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BUTTERFLIES OF NORTH AMERICA.
VOLUME n.
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THE
BUTTERFLIES OF NORTH AMERICA
BT
WILLIAM H. EDWARDS
SECOND SERIES
RIirZRENCE
BOSTON HOUGHTON, MIFFLIN AND COMPANY
New York: 11 East Seventeenth Street C6e Bttorratlie {Dreea, Cambrifisr
1884
REFLkENCE
What a do was there made in London at a certein man bccaufc he fayd, and in dedc at that time on a iuft caufe. Burgefles quod he, na butterflies. Lorde what a do there was for yat worde. And yet would God they were no worfe then butterflies. lUitterflycs do but thcyre nature, the butterflye is not couetoufe, is not gredye of other mens goodes, is not ful of enuy and hatered, is not malicious, is not cruel, is not mercilelTe. — Latimer.
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PREFACE.
rlc re cs -s,
Ix the present Volume will be found much original matter on the early stages of the species treated of, and in consequence of this the labor of preparing and coloring tlie Plates has been very much greater than it was in the first Volume. Hence the delay in the issue of the several Parts. I have been seconded to the utmost by Mrs. Mary Peart, who has not only drawn the early stages on the stone, but previously on paper, making in each case colored figures ; and in order to do this has had to aid in rearing the larvfc, and to take a vast amount of trouble upon herself. Of the one hundred and one Plates in the two Volumes, ninety-eight have been done by Mrs. Peart, with a fidelity to nature that cannot be surpassed ; and of the total number one hundred have been colored by Mrs. Lydia Bowen and her sister, Mrs. Leslie, to whom I am under great obligations for the interest they have constantly taken in all that concerned their depart- ment. Their skill and patient care every Plate bears witness to.
I have received valuable aid in obtaining eggs or larvae from many correspon- dents, whose names will be found mentioned.
In the Advertisement to the first Volume, 1868, regret was expressed that in so few instances anything could be said of the larvas : " Even among our old and common species, the larvo3 are but little more known than in the days of Abbot, seventy years ago." All that is changed, and to-day it can be said that the preparatory stages of North American butterflies as a whole are better known than are those of Europe ; and so many zealous workers are now busy in the field that another period of sixteen years may leave comparatively little to be done in these investigations.
I hope, after an interval of a few months, to proceed with a third Volume, for
which I have in hand abundant materials.
WILLIAM H. EDWARDS.
CoALBUROH, W. Va., 1 November, 1884.
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PAPILIO I.
PAPILIO EURYMEDON, 1-3.
PapUto Eurymedon (Eii-rym'-e-don), Boisiliival, Ann. Soo. Kiit. .1,- France, 18o2. Var. Alhanux, Felder, Zool. Noviira Kxpod,, pi. 71.
Male. — Expands about 3.5 inches.
Upi)or side pale oehraceous-yellow, or often white with a buft" tint, banded with bhick ; co.sta of primaries black, sprinkled near base with yellow scales ; a narrow band covers the bases of wings and abdominal margin; a second, proceeding from costa against middle of cell, crosses both wings and intersects the abdominal and marginal bands at lower median nervule, broad anteriorly, tapering gradually towards its other extremity; a third, nearly parallel to second, crosses primaries to sub-median; a fourth lies outside tlie disco-cel- lular nervules, stopping at n^edian ; and the fifth, abbreviated, triangular, reaches only the second discoidal nervule; the disco-central nervules of secondaries edged within by a black stripe, varying in individuals from a line to a heavy hand ; hind margins bordered by a wide band, within which, on primaries, is a sub-marginal .series of separated, long, yellow spots, widest apically, gradually narrowing towards inner angle, and sometimes obsolete below middle of the wing ; on secondaries, anterior to the tail are three narrow bars, yellow, usually more or less tinted with orange, a lunate spot at base of tail, and another near angle, small, often wanting; these two deep orange ; the margin, above the angle, excised, and on the upper part of the curve an orange lunule ; above this on the black ground, a lunate spot composed of blue .scales, and still higher a small yellow spot ; on the lower median interspace, in the middle of the°black band, is a large patch of blue .scales, and small clusters of similar scales are found ou the two preceding interspaces, but are often wanting ; that portion of the mar- ginal band which lies within the median interspaces, next the yellow ground, sprinkled with yellow scales ; tail 'nng, slightly spatulate, edged posteriorly by yellow; fringe of primaries black, ot secondaries black at ends of nervules, yel'ow in the emarginatious.
Tinder side paler, the black markings repeated ; the sub-marginal spots of primaries enlarged, forming a continuous stripe, interrupted onlyliy the black oervules; anterior to this stripe a wavy line of yellow scales; a similar line
1
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PAPILIO I.
within the marginal band of secondaries, edging posteriorly a line of blue luna- tions ; the yellow ground beyond cell tinted with orange ; the sub-marginal spots enlarged, and all more or less orange.
Body above black ; a yellow line passes along the thorax from head to insertion of secondaries ; beneath, thorax yellow in front, alternately yellow and black at sides in oldiquo bands; abdomen yellow with one lateral and two ventral bla(;k lines ; legs black ; palpi yellow ; frontal hairs short, black ; antennie and club black.
Female. — Expands about 4 inches.
Color ocliraceous-yellow, in markings similar to the male.
Mature Larva. — Length 1.7 inch. Cylindrical, thickest at fifth segment, tapering rapidly to the last ; head small, ob-ovate, pinkish-brown ; body apple- green al)ove, greenish-white beneath, as are the logs and pro-legs ; on the fourth segment are six small, yellow spots, two dorsal in advance of the others, which last are near together, one pair on either side, and ringed with black ; the fifth segment edged postei'iorly by a broad yellow band, which joins a black band in front of sixtli, the two terminating evenly half way down the sides ; fronting them is a doi'sal row of four small, angular, black spots ; on the eighth to elev- cntli segments inclusive, is a lateral row of black dots parallel to the spiracles, which also are black ; retractile horns bright orange.
The (igui'es of larvse from which the drawings on the Plate were taken. I owe to the kindness of Mr. R. H. Stretch, of San Francisco.
Chrysalis. — Length 1.3 inch. Cylindrical, greatest diameter at seventh segment, tapering slightly towards head, and rapidly towards last segment ; surface rough, the abdominal segments tuberculaied dorsally ; head case long, corrugated, the palpi cases prominent, pyramidal ; mesonotal process similar to palpi ca.ses, but little smaller, and the ocellar projections of same general form ; color pale fawn, streaked irregularly with l;lack and brown over entire surfiice ; on either side a dark brown band along the wing cases and down the abdomen to last segment ; tuljcrcles and spiracles black. Mr. Hejiry Edwards, of San Fran- cisco, states (Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., 1873) that in some individuals the ground color of the chrysalis is pale green. In this respect this chrysalis resembles that of Pcqnllo TttrmiH. which is occasionally green, though the usual shade is brown. Mr. Edwards gives Framjula CnUfornica as the food-plant of the caterpillar. Dr. Behr informs me that the chrysalis is often found by gardeners among their plants : and it is prol)able that the species feeds upon many plants, as does Tiirmis, which is to be found upon apple, thorn, cherry, ash, tulip, birch, and others.
Individuals of this species vary much in the breadth of the black bands and in
PAPILIO I.
the shade of ^iie groumJ color. Thowe from elevated regions are undersized, and the bands are broader in proportion. At the same time the ground color is paler. It is this upland form that has been named Alhanus.
Eurymedon is found over the Pacific slope from Mexico to the borders of Aliaska. Also in Vancouver's Island, and inland throughout all the Territories as far as Colorado, where it has cro.ssed the " divide " and made itself a home in the valleys of the Platte and Arkansas. Mr. T. L. Mead, who collected in Colo- rado, in 1871, considers this a rare species in that State. Ho writes: "A few Eurymedon were seen near Turkey Creek during the first week in June, re- sorting with Rutulus to the open woods and hill- sides where flowers were abundant."
Mr. Henry Edwards says of this species : " It is especially common in all the cafions of the Coast Range and in the valleys of the Sierra Nevada. In Cali- fornia it is double -brooded, the first appearing from February to April, and the second from August to the last of September. In the warm days of March, it may be seen flying quietly along the margins of the streams which flow from the mountains. It is rather a shy insect, but occasionally a cloud of them nmy be seen settled on the edge of a mud-pool, their wings erect and swayed aboui by the wind like a fleet of boats with their sails set. In this crndition, it is easily approached and captured, but once alarmed, it makes a bol i dash for the tops of the trees, and is soon out of danger. I am led to believe that this but- terfly is extremely rare east of this range of mountains."
Eurymedon in all respects, save in color, is wonderfully like Turnus. The shape is the same, and the arrangement of the bands and the form and disposition of the spots. The caterpillars are however distinct. The two species are part of a sub-group related to each other, as are the several species of Grapta that are allied to C. album.
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PAPILIO II.
PAPILIO DAUNUS, 1—3.
Pnpilio Daunus, Boisduval, Spec. (ien. (lis Lcipid. I. p. 312, I8.')(i, Hidings, Proc. Ent. Soe. Phil. ISlii, p. 278.
Size and general form of Turimn ; primaries more produced, more falcated ; secondaries deeply dentated, many-tailed.
Male. — Expands about 4 inches.
Up]ier side bright yellow, banded with black after the same pattern as TuruKx and Enn/medon; the costal and discal bands more delicate than in tiiose species ; (^osta of primaries black, sprinkled with yellow ; a narrow band covers the base.s of wings and the abdominal margin ; a second, proceeding from costa at about two fifths the length of cell, crosses both wings and joins the first at lower branch of median neivure, broad anteriorly, tapering gradually, sometimes restricted to a narrow stripe or a line on secondaries ; a third crosses the cell to sub-median nervure, but often is more or less ob.soletc below the cell, or represented by a few scales only ; a fourth covers the arc ; in the costal interspace a club-shaped spot, inclosing a yellow stripe, and lying along the costal nervure, ending at the marginal border; sometimes black patches on the discoidal nervules ; hind mar- gins bordered by a broad common band, within which, on primaries, is a narrow yellow band, tiipering from costa to inner angle, divided into spots by the black nervules ; anterior to this a line of grayish-green scales, sometimes wanting ; on secondaries are four wedge-shaped or lunate, sub-marginal, yellow spots, the one at outer angle small, sometimes a point only; a fiftli spot on second median in- terspace, lunate, somewhat washed with iulvous ; and a sixth, also lunate, wholly fulvous, near angle; above the angle the margin is excised and edged with fulvous ; above this, on the black ground, a small cluster of blue scales, and an orange spot; in the median interspaces, within the marginal band, are patches of l)lue scales, and sometimes smaller clusters are found in each interspace to cos- tal edge; the disco-cellular nervules more or less edged on the inner side by black ; the exterior tail is long, narrow, convex outwardly ; the second is two fifths the length of the first, straight, narrow ; the third, at the angle, is half the length of the second ; fringe of primaries black, of secondaries black at ends of nervules, yellow in the emarginations.
PAPILIO II.
Under side pnler, the black markings repeated ; the sub-marginal yellow band uninterrupted, dilated; the line of gray scales distinct; the sub-marginal spots on secondaries much enlarged and the black ground next anti^rior to these densely covered with olive-green scales,, on the inner edge of which are l>lue stripes and lunations; the yellow ground in the median interspaces and near the niarginiil band washed with fulvous ; the two upper branches of median edged with black next the (!ell.
Body above black, a yellow stripe passing along thorax from head to inserticm of secondaries ; beneath, thorax yellow in front, alternately yellow and black at sides in oblicpie bands ; abdomen yellow with two ventral and one lateral black line, the foi-mer coalescing at last segment, the lateral curving downward and toucliing the ventral at middle of the abdomen ; legs black ; palpi yellow ; frontal hairs short, Idack, next the eyes yellow ; antennte and club black.
Female. — Expands 4.5 inches.
Color deeper yellow than in the male ; the black markings heavier ; the line of greeni.sh scales dilated to a broad stripe; otherwise very much as in the male.
Larva unknown.
Mr. Henry Edwards says of this species : " It is found in rather high regions. I have seen it most abundant at Virginia City, where it flies in the mountain canons, as litttuhis does in those of the valley. I have also taken it on the coast range in Napi County, and near Mt. Diable, and have some beautiful specimens which I found at the Dalles, Oregon. I did not see it in Vancouver. It may be regarded as one of our rarities."
Daunus has been brought from Southern Utah and Arizona by Lieutenant Wheeler's expeditions, and from Montana by those of Dr. Hayden. According to Mr. Ridings, the specimen described by him was taken in Kansas.
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PAPILIO III., IV., V.
PAPILIO TURNUS.
Papilio Turnus, Linn,, Mant., I., p. 636, 1771. Fab. Syst. Ent., p. 452, 1775. Ibid., Sp. Ins., 11., p. 16, 1781.
Godart, Eno. Meth., IX., p. 61, 1819. S:ri-, Am. Ent., 111., pi. 40, 9, 1825. Bois. and Lcc, p. 19, pi. 6, 7,
9, 1833. Boisduval, Spec. Gej., I., p. S3S, 1836. Harris, Ins. Mass., 2d ed. p. 2G8, 1862. Saunders, Can.
Ent., VI., p. 2, 1874. Alcidamas, Cramer, Ins., I., pi. 88, 1779. GLAUCUS, dimorphic form 9, Linn., Mus. Uhl., p. 190, 1764 ; Ibid., Syst. Nat., 11., p. 746, 1767. Fab. S)-.<:t.
Ent., p. 446, 1778. Cramer, Ins., U., pi. 139, 1779. Godart, Enc. Meth., IX., p. 60, 1819. Bois. and
Lee, p. 22, pi. 8, 9, 1833. Boisduval, Spec. Gen., I., p. 885, 1830.
Male. — Expands 3.5 to 4.5 inches.
Upper side usually bright yellow, but often pale, banded with black ; costa of primaries black, dusted more or less throughout, and den.sely next base, with yellow ; a aarrow band crosses the bases of both wings, and the abdominal mar- gin, and near the outer edge of the yellow discal area bends inward at an obtuse angle and meets the second band ; this rises on costa of primavies against the middle of the cell, and crosses both wings, is broad on primaries, but narrows gradually as it approaches the inner margin, and on secondaries become." a slender stripe tapering to a line on the disk ; the third band crosses the outer part of the cell of primaries and terminates either at median nervule, perhaps projecting beyond this a cluster of scales, or passes on to the lower branch of median • is often narrow, sinuous, but sometimes is a diffuse patch rather than a band ; the fourth lies mostly on the outer side of the arc, and varies in breadth and shape ; the fifth is sometime." narrow and reaches from costa to second sub-costal nervule ; but most often it forms a rounded knob to a club-like band which connects it with the hind margin and underlies the sub-costal ner- vure, and both knob and band are dusted with yellow ; the hind margins bor- dered by a common band, which \aries much in width, and as a rule is much broader in examples from the south, though there are many exceptions; on primaries the inner edge of this band is either even, or it is slightly excavated in each interspace ; and through it runs a sub-marginal series of small yellow spots ;
PAPILIO III., IV., V.
these vary much, sometimes being rounded, sometimes lunular, or occasionally double-convex, or mostly mere streaks ; in some cases quite obsolete on the posterior half of the wing ; on secondaries the margin is about one half broader, and often in very melanic individuals extends high up the disk on the posterior half of the wing, and is there much dusted with yellow ; there is a sub-marginal series of six large spots, usually lunular, of which the four inner are yellow, the others, one at each angle of the wing, deep orange, and smallest ; the ab- dominal margin abov" the angle excised, and there edged by an orange lunule, over which is a metallic-blue lunular cluster of scales on the black ground ; loose clusters of blue scales also on the two lower median interspi.ces ; some- times these are obsolete, and the sub-marginal lunules are reduced to streaks ; primaries usually have all the nervules black, and the sub-costal, especially, is heavily edged, but on secondaries the nervules are yellow, except the disco- colliilar, wliich are covered by a black stripe; tail long, narrow, convex out- wunlly, on the i" ler side spatulate ; at the end of second branch of median is a prominent dentation and there is another at anal angle, and in some cases these are so developed as to show a considerable approximation to the tails of Daumis ; fringes of primaries yellow in the emarginations, black at the ends of the nervules, about equally divided; on secondaries yellow predominates.
Under side pale vellow; -the nervules nearly all black; the sub-marginal spots of primaries enlarged, often confluent, and then forming a continuous "tripe ; anterior to this is a broad stripe of yellow scales which nearly covers the bla».k ground ; secondaries have a similar stripe and on its anterior edge is a line cf blue lunations ; the yellow ground, next thf narginal band, in the four or five posterior inters.^yaces, more or less suffused with orange ; the sub-marginal lunules all more or less orange, this color being sometimes limited to a patch on the middle of each lunule, but the one at anal angle is usually wholly covered, as is that at the excision.
Body above black ; a yellow stripe passes along the thorax from the head to the insertion of secondaries ; beneath, the thorax is yellow in front, alternately yellow and black on the sides in oblique stripes ; abdomen yellow with a lateral black line from the wings to the last segment, and with two ventral lines poste- riorly ; legs black with a yellow stripe in front ; palpi yellow ; frontal hairs short, black ; antennne and club black.
Female. — Same size.
Color deeper, decidedly ochraceous on primaries and along the abdominal margin of secondaries, the remainder of secondaries usually colored as in the male, but riometimes also ochraceous ; the markings as in the male, but the bands are heavier ; blue patches on the inner half of the marginal border of
PAPILIO III., IV., V.
Becondaries fill the interspaces across the whole wing, often taking a larceolate shape ; blue scales sometimes besprinlde the yellow ground quite up to the cell ; the sub-marginal spots as in the male ; in many individuals there appears a stripe of blue scales upon the inner side of the marginal border of primaries at inner angle. Under side as in the male.
GLAUCUS, dimorphic foim ; always female.
Upper side black ; primaries without markings, except a sub-marginal series of yellow spots, which are similar to those of the yellow form, but smaller and often minute ; occasionally also there is a yelluw lunate spot at the outer extremity of the cell, most often indistinct, but sometimes large and conspicuous ; secondaries have the spots on both margins, and also the blue band, as in the yellow female ; the disk nearly to base often thickly sprinkled with blue .scales, and al\v..ys in some degree. Under side black or brownish-black ; the black discal bands char- acteristic of tL*^ species are present in this form, distinct on secondaries, but faint on primaries, and in the blacker examples partly wanting, especially beyond the cell ; the marginal black border sometimes distinct, but often only indicated by a deeper shade at inner angle, the inclosed spots as in the yellow female. (Plate III., Fig. 3, summer brood ; Plate IV., Fig. 2, 3, winter brood.) The larger examples of the summer brood often have primaries strongly falcated.
Examples are occasionally seen of a chocolate-brown color, or of yellow Suf- fused with brown, and in these cases all the bands are distinct ; on the under side yellow or gray-brown, more or less suffused with black. (Plate V., Fig. 2.) Others occur mottled with patches of black and brownish or grayish-yellow. (Plate v.. Fig. 3.)
The bi-formed female represented on Plate V., Fig. 4, wa^ taken at Coalburgh, and, as will be seen, the right side is yellow, the left black, the dividing line passing down the middle of the body. This insect is distinguished as belong- ing equally to two of Hubner's coitus, by some esteemed genera, the yellow half being a Jasonides, the black Euphceades.
Egg. — Sub-conoidal, the breadth and height equal, flattened at base, smooth, deep green, soon changing to greeninh-yellow, and specked with reddisli-brown. Duration of this stage eight to ten days. (Fig. a, magnified.)
Young Lakva. — Length, .1 Inch ; cylindrical, the anterior segments thick- ened; color, black-brown; on 7 and 8 is a white patch, saddle-sliaped, reaching on dorsum to middle of 9, and descending the sides on 7 and G to base; at each end of a compressed chitinous cross-ridge on 2 is a large tubercle, rounded.
PAPILIO III., IV., V.
sub-ovoid, with one hair at top and six about the sides, these last rising from little spurs, each hair ending in a knob ; on dorsum of each segment, from 2 to 13 inclusive, are two points, with one short hair to each ; and there are two sub- dorsal rows of tubercles, those on 3, 4, 11, 12, 13, in shape as on 2, but small and low, each with a few clubbed hairs ; from 5 to 10, minute, without hairs ; on either side, a row of tubercles from 3 to 12, with a point in same line on 2, bearing a single hair ; on 3 and 4 these are small, and show three and two hairs respectively, the remainder mere points without hairs ; below the spiracles a row of points, on 2 one, on 3 and 4 three each in horizontal line, on 5 to 12 three each in equilateral triangle, each point bearing one hair; head ob-ovoid, brown. ( Figs, c, c", c'*, XIII. ; b, III. ; a, IV. ; the last two representing the larva near the end of the stage.) To first moult about four days.
After first moult : length, at twelve hours, .25 inch • same shape ; color, black- brown ; a black medio-dorsal line, expanding a little on 3 and 4 ; the patch saddle-shaped, very much as before, white ; on front of 2 a compressed cross- ridgo, with tubercles as before, more conical ; 13 has a pair of similar tubercles, also on a ridge, 12 a smaller pair, and on 11 and 10 each two low cones; on 3, 4, 5, are two sub-dorsal rows of low, round, glossy, brown knobs ; between these on 3 are two similar knobs, but minute, and the four are in line ; in some exam- ples there is an additional small knob high on thr side, the six being in line ; on 4 the dorsals are in advance of the sub-dorsals, and there are always tvo outside, six in all ; on this segment, the two outer knobs on either side each have a lilac spot on the dorsal side ; 5 has but four knobs, the dorsals much in advance, and these last have each a lilac spot on inner side ; 6, 7, 8, 9 have no knobs or spots, l)ut the points on 10 and 11 have each a lilac spot ; head rounded, broadest be- low, the top depres.sed; color, dark brown. (Figs, e, c', XIII.) Later in the stage the surface is more or less mottled dark and light brown, with a greenish tint in some examples; the white of the patch changes to pale yellow. (Figs. c. c'-, III.) Duration of this .stage about five days.
After second moult: length .at twelve hours, .5 inch ; much the same shape; color, black-brown, with shades of lighter ; on back of 2, 3, 4, a black patch to each ; the saddle yellow-white, and extending low down the sides ; the last two segments mottled brown and yellowish ; the ridge on 2 as before ; at either end a small cone, the top of which shows several spurs, each with short hair ; on 13 similar cones on ridge, on 12 a smaller pair ; on 3 are six knobs in line, the dorsal pair small, the outer pair a little larger, the sub-dorsals large ; on 4 are six, the dorsals large, the rest a little smaller and equal, and on the inner side of each of these last is a lilac spot ; also on the anterior outer side of each sub- dorsal a black bar ; on 5 are two knobs in front, as large as the outer pair on 4,
PAPILIO III., IV., V.
and two sub-dorsals behind of same size, each of the last with lilac spot ; on 9 to 12 are two suMorsal lilac spots ; head as at last previous stage. In a few hours the patch is tinted with red. (Fig. d, III.) Duration of this stage about four days.
After third moult : length at twelve hours .6 to .02 inch ; anterior segments thickened ; color in most cases dark brown, more or less mottled with lighter brown, the segments after 8 darkest ; others have the anterior segments green, more or less soiled with brown, tlie posterior as first described ; and others still are clear green anteriorly, tlie last segments brown mottled with green, espe- cially on dorsum, the lower part of side whitish-green ; the patch salmon, and extcmling nearly to base, but in some examples the red is overlaid, especially on dorsum, with pale green ; 2 has the front ridge arched as before, the processes reduced ; on 4 now appears a sub-oval greenish-yellow patch, the larger end outward, edged by a fine bhick line ; inside, a heavy black ring, with an inner spot of lilac, and on dorsal side of the ring a black bar ; next the patch is a sub-(i»irsal lilac spot, rounded or quadrangular, often disconnected (cas in lower Fig. U\ Xlll.); at this period these patches are separated across dorsum by a space varying from .12 to .15 inch (these are the extremes in 37 examples); on 5 are four equal lilac spots in line tacross posterior edge, two sub-dorsal, two lateral ; 9, 10, 11 have each four such spots; some larvaj have a pair of minute sub-dorsals on 12, others have four also on 7, and none on dorsum of 8 ; from 6 to 12 a lilac spot on each segment, below spiracles ; at either end of the ridge on 13 a low cone, and traces of a similar pair on 12, scarcely more than a slight elevation of the skin; head brown, pink tinted. (Fig. dr, III., /*, /r, XIII.) As the stage progresses, the greener larvae become uni-colored, and the darker become more green, but in the latter more or le.ss brown remains to the 3nd ; in some cases the salmon patch becomes wholly changed to green and is lost, in others its position is indicated by a paler shade of green, and often a little salmon at the edges on dorsum ; the posterior edge of 5 becomes yellowish, and on the front of 6 is a black transver.se band, concealed when the larva is at rest. (Fig. e, III.) Duration of thi.s; stage four to seven days.
After fourth moult : at twelve hours from .9 to .95 inch ; color invariably green, no mat'^er what was the hue before the moult, the patch almost always wholly suppressed, but occasionally traces of it can be seen in an indistinct salmon spot on either side of dorsum. In five or six days is fully grown.
Mature Larva, — Length, 1.5 to 1.8 inch; cylindrical; thickest at 4, 5, sloping on back and .sides to 13, and rapidly to 2 ; color, yellow-green, velvety, shading on the sides into whitish-green ; under side white ; legs and pro-legs
PAPILIO III., IV., V.
yellowish ; 2 has a narrow arched chitiiiou.s frontal ridge, the corners rounded ; close to the back of this ridge is the orifice through which the scent organs are protruded at will, long, slender, tapering to a blunt point, when fully extended, and bifurcated iit biise, the color orange-red ; (the larva at every stage from the egg has the use of these organs) ; on either side of 4 a sub-oval or pyriforni greenish-yellow, or partly ochraceous patch, edged by a fine black line ; on the outer ])iirt of this a heavy black ring, rounded or oval, enclosing a purple spot, and toward dorsum a black bar; the inner extremities of these patches are sep- arated across dorsum by a space measuring .16 to .18 inch ; 5 is edged on the posterior side by yellow, and the front of 6 has a black band restricted to dor- sum ; on 4 are two purple spots or dots, one on either side dorsum near the patch ; on 5 four spots in line near the posterior edge ; on 8, 9, 10, 11, four to each, those on 8 small, sometimes partly or wholly obsolete ; on 12 two sub- dorsal, small ; on G to 12 one to each segment below the spiracles, small ; head rather square, liattened in front, the top a little depressed, the vertices rounded ; color brownish-pink. (Figs./, III., j, f, XIII.) At about seven days before pupation the green becomes more yellow and a dull shade of it covers dorsum ; an<l within twenty-four hours the whole body changes to chocolate-brown, specked and mottled with grayish on segments after 5 and along base before 5; the purple spots retain their hue. (Fig. /■, III.) Suspension takes place at one to two days from this change of color and pupation from one to two days later. From fourth moult to pupation about ten days. From huing of egg to pupa- tion, in August and September, 32 to 38 days.
Chrysalis. — Length of several 1.3, 1.4, 1.45, 1.48 inch, the larger being fe- male ; greatest breadth 1.3, 1.4, 1.44 inch ; cylindrical, thickest at 5 and 6, the abdomen tapering rapidly ; head-case long, compressed at top transversely to an edge ; the projections prominent, divergent, pyramidal, the edges raised into corrugated and thickened ridges, the tops rounded, the incision between them a right angle, with a small tootli on either side near the angle ; the small projec- tions at side of head pyramidal, with thick, rough edges ; the mesonotum prom- inent, but variable in length and thickness, directed forward, blunt and corru- gated at end and on anterior side ; two sub-dorsal rows of tubercles from 4 to 13, largest on 8, 9, 10, the rest small, on fl and 7 nearly or quite wanting ; below these another row on either side, small, from 4 to 13 ; whole surface corrugated ; color variable, some examples being light or wood-brown, striped longitudinally on sides and dorsum with dark brown ; others are very dark throughout, and some are green over wing-cases, sides and entire dorsal area, the abdomen light brown, or green only about the head and sides. (Fig. g, III.)
PAPILIO III., IV., V.
From a brood of larvfc, at Coalburgh, 1875, the first chrysalis formed July 1st, the last July 8th ; the first buttertly emerged July 2od ; others appeared at intervals till August 11th. Of fifty chrysalids twenty-seven gave butterflies that season, and the remainder not till the following spring. Duration of the chrys- alis period in summer about twenty days. From a brood of 'arvtw, 1884, the first chrysalis formed 2()th September, the last 4th October, and all of them will hibernate. (I have re-written, in 1884, as this Volume is about to ciose, the de- .scription of Turmis larva which accompanied Plate III., issued 1877, in order to make a direct comparison of each stage with a corresponding one of Ihifuhin ; and on Plate XIII. have figured several stages of these two species side by side.)
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Turnus inhabits all sections of the United States from the Atlantic to the Rocky Mountains, and from Maine to Florida and Texas. A few individuals were seen by Mr. Mead in Colorado, but the species there begins to be replaced by Rididus, which occupies the remainder of the country to the Pacific. It in- habits also British America, and Newfoundland. I formerly received several examples from Mrs. Christina Ross, taken at Fort Simpson, and others from the late Robert Kennicott, taken at Fort Youcon, both about lat. 65°. Mr. Scudder, " Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist.," XII., p. 44, mentions the receipt of a large num- ber from Lieut. W. H. Dall, " taken early in June, on the Upper Youcon, from Nnlato to Fort Youcon, where the species is said to be common." There is a great difference in size between these individuals from the far north (Plate V., Fig. 1) and the usual type in the southern States, the former being small, with narrow borders and slight stripes rather than bands. Some from the White Mountains scarcely differ in both respects from those taken in Aliaska. In the Catskills the prevailing form is intermediate. Where the species is double- brooded, as a rule, the butterflies emerging from over-wintering chrysalids are smaller and with narrower bands than are those of the summer brood.
The larvaB feed on the leaves of a great variety of trees, — apple, quince, thorn, plum, cherry, birch, basswood, ash, and, according to Mr. Scudder, on alder and oak ; also, according to Mr. Akhurst, on sassafras and catalpa. But in my neighborhood, its preference is decided for the tulip-tree, Liriodendron tulipi- fera, usually miscalled " poplar " at the south and west, and I have never found it here on any other tree. In Ontario, according to Mr. Saunders, it chiefly feeds on apple, cherry, thorn, and basswood. The egg is laid on the upper side of the leaf, and the young larva takes up its abode on the same side, lying on a bed of
PAPILIO III., IV., V.
silk which it spins for the purpose, and going to the edges to feed when disposed. As it increases in size, the leaf is .somewhat drawn together, so that on the largo leaves of the tulip tree it is not diflRoult to discover one of these larvoo. It is .slug- gish in habit, usually moving only when impelled by hunger. When full grown it stops feeding, and in coiuse of about thirty-six hours changes color completely from green to brown, and at this stage deserts its tree and often travels, and that with considerable rapidity, many yards or rods until it finds a suitable place for .ts protection while in chrysalis. The l)utterfly emerges, in the neigh- borhood of Coalburgh, early in April, or if the weather has been favorable, in March, sometimes as early as the fifteenth day of that month. In Maine, Mr. Scudder says, it appears about the first of June. In Ontario, its time is the last of May. At Coalburgh, the males are to be seen, on any warm day of spring, gathered in groups of from half a dozen to fifty, by the edge of the water, in company with Papilios Ajax, Philenor, and later, Troilus. The females are not found iu such situations, but they frequent the fruit trees then in bloom (as do the males iu some degree), peach, apple, and above all the wild plum. Later in the season, both sexes abound on the red clover, then on the Asclepiades and thistles, and finally, at the close of the season, on the iron-weed, Vernonia. In the garden they delight in the lilacs, phloxes, and zinnia.s. Another plant, Cat- ananche bicolor, with its tall mullein-like flower stalks, is also very attractive to Turjiits.
On the wing the males are swift, and when alarmed, soar high in air or among the trees ; but when settled in groups by the water, or feeding on flowers, they are fearless, and may be captured with the utmost ease. Mr. Scudder mentions the fact of sixty-nine Turnus being caught between the hands at one grasp. In the " Canadian Entomologi.st," V. p. 19, Mr. Couper relates as follows : " I passed two months of the summer of 1871 on the Black River, about one hundred and forty miles north of Montreal, residing in a .shanty on the road which follows the river through the mountains. Water in which pork had been parboiled was thrown out on the sandy lawn opposite the door, and I noticed that hundreds of Turnus frequented this spot during favorable weather, thrusting their tongues into the moistened sand, when the fluid absorbed, for which they seemed to have, such an extraordinary liking, rendered them semi-intoxicated. I have seen them flying from all quarters direct for the shanty. Many of them, 1 believe, came from a distance of two miles at least."
The species of Papilio are subject to this sort of intoxication. There is a large patch of Asclepias purpurascens growing ne.ar my house, and all day long the flowers are thronged with butterflies, the Papilios especially abounding ; and many may be seen hanging motionle^ and for a long time, with heads and
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PAPIl.IO III.. IV., V.
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longiicH buried in the sweet tlowrets, so that one n\n pick tliem oil' witli ilie fm- fjei'H. More.tlinn onee I Imve iiotieeil them hiini^'inj; hite in flie evt iiiiijj:. ;uul i]oiil)tet] not tiiey wonlil so pass tiie ni,irht.
Turnux has niar'y eiieniiex, liinis iind dragon-llies li_y ilay, and prohahlv small owls and others by nighl. In spite of tiieir expanse of Avini.^ and power of llijfht. the larger LihoUndie will poiniee on them in mid-air, and carry tln'm away. On several occasions T have known this to hapjien. 1 scarcely over go into tin- garden of a niidsnn\mer morning that I do not see severed wings of Papilios and of some of the large bombycid moths upon the ground, and can only ac- count for so much destruction at night by crediting it to the owls, which are not at all uncouunon.
The eggs are always liable to discovery by spiders and ants; and when the larva' do emerge, some are destroyed by the same foes; others arc stung liy ichneumon Hies, and either while larv.nn or in chrysalis inevitably perish. .\nii when at last a chrysalis is formed, it is exposed to peril from n(<w enemies, s(|uir- rels, mice, birds, and one would thiidt few could possibly survive the long months of winter with su(!h a risk of destruction. As each female Tiirniis lays about two hundred egg,'^, ami there are in this region ."everal broods in the season, the sj)ecies would soon swarm were it not for these natural che(0<s. As it is, it barely holds its ground, an! ui some years, as in LSTO. the early over-wintering brood seems almost lost.
Throughout the South and West there are three amuial broods of 7Vr;o^>^■. and about fifty per cent, of the chrysalids of the first brood of the se.ison pass the witiier, so far as my experience shows, as do all the chrysalids of the last, or early fall brood, both giving butterflies at the same time the following sprinu-. As to the intervening, or midsunnner brood, although all chrysalids of this brcil by me have passed the winter, yet as fresh butterflies are common the last ol August and first of September. T infer that they come from the miil-^unnner brood. In looking over my journal for several years past, 1 find that eggs laid .3d June produced chrysalids 1-8 July, and such of the butterflies as emerged the same year, did so between 2.3d July and 11th August. This was the first bi'ood from eggs of the season, l^^ggf* laid 17tli July gave chrysalids 20th ami 25th August. This would be the second, or midsummer brood. Eggs laid 22d August gave chrys.ilids lOtli October and after. This, therefore, was the third t)rood of the season. But all the periods are apt to be irregular, and between the dates of these regular broods, 1 have bred several others. Thus ej^ffs laid 6th July, gave chrysalids in the first days of September ; eggs laid 31st July, gave the same in middle of September ; and eggs laid 13th August, gave chrysa- lids early in Octoljcr ; these broods falling between the first and second, and sec-
PAPILIO III., IV., V.
and and third regular broods. And this shows how it may happen that Tiirnus shall bo on the wing from early spring till frosts destroy the species in tiie fall. In the Catskills, the eggs are laid about the middle of June, and there is no sec- ond brood. Mr. Saunders .speaks of the larvse, in Ontario, being full grown by 14th July, and the eggs therefore must have been laid early in June ; and Mr. Scudder tells us that throughout New England tiiere is but a single brood.
TuRNUS is remarkable for its peculiar dimorphism, which, so far iis is yet known, is without a strict parallel among butterflies. Wp liave in our fauna sev- eral established examples of seasonal dimorphism, as in Papilio Ajnx, Grapta Comma, the three Phyciodes, Tliaros, Phaon, and Vesta ; several Pierids, Colias Eun/lhcme, and no doubt future observations will discover many more. In Ly- cania Pnemlargiolus, the winter form is Vlolacea, and this last develops females of two colors, blue and black, in the south ; and b\it one, the blue, at the north. Violnvia in tliis respect resembles Tunin>i, but the dimorphism of the latter is not seasonal, the same characteristics being found in every brood of the year. In Grapta Interrotjationis, also, the dimorphism is not sea,sonal, and the two forms a]»pear in every brood. 15\it they are represented in both sexes, the males of each Ijeiug as distinct frjm each other as are the females. Tliere is also a dimorphism conlined to tlie females of many species, as several of the Coliades, but it prevails wherever the species is found, and is not subject to geographical limitation. Now in 7«jv;».s, the males are always yellow, and to the north of a certain lati- tude, about 4r 30' on the Hudson River, and 42= 30' in Wisconsin, all the fe- males are yellow. Below these lines, as one goes southward, tho black females appear, at lirst but rarely, then increase gradually in proportion to the yellow, luitil an equilibrium is somewhere reached, apparently between 30° and 38°. But I cannot learn that, after that, the black everywhere continue to increase at the expense of the yello\v, though they seem to do so in certain districts, or large sections of country. In this part of West Virginia, lat. 38°, I have often taken yellow females in the garden and held, and waile they seem to be never so com- mon as the black, yet they cannot in most seasons be called at all unconnnon. But I am certain that in some years, or rather in particular broods of some years, the black form does greatly outnumber the other. This was so in mid- suuuuer of 1876. For some cause the species was exceedingly scarce in the spring of that year, quite the reverse of what usually happens. During the HKjnth of July, however, when the new brood was flying, l)otli males and females visited a Held of clover within easy reach in swarms, and I made a special point of searching for yellow females, as did Mr. Mead, who was with me. and we were both struck by their exceeding rarity. In f\ict, but one only was taken during the time the clover was in bloom, though we must have seen hundreds of the
PAIMLIO III.. IV., v.
bldck forin. Mr. Walsh hns .stated that in Northern Illinois, both Mark and yellow females oceur, though the black are five or six times more numerous tbiiu the yellow, judging from the careful observation of five years. But on visiting a clover field in southern Illinois he captured between seventy and eighty speci- mens, and every yellow one was a male. Professor Snow, in Kansas, tells me that there the black much outnumber tlie yellow. Mr. Aaron, at Maryville, east- ern Teunessee, writes that the species is nb'mdant, but the yellow females are very rare, while the black ones are as plenty as the yellow males. And Messrs. Boll and Belfrage, in northern Texa.s, and professional collectors of large experience, say that the black female is much more numerous than the yellov/ one. All these observers, however, allow that the yellow females are found in their several districts. On the .seaboard. Mr. II. K. Morrison, also an experienced collector, who has spent much time in the soutl eastern States, says. " in Georgia half the t;.-m;les of Turnns are black." And that he has a large number of specimens from Central and \0rther21 Florida,'" and about one half the females are yellow." But that among the mountains (Black Mountains) of North Carolina, the females were yellow. " Oii iny arrival at Henry's, McDowell Co., N. (.'.,1 found the males and females, yellow form, July ISth to .30th, quite abundant and fresh. At the .same place, August 25th to September oth, I found the yellow form again abundant and fresh. I saw no black females. I caught one or two of tliose at Morganton, Burke Co., in July, but they wore rare." Within the zone inhabited by the two forms of female, neither has been known to ])roduce a black male, nor is such iui insect known to have ever been seen ; the black females prodiice yel- low males ar 1 mostly black females, only occasionally a yellow female ai)pearing in the brood, so far as observed ; and the yellow females in very rare instances produce black females. It is net pos.sible to distinguish a yellow male or yellow female by a i)lack motiier. from the same l)y a yellow luolher. or the black females from each other, whether the mother was yellow or !)lack. And, as a rule, the separation of the two forms of female is complete. Intermediate examples do sometimes occur, hut they are exceedingly rare. In the hundreds of this species which I have bred, there never appeare(l onr such, and in the field I have met but three or four, and these are chiefly repiesented on Plate V. The oclira- ceous female given on Plate IV. (Fig. 4), was bred by Mr. John Akhurst. at Brooklyn. N. Y., from eggs laid by a yellow female. Mr. Akhm-st informs me that from this yellow female, inclosed in a box with a branch of sassafras, he obtained about eighty eggs, and rai.sed from them a large number of butterflies. Two females were deep ochraceous, and two were bhick, all the rest being yel- low. This is remarkable, considering that Brooklyn is near the extreme northern limit of the black form. It is very unusual, in a district in which the two forms
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PAPILIO III., IV., V.
are comiuon, for a yellow female to produce a black, though the chances are that every yellow female in such district has had one or more black female ancestons. Therefore, where the black is an extremely rare form, with the chances largely against any yellow female having inherited a tendency to melanisp-, that one should produce two black, and two deep ochraceous examples (for this latter col- ( ration is of the same nature as the other), is almost as if this variation in the present case arose spontaneously. I have applied to several collectors in Brook- lyn besides Mr. Akhurst, and all agree in the statement that Glaucus is an un- conuuon insect in that vicinity. Mr. Akhurst says also that he has occasionally taken such ochraceous individuals in the fielil. Here at Coalburgh there is ob- servable in the yellow females a deeper color ng than in the males, especially of the fore wings (Plate 111., Fig. 1), but I have seen no such example as that from Brooklyn. Formo'ly, in the collection of Mr. Wood, at Philadelphia, I snw a choeol.ite colored Glaucus, cand Mr. Aaron writes me that he has taken one ?'■ \- ilarly colored.
Many ex2)lanations of the phenomena of melanism in general have bet.i saj^- gested, such as meteorological conditions — excessi^'e moistu j, deficient sun- shine, impure air ; also vegetation defiled i)y soot from furnaces, and the like ; none of which are satisfactory when applied to species on this continent, howevr it may be when they are restricted to limited areas, as in parts of Europe. In North America, the very rever.se of these conditions obtains throughout the re- gions in which the melanic species are mostly found. And as a rule, melanism among butterflies is confined to one sex, and that the female. It is not always so, as appears by the melanic Philodke male figured in this volume, but nearly evei-y known example belongs to the female. In ease of the present species, the facts are, that in the warmer regions, where it is polygoneutic, or many-brooded, both yellow and black females exist, in some districts apparently in about equal numbers, in others with a more or less decided predominance of the black, but occasionally, as in the mountain district visited by Mr. Morrison, the yellow pre- dominating almost if not quite to the exclusion of the other ; that at the north the black disappear at the line at which the species becomes monogoneutic, and the yellow form in both sexes flou.rishes even to the arctic portions of tne conti- nent. Dr. \Veismann,' speaking of Turnns, expres.ses the opini.ii that " the yel- low is the ancient and original form, the black a much younger, or more n cent form." During the glacial period, when the shortness and coolness of the season permitted but one brood in the year, just as in the boreal regions now, the spe- cies was yellow in both sexe.s. As the season became longer and cli . :ii<i milder, from the receding of the ice which had covered the larger portit >f • ie con-
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PAPILIO III., IV., V.
tinent, there was at length time for a second brood to mature the same season, and the species gradually became digoneutic. Still later, for the same reasons, in the more southern districts, a third generation could mature. And with the summer generation, at some stage, came in the black form, which is restricted even now to the districts in which a summer generation is possible. The cause may have been in some way climatal, or this variety may at first have been accidental, and once in existence, favored by circumstances, was able to perpet- uate its type through its descendants till it has become common, sometimes almost to the exclusion of the yellow and original form.
" The origin of the black form we can only explain by supposing that, at one time, when Turnus already occupied a territory as extensive as it holds to-day, some unknown influence caused the black female form to appear as a distinct variety, and that, owing to some circumstance, it thereby gained an advantage over its rival, which caused it finally to supplant the other, and to spread over a large extent of country. This supplanting process must have begun with one individual, or a very few individuals. There is no case known where a whole species became aberrant, and the supposition that the black form appeared sim- ultaneously among hundreds or thousands of individuals may be rejected as
untenable One or a few black females here stand opposed to myriads
of yellow ones, and have finally proved victorious over them This vic- tory can be explained in no other way than through the supposition of the use- fulness of the black color." Dr. Weismann inclines to consider it a case of sexual selection, the superiority of the blacks having been gained by their attractiveness to the males. However this may be in general, it may be stated that the yellow females taken by me, at Coalburgh, have as surely been fertilized as the blacks, and have as readily laid eggs ; and on the wing the males may be seen coquet- ting with the yellow as freely as with the blacks. There would seem to be no want of attractiveness in such individual instances.
I have experimented to see if it were possible that the butterflies emerging from chrysalis in midsummer might show a stronger tendency to melanism than those emerging in the spring, from over-wintering chrysalids, but have found no evidence that the heat of summer or cold of winter exert influence on the re- sulting forms of the female. In June, 1375, I obtained eggs by confining several black females upon the limbs of a tulip tree, and there resulted therefrom, in Au- gust following, 9 '', 2 black '. Part of the chrysalids pa,ssed the winter, and in the spring there emerged 9 <', 5 black '.
In the .spring of 1872, there emerged from chrysalids of the previous year, the eggs having been laid by black females, 15 ''j 7 black ', 2 yellow '.
In the spring of 1877, from eggs laid by black, 21 *, 7 black '.
PAPILIO III., IV., V.
So that the bliick form appears <'on.stantly in the spring as well as the summer brood. The difTorence between the summer and winter form of the black female in size and ornamentation is well shown in Plates III., IV,, the first of these being the summer.
From eggs obtained in same way from yellow females, there resulted in the spring of 1872, 8 <f, 3 «, all yellow. In August, 1875, 3 *, 12 ' all yellow, and from part of the chry.sdids of this lot which passed the winter, there appeared in the spring of 1876, 4 <^, 12 yellow ', 1 black '. This is the only instance out of many broods raised, in which r. black has come from a yellow mother, though on two occasions, besides the one above mentioned, a yellow female has come from black.
Mr. Darwin lays much stress upon the prepotence of transmission, in the case of peculiarities transmitted through one sex only of a species, and asserts that " characters may first appear in either sex and afterwards be transmitted to the oilspring of the same sex." " Variation of Animals," etc., 1st Am. ed., II., p. 106.
That yellow females should rarely produce black is not surprising, but that the reverse should not often and constantly happen, inasmuch as the blacks are always crossing with the yellow males, does indicate an amazing energy in the black form, and implies a time when the yellow female will wholly succumb to the other throughout the regions now inhabited by the two, unless there be in certain districts some restraining influence, as climatal, or the existence of ene- mies. To the northward, and in elevated districts, there must probably be same restraining climatal influence on the black form. No black Papilio of any species is found in the sub-boreal regions, though on both continents, and at great ele- vation, the yellow Machaon flourishes, as does Turnus in North America.
Mr. Wallace, " Natural Selection," p. 154, speaking of Turmis and its dimor- phism, considers it " highly probable that the existence of enemies and of com- peting forms of life, m.ay l)e the influences which determine the relative propor- tions of each form ; " and hopes that ob.servations may ascertain " what are the adverse causes which are most efficient in keeping down the numbers of each of these contrasted forms."
In looking for the causes of the decrease of the yellow female in the western and southwestern districts, and the manifest luxuriance of the black, it seems to me that it is not unlikely largely owing to the facility with which the yellow females are captured by birds and other enemies by day. They are slower of flight than the males, and when heavy with eggs, are very sluggish, flying but little and at short distances, and their gay color renders them an easy prey. It IS true, the black females are equally slow of flight, but they are less easily seen, and as other species of black Papilios, Troilus, Philenor, and Asterias, are always
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PAPILK) III., IV., V.
in company witli them, the black lurmis w in a way protected. I think this sufficiently accounts for the scarcity at any time of the yellow females in this region (West Virginia). Papilio PltUenor has a .strong and disagreeable scent, and it has been suggested by Mr. Mead, that this rendering it distasteful to birds would servo to protect other black species Hying with it.
How then does it happen that at the southeast, in Georgia and Florida, the yellow females should strike so experienced an ()l)server as Mr. Morrison as being quite as plenty as the black ; the very opposite to the conclusion reached in Illi- nois and Kansas and Texas, by other experienced obsfuvers ! That Mr. Mor- rison should consider the yellow fully as abundant as the black, leads me to l)elieve that in reality they are much more .so, and that in those districts they outnumber the black largely ; for uidess a collector is especially searching for them, their resemblance to the males would often cause them to be overlooked. Indeed, at a moderate distance one coiild not be distinguished from the other. The western region is largely prairie. It may well happen there that the con- stant elimination of the ytdlow form has in the course of time overcome any remaining tendency of the black to produce yellow females, for every black now Hying must be supposed to be descended from many generations of black, with a yellow one in the line only at rare intervals, perhaps in not more than one generation out of a hundred. I can see how it is, that at the southeast, the repression of the yellow female by enemies may be greatly diminished, owing to the more wooded country, the greater moisture of the climate, milder tem- perature, and the excessive luxuriance of all insect life, whereby there is no reason why one species only should be singled out as a special object of prey. The conditions are essentially different from those which prevail on the dry and exposed western plains. Moreover, the peril caused by the bright color and slow flight of the yellow female Turnus, must be much lessened by its constantly a.s.sociating with other species of Papilio, similarly colored, such as Cresphontes and Palamedes, larger and gayer than itself In fact it is the yellow female 7'urmts which is here protected, and so it should not merely hold its own, l)ut really be able to prevail against its .sister form. It occurred to me whether it might not also be a fact that the insectivorous birds were more largely repre- sented in the west than on the Atlantic seaboard, so that all species of butterfly might be more subject to destruction in the former regions, and I wrote Professor Baird for information on this point. In reply I have a statement from Mr. Rob- ert Kidgway to the following effect : " A larger proportion perhaps of the birds belonging to the semi-prairie districts west of the Mississippi belong to the in- sectivorous series than is the case with those inhabiting the Atlantic seaboard. Thus, taking the Tyrannidae, for example, which are preeminently fly-catchers,
PAPILIO III., VI., V.
and more prone to destroy Lepidoptora than any otlior birda, all the ea.sterii Hpecii's o(!(Mir from K.-msiis to Toxuh, along with three aililitional species, MilvuluH forficatus, Tyiainui.s vertividls, and T. vociferans, these latter being of large .size, and, we may infer, corre.spondingly voracious. None of the.se species, however, occur east of the Mississippi, so far as known, except perhaps casually. Upon the whole we may assume for the semi-prairie country a richer bird-life than is pos.se.-sed by the South Atlantic States, with a corresponding larger number of in.sectivoi'ous species." That in the mountains of North Carolina there .should l)e a district in which, though the species is abundant, there should be few or no blaclv females, would lead to the belief that there may be similar areas of the most elevated portions in other southern States, where a like distrii)ution pre- vails. It is evident, from the dates given by Mr. Morrison, that the species was not single-bnjoded, l)ut that he collected from the midsummer and fall broods, and tliere must therefore have been at least three broods in the year.
For more than a century after both Tttrnus and Glaucus were known to nat- uralists, they were not suspected of belonging to but one and the same species. Boisduval and Leconte, in 1833, figured botli, and after describing the female (rlaucus, say, " the male differs but in size, being a little smaller, and by the blue band, which is less extended," and they figured and described the larva) of the two as distinct. It appears that Mr. James Ridings, of Philadelpiiia, an intelligent collector of butterflies, and now living at an advanced age, had taken a yellow male Turnus and a black female Glaums in copulation, in 1832. And, in the same city, Mr. George Newman, a veteran and enthusiastic collector, — whom, in after years, it was my pleasure to know, and whose delight, as he exhibited and expatiated \ipou the treasures of his cabinet, his many friends will recall, — had raised black and yellow females from the same laying of eggs. But to lepidop- terists in general, nothing was known of the.se things till the late Mr. B. D. Walsh comuuinicated a paper in the Proceedings of the Entomological Society, of Phil- adelphia, 19th January, i8C2, which in part read thus: " That Turnus and Olau- cus are identical seems to me to be proved by two facts, the one positive and the other negative. First, I am informed by Mr. Edwards that both Messrs. New- man and Wood, of Philadelphia, say they have raised the black female, together with several shades of color between yellow and black, from the same laying of eggs. Second, nobody ever saw a male Glaucua. Now Glaucus is so common in southern latitudes, that if it were a true species, not a mere sexual variation, somebody or other must have met with the male." And after reciting his own experience, Mr. Walsh expresses the opinion that south of lat. 38° in the valley of the Mississippi, and perhaps of 36° on the seaboard, the female Turnus is black ; that north of 41° on the seaboard and 43° in the valley, the female is
I'APILK) III.. IV., V.
yellow ; iiiid tluit in the ititorvciiiiiy zone liofli colors iiri- found. Mr. Wiil.xli was nearly correct an to the northern limit. The ino.'^t nortiiern point on the sea- hoard at which I have known Glanmx to he neeii or taken was at Ne\vl)in'gli, on the Hudson River, lat. 41° 30'. — where I resided several years, — and then hut a single example.
Dr. Flay, of Racine. Wisconsin, writ-js mo Uiat he once took G/anciix in iiis garden, and on another occasion saw one near the mouth of the Wisconsin River, lat. 43°. And Mr. Hrewer states (Can. Ent., IX.. p. 20). that in Nehra.ska, as far north as the Niobrara River, the black and yellow forms of female are about equal ; lat. 42° 30'.
Although Turnus has been so long known to naturalists and has been re- peatedly figured, this, I believe, is the first attempt to bring the two sexes of the }eIlow form together.
There has recently been some effort on the part of the adherents of a rigid priority to change the name of this species to Glaucus, that name having been given to the black female in 1707, antedating by four years the name Turnus ap- plied to the yellow male anil female. One would think a (iontury long enough to confirm a name even if originally given in error, especially in case of any spe- cies which had since been repeatedly figured and treated of in published works, and th.'it nothing but confusion could result from a change after this lapse of time. But it happens in the present case that Glaucus is not the insect described as Turnus, being but a dimorphic form of one sex only, entitled as sucli form to its own special name. The species is Turnus, this form is Glaucus.
