so imperfect as to render
the identity of the later specimens with it somewhat uncertain."''

G. — Densely ramose, low and fruticose ; hranchlets short, irregular.

Leptgorgia Peruana Ven-ill. (Litigoegia Peruana, 1st Ed.).

f Pfexaura re<jc«toto Ehrenberg, CoralL des rothen Meeres, p. 141, 1834. .„
Plexaurn reticulata Philippi, "Wieg. Arch., 1866, p. 119.

Corallum low and shrubby, very densely branched, the branches
short, irregular, and crooked, often irregularly coalescent. Several
stems often arise from the same large base, close together. They at
once divide and subdivide irregularly into numerous crooked branches ;
these give off very numerous short and crooked branchlets, which
are sometimes distinctly pinnate. The branches and branchlets are
rather thick and round. The cells are small, not raised, and very
numerous, arranged in a broad band on each side of the branches.
Axis dark wood-brown, brittle and rigid, often hollow in the branch-
lets, due perhaps to some parasite. The coenenchyma is thin and
brittle. Color whitish. The largest specimens are about 6 inches
high and broad; the branches '25, and the branchlets •lO in dia-
meter. The spicula are pure white ; the longer double-spindles are
slender and acute, with numerous close warts, and a rather wide
median space. The stouter double-spindles are much shorter, with
a narrow median space and blunt ends, the warts forming a single
wreath on each side of the middle and a rounded cluster at each end.
The longer spicula are •120'"'" by •048'""^ -120 by -042, -108 by ^048 ;
the stouter ones ^084 by ^048, ^078 by ^048, -072 by -042, ^084 by -042,

Callao, Peru,— F. H. Bradley.

I have thought it necessary to give a new name to this species for
several reasons :

Ist. It is not the Gorgonia reticulata 'Ellis. ■'^■^^■;='-:y'--i '

2d, It may not be the Plexaura reticulata Ehr, -^

■* Dr. Kollikor has sent the spicula prepared from the original specimen of Plexaura
fucosa Val. It proves to bo very different from the present species, and belongs to
Psammogorgia, (see p. 414). — Reprint.

I

406

Verrill, Notes on Radiata.

3cl. Although " reticulata " might be a somewhat appropriate name
for it if considered a Plexaura, it becomes very inappropriate when
referred to a genus in which there are so many species that are ac-
tually reticulated throughout, while in this the reticulations are few,
irregular, and often entirely absent.

The following species, Avhich I have not seen, are here referred to
this genus with doubt.

? Gorgonia sanguinea Lam- (Litigobqia (?) sanouinea, ist Ed.).

; Gorgonia sanguinea Lamarck, An. sans verteb., 2d edit., p. 495, (Loc. unknown).
Plexawa sanguinea Val., Comptos-rendus, xli, p. 12. ;

Leptogorgia sanguinea Edw. and Ilaime, Corall., voL i, p. 165. *

In the latter work this species is described as follows : Corallum
rigid, more branched than £>. virgulata, and with branches still more
slender. Calicles' scarcely visible. Color carmine-red. Callao.*

Leptogorgia (?) arbuscula v. (Litioorgia (?) arbubcula, lat Ed.).

Flexaura arbttscuUi Hiilippi, Wiog. Arch., 1866, p. 118. ; :

"PI. 4-6 pollicaris, a basi indr in forinam fruticuli divisa, roaeo-cocclnea ; ramis 8ub-
dichotomis, omnibus libris; ramulis ultimis IJ- lin. crassis."

Isl. Santa Maria, Bay of Arauco. ' '

Leptogorgia (?) Chilensis VerrilL (Litioorgia (?) rosea V., Ist Ed.).

Flexaura rosea Pliilippi, L c, p. 118 (nan Leptogorgia rosea E. & H.).
" PI. li^ pedalis, roseo-caraea, subflabellato-dilitata ; rarais virgatis, subnodosia libe-
rie ; ramulis ultimis olongatis, cylindiicis, 1^ lin crassis, saopo 6 poll, longis."

Algarrobo, somewhat south of Valparaiso, ChilL

Leptogorgia (?) platyclados v. (Litigobgia (?) platyclados, ist Ed.).

Plexawa platyclados Philippi, 1. c, p. 119.

" PI. rosoo, flabellatiia ramoso ; ramis latisaimis, valde compressis, loriformibua"

Isl. Santa Maria. ■'■'• ■ "■■■-■:- '^ - ■-^.-" ■■'■-'■- -'. ^ .;.,■:' ■

It seems very doubtful whether this species be a Leptogorgia, but it

cannot be a Flexaura. . ., ? ■■;■■

Eugorgia Verrill. _ V »^ .

Amer. Jour. Sci., ilv, p. 414, May, 1868.

Coenencliyma composed chieiiy of three forms of small spicula,
which are naked at its surface. There are two kinds of warty double-
spindles, — longer and usually sharper ones, and stouter and blunter
ones. These are intermingled with numerous double-wheels, which
are usually shorter ; sometimes one of the wheels is smaller than the
other, or rudimentary, frequently there are four wheels developed.

* The original G. sanguinea is, by its spicula, a true Gorgonia (Pterogorgia); the Callao
species is probably distinct and may be one of the following. — Keprint.

Verrill, Notes on Radiata.

407

iferred to

[i; ramis sub-

f>rgid)\ the Callao

The polyp-apicula are email, slender spindles. The axis is horny.
Branches either rour.J or compressed, variously subdivided, much as
in Leptogorgia, surface finely granulous. Cells mostly in a band
along each side of the branches, sometimes prominent, usually flat.

A. — FlabdUform, branches suhparallel, dkhotomous, usually stout. Celisflat or very
slightly raised.

Eugorgia ampla VemU. > } > v . . >v »

Leptogorgia ampla Vorrill, Bulletin M. C. Z., p. 32, 1864. ^ ' \;

Plate V, figure 12. Plate VI, figure 6.

Corallum large, flabelliform, with numerous elongated, subparallel
branches and branchlets. Several main branches, which are large,
rounded or slightly compressed, and nearly equal, arise from close to
the base, the lateral ones curving out at first and then becoming
upright and nearly parallel. The branches give off from each side
distant, long, and often slightly flexuous, branches and branchlets,
which bend outward and then become parallel like the main branchea.
The branchlets are rigid, from 2 to 6 inches long without dividing, and
but little more slender than the branches from which they arise,
usually slightly compressed and tapering but little to the obtuse ends.
They arise from 1 to 3 inches apart and are often alternate, but at
other times only arise from one side of the branch. The ccenenchyma
is quite thick and firm, granulous at the surface. The cells are flat,
very numerous, crowdedly arranged in two broad lateral bands, sep-
arated by a very narrow, naked median space, which forms a slight
groove. The cells are usually so contracted as to appear very small
and inconspicuous, but when the surface is removed they are seen to
be rather large, oval, and so closely arranged that they are separated
only by thin walls. The axis is horn-like, blackisli in the main branch-
es, but in the branchlets amber-yellow and translucent. Color, in the
typical specimens, bright yellow, in the variety light purple. Tlie
largest specimens are 18 inches high and nearly as broad; diameter
of the main branches '30; of the branchlets at base -12; at tips 'lO.

Spicula, in the typical sp fiiuens, bright yellow. Long double-
spindles very acute, distantly warted, with about three wreaths of
warts on each end, those next the middle much the largest ; median
space wide. Shorter double spindles obtuse and more densely covered
with warts. Double-wheels nearly or quite as broad as long, the
" wheels " large, rather thin, their edges often acute ; median space
narrow; axis small The ends of the axis are also terminated by
small, thin, wheel-like disks. The polyp-spicula are of several kinds,

Tbans. Connecticut Acad, "Vol. I. 68 July, 1868.

I M

408

Verrill, Notes on Radiata.

the most common are email but not very slender doublo-spindles, with
few, distant, thorny papillic.

The longer double-spindk'S are •132""" by -048, -120 by -048, -108 by
•048 ; ihe stouter ones -120 by -060, -108 by -060, '108 by -054, -096 by
•054, -096 by -048, -072 by '054 ; the double-wheels -054 by -060, -054
by -054, -054 by -048, -064 by -042, -048 by -054, -048 by -048.

Margarita Bay, Lower California, — A. Garret; La Paz, Gulf of
California, — Maj. Wm. Rich.

Var. purpurascens Vor m.

Similar in form to the preceding, with the branches and branchlets,
even in large specimens, not more than half as large. Color light
purple, spicula similar in form, but usually with the double-wheels
smaller and their edges less acute. The colors of the spicula are deep
purple, light purple, and white. Height of the largest specimens 2
feet. This form may prove to be distinct, but our specimens are too
few to satisfactorily determine. It is near Eugorgia fusco-purpurea
(? Ehr. sp.) and may be identical with it. The spicula of the latter
are well figured by Dr. Kolliker,* and agree very well in form with
those of this supposed variety.

Pearl Islands and Zorritos, — F. H. Bradley ; Corinto, — J. A. McNiel.

Eugorgia nobilis VernU, sp. nov.

Plate V, figure 13. '

Large, flabelliform, with large, divergent, compressed branches, and
numerous short, thick, curved branchlets. Several very large flat-
tened branches arise close to the base from the broad trunk, and
spread divergently in the plane of the frond, giving oflT at short dis-
tances (usually about half an inch, often less) numerous sub-parallel,
undulate branches, Avhich are strongly compressed at their bases.
These give rise to nun rous secondary branches and branchlets, which
arise at distances of froiL^ '25 to 1 inch apart, and are short, thick, and
strongly curved, scarcely tapering, rarely more than an inch long
without dividing. The coenenchyma is thick and persistent. The
cells are larger and less crowded than in the preceding species, usually
flat, sometimes a little prominent, forming two broad bands, which
are separated by a narrow, sterile sulcus on each side, corresponding
to a large longitudinal duct. Color brownish yellow, or reddish
brown. The largest specimens are 18 inches high and 2 feet broad ;
diameter of main branches '^5 to -75 ; of branchlets '12 to -15.

Spicula light purple, yellow, and white. Long double-spindles some-
what acute, thickly covered with warts. Stouter ones more densely

* Icones HistiologicBB, Taf. iviii, figs. 28 to 31.

Verrill, Notes on Rndiata.

400

warty, blunt, quite variable in form and size. Double-wheels small,
about as long as broarl, with small wheels very close togother, and
with the axis projecting but slightly at the ends. The long double-
spindles are •120"'"' by -OiS'"'", .-TiO by -048, and -120 by -036; the
stouter double-spindles '084 by -054, '084 by '048, and -098 by -064 ;
the double-wheels -042 by -042, and -048 by -042.

Pearl Islands, 0 to 8 fathoms by divers,— F. H. Bradley ; La Paz,—
J. Pedersen (var. exoelsa)-* Corinto, — J. A. McNiel.

This species resembles K ampld, but is more densely ramulous, and
has shorter, curved branchlets, instead of long, erect ones. Its spicula
are similar, but the double-wheels are smaller and more rounded.

B. — Fldbelliform. Branches bipinnate and tripinnate, not coaleacent. Ccila prominent.

Eugorgia Daniana Vernii, sp. nov. " ; ,,

Plate V, figure 14. Plate VI, figure 7. ' '• ^

Corallum densely ramose in one plane, forming broad, rounded,
fan-shaped fronds. Near the base the short, thick, compressed trunk
divides into several large, divergent, compressed, main branches.
These give off, pinnately from each edge, at intervals of a quarter of
an inch or less, short, slender branchlets, "nd occasional longer branch-
es, which are similar to the primary ones. These again subdivide
pinnately, in the same manner, part of the pinnre remaining short and
simple, while others elongate into branches, which again subdivide,
producing similar simple branchlets, and some branches that subdi-
vide again. The final branchlets are slender and short, varying in
length from '15 to '30 of an inch, very seldom "50, with a diameter
of about 'On. The verrucae are small, prominent, higher than broad,
conical, crowded on all sides of the branchlets. Surface of the
branches and cells distinctly granular with the naked spicula. Color
bright yellow, streaked and blotched with dark red both upon the
branches and cells. Axis strongly compressed, black in the main
branches, setaceous and rigid in the branchlets, where it becomes
translucent and brownish.

Height 10 inches; breadth 14; diameter of trunk "22; of main
branches "IS. The spicula are deep red and bright yellow, intermin-
gled. Long double-spindles slender, acute, with a wide median space,
and about four whorls of well separated warts on each end, those
next to the median space considerably the largest, the others dimin-
ishing toward the ends, where they become very small. Some are less
slender, but similar in length and structure. Stout double-spindles

* Tho La Paz specimens {var. eixelaa) are large and tall, with elongated branches, but
the spicula are smaller and more slender. Color brown or yellowish-brown. — Reprint

410

Verrill, Nittes on Railiata.

short and thick, with two whorls of largo warts on each end, the outer
ones terminal. Double-wheels large, little longer than hroad, with a
rather wide median space ; inner wheels thin, with sharp edges ; outer
ones terminal, not half as large, shar^KMlged, about as far from the
median ones as these are apart. The long double-spindles measure
•120""" by •042""", "114 by "045, -117 by -034, -096 by -042 ; the stouter
double-spindles -090 by -064, -072 by -048, -078 by -054, -096 by -060 ;
double-wheels '072 by '060, median space 018, diameter of axis '024,
terminal wheels '036, space between outer and inner wheels '017.
Other double-wheels measure '066 by "060, and 072 by '004.

Panama and Pearl Islands, 6 or 8 fathoms, — F. H. Bradley ; Gulf
of Nicoya, — J. A- McNieL

Sugorgia aurantiaca Vomii. (Kuoouoia Mbxioana v., irt Ed.),

, Lophogoryia aurantiaca Horn, Proceedings Philndolpliia Acad. Nat Scionogs, 1860,
p. 233 {non Lgptojorgia aurantiaca Edw., 1857).
Oorgonia aurantiaca Verrill, Bull' liii Museum of Coinp. Zoology, 1834, p. 33.
Eugorgia Mcxicana Verrill, Amer. Journal of Sci., xlv, p. 416, May, 1868.

Plate V, figure 16. Plate VI, figure 8. t\,, . /. ^ .

Corallum forming large densely branched fans, the branches subdi-
viding in the same manner as in the preceding species, but the main
branches are longer and less compressed, and the pinnate branchlets
are not %<> cIoko together (usually "25 inch). The branchlets are also
larger and bOiXiLwhat longer, the length being from '25 to 1 inch, the
diameter 10 inch. The cells are crowded on all sides of the branch-
lets, but fo"..; 'rregular lateral bands on the larger branches. They
form rounubd prominent verructe, that are a little larger but not so
promiiient as in the preceding species, mostly bilabiate. The main
branches have a well marked median groove, surface granular, coenen-
chyma thin and friable. Color bright orange, streaked with red;
interior of the cojnenchyma red. Axis yellowish brown in the larger
branches, light yellow and translucent in tike smaller branches and
branchlets, where it is very slender and rigid. Height 15 inches;
breadth 20; diameter of the trunk '18; of the main branches '15.

The spicula are light red and bright yellow. Longer double-spin-
dles slender, acute, with three or four whorls of well-separated warts ;
stouter double-spindles short and thick, with about two whorls of large,
separate warts, the outer whorl nearly or quite terminal, median space
wide. Double-wheels small, resembling the stouter double-spindles
in size and proportions, with a rather wide median space ; inner wheels
not large, with rounded edges, sometimes crenulated or a little warty,

VerriUf Notes on Radiata,

onoos, 1860,

ospocially on one side ; terminal wheels much Bmaller, clone to the
inner ones, with rounded edj^cs.

Tl»e long double-Hpindk'8 measure -lOS""" by -OSS'""', '108 by '036,
•102 by -034, -096 by -030; the stouter double spindles •Or>4 by -042,
•078 by •039 ; the double-wheels •oeo by -042, '066 by •042, •OS-v by ^042,
with the terminal wheels ^02 1 , axis •Oi I , length of median space "009.

La Paz, Gulf of California, — J. Pedersen, Maj. Wm. Rich ; Mazat-
lan, — Dr. Horn ; Acapulco, — A. Agassiz, Rov. J. Dickinson.

In the mode of bramhing, the size and stnicture of the branchlets,
and color, this closely resembles the last species, which I have
separated chiefly on account of the very different size and form of
the bpicula, and especially of the double-wheels.*
Eugorgia rubens Vorriii, ap. nov.

Corallum slender, bipinnate and tripinnate. The small branches and
branchlets arise at distances of a quarter to half an inch apart, and are
either alternate or sub-opposite. Branchlets very slender, rather
short, the edges dentate by the prominent cells. Axis slender, seti-
form in the branches, pale amber-color, translucent. Cells prominent,
forming small conical verruca?, arranged in a single row along each
edge of the branchlets. Color pale red or rose-color. Diameter of
the branchlets "08 inch ; of terminal branchlets •OB , length of branch-
lets ^35 to •eo ; entire specimen 2 or 3 feet across.

The spicula are pale red, and mostly short and stout. The longer
double-spindles are rather small, slender, not very acute, with about
three distant whorls of crowded warts on each end, the median onen
a little larger ; median space moderately wide. Stouter double-spin-
dles short and thick, blunt, with two or three close whorls of crowded
rough warts. Double-wheels ratlu^r large, with thick, round-edged
wheels, the outer ones terminal ; median space narrow.

The longer double-spindles measure •120""' by -048, ^096 by ^042
•096 by •036 ; the stouter double-spindles •096 by -048, -084 by •030,
•072 by ^048, ^072 by -036 ; double-wheels -066 by -048, •066 by -042,
•060 by •042, -060 by •036.

Paita, Peru, — F. H. Bradley, from Mrs. George Petrie.

G. — Dichotomous, terminal branchkis slender, elongated. GeUa scarcely rai6."L

Eugorgia Bradleyi Vernii, sp. nov.

Corallum small, slender, more or less flabelliform. The round,
slender ti'unk arises from a flat, expanded base, and at the height of

* Since Valenciennea' species (see p. 41 3) proves to belong to a distinct genus, I have
restored the earliest name, — Reprint

412

Verrill, Notes on Radiata.

'"•■

JltH

one or two inches divides into two equal branches. These subdiviae
either immediately or at various distances up to I'P inches in a similar
dichotomous manner. The tertiary branches are again unequally
dichotomous. The branchlets are mostly secund, slender, spreading
outward from the branches in a wide curve, varying in length from 1
to 4 inches, tapering towai-d the tips, which are very slender. The
cells are small, oblong, flat or very little raised, arranged closely in
one or two rows x each side of the branchlets, but in broad bands
of four or more, irregular, crowded rows on the larger branchlets.
Median groove very distinct. Axis slender, blackish in the trunk and
larger branches, brown and translucent in the smaller branches, yellow-
ish and setiform in the branchlets. Color bright purplish red, bright
lemon-yellow, or light yellowish brown. Height 1 inches ; breadth
5; diameter of trunk '13; of branches "lO; of branchlets '03 to '05.
.. Spicula light purple, or bright yellow. Longer double-spindles
rather slender, very acute, sometimes curved, often with the ends une-
qual, median space wide, warts numerous, in 4 to 6 whorls, those toward
the ends very small, the median ones much larger, occasionally several
shai'p points terminate one of the ends. Stouter double-spindles much
smaller, stout and thick, with about 3 whorls of very prominent,
rough warts ; the la''* whorl is sometimes terminal, in other cases the
end is formed by a single rough wart ; some have the warts so crowd-
ed that they resemble double-heads. Double-wheels variable in size,
about us long as broad, mostly with a narrow median space, small
axis, and thin wheels ; terminal wheels small, close to the inner ones.
Cross-shaped compound spicula occasionally occur, having slender
branches, covered by small but prominent warts.

The longer double-spindles measure -IVS""" by •042'""', '138 by -042,
•132 by -048, '126 by -036; the stouter double spindles -096 by -054,
•090 by -048, -072 by -054, •0'72 by -048 ; the double-wheels -036 by
•036, with median space "OOQ^ diameter of terminal wheels '018; and
•048 by "042, with the median spa'ii "012, terminal wheels -024 ; others
•048 by -042, '043 by "043 ; crosses -084 by -084, and -060 by -060.

Panama and Pearl Islands, rare, — F. H. Bradley ; Gulf of Nicoya, —
J. A. McNiel.

This species resembles in form, mode of subdividing, and slender-
ness of trunk and branches, Leptogorgia alba, but is very distinct in
the character of the spicula. Its color, though variable is pi'obaMy
also sufficient to separate them, since this has not been observed ifhite,
which is the constant color of L. alba, so iar as can be judged from
an examination of over 200 specimens.

Verrill, Notes on Eadiata.

418

The following species, which I have not seen, is placed here with
much doubt. In its external characters it appears to resemble some
species of Eugorgia, but the form of the spicula, if correctly stated,
w ould indicate affinities with Psammogorgia or Plcxaura. Edwtirds
and Haime describe it as follows:*

Echinogorgia aurantiaca VerriiL (Leptogorgia aueantiaoa, 1st Ed.).

Pkocaura aurantiaca Val., Coraptea-rendus,. xli, p. 12.
Laptogorgia aurantiaca Edw. and Haimo, Coral]., i, p. 165, ISST.

Corallum rather branching, brar ches pretty stout, the last elone^ated.
Calicles crowded and very distinct throughout. Spicula in the form
of warty clul)8 (" slerites en massue"). Color ferruginous yellow.
Callao ("Calloa"). < "^^ a- • '■- ; :

PhyCOgOrgia Val. ; Edw. and Haime, Corall., i, p. 182.
AiJs lamellar and dilateC in the form of membranous leaflets, sim-
ilar to a fucus, and cov ered with a thin sclerenchyma, perforated by
poriform calicles. (Edw. and Haime).

PhyCOgOrgia fucata VaL ; Edw. and Haime.

Gorgunia fucata Yal., Voyage de la V6uus, Zool., PL 11, fig. 2,

Corallum thin, expanded, divided into ramope fronds, the branches
of which are contracted at their base and enlarged toward the sum-
mit. Calicles small ani close. Color rosy Mazatlan. (E. and H )

Family, Plexauridje Gray.

Annals &nd Mag. Nat Hist, 1859, p. 442. . ', .
Bhinicidc, KoUiker, Icones Histiologicaj, p. 137, 1865.

Corallum usually dichotomous and more or less arborescent. Axis
horn-like, or more or less calcareous, especially at base. Longitudi-
nal ducts equal, arranged regularly all around the axis. Coenenchy-
ma usually thick. Cello scattered over all parts of the surfjice, flat,
or elevated on prominent verruca?. Tentacles at base, and sides of
the polyps stiffened with large fusiform spicula. Spicula of the coenen-
chyma usually large, of various forms, most frequently there are largo
warty spindles mingled with clubs or crosses.

The chree principal genera of this family, Plexaura, Plexaurella,
and Eunicva, which are each represented by numerous large and
common species in the Caribbean Fauna, appear to be entirely abspnt
from the Pacific coast of America.

The following genus, which is scarcely a typical representative of
the family, appears alone to replace the larger forms of the Atlantic.

* Spicula from the original specimen, sent by Dr. Kolliker, show that it is an Echino-
gorgia,— Reprint

.1

\wm

■'^

Verrill, Notes on Radiata.

r

-'-'^•■- - ~ Psammogorgia VerrUi.

American Jour, of Sci., vol. xlv, y. 414, May, 1868. i ■ , "

Corallum dichotomous or subpinnate, with round branches. Axis
horn-like. Coenenehyraa moderately thick, the surface finely granu-
lated with small rough spicula. Cells scattered, sometimes flat, more
frequently raised in 'he form of rounded verruca). Polyps with
rather large, elongated, slender, warty spindles at the bases of the
temacles, Spicula of the coenenehyma mostly short, thick, and very
rough, warty spindles and rough, warty clubs '-f m ^ vftte size.

Psammogorgia arbuscula Verriii.

Echinogorgia arbuscula Verrill, Proc. Boston oociety Natural Hist., vol. x, p. 329,

April, ^866.
Psammogorgia arhuscula Verrill, Amer. Jour. Science, xlv, p. 41 \, Ma^; 1 868.

Plate V, figure 17. Plate VI, figure 9.

Corallum low, irregularly dichotomous, subflabelliform, several
stems often arising from one base. Base broad, encrusting, covered
with a thin coenenehyma, which usually bears polyps. From this, one
to twelve stems arise, which, when numerous, form rather dense
clumps of branches. The young stalks are often 2 to 4 inches long
before subdividing, enlarging upward to the obtusely round e(' tips.
In <ther cases they subdivide dichotomously very near the > .';<■, ihe
main branches being about as large as the trunk. These* 'n :*. b-
divide in a similar man-ier into secondary and tertiary u> t ■ ' vd
branchlets, which curve outward at base and then become sub^jr a' .fe,
but are often crooked and irregxilar, ud sometimes coalesce, f':. _
terminal branchlets are round, obtuse, scarcely *apering, often en-
larged at the tips, from 1 to 4 inches long, about as large as the
main branches. Ccenenchyma moderately thick. Surface of the
coenenehyma roughly granular. Cells large, more or less prominent,
at the summit of rather lai'ge verrucaa, "^''^h are often as high as
broad., uniformly scattered over all pBrts a branch r-.!, arranged

Bomewhat in quincunx, the summits frequently eight ■•■, ^d Color
dark red. In life, " stem bright red, polyps bright yelic . ' I ' elg>it
of largest specimens 4 to 8 inches ; brealth 3 to 6 ; diameter oi main
branches "15.

Spicula bright red, mcbtly rntler ?t vi". thorny spindles. Longer
spindles stout, with acute ei.ds.; cc, t". u with large thorny warts,
which are largest about the middle ; stoutv i spindles blunt at the ends,
and more thickly covered with similar lough warts. Other stout,
thick spicula, or "heads," about as thick as long, and crowdedly

Verrill, Notes on Radiata.

415

es. Axis
ly granu-
flat, more
yps with
ises of the
and very
size.

X, p. 329,

1868.

n, several
g, covered
m this, one
ther dense
inches long
andef* tips,
le > .-;. , the

' . '0 ?;. b-

a-' - ' -..'d
)ub|if a', 6;,
lesce. 'f''; ,
, often en-
rge as the
ice of the
prominent,
as high as
, arranged
.d Color

' Fel.f;;^it
er of main

J. Longer
rny warts,
-t the ends,
;her stout,
crowdedly

covered wVJa. thorny warts, are abundant, especially in the superficial
layer, mixed with the las.. Also much smaller and more slender
spindles, with few large warts. The club-shaped spicula are not
nume; ous and are variable in form ; the larger end is not much
expanded, but covered with sharp and thorny warts, which decrease
to the somewhat acute, smaller end. The polyp-spicula from the
bases of the tentacles are relatively large, very long, slender spindles,
with acute ends, often curved, and covered uniformly with small, sharp,
conical warts. Some of the smaller ones are but slightly warted.

The longer spindles measure •264"'"' by -OQe""", -240 by -108, -240
by -084, -204 by 072, -192 by -084 ; the stouter ones '144 by -084, '144
by -072; the "heads" -108 by -102, -144 by -126, -120 by -096, -108
by -084; the "clubs" -180 by -084, -180 by -OYS, -108 by -078, -156 by
•072 ; the polyp-spindles -264 by -064, -240 by -048, -240 by "042, '227
by -054, -204 by "042, -204 by ^024.

Panama and Pearl Islands, in pools at extreme low-water mark, —
¥. H. Bradley ; Gulf of Nicoya, by divers. —J. A. McNiel.

This species is very variable in form, and especially in the promi-
nence of the cells, or else there are two or more species h,ire included.
The typical form, above described, has the cells large ctnd raised on
prominent verruca). The two principal variations from this type are

as follows • „v;v'. H;,-(Aoiv;i -.■-: :(, .i,ii,^ .-

!-''-v.'T

I- -i,.

Var. Dowii Verrill.

Similar in mode of branching to the preceding form but somewhat
more flabelliform and regular, branchlets rather smaller.

Cells flat.

or scarcely raised, when contracted often eight-rayed. Spicula much
like those of the typical form. CJolor deep red.
San Salvador, — Capt. J. M. Jow ; Pearl Islands, — F. H. Bradley. ;

Var, pallida Vcnu. , , ..

Corallum more or less flabelliform, branching dichotomously, branch-
lets round, sometimes as large as the main stem, usually smaller.
Cells a little raised, forming low verruca'. In fresh specimens, the
cells are often surmounted by a small conical mass of convergent
spicula, from the bases of the tentacles. Color dull grayish white, or
yellowish. In life, " stem white or light dral ; polyps bright yellow,"
— F. H. B.

Spicula of the ccenenchyma pale pink or colorkss, transparent ;
polyp-spicula orange red. Longer spindles rather long and slender,
acute, covered with distantly scattered, unequal, prominent, rough
Tp.vkd. Connkctioct Acad., Vol. I. 63 Deckmbke, 1868.

: \,^

ffH
I If I

m

Verrill, Notns on Badiata.

warts. Some of the largest are stouter, but acute, and often curved
or irregular in outline. Stouter spindles very irregular in form and
size, often blunt, very rough and thorny, warts not crowded.* Clubs
slender, small end acute, enlarging regularly toward the large end,
which is crowded with warts of small size.

The longer spindles measure '216'""' by090, -204 by -084, -204 by

'0, -180 by -060 ; stouter spindles '132 by -084, -132 by -060, 120 by

2; clubs -162 by -048; heads -102 by •072; crosses '192 by -132;

polyp-spindles -252 by -042, -240 by -042, -240 by -036, -204 by -042,

•204 by -030.

Pearl Islands, — F. H. Bradley.

This form resembles, in its branches and cells, var. Dowii, but dif-
fers in its color and somewhat in the spicula, which are less thickly
warted and usually not quite so stout.

Psammogorgia teres Verrill, sp. nov.

" - Plate V, figure 18. Plate VII, figure 1.

Ccvallum dichotomous, large, flabelliform, with rather large, round
branches, which are often curved. The base is expanciod, often giv-
ing rise to more than one trunk. The stem forks within half an inch
from the base, where it is large and round. The main branches again
fork irregularly, and also give off numerous branches and branchlets at
distances of half an inch or less, in an irregularly subpinnate and
often secund manner. These are all round and thick, and bend out-
ward at the axils with a broad curve, and then turn upward, but
most of them are more or less crooked throughout, and not unfre-
quently coalesce. The terminal branchlets are considerably smaller
than the main branches, and usually taper slightly to the blunt ends.
Cells large, distant, scattered over the whole surface, flat or very lit-
tle raised. Coenencliyma tliin, with a finely granulated surface, bright
red. Axis dull yellowish, woody in appearance; thick, opaque, and
soft in the branchlets. Height 10 inches ; breadth 8 inches ; diameter
of trunk '40 ; of main branches '18 to 22 ; of branchlet'^ 12 to "15.
Spicula bright red, varied in size and form. The greater part are
rather large, short, stout spindles, covered with numerous, very prom-
inent, rough warts, arranged on each end in two or three irregular
whorls; ends scarcely acute. Others are longer and more slender,

* Theso principally form the external layer, but are mingled with a few clubs and
other forms. In this genus theio is no very distinct superficial layer of smaller olub-
shapod spicula, such as is found in Eunicea, Plexaura, and Plexaurella. Hence I place
the genus in this family with some doubt. It is, apparently, allied to Asirogorgia and
may possibly belong to the Primnoidae, near Muricea.

Verrill, Notes on Radiata.

417

with acute ends, but equally rough. Some head-like spicula are about
ais long as broad, sometimes nearly spherical, crowdedly covered with
large, thorny warts, those about the middle largest. There are also
short, stout spindles, crowdedly covered with warts on the whole sur-
face. Club-shaped spicula occasionally occur, having the larger end
but little expanded, covered with large, prominent, thorny warts ;
these with the two preceding forms chiefly compose the external layer.
Cross-spicula, with four or six roughly warted branches, frequently
occur. Besides these, there are many small spicula of various forms,
but all are covered with rough warts, and most of them are short anu
stout. Polyp-spindles are long, slender, acute, usually curved, cov-
ered with small, sharp warts.

The longer spindles measure •192""" by -084""", •1V4 by -078, -168 by
•090, -168 by -048, '144 by -066, -132 by -072; stouter spindles -156
by -096, -132 by '090, -132 by •078, ^120 by -096 ; warty head-spicula
•168 by -096, -144 by '120, -144 by -090, '108 by -096 ; clubs -132 by
•072, -120 by -060 ; crosses -144 by •OOG, -120 by -084; polyp-spindles
•264 by -054, -227 by -048, '204 by -036, -198 by -048. V • . ,

Pearl Islands, in 6 to 8 fathoms, rare, — A H. Bradley.

Resembles somewhat var. J)own of the preceding species, but is
much larger, with stouter branches and branchlets, and larger and
more distant cells. The surface is smoothv^r and the cells are usually
not at all raised. The color is also brighter red. The spicula are
quite diiferent.
Psammogorgia facosa "Verrill. ' : ; ■ r ' - ^^' ;

Amer. Journal Science, xlviii, p. 42*?, Xov., 1869. ^

Gorgonia fucosa Ya\., Voyage Yerma, F\. 16 his. /•"■-: ;. ■"' • ^ir.'-'. ;■■ ■^n.''^:; ,
Plexaura fucosa VaL ; Edw. and H., Corall., i, p. 154, {non Verrill).
Mazatlan. — Voyage of the Venus. A large species allied to P.
teres. — Reprint.

Psammogorgia gracilis Verriu, sp. nov. "•

Plate V, figure 19. Plate VI, figure 10.

Corallum slender, flabelliform, the branchlets subparallel and elon-
gated. The stem, in the only specimen seen, is slender, and at the
height of about an inch subdivides into four main branches, one of
wliich then passes onward, like a continuation of the stem, undivided
for nearly 1 '5 inches, when it gives off branchlets pinnately on each
side, at distances of from "10 to '40. Two of the other main branches
subdivide near their origin into several long, slender, ascending
branches and branchlets, some of which fork near their ends. The
branchlets are all about equal in size, varying in length from less than

418

VerriU, Notes on Itadiata.

Viv

IJ.

ii

1 inch to 2'5, with a diameter of about "07 ; they are round, slender,
and scarcely taper. The cells form low, swollen verrucce, which are
closely crowded over the whole surface. CcBnenchyma moderately
thick. Axis slender and wood-yellow, opaque even at the ends.
Color light red. Height 5 inches ; breadth 4 ; diameter of stem *10.

Spicula bright red ; club-shaped spicula numerous, with the small end
very acute. The larger spindles are rather slender, ends very acute,
warts prominent, not crowded, forming five or six irre'^ular whorls
on each end, which become very small near the points. Shorter spin-
dles very rough, with obtuse ends. Clubs very numerous, about as
long as the spindles, but much broader, the large end covered with
numerous, large, prominent, rough warts and spines, which diminish
toward the small end, which tapers to a sharp point. Polyp-spindles
pale yellow, long and slender, covered with small, nearly smooth warts.

The longer spindles measure •240""'> by -OGO, -228 by -060, -228 by
"048, -222 by •072, '188 by -036 ; stouter spindles -168 by '072, '144 by
•084, -102 by -066 ; clubs -252 by -084, -216 by '072, '210 by -084, -192
by -084, -168 by -060; polyp-spindles -150 by -018, -144 by -036, '132
b/ -030, -114 by -036. , , ,

Pearl Islands, very rare, — F. H. Bradley.

This species is remarkably distinct from the preceding three in its
mode of branching, its long and quite slender branchlets, and espe-
cially in its very peculiar spicula. It differs widely from all other Gor-
gonians of the coast, known to me, in the form and abundance of the
singular club-shaped spicula.

Family, Peimnoid^.

Primnoacees Val.; Edw. and Haime, Corall., vol. i, p. 138.

Primnoadce, Acanthogorgiadce and Muriceidce Gray, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist, 1859,

P-442. ,;'-A;.,.- ,;; '■■.-^ vs,;,.

Frimnoacsa KoUiker, Icones HistioL, p. 135, 1865.

Plexaurida (pars) and PrimnoaceuB VerriU, Revia. Polyps, E. Coast U. S., p. 8, 1864.

Corallum usually branched, sometimes simple. Axis horn-like or
more or less calcareous, especially at base. Cells prominent, covered
with large scales or spicula. Ccenenchyma with large scales or spi-
cula, the outer ones conspicuous at the surface. Longitudinal ducts
many and equal on all sides, or few and symnet)'ically arranged.
Muricea Lamouroux (restricted).

Muricea {pwrs) Lam'x, Expos, nieth., p. 509, 1821 ; Blainville, Man. d'Actinologie, p.

509; Ehrenberg, Corallenthiere, p. 134; Dana, Zooph., p. etS; Edw. and Haime,

Corall, vol. i, p. 142, 1857, etc.
Muricea Kolliker, Icones Histiologicse, ii, p. 135, 1865 ; VerriU, American Jour.

Science, vol xlv, p. 411, 1868.

Verrill, Kotea on Radiata.

419

Corallura variously branched, usually dichotomous or arborescent.
Axis horny, rarely becoming calcareous at the base in large speci-
mens. Ccenenchyma composed of large, one-sided, very warty, and
often curved spindles, mingled with many smaller ones of various

cs, the exterior being fo'-med mainly of the large ones, which be-
come imbrics ed on the surface of the verrucaj and usually project
from the surface. The cells are prominent in various degrees, and
either tubular or bilabiate with the lower side projecting. Polyps
retractile, the tentacles stittened at base with long, warty spindles.

Dr. Kolliker has very judiciously restricted this genus by the re-
moval of Paramuricea and Echinogorgia, two well defined and natu-
ral genera. As now limited Muricea is a well characterized genus,
which is widely distributed in the tropical seas, but apparently more
fully represented on the American coasts than elsewhere. In the
West Indies and on the Atlantic coasts there are at least five species,
while on the Pacific side eighteen have already been discovered.
The species from the East In»?ies. China, etc., which I have seen, are
smaller and less typical than the American forms.

The species of Echinogorgia are mainly from the East Indies. The
Paramuricem are found on the European coasts, in the Mediterranean,
and one species, at least, in the West Indies and at Florida {P. clath-
rata (Dana sp.). The genus, Theaea Duch. and Mich., is a rare
West Indian form. Behryce Phil, is from the Mediterrantan. An-
thogorgia and Astrogorgia Verrill, as yet represented only by one spe-
cies each, are from Hong Kong, while the genus, ITeterogorgia V., is
known only from Panama Bay. A.canthogorgia Gray, seems allied to
Muricea, and especially to Heterogorgia. It has several species : A.
coceinea V.,* from Hong Kong ; A. Atlantica and A. Orayi Johns.,
from Madeira ; A. hirsuta Gray, locality doubtful ; and A. aspera
Pourtales,! off Havana, in 270 fathoms. Blepharogorgla iSchrammi
Duch. and Mich., from Guadaloupe, is referred to the same genus by
Ponrtales, but it appears to agree better witii Paramuricea. The
genus, Ada Duch. and Mich., is also allied to Micricea and has two
West Indian species. ., .

A. — Verruca tubular ; cells not bilalnate, lower bm-der Twt prolonged. ■.•''-■•'-*• •; r'-"

Muricea acervata Vomii. " ■ ' "

Proceedings Boston Soc, Nat History, vol. x, p. 327, Apr., 1866.

Plate VII, figure 5. Plate VIII, figure 1.
Corallum arborescently branched, dichotomous, rather stout and
rigid. The trunk divides very near the base into two or three main

• Now Echinomtmcea coceinea V., Am. Jour. Scl, xlvii, p 285. — Rejirint.
f Bulletin Museum of Comparative Zoology, No. 6, p. 113, IBBi.

?

i

420

Verrill, Notes on Radiatu.

'■'x
i'

I; i

[U:\

Vi.l.

branches, which part again at one or two inches from their origin ;
the secondary branches often subdividing irregularly two or three
times, but many remaining simple and two or three inches long. All
the branches are thick and rigid, and of nearly the same size with the
primary branches, mostly smallest at their origin, enlarging toward
the tips, which are bluntly rounded and often slight clavate. All the
branches bend outward at base, often nearly at a right angle, and
then curve upward with a broad curv; and become sub-parallel.
Cells eight-rayed at the summit of large, elevated, rounded verrucae,
the rays separated by narrow but very distinct sunken grooves, which
extend over the summits and somewhat down the sides of the verrucse
in contraction. Verruca; unequal, larger and smaller ones inter-
mingled, rather elevated, about as high as broad, somewhat crowded,
but uniformly arranged, mostly standing nearly at right angles to the
branch, their surface covered with closely imbricated, slightly rough,
and rather regular fusiform spicula. Coenenchyma rather thick, cov-
ered with spicula similar to those of the verruca;. Axis black, com-
pressed somewhat at the axils, rigid and brittle at the ends. Color
deep brown. Height of largest specimen about 8 inches ; breadth 5 ;
diameter of branches "30 to "35 ; of verructe '07 ; length of veiTucie '10.

Spicula yellowish brown and reddish brown. Longer spindles long,
moderately stout, usually acnte at each end, but sometimes with one
end blunt, often somewhat bent, covered closely with small spinules,
which on most parts are small, sharp, and conical, but on one side they
are usually more closely crowded, and take the form of low, rough,
lacerate warts. Stouter spindles usually stout-fusiform and rapidly
tapering to each end, covered on one side with small, crowded, rough
warts, on the other with conical spinules ; these like the others, are
frequently bent or irregular, and often one end is truncate or obtuse.
Small spicula of these two forms are numerous, some having conical,
often lobate spinules, others rough warts, not so crowded as in the
larger ones. Other small spicula have the form of rough, warty
heads, with lobate warts ; others are quite small and irregular spicula
with large, subdivided warts ; some become club iiaped and rough,
others more slender, with scattered spinules.

The longer spindles measure 2-00'"™ by -400, 1-90 by -365, 1-44 by
•243, 1-37 by -200, 1'29 by -213, 120 by '150, 1-14 by -228, 1'06 by
•187 ; the stouter ones 1-35 by -325, -912 by -248, -436 by -243 ; the
small irregular spicula ^187 by 'OGO ; heads -IS? by -121 ; clubs -187
by -105, -152 by -090.

Panama, very rare, — F. H. Bradle;^ .

VerriU, Notes on Radiata.

421

The large, rounded, unequal, eight-rayed verruca) are sufficient to
distinguish this from all other known species. Two specimens only
were obtained. ;, ^■ ^^ >- r ■"-

Muricea tubigera Verriii, sp. nov.

Plate VII, figure 1. Plate VIII, figure 2.

Corallum stout and rigid, dichotomously branched, with greatly
elongated, squarrose verrucoe. The trunk divides at about an inch
from the base into two main branches, which fork at about an inch
from their origin. The secondary branches usually fork again at dis-
tances varying from two to five inches, and the tertiary branches are
often again divided. The terminal branches are from 1'6 to 2 "6
inches long and nearly as large as the main branches ("4 inch),
obtusely rounded, and sometimes a little enlarged or clavate at the
ends. The branches are but little divergent and form acute angles.
The ccenenchyma is only moderately thick, but is crowdedly covered
with very long, rather slender verruca?, which stand nearly at right
angles to the surface and give the branches a thick appearance. The
verrucse are enlarged or clavate at their summits, which are rounded
and conspicuously eight-rayed in contraction ; their sides covered
Avith closely imbricated, long, rather slender and sharp spicula, which
project but little from the surface. At the tips of the branches the
verrucae are smaller and densely crowded. Axis hom-like, light
wood-brown at base, black and somewhat compressed in the branches.
Color light greenish brown when dried.

Height of the largest specimen 8 inches; breadth 4*6 ; diameter of
main branches, including verruca}, 'SO ; of branchlets '40 to '45 ;
length of verruca) "15 to "20 ; diameter '05 ; their summits '08.

The spicula are yellowish white, and similar to those of the pre-
ceding species, but longer, more slender, sharper at the ends, and
usually with less crowded warts and spinules. The spindles of the
calls are not larger than those of the ccenenchyma, but often stouter ;
the latter are mostly very slender and acute, often larger and blunter
on one end than the other, or somewhat club-shaped, the spinules
being more crowded on the larger end and mostly truncate, while on
the small end, which is long, slender and acute, they are sharp, conical,
and distantly scattered.

The longer spindles of the cells m asure 2-28'"'" by -324, 1-36 by
•182, 1-32 by -152, 1-29 by '137, -851 by '091, -608 by -061 ; the stouter
ones 1-36 by '228, '988 by -187, -699 by "121 ; the small irregular ones
•213 by -071, -187 by -106, '121 by -061; heads ^076 by •076; the
longer spindles of the ccenenchyma measure 2*37 by '325, r80 by

!f

I

422

Vetrill, Nvtf^s on Radiata.

K

II

•175, 1-5? V>y -200, 1-57 by -175, 1-52 by -197, 1*29 by 167, ri4 by
•121, 1-09 by -IStt, -942 by -106.

Pearl Islands and Panama, very rare, — F. IT. Bradley.

This species is very distinct from the preceding by its very long,
slender, and smaller verrucas, its longer and sharper spicula, and its
thicker branches. The latter character and the closely crowded cells
separate it widely from M. hinpida and M. horrida.

Muricea hispida VerrUi. 0

Proceedings Boston Society of Nttural History, vol x, p, 328, 1866.

Plate Vn, figure 4. Plate VIII, figure 3.

Corallum dichotomous, sparingly branched, somewhat flabelliform.
The main branches arise close to the base and bend outward and up-
ward with a wide curve, before becoming perpendicular and sub-
parallel. The secondary branches arise from the outward curvature
of the primary ones, and quickly become of the same size. The
branches are slender, though the long verrucae give them a rather
thick appearance, and gradually enlarge to the tips. The ccenen-
chyma is thin and but little developed. The cells are ratiier large
and regular, at the summit of very long, rather large, tubular verrucae,
which are narrow at base and enlarged to the summit, or subclavate in
form, the sides being covered with long, sharp spicula, which project
considerably at the summits. Axis very slender, round and black at
base, amber-color and translucent in the branchlets. Color, when
dry, umber-brown.

Height of the largest specimen 4 inches ; diameter of branches, ex-
cluding verrucaj, ^12 ; length of verrucee '16 ; diameter at summit '07.

Spicula yellowish white, mostly relatively large, very long, slender,
sharp spindles, often curved or crooked, covered on one side with
small, very sharp, conical spinules, on the other with small, very
closely crowded, rough warts ; ends usually very aciite. Stouter spin-
dles are numerous, which are frequently irregular in form, often bent,
sometimes enlarged, branched, or forked, near one end ; one or both
ends often obtuse or truncate. The small spicula are mostly regular
warty spindles, acute at each end, but often bent in the middle, and
are relatively less abundant than in most species.

The longer spindles measure 2^60""" by -300, 2-30 by -275, 2*07 by
•250, 2-05 by -300, 2-00 by •300, 1^70 by •175, 1^67 by -226, 1^65 by
•200, 1^57 by ^225; the stouter spindles 2*00 by '376, 1-75 by •376,
1^65 by •300, 1*39 by •350; the majority of the small spindles about

VerriU, Kotea on Jiadiata.

42 :»

•425 by -100, '400 by -IL'S, -37/) by '100, and •42C by -002 ; thi' spinulos
of the larger spiiKlles are about •(i2"> long.

PanaTna, very rare, — F. H. Hradley.

The spicula of this Bpecies resemble most those of 3/. tiiblffera, but
wliile the branches are much smaller, the si)icula are absolutely much
larger, Tlu-y are also rougher, with larger spinules, and the small
spicula are much less abundant and more regular in form. Its thin
ccQuenchyma, and long, clavate, tubular cells, with slender projecting
spicula, will at once separate it from all other species, excejjt, perhaps,
M. horrida Mob.

Muricea horrida Mobius.

Neue Gorgoniden des Nnlurhist. M us. Hamburg, p. 11, Tab. HI, fig. 3-8, 1861;
Kollikcr, Iconos Histiolog., p. 1 35, 1H65.

" M. arborescens, ramosissima, ramis teretibus, verrucis jiolypiferis
cylindratis, obtusis. Ccenenchynia Bi)ieuli8 lusifonnibus, verrucosis,
fulvis sutfultum."

This species, as described and figured by Mobius, forms an openly
and loosely branched corallum, with slender divergent branches, cov-
ered with loosely arranged, tubular, and somewhat clavate verructe,
which are obtuse or truncate and eight-rayed at summit, the sides and
upper margin with a few slightly projecting points of long and large
spicula. The ccunenchyma is thin and the verrucie are about equal in
length to the diameter of the branchlety and smaller branches. The
long spindles are stout fusiform, with distantly arranged, rough, une-
qual warts. The two figured would measure 1 •45""" by •30""", and
l-O'? by -23.

Peru (Hamburg Museum).

Muricea squarrosa Ven-iu, sp. nov.

Plate VI, figure 13. Plate VIII, figure 4.

Corallum dichotomous, the branches subdividing two or three times,
branching nearly in a plane. The trunk usually divides close to the
base into two or more main branches, each of which usually forks
again within half an inch. Some of the central secondary branches
rise nearly perpendicularly and do not subdivide for one or two inches,
or even more, but the outer ones often fork two or three times more,
at distances of aboxU half an inch. The terminal branches and branch-
lets are from one to four inches long, round, subparallel in large speci-
mens, tapering but little, usually obtuse at the ends, and nearly as
large as the main branches. The branches usually spread at a large

Trans. Connecticjt Acad., Vol. I. 54 Januaby, 1869.

424

Verrilly Notes on Jtadiaki.

■as\

anfflc at thoir orij^iii, and bt'iid upward in a l»road curve, the outer
OUCH oltt'ii lortniiig riji;ht auf^loH at their origin. Tlio prominent ver-
nu'ie are regularly arranged on all Biiien, and pretty elone together,
though seareely crowded, and usiuilly ntand nearly at right angles to
the branches, but often incline obliquely upward at a wide angle, and
never become imbricated. They are moderately large, uBiudly nome-
what higher tlian broad, nearly equal, round, tubular, truncate, the ter-
minal opening looking obliquely upward andoutward, the surface cov-
ered with many large fusiform spicula, the ends of whicli project strong-
ly at the summit in the foim of small sharp sj)ine8, which are oiten
more numerous and larger on the lower margin, causing the cells to ap-
proach the cliaracters of those of the second section of the genus.
Ctt'nenchyma moderately thick, filled with large spindles at the sur-
face. Color deep j ellowish brown, varying to light bro'>^nish yellow
and to deep umber brown.

Height of liirgest specimens 8 inches; breadth 6 ; (" ir of lar-

gest branches, including verrucse '30 to 'SS ; of branchlets '24 to '28 ;
length of verruca? "08 to "10, often less ; diameter •06 to •07.

The sjjicula are light yellowish and brownish, mostly large, stout,
warty spindles, many of them irregular, bent or lobed. The longer
spindles are large, rather stout, tapering gradually to each end, or
frequently with one end irregular, truncate or obtuse, the surface
crowdedly covered with small, rounded, rough warts, except upon one
side where the warts are usually replaced by small, sharp, conical
spinules. The stouter spindles are larger and thick, mostly irregular,
bent, lobed, or with one end truncate, but agreeing in the character
of the sui-face with the longer ones. The small spindles are mostly
slender, acute at each end, regularly covered with truncate or rounded
warts, sometimes with sharp spiimles on one side.

The longer spindles measure 1-80'""' by -425'""', 1-80 by •S'TS, 1*76
by -375, I'YO by -350, 1-70 by -300, 1-65 by ^225, 1-62 by -375, 1-57 by
•250, 1-25 by "250, 1-42 by ^200, 1^12 by -200, TO 7 by -175 ; the stouter
ones r70 by -440, 1-57 by -500, rsoby '500, 1^42 by -425, 1^37 by -450,
1-25 by ^400, 1-12 by •300, •SSO by -225; the small spindles •SCO by
•100, -375 by '076, -300 by •062, 225 by •062.

Panama and Pearl Islands, in pools at extreme low- water mark, not
common, — F. H. Bradley.

This species is easily distinguished by its few, moderately thick
branches, evenly covered by the squan-ose, tubular verrucae, which are
usually considerably higher than broad. The spicula somewhat resem-
ble those of M. acervata and M. echinata, but can readily be distin-
guished from either.

liii

Verrill, Notes on Radiata.

4M

B. — Verrxtca more or leaa prominent ; cells bilabiate, or opening upward, with the lower

lip more or lets prolonged.
1, — VerruccB large, elevated, .iprrwling, neither apprented nor imbrica^, or but
elightly so.

Murioea orassa "Vorriii, sp. nov.

Plate VII, figure 10. Plate VIII, figure 6.