Note.— From what I have observed at Coalhurgh, the present season (1877), I think it probable that here, and to the sotilhwani, tliere may often be four annual broods of Turnus, instead of three, as stated above ; the existence of the fourth king d."i)eiiilent on the weallier in April. Tliis month was pleasant and warm, and different Papilios were exceedingly abundant ; and, during the last week, the females of Turnus were freely Jepo.iiting eggs. This would give ample time for the maturing of the larvte and emergence of the butterflies before the first of June, at which date the first of the thre» broods recorded had a beginning. I watched care- fully for yellow females, and had a good opportunity as the butterflies gathered aljout'the fruit "trees and Ulac», but I saw only four ; while there must have been scores of tlie black form, if not hundredi.
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PAPILIO VI.
PAPILIO ZOLICAON, 1-4.
Papilio Zolicaon, Boisduvnl, Ann. Soc. Ent. <ie France, 1852, p. 281. H. Edvanis, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., 1873, p. S.
Ppniaries much produced, strongly arched, hind margin straight or convex; tails long, narrow ; the sexes alike in color and markings.
Male. — Expands about 3.25 inches.
Upper side of primaries black, marked and spotted with deep yellow ; of sec- onilaries yellow from base nearly two thirds the distance to margin, beyond black ; primaries have a .sub-marginal series of eight spots, equal, the anterior ones rounded, the rest either oval or lunular, and a discal series of eight forming a hand across the entire wing ; above these last, on the upper sub-cost.al inter- space, a long patch of yellow scales, and a rounded or oval spot ; the first discal spot deeply and roundly excavated on the upper side, sometimes divided into two ; the second shorter than the first, and the third than the second, after which the series gradually increa.ses in length ") the sixth, the breadth being nearly equal ; the seventh is large, sub-rectangular, the eighth a nar- row stripe on the inner margin ; a narrow v<>ll()w bar cros.ses the cell inside the arc, and near it is a second, also narro mietiines coni])ressed in the mid- die and then expanding largely on sub-costal n» s vurc the b isal urea .somewliai dusted with yellov^ scales. Secondaries have a broad black border which in- closes a sub-marginal series of six yellow spots ; tin first, at outer angle, small, often wanting, the next three large and lunular, the iifth nt base uf tail lunular or sub-triangular, the last a streak near the angle ; in the interspace^ above these spots are clusters of light blue scales ; the abdominal nmrgin bor- dered with black to median nervure, leaving at the outer extremity if the sub- median hiterspace only a small triangular patch of yellow ; above i he incision at the anal angle, over a yellow patch, is a ring, varying in color from orange to deep fulvous, which incloses a round or oval black spot, and is edged on •^he upper side by a blue crescent ; occasionally the ring is wanting, beinu aced
by black which may have a very narrow edging of fulvous on the Ionmi' side; the rest of wing, which comprises the basal area and much of the disk, yellow, divided into eight spots, the cell being one, by the black nervures ; fringes of
PAPILIO VI.
primaries alternately and equally black and yellow, of secondaries yellow with narrow black spaces at the ends of the nervnles.
Under side marked nearly as above, the colors paler ; the sub-marginal spois on primaries more or less eontluint. the black space preceding more or less densely covered with yellow scales ; the patch of scales on costal margin above discal row of spots niuch enlarged ; the cell not dusted, but black. Secondaries have the nerviu'es of the disk heavily edged with black ; the outer edges of the yellow spots on middle of disk suftiised with fulvous as are also the sul»-mar- giiial spots ; the interior portion of the black border covered with yellow scales id)i)ve which are ])atches of blue ; the ocellus as on upper side.
IJody Idack above and l)eneath ; a yellow, sometimes light fulvous, stripe from head to insertion of wings ; a n irrow yellow lateral band on abdomen ; leg.s l)lack ; palpi yellow with l)lack hairs; antennae and club black.
Fem.vi.k. — Expands .5.7-j inches.
.Similar to the male, the yellow brighter, less ochraceous, often inclining to whitish ; the lateral band on alidomen broad.
Egg. — Spherical, .05 inch in diameter ; smooth, greenish yellow ; deposited on the leaves of the food plant.
Maturk L.vkva. — Length 2 inches. Shape of body cylindrical, of nearly uniform size in the middle segments, tapering at either extremitj' ; color bright apple green, paler on sides and luMieath, banded with hhwk and spotted with black and yellow ; the middle of each segment after the first (or head) crossed by a band, which on second t(> foiu'th is narrow and terminates acutely on the middle of the sides, but on the other segments to twelfth inclusive, is broad, tmi- fonii. and ends bluntly or in a club nearly at the base of the body ; on the antei'ior edge of the band on second segment are four yellow dots, two on either side of the dorsum ; on the third and fourth the .same number, but filling exca- vations in the liand ; 'hose of fourth much the larger ; near the ba.se, in a line with each of these two bands, is a black, triangular spot ; from fifth to twelfth segment are three rounded yellow spots on each side of the dorsmn, the lower one placed on the posterior side of the band, either wholly or nearly inclosed in the clubbed extremity, the others, on the iintrrior side nearly occupying the width of the band, and often entirely; along tin- base, above the legs, is a row of round black spots from the fifth to eleventh segment, one .spot on the mid- dle of each on fifth, sixth, and eleventh, but on seventh to tenth two. oiu' being near either edge of the .segment : the last, or thirteenth segment, has two transverse bands, auil a rounded l)lack lateral spot and stripe ; legs green tipped with black, and with a round black spot at the base of each ; the pro-legs green with a similar spot on the side of each ; the sutures between the three
PAPILIO VI.
or lour anterior segments edged with black dorsally, and the remainder h\ a dusky sJiade, not always present ; along tiie under side of the body is a dusky, broken, median line ; head snudl, obovate, pale bluish-green, yellowish in front, with two frontal black stripes und three black tlots ; the ocelli black ; the re- tractile horns on second segment orange. Mr. Henry Edwards states that the mature larva varies, the transverse bands in many cases becoming very broad, and the yellow spots on some of the segments ol)Solete ; in other cases the whole upper surface is pale green, with very faint black bands, the yellow markings considerably larger than the average. According to this author, the larva; feed upon various species of umbellifera;, but particularly upon fennel, Foeniculum vulgare. In confinement, they will feed readily upon carrot or celery. There appears to be but one brood, the larva? being fully fed about the middle of vSep- tember, and the butterfly appearing in the following May. For the drawing of the larva copied on the plate, I am indebted to R. H. Stretch, Esq.
Chrysalis. — Length 1.2 inch, greatest breadth .36 ; shape cylindrical, thickest at sixth and sevent'i segments, tapering gradually toward the head, rapidly toward bust segment ; the surface rough ; the palpi cases jirominent, pyramidal, corrugated ; mesonotum pyramidal, as are also the ocellar projections ; all these processes deep black ; a row of black tuberculated points on back of abdomen and one on either side, the three rows converging at extremity ; color fawn, shading into black at the sides and on dorsum, and mottled irregularly on the front with same color. The chrysalis is also sul)ject to much variation, some examples being almost whollj' black, with shadings of fawn color, while others lose the black altogether and are fawn color, with pale brown markings.
ZoUcaon belongs to the Machaon group, and inhabits the Pacific slope ft'om \'ancouver's Island to Lower California, and is found inland at least as far south as Arizona, as I have received specimens from Lieut. Wheeler's expeditions to that region. I have had it also among the collections made by Dr. Hayden's exi)oditions in Idaho and Montana. It is rare in Colorado, according to Mr. Mead, who took but three or four specimens in his explorations of 1871. And Mr. H. Edwards states that is by no means a common species in Oregon or Viin- couver's Island, and he has never met with it in the higher sierras of California, but that throughout this State it is abundant in the valleys and foot-hills.
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PAPILIO VII.
PAPILIO OREGONIA, 1—4.
Papilio nippoeratti, Vnr. Orrgonia, ?, Edwariln, Trims. Am. Knt. Soc, Vol. V., p. 208, 1878.
P1UMARIE8 much produced, costal maigin strongly arched, hind margin straight or concave ; tails long, narrow, and as in Zolicaon ; the sexes alike in color and markings.
Male. — Expands from 3.5 to 4 inches.
Upper side of primaries black, marked and spotted with bright yellow ; of secondaries, bright yellow from base to marginal border ; primaries have a sub- marginal row of eight spoti, equal, mostly rounded, and a discal series of eight which form a transverse baiul ; above them a long patch of yellow scales, and a little within this, towards ba,se, a subovate spot, truncated on apical side ; the first discal spot is deeply and roundly excavated on anterior side ; the second is a little shorter than first, and third still shorter, after which there is a gradual in- crease in length, to the seventh, whicli is broad and sub-rectangular ; the eigiith is narrow and marginal ; at the extremity of cell within is a sub-lunate trans- verse yellow spot and a broader one in fhe middle, of irregular shape, the two being separated by a black space j the bitsal area thickly dusted with yellow scales.
Secondaries have a broad black marginal border, which incloses a series of six yellow lunular spots, the first, at outer angle, small ; above these spots are clus- ters of blue scales, never distinct, sometimes nearly all wanting ; the inner mar- gin bordered with black, sometimes to median nervure, but in other cases very narrowly ; the anal spot small, yellow below, fulvous above, with a rounded black spot in the middle and which is connected with the narrow black edge of the margin; above the fulvous is a distinct blue crescent; tijils of moderate length, narrow ; fringes black, yellow in the interspaces.
On the under side, the larger part of the marginal border of primaries is oc- cupied by a yellow band, and the remainder includes a nebulous stripe of dull
PAPILIO VII.
yellow oil tlio hlack grouiul ; in the cell the yellow npota nre repeated and en- larged ; the base of eell is dull or luteous yellow, and sends out four long rays wliieli nearly reaeh the middle; secondaries have all the nervures black, those al)out cell and the basal portion of the costal nerviu'e being heavily edged with black ; the luuules nnich eidarged and changed into subquadrate spots, occupy- ing fully half the border, the black ground above them being heavily dusted with yellow and blue ; the fulvon.i of anal spot is changed to orange-yellow, and the two yellow discal spots against cell sonietitnos have their outer ends yellow- tinted.
Body black on upper side, elsewhere yellow, but about tho thorax fulvous- tinted ; a black stripe from the head reaches the insertion of the wings; beneath abdomen two black stripes, und one on lower part of either side, from wings to last segment; legs black; palpi yellow, or with a fulvous tint; frontal hairs black, but next the eyes yellow : antennic and club black.
Fkmai,e. — Expands 4.25 inch.
Similar to the male, the yellow paler ; the blue clusters larger and more dis- tinct.
I described this species as a variety of Illppocrates in 1870, from a female taken by Mr. Ilem-y Edwards, at the Dalles, Cohunbia River. Mr. II. K. Morri- son took several examples of both sexes in Washington Territory, near Olympia, in 18711, and from .some of these the figures on the Plate are drawn. In all I have examined, 2 (J 3 9. I am .satisfied they are not ///yjjjooYj/es, but a dis- tinct species, of same sub-group, and near to Zolleaon. Felder, Verhand. Zodl. Bot., Geschied xiv. pp. 314, 302, 18G4, describes Illppocrates as much larger than Machann, the yellow area narrower, the wings narrower and more pro- duced ; the hind wings also shorter on the costa, more produced posteriorly; the tails longer, the anal spot more obscurely colored, and joined abruptly to the blue lunule ; the black border of the hind wings on the under side much broader, the blue spots more distinct, and placed almost in the middle of the black ground, the outer ones accompanied by few yellow atoms, and the cells of both wings longer.
To this may be added that the black marginal border of hind wings n upper side is considerably broader than Machaon, if I may judge by 3 ,f of Hippoc- rates, from Jap >.n, before me. In all these this border is nearly straight-edged on the inner side, and almost touches the cell in two examples, and quite touches it in the other ; and the tails, beside being longer, are not tapering as in Machaon, but are of nearly even v^-^.th almost to the extremity, where they be- come broader, or sub-spatulate. On the under side of primaries the black eel-
PArnjo VII.
Iiiliir epota disnppoar iilmost entirely. 'I'lic sln^li' ft'iiiiilc Iflppncnifi's f xmiiincd IniH tlio yi'Uow iiri'ii very iimcli rcstricti'tl on iippi-r nidi', all tiic di.scal spots on priiunric's being Heparated l>y wide hlaek spa. ■««, and the l)a.sal area i.s lilack to middle of eell ; so is the npaeo between eell and lower braneh of median ncrvnre to both margins, except a small yellow triangle at the extremity. 'I'lu're is the same absence of black in eell beneath primaries as in th(^ male. All of both sexes have tlio blaek border of prininrios scarcely, if nt all, dusted yellow, and all show the bine hinnle meeting the fnlvous anal spot with no intervening color; on secondaries beneath, the black jxirtion of the border to hind margin is very miK'li b'ss dusted than in MurlKiou, in which sjiecies th<' black area is usually hidden by the yellow scales, and the blno HpotH stand in the middle of the black, on each interspace.
Much of Feliler's description will apply to Orrtjoiiltt as contrasted with j\fii- vliaiiii ; but the former dilTers from 7//y>y>orra^r.s in several particidars. In Ore- (ji)iii(i the yellow disoal spots of ])rimaries are larger, the black intervening sj)aces being narrower than in Ilijijtncrrt/cs, and the yellow spots in the cell are iiotli nuich smaller; the yellow area is broailer on secondaries, and as in MucIkuhi and Zuliaion ; on the under side there is mnch more blaek in the cells, which i.s ahont as in Macfidon ; and the tails art! shorter, narrow, ami not snb-spatulate. ''liese are i)ptween ^fdchaon and JlippocrdteH in length and shape, and precisely as in ZoUvaon. In both my ^ , the length of the tail measm'ed on posterior side is ..'j'2 inch ; the three Jllppocrafen show .44, .48, and .54 inch, respectively. In fact, Orc(j(i)iin is nearer to Zolicaon than to either of the others. A large ffuiale of the last nameil species in my collection, expanding very nearly iouv inches, which is unusual, placed side by side with one of the female Ore<jo)ua, caiuiot be distinguished from it by the a])pearance of the upper side, except by the roinid and sej)arated black spot in the fulvous anal spot, while in Orcyonla the corresponding blaek spot is a contiiuiation of the blaek stri])e which edges the inner margin, turned in and thickened so as to have an oval shape rather than roimd. On the under side I can see no difference, except that the same black spot is present in Zolicaon, and the cell of primaries is wholly black, with a terminal and central yellow spot. There is a marked diilereiice, however, l)etween the bodies in these two .species, in Zolicaon the whole abdomen being black, with only a yellow side stripe, whereas in Oreyonia the body is yellow, with l)iack on dorsum and with four narrow " lack stripes on sides and beneath, just as in Machnon. Oregonia bears niucli the .same relation to ZoJlvaini which Ilippocraks bears to Mdchaon. In the same district with Oregonia, Machaoii also Hies, of the same type with the Hudson's Bay and Alaskan examples, which are very like Var. AsiaficuH, Menetriiis.
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PAPILIO VIII.
PAPILIO HREVICAUDA, 1-5.
Papilio Breuicai.(lti, Saiuulcrs. Packard's Guide, p. 245.
1869.
Primaries moderately produced, costal niiu-gin much curved apically, hind margin much rounded ; tails short, broad at base ; the sexes alike in shape and markings.
Malk. — p]xpands about 3 inches.
Upper side black ; primaries have a sub-marginal series of eight small yellow .spot.-^. rounded or oval ; secondaries have a similar series of six spots, large, mostly lunate ; a common yellow band crosses the disks, composed on primaries of eight spots, the ypper six sub-triangular, varying in size, the seventh sub- quadrate, the eighth a narrow stripe ; the first of these spots has a circular incision on the costal side ; a stripe or a rounded spot in the upper sub-costid inters[iace ; the inner side of the arc of coll l)ordered by a narrow stripe : on .secondaries the band consists of seven spots separated only by the black ner- vurcs ; occasionally the outer extr<,'mity of the cell is also yellow ; beyond the band are dusters of blue .scales in the interspaces; al)ove the incision at inner angle is a fulvous ring on the upper side of a yellow patch, surmounted by a blue crescent, and inclosing a rounded black spot or point; fringes yellow, black at tiio ends of the nervuU's.
Under .ide blackish-brown ; the spots repeated, and all but those of the sub- marginal row on primaries usually more or less suffused with fulvous, individ- uals varying gioatly in this respect; in some there is an absence of fulvous on |)riniaries, and bi;t little on secondaries ; on both wings the space between the row of spots and the band is dusted with yellow scales, most densely on secon- daries, and on these last are patches of blue scales at the anterior edge of the yellow on each interspace ; the ring at the angle as on upper side, but often the black spot is joined by a ligament to the black edge of the inner margin.
Body black, the wing covers slightly tinted with yellow; upon the abdomen is a row of yellow points on either side of the dorsum, and a lateral row from base
PAPILIO VIII.
of wing to last sogment ; logs and palpi blaciv ; frontal hairs black, as are also the antLMnia).
Female. — Expands 3.25 inches.
Similar to tiio male in shape and markings, bnt more variable in color. In the typical specimen, which is a female (Figs. 3, 4), from Newfoundland, the band on upper side is wholly of deep fnlvous, e.vcept the first spot, which is yellow ; on .secondaries the anterior edge and the two sides of each spot of the band are yellow, the posterior parts only being fulvous, and of a less intense shade than appears on primaries ; all the other spots on both wings are yellow, e.\ce[)t the one at outer angle of secondaries, which is partly fulvous ; on the under side the sub-marginal spots of primaries are yellow, of secondaries partly fulvous; the band on prinuiries is fulvous throughout, and on secondaries nearly so, there being a very narrow edging of yellow to each spot, except on the pos- terior side of it.
In three other examples from Newfoundland, sent me by Mr. Saunilers, and all of which are females, there is miixli variation in the extent of the fulvous col- oration on the upper side. One of these (Fig. 5) has no trace of fulvous on .secondaries, except a few scales on a single s[)ot of the disk, while on primaries the four posterior s})ot-' of the band are fulvous, except a narrow edge of yellow on the basal side of each. The second has a slight wash of fulvous over each spot of the band and on both wings ; and the third has all the spots of the l)and deep fulvous, ex(!ept only those next the costa of eaoh wing, which are yellow. The Newfoundland specimens show far more fulvous as a rule than those from Anticosti. These last most often have none of that color upon the upper side, but some are partly sull'used with it.
Edd. — Spherical, tlattcned at base, smooth ; pale yellow.
" The young larvie are black when they issue from the egg, but the whiti.sh patch on middle segments can be distinguished at this stage. At about a week old they are Ijlack, nnd the patch is pale yellow, mottled with black ; surface covered with short tubercles. At the next stage, the length being .25 in., the color is dark brown, and the patch is replaced by a whitish band which encircles the body, and is mottled with black." (Mr. Wm. Couper in lit.)
Matuue Larva. — Length 1-5 inch.
Cylindrical, slender, thickest at third and fourth .segments, tapering slightly from fourth to the last, and rapidly from third to the head ; when at rest the head is drawn partly within the second, and all the anterior segments are con- tracted, the dorsum being arched ; the middle of each segment crossed trans- versely by a black stripe, which is complete on second to fifth, but from sixth to twelfth is broken into three spots, the central or dorsal being round, the others
PAPILIO VIII.
aros of circles, the curve in front; l)olow these stripes and in same Hne, from third to last .s('i,'inent, is ii spot on each, which on third and fourth is lunate, but from fifth to twelfth is a right-angled triangle, one of the short sides being in line with th(f posterior edge of the stripe, the other parallel with the line of the stiguiata ; tbcie is also an infra-stiguuital row of spots, one on each segment after the first, and there is a single spot on eacii leg and pro-leg ; the last segment has three spots on dorsal line, the central round, the otiiers abbreviated stripes ; one such stripe also on either side ; at the intersection of the segments from second to last, a Ijlack stripe crosses the dorsum and ends midway down the side ; color bright pea- green, ciianging to yellow-green on sides and beneatii ; the legs tipped with black ; iiead ob-ovate, yellow-green, striped vertically with black ; retractile horns bright yellow. (From an example preserved in alcohol, and from Mr. Couper, in lit. Fiji-. 0.)
Bremcaudu was first made known by Professor Packard, who prefaced Mr. Sfumders' description by these words : " Mr. Saunders has received from St. Johns, Newfoundland, several specimens of a l)uttertly, one of which I have before me, and which seems to be a very remarkable variety of Asterias." The next notice on record is from Mr. Cou])er, in Can. Ent., Vol. IV., p. 202, Nov. ]<S72, who, in a [lapor on the insects taken by him that year on the Island of Anticosti, mentions having four specimens of this butterfly. In ISTt!, Mr. Couper again visited this island, an<l succeeding in taking many more, as well as in discovering the larva and egg. In Can. Ent., Vol. VI.. n. .")•!, for February, 1874, he says that he had Ibrnicrly taken a single specimen iA' Jlrcvicanda ou the coast of Labrador, and that be iiad made inquiries as to its existence in Newfoundland, and is .satisfied that it is a rare species on that island ; qvioting from a correspondent, who states that he bad seen but one specimen in three seasons, and fiu'ther, that he had heard of this bult'Tlly at Cod Itoy, on the western coast, and at Notre Dame Bay, on the north of the i.sland. Mr. Couper continues: '• I am confident that it i)ecomes rare as we proceed down the .south coast of Labrador towards the Straits of Helle Isle. \\-< true habitat is the island of Anticosti, where it occurs more al)undantly than in Labrador or Newfoundland. It is met with occasionally at Mingan, but more i-specially at the mouths of rivers east of Seven Islands." Mr. Couper has kindly Inrnished me extracts from his note-book as follows : " lirevlcnnda was noticed and a specimen taken at Ellis Bay, 14th June. From the latter date, as the weather became warm, forty specimens were taken up to 2r)th June. The female deposited eggs, 25th June, on Archangelica purpurea (see Plate), and I have also found eggs on Ileracleum lanatum, but the former plant is its principal food, ■uid occiu's abundantly throughout the island. The egg is laid singly on the
PAPILIO VIII.
upper surfuco of tlic l»'iif near tlic nlgi', wlicro it is I'xposoil (o the full force of the sini's liciit. 0\\ tlic Kitli ,Tulv, 1 found .young Inrvio, about ten days old, fetMliuir on the u|)per ciitick' of tin; leaf To ])n)curo the complete hiHtory of this hipilio, it would he necessarv for an entomologist to remain on the island from Mav till August. 1 arrived at Ellis Hay on 14th June, and left at the end of July. Therefore 1 had no chance of obtaining a chrysali.i. which could only be had in the first week in .\iigiist. 1 took the largest caterpillars I could find before I left, and which had passed their last moult. ]{y the time the adult larviB arc ready to go into chrysalis, the Aveather becomes cold, and the hirvao at the l)egiuniiig of August are of various sizes. The uiidergrown ones hide in the leaves of their ibud-plants during the cold nights, and feed during the day, and i)V the middle of the month, probably, all have matured and changed to chrysalids." Mr. Couper writes again, April, 1875: " Brevicauda was sent nie last season from Perce, in the district of (Jaspe. on the south coast of the Trulf. opposite Anti- costi, and aliout sevi-uty miles sea distance from that island. It occurs to me that as the western portion of Newfoiiiidlaud is only one hundred miles from the east end of Anticosti. the butterfly may occasionally cross over. But alter all my correspondence with two intelligent gentlenuMi in Newfoundland, I cannot obtain a specimen taken there. Although long resident, these gentlemen have never seen lireiucfiiit/d. I Itelieve Anticosti to be the true home of tlie species." And later, "Two specinuMis oi' Jirericciiida have been taken this summer at God- boiit Hiver. on the north side of the St. Lawrence."
Ill the Knt. Mo. Mag. for Apvil. IST^"), p. 244, Vol. XI., is a mention by Mr. H. ^y. Bates, of Jirevlcfiitfln, as taken by Mr. Milne, at Betts Cove and Terra Nova River, Newfoundland.
It is sur]irising that a new species of Pajulio should be discovered at this late day on the Atlantic coast, and great credit is due Mr. Cou|)er for the pains he has taken to elucidate its life-history. It .stands midway between two groups, that of Machdoii, represented on this continent by its variety Aliaska and by Zollrrion on the one hand, and Asferlas and its allies on the other. It resembles Alidxhi in shape, the fore wings bi'ing le.ss (dongated than in Asterlds. and their hind margins being convex instead of straight or concave. The hind wings are also less elongated, and the tails are shorter, and are like those of Alliisl-a. .More- over, the sexes are alike in color and markings, as is the rule with all the Ma- clidon group, but not with Asfcrins, in which the diflerence between the sexes in these respects is conspicuous. Bnt the basal area of the hind wings is black, as in Asfrrldfi. whereas in the other grou]) it is yellow; and the abdomen is marked by rows of yellow dots as in /l.s•^'m^s• also, while in Mnchnnn and its allies the abdomen is striped longitudinally with black and yellow. The yellow bands of the wings are similarly disposed in both groups, but their suffusion with fulvous
PAPILIO VIII.
Ls ii peculiarity which Dremcauda shares only with the Asteriaa group. The mature larva diflbrs from tluit of Asterlas, Zolicaon, or Machaon, in the absence of the yctloio or orange spots which ornament those species, and the black stripes (ire more broken. The caterpillar of Aliaska is unknown, but is probably closely like that, of Machaon.
Mr. Bates, in the paper before quoted, considered Brevicauda as a local form of Asterias, but on my pointing out the difiercnces between the two, ho replies that Mr. Milne's specimens were so much damaged that a complete comparison {■(lulil not be made, but that on my representation, •• there cannot be any doubt of JJreincniida being a good species, quite as distinct from Asterias as the Corsi- caii P. Iloxpilon is from Machaon."
Aliaska Hies over the northern portion of the continent from east of Hudson's Bay to the Pacific, and the range of Asterias is from Canada to Mexico and from oci'iin to ocean. It is therefore the more remarkable that Brevicauda should l)u restricted to two i.slnnds on the coast, being also excessively rare on one of them, and to a limited district on the adjoining mainland. One may naturally ask, how happens it that a species midway between two others which divide be- tween them the continent, should be found thus restricted. Its peculiarities pre- clude the idea that it can be a mere offshoot from either of the species named, for in such case, while it would agree in part with the parent stock, the points of divergence would not be just so many points of agreement with any other species, and most especially with the only other at all allied to it which is to be found in its district. The variation would take a new direction rather.
TIktc are two ways of accounting for this phenomenon ; first, that Brevicauda iuis originated in hybridism between tlie two species named. A brood being liyliridized, its members have proved fertile, have increased moderately, and have been prevented by segregation on the islands from subsequent intercrossing with either parent stock. By this means the individuals now existing have become essentially alike. Segregation again has originated and perpetuated certain minor ilifl'erences between the inhabitants of the two islands, as in color, those on one being mostly yellow, on the other fulvous. And from the islands the main-land is now colonized.
Or, .second, Brevicauda represents an ancient, dominating, now almost extinct species, from which Asterias and Machaon have naturally descended, and each of which, in process of time, has thrown off one and another variety, some of wiiioh, favored by circunistances, have become permanent, and now constitute the group which gathers about its intermediate stock.
This liist seems to me a reasonable and probable statement of the relationship of these several species.
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PAPILIO VIII. B.
I'APILIO HKKVICAUDA.
EoG. — Spherical, flattened at base ; pnle yellow. (Fig. a.)
Young Larva. — Length .1 inch ; cylindrical, the anterior segments thickest, ami a little arched ; color pale black ; a white patch on dorsum, on segment 8 and part of 7 ; the spines are in ,'ix rows, one sub-dorsal and two on either ide ; tiu'se arc black and rise fron\ pale yellow tubercles, each sending out a few black hairs; head black, pilose. (Fig- 6.)
After first moult : length .'2') imh ; color black-b'-own. the ))aich white and I'vtt'iiding well down .'ither side; the spines as before, their bases pair yellow; iuiid black, »ihining, with a white spot in front and one on (>ither side. (Fig. v.)
After wcond moult : length .4 inch ; color black, the patch as before ; while marks over tlie feet; tiie biuses of the si)ines chiume-yellow ; head as at previous ,-t.ige. (Fig. rf.)
After third moult : length .8 inch ; color black, with narrow white stripes at tiie junctions of the segments; white al.xo on the sides of 7 and 8, but not on dorsum ; white points on tlie Inst .segment and over feet; the yellow at ba.ses of sjiiut's is brighter; liead as before. (Fig. «•.)
Alter fourth moult: length 1.1 inch, and readied 1.5 inch at maturity.
MATl'ltK LvitVA. — licngtli 1.5 inch; cylindrical, slender, thickest at third and fourth segments, tapering slightly from four to last, and rapidly toward the litad ; the surface smooth, the tubercles of previous stages being suppies.sed, except those of the two dorsal i ows which i^re reduced and scarcely elevated, and under the glass -ire seen to have a pencil of very .«Iiort hairs each ; wiieii at rest the anterior segments are contracted and atched ; the middle of each, from two to twelve, crossed by a black stripe or narrow band, broken on the middle of .side after five; from four, divided a second time near its extremity, a triangular section being cut off on the posterior side; on thirteen the band is divided into three spot.s, the central or dorsal one being rounded; behind the.se are two sub-
PAPILIO VIII. B.
dorsal round spots, nnd on either side a long oblique mark; the anal shield black ; there is also a black stripe between each pair of se;;inent.x, broadest on dorsum and diminishing to the middle of the side where it disappears; these are scarcely visible except when the larva is in motion ; there is also a line of small black spots along base of body, one on each segment from 2 to (5, and on 11 to lo. two on 7 to 10, and there is a spot over each foot and pro-leg ; on each side are three rows of chrome-yellow spotp, those of the two sub-dorsal rows being round and placed just within the tubercles, and on the front edges of the bands ; so the spots of the other rows on segments three to five are on the fronts of the bands; but after this they divide them, the middle row being round, the lower row straight and oblique, filling the space between the band and triangle; feet tipped black; color of body bright pen-green, changing to yellow-green on the sides; or a creaniy-wliite tinted dorsaily wifli delicate green, fading into white on the sides ; head obovate, either yellow-green or pale green, marked in front by two oblique black stripes which nearly meet at top ; two others on the sides, nnd be- tween the front and side stripes at base is a sliort narrow stiipe ; on lower front face a roundt'd black spot ; the retractile horns briglit yellow. (Figs./*, y^.)
Another larva at maturity was black, with white lines between the segments, and pale green between some of fliem, especially the anterio» ones 'ind the last two; much white along base of body. (Fig./'\)
CnKVyALis. — Length 1 inch ; greatest breadth .J> inch ; cylindrical, thickest in middle ; the surface rough, corrugated ; head-case produced, ending in two Mib-triangid,ir proce.«ses, tiie space between them concave ; mesonotum promi- nent, pointed forward, sub-pyramidal ; color green, on dorsum yellowish, on ven- tral side pale ; the wing-cases dark ; on abdomen two sub-dorsal rows of small rounded tubercles. (Fig. fj.)
On Phitc VIII. the mature larva of Brrelcmtda was figured, bii. incorrectly in one particular, as nilerwarOs discovered, the yellow spots hiving been omittrd. In 187S, Mr. Coupcr visited (Jodbout. on Lower St Iiawrtuce, north shore, nnd p;;i(i especiid attention io this Initter'ly .md its preparatory stages, taking notes of each. He also preserved each larval stage i i a'-obol. and on his ret>irn put the notes and material in my hands. Later in the season he sent me two living chrysalids. from wlii"h the JMiltcrflies emerged at Coalbnrgli the following sjtring The ciirysalis on the Plate is drawn from life ; the larvie from llie alcoholic ex- amples. In these the markings are as distinct as when alive, but for (he ''olora- tioii, except when blaik, the notes i.f Mr. Couper liave guided the colorist. Tiie yellow spots had completely disiip|»( ,ired in the alcohol. Mr. t'ouper wrote as follows : " This butterlly was rare at Uodbout in summer of 1878, only about a
PAPILIO VIII. B.
dozen being seen on n long range of const. The first were noticed at the begin- ning of Jiini'. 1 think the rnrity was produced by tlie want of the usual snow- fall the ])revious winter. The depth of snow is usually nine feet, but was only about two feet on the north shore in the winter of 1877-78. Tlie food plants, niiiru'ly, Angelica peregrina (not pui'purm, as stated in the text to Plate VIII.), i\iiil the wild parsley were retarded by the cold weather. The first eggs were deposited 14th June, but a second batch was laid aiwut middle of July. I lironght larvaj with nie to Montreal in jelly glas.ses, and after the Angelica was exliaustt'd, I fed them on wild parsley; but they eat very little of it and all dwindled away and died. Hut my friend, Mr. Napoleon Connea'i, of Godbout, had some of the larvtc, and has since written me that although his iirst trial with the caterpillars was not successful, he has now four which are progressing favor- ably." Tlie.se caterpillars reached chrysalis, and two of them were sent me by Mr. Couper, as I have mentioned.
1 anj |deased at being able to represent tlie preparatory stages of Urevlcauda ill full, together with its food plant, Angelica peregrina, and to give its history as vdikod out so successfully by Mr. Couper.
•NdiK. Some delay in iho i>sue of (lit! present Part given m« an opp.-r unity to add furtlicr inl'i<riii;i:!iin rei«|>e('tiiig li: evicauda and it« history, kindly conlrihiited liy Mr. Mead.
New Yokk, September 2.*}, 1880.
Dkau Mu. Enw\UDS, — During my recent »tf\.y of three weeks in Newfound- liiiiil. I wax very .",ucce.''sful in obtaining caterpillars of P. Brci^inutdn along the ■chores of both Conception and Placentia IJays. on ♦he peninsula f)f Avalon, which was the only part of tin; island visited. In cliiiii)ing a mountain at Topsail, t'vclve miles from St. John's, I noticed one of these butterflies sailing about the incky summit, very much as P fiidra is always seen to do in ihc Sierra Nevaila. Like that species, it ipade long flights, rarely alighting, but apparently reconiioi- ii-ring the wiiole mountain, as if in search of plants on wl.ich to lay its eggs, t'liase would have been tiseless, so stationing my.self on what appeared to be an
ttractive grassy spot among the rocks, T waited 'for 'he in.sect and captured it the wing. It proved to be a female ; so conliiiing it in a bo.x uninjured, I
iiiide diligent search for plants on which it might lay eggs. But umbelliferous ulaiits seemed very scarce ihro'ugliout the country, and it was only by good for- tune that I noticed an Angelica growing in a field as we drove back toward ^l. bilin's. Till! biMieifly was confined with a stem of this plant, and laid nine eggs and then escaped None of the eggs hatched, however. This failure I attribute ill their having been kept from the sunlight, for the caterpillars afterwards
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PAPILIO VI) I. B.
found seemed very susceptible to cold and prolonged darkness or close confine- ment of nny kind.
The first caterpillars were found at Holyrood. at the head of Conception Bay, upon cultivated parsnips. Tiiis was on the 2Sth July, and thougii some o( the cater|)illars were in the last stage, the majority of them were young. In a drive of thirty miles across the peninsula to I'lacentia Hay I found no JJrcriamda at points in the interior. Near I'lacentia. however, there were large patches of Angelica, on which 1 found a few larvii\ In the kitchen gardens of the vil- lagers one or two larva) were on almost every parsnip plant, and in a small field overgrown with wild parsley I obtained nearly two hundred in the course ol one afternoon. This was during the first wttk in August, and nearly all the larvie were past the third or fourth moult. Not having e.\pe<'ted such good fortune. 1 was ol)liged to nearly fill my butterlly collecting box with them, and carry it altout a mile to my lodgings. Even tiiis short confinement killed sev- eral of the larvic aiVl reduced many more to a state of insensihility. In their natural condition, they either rest upon the leaves in full suuligiit, or bask upon the stones and coarse gravel among which their food plants grow. These stones are often heated by the sun dining the day to a temperature of 90° to 100° F., and retain a part of the warmth overnight.
These caterpillars were large, measuring two inches in length when nt rest. The colors in all were clear ap|>le-green and black, with dots of orange-yellow dis])osed as figured on your Plate, and showing all intergrades between the varie- ties repre.^entcd at /", and /'. The larva> did not seem to object to change of food, but eat wild pan^ley, Angelica, or parsnip abnost indill'erently.
From about tJiree hundred caterpillars I ol>taincd about one hundred chrysa- lids before leaving Newlbundland. They vary Irom 1.1 to l.t inches in length. Fifty-three are green and yellow, as shown on the Plate, (ifly-nine are black or dark brown, uuirked with light wood-brown, and two are intermediate between green an 1 brown. One chrysalis gave butterfiy within a week of my return, thus not having been in eluysalis more ti;an eighteen days. This was a fine female, e.xpanding a little over three inches, and resemi)iing Kig. 5, Plate VIII., in its color and markings. Four more have just enterged, all males; two of them show a little fulvous suffusion, while the others are like Fig. 1.
Yours very truly,
TIIICODOKK L. MEAD.
It is eviilent from this commimication of Mr. ^fead that lirrv'ivaudn is a com- mon species in .■southern Newfomnlland, at least. Also tliat it might easily be- come double-brooded, if the length of the season permitted, or if it becatno uccli- nuited in a more southern latitude.
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PAPILIO IX.
PAriLKJ INDRA, 1—4.
/'a/iilio Inilrn, Itenkirt, Proc. Erit. Soc. I'liil., VI., p. 123, <f, I8fii>. I'litnain, Proc. Davenport Acad. NaL Soi., I., pi. 35, V, 1876.
PiiiMARiES modonitely produced j co.stal margin much curved near apex; hind iimrjjin in mule either slightly excavated or sinuous, in female straight ; tails .short, broad at base ; the sexes alike in color and marking.s ; clo.sely allied to Brccicmula.
Mai,k. — Expands 3 inches.
Upper side black ; primaries have a submarginal series of small yellow spots, larffest anteriorly and regularly diminishing in size (o inner angle ; secondaries have n similar series of six sjtots, mostly lunate, the one at outi-r angle .some- times oh.iolete ; a conunon yellow band cros.ses the disks, on j)rimaries compo.sed of eight spots, the upper six triangular, the .seventh sub-quadrate, the eighth a narrow l)ar on inner margin ; the first of the.se spots has a cirmdar incisicm on the co.stal siile, j)erhaps cutting quite acro.ss ; on the ui)pi'r sulieostal interspace is a rounded sj)ot ; on the iiuier side of the arc of cell a narrow bar or stripe, and a .small patch within the cell ; on secondaries the banci is nearly straight on its inner side, or a little excavated, and consists of eight spots, the yel- low extremity of the cell counting as on(^ ; beyond are clusters of lilue .scales; above the incision at inner angle is an orange-fulvous ring, edged on the side of the incision by yellow, surmounted l)y a blue crescent, anil inclosing a roimdcd black spot ; fringes of primaries black, of secondaries black, in the eiiuirginations yellow.
Under .side paler black, the spots repeated, pah-r colored, the submarginal spots enlarged ; those at the angles on secondaries more or less cov(;red with orange ; also the spots on lower di.scoidal and up[)er median interspaces are tipped with orange; the black urea between the spots and band, on primaries, innnaculate, but on secondaries this area is dusted with blue or purple scales, and the middle of each interspace is of a deeper shade of black than elsewhere.
IJody black ; tho wing covers deep yellow ; the abdomen white without yel-
PAI'ILIO IX.
low cxcfpling a Intoral pateli nuiir the extremity ; legs, palpi, and anleniiie Mack.
FiMAi.i:. — l'A|)nn(ls •) to .1.5 inclics.
Similar to tlu' iiiaK* 'ii color and inarkiiij^s ; tlio sulimar^'iiial spot.-* of soconda- rios In-low more or less oranj^'c-tiiitcd ; hut in some examples the orange is con- fined lo ilir two cxtrcnu- spots, as in the niiile.
This species is as 31't exceedinj^ly rare in collections. Mr. James Ridings hroiighl from Colorado, in 1804, two males, one of which came into my posses- sion iind is lin;iiied on the Plate, and the other was descrihed liy Mr. Heakirt, and is in the collection of the Entomolo<^ical Scx'iety. at IMiiladelphia. Two femah's were tiiken hy Mr. J. Duncan Putnam, in Clear Creek Canon, ahove Ciolden City. Cidorado, in 1S72. anri one of these has been kindly loaned me for illiistnition. The other is fij,nired in the proceediiiirs of the Davenport Academy, and seems to li.ive had no tiiil whatever, — merely a dentation a little more prominent tluiii elsewhere. In the collection of Mr. Henry Kdwards is a female taken in Tuolumne County, on the rim of the Yo Semite Valley, and a male found on Mount St. Heli-nn. in Napa ('onnty. These were the only exiimples known to ns at the hej^iuiiinj; of 1.S77. Mr. Eilwards wrote nie in Jidy. as fol- lows: '• 1 went lip to the Sierras on !>th July and stopped at the Summit Station, 7.-<l<t feet idiove the sen. The second ilay after my arrivid I saw. cIos(> to the house, an Iiidra on the winjr. and the tiext day I climbed to the top of one of the highest peaks in the region, that is, to an altitude of 8,000 or 8,200 feet. Sporting about on the top of this jieak, the jjlatean being about thirty yards by ten in area, were three griind Iiidrii. Rut the wind was blowing fearfully, and they were constantly cIuiscm' by \'iinessas Curdui and C'lrifr. and it was utterly impossible fur me to catch one of them. They were very wild and over the edge of the clill'. which was quite precipitous, in a moment, forbidding the len.st ajiproach. 1 had to go home the lU'Xt day and had no chance to re])eat my seiirch."
After the p.ate of Tndrn was drawn, 1 received from Mr. Edwards a fine j.air of this species, iind as the I'emale was larger than the exatn|)le figured I regre - ted my iuHbility to have given it also. Mr. Edwards writes: "Among som> insects which were collected by a young friend of mine, Heimann Dwinelle, who died here a few weeks ago, anrl who desired that the whole of his collection shoulil be St n* lo im % 1 find several s])ecimens of Indrn. taken by him in Shasta County, in July of the present year." Mr. Edwards add.s : '-There is no doubt that the Coast Range of California is the home of Indra, and that all exranples
I'AriMO IX.
taki'ii ill our Sit-rniH and in ('oloiado. Iiavc strayi'il rmiii llicir orijrinai liirlli- plact'. I liiivo Hoi'ii it now from McmlDciiio ('(iiiiitv; IVuin Kiii^'lil's Vallcv, in SoiKiina (!onnty ; and flic «'xaiii|)li's taken Ity Mr. Dwini-Iie wciv taken iiciir llm (i>^liiii;r-"'tati()ii. McCloiid Hivcr, Siiasta ('oiiiity. Now these localities are all in what is called the (.'oast Hanj^e (if iniiniitaiiis, lyiii^ far west of tin- Siena Ne- vada, lint connected with this raiij,'e here and there Ity rirlgos of hills. Kni;,dit's \'alley is only ahoiit ;5')(Meet above tin; sea, .Met'loiid River ahoiit l.tUKI. and the siiiinnit of the Sierra, where 1 saw the exain|iies in July, al)oiil S.IIOO, so that the species varies inncli as to its altitiule. "
Mr. Mead, wiio collueted in northern Colorado for several months, in |S7I, did not encounter this species there, nor diil Ijieiit. \V. fj. ('ar|)enter, I'. S. A., who siilise'^iieiitly made «'.\tensive eolleetions. Iiotli in iiortheiii and in southern Col- orado; and Mr. I[. K. Morrison, who hron^ht, in 1S77, an immense eolleetion of iiiitterllies from .southern Colorado, saw nothing of liit/rti. Nor has it ap|)eared fmni New Me.vico, Arizona, or Montana. The metropolis of the species seeni.s to !)(' in western (,'alifoniia, as stated l»y Mr. Henry Edwards.
The principal diH'ereiieo between Indni and Jireoicniula, apart from the absen(;e of oranjje in tJie former, and the presence of tlii.s color in a varied ami often ex- cessive de<,'ree in the latter, ami which may he owin^' to climata! effect, consists in the markinjfs of the ahdomeii and in the leiij^th of the tail. In Imlra the ali- ilniMcii of the male is wholly Mack, excepting a yellow stripe on tiie side near cvtrcniity ; in the female this is shown to he part of a stripe which extends the iciiirih of the ahdomen. l>ut whicli. except just at the extremity, is faint and nearly olisolete. This stripe on an otherwise hlack i)ody is a characteristic of '/.iilknon, luid is there distinct. Hut in the Asftrias frnuip, while the hody is lilack. instead of a lateral stripe, there are lines of small ycdlow spots, and these arc foMiiil in JJn'rlcdmhi. At the o|)posite extreme from AsUriris.Mdc/idoiilms the ahdonieii hlack above, but elsewhere yellow, with narrow lateral ami vertical Mack lines. All these species, except Axferlns, have the markinjrs of the wing nfike in both sexes, but in the latter species there is much dilference in this re- spect. The series runs M'tclKioii, Zo/icKDi, Inilnu lircvlrditild, A'<f( rinx.
The re.semblance between Inrfrn and lireincauda, one at the extreme West, the other at the extreme Kast, and both restricted to very narrow limits, is sngges- tivt,' of a period when both were represented by a single species which occu|)ied the northern parts of the continent. This struck me when considering the peculiarities ami the i.-toUiiini of Jirevicauda, and when I had only that species in view, and now the s udy ol Iiidrii seems to render the conclusion to which I tiien inclined more pi »'r>ali]-, — that tlie.se two species represent most nearly tlie primitive form frou^ which the Machaon and Asteriaa groups have de- .scended.
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PAPILIO X.
PAPILIO BAIRDII, 1—4.
Papilio Bairdii, Edwards, rf, Proc. Ent. Soc., Phil., Vol. VI., p. 200, 1866. ?, Edw., Can. Ent., Vol. XI., p. 83, 1879.
Primariks much produced, strongly arched, the hind margins concave ; tails long, sub-spatulate ; the sexes differ in ornamentation.
Upper side black ; primaries have a submarginal series of eight small yellow spots, those next apex rounded, the others lunate ; secondaries heave a similar series of six spots, the one at outer angle small, sometimes wanting, at inner angle narrow, the others large, irregularly lunate; a common yellow band crosses the disks, composed on primaries of eight large spots, the first of which is long and pointed, but the basal half is nearly or quite wanting, owing to a circular sinus on costal side ; the second to sixth are sub-triangular, the seventh sub- ([uadrate, the eighth long and narrow ; these spots, from second to eighth, are sometimes all truncated on the inner side ; in other cases only the last three or four, and fade gradually into the black ground ; most of them are also excavated on the outer side ; in the upper sub-costal interspace a rounded spot ; on the arc of cell sometimes an obsolescent yellow stripe, and another in the cell at about one third the distance from arc to base ; but in some examples no trace of these stripes is seen ; the costal margin above the band is dusted yellow ; on sec- ondaries the band consists of seven spots, usually separated by the nervules only, l)ut in some cases these spots are reduced and separated by considerable spaces ; in some examples the breadth of the band is reduced from one half to two thirds; the space between the band and the marginal spots is broad, black, and occupied by clusters of blue scales, which increase in density towards inner margin ; some- times, however, these clusters are wanting ; above the incision at anal angle is a fulvous ring on yellow ground, inclosing a rounded black spot ; this ring is usu- ally incomplete, the spot being joined to the black edge of the wing ; above the ring is a blue cresc )t of densely laid scales ; fringes yellow, alternating with black, yellow in the emarginations of secondaries.
PAPILIO X.
Under side blackish brown ; the spots repeated, the sub-marginal enlarged, especially on primaries; the snb-apical area on costa of primiirics largely dusted with yellow ; the middle of the black space between the band and the outer spots is also dusted, so as to form a band or stripe of scales ; secondaries have the outer ends of the discal spots more or less suffused with yellow-fulvous, usu- ally only the two or three spots next the end of cell, but sometimes all are so colored ; the black extra-discal space is nearly occupied by clusters of yellow scales, on the anterior edges of which are clusters of blue scales.
Body black ; on either side of the thorax a deep ochre-yellow stripe to the insertion of the wings ; on the abdomen a sub-dorsal row of small yellow spots on either side, and another row which is lateral ; there is also a lower lateral row from middle of the abdomen to last segment, and a vertical row of about the same length ; legs black, the outer side of the tibiaa and tarsi buff ; palpi yel- low and black ; frontal hairs black, at the sides yellow ; on either side, between the eyes and back of the antennae, is a yellow spot ; antennae and club black.
Female. — Expands 4 inches.
Upper side black ; the discal band represented by imperfect spots on both wings, corresponding to the outer portion of the spots of the male ; there may be three or four of these on primaries, on the anterior part of the wing, or none at all ; on secondaries, either a few small clusters of yellow scales, or nothing, except on costal margin, where there seems always to be a large and usually a distinct spot ; all the yellow paler than in the males, rather buff ; the clusters of blue scales sometimes large and conspicuous, sometimes obsolescent.
On die under side the spots are generally more distinct, and on secondaries, in all individuals examined, form a complete series across the wing, but of single width, the spot in cell being obsolete in all cases ; the spots are more suffused than in the male, either with dull fulvous or ochraceous, and the spots of sub- marginal row are often more or less fulvous ; in some cases the extremity of the abdomen is yellow, and the central side largely so.
m
This species inhabits Arizona, and probably Southern Colorado and Utah. The example described by me in 1866 was a male, which I found in a badly damaged state at the Smithsonian, and it was several years before other examples were received, taken in Arizona by the Wheeler Expedition. These were in bad condition and of little use for descriptions or figuring. Fortunately, Mr. B. Neumoegen received, in 1878, several fresh examples of both sexes, and has kindly allowed me to use them. The males differ much in the discal band, some having this of twice the breadth of others. In some the spots of this band are close together, in others there are wide black spaces between them ; all have
PAPILIO X.
the sub-marginal spots ^ ^^'* °^ ^'^"^^ «^'''''^« i"«ide
Ihoy arc »bM„t. In „11, |,<,„evcr ti.ere uT?! . , ° ''"' '"'■»™"s<"
same wings seetn never to be fli.tinnf ,-., ,\ f ^ sub-marginal rows of
a few ..cafes only In hi 1 ^''"''''' ''"'^ ''^^^" ^'^ represented by
l.Iuee]lrsonLJnV.^ Tthe" %" T' T"""" '" *^^ «'*-* ^^ ^^e 'IL^tinct on secon;ia2 ' ""'" "'^ " *^^ ^^'"^'^ *he band is always
Asferias is also found in AnVnnn ««/! t i, ■ ,
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PAPILIO XI.
ASTERIAS, VAR. CALVEHLEVl, 2—5.
I'apUio Calvtrleyi, Grote, Proc Ent. S,,,. Phil tt „ , , , ,
The male described liv Mr p...* Fischer, in the n^^^^f^Z. ^^^"^^^/'T^' ''''' '' '''■ ^«- in the coneetion of Mr. 8.,^:! S:;:^; ^7^;;. '7\ 't^' T Vf fa.ned ,t m order to figure it on the Pi;te 'Pi! r i' ' " "■^'°'" ^ °^-
^-y Mr. T. L. Mead, ne ' En.erpri ef ^L A^^'^n-'^rr^^^,^^^! ^^^-^ 't not impossible that we nii<.ht hive to n w h t ""''^^ ^^''"^^^^
-xes had been taken, and one o . n i a U ' Htir '^T'I '""' " '"^'^ vrv 1-ulI exploration of Florid, of 1 < v. ^^P'o'-e^i ■'eHion. But
.'■"Plo, and r think 1^ fon t^ ,'t T' ^T '""' '^ P''°'"'^^^ ■''"«*^-- -- oases are not of very unco „ on 1 ^ "'-''^ 'i'"^ """^''^ ^^''''^"■'- Such
^>.i 1 have several i/^^z 'riiXi'^x:; :^^::: j^E "^ 'T'r
'-tn-cted to one .^exol y t loT T"' f "^ "'"" ^^^^ ■^"'^-'«» '^ -^ P-nliarities of color mtS be ne 1"T. 'V'"^"" '""''"^ -stances the - tl.at is, to a good .fpedes f^'P^^"''^^^'^' ^^ -^^ -- ^o a permanent variety,
^-en.l days, indicate that Inti^^'Z^J'^'ZTT^'r:' ''^ ^^'"'- ^'• '■nvelopu.g with ice or .now for ov, '«'«'- ^uch as would ensue from an
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PAPILIO XII., XIII.
PAPILIO RUTULUS. 1-4.
/•aMa^"'"/".', Hois.l,.val, Aim. Sue. Ent.dcFran™, 2-sor.,v. X ,, 279 I850 \ar. AmzoNK.NSis, Kdwards, I'apilio, V. HI., p. 4, 18,S3. - -
Male. —Expands from 3.5 to 4.25 inches
Upper side yellow, banded with black; co.^ta of primaries black, more or less .ed throughout, and next base densely, with yellow; a narrow band crosses bases of wn.gs and follows the abdominal margin, bends inward at an oI,tuse ang] and joms the extremity of the second band; this last cro.s.ses Loth win^s is broad on prnnar.es, but narrows gradually as it approaches the inner mar.'in and on secondaries is reduced to a slender, tapering stripe; the third band crosses outer part of cell of primaries, is broad, usually curved, and is continued In- an irregular patch to lower branch of median nervure, with spurs alon^Mhe upper branches; the fourth band lies on the arc of cell; the fifth is made up of a rounded spot in sub-costal interspace, and a patch which reaches the .liscoidal nervule ; the marginal border is broad, even-edged within, and through it, on F"narie.s, runs a series of small yellow spots, which form a tapering band, the ntenor spots oval or lunate, the others straight, and often mere streaks; on the basal side of these, on the black ground, is a stripe of yellow scales; on seconda- r.e.. the border widens posteriorly, and in the median interspaces is densely dus ed with yellow on the inner side ; along the margin are four yellow spots, the pos onor one huuilar, the remainder narrow bars, curved or straight ; sometimes
t 1 ' T f'^^'"'' '', '"*'' ''°''' '^"* '^ ""^''^y' «™''^"' ''' streak, or cluster of
calcs; next inner angle a small deep fulvous lunule, or a streak, often wantino- •
he incision at this angle edged fulvous; through the border runs a «erics of
Zact'o 1'? '^'"«/-'-' «ften wanting on anterior half of wing, but more
cm pact on lower median interspace, there forming a large rounded j^atch ; next
n rr? r '1 r r^T'' ^'"''''''' "'"••^"^^ •"^^•^ *^^« «"b-costal and .liscoidal vules edged black ; the arc of cell on secondaries often covered by a black
JoS '; n "rr"' ^°"*' '""''"-^ outwardly, somewhat spatulate on inner ■Kk, but often so little as to be scarcely perceptib^^; fringes of primaries black,
2 PAPILIO XII., XIII.
a little yellow in the interspace.s, of secondarios largely yellow, black at the ends of (lie iierviiles.