Corallum very liirge, dichotomous, l)nvnching nearly in a plane, the
braiK^lu's thick, clavate, covered with large, prominent, coarse verruca?,
which are rough with very large, thick, blunt Bpicula.

Three or four large main branches usually arise from a thick, swol-
len base. These fork at distances of two or three inches, many of the
secondary branches being three or four times dichotomous ; while oth-
ers are subpinnate, the branchlets isiuilly alternating on opposite
sides and from one to two inches .ipart; others give oif branch lets
only on the outside. The branches and branchlets are all thick, often
crooked, and bend outward at first, in a broad curve, and then up-
ward. Toward the base some of the branches are occasionally co-
alescont. The terminal branchlets are from one and a half to four
inches long, smaller at base than the branches, but enlarging toward
the obtusely rounded end, where they are much enlarged and often
clavate, frequently having a diameter of half an inch or more. The
crowded verruca? stand at nearly right angles to the surface of the
branchlets and are very large, prominent, rough with large, stout,
coarse spicula, which are mostly rather blunt at the ends, forming
therefore coarse but not sharp spituUes at the summit, a cluster of
which are a little prolonged, so as to form a short lower lip, which is
usually a little incurved in contraction, so as to conceal the cell, which
opens upward and inward. The large verrucse of the branchlets are
usually broad at base, somewhat conical, higher than broad, strongly
echinate at summit ; those of the main branches and trunk are dis-
tantly scattered, rounded, low, scarcely as high as broad.

Ccenenchyma moderately thick, coarse, with very large, irregular,
blunt spicula, conspicuous at the surface. Axis horn-like, light wood
brown at base ; round, black, strongly striated in the larger branches ,
with the axils scarcely compressed ; soft, thick, rigid and brittle when
dry, and dark brown in the terminal branchlets. Color dark brown,
yellowish brown at base.

Height 20 inches ; breadth 18; diameter of main branches '50 to
•90 ; of terminal branchlets '30 at base, '50 or '60 near the tips ; height
of verrucsB 'IS to;20; diameter "10.

426

Verrill, Notes on Radiata.

il

The spicule* are reddish brown, mostly very large, thick, coarse,
unequal, and irregular, with the ends obtuse or truncate, and the
surface rough «vith minate crowded warts. In the verruca) the spic-
ula are mostly very stout spindles, oval, oblong, or clavate, in nearly
all cases irregular, but generally with one end largest and truncate,
obtuse, or divided into two forks or lobes Their most common size is
about half a millimeter in diam^ ter and tvvo long, but there are many
much larger ones, and a few quite regular and slender spindks of
smaller size. Those of the coenenchyma are mostly very large, thick,
oblong, irregular spicula, obtuse, truncate, or irregular at the ends,
mostly bent or distorted and often lobed, most of the larger onts
about one-third as broad as long.

The stout spicula of the cells measure 3-2«j"''" by -SYS""", 3-12 hj
•600, 2-25 by -875, 2-12 by 'bl5, 2-00 by '575, 2-CO by '500, 1-75 by -676.
1-75 by 'aV^. 1-70 by '800, 1-4? by -575, 1-40 by -875, 1-37 by -POO,
1-25 by -575, 107 by -325, -875 by 450. TJaose of the ctPiienchyma
4-00 by 1-25, 4-00 by 1-20, 3-25 by I'OO, 287 by 1-25, 2-:6 by 1-25,
2-76 by -875, 2-25 by -950, 2-25 by -800, I'OOby -450 ; the most slender
spindles 1*75 by •2'25, -I'OO by -ilOO; the smaller ones -650 by -126, 5?.5
h^j 125, -450 by '125 -275 by 150.

Pearl Islands, — P. II. Bradley.

This species is very different from all others in its great size, very
large, c» rse, rough verrucas, and the remarkably large, thick, irregular
spicula.

Muricea echinata Vai.

Muricea echinata Valenciennes, Comptos-rendus. 1855 (no description); Elw. and
Haime, Corall., vol. i, p. 143, 1857 ; Verrill, Bulletin Museum Comp. Zool., p. 36 ;
Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. x, p. 328, 1866.

Plate VIII, figure 6.

Corallum irregularly dichotomous or subpinnate, branching nearly
in a plane, with clavate branchlets and elongated ochin;ite verruca),
with the lower lip prolonged and the cells opening upward and inward.

The trunk usually divides, close to the base, iiuo two or three main
branches, most of which subdivide eereral times at distances of one
third or half an inch, the central ones usually dichotomous and the
outer ones often subpinnate, the branches spreading at first at a wide
angle and then curving upward. The terminal branches and branch-
lets arc mostly from one to four inches lou^, enlarging toward the
end, oftep distinctly clavate, the tips enlarged and obtusely rounded.
The verruca} are mostly slender, clavate, very prominent, especially
on the terminal branchlets, not crowded, spreading outwava and up-

I

Venrill, Notes on Radiata.

427

ward at a wide antjle, not imbricated, covered with large, stout s])in-
dies, with sharp ends, some of which form the prolonged lower lip
and project from the upper part of the veiTucaj, in the form of sharp
rough spinules. The cells are small and open inward and upward, in
contraction nearly concealed by the incurved lower lip, filled with
small convergent yellow spicula, from the bases of the tentacles. Tb r
coeneiichyma is thin, covered with large spindles. Color deep reddish
brown ; ceils yellow inside. In life " deep red, polyps bright yellow."

Height of largest specimens 6 or 8 inches ; breadth about the same;
diameter of the main branches, including verrucse, "30 ; of tlie branch-
iets at origin '25 ; near the ends '37 ; length of the longest verrucai
on the terminal brancblets MS to 'IS ; diameter "06 of an inch.

Dwarf specimens occur only two or three inches high, with the lar-
gest branches about '25 in diameter, and the verrucae 'lO of an inch
long. These grow in shallow water, in locky pools, etc.

The spicula are reddish and yellowish brown, mostly rather large,
rough, acute spindles, of which the larger ones are often bent, irregu-
lar, lobed, or with one end truncate. The longer spindles, when per-
fect, usually have the ends quite acute ; some are moderately stout,
others quite slender, covered on one side with small but very sharp
spinules, on other parts with small, crowded, rough, rounded or trun-
cate warts. When the spindles are bent the spinules are usually on
the concave side. The stouter spindles are quite irregular and varia-
ble in size and form, but are usually rather thick, often crooked, and
with one or both ends blunt or truncate, and very closely covered
with w) rts and spinules. The medium sized spindles are quite regu-
lar, slender, and very acute, warted like the larger ones. The
smallest are nearly white, regular, « >rae acute and others blunt, cov-
ered with prominent very rough waiis, which are not crowded.

The longer spinules measure i-t/B""" by •450'""', 1*75 by "425,
1-75 by -260, 1-62 by -276, 1-52 by -225, 1-50 by -375, 1-45 by '350,
1-45 by -275, 1-45 by 175; the stouter ones 2-00 by •750, 1-62 by
•750, \-m by -575, i-55 by -450, 1-45 by -460, 1-35 by -500, I'lO by
•475, TOO by -625, 600 by -250 ; the medium sized spindles 1-35 by
•250, 1-27 by ^225, l-lo by -150, I'OO by -425, -900 by '125 ; the small
spicula '650 by •125, '360 by -100, -325 by -100.

Panama, in rocky pools at low-water mark, common, — F. II. Brad-
ley. C. F. Davis, J. H. Stembergh ; Pearl Islands,— F. H Bradley.

Var. flabellum.

Branches much more numerous and crowded, several principal ones
starting nearly together close to the base, and giving off" numerous

J
• I .|

f'm

428

Verrill, Notes on Radiata.

short, crooked branchlets, mostly on the outer side, winch are often at
distances of less than a quarter of an inch apart. Terminal branch-
lets one or two inches long, "25 in diameter, often tapering. Verrucai
very slender, prominent, the lower lip much prolonged, acute, the sur-
face and summit rough with the sharp ends of the spicula. Cells
small, opening upward, often filled with a cliister of bright yellow
spicula from the bases of the tentacles. Color deep brown.
Pearl Islands,— F. H. Bradley.

This species somewhat resembles the two following in color and ex-
ternal appearance. From the first it diifers greatly in mode of growth,
and somewhat in the spicula ; from the second {M. austera) in its
much more slender, longer, and spreading verruca^, and very decidedly
in its spicula.

Muricea flruticosa Verriii, sp. nov.

Plate VII, figure 2.

Corallum large, very branching, casspitose, fruticose, with rather
small, somewhat clavate branchlets, and prominent, spreading, spi-
nose verrucse.

The trunk is very stout and short, arising from a large irregular
base, and usually divides at once into several large, unequal main
branches, which rapidly divide and subdivide in an irregular manner,
the branches and branchlets usually not more than one quarter or
half inch apart. Sometimes several large main branches can be
traced for ><ome distance, giving off numerous small branches from all
sides, but more frequently the subdivision is so rapid that the main
branches are very soon lost among the crowded and crooked branches.
The small branches near the ends often divide in an irregularly dichot-
omous manner, and sometimes coalesce; they are very numerous,
nearly equal in size, and usually much curved and crooked, spreading
at their origin with a broad curve. The terminal branchlets are short,
mostly '6 to 1'5 inches long, often curved, of moderate size, narrowed at
base, enlarging to the obtusely rounded end. Verrucie close together,
but not imbricated, spreading outward and upward, quite prominent,
conical, about as high as broad toward the outer ends of the branch-
lets, where they ai'e more developed than below, and furnished with
an -acute prolonged lower lip, tlie sui-face co\ red with long, stout
spindles, some of which are about as long as the verrucc. Cells small,
situated on the upper side of the verrucse, near the end, the aperture
filled with the yellow polyp-spicula, from the bases of the tentacles.
On the surface of the larger branches the verrucse are low, rounded,

.?'"TiTW

Verrill, Notes on Radiata.

420

and without a prolonged lower lip ; on the trunk and main branches
they are distant, graall, and but little })rominent.

Ccenenchyraa thin, its sui-face composed of very conspicuous, stout
spindles, often larger than those of the verrucie. Color of the branch-
lets and verrucas deep reddish brown brauchlets yellowish brown,
trunk and main branches yellow, tingeci with brown. Axis horn-like,
yellowish wood-brown at the base and in the la'ger branches, darker
reddish brown and translucent in the smallc ones, light amber-yellow,
translucent, and slender, in the branchlets.

The lart,ost specimen is 15 inches high, greatest breadth, across the
upper surface of the clump, 22 inches ; least diameter 16 ; diameter of
trunk I'i; of main branches "75 to 1 inch; of branchlets at origin '12
to '17 ; near the ends, including verrucse, "20 to "25 ; length of longest
verrucoe '08 to "10 ; diameter '05 of an inch. Another specimen is 15
inches high, and the same in breadth.

The spicula vary in color from brownish yellow and yellowish white
to deep reddish brown. The larger ones are mostly stout, relatively
large, blunt, and frequently irregular or crooked spindles. The longer
spindles are rather thick in the middle portion, tapering; somewhat
abruptly to the ends, which are not usually very acute ; ore side cov-
ered with small, very sharp ^ Mos, the other parts with crowded
rough warts. The stouter spici' \ ni thick and massive, usually
blunt or even truncate at one or both ends but -sometimes ta| eriug
to blunt points, often crooked; some ol the smaller ones entirely
lose their spindle-shape, even becoming triangular; hers have
the large end forked ; while some arc quite irregular, comjxiHsed,
sometimes as broad as long, one side divided into large, sliai]), lac-
erate teeth or spines. The medium sized spindles a more regular,
quite stout in the middle, usually tapering to acute points, one side
covered with quite large and very sharp spindles, the other with closely
crowded rough w.arts. Other still smaller spicula are q in; > slender,
regular, very warty spindles, light yellow in color, 'i" -smallest are
very smail, snow-white", very warty spindles, some very slender, others
relatively short.

The longer spindles measure 2-{)0'"m by -650""", 2-50 by '500, 1-75
by -350, 1-57 by •;325, 1-55 by -350, 1*55 by -oOO, 155 by -226, 1'50 by
•425, 1-45 by -350, 1-40 by •250, 1-27 by -iJOO, 1-20 by -250 ; the stout
spicula 2-37 by •BSO, 2^25 by -625, 2-10 by -075, 2-00 by 575, \-1h by
•525, 1-70 by -525, 1-62 by -550, 1-62 by -500, 1^50 by "475, 1-35 by
•675, 1-07 by '376, -725 by -300; "the medium sized spindles 1^07 by
•260, 1-07 by -225; 100 by -275, 1-00 by '250, TOO by ^200, -900 by

430

Verrill, Notes on Hadiata.

V

I

•200, -875 by -200, -825 by "200, -700 by -150; the smaller spindles
•575 by -l?."), -575 by -100, -550 by -100, -600 by '100, -475 by -100
•450 by '075, ^425 by •lOO ; the otnallest white spindles •135 by -075,
•325 by -082, -175 by '075, 1^75 by -062 ; some of the small triangular
ones •450 by ^425 ; the irregular prickly spicula '400 by •325. The
polyp-sphidles measure •375 by •100, '325 by •075, 275 by '075, -225
by •lOO, ^200 by ^075, 200 by -062.

Pearl Islands, brought from^ to 8 fathoms below low-water mark
by divers, — F. II. Bradley.

Yar. miser.

Corallura dwai-fed, forming small, thickly branched, rounded, ca3S-
pitose clumps, from two or six inches in diameter and about the same
in height, the subdivision taking place rapidly from close to the base.
Branches and branchlets small and slender, the latter a little enlarged
toward the ends, and from '5 to 2 inches long. Verruca? as in the typ-
ical form, but smaller, nearly obsolete on the larger branches. Co!'~-rox
branchlets deep brown, of branches and often the bases of brancldets
very light yellow. Diameter of branchlets '10 to •IS; length of long-
est verrucie ^04 to '06 of an inch. The spicula are similar to those of
the typical form, but smaller.

Pearl Islands, in rocky pools at extreme low -water mark, — F. H.
Bradley ; Corinto,— J. A. McNiel.

This species is more nearly allied to M. echinata than to any other.
Its csespitose growth and far more numerous and smaller branches
will usually separate it readily. The verruca? are smaller and
shorter, and the sj)i<>ula ai different, though quite similar in general
appearance. They are mi ly stouter and blunter than the corres-
ponding forms in 3T. echinata^ while the large, stout spindles of the
coenenchyma are decidedly larger, even in smaller specimens. The
medium sized spindles are also decidedly stouter and less acute.

Muricea austera Ven-iu, sp. nov.

Plate VIII, figure 7.

Corallum large, dichotomous, fruticose, sometimes citspitr-ie, with
rather thick, obtuse branchlets, covered I with close, scarcely appressed,
sub-conical verruoae, having an acute iower lip.

In the largest specimen, several trunks arise from abroad base, four
or five inches in diameter. These q\iickly fork, and the branches in tlioir
turn rapidly divide, being, in some cases, five or six times dichotomous,
producing a rather coarse caespitose clump, though some of the main
branches and their divisions have a tendency to arrange themselves in

Verrill, Notes on Jiadiata.

431

a single plane, — a feature that is more characteriHtic ot'tlie smaller
pnecimens. The branches and branchlets usually arise Ironi •"> to 1'5
inches apart, spreafling in a wide curve at first, or even nearly at riiiht
angles, and then becoming sub-parallel. The branches occasionally
coalesce sparingly. The terminal branchlets are "o to 2 inches long,
as large as or larger than the smaller branches, and mostly increase in
size from their origin to the end, which is well rounded. The veiTuca^
are prominent, sub-conical, with an acute lower lip, near together, but
yet scarcely crowded, and not imbricated, usually forming an angle of
about 45° with the surface, closely covered by i-ough, stc ut, rather
short spindles, tapering to the ends, which scarcely project above the
surface, except slightly at the summit of the verruca?. Cells opening on
the upper side of the verruca^ filled when fresh with a cluster of light
yellow polyp-spindles. Coenenchyma moderately thick, firm, with a
hard rough surface, covered with stout, mostly obtuse, rough spicula,
some of which are much larger 'than those of the verruca?. Axis
wood-brown and not calcareous at base ; black in the branches and
usually a little compressed, especially at the axils ; yellowish brown,
coarse, and rigid in the branchlets. Color uniform ? ddish or yellow-
ish brown.

Height of largest specimen, from Panama, 9 inches ; breadth 1 5 by
13; diameter of main branches '40; of secondary "30 ; of branchlets
at base '20 to '25 ; at summit, including verrucje, -25 to '35 ; length of
verruca? '05 to -10; diameter about -05. Another sub-flabellilbrm
specimen from Pearl Islands is 9 inches high and 10 broad, with the
branches and verrucae as in the other. One from Cape St. l.ucas is 8
inches high and 6 broad; the branchlets near the ends mostly '35,
rarely "40, in diameter; the longest verruca^ '12 of an inch in length.

The largest spicula are all rather short and stout, mostly oblong or
oval in outline, with obtuse or truncate ends, only a portion of them
being short spindles. The longer spicula are mostly oblong, with obtuse
ends, or stout fusiform, tapering somewhat to one or both ends, which
are blunt ; one side covered with large, conical spinules, the others wiih
rather large, close set, rough warts. The stouter spicula differ but
little from the longer ones, except in being shorter and thicker, gene-
rally oblong or oval, and truncate at the ends. They are often irreg-
ular, or lobed at one or both ends. The small s])iiidles arc rather
stout, tapering but little, blunt at the ends, and covered with large,
prominent, rough warts, about their own diameter apart. P;nall, irreg-
uhir, very warty or spiny spicula occur, which are nearly as long as
broad; also irregular star-shaped spicula, and nearly round warty

Tbans. Connecticct Acad. Vol. I. 66 January, 1 8G9.

.'V. •

■■x\'

i. "

i'

n

432

Verrill, Notes on Radiata.

heads. The polyp-spicula are mostly small, rather slender, oblong
spindles, with blunt ends, closely covered with small rouiih warts.

The single specimen from Cape St. Lucas has spicula which aver-
age somewhat larger, but agree well in form and appearance with
those of the Panama specimens.

The longer spicula measure 1-45'"'" by -400""", 1-22 by '400, 1-17 by
•Zio, 1-15 by -375, 1-15 by -325, 1-12 by -375, 1-12 by -300, 107 by
•300, 1-05 by -350, 1 -02 by -325, -850 by '275 ; the stouter ones 1 -47 by
•500, 1-02 by -400, 1-00 by -375, '975 by -500, -950 by -425, '900 by
•450, -750 by '300, '700 by -375, -675 by -325, -650 by -350, -625 by -300 ;
the small spindles -425 by -100, •375 by -100, ^350 by •125; the small
irregular, thorny spicula -275 by 175, -225 by ^150, -175 by "100; the
stars -200 by -200, -200 by -150, ^175 by ^175 ; the heads -ilo by -150,
•1 75 by -100 ; the polyp-spindles -500 by -100, '450 by -112, '450 by ^075,
•425 by -125, ^400 by '137, '400 by -100, -376 by -100, -350 by -087, -325
by -075, 300 by -100, ^250 by •07^r, ^220 by -062. The longer spicula
from the Cape St, Lucas example measure 1^67 by ^550, 1*50 by '500,
1-50 by -425, 1^50 by ^375, ]'25 by -300, 1-12 by ^325 ; the stouter ones
1^00 by ^550, 1-40 by ^575, 130 by '500, 1^27 by -450, 1'25 by -500, -875
by •450.

Pearl Islands, rare, brought with M. crassa and M. fruticoaa from
6 to 8 fathoms by divers, — F. H. Bradley ; Panama, at extreme low-
water, on reef, very rare, — F. IT. Bradley ; Cape St. Lucas, — J. Xan-
tus, from Smithsonian Institution ; La Paz, — J. S. Pederseii.

This species resem1)les in color and general appearance M. echinata
and J/. /r««^cosa, but is quite distinct from both in its short, stout,
blunt spicula. From the latter it differs, also, in its much stouter and
less numerous branches and larger verrucas ; from the former in its
shorter, broader, and more conical verrucje and firmer texture.

Muric3a retusa Verriu, sp. nov.

Plate VIII, figure 8.

Corallum dark purplish, dichotomous, sparingly branched, branches
rather thick, with large sub-conical verrucfe, which are not crowded.

The trunk forks neiir the base and, in the only specimen seen, each
main branch subdivides again at the distance of about an inch. One of
the secondary branches again forks at two inches from its origin, the
others remain simple and about two inches long. The branches
spread widely at first and are about equal in size throughout, tlie termi-
nal branches being a little enlarged toward the end. The verruca} are
rather, large, stout, subconical, nearly as broad as high, not crowded,

Verrill, Notes on Radiata.

433

standing at an angle of ahout 45° on tlie npper part of the branches
and at a greater angle below, their surface covered with short, thick,
ratlier obtuse spindles, with their sides elevated and very ponspicuous
at the surface, but the ends not projecting. The lower lip of the ver-
rucix) is rather obtuse and not much prolonged. The ctt»nenchynia is
thick, covered with stont, irregular, blunt spieula, some of them con-
siderably larger than those of the verrucse. Color deep purplish
brown.

Height 3 inches ; ])readth 2*5 ; diameter of branches "30 ; length of
verrucas -08 to -12 ; breadth -06 to 'OS.

The spicula av& mostly deep red or purple, varying toward yellow-
ish, and consist mostly of short, stout, usually irregular, blunt spin-
dles, or oblong spicula, three or four times as long as broad ; and very
short and thick, irregular, massive spicula, often more than half as
broad as long. The longer spicula are partly stout, blunt spindles, of-
ten irregular or bent, and closely cohered with rough warts, with stout
conical spinules on one side; these come mostly from the veiTucw.
Others, coming from the coenenchyma, are oblong or irregularly
formed, one end often dilated, frequently truncate. The stouter spicula
are very massive and irregular, usually oblong, and truncate at both
ends, often w e end dilated, frequently lobcd, crowdedly warted,

except on the L^/inulose sides. Others are irregularly triangular and
flattened, one edge spinulose, the sides warted. All the stouter irreg-
ular spicula appear to come from the coenenchyma. The smaller spin-
dles from the verrucas are pretty regular, stout fusiform, or even some-
what oval in outline, the ends not ver^' acute.

The longer spicula measure 1-47""" by -SOO""", 1-40 by -850, \-2l by
•450, I-IO by -300, 1-05 by -326, l/OO by -300, -926 by -250, '900 by
•225, -875 by -325 ; tho stouter ones P20 by -550, 1-02 by '600, 1-02 by
•500, 1-00 by -550, 1^00 by -475, -950 by -500, •92o by "450, -750 by
•525, "700 by '450, '625 by ^425 ; the triangular flattened ones 1^15 by
•575, -775 by ^400, -(525 by -375 ; heads ^275 by -275 ; the small oval
spindles '750 by •SOO, -625 by ^225, •GOO by -225, -475 by -226, -450 by
•250, ^450 by '175, -250 by •150.

Pearl Islands, attached to the base of a lai^ge sijecimen of 3f. fruti-
cosa, from 6 to 0 fathoms, — F. H. Bradley.

This species is closely allied to M. anstera. Its spicula are still
shorter, thicker, and more irregular, approaching, in this respect, those
of 3f. crassa, though much smaller. The verruca? are also larger than
those of Jl/; anstera and less rough. The peculiar rich color will proba-
bly prove to be a good specific character, since the color in tlie species

434

Vorill, Notes on liadiata.

'f'

of this genus appears to be remarkably constant, althongh quite vari-
able in some genera of Gorgonidse.

Muricea forraosa Verriii, sp. nov.

Plate VIII, figure 16.

Corallum white, dichotomous, the brandies moderately stout, diver-
gent, with elongated squarrose verrucae.

The single specimen in the collection forks at about half an inch
from the base ; one branch divides again within half an inch ; the other
forks at two inches, each division again subdividing irregularly. The
branchlets diverge at first with a Avide angle, often even 90°, and then
curve upward ; they are short, somewhat conical, obtuse at the end.
The verruca' are elongated, somewhat conical, with the acute lower
lip projecting beyond the upper, and spiny with the projecting en Is of
elongated, sharp spicules. Cells placed on the upper side and near
the end of the verruca*, sumiounted by a cluster of white polyp-spin-
dles when the polyjjs are contracted. Cocnenchyma rather thin, the
surface covered with rather short and stout, nearly regular spindles.
Axis wood-brown at base, brownish black in the branches. Color
pure white throughout.

In life, " the color, both of branches and polyps, is pure white ; po-
lyps very inconspicuous, sessile, with eight short, pinnate tentacles,"
— F. IT. B.

Height 4 inches; V)readth 3 ; length of branchlets "5 to 1'5 ; diame-
ter, including verrucae, "30 to '35 ; length of verruca? '08 to '12; diam-
eter -04 to 'Oe.

The spicida are clear white, of moderate size, comparativelj'^ smooth ;
the larger are mostly rather elongated spindles from the verrucse, with
one end usually quite sharp ; and short, stout, blunt spindles and irreg-
uliir spicula from the ccenenchyma. The longer spindles from the ver-
rucse sometimes taper regularly to both ends, which are acute; others
have one end short, the other tapering abniptly, truncate, or even
forked ; the outer surface is covered with very small, crowded warts,
the inner surface with very small, low spinules, which gives them a
rather smooth appearance when moderately enlarged. The stout
spicula, mostly from the coerenchyma, ai-e in large part short, stout
spindles, often regularly elliptical in outline, with the ends regularly
tapering and blunt ; some are irregular spindles, one end often much
the largest and blunt or rounded, the other somewhat acute ; others
are of various shapes, sometimes sub-triangular, often bent. All are
covered with very small warts and spinules, like the longer ones. The

Verrill, Notes on llaiUata.

435

poly|>-spinflle8 are mostly small, short spindles, vtry tineciuaily aiul
roughly warted ; others are more slender and very small spindles ;
others are longer, slender, not very acute spindles, with more dis-
tant warts.

The longer spindles measure 1-35""" hy •325""", 1-25 by -175, I '22 by
•250, 1-22 by -175, 1-I7 by -275, MS by -175, 1-12 by -275, l-07by200,
1-05 by -260, I'OO by -250, -950 by -250, -950 by -225, -950 by -150, •9'25
by ^250, ^925 by •225, ^900 by ^00, ^875 by -225, '850 by 225, ^750 by
•175, -725 by "225, ^725 by -175, -725 by •ISO, -600 by -100; the stout
spindles V^5 by -450, r32 by -375, 1-17 by ^400, Ma by -300, M2 by
•275, I -ID by ^425, 1^05 by -325, ^975 by •SOO, -925 by -350, -900 by ^350,
•850 by •300, ^850 by -275, ^800 by -225, ^775 by -276, "775 by '225, '750
by ^300, •750 by •250, ^700 by -250, -675 by -300, '650 by -200, ^425 by
•250; the irregular stout spicula -950 by ^450, -925 by •SSO, -800 by
•300, ^775 by -375, ^726 by ^350, ^700 by -300, -650 by ^300, -600 by -i'lb,
•526 by ^275, ^425 by ^275, ^400 by ^250, ^350 by 225; the polyp-spin-
dles -450 by •lOO, -425 by •lOO, -400 by '100, •375byl25, -350 by -11 2,
•350 by ^062, •325 by '\V1, ^325 by ^087 '300 by •100, •SOO by -075, -300
by •OSO, -275 by ^062, ^225 by ^062, -175 by •075.

Zorritos, Peru, dredged in 3 fathoms, — F. H. Bradley.

This species resembles M. albida in color and size of branches, but
has not the appressed verrucse, with a flattened lower lip, of that spe-
cies, and the spicula of the verrucae are much longer, sharper, and more
projecting, while all the spicula are much less roughly warted. It
somewhat resembles M. squarroaa in size and mode of branching and
in the divaricate verrucse, but differs in the elongated lower lip arK?
much stouter spindles of the verrucse, as well as in color. It also
bears some resemblance to the whitish variety of M. tuhlgera, but has
smaller branches, shorter verrucas, with a well-marked lower lip, and
much shorter and stouter spicula.

The Zorritos specimen is infested by a smal' parasitic worm, which
forms numerous tubes in the ccenenchyma and surface of the axis.
When living "from each tube are protruded a pair of long, slender,
flexible tentacles, zoned with black and white, and a long, worm-like
process, mammillated on both sides, and showing a dark line (intes-
tine ?) in the centre."

These worms are about a quarter of an inch long and quite slender,
with small bundles of setae along the sides, the posterior extremity
tapering. In alcohol the tentacles are relatively large, with large
dark brown spots, arranged in pairs along the whole length, producing
the "zoned" appearance. Each worm has two holes at the surface

,W

M-

486

Verrill, N^oha on Jiadiata.

F
lit

of the c(Piit'nchyma, wliicli are close tojjether and have a t'lijijhtly
raised border. From one of the holes the tentacles are protruded ;
from tlie otlier, the posterior end of the body. Tlie lower part ol' the
tube, bent into a U-sliaped form, is more or less deejdy excavated in
the substance of the axis.

2. — VerruccB scarcely prominent,
veloped.

Cells opening outward, with the lower lip little de-

Muricea robusta Vorriii.

Muricea robusta Vcrrill, BuUotin Museum of Comp. Zool, p. 36, 18G4; (pars) Proc.
Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. x, p. 329, 186G.

Plate Vir, figure 3. Plate VIII, figure 9.

Corallum brown, irregularly dicliotomous, with few\ stout, mostly
crooked branches, pretty closely covered by the rather large, unequal
cells, which have the border but little elevated.

When young it rises as a simple, clavate, often crooked stem to the
height of 2 or 3 inches, attaining a diameter of "35 to "40 near the
summit, which is bluntly rounded. Larger specimens usually divide
within 1'5 inches from the base, the main branches again forking with-
in an inch of their origin, and the resulting branches are iiTegularly
once or twice dichotomous. The branchlets are irregular, crooked,
arising from '5 to 2 inches apart, spreading at their origin in a broad
curve, stout and rigid, of nearly uniform size throughout, the ends
obtusely rounded. Verructc upon the branches and trunk inconspicu-
ous, consisting of a slightly elevated margin around the rather large
and conspicuous cells, which are crowded over the whole surface and
open outward. Toward the ends of the branchlets the verrucae be-
come more prominent by reason of the greater development of the low-
er border of the cells, which forms a concave, semi circular, or crescent-
shaped lower lip, with a somewhat thickened and obtuse edge, the
surface scabrous and grauulous with small rough spicula. Ccenenchy-
ma thick, and granulous with small spicula. Axis in the branches
black and scarcely compressed at the axils, brown and rigid in the
branchlets. Color dull yellowish brown.

Height of largest specimen 8'6 inches ; breadth 4 ; diameter of
trunk -40 ; of branchlets '35 ; of largest verrucse "06 ; length of lower
lip, when longest, '04.

Spicula orange-brown and light yellow, quite small for the genus,
but very rough, the larger ones consisting in great part of stout, irreg-
ular, thorny clubs. The longer spindles are rather slender, irregular,
the sides closely covered with very rough unequal warts, one end often

Verrill, Notes on liadiata.

489

laccrately divided into larjjc, unequal, Hliarj) Hpinulcs. The stouter
spieula are in part Hhort, Htout, very roughly warted spindlew; with
more numerous and usually large, stout, irregular, very rough clubs.
Tlio latter are bluntly pointed at the small end, the sides covered with
crowded rougli warts, the large end lacerately divided into largo, une-
qual and irregular, sharp sjiinules. Among the smaller spicula are
many short, irregular spindles, roughly warted on one side, and bear-
ing large, elongated, sharp, oblique spinules on the other ; also more
regular short warty spindles and warty heads ; others are quite slen-
der and very roughly warted spindles, often lacerate at one end. The
polyp-spicula are deep brown.

Tlie longer spindles measure •825"'"" by MTS""", '825 by -102, -775
by -lib, -750 by "250, '700 by -150, -675 by '126, -625 by -176, -026 by
•126, -560 by -176, -525 by -126; the stouter spindles -025 by -376,
•625 by -250, ^475 by -200 ; the stout clubs -575 by -200, -575 by -175,
•550 by -200, -525 by -200, '450 by ^250, ^450 by •] 7.5 ; the longer spi-
nules of the clubs are about -100 to -126 in length; the irregular lac-
erate spicula '475 by •325, ^225 by '200 ; the smaller stout spindles •325
by •ISO, -276 by '125, -250 by •137; the warty heads -226 by -175,
•200 by •ISO; small slender spindles ^450 by -125, -400 by '112,
•375 by •lOO.

Acapulco, Mexico, — A. Agassiz.

This species resembles M. purpurea and M. albida in its stout
branches and mode of subdivision, but ditFers from both these and all
ethers in its nearly obsolete verrucje. Its spicula are very different
in form and size from those of M, albida.

3. — Verruca cwrved upward at the apex, generally more or less appresaed and umaSy

(mh-icated.
a. — Gomenchyraa thick; branches stout, obtuse, dichotomoua.

Muricea albida Verriii.

Muricea rohusta (pars) VerriU, Proc. Boston Soc. Nnt. History, vol. x, p 329, 1866.
Mv/rkea albida Verrill, American Journal Science, xlv, p. 412, May, 1868.

Plate VII, figure 9. Plate VIII, figure 10.

Corallum white, dichotomous, branching nearly in a plane, with
stout, rather long branches, thick coenenchyma, and large, close, some-
what appressed verrucse.

When young this species usually grows to the height of two or
three inches as a simple, straight, clavate stem, generally quite slen-
der at the base and gradually enlarging to near the summit, where the
diameter, including verrucsB, is ^20 to '35 inch, the end obtusely round-

438

Verrill^ Notes on liddiiitu.

\i

m

I

!«1

e«l. The first l>r:iucli iiHimlly arises from one side, uhout 1 or 1 -5 inches
from the ba»e, ami soon lieeomes iiboul as lonij and larj^e as the orij^inal
stem. Kach of tlie two main branches timially forks airuin at distaticeH
of 'fi to 1 incii, their divisions mostly remaining nne(|ual, some of them
remaininj^ h)ni; simple braiiehlets, others irreyuhirly two or three times
dieliotomoiis, the branches all spreadnij^ in one plane. Tlie birger
spoeiinens are usually irregularly and sparingly branched, the branch-
es being seldom more than three times dichotomous, the distance be-
tween the divisions being two or three inches. Sometimes the second-
ary brandies arise only from the U|)per side of tlie outer branches, and
are then sub-parallel and erect. In other specimens the branches all
rise directly, spreading but little even at base. More commonly the
branches spread outward at their origin in a broad curve, or even
nearly at right angles, and then bent upward and are usually more
or less crooked and eliglitly enlarged toward the tips, thougli some-
times of uniform size or even slightly tapering. The verrucoe are
rather large and prominent, crowded, usually appressed and loosely
imbricated, yet on some of the branches they are often erect, sprea*!
ing sometimes even at right angles. The upper side is rudimentary,
the verrucao consisting almost entirely of the broad, elongated, more
or less fiatteued and incurved lower lip. The cells are large, occupy-
ing nearly the whole of the upper side of tlie verrucie, when fresh
surmounted by a large cluster of white polyp-spicula from the bases
of the tentacles. The surface is somewhat rough with rather small
imbricated spicula, many of which project a little at the summit. The
ceenenchyma is thick and compact, covered with stout, thick spicula.
The axis is a little compressed at the axils ; clear black in the larger
branches ; brown, slender, and rigid in the branchlets. Color uniform
yellowish white. In life, " the color, both of branches and polyps, is
pure white,"— F. H. B.

Height of the largest specimen 11 inches; breadth 5 ; diameter of •
trunk "37 ; of branchlets '30 to -40 ; length of verrucaj '08 to -10 ;
breadth -06 to '08. Another specimen is 6-5 inches high ; 4 broad;
diameter of trunk '45 ; of branchlets at base '38 to '40; near tips "46
to "48 ; length of longest verrucse '12. A third specimen is 5'5 inches
hifh; 8 inches broad ; diameter of branchlets '30 to 37.

The spicula are white, larger than in the other species of this sub-
section and more regular. The larger ones are mostly rather blunt
oblong spindles, covered with small, very rough, crowded warts on
the convex outer side, and with large, prominent, sharp spinules on
the inner surface, which is often straight or concave. The longer

Verrilly Notes on Jiadiata.

439

spindles aro only moderately stout, one end usuiilly Itiijjer than the
other and more or less obtuse, the other end generally aeute, the sur-
face rough with unequal wart" md spimiles. The stouter spindles are
short and thick, frequently irregular and crooked, both ends usually
ta[)erlng to blunt points, one being often cjuite obtuse, the surface
densely covere<l with small rough warts. Some stout spi(;ula are
club-shaped, with the large end divided into two or three blunt, warty
lobes. The medium sized spindles are very strongly warty with
large, unequal, rough wartf, wiiich are not crowded ; most of them
aro quite slender and acute, others stouter and blunter.

The longer spindles measure 1-42""" by •325""", 1-37 by -350, 1-37
by -326, 1-37 by '276, 132 by 300, 1-26 by 300, 1-20 by -276, 1-12 by
•276, 1-12 by -226, 1-04 by '275, 1-02 by -225, -960 by 225, -876 by
•175, •H25 by ^200, -825 by -175; the stouter spindles 1-50 by -600,
1-37 by -350, 132 by -350, 1-17 by -476, •l-H by ^426, 117 by -350,
M2 by •aOO, -925 by -300, -875 by -325, -800 by -350, '700 by ^300,
•700 by ^250, -575 by -300, •SOO by -250 ; the stout clubs 1-25 by -500,
•825 by -325, -325 by '250 ; the smaller spindles '950 by -150, -900 by
•260, ^726 by •150, -725 by •125, •675 by -150, -660 by •lOO, -525 by
•100, •625 by -076, ^425 by '100.

Panama, in rocky pools at low-water mark, — A. Agassiz, J. H.
Sternbergh, F. H. Bradley ; "Pearl Islands, common, — F. H. Bradley.

This species is very distinct from the others of this sub-section, in
its white color and the much larger and more regular spicula. Its
color and peculiar verrucae will also readily separate it from all other
species which resemble it in size and mode of branching.

Muricea hebes VemU.

Muricea hebe3{pars) Verrill, Bulletin Museum Comp. ZooL, p. 36, 1864; Proc. Boston
Soc. Nat Hist, vol, i, p. 328, 1866.

Plate VII, figure 8. Plate VIII, figure 11.

Corallum yellowish brown, small, sparingly dichotomous, forming
low clumps of few branches, which are short, moderately stoux,, and
clavate.

The base is flat and expanded, often giving rise to several stems,
which mostly fork close to the base, each branch dividing again at
from -5 to 1 inch from its origin. Some of these branches again fork,
but many remain simple and are 1 to 2*5 inches long. When young
the stems are often erect, simple, clavate, and 1 or 2 inches high. The

Trans. CoKNEoncuT AoAD., Vol. I. ?.B6 Januabt, 1869.

440

Vet'riU, Notes on ^adiata.

, J. '•I

m

i;:

branchlet8 are as large as or larger than the branches before division.
They are usually curved, sometimes of uniform aize throughout, but
generally enlarge toward the blunt tips, so as to be decidedly clavate,
and vary in length from half an inch to two inches. "I'he verrucse are
often unequal, rather small, crowded, loosely imbricated, mostly some-
what appresf ^d ; the upp^ir Up very short or wanting ; the lower one
prolonged, fattened, and incurved, the lower surface rough and spin-
ulose with the sharp projecting points of the small spicula, which are
numerous and imbricated. The cells are situated on the upper and
inner surface of the vetriirte and open upward, but are nearly con-
cealed by the incui'ved lower lip. Thi :a;nenchyma is thick and rath-
er linn, showing but little betveen the crowded verrucse of the branch-
lets. Color rull reddish brown or yellow ish brown, varying in shade.
In life " stem and polyps deep orange," — F. H. Bradley.

Height of largest specimen 3 inches ; breadth 3*75 ; diameter of smal-
ler branches and base of bianchlets '23 tci -.15 ; of branchMs near tips
•30 to "32 ; length of veiTUCfle "06 to '10; breadth "05. Another speci-
men is 2'6 inches high; 3"5 broad; with the braclucts -25 to '30 in
greatest diameter. Most specimens are considerably smaller, the
braachlets often not more than '20 in diameter, with the verrucse also
considerably smaller.

The spicula ai'e light yellowish brown and yellowish wh'i o in color,
and relatively small, the larfi;;n' ones consisting of both longer and
stouter warty spindles, and irregular, flattened, rough spicula, often as
broad as long, and usually with one edge lacerately divided. The
longer i^pindles are uiostly rather stout, often irregular, with a very
roughly warted surface, and sharp prominent spinuleson one side ; the
ends U3ually acute, one often blunter tl-an the other. The iitouter
sphidles are short, thick, often oblong cr oval, both ends usually blunt,
one often smaller than the other, the surface roughly warted. The
irregular flattened spicula ox ihe coejienchyma are numerous and rela-
tively large, very roughly warted, and with one edge deeply divided
into irregular, lacerate teeth or spinales, which are usually sharp. The
foiTus vary exceedingly, some being somewhat oval, quadrangular,
triar ;»ular, or head-like, but the majority are quite irregular. The
small spicula are mostly either 4'u',a slender, or short and thick warty
spindles.

' The longer ppindles measure -STS™™ by •2V5""", -lib by -200, '115 by
•160, -750 by 175, -750 by -125, •?26 by -225, -12 '^ by -176, -700 by
■225, -675 by '200, -650 by -137, -625 by '150, -600 by -150, -600 by -126,
•675 by -100, -650 by '125, -460 by '100 ; the stouter spindles -775 by

Hi

■^'■y^^^;:^^^r'w^'!'f'^JI^^.y^!rtf'^

Verrill^ Notes on Hadlatcu

441

•350, -775 by '300, 'VSO by -350, '750 by -325, -725 by '300, -726 by '275,
•700 by -275, -675 by -325, -650 by 300, -625 by -325, 625 by '300, 625
by -225, -600 by '325, '600 by -250, •BOO by -226, -675 by '325, -676 by
•275, -550 by •275, •SOO by '200, '450 by -225, ^426 by -300, '400 by '225;
the irregular flattened spicula -700 by ^325, '625 by -475, -625 by -276,
•575 by -400, -650 by '450, -525 by -400, "525 by '375, -475 by -376, -450
by ^325, -425 by ^425 ; the heads -425 by -300, ^260 by 200 ; the small
spindles -425 by •ISO, ^400 by -100, ^400 by ^087, •275 by -150, -300
by •125. Some spindles from the verrucse are inch'.aed among the
preceding measurements of larger spindles, others measure '825 by
•250, -800 by '200, ^775 by '162, -625 by -200, •625 b^ -175.

Pana -la and Pearl Islands, common in rocky pools near low-water
mark,-^F. II. Bradley; ^capulco. — A. Agaosiz; Corinto, — J. A.
McNiel.

This species is liable to be confounded with the youi^g of M. aus-
tera and M. albida, and perhaps other species ; from the latter it dif-
fers in color and in having smaller verrucae ; from the former in its less
projecting, more appressed and smaller verrucae, and lower growth, as
w^ell as lighter color ; and from both it differs widely in its much smal-
ler and very differently shaped spicula, which more nearly resemble
those of M. robusta and M. purpurea. From the last it may be at
once distinguished by its color and less appressed verrucse, which are
much rougher, owing to the projecting points of the more acute spic-
ula ; from the fovmer it differs in its well developed vorrcuas, smaller
cells opening upw^ard, lower growth, and less robust branches.

Muricea purpurea v'erriii.

Muricea hehea (jpara) Verrill, Bulletin Museum Comp. Zool., p. 36, 1864.
Muricea purpurea Verrill, American Jour. Science, vol. xlv, p. 412, May, 1868.

Plate VII, figure 6. Plate VIII, figure 12.

Corallum sparingly dichotomous, with stout, obtuse, rigid, mostly
curved branches, usually arranged nearly in one plane, closely covered
by small, appressed, granulous verrucas.

When young it often rises to the height of 2 to 4 inches as an up
right, simple, clavate stem, "25 to 32 inch in diameter. Other specimens
are two or three times dichotomous before they become two inches high.
The larger specimens, when well developed, usually consist of several
trunks arising near together from a broad, expanded base, forming
open clumps of stout, crooked branches, which are eparingly divided,
the branchlets upon each main stem generally spreading nearly in one
plane. The trunk often forkd within half an inch from the base, but

442

Verrill, Notes on Hadiata.

V

l^ai

at other time? at two or three inches. The main branches are about
as large as the trank and divide again at '5 to 3 inches from their ori-
gin. Some of the ?ocondary branches remain simple, but most of
them divide again in ai\ irregularly dichotomous manner, the branches
being from '5 to 2 inches apart. The branches almost always diverge
greatly at first, sometimes even almost at right angles, and then bend
upward with a broad curve. The branchlets are mostly crooked, or
variously curved, divergent, about as large as the branches, sometimes
slightly tapering, but usually uniform in size or a little clavate, ob-
tusely rounded at the end, varying in length from "5 to 2 inches. In
two specimens some of the main branches are broad and somewhat flat-
tened, diameter -65 by •30. The largest specimens consist of a single
stem, which divides at the height of two inches, the first branch re-
maining simple and about three inches long, the main stem divides
again within half an inch, and each of the nearly equal main branches
forks at about half an inch from its origin, and their subdivisions are
again dichotomous at '5 to 1 '5. Some of the resulting branches remain
simple, but most of them are once and a few twice dichotomous, at
distances of 1 to 2-5 inches. The branchlets are all curved or crooked,
1 to 2 "5 inchbs long, '35 in diameter, mostly a little clavate, very ob-
c ;? and, like the branches, are situated nearly in one plane. The
verrucae are I'ather small, short, crowded, usually appressed and some-
what imbricated, the upper lip obsolete, the lower one well developed,
oval, obtusely pointed, the tip often incurved. On the trunk and lower
part of branches the lower lip is usually less developed, not appressed,
often obliquely truncated, the cells opening upward and outward. The
surface of the verrucoe is strongly granulous with the very small and
short, warty spicula, but not spinulose. Ccenenchyma thick, firm,
granulous. Axis yellowish brown at base ; brownish black in the
branches and compressed at the axils ; yellowish brown, coarse, rigid,
and brittle in the branchlets. Color uniform /eddish purple, the sur-
face when dry covered with a film of dull yellowish.

The largest single specimen is 9 inches high ; 1 broad ; diameter of
trunk -40 ; of branchlets -28 to '35 ; length of largest verrucne •06 to
•07 ; breadth at bf.se '05 to '06. One of the clumps is 6 inches high ;
breadth 9 by 5 '5. In some dwarf specimens the diameter of the
branchlets is only '20 to -25. In some specimens the largest verrucae
become '10 of an inch long, and •OG or -01 broad.

The spicula are small and bright reddish purple, sometimes tinged
with yellowish. The larger ones are mostly short and stout spindles,
stout thorny clubs, and short irregular spicula, lacerately spinulose on

^Wrr*:

m

Verrlll, Notes on Radiata.

443

one side. The larger spindles are usually somewhat oblong, blunt at
both ends, often irregular, closely covered with larger, very rough
warts, except on the inside, which bears rather large, prominent, sharp
spinules. The clubs are veiy stout and rough, often one-sided or irreg-
ular, the small end not very acute, covered with crowded rough warts,
the larger end much dilated, laceratcly divided into many long, sharp,
often very slender, unequal spinules. The irregular spicula are very
short and thick, often nearly as broad as long, sometimes oval, very
rough with large, crowded, prominent, lacerate warts, one side lace-
ratcly divided into long, very sharp spinules. Very rough warty
heads occasionally occur, similar to the last. The small spindles are
mostly rather sfout, blunt at the ends, and covered with very promi-
nent, not crowded, somewhat rough warts. The polyp-spindles are
mostly slender, acu^^e, yellowish biown spindles, covered with small
but |;iominent warts.

The larger spindles measure -625'"'" by -225"'"', -noo by -200, -515 by
•2'75, -515 by -200, -550 by -300, '550 by -250, -550 by -200, '650 by 'lib,
•600 by -225, -500 by •l.'iO, -475 by '200, -450 by -200, -425 by -176,
•426 by •leO, ^400 by -150, -375 by -150, -350 by -175 ; the stout clubs
•675 by •300, "550 by -300, -625 by -250, -600 by •2.-)0, -500 by ^200, '476
by ^250, -475 by -200, -450 by -225, '450 by -200, '425 by -225, •42,') by
•200, -426 by •175, '400 by ^225, ^400 by ^200, -400 by •176, ^325 by
•200, ^325 by ^150 ; the irregular stout spicula ^575 by -325, ^575 by
•250, -550 by -275, -525 by -300, -500 by ^250, ^450 by -115, -400 by -300,
•400 by ^200, •376 by -225, -360 by •I 75, -325 by -226, -325 by -200 ;
the heads '325 by -226, -300 by -276 ; the small spindles ^300 by •112,
•262 by •lOO, -250 by -125, •2.'J0 by •lOO, ^225 by ^112, -200 by •lOO;
the polyp-spindles -262 by ^037, -250 by -060, -225 by -062, ^226 by
•050, •I 75 by -060.

Pearl Islands and Panama, in rocky pools at low-water mark, com-
mon,— F. H. Bradley; Panama, — J. H. Sternbergh, A. Agassiz ; Aca-
pulco, — A. Agassiz ; Corinto, — J. A, McNiel.

This species differs irom most others in color and in the small gran-
ulous verrucse. M. retusa, which has a somewhat similar but darker
color, has much larger, r.preading verrucae and very different larger
spicula. In some re.'^pects it is allied to 3f. hebes, which it considera-
bly resembles, except in color, when young. Young specimeuH of
these two species were formerly confounded by me, — a mistake that
might readily have been avoided by an examination of the spicula,
which are very different. The spicula of this sjiecics are remarkable
for their relatively small size, roughness, and stout forms, among which
the tliorny clubs are, perhaps, the most characteristic.

^.1

M

I' i

444

VerriU, Notes on Hadiata.

Muricea clavata ( Qotiigoria clavata Gray)* appears to be closely
allied to chis species, and may prove identical upon actual comparison.
The specimen described and figured is evidently young, consisting of
a simple clavatc stem, as in the young of many other species of
Muricea. Its locality is unknown and the description is not sufficiently
detailed to determine whet ler it be identical with this or not.

b. — Ccenenchyma rather thin; brcmchic*.i slender.

If
:I4;

m

Muricea appressa Vemii.

Gorgonia plantaginea Vol., Yoja^e de la V^nus, Zooph., PI. 16, 1846,f (tkwi Lamarck).
Muricea appressa VerriU, Bulletin Museum Comp. Zool., p. 37, Jan., 1864 ; Proc.

Boston Soa Nat Hist, vol. x, p. 329, 1866.
Bunicea Tabogensis Duch. and Mich., Supl. Corall. des Antilles, p. 11, Tab. 3, fig. 6

and 6 (after May, 1864), in Mem. Keale Acoo.d. Sci., Torino, xxiii, p. Ill, 1866.

Plate VIII, figure 13.

Corallum deep brown, sometimes yellowish white, flabelliform, much
subdivided, with small, closely appressed verrucse.

When yoimg the corallum is quite slender ; the small trunk divides
within a quarter or half an inch from the base into two or three main
branches, each of which usually forks again within about a quarter
inch, and the resulting branches subdivide irregularly in a dichoto-
mous or sub-pinnate manner, so that specimens 2*5 inches high often
have more than twenty branchlets, all of which are quite slender and
nearly equal in diameter. The large specimens are usually very nu-
merously branched, all the branches standing nearly in one plane, the
principal brandies mostly sub-pinnate, often secund. The branchlets
usually arise at '25 to '50 of an inch apart, and, after curving outward
a little at base, rise nearly parallel with the branch from which they
originate ; they are usually quite slender, flexible, mostly 1 to 6 inches
long, varying considerably in diameter in different specimens. The
verruca? are quite small, crowded, closely imbricated, with the lower
lip much elongated and incurved, so as to conceal the cells, usually
closely appressed, but not invariably so ; their surface is scr.brouB,
covered with small, short, and very rough spicula, the ends but slightly
projocting. Ccenenchyma thin", very little exposed, except on the base
and main branches, covered with small rough spicula and slender
spindles. Axis black at base and in the laiger branches, finely stri-
ated longitudinally and usually compressed, especially at the axils,

* Prooeedingfl of the Zoological Society of London, 1851 ; Annals and Magazine of
Natuml History, vol. 3, page 422, 1859.

+ The figure represents a coarse, poorly grown specimen. Spicula from the original
type agree with those of our typical form, — Reprint,

Verrill, Notes on Hadiata.