Under side pale yellow, the bands repeated, the subniarj^inal yellow .spots of primaries represented by a broad wedge-shaped band ; the l)laek groniul anterior to this occnpied by a band of loo.se yellow scales ; on secondaries the correspond- ing black ground is densely covered with similar scales, having along the anterior edge a macular stripe of pale metallic blue; the subinarginal spots repeated but enlarged, and tiie one at outer angle is abroad rectangular bar; through the l)lack discal bar sometimes runs a blue streak ; in somo examples there is a faint fulvous discoloration on the yellow ground of secondaries, in median interspaces, but as a rule, there is no trace of this.
IJody black above ; a yellow stripe from the head to the insertion of sec- ondaries ; but often the black area is restricted to a narrow band from head to end of abdomen; beneath, the thorax is yellow with two oblique black stripes; abdomen yellow with a lateral black stripe from insertion of secondaries to last .segment, and two stripes ventral. (Figs. 1, 2.)
Fkm.vlk. — Expands from 4 to 4.8 inches.
Upper side as in the male ; the blue scales in border of secondaries more dense, and continued across the wing, presenting the appearance of a macular band; the spot at outer angle as in the male. (Figs. .8, 4.)
The figures on Plato represent the summer brood, and examples of this brood from California and Washington Territory are nearly all oehrey-yellow, Avhile those of the spring are clearer. All examples observed from the Kocky Moun- tains are less ochraceous than tho.se to the westward.
Var. Arizonkxsis.
Wings less falcate, the black bands heavy, the tails bent in, very little or not at all spatulate on inner side. (Figs. 5, G.)
Egg. — Sub-conoidal, base rounded and flattened ; .surface smooth ; color deep green. (Fig. a.) Duration of this stage ten to thirteen days.
Young Lauva. — Length .1 inch ; cylindrical, the anterior segments thickened ; color dark brown, mottled black ; on 8 a whitish patch, the width of the seg- ment, rounded at the ends and takinjj in the sub-dorsal tubercles, but descendintr the sides no farther; this patch covers the posterior part of 7 also, and is there broken into spots; an ob.scure light line runs the length of the body just under the sub-dorsal tubercles ; on dorsum of 2 are four minute tubercles, or mere points, in iwo cross-rows, the fro7it pair twice as far apart as those on 3, the other pair outside these ; from 3 to 13 are two tubercles to each segment, close together, and each of these points sends out one short hair ; the sub-dorsals are large on 2, 3, 4, 11, and 12, conical, pointed, with one hair at apex and five about the sides,
PAPILIO XII., XIII.
every hnir Htriiiglit nnd ending in ii knob; on 13 is a similar tubercle, equal in size to that on 2, and armed in same way, these two being the hirgest of the row ; tiie other tubercles of these rows are small, equal, each with three hairs ; the upper lateral rows run from 2 to 12, are small on 2, 3, 4, each witii three hairs, the rest minute, with two hairs; below spiracles, from 2 to 13, is another row, the three anterior ones small, with three hairs each, the others minute, with two; in all si.\ rows, three on either side ; head shining black, obovoid, bilobed. (Figs. /A?A?A)
At two days from egg ; length .125 inch ; color mottled light and dark brown ;
12 and 13 are obscure whitey-brown ; the lateral line distinct. (Fig. b represents this point in the stage.) To first moult about nine days.
After first moult: at 6 hours from moult, length .24 inch; shape as before; color yellow-brown, mottled with dark brown ; on mid-dorsuni on 3 is a black patch, and one on 4 in shape of a cross ; the patch on middle segments is formed of two narrow bands which meet on summit of 9, and run obliquely forward luid down side to middle only ; 8 is wholly white, but on 7 are two small brown dorsal spots; sometimes the posterior end of 6 is mottled with white; 11 and 12 are dull white and brown ; along verge of dorsum a whitish stripe from 2 to 13 ; the lower part of side is dull white mottled with pale brown ; 2 has a narrow arcuate front ridge, at either end of which is a stout yellow-brown tubercle, conical, with short pointed spurs about it, and each of tln'se as well as the top gives out a short hair; on 11 is a pair of sub-dorsal low brown cones; 12 and
13 each have a compressed cross ridge on dorsiun, and at either end of this is a tubercle much like the one on 2, on 13 the size of that, on 12 smaller; on 3, 4, 5, are two rows, sub-dorsal, of round, glossy, light brown knobs, and on 3 and 4 each is one below these ; on 3 are two minute knobs between the sub-dorsals, and a little in advance of them ; on 4 are two of somewhat larger size, also in advance, and on 5 two minute ones more decidedly beyond the sub-dorsals ; after 5 there are no knobs or tubercles to 9 inclusive ; head obovoid, brown, the front greenish; the surface of head much covered with fine short hairs. (Figs. (Hod*.)
At two days after first moult : length .4 inch ; the patch on dorsum has now a pink tint ; the lower half of side of body is whiti.sh-blue ; on the other segments tliore is scarcely any change ; on 3, 4, 5, outsidg of and at base of each sub- dorsal knob, is a black dash, and on 7 is another in same line.
At three days after the moult : the color has become greenish, the light parts l)ink-white; a pair of light blue dots appear on dorsum of 9, 10, 11. Duration (if this stage 4 to 5 days.
After second moult : length .4 inch ; color either bright green and pale salmon,
PAPILIO XII., XIII.
or olive-brown and salmon, or groon mottled and specked with brown over dorsum (three distinct styles of coloring) (Figa./,/^/'*); the side blue-white; the dorsal patch triangular, one angle being on 9, the others on sides of 7, color salmon ; 11 to 1;} salmon mottled green ; in the brown examples 2, 3, 4 arc green specked and mottled in shades from pale to olive-l)rown ; in all is a salmon line, in part macular, along verge of dorsum, and along lower part of side is another, less distinct; from 5 to 11, on the sides, are obscure oblique streaks of light specks, turned down and forward ; front ridge of 2 yellow, slightly arched, at either end a yellow conical tubercle ; on this segment are two minute sub-dorsal smooth green knobs ; on 3 are two such knobs, mid-dorsal, and two of larger size, sub-dorsal, with a black bar on anterior outer side of each, the four in line (Figs./*, /■"') ; on 4 are six knobs in an arc, the dorsal pair small, the sub-dorsals largest ; the two outer of those knobs on either side have each a pale blue or a purple round spot on the dorsal side, and the sub-dorsals have also each a black bar on the outer side; on 5 are two small dorsal knobs near front and two large sub-dorsals on middle of the segment ; on 6, 8, 9, 10 each is a pair of sub-dorsal blue or purple dots ; on 12 and 13 each n pair of sub-dorsal yellow conical tubercles, that on 13 the larger, all these on the ends of narrow cross ridges; head shaped as before; color pale red-brown, lower part of face greeni.sh (Figs./
to/')-
At twenty-four hours after second moult : length .5 inch, the green and salmon deeper colored, the lateral stripes more conspicuous, the lower one broad from 2 to o inclusive, the rest macular ; on 4 the outer blue spot shows a brown ring.
At forty-eight hours : length .56 inch ; the green now bluish with a gray tint, the salmon specks and small spots obliterated, the lateral stripes in part obsolete ; the dorsal patch changed to pale green except at the angle on 9, and a stripe on the side of 8 and 7 ; the patches on 4, which are a marked feature at next stage, now begin to show faintly, and in a few hours become pretty distinct (as seen in Fig. /''). Duration of this stage three days.
After third moult, at twelve hours : length .6 inch ; color green specked with lighter or blue-green, least on anterior segments ; the salmon patch has mostly disappeared, but has left some traces, varying in individuals ; the lateral bands more or less distinct on two oi^ three segments, the sides bluish or blue-green, varying ; 2 has the front ridge as before, the processes at ends reduced ; on 3 are sometimes two minute sub-dorsal green knobs, and two dorsals between them, but the last are often wanting even while the others are present ; on 4 is an elongated ochre-yellow patch on either side, divided into two sections, the upper one being sub-rectangular, the other ob-oval, the broad part outward, both com-
I'Al'ILIO XII., XIII.
nletely edgod by ii fine black lino, and w'paratod by a narrow purple space ; in the oval is a rounded purple .spot in heavy black ring, and on the dorsal side of tills is a black cross bar ; within the patch are three red-brown knobs, placed as in the previous stage, two of them inaido the oval, the third just at the up])er edge of the smaller section {V'lg. ff^) ; in one example tliese knol)s were ol)served to bo suppressed inside the patch (a.s seen in the middle figure, jr") ; in one, tlieir position was indicated by a roughening of tlie surface with a brown dis- coloration ; there is some variation in the shape of tlie patches, as shown in the figures; in nearly all cases they are separated across dorsum by a space measur- ing .04 inch, in one example the space was .040, in one .05 inch, but no other was al)ove .04 ; on 5 arc four purple spots in cross line near the ])osterior edge ; when the larva bends, the front of G is seen to be l)lack across dorsum, and the posterior edge of 5 is often more or less yellow ; on 9, 10, 11 are two sub-dorsal spots to each ; 12 has two yellow sub-dorsal points, scarcely raised above the surface, and on 13 is a slight cross ridge with a yellow point at each end ; head shaped as before, pink, the lower face pale colored (Figs, g, rf). Duration of this stage six to seven days.
After fourth moult : length about one inch ; in four to five days was fully grown.
Matuue Larva. — Length about two inches; cylindrical, thickest at 4 and 5, sloping on back and sides to 13 ; color of dorsum and upper part of side dark green, the lower part of side pale or bluish-green ; the whole side specked with lighter color than the ground in oblique streaks ; 2 has a yellow front ridge, arcliod, the corners rounded ; on either side of 4 is an irregular club-shaped ochre-yellow patch, usually divided near its upper end, but sometimes not fully, there being then a yellow ligament binding the two parts on the anterior side ; tlie upper spot, so cut off, is either triangular or sub-rectangular, the other is ob- ovate, sometimes double-convex ; each spot edged by a fine black line ; within the larger, and near its outer end, is a pale blue rounded spot in a heavy black ring, and above this is a black cross-bar ; these patches are .separated across dorsum by a space which very constantly measures .06 inch ; 5 is usually edged l)c)steriorly with yellow, but slightly, and often there is no trace of this color ; on front of 6 is a black band restricted to dorsum ; on 5 are four purple dots in cross-line, and on 9, 10, 11 each are four similar ones, the interior pair always a little the larger ; besides these is a row of purple dots below the spiracles from 5 to 10, but obscure ; 12 has a pair of sub-dorsal yellow points, 13 a larger pair; under side and prologs whitish blue-green ; legs yellow ; head rounded, a little broadest across lower face, depressed at top, the vertices rounded ; color pink- brown (Figs, i to i*).
TAPiMo XII., xrrr.
At about four days before BiiMpeiivoij, the color bef^ins to chan^o, at first a Hoiled Kiirfacii sliowiiig on dorHiim ; tlli^ oepenH and spreads during? two day.'i, and finally the Ixidy becoiiit's ('liocolate-bro'vn, specked over dorsum with darker, and on sides with lij^hter liiown ; all the pi 'Mle dots now appear distintitly. (Fi^. k.) From fourth moult to suspension ahou, -^an days, to pupation eleven days; from hatching of egg to pupation about • urty-six days ; from laying of egg forty- six. '
CiiitvsALiH. — I^ength of several, 1..38, 1.44, 1.45, 1.5G, l.GO inch, tlie larger being female; greatest breadth .4 to .42 inch; cylindrical, the abdomen tapering; head case long, compres.sed transversely on both sides to an edge ; the ocellar pro- jections prominent, div» rgent, pyramidal, the edges raised into thin ridges on dorsal side, the tops rounded, the incision between the two a right angle, vvith a small tooth on either side near the angle ; the mesonotuin prominent, directed forwards, blunt ami rough at tip, with a ridge passing down either edge ; on back of abdomen two rows of rounded corrugated tui)er{!les from .segments 5 to 13, tho.se on 8 to 10 large, on 11a little less, the others small ; the larger tubercles are green-topped for some days after pupation, but change to black ; the others are yell()\v-l)rown ; on 6 to 11 is a .second row of small green-topped tubercles high on one .side, and four same color and smidl in row across dorsum ot 4 and 5; whole surface corrugated, the anterior part roughly, the ventral .'<ide finely; color of ventral side throughout either one shade of gray-brown, or the abdomen is lighter; or shades of wood-brown ; of dorsal side brown or yellow-brown, often with a dull ochre tint on the middle segments ; along the side from top of head case to 13, with a branch along mesonotum, is a broad band of brown, or .some- times of black ; just after pupation the club-shaped larval spots of fourth seg- ment appear in nearly same shape in the chry.salis { Fig. r» ), yellow, each enclosing two tubercles ; the color fades from these spots after a few days. Duration of thi.s stage seventeen to twenty days. (Figs. Z, m.)
RutuluK belongs to a small and well-defined sub-group, which comprises Eu- rymedon, Daunus, Pilumims, and Tiinius. The last named species occupies the continent east of the Rocky Mountains; Eiirtpnedon and Rutulus the Pacific slope, and more or less of the mountain region to the eastern base ; Daunus follows the Rocky Mountains pretty clo.sely, and finds its metropolis in Mexico ; and P'dumnus is a Mexican species, which on rare occasions has been seen in Arizona. The peculiarities of four of the.se species are shown on the plates of this Volume. Rutulna and Eurymedon lie between Turnus and Daunus, and the latter leads up to Pilumnus, All have the wings striped after the same pattern, but with variations, which are most marked in PUuinnus, the stripes in that species being reduced from five to four and considerably modified. Daunua has
PAl'llJo XII., Xill.
llic posterior (lontiitions longtlifiu'd into tails, iiivi in Plhimnus this peculiarity is ciu'ricil .still fartlitT. In iniuiy ri'spccts Tiirnux is us uht'irant on I lie one si:lo lis is I'ilumnuH on the other. Uh form is coiupiict, all the others haviiij; niiicli [iroiliiceil wings, its tails are decidedly npatidate. It alone presents a large rounded fulvous spot at the outer angle of hind wings in the female ; in all the others there is no spot there, or it is a minute one or a line, always yellow; in the same sex, the hluo Hoales on Tnrmm form great lunate (ilusters, while in Jfnhi/ns tliey lie in a narrow macular stripe, and are often largely ob.solete; in the re- maining species they are still le.s.s delinite. Tnniits shows dimorphism in the female, and beyond a certain line as wo go southward, the black females pre- ilomiuate, and finally supplant tiio yellow females almost if not quite completely. No dimorphism appears in the other species. In the mature stage only is the liMva of Euri/mvdon known, and the name is true of IJuunus, while of I'ihnnntoi nothing is yet known. Of Ttirnna and Jititulus we have the fidl history. In the mature larval stage liiditlns and Dannus are very much alike, both having tlie peculiar club-shaped yellow spots on fourth segment; Eur// inedon, contmry to what might have been expected, as the butterfly is very elo.se to liididita, (infers much from these two; and Turniis and liiditlus at each larval stage pre- sent marked dilferences. I compare Turnus with linlulm stage by stage : —
RUTULUS.
YOt^NO LAKVA.
Color dark brown ; tlio wliitu pntcli on 7 and 8
TURN US.
YOrNO I.AIIVA.
Color (lurk brown ; tli(! wliito patch Haitdle-
i'L'slrict(i(l to (lorHiiin, just taking in tlio subdorsal shaped, dcaounding the sides to or near to spiracles. tiilnTck's on either vorg(>.
A light stripe runs the length of body, outside llic s(ib-d()is:il tubercles.
A (loiiMo row of dorsal tubercles, minute, each with a hair.
The tubercles on 2 at ends of the cross-ridge
No stripe.
Dorsal tubercles in same position, KUt the
merest points with scarcely the stump of a hair.
These tubercles rounded, sub-ovoid (e') ; the
art! rcguhir cones, ending in a point (A') ; the hairs hairs short.
The sulMiorsal tubercles all prominent, those on These tubercles on 3 and 4 are small, low ; on
niiiMlo segments with three hairs each ; all hairs the middle segments minute and without hairs, o''
<'iini|)aratively long (Ji' '). 11 to 1.') small (c'-').
The lateral tubercl(^s have three hairs each on From it to \'i are mere points without hairs; OQ
-, ■!. 4 i on 5 to 1 2, though small, are distinct, and 2 is a point with single hair ; on 3 and 1 are
(■;ich bears two hairs (4'). small, size of that on .5 of Rutulm, and have three
and two hairs respectively (c').
The infra-stigmatal tubercles are equal in size These tubercles are points, three in horizontal
totliDse of lateral row on corresponding segments, line on 3 and 4 each, on ■') to 12 three in equilat-
tlirite hairs each on 2, 3, 4, 13, and two each on eral triangle ; on 2 one hair (c"). t!"j rest (ft«).
PAPILIO XII., XIII.
Afteh First Moult (twelve hours). — Color yellow-browa, oiottled darker, with black patch on top of 3 and a black cross on 4 ; patch on 7 and 8 triangular, stopping on mid-sides on 7 (cP*).
The stripe below sub-dorsals distinct (as in first stage).
No lilac spots on dorsum in the early part of this stage ; but at tliree days from moult appear a pa'r on 9, 10, 11 each.
Afteu Second AIoult (twelve hours). — Color either briglit green (no brown) ; or green, mottled and specked over dorsum with olive- brown ; or olive-lirown, mottled in darker shades and no green.
The patch salmon-red, triangnlir.
A salmon stripe along edge of dorsum and an- other low on side, both the length of body.
The aides specked with lig.'it green, in the brown larviB with brown, disposed in obscure oblique stiipof? pointing forward and downward.
Afteh Third Mc!:/.t (twelve hours). — Color blue-green.
The patch mostly suppressed {g, g').
The two lateral salmon bands more or less dis- tinct.
On 4 is a long ochre-yellow spot, with a deep sinus on its posterior side, the sinus purple. (Figs.
The distance between the inner extremities of the two spots across dorsum is .04 inch, none over .05 inch.
Color greeu from the moult
After Fourth Moult (twelve hours). — The spot on 4 variable in shape, but always elongated; the inner extremities .06 inch apart. (Figs. i° '.)
After first Moult (twelve hours). — Color black-brown ; a black medio-dorsal line, slightly expanded o,i 3 and 4; the patch not triangular but .addle-shaped, broud on each side and reach- ing nearly to the feet (e''').
No stripe.
Many lilac spots from the beginning, two on 4 inside the 8ul>dorsal tubercles, two on 5, 10, 11. (Fig. e.)
After Second Moclt (twelve hours). — Color black-browu, mottled with lighter.
Patch yellow-white, saddle-shaped as before.
No stripes. '
No such markings.
After Third Moult (twelve hours). — Color usually olive-brown ; sometimes dull green on an- terior segments ; brown after 8.
The patch distinct.
No hands.
On 4 is a sub-oval green-yellow spot, correspond- ing with so much of the spot on Ruliilus as lies be- loW the sinus; no purple. (Figs, h, /i\)
The distance between the inner extremities is .12 to .15 inch.
At two days from the moult gradually loses the brown, but in many cases never wholly.
After Fourth Moult (twelve hours). — The spot on 4 sub-oval or pyriform ; the inner extrem- ities .16 to .18 inch apart. (Figs.y,/^.)
Rutulus inhabits the country west of the Rocky Mountains to the Pacific ; is seen more or less in those mountains in Colorado and Arizona. How far to the north, in British CoUimbia, it flies, I am unable to say. In Ent. M. Mag., Lond. XIX. p. 276, is a mention of Turnus, on Vancouver's Island, and it is stated tliat its eggs are laid on willows. This was a mistake for Ruhihis, of course ; Turmts certainly not flying west of the main divide, and its larvae not feeding on willow. Throughout California, Rutulus is common, and Mr. W. G. Wright, of San Ber-
PAPILIO XII., XIII.
nardino, haa paid close attention to its liabits and larval history during the past yt'iir, 1883, from early spring to November, talking a vast deal of trouble ex- pressly that he might aid me in making known this history by plates and text. Mr. Wright repeatedly obtained eggs from females tied in bags over branches of willow, which were sent me through the mail, and from these came larvie which reuciicd clirysalis and imago at Coalburgh. He has written notes on the species in substa ice as follows : " The first brood of liuhdus butterfly appears in the interior valicyo of southern California early in March, the earliest examples fly- ing in the canons of the mountain side, in the eipiable thermal belt, at an eleva- tion of a few hundred feet above the low-lying plain, and yet below the colder altitudes. In a week or two, they are seen in all the willow thickets of the valley, and along the tree-lined roadsides. The males are out a week before any females appear. This first brood lasts but a short time, having wholly disap- peared by the last of April. The second brood comes in May, and thenceforward the broods doubtless overlap, as there are always plenty of butterflies through- out the summer, and into November. In July and August the females are more plenty and more prolific than earlier. The food plant of the caterpillar is willow of several species, chiefly Salix lasiolepis, and S. la.siandra, or what are locally known as white willow, from the smooth white bark. The butterflies never go near S. nigra, nor the narrow, silvery leaved Argyrophylla, or Hendsiana. I know of several coj)ses of these black willows, and have not during all this season seen any Rutulus near them. Their habit, in laying eggs, is to hover in rapid flight about the lower branches of the willows, and drop one egg on the upper side of a leaf, then fly rapidly to another plant. The color of the egg being exactly that of the leaf, it is not easy to find one, even when the laying is ob- served.
" Having agreed to do what I could to get eggs for Mr. Edwards, the chase began before any females were abroad, and was kept up almost daily for three iiiontlis or nv)re. The females of the fir.st brood were all small-bodied, and could lay but few eggs. They also proved very unrul}* find almost always refused to lay when in confinement. As at first it was thought that apple or cherry was the food-plant, females were unsuccessfully confined over these and allied plants ; but at length one was detected in the act of laying on willow, so that farther mis- take was avoided. But even on willow they so steadily refused to lay, that from several dozen butterllies of the first brood I only got ten eggs, all of which were sent to Coalburgh.
" The males of the first brood were fond of feeding on blossoms of the running lilackberry, and occasionally were seen on composites, but I did not see a female of that brood feeding on any flower. By the time the first brood had gone, their
PAPILIO XII., XIII.
habits and run-ways had been so well learned that I felt sure of ultimate suc- cess.
" About 10th May, the fresh, bright colored males of the second brood sud- denly appeared in considerable numbers, and in a week females were also Hying. One day, I took two fine females, and the next discovered several feeding on alfalfa blos.soms. That day eight were put in three bags and tied to willow boughs in the thickets, ond the next afternoon quite a number of eggs had been laid imd were .sent forward.
" These females were all notably larger than those of the first brood, and gen- erally laid several eggs in confinement. From one I got twenty-eight. Wlien the butterflies were taken far from my house, or in places difficult of access, they were put in tin boxes, and there confined with cut twigs of willow. But willow speedily wilts in a warm, dry place, so that in two hours the plant would be worthle.ss, as the it ects have sense enough not to lay on wilted leaves. To rem- edy this di.ficulty, I thought of the expedient of inverting over the plant, leaving off the bag, a wide-mouthed gla.ss jar, of as large size as could be got. Jars of a gallon capacity gave excellent results. These not only kept tlie loaves from wilting, but al.so rendered the air moist and quiet, and evidently in a favorable condition for the object in view. But wherever possible, the butterflies were put in the gauze bags and left in the thicket where they had been found. In such cases three enemies are to be guarded against, boys, birds, and ants. The curioi s boys cannot possibly let the odd apparatus alone if they find it, and the sharp little Indian boys are quick at spying out - ich things. The birds are about as bad, for the_y eat the butterflies, prying wpen the me.'^hes of the bag with their bills. To circumvent them, it is well to use a double bag, or to cover the bag with a cloth on the upper side. As to the ants, I have, whenever possi- ble, waded into a stream, or better, a wet bog, and so found placts safe from both ants and boys. Then the bags must be placed low down near tiie ground and on thrifty fast-growing twigs. High-hung bags are never successful. Considerable shade must be had or the butterflies will die. All these things, easy enough when known, cost me days and weeks of experiment, and many disheartening failures occurred. From one cause or other it has sometimes been ueces.sary to keep the captured females for several days. In such cases I fed them on sweetened water. They are easily tamed and ••soon learn to feed.
" It is probable there are more than tliree broods here when the sea.son is so long. The butterflies will be flying in November, and if we allow two months for a brood, the fourth would appear about first of September, and their caterpil- lars would have time to pupate before cold weather, for with us October is very warm."
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PAPILIO XII., XIII.
Ijater Mr. Wright wrote me that on 15th September he found a half grown larva of Jiiitulitu near his house.
Mr. Baron, some years ago, reported that in north California he saw Rutulus laving on willow, and he got the egg. This was mentioned in Papilio III., p. 65, 1883. Mr. R. H. Stretch, who has had great experience in collecting and breed- ing butterllies in California, and is a careful observer of their habits, wrote me, 30tii April, 1883 : " I see a note of yours about the egg of Rutulus Oi. willow. Now Rutulus is always found hawking up and down willow thickets in preference to any other locality, and I have always supposed it to be a willow feeder, though I never succeeded in finding the larva." Unquestionably, willow is the usual food of this species, but other plants must also be eaten, though they may not be preferred.
Mr. T. L. Mead, in Psyche II., p. 180, 1878, says that one female of several con- fined by him when in California over a branch of wild cherry laid twenty eggs, but the others refused. He found the young larvae more difficult to raise than those of Turnus^ and in fact they all died when past the first moult. He says, " Mr. Henry Edwards informs me that he has repeatedly found larvae of this species, but usually lost them before they changed to chrysalis." As to this state- ment, Mr. Edwards tells me that he probably spoke of Eurymedon, which he formerly mixed up with Rutulus, and that he never had larvae of Rutvlus but once, and then from three eggs which he saw a female lay on alder, Alna viridis, as mentioned in Papilio II., p. 113. These larvae died from neglect after third moult. So that, as far as known, willow and alder are the only food plants of this species, for the eggs obtained by Mr. Mead were laid in confinement, and the larvtc died not long after hatching.
The first lot of eggs sent me by Mr. Wright suffered from mould on the jour- ney, and but one hatched. I offered the larva leaves of cherry, apple, and tulip tree (this last the favorite food of P. Turnus), but it died, having eaten nothing. The next lot arrived 3Ist May, ten days en route, and all apparently healthy. One larva came out 1st June and eight the next day. I gave these tidip leaves only. On the 5th five larvae died suddenly, after vomiting a purple fluid, and by till- Gth all were dead. They seemed to have been poi.soned by the food, which they had eaten of very sparingly, nibbling a little here and there. Evidently the food was distasteful to them.
On 5th June more eggs arrived, and to the larvae from them I offered tulip, cherry, apple, and willow. Next day all were found on the willov/ and feeding. Two other lots of eggs came, to 11th June, and only willow was given the larvae. Ih'nceforth there was no more trouble and no loss. The larvae are as easy to raise as are those of Turnus. Some examples at each stage were preserved in
PAriLio XII., xin.
alcohol, but fifteen were allower] to go to pupation. The first chrysalis formed Sth July and this gave butterfly 25th July, or at nineteen days. The second formed 8th July and the butterfly came out 28th, or at twenty days; both female. On 25th August ciune a male at seventeen days, on 28th a female at nineteen ; and others appeared at intervals to 5th September. Later some chrys- alids which I supposed were hibernating gave butterflies irregularly, the last on 18th November. One large mule came 26th April, and two chrysalids died dur- ing the winter'. This male was fully as large as any of the fall brood and in ap- pearance like those.
The larva of Rutulua is in habits similar to Turnus. It is sluggish, scarcely moving at all. It weaves a web across part of the upper surface of the leaf it rests on, whereby the leaf is somewhat drawn together, enough to leave an open space between the web and leaf. The web .serves as a bridge on which the larva lies in comfort when a flood pours down the leaf. I measured one of these webs on whicii a full-grown Turnus rested, and found it two and a half by one and a half inches in extent, and four tenths inch above the bend of the leaf. It was so firm that I observed no depression from the weight of the larva. On sprinkling water vertically upon the leaf, it passed through the web readily.
I fed both weeping and golden willow, and tiiey were equally relished. Al- though Turnus is known to feed on many species of plants, and of widely difierent groups, no one has observed willow to be one of them, and when I have at- tempted to force the larvn9 to eat willow, it was without effect. In California are many plants allied to those on which Turnus feeds, and that Rutulus should be nearly restricted to willow shows a difference quite as significant as anything seen in the larva or imago. During part of the summer I was rearing a lot of Turnus larva? from the egg, and so was able to compare the two species stage by stage, with the results before set forth and shown on the Plate.
NoTK. While tliis paper was passing through the press, Mr. James Behrens wrote me from Mt. Shasta, L'al., tliut he had recently found larviB of Rutulus on a species of balsam-poplar, and fed them with the leaves of this tree in confinement.
PAPILIO XITI.
;
J
EXPLANATION OF THE PLATK.
a. Eao ; magnifitil.
b. VouNo Larva of Rutulus ; magnified, i", i». Same in ouiline; magnified.
b*. Tubercle on second segment ; magnified,
c. C. YouNQ Lakva of TuKNus ; m'sgnified. c«. Tul)ere!e on second segment; magnified.
d. rf» Larva of R.itulus after first moult; magnified. rf'. Same in outline; magnified.
e. el Larva of Tuhnus after first moult , magnified, /i/^i/* Larva of RuTULUs after six.nn.i „ i. i
f* f Simn , '• '''""'"S ^'»"'»" "^oloringi macrnified
y ../^ . Same stage, segments 3, 4, 5 ; ma-nified -na^nmea.
9. Larva of Rt;Tt;t.„s after tl.i.d n,oul.;"s,ightIy enlarged.
V'- isame, later in the stage; enlarged.
fl». Spots on fourth segment, showing variation.
h. Larva of Tuu.vus after third moult ; enlarged.
A'. Spots on fourth segment, showing variation.
.. Maturk Larva of Rutulus , natural .ize.
.^. Same, back view, showing the spots on fourth segment.
> . bpots on fourth segment in variety.
;. Mature Larva of Turnus; natural size.
jl Spots on fourth segment in variety.
k. RUTULUS shortly before pupation.
'■ Chrysalis of Kutulds.
m. Same in outline; showing the spots on fourth segment.
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PIEUIS 1.
PIERIS SISYMBRI, 1-5.
/VnV S,\,/,nhn, Boisduval, Ann. Sue. Knt. .1.. r,a„,c, 185^ p. 284.
-M.uj:. — Expiuxls 1.3 to l.G inch.
Upper M.le wliito with a fhint yellow tint; bases of wings dusted with Mack •
pnmaneshave the costal n.a.-gin .n,v for three fifths the length fro„ril t e
|-lsot the nen-nle« hon. apex to second bnu.h of n^edian covert vilck
. X wluoh dnnnnsh gradually in length down the margin; midway ^tw
Ku-gn. and cell rs a transverse black ban.l. interrupted opposit cell, ami ru n ,
-> costa to upper n.edian interspace ; on the arc a bhJk bar, indexed ^^
>.K. ,^.econuar.es mnnaculate ; fringes of both wings white ; black at the ends of
Under side san,e color; the markings repeated, but paler or gray, the bars along margni of pnmaries greenish-gray. .\.cncijai>
Se..ondaries have all the nervures ...^d branches bm ,dly ed<rcd on both sides ;v 1. gr..n,sh^gray son.what interrupted on the extralcafarea ^ a^ ;;;;;iLr:::lS:^ --'-^ ^^'-^ - ^'^ --le. panting towards ami
lto.lv g,„y.,l,OV0, tllOI-aX ,vl,ite l,..lmv. „l„l„,„o„ yolIowM, ; lc..rs„l,ite- mI,,!
"I'll K, tlie tip orange. (Figs. 1, 2.) Ukmalk. — Expands from 1.0 to 2 Miches
nuSr i,f r ^"'' "h '""''• ''^:' ""'""^' ^'"^ '^''^-^^'^-^ band is extended to sub- 1 n n,te space, the second median interspace being imn.aculate ; on under
Ur;;;:; r-;"" ^'^ '" ^••^ r''^ --^---l-^''^ -'^ l-le, but ol^en heavy, \ AK. Flava. Female. — Botii surfaces j.ale yellow. (Fig. 5.)
riERTS I.
Egg. — Long, iinnow, conical, the base and top flattened, depressed ; ribbed longitudinally, the interspaces excavated, and crossed by nuraei'ous stria; ; of two examples under view, one has the ribs rather prominent, the other flattened, as are also the intervening spaces, and the middle is much swollen, after the manner of an egg of Colias ; both have 14 ribs ; color when first laid yellow, shorth' before the end of tire stage red (Figs, a «", d" micropyle).
Mature Larva. — Length .9 inch ; cylindrical, tapering slightly from middle segment to extremity ; color light yellow crossed with stripes of black ; each segment several times creased, and on the ridges so caused are small yellow tu- bercles of irregular sizes, each giving out a short, fine black hair ; on all segments after 2 and including 12, are two stripes to the segment; on 3 and 4 t'.iese have nearly even edges; but from 5 to 12 the anterior one has the front edge either sinuous or cscalloped, so that an arch falls on middle of dorsum, and sometimes it is produced quite to the anterior edge of the segment, and another falls c either edge o£ dor.sal area; usually this stripe is broken on lower part cl iJo the stripe on posterior part of the segment is narrow and is prolonged u tho basal ridge ; along this ridge is a macular black band ; inder sid- yellow-white ; feet black, pro-legs yellow; head sub-globose, granulated ; the upper front face broadly black ; a black triangle over mandibles, and the ocelli are black on a black bar. (Figs. })", b', W.) From egg to chrysalis 33 days in April and May ; in ]\Iny and June 30 days.
CiiKVsALis. — Length .5 to. 53 inch ; cylindrical; the head case narrow, exca- vated on either side ; a short, stout projection Ijctween the eyes ; mesonotum prominent, rounded, a little carinated, followeil by an excavation about as deep a-* the mesonotum is high, but not evenly rounded, rather angular ; on either side of dorsum, on anterior abdominal .segments, are thin and angular elevations, oil slight, the foremost one most prominent; color dark browri ; whole surface, ex- cept the wing covers, covered with Irregular granulations. (Fig. c.)
Tliis species is found boih in North and South California, in Nevada, in South- ern Colorado, and in Arizona. Mr. O. T. Baron, in his excursions through North- ern California, A)und Sisi/mhri iibundant, and twice succeeded in Ijringing the larvic to maturity, and imago. Eggs laid 11th April hatched 25th. Tiie first moult took place 7th May, the second on 13th. the third 20tli, ai,. pupation took place 2Sth May. These eggs were obtained by confining the female in bag o- er the food-plant.
Another lot of egg.s which were found, hatched 5th May. The first moidt took place 14th, the second on 10th, the third on 25th, and pupatior 'i'> June. By Mr. Baron's observatio.is there were but three moults. Mr. T •- "lead, in 1878, found the butterlly as well us caterpillar.'^ in Southern California, and
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PIERIS I.
mado tlie drawing which I have used. I was able to compare it with several hu\x m alcohol sent me by Mr. Biu-on. The chrysalis is drawn from an alco- holic example, also from Mr. Baron. The outline is correct, but the color may not be so accurately given as if I had had the living chrysalis at hand. Mr. Baron says the color is " dark brown," and the appearance of these examples would indicate that the natural color is of one shade. There are no black dots, as is common in chrysalids of species of Pieris.
PIERIS I.
PIERIS NELSOXr. 6, 7.
Pirrh Nflmni.
Malk. — Expands 2 inches.
Upper side white; costal margin of primaries and hases of both win^rs dusted Mnck ; at apex of primaries and to second branch of median, serrated black patches on ends of thenervules; and beyond, an extra-discal transverse row of small spots, of which two are deep black ; namely, one in lower snb-costal the other m upper median interspace ; another spot in snb-median interspace is repre- se.Ked by a cluster of scales; on the costal margin, the upper spot is joined to he black margmal edging by a stripe of black ; on arc, a sub-oval black spot, througli which runs a whitish streak ; fringes white.
Tinder side of primaries white, with a faint greenish-yellow tint over apical nrca; the markings repeated, those aijout apex difl'used, gray-brown; the inner row gray-brown, the lower spot, on sub-median interspace, as distinct as the
Secondaries white, faintly tinted greenish-yellow ; all the nervures and branches l)roadIy bordered with gray-brown, especially those which include tlie cell and the branches of median and the sub-median ; indeed the interspaces are nearly Hosed up l)elow the cell ; beyond the disk these borders are joined by serrations "1 tlio interspaces, most conspicuous from outer angle to upper branch of median, liut continued across the median interspaces.
Body above covered with long gray hairs, abdomen Idack on both dorsum and sides; under side of thorax yellow-gray, abdomen white; palpi white with many Ijlack hairs ; antenna) black ; club black, tip green. From 1 $ taken by Mr. J. W. Nelson, at St. Michael's, Alaska, June, 1881. I Mtortunately no ? was taken. The species is near Callklke, Esper, but dif- tersin the coloration of the under side, which is gray-brown instead of green, MiKl on upper side in the shape of the cellular spot, which is a short oval, in stead of a long curved bar, as in 2 ^ 2 9 European Callidkc before me (also in
PIERIS I.
Esper's figure, Platu 115, Fig. 2), and in the presence of a spot in sub-median inturMpace. I submitted this example to Mr. A. G. Butler, British Museum, for comparison with CaUidlce, and he observed that it differed therefrom in the points indicated, and says : " We have a similar specimen marked North Amer- ica, and which I had separated by a label as probably distinct."
Kirby, Catalogue, attributes CaUidlce to Europe and Asia, with no special lo- calities named. Staudinger, Catalogue, says : '* Summits of the Alps, and Pontus and Asia Minor, Alpine." So that it would not appear to fly in Eastern Asia.
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PIERIS I.
PIERIS nECKERII. 8,9.
Picrh Beckerii, Edwards, But. N. A. I, p. 28, pi. 8, 1H71.
By the kindness of Mr. Mead, 1 am able to give figures of the mature larva and clirvsnlis of Beckerii. The larva was drawn and colored by him from nature, and the outlines of the chrysalis were drawn, but not colored. The coloring given on the Plate is from Mr. Mead's description.
Mature Larva. — " Length 1.25 inch ; color greonish-white, thickly marbled or sprinkled with gray, and with a very dislinct orange belt between the seg- ments ; each segment also has 10 or 18 jet black tubercles which taper into black bristled; the head is tinged with yellow." (Fig.s. d, d".) T. L. Mead.
Chrysalis. — " Is of much the same general shape as that of Pieris Protod'ice, Bois., but less angulated ; the front i^ terminated by a blunt point ; the cephalic portion is rounded, with uneven surface, and with the dorsal surface of the tho- rax, is dark-grayish brown ; the ridge above the wing cases, which is quite con- spicuous in Protod'ice, is absent in Beckerii ; the remainder is gray, nearly white upon the wing cases, and on tlio ridges of the first two abdominal segments ; a pale stigmatal streak extends from the margin of the wing cases to the tail; in line acrcss dorsum are four black dots at the boundary between thorax and ab- domen. Duration of this stage aJ^out 15 daj-s." (Fig. e.) T. L. Mead.
Mr. Mead says : " In the Mohave Desert, 24th May, 1878, I found numbers of those larvaa on various cruciferous plants."
Since this species was figured, it has been alleged by several authors to be identical Avith P. Chloridice, a species credited in Dr. Staudinger's Catalogue to ^"outhern Russia, Persia, and Siberia. I have examples of Chloridice from Dr. Staudinger, and I apprehend that while there is a certain resemblance, such as woidd connect the two forms in a sub-group, there is by no means identity. One ciuuiot properly be called a variety of the other, or a local race of the otlier. Bi'ikerii in l)oth sexes is well represented on my Plate. Dr. II. A. Ilagen, in 1881, took 27 or more examples in Oregon and Washington Terr., and says:
riEUis I.
" My spociinens agree exactly with the excellent figures" of Vol. I., But. N. A. It is not necessary therefore to re-figure lic<;ker'd on account of variation, but to make the distiuftion between it and Chloridke patent, I give figures of the upper and under side of JJeckerll <? (8); of upper side of the 9 ('J); both from Vol. I.; and tlie corresponding wings of CMoridlce i (10), 9 (11), from the exa'nples in my collection. CV/Aj/'trf/ce is a much smaller species, and looks more like unAn- thocaris than a Pieris. My examples of Bccker'd measure <? (J 2 ; 'J.l inches ; 9 9 2; 2.2 inches. Of the ii Chloridlce, one is l.G in. the otiier 1.8 in.; the 9 l.G inch. The males Chloridlce have a cluster of continent black .sjjots at apex of fore Aving and on upper part of hind margin, and these are also confluent with the spots of the inner row, so that nearly the whole apical area is black and trian- gular, nuich as in certain species of Antliocharis, as A. Aiisonidca, for example, only the black is intense in- the Pieris and pale in- the other. The discal sjiot is particularly characteristic of an Antliocharis, being a narrow, curved bar, with a fine white line running through it lengthwise, along the arc of cell. In all re- spects this bar is very close to that of Aiith. IlijuntU.
In Jit'ckcrii, the apical spots are smaller and shorter in proportion, do not touch each other, and are entirely separated from tiie spots of the inner row. The spots of the two rows are parallel, and there is nothing of the triangle. And the discal spot is a large, nearly s(|uare patch, of quite another shape from that of Chloridlce, with the white streak considerably thickened in the middle, not a uniform line. Jkckerll S , on the upper side, looks in all respects more like $ Pieris Occldentalls than it looks like Chloridlce. Comparing the females: Cldo- rldlce has the spots at apex so run together that merely along the hind margin in middle of each interspace, is any white seen ; the inner row of spots are lost altogether in the black area. This area ends below squarely at the second me- dian interspace. The discal spot is of .same shape as in the male, but twice as broad.
In .^^eckcrli 9 there is a marginal series of comparatively small lanceolate sep- arated spots, six in ninnber, .uid there is an inner, or extra-discal row of four nearly equal large black spots in line across the wing, nowhere touching the marginal spots ; and the discal spot is very large and rhomboidal. On the under side of primaries of Beckerll, in both sexes, are two black spots belonging to the inner row, one in the upper median, the other in sub-median interspace. (Fig. 8.) In the females these are large, in the males they vary, and in one of my examples the lower spot is wanting. Dr. Ilagen writes of his examples of Beck- erll, that in the females the two spots are very marked and black, but the males never have these spots so large, sometimes faint, sometimes wanting. Dr. Ilagen has examined figures of Chloridlce in Fischer, E.sper, Ilerbst, IlUbner, and Bois-
IMEIUS r,
(luval, iiiid states that in all tho llguivs only tliu hlack spot noar tlie iniUM' angle is rep'Tsented, there heiiij!; iiu sure in(li(;ation of the other. In my examples of ('li/oridlce, the female has i)oth hlack spots, the males have a few hlack seiiles in upper uu'ilian interspuee (Fig. 10), hut none in the suh-me(han. This surface of the fore wing is that of an Anthoeliiiris.
On the under side of seeondaries, the general pattern is same in hoth forms, ihe spots heing hright yellow-green in Chlorhllcc, more gray in Btchrril. (See Figs, t, 7. in the Plate in Vol. I. The contrast is .same as shown in Figs. 8, 10, ou tlie present Plate, of the apical area of under side of primaries.) The patterns of imder side should count for little in Pieris and xVnthooharis, inasmuch as in l)()th genera similar patterns in markings and color run through a whoh; sul)- group in repeated instances. It is to the upper side we must look for decided dilferences.
All we have to consider i.s, does Beclierli lireed true to its type ? Undoul)tedly il does. No example has yet heen .seen differing in any degree from those fig- ured in \'ol. I. There is no evidence whatever that Beckcrii and Chi or id Ice ever had any closer connection with each other than any two species of any sul)- gruup of hutterllie-s may have. To assert that one is a variety of tlie other, tliere- f(ire, is to assert what no one can prove, and no one can po.ssihly know. All we do know is that Beckerii i.s a perniiinent form, separated by important characters fioiu any other. That is to say, it is a species. We have to accept the facts as we lind them.
Beckerii iidiabits more or less of the Pacific .>^lope from Oregon to Southern California; also Nevada, Colorado, and Arizona. Dr. Hagen's examples were taken Jane 24th, 25th, and July 20th, and he regards them as of the sunnner brood. Mr. II. Edwards took those which are figured in Vol. I., in Nevada, in April, and they wei'e therefore of the earliest brood of the year. Mv. Mead obtained si'veral of the hutterllies in Southern California in May, 1878, from chrysalids, some of which are in my collection, and these woidd be the second brood of the year. Mr. Baron took the summer brood in Northern California. I .see no dif- ference between the two broods.
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ANTHOCARIS I.
ANTHOCARIS OLYMFIA, 1-4.
AnlhiKarii Olympia, Edwards, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc, 1871.
M.\LE. — Expands 1.6 inch.
Upper side pure white, gray at bases of wings ; primaries have at the apex II pule gray sub-triangular patch terminating on either margin in a small .spot of darker color ; on the arc a straight black bar, reaching the .sub-costal nervure ; costal margin slightly specked with black.
Secondaries have a few black scales at outer angle, and a small wedge-shaped black spot preceding these scales on costa ; fringes white.
Under .side white ; primaries have a small gray sub-apical spot on costa, nearly lovercd with green scales, and a faint greenish patch on hind margin partly cov- ering the discoidal interspaces ; discal spot narrow, Ivmate, inclosing a white streak. Secondaries crossed by three bands of yellow-green on a gray ground, the intorinediate spaces being white ; the first band, near base, forms the seg- iient of a circle ; the second, just anterior to the middle of the wing, of irreg- ular width, projects a short, truncated branch on sub-median nervure that con- nects with the third band, and ends in a sharp spur a little inside abdominal margin ; the third band, commencing on abdominal margin, is at first broad, and after connecting with the second, narrows to half its previous width, then enlarges greatly and curves towards hind margin, which it strikes in three liranches, besides sending a fourth to outer angle ; sometimes this last branch is ilisconnected and forms a marginal spot; these bands all marked more or less by sniiill white spots and points. Tdy black, covohmI with gray hairs; beneath greenish white ; palpi white with many gray hairs ; antennte gray above, yel- lowish below ; club brown above, bright yellow below and at tip.
Female. — Expands 1.7 inch.
Similar to nu'le ; the apical patch inclosing a .- • .fie, distinct, white spot ; discal mark broader, sinuous, sending a short spur nlong sub-costal nervure ; costal edge more irrorated ; under side as in male.
The specimens of Olympia originally described, and till then the only ones known to me, were taken at Coalburgh, West Va., in April, 1871, by a young (collector whom I had enjoined to take " everything that was white," and were
ANTHOCARIS I.
brought in company with a number of Anthocaris Genutia and Pieris Virginien- sis. Not long after, a collection of butterflies, made by Mr. Boll, in Texas, and belonging to the Museum of Comparative Zoology, at Cambridge, were sent me by Dr. Hagen for examination, and among them was a male of Olympia. Since that time I have been informed by Dr. L. K. Hayhurst, that he has once taken the same species in Missouri. Mr. G. M. Dodge also has taken a pair at his former residence in Bureau County. Illinois ; thus .showing a wide distribution for so extremely rare a species. In April, 1873, another fine male was taken in my garden at Coalbm-gh.
Olympia is more delicate and less strong of wing than Ausonides, and of a low, uncertain, and tremulous flight. In West Virginia it accompanies Genutia, and might easily be mistaken for the female of that species, frequenting, with it, cultivated grounds — gardens and meadows.
ANTHOCARIS II.
ANTHOCARIS AUSONIDES, 5-8.
Aufhocarb Atisomles (Au-son'-ides), Boisduval, Ann. Soc. Ent. .le France, 1852. Lep. de la Cal., 1869.
Male. — Expands 1.5 to 1.9 inch.
Upper side white, sometimes pure, but most often yellow-tinted, much sprinkled with blade scales at bases of wings ; primaries have the apex gray or black in .•l.jsnig a white patch on costal margin, and white marginal rays in the discJidal ...1(1 upper medum interspaces; the.se rays sometimes expanding into oval or rounded spots, just within the margin, in which case, including the costal natch there are three or four spots crossing the apex; costal edge slightly specked with black ; a black spot on arc, reniform or lunate, or sometimes a siiiuous bar, usually reaching the sub-costal nervure.
Secondaries have a mottled appearance owing to their transpareucv • frintre of primaries alternately black and white, of secondaries white, black at 'tins of ii'Tvulos. 1
ruder side of primaries as above, except that th- dark apex is wantino- or is .■.presented only by small clusters of dull green scales, which a.v suflu.sS with yellow, as ,s also all that portion which is ' ,k on upper side, the white natch usually retaining its color ; a white line on , ,.. nro within the discal spot '
Secondaries mottled with dull green disposed in three rnir.,,1, Iran.sverse ban.K and a demi-band on the inner side between the margin.! .nd central ; the mar- ^na] hand deeply scolloped; all the.se usually suffused with mellow, and Jiversi- IH'.I With points and patches where the absence of the green scales .liscloses the "Int.- ground; the nervures of the disk yellow. Body above grav-black h neath yellow-white ; legs same ; palpi white with many gray hairs; ..'nn.nna. and <'lnl) irrfiy specked with black above, ochraceous beneath.
FK.MALE.-Same size, and closely resembles the male; frequently secondaries ^'H upper side are suffused with a buff or ochraceous tint
Mature Larva. -Length 1 inch. Cylindrical, slender; head small n, ,nd f^Tceu specked with black ; body entirely covered with black granules each
"t « nch springs a short hair ; marked longitudinally by three lead-colored stripes '">'■ "•r.>^al. two lateral, the intervening spaces being yellow; the lateral stripe.' -Ijrc'd below with white that shades into yellow; legs black, pro-legs greenish-
ANTHOCARIS II.
Chrysalis. — Length .9 inch. Slender, cylindrical, thickest in the middle, t^iperiiig therefrom jiretty evenly, the extremities being of nearly equal size, the anterior a little flattened ; viewed laterally, the figure is that of a highly obtuae- aiiglod triangle, the sides equal, the base nearly straight, there being only a slight wave at thorax ; color gray-brown, covered with tine longitudinal darker streaks.
This species is eonnnon in California and Colorado. It is also brought from Utah, Arizona, and Montana, and I'rom Vancouver's Island. The late Robert Kennicott sent me, some years ago, a specimen taken by himself on the Yukon River, a very high latitude for a species of .so delicate a genuM. In the At- lantic States, the allied A. Genulia is very rarely found north of latitude 40°, twenty degrees south of the Yukon River. Of the habits of this species Mr. Henry Edwards writes : " It is one of the very first to appear in spring, and as early as the end of February, if the weather be moderately warm, nuiy bo -oon sporting owv the llowers of Brassica, Radix, and otiier cruciferous plants. It is local, but Avhere found, occurs in some abundance. Through the whole of the San Joaquin, Alameda, and Napa valleys it is common, though only in the early season, for it is siugle-bi'ooded. .ii.d its existence seems to terminate about the end of April."
The larva was discovered Ijy Mr. Mead, in Colorado, in 1871, and from one sent by him the drawing on the Plate was made. Mr. Mead wrote, 28th June, as follows : " At Turkey Creek Junction there were mrny eggs and some larva> of Avtionkles to be fo;nid, the latter feeding on the llowers and seed-vessels of a cruciferous plant. The eggs were long, ribbed longitudinally, and in color light yellow. The larviu are .solitary, and are seen stretched at length on the stem or .seed-pods of the plant."
Fi'om a chrjsalis also sent by Mr. Mead, the butterfly emerged at Coalburgh, in the spring cf 1872.
There is a strikhig resemblance between the larva of ^b;.so«/f/('s .and that of Picrix I'rotodlce, a ))utterfly ver}- common in the Southern and Western States. Thcii larva) are more alike in color, form, and markings than often happens be- tween species of the same genus. The iliry.salids, on the contrary, may be said to have no resemblance whatever.
Aitsoiiides, as remarked by Dr. Boisduval, is scarcely distinguishable from Auxonia, Ilubner, a species found in the regions bordering the Mediterranean, and subject to much variation, especially in the degree of mottling of the under side of .secondaries. The alpine var. iSinyilonia, Freyer, seems nearest the usual American type, though we have also individuals in which the markings approach Belia. Esper, considered to be another variety of Ausonia. A comparison of
ANTHOCARIS 11.
the lurva, and chrysalids would best, determine the rehitionship, but I have been unnblo to find a description of the.sc stages in Ausonia. It is to be noticed that w .ere a species becomes widely dispersed and sections are separated by impass- ab e barriers, he l™ are often first to differ, and may become quite distinct 1..; ore any wide difference is observed in the imago. As in the case of the Pa- p.hos, Turnus, and Enrymedon, where the butterflies differ but in color while the arva, are strikingly unlike. So with several of the Oraptas figured in Vol . of tins work. And m determining the identity or otherwise of two forms mm opposie sides of the globe, especially if they inhabit the regions below the Hoival, so that the segregation may be presumed to have been complete for a long period the preparatory stages are a most important element in the com- parison. If the .separation is marked in these, even though not clear enousrh in ,e butterflies to be fixed by description _ as, for instance, in th presen t^^ o .Wa and Auson.des-ii is safe to conclude that on one of both Jd iK.re has been a departure from the original type, and that henceforward be ..veen these two there wdl be nothing but divergence. They have rea hed a |)ou.t at which they may properly be treated as distinct species
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ANTHOCHARIS U.
ANTHOCHARIS GENUTIA, 1-4.
AnlhocJinru Oenutia, Fiibricius, Ent. Syat., HI., p. 193, 1793. Godnrt, Enc. Mcth., IX., p. 1G8, <f, 1819. Iktisdiivnl, Spec. Gen., I., p. S69, 1836. Butler, Cat. of Fab. Diurnal Lep. in Brit. Mua., 1869. Midta, lliibner, Exot. Samml., 1816. L'herminieri, Godart, i. c, p. 167, ?.
Male. — Expands from 1.5 to 1.8 inch.
Upper side white, often slightly tinted with yellow, the bases of wings dusted with black ; a few black specks on costal margin of primaries; on the apex of primaries a large bright orange patch covering the area nearly to cell, edged on both margins with small patches of black scales ; on the arc a small rounded or ovid black spot ; secondaries delicate, immaculate ; flringes white, black at tips of the norvules.
Uiiiler side of both wings white, slightly yellow along the margins ; the orange shade shows faintly through the wing, and the apical area and costal margin of primaries are slightly specked and marked with greenish-yellow ; the discal spot it!peated ; secondaries wholly mottled with patches of green scales.
Body blackish above, beneath, the thorax gray, abdomen yellowish ; logs yel- low ; palp' <^ray ; antennaj blackish above, white beneath ; club orange beneath and at tip.
Female. — Expands from 1.5 to 1.',' inch.
Similarly marked, but wanting the orange patch.
This pretty species is regarded by Dr. Boisduval and Mr. Butler as the one <]os('ribed by Fabricius under the name Genutia, though the habitat is given as India, nnd the description is a brief one and applicable to other species as well. It is still rare in collections, and nothing is known of its preparatory stages, except thiit Mr. Boll has seen the female laying eggs upon a species of Cardi- niinc. Tiie larva and chrysalis will be found to resemble in shape and general appearance Ausonides, figured on the preceding Plate. Genutia flies in the Mpring, is single-brooded, and appears to be restricted to certain localities. I cannot learn by correspondence, or by reference to several local lists of butter-
ANTHOCHARIS II.
flies, that It has been taken in the Mississippi Valley, outside of West Virginia, though it certainly must inhabit Ohio and the adjoining States. Mr. Hutler credits the example in the British Museum to Illinois. Dr. Boisduval erroneously gives the habitat as Boston and vicinity. At Dallas, Texas, Genutia has been taken by Mr. Boll in low and open-timbered land along the hirger creek and river bottoms, in the months of February and March. It is found in certain spots in New Jersey, near Philadelphia, and in Maryland, near Baltimore, and 1 have taken it myself at Newburgh, N. Y., which is the most northern limit of its flight recorded. Here, at Coalburgh, I used formerly to sec it, in April, flying about my garden, but of late years it seema to have disappeared. It flies low, swiftly, with a peculiar, tremulous motion, and is readily distinguished from other Pierida by this flight, as well as hy the coospicuous coloring of the xuale.
am (11 t of iiig ow, ;her
ANTIIOCHARIS II.
ANTHOC MARIS JULIA, 6—8.
Anthocharu Julin, £()war<)B, Trans. Am. Ent. 800., IV., p. 6t, 1871.
Malk. — Expands 1.3 inch.
Upjtor side clear white, the bases of wings dusted with black ; the costal rnarifin of primaries yellowish, specked and cros.sed by black j on the apical ari>ii a bright i.tid deep colored oningo patch, edged outwardly by a sharply ser- in ted lilii(;k band, which is broadest at apex, and narrow as it descends the,mar- j;iii. l)ut is not broken into spots ; on the arc a sinuous black bar nearly pro- (iMctcd to costal edge, and at its upper extremity expanded in direction of base, iiiling the space between costal and subcostal nervules; from the lower third ol' hind margin proceeds a stripe of scattered black scales which borders the inner side of the orange patch, and sometimes ends a little below the lower buter (oiniT of the discal bar, bat more often curves round the bar, and is separated I'nini it, roacliing to the subcostal nervure ; in no cose observed does this stripe form a continuous line with the bar, as is often seen in Sara ; secondaries usu- ally immaculate, but sonietimes showing small nuirginal black .spots, or clusters ol' sciiU's on the nervules ; fringes of primaries alternately black and white," of ,«eo(>ndaries white, black at the tips of the nervules.
rnder side white, the apex and hind margin bordered with yellow ; between tlii-i and the orange patch a pinkish space ; the nervules on both margins bor- dered with greenish-brown, dusted with yellow ; the patch reduced, paler col- ored ; costal margin pinkish specked and crossed by brown ; the bar on the arc reiliieed and nearly bisected, ending at subcostal nervure; secondaries have the Hei vines on basal area orange, elsewhere yellow; the surface covered with ir- icgulnr greenish-brown patches arranged along the nervules and branches, and on the marginal area forming a pretty continuous broad band, all dusted thickly willi yellow scales.
Hody gray-black above; beneath, the thorax white, abdomen yellowish, legs ^vhite. the femora orange ; palpi mixed white and black ; antennae orange at base, gray-brown above, gray below ; club black tipped with yellow.
ANTHOCIIARIS H.
Female. —Expands from 1.1 to 1.5 inch.
Upper side bright lemon-yellow, the orange patch as large as in the male, but paler, replaced by yellow next the serrated apical border ; on the inner side of this yellow ground a line of black scales; the discal bar as in the male ; fringes yellow ; under side yellow, and marked as in the male.
This' species was first made known by Mr. Mead, who took twenty-two ex- amples, 10.?, 129, 10th to 12th June, 1871, in Colorado, a', high elevations, in the pine woods near Firplay, South Park, and on Beaver Creek. I have re- ceived a few others from parts of Colorado and New Mexico, and a single male from Montana.
I, but 3e of inges
0 ex-
ns, in ■e re- male
r^ .''^^Tf'jT A
'J
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i
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ll
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NAOTIIS, ; 1? ■■ ? •! iKLlDNL, - •: ' ■^ ^
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:,:,fy,;* i^ f» iSIf il.
Coliaf
M
''^il*-:-
.M.«
.lisks. ;l lil'O llir (•
lll'OWl
inner
MilMll, iVillLIH ;i|)i('iil
.irc ii
next Miiir^'i
SjKlI V
sinnc
iMitsid
win;:'.
no(
ycllov
l.l'dUll
I'M lioi'(k'i s!{|c n vi-iMv oni' n spots (
COLIAS I.
COLIAS NASTES, 1—4.
Wia.« A'o.ife.'i, Boisduval, Icones, pi. 8, 18.')2. Ibiil., Spue. Gen. I. p. CIH, I83fi. Hcrrick-Schiiffer, Srhiiii'tt. ]il. 7. f. II, M, and 83, f. 103, 404, 1843. Moschlcr, WU'n. Knt. Moiiat. iv, p. 3.'54, pi. U, IStiO.
M.vi.K. — Expaiuls 1.-5 inch.
I'lipor side groonish-yoUow or groonish-white, usually much and uniformly ir- loniti'd with gniy-brown over entire surface ; sometimes but little however on the disks, though densely on the hind margins, in which case there is f(jrmed thereby a liroad marginal border ; both wings have a sub-marginal .series of oval spots, the color of the ground, not very well delined, being more or less dusted with brown ; those of secondaries often incomplete, and some of them, especially ne.xt iiiiiir angle, often lost in the prevailing brown shade ; discal spot of primaries -iiiMJI. black, of secondaries small, pale yellow, often indistinct; costal edges and fringes roseate. Under side of primaries (>itlier greenish-yellow or white, the apical region washed with yellow, and surface more or less densely dusted with gray-l)rown ; the discal spot black inclosing either a jnu'e white space, on which are a few roseate scales, or the space is cjf the ground color, without roseate ; Itevoiid the disk a transverse row of brown points, obsoleti- except two or three next inner margin; secondaries dark green, or often greenish-yellow, the hind iiiingiii paler, and the whole surface densely covered with brown scales; discal s]ioi white with a few roseate scales, and a dull red nariow border, a spur of same red often projecting posteriorly ; or .sometimes there is a ro.seate point outside the di.scal .spot in direction of outer angle ; a small red patch at base of wiiiji'.
Body gray above, thorax grayish-green beneath, the collar dull red ; abdomen vcllow; legs roseate; palpi greenish-yellow, with interspersed red hairs; antenniw I. 'own al»ove, yellow beneath ; club yellow at tip and beneath.
I'kmai.e. — Expands 1.0 inch.
I pper side greenish-white, dusted as in the male, with wide, brown, marginal borders; the oval spots as in male, but well defined on both wings; under- s!ile or primaries densely covered with gray-l)rown, the ground being scarcely visible .'xcept along inner margin ; apex slightly yellow ; secondaries of nearly one uniform shade of browni.sh-green, a little pale along hind margin; di.scal spots on both surfaces as in the male.
COLIAS I.
Lauva unknown.
This pretty butterfly is found in Eastern Labrador, flying with Pelidne, us mentioned in tiie notes on that species. As Pelidne liad been regarded as but a variety of Paloino, so Nastes vma held to be only a form of Phicomone. Mr. Moschler has compared the two at length in his paper cited, with abundant ma- terial before him, and foncludcs on the distinctness of the two species. Dr. lioisduval gives Iceland and Greenland also as the habitat of Nnstes, but there would seem to be error in this, especially as to l(!eland, which, Mr. Moschler informs me, possesses no diurnal lepifloptera whatever, and he is not aware that Nastes has been found in Greenland.
COLIAS I.
COLT AS PELIDNE, 5—8.
t'l'-*
0.//,(<. /V/,W,».. Boi^duvRl, Iconi's, pi. H, is;)2. Ilii.l. Spue. Gdn. 1, p. (i-H, 18;)6. Bois. an.! f.w. p. 66, ,,1. il. 18,13. II,.rii<k-S,ha(f..,-, .Si'limett. pi, 8, f, (3. U, .ind 7, f. 35, 36, 1813, M.w,-liler, Wlcn. Knt' MhiiiiI. Iv. |i, 319, 1860. iMhraihrinsh. Snidilrr, I'roc Host. Soc. Nat. i(ist. 1862, p. 107.
M.u.K. — Expands l.-^fo 1.7 indi.
Tppcr .sido <,n-oonish-_v('llo\v. tlic ba.^cs of botli \vino;s nnd nnioli of tho disk of sccondMrics sprinkled witii hlfick ; priiniirios iiavo ii broad, fn.scous, inar<,nnal iior- ^vv. sonu'tinics crosc witliin. often jji-ctty irgnlarly .'irnati'd, usually crossed to iiMrgin hy yellow nerviires. a little advanced on costa. and prqjectin<r a short ■^piir alonj,^ inner margin ; the Imrder of secondaries of niedinin width, attennated :ii cither extremity, terminating at lower hrandi of median ; discal mark on pri- Miaiics either wanting or represented by a few black scales only ; on secondaries >^(iHielinies wanting, but often a small orange spot; co.xtal edge of each wing deep niscatc. as are al.-^o tho fringes, the latter often partly re])laced by yellow.
ruder side of primaries leinon-yellow, sometimes but .slightly (insted with gray ■iloiig costal margin, >'!«e remainder of wing i)eing immaculate, often iiowevt"r iliiisely covered with gray scales over the entire wing, except (mi inner margin ; -(coiidarics green covered with gray scales, most densely on the three fourths of wiiiLilVom base, the onterfonrth forming a pale border to the dark disk; discal -pnt (if i)rimaries small, oval, black, inclosing a yellow (rarely ro.seate] streak: (if secondaries, round, roseate, narrowly edged by dull red. and often accom- panied by a red point or small spot, in the direction of outer angle; at ba.«e of >(c(indaries a deep roseate patch ; fringes long, roseate.
liody al)ove, yellow, collar dull red; beneath, thorax and abdomen yellnw; l<\-s roseate, the femur yellow ; ])alpi greenish-yellow, red at tip ; antenna' lirown il">ve. ro,seate below; club yellow below, anil ferruginous at tip.
Fk.m.\i,k. — Expand.s l.C) inches.
rpper side either groeni.sh-white, or white with a faint yellow tint, sometimes ^vithont markings, or perhaps only dusted with gray about the apex of prinia- 11'"^ ; liut usually with a gray border, broad at apex, narrowing posteriorly, not
COLIAS I.
always reaching inner angle, inclosing more or less completely four or five spots of the ground color ; sonietinies the horder is restricted to a narrow edging hoth at apex and on margin ; secondaries usually immaculate, but occasionally a small cluster of dark scales is found at outer angle ; discal spot of primaries, when pi'esent, a narrow, black oval,__with white streak; of secondaries, small, pale orange ; under side of prinuiries delicate greenish-white, apically yellow, either pale or dark, and this portion of the wing as well as the costal nuirgin, more or less dusted with gray ; secondaries yellow densely covered with gray ; discal spot as in male.
L.vitVA imknown.
PdUJiic is found abundantly in parts of Ijjibrador, from far north to the ex- treme south, Hying in July and in com[)any with JVitsfes, occasioiuilly with Pa- IcBiio. All these species were taken by Dr. A. S. Packard, in July and August. ISGO, on Caribou Island, Straits of Belle Isle, and at Strawberry Harbor, on the main land. I have received from Mr. Mo.schler a series of both Pelklne and JS'dstcn, colk'cted at Okkak, about si.v degrees to the north of the Straits, and the specimens from the two localities agree in all respects, so far as I can discover. I cannot learn that PelUlnc has been taken on Newfoundland or Anticosti. but Mr. Scudder informs me that a single specimen has been taken at Watcr- ville, Maine. Mr. Scudder described Lahradorcnsls from Dr. Packard's specimens, muler the impression that these represented a distinct species from Pelldne. Bois.. a determination justified by the figures given in Boisduval and Lecoiitc. In the accompanying text Pelldne is described as larger than Puheno. tlir reverse being the rule, according to Mr. MiJschler, and the figures, which are ol a male only, represent a monstrous example, nearly twice the size of any iv- (U'ived by me from Mr. Moschler, and so out of drawing as to suggest that tlii' original must have been an entirely diflerent species from Pelidne, and thai ic never came from Labrador. In the " Icones " both .se.xes are given, and more correctly portray the Labrador Pelldne, and in n.-Schiifler, the figures arc a<liuirable both as to form and coloring.
Much has been written on the question as to whether Pelldne is only a form of Puheno or a distinct species. Mr. Miischler, in the paper cited, has compared the Lal)iador Pelldne with the European Palceno, and concludes that there aiv no sul)stantial reasons for regarding them as varieties of one species. On tlic other hand Mr. J. G. Schilde, in Stett. Ent. Zeit. 1873, argues that the Europeiui Paheno, the Finland Lapponlea, the Alpine Werdandl, and the Labrador Pt7*V/ c. are all one and the same thing, and the Labrador Palwno, which he allows presents constant difl'erences from the European Paheno, forms the connecting link between the latter and the Labrador Pelldne. Some of the Lajjponica also
COLIAS I.
iijxrec with the Labrador Pelidne, and some with the European Paheno, forniing iiiiother connectinff Hiik. He attributes the dift'oronces between all these varieties K. locality and elimate. A careful reading of Mr. Schilde's paper leads nie to the ll.Ilowing conclusion : that occasionally a variety of Pelidne appears that re- sembles a variety of Palmio or the average type of that species ; and the con- verse also is true. But the average type of each species is distinct, and the (diincction between the two is no more than might be e.\i)ected between anv two nearly related species that at some time have come from a connnon ancestor, iiotii Pnhvnn and Pelhlne are stated to be very variable, and among the iiinltitiide of variations some of either species must approach the otlier. "evcu .Ml'. Schilde .says that the name of PelUhie should be retained for the Labra.lor liriiiich of the species, and really nothing more need be said, for if the two forms, supposing them to have at some time been one, are now so distinct that each lirccils true to itself, each is to-day a good species. There can be no better test ol' a species. When eggs laid by a female Pelidne produce that type and also /V/w/o, or eggs by a female Pa^wwo produce the two forms, then undoubtedlv the two are shown to be one species, and dimorphic. And it is surprising that Ml little has been done in Europe, where Lepidopterists have worked for a cen- tury, towards settling such questions as this, whether any two or m(n-e given liirnis are species, or varieties only. Certaitdy the relationship of Palmio and l.iipiionim, or Palmio and Pelidne, could be determined in one sea.son by the \ CIV simple process of shutting up one or more females of either with a plant of irrowing clover, on which the eggs will be deposited abundantly. This alone will test the relationship, and no amount of argument as to climatic inliuences ;ver can.
IQIo
ty
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'n
r'rawii > V MHt7 Fi-Hr*
1. lli»«n. I'ol
PHILODICP'. 1.2 6 , 3. 4-9,5 9 v-ar., 6 V albino
a,i' lu/i/.s nmifiiifuul r l,,iiv,t alhr-i" moiiH
(//?/•/■ /" iiiimll ; f
i ,; ,, nialiiie
roi.t.\>
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w
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M
Up
liMSc ; iit'oiid the V
V;ilici
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DM till tlIll|()K
S«r
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COLIAS II., Ill
COLIAS rillLODICE.
Cnlim I'hilnilicc (I'lii-loil'-i-cc), Gixlarl, Eiic. .\Icili. IX., |i. 100. isi!i. SHaiii-oii, Zixil. Illust., 2il fer.
II.. |il. lio, |H;)1. Iliiis. anil I.cc, p. (il, |.I. -.'l, ISSU. Huis., .S|k.c. (Jrri.. I., p. (117, 18a(i. I'alirnn, Ci:iim'r. Pap. K.\.. I. pi. 11, F. (J., 177'.. Aullii/ii'r, Iliiliiiir. Ziilr. Kx, .Scliniclt, f. ;tl)7, .'108, 182:1. '•-'""'/"""""'■. •''I''l>' ^ •ll'i^'l- Iti-. Kilt. Ilaust., I., p. 1(1, pi. 1, lH-.!8. Swainsiin, Zool. Illii.^t., above cit<'d,
pi. :•<. IH.'tl. IIimipliiT. - an<l Wr.itniKKl, liiit. Itiil., p. 17, pi. ;l, 1848.
Mai.1.. — Kxpuiids 2.2-i iiu'lips.
Upper sidt" .snlpliiir-vt'llow. oticii loinon-ycllow, n.xii.illy Imt little olwcured at liMse; co-till niiirgin «»r primaiie.s (liiste<l with lijaek ; the bonier of hind tiiiirgin
at the apex often ])artly enissed hv
im
)ii(l, Mark, more or less dusted witi
1 vellow,
the yellow neivules, soiiietinies irrecnilarlv dentafed on the inner .-^ide. Inif
nsiia
llj
even vdifed or sliirhtly ero.se, ciirvuij( ronn<lly at the apex, generally nineh ad Vi.iicecl on the costal inaririn. and projecting a short, .spnr on the iiJ!i«'r margin ; ilJM.d >.pot large, siih-ovate, Mack; costal edge pink.
Secondaries have also a hroad marginal horder, usually .somewhat c.xoavated i>M each interspace, oominencing aliove the n|)per hrancli of suh-eostal nerviiro Miiil ending a little l»efore the inner angle; <li.scal sjm)! round. ofltMi duplex, pale iiraiige ; fringes pink and yelhtw.
er st<le of primaries either of same shade as (d)ove. or deeper, the apical
Und
Hie.i sometimes orange-tinted ; the costal
mai
,'in dnste(I with hrowii ; the discal
nt h
ack with yellow central point or streak. Imt
(X'casionallv this str<'ak ih
pink or is silver wliite ; hotli wings have an extra di.scal series of small fer- nigimms or brown patches, or c'listers of soiile.x, whic h lies parallel with the hind
in:ngins. and on primaries curves at the apex, so that (he upper two clusters fall on the edge of the ( ostal margin, but often the series is partly, and som times aliunvt wholly, wanting.
i>«*pondaries usually either pale yellow or reddish-oringe. and more or leas dusted with brown ; at the '-.liter angle a ferrugin juh or brown patch, and a small
COLIAS II., III.
pink piiicli at biiw of wing; tlic discal s|M)t usually duplex, there being one largo round silvered spot, and a small one, either with or without silver, in tlie direc- tion of the outt'r angle, each edged narrowly with dark f'tMru-inous, outside wiiich is a liroad ring either of pale ferruginous, or of deep yellow dusted with I'errugiuous ; these rings usually eoutlueut ; the silver scales partially replaced by pink ; costal edge of ])riinaries an<l fringes of both wings pink.
Hody above eovi'red with greenish-yellow hairs, the collar dull red ; under side legs pink; ]);dpi yelluw. reddish alxive and at tip; antenna' l)rownisli-
•11
vellow
red above, pink below ; cluli brown, ferruginous at tip.
Fkmai.e. — K.xpands 'J.-') iiuhes.
Upper side usually of a l)righter yellow than the male, but often green-'inted : the luaigiual border of priuuiries broad, inclosing a series ol' y"!l.>w patclu's, the one <Mi the upper median interspace usually wanting ; secondaries have the bor- der sometimes nearly as broad as primaries, and in that ea.se it partially incloses yellow |)atcbes ; but mo-^t often it is narrow, anil souu'tiines is reduced to a slight l)lai-keuiug of the upper half of the margin, or even to small clusters of scales iit the ends of the nervules; di.scal spots as in the nuile ; under side as in the mal' . varying in sanu- manner both as to shades of color and degree of irroration.
Ai.iiiNO. alwavs female. Color greenish-white, i;iarked
as in til
the t
vpe
dividuals are occasionally met. the upper sides of which are of a shade betwc greenish-white and \ ellow. the underside faintly blue-tinted. (Figs. 5, 0, PI. ■].
ei\
Mki.wk; var. Occasional anil subject to much vaiialion. So far
as known
to me. coidiued to the male. ( Figs. S, 0, I'l. 3.)
Ki;i;. — Leuy-th .(lit inch; narrow, fiisifi
)rin, laperuig evenly irom tlie uui
• Idle l<
either extremity, riltbed longitudinally iiid crossed by niuuerous striii
.1
tl
le ex-
color pale velliiw
111
tremitics blunt, the base rather luoadei' than the suuunit
(Fig. II.) when first deposited, which changes a iew hours alter to pale and tlici
to dark crimson (Fig. «■). Deposited ini cultivated clover, especially Trifoliiiii
I
■•ateiis,". iiu tile iipiier side of the leaf; also
on the jfarilen pe;
iiiM on luiiiiii"-
Mr. fl. .M. l)odge has found the eggs on the builiilo |)ea. .Nslralagus caiyocarpii-^. in Nebraska. The duration of this stage varies with the climate or the season. At r'oalbiirgh. the larva' emerged in July and .Vugust in four days, in October in ten days. In the Catskill .Mountains. New York. Mr. Mead found the period in
Jiilv to be live and six dav^
Ml
'aunders gives seven days, in Ontario.
Yot'.Nu Lauva — L'liglh .<H' inch, cvlindi ical, of uuili)rm size fi
oin secoiMi
to eleviiith si'giueiils, thence tap. ring to the last; color brownish-green; cm li segment creased four or five times transversely, the foremost ridge thus cnus( d on each marked by three black tuberculous dots on either side ; similar dots in line below tlie spiracles; I'roni each dot ri.ses a short, whitish, clubbed process;
COLIAS II., III.
(lie rtiiiiiiiidcr of the upper .surfaco iirofjiilarly wpecked witli brown points, from cMcIi of wliicli sprinjfs a wliitt; liair; lii-ad ob-ovate, granulated, dark-brown. (l-'iiT- ''. iiiii^uilit'd.) To first moult tlirei- da\'s.
.\fli'r iir.st moult; leii^^iii .12 inch; .xliapo as before; tlie segmiMits creased; ilic whole U|)per Hurliicc covered with minute whitish tubercles, which are l)lack ill ilicir suuunits, and are dispo.sed on the riil<xes so as to form lioth longitudinal iiiiij transverse rows; each tidjerde giving a short hair; color dull gri-eu ; under siilc and legs pale green; head black, shape as belbre. (t'ig. c.) To second iiiDult three days.
After second moult; h-ngth ..'» inch ; the body nineh as at last stage, but now liliic-grccii. and showing a faint whitish lateral stri|)": head ]y.\\o green. (Fig, d.) Tti tliinl inuidt lour days.
Aftt I- third moult; length .7 inch ; the principal change consists in the lateral slri|ic, which is now white and distinct, an<l usually show^• a red, or orange, or yellow <liscoloration on the anterior segments ; somi-tinu's black lunate sjiots ;i|i|icar beneath tlu- stripe, on st)me of the segments, es|iecially the .second and tliinl. I Fig. e.. nut. size, e^ magnified). To fourth moult tour days.
.Mlir fourth moult; length 1 inch; the 8tri])e now incloses a crimson streak, s>iiietimes broken into patches; there is most often an absence of black spot.s iHiieath the stripe, but many examples discover more or less of them up to a coiiiplete .series, largest on the anterior segments. (Fig./".) lii about three days after this moult the larva is full-grown, and prepares to change to chrysalis. (These observations weri^ made at (Joali)urgli, W. \ a.)
.Matihk L.\1{V.v. — Ix'ngth 1.2 inch; body cylinilrical, tapering slightly I'liiin seventh to last .segment, and from the fifth towards the head ; each .segment (leased four or live times transversely, tin- surface between the creases rising in niiiiiiliil ridges, on which are arraiigi'd in rows line whitish tubercles ti;iped with liiai i\. Ibnning both longitudinal and trans\<rse regular lines; eaol' tubercle lliiowing out a shori white hair ; color dark g: een, pale green on under side ; in iiiii' with the spiracles is a white or cream-whi.e stripe from the front of second to till' end of the twelfth segment, through the middle of which runs a stri'ak of <iiins(Mi. broken at the junction of the .segments; fre(|uently on the lower edge ef ilii« stripe is a row of lunate, black sjjois, large anteriorly and diminishing to ii point on twelfth segment, the jxisterior half of the row often ol)solete, even uliiii till' other spots are tlistinct; head smaller than second segment, ob-ovate. pale green, finely tubarculated, pilose, the mandiiiles ami ocelli black. (Fig. g s ; jliily iiiiignilied.)
From fourth moult to (;hry.salis there is an interval of four or live days. Totai tVoiii the egg to chrysalis about eighteen days in midsummer.
:mh
■ ■• <ii .-
COLIAS II., III.
CnuYSAi-is. — Loiif^th 1 iiidi ; cvlindrifal, tliickosl in niidillc, tapoiing to oitliiM- cxtii'iiiil V ; lu'iul-fiise jxiintt'd. (he i-yos promiiioiit ; tlioriicic procoss uliiflit, roiiiidi'd ; coIdi- yclli»\v-}fii't'ii ; a yi'llow hiterid liiii' IVoiu \vinj^-(!ase lo last sc^rmcnt ; ami liclow this a row of red points, one on cat'li scj^nicnt (Kig- h.)
Duration of tliis stajro I'itrlit davs. From tiit^ laviny; of tiie c^'i' to tlie enu'r- genci' of liic liiittcrllv, tliirty day-s i» West Virifiniu. in .Inly and August. In the C"atsi<ill Mnnntaius. liiirly-nini' days. LarviO wliicli Initrlifd iilst SoptenibiT, at ("oailinijili. iiy'ii'rnatod wIumi aliont half grown.
I'IiUoiI'kc is till' coniinoiicst of huttcrllii's throughout the Northern and Eastern States and Canada. Mr. Coupi-r found it in the island of Antieosti. And it also irdiahils NcwI'oundland. It is less ahuudani in \'irginia, and still less southward, hut its range is limited only hy the (iulf of Mexico. In the Mississippi valley tln' orange s|)eeies predominate, hut year hy year P/illoillve encroaches on their ter- ritory. l'rofes.sor Snow states that it is hecoming well known ahout Lawrence, Kansas, though as yet l)y no means e(pia!ing Furi/fhnne in nundters. Mr. Dodge writes to same ellt'ct from eastern Neliraska, .Mr. .1. A. .\llen fouml it ir. Iowa, though nowhere abundant. I !■<;^•l> also exampiC" iVom Dakota and Texas. The rapid advance (jf the species is prohahly owing to the fact that the food- plant of its larva is the conniion red clover, which everywhere keeps step willi the picmeer. The t'oliades are not at all forest species, and it is reasouai)Ic to snp|)ose that, on the first .si'ttlement of the country, the range of I'hilntlici' \\;\< reslricteil to the savannahs along the sealtoard. or to open spots where the nati\i' species of Iritoiium oi- of lupinus )rrew ; hut that with the introduction of a mon' |)alatahle w less pri'carious food-plant, it has increasi-d and dispeised till it now oceupii's half the continent. The oi'ange species have never made their way east of the p.airies, except as occasionally a few inilividuals have wamlered. Their larvie naturally feed on such plants as jri-ow on the prairies, and oscr the wesleni territiM'ies. hnt are known to hetake themselves to the red clover in some degree. and upon this circumstances nuiy hei'eafter compel them to depenil a.s the coun- tr\' iieconiis populated. Al! the other .\merican species of Colias are compara- tively local in their haluts.
Where I'lt'iloilKT is foimd no one can have failed to notice it. either in gardea or (ield, as it gently Hits from tlower to llower. or courses along tin' road or across the nu'adow. with sustained ami wavy llight. It is sociatde and in<|uisiii\r. and may often lie seen to slop in mid-<'areer as it overtakes or meets its fellow. the two llutterinir alioul eacii other for a momeut. tlien speediug on their wa\-:
)rthey moiuit in air. a|iproacliing ri'Ireating. w
ith a slow, vertical and tremnliM
ascent, till the eve ci-ases to fo
them. When the clover is in hlo.ssom il
meadows are yay and animated with the«e yellow hutterlliet, and wiierever brigiil
^
/
V
^
r
<
^
}
'*) 'I tl
t' -tSfr^if.
-i. f-l j.'! ''-.I
t
■Km .
HI t
r<^'
J«a*iV;
COLIAS II., III.
Il.iwi'is art" will siiri-ly lie .>(ooii I'lulixllrc. Oii iimri^foldrt and iiriliiiiiit siii;;l(' /.in- iiiiis tlicy (lcli<j;lit to pastiii'o, for they have a keen sense of color. I have known lie 111 liiciii (<i alijfli( on an amethyst in a lady's ring, after hoverin<^ ahont its wcMiiT so |)ci'sisteMtly as to attract attention, ami it rested some seconds. Ddiilillfss there wei'i' pn/./.led perceptions on soiuidinj^ tliat stony tlower.
It is the hal)il of J'/iilDiHie to gather in dense niassoH hy scores and hmidrods, ii|i(in wet. spots in the road, swarming when distnrhed and settling again when ilie interrni)fion censes. In the ("an. Knt. 11., ]). S, iStl'.t. the Hev. (J. J. Heth- iiiie writes: "On tin; third of Angnst, a iiright snnny morning, after an e.vces- Hvciv wet night, I drove ahont ten miles along country roads; I'vory few yards ihire was a patch of mod. and at each there were from half a ilo/eii to twenty I 'liiloillvi', lit least one, 1 should think, I'm- every yard of distance traveh'd. 1 must ilicM have seen, at a very moderate computation, ten thousanil specimens of this liiittcrlly." In Westwood's Arcana Entomologica, !,, p. Ill, the late Edward DrnMcday .xays: " I have seen in Illinois, in the autumn, ('(dias I'/ilfotllcr and Ciisiiiiid. 'VevMit I\^lrlj)j)(' and Jjisu, iuu] (Jallidryas Kuhttlv, in groups literally of liMinhcds (the first-named in.sect generally making nineteen twentieths of the conipany), in a Hpiico not .si,\ feet .square."
.\s might l)e e.\p(>cted of so prevailing a species. P/iihx/lrr is sidtject to great varialiiMi. and many of its varii'ties are extreme. It would he easy to indicate; <i\cnd of these which seem only to await favorahle circumstances, as segregation for ii period, to <'ause them to hecome permaiu-nf ; that is. to heccuni' distinct -^|ii'(ics. They vary in size, in color, in the extent and contoui of the margimvl liniilcr. in the discal spots, in all the markings of the under side, ami in tin; il('i;rce of dusting of hoth sides; in si/e, from an expanse of 1..'5 to 2.(i inches; in riiliir. Irom pale sulphur to lemon ami lu'ight yellow; in the hreadth of the hor- ilri-i. from .1 to ..'{ inch; in its ^^\tent on costal margin; in the contour of its inner edge, from regular to erose and crenated, sometimes also crossed nearly to ilir ni.irgiu l)y yellow nervules, sometimes only at the apex, and often not at all ; in ihi' size and shape of the discal spot of primaries, from a nu'ie stre:d< m a l;irge innmlcd spot or an irregidar patch, and with occasionally a long sjum' juojccting rriiin it. perhaps connecting it with the nuirginal horder ; in the discal spot of secendaries from nil, or a shade scarcely flillering from the groun<l color, to nrange. ami either single oi- douhle ; in the color of the under smfjico. fiom jiale 111 iiright vfllow. or to ochraceous ; in the discal spot of |)rimaries. from yellow- iintcrrd to pink, or silver-white, or even wholly hl:u'k ; in the extr.a-discal spots, liiiin a comi»lete series across hoth wings to almost none at all. only a lew dark ^<\>\v^ here and there heing present. (1 have never .seen an example in which ili>ic \\;is ahsolutcly no trace of the.se spots,) and in color, from pink through
COMAS II., III.
rernigiiioiis to lilack ; in llic spot at (inter iiii;r|(> of .xccoinlarifM, IVoni iiolliiii;:; lo a larj,'*' hntwii patch ; in the Ita^ial patcli, IVoiii clear pink to nwty red, ami Home- tiint's wlinlly absent ; in the discal niarkin;,'s, Iroin a sin;^le rnnml silver spot in :\ Hliglit rinjr. <>r witliont rinjr. to a dunlile spot, or two sepaiuteil spots, nearly eqnal, on a iarj^e lerrii<.;inous jiatch, wliicli itsell' may lie ronnd oi* ii leirnhir ; tlir silver scales olli'ii icplacH'il liy roseatir ; in the ilnstinj( of upper side, Ironi a sli^rlil olisenrily at liase to so dense a coverin}; as to j;ive a gray slunle to whole sin- faeu ; ot' the niider side, IVoni a clear snrl'ace to one as thickly coated as in J'<- llilne. Tlio I'eniales vary in the same dej,'reo, and any pecidiarity in one sex may lie matched in the otiier. Occasionally ii female is seen in whi<'h there i-i an aliscMce of the usual sidi-marginal yellow spots, the liorders then liein;; lilacl<, and so far assimilated to those of the male. (Fig. 1. I'l. .'{.) Sometimes al.-<o tlic males are orange-tinted, and two examples are known to mo in collections. One of those is in the possession of jMr. (.'harles Wilt, of I'hiladelphia. The other was given me .some years since liy the late Benjamin I). WaNli. and was taken by him in Illinois, in coitu with a yellow female, which also I have. The oraiiixi' hue of this luafe is decided, and especially upon the inner half of primaries. (Fig. 1. I'l. .'!.) The yellow s|iecies may .'■omclimes accjuire charairteristics of llic orange, witho\d actual hyliridism, according to the fact stated liy Darwin (Ori^'. Spec, 'ith ed. Am. p. loS), that "iIh^ varieties of one species when they range into the habitations of other species often actiuire in a slight degree .some of their chara<'ters." Or the present may lie an example of hyhriflism, ffir that llic orange species do sometimes mate with the yellow is not to lie doulited. I have a pair taken in coitu liy Mr. Dodge, in Nebraska, the male of which is an Kiiri/- t/ieme of the most pronounced type, the female the ordinary yidlow Philndife. Mr. Dfiilge says: '* Ilnfortiniately 1 killed the male before separating them, ami the female dieil without depositing eggs." It is stated by Muschler (Wien. Kill. Monat., IV , p. 22), that the European Coliades do occasionally hybridize, as Ernie with Edvua and with Mijrmhlone.
The melanic variety figured was taken by Mr. fliarles Worthington, of Chi- cago, '■ in an upland grass-lield, near the village of Pahnyia, N. Y. Thei'e were two, hut only one was captured, and a third was seen about a mile away." Another example was taken by Mr. C. W. Pearson, of Montreal, in August. 1S7'"), at Chateauguay IJasin, the upper surface <if which he describes as " (|(i|i brownish black, somewhat green-tinted if seen obliipiely. On the under side liie primaries ar(> dark brown and Kcccmdnrios almost olive-green."
The examples of PhlluiUce taken in the district in which I live are of a larger average size than those frtim States farther north, but still many are diminutive. The small variety figured 3, PI. 3, and which seems to be identical with Iliili-
COI.IAS II.. III.
nil'."' Aiillifi'ih', I liiivi' fiikt'ii at ('oailiiii^ili, iiikI liiivc rcci-ivcd liotli from 'IVxiih ami .N'uvii Scotia. It Im clinriicterixiMl hy vitv narrow bonlfrs. roKtrictfd on coMtii, ami liy tiic considciiouH inarkiiijfH of the iiniK-r siilc. A more (limiiiiilivc piiir, liiit less iilx'rrant, I liasc in my collection, the male cxpiindin;' !..'> indi iiml tin* Ifmalc lull 1.2. ca|ilnrcil in a meadow at Newl)m';.di. N. Y. 'I'in- female ( Kij^. 7, I'l. ;!.), ill wliicli tlie discal spot of primaries j)roJects ii .spnr towards tin- liorder, \\a>t lircil li\' me at CoallMii'^di, as wa^ llie other, in wiiieli tiic liorder is iminiicn- lale. Mr. lieakirl ( I'roc. Knt. Soc., IV., p. 2111) mentions an e\ani|ile in wliicli ilic connection of the iliscal spot with the Itoriler was complete, as Itein^ in the; ((ijlcclion of tlie Kntomolojrical Society; anil Mr. Ijintner (same work. vol. ill., |i. "i")) descrilies a female with immaculate liorder. .Mr. Heakirt al.«o speaks of (iiic in which the border takes tin' ll)rni of the " doit's iieail " characteristic iif ('. Cii-nonln, a variation which I my.self have not observed in the present spe-
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Ity iiiciosinj.^ ihe I'emales of J'/il/ixlitr, at the proper season, \\ith a |)lani of i;iowiiij( (!lover, egj^H are readily obtaiiu'd, and in this way I have i-epeatedly raided the larva*. In snch cases the parent is carefully preserved foi' comjiarison wlili its pi'oj.'eny. Sometimes, out f)f a brood, the variation from the mother has liciii nniioliceaiile, l»ut in other cases very jfi'cat. and this mijrhl well be owinjr til ilic ililK-rence lietween the parents. So a pale snlphiir-colored fennde will ])ro- iliiic xiiiie lik»' itself and some of a deep yidlow, etc. In the few instances in uliiilil have tiiken pairs in coiMi, there was a clost- resemblance between them ill nijor and imirkinjrs, but many oliservations are rerjiiireil to deduce any rule ill' lefidiii as to like seeking like. Albinism is conliiu'd to the female, and ex- aiii])le.! are not uncommon in tin- field. Ol' cou\-se, these unite with yellow miles, and the product is partly albino and partly yellow, or it may be all yel- low. In one in.stanre I hml five bnlterllies from egjj.s laid by an albino, and there id foiu' yellow femah's, no a'bino. In another case of four
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ftiiiales one was an albino. Mr. Mead has met with similar results, ami III IIS have known an albino to be produced from the ej^gs of a yellow feiiiahv Tlie yellow femnk's rai.scd by \nc from albinos liave all resend»le<l one another in llii^. that the nmler sin'face of secondaries has been densely coated with gray Males, i/iving a |)eculiar and nu'aly appearance, and nearly all of both sexes have li.nl coii.-picuous double iliscal spots on the nnder side of .secondaries, as repro- seiiled in Fig. 2, I'l. ;5.
Till i;i,ii!iio cater|»illars dilTer in that sinne have a series of black spots beneath the la cral \),'A(]. while in others there is no trace of this ; but the same brood will e.xiiiljit Loth varieties. The deepest colored examples of the butterfly which
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MELITtEA I.
bordering on the Ohio Riven*, and in Kansas. It is the only MelitaBa wliidi inhabits tlie Atlantic slope, thongli from the Rocky Monntains to the Parillc the genus is numerously represented, and it is probably the only butterll\ in its district whose li'rvie construct and pass the winter within webs. I( js always local, abundant where found at all. and is usually to be seen only in ilic vicinity of swamps. It is of slow and .sluggish flight, and alights on the leaves of shrubs and on the ground rather than on flowers. The life-history of this species was long a mystery, and has only come to be understood within the last live years. In November, 1868, Mr. liillings. Can. Ent. I., p. 28, writes tliat he lias " accidentally discovered a locality for this rare butterHy within two miles of the city limits of Ottawa. It is in an oi)en swamp, densely surrounded by coniferous trees which are almost im])enetrable, and occupies a space of eight or ten iicrcs. This season I watched faithfully for the appearance of the imago, making occa- sional visits to the spot during the month of June. It was first observed on tiie 3d of July, and between this and the 2()th I made five or six excursions, ciiptm- ing over t^^•o hundred specimens. I .seldom met theni on the wing, but generally resting on the alders or ferns." And Mr. Billings states that it is not improliahle that the species is double-brooded, judging from the fact that two years before liu had seen a female late in August or early in September, which, as will appear, must have been an exceptional occurrence. The food-plant Mr. Billings had not discovered.
In a subsequent number of the same volume, page 59, I communicated some facl- which I also had gathered. In May, 1868, a boy living in the neighboriiooil of Coalburgh had brought uie several chrysalids o^ Phaeton, part of which Ik^ lia<l found suspended on the under side of fence rails close to a small swamp near his father's house, and said that he had seen many caterpillars on the rails. Rcinjf unable to go to the spot, I sent him back with directions to bring me caterpillars and to search for the food-plant. A few days later he returned with about eighty chrysalids and but two caterpillars, which change(] innnediately after I received them. He reported that the caterpillars were running over the branches of the pawpaw bushes (Asimina triloba), though he could discover none feeding thereon, and that such as he had taken had changed to the chrysalids brought In. The fol- lowing year, 20th May, I was passing this place when my young collector told ine that he had found the plant we had been in search of, and would show it to ne. We went to the border of the swamp and he led me to a clump of Chelone gl;il)va, eaten nearly to the water, and .said that this had been black with the caterpillars ii few days before. There were several other clumps in view, 'Al much eaten, anil I .succeeded in finding two caterpillars on one of them. This plant is common in swamps and in meadow brooks over the northern part of the continent, ami iVoin a large stool sends up many fleshy stems to the height of about three feet.
MKLIT^A I.
Oil 22(1 April, 1874, I wont again to the swamp, hardly expecting to find the Ciii'lonc out of the ground, as the weather had been cold and vegetation back- uanl. But the moment I reached the water my eye fell upon two or three of ilicse caterpillars on the lower leaves of an isolated stem which was not more tliiin six inches high. Near by were other stems, each with one or more caterpil- hiis. and so it was as far as I could distinguish the plants over the water. These l,irva> wore nearly mature. On the stem l)eing jarred they instantly rolled up and (li()|i|H'd to the ground. Some I saw resting beneath the plants on chips or Icivcs. Others were running over the hummocks which projected above the sur- liiii' of tlie water, moving rapidly and throwing tlieir heads to the right or left a-; if lei'ling their way. Two days after I visited the swamp better prepared for (■x|il()riiig the water, and could have brought away hundreds of the caterpillars. TIk V Acre to be found wherever a plant of Chelone grew, not at all .screened, but in |iluin sight, and wherever there were fallen trees or dead branches there were to lir seen many at rest.
.\t this larval stage this species must be subject to few enemies, an^l must be (iliiiiixidus to the birds which abound in swamps. Otherwise none ould reach niiilnrity. for not the least effort is made for concealment after the caterpillars li,i\c deserted the web, and the contrast of color with the green leaves makes tliiiii unusually conspicuous. The only shelter sought by them is in rainy wmtlier or from the sun when the heat is extreme, and that is attained by shift- in;: tu the under sides of the leaves.
At dillerent times up to September, 1875, I visited the swamp, and so have be- came MC(iuainted with the complete history of the species. On 13th June, 1875, 1 liiimd three clusters of eggs, and brought home two of them. These two were laiil on leaves of the same stem, a* some distance from the top, both upon the iniilillc of the leaves, on under side, one close against the midrib, the other scarcely tuucliiug it. The former comprised about two hundred eggs, densely packed in a Miniewiiat irregular mass, two layers deep, each egg I'esting on its base. The otlici' cluster was rounded, four layers deep, witli a few eggs which represented a lilth. the bottom liiyers apparently regular, but nmny of the eggs of the upper ono inclined, and some lying on their sides. There .seemed to be about four Inin'Ircd eggs 1n this cluster. (See Figs. a,n'-.) The color wav a peculiar shade of • linHoii. like that of wilted currants, having a tint of Idue in it, but two or thue "I I lie eggs were lemon-yellow when first observed, and this I am informed by Ml Sciidder is the color when newly laid. From him also I learn that the dura- limi of this stage is nineteen to twenty days. The larva) began to emerge 24th ■'iiiir. tliirteen days after I brought home the eggs, and about thirty-six houns '" Inic the disclosure the color of these had gradually changed from crimson to lilark.
MELITiEA I.
The larviB were immediiitely placed upon a plant of Chelonc, and in obtniii- ing this I noticed many little webs already constructed. One colony which 1 encoiintored was in a state of great agitation, its members running about wildly and throwing their heads and two thirds the body in a jerking way from right to left, all in same manner and like so many automata. The cause of the idiinn seemed to be a small crimson ichneumon tly which was hovering about, and wiilrh alighted on one of the leaves which protruded from the web. My presence frightened it away, however, so that 1 failed to see its mode of attack.
Placing the young larva; on tlie leaves, some at the top and some well down the stem, each lot began at once the construction of a web ; in case of the ter- minal leaves, drawing them together. While part were bu.sy at this, others wore eating the pulp, and even gnawing the midrib, by which tlie leaves easily yielded and were soon folded over and incorporated in the web. Those on one of the lower leaves in same way contrived to double the leaf over, but 1 noticed that in a few hours all those which began life low down the stem had clind)ed (o the upper leaves and joined the colony there. As the larvie grew, leaf after leaf was inclosed, a detachment woiking at the next pair of leaves below, whicli were taken possession of by the colony as soon as the upper ones were consumed. These hrst webs were slight, and quite tran.>*parent, the warp composcid of long, regular and colorless threads, whicli ran from the stem to the middle of the next leaves below, and' were boun<l together by innumerable cross-threads wdiich took no regularity whatever. Two or more holes were left for egi'css, and the eat- ing away of the leaf made other opt^nings. The web at this stage does not icsist rain very well, anil in a long continued storm more or less destruction of the larvii; follows. ]jut as soon as the skies clear, the survivors set themselves at repairing or rebuilding altogether.
Six days after leaving the egg, the larvtB began to pass the first moult, whicli process continued for two days before all the colony had changed, and forthwith they eat voraciously, stripping the leaves much faster than they could form a web to cover them. Many of the larvaj during this stage remained outside in small clusters, and fed on separate leaves, even on separate stems ; but as the time for the second moult drew near, they came together and constructed a I()o.se web, within which the moult took place.
About the middle of the next stage, on a bright day, I noticed that each of my colonies was suddenly active in spinning, and it at once occurred to rae that they anticipated a storm and were providing against it. Before night nuicli more substantial and larger webs than had been hitherto constructed were ready for occupation. During the night a steady rain set in and continued for twenty-four hours, but it found each colony safely housed. The next day was clear, and
MELTT^A I.
111! Imiuls were busy in repairing and strengtiiening, working hotii within tlie ui iis ami without.
Till' largest of these structures was long and narrow, ta])ering at either end, alioiit three inches broad in the middle, and so thiek and closely woven as to fdiK cal the interior. For egress while at work, two somewhat tubular openings uciv left on the middle of one side, and tiie threads about these were doubled. To ,-np|)ort this large web the u])[ier part of a stem of swamp grass, which was /riiuing in same tub, was bent down, and its broad and spreading leaves were Ijdiniil over the surface, and this with tiic stem of Chelone was stiff enough to icsi>t the wind. After the larva; had ceased work and rmally retired witiuu the well, a slight covering was spun acro.ss the outlets, sullicient evidently to throw oil water and to keep out spiders. Two or tiiree days later, about 20th July, till' ihin. moult was passed, and thenceforward the larva> did not leave the web, hilt entered on their period of rest, which would endure till the Hdlowiug April. Watching the same stages in the swamp, the same peculiarities were to be iiotiicd. In some cases very large weljs were constructed, and the one repre- sented on the Plate was 11 X 4 inches at its extremes. In nearly all ca.ses, assistance from other plants was sought to support the stem. And the com- |ilciril webs were not confined to Chelone but were often built on other plants at some distance, one to three feet from the food plant. I thought at first that sui li j)lants must al.><o have l)een eaten of by the larviv, but could find no evi- dence of it, and larva; which I kept meanwhile confined in glasses would eat of no leaf l)ut Chelone.
Six wt'eks later, the webs were found to be bleached white, and were weather- worn and considerid)ly .shrunken ; often distorted too by the growth of the plants. The elli'ct of the shrinkage was to compress the 'arv;e into a hard, compact nuiss. On opening some of the webs, I invariably found a small percentage of larviB uiiich had not pas.sed the third moult. The condition was not that of torpidity, nor even of lethargy, for there was an immediate and general movement on the il'-lurhance being made, and many of the larva' would attempt to escape. I Innught home some of them and placed them upon a young plant of Chelone, Ihii iliey showed no disposition to feed, nor to construct another web. They ran oM'itlie le.ives for a few horn's till the whole plant had l)een thoroughly explored ami then left it, betaking themselves to the gra.ss.
I made an excursion to the swamp 7th April, lS7o, to determine, if po.ssible, liow early the caterpillars left the web ; but 1 found them alreaily scattered. tlioimh the food-plant was as yet scarcely above the water. Several caterpillars wiiieh I brought home were placed on a cliunp of the plant in a ves.sel of water, to jiievent escape, and sticks were set to give them opportunity to rest after
MELITiEA I.
their liiihit. So 1 ascortainod that they did not feed in tlie night on accoiinl of ^he low tem])eratiire, nor in eool and cloudy days when the niercnry fell lulow iboiit 50° Far. 'I'owards evening they collected on the sticks in a dense cluster, usually resting with heads downward, and there remained till morning. If tjic day was bright and warm they became active as soon as placed in the sunshiiic. At this time spring was far advanced with us, the apple trees in blossom, and the forest rapidly coming into leaf, when on the 18th and 19th April, snow fell, nail freezing weather s(!t in, such as at this season had never been e iperienced. The nuM'cury sank to 12° above 0, and nearly every green thing was killed, — the Chelone leaves particularly. 1 had no alternative but to lose the caterpillars lor want of food to give them, or to try the effect of cold in suspending aninintioa. They were therefore placed in a cold cellar, and there remained for ten days with I'o injury, recovering activity at once on being brought into light.
Owing to the sympathy of these larvae with the changes of the weather, the intervals between the last moults were irregular.
When ready to change to chrysalis the caterpillar of P/iae/o/i wanders, often to a great ilistauce from its feeding ground, which its rapid movement easily eniihles it to do, and .«e('ks shelter under logs, fence rails, or the weather-boarding of buildings, spins a button of white silk from which it suspends by its last segment, and in about thirty-six hours thereafter the change takes j)lace.
The lirst Ijutterfly fntm the chrysalids of 1801) was on the wing at Coalburgh, lUth May; from those of 1874, 18th May. At Newburgh, N. Y., 1 hail taken the butterlly fresh from chrysalis 2()th June. Mr. Scudder gives 25th Juno as the dat(> of appearance in New Hampshire, and Mr. Billings the 3d July at Ottawa.
Mr. f^cuddcr states that iha liirvic o? Phaeton have been found to feed in the spring on Ijonicera ciliatn. Mr. T. Glover writes me that Viburnui.r dentiituin is also a food-plant.
Year after year 1 have seen Phaeton flying in various localities, but always in early summer, and it is not po.><sible that a fall brood should have occurred at Coalburgh without my having had knowledge of it, either of my own observa- tion, or that of the many experienced lepidopterists who have spent time with me. Therefore it seems remarkable that Mr. Billings should have se<Mi an individual of this species in August or September. But Dr. G. M. Levette also informs me that he saw one flying near Galena, 111., in August, 1872, and lixes the date beyond doubt, because he was then on his way to the meeting of the American Association at Dubuque. There must occasionally then be cnse.^ m which the larvte proceed to maturity instead of entering on their hybernation, a phenomenon not unknown among the single-brooded butterflies whose larva)
MELITiEA I.
hv iHTimte, as, for oxiiiiiple, in the gomis Liincnitis. In the case of Thyciodea .\>/rk'is, a species nearly allied to Phaeton, part of the summer brood mature, wliilc much the larger part become lethargic in July, and so pass tlic winter! i!ul in this species there is a second, or late sunnner brood, all the larva'of which livl.crnate at third moult. The growth of the larviB or Phaeton is so rai)id, three oiil of its live stages requiring but about twenty days, that there is evidently innpic time, in the latitude of Coalburgh, lor a second brood, and one might be expected to occur.
AVIiMt is the mysterious principle whicli teaches the larvic of Phaeton alone, oiif of a hundred species of butterflies that frequent our fields, to protect them- Hclvcs in a web woven by the community; which regulates the labor of each in l.uiMi.ig, strengthening, repairing, or extending this web as the occasion reciuires; which prompts one detachment to work on the inside, another without, some to (liMw up leaves which shall be inclosed for the connnon food, some to secure in adNMiicc further supplies to be ready when the first are consumed ; which per- mits tiiom to scatter in groups and brings them together again as the several periods of moulting draw near, and at last, when the moment comes to prepare for II state of rest that is to endure for nine nionths, during which they will l)e helpless against wind and storm, and t!ie assault of enemies, leads them to liuihl a more substantial structure than before, proof against rain and snow, fix- iii.u- upon and binding down contiguous stems for its support, leaving way's for oo-ress while the work goes on and closing them up when the work is "done, and when an open door would endanger the house ! How do these creatures cora- iiiimicate with each other? Do they act under the direction of one common master, that everything is thus done at the right time and in the right way, or hiive they something akin to the knowledge and judgment of far superior beings whi.h leads each one to see what is needed, and to do it without compulsion and wiihont conflict or interference Avith others ? I wonder if all is really harmony ; if s.iiiie do not shirk their duties; if there be not bickerings and fightings and lnr\ icidos ! Let us hope not. They seem to dwell in peace, and we will ttssume thai fhey do, and go to them for a lesson as to Solomon's ants or Sir John Lubbock's wa^s.
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PHYCIODES I., II.
PHYCIODKS ril Alios.
Vliir'mih.i TiKiriif, Driiry.
MAliCIA. K.lwanlH, Trans. Am. K„f. .Soc, II., p. 207, IHfiHj M., Cnn. Knt IX n 1 .877
M()Rl-||i;US, i:,lwu„l.H, Can. Knt.. IX., p. r,5, 1877. ' P' ' *"*
il/o-/.//<.».*, Fab. .Sv.t. Knt., p. ,M0, 177.5; 1,1., Rnt. Spt., HI., p. 1.55 rfti
mros, Drnrv. I pi. 21 ?, 17. Ii„i,. ami 1,..,.., p. 170, pi. .|7 cf (no' 9), 183.-).
Coci/la, CraniiT, II., pi. lOI., (i^js. A., U.
f'liarof, IlaniH, Ins. Musii., 2(1 cd., p. 289, 1«G2.
Alien-. l',„:h,r,l,i. .Sanndcia, in I'aukaril's Guide, p. 256.