445

m

light brown, slender, setiforra, and flexible in the branchlets. Color,
except in the light variety, uniform deep brown. In life, " the stem
is dull red, polyps brownish yellow," — F. H. B.

The largest specimens are often 1 8 inches across ; a medium sized
one measures in height 8 inches ; breadth 10 ; diameter of trunk -25 ;
of main branches •20; of branchlets 'lO to "12. A stouter branched
specimen is 10 inches high ; 10 broad; diameter of trunk "60; of main
branches '25 to '35; of branchlets "12 to "18 ; length of verrucaj "06 ;
breadth '03. In some specimens many of the branchlets do not ex-
ceed '08 in diameter. A specimen froiU Zorritos is 15 inches high ; 8
broad ; diameter of branchlets •12 to "18 ; many of the simple terminal
branchlets are 6 to 9 inches in length, some tapering very slightly to
the end, others of nearly uniform size throughout their length.

The spicula are small, yellowish brown and deep reddish brown.
The larger ones are mostly very rough spindles ; very thorny, stout
clubs ; very slender, warty spindles ; and stout, irregular, lacerate
spicula. The larger spindles are mostly rather stout, somewhat irregu-
lar, covered on the outside with very rough, unequal warts, on the in-
side with large, sharp, lacerate spindles. The clubs are short and
stout, often one-sided, the small end acute and warty, the other end
much enlarged, lacerately divided into large, prominent, rough spi-
nules. The irregular spicula are of various forms, often flattened,
with one edge deeply divided into large, unequal, lacerate spinules.
The slender spindles are of various lengths, some being very long and
slender, with acute ends, covered on all sides with small, well sepa-
rated warts.

The larger spindles measure -925'"™ by -125""", -900 by -150, -750 by
•175, -700 by -120, •675 by -175, -575 by ^150, -550 by -200, '525 by -187,
•525 by •1'75. ^525 by ^162, -500 by ^200, ^500 by -175, ^500 by •150, -ilB
by -125, -450 by ^150, -450 by 125, -425 by •150, 425 by •125, ^400 by
•125, •350 by 125, •275 by '175 ; the slender spindles -800 by -100, 725
by -075, ^700 by •125, ^700 by '100, •625 by 075, -575 by ^075, ^525 by
•100, -525 by ^087, -525 by ^075, •SOO by ^112, ^500 by •lOO, ^475 by
•075, ^425 by '087, -425 by ^075, •350 by -062 ; the clubs •BOO by '225,
•550 by ^200, '525 by •225, •SOO by •275,-450 by '200, ^450 by -175, ^460
by 150, ^400 by -150, •375 by •175, •375 by •150, -375 by -125, ^350 by
•137, -325 by ^175, ^275 by ^125 ; the irregular spicula -500 by •326, ^475
by ^275, ^460 by ^250, •450 by ^200, ^425 by •175, ^400 bj ^175, -400 by
•125, ^250 by 125, -226 by ^150, '150 by •150.

Zorritos, Peru, dredged in 3 to 5 fathoms, F. H. Bradley ; Pearl
Islands, in pools at '^xtreme low-water mark, F. H. Bradley ; Pana-

' S?

\~\

446

Verrill, Notes on Radiata.

i

il

If

I' i

ma, — J. H. Sternbergh, F. II. Bradley ; Corinto, Nicaragua, — J. A.
McNiel ; La Paz, — J. Pedersen.

Var, flavescens.

Corallurn agreeing in the mode of branching and in size and form of
branchlets and verruc:T3, with the typical specimens, but yellowish or
whitish in color. In life, " stem and polyps pure white, polyps -12
of an inch long, -03 in diameter, nearly transparent ; tentacles eight,
very short, appearing as mammillae on the edge of the disk," — F, IT, B.

The height of a specimen from Zorritos is 8 inches ; breadth 1 1 ;
diameter of branchlets -lO to 'IS. Another one is 12 inches high;
10 broad ; diameter of branchlets mostly about •12 ; length of branch-
lets mostly 2 to 6 inches.

The spicula are white and agree very well with those of the typical
form, but the larger spindles and clubs, in the specimens examined,
average somewhat larger and are, perhaps, a little rougher.

The larger spicula measure -825""" by -200""", -750 by -200. -750 by
•175, -725 by -125, -825 by -150, -576 by -150, -475 by -200 ; the clubs
•650 by -212, -625 by -225, -575 by ^200, •SOO by -225, '500 by -200.

Zorritos, Peru, dredged in 3 to 5 fathoms ; and Pearl Islands, at ex-
treme low-water mark, — F. H. Bradley; Corinto, — J. A. McNiel.

This species can scarcely be confounded with any other, unless with
th3 following, from which it differs in its more numerous, shorter, and
\m slender branchlets, larger, stouter, and more incurved verrucas, and
especially in the character of the spicula.

The specimen figured by Duchassaing and Michelotti* is evidently
the young of this species. The projecting points of the spicula, rep-
resented in tlieir magnified figure, should have been a sufficient indi-
cation of its generic affinities.
Muricea tenella Verriii, sp. nov.

Plate VI, figure 12. Plate VIII, figure 14.

Corallurn whitish, dichotomous, with long and very slender branch-
lets, and prominent, slender, acute verrucas, covered with long, slender
spindles.

The typical specimens from Panama are small and slender. The
trunk divides within half an inch from the base into two or three nearly
equal branches, each of which forks again within a quarter inch. The
secondary brandies afterward subdivide at distances of "25 to •SO of

* Although the exact date when their memoir was published, is unknown to me, it
certainly was subsequent to the publication of tliis species in the Bulletin of the Mus.
Ooiup. Zool., which is sufficiently evident from the foot-noto on page 7, dated " Taring
ce 11 mat, 1864."

Verrill, Notes on Radiata.

447

A.

of

or

•12

ht,

B.

1;
|gh;

:ir

an inob, the branchlets mostly arising from their outer side in a some-
what secund manner. They curve outward a little and then rise sub-
parallel to the branches, and some of them again subdivide. The ter-
minal ones are from '6 to 2 inches long, very slender and flexible,
of nearly uniform size throughout.

A large specimen from Zorritos consists of seven large, compressed,
divergent branches, arising together from close to the base. These
rapidly divide into many long, slender branches, which fonn an acute
angle with the larger branch, and arise at distinces of '25 to 1 inch
apart, becoming more distant outward. The secondary branches di-
vide in the same manner, and likewise many of the resulting branch-
lets. In this manner the branches form a broad, rounded, fan-shaped
corallum, with long, very slender, flexible, terminal branchlets, some of
which are 5 or 6 inches long, but most of them 2 or 3 inches. The
verruca? are very small, but usually quite prominent, with an elonga-
ted, slender, sharp, lower lip, which is often but little incurved at tip,
and composed of long, slender, acute spindles, which project at the
tip.

In the Panama specimens the verructe are not crowded and scarcely
imbricated or appressed, but in the large specimens from Zorritos
they are smaller, crowded, more or less imbricated, with a shorter
and less acute lower lip. The coenenchyma is thin, covered with
small, slender, rough spindles. Axis black and somewhat compressed
in the larger branches, strongly compressed in the large specimens ;
brown and setiform in the branchlets. Color, of dry specimens, gray-
ish white ; in alcohol dark gray, polyps brown. In life, " stem white,
polyps dark brown." In the Zorritos specimen, during life, " the stem
is pure white, polyps light brown, body of polyps transparent. The
eight tentacles appear as mere thickenings of the edge of the disk,
often giving it a somewhat angular form," — F. H. B.

The largest Panama specimens measure 3*5 high by 3 broad ; and 4
inches high by 3*5 broad; diameter of branchlets, including verrucie,
•10 to -12 ; length of verrucse '05 to -06 ; diameter -02 or -03. The lar-
gest specimen from Zorritos is IT inches high ; 18 broad ; diameter of
largest bi-anches at base '30 to "40 ; of branchlets "07 to "10.

The spicula are white, the larger ones consisting of remarkably long,
slender, and acute warty spindles, which are often bent ; of somewhat
stouter and shorter, roughly varted and spinulose spindles ; with a few
very vough, often lobed, irregular spicula, and rather long, thorny
clubs. The characteristic, very slender, acute spindles are covered
with very small, scattered warts.

TBANS. CONNECTICtJT ACAD., Vol. I. 57 JANUARY, 1869.

!i.

:.\:

«r

448

Verrill, Notes on liadiata.

The larger spindles measure -STo""" by -150""", '825 by -150, -115 by
•150, -750 by -150, '700 by -150, -700 by -125, -675 by -125, -550 by -Ul ;
the slender spindles M- by •112, 1-12 by 087, 1-10 by -100, -900 by
•087, ^876 by '100, -775 by -100 '775 by -062, -750 by •lOO, '750 by
•075, -700 by -075, -650 by -087, -625 by ^076, -575 by -075, -376 by
•050; the clubs -575 by -112, •450 by -137; the irregular spicula '400
by -175, -375 by -250, -325 by -200, -300 by 150.

Zorritos, Peru, dredged in 3 to 5 fathoms, — F. H. Bradley ; Panama
and Pearl Islands, in rocky pools at extreme low-water mark, very
rare, — F. H. Bradley ; Corinto, — J, A. McNiel.

This species is remarkably distinct from all others known by reason
of its very slender branches ; long, slender, and acute verruc» ; and
its extremely slender and sharp spindles.

It resembles most the slender specimens of M. appresaa, var. flaves-
cens, in external characters. The spicula are most like those of M.
aspera, but are much smaller and more slender.

It! V .

k

I

lii-

■ '■ !■

Muricea aspera VernU, sp. nov.

Corallum yellowish white, flabelliform, with somewhat slender
branches, which are subpinnate.

Only two specimens of this species were obtained, both of which
are imperfect at base, and may be only branches from a much larger
specimen. Each specimen is once dichotomous and both main branch-
es are subpinnate, giving o.T branchlets at distances of "25 to '50 of an
inch, which spread outward at a wide angle, often nearly at right an-
gles. Some of these again divide in the same manner. The terminal
branchlets are rather slender and mostly from 1 to 1"5 inches long,
narrowed at base and usually enlarged a little toward the end. The
verrucae are prominent, loosely imbricated, usually slightly appressed,
but sometimes not at all so, usually with an elongated, acute lower lip,
formed of long slender spicula, which project slightly at the end.
The upper lip is rudimentary or entirely wanting. On the larger
branches the lower lip is often but little developed, and the large cells
open outward. The coenenchyma is thin, covered with long spindles,
some of them quite stout. Ax'ia black in the larger branches ; yellow-
ish brown, slender, and brittle in the branchlets.

Height of largest specimen 5*5 inches; breadth 4; diameter of
branchlets '10 to '16 ; length of longest verruca? •lO ; diameter '05.

The spicula are white and consist mostly of long, very slender spin-
dles, most of which are very acute ; and larger and stouter, but quite

VerriU, Notes on Hadiata.

440

lonj? spindles. The larger spindlefl are mostly somewhat irregular or
crooked, sometimes forked at one end, usually acute at each end, but
sometimes blunt or truncate at one or both, densely covered with
rough, unequal warts. The slender spindles are very long, slender,
acute at both ends, often bent, the surface covered with small, distant
warts.

The larger spindles measure 2-00""" by •325™", 1-65 by -360, 1-57 by
•200, 1-62 by ^250, 1-37 by -200, 1^35 by -300, 132 by ^260, 1-20 by
•200, 1-17 by ^276, 1^17 by '250, 117 by ^200, I'lO by •200, 1^05 by
•250, 1^02 by -226, 1-02 by ^200, •SOO by •ISO ; the slender spindles 1-37
by •ISS, 1^32 by -125, P25 by -112, 1^26 by -125, M2 by •ISO, 1-07 by
•125, 1-05 by -100, -100 by -100, '925 by -160, •GOO by -087, "875 by •lOO,
•875 by -087, ^825 by •lOO.

Panama, at extreme low water, very rare, — F. H. Bradley.

This species bears little resemblance to any other, except the two
preceding, from both of which it differs in having much longer and
larger spicula. Its branches are much shorter and stouter than those
of M. teneUa, and the verruca? are very different from those of M,
appressa. . ■

'^f.

i.-t-

Remarha on the subdivisions of the Genus, Muricea.

In addition to the 18 species of Muricea described in the preceding
pages, there are at least 12 other species now known, of which all except
four are in the Museum of Yale College.*

All those species which I have examined may be naturally grouped
in three divisions, which do not appear, however, to be of more than
subgeneric value, even if entitled to that rank. But in view of the
manifest tendency among recent authors to multiply generic divisions,
I have thought it proper to recognize these groups and give them
names.

Group 1, Eumuricea. This division corresponds with section A, page
419. It includes those species with tubular verruca;, without a
prolonged lower lip, and usually 8-rayed at summit in contrac-
tion. The spindles both of the coenenchyma and verruca3 are long
and usually sharp pointed. The 6 species described above are all
that are known to me. Typical species, M. acervata V.

] t

* The species not in this coUection are M vatricosa (Val.) K6U. ; M. humosa (Esp.)
K611. ; M. tubercutata (Esp.) K611. ; M. sulphwea Ehr. Also M. elongata Lamx. {non
Dana), which is believed to be an Aeia, from W. Indies.

■ «

460

Verrilly Notes on Jiadiata.

[in
III

Group 2, Muricea (typical). This group corresponrls to section B, p.
425, It embraces thoa" Hpecies in which the verrucse are bilabi-
ate, or have a prolonged lower lip. The spindles of the ctcnen-
chyma and verrucas are similar and uHually stout, but sometiraes
slender and pointed.* In addition to the 13 species described
above, it includes M. mnricata V. (3f. spinfera Lx.); M. lima
E. and II. ; M. p> ndula Verrill ; M. louca Verrill ; and M. ele-
gana Duch. and M., from the Atlantic coast of America ; and
probably M. vatricosa KOll., Archipel. Bizagos, Africa; and M.
sulphiirea Ehr,, locality unknown.

Grouj) 3, Muricella. This division includes those species which have
a rather thin coenenchyma, filled with long spindles ; with low,
subconical verrucie, arisin- 'Vom between the large spicula and
usually standing at right aii.,les to the surface, and covered with
much smaller and shorter spindles. The species are M.flexuoaa
v.. Hong Kong ; M. nitida V., Ebon I. ; probably M. hutnosa
Koll, and M. tuberculata K oil., from, unknown localities; and one
or two undescribed species, which I have seen, from the E. Indies.
This group approaches the genus, Acts D. and Mich., but the
latter differs in having scale-like spicula covering the verrucje.

Echinogorgia aurantiaca Verriii, (Leptogoroia, ist Ed., see p. 413).

Callao, Peru, — Edwards and Haime. A species allied to M saaappo
of the East Indies. — Reprint.

IS \

*, i

Heterogorgia ^ erriu.

American Journal of Science, xlv, p. 413, May, 1868.

Corallum dichotomous, with a horn-like axis. Coenenchyma rather
thin, with a smoothish or finely granulous surface, filled with quite
small spicula, which are not conspicuous at the surface, and consist
of various forms of roughly warted, short spindles, heads, double-
heads, double-stars, crosses, with many irregularly shaped, small,
rough spicula. VeiTucse rounded, soruewhat prominent, smoothish
below, armed at summit with long, shar , often crooked spindles, which
project from the surface around the cell in the form of sharp, divergent
spinules. The name alludes to the remarkable diversity in the sizes
and forms of the spicula.

* M. robusta, M. purpurea, and M. hebes V. depart considerably from the more typ-
ical species of this group, in having smaller, short, stout, very rough and irregular
spicula. Gonigoria davaia Gray (see page 444) appears to belong to the same group,
and in case a subgeneric name be desirable for these species Gonigoria may be used.

IH

VerriU, Notes on Riuliata.

451

Heterogorgia verruoosa Verriii, loo^dt, p. 41 4. ^

Plate VI, figure 11. Plate VIII, fi^'ure 16.

Corallum grayiwh or yellowish white, low, dichotomous, with cla-
vate branchlcts and largo, rounded, echinatc verruoie.

Young specimens sometimes grow to the height of two inches he-
fore dividing, and are then elavate and obtusely rounded at summit.
Other specimens, however, divide dicliotomonsly within half an inch
from the base ; the main branches again divide at a distance of 'o to
r5 inches. In some cases part of the secondary branches are also spar-
ingly dichotomous. The branchless bend outward at base with a broad
curve and are mostly irregularly curved and crooked, like the branch-
es, and usually clavate and obtuse at the end, though sometimes of
uniform size. The verrucse an; large, rounded, prominent, not crowd-
ed, standing at right angles with the surface of the branches, slightly
eight-rayed at the summit and armed with numerous long, very sharp,
rough, spindle-shaped spicula, which project from the surface in the
form of short, divergent spinules. The sides of the verruca) and the
coenenchyma are nearly smooth, showing under a strong lens a finely
granulouB surface composed of small rough spicula. Cells small, some-
times surmounted by a conical cluster of very slender, white polyp-spin-
dles. The coenenchyma is rather thin and firm, composed of small rough
spicula. Axis dull yellowish brown, wood-like in appearance. Color
pale yellowish gray when dry, a little darker in alcohol. In life, " stem
dull yellowish brown, polyps gamboge-yellow," — F. H. B.

Height of largest specimens 3 inches ; breadth 1'5 ; diameter of lar-
gest branches "25 ; of branchlets near tips '20 ; -length of branchlets
1 to 2 ; height of verruca) '04 to '06 ; diameter -05 to '0*1.

The spicula consist chiefly of large, more or less elongated, roughly
war ted spindles from the verrucae ; much smaller, very rough spindles
and heads from the surface of the verrucae and coenenchyma ; and very
, slender, small, smoother spindles from the polyps. The largest spin-
dles are elongated ; some of the.i are slender and tapering to one or
both ends ; others quite stout h^i equally long ; all are covered with
large, rough, well separated warts, and one side with short, sharp
spinules ; they are frequently irregular, often obtuse at one end, and
not very acute at either. With these are many shorter and stouter
spindles, which show a regular series of forms between the longest
spindles and short, thick, oval or oblong spicula, which are not thrice
longer than broad, the surface crowdedly covered with rough warts,
the inner side with large spinules, the ends often blunt or obtuse, one of

ei

462

Verrill, Nbtea on Hadiata,

i

i'ii'jl

them somotimos forked. The umall Hpicula of the coenenchyma are of
various fi»rms of sraiill, very roughly wiirtcd spindles, heads, double-
heads, doubl'i-stars, erosses, and various irregular and compound forms.
The polyp-spindles are slightly and distantly warted, quite slender
and acute ; most of them are straight and pretty regular ; some are
much curved and very acute at both ends ; others are slender club-
Bha[)ed, more strongly warted at the larger end.

The longer spindles measure ISO""" by 'aoO""", 1-60 by -276, 1-.36
by -300, 1-27 by -275, 1-22 by -226, 116 by "275, 1-12 by -260, TIO by
•260, 1-JO by -226, 1-07 by -260, 107 by -226, I'DS by -250, 1-02 by
•225, 1-00 by •226, •OTe by •225, -950 by -225, -925 by -160, 900 by
•226, -876 by -150, -825 by -175, -ROO by ^200, -776 by '175, -750 by
•175, -750 by •126, '075 by -150, -^26 by -125, -675 by -125, -500 by
•125; the stouter spindles r55 by ■375, 1-26 by •350, 1-22 by -300, 1*20
by -375, 1^20 by 300, M5 by -325, 1-16 by -300, M2 by -300, 1()5 by
•325, -900 by 250, -850 by -225, -850 by '200, •SSe by -275, -775 by
•260, -725 by -300, ^726 by -276, -700 by -260, -700 by 200, -450 by
•150; the stout irregul-ar spicnla 1-05 by •a25, 1-00 by -400, -975
by -450, -926 by -275, -925 by -325, -900 by -375, -650 by -275,
•625 by •276; the stout spicula with one end forked ri5 long by
•675 across the forks, 1^00 by -475, -925 by -450, ^675 by -326; the
small spindles from the coenenchyma •aeo by -100, -325 by "087, '300
by •125, '276 by •150, -275 by •125, ^275 by •lOO, ^250 by '100, ^212 by
•160; double-heads -162 by ^112, 'I6i by •100, •leo by '112; the heads
•300 by -200, ^212 by -125, ^200 by •175, -160 by -100, -125 by •lOO, -126
by •087, -126 by ^075 ; the double-stars -137 by -075, -125 by -100, -100
by -075 ; the crosses •SOO by -175, -225 by •lOO, ^200 by ^112, -176 by
•150, •175 by -100, ^162 by •lOO, -150 by •100; the straight polyp-spin-
dles ^426 by -075, ^400 by ^075, -875 by -075, -376 by -062, •350 by -076,
•350 by -050, •325 by ^075, -276 by ^062, -260 by ^037 ; the curved polyp-
spindles •475 by -060, -450 by -062, -800 by ^037; the polyp-clubs -425
by -083, -425 by •075, ^400 by -075, -375 by ^075, -350 by •062.

Pearl Islands, in rocky pools at extreme low-water, on the reef, very "
rare, — F. H. Bradley.

Heterogorgia tortuosa Veniii, loc. cit, p. 414

Corallum pale yellowish, subflabelliform, with more numerous
branches and more slender, crooked branchlets, covered with small
scattered verrucse.

In the largest specimens the trunk divides irregularly, close to the
base, into several branches, some of which are very irregularly four

Verrill, Notes on Itadinta.

4S3

■If

or five times dichotomouB; the bninclilets diverj." frequently at right
angles and are mostly very crooked, usually tajtcring Honiewhat to the
obtuse tips, 1 to 3*6 inuhes long. Onesnuill Hpecimeii in simple tor 1*5
incheri from the base and then gives off Hubpinnately from eacli side
seven crooked branchlets, which are mostly alternate on the opposite
sides and from '3 to '6 of an inch apart ; the lower ones diverge nearly
at right angles and some of them branch near the end, or at '76 to
1'26 of an inch from their bases.

The verrucsB are rather small, low, rounded or subconical, distantly
scattered, opening outward, armed at the summit with a few hui.-iH,
slender, projecting spinules, their sides, like the ccenenchyma, having
a very finely granulous surface, appearing smooth to the naked eye.
Coenenchyma rather thin, firm, filled with very small rough H))icula.
Axis dull brownish yellow, wood-like in appearance, its surface
strongly furrowed longitudinally, giving it a corrugated or irregu-
larly fibrous appearance.

Color a uniform dull yellowish or buff. Height of largest specimen
5*5 i.iches; breadth 5; diameter of largest branches '20; of terminal
branchlets '10 to -15 ; height of verrucm '03 to '04 ; diameter '04 to '05.

The spicula are white, much smaller than in the preceding species.
The larger ones consist of more or less stout, very roughly warted
spindles, which are often irregular and usually acute ; and of long, slen-
der, very sharp spindles, with very small, distant warts or spinules.
The small spicula of the ccenenchyma are of various forms of crosses,
heads, double-heads, clubs, short spindles, etc., all of which are very
roughly warted. The larger rough spindles measure 'aVS""" by '1 25""",
•350 by -100, -325 by -125, -326 by -112, -325 by -100, -312 by 075,
•300 by -112, -300 by -100, -3(10 by ^087, -300 by -015, -300 by -062,
•275 by -125, '275 by -112, -276 by 087, -275 by -062, -250 by -112, ^250
by "100 ; the long, shai-p, curved spindles ^575 by '075, "575 by "050,
•650 by ^087, '450 by '075, -400 by '062, -375 by ^050, -325 by -050 ; the
small crosses -175 by -125, -125 by -087, -100 by -075, -075 by •062 ;
the heads •100 by ^075, -087 by •076, •062 by ^062 ; the double-heads
•125 by ^075, •lOO by -075, ^087 by •075, ^087 by ^062, -062 by '050 ; the
clubs '125 by -087, •125 by -075, -087 by ^062 ; the small spindles ^125
by -076, ^112 by -062, -100 by ^050, -XOO by ^037.

Pearl Islands, in rocky pools at extreme low-water mark, — F. H.
Bradley.

This appears to be quite distiiict from the last in its smaller and
more numerous branches, smaller and less prominent verrucje, and

M n

464

Verrill, Notes on Radiata.

m

much smaller spicula. Possibly a large series of specimens might
show intermediate forma, ^ut none occur in this collection.

Primnoa Lamouroux.

Primnoa Lamx., Polypiers flexibles, p. 440, 1816 ; Dana, Zooph., p. 676; Edw. and
Hi>imo, Corall., vol. i, p. i39; KoUiker, Icones Histiol., p. 135.

Axis more or less calcareous, especially at the base, which is usually
quite stony. Verrucae usually in whorls, very prominent, covered
with scale-like, imbricated spicula. Camenchyma also covered by
smaller scale-like spicula. Type, P. reseda Pallas «p. (P. lepadifera
Lamx.).

Primnoa compressa VerriiL

Proceedings Essox Inst, vol iv, p. 189, 1865.

This species is, as yet, known only by its axis. It is much branched,
flabelliform. The smaller branches arise alternately from each side of
the main branches, forming acute angles with them. Branches acd
brancMets strongly compressed, delicately striated, hard and stony,
dark brown near the base, yellowish white and setaceous in the
bvanchlets.

Height 24 inches ; diameter of largest branches •'JS.

Aleutian Islands, — Capt. Gibson.

Family, Bbiaueid^ Gray.

Briaracees (section) Edw. and Haime, Coralliaires, vol. i, p. 188, 1857.
Briareidce (I'amily) Gv'y, Annals and Mag. Nat. Hist, vol. 4, p. 4t3, 1859.
BriaracecB (family) Verrill, Memoirs Boston Society Nat. Hist., 1, p. 10, 1863.
Briai idte (family) Verril!, Proceedings Esse... Institute, vol, iv, p 1 48, 1865.
Briireacex (sub-fami'y) KolliKer, Icones Histiol., p. 141, 1865.

Corallum arborescently branched, lobed, or encrusting foreign sub-
stances. Axis composed of calcareous spicula, which are not consoli-
dated. Coenenchyma well developed, tilled with small, rough spicula,
of various forms. Surface granulous. Cells scattered.

The t} pical genera of this family are Briareum, Paragorgia, Titan-
ideum, and aJiicd forms. These are usually arborescently branched,
or rise in irregular lobes, With a well marked spiculose axis. To these
typical genera Dr. Kt^lliker has added Sympodi'um and Erythropo-
dium, which are normally encrusting or parasitic species, with a thin-
ner coenenchyma and apparently without a distinct axis, and may,
perhaps, be best compared with the spreading basal portion of
£riareum.

T!ie position of the following genus seemb doubtful, and though
agreeing best, in the structure of its spi< An, ^/ith this family, it may

Verrill, Notes on Jiadiata.

46S

belong to the Alcyonacea, near Rhizozenia, whicli Dr. KOlliker refers
to the Cornularidoe.

Callipodium VerriU, gen. nov.

CoraUum encrusting stones and sliells, with fv iirm, more or less
tliiokened, finely granulous ccE'.'^nchyma, which may spread either in
broad expansions or narrow stt-lons. Polyps rather large, at the sum-
mit of round topped verrucjv, which are more or less elevated above
the surface of the cojnenciiyma and either r'istantly scattered or close-
ly crowded together; in the latter case often united laterally nearly
to their summits. Polyps wholly contractile, and also capable of in-
volving the summits of the verrucae, which, in contraction, are usually
distinctly eight-rayed.

Spicula short, of moderate size, brightly colored, very abundant in
the ccenenchyma and verrucsB, of various forms and sizes, mostly with
very roughly warteJ prominences, the largest about •30""" long. The
most abundant forms have 3, 4, 6, 6, or 8 irregular projections, covered
at the ends with rough spinulose warts. Some are short, stout, blunt
spindles, about twice as long as broad, with distant, prominent, rough
warts. Some approach the ft)rmH of double-clubs, double heads, heads,
and crosses. Others are of various irregular forms, with distant rough
warts. Type C. Pacifieum V.

This genus in some characters resembles Erythoj>(>dium Jkolliker, in
others RhLozenia Ehr., or at least li. rosea Dana {Evagi'ra I'hil.) as
characterized by Dr. Kolliker, which may not belong to the same ge-
nus with 72. Thalasbantha, the original type of the genus. The polyps
of Hhizozenia are said to be non-contra'^t'le; the texture of the ccen-
enchyma is quite different ; and the ,)icula (in B. rosea) are much
smaller. Erythropodium is described us having a membranous base,
with scarcely prominent verrucas, and the ipicula are much smaller and
differently shaped.

Having had no opportunity to examine tjpical 8j)ecimen8 of either
of those genera I have foujid it difficult to decide to which the present
genus is most nearly allied. In the texture of the ccmenchyma, and
especially in the structure of the spicula, it appears to be more nearly
allied to the Briareidoe than to the Cornularidoe^ and I am therefore
inclined to regard it ae an encrusting genus of the former family, since
even the typical species of the genus Briareum is sometimes found
growing in broad encrusting sheets on stones, or parasitically covering
the dead axis of many species of OorgonidM.

TKAN8. Connecticut Acad., Vou I.

68

Fbbbuaby, 1869.

M'V

466

Verrill, Notes on Jiadiata.

II )i

Callipodium Paciflcum Verriii.

Sympodium Pocifica Verrill, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. x, p. 329, 1 8(5C.
Eiythnypodivm, Pacificum Verrill, Araer. Jotir. Sci., vol. xlv, p. 415, May, 1868.

Plate V, figure 22. Plate IX, tjcjurc 1.

Corallum red, encniBting, spreading over the surface of stones and

. shells, either as broad, rather thin sheets, which are usually irregular

and often interrupted, or in the form of stolon-like expansions, which

may be broad, or quite narrow, and are often reticulated, as in tlie

specimen figured.

VeiTucae irregularly and usually distantly scattered, sometimes a
little crowded, on the stolons often arranged in a single series, quite
large, usually very prominent and more or less conical, with a i-ounded,
eight-rayed summit ; sometimes, when fully contracti'd, liaving th ^
form of low rounded warts. Camenchyma rather thin, firm, very spi'V
ulose, its surface, like that of the verrucai, strongly j.'ranulose with
the small rough spicula.

Color, when dry, bi'ight red ; in alcohol a deep, clear red. When
Hving, " dull brick-red to purplish red. Polyps, when fully closed,
mt re pimples on the surface, when expanding they show first a low
rounded cone, marked with pointed groups of red spicula, between
which now come forth the nearly transparent polyps, which have eight
sriuill, acute, pinnate tentacles, swollen at base, surrounding tlie mouth
of the opaque, pinkish white stomach. Height from attachment to
summit of tentacles 20 inch ; diameter '05," — F. II. B. According
to Mr. Bradley's outline sketch of the expanded polyps, the tentacles
are very acute, and the pinnae, which are confined to the outer half,
are long and slender.

The largest specimens in the collection almost completely cover por-
tions 3 inches by 1'5 on the surface of the stones ; thickness of ccunen-
chyma, when dry, -02 to '03 ; height of veiTuca? above the surface "04
to "10, average about '06 ; diameter '05 to -08, average about '01. The
breadth of the stolons in th*' reticulated specimens vai'ies from "05 to
•25, the narrow parts being exti'emely thin.

The picula arc bright red, very roughly but distantly warted, and
very diversified in > Ize and form. The larger ones are partly short,
Btout, blunt spindles, with few (often not more than twelve) large, din-
tant, rough warts ; partly of three, four, five, and six-pronged star-spic-
ula, each branch or prong teimiuated by one or several rough wurts ;
partly of very roughly warted heads; and of variourf irregular, very
rough foj-ns. The small spicula agree in their forms, to a considerable
extent, with the large ones, but in addition to the spindles, heads, and

s<

Verrill, Notes on Radiata.

467

^toQ pronged stars ftud crosses, there are also double-heads, chihs,
double-dubs, and various irreguhvr forms.

The larger spindles measure •212""" by •125'"™, '200 by -100, -175 by
•125, •ITS by -112, •175 by -100, •162 by -125, '150 by •112, -150 by
•100, ^125 by '087 ; the three-pronged spicula -200 by -150, •175 by -102,
•150 by •ISO, -150 by -125, -125 by -125, -125 by •lOO; the four-ai-med
crosses -212 by '175, •175 by ^132, •IS? by ^112, -125 by -125; the five-
rayed stars ^162 by -150, ^125 by •OST, '112 by -100; the six-pronged
spicula -162 by -112, ISO by -125 ; the irregular spicula -175 by -lit?,
•162 by -125, •ISO by ^125, -125 by -112. Among the small spicula
some of the smaller spindles measure •lOO by -062, ^075 by -050 ; heads
•100 by ^076, ^075 by '075 ; double-heads ^062 by '032, "050 by •OS? ;
clubs -125 by -075, ^075 by '060 ; double-clubs -100 by •OSO, ^087 by
•037.

Panama and Pearl Islands, at low-water mark ; and Zorritos, Peru,
from ha.^?^ide downward, on the under side of projecting stones and
on shells,— F. H. Bradley; la Paz, — J. I'cdersen.

Callipodium aureum "Verriii, sp. nov.

Plate V, figure 23.

Corallum yellow, encrusting, consisting of crowded, elongated, tubu-
lar corallites, united nearly to their summits, thus forming a corym-
bose cluster, with an uneven surface.

The verrucas in the central parts, where most crowded, project but
slightly above the surface ai.d are i-athcr large, rounded, and distinctly
eight-rayed in contraction. Some of the lateral verrucse project about
•10 inch. Coenenchyma thickened, very spiculose, its surface and that
of the verrucsB granulous. Color, in alcohol, bright orange-yellow.

Height '5 of an inch ; breadth 1 ; diameter of verrucse about "08.

Spicula bright golden yellow similar in form to those of the pre-
ceding species, but larger, and with longer and more slender branches
or rays in the star-shaped forms. The larger spindles are mostly
rath*. r stout, blunf, with distant, very prominent, large warts, wliich are
spinulose at summit ; they are often irregular or lobed, and some are
rather slender. The »f»r-f!h«|»«'d *j)icula hav mostly three or four,
sometimes five or six, rays or branches, which are mostly unequal and
irregular, but u>;ually considorably elongated and often slender,
smo > h at base, but covered at the endb with a cluster of rough warts
or spinules. Irregular, roughly warted cjtd>8 and double clubs, nearly
as large as the spindles, a'so occur sparingly. Irrcgularlj formed
spicula of various shapes, but with very pronjiuent warts, art frequent.

458

Verrill, Notes on Radiata.

If \l

14 .

if

m

The small spicula have all the forms seen among the larger ones, and
in addition there are warty heads, double-heads, and other forms. The
polyp-spindles are slender and slightly warted.

The larger spindles measure •275""" by -075™"', -250 by '112, -225 by
•150, -225 by -125, '225 by '1 12, •22o by -100, '225 by 087, '225 by -076,
•212 by ^125, -21? by -087, -212 by -075, ^200 by •125, ^200 by •112,
■200 by -075, -187 by -087, '187 by 075, '175 by •087, '162 by -100,
•162 by -087, -150 by '100; the irregular warty spicida -275 by -137,
•225 by -100, ^200 by •1(52, -200 by -125, -187 by ^125, -175 by '112;
the three-branched spicula -212 by ^112, •200byl25, -200 by -100, '187
by '150, -187 by •137, '175 by -150, -162 by ^112, -160 by -150, -125 by
125; the fotir-ltranched stars or crosses -225 by -187, ^187 by •125,
•175 by '16-, -137 by -137 ; the six-branched spicula -175 by '125; the
clubs -187 by -087, '175 by -100, -162 by •lOO. The small spindles
•125 by -087, •lOO by -075, -100 by '002; the clubs 'W by '037 ; the
heads ^125 by ^087, •112 by -087, ^087 by •087, ^075 by •076.

Panama, — F. H. Bradley. There is also a specimen from Panama
in the Museum ot Comparative Zoology.

Suborder, ALCYONACEA VerriU.

Alcyonides (family) Edw. and Ilaimu, Coralliaires, vol. i, n. 102, 1857.
Sarcophyta (suborder) (pars) Gray, Ann. nnd Mag. Nat. Hist., 4, p. 443, 1859.
Akyonida (suborder) VerriU, Mem. Boston Soc. Nat Hist., i, p. 3, 1863.
Alcyonacea (suborder) VerriU, PrHcoedinps Essex Inst., iv, p. 148, 1865.
Akyo7iidie (fuuiily) Koll., Iconoa Hiatiolog., p. 131, 1865.

Polyps usually elongate!, the body-cavity tapering below. Ccenen-
chyma, when present, fleshy, usually with slender, rather simple spic-
ula. No distinct axis.

Family, Alcyonidje.

Halcyonina (pars) (family) Ehrenberg, CoraU. des rothen Meeres, p. 56, 1834.

Alcyoninte (pa.s) (subfamily) Dana, Zoophjtes, p. 599, 1846.

AkyonincB (pars) (subfamily) Kdw. and Haime, Cornlliaires, vol. i, p. 113, 1857;

K3llik('r, Icone.s Hirtiolog. p. 132, 1866.
Akyoniadce (pars) (family) Gray, Annals and Mag. Nat. Hist, vol. 3, p. 443, 1659.
Akyoniim (family) VerriU, Meiu. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., i, p. 3, 1863.
Akyovidx (family) VerriU, Proc. Essex lust., iv, p. 148, 1866.

Corallum fleshy, attached by the abundant coencnchyma, usually
branched. Polyps much ilongated, usually highly contractile, spicula
mostly long and rather simple.

Verrill, Notes on Hadiata,

46C

Alcyonium rubiforme Dana.

Lobularia rubi/ormis Ehr., Corall. des rothen Meeres, p. 58, 1834.
Alcyonium rubiforme Dana, Zoophytes, p. 625, 184G ; Verrill, Mem. Bor.ton Soc. Nat.
Hist, i, p. 4, 1863; VerriU, Proceedings Essex Inst, iv, p. 190, 1865.

Corallum red, with a short trunk, which divides into numerons,
large, rounded lobes, jr short, obtuse brancJilets. The lobes, in con-
traction, are often subglobular, covered with numerous small polyps.
Coenenchyma, between the retracted polyps, even and granulous. Pol-
yps in expansion much exsert ; tentacles long, lanceolate, acute, with
rather long lateral lobes. Color, in alcohol, biick red, not diaphanous.

Arctic Ocean north of Behring's Straits, in 35 fathoms, — Capt.
John liodgers ; West Coast of Behiing's Straits, in the Laminarian
zone, — Dr. Wm. Stirapson (North Pacific Exploring Expedition) ;
Banks of Newfoundlan ", — Coll. Essex Institute; Ncrtheru Seas of
Europe, — Ehrenberg.

Specimens apparently identical with thi« species were recently ob-
tained by me at Eastpori, Me., in 10 fathoms.

The northern specie.^! of ^Vlcyonidaj require caretul re^'ision. This
species is evidently closely allied to A. carneum Ag., occurring on the
coast of New England, from Cape Cod to the Gulf of St, Lawrence.

Alcyonium (?) Bradleyi Verriii, sp. iiov.

Corallum, in the only specimen observed, rising as an elongated,
subconical, simple stalk, with a rounded summit, and a somewhat
spreading base. Whole surface covered with numerous, scattered,
small polyps, which ire very exsert in expansion.

Height, while living. 1 in'',h ; diameter -25 to '33 ; polyps "05 to '25
long, in expansion ; diameter "02 to '03 of an inch.

" Whole surface and bodies of poly[)8 yeUowish white ; tips of pol-
yps dark crimson, surmounted by eight yellowish white, srnii-('\Hi,
tentacular lobes. Whole group flexible, without a solid axis."

Panama Bay, dredged in 3 to 4 fathoms, on loose shells, — F. H.
Bradley.

The specimen from which the description and drawings wore made
by Mr. Bradley has not been found among his collections. There-
fore the generic characters cannot be ascertained at present with
certainty.

460

Verrill, N'otes on Radiata.

1,1

Order, ACTINARIA VerriU.

Adinaria (pars) Dana, including Adinidce (family), Zoanthidas (family), and Anti-

pathacea (trlhe), Zoiiphytes, 1846; Gosse, Aetinologia Britnnnici, p. 6, 1860.
Zoanthairea (para) Edw. and Haime, including Actinaires and Antipathairea (subor-

ilors), Oorull., i, y. 224, 1857; Verrill, Mem. Boston Soc Nat. Hist., i, p. 14, 1863.
Actinaria (order) Verrill, Proceedings Essex lust., iv, p. 147, Feb. — April, 1866;

ditto, vol. V, p. 315, 18C8.
(f) Adinoids, " Adinnria Edw." (order) A. and Mrs. E. C. Agassiz, Sea-side Studies

in Natural llislnry. p. 7 and 152, after May, 1865. (No characters given or limits

assigned perhaps not intended to include Antipathacea).

Hody flesliy, or coriaceous, composed of from six, or ten, to several
hundred apheromeres, which are usually in multiplies of six, united
only by the outer wall of the body, so as to leave, between adjacent
s|)lR'romeres, interambulacral spaces in which the new spheromeres
()ri;j:inate during growth. Basal or abactinal region well developed,
specialized, either free or attached, sometimes capable of secreting a
horn-like support (Antipathes), or a thin corneus pelicle (Adamsia,
Camrisocia). No coral or solid calcareous deposits in the wall or ra-
diating lamellflp. Ambulacral chambers open from the summit to the
base. Tentacles usually simple, hollow, tubular, or conical, mostly in
multiples of six ; sometimes only six or ten.

Although the Actinians are evidently numerous, both in species and
individuals, upon the tropical portion of the Pacific coast of America,
it is remarkable that but one species has hitherto been described from
tlie entire region between Paita, Peru, and San Francisco, Cal. In
the collections of Mr. Bradley there are large numbers of Actinkey but
in most cases it would be almost useless to attempt descriptions of
these atiimals from preserved specimens alone. Consequently T have
omitted most of the species which are uiuiccompanied by notes or
dr.iwings made from the specimens while living.

M'lny of the Actinlm from Peru and Chili have been well figured
and described by Lofson* aid by Drayton,! while llnmo of the north-
ern coast (Sitchrt) have been briefly described by Brandt,! whose un-
satisfactory diagnoses refer almost exclusively to the colors, which

* lli.stoire naturelle des Zoophytes recueillis dans le Voyage autour du monde de la
Corvette de sa majesty, la Coquille, 1822—1825, Captaino Duperrey. Par E.-P. Les-
son, Paris, 1832. '

f United States Exploring Expedition, during the years 1838 — 1842. under the
Command of Charles Wilkes, U. S. N. Vol. vii, Zoophytes. By J. D. Dana. Actin-
idie by Mr. Joseph Drayton. Philadelphia, 1846.

\ rr.)'lromu3 doHcriptiouu.s animulium a Mcrteiisio in orbis terrarum circumnaviga-
liono observatorum, J. F. Brandt, 1835.

Ven-ill, N'otes on Radiata.

461

are notoriously variable in this group, and especially so in some north-
ern genera, like Urticina and Bunodes.

Suborder, A.CTINACEA Vorrill.

Actinina (family) Ehrenberg, Ccirall. dea rotheu Meeres, 1834,

AdinicUB (family) Dana, Zoophytes, p. 122, 1846.

Actinidires (pars) (anhordeT) Edw. and Ilainie, Corall, i, p. 224, 1857.

A.itroeacea (pars) (tribe) Cloase, Actinologia Britannica, p. 7, 1860.

Actinium (subfiimily) Dueh. and Mich., CornU. des Antilles, 37, 1800, from Mem.
Reale Accadciiiia dello Scienze, Turin ; ditto, {pars) (family) Supplement aux Co-
rall., 1864, from Mem. Reale Acctid., xxiii, 1366.

Actinaria (pars) (suborder) Vorrill, Mem. Boston Soc., Nat. Hist.., i, p. 14, 1863.

.4 ctoacm (suborder) Vorrill, Proc. Essex Inst, iv, p. 148, 1865; ditto, vol. v, p.
317, 1868.

Polyps free and simple, rarely compound, with a well developed
and muscular base, which is us^d Ix/ih as an organ of locomotion and
adhesion. Tentacles varying in number from 10 to several hundred,
and quite varied in size and structure ; sometimes branched.

The ambulacral spaco^ u.- inlly bear some other organs, such as
branchiae tubercles, suck».

i,.!-*, coloi' d spherules, and special pores.

Family, Thalassiaisthid.*; Verrill.

Proceedings Essex Inst., iv, p. 148, 1865.

Body more or less cylindrical in expansion, usually broad. The
disk bears various ambulacral organs in the form of simple or com-
pound tubercles, or arborescent and variously lobed branchiform or-
gans, \\\ addition to, or replacing, the simple tentacles. Several of
these disk appendages usually arise from each ambulacral chamber,
and when true tentacles are pi-osent, they may be outside or inside of
them, or on both sides. Base a flat locomotive disk.

This family is almost confined to the tropical seas. It includes four
well marked subfamilies.

1. Phyllactinm Edw. and Haime. Disk bears both simple tentacles
and lobed tubercles, or compound branchiform appendages.

2. ThalassiantJibuh [pars) Edw. and Haime. Disk bears large,
compound tentacles or branchiform organs, all of one form, without
simjde tentacles.

3. Heterodacti/lmce Verrill. Disk bears large, compound, branchi-
form organs of two kinds. No simple tentacles. Includes Heterodac-
tyla Elir. and Sarcophianthvs Less.

4. Dlscostoinin<i' Verrill {nnn Discosom,oB D. and M.). The disk
bears small, tentacle-like pa])illte, or small, sparingly lobed tubercles,

r»»!MI»^l»V'«««l» -!,!l W"

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462

Verrill, Motes on Radiata,

several of which originate from each radiating chamber or amhulacral
space, and are therefore arranged in simj)le radiating lines, or in I'adi-
ating groups when more tluui one series arise from tlie san»e cinimher.
These false tentacles increase in size from the centre to tlie margin of
the disk. The disk is usually broad and widely exi)anded, but gene-
rally capable of complete contraction.

This subfamily includes the true genus, DUcosoma Leuck. {? liiconlea
D. and M.), excluding many forms wrongly referred to it by various
authors;* Hbmactis and Stephanactis YereiW ;f and ap])arently Jil'/t/n-
actia E. and 11., Corynactis AUman, Aureliania Gosse, and Capnea
Forbes. But most of the descriptions and figures of these genera are
insufficient to determine with certainty whether the " tentacles " ori-
ginate each from a distinct chamber or not. For the three genera last
mentioned Gosse has formed the family, Captieadoe, but he does not
refer to this character, and regards all the disk-tubercles as true ten-
tacles.

Subfamily, Phyllactin.e Edw. and Haime.

Metridium (gemis) Ehrenberg, 1834, {non. Oken); Dana, Zooph., p. 150, 1846.
Phyllactinas (auhfamily) Edw. and Ilnimo, Corall., i, p. 291, 1857; Verrill (pars),
Mom. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., i, p. 16, 1863.

Column usually rather low and broad, its surface generally bearing
verrucaB or suckers, sometimes nearly smooth. Disk broad, the tenta-
cles placed considerably within its margin. The branchiform appen-
dages either form a circle just within the margin and outside of the
tentacles, Oulactia : are mingled with the tentacles, llfiodactis ; or
cover the buccal area within the circle of tentacles, Actinotryx; or are
placed both within and outside of the circle of tentacles, Amjihiactls
V.J These oi'gans differ greatly in number, size, and form in the dif-
ferent genera, as well a& in ])Osition.

The genus, Auldctinia, which I formerly referred to this snbfiiniily,
on account of the lobed, sub-marginal, branchiform ijapillaj, appenrs
to belong rather with the Bunodimv. Tjlt? Sfttnu is true of (hdactis
granulifera (Les. sp.) E. and H., and Anthopleura Krebail D. and M.
It was on account of these and otlier Biniilnr (bniis that the group
was formerly made a subfamily of Actinidiv by me, but in that fam-
ily the branchlfiMin appendages iire really lateral organs, original liig
from or below the margin.

♦ Diaoosomus whh used among lloptllea by Okon in 181fl, and Discosoma among
Araclmida in 1830 by Peity. Ehrenberg haa proposed to subtitute tlio nunio Disco-
stoma, for Luck art's genus.

f Proceedings Essex Institute, vol. vl. X Troc. Essex Institute, vol. vi.

Verrill, Notea on liadiata.

463

OulaotiS ¥.dw. aud Ilaime.

Metridium (pars) Dnna, Zcxiph., p. 160, 184(i, (non Okcn).

Oulidis E. nnd H., Corall., vol. i, p. 292, 1857 ; pars, Diich. and Mich., CoralL des
Autilles, p. 4C, 1860.

Column covered with verruciform suckers. Disk broad ; simple
tentacles placed at some distance from the margin ; outside of them a
circle of numerous, large, frondescent, branchiform organs.

Oulactis COncinnata Kdw. and Haime.

Metridium condnnatum Drayton, in Dana, Zooph., p. 152, PI. 5, flg. 40 and 41, 1846.
Oulactis concinnata E. and H., Corall., vol i, p. 292, 1857.

Column low, broad, dilated above and below. Disk very broad,
strongly radiate, margin undulated, sides covered with large tubcrcu-
liform suckers, to which pebbles and fragments of shells adhere. Ten-
tacles half an inch long, stout, subulate, sub-triangular, the lower side
slightly concave. Branchifoim organs nearly '5 of an inch long, 1 to
r5 lines broad, frondescently laciniate.

Column ochreous olive, with olive-green suckers ; three branchite of
a white color alternate with a brown one ; simple tentacles similar to
column, but paler, faintly striped with pale purple ; disk purple. An-
other variety has the column green, with ochreous suckers. Diameter
at middle, in expansion, 2 inches ; at disk 3.

San Lorenzo, near Callao, Peru, buried to its tentacles in sand, —
U. S. Exploring Expedition.

Lophactis Vemll, gen. nov.

Column elevated ; its walls firm, sub-coriaceous, in contraction rough
with deep corrugations and wrinkles, not verrucose, and without ap-
parent suckers in the preserved specimens. Simple tentacles large,
placed sit a considerable distance from the margin. Branchiae few in
number (12), arranged in a circle between the margin and the tenta-
cles, large and broad, laterally compressed, the upper edge of each
bearing a series of finely subdivided papilhe, which consequently form
radiating rows of secondary branchiae. The large branchiform organs
are united together on the side nearly to their summits by a thin
membrane, wlilch forms a naked area between the branchiai and ten-
Hlt'les, and they are also united on the outside by adherence to the
ninrginiil fohl, so that, when contracted, there are deep chambers or
cavities between \;hem.

This genus is closely allied to Phyllactis, but the latter has more
numerous branchise, which are quite different in structure, and are

Teans. CoNNKCTicuT Acad., Vol. I. 69 Febhuaey, 1869.

464

Verrill, Notes on Rndinta.

m

lonijfor iind much more oxsort, and connected togotlier only on the in-
side hy a membrane that does not reach the summit.

LophaCtiS omata Verrill, sp. nov.

This curious species is known only from one specimen, which is well
preserved in alcohol, with the disk and tentacles expunded.

The column is hi<^her than broad, thoufjfh evidently much contracted ;
the surface has a finely papillose, or deeply and closely wrinkh'd ap-
pearance, and appears to be covered vith a dark-colored, thin, insep-
arable, epidermal layer; its substance is firm and tough, somewhat
leathery.

The disk is broad ; mouth ^nth numerous marginal folds ; buccal
disk small, siirrounded by a circle of 96 simple tentacles, which are
rather long, enlarged somewhat at the end, which is marked with about
ten sulcations. They are apparently arranged in four or five circles.
The 12 branchiaj are large, with a broad membrane uniting them to-
gether on the inside and separating them from the tentacles ; tiieir
summits are arched, bearing along the crest a narrow, closely convo-
luted frill, having its edge finely divided into a fringe-like structure ;
below the crest there is a transversely thickened portion ; the lower
part is thinner, with strong, longitudinal, muscular folds. These or-
gans, therefore, are probably capable of being considerably extended
during life. Height, of specimen in alcohol, 1 '5 inches ; diameter of
disk 1 ; length of tentacles ".S ; of branchiae from base '5 ; along crest "4.

Pearl Islands,— F. H. Bradley.

Asteractis Verrill, gen. nov.

Column versatile in form ; walls firm and sub-coriaceous. Disk
broad, capable of involution, bearing, near the mouth, a circle of nu-
merous simple tentacles, and outside of these a corresponding number
of radiating rows of small, sessile, somewhat lobed and subdivided
tubercles or papillse, increasing in size to the margin, which is crenu-
late or dentate with the last tubercles of each series.