FoM MARCIA. Ai.M.K. — E.xpaiuls 1.5 incli.
rpp.;, .si.l. ml.fulvm,,., handed and reticulated with black ; the hind mar^nn of
pnnKu.,..,s b,.oadIy bordered with black, through which r.ni« a crenated line o
M.n,... ol narrow crescents either yellow- or red-fulvou.s, the one in unper mod an
.n.crspace large, the others often obsolete ; witi.in the anterior edge of the
-order IS a series of nearly equal and often connuent fulvous .spots, extending
o,n sub-costal to sub-median nervure, the lower spot sometimes pupillated with
u-k ; next beyond is a broad, sinuou.s, f.ilvous band, sometimes macular ; from
t H. fosta a subtriangu ar black patch covers the end of the cell, and is connected
.V an Ob hque line with a smaller patch on middle of inner margin ; within the
c of eel IS a black spot with interior fulvous spot or stripe ; in° the middle oil a doiil^le ring, and another below cell ; and at base of and below cell rounded
Secondaries have a black border of nearly even width, extending round outer
f ' "f '"^':?'"° "^'!'- ''' '^"*^'--'- -1g« - yellowish crenated lii^, often nu.e- "la. and sometimes quite obsolete; beyond is a series of .seven la .e fulvo . spopeach pupiUated with black, the upper .spot nearly or quite los n
n ■ , 1 ^ the di.scoidal and upper median interspaces; remainder of win.-
< L v' r ^ '^^ '•'' °"*''' P'^'^'^" "f '^'' b'^'^'-^l ^'^^ ^™ited by black: •nc^i,ularly cham-shaped spots, within which are similar spots crossing the middle
PHYCIODES I., II.
of cell ; there is great variation, however, in the extent of the black surface, the bands and lines often being so lieavy as to render the surface of both wings largely black ; in others the basal and extra-discal markings are small and at- tenuated, the reticulations distinct ; fringes black mixed with cinereous, nnd sometimes with a little white at apex of primaries.
Under side of primaries pale fulvous, dull yellow on costa and at apex, bright yellow on middle of hind margin ; often also a lilaceons tint suffuses the inrgin; the rest of the margin brown ; a submarginal ferruginous crenatcd line cross(?.s the entire wing and at the apex is a second similar and anterior to the other; at the inner angle is a large black patch ; the patches on costa and inner margin repeated, reduced ; and a second one on costa half way from cell to apex; the outlines of the spots on basal area are seen indistinctly.
Under side of secondaries has the hind margin bordered by a double crenated line, making a complete series of long and narrow submarginal crescents, of which the middle one is most conspicuous ; on the extra-discal area a series of small brown spots, corresponding to the pupils of the fulvous spots above ; the Ijtisal area limited on the middle of the disk by two irregular lines, partly wavy, partly angular, and differing much in individuals, forming a transverse hand more or less pronounced ; anterior to these are several other wavy lines to base ; all these usually ferruginous, sometimes brown ; a brown cloud covers more or less of the marginal area ; on middle of costal margin a brown or ferruginous patch, and another on disk, both often nearly obsolete ; the ground color of the wing varies much, being sometimes deep yellow, sometimes buff, or brown, or brown with much white over basal area, with more or less of a lilac tint ; some- times the whole win"; is tinted with ferruginous.
Body above bhack ; beneath, thorax and abdomen white, the latter yellowish at extremity ; legs fulvous, the inner side of the femora white ; palpi Avhite at ba.se, buff above, black on upper side ; antennae black, gray beneath, and ringed with white ; club black tipped with fulvous.
Female. — Expands from 1.5 to 1.7 inch.
Upper side very much as in the male, varying in similar manner, but never so denuded of black as is often seen in the male ; in many examples the sinuou.s discal band of primaries is yellow-ochraceous instead of fulvous, and the spots of the outer series are partially pupillated. The under side .shows similar variations to that of the male, but more extreme, the coloration being more intense, tiie band more distinct, and the dark areas more extended.
The ornamentation of the imder side of secondaries indicates at least four principal varieties of this form of the species, distinct at the extremes in both sexes, and with many intergrades. The variation of primaries and of u[)per
PHYCIODES I., ir.
surfiice is less extreme and is not siitficiently distinctive, and therefore the sec- oiiiliU'ios alone may he used in cliaracterization.
\i\v. A. The marginal cloud and costal patch wanting ; the basid area sil- vcri'd or white, perhaps a little discolored at extremity of cell ; the crescents silsiTcd or white ; extra-discal area yellow-brown. (Figs. 1, 2 <i.)
\'.\\: B. The larger part of the wing dark brown, but usually the discal band is iiiii)))scured or nearly ,so, and is white and conspicuous, as is also the costal mar- gin next base and at outer angle ; except at this angle the crescents obscured. (Fil;-. ;i (?;4, 5 9.)
\iir. C. In the male, the ground is either bright ochrey-yellow throughout, till' l)!\ud and basal area not differing from the area beyond the disk, with a iiKuuiiial cloud, and a large brown spot on the disk (Fig. 9); or the ochre-yellow is sliu'iitly obscured over the disk and outer limb, and the spaces between the rcliciilated lines are partly yellow, partly faint white. (Fig. 6.) The discal spot v;iries much in shape, being sometimes a transverse bar, sometimes a lon- iriiiiiliMal one limited to the cell (Fig. C), or perhaps a triangular patch (Fig. 8). In the feiiude, primaries have the hind margin largely covered with bright yel- low ; secondaries eitlier bright or deep ochraceous, the band and spaces variegated wiili faint white and yellow, delii.ately tinted with brown on the disk, the cres- cents white or silvered where not covered by the cloud. (Fig. 7.)
\'ar. D. This variety runs into the summer form of the species, the ground liciiiii' either bright or deep yellow, or inclined to buff, sometimes with a red- dish tint ; in the male, the reticulations are less distinct, the band al rays lost in the uTound color, the cloud small, narrow, and dark colored, often concealing •!ic crescents on middle of margin ; on the disk a small brown patch and a slight one on costal margin ; often one or both these are wanting. (Figs. 12, .A.) In the female the reticulations are .strong, ferruginous, the cloud and boUi discal iinii costal patches conspicuous. (Fig. 13.) This female resembles the female of \';ir. B of the summer foiiri more than it does its own male. There are nu- ini rolls intergrades between B and C, C and D, but watit of srace prevents my illiisiriiting more than one of them, — C D. (Figs. 10, 11.)
FuUM MOHPHEUS.
Siuue size as Marcia in both sexes, and '"ot distingui,sh<able on the upper side, v;u\ing in same manner. On the under Side of primaries, the male has the mar- gin ornamented with dark brown and yellow, the black patches large and in- tense, t.e ground pale fulvous. Secondaries have the ground yellow-buff, but Viuying somewhat in individuals, the reticulations ferruginous, slight, often more or less obsolete, and no costal or discal patch, though sometimes there is a slight
PHYCIODES I., II.
disooloration at the end of the coll ; the marginal cloud ntarrow and dark, con- ccalint^ the orosocnt.s; at the angles the crescents are of the color of the grounfl; in somr oxaniplos the middle crescent on the cloud is silvered; in some also the cloud is rediiceil to a more shade along the margin. There is little variation in the male, hut juuoh in the female. Some of these are like the male, the retioii- latod lines stronger, and a slight costal patch present ; the cloud as in the ninle. I designate this variety as A. (Figs. 1, 2.) Var. B has the lines heavy, tiie costal patch conspicuous and dark, and a .similar but larger one on middle of disk; the cloud diffuse. (Fig. .3.) This resembles Var. D, Marcia.
Many examples of the siimmer brood of Morpheus are very melanic on upper side, especially those from the C.atskill Mountains ; the black being intense, while the discal band on primaries is pale yellow. (Fig. 4.)
A tliird variety, C, 1 have received from both Georgia and Texas,, taken in iAIay and August. On the upper side the fulvous is bright ; the lines are fine and the inoshos open ; on the under side, secondaries are without patch or cloud, any dark shade being limited to the middle crescents on the edge of the maru:in; the submarginal linos on l)oth Avings dark and heavy, and the reticulations either faint or o))solcte. (Fig. 5.) I have not observed this variety in more nortiiern examples.
Egg. — Conoidal, truncated, depressed at summit, rounded at base, the lower half indoutod like a thimble, tlie excavations being shallow and arranged in close and I'ogular rows; the upper half smooth, with about fifteen slightly raised ver- tical ril)s. terminating at the rim above ; color pale green. (Fig.s. a, a', magni- fied.) Duration of this stage four to seven days.
Young Lauva. — Length .06 inch ; cylindrical, largest anteriorly, th,e seg- ments each well-rounded ; sparsely pilose, the hairs black, and on the anterior segments directed forward ; color yellow-green clouded with brown ; head obo- vato, dooply cleft ; pilose ; color dark brown. (Fig. b, inagnified.) Duration of this stage five to six days.
After first moult: length .1 inch; cylindrical, stoutest in the middle segments; armed with seven rows of short, fleshy, brown spines, each thickly set with short, concolorod bristles ; there is also at the base of body a row of small spines, sim- ilar to the others, one on each segment from the third, and over the pro-legs two on oacl) ; on the second segment a dorsal collar, with minute spines ; l)ody stri]iod longitudinally with light and dark brown and sordid white ; the dorsum light l)rown edged with white, and on this brown area two interrupted white streaks ; on the side a dark brown stripe on light ground, and in line with the lower lateral spines a white ridge ; under side, feet and legs brown ; head snb- cordate, the vertices rounded, and across each a gray band ; another gray bnnd
PHYCIODES I., II.
on front lower face ; color shining black. (Fig. c, magnified.) Duration of this nUi'^o five to six days.
After second moult: length .22 inch; same shape; the stripes almost the siiiiie, the white dull, the brown darker; a whitish line runs with the dorsal row of spiner,, which are light in color with In-own tips ; the first lateriils are also liiilit a;ul stand on a whitish stripe ; the second laterals on a broad, dark stripe, iind lire almost black; the lower laterals, on a white ridge, are white; ^he spines lliickly set with short, straight bristles, standing at a high angle, and dark ti|>p('d ; nndcr side dark brown; head sub-cordate, dark brown and black, with ;i wliite spot on each vertex, and one on front lower face. (Fig. d, magnified.) To tliird moult in summer, three days. Where the larva passed the third moult ill the fall the interval was from seven to fourteen days.
After third fall moult: length .3 inch; the dorsum light brown edged with flint white at the first lateral row of spines, tlie brown area showing two macii- liir white streaks; below same spines a black stripe, after which the side is brown with a white stripe in line with lower laterals; head sub-cordate, shining black, with a gray, illy-defined spot on each vertex, and another on side of face. (Figs e, (■-, magnified.) At this stage the larva biicomes lethargic.
Alter fourth moult in spring : length .44 inch ; color yellow-brown dotted witli sordid white; the spines short, stout, yellowish at base, brown aboe ; the bristles short, divergent, brown tipped with black ; along the dorsal row a black stripe, a yellow one in line with first laterals, macular, irregular, and a yellow blind with lower laterals; head small, cordate, shining black or bronze, with a few black hairs ; across each vertex a narrow yellow bar, a yellow triangular spot oil front lower face connecting at the lower angle with a curved bar which runs to the back of head. To next moult ten days.
After fifth and last moult in spring: length .6 inch; to maturity ei'dit flays.
M.VTURE Larva in spring. Length .85 inch ; color blackish-brown, dotted, e.-ipociidly on dorsum, with yellow ; the spines more tapering than at last stage ; .Mont at base and there mostly yellowish ; the bristles brown, black-tipped ; on
sum a black stripe, often wanting ; with first laterals a yellow stripe, and a of same color next below third laterals ; in some examples there is a black
(lor baiK
stript" between the two upper lateral rows; head cordate, shining bronze with bliick hairs ; across each vertex a narrow whitish bar, thickened at the front ami bluntly barbed on outer side ; in front a triangular spot connecting at the lower ■•■•''. ivith a sickle-shaped bar on the side.
-uer third moult in summer: length .45 inch; color olive-brcwn, the dor- sum much specked and dotted with dull white ; a stripe of this color in lino
PHYCIODES I., II.
with first laterals, and a band below spiracles, above which is another band les*" distinct, wliitish and macular ; the spines brown, light tipped, many with yellow or orange bases, the bristles black ; head cordate, bronze ; a straight, silvery bar across each vertex, a. triangular white spot in front connected with a curved white line at the side. To next moult three to five days.
After fourth and last moult : length .80 inch.
Mati'HE Lahv.v in suunuer. Length .95 inch ; color dark brown, dotted with yellow and strijjed with yellow and black, the yellow always dull ; armed wilii seven rows of spines, one dorsal and three on either side, besides smaller and simi- lar spines at base of body, one on each segment from the third, and over the pro-legs two on each ; the spines stout, tapering, dark brown, partly white-tipped, those of the upper and lower lateral rows more or less orange-tinted at base, each beset with many straight, black bristles ; next belosv first laterals a blackish stripe edged on the dorsal side by yellow, and in line with the lower laterals a yellow ridge ; head cordate, either black or bronze, shining ; on each vertex a cordate yellow s])ot, and on each side a sickle-shaped stripe. (Fig. /, nat. size ; f^, head magnified;/'', section of side.) Duration of this stage four to six days.
CiiHYSALis. — Length .50 to .55 inch ; cylindrical, thickest at ninth and tenth segments ; head case narrow, excavated at the sides, nearly square at top, there being a slight de])ression in middle ; the mesonotum moderately prominent, com- pressed at summit, followed 1 y a deep excavation ; the anterior edges of the last four segments of the abdomen prominent, especially that of the foremost, wliich is developed into a conspicuous ridge ; on the abdomen several rows of fine tu- bercles, two of which are prolonged and terminate on the mesonotum ; the color varies much, being light cinereous throughout, covered with fine abbreviated bi'own streaks ; or cinereous on dorsum, the abdomen and wing cases tinted with ytUow-brown ; or dull white mottled on dorsum with brown and clouded with same color elsewhere; or wholly dark brown, specked with gray; often a row of light dots is seen at the end.s of the nervules of the wings, and a similar row parallel, a short distance within. Many chrysalida of the sunmier broods are marked by black patches on abdomen and wing ca.'ies, the ground being brown, but in the spring tlie usual color is cinereous. (Fig. gr.) Duration of this stage ,from six to thirteen days, unless retarded by cold. The earliest formed chr^s- alids of the hybernating larviu gave imago 15th May, after thirteen days; later in the month, after eleven; chrysalids of July, in West Virginia, after seven days ; of August, six ; in Catskill Mountains, 1st September, after twelve, and in same district, chrysalids formed middle of September gave imago at twenty-nine or thirty days.
Tharos is one of our most widely distributed butterflies, ranging from 54°, in
PIIYCIODKS I., II.
Uiitisli Coliunbiii, and 52° in Labiiulor, at least as far south as Mexico and the (Iiiir States, an(i from the Atlantic to Montana and Colorado. I am not aware tli.it it has been taken in tlie United States west of the Kooky Mountains, but .Ml'. Crotcii found it in British Columbia, at Lake Lahache. From Labrador and Anticosti Mr. Couper brouj^ht many examples. Like the allied species, Tharon ri('((uonts meadows and open country, flying slowly, with tremulous motion, for .^Imrt distances and from flower to flower. In the early summer tiie males as- siiiilile by hundreds about wet places, keeping company, in West Virgini:;, with Xi/c(cl>i, and in the Gulf States with Phaon and Ves^ta. It is one of the ii)ost v;iiial)le of species, and besides the two distinct forms, winter and summer, imder wliicli it manifests itself, has a tendency to branch off into varieties and sub- v;ni(>ties, several of the first being well characterized. This peculiarity was no- ticcii l)y Drury, more than a hundred years ago, and he says, " In short, nature foniis such a variety of this species that it is difficult to set bounds, or to know all that belongs to it." Both Phaon and Batcs'd appear to have formerly passed iis varieties of Tharos. In 1808, 1 described, as a distinct species, another of the iiitlierto supposed varieties, calling it Marcia. It seemed to be a wide-spread s|K'cics, flying earlier in the season than the typical Tharos, and differed from it ill iiiMiiy respects. But there wei'e such rcsemljlances also to Tharos tliat it was iKit possible to determine its specific value, unless the butterflies could be l)red rniiu I he egg, and as yet the food-plant of the larvp;;, and the larv;c tliemsclves, of liotli jl/«rart and Tharos were unknown. But, in 1875, the food-plant was dis- covered by Mr. Mead. He states, in Can. Ent. VII., p. 101, that he planted in a ],iri<;c box specimens of all the common Composita; which he could bring to- gether, covered the l)ox with gauze, and introduced a number of females of this .'■jn'cies. A few dr.ys later, on examining the leaves, he found eggs deposited on Aster Nova-AngliiT3, and on no other plant. Thereupon he transferred such fe- males as were still living to a smaller box with fresh asters, and obtained several clusters of eggs. This iiappened in the montli of July, near the last of the iiKiiith, at Hunter, N. Y., among the Catskill Mountains, and as I reached the siiiiie place at that time, I Siiw the arrangement and received from Mr. Mead a cluster of the eggs. Others I obtained myself by confining the females in bags over the aster stems. The larvffi from these eggs were brought by me to Coal- iHirjrJi. and as I was some days on the way, I found that they would eat the lea\cs of any species of aster, even German asters i'rom the garden. And be- yond these plants I now know of none upon which they will feed. After pass- iiii;- I wo moults, and about 4th September, the larviB all became lethargic, and gathered in cluster on the cover of the glass in which I kept them. Two weeks later, part of them were again active and fed for a day or two, when these once
PHYCIODES I., II.
more fonnorl a duster find prosently piissed tlieir thinl moult, after which they becairie lothargio. I put them in the cellar, and there they remained till 7tli Fehrunry, when .such ns wore alive were placed on the leaves of an aster in the greenhouse. The same day some were feeding. They all pas.sed two more moults before maturity. Prol)al)ly those larvic wliich had moulted twice only in the autunni died during the winter, as I found this to be the case in the winter of 1877-78. The (irst chrysalis was formed 5tli May, and its hutterlly emerged on 18th. or iil'ter thirteen days. Another emerged 30th, after eight days, this stage being shortened as the weather became warmer. There resiillcil eight butterllies, all Marvia, of the varieties designated B and C. This then settled the position of Marcin as a dimorphic form of the species.
The first individuals seen by me in tUe field at Coalburgh were three tnalc; Murclu, 18th May, and a w(!ek later both sexes were common. On 2fith, I took seven females, all distinctly Marcia, and tied them up in separate bags, on stems of aster. The next day six of the seven had laid eggs, the clusters varying from about fifty to two hundred and twenty-five eggs each. They were always liiid on the leaves, and usually on the under side of them, in rows nearly or quite straight, and touching each other. In the larger clusters the layers were three deep. These gave hundreds of caterpillars, and each brood was kept se|)a- rate. The butterflies began to emerge 29th Juno, the .several stages being thus : egg six days, larva twenty-two, chrysalis five. There were four moults and no more, but much irregularity in every larval .stage, so that some of the butterllies did not emerge till l5th July. Just after these larvaa hatched I went to the Catskills, taking one brood with me, and they reached chrysalis there, and in that stage were mailed to Coalburgh whither I returned by the time the butterflies were emerging. There was no perceptible difference in the length of the sev- eral periods of this brood and the others which had been left at home, and noue of either lot became lethargic. The butterflies from the.se eggs of May, with a single exception, were of the summer form, or the typical Tharos, which, for convenience, I designate as Morpheus. This was the second generation of the season, counting the one which proceeded from the hybernating larvce as the first.
On 16th July, at Coalburgh, 1 again obtained eggs from several females, this time all Morpheus, as no other form was flying. The eggs hatched in fom- diiy.s, the larval stage was twenty-two, and chry.salis seven ; but as before, many liuviB lingered. The first butterfly emerged 18th August. All were Morjjhens, and none of the larvaB had been lethargic. This was the third generation in succes- sion, and from the second laying of eggs.
On 15th August, at Coalburgh, I again obtained eggs from a single Morpheus
PHYCIODES I., II.
1111(1 took them directly to the Catskills, where they hatched just as I arrived, 20tli. This was the fourth generation of the season from the third laying of i.uvrs. The weather in Virginia had been excessively hot, and so I found it on the Journey ; but on reaching the mountains it was cool, and the nights decidedly (did. Two days after my arrival the mercury stood at sunrise at 40" Far. Sep- tciiihiT was a wet and cold month, and I protected the larvae in a warm room iit night, and much of the time by day, for they will not feed when the tempera- ture is less than about 50°. The first chrysalis was formed IStli September, twenty-six days from the hatching of the larvae, and others at diflerent dates up to tliu 26tli September, or thirty-seven days from the egg. Forty per cent, of tills brood, or fifty-two larvat) out of one hundred and twenty-seven, became 1(1 hiugic after second moult. I entered in my journal as follows: "16th Sep- fcnilx'r, fifly-two larvae have ceased feeding at second moult." " 26th Septem- lur. rully one half of the larvae which had ceased feeding at second moult began to li'od again, after resting c few days, and have now passed third moult." Al'icr which they became lethargic and so remained. I was surprised at finding in till" summer that the broods then had but four moults, as I satisfied myself by ir])('iite(l tests, in each brood, inasmuch as I had noted three fall moults in some ciises, and two in the spring, in the larviu of 1875. But later observa- Uom confirm the fact that both this species and JSFyc/els pass five larval moults in till' winter brood, and but four in any summer brood.
I returned to Coalburgh 15th October, and till I reached this place the weiitlier on the way was cold, with several frosty nights. So that for a period oi' iliiity days, the chrysalids had at no time been exposed to warmth. The cliiy 1 arrived the butterfiies began to emerge, and before the end of a week all tli;it wore living had come forth, namely, nine males, ten females. Of these nine males, foiu' were changed to Marcia, Var. C, three were D, and two were not changed at all. Of the ten females, eight were changed, five of them to Var. 15. tluoe to C. The other two females were not different from many examples (if I lie summer brood, having large discal patches on under side of hind wings, hesiiles the markings common to that brood.
Ten of the chrysalids I mailed from the Catskills to Mr. Lintner, at Albany, N. v.. asking him to keep them in a cool place until the b-i+terflies should eineige. Between 21st October and 2d November, these gave six butterflies, all females and all Marcia, Var. B.
Kigliteen of the chrysalids I had placed in an ice-house, at Hunter, 20th Septeniljer, laying them in a tin box directly on the surface of the ice, the tem- perature being 40', with little variation. Part were so placed within three hours iifter the forming of the chrysalis, and before they had hardened ; others within
PIIYCIODES I., II.
six hours, and others whhin nine liours ; and so all remained for seven days, that being the longest sinnnier period of the chrysalis. On removing tliciu from the ice they seemed to me dead. Tiiey were soft, and when they beciiiue hard had ii shriveled surface. I brought them to Coalburgh, and discovered no sign of life till 2 1st Octol)er, when the weather suddenly became hot, the niir- cury rising to 87°, with a south wind. In two days fifteen butterflies emergcil, every one Marcia, not a doubtful form among them in either sex. There wort ten males, five females ; of the former, five were of Var. C, four of D, one of B. Of the five females, one was Var. C, four of B. The other three chrysidids were dead. All the butterflies of this brood were diminutive, starved hy the cold ; but those from the ice were sensibly smaller than the others. The (ex- amples of Var. B were intense in the coloring of the under surface, and the single male was as deeply colored as the females, which I have never seen in nature. The examples of the other varieties were extreme, but not so unusual.
So much for the Coalburgh broods, and I was able to compare their behavior with those of the .same species in the Catskills. When I went thither in June, arriving on tiie 18tli, 1 found a few male Marcia, Var. D, Hying, no females. This was exactly one month later than the first males had been seen at Coai- burgh. The first female was taken 26th .June, and on 27th and 28th I took one cacli day. all of them 3Iarcia, C. No more were seen, and no Morpheus, though I was daily in the fields. So that the first female was thirty-eiglit days later than the first at Coalburgh. These three females I set on aster, and two forth- with deposited eggs.
The eggs were mailed to Coalburgh, and, returning soon after, I found tliat they had hatched, 3d July. The first moult occurred on the 9th, the second on 12th, the third on 15th, the fourth on 18th, and the first chrysalis was formiMJ on 20th, its butterfly emerging 29th July. So that the periods were, egg six, larva seventeen, chrysalis nine days. Five per cent, of this brood became lethaigic after second moult. This was the second generation of the butterfly of the sea- son, from the first laying of eggs. All the emerging butterflies, were Morpheus, no Marcia, and all were characterized by an intense blackness of the dark por- tion.5 of the wings, as compared with any Coalburgh examples. Also nearly all the females showed the discal band on upper fore wings yellow instead of fulvous (Fig. 4). (This last peculiarity, the change in the band, appeared in tome of the females of the third Coalburgh generation, but no other.) On the under side, the reticulated lines were unusually heavy, and the marginal cloud and brown patches largely extended and deep colored.
This second generation was just one month behind the second at Coalburgh. So far only could I trace the Catskill generation this year; but as, in 1875, -Mr.
rilYCIODES I., II.
iMoad obtained eggs on the 27th July and following days, the larvae from which all hybernated, that would be the second laying of eggs of the season, uiul the resulting l)iitterllies the first generation of the following year.
The foregoing Coalburgh observations were supplemented by otliers in Au- gust, 1877. Between 14th and 20tli, I obtained three lots of eggs, from which the larvfB in due time emerged. Those of the first ah went on to maturity, giv- \n'^ butterflies after middle of September, the last emerging 20th. But of the other two lots all became lethargic. The reason for this diflerence 1 could not conjecture. It certainly was not owing to any change in the weather. In the fii'ld the species was abundant from 15th to 25th August (this being tiie third blood of the year). But one month later, when the fourth brood should r)e (ly- iii;:. examples were remarkably scarce. In fact, I did not see more than a dozen. On 23(1, I took one male, two females; one of the last was fresh from chrysalis and a tine Marcia, Var. C, such as I take here in the spring. The other two Avi'ie the summer form of the species. On 2Cth, I took a female and set on as- ter. She laid about twenty-five eggs and all proved infertile. It would seem, tlierefore, that in this district, part of the larvae from eggs laid by females of the third brood, middle of August, hybernate, and that the butterllies of tiie next spring proceed from such larvae only, no larvae of any preceding brood having been known to hybernate. But a part of the larvae of this third brood go on to luatiirity and produce butterflies last of September. Some of these may lay fertile eggs, but only in a very mild October could the larva) liom them mature, or their butterflies appear, and the generations could certainly go no furtiier. But at the south, in the Gulf States, this fourth brood (there probably the fifth, owing to the interpolation of a brood in the spring) no doubt does mature, and its but- terllies produce larvae which hybernate ; for fresh examples of the butterfly are taken in October and November, in Georgia and Texas. Of several received from Mr. Boll, taken in November, one was a female Marcia, C, the others being of the summer form. There seems to be some tendency to a premature disclosure of the winter form in the last months of the year, such as is known ill case of Colias Eurytheme. The same thing has been noticed in Phyciodes Fhaon also.
At Coalburgh, therefore, there are three full generations, the first of which is Marcia, the second and third Morpheus, and the larvae from the third in part hyl)ernate. But those larvae which go on to maturity produce the fourth gen- eration of the butterfly, which is a partial one, and practically infertile. And in the Catskills, the species is digoneutic, there being two generations annually, the first of which is Marcia and the other Morpheus, and a certain porportion of the larvae proceeding from the first hybernate, so far as appears, and all those from
PHVCIODES I., II.
the Hcconcl.* In a high hititude, or at a high altitude, we might then expect to find this species nionogoneiitic, and restricted probably to the winter form Marnn. And tliis is precisely wiiat does occur in the island of Anticosti, and on tin- soutiiern coast of Labrador. Mr. Couper, who has collected on the isliinil. in- forms me that he saw no examples later than liUtli June, and expresses (lie opinion that no butterflies in Anticosti or Labrador produce a second brood. The sunmier is very short, and l)efore tiie end of July the weather l)ecomes cold. Of Thurox from Anticosti I received fourteen males, eight females. All the former were Murciu, Var. D ; of the females, seven were D, one C. Of elcviii males, two females, from Labrador, all were D. Of two examples from Lako Lahache, IJritish Columbia, latitude 54°, the male is Marcki, I), the ftMuide C. Of four males from Colorado, all were Murcia, D ; of two females one was D, the other C.
On the other hand, I have received large numbers from southern Geoi'gia, with the dates of capture ; several from North Carolina, taken by Mr. Moiiison; and many from middle Texas, from Mr. Boll. Those from Carolina were of the first two broods of the year, and the earliest were all Marcia, C. From Georgia the winter examples were Marcia, B and C. Mr. Boll sent examples of five successive broods, beginning with February and ending with November. Tlie butterflies of the earliest brood were Marcia, B. AW of the summer form were very dark above, the black intense, the fulvous deep red, and some of the mid- summer males had the upper side lightly reticulated and the under side of the hind wings almost clear from markings of any .sort. (Var. C, Fig. 5.) This vari- ety appeared also in the examples from Georgia. A similar variety appears in the summer form of Phaon. The Texas Tharos are of small size, like those from the extreme north.
I have raised an immense number of TharoH larvaa from the egg to the but- terfly. The eggs are obtained with the greatest facility, and are laid almost im- mediately after the fem.ale leaves the chrysalis. The larvaD at all stages are hardy, and have not suffered from confinement. In their natural state they are at no period protected by a web, but are exposed and have no shelter beyond what the leaf over them affords. They are sluggish, differing greatly from the larvJB of Nycteis in this respect, and a pretty sharp jar is necessary to cause them to drop from the leaf This they do in a coil, protected by their bristling spines from all harm. When about to moult they cease feeding, collect in groups,
* Tills liiibit of lethargy is serviceable in a two-brooded species, in a mountain region, and exposed to iharp changes of temperature. If the fate of the species depended on the last larval brood of tb year, and especially if the larvae must reach a certain stage of growth before they were fitted to enter on their hylierna- tioD, it might happen that an early frost or a tempestuous season would destroy all the larvas of the brood.
IMIYCIODKS I., II.
mill rost nonrly immovable' for thirty-six houm Tiie body contracts, and an the tliiic lor tlie moult approaoliOH, the Hkin becomes glassy, as it separates from the iK'uly t'oriiied skin beneath. The mwv spines lie folded down ami l»aek, and as tin- old skin, after splittinjjf behind the head, is shnHled past the successive seg- inciits, the s|)ines and pencils of bristles suddenly spring up, and the latter in- stiintly become divergent. For Home moments the old mask adheres to the now iiicc. but the larva presently proceeds to rub it olf with its feet. Wiien the iiuvM prepares for chry.salis, it spins a button of white silk, and hangs suspended I'oi ;il)()ut twenty-four hours, its position being nearly circular.
Dr. Aug. Weismann, in his es,<fay, " Ueber den Saison-Dimorphismns der Schmet- t('rliii<;e," Leipsic, 1875, relates the history of ex|)eriiiu'nts made by him with the view of determining the facts concerning seasonal dimorphism ; and experimenting oil clirysalids of I'ieris Ndpi, which presents itself under both a winter and sum- mer fonn, and upon Vanessa Leonna, which is the winter form, and Prorsa, the suimiu'r form of one ami the same species, he fouml that by application of cold of the temperature 33" Far., to the chrysalids of the summer brood, the rosult- iiii: Imtterflies could be changed more or less completely from the summer to the wiiitir form, and yet emerge the same season, but that it was not possible to coiifitrain the winter into the summer form by the application of heat. And he coiichides that this artificial change is based upon a reversion to the original form of I lie species, or atavism, which is most readily called out by cold ; that is, by iiu;iiis of the same outside influence to which the original form was exposed tluoiigh a long period of time, and the continuance of which has preserved in the winter form, to this day, the primitive markings and color. The arising of till' ^mnmer form ho believes to have occurred thus: During the so-called ice ]K'rioil, the summer was short and cool, and the existing l)utterflies could pro- (iiici' only one generation in a year. As the climate gradually became warmer, ii pi riod must have come on in which the summer lasted so long that a second goiu'iiition could be interpolated. The chrysalids of Lcvana, which had hitherto slept through the long winter, could now, during the same summer in which they ns i.irvic had hatched, fly as butterflies. There had come to be a state of things ill uliieh one generation grew up under very different climatic influences from the other, and gradually the difference which now exists between the two arose Ijy the changing of the summer form. When the summer became longer, a third generation could be interpolated, so that two summer generations alternated with one winter.
Dr. Weismann further states that individuals of the Prorsa (summer) form Bonietimes emerge very late in the year (like those of the fourth brood of
rilYCIODKS I., II.
ThnroH wliicli ii|)p('ur at Coalbiir^li, iis 1 Inive wtateil), and that if the Huminer was lengtlu'iKMl l»y a inontli or two, tliuHO nould lay the fuiindation of midtliur Bumincr gciu'ratioii.
The cxpciiiiuMitM rolato(l h'd mo to try tho oflt'ot of cold on chrynalidH of I ho forms Wdlnliii and I'cldiuonidi'x of I'apilio Ajtix, in 1875 and 187(1. Tlie.su mo both winter form.", and from their elirysalid« either the snmmer form Mrn'rvlhin wonlil liiive i.x.sued in a few tlay.x, or in ea.si! any ehrysalis pat-.sed tlit; winter, as happens to .some e.vtent in every hrood of this species, either Wnfs/in or '/'chi- VKmiiJcx would have issneil the next spring. The result was that a. larg(( inopor- tion of the ehry.salids Hnhjected to cold yielded i)utterllies the .same season, mid nearly all these were changeil to the winter form TcldiiioniilcK. Where tlic colJ was eontinnoMs (al)ont 40), the change was complete ; where it was insulliciciit and intermittent, the change was partial, individual butterflies blending pecu- liarities of the summer and both the winter lbrm.s.
The experiments made on 7Vi(iro><, in 187(i, I have stated. Tho following year I brought to Coall)urgh, from tin; Catskills, eggs obtained from Mttrvut. Tlio ehrysalids therefrom I placed in an ice-chest, at intervals of from ten minutes to some hours after they were formed. For twenty days they were subjected to a temperaliu'e of '.IT Vtw., when all were removed. They wore divided into three lots, the lirst containing all which were exposed to cold at from one to nine hours after forming, tlie .second at from thirty to sixty minutes, and the third at iVoin ten to twenty minutes Rut I afterwards discovered that in this last lot w(!re three chiy.salids which were two days old before exposure. The butterliios began to emerge on the seventh day, and by the ninth all had emerged that were alive. Of the first lot (exposure one to nine honrs after forming), there emerged nine butterflies, 5^ 49. The males were Mnrc'ia, I), and, though vary- ing much on tJicir under surfaces, were all like examples of Marcia taken in the Catskills. Of the females, two were good examples of Marcia, C, but the other two were suffused, the colors having run together, so that tho definite markings of the species wen* lost; also the upper surfaces wore more or less hoary. (I'igs. 9, 10.) Of the second lot (exposure thirty to sixty minutes), emerged five fe- males, no males. Three were very little if at all changed, but the other two were suffused, though to a le.ss degree than those before mentioned. (Figs. 7, 8, 9.) Of the third lot (exposure ten to thirty minutes, but with three ehrysalids iit two days), there emerged two females only. One of these was not distinguish- able from the summer form, but tho other was a fine example of Marcia 15. the under side of the hind wings being largely melanizod.
Figs. 11, 12, represent the butterfly described by Mr. Saunders as Mciitnea Packardii; but it is evidentl.y a suffused Tharos, of the same character as those
PIIYCIODKS I., II.
piodiiced artificially. It wa« tiiktMi iit Uriinsby, Ontario, and probably owes it) pt'ciiliaritit'S to its cbryxaliH hnving 1)l'i'ii tVozon Hoon aftor it formed. That mich (>xiiiii|dos aro no* frcqufiitly .seen on the wing may bo partly dui' to tin- fact tiiat clirysnlids of tender age .snbji'ctod to severe cold aro usually killed liy il. Fig. 13 is ibe likenoHH of an aberration sent me by I'rofe.s,sor Garnian, and taken at N'orniid, IHinoi.s.
Dorfmeister, wlio experimented on tbe idfeet of cold upon tbc ebry.salidrt of biitterllies, as related by Dr. Wei.sniann, wa.s led to believe tbat teuipeiature ex- erts tbe greatest influence during the- turning into cliry.salis, but nearly a.s mucb nlinitly after tliat time. By my experiments it woulil ajjpear uimecessary tbat cold .sliould be applied before tbe (rbrysalis bas fidly banlened in order to elfect a cliange of form, and tbis requires a longer or sborter time in different .specioH, l»iil never nioro tban a few liours. In 187(5, tbe ebry.salids of Tluiron, wbicli were exposed at from six to nine liours after forming, cbanged as completely an tliiisc at fronv tliree to six liours. In ]H77, sdl wbieb were exiiosed at from one to nine bours clmnged, while some which were exposed at from thirty to sixty iniiuites were not changed at all, though others were. The turning-pctint is evi- dently not at or immediately after the forming of the chrysalis. Tlu' coid eoin- plitcly retards the development of the butterfly, and at least tbe fidl natural chrysalis period passes after removal from ice before the butterfly emerges. This iiiis liuppened in every ca.se under observation, even when from insullicient or intermittent cold no change of form has rcsultcU.
The change of form seems to bo almost wholly a matter of coloration, for the Kliiipe of the wings is not altered. The natural shape of Walsh'd is (piite difler- ciit from that of Marcellus, but when the latter by application of cold is forced to assume the markings of Walnhii, it retains its own .shape nevertheless, la the other species experimented on there i.s no difference in shape between tho winter and .summer forms. The coloring process in all chrysalids does not set in till just before the butterfly emerges, no matter how protracted the pupal period. It niiiy be days or week.s, and in the case of over-wintering ebry.salids, it is many Miniiths. On removing one of the wing cases, soon aftor the chry.salis is formed, the wing is seen to bo a delicate, transparent, colorless meinl)rane, crossed by white veins. Very gradually this membrane thickens, losing its transparency, anil becomes of a dull white. A few hours, or one or two days, before the close ol' the ])eriod, it grows darker, then a faint discoloration comes on, and the pat- tern begins to show itself, tbe colors becoming strong and tbe markings well- (leiined as the dLsclosure is about to take place. On removing the wing case from a chrysalis just off ice, the wing presents itself in its colorless and trans- parent stage ; that is, the development has been arrested by the cold, and the
PHYCIODES I., II.
chrysalis apparently comes out of, in precisely the same condition as it went into, its cold hath. Nevertheless, during the sui)jection to cold, some change has taken place, hy which the coloration of cue of two dimorphic forms of the butterily has been made ir appear rather than the other.
As to the degree of cold necessary to elTect a change of form, it need not be extreme, or so low as the freezing point. The most successful changes, witli lit- tle loss of life, have been effected when the temperature was about 40°. Tlio steady coolness of the natural temperature on the last chrysalids at Hunter, in 1876, effected a complete change of form. A freezing temperature has resulted in the running of the colors to a considerable extent, and a few butterflies changed without suffu.>;ion, but the loss was very heavy. In 1878, I placed twenty-six chrysalids of Grapta Interrogatlonis on ice, keeping them at 32", for an average period of fifteen days, and every one vns destroyed. At the same time, however, chrysalids of Ajax were in the box, and most of them survived the exposure, though up to the date of this writing, now forty-one days after they were removed from the ice, only three butterflies have emerged. One of these was exposed in chry.salis at full three days after forming, and is chunked to TelamonUles ; and the other two, exposed at less than twelve hours after Ibrm- ing, are Wuhhii in marking.s, with the shape o? Marcellus.
Of the four principal varieties of the winter form of Tharos, A appears to be an offset of IJ, in the direction most remote from the summer form, just as Wfilshli is on the further side of Telamonidcs, remote from the summer Ibrra 3farceJhis. On the contrary, C leads from B through D, directly to the sum- mer form. Var. B may be nearest the primitive type of the species. Be- sides that this has appeared constantly in the butterflies changed by cold, it predominates in this region over the other varieties. Moreover, its distinctive peculiarity of color is seen in the nearly allied species Phaon and Veata, both which are seasonall}' dimorphic, and seem to be restricted in their winter lbrai,s to the single phase denoted by B in Marcia. And in their summer generations both these species have a close resemblance to the summer Tharos, even to the peculiar variety C of this form, which is found in all three. It is notice- able that the.se three speci(.'s should be seasonally dimorphic, with the forms .so resembling each other, while the other species of Phyciodes inhabiting the Atlan- tic slope show no especial difference between their winter and summer genera- tions.
The significance of these phenomena I take to be this : when Phaon and Vesta and 2'haros were as yet only varieties of one species, the sole coloration was sim- ilar to that now common to the three. As they gradually became permanent, or in other words, as these varieties became species,. Tharos was giving rise to sev-
PHYCIODES T., ir.
(■nil sul)-variotics, some of them in time to become distinct and well marked, wliile the other two, Phaon and Vestu, remained constant. As the climate mod- t'lntc'd and the summer became lonfror, each species came to have a simuner c-en- I'lalion ; and in these the resemblance of blood-relationship is still manifest. As the winter generations of each species had been much alike, so the summer gen- erations sprung from them were much alike.
And if we consider the metropolis of the species Tharos, or perhaps the parent species back of that, at tlio time when it had but one annual generation, to have been .somewhere between latitudes 37° and 40°, on the Atlantic slope, and within which limits all the varieties and sub-varieties of both winter and summer forms ol' Tluiros are now found in luxuriance, we can see how it is possible, as the <rla- cial cold receded, that only part of the varieties of the winter form might spread to tiic northward, and but one of them at last reach the sub-boreal regions, and hold possession to this day as the sole representative of the species. And at a very early period, the primary form, together with Phaon and Vesla, h;id made its wiiy southward, where all three are found now, neither of them, so far as appears, having developed any marked varieties of the winter form.
It is the female of the summer form of Tharos, md that variety of it which discovers the brown discal patch on the under side of the hind wings (Var. B), which Drury figured under this name, in 1770. Cramer's Tharos is stated to have come from New York and reference is made in the text to Drury. But the iigures are coarsely draw'n and rudolj colored, and there has been some differ- ence of opinion as to the real species intended to be represented by them. Con/fa, Cramer, Figs. A, B, Plate 101, is Tharos msile of the summer form (\'ar. A), and Fig. C is probably intended for female of same ; but the text re- I'cis it to Surinam, and it is given with a doubt expressed as to whether it be- longs to the male figured or not. Dr. Boisduval considers this Cocj/fa to be synonymous with Morpheus, Fabricius, and locates it in southern California. Faliricius describes Morpheus as a North American insect, and in language ap- plicable to the summer form of Tharos. " Parvus.' Alaa omnes integerrinue, fulva'. maculis niargineque nigris. Posdcno punctis sex nigris in strigam dispos- ili ver-us fnarginem posticum. Subtus antica! fulvae, nigro maculata^, pos- ticiB pallascentes strigis undatis, margine punctisque sex fiLscis." I therefore Cidl tlie species Tharos, the summer form Morpheus, the winter form Marcia.
riic figures of the male Tharos in Bois. and Lee. are not very exact, but may bo taken to represent the form Morpheus. But the female must have been drawn from liatcsii, and evidently Dr. Boisduval had this insect before him when he wrote these words : " We possess individuals which we consider as varieties, of
' t
PHYCIODES I., II.
which the primaries are black, with some fulvous spots and a transverse macular band of the same color. The hind wings do not differ, except that the hnes on the basal area run together. Beneath, the hind wings are wholly deprived of a brown border; the fore wings have likewise a part of the border effaced, but that which remains is blacker than in ordinary individuals."
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PHYCIODES II.
PHYCIODES PHAON, 14—17. Phyciodes Phaon, Edwards, Pro«. Ent. Soc. Phil., II., p. 505.
Dimorphic form HIEMALIS. (Figs. 16, 17.)
Male. — Expands from 1 to 1.4 inch.
Upper side black, banded and spotted with fulvous, the patterns being the same as in the melanic examples of the summer form of Tharos ; the extra- discal band on primaries being lighter, more orange-fulvous than in that species, and the sinuous discal band varying from yellow-ochraceous to so>'did white; on secondaries the extra-discal series of pupillated spots is limited to six, and' these are, in most examples, partly covered by the broad black marginal borders ; fringes of primaries black, yellow-white at the ends of the nervules, of second- a lies yellow-white, black at ends of the nervules.
Under side of primaries orange-fulvous, the markings as in Tharos ; the hind margins bordered with brown, deepening into black next inner angle ; at the apex, and in the upper median interspace, yellow ; the discal band repeated, iliiluse, yellow ; and next within this a conspicuous black band.
.Secondaries pale buff, unevenly clouded with brown over the extra-discal area to margin, and on disk and toward base; the markings as in Var. B of the winter form of Tharos, the disk crossed by a clear band.
Body black, beneath white, the extremity of abdomen yellowish ; legs fulvous, the inner sides of the femora white ; palpi white at base, yellowish above, black on upper side ; antennae black, yellowish on under side, ringed with white ; club black, fulvous at tip.
Female. —Expands 1.4 inch.
Similar to the male in color and markings.
Dimorphic form ESTIVA. (Figs. 14, 15.)
Same size as its co-form and not distinguishable on the upper side ; on the
PHYCIODES II.
under side the colors of primaries are more intense, the spots sharply definod, the marginal border nearly black, the discal border bright buff, and the fulvous por- tions bright orange. .^ , , ,
Secondaries uniform buff, bright, the reticulated hues nearly or quite black, often partly obsolete ; the subraarginal lunules at outer angle and on upper me- dian interspace color of the ground; the marginal area on middle of' the wmg obscured by p narrow brown patch ; the costal patch small, dark brown ; on the middle of the disk is sometimes seen a slight fulvous tint, in some examples
daepening.
The female is paler colored on the under side, the buff ground approaclimg white, and on primaries the black spots are more or less restricted ; on seconda- ries the lines are heavier, and the marginal cloud frequently extends upward; the submarginal lunules are whiter than the ground, sometimes semi-silvcre.l ; the discal band is whiter and rather distinct, while towards the base the spaces between the lines are irregularly white or buff. But many females scarcely differ from the males in these points.
This species inhabits the Gulf States, aiad individuals have been taken as far north as Kansas, as I learn from Prof. F. W. Snow. Nothing is yet known of its preparatory stages, nor of the food-plant of the caterpillar, though this will prob- ably prove to be Aster.
PHYCIODES II.
PHYCIODES VESTA, 18—21.
PhycMes Vesin, Edwards, Trans. Am. Ent. Soo., 11., p. 871.
Dimorphic form HIEMALIS. (Figs. 20, 21.)
Male. — Expands .9 to 1.1 inch.
Upper side black, marked with dull fulvous of nearly uniform shade throueh- out Miter the pattern of Tharos and Phaon, except that the spots are smaller and the bands interrupted, so that the surface is more macular than in those species
Under side of primaries pale fulvous from base, including the discal band the spots of which are confluent and diffused; this band is edged anterioiTy'by a broken, zigzag, black line, and anterior to it are several short black stripes • the oxtra-dLscal area black, and within this is a complete transverse series of roiuided fulvous spots; the margin varied with brown and yellow, the latter on middle and at apex; the submarginal crescents as in the allied species.
Secondaries deep ochraceous-yellow, clouded with brown over the marginal area, and on disk and costal margin, as in the winter form of Tharos, Var B • the basal area reticulated with dark brown, as in that species, a,s also in the winter form of Phaon, the discal band being lighter than the ground ; the sub- marginal crescents also as in those species.
IJody black, beneath yellow-white, fulvous-tinted at extremity ; legs fulvous the inner sides of the femora white ; palpi yellow-white with many black hairs in liont, dark a\ the sides near tip ; antennoB black, yellowish- beneath and ringed with wliite ; club black, tipped with fulvous. Fkmale. — Expands 1.15 inch.
Upper side similar to the male ; beneath paler; on secondaries the discal band is nearly white, and the spots in the interstices over basal area are partly white, partly yellowish; so the submarginal crescents at either angle are white, as well as the one on upper median interspace.
i 1
PHYCIODES II.
Dimorpbic form iESTIVA. (Figs. 18, 19.)
Same size as the winter form, and often not to be distinguished from it by the appearance of the upper side; but many examples are very black, the fulvous markiuKs all reduced ; on the other hand, some have the fulvous preponderatuig, as in the lighter examples of the summer form of Tharoa, which they thiMi greatly resemble; on the under side, primaries differ in no important reHp.H.t from the winter form ; secondaries uniform light ochraceous, the reticulations very fine, brown or ferruginous, and disposed as in the summer Phaon,i\i^ mar- ginal cloud slight and narrow, the costal patch slight or wanting. In the fo.ni.le the -round is varied in pale and darker yellow, the band pale, as are sevor.l of the spots in the interstices near base ; all the lines heavy, ferruginous ; the m.ar- ffinal cloud extended toward the disk, the costal patch larger; there is also a distinct ferruginous patch on middle of the disk, as in one of the vanet.es of
summer Tharos. . ,
Vesta seems to be common in middle and southern Texas, and I have received a long series of examples from Mr. Boll, showing all the variations observed by him There is no marked difference between individuals of the wmter form. The species flies in successive generations, from February to November, and there must be at least five annual broods. The food-plant is at present unknown, aa are als« the preparatory stages.
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GRAPTA I.
GRAPTA SILENUS, 1—4.
Grapta Silenus, Edwards, Trans. Am. Ent. .Sou. 1870, p. 15.
Male. — Expands 2.2 inches.
Primaries moderately incised ; .slightly dentated ; tail long, broad, and straif'ht- M prominent dentation between tail and inner angle, which last is much produced!
i p,,er side deep red-f-lvou.s, clouded with brown-ferruginous next ba.^e of •Mrh wing and on disks, and spotted with bhu-k ; hind margins have a broad com- mon border of nearly uniform width, black with a feri-uginous tint; on the inner >i(lr a .series of separate, pale fulvous spots, yellowish next apex of primaries, irregular in size, lanceolate ; primaries have a largo sub-apical ferruginous patch on costid margin, another near inner angle, a broad black spot from costa cover- inj: the arc, two oval spots in cell placed transversely and sometimes confluent, lud others in first and second median interspaces, and a large sub-ovate .spot on sub-median interspace ex-tending partly over the one next above.
Secondaries have the entire costal margin brownish-black, a large irregular Ithuk patch on disk between upper branch of sub-costal and the median nervure ; :i Inownish-ferruginous patch at base of the upper median ifcrvules; the whole fxtra-discal area suflused with ferruginous, passing impori:eptil)ly into the mar- giuid border; fringes fuscous, with a very little white ui the euiarginations.
Under side mostly in shades of black or blackish-brown, the entire sinface, ex- (■c|>t whore deep black prevails, covered with fine, abbreviateil streaks darker than the ground; apex of primaries faintly tinted with olivaceous; costal margin blown, with a few gray scales near apex, a wl'tish patch bej-ond extremit/of cell and a smaller one nearer ba.se ; base o*" primaries brown, of secondaries brown next costa, black towards abdominal margin ; the disks crossed by a com- mon, broad, black band, very irregular in its exterior outline, on lower part of si'condaries merging into the black bnsal area, outside the band, on primaries ajid upper part of .secondaries, grayisli-white for a little space, densely streaked, and bi'vond to margin blackish-brown; the extra-discal pomls nearly or quite lost on the dark ground ; sub-marginal crescents black, ob.solesceut, often wantiii"- alto- [,^('tlier; in the coll of primaries three elongated, narrow, deep black spots, two of
GRAPTA I.
which lie along tlio costal iierviire, separated by a very small interval, and ciili edged by a velvety black line ; the third, along median nervure, illy-defined w itli- oiit such eilging ; the spot on disk of secondaries dead white, bent at right anjili's ; the lower limb straight, tliick, abruptly sloping to a point by the cutting away lA' its upper side ; the up])er branch narrower, slightly curved, nearly as wide at top as elsewhere and ending l)luntly; fringes with the white area more extended than on upper side.
Body above black, covered with ferruginous hairs, below black, sometinK's with a gray shade ; legs gray-brown; palpi black at base and in front, witli whitish hairs at sides, ferruginous at top ; antennas black above, fulvous below ; club black, fulvous at tip.
Female. — Expands from 2.1 to 2. .3 inches.
In sliape very like the male ; upper side dull yellow-fulvous, the spots 'ai'gc : under side more brown than black, the extra-discal area to margin pre.ty Miiill 'i in shade, the groimd l)eiug dark gray, nearly lost in the denseness of t'j ' ■- streaks ; sub-marginal points and crescents obsolescent ; silver mark Oi sane shape as in the male, often quite as heavy.
TxVRVA unknown.
Sihims is found in Vf'estern Oregon and in San Juan and Vancouver's Islamic, where it (lies in company with >Satijni,s. It may be readily distinguisiied by the general blackness of both surfaces, by the large size of the black spot< dii iip])er side. i)y the obsolescence of the usual sub-marginal crescents on under side, and by the character of the silver spots. In tiiis last respect and in s1im]h' of wings it is near Gracilis ; in the deep fulvous color. Fanniifi ; in the siib-iniir- ginal crescents of under .side, Projfwe ; but in important respects differs fnun each of these.
The genus Grapta is well represented on tiiis contiiumt, a greater number (if specie.i being already known than in the world beside. And as several are very local in their habit, it is highly probable that others remain still to ])c di.scovercd. Our knowledge of the butterflies of the entire Rocky Mountain district — excfjit- ing Northern Colorado — and of the vast extent of territory to the Nortlnvst and North, amounts as yet to a mere nothing, restricted litr>dly to the scanty collections of tlie government surveying expeditions, and an occasional spcciincii from .some chance traveller. It is noticeable that the American Graptas show little tendency to run uito varieties. In a series of an liundred Comma, or as iiiaiiy Faumis, dl will be essentially alike, not differing between themselves to a greater degree than a number of Cardui or Afahtntu. And in the case of MH-'e species that are dimorphic, I find the two forms of each nowhere con vei;,^'* Tliis is remurkuble, because there is a general similarity betw^een so many of the species
GRAPTA I.
sane
tli;it is very perplexing to lepitloptcrists who have but a limited acquaintance with them. And it is so contrary to the nature of the protean C album, which liiiinclies into forms that imitate several of the American species (see notes on Ciimma and Satyrus, Vol. I.), and into some that so far as known are not repre- sented here, t'-«it it seems .scarcely credible to those who are familiar with that one species only. Fortunately the preparatory stages of most of the North .Viiicrican species allied to C album, are known and described, and the diflcreMces liciucen the larvfc and chrysalids, sufficiently prove the distinctness of eacii such species, from the others and from C album.