This genus is somewhat allied to Oulactis but difters in having
branchiform organs, consisting of rows of sessile papilla; on the disk,
instead of distinct, prominent, frondescent appendages, rising from its
surface. The column differs, moreover, in lacking verruciform suckers.

To this genus probably belong Actinia floscidifera Les. ( Oulactis
Jlosculifera* Duch. and Mich.) and Oulactis formosa\ D. and M. from

* Coralliaii-es des Antilles, p. 46, PI. vii, figures 7, 11, 1860.
f Loc. cit, p. 47, PI. vii, flg. 4, 5.

wm

Verrill, JVotes on Radiata.

465

the Wt'st rndies. But the figuroH and doHcriptioiiH nf tlic Imiiuhial
ap|)ei»da<j;es aro too indefinite to make tliis certain, while both species
are Haid to have hiteral poren, which I have not heen ahle tosee in the
folh)wing species, wiien contracted, though they may exist.

Asteractis Bradleyi Vorriii, sp. nov.

Cohunn whitisli, sometimes h)w and broad, expanding from about
the miiUlle to the margin of the broadly expanded disk ; at other times
vase-shaped, contracted near the base, cylindrical above, the disk
partly contracted; at other times cylindrical, the portion of the disk
exterior to the tentacles involved, but the tentacles still i»rotcuding.
Surface in contraction strongly wrinkled transversely, less so longitu-
dinally, near the margin with papilliform interspaces.

The tentacles are 48 m number, in three rows; the 1*2 primary ones
about '5 of an inch long; the 12 secondary about ^'>^\ the 24 "-lallest
ones about '25. All the tentacles are slender and pointed, th .;rgcr
ones spotted with white. The small branchial papillro for;.! -iH radi-
ating series, the 12 rows corresponding to the primary tentacles ex-
tend from the margin to their bases; the 12 corresponding to the
secondary ones extend about half way to their bases ; the 24 small
ones extend only about quarter way to the buses of the small tenta-
cles. The inner part of each row is formed of very small, scarcely
distinct, slightly prominent, crowded ])apilhe; farther outward they
become larger, more prominent, and slightly lobed ; the outer ones
are considerably larger, crowded, divided into five or six, slightly
rounded lobes, the outermost one fomiing the dentate margin of the
disk.

Color of the column, in life, white ; largest tentacles delicate pink,
bearing four or five, eye-like spots of white, and fading out to white
at the tips; secondary tentacles pale i)ink, with similar, but com-
monlv more numerous, white spots ; smallest ones white.

Jloli^fJ.t, in expansion, "5 to •'7; diameter of disk "^ to 1 inch; of col-
ui'in in luddle "3 to '5; diameter of buccal disk, inside of tentacles,
in "ill ,>':pansion, "5. The same specimen, in alcohol, is about '5 high*,
•5 broud at base ; with the partly contracted disk "35 broad.

Panama Reef, on rocks above half tide, — F. H. Bradley.

This species appears to be rare, as only one specimen is in the col-
lection, which is accompanied by notes and drawings made from it
while living. In the drawings there are twelve conspicuous, dark
spots, about midway between the tentacles and margin, and corres-
ponding with the primary tentacles. These are not referred to in the

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(716) 872-4503

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Verrill, Notes on Radiata.

nott'8 and nothing corresponding to them can be seen upon the speci-
men. Whether tliey be mere color spots, disk pores, or tubercles, is
uncertain. When fully expanded the column sliowed longitudinal
lines.

According to Mr. Bradley's notcH it is a hardy species, feeds well,
and bears rough handling.

Family, A(TiNii)iB.

Acthiina (pars) Ehronborj;, including Jctinia (genus) and Oribrina (genus), Corall.

rothen Muorofi, j). 31, 1834.
Actinia (genus) Diuia, Zoopliytes, p 122, 1846.
AcHnt'ncB (subfaniilj') Kdw. and Ilaiino, excluding '^ Actinines pivotantes" Corall., i, p.

230. 1857.
Actinince (pars) (subfumily) Duch. and Mich., Corall. Antilles, 18G0.
.4di«Mto (family) Verrill, Mom. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., i, p. 15, 1863; Procoedings

Essex Inst, iv, p. 148, 1865; ditto, vol. v, p. 320, 1868.

Body more or less cylindrical in expansion, with a distinct, flat,
muscular, basal disk. Tentacles round, simple, surrounding the buc-
cal disk in few or many cycles, sometimes obsolete. Walls perforate
or imperforate. Ambulacral appendages on the sides of the body
various.

'i'his extensive family may be divided into several sub-families,
which are, however, not always well defined.

1. JiunoduiOB. Column bears tubercles or verruciform suckers,
which are imperforate, or rarely jierforate, but do wht emit acontia.

2. Sagartime. Column perforated with special pores, for the emis-
sion of acontia. Surface smooth, or mth inconspicuous contractile
suckers.

8. PheUmn'. Column elongated, covered to near the margin with
a persistent epidermal layer or tunic. Lateral pores and acontia few,
or entirely wanting.

4. Actininn',. Column smooth, fleshy, destitute both of verrucie or
suckers and special pores. No acontia. Margin with or without col-
ored spherules. Includes ActimdoB and Antheado' Gosse.

Subfamily, Bunodin^.
Aclvtines verruqneuses (.section) Eu.v. and llainie, Corall, i, p. 263, 1867.
Bunodida (family) Gosse, Ann. and Mag Nat. Hist., 3d ser., i, p. 417, 1858; Actino-

ln>ji:i Britanuica, p 185, 1860.
Bunodida {mhWwwWy) Vorrill, Mem. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., i, p. 15, 1863.
Cercm (family) Duch. and Mich., Suploiu. Corall. Antilles, Mem. Rea'.o Accad., Turin,

xxiii, p. 124, 1804-6.
Bunodince (subfamily) Verrill, Proc. Essex Inst, vi, 1868.

The column is usually rather low and broad. The verrucaj of the

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Verrill, Notes on Radiata.

467

sides may be simple rounded tubercles or elongated papillix!, without
perforations ; prominent suckers witli a concave surface and tliickened
border ; perforated verrucso, ejecting water in contracting ; or, near
the margin of the disk, lobed or sparingly branched papilhe. The
margin may be a smooth tliickened rim, crenulate or dentate by the
uppennost tubercles, or it may boar colored spherules. The disk is
usually broad. The tentacles large and not very numerous, usually
completely contractile.

Bunodes Gosse.

Oribrina (para) P'hr., Corall. rothen Meeres, p. 40, 1834.

Bunodes Gosse, Trans. Linn. Soc, xxi, p. 274, 1855; Actinologia Britannica, p. 189,

1860; Verrill, Mem. Boston Soc., i, p. 15, 1864.
Cereua (pars) Edw. and ilaimo (rum Okcn), Corall., i, p. 263, 1867.
Anthopleura (pars) Duch. and M., Supl. Corall. Antilles, in Mem. Reale Accad.,

Turin, xxiii, p. 125, 1864-6.

Corallum more or less elevated, texture firm, surface covered with
conspicuous verruciform suckers, concave above, or low rounded tuber-
cles, whicli are arranged in vertical lines along each ambulacral cham-
ber, the tippermost one in each row largest and projecting at the mar-
gin, 80 as to form a somewhat dentate or tuberculate border. The
suckers usually, if not always, have the power of adhering firmly to
foreign substances. They generally decrease in numbers and size from
the margin downward, often becoming obsolete below. Tentacles
rather large, not numerous, very contractile, usually separated from
the margin by a narrov but distinct naked area or " fosse."

Bunodes cnientata Gosse.

Actinia cnientata Drayton (Couthouy, MS.), U. S. Expl. Exp., Zoophytes, p. 138, PI.

3, fig. 23, 1846.
Cereus ci-uentatus Edw. and H., Corall., i, p. 268, 1857.
Bunodes cruentata Gosse, Actin- Britannica, p. 194, 1860.

Column with small sucker-tubercles arranged in vertical rows, con-
spicuous near the margin, smaller toward the base. Tentacles about
48 in number, long, subulate. In expansion the mouth has four lobes.
Color faint purplish red, with numerous vertical lines of darker red,
deepening to crimson near the disk ; suckers rose-white, yellowish
when expanded ; tentacles intense blo^d-red ; disk brownish purple,
altarnating with radiating pale ochreous lines.

Orange Bay, Terra del Fuego, buried to tentacles in sand, — J. P.
Couthouy, U. S. Expl. Exp.

468

Verrilly Notes on Radiata.

!

m

1

Bunodes papillosa Von-iii.

Actinia papulosa LeSHon, YoyaRO Coquille, Zoophytes, p. 78, PI. iii, flg. 2, 183i, (now

Ehrenberg, 1834 '

Cereus papiUomu Edw. and H., Corall, i, p. 267, 1867.

Column low and broad, covered throughout with numci'ous, crowded,
conspicuous verruciB, closely arranged in vertical rows. Tentacles
very numerous, rather short, in three series. Month (as figured) with
six lobes, in expansion. Color bright green, the verrucie lighter, each
surroujided by a circle of bright rod ; tentacles bright red, with lighter
tips, disk flesh-colored.

Talacahuano, Chili, to Lima, Peru, on submerged rocks ; very com-
mon near Quiriquine, — Lesson.

Bunodes pluvia Vemii.

Actinia pluvia Draytou, op. cit, p. 144, PI. 4, fig. 30, 1846.
Cereus ]>ltii;ia E. iiud If., Corall. i, p. 267, 1857.

Column broad, 2*5 inches in diameter at middle, expanding above
and below to 3 '25. Surface closely covered throughout with small,
rounded tubercles or papilla?, upper margin not tubcrculate. Tenta-
cles nui.icrous, somewhat crowded, in three series, '5 inch long, stout
(over a line thick at base), subulate. Disk strongly marked with ra-
diating lines, mouth prominent. Color very variable ; sometimes
bright orange throughout, with the tentacles a little darker and the
disk paler. Some have dull red tentacles ; others pale red, with the
mouth very deep red. In others the column is dark brownish green,
with the papilloB bright orange, tipped with white beads or dots.

The orange variety, when disturbed, " ejected water from all its
tentacles to a distance of 2 or 3 feet."

San Lorenzo L, Peru, on rocks, — J. P. Couthouy, U. S. Expl. Exp.

This species may prove to be identical with the preceding, but this
cannot be determined from the original figures and descriptions.

Bunodes ooeliata Verriu. ' *

Actinia o-elW/i Lo933n, op. cit., p. 79, PI. iii, flg. 5, 1832. '

Germs t ocellatus P:dw. and H.. Corall., i, p. 268, 1857.

Column covered with small verruca, regularly arranged in vertical
rows, and scarcely crowded. Tentacles mftnerous, short, subequal,
slender, crowded. Column brownish ; the verruca; bright red; tenta-
cles brownish red with light tips ; disk lighter, brownish near the
mouth, which is red within.

Paita, Peru, in crevices among rocks, rare, — Lesson.

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Verrillj Notes on JRadiata.

469

This species and the two preceding, appear to be true Bunodcs, so
far as can be judged from the figures and descriptions, but yet on re-
examination they may be'found to belong to other allied genera.

Urticina Ehrenberg (emended).

Urticinn (subdiviBion of Actinia) Elir., Corall. rothen Meeres, p. 33. 1834.
Rhodactinia Agassiz, Comptes lemlua, xxv, p. 677, 1847, (without description); Ver-

rill, Mem. Uoxton Soo. Nat. Hist., i, p. 18, 18U4.
Bunodes (para) Got^se, Tranx. Linn. See , xxi, p. 274, 1865.
Cttreus (para) Edw. and Haime, Corall., i, p. 263, 1857, (iion Okeu).
Tealia Oosse, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Uist., 3d series, i, p. 417, 1868; Actin Brit., p. 205.

Column low and broad, in expansion usually broader than high,
margin with a more or less distinct fold or " parapet." Surface cov-
ered with irregularly and distantly scattered verruciform suckers,
which are often small and inconspicuous, but capable of strong adhe-
sion. Margin of the disk slightly dentate or tuberculate, or not at all
so. Tentacles large and stout, retractile. Type U. crassicornis Ehr.

Urticina crassioomis Eiir.

Actinia craaaicomia Miiller, Prod. Zool. Danica, p. 281, 1776; Johnston, British Zo-
ophytes, i, p. 226, PI. 40; Van Beneden, Faune Litt. de Belgique, Polypes, p. 191.

Actinia apectdbUia Fubr., Fauna Greenl., p. 351, 1788

t Actinia coriacea Cuvier, Tabl. 41^m., p. 653, 1797 ; R6giio Animal, torn, iv, ed. i,
p. 51, 1817; Rapp, Polypen im Alig., p. 61, Taf. 1, flg. 3 and 4, 1829; Johnston,
Br. Zoophytes, i, p. 224, PL 39, 1847.

f Actinia Uotaatica Miiller, ZodL Danica, iv, p. 23, PI. 139, 1806.

laacmaa (Urticina) craaaicomia Ehrenberg, Coral, rothen Meeres, p. 83, 1834.

t laacmaa (Urticina) papilloaa Ehr., op. cit., p. 33, (perhaps =U. digitata)

f Oribrina coriacea Elir , op. cit , p. 40.

t Actinia bimaculata Grube, Actinieu, p. 4, fig. 4, 1840.

Rhodactinia Daviaii Agaesiz. Comptes-rendus, xxiv, p. 677, 1847 ; Verrill, Mem.
Bo,iton Soc. Nat. Hist., i, p. 18, 1864

Actinia obtruncata and A. cameola Stimpson, Invert of Grand Menan, p. 7, 1853,

Bunodes craaaicomia Gosse, Trans. Linn. Soc, xxi, p. 274, 1855.

Actinia? falina Edw. and H., CoraU., 1, p. 242, 1867.

f Gereua coriaceua Edw. and Haime, Corall, i, p. 264, PI. C 1. flg. 4, 1857.

Tealia craaaicomia Gosse, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 3, i, p. 417, 1858; .' in-
oiogia Britannica, p 209, PI. iv, flg. 1, 1860.

f Bolocera equea and Stomphia Churchia Gosst, Actin. Brit., p. 222 and 851, PI. viii,
flg. 5, ix, flg. 6.

t Actinia elegantiaaima Brandt, Prodromus descr. Anim. a Mortensio, p. 13. 1835;
Edw. and H., Curall., i, p. 289.

1 Actinia Laurentii Brandt, op. cit., p. 13 ; Edw. and H., Corall., i, p. 289

Column large, low, usually broader than high in full expansion, the
surface bearing small, distant suckers, which are capable of becoming

•I

470

VerriU, Notes on liadiata.

r

\i\\

:U

verrucose and attaching foreign substances, or of becoming low, round-
ed, slightly prominent pupulie, or they may be entirely contracted to
the level of the general surface, which then appears nearly smooth, but
often longitudinally and transversely striated. Tentacles large and
stout, numerous, usually banded. Mou h large, with strongly marked
lobes, the stomach often everted.

Color very variable ; column usually some shade of red or green,
or variously mottled and striped with these colors ; often bright red
and uniform flesh color. Tentacles usually banded with alternating
rings of white and some shade of red or pink ; sometimes uniform red
or flesh-color. Disk usually lighter then the column, fre(iuently pale
reddish, or greenish, or mottled; usually, if not always, with radiating
stripes of brighter red or crimson, which extend from near the mouth
to and among the bases of the tentacles, two of these stripes going
to each tentacle and embracing its base on each side. Small white
spots often occur in front of the inner tentacles. The angles of the
mouth are usually bright red. Large specimens are often 4 to 6 inches
in diameter; tentacles 1 to 1*5 inches long; '20 to '26 in diameter at
base.

Occurs commonly on all the northern coasts of Europe, from France*
northward ; Iceland; Greenland; Arctic America, southward to Cape
Cod, On the Pacific coast in the Arctic Or'^an north of liehring's
Straits, in 30 fathoms, and in Behring's Straits, — North Pacific ExpL
Exp. ; Sitcha, — Brandt ; Puget Sound, — Dr. C. B. Kennerly.

The numerous specimens obtained by the North Pacific Exploring
Expedition do not appreciably diflVr from those of the north Atlantic
coasts, preserved in the same manner. Nor is there anything in
Brandt's descriptions to indicate a specific difference.

A. elegantisaima Brandt, is said to have the body pustulous, green-
ish red or spotted. Tentacles moderate, dilated, and white in the mid-
dle, purple at the end. From Sitcha.

A. Laurentii Br., has the body red, blotched irregularly with green
and brown. Tentacles vermilion red. Behring's Straits.

11 < ,; ■

ij-

SvactiS Verrill, gon. nov.

The column bears vertical rows of verruciform suckers or tubercles,
and is perforated by numerous openings from which water is ejected
whe 1 the body suddenly contracts. The inner tentacles are smaller
and shorter than the outer ones ; mouth with four prominent lobes.
Type Actinia artemiala Drayton.

* The southern European form {U. coriacea) is more verrucose and may be distinct
from the true U. crasaicomis of the north.

i':'

m

Verrill, Notes on Jiadiata,

471

This genua is allied to Anthopleiira Duch. and Mich., but the latter
is rejiresented as having equal tentaclos, and the uppermost tubercles
are subdivided and sub-tentaculiform. It resembles Bunodea, liut in
the latter the walls are imperforate and the inner tentacles are largest.

Evaotis artemisia Verriu.

Actinia artemiaia Drayton, op. cit., p. 149, PI. 4, flg. 38, 1846.
Cerma artemiaia Edw. and Haimo. Cornll., i, p. 268, 1857.

Column low, brctad, subcylindrical, often dilated in the middle, and
covered with regular vertical lines of prominent, rounded tubercles,
which are obsolete below, the upper ones larger and forming a row
around the margin of the disk. Tentacles in three series, stout, sub-
ulate, the inner ones '6 inch, the outer ones 1 inch iu length. Disk
radiated; mouth with four prominent lobes. ! ' ^'

Column yellowish green ; the tubercles dark sap-green, the green
line e.vtending to the base, though the tubercles are obsolete below.
The colors of the tentacles are various and shaded like those of the
prism. Disk greenish, darker toward the tentacles; the mouth flesh-
colored. Diameter, in expansion, 2-25 inches

Discovery Harbor, Puget Sound, abundant, — U. S. Expl. Expedi-
tion ; Puget Sound, — Dr. C. B. Kennevly.

" This species occurs buried to the tentacles in sand, and also at-
tached to pebbles or shells two or three inches below the surface.
On contracting, water spurts from various small lateral orifices, as
from a watering-pot," — C. Pickering.

Evaotis ? xantljogrammica Verriii.

Actinia xanthogrammica Brandt, Prod, descrip. anim., p. 12, 1835 ; Edw. and H., op.

cit, p. 289.
Bunodea xantfu)grammica Goase, Actin. Brit., p. IM, I860. ' ' V"' ' .

" Body sub-verrucose, yellowish green. Tentacles numerous, elon-
gated, fusiform, flattened below, copper-green, with small, transverse,

yellow spots." . , , .,, : , '..■....■. ,:-',\

Sitcha Island, — Brandt.

This species may prove identical with the preceding, and in that
case would have priority. There are no certain indications of its gen-
eric affinities, and I have placed it here mainly on account of its gen-
eral resemblance to ^. ar/em/«'a. „.. .S .. ,-
Cladactis Verrill, gen. nov.

Column firm in texture, low, broad, crowdedly covered with ele-
vated, sub-tentaculifonn tubercles or papillsB, which have round, in-

TBAN& OONKEOnOUT AOAO., YOL. I. 60 Februart, 1869

i i

Vnl

Verritl^ N'otes on Jiadiata.

I?(

fl-

oated tips, those on the sides simple or t^o or three lobed; those at
the margin of the disk elongated, pedunculated, the end divided
into 2 to 0 rounded lobes. Tentacles numerous, rather long, the inner
ones largest. Disk broad, with a naked area or " fosse " between the
tentacles and the margin.

Cladactls grandis Vemii, <sp. nov.

A large species with the entire surface of the column covered with
close vertical rows of crowded, elongated papillse, which are smaller
below, but larger and more complex near and at the margin. The
uppermost sub-marginal ones are elevated, with a distinct peduncle, the
outer portion divided into about six, rounded, inflated lobes in the
larger ones, two to four in the smaller ones. The papillte become
nearly sessile below, but many of them have two or three rounded
lobes. The tentacles are moderately large, rather stout, very nume-
rous (628 in a large one), in many rows, forming seven or eight cycles,
apparently but little contractile, separated from the margin of the
disk by a broad shallow fosse. Buccal disk broad, radiated. The
mouth is large, elongated, with strong gonidial folds, and numerous
lobes along the sides.

General color greenish-brown or olive ; " twelve rows of light col-
ored tubercles, with three or more rows of smaller dark ones between
each pair of rows of larger ones; disk dark gieenish brown; tenta-
cles of nearly uniform greenish brown." In alcohol the specimens are
grayish blue, with dull blue tentacles. Some of the larger specimens,
when preserved in alcohol, are about 3 inches in diameter and 2 high ;
length of inner ^^entacles 1 inch.

Paica ; and Zorritos, Pern ; Pearl Islands ; and Panama, on stones
below half-tide mark, — F. H. Bradley. Rio Brito, near San Juan del
Sur, Nicaragua, — B. SilUman.

This species appears to be the most abundant Actinian of the Pan>
amian Fauna in the littoral zone. It occurs under the wharf of the
Panama Railroad Co. at Panama. It appears to have limited powers
of contraction, since most of the specimens preserved in alcohol have
the tentacles more or less extended and the disk exposed. In some
oases, however, the disk is so involved as to conceal the tentacles.
Mr. Bradley states that it is " very sensitive."

It appears to be allied to some of the species referred to Cyatiactia
by Edw. and Ha?.me, but the latter group appears to include re^)re-
sentatives of more than one genus. There is, moreover, nothing in
their descriptions to indicate that either of their species have com-
pound tubercles, which is one of the most prominent characters of the

Verrill, Notes on Badiata,

m

present genus, when mature. In young specimens, however, the
marginal tubercles are only 2 or 8-lobed, while those of the sides are
simple rounded tubercles, and scarcely crowded.

There are no openings apparant in the sides of the body.* In this
respect the genus differs from the typical species of Anthopleurti {A.
Krehaii), as well as in the character of the lateral tubercles. A. gran-
lUifera D. and M. appears to belong to this genus, however, since it
is said to be imperforate and tuberculated.

Cystiaotis ISdw. and Haime, op. cit., p. 276.

" Body entirely covered by subtentaculiform tubercles, or having
the aspect of large, very salient pustules."

Cystiaotis SydOUZi Edw. and Haime, op. cit, p. 276, 1867.

" Tentacles ohort, moderately numerous, longitudinally striated by
contraction ; the external ones smaller than the internal. Body cov-
ered with large vesicles of very unequal size, very close, and irregu-
larly arranged. Specimens preserved in alcohol have a uniform brown
color."

Coasts of Chili, — Eydoux (Mus. Paris).

The single character upon which the genus, Cyatiactis, is based is
too indefinite, or too imperfectly defined, to be of much importance
in identifying genera. Specimens from Brazil, that appear to be iden-
tical with C. Oaudichaudi E. and H., appear, however, to be gener-
ically distinct. The same is true of CystiactU Eugenia D. and M.,f
from St. Thomas. But, so far as the description shows, C. Eydouxi
may not differ from Cladactia, since it is not stated whether the mar-
ginal tubercles be simple or compound. Should they prove identical,
Cyatiactia may, therefore, be restricted to C, Gaudichaxidi and
similar species.

Anthopleur t DucL and Mich. »

AiUhoplewra D. and M., Corall dos Antilles, p. 40, 1860 ; ditto {;para\ Supl. Corall.
dea Antilles, p. 32, 1864-6. . ^., , ;

Column subcylindrical, somewhat elevated, bearing adhesive, veiTO-
ciform suckers with concave tops, which are arranged in longitudinal
rows, and diminish in size and frequency toward the base. Margin
surrounded by a circle of elongated papiilsB, corresponding to the
rows of suckers, and more or less lobed or incised, with small per-

* G. cavernata (Bunodea cavemata V.) from S. Carolina, has the wall perforated bj
small, inconspicuous pores, from which water may be ejected.

f Supplement GoralL des Antilles, in Mem. Beale Accad., Turin, zziii, p. 129, PL vi,
fig. 1, 1866.

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474

Verrilly Kotes on Itudiata.

forutions on the l«)wer side, frofii which water niny be ejected. Slmi-
hir I tor forutions occur in tlie sitles below the marj^in. TentadcB eh>n-
gated, Kubeqnai, rather numerous, separated from the margin by a
narrow but distinct fosse. Type, A. Krebaii D. and M., 1860.

This genu8 was originally based upon a single species, with the
characters given above. Subsequently two other species were added
by the same authors, having quite dift'erent structures, and the generic
characters were mo<UHed accordingly. As defined in the later work
the genus does not ditter materially I'rom liunodes, and in fact one of
the species rofcncd to it, A. pallida, appears to be a true liunodes^
having imperforate walls and simple tubercles. The other species, A.
granulifera, has imperforate walls, non-adhe»i\o tubercles, those
around the margin being compound. This probably belongs to our
genus, Cladactis. It seems necessary, therefore, to restrict the genus
to its original liinits, including only those species with perfonited
walls, adhesive suckers, and compound sub-marginal papilhe. As thus
limited it is allied to Ai/lactinia* nobis, and to Evactis. The latter
differs, however, in having the outer tentacles largest, and the margin
surrounded by simple tubercles ; the former has more complex sub-
marginal appendages and appears to be imperforate, but when better
known may prove to be identical.

Anthopleura Dowii VorrOi, sp. nov.

Actinia Dowii Bradley, MS.

Column cylindrical, but little elevated, with vertical rows of rather
distant, large, adherent, verruciform suckers, which have concave sum-
mits ; the upper ones largest, becoming more distant and much smaller
below, nearly obsolete near the base. Surface between the suckers
smooth in expansion, when contracted covered with elevated, reticu-
lated wrinkles. Corresponding to each row of suckers there is a prom-
inent, inflated, submarginal tubercle ; these are mostly divided into 2
to 6, slight, rounded lobes, each one perforated on the lower side by
several small pores, through which water may be ejected, but no open-
ings through the walls below could be detected in preserved speci-
•jaens. Margin of the disk separated from the tentacles by a narrow
fosse. Tentacles rather slender, elongated, subulate, arranged in three
rows, in the larger specimens 108 or more, in smaller ones often only
48. Disk broad, with radiating striations, mouth small, with numer-
ous folds ; stomach often everted.

* Memoirs Boston Soc. Nat. History, i, p. 20, 1864.

Verrill, Notes on Radtata.

4tS

Color quite variable; "column often flesli-eolored ; disk very vari-
able, from uniform olive-brown to viiriegated with jrreeniHh and yel-
IowIbIi, 8omotimc8 all greenish white, in other specimens with six bands
of j)ale yellow alternating with dark lines about the mouth, the rest
of the disk being greenish brown; tentacles very inconstant in color,
varying from dark brown, yellow, orange, and pink, to purple and
dark greenish brown, sometimes plain, often with 1 to ."> light yellow,
small, irregular spots, the inner surface commonly darker colored," —
F. TI. B.

The larger specimens, preserved in alcohol, are about \'6 inches
high, and 1 in diameter.

Pearl Islands ; and Panama, under the wharf of the Railroad Co.,
below half-tide mark, — F. II. Bradley; Reulejo, — F. II. Bradley;
Acajutla, San Salvador, on buoy, — Capt. J. M. Dow.

This species appears to be tolerably common. In alcohol most of
the specimens have the tentacles expanded, often with the stonnich
everted, others have the disk entirely involved. Mr. Bradley states
that it bears rough handling well.

The following observations apply to an Acajutla specimen, M'hich
has not been found in the collection with its corresponding number,
but which probably belongs to the same species with that described
above. :•

" Base broad, 1 inch in diameter ; body stout, with lines of small
light drab pustules running down from the small tentaculiform lobes
on the edge of the disk ; disk 1 '5 inches broad, dark brown, with
whitish stripes radiating from the small yellowish red mouth ; tenta-
cles moderately stout, in three rows (16 : 48 : 48), outer two rows 05
inch from edge of disk, inner ones "00 farther inward, base light drab,
tips dark red, son^etimes marked near the tips with small white spots
on the inner side," — F. II. B.

A species somewhat resembling this in general appearance, as pre-
served in .ilcohol, but evidently distinct, is in the collection from the
Pearl Isliinds. This has veiy exsert, adhesive suckers, with concave
tops, on the middle of the body, but becoming smaller and sessile
above and below. Sub-marginal tubercles small and simple. Tenta-
cles long and slender, in moderate number. In contraction the body
is oval, 1*5 inches long; 1 in diameter. It may be a Bunodes.

Phymactis Edw. and Haime.

^cW»ia (pars) Drayton, op. cit., p. 125, 184ti.

Phymactis Edw. and H., Corall., i, p. 274, IBS'?. *•• v -, -

Column rather low and broad, covered with prominent verruca?.

!»*•
*•

' ' :«

>'ti

I ' I-

* !|

In

476

VerriU, Notes on Radiata.

Hi
l«

i

Marjfin Hurrounded by ii circle of bright colored HpheniloH, or eye-
tubercles. Toiitaolex rather large and numerouH. Mouth large and
prominent with many la*' ral loldH. '.,',;

Phymaotis clematis Edwanis and ii., op. oit, p. ai6.

Actinia cleimtia Drayton, op. oit., p. 130, PL I, flg. 4 and 6, 184t}.

Column low, usually much broader than high, bane and disk broad-
er ; the disk broadest, dilated, and thrown into four or five lobes or
folds by the I'.iuulations of the margin Pustules or verrucee of the
walls large, numerous, crowded. Marginal tubercles or spherules
largo, rounded, 1*5 lines broad, yellow or red. Naked portion of disk
less than half the whole diameter. Tentacles short and numerous,
rather stout, in .^bout five series.

Color quite variable ; " in one variety the body with the disk n'ld
tentacles, is of a deep rich green color ; the centre of the disk a little
paler, the marginal tubercles a bright yi^llow, and the under p;irt of
the foot yellow. In another the body is a deep crimson, with the tu-
bercles of the lateral surface deep green, and the marginal tubercles
vermilion ; the tentacles dark lake, and the central part of the disk
a paler lake ; under surface of the base a bright orange, approaching
vermilion," — J. Drayton.

Diameter at middle 2'6 inches; diameter of disk 4 ; height of col-
umn about 2 ; length of tentacles '5 to '75.

"Valparaiso, Chili, — U. S. Expl. Exp.

In the work of Edwards and Ilaime thelocality is erroneously given
as " C6te8 du Br^sil"

'1^

■fp

|l|i'

Phymaotis florida Edw. and H., op. dt, p. 274. *

Actini i floridi Drayton, op. cit-, p. 131, PI. 2, flg. 6, 7, 8.

Column low, about as broad as high, somewhat dilated at base and
summit ; margin of base undulate, of disk somewhat plicate, usually
in five folds; surface crowdedly covered with verrucce. Teutaoles
*' short, about '5 inch, nearly equal, subulate, stout, crowded, in 5 im-
perfect series." Disk strongly radiated, the tentacles occupying a
breadth of '6 to '76 of an inch.

Color variable ; " one variety has a royal smalt-color, with the papillsB
of the surface a fine ultramarine, the disk a paler blue, and the mar-
ginal tubercles pearly white. Another is verdii^ris-green, with the
papilltB of the same color, and the marginal t»ib(' 1 " yellow. Another
apparently of the same color, though a little Iiif;;! 'T (near 3 inches),
has the papillae of the lateral surface of a 8ai»-'T''een olor on a reddish

w

and

Verrili, NotM on Hadiata.

411

ground, with tho tontaclcB a dnll pnrj>le, the disk between the tentn-
cles and the niutilh light grayish groiMi, the mouth Hesh-color, and the
under Hurfaco of tho baHe scarlet," — .1. Drayton.

Height 2 to 2*5 imthes; diameter at middle 2"25 ; diameter of disk 3.

San Lorenzo I., off Callao, Peru, — U. S. Expi. Kxp.

Tiiis species may, quite possibly, prove to be only a variation of the
preceding one, depending on locality, state of expansion, ete. It ap-
pears to differ principally in havi' " 'ihorter and more numerous tenta-
cles and a less dilated disk.

•' . Subfamily, *■ voa r-^'n jc Verrill.

Aetininea per/oriu (section) Edw. u:id Hainik , Corul}., i, p. 278, 1867.
Sagarliada (fuinil, ) Gosso, 1868; Aotir^.tOKlu Britunnics, p. 9, 1800.
Sajartidai (mMmMy) VerriU, Motn Boston 8oa Nat. ITiritory, i, p, 21, 1864.
SagartitkB (subfamily) V., Proo. E.sox luHt., vol. r, p. .323, 186«; ditto, vol. vi, 1869.

Column very changeable in form, usually capable of great extension
into long, cylindrical, or pillar-like forms, or of contracting into alow,
flattened, conical shape. Surface in full expansion mostly smooth, not
verrucose, often with retractile suck ors, which are not conspicuous ex-
cept while in use ; in contraction the surface is usually covered with
close transverse or reticulate wrinkles. Walls peribrated by special
openings {cinclidce) through which thread-like, stinging organs {aeon-
tia) are ejected when the animal is irritated, sometimes in great profu-
sion, in other cases very sparingly and reluctantly. Margin simple or
nearly so, usually without special appendages {N^en^rtis is an excep-
tion). Tentacles usually numerous, generally slender and elongated,
highly contractile.

Species can usually be recognized as members of this subfiimily by
the .iiuooth, thin walls, usually showing the internal lamella}, and by
their perforations and the existence of acontia. But the latter char-
acters are frequently overlooked, even in living specimens, and are
generally difficult to detect in specimens contracted in alcohol, except
in a few genera where the borders of the pores are raised {Addmsia).
Most of the species referred by Edwards and Ilaime to Paractis, and
described as lacking perforuii-ns and all appendages of the walls, are
really Sagartians in which the perforations have been formerly over-
looked. Therefore I have here referred several similar species of sim-
ple Actinians to this group, although the lateral pores and acontia
have not actually been observed.

I)

SM-i !' '

416

m

Verrill, Notes on Radiata.

Metridium Oken.

% •'••■

Actinia (para) Linnajus, Lamark, Cuvier, Dana, etc. : >•:•

Metridium Oken, Lehrbuch der Natiirg., iii, p. 349, 1815, (non Metridium Ehronberg,

Dana, Gosse, ete., =Oulactis).
Aetinolohi {p irs) Blainvillo, Diet, dos Sci. Nat, 1830 ; ditto, Manuel d'Actinologie,

p. 322, 1834; Gosse, Actinologia Brit., p. 11, 1860.
Gribnna (pars) Elirenberg, op. cit., p. 40, 1834.
Metridium Edw. and H., Corall., i, p. 252, 1857 ; Verrill, Mem. Boston Soc. N'at.

Hist., i, p. 21, 1864. .

Column very changeable, in full expansion usually tall, pillar-like,
expanding toward the disk, or lower and nearly as broad as high ; in
contraction forming a low cone ; surface nearly smooth, with abundant
mucus; integument firm, thickened when old, forming at some distance
below the margin a thick smooth fold, above which the wall is thinner
and translucent. Disk broad, frilled, or thrown into lobes or broad
undulated folds, toward the margin. Tentacles very numerous, the
inner ones larger, more or less scattered on the disk, the outer ones
becoming gradually smaller and more crowded, those at the margin
very small and crowded. Walls perforated by scattered openings,
not very apparent except when fully expanded. Acontia abundant,
but not often emitted except when greatly irritated.

Metridium flmbriatum Verrill. ;-;.■:/.

Proceedings Es.-^ox Inst, vol. iv, p. 151, 1865. ' ■ ■':,'; i"-

Base broadly expanded. Column very changeable, either low and
broad, or greatly elongated, the fold or " parapet " nearly an inch be-
low the margin. Tentacles very numerous, encroaching so much upon
the disk as to leave only a narrow central area around the mouth,
short, very slender, filiform, pointed. Edge of disk thrown into nu-
merous deep frills.

Color of column variable ; often translucent pale orange, punctate
with dark brown ; or light umber-brown ; tentacles a lighter tint of
the same, white within ; mouth deep orange, or light yellowish brown,
surrounded by a broad band or halo of purplish.

Harbor of San Francisco, Cal., adiiering to the bottom of floating
piles, etc., Oct., 1855, — Dr. Wm. Stimpson ; Puget Sound, — Dr. C. B,
Kennerly.

This species is closely allied to M. marginatum of the New Eng-
land Coast, and M. dianthua of Europe. From tlie former it appears
to differ chiefly in having longer and more slender tentacles, with
the " parapet " farther from the margin of the disk.

It is possible that the three will eventually be Ibuud to belong to

U ';:

Verrill, Notes on Radiata.

479

one very variable and widely diffused species, but until direct and
careful comparisons of numerous living specimens of each can \)e made,
this question cannot be positively settled.

Metridium reticU-atum Edw. and Haimc, op. cit., p. 256.

Actinia reticulata Couthouy, in Dann, Zooph., p. 144, PI. 4, flg. 31, 1846.
Actinoloba reticulata Goaso, Actin. Brit., p. 24, 1860.

" Exterior smooth and reticulately corrugate, subcylindrical, I "5
inches high, 2'5 thick, with the disk very much dilated (3'5 broad),
and margin somewhat five-lobed, not tuberculate ; tentacles very nu-
merous, quite short (3 lines), not turgid and covering the greater part
of the disk, the inner a little the largest ; mouth somewhat prominent,
6 to 8 lines long."

The column is " covered with a sort of raised network, produced by
the corrugations of the external envelope." The disk " is broadly
dilated, and the five lobes, or folds, are never effaced so as to leave
the disk circular." Tentacles " short, subulate, and disposed in 9 or
10, close, alternate series, the inner ones longest, decreasing to marginal
ones, which are mere papillae."

Column " fulvous orange, sometimes olive-brown, with an indistinct
zone of black surrounding the superior margin ; tentacles olivaceous;
disk between tentacles and mouth bright ochreous, with strong radi-
ating lines, crossed by others of a pale olive-green ; mouth velvet pur-
plish-black."

" This Actinia is remarkable for the opacity of all its parts ; the
colors are all soft and rich, but even in the young they lack that trans-
parency usually met with in these zoophytes."

Orange Harbor, Terra del Fuego, attached to stones and shells, —
J. P. Couthouy, F. S. Expl. Exp.

The specimens of this species preserved in alcohol strongly resemble
those of M. marginatum and other species of this genus, to which we
believe it really belongs, notwithstanding the wrinkled epidermal (or
mucous) layer, an appearance which may have been due, in part at
least, to imperfect expansion of the column.

The following species, of which the genus is not determinable from
the description, may belong here.

(?) Actinia Mertensii Brandt, Prod, descr. anim., p. 13, 1835 ; Edw. andHaime,
Corall., i, p. 289.

'' Body brown, mingled with black. Tentacles moderate, white.
Disk pale brown, with white lines." Coast of Chili, — Mertens.
Tbans. Connbotiout Aoad., Vol I. 61 March, 1869

m'i

4H0

Verrill, Notes on Eadiata.

t "'

'■m-'

' ■ -' ' Cereus Oken. ?.?'•-.■• ^ "■..,,*;;..;/: f'

Cereua Oken, Lehrbuch der Naturg., iii, p. 349, 1815, (type, C. heUis). ' ' • '
Adinocereus Blainv., Diet, Sci. l^at., Ix, p. 194, 1830. ^>^''-

Oribrina (pars) Ehr., Corall., rothen Meeres, p. 40, 1834,
Sagartia (para) Gosse, Trans. Linn. Soc., xxi, p. 274, 1856 ; (Scyphyia) Actlnologia

Brit., p. 25,(123), 1860.
Cereus (para) Edw. and Haime, Corall., i, p. 263, (269), 1857.
Cereus Verrill, BuUetin M-.\s. Comp Zool., p. 58, 1864 ; Mem. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist.,

p. 24, 1864.

Column very changeable in form, capable of becoming tall, pillar-
like, or contracting to a low, depressed cone ; no snbmarginal fold ;
upper part with Bmall, inconspicuous, contractile suckers ; walls nearly
smooth, pierced by scattered, inconspicuous pores or cinclidse. Disk
broadly expanded, wider than the column, sometimes undulated at the
margin. Tentacles numerous, more or less scatttred on the disk, usu-
ally rather stout, the inner ones considerably largest ; the outer ones
quite small. Type, 0. hellia.

Oken, in constituting this genus, stated that the walls are per-
forated, and named C. hellia as a typical species, therefore it seems noi
only proper, but necessary, to restrict the name to the group which
contains that species. Edwards and Haime have erroneously extended
the genus so as to include all the imperforate, verrucose species, be-
longing to Urticina and Bunodes, as well as C. bellia and allied species.

Cereus Fuegiensis Verrill. A ■;

Actinia Fuegienaia Couthouy, op. cit., p. 145, PI. 4, flg. 32, 1846.

Biscosoma t Fuegienaia Edw. and Haime, Corall., i, 257, PI. C2, flg. 2, (from Dana,

Zooph.), 1857.
<Saj^(w<u» /WgiJesM Goase, Actin. Brit, p. 38, 1860.

" Subcylindrical, 2 inches in diameter, exterior smooth, upper and
lower extremities sparingly dilated, margin of base slightly undulate ;
tentacles throughout remotely scattered, turgid, 3 lines long ; mouth
small, circular, 6-cleft ; form of animal when contracted very much
depressed, convex,"

The tentacles are scattered over a large part of the disk, about 1
to 1 "5 lines apart, nearly in five series, and have " the form of a grain
of wheat." The inner ones are considerably largest.

Disk bright orange ; column darker orange, with transverse paral-
lel lines or markings of dark brown ; tentacles grass-green ; mouth
pale orange.

Orange Harbor, Terra del Fuego, on rocks, — J. P. Couthouy, U. S.
Expl. Exp.

mm

Verrill, Notes on Radiata.

481

This species is referred to Cereua mainly on account of its gjeneral
resemblance to C bellis, but as I'either lateral pores nor acontia have
been observed, it may belong properly in some other genus.

The original specimens i have not been able to find in the Smith-
sonian collections.

Calliactis Vemll, gen. nov.
Adamaia (pars) Edw. and. H., CoralL, i, p. 278, 1857, (non Forbes).

Column very changeable in form, in full expansion elevated, sub-
cylindrical, with a broadly expanded base, in contraction forming a
broad, low, flattened cone, or convex disk. Surface nearly smooth in
expansion, except near the base, ^^ liere there are one or more transverse
rows of conspicuous lateral pores or cinclidse, which have thickened,
permanently raised borders. Basal margin, below the pores, thin and
expanded, usually with additional internal lamellse ircercalated be-
tween the larger ones that extend to the disk, all of which are usually
visible through the thin but firm walls. Tentacles numerous, slender^
subulate, highly contractile. Acontia highly developed, emitted freely
from the cinclidae. Type, C. decorata {Actinia decorata Drayton).

This genus appears to be abundant in the tropical seas, the species
generally living upon univalve shells inhabited by hermit crabs. The
colors are usually brilliant and varied. It is allied to Adamsia, which
has similar basal cinclidae, but the latter has a low growth, spreading
to a great extent laterally, and the tentacles are short and imperfectly
retractile, while the base has the power of forming a tough pelicle to
extend the aperture of the shell ; its base also extends around the
aperture in two broad lateral lobes, which unite where they come in
contact, giving the bf>dy an annular form. To this genus belong sev-
eral undescribed species from the Pacific Islands, with the following,
and perhaps other, described species.

G. decorata (Drayton sp.), PI. 3, fig. 24. Honden I., in lagoon.

C. tricolor (Lesueur sp.). West Indies.

G. bicolor (Les. sp.). West Indies.

G. Egletet {Adamaia Egletes D. and M.), Snpl., PI. vi, flg. 17. St. Thomas, W. I.

G. fusca (Quoy and Gaim., Astrolabe, p. 145, PI. 11, flg. 8 and 9). Amboinia.

G. t polypus (Forskal sp.). Red Sea.

Calliactis variegata "VerWii, sp. nov.

Base broadly expanded, adhering to shells, the edge thin and spread-
ing. Column broad, moderately elevated in expansion, when con-
tracted forming a low cone, usually rounded at summit. Srrface in
alcoholic specimens closely wrinkled transversely and minutely ccrru-

m

i ■ '-.m

i

;i

i

1

liri

482

Verrill, N'otea on Radiata.

gated on the upper parts, or sometimes cancellated, or covoiud with
reticulated wrinkles with elevated interspaces, smoother near the edge
of base, where it is radiated with conspicuous dark lines of unequal
length, eorrespondintj to internal chambers, and alternating with nar-
rower liglit lines, corresponding to the lamellne ; the edoje crenulated.
CinclidiB at about "25 or •30 inch from the edge of the base, forming a
circle of about 24, rather distant, conspicuous, perforated venuc8B,
often with another more or less complete circle a short distance below,
in which the cinclidie coiTcspond in position with the upper ones, but
ap])ear to be smaller. Acontia pink, long, and fine, protruded freely
both from the month and cinclidre. Tentacles slender, of moderate
length, " arranged in four series (24-24-96)."

Column " marked at base with light purplish brown spaces, sepa-
rated by 97 olive-brown lines, extending "25 to '50 inch from edge of
base; above these a row of 24 white perforated spots " (cinclidfe) ;
rest of coin 'un "mainly olive-brown, striped with six longitudinal
bands of diuk pink, which ai'e sometimes divided so as to form six
pairs of bands. Mouth small, when open pinkish yellow, surrounded
by a white space marked with dark radiating lines ; followed by a cir-
cle of dark brown, marked with 12 narrow white rays ; then follows a
circle of dark brown, marked with 24, minute, white spots ; then a
narrow space with 12, nearly equal, alternating dark and white bands,
opposite to which the tentacles are mainly of corresponding tint ;
sometimes all the tentacles have white tips, the rest light brown ;
sometimes all are surrounded with alternating dark and light bands.

The largest specimens are about 2 inches broad.

Panama Bay, dredged in 2 to 6 fathoms, attached to large shells
occupied by hermit-crabs, — F. H. Bradley.

This species is closely allied to G. decorata Drayton, sp., with which
it agrees, to a considerable extent, in its pattern of coloration.

Sagartia Gosse. .s U'

Oribrina (pars) Ehr, Corall, rothen Meeres, p. 40, 1834.

Sagartia {pars) Gosse, Trans. Linn. Soc , xxi, p. 274, 1855 ; Aotin. Brit., p. 25 and

122, 1860.
Paractis (para) Edw. and Haime, Corall., i, p. 248, 1857.

Column very changeable in form, usually elevated and pillar-like in
full expansion. Base and disk only moderately enlarged. Walls
smooth or nearly so, often with small retractile suckers on the upper
part. CinclidsB not elevated, inconspicuous when closed, scattered
over the surface. Acontia usually abundant. Tentacles rather numer-

Verrill, Notes on Jiadiata.

483

ith
Ige
ual

0U8, near the margin, long and slender ; one in the line with the longer
diameter of the mouth is often capable of great elongation.

It seems necessary to restrict this genus to the group considered
typical by Gosse,* with which the " rather less typical group," to
which he gives the subgeneric name, 7%oe, and some other forms, may
also be united.

Sagartia impatiens Gosse.

Actinia impatiens (Couthouy MS.) Drayton, op. cit., p. 135, PL 3, flg. 13, 1846.
ParacHs impatiens Edw. and II., Oorall., i, p. 248, 1857.
Sagarlia impatiens Gosse, Actin. Brit., p. 38, 1860.

Column " nearly cylindrical, 1 to 1-6 inches in diameter and height*
sometimes very much elongated and writhing. Sides smooth, but
somewhat corrugate-striate, and above, color delicately tessellated.
Base sparingly dilated. Tentacles subequal, an inch long, stout, sub-
ulate, in 2 series. Mouth prominent, with 8 lobes within.

The body has nearly a ttesh-colox*, except near the summit, where
it is finely chequered with green ; the tentacles and disk are deep
crimson; the mouth has a small opening and a pale yellow color."

Orange Harbor, Terra del Fuego, in tide-pools among the crevices
of rocks, — TJ. S. Expl. Exp.

Sagartia lineolata Verrill.

Actinia lineolata (Couthouy MS.) Drayton, op. cit. p. 137, PL 3, flg 22, 1846.
ParacOa lineolata Edw. and H., Corall., i, p. 248, 1857.

Column, as observed in imperfect expansion, forming a low, de-
pressed, rounded cone, in contraction nearly flat ; sides smooth, verti-
cally lined with brown. Tentacles 24, in 2 series, 6 to 8 lines long,
rather stout. Disk small, radiated with whitish lines. Mouth small,
not prominent, circular, retaining its circular form even m contraction ;
its margin with convex folds corresponding with the tentacles.

Column pale ochre, on which are disposed a number of longitudinal
lines of an amber-color, arranged regularly, " a broader one alterna-
ting with two narrower, so as to leave between each of the broader
lines three ochreous ones of the same width." Near the base the
colors are fainter, giving the appearance of an indistinct zone. Ten-
tacles pale flesh-color. Disk pui"plish brown, with flesh-colored lines
extending from the base of the tentacles nearly to the centre. Diam-
eter from '0 to 1*5 inches, rarely more than "5. -'^ 7 :r; ,i ;^

Forge Covo, near Orange Harbor, Terra del Fuego, on small stones
just below low-water mark, — J. P. Couthouy, U. S. Expl. Exp.

• Actinologia Britannica, p. 122.

1, ..51

' n

484

Verrill, Notes on Hadiata.

ill

U' ■ i

This species is said to be very active, frequently changing i.n posi-
tion, and keeping its tentacles actively in motion. The yoiing were
observed in several instances to be ejected from the mouth.

Sagartia crispata Verriii. sp. nov.

Actinia crisi>ata Bradley, MS. »

Base broadly expanded. Column, as observed, in expansion subcyl-
indrical and rather low, but little higher than broad. Edge of disk
deeply undulated or frilled. Tentacles numerous, very small, in about
two rows, close to the edge, the outer row smallest. Acontia nume-
rous and fine, emitted Ireely. Column light brown above, below mark-
ed with dark olive-brown lines and numerous white blotches on a light
brown ground-color ; inner tentacles dark brown, tipped with yellow,
brown, and white ; outer row light brown, with white tips. Diameter
of base 1 inch ; of column '5 ; height of column 1 inch.

Panama Bay, dredged in 4 to 6 fathoms, on a large murex {Phyllo-
notus), — F. H. Bradley. :

Sagartia carcinophila Vernii, sp. nov.

Base expanded ; column elongated, pillar-like, or subcylindrical, in
full expansion ; capable of contracting to a slightly convex disk. Ten-
tacles in two or three rows at the edge of disk (not seen in full expan-
sion), rather short and blunt.

Column " olive-brown, marked with 24 white longitudinal lines,
alternating at the base with a pair of short white lines in each inter-
space ; tentacles same color with the body, but slightly lighter, marked
near the tip with t'„ o oval spots of dark green Idh brown."

Diameter -6 of an inch ; height about 1 inch.

Panama Bay, dredged in 3 or 4 fathoms, adhering to the carapax of
a Hepatus-like crab {HepcUella arnica Smith), — F. H, Bradley.

Sagartia Panamensis VemU, sp. nov.

Column very extensible, expanding to edge of disk, flesh-colored,
translucent, showing the internal lamellsB. Disk rather broad, '76 of
an inch in diameter. Tentacles at the edge of the disk, marked with
alternate bands of dark brown and white.

Panama, ast reef, on rocks above half-tide, — F. H. Bradley.

Sagartia Bradleyi Verriil, sp. nov.

Column rather short. -OS of an inch in diameter. Tentacles as long
as the diameter of . disk, placed on its edge, in about three rows of
nearly equal length ; the inner row of 12, a little longer.

Verriil, Notes on RadicUa.

486

Column greenish brown ; tentacles greenish brown, the outer ones
lighter. In other specimens, supposed to be of the same species, the
column is " flesh-color to olive, base of tentacles, especially outer ones
often colored white or pale yellow, occasionally with irregular, small,
transverse, white or straw-colored spots on the brown tentacles."

Panama, south reef, near half-tide mark among stones, — F. H.
Bradley.

The specimens in alcohol are broader than high ; the tentacles ob-
tuse, not retracted ; the column with strong longitudinal sulcations.

Sagartia nivea Verrui,

Actinia nivea Lesson, Voyage Coquille, p. 81, PL iii, fig. 8, 1832, Plates, 1826, (non

S. nivea QosBe= S. G'oa*e» Verriil).
Actinia t nivea Edw. and H., Corall., i, p. 24T, 1851. ■ , .

Very changeable in form, often subconical, subcylindrical, or vase-
shaped, or the upper portion of the column may be withdrawn into
the lower by an infolding of the walls near the summit ;* surface very
smooth, very soft to the touch, marked with longitudinal sulcations.
Mouth small, roundish oblong, with a semicircular fold at each end.
Tentacles very numerous, crowded at the margin, rather long, fine and
slender. Color bluish white, often more or less mottled with light
brownish.

Height 1 to 1*25 inches, in expansion ; diameter '6 to "76 ; length of
tentacles '26 to '40. , .

Paita, Peru, very common, found by thousands fixed upon the piles
of the wharf in front of the city, — Lesson ; Callao, Peru, in vast num-
bers, in the interstices among Discince, Balani, etc., adhering to the
bottom of an old vessel, — F. H. Bradley.

Several thousand specimens were obtained by Mr. Bradley, and are
in excellent preservation, many of them with the tentacles expanded.
These appear to belong to Lesson's species, but this cannot be posi-
tively affirmed. Most of these are small, but some, even in partial
contraction, are IJ to 2 inches long; '6 to '75 in diamater; the tenta-
cles '5 of an inch long, when least contracted. The surface is smooth,
or finely wrinkled transversely, th j integument thin but firm, often
showing the internal lamellse. The tentacles are very numerous,
crowded, long and slender. Color of column white ; tentacles in alter-
nating clusters of whitish and dull bluish, in the alcoholic specimens.

* I have also observed this habit is S. modeata T., ft-om Long Island Sound, and
in other species. ,.,,.,-..

m

m

486

Verrill, Notes on Radiata.

\ i

, V. i'

It

it

As the name, nivea, is preoccupied by this species, I propose for the
Sagartia nivea Gosse, of Great Britain, the name, Sagartia Gossei, in
honor of its discoverer.

Sagartia Lessonii Verrill. . ; , , . ,■ i*^;

Actinia bicolor Lesson, op. cit, p. 78, PL iii, flg. 3, 1832, Plates, 1826, (nan A. bicolor

Lesueur, 1817).
Actinia (;) bicolor Bdw. aud H., Oorall, i, p. 246, 1857.

Cohimn vase-shaped, higher than broad, contracted above the base
and then gradually enlarging to the disk, surface smooth, mouth small,
with a slightly thickened border ; disk radiated. Tentacles in two
series, crowded at the margin, moderately long, slender, nearly equal.
Color of column snow-white ; of tentacles emerald-green.

Height in expansion about r25 ; diameter of column 75 ; across
expanded tentacles 1*10 ; length of tentacles "35 to '40 of an inch.

Near Paita, Peru, very common, — Lesson. ■

This species appears to be closely allied to the preceding and may
prove to be identical when reexamined.

Sagartia (?) Peruviana VerriiL

Actinia Peruviana Lesson, op. cit., p. 75, PI. ii, flg. 3, 1832, Plates, 1826.
Actinia t Peruviana Edw. and H., Corall., i, p. 246, 1857. :;:;:

Column sub-cylindrical, enlarging from, the base to the summit ;
surface smooth, sulcated near the base. Disk flat, dilated, mouth large,
oblong, with swollen lips. Tentacles in two series, of moderate length,
subequal, round and somewhat swollen at base, attenuated toward the
end, which is acute.

Color of column bright light green, the folds between the sulcations
near the base brownish; mouth flesh-color; disk clear pale green, with
regular, fine, radiating lines of brown ; tentacles rosy white.

H'ught in expansion 1'75 ; diameter at base 1-10 ; at summit r40 ;
length of tentacles "60 to "TO of an inch.

Paita, Peru, in crevices of rocks and buried in sand, common, —
Lesson. ...;.,

Sagartia (?) nymphaea Verriu. -r.".

Actinia nymphcea Drayton, op. cit., p. 146, PI. 4, flg. 33, 1846.
Pa/ractis (?) nympluxa Edw. and H., Corall., 1, p. 263, 1857.

Column smooth, dilated above and below, margin of base crenate,
sides with corresponding vertical lines. Tentacles stout, in 3 series
slender, mouth a little prominent, and a sixth of an inch long. In
contraction the form is a low truncated cone. Column whitish, marked

v.

Verrill, Notes on Jiadiata.

487

with vortical, pale ochreous lines, 1*6 lines apart; disk pale pur-
plish ; tentacles yellow.

Height 'Q8 of an inch ; broadtli of disk and base 1 ; length of ten-
tacles-16 to -20.

Valparaiso, Chili, — U. S. Expl. Expedition.

Sagartia{?) rubus Vorriii. •

Actinia rubus Drayton, op. cit., p. 147, PI. 4, flg. 34, 1846. '

Paractia rubus Edw. and II., CorulL, i, p. 249, 1867.

Column small, smooth, dilated above and below, base crenatcd, sid'S
with interrupted vertical lines. Tentacles short, in 2 scries, mouth a
little prominent, about a sixth of an inch long. Color of column ash-
brown, vertically marked with slate-colored, dotted lines; tentacles
white ; disk rich purple ; mouth the same, except that the opening is
whitish.

Height -TS of an inch ; diameter at base and disk 1 ; length of ten-
tacles about '20.
; Valparaiso, Chili, — U. S. Expl. Exp. ' -

'' This species is very near the last, if not identical, which is quite
probable. The principal differences are in color and, apparently, in
the number and length of the tentacles, which appear to be longer
and fewer in this form.

Several other undescribed species of Sagartia are known to occur
on different parts of the coast. One species from Panama is remark-
able for the thinness and transparency of its walls when preserved in
alcohol. It grows to a copsiderable size, some of the preserved spe-
cimens being 1 '5 inches high and 1 in diameter.

Other species were collected at the Gulf of Georgia and well figured
by Mr. A. Agassiz, several years ago.

IN'emactis Edw. and Haime, op. cit, p. 282, 1857. '.'. .,

, AcHnfa (pars) Dana, Zoophytes, 1846.

Margin of the disk, outside of the bases of the tentacles, surrounded
by a single circle of bright colored, rounded tubercles. Acontia long
and slender, protruded from the mouth, aniperhaps from lateral pores.
j^ The authors of this genus give as one of its characters " pores situ-
ated near the border of the disk," — a character which may possibly
exist, but of which there is no proof. In Drayton's figures acontia
are represented as protruding from the mouth, which, if carelessly ob-
served, might appear to be figured as coming from the sides, but in
the description oi A. primula we find it stated that " the threads pass-
,, Tbanb. Connecticut Aoad., Vol., I. 62 Uaeoh, 1869.

:k1 ,

m

I

M

-Of- I

■V t i

m

488

Verrill, Notes on Radiata.

inj? from its mouth are the spermatic cords, which are often protruded
in a relaxed or exhausted state of the animal."

t ;

NemactiS primula Kdw and llaime loc. cit j^

Actinia primula Drayton, op. cit, p. 134, PI. 2, flg. 12 to 16, 1848. ■ .^

Small, scarcely an inch high and broad, slightly dilated above and
below. Tentacles short, 2 or 3 lines long, slender, arranged in 3
series. Mouth somewhat prominent, '33 of an inch long. Column
with vertical colored lines, Avhich are often interrupted.

One variety has a flesh-colored column, with many dark orange, par-
allel vertical lines ; tentacles white at base, tips orange ; disk yellow-
ish brown ; mouth pale flesh-color ; tubercles and margin of disk
green. Another is pink at base, bright green above, with vertical
dotted lines of carmine ; disk carmine ; tentacles bright yellow ; mar-
ginal tubercles dull green. In another the outer tentacles are white,
the rest red ; disk and mouth light blue ; tubercles white. A fourth
variety is white, clouded with pink and green, dotted with crimson ;
outer tentacles white, the rest brilliant carmine ; disk pale lake ; mar-
ginal tubercles green.

Shores of San Lorenzo I., in tide pools, — U. S. Expl. Expedition.

'Vj

Nemaotis Draytonii Edw. and Hiime, op. clt, p. 282.
Actinia primula (pars) Drayton, op. cit, p. 135, PI. 2, flg. 16, 1846.

Form and general appearance as in the preceding, " with prominent
green tubercles but no distinct tentacles." Column pale bluish, with
vertical brown lines. Disk bluish white, with brown radii ; mouth
reddish.

San Lorenzo, — U. S. Expl. Expedition.

Nemaotis (?) Chilensis VerniL . ^.

Actinii Ghilensis Lesson, Voyage GoquiUe, p. 76, PI. 2, flg. 6, 1832.

Dyaactis Ghilensis Edw. and H., op. cit, p. 262, 1867. . . i .

Column, as figured, subcorneal, decreasing in size from the base up-
ward, marked with vertical sulcations. Disk of moderate size, radi-
ated. Mouth rather large, oblong. Tentacles of moderate length,
slender, subulate, arranged in one row around the margin, about 60
in number. Fourteen very long, slender, filiform, snow-white organs,
apparently acontia, are represented as emerging from the margin out-
aide of the true tentacles. No marginal tubercles are figured.

Color of column light green, with vertical lines of dark green ; disk
pinkish with darker radii ; tentacles orange, tinged with crimson.

Height nearly 1 inch; diameter 1 25 ; length of tentacles '35 to '50;
of filiform organs 1*5. ^ '^

L^^

Verrilly Notes on Itadiata.

4W

III

Hay of Talcivhuano, Province of Concepcion, Chili, in orovices of
rocks where the waves break with force, at the entrance ; also upon the
shores of Quiriquinc Island, — Lesson.

The position of tiiis spei-ies is still uncertain. The filiform organs,
represented in the figure, were regarded as an outer series of longer
tentacles l)y Edw. and Haime. They have, however, much greater
resemblance to acontia in length and slenderness, as well as in color
and irregular number. The general appearance is that of a Sagartian,
but as no marginal tubercles are described or figured, it may not
belong to Nemact/s, but in the state of expansion represented the
tubercles might be concealed from view.

, Sub-family, PiiKLLiN^ Verrill. , '.

Proceedings Essex Inst, V, p. 324, 1868. . • ' v

Column elongated, covered with a thickened, persistent, epidermal
deposit, except that near the margin, and sometimes close to the base,
the surface is naked and may be retracted within the thickened por-
tion. Acontia very few and seldom emitted, — perhaps entirely want-
ing in some species.

' ■ Phellia Qosse.

Annals and Mag. Nat. Hist, ser. 3, vol, ii, p. 193, 1859; Actin. Britannica, p. 134,
1&60; VerrUl, Proa Essex Inst, v, p. 326, 1868.

Column mostly covered with a persistent epidermal deposit to
which particles of mud, sand, and dirt of v jus kinds often firmly
adhere ; upper portion, near the margin, naked, smooth. Margin
simple, not tuberculate. Tentacles marginal, in moderate numbers, the
outer ones usually considerably shortest. Acontia observed only in
one or two species, few, sparingly emitted from the mouth, and from
pores near the base.

Phellia inomata Verriii, so. nov.

Base small, not dilated. Column when contracted obpyriform,
when expanded obconic, the surface covered with adherent grains of
sand. Disk small, wider than base. Tentacles small, arranged in one
row at the margin. Color dirty white throughout. « ; - ..■.„*

Height '6 inch ; diameter of base "06 ; of disk •! 2 of an inch.

Panama and Pearl Islands, jn loose shells in 4 or 5 fathoms, — F. H.
Bradley.

Phellia ? nibens Verrifl, sp. nov.

Column small, subcylindrical, " mostly covered with slime." Ten-
tacles numerous, slender, in one row, " raised on a thin expansion,

490

Verrill, Notes on Rmliata.

''■f>-.

ft

m

'1

t!'

11

whlrh fortTiH a wall about '12 of an iiirh hiijh anmtul the Unciir mouth,
leii<;th eijuftl to two-thirdH the (liaineter of the disk.

Cohuiiii (lull ri'd ; tentaiile.s bright Hcarlet. IIi'i>,'ht •50 to '76 ; diam-
eter "25 of an inch.

Zorritos, Peru, attaclied to a Chama in 4 fathoms, — F. IJ, Bradley.

The specimens of this species liave not been found in the collection
and its generic characters are doubtful.

Phellia Panamensis Vorriu, ap. nov.

A large species, with the column much elongated, subcylindrical,
or enlarging upward, capable of great extension or of contracting
into the form of a tall cone by involving the summit ; surface entirely
covered, except on a narrow band below the margin, with a thicik and
firm mud-colored epidermis, which is thrown into fine, close, irregular
wrinkles, the intervening spaces appearing like small, irregular papil-
la). Naked space below the margin smoothish in full expansion, more
or less corrugated and with papilliform wrinkles in partial contraction.
Tentacles about 90 in ..umber, the 12 inner ones large and stout, much
larger than the others, which decrease gradually in size to the outer
ones, which are quite small and crowded at the margin. In dissecting
a large specimen, it was found that the 12 septa corresponding to the
12 large inner tentacles, are much larger than the others, Avith the
inner edges strongly thickened and muscular, and bear the large con-
voluted ovaries throughout nearly their whole length, while the inter-
vening small septa are very narrow, not thickened, and bear no sexual
organs. Color in life unknown. In alcohol the column is mud-colored,
except near the margin, where it is white. Height of the largest
specimen, partly contracted in alcohol, 3 inches ; diameter 1. Another
spe -imen is 3 inches high and '5 in diameter.

Panama,— F. H. Bradley. ' ...

This large and fine species is known only from alcoholic specimens,
most of which have the disk and tentacles expanded.

Phellia arctica YerriU.

Proc. Edsex Inst., vol. V, p. 328, 1868. ■ .. i : , .■■-

Arctic Ocean, north of Behring's Straits, in 30 fathoms, — North
Pacific Expl. Expedition. "''■-":■■-''-""':-:''-'::--'■■■-.> ^^

This species grows to a pretty large size, and is remarkable for
having, in the only specimen seen, peculiar ova-like bodies imbedded
in the surface of the column.

Verrilty Notes on Jiadiata.

491

'■'"''■ Biibfiiniily, A(rriNiN^ Verrill.

Adinuidm {fnmWy) Qomu, Aiiniilit ami Miii;. Nnt. IliHt, vol. i, p. 410, IBRfl.
Actiniade aud Anlfwadf (fuinilit.>)4) (}oh8u, Actin. Brit, p. 171 and 148, IHUO.
Actininir and AntheituB (HiibfuiiiiliuH) Verrill, I'roo. Ksbox IiiHt., v, p. 321 nnd 3'i2,
1868.

C()lumii Hinootli, or lU'arly so, Bometimos Hiilcated .'crticully. Wall
iinui'rfoijite iiml ik'stitutc of vornmiu and HuckerH, No acoiitia. Mar-
gin \vitl» or without colorcil tubercles. Toiitacilcs UHually iiumeruuH,
long, mostly contractile, sometimes non-retractile.

The existenco of numerous forms combining the characters of Ac-
tinid and Anthea [Anenionla) appears to rccjuire the union of these
seemingly very diverse genera into one subfamily.

Owing to the dilficMilty in ascertaining the existence of acontia and
lateral pores in preserved specimens, some species referreii to the *S'«-
(/artlnn may belong here, while some of the species referred liere may
belong to Sayartia.

ParaCtis VAw. and Ilaime, op. cit, p. 248, (rofitricted).

Column Bmooth, imperforate. Tentacles retractile; no marginal
tubercles. ' . ,,

This genus was established for numerous species supposed to have
these characters, but as most of them were known only by figures and
descriptions, many species were wrongly placed in it. Thus of 19
species referred to the genus, some of them doubtfully however, by
Edwards and Haime, at least 12 appear to be Sagartians, and most of
the others are of doubtful affinities.

Whether a genus having the characters assigned to this really ex-
ists, may, therefore, be reasonably doubted. But as species occur
which apparently agree with the diagnosis and cannot well be referred
elucwhere, it may be best to place them provisionally in this genus,
until better kno\vr. ^ , .

Paractis (?) nobilis VerrUi, sp. nov. '" *

Cobimn changeable in form, subcylindrical or somewhat elongated
and pillar-like in expansion, capable of contracting to the form of a low
cone. Surface, in preserved specimens, sraoothish in expansion, when
partly contracted the lower part of *' " column is covered with close,
deep, transverse wrinkles, becom' g more irregular and reticulated
above, the upper part with about 48 vertical raised folds or wrinkles,
which by contraction pr<. bent in a zigzag manner. Margin with a
distinct fold, crenated by the vertical folds. Tentacles of moderate
size, a'jout 48 in number.

492

Verrlll, N >tes on liadlata.

r\

Height about 1 inch, when partially contracted in alcohol ; diame-
ter '5 to 1 inch.

Panama, — F. H. Bradley.

The following description, which is unaccompa, \ied by numbered
specimens, probably refers to this species. " liody large, 1"5 inches in
diameter; the column fluted, with 48 vertical sulcations, correspond-
ing to lobes of the base and disk. Base 2 inches in diameter. Disk
broad, with wrinkled flutings corresponding with the tentacles ; mouth
small. Tentacles 48, in two series of 24 each, slender, 1'5 inches long.
Color of column red ; tentacles olive-brown, with a light streak up
the inner side ; mouth surrounded by 24 rays of alternating greenish
and reddish brown, running to the tentacles. Grows to a large size.
Specimens were seen 3 inches across the disk, others wore reported as
large as 5 inches."

Panama, on northeast reef, at three-quarters tide, — F. H. Bradley.

SpiactiS Verrill, gen. nov.

Integument firm. Column subcylindrical, capable of involving the
summit and contracting into a hemispherical form, with a distinct sub-
marginal fold or " parapet," separated from the tentacles by a narrow
fosse ; surface smoothish, in contraction reticulately wrinkled. Near
the base it is surrounded by a circular wrinkle or depression, upon
which there are borne a variable number of young, of various sizes,
appearing as if originating from surface buds, but possibly produced
from ova attached in this place to the skin. These young may be re-
moved without rupture of the integument, although they adhere quite
firmly and leave a depression in the surface of the skin, but there are
no apparent lateral openings in the wall. Tentacles numerous, about
60, in preserved specimens short and thick, arranged in several rows.

Epiactis prolifera Verriii, sp. nov.

Base dilated, crenulate. Column in contraction hemispherical or
subconical, broader than high ; surface with fine reticulated wrinkles
above, near the base transversely wrinkled, the uppermost of these
wrinkles more marked and bearing, in all except very small specimens,
a circle of young of various sizes, which vary in number from very
few up to 30 or 40. When most numerous they are closely crowded^
somewhat in two rows. Parapet well marked, its edge riches into
slight ridges between vertical wrinkles. Tentacles in alcoholic speci-
mens short, stout, obtusely rounded at the end, about 60 in number
in the larger specimens, and apparently arranged in several rows and

m

:<!■'■:'■: :t-

Wi^-

Verrill, Notes on Radiata.

4«»

upon

somewhat scattered on the disk. Color of column, in alcohol, yellow-
ish brown; the lateral buds o. young, white.

Height of the largest specimens, in contraction, '4 inch; diameter
of base '5 ; length of tentacles •! ; diameter of lateral buds or young
•01 to '08 of an inch.

Puget Sound, — Dr. C. B. Kennerly.

The young borne upon the sides give this Actinian a very singular
appearance, and arc very remarkable, since nothing of the kind has,
apparently, been previously observed. Whether they should be re-
garded as buds, or as o^a temporarily attached and developed in this
position, I am unable to determine from the preserved specimens, but
in either case they appeai to remain attached for a considerable time
and probably derive nutriment from the parent. The smallest observ-
ed have already 6 small tentacles and a slightly prominent mouth ;
the greater number have 12 tentacles and a small pi'otuberant mouth ;
the largest ones are nearly all entirely contracted, but appear to have
24 tei.tacles, and show the internal radiating lamellae through the walls.
In contraction thes- young are nearly hemispherical. Specimens less
than "25 of an inch in diameter have no young upon the sidea ' ;

Anactis plot?/ EV., Corall. rothon Meerea, p. 45, 1834.
Actinia picta LesaoO; op cit., p. '=0, PI. 3, fig. 6, 1830.

Column depressed, as broad as high ; surface smooth, green, show-
ir.g close vertical linos of darker green ; a well marked fold or " para-
p(?t" at some distanco Vrom the tentacles, the intervening space, in the
iigure, appearing like a part of the disk. " Tentacles short, reddish
brown ; upon the flat buccal disk is a reddish zone, covered with ovals
of orplment-yellow, plictd side by side, and touching by their base,
or only separated <^n the sides by a small reddish brown ray."

The figure shovrs the appearance when not fidly expanded. The
buccal disk is contracted and apparently concealed by the partially
retracted tenia ^ea ; outside of the tentacles (?) there is a broad flat
arpa, bordered outwardly by the rounded parapet, and having a light
oiange ground-color, with 18 radiating bands of light blue, increasing
in width outwardly, each one bordered on both sides by a row of small
black spots, and with a circle of similar small spots connecting theu?
together at the outer ends, just within the parapet.

Diameter about 1 inch ; height a little less.

Paita, Peru, not common, — Lesson.

The true characters and the position of this species are very doubtful
It may belong to the Sajartince, near Nemactia Draytonii, or it may

i

404

Verrill, Notes on Badiata.

be allied to Asteractis, the figure and description not being accurate
enough to determine. The name, Anactis, was given under tlie im-
pression that it has no tentacles, and in fact it is not certain whether
the linee in the central part of the figure are intended to represent
tentacles or lines on the disk.

E I

%\

Sub-order, ZOANTHACEA Verrill.
Proceedings Essex Inst, vol. iv, p. 147, 1865; ditto, vol. v, p. 316, 1808.

Polyps mostly compound, increasing by budding, permanently at-
tc*L'hed by the base, which is generally small, and by stolon-like or
membranous expansions from which the buds arise, in compound spe-
cies. Walls but slightly muscular, the summit capable of involution
with the tentacles.

In all the species of this suborder, which have been dissected, pe-
culiar flattened organs, having a curved or crescent-shaped form and
a transversely striated surface, are found attached to the principal ra-
diating lamella;, near the base of the stomach. These were first de-
scribed and figured by Lesueur, —ho called them " arcuated organs "
and (supposed them to have the i unctions of a liver. Dana described
them more fully and supposed that they might be branchial organs.
The latter view seems most probable, when we consider the character
of the outer integument in these animals, which is always thick and
firm and often indurated by adhering grains of sand, thus preventing
it from acting as an efi\;ctual organ of i-espiratiou, as it does in most
Actinidce. Nor is this want supplied by large tentacles, or by branch-
ing tentaculiform organ" seen in many Actinians, Therefore there
appears to be a necessity for some special branchial organs, but care-
ful examinations of living or fresh specimens can alone determine
positively whether the ''arcuated organs" are of this nature.

This group appears to include three families: Zoanthidce, in which
the buds arise from basal stolons or membranes ; JBergidm, in which
the stolons arise from the sides above the base ; and Orinidw, which
remain simple and have tubular openings upon the disk, through
wliich thread-like organs (acontia ?) are said to be emitted. Perhaps
the simple forms referred to laatira or Hughea may be admitted as a
fourth family when more fully studied, but at present no sufficient
characters can be given, since all Zoanthidce must, at first, be simple.
" The genus Sphenopus, referred to this group by Gray, is a free form
and appears to be more closely allied to Bdwardsia. , t r.

1*1

Verrill, Notes on Radiata.

405

"• Family, Zoanthid^ Dana.

Zoanthina (family) Elir., Corall., dos rotlien Meeros, p. 45, 1834.

ZoanthincB (subfamilv) Edw. and 11., Conill., i, p. '298, 1857; (pars) Duch. nnd Mich.,

op. cit., p. 49. 1860.
Zoanthidm (family) Dana. Zooph., p. 417, 184G; Gonse, Actin. Brit., p. 29.'), 1860;

Vorrill, Mem. Uo.^ton Soc. Nat. Hist., i, p. 34; Proc. Essex Inst., v, p. 31G, 18G8.

Polyps attached by the base, usually compound, the buds arising
either from basal stolons or broad expansions. Integument either
smooth and naked, or thickened with imbedded and firmly adherent
grains of sand.

In the* number and arrangement of the internal lainellse and tenta-
cles, this family, and perhaps, also, thf> entire suborder, depaits from the
ordinary rule among Actinaria and Maclreporaria. The tentacles sel-
dom appear to present regular cycles in multiples of six. They are
ordinarily arranged in two alternating circles, each having the same
number, which is often an odd number, the entire number being, there-
fore, an even number, and the new tentacles appear to be introduced
in pairs at one side and symmetrically to a median plane passing
through the odd tentacles and the longer axis of the mouth and
stomach.

Mammillifera Lesueur.

Journal Phil. Academy, vol. i, p. 178. 1817; Ehr., op. cit., p. 8G; Duch. and Mich.,

Corall., des Antilles p. 51, 1860.
Pcdythoa (pars) Dann, Zo.iph., p. 422, 1846; Edw. and Ilaime, Corall., i, p. .301, 1857.

Compound, increasing by buds that arise from broad, membranous,
basal expansions, which at times may become in some parts narrow and
more or less linear, covering broad surfaces of stones, etc. Polyps
rather low, subcylindrical, or subcampanulate with a narrow base, in
contraction forming rounded verrucas, or low mammiform promi-
nences. Tissues throughout fleshy and smooth, c(»vered with mucus,
but not agglutinating sand.

By the smooth soft tissue of the polyps and basal membranes, this
genus is more nearly allied to tyjucal Zoanthus, than to Palythoa
( Corticifera), which has its integuments thickened by a layer of sand.
From Zoanthus it diifers mainly in iiaving smaller, shorter, or more
sessile polyps, and in the tendency to form continuous basal membranes,
instead of linear stolons, but the latter character is not invariable even
in the same species. The tentacles are usually shorter and less uumer-
ous.

TR.\N8. OONNECTICtJT ACAD., VOL. I. 63 MaECH, 1869.

496

Verrill, Notes on liadiata.

H

riiP

i

Mammillifera Danae Verrill. . ^

Zo3B<Aa Danai LeConte, Pmc. Philad. Acad. Nat. Science, v, p. 320, 1851.
Z}jnthus (MammUlifera) Diince Verrill, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat Hist, x, p. 329, 1866.

The original description is as follows : " pallide pui-puvascens, ten-
taculis brevissimis, crassitie non longioribus, disco viridi, e.Ktrorsum
purpurascente, ore parvo purpureo-raarginato, tentaculis exteriiis basi
pallidis. Diam. disci '25 unc."

" Remarkable for the shortness of the tentaeula, which, when fully-
extended, are scarcely longer than the diameter of their base. The
disk is radiately rugose, brilliant green, margined both internally and
externally with purple. The root is broad, the animals closely asso-
ciated, capable of extending 1'25 inches."

The specimens referred to this sp.'cies form broad patches, coveiing
the surface of rocks, the basal expansion being mostly continuous, but
occasionally, in some parts, takinr; the form of broad irregular sto-
lons, rarely linear for a short distance. The basal membrane and sur-
faces of the polyps are smooth and soft, without any adhering sand.
The polyps in preserved specimens are closely arranged, but usually
not so crowded as to be in contact, and vary in height from '2 to "6 of
an inch ; diameter of mature polyps is usually about "2 of an inch. Col-
umn sub-cylindrical, with a rounded top when contracted, or low and
mammiliform. Tentacles, in specimens dissected, 46 to 64 in number,
in two regular rows, very short, thick, and obtuse, in the largest speci-
mens in two alternating rows of 27 each. Inside of the bases of the
inner tentacles, but alternating with them, are 21, small, oblong, tuber-
cles, which are, therefore, opposite the outer tentacles. Disk strongly
radiated.

In the interior the lamella? are arranged bilaterally, 21 broad ones
bearing the peculiar " arcuated organs " (branchiae ?) below the stom
ach ; in the spaces betw^een each pair of those there is usually one nar
row lamella, but in two adjacent spaces on one side there are three
intervening lamelleB, and in two other spaces, placed symmetrically in
respect to the median plane, there are two small lamella}. This
arrangemant is, therefore, nearly the same as in M. auricula, as fig-
ured by Lesueur,* It would appear, therefore, that the lamella? and
tentacles increase by pairs, introduced one on each side of the median
plane passing through the longer axis of the mouth and stomach, as
observed in Arachnactis by Mr. A. Agassiz.f

1-

* Journal Philadelphia Academy, i, PI. viil, flg. 3.

f Journal Boston Soc. Natural History, vol. vii, p. 625, 1863.

VerriU, Notes on Hadiata.

497

The branohiform organs are dark greenish, broad, short, strongly
arched.

Panama, — LeConte ; Pearl Islands, — F. A. Bradley.

Mammillifera nitida Verriii.

Polyps close together on a broad basal membrane, rather tall, sub-
cylindrical, with a smooth soft surface ; height, of preserved specimens,
•30 to "40; diameter '12 to '16 of an inch. Tentacles, in the specimen
dissected, 54, rather long, slender, pointed. Color, in alcohol, dark
greenish.

Acajiitla, San Salvador, — F. H. Bradley.

The slenderness and length of the tentacles will distinguish this
species from the preceding.

Mammillifera conferta Verriu, sp. nov.

Polyps so closely crowded upon the basal membrane that they are
usually in contact and pressed into polygonal forms. Column in con-
traction, low, rounded, mammilliform, about as broad as high. Sur-
face smooth, showing the internal lamelloe through the walls. Tenta-
cles, ill the specimens dissected, about 54, very short, Hkc small, rounded
papillae, arranged in cwo regular series. Color, in alcohol, nearly
white. Height, in contraction, '08 to '12 ; diameter '10 to '12 of an
inch.

San Salvador, — Capt. J. M. Dow ; Acap Ico, — A. Agassiz.

This species covers the surface of shells, etc., with its crowded
polyps, which are usually so close together as to entirely conceal the
basal membrane.

Spizoanthus Gray (sens. mod.). (Gemmaria, 1 st Ed.).

Gemmaria Duch. and M., Corall. des Antilles, p. 55, 1 860 (non McCrady).

Palythoa (pars) Edw. and H., Corall, i, p. 301, 1857.

Epizoimtk-^a and Gemmaria Glriy, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1867, p. 237.

Polyps arising from a broad, thin, basal membrane, sometimes cov-
ering dead shells occupied by hermit-crabs. Column more or less ele-
vated ; surface indurated by a layer of firmly adherent grains of sand.

Epizoanthus elongatus VenilL (Gemmaria elongata, 1st Ed.).

Basal membrane thin, encrusting rocks. Polyps very unequal in
size and height, mostly elongated, not crowded, separated usually by
distances less than the diameter of base. Column tall, sub-cylindrical,
often constricted somewhat at base, transversely wrinkled, the surface
covered throughout by a nearly uniform layer of small grains of sand.
Tentacles, in specimens dissected, numerous, about 46, in two rows,

f I

i-.

4WB

Verrill, N'otea on Radlata.

\!f '

elongated, small, slender, acute, each one having a small tubercle out-
side of its base.

Color, in alcohol, dark yellowish bxOtvn beneath the sandy layer,
which is composed of ditterently colored grains. In a specimen dis-
sected there were 42 intei'nal lamellaj, of which 15 bore convoluted
cords on the lower half.

Height of the larger polyps '30 to -40 ; diameter '10 to '12 of an inch.

Zorritos, Peru; and Pearl Islands, — F. 11. Bradley.
Epizoanthus hurailiS Vemll, sp. nov. (Gemmaria iiuMiLis, Ist Ed.).

Basal membrane continuous, thin, but firm. Polyps very unequal
in size, closely arranged, usually in contact at base, low, in contraction
forming rounded verruc.e, which arc often Vroader than high. Sur-
face covered with a thin layer of fine sand, at the top of the contracted
polyps showing about 1 2, distinct, radiating sulcations. Color light
yellowish brown, when preserved in alcohol. Height of largest polyps,
contracted in alcohol, "06 to -OS : diamete. 08 to '10 of an inch.

Panama, — F. H. Bradley.

Epizoanthus CrasSUS VerriU. sp. nov. (Gemmaeia crassa, Ist Kd.).

Polyps large, elongated, subcylindrical ; surface, in contraction,
strongly wrinkled transversely, and covered with a thick layer of fine
sand ; summit with about 20 strong sulcations, which radiate from the
centre of the involved summit. Integument thick and firm. Tenta-
cles about 66, acute, moderately long, with a small papilliform tuber-
cle, or secondary tentacle, in front of the base, and a larger, tentaculi-
foi-m tubercle outside the base of each, the latter bearing sand on its
outer surface.

Height of contracted polyps 1'25; diameter '25 of an inch.

Acajutla, San Salvador, — F. H. Bradley.

The specimen dissected hud a very large cavity below the stomach,
with 66, narrow, radiating laraellie, which suddenly become broad near
the base, meeting at the centre and nearly filling the cavity. The
ovaries were attached t'^ the broad portion, and the parts filled with
enlarged eggs rose upward into the cavity, the eggs being arranged
in single series.

The marginal processes outside each of the tentacles were larger
than the true tentacles, broad, laterally compressed, rounded at tips,
the outer edge covered with sand ; below their bases the sand grains
were aggregated in masses, as if attached to small papillae. The pa-
pillae in front of the bases of the tentacles were nearly half as long as
the tentacles and similar in form.

V

8
6

ii
h

Venill, Notes on Radiata.

409

Sub-order, ANTIPATHACEA.

Antipathina (family) Ehr., op. cit., p. 154, 1834
Antiputhdcea (tnbe) Dana, Zooph., p. 574, 1846.
Antiputharia (suborder) Kdw. and H., Corall., i, p. 311, 186'?.
Antipathacaa (suborder) Verrill, Proc. p]t-8cx Inst., iv, p. 147, 1865.

Polyps short, arising by budding from a common basal membrane,
which secretes an internal honi-like a.xis, or 6up[)ort, from its internal
surface, similar to the axis of Gonjonidm, Tentacles few and simple,
6 to 24 in number.

This suborder appears to include but two families : Antipathidm
in which the polyps have 6 tentacles ; and Irenirdida', in which they
have 24. The living polyps have been observed, however, in but few
species, and when better known it may become necessary to establish
other families.

Family, Antipatuid^ Dana, ZoiJph., p. 574.

Polyps with 6 tentacles. Axis simple or variously branched ; usu-
ally black, with the surface more or less spiuulose, sometimes smooth,
not sulcated.

Antipathes Pallas (restricted).
Elenchus Zoophytonim, p. 205, 1766 ; Edw. and H , Corall., i, p. 314, 1857.

Axis much branched and subdivided ; the branchlets not coalcKcent.
Surface of the branchlets spinulose.

This genus, which is here adopted as restricted by Edwards and
Haime, is not yet satisfactorily circumscribed, since generic characters
derived only from the mode of growth and branching are always
unsatisfactory in classifying compound Zoophytes. It is probable
that when more of the species shall have been examined in the living
state, or when the microscopic structure of the preserved specimens
shall have been more fully investigated, it will become necessary to
remodel the genera of this family.

Antipathes Panamensis Verriu, sp. nov.

Corallum arborescently and densely branched and finely subdivided ;
the small branches mostly bipinnate and tripinnate. The trunk is
quite stout and subdivides in . ii irregularly arborescent manner into
many secondary branches, which divide in the same way. The result-
ing small branches arise in large numbers along the sides of the larger
branches, at distances of "08 to -20 of an inch, many of them remain-
ing small, simple or sparingly divided branchlets, but mostly subdi-
viding in a pinnate, bipinnate, or even tripinnate manner. The final

500

Verrill^ Notes on Radiata.

I

• ':

II i

ft

branchlets are "08 or MO of an inch apart, small, slender, rather short,
rarely more than '15 long without branches, scarcely '02 in diameter.
Their surface is densely covered with small, sharp spinules, which are
directed obliquely outward and toward the tips of the branchlets.

Color of the trunk and main branches dull brownish black ; branch-
lets very dark brown.

Height 13 inches; breadth 10; diameter of trunk '60; of main
branches '15 to "26 of an inch.

Pearl Islands, brought from 6 to 8 fathoms by pearl divers, — F. H.
Bradley.

Order MADREPOR ARIA Vemll, from Edw. and Haime (restricted).

J/arfrepora (genus) (pars) Linnajus; Pallas; Ellis; Esper, etc.

Polypiers lamdliferes (pars) hamaxc^, 1816; Liraouroux, 1821. ■ f.;<i

Zoaathaires pierre'ix Blainville, 1830."

Actinaria (nuhordor) {para) Dana, Zoophytes, 1846; Gosse. A.ctin. Brit., I860.

Midreporarit (pam) (siborder of Zoantharia) Edw. and Haime, Corall., vol. ii, p. 4,

1857, (includes Milleporidai and other llydroids); Vernll, Mem. Boston Soc. Nat.

Hist., vol i, p. 14, 1864, (exclinles Hydroid Tabulata).
.4cWnona (order) (pars) Agassiz, Contributions to Nat. Hist. U. S., vol. i, p. 151,

1857; vol. iii, p. 60, 1860, (includes both Actinaria and Madreporaria, excluding

Tabulata and Rugosa).
Madreporaria (oTdor) Verrill, Proceedings Essex Inst, vol. iv, p. 145, Feb., 1865;

and vol. v, p. 18, May, 1866; A. and Mrs. E. 0. Agassiz, Sea-side Studies, after

May, 1865.

Polyps simple, or compound by budding and self-division, the basal
region imperfectly developed and serving only for attachment ; never
locomotive. Tentacles and spheromeres usually in multiples of six,
the tentacles simple, tubular, generally covered with stinging organs
(lasso-cells), which are grouped in clusters on the surface. The lower
part of the outer wall and usually the radiating walls of the internal
chambers, or the connective tissue in these chambers, secrete carbonate
of lime and thus form stony corals, consisting essentially of a more or
less circular cell, with radiating internal septa, which correspond in
number and position with the tentacles. , , ^ .

Suborder, MADREPOR ACEA Dana (restricted). • , " -^

Madreporacea (tribe) {pars) Dana, Zoophytes, p. 428, 1846.
J/odreporanaper/orato Edw. and Haime, Oorall., iii, p. 89, 1857. " :. .
Midreporaria (suborder) Verrill, Mem. Bost. Soc., i, p. 14, 1864.
Madreporaeea (suborder) Proc. Essex Inst., iv, p. 147, 1865 ; ditto, v, p. 19, 1866.

Tentacles mostly long, in limited numbers, often but 12, marginal,
the disk small, the tentacles therefore concentrated near the mouth,

T^

Ven'ill, Notes on Radiata.

601

upper part of the polyps elongated, cylindrical, much oxsort above the
cells when' expanded, but capable of contracting into them ; growth
chiefly vertical. Coral porous, chiefly mural and septal ; sometimes
simple, but generally compound by budding, rarely by fissiparity.

Family, I\Iaduepokid^ Dana.

Zoophytes, U. S. Exploring Kxpedition, p. 431, 184G.

Madreporida {para) and Poritida (para) Edw. and H., Corall., iii, p. 80 and 207,
1860.

Corals always compound, increasing by budding, consisting of small,
elongated, tubular corallites, which have very deep, open cells, and
are united by an abundant, porous coenenchyma. The corallites are
usually of two sorts in each species : in Montipora differing on the
opposite sides of folicaceons species ; in Madrepora the terminal one
on each branch differing from the lateral- AVithin the cells are six or
twelve radiating septa, often rudimentary, but usually continuous.
Polyps small, tubular, exsert, with twelve tentacles.

This family, as limited by Prof. Dana, appears to be a very natural
one, and includes but two genera : Madrepora and Montipora. These
have been widely separated by Edwards and llaime, who refer the
former as a subfamily, MadreporincB, to their large family Madrcpori-
doe, which includes also Eupaammidcc and Turbinaridce, both of which
ought to rank as families. Montipora they unite with Paammocora
into a subfamily, Montiporince, which is referred to Poritidm.

But the Poritidm are destitute of the abundant coenenchyma and
deep cells, characteristic of Madrepora and Montipora. The resem-
blance between certain species of these two genera, both in appear-
ance and structure, is very close, the chief difference being that in
Madrepora there is usually a terminal, or leading polyp at the end of
each branch, which is not the case in Montipora. In each genus there
are branching, foliaceous, encrusting, and massive species. The resem-
blance in the living polyps, as observed by Dana, is equally close.

The great genus, Madrepora, so abundant in species and individu-
als in the West Indies and on the Atlantic coast of Central America,
and especially in the central Pacific, East Indies, Indian Ocean, and
Red Sea, appears to be entirely wanting on the west coast of Amer-
ica, and the genus Montipora, which is abundant in the Indo-Pacific
region, but entirely wanting in the Atlantic, is represented only by
one species. ., . , ., . . r :■. .- ••

008

Verrill^ NotM on liadiata.

h-^*

Montipora Blainvillo (emended).

Afontipora iwd Pontes (pars) Hlniiiv., Diet, des sci. nuturello, t. Ix, 1830; Manuel

d actinol., p. 388, 18:t4.
Montipora Qnoy and Oiiimard, Voy. Astrolabe, Zooph., p. 247, 1833. '

Manopora Dana, Zooph., p. 489, 1846.

Alvejpori I'Mw. iinl lliiim3, Polyp, fo^w. dos terr. pal., p. 140, 1851, (non Blainville).
Montipora Kdw. and 11., Corall., iii, p. 207, 1800.

Corallum various iik form, j^lomcrate-massivo, encrusting, foiiaceous,
lobate, or liranching. Corallites small, scattered over the surface,
either immersed, or with irrigular, somewhat raised, lacerate, or spin-
ulose borders. Cccnenchyma abundant, porous or spongy, usually
echinulate at the surface, and often rising into papilliform processes,
ridges, or crests between the cells ; usually very different on the two
surfaces. Cells small, widely separated, deep, without columella or
pali. Septa little developed, either six or twelve, often trabicular, the
secondary, when present, smaller than the primary ones. Polyps with
twelve short tentacles.

Montipora fragosa Veniii, sp. nov.

Corallum sub-ramose or lobate, forming irregular conglomerate
masses, which become elevated, and at the summit divide into small
unequal, somewhat acute, very papillose branches, or into large, ex-
panded, tiat-topped lobes, which are scarcely papillose above. The
papillie on the branches and outer sides of the lobes are very slender
and elongated, unequal, roughly spinulose, and directed obliquely up-
ward. The cells are distinctly scattered among the papillae, small
(about •02 inch), very 'inconspicuous, with six distinct septa. Towai'd
the summits of the lobes the papillie are appressed to the surface and
become indistinct. On the broad summits of the nearly flat lobes
there are no papillae and the surface is nearly even, having a very
open, porous, or spongy st ucture, with few indistinct, immersed cells.
On the smader lobes and depressed parts of the larger ones the surface
rises into small rounded lobules, or large rounded varrucse, with an
openly spinulose, lacerate surface. Color of the unbleached coral
brownish yellow, in some parts pinkish. Height 3*4 inches; breadth
at top 4 ; diameter of branches '25 to '15 ; of larger lobes 1*75 ; length
of free branches "50 to '80 ; length of longest papillae 'lO ; diameter
•01 to '02 of an inch.

" California,"— Maj. Wm. Rich. Probably from the Gulf of Cali-
fornia.

VerriU, Xote^ on Rotdiata.

603

This curious coral is known only by one specimen, which is, perliapt*,
in some respects nbnorinaL It is possible that the broad flat tops of
the lobes are produced by the shallowncas of the water in which it
grew, or by some other disturbing cause. Therefore the structure
upon the branching part, which does not rise so high, is probably more
characteristic. It was collected by Maj. Rich and received with
AUopora Calif ornica V. and several Gorgonidm. The latter are
from La Paz, Gulf of California, which is very likely the locality of
this species.

Family, Pouitid^ Dana,

Dana, Zoophytes, p. 549, 1846.

Poritida (para) {Poritinm) Edw. and Haimo, GoralL, III, p. 173, 1860.

Polyps elongated, crowded, secreting from their lowev parts con-
tinuous and very porous corals, with shallow cells, from which in
expansion the polyps are much exsert, "with slender, flexible bodies
and 12 to 24 tentacles, rarely more. Corallum massive, glomerate,
encrusting, lobate, or branched, consisting of crowded corallites,
united completely together by their very porous and often indistinct
walls. Cells superficial or shallow, with porous septa, often repre-
Bented only by series of small spin ' es or trabiculae ; transverse septa
very rudimentary. Budding generally sub-marginal or interstitial.

' Porites Lamarck (restricted).

Porites (pars) Lamarck, Hist dea anim. Sana vert, t. II, p. 267, 1816; 2nd edit, ii,

p. 432.
Madrepora (subgenus Porites) (pars) Ehrenberg, CoraE roth. Meeres, p. 115, 1834.
Porites Dana, Zoophytes, p. 550, 1846; Edw. and Haime, Oorall., Ill, p. 173, 1860.
Porites and Neoporites Duch. and Mich., Supl. CoraU. des Antilles, 1864-6.

Corallum glomerate, lobed or dichotomously branched, very porous,
with a rudimentary basal epitheca. Cells shallow, crowded, usually
distinctly polygonal ; walls thin and imperfect, or very porous ; septa
generally 12, sometimes 12 to 20, rarely 24, slightly developed, trabic-
ular, or very porous, the edge consisting of small granules or papillae.
A circle of 5, 6 or more small papillae, or paliform teeth, often
scarcely distinct from the septal papillae, surround a small, central
papilliform columella, which is sometimes wanting or scarcely distinct.
Polyps small, exsert, with twelve tentacles.

Neoporites, a subdivision of this genus proposed by Duchassaing
and Michelotti does not seem to be well founded. The characters
assigned appear to be of little importance and are not always con-
stant in the same species, while intermediate species frequently occur.

TBANa CoNNEonoDT AoAD., VoL. L 64 Apeil, 1870.

604

Verrill^ Note$ on RadicUa.

IS-'t

It was based on the massive mode of growth and rudimentary pali,
but in the following massive species the pali are well developed.

Porites Californioa Vernii, sp. uov.

Corallum encrusting, glomerate, irregularly lobed, or sub-ramose ;
the lobes or branches coarse, short, rounded at top, often compressed,
or confluent into wide irregular lobes, usually 'oO to '75 of an inch
thick. Cells rather large, mostly separated by very porous walls of
moderate thickness, distinctly excavate, but not deep. Septa thin,
rough, sparingly spinosely granulated on the sides. Columella rudi-
mentary, spongy, often wanting, surrounded by a circle of five or six,
small, prominent pall

Height 3 to 5 inches ; diameter 6 to 8 or more ; length of lobes or
branches "5 to Vb\ thickness '60 to '76 j diameter of polyp-oells '04
of an inch.

Gulf of California near La Paz, living in 4 or 5 fathoms, from divers,
and worn specimens common on the beach, — Capt. J. Pedersen.

Porites porosa VerriU, sp. nov.

Corallum encrusting, irregularly lobed and branched, much as in the
preceding ; lobes often rounded at top. Polyp-cells rather small and
shallow, crowded, separated by thin, fragile, very porous, roughly spin-
ulose and lacerate walls. Septa little developed, thin, narrow, the
edge roughly spinulose or lacerate, the sides with small spinule-like
granulatioLs. Pali five to seven, slender, prominent, roughly spin-
ulose at top. Columella small, porous, little developed, often wanting.
Occasionally a. larger cell with 24 septa and 12 pali occurs. Color
of the unblct'i'f J coral dark yellowish brown.

Height 3 to 4 inches ; diameter about the same ; thickness of the
lobes '5 to 1 inch ; diameter of cells -03 to '04 of an inch.

Gulf of California, near La Paz, with the last, — Capt. J. Pedersen.

Resembles the preceding, but is easily distinguished by the unusu-
ally porous texture, very thin walls and septa, and crowded cells.

Porites excavata Vernii, sp. nov. ,

Corallum encrusting, becoming thick, glomerate, massive, and form-
ing irregular hemispheres. Texture rather light and finely porous,
but firm. Polyp-cells rather large, polygonal or rounded, well defined,
deep and excavate, separated by rather firm, regular, moderately
thick, elevated walls, which tsi^ thickly covered with coarse, rough
granules. Septa very distinct, narrow at summit, wide below, extend-

)!ili,

Vetrill, Notes on Radiata.

605

ing to the columella, varying in number from 10 to 24, commonly 16
to 18, the edge lacerate, the sidert roughly granulou.s. Pali 6 to 12,
small but prominent, roughly spinuloHO or granulouH. Columella
little developed, trabicular, frequently wanting. Color of unbleached
coral dull brownish yellow.

Diameter 8 inches ; height 4 ; diameter of cells 'Oe to 'OO of an inch.

Pearl Islands, 4 to 0 fathoms, by divers, two specimens, — F. II.
Bradley.

The large, deep, regular cells readily distinguish this species from
the others here described. There is no very closely allied Atlantic
species. The increased number of septa is a very remarkable
character.

Porites Panamensis Verriii.

Proceedings Boston Soc. Nat Hist., vol. x, p. 329, 18C6

Corallum encrusting, usually forming broad, rather thin, somewhat
convex, irregular, uneven masses ; sometimes completely surrounding
small pebbles and thus becoming sub-globular. Polyp-cells small,
crowded, a little excavate, rather shallow, but very distinct, separated
by rather thin, roughly granulous, porous, but firm, v^alls. Septa
mostly 1'2, well developed, narrowed and somewhat thickened out-
wardly, the sides very thickly covered with coarse, rough, lacerate
granules, the edge also rough and lacerate. Pali small and rather
stout, roughly lacerately granulous. Columella small, inconspicuous,
oflen wanting. Color of unbleached coral dark ash-brown.

Polyps when expanded exsert, with twelve equal, cylindrical, light
brown tentacles, not swollen at the tips, which are white, — F. H. B.

Diameter of the larger masses 4 to 6 inches ; thickness '5 to 1'6 ;
diameter of polyp-cells about "03 of an inch.

Panama and Pearl Islands, in rocky pools and in patches over the
bottom just below low- water mark,— F. H. Bradley.

Easily distinguished by the small cells and very rough walls and
septa.

Porites nodiilosa Vemii, sp. nov.

Corallum much subdivided into small, short, cro*- "ied, wnd fre-
quently coalescent branches, which are rounded and usually not
much longer than thick, and form low, crowded clumps. Cells
moderately large, shallow, but clearly defined, separated by thin,
roughly lacerate and porous walls. Septa usually twelve, roughly
lacerate and spinulose, the sides covered with sharp, rough granules.

506

Verrill, Notes on Radiata.

Pali 5 or 6, ghort and stout, roughly spinuloee. Columella little devel-
oped, spongy or trabicular. Diameter of the larger clumps 3 to 4
inches ; height about 2 ; diameter of branches mostly "25 to '35 ;
diameter of polyp-cells about "04 or '05 of an inch.

La Paz, not uncommon on the beach, but mostly badly worn, —
Capt. J. Pedersen.

Family, Eupsammid^ Edw. and Haime.

CaryophyUidcB (para) Dana, Zoophytes, p. 364, 1846.

EupaammidcB (family) L.w. and Haime, AnnaJs des ScL Nat, ser. 3, x, p. 66, 1848.
EupsammincR (subfamily) Edw. and Haime, Corall., iii, p. 90, 1860. ;.

EupaammidcB (family) Vernll, Proo. Essex Inst, v, p. 28, 1866.

Corallum simple c' compound, massive or variously branched.
Compound species increase by lateral, basal, and sometimes inter-
(■titial budding ; but the genera Lobopsammia and Meteropsammia
by fissiparity. Most genera are without distinct coenenchyma ; but
in the genera, Astropsammia and Pachyp^ammia* the ccBnenchyma
is well developed and spongy. Corallites generally elongated, cylin-
drical, or somewhat turbinate, and usually with deep cells. Walls
porous, especially near the summit, generally covered by vertical rows
of granular nodules, so united as to leave irregular openings and pores
between them, often producing a vermiculate structure ; sometimes
forming distinct costa? ; sometimes nearly even and solid toward the
base.

Septa well developed, lamellar, generally forming four or five cycles,
those of the first largest, usually with entire edges ; those of the last
cycle are often more developed than those of the preceding cycle and
curved toward and united to them, or united together in pairs in
front of them. In some genera those of the penultimate cycle are also
curved toward the preceding, and- sometimes even those of the ter-
tiary cycle are curved toward those of the secondary. Owing to
these peculiaritios of arrangement, the septa never radiate in a
regular manner from the center, as in most other families, but usually
have an elegant star-like and symLi^trical arrangement. Internal
transverse plates or dissepiments between the septa are either want-
ing or distant and imperfect, rarely well developed ; in Astropsammia
all are often at one level in the difierent interseptal spaces, thus com-
pletely shutting off the space below. Columella always present,
usually well developed and spongy, or having a cancellate structure.