It is a peculiarity (,f this genus that .so lUiiuy of the species are dimorphic. In notes upon Interror/atiouis, Vol. I., I suggested that Commxi and Dryax inigiit ,iiso ]ir()ve to be dimorphic forms of one species, but I doubted if the case would he foinid parallel with Inferroyatloiils, in which the two forms seemed to lie i)f ecpiai value, either one producing both at all seasons. It seemed probalile. tiiat Comma and Dryus appeared in the early summer brood, and Comma only in the Mutui.iu, and this, bejause I had always met witii Dri/as in summer and not later, wlien Comma was exceedingly al)UU(lant, especially in West Virginia. The relationship was finally established in 187o, by Mr. Mead and myself, at Coal- hurgh, and again by myself in 1874, and proves that the dimorphism has no sea- sonal peculiarity. In the first instance, we obtained eggs of Dryas, by inclosing two females in a muslin bag on a branch of hop-vine, of course, after examining carel'iilly to see that no eggs had been already laid the eon. This was SOtli July. In a lew liours tliere were many eggs deposited on the leaves and on the muslin. ami often in column'; of four or five, as is the habit with [nierroyatlon's. By otii .\ugiist, the larvai were hatched, and we carried them through their successive moults with little loss, .so that by 21st August, when the first changes to chrysalis cMiumienced, there were more than sixty mature larva). There was not much va- riation in their appearance, most of them being of .; black ground, with more or l-.'ss yellow in short lines, and as represented on Plate of Comma, Vol. I. fig a. Only one of the lot was yellow-white, as shown on the Plate oi' Dryas, and eveii- inally this one produced a Dryas butterfly. On 30tli August, the lui'^erflies hciiUM to emerge, and all were Comma, excepting six, 2 *, 4 *, which were Dryas. This last, therefore, has caterpillars of lioth the white and the black types, and appears in the autumnal brood, though perhaps not so numerously as Comma.
On the loth May., 1874, I took a female Comma, true to its type, the ii])})er ■^iili' of hind-wings being red, and the under side of both wings plain brown, ami inclosed in .saine way its before relateil, after examining the branch to which I fasieiied it. Within the n^-xt two days eggs were laid abundantly, and in due time 1 counted thirty-nine caterpillars.
GHAPTA I.
At the last moult, nearly all these were light-colored, many being cream- white, and scarcely half a dozen were black. On 4th June, they begun to change, and by 6tli, there were thirty-live chrysalids. On 10th June, the lirst imago appeared, and by 18th, tiiere had emerged thirty-four butterflies, 23*, 11*, every one Drijas. One died in chrysalis. Dnjas may be considered as the prevailing early summer form of the species, .and Comma the autumnal.
A. memoranc i f he experiment made in 1873 was communicated to the "Canadian Entou t" for October of that year, and I proposed that the
name of the species .)uld be Coddiki, and the two forms be designated as vars. Jltirriili and Dryus, in the same way that Intcrrorjatloms is known in its two forms as Interrogationis vara. Uinhrosa and Fahric'd, this formula expressing clearly the relationship establislied.
A similar connection may exist between otlier Graptas. From the fact tliat the two forms of Inkrro(jat[o)),is diiler nuicli in outline of wing, in color aiul markings, while the silver di.scal spot is identical, and that the same holds good of the two I'ornis of Comma, 1 should not be disposed to look for relationship of this natiu'e between two in which the discal spot is essentially diflercnt; as wIutu one bore the C and the other tlie iingulav mark seen in Silenus. That is one reason why I do not believe Gracilis will be found dimorphic with Faunus as suggested by Mr. Scudder ; the discal .spot of the former si)ecies being a bent mark something li'.e Silenus, but more like Prague, and of the latter a G, with barbed ends. The two species have been found inhabiting the same localities in the White Mountains, N. 11., and on Anticosti Island by Mr. Couper. But in the Catskills. where Faunus swarms in the month of August, the united collecting of Messrs. Mead and Meyer with myself, embracing at least six seasons, have never brought to light one Gracilis. Now wherever one form o£ Interrogaliunis, or one of Comma is found, both are found, and it is hardly allowable, unlc-is ])roved, that Faunus could be dimorphic in one district and not in anotlicr. Prague and Comma both as.sociate in the Catskills with Faunus, though in vastly less numbers. Mr. Couper wrote me on his return from Anticosti, in November, 18T!>. that while there, on 21st July, he found a Grapta caterpillar feeding on wild currant: in color "yellow, with long and short black marks on its sides;" and the spines were all " pink colored." The length of this was one inch, ami therel'ore it was near maturity. As this is not the description of Progne, nor
GHAPTA I.
Cniiniin, nor Faunus. I presume it was Gracilis, as Mr. Couper conjectured. It -citaiuly was not Faunus, which is party-colored, in the genonil style of tliat of a album and of Zeplnjrus, but witli differences. We owe this discoVv;ry of FiinnuH larva to Mr. Scudder, who took mature specimens on willow in the White Mountain.s, in 1873, and who will publish a description and illustration of it ill his forthcoming work on the "Butterflies of New England." Willow is an unusual food-plant for a Grapta, and not set down as one to which C album is iiildicted.
It is desirable that the several American species of Grapta, where the larva? are not already thoroughly known, should be experimented with, and lepidopterists liaviiig access to any of them, will do good service if tlioy will take pains to obtain the eggs in the manner I have indicated. This is always practicable where the food-plant is known, and may be found so where the plant is only iiiMttcr of conjecture, by testing the butterfly with any or all of the plants on whicli other Grapta larvas feed. The; larvie are easily raised, being hardy and liciring confinement well, and as they mature rapidly there is very little trouble ill breeding them even from the egg. It is easy to determine the female in this jicniis, apart from the plainer color and lesser degree of ornamentation that cliaracterizes her as compared with the male. In the latter, the aborted forelegs whieh may be seen folded down upon the thorax are thick and furry ; in the rrniiilo, thin and slightly clothed. This peculiarity was first pointed mit to inc by Mr. J. A. lintner, and I have often had occasion to test its value, especially in cases of abraded specimens, where the distinctive markings and colors were much obliterated.
Ijv.lwi, l.vMaiy Iv
HYLAS, 1.2 6,3 4 V. MAR6YAS, P^e 4, 7 8 9.
'-■,>:i"t li
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il i
V?-A
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m
GRAPTA II.
GRAPTA HYLAS, 1-4.
Graptn Hylan, Edwardn, Trana. Am. Ent, Soc, Vol. IV., p. 68, 1872.
Male. — Expands 1.7 inch.
Koiin near Fatinns ; primaries deeply incised, secondaries moderately; the (\v(. angh-H of .secondaries somewhat and almost equally produced ; tail broad, :mil a prominent dentation at the extremity of lower branch of median.
Upper side dull red-fulvous at bases of wings, fading into yellow-fulvous on I lie disks; the marginal border of primaries fu.scous, edged within by a series of sopiinitod yellow spots, which are oitiior serrate or dentate ; the sub-apical patch ;niil llio patch near inner angle ferruginous on a black ground; the other spots l)liick and as in Faunus ; secondaries have a broad fusco-ferruginous marginal liordcr which covers one third of the wing, and includes a sub-marginal series of siniill rounded or lunate yellow spots ; on costal margin a large black spot, a smaller one on the arc, the two often confluent; inner margin much obscured by In-own ; the edges of Both bind margins gray, dusted more or less with yellow ; IViugos white in the emarginations, fuscous elsewhere.
Under side marbled in shades of gray, tinted witli brown over basal area, and ilciisoly covered throughout with fine abbreviated streaks of black or fuscous ; llic basal area limited by a dark, irregular, common band, which is edged on its •Miter side by a black line ; i\\c space beyond to margin gray, of nearly an utii- li'ini shade, the usual sub-apical patch on primaries scarcely lighter than the lest; acro.ss the disks a common series of minute spots or points, complete on siroiuhiries, .sometimes wanting on upper half of primaries; under a glass these l">ints resolve into dull green spots with black edging, or inb- patches of black iiii'l green scales; the incision of primaries bordered by green lunations
filuvd on either side by black; similar lunations are found on secondaries entirely iicioss the wing, but often they are partly wanting ; discal mark a fine bent silvered streak, the upper limb curved, the lower straight, and the two equal in li'ii'jth.
'■ 1
GRAl'TA If.
Hody I'lisroiis iiImivi', ilark j^i'iiy with ii lirowii tint hdow ; It'jfs ami piilpi gray; anti'iiiiiii I'liscoiiM alnivc, amiulat('(l with gray hi-low ; chih hhick, tip yoilttw.
FeM/Vlk. — Expands ! S iiicli.
Uppc'i- si(h' piilcr, tiif yellow spots larj^cr; iiiulur siilc miiroi'iii ln'ownisli-jrfjiv; tlio iiiai'Uings nearly (>l)soletL', the niai'ginal Inniitions wanting ; thu diseal niarl; Hcarcely (li.itingiii.xliahk'.
Laiiva unknown.
'I'lu! only I'xjunples oi" IhjhtH tliUH far kiKiwn to mc have Iteen taken in Col- orado. Mr. T. fi. Mead discovered the s|)eeies in l>S7l,and since that time a lew indiviiluals have appeared among the huttortlios collected l»y Dr. IFaydeir.s c'xpe<litions. '['hu information given of its hahit.s is hy Mr. Mead, which I repent, from the notes on (i. Z(y>//y/v^s, \'ol. I. of this work.
" On the liSih Aiignsi ( ISTI ). on the South i'ark road, in the mountains, .inil about twenty miles IVom the I'ark, I found a large smooth I'ock exposed to \\w sun, on which were several (ira|)tMs, Z('i)ltiiri(H. ami a spi'cies niunhcred •') (//i/ln.i). On this rock, and in the iuinii'diate vicinity, 1 captured twenty Zc/i/ij/nis, iwul fivu of the other. I had previously, on the Kith August, found hoth species logetlicr in the vicinity of Ik-rthoud's I'ass, where liftecn of the smaller ones were (;ikcii with a tew Zcp/ii/nis, on a small patch ol' flowers high up the mountain. ''ase were tlii' only occasions on which the small (Jrapta was seen. Zeph iis
taken al)undautly throughout the State wherever collections were nia< .d
this I add that I have received Zt-p/ti/nin from various localities wince IS7I. Tliu ex])editions under Lieutenant Wheeler have taken it hoth in Southern Utah .unl in xVri/oua ; and, as stated hy me in Vol. 1., it has been received from Xeviida, California, and even from Fort Simpson, Mackenzie's Kiver.
Considering then that Zcph/rus is so wide-spread ii species and Jfi/lns so local an one. and that the two agree neilhei' in size, shape, color, or otherwise, except in group character.s, there would not seem to he much ground lor ii suggestion of relationship between ihein. Yet Mr. Scudder, in his lately pub- lished Svnonvmic List, treats the two as established dimorphic forms of one species, which he calls Zrj)/ti/rus, and renames Zcji/ii/nis ¥A\v. as ThUxhnitus var., giving the other as ILjlua var. No evidence of dimorphi.sm is alleged to have been discovered, nor does Mr. Scudder profess to know more oi Ilijid'f tlmii what I have stateil above. It is enough to say that such a relationship would liu highly interesting if proven. That the two species were tog(;ther in tlui few instances in which I/iflris was seen is nothing, for that is the rule wherever ;uiy two or more specie.s of Grapta are found. Faunus, Comma, and Progne con- stantly as.Hociate.
GRAPTA II.
OUAI'TA MAI{SVAS, r,-8.
Gia/ilii Af am/an, Ivlw.inls, Tiiiiih. Am. Kiit. S,,c., \'„|. HI., j). IC, 1H70.
M.\r.K. — Expands ].(] indi.
IVinmrics nuicli inris,.,!, .so,.,.n.laric.s uu nh- mU'h ; onU'v mv^h ,.r MvoiwInrieH l'"< lit>l<". <l'<- M.iu.r unKlf lar-cly, pnuluctMl ; (,nl Icn-. I.r.m.l a,nl .■urvc-l, lol- l(>w<.,l l.y .1 <Ii"i-|) and l.n.ad incision, and a narrow dcnfalion at (li.. cxtroniilv of llii' lowiT hrancli of median.
UpiHT side hrigl.t lidvons, ol)scnn.d at l.asr ; primaries have a l.road luseons iniir-niai border on wliioli is a series of indistinct yellow spots, scarcely more tlMM nidu.ated l.y a yellow shade in the several interspaces, ex.vpt near the ;i|HX. where they become distin.'t ; the snb-apical patch large, Icrrnginr-us ; the |Mt.h at inner angle small, rounded anterioi'ly, lei'rnginons ; the other markin-rs iis in Commn. , °
Secondaries have a broa.l pale fuscous boi'der, occupying one third of the uuig, gradually jjassing into the fulvous shade of the disk', and completely inclos- itig a scries of illy-defined small yellow spots ; a large ))lack spot on costal mar- gin, a second, of small size, on the arc, and a third at the origin of the upper median nervide ; iinier nnirgin much obscured by brown ; fringes alternately yel- low and fus(-ous next the apex of jjrimaries, white in the einarginations of \ho innsiou. fuscous elsewhere, nnd alternately white and fuscous on secondaries.
L'nder side varied in shades of brown, with a vinous tint over the ba.snl area; secondaries and the outer two thirds of primaries nnich streaked with darker lirown or fei;ruginous ; npon the disks u common band, irregular, and much as in Comma, the outer edge on secondaries only lined with dark brown ; a dark stripe on s(.c(.ndaries near base ; the space beyond the band gray acro.ss the median nnvules of primaries and the discoidal nervules of .secondaries, this shade nearly hiildcn by the dense streaks; apex of primaries olivaceou.s, the color limited l^low by a ferruginous stripe along the nervulo ; the sub-apical patch grayish- givrn on a white ground ; along the incision, and on entire margin of second-
GRAPTA II.
aries, a narrow broken stripe of light green, edged on the anterior side hv bhick ; the usual extra-discal row of points distinct on primaries ; the silvor mark en arc of a circle, thickened at the upper end, sharply barbed at flu' lower.
Body above fulvous, beneath vinous-gray ; legs buff; palpi buff below, fulvous above and at tip; antennsc fuscous above, ochraceous below; club black, ti]) fulvous.
Female. — Same size.
Primaries less incised ; tail short, narrow ; the dentations less prominoiit ; upper yide as in the male, the yellow lunules obsolete ; under side less varii'- gared, the color.* being brown in shades, and without white except along rostid edge of primaries near apex ; both wings densely streaked as in the male ; the cx- tra-discal points distinct, the green stripe indistinct on primaries, ob.solete on soc- ond'trics ; silver marks shaped as in the male, but larger, more delicate, pointed at the upper extremity, thickened, not barbed below.
This little species is only known at present by the pair delineated on the Plate. They were taken some years ago by the late M. Lorquin, and assigned to Mr. Rep-ivirt, with no other locality than " Rocky Mountains."
Mr. Scudder (Syn. List, 1875), surmises that i\fnrsyas may be dimorphic with Satyrus. The two arc different in size, in the 'jrnamentation of both sides, and in the shape of the silver spots ; and tliis holds in both sexes, as may readily be seen by comparing the 'igures oi' Sad/ rits (Vol. I., Plate 40) with the figures now given of Mar sy as. Safyrus is not an uncommon species over large sections (»!' the continent. It is found throughout tjic Rocky Mountains, and to Vancouver's Island. To the eastward its range i,-* ai least as far as Ontario, Mr. T. L. .Mead having taken two examples a few miles north of Port Hope, in 1874. It shoulil be borne in mind when estimating the probal)ilities of dimorphi.sm, that in (lie only species of Grapta in which this relation is established, viz., Tnterrorjatioms and Comma, both the dimorphic forms are found wherever one is found. ,inil they agree in size, in the markings of the upper side, and in the form of tlie silver .spots. In Comma there is an agreement also in shape. The difl'ereiucs in both species are found in the coloration of the two sides and in the niark- in^s of tlie under side only ; and in Intcrrogationis there is a slight diflTerencc in shape, the primaries of one ibrm being nioie decidedly falcated. If Jlarsi/as, then, is really dimorpliic with Satyrus, there should at least be .some points of agreement, and the presumption is fair that it would fly with Satyrus, and in- habit the same localities.
!)V
ID3I„
Drav R ^.■y W; !7 Fei
RUSTIC US 1 il^.S 4?
'/ l.dlV'i /. /i-' ' /llt/Sil/lS
MARSYAS V'ir^ 5.6 d'
zf:phyrus
z,
^ /^itrv'i
d f'hriiHihn,
t
PROV:,
i^Y.
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T^:^^^^TZ. '
GRAPTA III.
GRAPTA RUSTICUS, 1—4.
Grapta Ruslicus, Edwards, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc, Vol. V., p. 107, 1874. Var. Silmis, 9, Kdw., id., p. 108.
Male. — Expands 2 inche.s.
iNoar Faumts; primaries rather deeply incised ; both angles of secondaries pro- duced almost equally j tail long, broad, curved, followed by a deep incision, and at extremity of lower branch of median nervure a prominent tooth.
Upper side dull red-fulvous, pale on disk of primaries; marginal border of primaries broad, dark red-brown, in the incision nearly black ; of secondaries wlioUy red-brown, occupying one third the wing, clearly defined on its inner edjre, and not shading gradually into the fulvous ground, as in Faumts ; the sub- miirginal spots lunular, bright yellow, those of secondaries large ; the other mark- ings deep black, and di.spbsed as in the allied species ; hind margins edged with jfllow scales, especially along the incision, and upon the anterior half of second- aries ; fringes largely black, with a mixture of red-brown, and in most of the interspaces a little white.
Under side much less variegated than in Faunus; the basal areas brown, dark- est along their outer limits, and contrasting sharply with the pale olive-brown of the remainder of the wings; in cell of primaries two long concolored spots, edged with black, in that of secondaries a transverse curved black stripe, and above this cell a few abbreviated fine black streaks ; on costa of primaries a narrow edging of white one third the distance from base to apex, and a sub-apical gray patch on white groLnd; the points on hind margin above the incision ferruginous ; along the incision and to inner angle a submarginal band of green, formed of confluent crescents edged with black, and on basal side narrowly by gray ; beyond this band is a transverse series of green spots, — the one on upper median interspace obso- lete, — all edged on the outer side by black scales, and more or less by gray. Secondaries have a submarginal row of green, black-edged spots, separated, mostly crescent, crossing the entire wing, and an inner row larger than those on pri-
PROViNCIA'^ LISRARr.i VICTORIA, B O
GRAPTA III.
inarics, rounded, and both rows stand on gray groniid ; the silver mark an angiilu C, the upper limb .stout and biirbed.
Body fulvous, coated with green hairs, beneath gray-vinous; the femora f middle and hind legs brown, the tibiiB buff or luteous ; the aborted legs gmv vinous, black in front; palpi buff, with many brown hairs, in front black; iui- tenna) black above, ferruginous below; club black, the tip ferruginous.
Female. — Expands 2.1 inches.
Upper side closely resembles the male in color and markings ; the yellow spots of secondaries still larger; both hind margins edged by yellow.
Under side as in the male, the shades of basal and outer areas contrasting- in similar manner; but the gray beyond disk is more extended, darker, and all lliat part of tlie wing is suffused with a delicate purple tint; the silver mark vorv slender, at most but a curved streak, representing the back of the C.
Var. A. — Female; the fulvous of upper side more fiery, the yellow spots small; beneath, both wings are of brown, of a nearly uniform shade, except that on the disks are darker patches ; the green spots tolerably distinct; the silver mark obsolescent.^
Mature Lauva. — Length 1.2 inches.
Cylindrical, tiie .segments well rounded; color orange-fulvous, except the dor- sal area of segments seven to twelve,. which is white; the endh of the segnioiits crossed by several .stripes of black and fulvous, the latter very pale on seven to twelve, almost fading into white ; the sides mottled with fulvous, black and bluish white, and marked by two irregular longitudinal fulvous lines, one below tiie spiracles, the other above, this last interrupted and not always distinct; furnished with seven rows of long, slender, tapering, many-branching spines (the branciies numbering about ten of nearly equal size, besides a few others much smaller), each branch ending in a sharp bristle, and surrounded by several others ; the spines of the dor,sal and first lateral rows from segments three to six, buff; from seven to twelve, white ; the second laterals smoky-brown, except on twelve ami thirteen, where they are white ; tiie lower laterals buff on three and four, the rest white ; a black crescent, concave downward, over the base of each spines of second lateral row ; and a black dash on the anterior part of each segment, in front of each of the spines of first lateral row, but nearly obsolete on the iuite- rior segments ; spiracles black in white rings; feet black ; forelegs smoky-I)r<iun; head sub-ovate, deeply cleft, the vertices high, and on each a cylindrical, horii-eol-
• The female List desLTibeil is tli.it to which I formerly gave the name Silvias. I suspect it ami the main are sca.'ionally-iliinorphiu witli liii.ilicus ; hnt these two .iro the only exiimplcs I have met with, and this iili'inn- ehip is but conjectiual. The frniale was bred from the larva figureil in Vol. I., Plate 40, Fig. 8, a dnm ii;:; of which was sent me labeled Zephyrus, and so published. Unfortunately the male was afterwards destroycil in transit to Mr. U. Edwards, and only the description remains.
GRAPTA III.
ore.] process, short, thick at base and top, the sides concave, ending in six equal spurs, one upright, the others surrounding it, each spur with a shor" bristle at its cNlii'inity; whole face much tuberculated, the sides especially being furnished wiih several long single conical light colored spurs, and many stout hairs
CiiUYSAUS. — Length, .9 inch.; greatest breadth across abdomen, .26 inch.; arioss base of wings, .28 inch. Cylindrical, slender; the nead-case high; com- lucssed transversely, rounded ; at each vertex a stout rounded process, tapering to a l)bnit point, bent inward at two thirds its length, and at the bend on outer side i)rqiecting a very .siiort conical branch ; the space between these processes ciivular; mesonotum large, followed by a deep excavation, the sides .somewhat llaltcned, the keel high, thin, rounded anteriorly, but at posterior end sharp and tnuicated ; the wing-cases much elevated, flaring at base, the sides excavated ; on the marginal border on ventral side a sharp conical protuberance ; on the alidoinen several rows of tubercles, most of which are small, but those of the tun ventral row.s are large, and some quite prominent; tho.se below the mesono- tum gilded or silvered; color glos.sy light brown, or drab, the wing-cases clouded (I'V. 6, 6j).
Iiiinticus was described originally from examples sent me by Mr. Henry K'luiiids, and the localities given were Big Trees, Cal., and Vancouver's l>laiul. In 1878, Mr. Mead took the butterfly at Yo Semite, and, IGth June, (01111(1 nine caterpillars feeding on Azalea occidentalis, some of which he raised to tiii^ imago. From one of these larva) and a chrysalis in alcohol, and a blown linval skin, assisted by Mr. Mead's written descriptions, the figures on the Plate li.ui. been drawn. The larva and chrysalis of this species, from drawings from lifi' by Mr. Stretch, are figured in Vol. I., Plate 40, and are there erroneously at- tiiliiited to Zephyrus, as 1 learned long after publication. That larva was also tiikim at Yo Semite, on Azalea occidentalis, and it produced the aberrant female (possibly a dimorphic form) which I described in 1874 as Silmts. Those mistakes 1 am happily able to rectify, by the kindness of Mr. Mead, than whom we have no more accurate observer or .skillful collector among our lepidoptorists.
Mr. Mead was also successful in finding and rearing many larvic of l)oth Zcphy- rm and Satyrus, and states that this last species shows great variation in the relative extent of the light and dark markings, after the manner of the larva of Cr. Comma, with the likene.ss to which ho was struck, and that Figure 4, Plate 40. Y'l. 1., resembles one phase of it. As stated in the accompanying notes, Mr. K'lw lids found four of these larvaa on Urtica, and he wrote me that the coloration
GRAFT A III.
was the snine in all. But I have alcoholic examples, one of which is Hark, the other as white as the larva of G. Dryas figurecl in same Volume, Plate 37. In the rle.scri|)tion of larva of Sa/yruK, furnished by Mr. Edwards?, it is said that there are six rows of spines. This should have been seven, as all the Vanes.xidip have seven rows, one dorsal and three on either side.
Since the Plate of Marsyas was published, in the present volume, Mr. 0. T. Baron, of Navarro, Cal., has a.scertained by breeding from the female Satij- nis in confinement, that Mi>rsyas is seasonally-dimorphic with that species, lie sent me the parent female and the resulting progeny, all which last were Afar- syns, some as diminutive as the examples figured on the Plate, others larger, though none equal in expanse of wing the parent Saiyrus. The suffused Mar- syas on the present Plate (Fig. 5) represents one of these bred examples.
NoTK. — VV« now know tlic. full llfe-hiKtory, from eg;; to hiiftgo, of several of the American species (if this ;ienns, namely : Jtilerrnqalionin, Cuinma, Sati/run, and Progne; also the history of Zefihi/rus, Ruflkiit, nm' Fduntis, fnini tlie hiilf-grown larva to imago. Mr. Scudder found Faunus feeding on willow, ami sirit me drawings of larva and chrysalis. Mr. Caidfield found the larva on nettle, and has deseriiied larva and elirysalis in Can. Ent., Vol. VII. Professor Fernald writes that larvie of Faunus have been fonnd in Maine, fceilin.; on enrrant, and Mr. Roberts, that he has taken them in Vermont on wild goosel)crry. The larva is bieolored, of .1 pattern similar to that of Ituslicus and C vI/6h«i, and the chrysalis has a peculiarity fonnd in both these species, the processes on the hea<l being bent in, and throwing out a little blunt spur at the bend, on outer i^iile, as shown on the Plate. This peculiarity indicates the intimate relation of these specie< to one another, r.iiil it separates them from Cmiwm and all the other American species, the chrysalids of which are known.
Of these species whoso history we know, liUerror/alioiii.i, Comma, and Sali/nm are proven to be seasimally- dimorpbil^ .Some olhers may be, as possibly Iluntirwi and Sllviun, but as yet there is no reliable evidence of it. So much has bci n learned since 1 published the Plate of Fawtwi, in 1869, some ten years ago. As stated in the notes accompanying the Plate of Comma, two years later, I did not describe i<'(iunM.'> till I had sent an ex- ample to Mr. Staiulon, asking him to compare it with the European C Album. lie replied that he bad done BO, and that it was of a distinct, unnamed species, put down in the ISritisb Museum Catalogue as " Vanessa
, from Hudson Pay." That it was cat.alogued in this manner was proof that in the opinion of the
entomolo>;ists in charge at the Museum, it was something unknown, and therefore not the commcm and very well known C Album. Nevertheless, after my Plate appeared, several lepidopterists on the conlimnt de- clared that Fuuiiun was nothing but C Album, ami to test the matter, I sent examples of Faunun, Sali/rus, and Comma, to one of the most experienced, for his opinion. The reply canm that all three were C Album, bnt that Siiti/ru.i was more unmistakable, and apjiroached the European form more closely than did the olber two. (See Vol. I., note to G. Comma.) Looked at in the light we have to-day, gained by breeding from the female Comma and .Sali/ru.i, that was a remarkable statement, that Snlynm wa.i more wimislakable ami iicd/'T Man Fauuu.i auil Comma to C Allium. It meant at least that, in the opinion of Dr. Slaudinger, Saiyrus was close to, or identical with, the typical C Album. Now Fauutm certainly belongs to a distinct sub-group from that which comprises Suli/ru.s and Comma, as is determined not only by peculiarities of the imago but of llic l.irva anrl chrysalis as well.
So late as 1874, the venerable and learned Professor Zeller, in a review of my volume, in Ent. Zeit , Stettin, while allowing Comma to be a good species, because it and its dimorphic form Dryas h,id been pniviii so by breeding, and iheir larva; were figured in the volume, concludes that Faunus is identical wiili one of 'he varieties ipf C .Mbum, found in certain parts of Europe, and which he specilies as C Album, rariel'i I': :'"" that Satyrus and Zephyrua are probably parcel of the same thing, or, in other words, sub-varieties of F'tiinuf. He says : " That our European C Album appears with remarkable variation is often noticed by authiiis. but none have taken the varieties for distinct species. Three of the varieties may be very sliarply charactcrizeo. ... I can perceive in my example of Faunus only Var. B of C Album."
GRAPTA in.
Hn comparfs the fi<;un'» of Saii/rua and Zfphi/rwi with exampIi'B of C! Album in his cabinet, and finds r»- Miiilplano'B iIiiib: " I havi! now before me botli scxch (of (' Album), of wliich tlio male is indceil not quite nu il iiklv upotted (m the upper i<i<le as Zeplii/ruH, but it is darker than Sali/rii.i, and agrees with Xrjilii/rui in ilif pivsence of a dentation by tlie side of the eldff one of the liind win^t, while on the under side it mi<;ht Ir lalten for Snli/ruf, Fig. 2. Tlie consideraldy lari^er female agrees in tlie indentations and llie eoloration of lirul wing with .Sati/ruii, Fig. 1, Hut wliy tlien are tlie caterpillars (of Zephifrim and Salj/ru^) so dilTerontV Can the caterpillar (Fig. 8, Zephi/rus), which looks like the never otherwise drawn C Album, in its varia- licMis loine to resemble Fig. 4 (Sali/rua), in California? I iM'lieve not. Mut I am mindful of the fact that the :iiUlior ilid not have the caterpillars before him alive, but only receive<l the drawings from (California. Tliere- U.rc I suspect that the caterpillar of FuunUK has by mistake been given for Zephi/ruf. If this suspicicm be I'nrrcct, there can be no reason against declaring Fauiiiui to lie C Album, and uniting Zephifriis with Haliirus, lit least as Varieli/ H." This last line seems to imply tliat Faunua is same as C Album type, and the other two are the Variety H ; but as Faunus is before stated to be only Variety H, I conclude that Professor Zellor n ;;anls Sail/run and Xephyrut as probably sub-varieties of Fiiunut or of Var. B.
Quite recently I have received from Mr. H. H. Miischler a paper by himself on the genera of European liiiltcillies, in which he thus says : "At all events, C Album flies in North America. It is impossible for me, ai least, to discover any difference between this and the North American species separated by Kdwards an I'minus."
Il would he satisfactory to liave the type C Album pointtui out and agreed upon. Plainly in England it is Minii'tliing tpiite different from Fauiius, so different that Faunua is declared to lie a ilistinct species. Dr. Slanrlinger says it is near Sati/rus. Professor Zeller s.iys that Faunus is Variety B, separati il from the type, till rcfore, by another variety , A. Mr. Mosdiler can see no difference between C Album and Faunu.i. The tniili is, no man knows, what is the typical C Album. The descriptions of Linnieus and of Kabricins read ^ill]|lly thus : " Upper side fulvous, with black spots ; hind wings beneath marked by a white C." Tliis deter- mines nothing. The next species described by Linnsens is C Aureiim, which was formerly supposed to be what we call Inlerrogatioiiii, but is now understood to be another species, (7. Anijelicn, Cramer, from Asia, and word for wonl even to the white C, the diagnosis is the same. So that we must look el ■ vhere for help in lliis matter. Kirby, Syn. Cat. of Diur. lA'|iid., after citing these two authors, next reftis to Esper. Eur. Sclnnelt., P1.1.S, Fig. 3, for a figure of C Album, apparently the first colored figure of the species after the lime of Lliinirus. Turning to this Plate I find set down as C Album what I should consider a fair representation nf ilic American species G. Comma. It is very unlike Faunus. Kirby cites as a synonym, Esper, PI. 59, Kig. .'1. But Esper says this is Var. C Album, and therefore it cannot ba the type. The upper side of tlii« fi'.'ure resembles the female of Mani/ns, as shown on my Plate. Making allowance for the coarseness of leper's drawing, it is il/nr.«;/(i.« if anything, anil is a long way from Faunus. But the under side is unlike eillior sex of Marsi/as. The ground is colored in two shades of brown, nothing else. The marginal and extra- (liscal spots are cons[)icuous and green, and in this alone is there a suggestion of Faunus, a species which has the under side marbled in half a ilozen colors. I think it probable that this figure was meant to represent a form, or species, of which I have four examples sent mo from England as C Album, and wiih which Mr. Slainton, of course, was familiar. It is small as compared with Faunus, the tails longer in proportion and narrower, and the anal angle much more prolonged, the upper side more macular, much as in many Sati/rus or M(irsi/as. 'Ilie underside is brown, light and dark, over Ims.al area; the extra-discal area liiibt brown Willi some gray ; the s|k)Is are green, and the apical area of primaries is olivaceous. This is not Faunus, but if ilicre is any^Europeau form of C Album nearer I have not seen it, though I have brought together all the Mirielies which I have been alile to beg or buy to illustrate (.'Album. Several of these have an exiwss of y.llow on under side, and one female would pass for Dn/a.i, if taken here; that is, the under side is honey- yi How, densely streaked with ferruginous. I conclude, therefore, that the type of C Album is uncertain. It niiaiis one tiling to one collector, and something different to the ne\'.. It is like Comma, like Sali/rus, like .^liirsi/as, like Faunus, like Zephijrus, and of course like RusticM, as I shall soon hear. If Esper's Plate fixes llietype, as I lliink it must, the true C Album is like Comma.
Now, thanks to the zeal and skill of Messrs. Mead and Baron, Satijrus and Zephi/rus are lifted out of the ihrl of this contest and stand in serene security alongside of Comma. That is, three good .specie.s are already '.finhitshed out of what expert lepidoplerislf in Europe haoe asserted to be C Album or varieties thereof. There
GIIAPTA III.
only rt'iiiiiin Fauiiuf iiml Itnnliaiii, Silfliin nnd /////(i.i, wlio^o [loBilion run still \h: h\wih\i>\wi\. Tlui I.irvw iiii,| clir)»iili(l« iif llifi first two of tlu'di' iiro of llie siiiiir '„'i'npriil (piitli'in wiili ('Allium, liiil liow cloiu the rpscmblnnrii betwot'ii tli« three I ennnnt ypt siiy. I liope hefiire llii>i viiliime clnies to see the liviiii; lnrv» of Fnwiii.i, u^ I know It only liy iieseri|ilion anil driiwin;;, anil C Allium only liy the very insullieient fiLiures anil ileseriptioni in books — insiilVnient for any I'ouipariHon, Mr. Scinlder wrote ine at tlio time of his rinilinr; larva of Faiiii'it, that while there was a close reseinMance to C Allium, which s|iecies lu^ had learne'l to know well in Eiinp|ic', there were ini()orlant ililTerences, and jiidi.'in!; by the larva lie lielieveil Fnnnun to hn n distinct s|ieeies ; and in to Itunlicuii, between llie clesiriplion drawn of the larva of Fiiunus by Mr. CauUield, which is (piilo ininulc iii its details, and the description of the other by Mr. Mead, there an' considerable differences, both in cnl.ir and niiirkinjis, thoie^h the <;eneral pattern is the same, lint the reseinbbince between the Inrvie of any «nli- gronp of bntlerllies is likely to ho close, as becomes species but one remove from a common ancestor, TIih larvu) of J'nig'it' and Zrphiirun are very much alike, constructed on same plan; so of (^omma and .Snliinu.
It is beyond dispute that the identity of some of the many forms which have passed under the name (' Allium has been assumed from an inspection of the dried butterflies only. An example from Siheria or •Japan like our Suh/nui is brouuht in, and it is set down forthwith as C Album. Another like Cnmma or Xejili'i- rus or Fnuiius, from China or 'I'hiliet appears, and behold I another variety of C Album. I have never read that a (' .Mlium female in Europe, of any one of the types in which it is supposed to manifest ilself, lias discovered in its proijeny this miscidlancons assendila^n of forms. I doubt indeed if n uih knowledite l:a.i ever or anywhere been obtained of C Allium by breedini; it from the female. For a century collectors have amu^ied theniselves in rearini; caterpillars found on the food-plant, or from eims (gathered here a;id llure on various plants; but who knew what type of butterfly laid those ei^i^s? It is not ten years since llie fortunate discovery was made in tins country that the female mii;lit !)(■ induced to lay her esijs rcidlly in ponfinement, so that breedim; could be conducted with certainty ; nnd in tliese years I do not hesitate to say, more has been learned of the life-history of American butterflies than is to-day known of European, thouifli iiul a district of Europe, but has had a lonsf succession of active lepidopterisls and diligent students of driiil butterflies. Professor Zeller writes me: " It is certain that wo Europeans have been far from execuliii'j your method, which .seems the only correct one in order to obtain certainty and truth." We had no sooner Im ;.'un to employ this method than the complicated relationship of Papilio Ajux became clear, then that of (irapta fnlerrni/iilioiiis ; and from that day to this one species after another has revealed lis true history, until llure are few instances in the fauna cast of the Rocky Mountains in which there is a doubt as to the posiliim of any butterfly. A larije nuniber of species are found to be jjolyinorphic, seasonal or otherwise, and sonic of tliese forms branch a^ain in one or both sexes. Without breedin<; from llie female, not one of these cases of polymorphism could possibly have been proved, however much they niij;ht have been suspected. The knowledge thus obtained is available for olher countries, especially where species of like jjenera are concerned. And it is fair to assume, in the .alisence of positive proof to the contrary, that the species of Grapta, for ex- ample, will behave in the Old World as they do in the New. I can say as the result of my own larije ex- perience in breedim; butterflies, and that of others, that no Grapta on Ibis continent is known to behave in llie way that C Allium is supposed to do. Every one of them named as a species, whose history is known, liiicds true to its tyiie, or types if it is dimorphic, and of those whose history is not known, there have not appc;ircil marked v.arieties. No collector has reported such, and there is no evidence th.at they exist. Comma has invir l)een known to produce a .Sali/ru.t, thou;;li it belongs to the same sub-group, and though it has produced a dimorphic form Dii/n.i, considerably unlike itself; and each of these remains distinct, though th.y may ap- pear in the same brood. So Sali/run has never produced Comma or Dnjas or Fnunus, though it has devel- oped a second form Afarsi/as, Faunus ranges over the northern half of the continent, at least to the cnst of the Uocky Mountains, hut an example from Newfoundland is not distinguishable from that taken in llic Catskills of New York. The one I sent Mr. Stainton was from »he Catskills, and ho pronounced it to Ihi the same as the Museum example from Hudson's Bay. From local!' a therefore separated by thousands of miles, across lakes, rivers, plains, and great mountain chains, comes the single type known as Faunus, though iu pirt of this territory Comma abounds, and in part (Ontario) Sali/rus is known to live. No one has ever reported a hybrid between any two of our species of Grapta. Possibly butterflies resembling everyone of the American species in this genus may bo found in one part or other of Asia or Europe; but 1 not only doubt, but do not be- lieve that these are simply varieties of any one species. Knowing what I do of our own Graptas, it is to uie
G RAPT A III.
iiosi unlikely that In Europe and Asia oiin fdi'in liki' Comma and (itliom like Snli/rus, Faunu.*, nml /Cephynn) call Im; liiit oiiu npi'cii'D iiikI Uh vurictins. In ciilicr wonJ!!. I lirlivvu (liiit Bcvcriil ({(hhI 8|i(Mlt'H iinvct lit'uri con- fuuiiilfil iiiidt^r till' iiiiiiK! C Allium, iiiiil lliiit it iicciIh no loM^-continiird liibor of a fvw iiit('lll<;i-iit wmkcrii to prove it «). Hilt nittini^ in iini^'M (•losi.'l ami i.|H(iiliitiii;; iin ilrioil IpiilliTfliirs will not ilo tliis, to llu> i-ml nf limr. If llir liny uvrr comes, wlirn liy liri'cdinx from iliii fciiiiilu, tbu conji't'tiin-.i of our Kuropcnii frii'nds are proveil In lio loireet, and a do/en well-marked foniiti are proved to he mere varieties of biit one species, no one will lie more pleased than myself, if I livi' to hear of it. It will lio a iiiiist inlerexliii;;, indeed a wonderful bioloyi- (•:il fact, i;on»ideriii;{ that in America what appear — llyit is, in the opinion of some experts — to he identical foriiiH have reached the standin<{ of species. For this certainly is the standing of these American forms. Tiiiir iliiyi'ieiiees are piTinanent, and they lireed true, showinj; no tendency to run into each other. What iiiiiie could lie said? Hut, however unlikely it iniiy seem lliat lhe>e foiiiis are mere variilics in Kiirope, it will not do to declare that such a thin:; is impos^ilile, fur there would appear to he no reason in the nature of lliiiij;s why in one part of the world a certain assemhlai^e of forms, he they animals or plants, niii;ht not be true varieties of one species (proved to lie so, not giiis.sed), and in another part ."iniilar loiinH iniijlit not have ri:iilied the rank of species. Every one who believes in tlie evolution of species must asisent to thai. Tlicrefcire let US have the facts. And there is but one way to reach them, namely, to be^in at the founda- tien, In lireed from Ihe female nf each supposed oariety of C Allium. Till that is done, I insist that nothing is reiilly known about C Allium. It has been well said, " Indefinite knowledge is definite ignorance."
Ji;i,Y, 1879. \V. H. E.
GRAPTA ZEPIIYUUS.
Grapla Zephi/im, Edwards, But. N. Am., Vol. I., p. 12,3, I'l. 40.
Mature Lahva. — Lenj^tli one inch.
Cylindiieal, tlie scgiiu'iit.s well loiiiKled ; general color black ; at either end of segments three to five on dor.sal surface a pale yellow line, the remaining seg- iiiciit'^ similarly lined with white ; a more or les.s distinct pale yellow modio-dor.sal line extends over (wo, three, and sometimes four; armed with seven rows of .-piiies, one dorsal find three lateral ; the,«e spines are stout at base, nither long, taper to a point, and give out from the end a sharp bristle ; .several similar bristles about eiicli spine; fho.-i' of tlorsal and first lateral rows from three to six iut; reil;;:sh, and their btises iinti tlu; spaces between them are of same hue ; from seven to twelve the spines of the-e three rows have their bases white, and this color ])ri.'dominates in the marbling of the dorsal surface, so that whtit remains (if llic lilack ground resembles a series of arrow heails pointing backward, the (I'lrsil spine arising at the base of the barbs of the arrow ; the white color extends siiiiie tlistanee up the base of the donsals and first laterals from seven to twelve, mill tlie.se, as well the others on anterior segment.s, arc tipped with black; all o'licr spines, including the second and third latenil rows and their brunches, are lilack ; on two is a tlorstil collar of .short, simple spines, each with ptde bristle at to)! ; at the sides of body are many small pale tubercles, each tipped with a pale li;iir ; under side dark biown ; feet black, fore-legs brown ; head small, sub-cordate, till' vertices high, conical, each ending in a stout branching process, the br.anches 111 ir top being short and divergent; at base of these processes, in front and at
GRAPTA III.
Bides of face, several rather long l.lu. k spurs, a.i.l niiinbors of others of irregular Bizefl on the face, some quite minute, part of them yellow, part black, each tipp.d with concolored hair. (Fig. c.) , , , , •
CuKYSALis. — Length .7 inch ; greatest breadth .24 inch ; shaped nearly as in O Comma; cylindrical, slen<ler; head-case high, compres.sed transversely ; on its under side two protuberances, each ending in a short tubercle ; at each vertex a short, stout, conical process, the space between square ; mesonotum elevated, I..1- lowed by a deep excavation ; the carina rising to a high, thin, nose-like pn.mi- ncnce; wing-cases much raised above the general surface, depressed laterally; on the marginal border of ventral side a sharp protuberance; on the abdoin.-n several rows of tubercles, mostly small, but those corresponding to the first latend spines of the larva large on the anterior segments; those in the excavation sil- vered ; cotor marbled with shades of salmon and olive. (Fig. d.)
The' larva fed on wild currant, and a number of examples were found by Mr. Mead at Yo Semite and bred to the imago. I am thus able to correct an enor in Volume 1., in which the larva and chrysalis of G. Rmt'mia are attributed to
Zephyrua. i . r
As in the case of Buslicus, the present drawings have been made from alcoholic specimens and a blown skin of the larva, aided by Mr. Mead's carefully written
descriptions.
Both larva and chrysalis closely resemble those of G. Progne, and these stages, as well as the imago, show that the two species belong to one sub-group.
ular ipwl
iH in n its ex a , lol- oini- lUly; )inf'n tcriil 11 8il-
r Mr. error >fl to
)holic fitteu
;agcs,
ARTHKMIS. Form LAMINA \ 2 J. :iA 9 . Form PR05KRP1NA 5 rf .Varbd
'I Kqil ii- ymirmmimlini )i' inimtinili li I'nrrh iiDir i'" nimill
/> if l.iiiV'i . i/iiiiiiii III niiiliirr tf (/• '/in.sii/is
I HilhriliiiiillilDi
;»_"«»4".f i'=Ai ■
■. f;-.i«-jv,«
•.IV. ■..' <-.-' "■ V
* . «.,¥,'; I sir- ',}^
■, Kl5i»-.t;
f*r
%
:«%
«*-'
■■r(f> >i{f
LIMENITIS I.
LIMENITIS ARTHEMIS, 1-6.
/,mii7ii(iV /I rMemw (Ar'-the-mis), Drury. LAMINA Fiib.
:I,t'f ' ""'T; "''""•• ''T'" iT' "■'■'''• '"• '"" ''^■'^' ^"'- ^"'- "•• P"' 23. 'S^S, Boi8. and L«,., |) l'"l', (il. S4, 1833; Hiin.s, Ins. Mass.. S,i eU., p. 283, pi. I., 1862.
/..™;»n, Fab. Knt. Syst., III., p. US, nn; Goilt., Knc. Moth., IX., p. 380, \H'>3
HiO.SKKPINA, K,lw., P,oc. E„t. Soe. Phil., V., p. H8, 1865 ; But. N. A.u., 1., p. 127, pi. 41, 186,S.
FoHM LAMINA.
Malk. — Expands from 2.2 to 2.6 in^lips.
r|)l)or side brownish-black ; both wings crossed by an extra-di.scid wliite band uhhli vanes in breadth in individuals from three to four tenths inch • on sec- oiMliiries this band is edged without by a series of blue patches, succeeds'd by lomided fulvous spots ; the margins of same wings bordered by a double row of limate blue spots ; primaries have an abbreviated sub-apical white stripe, and a single sub-marginal row of blue lunules, before which is a short row -.f fulvuas spol.s extending from sub-costal nervure to second branch of median ; sometimes a fulvous stripe covers more or less of the arc of cell ; fringes alternately white iuid pale black. But in tlie markings of the upper side there will be found much variation in a series of examples, there sometimes being no traces of fulvous, or it iiiiiy be wanting on one wing only ; the blue patches on secondaries may be (Mlli.T broad and confluent, or narrow and faint, or altogether wanting, or may l)c n placed by green ; in some examples the whole area between the'band and till' marginal lunules is black.
I'nder side brown, varying in .^liado in individuals ; being of a pure umber, ■Hill without tint of fulvous over basal or apical areas, or may be wholly washed "iili ferruginous, and between these two extremes are several intermediate hIi;mI(s of color; the .shoulder of each wing and the inner margin of .secondaries (•'iTiiginous ; the band, sub-apical spot.s, and blue marginal lunules ivpcated, with tile M.jdition on primaries of a second and inner row of tlie.se last ; in the cell of piiiiiaries a large rounded fulvous spot, and a bar of .same color on the arc, both
LIMENITIS I.
edged witli black ; on either side of this spot is a blue patch, and sometimes the whole space between spot and bar is blue ; secondaries have two similar spots in cell and arc, and a third at top of sub-costal interspace, the intervening nicn being more or less covered by blue ; tiie extra-discal fulvous spots of upper siilc repeated anil edged before and behind with black; these spots are often imu'li enlarged, and sometimes are confluent, forming a band that reaches quite to tlic white one ; primaries have the fulvous spots repeated, but less distinctly, iiiul they are always confluent.
Body brownish-black ; on the back of head are two white dots, and behind ilic eye a white line ; on under side blue-gray hairs cover the sides of the last two thoracic segments; on abdomen a white ventral and white lateral line; legs blink. the posterior sides of the femora gray-white, the anterior pair white in front ; palpi white on outer and inner sides, black in front ; antennae and club black.
Fkmale. — Expands 2.8 inches.
Similar to male, and varying in same manner.
Form PROSEKPINA.
Male. — Expands from 2.2 to 2.6 inches.
Size and shape of Lamina. Upi)cr side black, .secondaries .sometimes having a bluish or a greenish tint ; hind margins of both wings bordered by blue or gncii lunate spots, precisely as in the other form ; so also are tiie ferruginous spots, being sometimes large and .sonu'times wanting ; instead of the white band tliero is at most but a whitish, macidar stripe acro.ss jirimaries, and rarely acro.ss .sc^oiulurics. its position corresponding to the outer line of the band of Lamina; sometimes this stri|)e only appears on the posterior intorspju'es on primaries; often tlici,' is no trace of it whatever, unless on the costal edge where is sometimes a wliitc dash; the subapical white line or spots always present; the under side vnrics in color from umber to ferruginous, and is in all respects similar to the other form, except in the aljsence of the band ; this is often represented by a whitish stripe, of ratlicr clear color along its inner edge but gradually fading into the grounil of the wing in the direction of the hind margin ; occasionally this stripe becomes a band nearly as broad as in lamina, especially on primaries, but is still only whitish, or gray wliite ; in most examples it is broken and nearly obsoldc, in sonu' it is wantinji altowther.
Intermediate examjjles connecting the two forms have occasionally been tnkon. One of tliese is figured on the Plate (Fig. 6), and is in the collection «( Mr. Mead. In this the band on primaries is macular throughout, and on secomhiiics is macular, narrow, and blue-tinted: on the under side of secondaries it is m arl}'
LIMENITIS I.
wiinting. This was captured in the Catskills. Anotlier, from same district, lias tlif band on upper side narrow and macular, and only pine white Irom inner iii.irgin to cell, the remainder being crocked and indistinct; on secondaries the li.iiid is very narrow and ends at the first bninch of sub-costal nervure, and iii'iiily the whole area outside to margin is blue.
Kgg. — Shape nearly spherical, flattened at base; the whole surface covered by liexagonal reticul.iiions, forming cells which are roundly but sliallowly exca- vated ; from each angle of the cell arises a short, tapering, white, (ilamentoiis ,s|niic : color grayish-green. (Figs, a, a- magnified.) Duration of this stage 7 to !) (lays.
VouNG Larva. — Length, .09 inch; cylindrical, thickest at segments 3 to 5, tii|)cring gradually and .slightly to 13 ; color yellow-brown ; covered with fine cdiicolored tubercles, each giving out a short, white, clubbed hair; on scigments ?). 1. T), 0, and 12, is one prominent conical tubercle of darker color on either side of (lorsuni, those on 3, 6, and 12 largest; under side, feet, and pro-legs, yellow- bmwn* head much broader than bod}', sub-glohosc, narrowing a little towards to]i. liilobed, glos.sy brown. (Figs, hh^, magnified.) The larva rests mostly on its ventral legs, the anterior .segments being raised and somewhat arched. To fii'^l moult eight davs.
After first moult : length, .19 inch ; color, blacki.sh-brown ; on S is a light- Ipiowii patch, covering the dorsum and part of sides ; along base, over feet, a tli'^liy ridge ; segment 2 is narrow ; on segments after this there is one bro;id liiiuc, followed in most cases by two narrow ones, and these last an; thickly set wiili small tubercle? of irregular sizes, conical, each with short, whitish hair; on M I lie liroad ridge is considerably elevated dorsally, and at each end is a tawny ('iiiiiciil process, crowned by a clu.ster of little fleshy knobs, dark and light; bnween these are two small ones with little crowns; on 4 the elevation is less, and there are four small and equal crowned proce.s.ses in line ; on 0. also ele- vati'd, are two large ones with crowns, and on 12 are two; on each of the in- tervening segments are two small similar ones, and on all the segments, from ^ (() 11, are two small simple tubercles on the anterior part of the segment bt'ween tlip larger ones; these dorsal proccs.scs form two longitudinal rows, and arc "oncolored with the ground they stand on ; there is also a lateral row of sill all crowned processes, and others more irregular are placed on the basal riilge; feet and pro-legs, black; head obovate. truncated, and depressed at top, the vertices rather high, and each bearing a .short, black, comjjouiid process ; color bl.ick, the surface rough, and thickly covered with conical tubercles, those 111 top, .sides, and along the upper part of face, being largest, and mostly yidlow- Inowii ; remainder black. (Figs, c (?, magnified.) To next moult 6 days.
LIMENITIS I.
After second moult : Length, .24 inch ; in shape and markings much as at the last stage, hut the principal ridges are more elevated and all the processes more prominent ; those of 3, 12, and 13 now largest; on 13 are four, two at the ex- treme end and directed back so a;< to form a bifid tail, from the base of wliiili rise two smaller similar ones at an angle of about forty-five degrees ; the doi>iil patch buff, and extended partly over 7 and 9 ; the basal ridge buff on last thn>e segments; color of body, blackish-brown, the ends of the processes and tubercles generally lighter; the larger processes on 3 are not crowned as before, but the upper half is covered with knolis ; head nearly as before, the face black, the upper part and side yellow-brown, with tubercles. (Fig. d, magnified.)
Five days after second moult (length .4 inch) each larva had begun to make its case or hybernaculum, and three days later all had entered into them.
The first larva left its case the 29th March following, at Coalburgii, fed n little, rested, and after two days passed third moult.
After third moult : length .44 inch ; general color red-brown, somewhat specked and mottled with black, especially at the junction of the segments, tiio processes ferrugiaious-red or partly castaneous; .segments 2 to 4 yellowish, in- clining to bufl'; on dorsum of 3 is a clear buff, smooth, elevated cross ridjjc, excavateil on summit, and giving out at each corner an irregular, compoiniil knobbed appendage, .05 inch long, an<l wholly red ; between these, in line, two snjall crested tubercles ; on 4 is a narrow and low ridge on which arc four red tubercles, the two at the ends largest, and all crested with red knobs ; 5 lias a still smaller ridge with little red tubercles, and closely resembles 10 ; on G are two large mannnilloid processes, which occupy the whole ridge, and are castane- ous, with fine concolored crests ; 8 is immaculate, yellowish, except low down the sides, where it is encroached on by the brown color; 7 and 9 have the dorsal parts like 8, but both are specked with red and a little black ; on the.><e tlin^e segments are fine concolored and crested tubercles dorsally ; segments 10 to 13 are red-brown, the latter mottled with black ; on 11 are two small processes, on 12 two larger, on 13 two quite prominent, directed backward ; these last are Idiu'k with red knobs, and at base of each rises a small upright process; in ad- dition to the tubercles on the dorsum, are small ones on sides of nearly all seg- ments ; the basal ridge is brown in the middle segments, but after 10 gray-linir, making a distinct band of that color which widens po.steriorly ; head obov.ito, narrow, high, the sides well rounded, the top deeply cleft with a broad sutiiru down the face ; the vertices high and pointed, its wliole surface covered with simple rounded or conical tubercles ; those on the vertices rather more promi- nent than elsewhere, and those at back and sides long, conical, and separatcil ; color of lower face and of the sides of fiice up to the vertices blackish, the upper
LIMENITIS I.
jiarts Huffused with red; the top, sidew, and cleft, red; the tubercles mostly col- ored like the ground they stand on. As the larva approached fourth moult the iimI parts became dull and at length mostly brown. (Fig. e.) To next moult
1 1 (lay.s.