?^

* Pachypaammia vaMda Verrill, from Hong Kong.
V, p. 30, 1866. By error printed '^ Pachyaammia."

Procedings Essex Institute, voL

Verrill, Notes on Radiacw.

501

el-

4

5;

S

Polyps elongated, when expanded oxsert, lising above the coral,
but capable of retracting into the cells. Tentacles as numerous as the
septa, elongated. Colors of living polyps generally bright, often
red or orange.

Dendrophyllia Biainviiie.

CaryophyUia (para) Lamarck, Syst. anim. sans vert., p. 370, 1801 ; Hist. anim. sans

vert., ii, p. 228, 1816; 2d edit, ii, p. 344.
Lithodendron {pars) Schwoigger, Handb. der natui^.
DendrophyUia 'QlimiiWe, itiel. dos sci. nat., Ix, p. 320, 1830; Man. d'antinologie,

1834; Dann, Zoophytes, p. 38 J, Edw. and Hairae, Ccralliaires, iii, p. 112.
Oculina (vara) Ehrenber^. Coial. des rotlien Meeres, p. 78, 1834.

Corallum compound, low and corymbose or cajspitose, or high and
arborescently branched; budding lateral or sub-basal. Corallltes
rather large, cylindrics.1, more or less elongated. Walls subcostate
near the cells, covered with rough vermiculate grains in rows, with
irregular spaces o^tween, v;hich become more irregular and often
curved or variously bent below.

Polyp-cells subcircular, deep ; septa scarcely projecting above the
margin, rather thin, forming four complete cycles. Columella usually
pretty well developed, often convex. ' r - ,

Dendrophyllia snrcularis "Veniil

Proceedings Boatc; Soc. Nat. Hist., xii, p. 393, 1869.

Corallum low, rounded above, consisting of a large number of diver-
gent, elongated, cylindrical corallites, varying greatly in size and
length, and all united together into a thick base, which, on the sides, is
seen to be made up of numerous, short and thick, closely branched
trunks, partially united together laterally; the buds arise from all
parts of the sides, and from the common basal tissue between the
corallites of the upper surface; many of the longer corallites also
bud on the sides and near the summit. The largest corallites are
•6 to "8 of an inch in diameter, and project 1 to 1 "4 above the base.
Walls thin, very porous, covered externally with fine, subequal, sca-
brous costse. Polyp-cells subcircular, very deep and open, olten
nearly as deep as broad, the septa not projecting above the margin.
Septa in four complete cycles, often with narrow rudimentary septa
of the fifth cycle. Primary and secondary septa nearly equal, narrow,
thin, the lower part perpendicular, the upper part narrowed rapidly
to the edge of the cell ; thooe of the third cycle similar but smaller ;
those of the fourth nuch narrower, eyept far within the cell^ where
they join the columella; those of the fifth very narrow as I thin.

:-:^-^

hi

If"

508

Verrill, Notes on Radiata.

m

None of the septa unite together within, so far as can be seen from
the surface, but those of the fourth and fifth cycles are slightly bent.
Columella well developed, with a regular convex surface, composed of
a fine, spongy tissue. Color of the unbleached coral nearly black.

Height 3 inches; breadth 5 •25.

Pearl Islands, Bay of Panama, brought from six to eight fathoms
by divers, — F. H. B-adley.

Fat,, voL X, p. 110,

Dendrophyllia tenuilamellosa Verriii.

Canopsaimmia tenuilameUosa Edw. and Haime, Annal:' doti
PI. I, fig. 11 1848 ; CoralUaires, vol. iii, p. 128, 186.-

Corallum forming low, rounded, convex clump: , consisting of an
aggregation of unequal cylindrical coraUites, which are all united
together at base in a solid mass, and sometimes partially united
laterally. Polyp-cells deep, circular or nearly so, with thin margin.
Septa thin, in four cycles, with rudiments of the fifth in some of the
larger coraUites; primaries a little broader than secondaries, but
similar in form, narrowed toward the summit, nearly or quite reaching
the columella below, the edge nearly entire, the sides smoothish, with
lines of small granules. Septa of the third cycle very narrow ; those
of the fourth very thin and narrow, the edge divided into slender
spinules, they curve toward and join those of the third about nidway
b itween the wall and columella; those of the fifth cycle, -• iitn pres-
ent, are very small and rudimentary. Columella we'll ' , ''>n'.l, a
little prominent, occupying about a third of the breaU^ . ' ' :x. "ell,
composed of convoluted and cortorted porous plates, ir; r/e,«a
plates between the septa few and dib.ant. Walls thin, porous, „. h
somewhat regular, unequal, rounded costa), which are roughly granu-
jous and separated by deep irregularly pitted grooves. Tissue of the
basal mass very openly porous and irregularly ribbed and pitted.
Color of the unl)leached coral dark brown, or blackish.

Height of larger specimens 2 to 2-5 inc' - o • diameter 2 to 5 ; height
of If rger coraUites '25 to "50 ; diameter ' ' '40 ; dei-th "25 to '30.

Panama and Pearl Islands, at and just below \o\: •> :. t.T mark and
in tide-pools, — F. H. Bradley ; La Paz, — J. Pedei-een ; ,;> a-'\' jo, - A.
Agassiz.

This is very closely allied to I> r/rcularis, but is a much smaller
species. The polyp-celu ap,*"n.' to \'t )>.- er more than half as large.
The septa, though about as auraerovAH, v. not so well developed.

7^^««5Bw^?TS'f

.

'

Verrill^ Notes on Radiata.
Astropsammia VemiL

509

Proceedings Boston Society of Nat. History, xii, p. 392, 1869.

CoraUum massive, consisting of Astraea-like corallites, united quite
to their summits by an abundant, very porous coenenchyma. Walls
scarcely distinct from the coenenchyma, very porous. Septa in four
cycles, with some members of a fifth, those of the fourth uniting to
those of the third. Columella usually well developed, composed of
loose, convoluted and twisted lamellaj and trabiculse. Cells at times
shallow, the interseptal spaces cut off below by thin transverse septa,
which often coincide in all the chambers. Budding chiefly marginal
ard interstitial.

This genus is very remarkable for its abundant ccBnenchymt-, which
is almost exceptional in the family, Eiipsammidce.

Astropsammia Pedersenii Verriii, loo. cit

CoraUum massive, convex above, covere(? with large, unequal, round
cells, which scarcely rise abo /e the surface, unequally separatea by an
abundant, very openly and coarsely porous ccenenchyma, which some-
times equals in thickness the diameter of the cells. Walls indistinct ;
septa not projecting, rather thin, in the large cells four fully developed
cycles, with the rudimentary ones of the fifth in about half the sys-
tems. The primary and secondary septa are nearly equal, and with
those of the third join the columella ; those of the fourth cycle unite
to those of the third about half way to the columella. Columella
large in the adult corallites, composed mostly of coarsely convoluted
lamella) and spinose projections from the edges of the septa. Trans-
verse septa thin and distant, often closing up the chambers near the
surface.

A young spe jimen about one inch in diameter has sixteen cells, the
largest of -^'iich are '3 in diametc and very deep, with a rudimentary
c.'lumella. One cell appears to have divided by fissiparity.

Diameter of largest specimen 3 '6 inches; height 2; diameter of
largest cells "40 to '50 ; of smallest "15 to '25 ; distance between cells
•15 to -30.

La Paz, Gulf of California,- -Capt. J. Pedersen.

This species was named in honor of Capt. James Pedersen. whose
extensive collections, made in the Gulf of California, have contributed
80 much to our knowledge of the marine animals of that region, and
who has discovered many new and very remarkable species.

510

Verritt, Notes on Hadiata.

f\ -

1 1

Rhizopsammia Vemll, gen. nov.

Coralium compound, low, encrusting, extending by stolon-like
expansions of the base, from which buds arise. Corallites cylindrical,
or nearly so, connected by thin creeping extensions of the base, which
have the same porous texture as the wall Polyp-cells subcircular or
elliptical. Septa thin, crowded, a little projecting, arranged in four
or five cycles, those of the last cycle well developed, uniting to those
of the preceding cycle, which rise up in the form of prominent pali-
form lobes, beyond which the central region of the cell is deep. Col-
umella very porous, its surface papillose. Walls very porous, destitute
of epitheca, with scarcely distinct costse, but with series of rough
granules.

This genus among Madreporacea corresponds to Astrangia among
the Oculinacea, in its mode of growtli. The paliform lobes are also

peculiar. '■■•"■ \v;V ■■: \-i^'rj::-Lri' y' ::'d-fl,:¥^'''^yni:-r^' •■

Rhizopsammia pulchra Von-m, sp. nov.

Coralium composed of clusters of corallites iiTeguIarly grouped on
the surface of a stone, Corallites united only by the thin basal expan-
sions, mostly placed at distances about equal to their own diameters,
low, but variable in height, base as broad as summit, or broader.
Walls thin, very porous, subcostate, the ridges nearly equal, with two
or three rows of sharp rough granules, the grooves between deep, but
narrow, with small, interrupted, deep pits or pores. Polyp-cells sub-
circular or elliptical, deep at center. Septa well developed, in four
complete cycles with some of a fifth, thin, crowded. The primaries
and secondaries nearly equal, slightly projecting above the margin,
rounded at top, inner edge perpendicular, roughly denticulate, the sides
roughly granulous ; those of the third cycle thickened outwardly, and
united by spongy tissue with the adjacent ones ; septa of the fourth cycle
thin, bending toward and soon uniting to those of the third, which
beyond the point of union rise abrup*ly in the form of prominent
paliform lobes, beyond which the inner edge is nearly perpendicular
to the columella, and rudely denticulate, the sides roughl^ granulous.
Columella, moderately developed, papillose at surfaca Color of
the unbleached coral reddish. v ., \ , ,;. . , ..,>•; ' ^ v^, ;;

Height of larger corallites 'IS to "20; diameter '15 to '26 ; depth of
cells MO-to 'IS of an inch.

Pearl lelands, at extreme low-water, — F.H.Bradley.

Upon the same small stone, there were, with this species, specimens
of Ulangia Bradleyi, Aatrangia dentata^ A. pulchella^ and a new
species of Paracyathus,

[

I

VerriU, Notes on Radiata.

611

Balanophyllia Wood.

Descriptive Catalogue of the Zoophvtes from Crag, in Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., xiii,
p. 1 1, 1844 ; Edw. and Haime, Ann. des sci nat, x, p. 83 ; CoralL, iii, p. 99, I860.

Corallum simple, usually attached by a rather broad base. Walls
quite porous, costate, sometimes with an epitheca. Septa thin, in
four or five cycles, those of the last cycles well developed, uniting
together in pairs in front of the preceding, which are interrupted.
Columella well developed, spongy, not prominent.

Some species refeired by authors to this genus have a narrow base,
others become free at maturity.

Balanophyllia elegants Verriii.

Bulletin of the Museum of Comp. Zoology, No. 3, p. 44, Jan., 1 864.
*: ' : ' = '' Plato 10, figure 3.

Corallum low, subcylindrical, with a broad, expanded base, often
somewhat enlarged toward the summit. Wall nearly compact at
base, quite porous above, sometimes with an imperfect epitheca
reaching above the middle, often naked, strongly costate, the costoe
thick, rounded, nearly equa', roughly spinulose granulous, .separated
by irregular, narrow, interrupted grooves, with many deep pits and
pores. Polyp-cell broad elliptical or circular, rather shallow. Septa
unequally projecting, those of the two first cycles considerably ele-
vated ; four complete cycles, those of the fifth usually developed in
half the systems and sometimes in all, in some large specimens a few
very small septa belonging to the sixth are visible. Primary septa
decidedly broader than secondary, and higher, thickened outwardly,
the edge rounded, nearly reaching the columella, at the summit
porous, roughly serrulate, and confluent with the adjoining septa
of the fourth cycle, the sides granulous ; secondaries similar, but
narrower and less projecting, the inner edge more deeply divided
into slender spinose teeth ; those of the third cycle quite narrow,
about half as broad as secondaries, not reaching the point of union
of those of the later cycles, and therefore leaving an enclosed space
of some size in front, the edge deeply divided into rough teeth ;
those composed of the iimer portions of the third and fourth cycles
united are broad, reaching the columella, the edge lacerately divided
into rough, prominent spinules ; they are united to the primaries and
secondaries outwardly and curving toward each other unite in front
of the tertiaries, about midway between the margin and columella ;
free outer portion of the septa of the fourth ^ ycle very narrow,
little prominent, interrupted by a space before the point of union
of the thin curved septa of the fifth cycle. Columella rather small.

612

Verrill, Notes on Hadiata.

I

m

'*i! ,

oblong, papillose at surface. Color of the living polyp bright orange-
red, or flame-red.

Height "20 to '40 ; diameter of larger ones '30 to '42 ; depth of
oup 'lO to '15 of an inch.

Puget Sound, — C. B. Kennerly; Mendocino and Crescent City,
Cal, — A. Agassiz; Monterey, — R. E. C. Stearns; W. H. Dall.

Mr. Stearns found this beautiful species adhering to the under side
of large stones at extreme low-water mark at Monterey, and observed
Trivia Californica living parasitically upon it, th'. color of the living
Trivia agreeing very closely with the bright orange-red of the polyp.

Suborder, OCULINACEA Yerrill. ^ ,, . . ^...i,,

CaryophyUnceoe (pars) and Madreporacea (pwra) Dana, Zoophytes. ■ .y •

Ocellina (pars) and Afilleporina (pars) Ehrenberg, Corall. roth. Meores.

Corallum simple or compound, encrusting or branched, of firm
' texture with imperforate, solid walls and septa. Cells generally small,
tubular. Polyps when expanded rising above the cell, or long exsert,
the mouth protruding, the tentacles 10 to 48, sometimes more, elon-
gated, the tips usually, if not always, swollen or capitate, their surface
covered with small wartrlike clusters of urticating cells. ■• ^^

In this group the compound species increase by basal and lateral
budding, and there is a strong tendency to form hard, compact corals,
the coenenchyma being, when present, very compact ; the walls
are often thickened, or the cells may be partially filled up and oblit-
erated, as in OcuHiiidcB, some Stylasteridce, etc. The transverse
plates within the cells are usually few and distant, and may be
entirely wanting ; in some cases they are coincident in all the inter-
septai spaces, so as to form continuous transverse plates or septa,
as in Pocilliporidoe. The septa of the first and second cycles, at least»
have the edge entire or nearly so, often all the septa are entire. The
exteiior of the walls is generally more or less costate, sometimes
finely granulous or epinulose, but never strongly spinose.

It is obvious that in Astrseacea, as hitherto constituted, there are
included two distinct types of corals, characterized especially by the
peculiarities of the expanded polyps. In the division here established
the polyps, so far as known, are much exsert in expansion and the ten-
tacles are swollen at the tips, but ir tho typical Astrseacea, such as
As'roia {Mivia), Moeandrina, Mussa, the polyps are not exsert and
they have more numerous tentacles, which taper to the end ; their
corals increase by fissiparity or disk-budding, the septa are serrate or
echinate, and the interseptal spaces are much subdivided by small
oblique plates. . . ' • ;:. . ^^

VT

Verrill, Notes on Hadiata.

513

Hence I liave taken the Oimlinidce, iStylctsteridce, and Stylophoridce,
kept distinct from the Aatroeidm by Edwards and Haime, together
with certain families of their Aatrceidce, which possess the same type
of polyps, as representatives of a distinct suborder, intermediate in
many respeots between Astrseacea and Madreporacea, the polyps be-
ing exsert, as in the latter, the corals compact and imperforate,
as in the former. To this suborder it seems necessary to refer the
Ponilliporid(je, which have corals in many respects similar to those of
StylophoridoB and some OcuUnidce, although transversely septate or
tabulated, as in other widely different groups, and have exsert polyps
nearly identical with those of Stylophora and similar genera, with
12 or 24 long tentacles, swollen at the tips.

Whether the CaryophyllidcB should be referred to this suborder or
to Astrseacea is somewhat uncertain, since the polyps of but few of
the genera have been examined. It is not impi-obable that the family,
as now constituted, includes genera belonging to both suborders,
having little in common, except the negative character of lacking
transverse septa, —an embryological feature that is evidently of but
little importance. The genus Caryophyllia, like its allies, Para-
cyuthus, etc., appears to have soft parts with the same general struc-
ture as Ocidina, Astrangia, Cladocora, etc., but Flahellum appears
to agree better with some Astrseacea, like Euphyllia, etc. Therefore
since the typical genera seem to belong here, we have placed the Ctiryo-
phyllidcB in this suborder, as the lowest family. There are also cer-
tain oth^r genera, generally referred to Astrajacea, which seem to
have greater afSnities with the present division, though the soft parts
are too imperfectly known to afford positive evidence ; such are the
genera, Cyphaatroea, Gcdaxea, Stylina, etc.

Prof. Dana's second family of Caryophyllacese, the Caryophyllidm,
included many of the genera of this group, together with Dendro-
phyllia and other representatives of the Madreporacea, and also
Stylina and Galaxea (Anthophyllum) ; but Pocillipora, iSeriatopora,
and Stylophora [Sideropora) were referred by I.im to Madreporacea.
In his system the porous structure of the coral in Madreporacea was
not regarded as of so much importance as by most later writers.

The following are the principal families included in this suborder :

t^ylaMeridce. Corallum branched, with very compact, mostly
smooth, often colored coenenchyma. Cells small, much filled
up below. Septa equal, 12 to 24 (sometimes only 6 or 6), often
united together by their thickened inner edges so as to partially
close up the cell. Costse nearly obsolete.

514

Verrilly Not^s on Radiata.

\

Oculinidm. Corallum encrusting or branched, with compact
coBnenchyma, smooth, or slightly costate near the eells. Cells
of moderate size or large, more or less filled up below. Septa 12
to 48 or more, in several unequal cycles, the edge of the principal
ones entire.

Pocilliporidoc. Corallum branched or lobed, with the coenenchyma
compact at surface and mostly spinulose. Cells small, divided
by transverse septa below, partially filled up. Septa 12 to 24
(rarely 36), often rudimentary, especially in young cells.

StylophoridcB. Corallum massive, encrusting, or branched, with the
coenenchyma compact near surface and mostly spinulose. Cells
small, not filled up, or but slightly so, with few irregular, trans-
verse interseptal divisions. Septa 10 or 12 to 24.

? Stylinidce. Corallum massive, astrseiform. Cells of moderate
size or small. Septa with entire edges.

Aatrangidce. Corallum solitary, or csespitose, encrusting, or lobed,
with little or no cosnenchyma ; buds basal, or arising from
stolons, or lateral. Cells of moderate size, not filled up below,
with few, distant, irregular, transverse divisions. Septa numerous,
in several unequal cycles, those of the first and second usually
with entire edges. Includes AstranginoB and Cladocorince,

Caryo]yhyUidoe. Corallum solitary, attached or free when adult.
Cells often large, increasing upward, open from the base. Septa
numerous, in several unequal cycles, their edges entire.

On the west coast of America representative of but four of these
families are known: Stylasteridce, JPocilliporidoe, Astrangidce, and
Garyophyllidce. - ■. ■ - . . <, p. ..>„|r^

The OeuHnidcB are abundant in the Atlantic, Mediterranean, and
Indo-Pacific faunae. The StylophoridcB are most abundant in the
Indo-Pacific, but have a few representatives in the Caribbean fauna.
The Stylinidce are mostly fossils of the Cretaceous and Tertiary forma-
tions of Europe, but a few species still live in the Atlantic.

Family, Stylasterid^ Pourtales.

Stylitsteracem (subfamily of OculinidcB) Edw. and L me, CoralL, ii, p. 126, 1857.
StylasteridcB Pourtales, Bulletin Mus. Comp. Zool., No. 7, p. 125, 18B8.

The corals included in this family most frequently form delicate,
arborescently branched corals, often flabelliform, and sometimes with
coalescent branches, in other species the coral is irregularly lobed or
encrusting. The coenenchyma is abundant and very compact, with a
smoothish or finely granulous - j*face, often with peculiar swellings or

TiSvS'!*^

Verrill, Notes on Hadiata.

515

h

vesicles, which sometimes liave a radiated structure and may, perhaps,
indicate the position of a second form of polyps ; in other cases (as in
Allopora) there are also minute pores or openings with a raised border
scattered between the ordinary cells, which appear to represent a sec-
ond more rudimentary form of polyps. Tlierefore it is probable that
in this family the polyps are dimorphous, as in Pennatulacea and some
Alcyonacea, and in many Hydroids, but the soft parts have not yet been
described. The polyp-cells are small, generally filled up below by a
solid deposit, sometimes also partially filled up and more or less obliter-
ated by the thickening of the septa and the union of their inner edges,
thus separ 'ting the interseptal chambers from the central part of the
cell, and in some genera, like Distiehipora and Mritia, nearly or
quite obliterating some of the chambers. The septa are mostly nar-
row, equal or nearly so, in one to three cycles, in some instances only
four to six, most frequently twelve, the third cycle, when present, rudi-
mentaiy. Columella generally styliform, sometimes wanting.

This family, as now constituted, includes the following genera : —
Axohelia E. and H. ; Cryptohelia E. and H. ; Endohdia E. and 11. ;
Cydopora Verrill; Stylaster Gray; Allopora Ehr. ; Distiehipora
Lamarck; Errina Gray.

In the works of Edwards and Haime the genus Distiehipora was
placed, with other still doubtful forms, in the " incerta sedes " at the
end of the list of genera. In the final work* it is placed in an appen-
dix and doubt is expressed whether it may not belong to the Alcyona-
ria, rather than to the Madreporaria, while Errina is entirely omitted.
The writer first explained the structure of these genera and referred
them to their true position near Stylaster, in the Bulletin of the Mu-
seum of Comparative Zo5logy, No. 3, p. 46, 1864. Mr. Pourtales,
who has recently discovered and described several new and very
interesting members of this group, fully confirmed this conclusion in
later numbers of the Bulletin.f He has also suggested that the group
should form a distinct family, — an opinion in which we fully concur.

Many of the species of this family seem to be confined to great
depths, where they form a considerable portion of the coral fauna?,
and yet there are, also, shallow-water species both in the Atlantic and
Pacific. When deeper dredgings shall have been made on the west
coast of America, additional genera and species may be expected, but
at present two species of the genus Allopora are the only known
representatives of the fam'iy on the whole coast.

* Coralliaires, vol. ili, p. 450, 1860.

f No. 6, pp. 116, 117, 1867 ; No. 7, p. 136, 1868.

I

616

Verrill, Notes on Radiata.

]

III

lil''

.-4 '

i ^

1'

S ,,

V ■

T','

AUopora Khrenberg.

AUopora Ehr., Corall. rothen Meeres, p. 147, 1834; (pars) Dana, Z<i6ph., p. 697;
Kdw. and Haimo, Corall., ii, p. 131.

Corallum encrusting, irregularly lobed, or branching. Coenenchyrna
abundant, compact, the surface finely granulous, with more or less
numerous, scattered ampuUto or vesicles. Cells small, irregularly
arranged, scattered. Septa narrow, not exsert, usually five to ten
larger, equal, thickened ones, which generally unite by their inner
edges below, so as to enclose the intervening small chambers, within
which may usually be seen rudimentary septa of the last cycle, in the
form of small ascending points or papillae. Columella conical or
rounded, finely spinulose or hirsute.

AUopora Califovnica Verrill.

Proceedings Essex Institute, vol. iii, p. 37, 1866, {non Pourtales).

Plate 10, figure 8.

Corallum encrusting at base, rising into thick, irregularly IcLed or
palmate branches, three inches or more high, some of which are two
inches broad and nearly half an inch thick ; some are nearly round
and rapidly tapering, of abotit the same thickness as the others.
Many of the branches have an annelid tube, with two apertures side
by side, in the center, and appear to be due to the encrusting habit of
the coral, which covers the tubes with a thickness of from an eighth to
a fourth of an inch, and in this way may rise into false branches.
The worm tubes themselves are quite thin, forming a delicate sep-
arable lining for the tubes formed by the coral. Some of the branches
subdivide into two or three parts near the end, which spread nearly
at right angles. Cells very small, about '02 of an inch, quite irregu-
larly scattered over the whole surface ; distance between them equal
to two or three times the diameter, or from '04 to '07 of an inch. Ccen--
enchyma compact, with a minutely granulous surface, appearing
smooth to the unaided eye, but having a few minute papillae or minute
vesicular ampuUse, some of which are open at top, forming small pores
scattered between the cells. In a longitudinal section the cells are
Been to be filled up below, and between them there are irregularly
scattered, minute, rounded cavities, caused by the superficial papillae
or vesicles. Septa represented commonly by six thick triangular pro-
cesses which converge toward the center of the cells, leaving only
narrow, radiating spaces between them; in other cells the number
varies from five to eight. The septa project slightly above the com-
mon surface, and do not reach more than half way to the center of

■

VerriU, Notes on Radkita.

617

the cell, uniting together by their thickened inner edges, down within
the cell, and separating the very small interseptal spaces from the cen-
tral opening ; within each interseptal space there can generally be seen
a minute rudimentary septa in the form of an ascending, prominent
point. Cells deep in the central portion, nearly filled up* below by a
round, conical, minutely hirsute, whitish columella. The cells are
stellate, with very slightly raised borders, somewhat unequal in size,
and many are distorted ; two are often seen together and more or less
confluent, as if they had been formed by fissipurity or disk budding ;
others evidently originate by interstitial budding, while some very
small rudimentary cells are intermediate between the ordinary form
and the ampullae with central openings, indicating that those are made
by rudimentary or dimorphous forms of polyps. Color light minium-
red.

Height 7 inches ; breadth 5-60 ; diameter of cells '02 to -03, the cen-
tral cavity about "01 of an inch.

California,— Maj. Wm. Rich, U. S. A.

Probably from the Gulf of California in deep water.

The basal portion is dead and encrusted with various species of
Bryozoa, Serpuloe, etc. It was collected by Major Rich during the
Mexican war.

Allopora venusta Verriii, sp. nov.

Attopora Ca'ifomica Pourtales, Bulletin M. C. Z., p. 136, 1868, (turn Verrill), no
description.

Plate 10, figure 9.

Corallum encrusting and expanded at base, rising up in stout lobes
or branches, two inches or more high, some of the branches broad
and somewhat palmate or digitat?^, v'e terminal branchlets mostly
round and about '12 to 'IS of an ii.^i .hick, obtusely rounded at tips.
Some of the branches contain worm tubes similar to those in the pre-
ceding species, with two openings side by side, and apparently of the
same nature with those found in Muriceaformoaa of Zorritos, (p. 435),
but other branches are quite solid. Coenenchyma compact, having a
minutely grannlous surface, with a few minute, scattered vesicles and
pores. Cells small, about -03 of an inch, regular, circular, with the bor-
der sharp and distinctly raised above the general surface ; some newly
formed cells may be seen scattered among the others, but consisting
only of a slight pit in the coenenchyma, sometimes very superficial,
circular, and rounded at bottom, in other cases a little more advanced,
showing the outlines of the septa and columella. The cells are irregu-

'■'^''^.

I I

618

Verrill, Notes on Radiata.

larly scattered over the whole surface, mostly at distances varying
from '02 to '10 of an inch. The principal septa vary from 6 to 10,
but are mostly 7 or 8, cuite narrow at top, but much thickened,
broader and united well togetlier below, ho as to form a cup-shaped
aperture to the cell, around and above the small deep central pit, and
entirely separating the very small interseptal spaces, in which the
minute, round, projectinsj; points of the small septa may be easily dis-
tinguished. Central cavity broader in its upper part than in the pre.
ceding species, but with the central pit smaller, nearly tilled by the
small, round, conical columella. Color light red, the branches often
yellowish at tips.

Ncah Bay, "Washington Territory, — Collection Museum of Compar-
ative Zoology.

Although this species resembles the preced' "^ in color and mode of
growth, it is quite distinct in the form and ture of the cells. In

this they are raised, circular, regular, and ^ shaped, while in the
preceding they are stellate, often irregular, not cup-shaped, with larger
and fewer septa, the border is scarcely raised, and the columella is
larger.

Family, Pocillipokid.*; Verrill. - • ^

Synopsis Polyps and Corals of N. Pacif. Expl. Exp., Part iv, p. 56, in Proceedings

(Communications) of Essex Institute, vol. vi, p. 90, 1869.
Favoaitina {para) Dana, Zoopii., p. 514, 1846.
PociUoporince (subfamily of Favoaitidce) Edw. and Haime, CoralL, iii, p. 301, I860.

Corallura with an encrusting base at first, from which arise clusters
of lobes or branches, which grow by interstitially budding at the ends.
Ccenenchyma abundant and very compact on the sides of the branches
and base, but almost entirely wanting among the crowded terminal
cells. Cells small, angular or circular, often filled up below with a
solid deposit ; the transverse plates generally extend entirely across
the cells below. Septa 6 to 24, generally twelve, often rudimentary.

The descriptions and drawings of the polyps of PociUipora by Mr.
Bradley, show conclusively that the genus is a true madreporian, as
we have already mentioned in other articles.* It seems also to be
most closely allied to Oculina and Sti/lophora, both in the structure of
the polyps and corah Its affinities with the numerous extinct genera
having the same tabulate structure is a subject requiring a great
amount of careful investigation. • From the FavosUidae, as a whole,
it differs in having an abundant coenenchyma. Favosites difiers also
in having perforate walls, and doubtless ought to be separated, at least

* On the Affinities of the Tabulate Corals, in Proceedings of the American Associa-
tion for Advancement of Science, 1 867, p. 148. See also Proa Essex Inst, vi, p. 90, 1869.

-

VeiriU, Notes on liadiata.

519

as

'

as a distinct family, which has, perhaps, closer relations with Madre-
poracea, Tho geni.H Seriatopora, has heen united with certain gi'uora
t»f foBHil corals to constitute a distinct family, JSeriatajxtridti, \nit it
would appear to be more in accordance with their true affinities to
unite Seriatopora and the allied genera with the Pocilliporidm. Tlie
living polyps are unknown, however, and might show other relations.
The Thecidm E. and H., and especially Columtiaria, are evidently
very closely allied to PociUipora and, ought, perhaps, to be united in
the same family.

The association by Edwards and Ilairae, and others, of the Milltpo-
ridw with Pocilliporidie and allied forms, under the name, 2'alyidatff,
was particidarly unfortunate, since they have no relations whatever,
and indeed there is n^ resemblance except in the fact that in certain
genera of both groii|iH there are transverse septa, — an artificial char-
acter of comparatively little importance, which also occurs in the
Astrceidie (Cceldtitrcea) and sometimes even in the EupaammidcB
{Astrtr opsammia) . Prof. Agassiz has shown that Millepora belongs
to the Hydroidea, and holding the opinion that PociUipora and other
tabulated corals were allied to Millepora he consequently united all
the Tabulata of Edwards and Haime to the Ilydroidea, thus removing
them from the class of polyps. This view is no longer tenable, since
the genus PociUipora has animals identical in structure wit^ tne n. )st
typical genera of true polyps. Even were the animals of PociUipora
unknown, the examination of such species as P. elongata Dana, P.
plicatn Dana, P. atellata Verrill, and others, in which there are twelve
well developed septa, having the same essential characters as those of
Oculinidoe and Stylophoridm, would be sulficient to convince us that
the genus could not possibly belong to the Hydroidea, unless that
group is to be so modified as to lose the principal characters by which
it is separated from the class of polyps. The absence of radiating
lamellae, such as would be required to secrete the radiating septa of
PociUipora, Coltimnaria, and some Favoaitidm is one of the principal
class characters by which Acalephs are separated from Polyps, and is
a constant feature of acalephs ; the presence of such lamellse is equally
constant and characteristic of true polyps.

PociUipora Lamarck.

Podltopora (pars) Lamarck, Hist. anim. sans vert, ii, p. 273 ; 2nd ed., ii, p. 144.
Pocillopora Dana, Zoophytes, p. 523; Edw. and Haime, Corall., iii, p. 301.

The coralla consist of clusters of branches or lobes, varying in the
different species from very slender, much divided branchlets to stout,
Trans. Connecticut Acad., Vol. I. 65 Nov., 1870.

620

Verrill, Notes on Radiata.

m

1

Iff]

H

round, and obtuse, or very broad and convoluted lobes or fronds,
which arise from a more or lesa compact encrusting base. Branches
often covered with verrucse or I'udiraentary branchlets, composed of a
few or many cells. At the ends of the branches the cells are closely
crowded, angular, closely united by their walls, without intervening
coBiienchyraa, but on the sides of the branches they are more or less
distantly separated by the compact ccenenchymA, which is sharply
granulous or spinulose at the surface. Cells small, often deep, circular
where not crowded, oftien filled below the surface by a solid deposit,
but always with transverse septa in the lower part.<, which are abun-
dant and regular. Septa narrow, generally 12, of which 8 are larger
and alternate with six that are verv small or rudime?itarv ; sometimes
?A. The septa are often partially or wholly rudimentary or abortive,
especially in the crowded cells at the end of the brancLes, but in Tnany
cases two opposite ones are Iarg'.ir than the rest nnd join the colu-
mella, or there may be one larger one. The columella, when present,
is small, solid, a Utile prominent, but is ci'ten wanting. Tho rans-
verse plates have a concentric stnicture and are often seen incomjdete,
with an opening through the middle. Occasionnlly a cell is divided
by fissiparity, but the new ones moi^tly appear in the angles between
adjacent cells. ' '*■■

This genus is very abundant throu^hoiit the tropical parts of the
Pacific and Indian Oceans and the Red Sea. At the Hawaiian Islands
several large species of PocilUpora constitute an nportant part of
the coral-reefs. In the Atlantic ocean the genus is u:il':iown, but a
fossil species occurs in the Miocene of the West Indies.

fl^

1.41.

PocilUpora capitata VerriU.

Pocittipora capitata Verrill, Bulletin Mu8. Corap. Zool., p. 60, 1864; Proo, Kssei
Inst., vi, p. 99, 18S9. ,

Coralla composed of clusters of large, irregular, usually stout
branches, often an inch or more in diameter, arising from a massive
or encrusting baae. The branches r^re covered, except at the ends,
with more or less elongated, rising, subacute or bluntly rounded
verrucse. The branchlets are usually spreading, often rounded or
clavate at the end, where the verrucro become obsolete. Surface
covered with small, rough, scattered spinules, those around the edge
of the oelis more prominent. C^lls rather small, circular and deep
on the side of the branches, and mostly separated by spaces at least as
broad as the diameter of the cells, sometimes more crowded ; jn tJie
ends of the branches and verrncse, the cells are angular and pep^ratci

Verrillf Notes on JRadiata.

521

<

V

only by thin walls. Septa tvelve, usually very narrow or rudimen-
tary, the lower part generally more developed than the upper ; some-
times one is broader and joins the very small columella, which is,
however, generally wanting.

The largest specimens seen are more than a foot in diameter ; the
branches '5 to 1 inch ; verrucie SO of an inch long ; '10 to -20 in di-
ameter ; cells *03 to '04 in diameter.

Acapulco, — A. Agassiz ; Socorro Islands,-
— F. H. Bradley ; La Paz, — J. Pedeisen.

-J. Xantus; Pearl Islands,

Pocillipora capitata, var. porosa VoniU.

PociUipora capitata, var. porosa Verrill, Proc. Essex Inst, vi, p. 99, 1869.

Cordlla forming large vounded clumps, 10 to 16 inches in diameter,
with more or less elongated, divergent or crowded, angular, and often
flattened branches, which are usually '25 to "SS of an inch in thickness ;
•50 to "75 in breadth ; and 1 to 3 long, often truncate or digitately
lobed at the end. Verrucse variable, mostly ascending, often large
and prominent, generally elongated, roundish, tapering to the sub-
acute end, the upper ones often appresstd, obsolete on the summits of
the branches, where the csUs are closely crowded. Cells large and
deep, the lateral ones mostly crowded, the intervening spaces gene-
rally less than their diameters, often not half as much. Septa 12 or
24, distinct, nearly equal, narrow, slightly exsert and acute at summit.
Sui-face of the ccenenchyraa, between the cells, finely spinulose, the
Bpinose grains often crowded, but frequently forming only a singe
row. The cells are but little closed up in the interior by solid deposits
and the texture of the coral is, therefore, quite porous. In one large
specimen the branches on one side are of the normal size and form,
while on the other tht become more slender and much subdivided
at the ends into sm -A, obtuse, lobe-like or digitate branchlets. The
cells on this part au smaller and raore distant.

The larger specimens are about 10 inches high and 12 broad; the
larg'^r branches '50 to 1 inch in width ; -25 to "85 in thickness ; cells
•04 to '05 of an inch in diameter. = " •■ ■■ ■■■■:■■ ■■ • . -

Near La Paz, brought up by divers, — J. Pedersen.

The Museum of Yale College possesses fc i large and several small
specimens of this form.

Pooillipora capitata, var. robusta Veniii, nov. " > ..

Coralla forming large, more or less hemispherical, close clumps of
stout, angular, mostly flattened, obtuse, dichotomous branches, which
usually fork at distances of from 1*5 to 4 inches, in large specimens.

522

VerriU, Notea on Badiata.

'V

The branches are covered laterally with numerous, rather large, pro-
minent, elongated, mostly acute, ascending verrucse, which are pretty
evenly scattered over the surface and seldom crowded, rarely obtuse
or rounded at the end, usually containing a dozen or more polyp-tells.
The verrucflB become obsolete at the tips of the branches, which are
mostly bluut or truncate and filled with closely crowded, angular
polyp-cells. The cells on the sides oi the branches s;nd verrucae are
rather small, mostly separated by distances about equal to their diam-
eter. Septa commonly six, very distinct but narrow, often twelve.
Columella either a small papilla or rudimentary and scarcely distinct.
Ccenenchyma between the cells compact i'.nd covered with minute
rough granules. In a transverse section the cells are found to be
much filled up below, and the coral quite compact ; the tr^'.nsverse
dissepiments are rather distant, the spaces between usually exceeding
the diameter of the cells. Height of the largest specimens 16 to 18
inches; length of undivided branches 2 to 4 ; breadth 'SO to 1'50 ; thick-
ness 'SS to '75 ; length of average verrucae '30 to -40 ; their diam-
eter "20 to '30 ; diameter of cells "02 to '03 of an inch.
- Young specimens attached to shells oi Margaritophora fimhriata
Dunker, have a few short rising branches in the middle, with a broad,
thin, encrusting base. The marginal cells are obliquely appressed to
the surface of the shell, their outer edges being flattened and extend-
ing, with the septa, which are here conspicuous and like elevated
costse, considerably beyond the proper edge of the cells, exactly as in
Aatrangia, and the young of Oculina. The new cells at the edge are
also produced by marginal budding, as in the genera named. A study
of these marginal cells confirms the affinities of this family with the
Oculinacei.

Gulf of Califoniiaj south of La Paz, 3 to 6 fathoms, brought up by
divers, — J. Pedersen. &.;> .■•■'3>iif » ■fi.is ■ ■■:■■■ -/-Jv •t'l.-h^^-fttW''

The Museum of Yale College has received upwards of twenty speci-
mens of this form, most of them of large size and quite constant in
character. But some of the smaller specimens are evidently dwarfed
by unfavorable conditions of growth and have very irregular branches,
sometimes much divided, and the veri'ucae nearly obsolete in some
parts. The following form, however, seems worthy of a distinct vari-
etal name. .,.,x^

Pocillipora capita ta, var. ptunila Verriii.

*■ The ccralla consist of elongated clumps of short, mostly obtuse
and much divided, crowded branches, arising from the upper side of

Verrill, Notes on Radiata.

523

large, horizontal often forked, branch-like base. These clumps seem
to have originated from large detached branches, which have been
broken from specimens of the preceding form and, having fallen to
the bottom, have served as bases for the numerous rising branchlets,
which probably arose from the original verructe by exciessive enlarge-
ment and gradual alteration to the form of branches, the largest of
which subdivide and develop verrucse like those of the parent form.
Cells and coensnchyma as in the preceding variety.

Length of the clumps 6 to 1 2 inches ; breadth 3 to 5 ; height 2 to
4 ; length of branches '50 to 2 ; their diameter -25 to '50,

Gulf of California, with the preceding, — J. Pedersen.

About a dozen specimens ol this variety have been received.
' In general appearance it is very different from the normal form.

Pocillipora lacera Ven m. . ,, ^ ,. ..^> . . ; = . - r .

Proc. Essex Institute, vol. vi, p. 100, 1869.

Coralla consisting of more or less irregular or rounded clumps of
long, irregidar, often cro< l<«d, rough, and much subdivided branches.
The branchlets are short and laceratoly or digitately divided and
lobed at the ends. ' " subdivisions small, variously shaped, often slen-
der, but gencralij .M-e or less compressed and obtuse at the tips,
often having the appearance of elongated verrut u die the lateral
branchlets pass gradually ix\' the verrucse, which are few, irregular,
and distantly scattered on the hirger brand's. Lateral cells rather
large, round, rather distant, often shallow; 8ei)ta mostly 12, narrow,
usually subequal, sometimes one is larger, often .1 are rudimentary
or wanting. Columella rudimentary o? wholly abortive. Coenen-
chyma abundant between the cells, firm, ihe surface finely and evenly
spinulose.

The larger specimens are 6 to 8 inches in di' eter and height ; the
large branches "30 to "50 in diameter; an' o 6 long ; the terminal
branchlets mostly '10 to '30 long ; -10 to '15 in diameter ; the cells '03
to '04 of an inch in diameter.

In life, according to JMr. Bradley, the polyps are small, exsert, with
twelve equal cylindrical tentacles, which are swollen at the tips ; they
are about equal in length to the diameter of the body, and they are
arranged in a single circle around the margin, but six are held hori-
zontally and six upright in expansion. The color of the polyps is
dark brown, greenish brown, or dark green ; tentacles dark brown,
the tips white. *f^-■;'^8!v»s.7. *^!i:nti<-:v-i'^^ 5.

" In arrangement and form of tentacles this species closely resem-
bles the accompanying Poritea {P. Pafiamenais), which also has

:*.

Verrill, Notes on Radiata.

If '<

nvi

twelve cylindrical, light bi'own tentacles, with white tips, but the tips
are not perceptibly swollen, and they are not held alternately upright
and horizontally, as in Pocillipora." — F. H B.

Pearl Islands, Panama, and Acajutla, — F. H. Bradley. " In more
sheltered situations near the head of Panama Bay, this coral covers
considerable surfaces, but farther out it seems to be confined to
sheltered spots, and occurs in scattered clumps." — F. H. B.

This species forms loose open clumps of rather slender and irregular
branches, quite unlike those of the preceding species in appearance.

Family, Asirangid^ Verrill.

Cladocoracece ami Astrangiacexje Edw. and Haime, Corall., ii, pp. 587 anil 606.

The eoralla in this group consist of encrunting, creeping, or more
or less fasciculated clusters of rather small, cylindrical, or somewhat
turbinated corallites, which have rather deep, cup-s!iaped, mostly cir-
cular calicles. The buds arise chiefly from the lateral walls, either
from near the top, on the sides, at the base, or even on basal stolon-
like extensions. In young specimens and at the margins of encrust-
ing species the calicles are often appressed to the surfaces to which
they adhere, and buds arise, also, from within the extending outer
margins of the calicles.

The septa form from three to five or more, unequal cycles, the pri-
maries and secondaries often with subentire summits, the others
denticulate or deeply incised. The columella is variously developed,
often papillose. The transverse dissepiments are few and distant.
Coenonchynia wanting or but slightly developed.

The polyp' ive quite exsert, with slender, tapering tentacles, which
are swollen at the tips, and covered with minute scattered A'errucsB,
composed chiefly of nettling organs. 'Y '

This family includes two groups distinguished by Edwards and
Haime : Gladocorace'x, in which the budding is lateral and the corals
consist of more or li^ss csespitose clumps of tubular corallitys; and
AatrangiaeeoB, in which the budding is mostly b iSal, or from creeping
Rtolons, producing low encrusting corals. .»•.?...

But these two modes ot' growth pass by almost insensible gradations
into eacli other. Thu there are species of CZac/ocora in which the
budding is partially at or near the base, as it is in all the species while
young, and there arc certain species of Aatrangia which bud at the
same time from basal expansions, from within the margin of the outer
calicles, and laterally from the walls near the summit {A. DanoR and
A, aatrceiformis) ; while other species bud both from stolons and

'

VerriU, Notes on Radiata.

525

laterally, and have more elongated tubular corallites {A. Saimei, etc.).
It is, therefore, impossible to make any marked distinction between
these two groups of genera. It is not improbable that in adopting
them as subfamilies, I have given to the mode of growth even more
importance than it merits.

Sub-family, Astrangik^ Verrill. ^ ' ''*

Astreince reptantea Edw. and Haime, Ann. des Sciences nat., 30 ser., xii, p. 175, 1849.
Aatrangiacea Edw. and Hwrne, Coralliairea, il, p. 606, 1857.

Coralla encrusting or creeping, formed of low corallites, which
multiply chiefly by basal budding.

Astrangia Kdw. and Haime.

Aatrangia Milne-Edwards and Jules Haime, Comptes-rendus de I'Acad. des Sci, zxvii,
p. 496, 1848; Ann. des Sci. nat., xii, p., 180. 1849; Coralliaires, ii, p. 613, 1857;
Verrill, Revision of Polyps of Eastern Coast United States, in Momoires Boston Soc.
Nat. Hist., i, p. 39, 1864.

Coralla encrusting, consisting of rather small, short, more or less
turbinate corallites, which arise by budding, either from basal expan-
sions of the wall of the parents, from the sides, or from within the
obliquely extended margins of those in the outermost row, and thus
form clusters, spreading over rocks, shells, etc., or in some cases
thin aggregate masses, sometimes rising in the middle into irregular
lobes or short branches. The calicles are circular, except when
crowded or appressed, moderately deep, with a papillose columella.
Septa more or less unequal, in three or four cycles, the primaries and
secondaries most prominent, all -wiih. strongly granulated sides and
denticulated edges, the lowest teeth larger and more or less paliforni,*

* The following species has the basal teeth of the septa developed into well-miirked,
prominent pali. As it was figured, by mistake, upon the plate with the Panama species,
I add a brit f description :

Astrangia palifera VemM, sp. nov. Plate ix, figure 2.

Corallites low, cylindrical, scatiered over the surface to which they Rdhere, usually
at distances twice as great as their diameter, or eveu more, and oitmected by narmw
and thin, stolon-like expansions of the bases. Calicles circular, shHllow. Columella
small, vvitli about six t) ten prominent pipillsB. Septa twenty-four to thirty, not
crowded, separated by spaces greater than their thickness, subequal, the primar'cs a
little broiider, thicker, and more prominent than the secondaries, which also somewhat
exceed the tertiaries ; all with finely granulated sides and rather broadly rounded, linoly
denticulated, and very slightly exiiert summits ; inne- edge perpendicultr, separated
by a deep notch fi-om the paliform tooth, of which there U usually but one to each
pepta. The pnliform teeth are comparatively large, prominent, obtuse, those of the
primaries largest and nearest the center, tlie others smaller and a little farther from the

629

VerrUl, Notes on RadicUa.

in the typical species, and blending gradually with the papillse of the
columella. Transverse dissepiments few and distant. Walls naked
and costate toward the summit, often covered toward the base with
an imperfect epitheca and various encrustations. Thj polyps in ex-
pansion are sub-pellucid, and rise considerably above the calicles ; the
tentacles are long, slender, and covered with small white verrucse,
with a knob at the end.

This genus is widely distributed, but appears to be most abundant
on the American coasts, where its numerous species range on the
Atlantic side from Cape Cod to Patagonia and on the Pacific side
from the Gulf of California to Peru, and perhaps farther. Three
species, at least, are found in the West Ind'es ; two on the Atlantic
coast of the United States ; one or more at Rio Janeiro ; and one in
the Straits of Magellan. One large species is found on the Atlantic
coasts of Spain and Portugal ; and one on the British coast. F'rom
the Indo-Pacific fauna none have been described except A. palifera,
though others probably exist there. Two or more species are also
found in the tertiary strata along the Atlantic coast of the United
States.* Two species : A. Edwardsii Verrill {A. Dance E. and H.)
and A. Michelini E. and H., are from unknown localities, but may be
identical with some of the species already referred to froai the
Atlantic coast of South America.

Astrangia Haimei Verriii.

Astrangia Haimei Verrill, Proc. Boston Soc. Natural History, x, p. 330, April, 1866.

Plate IX, figures 6, 6^

Coralla encrusting, consisting of prominent cylindrical or turbinate
corallites, sometimes rising more than half an inch above the surface of
the basal expansion, which connects them together, and becoming
slightly turbinate and divergent when highest.

'I'he corallites are distant from each other from "04 to "25 of an inch.
The basal mural expansion is very thin, compact, and slightly gran-
ulated, having a smooth appearance, and usually without apparent
striations. Septa from thirty to forty-eight, very narrow and thin,
with the inner edges nearly perpendicular, forming a deep cup, nar-
row at the bottom ; they are all, except those of the last cycle, which

center, according to their age, thus forming an irregular circle. Wall compact, glossy,
with slight, nearly equal, finely granulated costie.

Height of corallites -06 to 10 of an inch; diameter '10 to '13; distance between
them 15 to -30.

Ceylon, adhering to dead corals. — Museum of Yale College.

* Both of these fossil species belong to the subgenus, Casnangia, — see page 530.

«

Verrill, Notes on Radiata.

547

are more narrow, of nearly the same width, giving an even appearance
to the cavity of the cup ; they project slightly above the wall, about
•01 of an inch, in the form of narrow points, alternately larger and
smaller; the inner edges are thin, evenly and sharply dentate, the
sides strongly granulated, but not crowded together, the spaces be-
tween them being equal to their thickness, or even wider. The col-
umella is small, consisting of numerous even papillae, graduating into
the ';eeth at the base of the septa. Walls thin, granulated exteriorly,
with low, even costoe on the upper part, which mostly disappear
toward the base.

Diameter of cups -10 to '18 of an inch ; depth -06 to "10 ; height of
corallites usually about MO to -25, sometimes -40 to -55 of an inch.

Panama and Pearl Islands on the reefs, at low-water in pools;
Zoriitos, Peru; Acajutla; Realejo; La Union, San Salvador, com-
mon,— F. H. Bradley.

The following description, found among Mr. Bradley's notes, is
believed to apply to this species, for though no numbered specimen
was found corresponding to it, there is no other species in the Zorritos
collection to which it would apply : " Tentacles 80 or more, in two
■""equal rows ; those of the outer row deep pink, with whitish tips ;

.ose of the inner row greenish, with whitish tips. Those of the
outer row are about one-fourth as long as the diameter of the polyp,
and twice as long as the inner ones. Disk nearly transparent, green-
ish, with eight very deep pink lines radiating from the sides of the
elongated mouth."

Astrangia pulchella Verriii, op. cit., p. 331.

Coralla encrusting, consisting of patches of small, low, cylindrical
corallites, scattered at distances varying from less than their diameter
to more than a quarter inch, and connected together by a thin, calca-
reous, basal expansion, much like that of the preceding species, but
smoother and with only minute granulations Calicles shallow, coni-
cal, with a narrow center, their whole inner surface crowdedly papil-
lose, the papillae of the columella being confused with the teeth of the
septa, and very small. Septa twenty-four, projecting very slightly
above the wall, or not at all, narrow at the top but broad within, all
nearly equal, the edges evenly toothed, and the sides very strongly
and rooefhly granulated, so that the granules of adjacent septa often
touch, giving them a crowded appearance. Costse scarcely apparent,
even at the summit. Diamete; of the cups '08 to • 1 0 of an inch ; depth
•03 ; fc eight '05, sometimes more.

Panama and Pearl Islands, with the last, common, — F. H. Bradley.

628

Verrill, Notes on Radiata.

Astrangia oonoinna Verrin, op. cit, p. 331.

Plate IX, figure 5.

The coralla consist of clusters of broad, low, cylindrical corallites,
which are distant about their own diameter and connected by stolons
or a thin basal expansion. Calicles not so deep as wide, cup-shaped,
with a narrow papillose columella, forming the bottom. Septa from
thirty-six to fifty, subequal, the primaries often a little broader, and
those of the last cycle narrower than the rest. All are rounded at the
top, and finely toothed, but at ttte middle the inner edge becomes
more nearly perpendicular and has longer teeth, resembling pali, which
blend with the papillae of the columella, which are fine and numerous.
The tops of the septa are thin and project slightly above the wall, the
primaries most so. Their sides are not so strongly grunulai^^d as in
the preceding species, and they appear thinner a'uI less crowded.
Exterior granulated, slightly costate near the siimmit, often encrusted
with Bryozoa, etc., to near the top.

Diameter of cups "18 to '12 ; height "10 to "IS of an inch.

Panama and Pearl Islands, not common, — F. H. Bradley.

Resembles the last, but has much larger cells and more numerous
septa, which are not so strongly granulated.

Astrangia dentata Verriii, op. cit, p. 382.

Coralla forming clusters, encrusting rocks, similar to the last, with
cups of about the same size, but deeper and less open. Septa from
thirty-six to forty-eight, very unequal according, to their cycles, the
primaries being comparatively broad and rounded above, while those
of the last cycles are very narrow ; they are not crowded, being sepa-
rated by spaces equal to their thickness ; they project unequally,
the primaries about 02 of an inch, the others slightly. All the septa
are strongly and irregularly toothed, the principal ones especially so ;
the teeth on the upper part are rough and lacerate, those on the inner
part prominent, paliform, merging into those of the columella ; the
sides are rudely granulous. Columella rather small, concave, forming
the narrow bottom of the deep cells, covered by numerous, small,
crowded, rough papillae.

Walls thin, with subequal, low, thick, granulous costse, which often
extend on the surface of the basal expansion, and usually encrusted
nearly to the edge of the cups with sponge, etc. Color of the un-
bleached coral dark brown.

Height of corallites '20 to '30 ; diameter '15 to '20 ; depth about 'OS ;
some of the patches are two or three inches across.

.

I

Verrill, Notes on Eadiata.

529

I

Panama and Pearl Islands, at low-water mark in rocky pools, and
in 6 to 8 fathoms on base of Muricea, — F. H. Bradley ; Acajutla, San
Salvador, — F. H. Bradley ; Acapulco,— A. Agassiz ; La Paz, — J.
Pedersen.

This species resembles the preceding more than any other species,
but may easily be distinguished by the deeper calicles and more un-
equal sopta, which are more strongly toothed.

Astrangia costata Verriii, op. cit., p. 332.

Coralla consisting of from one to four, turbinate, rather high cor-
allitcs, surrounded by a very thin mural expansion, usually encrusting
dead shells. Cup circular, narrow and deep. Septa twenty-four to
thirty, the primaries wide, about one-fourth the diameter of cup,
rounded and subentire at the top, perpendicular and toothed within ;
the others similar, but successively narrower, with sharp teeth through-
out. The septa project very unequally, giving a notched appearance
to the margin of the cups. Walls very thin, with subequal, elevated
costae, which extend to the base and on the basal expansion. The
columella is very small, with few papillae. The septa within the cell are
thin and not crowded, the spaces between them being greater than
their thickness, giving them a loose appearance. Diameter of the
cups "08 to "10 of an inch; height '10 to '15.

Panama, on dead shells, in 6 to 8 fathoms, — F. H. Bradley.

This is very distinct from all the others and approaches PhyUangia.

Astrangia Pedersenii Veiriii, sp. nov.

Coralla composed of clusters of sub-turbinate corallites, connected
by thin stolon-like extensions, often arranged in Knear series radiating
from the center of the cluster, the outer ones oblique. Corallites not
crowded, the largest seldom more than a quarter of an inch high.
Calicles cup-shaped, narrow and deep at center, with a thin edge and
quite open interseptal spaces, which are about twice as broad as the
septa. Columella very narrow, papillose. Septa thin, unequal, about
30 in the largest calicles ; the primaries are about twice as wide as
the tertiaries, thin, a little exsert, the summit rounded and sharply
denticulate, the inner edge nearly perpendicular, with small, prominent,
paliform teeth toward the base ; secondaries similar but a little nar-
rower and less exert; those of the third and fourth cycles very thin
and narrow, very slightly exsert, the edge sloping from the narrow
summit and sharply denticulate. Walls covered with about 36, low,
nearly equal, rather distant, granulous costse, often encrusted with
nuUipore, etc.

M

m

Verrill, Notes on Hadiata.

r

I i

Some of the clusters are 2 inches across ; the ooraHites '05 to '26
apart; MO to "25 high ; '10 to '15 in diameter ; depth of cup 'OO to -10 ;
primaries about ^0^.^ broad ; '02 exsert.

La Paz, on base of Eugorgia nobilia^ in 4 to 6 lathoms, — J. Peder-
sen; Guaymas, on dead shells, — Dr. E. Palmer (Chicago Acad. Sci.).

This species resembles A. ILiiniei more than any of the other
Rpecies, owing to its deep open calicles, but is readily distinguished
by its decidedly costate exterior ; by the broader and more exsert
primary septa ; And especially by the fewer and quite unequal septa
and wide intersejttal chambers.

.^; "■«";-

Subgenus, COBnangia "Verrill.

Corallites united together laterally, forming small, Astriea-like,
encrusting masses, sometimes rising into lobes in the middle. Cnli-
cles angular and crowded. Septa without distinct paliform teeth
at base, those of the last cycles curved towards and usually united to
those of the preceding cycles. Columella small or moderate, scarcely
papillose, composed of contorted processes originating from the septa.
Budding takes place mostly in the angles between the corallites, both
around the margin and in the central parts.

Besides the following species this group includes A. hella and A.
Marylandica (Conrad sp.), from the later tertiaries of the eastern
coast of the United States. A. Danoe Ag. from the Virginian fauna,
and A. astrmiformia E. and H., from the Carolinian fauna, are inter-
mediate between this sub-genus and the typical species, in mode of
growth. , , , , .- ....

Astrangia (Coenangia^ conferta Verriii, sp. nov. , ■..

Coralla encrusting, forming Astraja-like crusts with an uneven surface,
two or three inches broad and about a third of an inch thick in the
middle, consisting of crowded prismatic corallites, intimately united
together throughout their whole length. Calicles deep, narrow at
bottom, angular, often oblique and expanded on one side, the adjacent
ones separated only by a thin, sharp wall ; interseptal spaces rather
wide, double the thickness of the septa. Columella small, composed
of rough, irregular, oblique, transverse, and more or less contorted
lamellae, arising from the inner edges of the septa, the upper sur-
face more or less roughened with small granules, but not papillose.
Septa snbequal, in three cycles, usually 24 in the largest cells, all of
them thin, very narrow at the top, the edge sloping to the columella
or somewhat concave, sharply and roughly denticulate throughout,
without distinct paliform teeth at base, the sides with few, very scat-

H

\

Verrill, Notes on liadiata.

631

■■%■

St.

'4.

\

tered, small, rough grantiles ; primHrics a little broader and more
exsert than the others ; tertiarieH curved toward and mostly united to
the secondaries, about midway between the margin and center.
Summit of the walls between the calides thin, rough with the project-
ing ends of the septa. The yoimg corallites arise chiefly by budding
between the angles of the older cells, both in the central parts and
around the margin, where the calides are oblique and strongly aj)-
pressed to the surface.

The larger specimens are about three inches across ; thickness vary-
ing from "IS to '30 of an inch; diameter of the largest calicles about
•20; depth -08 to -12.

Gulf of California, — J. Pedersen ; Guaymas on dead shells of
StroDibus f/racilior, etc , — Dr. E. Palmer (Chicago Acad. Science).
.'This species is more nearly allied to A. Maryktndica and A. bella
than to any known living species. The former differs, however, in
having but 12 distinct septa and very wide interseptal chambers; the
walls are thicker; the septa have smaller lateral granules and more
regular teeth ; and the columella is less developed. The mode of
growth and union of the corallites is the same. A. bella has the same
number of septa (24). but those of the different cycles are quite
unequal. It also has considerable resemblance to A, Dance and A.
astneiformis of the Atlantic coast of the United States, but these
have papillose columellse and usually 36 septa, which are closer to-
gether, not so strongly granulous, and more evenly toothed, while
the calicles are more circular and the corallites are generally free
laterally, to some extent, and mostly rise above the intervening sur-
face of the coenenchyma.

The close relations of this species to the fossil and recent species of
the temperate coasts on the Atlantic side, together with the occurrence
of certain shells that are apparently identical in the two regions, bit
found neither in the arctic nor in the tropical regions {JPetricolu pho-
tadiformia, etc.), is very suggestive of a former connection, perhaps
in early tertiary times, between the two oceans, through the temperate
parts of North America. ^'€", •,-'**;: / - '. ' • '.^

Phyllangia Edw. and Haime.

PhyUangia Milne-Edwards and J. Haime, Comptes-rendus de I'Acad. des Sci., xxvii, p.
497, 1848; Ann. de8 Sci. nat., 3" aer., xii, p. 181, 1849; Coralllaires, ii, p. 616, 1867.

Coralla encrusting, consisting of clusters of moderately large,
turbinate corallites, which arise by budding from a thin, spreading
expansion of the basal part of the wall of the parent corallites. The

632

Verrill, Notes on Radiata.

oalicles are nearly circular uiiIchs crowded, — though often appressed
while young, — and deep at the center. Columella often rudimentary,
wlu-n most developed comjiosed of rough, irregular, twisted and con-
torted processes, arising from the inner portion of the septa and
uniting at the center, with a ragged upper surface. Septa very un-
equal, forming three or four cycles, the fifth sometimes imperfectly
developed in some of the systems ; the primaries and secondaries
much the broadest and most exsert, with the sutnmits ■ ioad and en-
tire, or but slightly denticulated ; within, toward the base, thin and
usually narrowed and then expanded again into a slightly marked
paliform lobe, the sides strongly granulated ; tertiaries narrow at
summit and slightly exsert, the edge strongly denvkculated ; those of
the fourth and fifth cycles narrow and thin, with denti'nil vted edges,
those of the fourth often joining the tertiaries Walls and basal
expansion naked. Costas usually well developed. Tli" transverse
dissepiments are few and simple.

This genus differs from Aatrangia chiefly in the deiper oalicles,
rudimentary and contorted columella, and in the very exsert, sub-
entire primary and secondary septa.

■*■■ ; - \ ':

Phyllangia dispersa VerriU. , (i

Fhyllangia diapersa Verrill, Bulletin Mugeum of Pomp. Zoology, i. p. 47, 1864; Pro-
ceedings Boston Soc., vol. x, p. 332, 18G6.

Plate IX, figures 3, 3\

Corallites cylindrical or turbinate, very unequal, varying in height
from '10 to '40, and in diameter from -20 to "30 of an inch, and either
close together or scattered at distances of '30 to '60 of an inch, but
connected together by a continuous expansion from the enlarged ba-
sal portion of the walls. This is generally rather thin, though some-
times forming crusts two or three inches broad, the surface is granulous
and the costse of the walls extend over it in the vicinity of the cor-
allites, gradually fading out as they recede. The walls are compact,
finely granulous, covered with low, rounded, unequal costaj, those
corresponding to the principal septa often becoming cristiform and
denticulate toward the summit. Oalicles deep at center, with con-
spicuous, deep interseptal chambers, giving an open appearance.
Septa very unequal ; the primaries are broad, much exsert (about '10
of an inch), somewhat recurved outwardly, the inner edge usually
perpendicular or overarching, the end broadly rounded, sometimes
arcuate, entire or minutely denticulate, thin at the inner edge, thick-
ened outwardly ; the inner edge usually recedes toward the base, which

'

'

Verritt, Notes on Radiata.

633

,■,1

;■': *•■

^

often risefl inl') a slight, denticnliited palit'orm loho, before joining the
cohimella procesBOH ; the »eooTi<laries are Nimihir, in adult coralliteH, hut
are consideraMy narrower and only rise about two thinls as high
above the margin of the wall ; the tertiaries are Htrongly denticulate
and very thin, narrow in their upper part, and project but slightly
above the wall, btjt the basal portion is broad and usually joins the
columella, or unites with the secondaries before reaching it ; those of
the fourth cycle, and of the fifth when present, are very thin and
narrow, scarcely exsert, exteriorly usually united laterally to those of
the principal cycles, with the Inner edges sometimes united to the
tertiaries. All the septa have their sides covered with sharp grainila-
tions. Columella often rudimentary, while in other ccrallitcB of the
same cluster it is pretty well developed, though occupying a small
area (usually less than a fourth of the diameter of the calicle), it is
composed of coarse, rough, contorted processes, originating from the
inner edges of the septa, with irregular openings and a rough uneven
surface. • ■ • »»• : • ' < - - :' i ' ; i

Panama and Pearl Islands, on rocks in pools at low-water mark,
and on the base oi' Muricea in 6 fathoms, — F. H. Bradley; Panama, —
A. Agasisz; Gulf of Nicoya, — J. A. McNiel.

Ulangia Edw. and Haime.

Oulangia ililne-Edwards and J. Hnime, Comptes-rendus de I'Acad. des Sci., xxvii,

p. 497, 1848; Aniiales dea Sci., nat., 3* sor., xii, p. 182, 1849.
Ula gia Edw. and H., Coralliaires, vol. ii, p. 617, 1867. ... : .;.;

Coralla, so far as obst-rved, simple, consisting of solitary coralUtes
distantly scattered over uead shells, stones, etc., without any apparent
connection, or entirely isolated. The corallites are low, broad, sub-
circular, and unusually large for the family. The calioles are mod-
erately deep, or shallow, with a broad bottom occupied by a well-
developed papillose columella. Septa numerous, usually in five com-
plete cycles, unequal, all with sharply granulops sides, with the inner
portion divided into numerous small prominent teeth, which blend
with the papillae of the columella. The primary and secondary septa
are much broader and more elevated in their outer part, with broadly-
rounded summits, which are usually subentire, but sometimes incised ;
the other septa are all strongly denticulate at summit ; those of the
last cycle very narrow and thin. The wall is covered at base with an
imperfect epitheca and usually much encrusted with Bryozoa, Nulli-
pora, etc, ; above this it is naked and more or less costate. The
transverse dissepiments are few and oblique, close to the base. v

534

V" nil, Nbtea on Hadiata.

I 1

I

h^

m

mu

This genus is like a gigantic Aetrangia, except that the corallites
are, npp.arentiy, always quite separate, and the principal septa are
usually more nearly entire at the summit. Phyllangia has a smaller
columella, which is not papillose, and the septa arc fewer, narro^v, and
very exsert, with nearly entire edges, while the calicles are narrow
and deep.

The following and U. Stokesiana Edw. and Haime, from the Phil-
ippines, are the only species known.

Ulangia Bradleyi Verriii.

Dlangia Bralkyi Yernll, P ■'^edings Boston See. of Natural History, x, p. 333, 1866.

Plate IX, figure 10.

Corallites low, broad, subcircular or elliptical, with the basa as
broad as the margin, generally quite isolated, sometimes two or more
are placed 1*5 to 3 inches ay^art, which weie, possibly, once connected
by a thin, or entirely soft, hasal expansion, chat has since disappe-ired.
Calicle generally quite shallovr, soinet'mes moderately de^-p and cup-
shaped. Columella well developed, but not large, usually occupying-
less than a quarter of the breadth of the calicle, its surface crowdedly
covered with small prominent, spinulose papillaj, which blend insensi-
bly with the similar, rough, papilliform teeth, arising firom the inner
edges of the septa ; the surface of the columella is UBually concave.
Septa in five complete cycles ; those of the fifth are mostly quite nar-
row, 'tin, lacerately toothed j all others have the outer part suddenly
rising aud more or less exsert, iucording to their cycles, the inner
portion thin, gradually sloping inward and 8or.ietime8, in large speci-
rcons, almost horizontnl, most of them extending inward to tie
columella, but many of thjse of the fourth cycle joining those of l,he
third before reaching the columella; all have the sides covered with
small, sharp, nine-like granules, and the inner poi'tion with the edge
divided into prominent, mugh, papilliform teeth ; the primaries are a
little thicker than the rest, and broader throughout, the outer portion
rising almost perpendicularly from the inner, broadly rounded or
subtruncate at summit, considerably exsert, the edge subenrjre or
minutely denticulate, rarely deeply incised; the secondaries! are
similar to the priii.ar'es, but a little thinner and narrower, Avith the
outer portion somewhat less exser*; and the edge more frequent!^
',.iotlied ; the tei<:iarie8 are considerably narrower than the secondaries,
with the outer portion narrow and less distinct from the inner, only
slightly exsert, and deeply divided into sharp, or rough, lacerate and
blunt teeth ; those of the fourth cycle are similar to those of the

Ji

Verrillf Notes on JRadiata.

636

third, but a little narrower and less exsert, with the edges still more
rough and lacerated. The wall is thin, usually covered nearly and
sometimes quite to the summit with an epitheca, which is thickly
encrusted below, but usually has a distinct, thin upper edge, above
this the wall is usually feebly costate, the costse and outer edges of
septa roughly granulous or denticulate. In a vertical section the
septa are roughly granulous. and perforated near the inner margin with
irregular, rounded openings ; the dissepliuents are few and confined
to the basal portion, irregular, and quite oblique. In a transverse
section near the base the interseptal 'jhambera are divided by two or
three of the oblique dissepiments.

One of the largest specimens is -63 of an inch broad ; "25 high to
edge of cup; the primary septa "06 exsert; the cup *12 deep; the
columella "10 broad. Another specimen is '56 broad ; '34 high, to
margin ; the cup •28 deep ; the primary septa '05 exsert. An ellipti-
cal one is "50 by -40 in diameter ; -30 high ; the primary septu "06
exsert; the cup '15 deep; the columella about MO broad. The largest
specimen is "85 broad at base ; while the calicle is but "65 broad and
•20 deep,

Panama, in rocky pools at low-water mark, and Pearl Islands
on the bases of Gorgonioe and on Spondyli in 6 to 8 fathoms, — F. H.
Bradlev.

Family, Cabyophtllid^ Verrill.

Tm-bimUdix (pars) Edwards andllaimo, Annales des Sci. nat, 3^ aer., ix, p. 211, 1848 ;

CoralliaireH, ii, p. 1, 1857.
Cfyathince Bdw. anf'. Haime, Annales des Sci, uat., ix, p. 285, 1848.
GaryopJiyUince Edw. and Haime, Coralliaires, ii, p. 9, 1857.

Coralla always simple at maturity.* Calicles cup-shaped, mostly
circular or elliptical. Septa rather numerous, in several unequal
cycles, with the edges entire or nearly so, except at the inner edge,
which is sometimes divided into paliform teeth. One or more cycles
of pali in front of the septa. Inters'jptal chambers open from the
bottom. Transverse dissepiments rudimentary or wanting.

The Turbinolidoe. of Edwards and Haime, united chiefly by the
negative character of lacking dissepiments, do not appear to consti-
tute a homogeneous group. Some of the genera, like Flabellum,
RhizotrocJms, Placotrochtis, etc., seem to be most nearly allied to

--/,'

* According to Mrs. Thyrao (Annals and Mag. Natural History, iii, p. 449, 18 )9),
Caryojjhyllia Smithii undergoen repeatedly, while still young, complete flssiparity, tJie
resulting portion ' becoming entirely freo and circular. This remarltable observation
needs confirmation, however.

Tkans. Connecticut Aoad., Vol. I. 4$ D^o., 1870.

mmmmt

586

Verrill, Notes on Radiata.

ii \

li!

tf f-

the simple Eumiilidm ( JVochosmiliaceai E. and H.). The soft parts
of Flabellum, so far as known, agree more closely with those of
the IPuamilidiJB than with those of Caryophyllia and Paracyathtis,
while in this respect the latter genera agree very closely with the
Astrangidce, to some of which, indeed, they are evidently closely
allied. Syndepas Lyman, and Phyllangia E. and H., so closely
resemble some of the Caryophyllidoi that, did they not form basal
stolons, they might readily be taken for members of that family.
The corallites of some of the Oculinidce {Lophohelia etc.), also closely
•resemble some of the Turbinolidce. I have, therefore, thought it
best for the present to divide the group into two families, correspond-
ing to the subfamilies of Edwards and Haime, although, when the
living polyps shall have been carefully studied in all the recent genera,
it may be found that the families are not correctly limited.

The genera of which the relations are most in doubt, are the typical
Tarbinolince of Edwards and Haime {Turbinolia, Sphenotrochits,
Dlscotrochua, Desniophyllum, etc.). It is possible that these belong
with GaryophyUidce to the Oculinacea, while the Flabdlinoe may
alone belong to the Astrmacea near Emmilidce. This cannot be
determined satisfactorily until the living polyps of some of these
genera have been thoroughly studied.

Paracyathus Edw. and Haime.

Paracyathus Edwards and Haime, Ann. des Sci. nat., 3 s^r., ix, p. 318, 1848;
Coralliaires, ii, p. 62, 1857.

Corallum cylindrical or turbinate, attached by a broad, expanded
base Wall naked, costulate. Calicle cup-shaped. Septa numerous,
in four or five cycles, unequrii, the summits rounded and little exsert.
Columella concave, composed of prominent, elongated, papilliform
processes, connected with the internal edges of the septa. Pali
numerous, in several series at unequal distances from the center, those
of the primary cycle farthest; inward ; they arise from the inner
edges of the septa of all the cycles except the last, or next to the
last,* and are similar to the processes of the columella.

* According to Edwards nnd Kaini? they exist before the septa of all the cycles,
except the next to the last, and those are larger which belong to the younger cycles.
But in the three following, and mony other species, they exist before all the septa
except those of the last cycle, and those in front of the primaries are largest Even
in the figure of P. Stokesii by Edwards and Haime, pali are wanting only in front of
the last oyde of septa.

J '

'

Verrill, JVotes on Radiata.

537

'M

•

Paracyathus caltha Verrill. .vv; ii'- . . '.

Paracyathus Caltha Verrill, Proc. Boston Soo. Nat. History, xii, p. 394, 1869.

Plate IX, figures 9, 9\

Corallum turbinate, with an expanding base ; pedicle about one-
half the width of the summit. Costae corresponding to all the septa,
prominent near the margin of the cup and dentate ; below represented
only by lines of granules. Calicle cup-shaped, elliptical with flattened
sides, the ratio of the axes as 100 : 140; the summit of the longer axis is
somewhat lower than that of the shorter. Septa in five regular cycles ;
those of the first and second subequal, rather broad and stout, thick-
ened uniforinly, rounded at ^he summits, projecting about '02 of an
inch, fiiioiy granulated on the sides. The other septa are equidistant
and 'diminish regularly in width and height, the last being thin and
narrow. Columella formed by numerous stout, styliform processes,
rounded at tip, not crowded. Tlic ^iali are similar in size, but more
prominent and flattened, increasing in height as the septa diminish,
their inner edges denticulate. They are present before all the septa
except those of the fifth cycle.

Height of largest specimen "50 of an inch ; diameter '46 by *32 ;
depth of cup "20 of an inch.

Monterey, California, — J. Xantus, (Museums of Smithsonian In.
Btitution and Yale College).

Paracyathus Stearnsii Ven-m, op. dt., p. 393.

Corallum with an expanded base, above which it is somewhat con-
stricted, and then expands rapidly to the edge of the broad, shallow
cup, which is bi*oad-oval in form, the edge bent into slight lobes or
undulations. Exterior of the wall with very numerous, prominent
subequal, scabrous costa;, which extend from the summit to the outer
edge of the base ; on the basal portion three or five smaller ones often
alternate with one more prominent ; toward the summit some of them
have a tendency to rise into crests ; all are covered with several series
of small, sha' p granulations, similar to those on the sides of the septa.
Five complete cycles of septa, with some small ones in some of the
systems belonging to the sixth cycle, so that the whole number is
about one hundred and twenty. The primary and secondary septa
are considerably broader than the others, broadly rounded and some
what exsert at summit, narrowed toward the base and divided into
two or three unequal, broad, stout, paliform teeth, which are rough
and lacerately spinuloce at summit, and covered on the sides with
coarse, rough granulations. The septa of the two succeeding cycles

ill

538

VerriU, Notes on Badiata.

are successively narrower, thinuer, and less exsert, "with similar but
smaller, rough, paliform teeth. The septa of the fifth cycle are nar-
row and destitute of pali. Columella small, papillose, the papill8B
numerous, slender, prominent, lacerately spinulose at summit.
" Height "60 ; diameter of narrowest part '38 by '50 ; diameter of
cup '50 by "72 ; depth of cup '25 of an inch.
-• Monterey, California, — Robert E. C. Steams. One specimen.

Paracyathus humilis Vemii, sp. nov.

Corallum small, cylindrical, about as wide at base as summit. Wall
thin, feebly costate, except near the margin of the cnp, where the
costsB become thinner, more elevated, and granulous. Calicle rather
shallow, with a sunken center. Columella small, composed of rather
open, contorted processes, with an irregular, papillose surface. Septa
in four cycles ; the primaries and secondaries subequal, with the inner
edge perpendicular and the summits broadly rounded and considera-
bly exsert; those of the third and fourth cycles much thinner and nar-
rower, and very little exsert ; all the septa have their sides strongly
and roughly granulated. Pali prominent and rather slender, subequal,
a few of them divided into two parts, most of them with irregular
sides from which are developed small rough lobes, projecting in various
directions. There are no pali in front of the 8e])ta of the fourth cycle.

Height of the largest specimen "20; breadth -22; depth of calicle
•07 ; the primary septa are "06 broad and project "05 ; diameter of the
columella '06 of an inch.
. Pearl Islands, — F. H. Bradley. /

f! BathycyathuS Edw. and Haime.

' ^ Bathyq/athua M. Edw. and J. Haime, Ann. des Sci. naturelles, 3^ s^r., ix, p. 294,
1848; Coralliaires, li, p. 22, 1867.

Corallum simple, elongated, attached by a broad base. Costse fine,
close, and simple. Calicle elliptical, very deep. Columella slightly
developed, composed of irregular processes. Septa well developed, in
five cycles (in the known species) ; those of the last cycle more devel-
oped than those of the preceding one, towards which they closely
approach exteriorly; primaries and secondaries about equal. Pali
narrow and elevated, in a single circle around the columella.

Two species of this genus, besides the following, are known:
B. Indicus Edw. and H. is from the Island of Juan Fernandez, at the
depth of 80 fathoms ; JEf. Sowerbyi Edw. and H. is from the upper
Cretaceous green-sand, Wiltshire, England.

Verrill, Notes on Radiata.

680

\\

Bathycyathus Chilensis Edw. and Haime.

Annales des ScL nat., 3e ser., ix, p. 294, PI. 9, flg. 5, 1848 ; Coralliaires, ii, p. 23, 1867.

Corallura with the calicle subelliptical ; the ratio of the axes as
100 : 166; the summits of the small axis a little reentrant and more
elevated than those of the large axis, which are rounded. Columella
oblong, reduced. Septa very close, very little thickened externally
and becoming very thin within, with the faces covered with numerous,
very fine grains, disposed in series parallel to the edge. Pali very
thin, covered with extremely prominent grains, with the internal edge
a little flexuous. — (Edw. and Haime).

Height, •40""" ; larger axis of the calicle, '25 ; smaller, -IS ; depth
of fossette, "IS.

Coast of Chili, — Gay. ■ ^j .J

Family, Turbinolid^ Edw. and Haime (restricted).

TurbinoliniB Edw. and Haime, Ann. des Sci. nat, ix, p. 235 ; Coralliaries, ii, p. 95,
1857.

The genera referred to this group are distingiiiaed by the entire
absence of pali, and generally by the very open appearance of the
chambers between the septa. It includes two groups, or sub-families,
already referred to on page 536 : the 2\irbln<>liHce, in which there is
no epitheca and the calicles are generally circular ; and FlabellinoB, in
which the wall is complete' y covered by a pelicle-like epitheca, and
in which the calicles are usually elliptical.

Desmophyllum Ehrenberg.
DesmophyUum Ehrenberg, Corall. des rothen Meores, p. 75, 1834; Edw. and Haime;
Ann. des Sci. nat., ix, p. 262, 1848; Coralliaires, ii, p. 76, 1857.

Corallum simple, elevated, attached by an encrusting base. Wall
naked, usually smooth below and costate or crested near the summit.
Calicle very deep at center, without a columella. Septa broad, much
exsert, generally curved outward.

This genus includes several living species from the West Indies ;
Mediterranean ; Atlantic coasts of Europe ; Japan ; and the following
from South America. It also occurs in the Miocene of southern
Europe.

Desmophyllum Cumingii Edw. and HHimo.

Desmophyllum Cumingii Edw. und Haime, Ann. des Sci. nat., 3* ser., ix. p. 254, PI.
7, fig. 11, 1848; Coralliaries, ii, p. 77, 1857.

This species differs from D. criatagalli in this that it is much less
elongated, and fixed by a large and scarcely curved base. Ratio of

I;

1

ii 1:

640

Verrill, Notes on Radiata.

the axes as 100 : 157. The septa are proportionally less projecting,
and one can distinguish on their sides lines of fine and very scattered
grains, parallel to the superior edge ; the fosette of the calicle la still
more narrow. '

Height, 40 millim.; longer axis of the calicle, 20; smaller axis,
19; the primary septa project 5.— (Edw. and Haime).

Pacific! coast of South America, — H. Cuming,

This species I have not seen, and therefore reproduce the descrip-
tion given by Edwards and Haime.

As it was collected by Mr. Hugh Curbing, it probably belongs to
the Pan amian fauna. ^ i^ •■;';;.■..; .;

'■'■■ . .■■■'''■''' ^;''''i"''* "■-

, ■ '■' ' . ' . '.' ; ' ■'. ■ ■ 'I ■ \/' '

Suborder, FUNGACEA Verrill. " '

f\ingidoB (family) Edw. and Haime, Corall., iii. p. 1 ; + Merulinacece (tnfae) op. cit., ii,
p. 627 ; + Echinoporinoe (subfamily) op. cit., p. 621 ; + Siderastrcua , and some other
genera referred to Aatraidce.

Fungacea YeT\iil, Proceedings Essex Institute, iv, p. 146, 18()6; American Journal
of Science, vo). xl, p. 128, 1865.

Polyps short and broad, not exsert, either simple, or becoming com-
pound by marginal budding, rarely by fissiparity; in compound
species the in ivi^ual polyps are usually not clearly separated by
definite walls, the septa of adjacent cells blending. Tentacles various
in number and form, usually short and lobe-like, or bilobed, often
rudimentary or wanting. Coralla generally broad and low, in com-
P' und species usually foliaceous or encrusting, the growth chiefly
centrifugal, the septal system composing the chief part of the coral.
Walls imperfectly developed, often rudimentaiy or wanting, when
present usually forming the basal or attached portion. Interseptal
chambers generally open from top to bottom, though mostly partially
interrupted by transverse bare or trabiculai, which unite adjacent
septa; but sometimes crossed by well formed dissepiments, as in
Pavonia and SideraMro>a.

•;■' ?#':'^

;■, Mi.. I Family, FuNGiD-« Dana (restricted).

PungidcB (pars) Dana, Zoopiiytes U. S. Expl. Exp., p. 283, 1846.

Fungince (subfamily) Edw. and Haime, Ann. des Sci. nat., 3^ sfir., xv, p. 76, 1861 ;

Coralliaires, iii, p. 4, 1 860.
fkmgidce Verrill, Proc. Essex Inst, iv, p. 146, 1865. ■ •«•

■; Coralla simple or compound, free or attached, low and broad,
the compound forms often foliaceous. Walls basal, little developed,
often strongly costate, perforated by irregu ar openings, destitute of

Verr ill, Notes on Radiata.

epitheca. Septa dentate, low, widely spreading, in simple species very
numerous, in compound ones often but few. Interseptal chambers
crossed by transverse trabiculae. Costae echinulate, often spinose. . .

In some compound genera the polyps are of two or more kinds, the
lateral or secondary ones often very imperfectly developed, but the
central, primary polyp, even in these, has the essential structure of
the typical forms.

Fungia {para) Lamarck, Syst. dea aniraaux sans vert, p. 369 1801 ; Hist. Anitn. sans
vert., ii, p. 236. 1816 ; 2n<i ed., p. 369, 1836; Ehrenberg, Corall.des rotheii Meere--,
p. 48, 1834.

Fungia Dana, Zoophytes U. S. ExpL Exp., p. 287, 1846 ; Edw. and Haimo, Ann. dea
Sci. nat, 3es(^r, xv, p. 76, 1851 ; Coralliaries, iii, p. 5, 1860.

Corallum simple, circular or nearly so, while young turbinate and
attached by a narrow base; the outer margin growing outward
rapidly and becoming horizontal or revolute, the pedicle breaks off
and the coral afterward remains free, resting upon the flat or concave
basal surface, formed by the wall, which in life is completely covered
by a lime-secreting membrane, by which the scar of adherence is soon
obliterated. Wall more or less perforated by irregular openings,
especially near the margin, covered with radiating costae, which are
denticulate or even spinose. Septa very numerous, unequal; tlie
principal ones high and thickened near the central fosette, those of
the later cycles broadest near the margin, becoming thin and uniting
together toward their inner edges, usually with a more or leas marked
tentacular tooth at the points where they become narrower. Central
fosette small. Columella little developed, trabicular.

This genus is represented by many large and fine species, several of
them becoming more than a foot in diameter, in the Indo-Pacifio
fauna. These species abound in the shallow lagoons of the Feejee
and Society Islands, Kingsmills, Phillipines, and throughout the tro])!-
cal parts of the central Pacific and Indian Oceans, extending on the
coast of Africa from Zanzibar to the coral reefs of the lied Sea. In
the Atlantic Ocean none have hitherto been found, unless a small un-
desoribed species, dredged by Mr. Pourtales, of the U. S. Coast Sur-
vey, at a orreat depth between Florida and Cuba, really belongs to
this genus.

The following is remarkable as the only species hitherto discovered
on the Pacific coast of America. It appears to be very local in its
habitat, having been as yet found only at one small island. -

i

642

Verrill, Notes on JRadiata.

I

Fungia elegans Verriii.

Fungia eky ma VerriU, Amer. Journal of Science, 2d ser, xlix, p. 100, Jan. 1870.
Plate X, figures 1 and 2.

Corallum, when young, regular and round, often becoming slightly
oval ; when adult, usually more or less angular, the edge plicated,
forming six to twelve lobes. The upper surface becomes very convex
in mature specimens and the lower surface deeply concave and
covered with very numerous, fine, subequal, elevated costse, which are
finely dentate on the outer half, becoming nearly entire and very faint
toward the center, which usually shows the scar, where it was at-
tached when young. Septa thick and rather crowded, very unequal,
the six primaries very prominent and thick at the inner end ; those of
succeeding cycles successively shorter and less elevated. Edges of
septa unevenly crenulate, or finely dentate. Columella slightly de-
veloped, loosely spongy ; median fosette small, narrow, elongated; the
two septa in the direction of its longer diameter much less elevated
and thinner than the rest. Trabiculse stout, conspicuous, often coales-
cing into continuous transverse plates.

The smallest unattached specimens are "90 of an inch broad by "SS
high; ordinary specimens are about 190 broad by 1"10 high; some
of the largest 2-25 by 1-16 ; 2-35 by 1-20 ; 2'40 by 1-26 ; 2-56 by I'll.

Near La Paz, — J. Pedersen.

Of this small but very interesting species Capt. Pedersen has sent
more than one hundred specimens, all of which came fi-om a single
locality.

Family, AaARiciD^ VerrilL

Fungidce (pars) Dana, Zoophytes U. S. Bxpl. Exp., p. 283, 1846.

LopJioaerincB Edw. and Hairae, Comptes-rendus de I'Acad. des Sci., xxix, p. 71, 1849.

LophoseriruB (pars) Edw. and Haime, Ann. des Sci. nat, 3" ser., xv, p. 101, 1851;

Coralliaires, iii, p. 35, 1860.
L'fphoserida Verrill, Proc. Essex Inst, iv, p. 146, 1865.

Coralla simple or compound. Wall, and basal disk of compound
species, compact, imperforate, costate, Costse generally nearly equal,
seldom echinulate or dentate. Septa compact, usually few, low, pro-
longed outwardly, extending between adjacent cells. In compound
species the coral is generally encrusting, or thin and foliaceous, the
polyps covering one or both sides of the foliae, and budding chiefly
around the margins, from the prolonged septal systems. The cells are
not separated by definite walls. In some genera, however, like Pavo-
ni% and Sideraatrcea, the coral forms more or less thickened plates, or
even globular masses, while the interseptal chambers have transve-Je
dissepiments, as well as trabiculse.

u

0

0

v
a
1

s

Verrill, Notes on Radiata.

648

Since Lophoaeria is a late synonym of Pavonia it is undesirable to
use it for the derivation of the family name. Pavonidee is in use in
onuthology.

Pavonia Lamarck. : - . i'^

Pavonia (pars) Lamarck, Syst. des animaux sans vert., p. 312, 1801 ; Hist. nat. dos

anim. Siins vert., ii, p. 238, 1816; 2nd edit., ii, p. 876.
Pavonia Ehrenberg, Corall. des rothen Meeres, p. 104, 1834; Dana, Zoophjrtes U. S.

Expl. Exp., p. 319, 1846.
Lophoaeris Edw. and Haime, Comptea-rondus de I'Acad. des 8ci., xxix, p. 12, 1849;

Ann. des Sci. nat., 3* s^r., xv, p. 121, 1861; Coralliaires, iii, p. 65, 1860.
Pavonia Verrill, Bulletin Mus. Comp. Zoology, i, p. 64, 1864; Proc. Essex Inst., v,

p. 45, 1866.

Coralla compound, adherent, encrusting or foliaceous, generally
with rising crests, folia), or lobes of various kinds ; sometimes thick
and massive, often thin and delicate. The foliaceous forms usually
have both suri'aces covered with polyps, but some of the horizontally
spreading species are foliaceous near the odge, with polyps only on
the upper side, the lowet side being naked and finely costulate.
Polyp-cells scattered, clearly defined, but not separated by distinct
walls, the adjacent ones united by prolongations of the septa.

Columella tubercular, soraetime^i rudimentary. Septa few, gene-
rally more or less thickened. Dissepiments, in the thick species, well
developed; in the thinner ones represented only by trabiculse.

The name, Pavonia, was rejected by Edwards and Haime because
Hubner used it among insects in 1816, but they overlooked the fiact
that the genus was first established in the earlier work of Lamarck,
published in 1801.

This genus has nearly the same distribution as Fungia. It is found
throughout the tropical regions of the Pacific and Indian Oceans,
from the west coast of America to the east coast of Africa, and from
the Hawaiian Islands, Southern Japan, Hong Kong, and the Red Sea
on the north, to Australia and Zanzibar on the south. It is repre-
sented in this great area by many species. No species has yet been
found in the Atlantic Ocean, where it is replaced by Agaricia. , „-

Pavonia gigantea Verrill. '^

Pavonia gigantea Verrill, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist, xii, p. 394, 1869.

Plate IX, figure 7.

Corallum very large, thick, encrusting, near the edges often some-
what free ; upper surface nearly flat or variously undulated and un-
even, covered with large, distant, stellate cells, which are either irreg-
ularly scattered, or sometimes in somewhat regular rows for a short

B44

VerriU^ Notes on Rndiata,

1 t

w

distance, and in the latter case contiguous laterally, but the rows are
separated by spaces equal to once or twice the diameter of the cellH,
which are united by very prominent aepto-costal lamelhe. In the
largest cells there are UHually twenty-four septa, in three regular cycles,
often twelve, sometimes only eight or ten, and frequently irregular
numbers, between twelve and twenty-six, but in all canes they are
alternately large and small. The larger septa are very stout, much
thickened at the margin, tapering to a sharp edge within, the Hides
and edge roughly granulous ; the costal part is very prominent, thick*
but less so than the marginal part, sharp-edged, and almost always
continuous with one of the large septa of an adjacent cell. The
alternating small ' pta are not more than half as wide, thin, much
less prominent, shj, ily thickened at the margin, and extend as thin
costal lamelhe between the much thicker and more prominent primary
ones to adjacent cells, but they are often interrupted and variously
branched. Stout <;rabicul8B are often visible at the surface between
the costal lamelloe. Columella represented by a small central tubercle,
which is often wttnting, and a deeper, large, solid portion, which fills the
center of the cell below, and unites with the inner edges of the sept^^.
The endotheca consists of distinct, regular, thin, nearly horizontal,
transverse septa, as in many Astrseans ; these are about '03 to "05 of
an inch apart in the same interseptal chamber, as seen in a vertical
section. The radiating septa are solid and continuous.

The largest specimen is n early three feet long, two feet broad, and
eight inches thick in the middle ; diameter of cells mostly '08 to '12 ;
distance between them, in the direction of the costal plates, generally
•10 to '16 of an inch.

Pearl Islands,— F. H. Bradley.

It was brought from seven fathoms by Mr. Clarke, a pearl collector
who gave great assistance to Mr. Bradley while making his collections.

■t-fi

}

>'f

■H:

i I

Pavonia clivosa Vemii, op. cit, p. 395.

^late IX, figure 8.

Corallum thick and massive, lobed, or rising into very large rounded
eminences or oblong ridges, thickly covered with stellate cells, which
are smaller and nearer together than in the preceding species. Cells
mostly uniformly 8cat.,ered, often closely crowded and contiguous on
the summits of the prominences, usually separated on other parts at
distances about equal to their own diameter. Septa generally from
sixteen to twenty-four, alternately larger and smaller ; the larger ones
rather thin, only little thickened even at the margin, roughly granu-
lous on the sides ; their costal prolongations elevated and rather thin.

V^

im}i%-

!

VerriU, A^ote* on Radia(a,

S4S

•/

urn:'

Smaller aepta about half as wide, a little tliinner and less elevated, as
are also their costal' prolongivrions. Columella a stnall tubercle, often
prominent, sometimes flattened. Internal Htructure as in the preced-
ing, but the transverse 8e|)ta are nearer togetlier.

The largest specimens are ten inches to two feet in diameter; and
often a foot thick or high ; some of the prominences or lobes are from
four to six inches in diameter, and nearly as high ; diameter of cells
mostly '05 to "06 ; distance between them ordinarily -06 to '08.

Pearl Islands, at extreme low-water of spring tides, — F. II. Bradley.

Stephanaria Vorriii.

3tephanocora "Verrill, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. History, vol. x, p. 330, 1 866, (nou Khron-

berf?).
Stephtmaria Verrill, Transactions Conn. Acad, i, p. 340. 1867.

Coralla compound, consisting of irregular short, lobe-like branches.
Cells moderately large, with two or three cycles of septa, which
are denticulate on the edge, well developed, and mostly confluent
with those of adjacent cells. Walls indistinct or wanting, the divis-
ions between the cells indicated only by small, granular points, which
sometimes interrupt the septa of adjoining cells. Columella papillose.
Paliform papi^'ae before all the principal septa, the inner ones becom-
ing confounded with the columella.

This genus resembles Synarcea V. and Psammocora Dana, but
differs from the first in the well developed septa, and many other
characters, and from the lant in having papilliform pali and columella.

Stephanaria stellata Verriii.

Skphanocora steliata Verrill, op. cit., p. 330, 1866.

...:;a v.. .. i:.M Plate IX, figures 4, 4^

Coralla forming rounded clumps of short, irregularly lobed and
contorted branches, which are very unequal in size and form ; some-
times nearly simple and angular, with a large cell at the top ; at other
times, even c' i the same clump, having the summit very much ex-
panded, so as to form flattened, contorted lobes, with acute summits
and lateral crests, or even meeandriniform lobes. The branches are
usually about an eighth of an inch distant, sometimes more, the sides
covered with rather large, starlike, shallow cells, one, or several, larger
than the others often terminating the branches, which appear to in-
crease by the upward extension of one of the edges of these cells by
submarginal budding. Septa twelve to twenty, often with other
rudimentary ones, rather thick and strong, with sharp, spiny granu-

■

646

VerriU, Notes on Radiata.

latiotiH or teeth on the aides and edges, and mostly confluent with
those of adjacent cells. Color o? the unbleached coral ash-gray or
yellowish gray.

Height of coral 3 inches; length of living portion of branches '25
to *46 ; the diameter of the larger cells '10 of an inch.

Panama and Pearl Islands, — F. H. Bradley ; La Paz, Gulf of Cali-
fornia,— J. Pedersen. •' i - :^ y ' ■ ' » ■ :^

v. 4

[» N

Addknda.

Since the preceding article has been in press several collections have
been received from new localities, containing, in some cases, additional
varieties and species, some of which are introduced here to make the
article more com|»lete, while the others will be enumerated in the geo-
graphical lists in the next article. Some of the species of the west
coast have also been figured and described during the past year in
foreign works. Dr. Albert K5lliker, especially, has very fully descri-
bed some of the PennatulidcB in his admirable work on that group.

Renilla amethystina VerriU, p. 379. ' ;. n!,-V.

Benilia reniformis {para) S. Richiardi, Monof^rafla della famiglia dei Pennatularii, iu
Archive per la Zoologia, I'Anatomia e la Fisiologia, Ser. ii, vol. i, p. 133. 1869, (non
Pallas).

Dr. Richiardi has made a serious mistake in referring this very dis-
tinct species to the common species of the southern coast of the Uni-
ted States. He also refers M. DanoB V. and R. peltata V. to R. reni-
formis, both of which are very distinct from it, approaching R. viola-
cea more nearly, though apparently quite distinct from that species
also. It is probable that he is personally unacquainted with these
species.

Leioptilum undulatuin Vernii, p. 38i / ' ' ' '

Pennatula undulata Richiardi, op. cit., p. 33.

Leioptilum undulaium KoUiker, Anatomisch-Systematische Beachreibung der Alcyo-
' narien, I, Pennatuliden, (Abhandl. d. Senckonb. Nati irf. Gesellschaft, Bd. vii), p.
143, Taf. X, figures 76, 77, 78, 1870.

Prof. Kblliker describes three additional specimens from Mazatlan,
all of which were larger than the original specimen. They were re-
spectively 127"™ long by 32™" broad; 167 long, the feather 89, stock
of 78; and 235™" long, the feather 133, stock 102, breadth of feather
58, stock 22, greatest breadth of the pinnae 48, height 26. The last
specimen had 32 pinnae on one side and 34 on the other.

ill

'■#

I

«l

Verrill, Notes on Radiata.

647

Dr. W. Nowcomh laHt year dredged two spfcimens in the Gulf of
Fonseca, one of which he haH sent to the Museum of Yale College.
lie has also loaned me a colored drawing, made from one of these spe-
cimens while living, by Mrs. Newcomb.

The specimen referred to is considerably smaller than those previ-
ously described, and is evidently qiiite immature. Its entire length is
66""", oi which the pinnate ptrtion, or feather, is 38, and the pedun-
cle 28. The pinnate portion is rather oblong, very little rounded on
the sides and obtusely rounded at the end. The ventral surface (dor-
sal according to K5lliker) of the stalk is narrow below and concealed
by the pinnoe, which meet but do not overlap ; the upper part is broader
and not concealed, its surface is nearly smooth, light gray with
streaks of brown. The dorsal surface (ventral, KftUiker), comprising
about half the entire circumference, is thickly covered, except along a
linear, median, naked space on the lower half, with rounded verrucsB,
formed by the rudimentary polyps, or asexual zo5ides; the outer ver-
rucsB are largest, those nearer the middle becoming smaller and more
crowded ; the verrucas are purplish brown, owing to numerous minute
purplish epicula, the Burface between is grayish white. There are 22
pinnas on each side, with a few other rudimentary ones ; the larger
ones are broadly rounded, the edge thick and slightly undulated, form-
ing nearly a half circle ; they are attached by a narrow base, the
polyps of the edge extending in front to the point of attachment, but
the dorsal edge is naked, elevated, thin, and concave ; the sides are
smooth, grayish white, except near the outer border, which, like the
edge pnd the bodies of the polyps, is purplish, owing to the minute
purple spicula with which those parts are filled. The polyps are
closely arranged on the thickened edge, in about three rows. The
peduncle is constricted just below the feather, swollen below the mid-
dle, blunt at the end, and yellowish below, blotched with purplish
brown on the upper part of the dorsal surface. v. , . . ■

Length 2-66 inches; the feather 1*55; the peduncle I'lO; breadth
of the feather -80 ; of the peduncle '40 ; of the stock in middle of
feather 'SS ; breadth of largest pinnae -50 ; their height in center -30 ;
of posterior edg-j -20; width of polyp-bearing edge '07.

The specimen. t>awn by Mrs. Newcomb, was, when living, 4*66
inches long; the Leather 2 '85 ; the peduncle r66 ; greatest breadth of
feather 1'40; of peduncle -80. The feather is more oval in outline,
the middle pinuse being more extended ; the peduncle is strongly con-
stricted above, suddenly expanded below the constriction, and thence
tapering to a point. The color of the peduncle, in life, was orange-

Q

548

VerriU, N'otes on Eadiata.

I '.

Leptogorgia Agassizii "V erriii, p. 388.

Some of the specimens from La Paz are of large size (12 to 18
inches high and 18 to 24 broad) and form complex fronds. The more
regular ones give off several lateral fronds from near the base of the
primary ones; these are at '"vst nearly at right angles to the main

'M

m

i

IS:

Vi:

It-.,

1.

J ■

m

.V 'I

yellow at the l.Tver end, light yellow in the middle, upper part spot-
ted with dark gray and brown; front of stalk tinged with purple;
back grayish, the '"errucjB dark brown ; pinna3, on the back and sides,
whitish, the edge with the polyps yellowish brown.

Ptilosarous Q-umeyi Wray, p. 382.

I'tiloswrcus Gurneyi Richiardi, op. cit., p. 61, Tav. IX, flg. CH; KollikT, op. oit, p.
146.

This species has au elongated, club-shaped form,, the peduncle con-
stituting from one-third to nearly one-half the entir? length. The pin-
nate portion is thick, rather oblong, slightly tapering both ways from
the middle. The pinnae are numerous, 50 to 54 on eacii side, crowded,
broad, rornded, nearly seraicircula*', attached by a broad base, the
posterior edge extending beyond the base in the form of a rouuaed
lobe ; the edge is thickened and covered by small polyps, arranged in
about four rows, each polyp surrounded by prominent, spine-like spic-
ula. Doi-sal surface (ventral according to Kolliker) of the stalk with
two broad bands of amall, crowded, granule-1'ke papillae, formed by
the atexual zooides or " rudimentary polyps." The pedunclo is thick,
bulbous, very muscular, the surface strongly sulcated in contraction ;
the interior with four longitudinal canals. Axis long, slender, fusi-
form, tapering to the long, slender, recurved points.

A 'arge specimen from Puget Sound, in alcohol, is 10 inches long
the feather 5*2 5 ; the peduncle 4-75; greatest breadth of feather 2
diameter of peduncle 1 '25 ; breadth of largest pinnae 1 "50 ; height -BO,

Prof. Kolliker descrifcss a specimen from Vancouver Island, belong
ing *o che Museum of Stockholm, which has quite different propor-
tions: whole length 283"""'; feattierl30; peduncle 103; breadth of
peduncle 20; of feather 45 to 60; of pinnae 25 j height of pinnae 30""".
This gpecimen had 64 pinnte on each side.

Stylatula, page 382.

In addition to 8. gracilis and S. elongata, Richiardi refers to this
genus Vtrgttlm ia Fininarchica Sars ; V. multiflora Kner, from the
Adi'iatic Sea; and V. elegana Danielsen, from Christiansand.

*

/

•f .^iSi^-a -.-/',*

■7M

Verrill, Notes on Radiata.

54«

h

frond and attached to it vertically by one edge, but they soon bend
around laterally and become parallel to the primary frond ; other
fronds often arise from the secondary ones, especially from the ])art
where the bend occurs, and spread in the opposite direction. In
some Bpecim'?n8 all the secondary fronds, often amounting to a dozin
or more, are <hu8 united together, leaving between them large square
or oblong spaces, often open both from above and below. In one
specimen the fronds are numerous, more or less united together, and
spreading outward in all directicriS, while the upper sides are prolife-
rous and give rise to many small fronds, thus producing a large and
pretty regular rosette.

These specimens have slender branchlets and small meshes. The
color is bright red or purplish, mingled with yellow.

Leptogorgia pulchra, sp. nov.

Corallum reticulated, flabellifonn, either simple and extending in
one plane, or composed of several fan-siiaped fronds arising from the
sides of the primitive one nearly at right angles and then becoming
parallel. The trunk usually divides close to the base into several
principal branches which subdivide rapidly and soon lose themselves
among the reticulated branchlets. ITie meshes are variable in form
and size, but commonly angular with rouided corners, often squarish,
frequently higher than broad. The br^inchlets, in the typical form,
are rather thick, squarish, with prominent rounded verrucse, arranged
in about two rows on each side, and rather crowded, but in the slen-
der form fewer and move distant, an i often but slightly elevated.
The cells, when oper »re mostly slightly bilobed.