After fourth moult: length .0 inch: general color very much as immediately after third moult ; shape, same ; segment 2 yellow-buff, mottled with black, 3 dark liiiir, immaculate, the ridge as before, and tiie processes, which are .06 inch long; I is mottled buff, red and l)lack, and on either .side of the main ridge is a lower :ni(l narrower one; on the mam ridge are no processes as before, but on all these liilges are round, gla,s.sy, bead-like tubercles, thickly set, and red colored ; on iniddle of dorsum of tliis segment, in front of the anterior row of these beads, are I wo .similar beads, but large and ovoid, and directly in front of the space between tlicse two are small round ones; on 6 the niiuiunilloid proces.ses are as before, and (Mstaneous ; between them are four red beads, arranged in two pairs at anterior and |)osterior ])arts of the segment ; there is also on this segment a posterior narrow ridge thickly set with beads; C is buff, largely red on dorsum, with a headed ridge and scattered beads in front ; the patch on 8 is blue-gra^', and ex- tends partly over 7 and 9; 10 and 11 are alike, red with beads; on 10 are two .-niall dors(d crested red tubercles, and on 11 two larger, these crests all yellowish ;
12 and 13 are red, mottled with black ; the processes on 13 as at last stage ; on the sides, on several segments, are beads and small tubercles; the ridge at base of liody is gray-buffj distinct on last segments ; feet and })ro-legs red-brown; head nearly same shape i?s at last stage, rather broader in proportion, the tubercles similar, except at the vertices, where they are longer and larger, the largest (if all obliquely truncated; color of both head and tubercles amber, the ocelli l.laek. (Fig./.)
Matuue Lauva. — Twod 13s after fourth moult the red portion began to change to j.neeii, olive, and partly a light and deep green ; individuals varied in this re- spect ; the dorsal patch changed to sordid-buff, in one ca.se to dull red-buff, in another to whitish, the anterior .segments to gray or whitish, in one case to dark liutr. tjio side stripe to piid<, and on last segment to pure white ; the beads from III! to blue; the head became a dark dral). The larva at maturity was 1.2 ini lies long. (Fig.y".) Nine days after fifth moult it began to spin a button of white silk on the under side of a willow branch, and thirty-six lioiu's later be- came chrysalis.
('11KV.SALI8. — Length .9 inch; sub-cylindrical, the abdomen somewhat com liii^sed laterally, and terminating rather aliruptly ; the eilges of the wing-ca.ses thi(nigliout very prominent and turned up, the middle area incurved; iiead-case long, narrow, and tapering, truncated, the vertices ending in two wavy ridges, the
LIMENITIS I.
shorter of which is perpendicuhir to the other ; the inesonotum moderately ])roiii- inent, with a slight, blunt carinntion at Huminit, and a small conical tul)erclo on cither side ; on the middle of dorsum is a prominent, rounded, thin-edyed appen- dage, corrugated, especially at base ; color of wing-cases and anterior parts silvi'iy- gray, the former tinged with lirown, or pale black along their hind margins; there is some variation in the color of the wing-cases, from a lighter to darker shade, and the posterior part of the head-case is somewhat iridescent ; dorsal side of abdomen yellow-white, towards extremity gray ; on the ventral side alninst wholly gray and brown ; the dorsal appendage dark smoky-l)rown ; at base of this is a dark brown demi-band, crossing three segments; the surface of the seg- ment next before and next after the api)ondage, as well as !)efween it and tlio wing-cases, silvery and corrugated, (Figs. </, g'^.) Duration of this stage nine to ten davs.
This species, mostly in the form Lamina, inhabits the northern parts of the continent, east of the Rocky Mountains, and as far to the southward as tlic Floosac ^^ountains of western Massachusetts, the Catskills of New York, soiitli- ern Michigan and Wisconsin ; to the eastward, as far at least as the St. Law- rence ; also Nova Scotia and Newfoundland. The form Proserpina is limited to special localities or districts in the southern area of the species. In the Cats- kills the two are always found associating together, but the black is much less numerous than the other, the proportion apparently being about as one to ten. Mr. Mead, writing of his experience in these mountains, says: " When I collected every Proserpina I could find, I took 110. Of Arthemis 1 actually did take about 200, and could have taken a thousand without any difficulty." My own collecting there during several seasons .shows sub.stantially the same results. l!nt in the Adirondacks of northern New York, where Arthemis abounds, Mr. W. \V. Hill, in four .seasons collecting, has .seen no example o( Proserpina. So Mr. A. E. Gracf states that he found Arthemis abundant in the Adirondacks, but saw no Proserjnna.
Professor S. H. Peabody writes that he collected in the Hoosac Mountains the last week of June, 1873, and Arthemis was abundant. In 1875, was in V^erniont the middle of July, and walked up the western .slope of Mt. Mansfield, the hi^rliest of the Green Mountain range. He found Arthemis plenty, but neither there nor in Massachusetts has he seen Proserpina, and does not know of the latter havin;^ ever been taken in Vermont. Mr. C. H. Roberts, of Factory Point, southern Vermont, says "Arthemis is found abundantly in this region, and I have taken it in several counties of this State. I have collected for seven years, and have
LIMENITIS I.
not .seen tlio Proserpina form. I hiive twice bred Arlhenm from the egg, with iho ro.xiilt fiffy-iiine Arlhemis, but no Proserpina."
Mr. Sciidder, in Geological Report of New Ilainpshiro, cle.scriben Arthemis as Iriiig exceedingly abundant in the White Mountains, as well as in northern New iiiigland generally, and states that its southern limits nearly coincide with the iiiiithern limits of Ursula {Astynnnx) ; also that it has not been taken south of iMiissachu.sett.s, and but rarely in that State. Nothing is said of Proserpina in llii-i report, showing that the presence of this form in the State was unknown to tlir author. Mr. Morrison, who collected butterflies in the White Mountains in ls75. did not meet with Proserjuna.
Mr. C. P. Whitney, of Milford, .southern New Hampshire, says that Arthemis is rare in his district, and further : "What 1 have called Proxerpina, that is, with it white band across the fore wings, or traces of it, is fully as abundant here as I'rsuhi. which last varies much from examples of UrmJa found further .south. 1 Mill sure that my Proserpina are a variety of Ursula — a northern form. A Irw weeks ago I received a letter from a friend saying he had seen an Arthemit niiscd from a brood of Ursula." With this letter Mr. Whitney sent me ScJlP liikcn at Milford. One of those males shows a l)road white band acro.ss pri- iiiMiics below, and a macular stripe across same wings Ml)ove ; no white on eitiier side of secondaries. Another shows a cluster of whiti.sh scales in each interspace (|nit(> across primaries below, and a clear white spot at costal margin of second- iiiics ; but beyond this the«'e is no trace of a band on secondaries, or on upper side of either wing. The female also has a slight band on under side of primaries, mill faint traces on upper side ; but no white on secondaries. Three other males liiivc very slight traces of the band on under side of primaries, restricted to small clusters of scales in the two or three posterior interspaces. The romaiuing ex- iunples have nothing of this. The first three spoken of I have no doubt are line Proseriyina, and probably all the others are, though they cannot be distiu- friiislied from .some examples of Urmhi taken in certain districts where Arlhemin is never known to fly. All these Milford examples, and all from the Catskills \\\\'\v\\ I have ever examined, have this common peculiarity, that the general t"iili)iution of the under surface is similar to that of Arthemis, varying as this viiiics from cinnamon or ferruginou.s-red to chocolate-brown, exhibiting many sIkhIcs of color. Now in Ursula from the districts in which Arthemis is unknown tliiic is almost always a flush of blue-black or of green over a dark brown ground, though occasionally an example is ferruginous or light brown, just as some Arthemis are. On tlie other hand, now and then an example of Proser- ji'nin from tl»e Catskills has a flu.sh of blue-black. I have in my cabinet such a Proserpina placed side by side with an Ursula taken at Coalburgh, W. Va., in
limf:nitis I.
wliicli last the hluo lliisli is iiiucli k'ss tliiui iisu.il in rxaiiiplos here, and tlu' two jiro searci'Iy if at all (]istiiiguisliai)i(3 from each other. TluMvibrc 1 cannot say tiiat all thc'so iMIIford examples are not Proserpina; and indeed I do not know where Proscr/ihui emls and Urxuhi liei^'ins, tlioiij^'li a typieal example of eaeh is distinct enough. Mr. Sendder, in the re|)ort i)el'ore cited, speaking of Ursn/(i{Anfi/(niiu], says: "It is tolerahly abundant in the southern parts of New Kngland, and oeciins about as far north as the arninal isotherm of 15', the northernmost points recorded being l)id)lin and Milforil, N. II."
Art/'vniis must rarely cross the soutliern line of New Ilanip.sliire, or of Ver- mont except at the lloosac Mountains, which are a continuaticm of the (Jreen Mountains. Dr. Harris states that it is rare in Massachusetts; and Prof H. W. Parker, of Andierst, writes that he has never seen it in his district, or on Mounts Tom and Ilolyoke, or on the iiills al)out (Jhester.
Mr. Anson Allen, of Orono, central Maine, .says, ^' Arthemis i.s common here, l)ut I have never known of Proaerplna being taken. UrmUi \n not found liere.
Mr. II. II. Lyman, Can. Ent., V'l., p. 38, speaks of Ursula {EphcHtlon) ns hav- ing b(!en taken at Portland, Me. ; but I learn from him that he is now .sutislied that the butterllies wore Proxerplna.
To the eastward, Proser/iiiiu is recorded l)y Rev. C. J. S. Bethune, Can. Ent., II.. p. 5o, as having been taken in Nova Scotia.
Mr. Kobert Hiniker, of Rochester, N. Y., .says that Proserpina ha,s not been taken in that part of the State, so far as he knows, but that Arthemis is tid<(n about Rochester every summer. Also that Ursula is not common.
At Albany, N. Y., wliich is nearly in the latitude of the .southern line of Ver- mont and New IIamp.«liire, and is half a degree north of the Cat,skills, and not more than thirty mile.s from them, Arlhemix is usually rare, but in some sea- .sons has appeared in consideral)le nmnbers, accoiding to Mr. Lintner. lie has sent me two males of undoubted Proserpina, with traces of the band on both sur- faces, and another like these, but with no trace. As these graded from Proser- pina to what seemed to be Ursula, Mr. Lintner was led to the same comilusloii that other observers had reached, that Ursula orginated with Arthemis, through Proserpina. This apparent Ursula is preci.sely like the unhanded examples from Millbrd, with the coloration of under surface as in Proserpina.
Mr. Robert M. Grey, residing at Kenwood, near Albany, writes that he liiis taken examples of Proserpina three miles below Albany in company with i'r- ■mla. Anil of three males sent me by Mr. Grey, one was somewhat bamled. while the other two showed no trace of the band, and were of same type ns the supposed Ursula of Mr. Lintner. Mr. Grey states further that he has taken Proser-
IJMKNITIS I.
j,',i)ii in tlio Ilt'Mc'herjf MoimtiiiiiH. (irtccii miU's Imck dl" Alhiiny, in coinpanv with Arlluiim. An rxainple Hcnt from that locality was I'roserjiina, slightly handt'fl. A liflli mail', laki n livi- miles hai-k of Aiiiany, in " company with Art/iiinis ami I isidii." as Mr. (livy states, also showed traces of the hand, it is evident in all these cases that what has passed as llrmihi is oidy distin-juished IVoni I'roscif.ina li\ the ahsencc of tho hand. Hoth these types in districts inlialiiled l>v Arlliv- mis proi)alily come (Vom the same hrood of larva'. With the examples sent li\ Mr. Grey was a very interestinj^ one of J)ixip/iHs, consi(|erai)!y melani/ed, so tlinl there was snITicient a|)j)roa<;h to the hiack species to sngj^est hyl)ridisni he- lui'cn the two.
Mr. Adidpli Coinadi. of IJetldehem, I'enn., writes: '' Avlhonh is connnon in Mdinoe and I'ike counties, northeastern Pennsylvania, in the pine swamps. /'/•',»- rr/iiiin 1 have never taken myself, but a friend took one in Monroe County last sanimer. This had the white hand on primaries entirely wantinj^. whereas on secondaries it was fully developed, i have heen a collector of l< pidoptera for till' last eighteen years and have taken Ui'»ul<i in at least twenty counties of this Sliite. hnt 1 hav<' never taken one which varies from the ordinary type."
(ioinj^ westward, Dr. \\. M. W. (Jihbs, of Kalamazoo, Mich., writes that Ar- lli( iiilii is not a connnon species. That /'ro-' rjiina has heen taken in Wexford Ciiunty in the northwest (lat. 44 ).
I'rof A. J. Cook, of Liinsinjf, says that Arl/icini-s is fouml in the very north of liie kState, hut is rare, so much so that no examples of it arc in tlu' cabinet (if the A};riculturid College. I'rvsirpliin is found in the middle counties, and Irsii/ii in the south.
Mr. Charles E. Worthington. of Chicago, has collected exten.sivcly for .several vciiis in n.)rtliern Indiana and Illinois, hut has not met Arlltdiils or I'roserpliKi, tliiiMuii I'l'siilu is fre(|uently seen.
Dr. J. P. Iloy, of Racine, Wis., writes that Arthrmix was formerly (piite com- iiioM in his neighborhood, hnt of liite yetirs has become very rare, ami that I'rosi rpiitfi in certain localities wtis numerous ; and he sent mi' a well-marked cNiunplc of the latter form, mule.
Ilcv. .1. I). Ilidst collected in Miinie.sota. near St. Cloud, and at Dulutli and Siiiilt St. Marie: found Arfln'vi'iH everywhere, but saw no I'rosirjii/in-
.\s to the northern limits of PruHcrpiiKi : Mr. Win. Urodie, of 'I'oronto, writes lli;it his experience is based on acquaintance of thirty years with Arthcmix, i!in-ily in the central parts of County of York, about thirty miles north of To- I'liiito. Arthemis was very abundant, but he never saw a Canadian speciuun of l'r".ii'rplna. On the other hand, Mr. W. Murray, of Hamilton, Ontario, says: "For the
LIMKNITIS I.
liiHt Hcvfti orcijflit yonrs 1 liavo I'oimd I^ronrrptnn in compiiiiy with Arlhcmin, Imt they lire ncvor |>l('nly. Four ycarH n;^o, 2(1 July, I trit-d Hugaiiuj^ in the dnv- time, and among tlic innocts wliicli caiiu' to tlio HUgar were four ArtfirniiH .mil one I'ronerpinn. On the tn-t' oni> of (he Arlhcmia was trying to mate with the /'roscrjjiiKi, wlu'ii 1 disturbed tlicin." Hamilton Ih about fifty mili-s to tlic soutli of Toronto, an<l lu-arly in line with th;' :-i<»iith('rn lioundury of Vermont. So in Can. Knt., IX., ji. 140, Mr. Mofliit wtate.s that Proserpina has been taken iiiar Hamilton occasionally, and always in company with Artheniis.
In (,'an. Knt., VII., p. 2(iH, in a list of biittorllies taken at Ciodbout Hiver, mi tlie north side of the lower St. I^wrcnce, in the Hcasons 1873 and 1874, in wiiicli ArthemiH is included, and said to be common, but neither Vroserpina nor Ursula are mentioned.
1 formerly received a large invoice of buttcrfliea collected by Mrs. Christina Ross, at Fort Simpson, Mackenzie's River, nnd among them were many Arlhrriiis, but no I'roHerpind. \\\\\ to the west of Fort Simpson, Mr. Dall did not find the species on the Yukon Hiver. Nor <lid Mr. (Jrotch meet with it in British Coliiia- bia. 1 have never .seen an example taken in the Rocky Moinitains, and I tiiiiik the statement of Mr. Reakirt, Proc. Ent. Soc., Phil., VI., p. 143, that Arllumin has been taken in Colorado, must be erroneous.
The wesl( rn limit of the species seems to bo to the east of the Rocky Moun- tjiins, and tlu? southern coincides nearly with latitude 43', but where high moun- tains cross that line the limit lies u degree or two farther .south. ProKerphxi appears in certain localities along the southern area between latitude 44' iiixi 43', nnd in the Catskills, 42^
The southern limit of Proserpina coincides with the northern limit of Urxnlit, and in sonu- regions, as in Michigan, proi)aldy overlaps. And wherever Prosc/y/'/w appears there are found individuals banded almost as conspicuously as Ar//i< iniH, and from tJu'se there is a regular gradation to what has been con.sidered a north- ern form of Urxula, showing no itand or traces of one, and these last, as wc go south, grade into the typical Ursula. Below the line of Arthemis there is a belt of .several degrees of latitude in which many Urmia clo.scly resemble Proseipinn, with the exception of the band. In other words, the northern form of Ursula lives throughout this broad belt, side by side with the southern form. The fonrier are blacker on upper side, the latter are sufTused with blue or green, and llie lustrou.s area is not confined to the margins of .secondaries, but often runs (|iiiLe t« the base. The former have the under surface either dark or light brown, .iin- ning into ferruginous, and the apex of primnrie.<« is of the same hue with serdiid- aries. In the latter a blue or green sheen hides the ground of secondaries, mid the apex is of a light shade of brown, and often more or less sufTu.sed with a
LIMKNITIS I.
Iiiiiiry whito; iind not unlViMiiuMitly in tliis licit iirc taken in<liviilu(ilH wlii<li liiivo iiMCi's more or U'sm distinot oC a wliiti.sli liiintl lU'io.xs out* or liotli winj^s. I Imvo tHciiHioniilly taken Huch ('xain|)lt'M at Coalhurjrli, lat. ;>H' 20'. Dr. John Hamilton, di' Allt'K'"'"y, l*cnn., lat. 40' ,'50', writes: "Dnrinj,' Heveii year.s 1 have never f<(in Arlhcmh in this Comity, and I have never seen a specimen which was ciip- tiircd in tliis Slat(^ Ursula is conunon. Many of (iiom, especially of the females, li;ive the white hand on hoth sides of the win;,'." Dr. Hamilton went me a pair, lidtli of which show this hand, the female on both sides, the male on imder side (iiily.
I may mention hero that the female fij^in-ed n.s Prostcrpbi'i in Volnme 1. of this work is nndonhtedly a handed Urmia. It was taken in the mountains of I'enn- r^\ Ivania.
I received from Mr. Worthinj^ton 2(? 2 9 Urmila, taken near Chicaffo, These were of large size and of the .southern type, hut one male and om; female show tlir l)an<l very plaiidy on the under side of primaries.
Kxamples of Ui'HuIn from Arizona did'er more from those of West Virginia than the latter from Prosirpuia of the Catskills. There is a constant departure lioiii the northern type as we go to the .south and southwest.
I liclieve, therefore, with Messrs. Whitney, Lintncr, firev, and others, that of tlicsc forma, Arlhemit is the original; that it lirst gave olf I'roKcrpind in special loiidities luid under some inlluence, perhaps of climate, but not yet determined, j\i<l as Papilio 7'«ntMS gave off GhtucuH ; and that from Proserpina has come rrmild, which, as it made its way .south, became double-brooded, and has more aipl more diverged from its first type.
rnfortiinately 1 have not yet been able to breed Ursula, and know the larva only from figures. As given in Abbot, it is like the larva of PrDscr^nna in color. It i-i (piite unlike that given in Boi.sduval and Leconte, which resembles the larva 111' /Jinlppus.
Arlhemis is a forest .species, and may be .seen, in it.s season, either singly or in groups, along the roads and paths, particularly wherever there is exciementi- lioiis or decaying animal matter. When alarmed, it darts swiftly away and courses up and down the path, or (lies into the trees, but will soon return to its tii-t resting-place. It flies at some distance from the forest also, and visits or- (li.iiils for the rotten apples, and farm-houses for the chance of what it may find to its liking. Mr. Scudder tells us that " the matrons of the houses in the valley ol I'cabody River, N. H., complain of these in.sects entering their kitchens in ^ucli number as to be a very nuisance. One of them relates how she has taken nioie than fifty on the inside of her windows on a single morning. Mr. Hill saw, on one occasion in the Adirondack's, a log closely packed with Arlhemia standing
HUh' llV M<ll'.
LIMKNITIS I. 'r';>- iiirva' li-fd on llu' ii'iivcs of will
o\v. as
pe
n, I
)ass-\voo(l, ami, it
is .said, on ;Iioin. In llic ("atskills, the i-gt^s an laid the last davs oi'Julv or emlv in AiifTust, on vounjj; tins, and hut one ejrj; upon one loaf. This is placed niiu' the tip ( Kijr. "), and the newlv liafchcd larva ciits away the leal'ou lioth sidc-i of the niidrii). When at rest, it is to l)e found on the stripped portion of the rib. mikI is easily discovered hy this habit. When two larvtB are hatched on one leaf. n< iiapp" IS when two eggs have heen laid in conlinenient, Mr. M"ad has ni/iiccil thai one (d' them occupies the niidrii), while the other rests on a peich con- striicti'd by itself froiii (he side ol' the leaf. This pi'reli, he says, is iicailv a (piarler of an inch loiii; and aliout one lil'tietii of an inch in diameter, irregiilarlv
i<l small bits of the leaf, fastened together iiml
cvlindrical and comiiosi'd of fr
iss a
eoveri'd with
^ilk
Liincnitis JJisijijiks ha.s in all respects laival habits similar to Arlhoiiis. .hhI . 1 have often watched the constrnetion ol' the perch in that speeies, one accoiint
wil
i|iply to both. The end of the rib is no sooner laid bare than it is conlcd and wound with silk, and to the extremity are li.xi'd grains of laival e.xcreiiiciit. at. first but two or three, placed one after the other in line. These are boimd togelher and to the lib, and being small as grains of rille powder, they liinn ;i coiiliiiuatioii of about the same diiiKMi>ions as (he rest of the perch, and secin elfectual to prewiit eiirling as the rib dries ( Fig. h). As the larva grow-^. tlic
pr
oeess is eontinuid until this artificial portion will measure live or si.\ tenths
of ail iiicl:. and makes a stout, irri gular cylinder, the entire pr-rch reaching.' aliout one and i half inches | Fig. //). It is constantly strengthened by addition-: of silk, the lai' I almost iiivaiialdy. as it ^oes back uiul forth from its feeiliii'.:' groiiiiil. adding ; breads and piitchiiig the weak place
On tl
I'
'b ih
irva. Ill It-
younger stages, that is. before hybernation, always rests, going to (he leaf lor food at short intervals. It occupies the middle of the perch and its usii.il alliiiide
IS a (wist, the veil
(ral 1
egs c' isplll;
lilt the anterior half of the bodv is bent
down
tl
le
ide o* and somew jiat lllHlel'
th
1'
•li. If two larvii' are nfieeil
on llu
th
ailie
K'af. one alwa\s takes posse-ision of the extremity, often with -oiiic'
thing of a contest and knocking of heads together ; but the other will pr
e-eii
llv
found on one edge, excavating on either side ol a narrow strip which is to dni
' Till' li;iliil (if yiitliii'iiin ill iliii-i' ii'dwiU is < .niiiiinn In iimiiv fprcii'!' of liulli'itlic*. iiml, «ii far n» I Iiii.pw.
IH r<il)filM-<l .illllM-l it' It'll will
III (III
iiii-iitiiiiti'il it ill iiiv
lli.ln
i.f I',
lint nliiiiii ilii'
tiiMr lliMl MMii I iiiliil. I ii;i» :i va»llv l;ir;ii'r '.Mllici in;; nf l':i|iiliiis Tiiiinn, 7Viii/ii.«. ami l/Vn'. |iriiiri|iiilli "I lliB
lirsl iif llii'M', lliiii I liinl licvrilii'il. I was ilriviiit: iiliiiii.; \\ cri'i'k in llii.< iiii^lilniiliiioil, 'iil .(inir. I**i
iinl
imn:
M'll .\ tl.ii I'lirk liy A<W i<( till
vliirli
mI III!
i.ivi- 'uTii iiiiii-liMU'il liv ilii' ilriii|iiii«ii I'linii
vir it. A «|i;i(c Tiiii |i«« til. ill ti.iir fiil si|ii!irr wii> iniwitiil with tin 'i' l'.i|iiliii>. .Vlli liiitlrrll\ . wliirli si'iiiii'il Hni|ili'. tliirr win- ii|iwarili uf '.'..liid in tliiit tu.-.f*. In ciniiBi' i law biuiilar ^utlicrinijs uf frmii m'ui'vs iu hiiiniriMls uf iniliviiliiiiU.
win^ inic ii i'
ll tiM
lil.'.' .I-
I.IMKNITIS I.
-litiitc the lifisi' of tilt" pcrcli. This is Ijoinid and h'tigtlu'tii'd witli IVass and Mivcs I'very pnrposi'.
Mdtli tln'st- s|»i'ci('s of larvii' have .\ liahit (if accuninlatinjf little scraps of leaf ii the Imsf and under sidi' ol' the jiereh till (piile a |)iU!kel is fornied. and this is
Killed haek aH the snhstance of the leaf is eaten so as to lie clew to ll iit edi.'e
i.r t!ie leaf. This edge, in willow, is kept neaily s(|nare. a section lii'iiig eaten liom one hilie and then a coi-responding one from the other. In liegiiniing on a lii'-h .-e<'tion, the larva lies diagi :ill\ across one corner, the anal legs clasping the liiise of the perch, and its In id will strike the side of the leaf aliout two I. iiihs inch aliove the corner. It .'ats a ciinal nearly perpemlicnlar to the side ;iiid towards the niidrih ; not all at oik'c. Ii\ any means, for this is the result of .-iveral nu'als. in tin- intervals alwiiys retiuuing to the perch. When the rili is icmcIk'iI, the firva then licgins to W-nl on the lower side of the canal ne\i j|ic iil>. an<l to keep the slender and unsteady hit of leaf in position it spins guys fiom the t'ud and edge to the solid leaf opposite an<l to the rili. .\s the feeding proceeds and a consideralile triangle is held only liv a nai'row strip, whiidi <liinin- i-lies at each moulhtul. more guys are put out. and. at last, when the triangle lalls, it is held liy the threaiU and swings to the liasc of the perch. !•' not. it is .>-()on lirouglit there hy fi.ving one thread after another from it to the rili and leaf nil it if pullt'd to its ])lace. Ili're it is liound loos(dy. .\s other hits are added, ilici'e ('(lines to lie an open packet, held togellicr liy siniple thrciid-. and of alioul (iiie tealh incli diameter. Ii\ the two \ounjicr singes this is move(l along as the l;u\;i feeds, and is always kejil clo^e to lln- leaf. |iarlly hy |iu.^liiiig. what is gained iit each eHlirt heing secured li\ threads, or it is rolled hy uttaching sueceKsive iliicads from the farther side to the leaf and rili till the mass is turne(| over. After the st'cond stage the packet i> left iiehind. and no additions are made to it I Klg. /(). 1 was at lirst pu/./le(l IomccouiiI fur lhi>- conslructiMi; : hut h.ippeiiiiig to »ce line of the caterpillars liack down 'he perch and drop it.- c.vcrcinenl directly iMio the packet, it occinred to me that really this was the magazine whence the l.oxi drew its materials for lentflheniug the perch On pidling some of the pack- et- iipart a few grains were always found in them. Thi< I lielieve to lie the ii-e <>l the packets, and without .some contrivance to catch the frass. it is diDicnlt to -'<■ Im'W the larva olitains the n a'erials it uses. Apiiarenlly it drops just aliout eiHMigli into the jiacket lor the oliject in view, tor it is certain that the grains art* ii-ii;illy expelled wherever the larva happens to he. and lldl to the irround. .\fter ill" .'lid of the perch is sulHcieiitly strengthened and there i-* im further lU'ed of tl.i LM'aiiis, tile packet is dropped hehind and iiegli'cted.
ri.e larvii- of Arllii mis hatch in from t^i'ww to i,im' days, nndetgo two moult.-. mil c (instruct, eiicli tor it.self eiu«.'n or hyljoruueulii of k'livt'H in which to pass the
LIMENITIS I.
winter. Ah the woatliiT in s])riiig,bec(iinfs settled and warm, they emerge from tiieii eases, I'eetl ii lew days sparingly, iuid pass the third moult, soon to be fol- lowed Ity the fourth and last, and must change to chrysalids from Ist to 15lli June.
The Ibrni Proserpimt was hy many lepidoptcrists considered to be a variation of Ursula; by others as a ])robable hybrid between that species a.n([ Artheinii^ ; and others, again, suspected diniorpliism with Arthernis. To settle the point, Mr. Mead made efforts to l)roed from the eggs of both forms in 1875, and in t'liii P/Ut., \'1I., p. 1(12, relates the history of the experiment as follows : " In obtaiiiiiif,' eggs of Arthi'inix, 1 have been very successfid, partly, 1 think, on accoimt of a method of keeping the |)arent in good lieaith and si)irits, devised some years ago, and which has given very satisfactory results. A notch is cut in the side of an empty wooden in)X, tlirougli which a branch of willow may be passed, care being taken to select a leafy spray so as to partially fdl the box with loli- age. It is then covered with gauze tacked fast on one side and part way mi the ailjoiiung sides, that on the fourth being held down by a piece of wood lastened to the renuiining flap of gau/.e. This renders easy the exanunatioii of the contents ut any time. A saucer of raw dried «pple, sugared, and partly filled with water, is put in. and the cage is conijdete. Butterflies like ,1/- t/icunn will live in such a vivarium for two weeks and more aftci* their capture, and appear to enjoy the food provided for them immensely, layi.'g many m<)r(( eggs than if inclosed in a bag and allowed to perish of hunger and thirst. .^Iy fifh'cii lemales iA' Arthtvils have laid a very large nund)er of eggs, probably over live hiuidreil. They at first observe i\n' usual custom of depositing the eggs on the tips of the leaves, but become reckle.-ss after a while and lay them anywhere. I counted considerably over a hundred u|)on the cloth covering the box. A d'- niale of I'roxerplna has also laid thirty-one eggs." This was last of July, itl. Iluuler, in tlic (^itskills. The larvm from these eggs in large numbers lived t(/ nuike their cases, and part were brought by mo to Coalburgh, while Mr. Mt miI retained part at Ithaca, N. Y. All the.se werv! found to be dead in the s|)riiig, from our not understanding the conditions necessary for pres(Mving them. Hiii a few of the Arllii'iniH larva) had been allowed to feed on the leaves of a small wil- low, in New York city, and to make their cases on it, and three or four were alive These all jjmdured Arl/ictniii, and we therefore knew no more of the relation-^liip of I'rosirpiiia tliaii before.
In August, 18711, I went to the Catskills too late by nearly a month for tin- Huason of these butterflies. Hut a few individuals, mostly females, were still Hy- ing, and I took some of each form and treated as directed by Mr. Mead. All r<! fused to lay except one I'ruserjjina, which deposited eleven eggs. The eflecl (il
LIMKMTIS I.
I he feeding on sugar wiitcr was to make the bodies enormously fat, so tliat tliey ^welled out like the bodies of wasps and the insect coidd scarcely move about, iind in a few days died. Probably tiiis excess of fat hindered the hiying of eggs, lor there always were found to be a few mature eggs in the ovaries. These egi's kA' ProHirpina iiatched, beginnitig on the ninth day, and the larvic fed well. Hut before they had reached the hybernating stage, I had to guard tiiem in a warm room, and to keep branches of aspen and willow in water to supply them with lood. Out of doors tlie leaves were falling, the frosts becoming severe, and it was certain that not one of these larva> or of any larva*, then feeding naturally, ciiuld have reached the hybernating stage. The existence of the species is in faot due to the development of the eggs laid in July and early in August. The larvae hatched lOth to \'1\\\ .Septeud)er. began to pass their fust moult, ISth, and second on 21th. Nine lived through the second moidt. On 27th, the first one hud (iHupleted and taken possession of its case.' The eggs liiil been laid on willow, but after second moult I trans- Icn-ed the larviK to aspen, which they readily took to. \ 1 ry soon aft«'r the transfer some of them began to cut dill the ii.itterns of the cases. First eating a narrow ciiiial for one (piarler inch, the width of the head, ob- hipiely outward from tlie stem at base, a ; next a canal of same length on the side of th<! leaf, about three fifths the distauce to the ape.v. perpeiidicular to the edge, />, then li. ruing this at a right angle in the direction of the first canal and cutting for a hith- distance; then crossing to the other half of the leaf and cutting similar iMiiaN; after which the extretnity of the leaf was cut otT by an incision from tbr ImiiiI in the .second canal directed ol)liquely forwanl to the midrib, first on one ^idc then on the other, c ; next the first and se(V)nd canals on one side were joined, (/. then on the other side, and there remaiiied of the leaf but a small fiddle- sh;i|ic(l piece, lying almost e(|ually on either .-'de the rilt. Hefor*,' and iluring the tiiiic tbi.s work was progressing, the larva had taken intervals of rest from the cut- tiiii. and had occui)ied itself in weaving threads from the branch to the stem, iiii'l along the npper side of the leaf, tlius coating with silk what was to be the iniih' of liie rase. Finally, l>eginning at the ba.se, it drew the edges partly III (iber for a little distance, leaving an o|)en space between of about one tenth iiti h, and held them in position by single threads ; then proceeded to weave a
' I'lii' larv,i! of Disippni. ;it rniilliiirali, p.iiH oillicr two or lliret' moiilli before liyln'rn»tinn, litU I hiive lir'Mwii ijf only two moiiU" in tlii<i KiiciicH afti'r hyl>ernation. To the nortliwnnl I tliinic it posiiible tliat ilia (il! inoiilta arc liiiiilvil tu tiro, as willi Arthemia.
LIMKNITIS I.
tliick poniiaiicnt covcriiijf lo tliis irap; which dono, it wnrkod back, (Irawiiijr (lie ('(IfTos as hcloiv. and wcaviiijj. till at k'lii^th tlio case was coiiipletc. (Kif.'. /.) As it s))iiii. (lie laiva was in a constant state of anxiety about its work, ns if it foresaw the storms of rain and wind it innst be snbjecte<l to lor many lonj^ months, slint in this slemler house. In (dosin<r, it lies uloiij^ the miilrii» inside, its anterior sejjrnu'Uts e.\tendin<f over tlie top. and it moves its head trom side to.!deweav
iiii
l( ic
a concave ediri-. Jhit it often reached far over and addeil a thread here and tl where the woik seemed to he finished, and it would fre(|nently leave the case lo inspect the fastening's al)out the iininch. and to weave additional threads there as needed. The silk is passed entirely around the Itraneh. and binds both sides
of the leaf-stem, in weavinj' at the ease the larva
won
Id
soon become
iiaustt'd. I timed one aetivelv at work for ten minutes. an<l there succeeded
ex-
ni
tt'i'val aliuut as lon<^ of rest, the larva Iviii;^ motionless al
out:
til
e imilnl)
When at last the case is finishe<l, the larva enters, and rests awhile, but presently coiuea out, runs about examinin>:; the stem and the fastenings, then returns — and this scrutiny will be repeated perhaps thi'ce or lour linu's. Two liuv;»» were ke|)t in the same j^lass, each of ,vhich had coiiii'icuced a case and partly
inclosetl it. when I removed one
Th
e other soon began to anuise itse
iftiug about, trying each case and working at it. and liually com])leted and (n
eupied that which it had not he
gun.
Some days after all hail ap])arently retired
for the siMson. one came out and wamh-reil uneasily about, but a few hours later was found lo ha\c returned to its case and wa.s seen no more.
There was soiiu- variation in the mo(h' of cutting the pattern, as sometimes work was begun on the sidi' of the leaf instead of at the base. But it alwavh resulted in the same liildle-shaped piece, '{'he cutting was (>vidently fatiguing. IVom the inconvenient position of body rcfjuired. the head and anterior .segments li;i\iiig to be bent sideways, even lo a right angle much of the time, and tin- larva freijiU'Utly rested ami shifted iis place. It was ncvi'r found on the wrmig side of the out. however, oi' in danger of failing with the rejected portion of llic leaf. Occasionally alU-r having begmi a case the larva would ilesert it and con- struct another. The larva- finally entered tin- cases head first, their bodies eon- ti'acting in length and |iioportionaiely thick<'uing so as to com|iletely lil! the upper end of the tul>e. and allow nothing to be visible from the aperture. \vliili' over this last the long llap of the leaf soon curved snifieienlly to keep out waiei-.
I'rob.iblv in natural state the case is constriu;ted from llie leaf on wliiih Hm'
caterpular began its existence, whether wnlow or as|)en. I his is so wi
ith iJl
pt.
'/'■ ts. The t'uds of the leaves ha , t' been ealen awav and (-n!\ the sides need
shaping. Rut if the residue \< insnilieieni. or for any reason does not an<Nver the purpose, the caterpillar moves to another leaf and beg-ns cutting.
LIMENITIS I.
In relating the history of Melitnea Phae/on, 1 have .shown how caterpillars work ill community for protection against the winter. In the present case' we see the individual taking care for itself, and witii what forelhoiighf, meclianieal skill, and |i;itionco the end is secured. Some caterpillars rover tlieinsi'lves in a web, or iiiml two leaves together loosely; mere conceal tlicinselves under wood and stone, or in the sod ; but here is one wlio has t'lrned tailor, weaver, and house-builder, li knows just what sort of leaf lo choose for its purpose, takes its own nu'asure- Micnt, cuts out the pattern on a system peculiar liut eOt'ctive, sows it up. and inserts an elastic silk baud which will be its .security when the drying leaf con- 1 1 acts, upholsters the interior, binds the stem of the leaf firmly to the branch, iiinl takes possession, even hf ving provided against the ingress of water by a flap t.|i;i|icd when the pattern was cut out. One caniuit but wonder liow sur-h a habit ori'^nnated and how it is perpetuated. Young birds are supposed to make obscr- viilions on the nest they were fledged in, and so prepare themselves to build a fiiiiiilar one when the proper time comes; but this caterpillar never saw anything like its winter house, and the butterfly which laid the egg from which the cater- piiliirs came knew nothing of houses. In the event of there being a .summer as well as a fall brood of one of these case-making species, as in the .southern Disippus and Ursula, the larvae of the early broods need no shelter, as tliey liikc no rest, but proceed through all the larval stages to maturity and to chrys- alis, and this habit of hou.se-building manifests itself, therefore, oidy in the alter- nate generations. Nothing in the life-history of :i butterfly seems more won- derful than that the egg should invariably be laid on the food i)lant proper to its caterpillar; for very few caterpillars are omnivorous, but lu'arly all will feed (111 two or three, and often on one species only of plant, and if they do not liiid fli<> righf plant they die; of himger. It woulii seem as if the butterfly has a reiiu'inbrance of her former caterpillar state. Now she is as (iifl'erent as pos- HJliie, a creature of the sun and air, eating no solid food, for she has no mouth, iml lives on liquids drawn up through a tube ; then .«lie was a crawling worjn. and voraciously fed on leaves, cutting tliein with powerful jaws. And between tlie-:i' stages there has inlerveru'd anotlii'r tiiat wmdd seem to have divided (hem e(iiM|i!etely, certainly to have extinguished all recollections in the butterfly. And yet she seeks the particular plant her caterpillar mu.st feed on. and finds it.'
' At Conlhiirgh lh« larviE of Pi.ii/ipiiit fird on willow, nnd no aspi'n prowH in llii!< p»rl of tlir Sliili i;, tin ra(»kill«, Initli willow* nnci nopins alKiiind, nii<l iIhto lliii* n|K'<i.(i prefers to feeil on the lHtt4'r. 1 luiv mien foiiii I llieir eases on yoiin'^ ii»|i(nii late in the full, Imt never on willow, lliont>li willow woiil'l lie usiil if there W.11. no choice. In IHTB, I liroii({ht several small as[«ns to Coalliiir^'li and planied, and since that lime I lind many larvm of Omppuf feedin;; on the leaves; hilt on the willows near hy, on whiili I lia<i heiMi accnstoined to linil iheni, I rarely havo met one. Here was a ease when' pcihaps for huiilieds of (iineiaiions neither eai.rpillar nor hiUlerfty eoiild have seiii an nspen, 'ml tiie moim-.it one was proiliiced the liutterlly knew what W' 11 mil the caterpillar best, and dosertcil the willow.
LIMENITIS I.
The hyberimcnlii me liaMe to be rolthed hy birds and pr<)l)al)ly hy somo in- Meets, for those of Dlslppus may often be found opened near the base, the hiiviu luissinj?.
1 brought the eases of Prnserplnn to Conlliurgh. and kept them out of doors during tlic fall and winter, exposed to tiie weather, but shadetl from the sun. Itinding them to the twigs of a little tree, and covering tiie whole with a mu-lin bag to protect from birds or insects. This method succeeded well. On iOtli March, I removed them to the grei'nhouse. having previously forced willow branches so that a provision of leaves was secured. On the 29th, two came; ont of their cases, and on the .'51st pa.ssed .iie third moult.
One of the Proserpina larvie can\e out of fourth moult with only one of the clubbed appendages on third .segment, its i)lace being sup])lied by a small tulKTcle similar to the two iiuier ones on same segment; but there was no deformity in the butterfly which came from this larva. They were voracious feeders, liked best to be in the full glare of the sun, and moved about very little. As they approached maturityi 1 arranged some arched twigs for them to su.spenil to. iiml was able to watch the process of spinning the button of silk and attsicliin;; the anal feet to it. This button was thick, rounded, nnide of white silk, and soon alter it was finished the larva turned round, and with .some effort got the hin<1er pair of its ventral legs upon it, moving back and forth till it reiiclicd that position, depending entirely upon its sense of feeling, 'i'hen it moved for- ward slowly till the anal legs touched the silk ; after which it braced itself on .dl its thoracic and ventral legs and began, with nnich muscular action, especially ;ip- par(;nt in the last three segments, to force the claws of the anal legs into the silk, pushing back, then pulling forward and pushing back again, with repetition for nearly five minutes, till the object was accomplished. Then the larva rested cxhausteil and jterfeetlv quiet, its head and tlioraci<! s(>gmeuts hanging so that the legs on these segmiMits did not touch the twig, the ventral legs all cli-ip- ing it. Shortly after, it cast oU'aiid hung l)y the anal pair only, the body straiLdit. the anterior segments nearly at right angles, the bend being on the fifth seg- ment. Twenty-four hours later, the body hung in a sinuous curve, and the an- terior segments were roinidly bent up, the heail resting on .second segment. Ten hours after, I ob.served a muscular movement from tjiil to head, passing in wmvcs beneath the skin, while the body was nearly straight and much elongated. .Alter some minutes of rJu-se throe-, the skin burst on the top of the hea<l and ilown the suture of the f»»«r m well as back lo the third segment, and the meson"! mn of the elM'VSftlis force«l' <>w way through the rent, followed by the hea<l case, and f#y the crt>> j-ing moveiii» nt of the ImmIv the skin was .slowly shulUed back. The fl'Ui was «/fj)jtjue, the dorsal side of the cliry.salis being exposed three segments
LIMENITIS r.
Ik voiul the ventral, and tlio skin fitted ti<,di(ly on the anterior parts, but at the list segments wiis loosening and padding in a mass. As the skin on the dor- -:d .•^ide was pushed back to (he tentii segment, a violent and somewhat pro- ii;icted I'fTort began for the extrication of tlie tail of the (ihrysalis from the >kin, a.id the abdominal segment-s were successively expanded and contracted lo an extreme degree, while the chrysalis rose steadily towards the button of nlk and grasped it with the booklets on the end of the anal pads, after an I \lraordinary and convulsive struggle, in which it threw itself almost up to a liiir horizontal with the silk. Observations recently made on the pupation of the N\ iiiphalidfr, by Dr. J. A. Osborne and otiiers, .show that the chrysalis at the ( lisis of pupation is supported by a mendirane or ligament formed of the inner (lint of the larval skin, which catches on two knolis or points developed about siinc time on the anterior edge of the last segment of the chry.sdis, and so holds till' chrysnliH till the liook,s are caught in the silk. It has hitherto been a.ssumed tli.il the sup])ort was found in the gra.sping of the .skin between the segments of till' chrysalis.
When the chrysalis of I'roscrpina rested, it was greatly stretched ami quite ilidi rent in shape from what it soon after became. At first it measured .95 inch long, llit^ head cas(> was very short, and the wing cases measured l)ut ..'> inch in linuth, reaciiing just over the upper edge of seventh segment, and were scarcely iii-cd above the surface of the thorax. The dorsal aj)pendage was but little niuuded, not very prominent, and its edgi* wiis blunt instead of siiarp, the sides -wdllcn instead of excavati'd. Moreover, it was equally curved at both ends. Ill KMirse of an hour the abdominal segiueu,s had telescoped, tue wing cases had I ir|)t to the top of eighth segment, lengthening one tenth inch, and were much c'lMited, giving the hunched form to the chrysalis which is characteristic of the L'^tinis; the head case had thrust itself out, the mesonotum become rounded and vi I y prominent, and tiie dorsal appem'.age was uncveidy rounded at the ends, ill 11. sharp, excavated on its sides. The chrysalis finally measured .8 instead of Vi inch.
I had lost .some of the larva' during the winter and brought but four to iliiysalis. From these chrysalids emerged three Lamina and one Proserpina, wliich last is shown on the Plate (Fig. ">). As may be seen, this \» very near t'isu/a. Tn Vol.1, is figureil a male with the white bands largely developed, mill examples may be taken in the Catskills showing every grade between these extremes.
LIMENITIS I.
EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE.
AUTHEMIS. Vwn. I, 2, F<>"" LAMINA ,?., 8, 4, 9- Fki. T), Fokm I'UO.SERl'INA i. Var. of samk, (J.
« Eoo ; a', same m«g..ifif<l ; «', niicroi.ylo of same.
6. YOLNO ..AUVA (not on Pla.c but near «) ; *', »«me .nagniHed ; J', head of name magn.flcd.
r. Larva after l»t n.oult ; c\ san.c ; .', head, magnified.
d. Larva after 2d moiilt ; </", liead, niagnilied.
c. Larva after 3d moult, natural size ; e», hea.l, magnified.
/. Larva after 4tli m.mlt, natural ai/c; /^ Rnmo stage, but matur*.
/». Head after 4th moult, mugnilicd.
g CiiBYSAl.is; »', dorsal view of same.
, Hybernacnlun, or winter case, constructed and occupied after second moult. , Perch on which the larva rests after second moult, showing the rejected packet of b, ts of ..a Two perches occupied by young larva are shown (without letter) and one of these represenU the pacUct in its earliest stage.
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COLIAS II., III.
I have l)re(l, a nialo and a female, were from larvae wliich had these spots hirgi'ly developed. Both are dark lemon-yellow above, and of a rich shade beneath, heavilv dusted. In the male (Fi<--. 5, PI. 1.) the discal spot on under side of primaries is red-centred, and the fringes on npper side are roseate throughout, not mixed with yellow as is usual. The other butterflies of the brood were in no way singidar.
About Coalburgh, riulodice appears early in May, and is on the wing in suc- cessive generations till about the first of November, by which time severe frosts destroy them. The eggs are deposited upon the clover leaves, a single one to ii plant, and the females may often be seen flying about the lawn or meadow for tins purpose. I have not attempted to obtain eggs in conflnement upon other food- plants attributed to the species, but Mr. Dodge has succeeded with the bufliilo- pea, Astralagus caryocarpns, which grows on the prairies, and is one of the plants on which the larvix) o( J'jitri/fheme feed. The young larvns are at first rather dif- ficult to mannge, having a disposition to roll ofTthe leaves, and are apt to be lost in the breeding-cage. 1 have succeeded better when inclosing them in covered glass vessels, changing the leaves frequently. This tendency to drop at the least distui banco the larva> retain till maturity, and it is naturally their sufficient pro- tection against enemies or destruction. They lie exposed on the upper surface of the clover leaf, and resemble its color closely. When first from the egg, eiich makes for itself a hole in the leaf, and feeds at the edges of this for several days (Figs, c, d,), but as it iicreases in size it devours the leaf from the end or side. As the time approaches for the change to chrysalis, the larva .seeks the protection of some stem, bit of bark, or fence rail, spins a button of pink silk and a light web over the surface of the object, fastens its anal feet in the one and its forefeet in the other, and hangs with its back curved downward or outwnrd. Gradually the mi\rkings of the body become olditerated, lost in uniform green. In this condition the larva rests for some hours, then rousing itself, spins a loop of several threads from the base of the feet on one side to a like pomt on the other, instinctively knowing just how long to make the threads, and pres- ently, seizing the loop in its jaws, manages to throw it partly over the head, and by a great effort works it entirely over and down the back tp the fourth seg- ment, and stops exhausted. Some hours pass without any motion, when suddenly the skin splits on the back of the anterior segments and is rapidly shuffled off, exposing the chrysalis, which rests secure on its girdle of silk.
The latest broods of larvae, or those which are caught by cold weather before thejf have matured, hybernate more or less, and further south this may be the habit. Twice I have carried half-grown larva) through the winter. Mr. Main] found hybernating larva; inactive under boards, in the month of May, in lllinoi...
COLIAS II., III.
li is probable that in some districts, and especially in the more sonthei'n States. the butterfly also .sometimes hyberiiates, as Ediisa and Ilyale arc said to do in Kurope. On 12t]i December lb73, I saw a male Philodkc on the winj? at Coal- liiii'uli. loni^r after we had suflered from severe frosts and cold weather, and when all butterflies seemed to have di.sappeared.
In the Can. Ent. VI., p. 92, Mr. Couper notices some peculiarities in Phllo- fZ/rc on Anticosli. He .says: "I took a few specimens last July. It is a rare biitteilly on the island, where its habits differ from those found at Quebec. It is (lillicidt to capture. Its flight is rapid and contimious during the occasional JHMirs of its ajipearance, and it is only towards the end of July, when the weather liccifincs cold, that it can ciisily be approached. When it alights on a flower, instead of i)eing erect on its feet, it lies sideways, as if to receive the warmth dl' ilif sun."
Mr. I{eakirt, in his paper on Coloradan Butterflies, Proc. Ent. Soc. VI., p. 135, iiicntioiis Ph'dorJke, as having been taken in Colorado by Mr. Ridings. This Stiife WHS thoroughly explored hy Mr. Mead, in 1871, and since that time large collections of butterflies have been made by the naturalists of Li 'itenant Wheel- er's expeditions, and no examples have been taken which ear. confidently be referred to Phihdice, though a near related species is found, the same which M>. lleakirt had before him. Mr. Mead agrees with me as to the distinctness of this s])e('ies from Phihdice.
A very interesting Colins was brought from Cape Breton island, in 187"), by Mr. l.'iiland Thaxter, and was described by Mr. Scudder in the Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist.. Oct., 18V5, as a variety of Philodice, imder the name of Lmirenfiua. It is .illicil to both PeJidne and PhUodice, and, in my opinion, is nearer the former, ami luiiy have originated in hybridism between the two. But it plainly breeds tiiK' to its present type, for besides the many individuals taken by Mr. Thaxter, it has occasionally been taken on' the mainland, as stated by Mr. Scudder. I re- .irard it therefore as a true species, quite as much so as either of its presumed or possible parents.
-Vlthough PhUodice is figured in Stephens, in Swainson, and in Humphreys and Westwood, as having been taken in England, Mr. Westwood remarks that •• il-^ claim to be regarded as indigenous is still denied by several of our principal Kntoiiiologists." Stephens speaks of five .specimens as having been seen '>y him ill cabinets, and says that ■• till last summer, it does not appear to have been captured in England for upwards of forty years." It seems to me not improbable, in vu'w of the trade, esjiecially in tindjer, between Canada and England, that clir\ salids of this butterfly may occasionally bo carried across the sea. In this way chrysalids of Cuban butterflies have been brought to New York on sugar or molasses hogsheads, as I have verified.
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EURYTIiEME.
Fru;; ARIADNE I, 2 c 39 Var^ A4.^^ B^: :^ _ Kl-'E'.VAYDIN 7 o Form FJ.iI'YTHEME ':
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COLIAS IV.
COLIAS EURYTHEME, 1—8.
Culhf Euryllieme, Boisduval.
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ARI ADXK, Kdwards, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc, III, p. 12.
EURYTHEME, form ARIADNE.
Male. — Expands from 1.3 to 1.6 inch.
Upper side bright lemon-yellow; on primaries an orange patch extends from inner margin to median nervure, or a little beyond, somltim'es very pi a""" mere t.nt on the yellow ground, but usually of decided color, an^grldu" ly
Zuv lint r 7 'Tf ''^™'''"^ "'*'^^ ''''^■' --"'^-'- --etim' .l.glitly tmted, but mo.st often wholly yellow; the marginal borders very nar- row, scarcely half as wide as in Keewaydm. ^
Under side of .secondaries greeni.sh-yellow thickly dusted with brown scales- the cl.scal spots duplex, a large and a small silver spot, each edged by ferruginous and placed on a large patch of pink-ferruginous. ferruginous
Female. — Expands 1.6 to 1.8 inch.
The orange shade is restricted to a patch on primaries, as in the male- sec- ondnnes are greenish-yellow, much dusted, and often over the whole surface-
e margmal border of primaries narrow, and but partly inclosing the submar^ g a spots; sometimes it is restricted to a mere edging, and there is no trace of the spots, unless at apex, where they may be indistinctly outlined ; under side of^..condar.es pale greenish-yellow, thickly dusted ; the discal spot as in the
an<f ftttenf t''"^"' t'^ ^^ ''" ™'" '"'' '''''''''^ °^^"^« P'^t^'b «" primaries, and fiequent absence of orange on secondaries; the narrowness of the borders ■
by the greenish hue of under side of secondaries and the heavy dusting, and by
COLIAS IV.
diL' iiiajfiiitiide of the discal spot with its fcrrujfinoufl rings and patch. This is tht! typiciil chaructt'i-, but there are intergrades connecting this form with Kee-
iinii/din .