Color light or dtc ) reddish or purplish and usually tinged with
yellow or orange, often yellowish red or brick-color, or various shadee
of reddish brown.

Height of he larger specimens 8 to 15 inches, generally broader
than high ; diameter of the branchlets, in the best grown specimens,
about "08, in some cases the branchlets vary in the same specimen
from '05 to -10, sometimes they are slender throughout and rot more
than '05 in diameter.

The spicula are deep red and bright yellow, or orange-yellow,
mingled usually in about equal numberh. The longer doable-spindles
are rather slender, oblong fusiform, rather obtusely pointed, with a
pretty broad median space and about three well separated whorls of
low crowded warts on each enu, and small terminal clusters. The
Stouter double spindles are similar, but more oblong in form and
blunter, with about two crowded whorls and a terninal cluster of

«lt

Verrill, JVotes on Radiata.

warts on each end. Many small spicula have a wider median space
and one whorl, with a terminal cluster close to it, on each end ; mi-
nute rounded heads are frequent. The polyp-spicula are mostly
bright red, but some yellow ; they are mostly rather slender with iew
slight dentic'dlations on one or both sides. The longer double-
spindles measure •102'""' by -036"'"', -096 by -036, '090 by -030, -084
by 030; the stouter ones '090 by -036, '084 by 036, 078 by -036;
the small spicula with single whorl on each end -054 by '024, -048 by
•024, -040 by '024.

La Paz, — 6 to 8 fathoms, by divers, — J. Pedersen.

Leptogorgia pulchra, var. exilis, nov.

Corallum flabelliform, loosely reticulated, with lar^ squarish or
oblong meshes. Branchlets quite slender, roundish, , ,n smaller,
scattered, sometimes prominent, but more commonly scarcely raised,
rounded verrucae, which are mostly arranged alternatingly in about
four rows on the branchlets, on the terminal ones often in a single
row on each edge.

Color, as in the typical form, variable, but always formed by a
mingling of some shade of red with bright yellow or orange spicula,
in various proportions. Some of the specimens are 12 to 15 inches
high and about as wide ; branchlets '04 to '07 in diameter ; meshes
•20 to '25 wide ; 26 to -75 high. ; ^^

The spicula agree very nearly in 8i/,o, form, and color with those of
the typical form.

La Paz, by pearl divers, — J. Pedersen.

Several specimens of this variety are in the collection. Thoy differ
BO much from the typical specimens, which are more numerous, that
they might readily be mistaken for a distinct species, but one large
specimen has the branches, branchlets, and verrur» of the typical
form throughout the greater part of its extent, but toward one edge
they gradually diminish in size, while the verrucw diminish at the
fame time in size and number, until we have the extreme form uf the
slender variety, forming a I'Oi-niderable portion of the apper end and
one edge of the frond, thus proving the specific identity of the two
forms. The spicula, also, even from extreme specimens of each form,
show very little variation.

This species in external form has considerable resi^mblance to L.
media and L. Agassizii. The typical form has about the same sized
branchlets and meshes as the former, but has more prominent ver-

Agasaizii and has larger me.ihes.

II

;

ruo»; it is much coarser than L,

Veiriil, Notes on Radiata.

661

4^

but Eome of the forms might be mistaken for a coarse variety of the
latter. The spicula are, however, very different from both those
species, which have spicula remarkable for their short stout forms,
with bluntly rounded ends and crowded warts.

The slender variety resembles, in the size of the meshes and branch-
lets, L. eximia, but the latter has entirely diiferent spicula, remark-
able for the distant and elongated warts.

Leptogorgia tenuis, sp. nov.

Corallum flabelliform, consisting of very slender branches and
branchlets, which are loosely reticulated, many of the branchlets be-
sides the terminal ones, remaining free. The meshes are generally
about a quarter of an inch wide, and vary in length from a quarter of
an inch to nearly an inch. The larger branches are roundish with dis-
tant, scattered, relatively large, subconical, prominent verrucai, which
form about four irregular rows. The terminal branchlets are very
slender, with the conspicuous, conical verruca? alternating in a single
row on each edge ; the tips enlarged and flattened, terminated by two
verrucae. Coenenchyma thin, firm, finely granulous. Axis blackish.

Color bright light red, uniform throughout. The spicula are light
red and yellowish, and are quite regularly fusiform. The longer
double-spindles are slender and very acute, with a well defined median
space, bordered by large wreaths of short rough warts, beyond which
there are three or four whorls of smaller warts, diminishing gradually
to the ends, where they blend with the acute terminal ones. The
stouter double-spindles are similar in form and structure and only a
little less acute, with the warts more crowded. There are a few mi-
nute spicula, with a wide median space and a single whorl and termi.
nal cluster of warts on each end. The polyp-spicula are light pink
slender, with a few low blunt denticulations on one or both sides.

The longer double-spindles measure -laS'""' by •042""", -132 by
■042, -120 by -036, -108 by -036; the stouter double-spindles are
•138 by 048, -126 by 048, -180 by .054, -120 by -048, -lU-^ by ^048,
•090 by •048.

1j;i Paz, on ba«e of Etigo^rgia nobills, var. excelsa, in from 4 to 6
fathoms, — J. Pod raen. One specimen.

Extern? lly this sfecies most resembles i. eximia, though the
branchlets are more slender and the verrucie fewer and larger. The
spicula are ««tire)y different, being more n yjularly fusiform and acute,
with much less prominent nn<\ more numerous warts. They resemble
those of Zi. Adamsii iw^*' than those of any other species, but are

THAilS. CONXECTICUT ACAI> , VOl. I, "7 DEO., 1870.

Il

552

Verrill, Notes on Radiata.

1

I

m

if! i»

Ir

larger, and stouter, and less acute. In external appearance it also
resemV)le8 the slender variety [exilis) of the preceding species, but
the spicula are much larger, more regularly fusiform, and much more
acute, with comparatively few of the short blunt forms.

Loptogorgia labiata, ap. nov.

Leptogorgia ramtUus, var. (page 396).

Of this form, hitherto regarded as a northern dwarfed variety of
L. ramulus, I have more recently seen additional specimena from
other localities, all of which present the same characters, both of ex-
ternal appearance and spicula. I am therefore led to regard it as a
distinct species.

It is low and densely branched, rigid, the branchlets short, thick,
squarish, generally blunt, sometimes clavate, but often obtusely
pointed. The verrucae are conspicuous, ele ^ Ued, rounded, closely ar-
ranged in about four longitudinal rows, divided at the summit or on
the upper side into two lateral lobes or hps, which form the borders of
the oblong cells.

The color is red or brownish, generally more or less tinged with
yellow, especially around the cells.

The largest specimens seen are about five inches high and four
broad ; the terminal branchlets '26 to 1 in. long ; about '12 in diam-
eter.

The spicula are somewhat larger than those of X. ramulus, and de-
cidely stouter and more rounded at the ends, with more crowded
warts, which usually form a rounded terminal cluster. Thjy are rose-
red and light yellow. 1

Acapulco, — k. Agassiz ; Cape St. Lucas, — J. Xantus ; Corinto,
Nic, — J. A. McNiel ; Tehuantepec, Mexico, — Dr. Sumichrast (Chicago
Academy).

Leptogorgia exigua, »v- no v.

This form I have formerly regarded as a dwarf variety of X. cuspi-
data, but having recently seen r.amcious spciniens from several
widely Kepartted localities, I am led to regard it as a peculiar species,
allied to X. cv-spidata and X. rigida.

Although quite variable in color and somewhat so in form, it never-
theless always has characteristic features by which it may be easily
recognized. The color is really less variable, when closely examined,
than it would seem to be at first sight. It is a mixture of purplish
red and yellow in varying proportiono, the yellow spicula being
generally more o". less concentrated around the oell;«, and often ting-

VerriU, Notes on Mddiata,

663

h

ing the whole surface, while at other times red or purplish spicula
predominate at the surface, giving this hue to the whole coral. It is
a low, thickly branched, I'ather rigid species, the branchcB arising sub-
pinnately and ascending. The branchlets are roundish, slightly taper-
ing, generally with obtusely pointed or rounded ends. The cells are
srarll, not prominent, often sunken, evenly scattered over the surface,
except along a narrow, ill-de€ned naked space on each side of the
branches, which sometimes shows a slight groove.

Color purplish red or brown, with or without a tinge of sulphur
yellow ; reddish or purplish with a circle of sulphur-yellow around
the cells ; or yellowish more or less mixed with purplish or reddiwh at
the surface. Axis black.

Height 2 to 5 inches ; breadth about the same ; length of terminal
branc'dets '25 to I'SO; diameter '10 to '15.

The apieula are mostly small and blunt, bright rose-red or light
purplish, mixed with bright yellow. The longer double-spindles are
not numerous, rather oblong, stout, blunt, with about three crowded
who is and a terminal cluster of low, rough warts. The stouter
double-spindles are numerous and of various forms, mostly short and
thick, obtuse or rounded at the ends, with about two crowded whorls
of rough warts on each end; soire have a very narrow median space;
others a well defined one; many short stout spicula have but one
whorl of warts each side of the median, with rounded terminal clusters ;
minute ones of the same kind are abundant. There are also numer-
ous rough heads and double-heads, of various sizes. The spicula are
smaller and blunter, or more rounded, than in L, rigida and L. cwapt-
data, and there are none of the stout acute tJonble-spindles, that are
abundant in those species.

The longer double-spindles measure •132""" by -042, -102 by -042,
•096 by 036, '084 by 036 ; the stouter dimbli tpu\iUes -102 by '048,
•096 by -048, ^084 by "048, •0'78 by "042, O^i. by '048; the heads
•072 by •OeO, -072 by -048, -060 by -048, -042 by '042 ; the double-
heads -060 by 048, -042 by -036.

Corinto, Nic, at low water, both yellowish and purplish varieties,
common, — J. A. McNiel ; Gulf of Nicoya, by pearl divers, small yel-
lowish variety, — J. A. McNiel ; Tehuautepec, Mex., — Dr. Sumichrast
(Chicago Acad.) ; Acapulco, — A. Agassiz ; Guaymas, — Dr. E. Palmer
(Chicago Aoad. Science).

Eugorgia nobilis, var. excalsa VerriU, page 409.

This variety forms fan-sh.iped fronds and grows to a very large size,
some of the spt "imens exoeedmg in height those of any other species

rT.'Bzanmri't'"'

1

664

Verrill, Notes on Radiata.

i!

%■: \

(*

%

|::

I

■<i ■■

m

At^

•-1

■f'

fi.

f;

of the west coast known to me. The base is large and spreading.
The trunk is thick at base, usually very short, dividing at once into a
number of main branches. Sometimes several trunks arise from the
same expanded base and form large parallel fronds, close together.
The main branches give off, subpinnately from each side, at distances
of -e to 2 inches, irregularly alternating secondary branches, which on
the outer branches are more numerous on the upper or inner side of
the branches. The secondary branches subdivide in the same man-
ner, as do their branches and branchlets in turn, until many of them
are five or six times divided. The branches and branchlets mostly
start out at a wide angle and then bend abruptly upward and become
sub-parallel. The terminal branchlets are often from two to six inches
long without division, and usually rather slender, a little compressed,
with a well-marked median groove and a very narrow median naked
space. The polyp-cells are very numerous, scarcely raised, and form
a broad band on each side.

The color is uniform light yellowish brown or chestnut, varying
somewhat in tint in different specimens, sometimes nearly brick-red.

One of the largest specimens is 34 inches high ; 28 broad ; diameter
of ihe base 6 ; of the trunk 1 '.50 ; of the main branches mostly "30 to -40 ;
of the terminal branchlets "06 to '12, but mostly about "10 of an inch.

The spicula are pale yellow and pink. Tlie longer double-spindles
are moderately slender and acute, with about three irregular whorls
of well-separated, prominent warts. The stouter double-spindles are
larger and much stouter, bluntly rounded at the ends, with two
or three whorls and a terminal cluster of large, rough warts, which
are often crowded, but sometimes well separated. The double- wheels
are unusually small, mostly longer than broad, with very smail term-
inal and larger median wheels.

The longer double-spindles measure 108="™ by 036""', -102 by -042,
•102 by -036, -102 by -030, "096 by 024, '01)0 by -033; the stouter
double-spindles "J90 by -042, -084 by '048, -084 by -045, -078 by
•045 ; the double-wheels -048 by -042, ^042 by -042, 042 by -036, •036
by -080, •OSO by 'OSO.

La Paz, 6 to 8 fathoms, by divers, — J. Pedersen ; La Paz, — Major
Wm. Rich ; Acapulco, — A, Agassiz.

Eugorgia multifida Verriii, sp. nov.

Corallum flabelliform, the branches very numerously divided in a
pinnate maimei', forming densely ramulous, but not reticulated fronds,
two or more sometimes arising from the same base.

The trunk divides at the base into several large, irregular, divergent

.

VerriUf Notes on Radiata.

6SA

ng-
o u

the

ler.

ices

and crooked branches; these often give off similar large and irregular
secondary branches, which like the secondary branches are closely
pinnate along their whole length the pinna? or branchlets being sepa-
rated by intervals of •!() to '15 of an inch ; most of these are again
pinnate and many of them bipinnate and tripinnate, in the same man-
ner, the branches being everywhere closely crowded, and often sepa
rated by spaces not exceeding their diameter, and seldom exceeding
•15 or '20 of an inch. The branchlets are short and variously curved,
spreading abruptly at wide angles, the terminal ones varying in length
from '10 to '50 of an inch ; they are more or less angular and covered,
except along a narrow, often indistinct, median space, with crowded,
prominent, rounded verrucse. Main branches strongly sulcated on
the sides ; and partially covered with distant, scattered verruca}.

Color deep orange-brown ; the borders of the cells mostly bright
yellow ; the main biiinclies streaked with red and yellow, more or less
blended, due to th<; two colors of the spicula.

The largos*, tfi^ '^cimen is 22 inches high ; 24 broad ; diameter of the
main branctif3 '-^o i ; ') ; of the branchlets "05 to '10, mostly about "O?.

The spicula are deep red and bright yellow intermingled with some
that are light purpliish. They are large for the genus, and consist
largely of short, stout double-wheels with much fewer double-spindles.

The longer double-spindles are quite slender, mostly acute, ,vith a
wide median space, and there are four whorls of small, separa'.e warts
on each end. The stouter double spindles are similar, but bl inter and
have wwn'o crowded warts. The double-wheels are mostly about aa
broad as long, with a well developed median space, bordered by broad,
often sharp-edged " wheels," beyond which there is a smaller terminal
wheel on each end ; the edges of the wheels are often rough or warty
on one side.

The longer double-spindles measure -las'"'" by -042'"'", '126 by -030,
•108 by '036; the stouter double-spindles measure -132 by -048, -120
by -048, 108 by -048, -108 by '042, -102 by -054, 102 by -042; the
double-wheels -006 by -048, -060 by '060, -060 by -054, '054 by '054.

La Paz, in 6 to 8 fathoms, by divers, rare, — J. Pedersen ; Mazatlan, —
J. Dickinson ; Acapulco, — A. Agassiz.

In mode of growth, this species resembles E. aurantiaca and E. Da-
niana, but it is more densely ramulous, with larger and more promi-
nent verrucse than either of those species, and the double-wheels are
stouter and in form quite different from those of both, and mucL lar-
ger than those of the latter. The color is also peculiar in the six
specimens examined.

666

Verrill, N'otea on Radiata.

I
!?■ .:

ML'.t 'J

un\

The two following descriptions are reproduced from the American
Journal of Science, xlviii, pp. 427 and 428, 1869. The spicula were
prepared from the original specimens and sent by Prof. A. KoUiker.

Psammogorgia fucosa Veniii, p. 4i7.

The spicula from the original example of this species show that it
is very distinct from the species that I have hitherto referred to it
{Leptogorgia Caryi). It appears, judging from the spicula, to be a
Psammogorgia, allied to P. teres, but quite distinct. The figure rep-
resents it as 10 inches high and 9 broad, with the branches about '\5
of an inch thick, enlarged at the axilM. Several stems arise from one
base, as is usual in P. arbuscula, the largest trunk being half an inch
in diameter. The branches are irregularly dichotomous, the divisions
being '5 to •! inches iipart ; the final branchlets are stout, scarcely
tapering, obtuse or clavate at the ends, often crooked, "5 to 1 inch
long, '12 to "IS of an inch in diameter. Cells small, oblong or oval,
flat on the branches, slightly raised on the branchlets. Color dull
reddish.

It is remarkable for the great diversity in form and color of the
spicula. These are white, yelloAvish, light red, deep i ed, and amethys-
tine intermingled. They are mostly stout, blunt, and covered with
large rough warts. Among them are various forms of spindles, double-
spindles, double-heads, heads, and stout warty clubs, with various
irregular forms. The stout double -spindles, which are most numer-
ous, are short and thick, mostly M'ith obtusely rounded ends, some-
times acute, median naked space narrow, bordered by whorls of large,
coarse, rough warts, beyond which there are usually one or two whorls
of smaller wart;8 and a terminal chister, but in many cases there are
none between the median whorls and the terminal cluster, in other
cases the whorls become crowded and thus the forms pass into large,
stout " double-heads," in which the ends are rounded and densely cov-
ered with rough warts.

Numerous spicula lack trie naked metlian space and are densely cov-
ered with lai'ge rough warts, soiiu! of tlu'H(^ are short and rounded, in
the form of heads ; otlu -s are longer, tapering at both ends, and have
the form of very stout spindles; others are large at oiie end, wKh \]\e
other tapering, or club-shaped. Tlic i)olyp-Hpleiihi lirti luiljyt, nlwillo/'
spindles, taperuig quite regularly to both ends and covered with Hiniifl
warts. The large double-spindles measure -irje""" by 072, 156 by
•066, -150 by -072, -144 by '084, -144 by 060; the smaller ones -120
by -060, -lOS by ■060, '072 by "048; do.ible-heads -132 by -096, -132 by
•090, ^096 by -084; the heads •lOS by -084, -048 by ^048; the stout

Vetrill, Notes on Radiata.

661

an

ire

It
it
a

iP"

/ V

spindles -156 by '072, '144 by -072, -120 byj -072; the clubs -144 by
•084, -144 by '072, -096 by -048; the poiyp-spicula '166 by -030, -158
by -024, -144 by -024, -102 by 021,
Mazatlan, — Voyage of the Venus.

Echinogorgia aurantiaca VerriU, pp. 4i3 and 450.

The spicula of this species show that it is an Echinof/orgia, pretty
nearly allied to E. sasappo. The spiculii are yellow, mostly large,
broad, flattened clubs, or scale-clubs, the smaller etid often acute,
sometimes blunt, covered with rough warts, the large end usually ter-
minating in one or more broad, flat, irregular, rounded scales, which
are often lobed, or even subdivided into sharp, lacerate spinules.
With these are many, more or less regular, four-branched crosses, with
rather slender, acute, warty branches ; and various forms of irregu-
lar, often branched, warty spindles and compound spicula.

The clubs and scale-clubs resemble those of E, m»appo figured by
Dr. Kolliker in his Icones Histiologicae, Taf. xviii, figs. 9,^ and 0,,.
The scale-clubs measure •290""" by •216'"'", -288 by -204, ^288 by -156,
•264 by •192, -260 by •168, -240 by -156, -216 by -156, -192 by •132,
•192 by -084, -180 by ^084; the crosses ^240 by -192, •180by •ise, ^144
by -120, ^120 by -096 ; the irregular spindles -336 by -072, ^288 by -0^4,
•252 by -084.

Callao, Peru, — Mus. Paris.

Heterogorgia papillosa Verriii, sp. nov.

Corallum dichotomous, consisting of few, elongated crooked branch-
es, which are two or three times divided. The branches are of nearly
uniform size, and bend out in a broad curve at the axils. The termi-
nal branchletfl are from one to three inches long without division, and
blunt at the end ; like the branchlets they are round and crooked,
covered on all sides with prominent papilla-like veiTucte, which are
mostly eight lobed and open at summit. The lobes of the verrucae
are supported by long slender, shaqj, curved spicula, which project but
little from the surface. The lower parts of the verrucae and the sur-
face of the ccenenchyma are smoothish, and consist mostly of quite
small, rough spicula. The axis is rigid, grayish, and wood-like in
appearance, the surface showing an interwoven fibrous structure ; in
the branchlets thick, soft, and yellowish.

Color yellowish white, throughout.

The only specimen obtained is 5 inches high ; 3 broad ; diameter of
branches and branchlets •lO to ^14; height of largest veiTucae '05.

\

558

VerriUy Notes on Hadiata.

fir

The Bpicula are white and smaller than in the other species of the
genuK. The most conspicuous are roughly warted spindles and double-
spiiidles, varying IVoui long sk'uder acute forms to stout, blunt, and
irregular ones. With those are many rough irregular crosses and
irregularly branched spicula. Tlie crooked spicula from the vcrrucee
are long and quite slender, acute, variously curved, often bow-shaped,
covered with small distant warts. The polyp-spicula are smaller and
straighter, with fewer warts. The larger spindles and double-spindles
measure -aaO""" by -OOG""", -.VM by -072, '288 by -084, -264 by -108, -264
by -084, -264 by -072, '252 by -060, -240 by -096, -240 by '072, '240 by
•060, -228 by "096, •2i^8by '072, '222 by -108, '222 by -102, -216 by 078,
•192 by 072; the cvoflses ^144 by 'lOS, •108 by '084; the long curved
spicula -432 by -042, -360 by -042, -360 by -036, •336 by -030, '312 by
•030, -244 by •OSO,

La Paz, on shell with ]Su,gorgia nobilis, var. excdsa, in 6 to 8 fath-
oms, one specimen, — J. Pedersen.

W!

1

No. 7. — On the Geographical Distribution of the Polyps of the West

Coast of America. ,

In the preceding article I have included all the species hitherto
described by others from the west coast of America, as well as those
examined by myself. It is certain, however, that many additional
species remain to be discovered. The tropical region or Panamian
province, extending from Cape Blanco, Peru, to Lower California, and
including the Gulf of California, is the only portion of the coast
from which even tolerably complete collections have been made, and
yet in that great region only the littoral and shallow water species
have been collected. Doubtless many new and interesting forms will
hereafter be discovered in the deeper waters and on the submerged
banks off the coast.

Concerning the poly|>fauna of the coast of Lower California, we
know almost nothing. From the coast farther northward a few small
collections have been brought, and the lists of species from those
regions are certainly very imperfect. From the coasts of Peru and
Chili a greater number of species, mostly Actinians, have been de-
scribed, buu many of these need reexamination from living specimens,
and many others doubtless remain undescribed. The polyps of the
Araucanian and Galapagos provinces are entirely unknown. From
the Fuegian region several species of Actinians were described in the

Verrill, Notes on Radiata,

659

Report on the ZoftpliyteB of the United Stutcs Kxplorinj? Expedition,
but it is probable that even there several other species Avill hereafter
be found. It M'ill, therefore, be useless to attempt any p^enenili nations
upon the extent and limits of the several faunae occupying theHc coasts,
but it appears desirable to bring together the species already known
from each zo5logi(!al i)rovince.

So far as can be judged from these imperfect lists, the faunal divis-
ions are the same for the Polyps as for the Echinoderms, and since
these were discussed in a previous article in this volume (pp. 336 to
339), it is unnecessary to give their limits or extent at this time.

Arctic Province.
Alcyonabia.

Primnoa compressa Verrill. Alcyonhn

Aleutian lalands. Behrings

ibiforme Dana.
..aits and Arctic Oceuu.

ACTINAKIA.

Urticina crassicornia Ehr. Phellia arctica Verrill.

Arctic Ocean to PuKet Sound. Arctic Ocean.

Of the four species known from this fauna two {Alcyonium tmbi-
forme and Urticina crassicorim) are found also on the north Atlantic
coasts of America and Europe, The latter also extends southward
to the Oregonian fauna. The others are not known to occur south of
the Aleutian Islands.

SiTCHiAN Province.

ACTINARIA.

Urticina crasaicornis Ehr. Evactisf xanthofframmicaYernW.

Arctic Ocean to I'uget Sound.

Sitcha.

The two species known from Sitcha afford but little evidence in
regard to the character of the fauna, for the first is a species of wide
distribution on all the northern coasts both of the Atlantic and
Pacific, while the second is a doubtful species, which may prove
identical with JS. artemiaia of the Oregonian fauna.

Oregonian Province.

Al-OYONAEIA.

Ptiloaarcus Gumeyi Gray,

Vancouver I., Puget Sound and Cape Flattery (80 feet) to Monterey.

i^.

IMAGE EVALUATION
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Sdences
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23 WEST MAIN STREET

WEBSTER, N.Y. MSM

(716) S73 4S03

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VerriU, Notes on Hadiata.

ACTINARIA.

Urticina criisaicomia Ehr
Arctic Ocean to Puget Sound.

JSoactia artemiaia Verrill.

Pu^^t Sound. '■<

Metridiumjimbriatum Verrill.
Puget Sound to San Franckco.

Sajartia, several sp. ined.

Gulf of Georgia.
Epicu'^tis prolifera Verrill.

Pug«t Sound.

!tf fi*;

Madbepobaria.
Balanophyllia elegana Verrill. Allopora ventista Verrill.

Puget Sound to Monterey.

Neah Bay.

Of the seven described species in this list, three are not known to
occur elsewhere. Three extend southward into the Californian pro-
vince, and U. crasaicomis extends northward to the Arctic Ocean.

Californian Province. ,, -,

Alcyonaria.

PtUosarcua Gumeyi Gray. Stylatyla elongata VerrilL

Vancouver Island to Monterey. San Francisco to Monterey.

(f) Virgularia (jracilia Gabb. Leptogorgia Garyi Verrill.

Monterey. ' \ (7) Near San Francisco. ■.

.'■ •-^"-:; ::,:;.„„: Actinabia. ..:v-s:.;: ' -..-:^, ':/■«. .- ■
MetHdiumfimhriatumYQrnXX. Sagartia, s^p. ^ '?^-' ,- r-.; CH
San Francisco to Puget Sound. • -<.'.

Madbepobaria. • - , ■

Paracyathua caltha VerrilL BalanophylUa elegana Verrill. ,

Monterey. Monterey to Puget Sound.

P. Stearnaii Verrill. ,, , . ^ \

-' ' Monterey. ''„.„,:■' ^\ :':;"'' ""' "'

Among the eight species described from this fauna there are three
that are found also in the Oregonian. The rest have not yet been
recorded from beyond the limits of the fauna.

■tein>/ * Panamian Province.
• Alctonabta.

Renilla amethyatina Verrill. Leptogorgia Florae Verrill.

San Salvador to Zorritos. Panama Bay.

Leioptillum undulaturn VerrilL L. Agaaaizii Verrill.

Gulf of California to Gult of Fonseca. Guif of California to Acapulox

Stylatula gracilia Verrill. Z. media Verrill.

Cape St Lucas to Panama. Gulf of California to Nicaragua.

)

V /

mrwM-vu

VerriUy Notes on Radiata.

661

to
ro-

)

ee
en

X. Adamsii VerrilL

Nicaragua to ZorritoB, Peru.
X. pulchra v., and var. exilis V.

Gulf of California. -.. .
Jj. rutila VemW.

Acapulco.
■ X. eximia VerrilL

Bay of Panama.
Jj, tenuis Yerrill. ' '■•

Gulf of California.
X. stenobrochis Verrill. ''^ -

San Salvador to Zorritos.
var. Englemanni Horn.

Mazatlan and Acapulco to Panama
X. ramtUus Verrill.

San Salvador to Zorritos.
X. labiatr, Verrill.

Guaymas and Tehuaiitopec to Nicaragua.
X. pumila Verrill.

Zorritos. , ;

X. diffusa. Verrill.

Gulf of N'coya and Panama Bay.
X. Calif ornica VerrilL

Margarita Bay and Cape St Lucaa
X, alba Verrill. , ..

Guaymas to Panama.
L.jlexilis VerrilL

San Salvador to Panama Bay.
X. rigida VerrilL

Gulf of California to Sao Salvador.
X. cuspidata Verrill.

Cape St Lucas to Acapulco.
X. exigua VerrilL

Guaymas to Nicaragua and Zorritos,
Eugorgia ampla Verrill.

Margarita Bay and Gulf of California.
-^— var. purpurascens VerrilL

Nicaragua to Zorritos,
JK nobilis Verrill.

Nicaragua and Bay of Panama.
— — var. excelsa Verrill.

Gulf of California aad A'^puloo.
E. Bradkyi VerrilL

Gulf of Nicoya to Panama Bay.

E. Daniana VerrilL

Gulf of Nicoya and Bay of Panama.
E. liinltijida VerrilL

La Paz nnd Mazatlan to Acapulco.
E. aurantiaca VerrilL

Gulf of California to Acapulco.
Phycogorgia fucata VaL

Mazatlan.
Psainmogorgia arbuscula VerrilL

Gulf of Nicoya to Panama Bay.
var. Dowii Verrill.

San Salvador and Pearl Islands.
var. pallida VerrilL

Pearl Islands.
P. teres Verrill.

Giiaymiis (Dr. E. Palmer) to Panama Bay.
P.fucosa VerrilL

Mazatlan.
P. gracilis VerrilL - . v

Pearl Islands.
Muricea acervata Verrill. /

Panama.
M. tiibigera Verrill.

Bay of Panama.
M. hispidaYernlh • r. ■ v> H.

Panama. . • • . -

M. squarrosa VerrilL

Panama Bay.
M. crassa VerrilL '

Panama Bay.
M. echinata VaL •' -■

Bay of Panama. -
var.flabeUum VerrilL ■■ :;;i ;.

Panama Bay. ,^..4 v,,,-;;

M. fruticosa Verrill. «: 1;.;^ v.^rt

Bay of Panama.
var. miser VerrilL

Nicaragua to Bay of Panama.
M. austera VerrilL

Gulf of California to Bay of Panama.
M. retusa VerrilL

Pearl Islands.
M. formosa VerrilL

Zorritos. - -^

->*-

009

VerriU, Notes on Radiata.

M. robustaYcrriW,

Acapulco.
M. albida Verrill. ' '

Panama Bay. » -^ i
M. hebea Y QTYxW. ■

Acapulco to Bay of Panama. • .
M. purpurea Verrill. » ^

Acapulco to Buy of Panama. * .
M. appresea Verrill.

Gulf of California to Panamn and Zorritos.
V ir. flavescens Verrill.

Nicara)?ua t j Zorritos. -^ ' ' ■ <
M. tenella Verrill. • ; i

Nicaragua to Zorritos.

M, aapera Verrill. t> ^ *

Panama.
Heterogorgia verrucosa Verrill.

Bay of Panama.
H. tortuoaa Verrill.

Bay of Panama.
H. papulosa VerriU.

La Paz.
CaUipodium Pacificum Verrill.

Gulf of Califiimia to Zorritos.
C. aureum Verrill.

Panama.
Alcyonium f JBradkj/i Verrill.

Panama.

ACTINARIA.

Ziopkactis omata Verrill.
Panama Bay.

Asteractis Bradleyi Verrill,

Panama. <

Cladactis grandis Verrill. 'j

Nicaragua to Zorritos, Peru.
Anthopleura Dowii Verrill.

Sail Salvador to Panama Bay.
Sunodes {?), sp.

Poarl Islands.
Calliactia variegata Verrill.

Panama Bay.
Sagartia crispata Verrill.

Panama Bay.
S. carcinophila VerrilL ^'^ ■ <

Panama Bay.
8. Panamensis Verrill.

Panama Reefs. r'

S. Bradleyi Verrill.

Panama Reef&
Sagartia, sp. ined.

Panama.

., ,*?-' ^

"'■*

PheUia inomata Verrill.
Panama Bay.

P. {?) rubens Verrill.

Zorritos.
P. Panamensis VerrilL

Pauama.
Paractis (?) nobilis Verrill.

Panama.
Mammillifera Danm Verrill.

Panama Bay.
M. nitida VerrilL

San Salvador.
M. conferta VerrilL

Acapulco and San Salvudor.
Epizoanthiis elongatus Verrill.

Panama Bay and Zorritos, (?) La Paz.
JE humilis VerrilL

Panama.
E. crassiis VerrilL

San Salvador.
Antipathes Panamensis VerrilL

Panama Bay.

Maduepokaria.

Montipora fragosa VerrilL
(?) Gulf of California.

Porites Californica VerrilL
Guaymas and La Paz.

P. porosa VerrilL

La Paz.
P. excavata Verrill.

Pearl Islands, Panama Bay.

VerriUy Notes on Radiata.

663

z.

P. PanamensU Verrill. ( v

Panama Bay.
P. noduloaa YernW. .; ., i i.

La Paz.
Dendrophyllia aurcularia Verrill.

Pearl Islands.
D. tenuilamettosa Verrill.

Panama Bay, Acapulco, La Paz.

A, concinna Verrill. u

Panama Bay.
A. dentata Verrill. ...

La Paz to San Salvador and Panama.
A. costata Verrill.

Panama Bay.
A. Pedfi'senii Verrill.

Ouaymas and La Paz.

Aatropaammia J^ederaenii Verrill. A. ( Ccemntgia) conferta Verrill.

La Paz.
Rhizopaammia ptilchra Verrill.

Pearl Islands.
AUopora Califomica Verrill.

(?) Gulf of California.
PociUipora capitata Verrill.
La Paz and Socorro Islands to Panama Bay.
var. poroaa VerrilL

La Paz.
var. robuata Verrill.

Near La Paz.
var. pumila VerrilL , . i

Near La Paz.
P. lacera Verrill.

Ac^jutla to Panama Bay.
Aatrangia Haimei Verrill.

San Salvador tj Panama and Zorritos.
A. pulchella Verrill.

Panama Bay. ^

Gulf of California.
Phyllnngia diaperaa Verrill.

Gulf of Nicoya and Panama Bay.
Vlangia liradleyi Verrill.

Panama Bay.
Paracijathua humilis Verrill.

Pearl Islands.
Deamophyllum Cumingii E. and H.

South America.
Fungia elegana Verrill. ,

Gulf of California.
Pavonia gigantea VerrilL

Pearl Islands.
P. clivoaa VerrilL ' %-.

Peiirl Islands.
Stephanaria atellata Verrill. - ':

La Paz to Bay of Panama.

In this list there are 104 species, none of which have been found
beyond the limits of the province. An examination of the list will
show, however, that there are sufficient reasons for recognizing the
three subdivisions of the fauna, already given in the case of the Echia-
oderms (p. 337). But the three subdivisions are not equally well
known. The Actininns of the Mexican and Eqi^adorian sub-prov-
inces are almost wholly unknown, only one or two species havuig
been examined from each, while from the Panamian division a consid-
erable number are now made known, although there must be many
additional ones. The shallow water Gorgonians and corals have been
pretty fully collected in both the Mexican and Panamian regions, but
from the Equadorian we have only the small collection obtained by
Mr. Bradley at Zorritos. In the present state of our knowledge some
of the species found in each of the three sub-pro vinoes are peculiar to
it, while many extend also to one of the other, and a conbidcrable

i

664

VerriH^ Notes on Radiata,

portion are found in all three, or throughout the whole extent of this
great province. Future explorations will undoubtedly reduce ;he
number of species peculiar to each subdivision, as most of the late
collections have done, for there can be no doubt but that part of the
apparent diflferences in the faunae are due to the incompletene»i of the
collections. Local peculiaritlas of the particular places at which the
various collections have been made have also undoubtedly increased
the apparent difierences.

As the list now stands, there are known from the Mexican subdivi-
sion 42 species; of these, 20 species are peculiar to the region ; 16 are
found also in the Panamian subdivision ; and 6 are found in both these
and the Equadorian regions, ranging to Zorritos.

From the Panamian subdivision there are 80 species known; of
these, 51 are peculiar to it (including 16 of Actinaria) ; 16 are found
also in the Mexican district; 7 are common to the Panamian and
Equadorian regions; and 6 range through the three sub-provinces.

Of the Equadoriin polyp-fauna we know but 17 species; of these 4
are peculiar to it ; 7 are found also iu the Panamian ; and 6 extend
through both the Panamian and Mexican regions, even to the Gulf of
California.

For convenience of reference some local lists are added, which will
at least serve to illustrate the most common and conspicuous species
of the several localities.

LiM of species collected qt Gf-uaymaa by Dr. E. Palmer. '.
The following species are in the collection of the Chicago Academy

of Sciences:

Leptogorgia Agasaizii V.
X. media V,

Z. alba V. M '

i. labiata V.

L. exigua V, • ^ ■

• f-^rr

JPaammogorgia teres V.
Astrangia Pedersenii V.
A. { Goenangia) conferta V.
Porites Gaiifomica V.

.^t» List of species collected near La Paz by Gapt. J. Pedersen.

Leptogorgia Agassizii Y. Common. Migorgia nobilis, var. excelsa V.

L. media Y. Not common. Common.

L. pfulchra Y. Common. E. multifda Y. Rare.

— — var. exilis Y. Common. E. aurantiaca Y. Common.

L. tenuis Y. Very rare. Muricea auatera Y. Not common.

L. rigida Y. Abundant. M. uppresaa Y. Common.

VerriU, Notet on Radiata.

665

Ileterogorgia papiUosa V. Rare.

Callipodmtn Pacificum V. Hare.

£^izoanthua elongatus V. Rare.

Poritef Califomioa V. Not com-
mon.

P. poroaa V. Common.

P. noduloaa V. Common.

Dendrophyllia tenuilameUosa V.
Rare.

Agtropsammia PederseniiV, Rare.
Pocillipora capitata V. Common.

var. poroaa V. Not common.

var. robuata V. Common.

var. pumila V. Common.

Aatrangia dentata V. Rare.
A. Pederaenii V. Not common.
Fungia elegana V. Rare.
Stephanaria atdlatu V. Rare.

The fauna at Cape St. Lucas appears to be similar to that of La
Paz. The collections made there by Mr. J. Xantus include many of
the species common at La Paz, especially Leptogorgia rigida, L.
Agaaxizii and Z. media, in abnndancc. He also collected a few addi-
tional species, although his collection was much less extensive than
that of Capt. Pedersen. At Acapulco considerable collections, chiefly
of Gorgonians, have been made by Mr. A. Agassiz, Mr. D. H. Van
Brunt, and others. The common species are mostly the same as at
La Paz, and there appears to be but little difference in the fauna; of the
two localities, except what may be explained by the incompleteness
of the collections received. A few species {Leptogorgia rutila V., L.
atenobt'oehis, var. Englcmanni, Muricea robuata, M. purpurea, etc.)
common at Acaj>ulco, have not been found at La Paz.

From the coasts of San Salvador and Nicaragua I have seen several
collections, made by Capt, Dow, Mr. Bradley, Mr. J. A. McNiel, and
others, but none of them can be considered as at all complete, even
for the Gorgonians. So far as can be judged from these collections, the
faunsB of those coasts are essentially the same as that of Panama Bay.

Idat of species collected on the coast of Nicaragua by J. A. McNiel.
'he following species were collected by Mr. McNiel on the beach
at Coriuto, and by the aid of divers in the Gulf of Nicoya. Those
species found only at one of these places are designated either by
(C.) or (N.) according to the locality. The first series iTom this
collection is in the Peabody Academy of Science, Salem, Mass., by
which Mr. McNiel was sent out:

Leptogorgia media V. (C.)
L. Adamsii V. Large.
L. stenobrochia V.
L. ramtdua V. (C.)
X. labiata V. (C.)

Paammogorgia arbuacula V. (N.)
Mu'Hcea fruticoaa^ var. miaer V.

(C.)
MhebeaY. (C.) - '' '
M. purpurea V. (C.) ^ U v

606

Verrill, Notes on Radiata.

L. diffusa V. (N.) Large.
L. alba V. Common.
L. exigua V. Common.

M. appresaa V.

var. flaveacens V. (C.)

M. teneUa V. (C.)

Eugorgia Daniana V. (N.) Large. Cladactia grandis V. (C.)
Kampla,var.purptira«cens\. (C.) Astrangia dentata V. (N.)
KBradleyi V. (N.) Yellow yanetj.Pht/Uangia ditpersa V. (N.)
R nobilis V. (N.)

\ Peruvian Province.

* Alcyonauia.

Lqptogorgia Peruana Verrill. Eugorgia rubens Verrill.

Oallao. Paitfl.

(/) Muricea horrida Mobius. Echinogorgia aurantiaca Verrill.

" Peru." Perhaps this belongs to the Oallao.
Panamian Province.

, ACTINARIA.

Otdactis concinnata E. and II. Sagartia nivea Verrill.

Callao.
Bunodes papillosa VerrilL

Callao to Talcahuano, ChilL , ,. ; .
B, pluvia Verrill.

San Lorenzo Island.
B. ocellata VerrilL

Paita.
Phymactis fiorida Edw. and H.

San Lorenzo Island.

Paita and Callao.
S. Leaaonii Verrill.

Paita.
S. {?) Peruoiana Verrill.

Paita.
NemactU primula Edw. and H.

San Lorenzo Island.
N. Draytonii Edw. and H.

San Lorenzo I.
Anactia picta Ehr.

Paita.

Of the fifteen species in this list, only one (Bunodea papilloaa)
is known to extend its range beyond the limits of the fauna.

Chilian Province.
Alcyonaria.

Iieptogorgia (f) Chilensia VerrilL X. {?) arbuacula VerrilL

Algarrobo, south of Valparaiso. I. Santa Maria.

L. (?) platycladoa VerrilL

L Santa Maria.

Actinaria.

Bunodea papilloaa Verrill. Phymactia chmatia Edw. and H.

Talcahuano to Callao. Valparaiso.

Cyatiactia Eydouxi Edw. and H. Actinia (f) Mertenaii Brandt.

ChiU. Chili.

VerriU^ I^otes on Radiota.

6(17

Sagartia ? nytnphmi Verrill. Nemactis f iMlemi» Verrill.

Valparaiso. Buy of T.ikialiuano aiul Quiruiuina Ulaiiil.

S. f ruhm Verrill. v •

Valparaiio.

Maorkpokaria.

BathycyatlniA Ohilenaia E. and II.

Chili.
Of the eleven species known from this province, none are known
elsewhere, except Bunodea papilloaa, which is also found in the
Peruvian fauna. ^..^ ,, ^ ..• * _

^^'^ ' - ' ■ FuEttiAN Province.

AcrriNARTA.

ftwiodea rrmntata Gosse. Sagnrti'i impiUiem (iosse.

OranReBay. Orange H»rbor.

Metridium retienlmwn E. and H. Sagartla llneolata \ ernll.

Orange Harbor. i'orge Cove, near Orange Harbor.

(Jerma Fuegienaisy&[r\\\. ...

Orange Harbor.

Mahrkporaria.

Aatnmgia,?,^. . .

Straits of Magellan. <.-'■■■: -^ ^y--'-^"'^:- •■

The six species known from this fauna appear to be peculiar to it.

;*■

For want of room, the lists, giving a detailed comparison between
the tropical fauna; of the Atlantic and Pacific coasts, and originally
intended to accompany this article, have been reserved for the next
volume. ' ■

Trans. Connecticut Acad., Vol. t.

68

Deo., IS'ro.

■.I..' '-.'■< ■ ';-;?.^*

• ■ I

T

-^smt

VerriU, .Vote* on Jiadiata.

KXPLANATION OP PLATKS. '
Plats V. -

All tlio fljfures on thiR pinto nro from cninora-luddn dmwingH by the itiithor.

Figure 1. — ReiiilUi amelhystinii V.; triqiiotrn! Hpiciihiin from the dink, — I'lilaiKed loo
dmini'tt'rH.

Figure 2. — Stylatitla arncilin V. ; one of tho spino-like Hpiciiln, which nupport thf pin-
nii',— onlorjfod 50 (liaiiictcrH.

Figure 3. — [.ejttogcrgin Flora V. ; a. longi*r double-spindle; h, stonter doublu-Hpindli?, —
enlnrtrod 200 iliainoturH.

Figure 4. — A. A</(uiiizii V.: a iiiid b. Iiiii(r<>r <loubk*-Hpindle(i ; c, stouter doiililu-Mpindk'.
— oiiliiriji'd '200 (ltnin<>t()rH.

Figure 6. — L. AdtiinHii V'.; a and 6, lon^rer doul>le-H|iindiei< ; c. Httaitor doiibli'-Hpindlo,
— I'niarxcd 200 diaiiictero.

Figure (!. — L. diffusa V. : it, lonifor doiiMis-itpindle; b. Mtoiitor doiihlc-gpitidic, — iMdar^od
200 diaiiicturM.

Figure 7. — A. <ilb<i V.; a and />, longer doiibio-Hpindloi* ; c, Htwiter doublo-npiiidk<, — en-
larged 200 dlaiiiet<>r«.

Figures. — L. iiunulu W; <t, longer doiilde-Hpindle ; 6, Htouter doublH-Hpindle.-^nilarged
200 diameters.

Figure 9. — //. riijidu V. ; a, longer double-Hpindle ; 6 and e, dti^inter double-spindleB, —
enlarged 200 dianieterH.

Figure 10. — L. Califomica V.; u, longer double-xpindlc ; b, Htoiiter doubie-spindlo. —
enlarged 200 diiiineter.'*.

Figure 1 1 — A. Jiexitix V. ; a and h, longer doublo-spindleH ; c, atouter double-spindle, —
eidarged 200 diainoterx.

Figure 12. — Kwjorgiit amphi V^ ; a. longer dotd)le-Hpindlo ; b and c, double-wheels, —
eidnrged 200 diametora.

Figiire 13. — K. nobilvi V.; a, longer, and b. stouter double-Hpindles ; c and d, double-
wheels. — I'niargod 200 diameters.

Figure 14. — K Daninna X. ; a, longer, and b, Htoiitor doiiblo-.spindles : c and d, double-
wheels, — onli. -ged 200 diameters.

Figure 15. — E. aurnntiaca V.; a, longer, and b, stouter double-spindles; c and d. double-
wheels — enlarged 200 diameters.

Figure 16. — hkhinoijonjiti uanuUiacd V.; scale-club, — enlarged 100 diunioters.

Figure 17. — Paamnutgorgia arbuscula V.; a, spindle from tho polyp; b, irregidar spin-
dle from the cii'nenchyma; c and d, irregular ehib-nhaped spicula, — enlarged
100 diameters.

Figure 18. — P. teres V.; a. double-Hpindle ; 6. irregular stout spindle; c, irregular head.
— enlarged 100 diameters.

Figure 19. — P. gnicUis V'.; a. spindle; 6, club-shaped spiculum, — enlarged 100 diam-
eters.

Figure 20.— Lfiitogorgiti eximia V. ; longer double-spindle, — enlarged 200 diameters.

Figure 21. — L. ('aryiV.; u, longer doubie-spindlo : 6, stouter irregular double-spindle,
— enlarged 200 diameters.

Figure 22. — CaUipodium Pncificum V. ; a, b, c, branched spicula from the ccBnenchyma,
— enlarged 100 diameters.

Figure 23. — C. aureum V.; a,b, c, branched spicula from tlie ccBuenchyuia, — enlarged

, i ■ 100 diameters.

Verrill, NoU-k oh /{adiata.

I'LATK VI.

All the flxiirvM on thU plate ami the iiuxt urv copied riuin plioto^iuphH iiiiulo liy the
(kiithor and Mr. 8. J. yniith, and represent bninchos or terminal branohletH of natural
Hixe.

KIK""* \.—l^ptogorgia Flont V.
FiKuro 2. — L. Mvmia V.
Murun* 3.— A. diffusa V.
KiKiiro 4. — A. Adarnaii V,
Kijfure 6. — L. rutita V . ' ' ■ .

Kigure 6. — Kugorgia amplu V.
Kiifure 7. — K. Daniamt V.

Ki,'iiro 1. — l'»amnu>gorgia teres V.
figure 2. — Mnricea fruticima V.
Figure 3 — M. rohusta V.
Figure 4. — M. hispida V.
Figure 5. — M. urervata V.

FHgure 8.— A' multiJkUt Y.
Figures*. — Fniiinviogorgia arbuscuiu V.
Figure 10. — P. grucilit V. .
Figure 11. — lleteruyoigia verrueoui V.
Figure 12 — Mm ieea lenelUi V.
Figure \'.i. — L. ^qitanoaa V.

Plate VII.

Figure 0. — M. purpurea V,
Figure 7. — M. lubigera V.
Figure 8.— .»/. hebtss V.
Figure 9.— .»/. Mida V.
Figure 10. — M. criwaa V.

FbATK VIII. ■ * '

The HgureH on tlii^ plate are all copied from photognipliH, enlarged 2U diumeterH,
made by the authnr from spicula prepared by hhn from the typical epocituenH. Only
the principal form.s of the Mpiculu of each species iire repiX'Hfnted, and eHpeciully the
larger apindkm from the (h-IIs and cusnenchyma.

Figure 1. — Muriceii acervata V. Figure 9. — Af. robtuta V.

Figure 2. — Af. tubujera V. Figure 10. — M albida V.

Figure . -I. — M. hispida V. Figure 11. — M./tebeaV.

Figure 4. — Af. nquarrosa V. Figure 12. — Af puipurea V.

Figure 6. — Af. cnmsn V. ^ Figure 13. — iW. appreana V.

Figure 6. — Af. echinuti Val. Figure 14. — .1/. tenella V.

Figure 7. — Af. aiistfru V . Figure 15. — Af. formosa \ .

hMgure 8. — At. retitsaX. Figure 16. — lleteroijorgiii vvii'uaMu \' .

• .•':"'; Plate IX. .•.,"■;-■:;;:"•'" '" ''-f •• '-^^i'.

All the figures are copied from ->hotographs made by Mr. S. I. Smith. ■

Mgure 1. — CaUipodium Pacijicum V., natural size.

Figure 2. — Aslrangui palifera V., from Ceylon, — enlarged 2 diameters.

Figure 3. — Phyllangia dispena V., natural size, seen from above ; 3", side view of two

corallites, natural size.
Figure 4. — Stephanaria stdlata V., u small specimen viewed from above, showing the

mode of branching; 4", some of the cells, enlnrged 2 diameters.
Figure 5. — Aatrangia concinna V , a corallite enlarged 2 diameters
Figure G. — A. Haiuiei V., a small cluster of corallites, of natural size; 6«, a corallite,

enlai"ged 2 diameters.
Figure 7. — Pmonia gigantim V., portion of the surface, natural size. f ' ;.v
Figure 8. — P. clivoaa V., portion of the surface, natural size.
Figure 9. — Pariieyathua caltha V., natural size; 9", calicle, enlarfjed 2 diameters.
Figure 10. — Ulangia Bradleyi V., a calicle, enlarged somewhat less thun 2 diameters.
Figure II. — l*teraater Danat V., dorsal surface; 11", lower surface, — natural size.

Vfri'illy Xottut on iiatiinUt.

Pl.ATR X.

All the flunrpd, oxoopt H hikI (», are copiml from photn^rraplm inado l>y the author.

Ki«ure I. — Fungin t-iiyaM V., iip|H*i' mirrnon, nntiiral i»i%u.

Figure 3. — Anothnr Hpnoinipn of tho Mntno, lower mirfaoo, natural Him*.

Fipmi .'{. — BaliinoiihyUia nlryartx V'., oalicle, onlarxixl 3 d! .letem.

FiKure 4. — A>'/ux>;>« or^iilenlntu \'., a nwtm\ throiigli tlio uontor, showing the right aido;

4*, lofY dido of tho mtnie miction, — natural iii/.e.
Fi«nre H. — K. dli/oravn V., rlKht HJdti, natural »iwj.

Figiiro 6. — Another Hitecimpn of witno, with tho tiplne'< remaining, left Hide, natural »\w.
Figure 7. — GlyptanU'r tfitudiiiariun ('>ray Hp.), loft aide of a aootion throu;(h tho inodian

lino ; 7*, right !<ido of tho 8>«mo seution, — natural aiise.
Figure H. — AUoporn f'ali/nmica V., ono coll clargeti 12 diamotora.
Figure 9. — A. v$nu$Ui V., one cell, enlarged 12 diainetora.

KRRATA.

Page /I87. laKt line, for p. .^2fi, read p. 41!).

F'ago 410, lino, 18, omit "Plato VI, figure 8."

Page 413. The spioula of Phycogorgia furatn, according to Mr. Wm. 8. Kent (Traim.
Roy. Mic. Roc., Hi, p. 91, 1870) ngrop with those of Leptogorgia, to whirh it ahould ho'
referred.

Page 554, aft«r f'htgorgia muUifidn insert, Plate VI, flgiiro 8.

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