I^IUIIYTIIEME. Efi(i. — Length .06 inch; narrow, fusiform, tapering evenly from tiie middle to eitlior e.vtremity, the base broad, the summit pointed ; ribbed loii^fitudinally and crossed by numerous stritc ; color buff-white when (irst deposited, after one or two days changing to crimson, and near the close of the stage to l)lack. (i^'ig- «•) Tiie larva emerged after six days in August, nine days in September.
Yoti.V(; [jVitvA. — Length, .05 inch; cylindrical, of even diameter to eleventh segment, eacii segment several times creased, and on the ridges thus formed many black points, from which spring white hairs; color dark brown or choco- late ; head obovoid, granulated, dark brown. (Fig. h.) Duration of this stage in August two days, in Septeml)er five.
After (irst moult: length .125 inch; shape as before; body covered with mi- nute black tubercles, disposed on the ridges so as to form both longitudinal and transverse rows, each tubercle sending out a white hair ; color dull green, head obovoid, dark brown. To next moult in August five days, in September four- teen days.
After second monlt: length .28 inch; color dark green ; tuberculated as be- fore ; pilose ; head as before. (Fig. c.) To next moult in August six days, in September seven days.
After fourth moult: length .56 inch, color darker green, but varying, some examples having the sides onl}' dark, the dorsum yellowish, the sub-dorsal stripe someiiines wanting, but usually more or less defined ; at the posterior end of each segment from 3 or 4 to 10 or 11, it becomes thickened, forming a distinct spot rather, while elsewhere it is faint ; many examples show a red streak on each of these spots, and not unfrequently there is a black dot exactly under the feebly-defined, fragmentary line of greenish-white ; head obovoid, yellow-green. (Fig. d.) To next moult in August five days, in October ten days.
After third moult : length, .45 inch ; cylindrical, long and slender ; color dark green ; tuberculated and pilose as before ; at base of body now appears a white stripe through which runs a crimson line, and under this stripe are black semi- circular or ovate spots, sometimes only seen on segments 3 to 6, but usually from 3 to 1 1, iliininishing in size posteriorly ; in some examples these spots are wanting; at the beginning of this stage there is no indication of a sub-dorsal line, hut presently appears a line paler than the ground, which gradually changes into a white spot on segments 5 to 10. (Fig. e.) To maturity in August seven da} s.
COLIAS IV.
Ilia
With the later brood of larvoB this period waa greatly protracted by the cold wciilher, reaching twenty days and more.
Mmtuk Larva. — Length 1.1 to 1.2 inch; cylindrical, of even thickncsx, laiii'iing on the lant .segiuentH ; each segineat several times crease<l, and on tin; liili'c.s so formed are numerous fine papillic, mostly white but many black, and oiicli sending out a fine, short, white hair ; color dark green ; at base of body a liiiiiil (if pin-o white through which runs a l)right crimson lino from segments 2 to 11, almost continuous, seen faintly on 13; and Ijeneath this band from 3 to 12 is a large semicircular or semi-ovate black spot on each segment, the ante- rior ones largest, the rest diminishing gradually ; on the edge of dorsal area is a faint wliitish line, thickened at the posterior end of each segment .so as to pre- sent woll-delined white spots ; next above the white line is one of crimson, bioken on each segment, and usually well-defined only just above and near the wliitc spots ; beneath these last, on the last ridge of each segment from 5 t() 10 is a black dot ; under side, feet and legs pale green ; head obovoid, pale or yellow green. There is much variation in the mature larva with respect to the sub- dorsal lines. 1 have seen no living example in which they are wholly absent, but I iiave an alcoholic one received from Mr. Dodge in which there is no trace wliatevcr of these lines, and the larva looks like that of Phllndire. So I have a carefidly drawn and colored figure from the late Dr. H. K. Ha3diurst, whi(!h shows no trace of these lines. (Fig. c.) On the other hand, one in alcohol from Mr. Dodge shows a broad, continuous white stripe, like that at base, only a trifle narrower. Mr. Bean says, " The glass showed the upper line t • be white, edged with yellow only, there being no trace of red whatever, but the day after, the line was unmistakably margined with confused crimson and yellowish." I re- ceived a number of larvae in their last stages from Mr. Bean, and my notes read, "In .some, the white, crjmson, and black of upper band are distinct; some have no trace of the black, some neither of black or crimson ; and in some the Avhite lint' fades till nothing remains but the thickened end on each segment, and this may be represented by a dot or minute spot only." (Figs, e, e^, eK)
Chuysalis. — Length .85, breadth .09, greatest depth .11 inch; compressed laterally, the thorax prominent, abdomen tapering, mesonotum rounded, head case pointed ; color of anterior part and of wing cases dark green, of abdo- men yellow-green ; a light buff stripe on either side of abdomen from the end of wing cases to extremity, and on the ventral side of this stripe, a demi-band of (lark brown ; between the stripe and band three black dots, one on each seg- ment; on the wing cases there is a submarginal row of black dots, one on eadi interspace, and on middle of the disk is a small black spot. (Fig./.) Duration of this stage in September fifteen days. Of the later brood the periods varied, the;
COLIAS IV.
Kliortcst roiiching twenty-fivL' clay.s. These as well as their larvno were kept in a wiiriii loom.
Thi' present spocios traverses a vast extent of territory, emhrncinff all of the United States west of tiie Mississippi River, besides a considerable area to the east, and an nndefined portion of British America as well aa of Mexico. This rej^ioii covers 40° of longitude and upwards of 30° of latitude, and present'' every variety of surface and climate. To the southward, the summer is pro- longed and the winter short and mild ; at the north the reverse of this is the fact, but on the plains of Texas or the prairies of Illinois, on the elevated pla- t<'aus of Colorado, or in the secluded valleys throughout the Rocky Mo\mtains, and over the Sierras to the Pacific, the species is equally at home and is every- where alumdant. It occupies with Philodice the whole of the United States and much of British America, and like that species, which it resembles in every respect but in color, it is subject to great aii<l extreme variation, there being no feature whether of size or ornamentation that is not unstable. In Vol. I., I gave such history of fJitrijiheme and Keewm/dln as I was then able, but since those brief relations were printed, and indeed, within the past three years, by repeated breeding from the egg, together with careful and extended observations in the field, in many localiticp., it is rendered certain that we are dealing with a bi- formed and triformed species, and that Ariadne, Keewaydin, and Euriftheme are but so many seasonal manifestations of it. Also, that in some districts the species is not seasonally polymorphic, but is simply a variable one, like Philo' dice.
This Colias is not found in West Virginia, nor have I ever seen it alive, but I have been aided by several friends in the effort to learn its full history : b}' Mr. Dodge, of Glencoe, Nebraska, who has raised several lots of larva? from summer females, and sent me the resulting butterflies ; by Mr. Bean, of Galena, Illinois, from whom I received larva? of the last brood of butterflies of the year, and so was enabled myself to follow the several changes. Mr. Bean has also given me full nok's of all the stages of larvaa raised by him at .same time, and of summer larvic besides, and a tabulated statement showing the forms of this species taken by him in the field, with dates of capture. Mr. Worthington, at Chicago, has sent me a similar table. Mr. Mead has furnished notes from his experiences in Colorado and California in 1871, and besides this, I had the .opportunity of ex- amining all the specimens collected by him. And Mr. Henry Edwards has sent many examples and records of his captures and observations in California and elsewhere on that coast. He has also published a vtiluable paper on the Coliados in the Proceedings of the California Academy, Vol. VI., 1877, of which I have - availed myself. Finally, Mr. Boll, of Dallas, Texas, has sent a paper read by
COLIAS IV.
Iiiiii nt Ix'ipzig, upon Diinorpliio Hpoeios of Lcpidoptcra in America, in which C h'lin/fhnne is disciisKi'd at K-njrth. Mr. Boll hiis, in addition, given nie a (teries 111' cxiiiiipli'M of tlu' .several fonns of tiio Hpecies to illiistrato his paper.
KcciDdijdiij, was originally separated as a spetiies fioni examples received piin- (■i|)idly from Texas and Mississippi. Large numbers from Texas were of this llirm. while from Mississipj)i all received were of the form Kuri/lhemc. These last were taken late in the season, hut the signifu-anee of that fact, T, of course, cimld not then apprehend. In California, Mr. Kdwards and Dr. IJehr were (lon- liilcut that two distinct species existed, Kecwaydin flying early and the other lute in the season. This was long before anything was known to us of .seasonal (liiiiorpliism in lutterllies, and before any knowledge whatever bearing upon this liliciinmcnou or even of simple dimorphism had l>een gained by breeding from the egg. At the time, the late Mr. B. D. WaK-'i, living at Roek Island, Illinois, in (•iiiri'spoudence witii me, streiuiously coml)atted I'.i idea of two species, a.sserting tliiil it was a ea.se of variation as \\\ PhiJodUe uvX that all the varieties were tiyiiig at the same time, and must be from 1' ■ sam- brood. This he gave as the result of twelve years' familiarity with the species. Mr. Walsh was undoubtedly rii'ht as regarded the district he had collected in.
1 received from Mr. Dodge, 10th June, IHVG, .several larvtc nearly mat if'', but they had suffered from want of food on the journey and but one lived to uimKc chry.salis. This gave butterfly 17th .Time, Kcewaydin S. In 1877, Mr. Udilge .«eut me three l)utterflies, 2(? 19, all undoubted Keetrinjdin, which had ciiicigcd from chrysalis early in July, from eggs laid by 9 Kcewm/dln, 4tli June. And lie also sent eleven butterflies, 5^ 69, from eggs laid by 9 Kecwoi/dln, IStii July, 1877, and which emerged from chrysalis between l^th and 2()th August, and of these butterflies, 4^ 39 are Eitrytheme, 1(? 39 are Keewaydbi. In 1S76, I received from Mr. Bean larva? bred from eggs laid by Eurytheme, IVtIi September. These larvae would naturally have hybernated when about liidf grown, !.>ut being protected in a warm room, they proceeded slowly to chrvsalis, and the butterflies emerged between 1st and 15th February, 1877, 4<? ')?. Mr. Bean retained several of same lot of larvne, and from them obtained nine l)utterflies, 8<? 19, the first one emerging 23d December. The.se sixteen linUcrflies are all of one type. They are as large as the average Keeicayd'm, and with as broad a border, but the coloration of the upper side is that of Ariadne, the orange being restricted to a patch on the inner margin of prima- ries. On the under side the color of secondaries is greenish, heavily dusted with gray scales; tlie discal spot is duplex, large, ferruginous, more or less snfViised with pink ; and the extra-discal points form a complete sf ries on each wing. In these respecLs this variety is most like the typical Arird)u. It is an intiirgrade which I designate as Var. A. (Figs. 4, 5.)
COLIAS IV.
Mr. Bean also bred from Kecwaydin 9 , which laid five eggs 1st August, 1876. From these ho obtained two butterflies, 15th and 19th September, one ol them Eury theme <?, the other Keeioaydin S .
And he gives the following statement of his captures at Galena.
I. Eury theme i, typical form.
30th May, faded, evidently a hybernator ; 29th June (1st brood); 6th, lOtli August (2d brood) ; 21st September (3d brood).
Eurytheme 9 ; Hth July (1st brood) ; 27th August (2d brood) ; 24th Septem- ber (3d brood).
II. Intermediate examples.
4th, 18th July (1st brood); 6th August (2d brood); 15th, 24th September (3d brood); 8th, 10th October (belated 3d brood).
III. Keewaydin <?, typical form.
22d June to 4th July (1st brood) ; 20th September (3d brood). Keticaydin 9 ; 18th July to 3d August (2d brood).
The typical Ariadne Mr. Bean has not .seen in Illinois.
Mr. Worthington states that he took Eurytheme, in 1876, 30th May (hybor- nator); 1st July (1st brood) ; in 1877,29th May (hybernator) ; 4th July (1st brood), and at intervals thereafter till frost. And Keewaydin 10th Juno, 1877, anil at intervals thereafter till 10th September. But the form Ariadne he has never seen in Illinois, nor does he find it in several local collections examined. The nearest approach to it is the intergradn, designated above as Var. A.
Mr. Dodge, who lived several years in Illinois, and for several more has lived in Nebraska, giving his experience in both States, says : " As regards Ariadne' (which I had .sent him), "I have never seen it before. I have never taken it. I have taken the other two forms both here and in Illinois, and am sure no such form as Ariadne exists at the North. I have seen the species flying here as early as the second week in May, .some seasons not till last of May. There were in Illinois three distinct broods. In May, I used to find a few hybernated specimens, usually too much worn for identification. In June the first brood appeared. I had to look for these on the uncultivated prairie. This brood was never large in number. The second brood appeared in midsummer, and in Sc])- tember the third. The butterflies then became quite plenty on clover." Speiik- ing of Nebraska, " I think the species hybernates bofch as imago and larva. I usually find fresh specunens in May that must have just emerged from chrysalis, but the worn and battered ones are the most abundant. The first brood np- pears about the middle of June, the next, middle of July, and the third in Sep- tember. If the weather is warm, the butterflies are abundant in Octobpr.\' The earliest butterflies spoken of by Mr. Dodge as fresh from chrysalis were ovt-
COLIAS IV.
ilciitly from hybeniating larvaj. That hybernation takes place in larval stage in some districts is unquestionable. Mr. Boll writes me, 8th April, 1878: "When I ciuight the first specimen of Ariadne, in February of this year, in Archer County, Texas, on the same day I found a full grown caterpillar and a chrysalis. imilur stones, both which produced Ariadne."
The account Mr. Boll gives in his Leipzig paper is in substance as follows : Till' species begins its flight, in Texas, in November, and throughout the winter it is to be seen fresh from chrysalis, in warm days. It is common in March, laicr in May, and totally disappears in June. The larva feeds on Trifolium slolouiterum, running Buffalo Clover, which attains its greatest luxuriance and lilossoms in April and May, and dies off before the appearance of the last June liulti'iflioH. It does not spring up again till the advent of the October rains. As hc'I'ore stated, the butterflies appear in November, and during the rest of the s-Diisou larvie and butterflies are talien at the same time. It is the opinion (if Mr. Boll that the eggs laid in June do not develop, owing to 'ack of food, till the summer is past. (I apprehend that if there is any retardation it must ln' with the larvoc.) There are four annual broods of this species and the first, or w inter brood, appearing from November to end of February, is Ariadne. The pic'vailing form in March is Keeioaydin, an example of Ariadne being then riuoly seen. From April to June the form is what Mr. Boll in this paper calls Kiiri/lhcme, but his April and May examples of the series sent me are what Mr. llciiii calls tJie intermediate form, an intergrade leading to Eurytheme.
.Mr. Boll says: "If we compn-e the specimens we find a stetdy increase in iiiiciisity of color from April to June ; the orange-red becomes more fiery and I xti'iids in the male over the whole upper surface of secondaries, leaving yellow only tlie costal margin of primaries, while the black marginal band becomes liionder and broader. Through the influence of the sun the whole orunge upper side l)ecomes iridescent, with a violet hue, as in the European species C. Myr- viidone. This is particuluily noticeable during life, and is very brilliant, but grad- uiilly fades in dried specimens. The whole under side changes from greenish- vcllow to deep yellow." This is the iy^\cn\ Eurytheme. Mr. Bcil adds: "The efJi'ct of temperature is in perfect harmony with the steady injrease in size and intensity of color." This is the result of field observation and though breeding lion the egg might show that the ^ "^mbers of the series were not quite so sliMToly defined in all cases, it is clear chat there is a regular succession of forms. Mill] ;liat there is no such intermixture as appears to the northward. The but- ti'rr''.'s of the fourth, or late summer brood, and which are typical Eurytheme, do not hybernate. The length of the warm season admits of the laying of eggs i.y this brood, after which the butterflies die, as do all butterflies shortly after
COLIAS IV.
laying eggs. To make sure that I was stating the fact in this particular, I questioned Mr. Boll particularly as to the hybernation of both Eurytheme anil Keewaydin, and he writes in reply, " I never saw specimens of the bright- orange, or late summer type of this species later than the first days of November, and these were always much worn. I never saw Keewaydin flying between Novem- ber and May." In another letter Mr. Boll states that any worn individuals seen at the close of winter are Ariadne, and in March the.se are taken in copulation with Ariadne fresh from chrysalis. 1 received from Mr. Boll in April, 1878, 2 c? 3 9 , taken in Archev County, between the 24th and 28th February, all fre.sh from chrysalis. One of the females is an albino, one pair are typical Ariadne, and the other male and female are similar to the examples had from the Illinois larvie mentioned, Var. A.
From Colorado, a very small percentage of the butterflies taken by Mr. Mead show a mingling of the characters of Keewaydin and Ariadne, but nearest the former. (Var. B. Fig. 6.) The orange is limited on primaries to a patch on inner margin, and the under side of secondaries is much dusted. Mr. Mead, comment- ing on Mr. Boll's paper, writes, " I doubt if the form Ariadne occurs at all in northern Colorado, where the winters are severe. I met with Keewaydin and Eurytheme, in Colorado, in about equal numbers, from first of June to last of August, when cold weather set in. The nights were cold most of the time, cer- tainly often at the freezing point, during June and August, and by 10th Septem- ber, the whole South Park was covered with snow. Keewaydin was as abundant at the last of the season as at the first. Ariadne I have only found in Yo Semite Valley, California, where it was rather abundant about the middle of October, in company with Keewaydin and a few Eurytheme. The temperature was then moderately cold, and it was at the close of the dry summer season." Examples of the form Eurytheme from northern Colorado have not the intensity of color and the iridescence of those from Texas, but among the butterflies col- lected in southern Colorado, in 1877, t)y Mr. Morrison, are some Etirytheme quite equaling anything seen from Texas in these respects.
Mr. Henry Edwards says of these forms, in the paper referred to: "Eurytheme is abundant in clover and alfalfa fields from July to September, the richest and most deeply colored individuals occurring latest in the season. It is rare in the mountains, while Keewaydin is abundant at even very considerable elevations. Keewaydin is the commonest butterfly of California, appearing in April or early May and continuing through the summer. I have taken it from San Diego in southern California to Vancouver's Island. Ariadne is a local and early species, of which there is a second brood. In the first wann diays of February many * specimens of Ariadne, entirely fresh, have been taken by me on the hills near
COLIAS IV.
S.m Francisco, r.nd in October some fine examples were brought from Yo Semite hy Mr. Mead. I have previously alluded to the tendency to hybridization dis- |ila\x'il by the species of this genus, and may here relate my experience therein. ill July. 1874, while staying at the Big Tree Grove, Calaveras County, I took a 9 ai'.il i Colias in coitu. The female was a small, pale-colored, narrow-bordered Ar'iiiihie. and the male a rich, deep orange, broad-bordered Enry theme. Some U'\< liiiys after, the exact opposite occurred to me. This time tlie female was a riili orange Evrytheme, and the male a small, pale yellow, faintly marked Ari- iiibie. It can hardly be that the large, deep orange Euryfheme, and the pale yellow and fragile-looking Ariadne can be one and the same thing, linked to- gether by /reejoayrfm and a series of intergrading forms; but it would be dif- ficult to arrive at any other conclusion, unless, as I have stated, the above- iiieiitioned instances are regarded as cases of hybridism." Mr. Edwards gives time and locality for Ariadne as follows : in Marin and other counties. February iiiiil March ; Big Trees, July ; Virginia City, Nevada, July ; Yo Semite, July and October.
In reply to inquiries Mr. Edwards writes me thus, March, 1878 : " Early in the year, in tJie warm days of March and April, I take many hybornated examples of Kurytheme and Keewaydin, the former being most abundant. This I'efers to the iiinaediate neighborhood of San Francisco, that is, to the lowlant s. May is the first spring month of the mountains, at six or seven thousand feet elevation, and 1 have there taken hybernated Keewaydin, but have never seen Eurytheme in the mountains in the same condition. I find fresh examples of Keewaydin, aliDut San Francisco, in March, but none of Eurytheme, nor have I ever taken iVe.-^li examples of the latter form before July, and in no quantities till August m Se|)tember. I saw plenty of Keewaydin on Vancouver's Island, but no Eitry- IIk inc. and even in Oregon the latter is very rare. Its home appears to be within a couple of hundred miles north and south of this city. But Keewaydin is eveiywhere from San Diego to Vancouver's, where, as well as in Oregon, it is the eonunonest of species.
■•.b'/«(?nc IS rtather abundant about Sancelito (near San Francisco), on some hills from seven to eight hundred feet above the sea, as early as February. As ftu' as 1 know, from my own experience, it is never found in the lowlands in fresh condition except in early .spring. As we go further north, that is, to Oregon and \'anconver's Island, it is found in June and July, and in the Yo Semite Valley — four thousand feet — it flies as late as October. I have, therefore, always be- ■'^ ;.>.i this form was two-brooded, the June race in Oregon being equal to February and March race here, and the June race of San Diego being equal to the October one of Yo Semite." I may add here that my manuscript was
lie .lie
COLIAS IV.
submitted to Mr. Edwarrls and he now concedes the polymorphism of this spe- cies.
The summing up of tiiese histories in the several districts is as follows: —
I. In northern Colorado, whore the summer is short, the species is but digo- ncutie, tlie butterflies of tlie first brood appearing in June, and the second in July and August. Proba1)ly the species is here preserved by the survivnl of some of the last l)uttor(lies, which hybernate and deposit their eggs in spring. It is donbtfid if tlu' climatic conditions will permit the growth of larvne late in the season and their consequent hybernation. Tlie species is restricted to Kee- way din and intergrades up to the paler variety of Euri/theme, but a few individ- uals are taken which show a tendency to vary in the direction ol' Arindne. (\'Mr. B. Fig. fi.) If tliere be any hybernating larva) they would probably produce these individuals spoken of.
II. In Illinois and Nebrtaska the species is trigoneutic, and many of the onr- liost brood are nearer Ariadne than Kcewnydhi, but the typical Ariadne does not a])pear. Some individuals of the last brood of buttertlies survive the winter, and thus appear in early spring in company with the butterflies that have coino from hybernating larva?, and consequently must breed with these. And inter- grades between the forms are the result, and such are to be found throughout tlie year. So that in Illinois and Nebraska, as in Colorado and probably througli- out the northern range f the species, it is ratlier a variable than a polymor- phic species, and either form or any variety of either may appear from any one laying of eggs.
III. In Caliibrnia, in the lowlands, the .species is polygoneutic, either three or four brooded, the earliest brood, which Hies in February and March, being Ariadne. Keewaydin forms the second lu'ood, which flies in April, and thi.s form is on the wing during tiie remainder of the season. Eurylhenie appears in July, and is abundant in August and September. And Ariadne appears in localities iit difl'erent periods throughout the summer, and apparently in such localities must form part of every l)rood. Keewaydin is the usual form throujzli- out the season in the mountains and also in Oregon and on Vancouver's Island, EnryUieme being rare. And Ariadne is taken occasionally also in those districts. By which it appears that in the lowlands of California there is a strong disposi- tion towards polymorphism as distinguished from mere variableness, all the forms being present, and, moreover, that each in great degree is limited in its season. The surface of California is extremely varied, lofty mountains alternat- ing with narrow valleys, with corresponding differences of climate. Near Sun Francisco frost and snow are unknown, and there is every degree of clinintic difierence between this and a sub-boreal climate in one part or other of that
COLIAS IV.
Stiite. In tlie liiglilands this Coli;is is restricteil in the number of its anniiiil broods, and the I'orni Eurytheme is either unknown, or very rare, accordinn- to till' locality, the species being mainly represented by Keewayd'ui. And at eer- l;ilii levels (hroughout the State the upland races come in contact with the low- laixl. — the digoneutic, practically limited to a single form, meeting the poly, goiicutie and polymorphic I'ace ; and by the consequent cross-breeding the tliorongh separation of the lowlanders into seasonally distinct forms is inter- ru|ittMl and can never become so definite as on the vast plains wliich occupy To.xMs, and the regions to the immediate north and south of it. (See Note.)
IV. In Texas and the regions adjoining there are no inequalities of surface siiHicicnt to aft'ect the general result, and this species has for ages been subject to the most favorable climatic and geographic conditions for the development of pdlyinorphism. There are four annual broods, the earliest, flying from November to February, consisting ol' Ariadne, the next of^ Kee way din, the third of an inter- giMde. and the last of Eurytheme, the separation being marked. If either form apprins in any degree out of its season, it is not in suificient numl)ers to invali- date the rule. The species here is truly polymorphic and seasonally ,so.
h'laraj/dtn, throughout the range of the species, is the most constant of the three forms, and I should consider it the winter ;'orm and therefore the primitive. ISiit where the species is polygoneutic, a second winter i'ovm, Ariadne, has ari.sen, and in some districts where it is di- or tri-goneutic, an intermediate variety, strongly tending towards this second winter form, sometimes manifests itself The case is much as in Papilio Ajax, which has one sununer foiin Marcellm, but two winter forms, Telamonides and Wahhii, the first the primary, the other sec- ond;! ly. Application of cold to chrysalids of any of tlie forms of Ajax causes Tclanionkks to appear, and similar experiments made with chrysalids of this Colias will be apt to show which is the original winter form.
The resemblance between Eurytheme and Philodice I have spoken of, and prohiibly every variety and sub-variety of eaih form of the first of these species can be piiralleled in the other, color alone excepted. The variety of Philodice sliown on Plate III., of Colias, Figs. 2, 3, corresponds with Ariadne; Figs. 1, 2, Plate II., correspond with the typical Eurytheme. Even the appearance of the d(ig's iiead, characteristic of Colias Casonia, and not unfrequently to be seen in the female of Eurytheme, occasionally appears in Fkllodlce. Albinic females ap- pe ir in every brood as in Philodice. In that species these females are as com- mon m the early spring brood as in any of the later ones, although the contrary lias lieen stated by authors ; and judging from the number of albinos received by nic from many quarters, the same is true of Eurytheme.
The larvae of Eurytheme and Philodice are scarcely, if at all, distinguishable
COLIAS IV.
in the ciulier stages, and in the later are often just as much alike. But many larvae of the former have developed a second lateral band, making the species at this stage polymorphic. The close resemblance extends also to eggs and chrysa- lids. In the notes to Philodice, I have recorded instances of hybridism between the two. The larval food plants arc also the same. The larva? of Eurytheme which I have received, and which were stated to have been fed on plants not found here at Coalburgh, fed as readily on red clover as do the larvte of Philo- dice.
Philodice is nowhere a polymorphic species, but everywhere a varial)Ie one. Its varieties are not separable, but are so thoroughly intermingled that any fe- male of any brood of the year may not unlikely discover in its progeny the ex- tremes and all shades of variation.
And in the Rocky Mountains, and in the Mississippi Valley, where Eiiri/lhcme is but two and three brooded, the two principal forms of the species are intermingled as m Philodice. In tiiese districts it is a variable species. Bnt in Texas, where the length of the warm season permits the species to become many brooded, it is seasonally polymorphic. The explanation of this difference I conceive to be this: at the north, more or less of the fall l)uttertlies hybernate, as also do larvaj from eggs laid by some of the females of the fall brood, the latter producing butterflies in the spring and while the hybernators are still flying. The series begins, tJieretbre, in the spring with all the forms or varieties of the butterfly which are fouml in the district, and cross-breeding occurs then and all the season through. But in Texas, the butterflies of September lay egys, and the larvje from these feed, and more or less of them mature and reach the chrysalis stage, or even the imago, before cold weather comes; while others, though torpid dur- ing cold weather, are active upon the advent of every fine day, and so feed and mature at intervals throughout the winter months. The butterflies which have emerged in the early part of the winter are typical Ariadne, and a large pro- portion live in a state of semi-hybernation, according as the season permits, and are on the wing in February. Those which emerge late in the winter are mostly of the same type, with an occasional variety. (Var. A.) The series in the spring, therefore, begins with Ariadne alone and not with the three forms of the species, for two of them have been left far behind. They lived long enough in tiie mi- tumn to perpetuate the species through the form Ariadne, and nature had nu further use for them. Eggs laid in the spring by Ariadne produce Keewaydin, which in its turn is followed by Eurytheme, just as P. Telamonides is followed by Marcelhis. It seems to me that if Marcellus hybernated in the imago iind bred with Telamonides or Walshii in the spring, the result would be a variable specieij, — at any rate, not one seasonally dimorphic.
COMAS IV.
Ill tlic lowlands of California, the species is apparently also four-broodec^, and ^v(■ iiio assured that hybernated examples of the two summer forms are seen fly- iiiu ill early spring. These may be supposed to be belated individuals of the last liidod of tiie summer, for those of the same brood which earliest emerge must li;i\(' laid their eggs, and the larvao must have gone on to maturity, just as in Texas, producing Ariadne. And the number of these hybernating butterflies iiiiisf be too few to neutralize the influence of Ariadne in the succeeding brood, wliicii Mr. Edwards tells us is made up of Keewaydin. That this last named 1(11111 appears in all subsequent broods, and Ariadne to some degree, may be iittril)uted to the configuration of the country, compelling the hill races to inter- iiiiiijile with tho.«e of the valleys. In the lowlands there is evidently a strong tciiileucy to seasonal polymorphism, but in the later broods of the year this is soiiiewhere neutralized or interfered with.
Kcciiyii/din is the form which has frequently been assumed to be identical with Chnjxotheme, and of which Dr. Boisduval, in the " Icones," siiys : "It is found in Mtiy in districts of temperate America. Individuals from this part of the world nil' MS large as Edusa.'' In the Lepid. de I'Am. Sept., Dr. Boisduval says of C/in/sof/ione that it is found in the neighborhood of New York. Prof. P. C. ZiHer, Ent. Zeit., 1874, p. 430, in a review of my Vol. I., says: " Certainly .Mime of the species designated may be reduced to well-known European ones. Thus I can assert Keewaydin to be nothing but our Chrysotheme, of which I my- self have taken a male {it Vienna, with ,so little orange on the inner half of the wiiiL' borders that a North American could scarcely distinguish it among a number of Keewaydin. If Keewaydin and Chrysotheme arc really the same species, we iiKiy well say that species vary much more iii North America than in Europe. Enrylheme i is .sometimes no larger than our 3/yrniidone, to which it is besides vt'i'v similar, though they cannot belong to the same species, as the latter po.s- M'sst's a glandular spot, wiiich Eurytheme does not." I conclude from this th.at I'loi'cssoi-Zeller accepted Eurytheme as a good species, but believed Keewaydin to he the same as Chrysotheme, and was surprised at the degree of variation mani- I't'sled liy it. I express no opinion on the present identity of the two species thnnigh the Ibrm Keewaydin, but if the latter was the primitive form on this idiitiiu'iit, it may have peopled the old world betbre it became polymorphic in thi<, and the present representatives on both continents have come from one stock. As to whether they are distinct .species now, much light would be gained if ihe life history of the European Chrysotheme was followed out by lepidopter- i>!> ill its territory. I have exerted my,self in vain to obtain egg.s, or larva}, or (hiiwiiigs of its several larval stages, and I am not aware that either drawing, or jiroper description of these siages exists.
COLIAS IV.
I have received a letter from Dr. James S. Bailey of Albany, N. Y., stating that in the niitumn of 187C he took what he supposed to be Keewaydln within five niileH of Albany ; and in Vol. VII., Canadian Entomologist, 1875, Mr. C. W. Pearson of Montreal, Canada, mentions taking an Eurytheme fresh from chrysalis.
The butterfly figured on Plate of Keewaydin, in Vol. I., as No. 7, supposed to be a variety of that species, is regarded by Mr. Henry Edwards as distinct, and has recently been described by him as C. Ilftrfordii.
NoTK. — After the foro<;nin'i pajes were in typp, 1 rceoivcil letters from >[r. Mead, in Cnlifornin, passiijcs from wliii'h well illustrate the oxtrenio difforenecs in climate in that State, and the effect upon insect life. " Yo Skmitk, June 10, 1H78. Up the watercourse hehind the hotel, I found <|uite a snow-bank remaining, and near it the plants hail hardly more than budded. One clump of a certain bush was iu full blosKom on the side towards the ravine, and was loaded w'th nearly ripe fruit on the other side. This state of things, of course, 'lausoa a succession of fresh individual.-i .among the butterflies, so that spring and summer broods cannot he well defined from each other where they exist." June 16. "The snow lies in large patches in the high- lands still, and the willows are just putting forth their catkins. In ten days or two weeks there ought to be something to collect up there." At Glacier Point, in the same region, Mr. Mead notices that by a few flut- terintrs of the wing, a butterfly may drop two thousand feet or more perpendicular, and arrive at a wholly different climaie.
rrmii Tallac Point, Lake Taboo, on the eastern boundary line of California, August 4 : " Tallao Pep.k, on the south side of the lake, is exceedingly precipitous, and the snow lies in great banks in the ravines all sum- mer long. On the north side, however, the mountain slopes with a comp.aratively gentle inclination, ami ii overgrown with bunch grass, in many places even to within one or two hundred yards of the summit. Part way u|i the mountain I tooK Pyraineis Carye, a butterfly found abundantly throughout the lowlands and cvin in llie tropics. This region is .said not to have very intensely cold winters, but the snow falls in enoniious quantities — twenty feet deep on a level — so that the ranches, except some on the lake shore, are entirely deserted in winter, the farmers moving with their cattle to the lowlands, where pasturage is good."
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HELICON I A I.
IIKMCOMA CIIAIUTONIA.
Ilillcntiiii ('liiirilimiii, Linn., Syst. Nut., I[., p. 7,17. Criiiiu'r, II., |)1. Illl. Kal)., Kiil. Syst., III., |i. 170. lid
iuhI Loc. |i. 11", III. 11.
Mai.k. — Kxpaiiils (Voiii 2.") to 4 inchc'^.
UppiT sidt! Itlack, haiKlcd witli li'inon-yollow ; priiniiries have an oblique, traiiH- vt'isi', iiiuTow apical hand ; ii .Hocoiid from costa croMso.s the disk and I'nds on iippcr liranch of iiicdiaii lU'rvurc, a liltlt! siiort of hind niarjrin ; a third, startini^f from liaso, followH median, lying on Ijoth sidcH of it, makes an olhow at lower hiimcli of Mame, and nniH with this, aloii<f the anterior side, nearly to margin.
Secondaries have a hroad hand from \\\\wv ninrgin near base across ceil nearly to outer angle, and b.'vond thi."! a traiisvei.se row of yellow spots curvinu' with tlio margin at outer angle, the anterior ones siiiidi, llie others oi)loiig or rectan- gular, individuals ditl'ering ; along the posterior half of hind margin yellow jioints, in pairs, on the interspaces ; at base two bright red spots or jjoints, the lower one sometimes wanting; fringes black, yellow in the interspaces of .sec- ondiirie.s, and at inner angle of primaries; and .somewhat, bill irregularly, to- ward apex. The yellow bands are sometimes partly siiil'used or dusted with I'ed.
Under sid(( brown ; costa of primaries next base lu'iglit red ; the bands repeated, tile mesial and lower one extended to hind margin, or very nearly, ami next this margin siiifused with .salmon color; individuals vary in the color of the bands; some have the lower one as bright as on upper side, the others paler; some have all three of same shade, pale yellow ; and iwit infrequently the two upper ones are washed at each extremity with diluted salmon-red.
Secondaries have the band repeated, pale yellow ; at the outer end of same two large .salmon-colored jiatches, almost confluent ; the row of spots repeated, but the outer half are whiti.sh, the rest deep yellow ; the marginal dots are en- larged to spots, and the pairs run from outer to inner angle and up inner margin ; on this margin between the band and .spots are two red spots, and two others ill base.
HELICONIA I.
Bod^- above black ; benoiith, the thorax black with an oblique yellow side stripe; a yellow macidar .stripe on side of ab(,i)iiieii and two yellow lines below; the edges of the segments inon or less ; A]ow ; inider side pale salmon color ; a red spot on either side of U'd^Miion next the wings ; four yellow spots across thorax and a l)ar behind them , two rows of four small yellow spots back of the liead ; legs black with dull yellow , ales, the aborted pair bright yellow; palpi yellow with many long black hairs in front, the upper side at tip black; antenniu and club black.
Female. — P]xpands 4 to o inches; similar in color and markings to the male,
1'he species is subject to considerable variation : one example submitted to
me has a patch of ydlow on ])rimaries l)etwi'('n the two lower bands. (Fig. (1.)
Another has the spots of hind wing pure white on both sides (Fig. 5): and
there is much dili'erence in size, .some being dwarfed. (Fig. 4.)
Egg. — (/ylindrical, one half higher than bronil, Hat at base, tapering very slightly from base to about three fourtlis the leugtli, then conoidal, the top flat- tened and a little depresseil ; marked by fourteen vertical ridges, straight, nar- row, not very prominent, extending from base to the middle of the cone ; below the cone are horizontal low ridges which, with the vertical ones, inclose long, rectangular spaces ; there are nine tiers of these, each space being roundlj' ex- cavated ; next above the base of the cone is a tier of similar spaces, but higher, more nearly square, and more deeply exciivated ; next are seven (!ells, irregu- larly pentagonal. The llattened top is composed of three concentric rows of spaces, pentagonal, except the innermost, which are rhomboidal ; color yellow. (Fig. a, ti^.) Duration of this stage three days.
Young L.vhva. — Length .08 inch ; cylindrical, segments 2 to 7 of about even thickness, then tapering, the dor.sum sloping ; marked by four principal rows of rounded and flattened tubercles, of which two are dorsal, and one is on either side; the former extend from 3 to 13, the latter front 3 to 11, each tubercle standing on the middle of the segment ; there are also two rows of similar but minute tubercles, one lying l)etween the dorsal and lateral, each tubercle placed at the junction of the .segments from 2-3 to 12-13. with another at the end of 13 ; and one over feet, two tubercles to each segment in longitmlinal line from 2 to 10, and one from 11 to 13 ; on 2 is a chitinons dorsal band with tubLT- cles ; a rounded tubercle on side in line with the lateral body row, but suiall ; and near the front of the segment two others, one upper, one lower; each tubercle, wherever ])laced, sends forth a black tapering hair, those from the niiiin rows long, and on dorsum, on the three anterior segments, bent forward, on tlic next three or four erect, the rest recurved ; of the side rows, both large am!
HELICON]. \ I.
MiiiiU, the liairs to 6 inclusive are bent forward, the rest back, and all are de- |)ressed ; color pale reddish-brown, like fresli cut cork ; legs and feet same ; lu'iid obovoid, a little paler in color than the body ; a few scattered bhack hairs over snrfiice ; ocelli black. (Fig. h.) To lir.st moult two to three days.
After first moult: length .22 inch; cylindrical, nearly even, the segments a little rouii led ; color light brown, changing, as the stage proceeds, to grecnish- wliitc, mottled with brown ; armed with si.\ rows of spines, one sub-dorsal, one iMKhlie, and one infra-stigmatal (arranged as described under mature larva); these s|)ines are short, slender, and tapering, black, with a few short black bristles (111 the sides; on second segment a chitinous dorsal patch with hairs; feet and lejis brown ; head obovoid, truncated, a little depressed at the suture, the ver- tices low, rounded, and on each a short, tapering, blunt, black process, thinly beset with i)ristles. (Fig. c, c^, bead .spine c''.) To ne.xt moult two days.
After .second moult: lengtii .5 inch; color dull wliito, mottled or spotted with yelloW-brown ; imder side brown ; the spines long, sharp ; head as before the s|)iiR's longer, directed forward, a little recurved. (Fig. d.) To next moult two (Jays.
,\fter third moult : length .7 inch ; slender, whiter than before, but green- tinted ; dor.sal .spines .1 inch long, upper laterals .01) inch, lower .07 inch; head fiiHH'nish-yellow, the processes like the body spines, .08 inch long. (Fig. e.) To next moult three days.
.\fter fourth moult : length 1 inch, and in three days reached maturity.
.M.VTiitK Lahva. — Length 1.25 to 1.'. incli ; cylindrical, slender, nearly of even size from 2 to 12, the segments a little rounded ; color dead white, with no gloss, smooth, witli no hairs; spotted with black or black-brown, the spots dis- posed in cross rows, two of which are back of the spines and one on the extreme iiiifeiior end of the segment; mostly romided or oval, but those on medio-dorsal line me lialf-oval except the spots on the posterior edges of the segments, which life tiiiiuirular ; the.se spots form nne dor.sal row and two on either side ; over the liasiil ridge, on 4 to 11, is a brown patch oovtring the adjacent edges of the seg- ments ; another patch covers each s'<'.racle ; under side reddish-brown with a green tint ; segment 2 has a dorsal chitinous biir divided in middle, and on either part are two black tubercles with hairs ; the body furnished with six rows of spines, two sub-dorsal, one on middle of each side, and one infra-stigniatal ; the (loisiils rim from 3 to 13 ; the upper laterals from 5 to 13, the lower from 5 to 1-; and between 2 and 3, 3 and 4, in line with upper laterals, is a spine; the spines of the four upper rows are straight and erect, but those of the lower row me tui-ncd down and a little recurved; all are alike, shining black, small at base, tapering to a sharp point, and about each are from 5 to 7 short black bristles
IlELICONIA I.
irregularly iilacod ; the dorsals measure .2 inch, the 1st laterals .17, the lower. 14 inch, and there is little variation in the lengtii of the spines of each row ; le<;s brown, tipped black, pro-legs biown, A\ith a black spot on the side of each; head obovoid, rounded in front, truncated, a little depressed at the suture, the vertices but little elevated, rounded ; color greenish-white, vitreous; on either side the suture on mid-front a round black spot ; the ocelli black on a small black patch ; mandibles black ; ^-n each vertex a black spine nearly like those of the body, but le.^s tapering and more blunt, .12 inch long, directed forward at about 45% and a little recurved. {V'lg. /,/"■■'•*.)
As the larva approaches suspension the spots change to brown, and the white becomes dull and sordid. Twelve hours after suspension, pupation takes place.
Chrysalis. — Length to top of head ,9o inch, to end of processes on head 1.1 inch ; slender, compressed laterally, the thoracic segments on ventral side highly arched and lounded abruptly down to abdomen ; tlie sides of this elevation covered entirely by the wing cases, .sloping, almost Hat or a little convex, the two wing cases not quite meeting, but separated by a narrow depressed ridge, on either side of which is a row of siuidl bead-like tubercles, each giving out at top a short sharp bristle or thorn ; this ridge widens anteriorly so as to include the an- tenna? cases, and the rows of beads pa.ss along and around head case to its top on the dor.sal .side, but for a little distance at the uase of the antennic lose their bris- tles; head case prominent, compressed transversely, nearly .square at top ; upon \-ich vertex a narrow leaf-like process, lanceolate, llattened and thin, serrated on both edges, divergent, like horns ; me.sonotum prominent, conipres,sed at top into a thin carina which rises on the anterior ])art in a doul)le curve to a sharp point, but on the posterior side slopes at about 45° ; followed by a rounded excavation considerably longer than the mesonotum itself ; abdomen cylindrical ; on the two upper segments a large sub-dor.sal. tlaring, flattened process roumled irregularly on the edge and completely spanning both segments ; on the next segment is a small sharp rounded process, and on the next another small and flattened ; on the next a sharp tubercle, in some cases flattened ; on the tops of all these processes are thorns, one on each of the smaller, and two on the largest ; in row with tliise, on the depression and on the sides of mesonotum, are four low conical tubercles, each with a short thorn ; segments I), 10, 11. in the ventral line, have the ante- rior edges turned up and produced into low divergent points ; at the base of the head case on dorsal side a large burnished gold spot, and the tubercles behind tiie mesonotum gilded ; general hue brown, in shades ; the anterior parts, which in- chules head case, mesonotum, and half the wing cases, being light or yellowish ; the rest of wing cases dark, or streaked dark in the interspaces of the wings; the light part of the.se cases somewhat gray or whitish ; the proces-ses on head and
HELICONIA I.
P 1
the antenna? cases are dark; abdomen varied in longitudinal streaks, confined to ( ,uli segment, dark and light brown, with some oblique whitish marks on the ven- iial side. (Figs, g, g''^'*-) Duration of this stage 0 to 7 days.
Cliaritonia is common in parts of Florida, as at Indian River, and is found (ilong the Atlantic coast at least an far northward as Port Royal, 8. C. Many M'lns iigo, I received examples from Mr. James Postell, St. Simon's Island, Ga., and was informed that they were confined to one particular locality, a dense tliicUot. It is, however, a sub-tropical species, and it abounds in the Antilles and (,'entral America. I cannot learn that any record exists of its preparatory stages prior to ihat given by me in the Canr, Han Entomologist, vol. xiii., p. 158, 1881. Ill 1878, 22d December, I received from Dr. A. W. Cliapman, at Apalachicola, ■A fliiysalis of Cliaritonia, of which he wrote : " In a flower-pot, with a Geranium, s|iriing up a Passiflora guberosa, a tropical plant, the seeds of v,hich I ' .ought tioiii Soutli Florida, in 1875, and have since cultivated in my garden. About the iiiiildle of November, I discovered two caterpillars on the plant, one about one and ii lialf inch long, the other smaller, — white, be.seton the segments and head with .ilonder black spines. Placing them in a glass jar. the larger one su.^pended in two days, the other a Aveek later. On December 14th, the last gave butterfly, \l. Cliaritonia. The other, which I send you, I fear is dead. I suppose they i^'^'^\ on any species of Pa.ssiHora, of which we have two native. Upon tiieso the (' it('r])illars of the few Cliaritonia seen here must have fed. The pupa is very singular, as you perceive, the projections from the head reminding one of tlie horns of some species of scaraljieus, or the claws of a lobster. And then, tbe golilen stripes over the abdominal segments, and the spreading plates behind diom ! "
I learned from Dr. Wm. Wittfeld that the butterfly was common at Indian River, and begged him to make observations on the caterpillars, and, if |)ossible, olitaiu eggs. Thereupon, he set himself to examine carefully the leaves of Passi- flora. but for some time discovered nothing. At last a female was seen ovipositing on tiie tender, terminal leaves, and thenceforth there was no difhculty in finding ejrus. Females tied in bags over the ends of the stems laid abundantly, and several ratcrpillars were raised to chrysalis and butterfly. Attempts to get either eggs or ('ati'i'pillars to me failed by rea.son of the leaves decaying in the mails. IIow- evur. 1 received caterpillars 30th August, 1880. Kggs had been sent, which liatclied, and the caterpillars had pas.sed their second moult when I received them. Tlu'v throve on leaves of Passiflora coerulea, and the larval stages proceeded with rapiility, scarcely more than two days being required for each.
Dr. Wittfeld states that on touching the chrysalis he ob.served that it gave out a croaking noise, wriggling about at the same time, and this is stated l^y Dr. Fritz
IIKLICONIA I.
MuUor, in a paper on Hraziliaii hutterflios, to be characteristic of the genus Heli- conia. Several butturtiies came fortli in my room, and one of them was set free in the garden, placed gently on a Hower of passion-vine. It rested some moments with wings fidly opened and depressed a little below the horizontal, and then rose vertically some ten feet, circled two or three times, Hew slowly towards the woods, and was seen no more. I had a similar experience in 1881 with two others, l)otli rising high and making for the nearest woods.
Dr. Wittfeld reports that these bntterflies fretpient paths in the forest, or are found feeding at a little distance from the forest, to which they at once beta'^e themselves if alarmed, and then tly rapidly, though usually their flight is heavy. Also, that they have the habit of gathering in Hocks toward night, and roost, always with heads up, to the number of perliajjs (ifty or more, on Spanish mo.ss, or on dry twigs of trees, especially such as have dead leaves still hanging to them. In the morning, after the sun is well up, they come trooping forth iri search of llowers.
This habit was observed hy Philip Henry (rosse, Esq., as is stated in a note in Doubleday's Genera, I., p. 97, and as this work is nearly inacce.-isible in this coun- try, I repeat Mr. Gosse's remarks : '• Passing along a rocky foot-path on a steep wooded mountain side, in the Parish of St. Elizabeth (Jamaica), about the end of August, 1845, my attention was attracted, just before sunset, by a swarm of these butterflies in a sort of rocky recess, overhung by trees and creepers. They were about twenty in ninnber, and were dancing to and fro, exactly in the manner of gnats, or as Ilepioli play at the side of a wood. After watching them awhile, I noticed that .some of them were resting with closed wings at the extremities of one or two depending vines. One after another fluttered from the group of dancers to the reposing squadron, and alighte<l close to the others, so that at length, when only about two or three of the fliers were left, the rest were col- lected in groups of half a dozen each, so clo.se together that each group might have been grasped in the hand. When once one had alighted, it did not in gen- eral fly again, but a new-comer, fluttering at the group, seeking to find a place, sometimes disturbed one recently settled, when the wings were thrown open, and one or two flew up again. As there were no leaves on the hanging stalks, tlic appearance presented by these beautiful butterflies, so crowded together, their long, erect wings pointing in different directions, was not a little curious. I was told by persons residing near, that every evening they thus a.s,sembled, and that I had not seen a third part of the numbers often collected in that spot."
Mr. Wallace says of the Heliconida; in general : " They all rest with their wings erect upon leaves and flowers, and at night I have observed them asleep^ hanging at the extreme end of a slender twig, which bends beneath their weiglit and swings gently with the evening breeze."
HELICONIA I.
It is well known that species of an allied family, as Danai,s Arvhippns, gather in groat, flocks, bnt this seems to be only at certain seasons of the year, and then liy (lay as well as nij^lit, and is apparently connected with their migrations, which lue l)elieved to be periodical, at least in some districts. But ChdrUonid assem- hlesfor the night only, and for rest, dispersing during the day in search of food, .liter the fashion of our wild pigeons.
The family lleliconidiw embraces an iminense number of .species. Mr. H. W. Biites, in 1861, stated that there were two hundred and eighty-four then known ill tropical America. " They are most numerous in those parts uf the country where the forests are most extensive and the climate most sultry and humid. 'Uwy are peculiarly creatures of the forest, and like the Plattyrrhine monkeys, the arboreal Gallinaceae, and the other groups of the same region, point to the gradual adaptation of the favma, during an immense lapse of time, to a forest- chid country."
It has been noticed by authors who have treated of this family that the species, although exceedingly abundant in individuals, and of slow flight, and conspicuous colors, more easy to be caught by birds than almost any other insect, are iiotpcr- i<L'('iited by birds, lizards, or other animals. Mr. Belt, in " Naturalist in Nicara- gua," relates that he had watched a pair of birds catching butterflies and dragon- llics. which they brought to their nest to feed their young, and in no case did they ciilcli one of the Heliconidiw, which were in great numbers about, and could have been caught with less trouble than any others. Also, that a tame monkey, who was extremely fond of insects, and would greedily munch up any beetle or but- terfly given to him, never would eat a Ileliconia. There was no doubt, from his actions, that they were distasteful to him. And this iinmunity from attack is be- lieved b}- Mr. Wallace to be owing to a '• strong, pungent, semi-aromatic cr medi- ciiiiil odor which seems to pervade all the juices of their system."
Dr. Wiftfeld, in 1881. called' my attention to a strange habit of these butter- Hies, as follows : " On May 28th, I observed three C/iarHontax on a chrysalis of siiiiie species in the woods. They were firmly attached, and on trying to drive them off they would not go. I tried repeatedly, and finally used force, but after living around a few times they took up their former position, heads down. The iic\t day the .same thing occurred, only I noticed that one butterfly at a time would leave to feed ; force was again used, with the same result as before. The lollowing day, shortly after dawn, only a trifle of empty shell remained.
■• Th.is observation prompted me to raise another chrysalis, which I suspended in ;i llowering shrub, which Charltonia frequented, June 27th. Soon some but- tiTJlies came and touched the chrysalis, but its wriggling seemed to cause them to move off. Two days before the imago was due, they attached themselves
HELICONIA I.
again, two or throe at a time, and would only y>.eld to force, always returning. On the third day, at daybreak, only a trifling l)it of the empty shell was left, and the butterllies were all gone."
I replied to this, a.sking how the butterllies attached themselves. Did they actually rest on the chrvsali.s, holding on by the legs ? Also, was I to under- stand by bits of empty siiells remaining, that the imagos had come from the two chrysalids? I suggested, if this last was not wliat was meant, that perhaps the butterflies had discovered the chrysalids to be dead and decaying and came to them as to carrion.
On this Dr. VVittfeld again wrote : " In each case the butterfly emerged from the chrysalis. The ciirysalis looked natural but was growing darker, anil the day before the emerging, tlie coming live insect tould, to some extent, be distin- guished. There was notliing dead or decayed or partly eaten aljout it. All the legs of the guarding butterflies had firm hold of the ciirysalis, and it recjuired a little effort to remove them with the fingers. They sat firmly, not ligiitly upon it. To frighten them off did no good, it required force to remove them. After having been picked off they did not stay long away, l)ut flying around a few times (I iiaving removed to some distance), returned to the chry.sdisand attaciied tliemseives to it just as they had done before."
I wrote Dr. Wittfeld. urging him to try again, and especially to ascertain whether the free l)utterflies and the imago in the chrysalis were alwajs ofopjio- site sexes or not, and wiiether females were attracted to a chrysalis in any case. 1 received his further report, as follows: '* Witli regard to the chrysalis found May 28th, of which I wrote you, I add, that there was found by me on the ground, on the morning the butterfly emerged, a female with wings but ])artly expamled, yet paired with a perfect male. Also, when I discovered tiiat the but- terfly had come from the second chrysalis, that of June 2"th, I found a similarly undeveloped female on the ground near by, paired with a free male. I lifted both and placed tiiem on a twig. The male flew off" in course of two hours, but the female remained, though a cripple and unable to move.
" After receiving your letter, for a long time I could obtain neither eggs nor caterpillars of Charitonia, but at last, near the end of September, I hung out a chrysalis. A heavy rain storm setting in, no butterflies were flying that evening, and next day, six a. m., I found the empty shell of the chrysalis and imago gone. On October 1st, I suspended another chrysalis. Soon a number of butterflies ap- peared, flying around and touciiing it. None however attached themselves to it as in previous- observations. I caught one after another of these butterflies, as they came, and put them in a bag. About eleven o'clock, the imago came from ^ the chrysalis, and as it clung to the empty shell, an occasional free butterfly
HELICONIA I.
would alight by it or fly about it. On examination this imago proved to be a male, and so did the <M])tiired bntterliies.
" At the same time another ehrysalis was suspended, and began to ehange eoloi , October 4th, early in the afternoon. Soon male bntterliies appeared, took hold (if the chrysalis, as before, but were easily frightened away. By si,\ o'clock, same iil'leiiioon, the color had changed, and males came freely, attached themselves linidy, and would not let go, in fact, were utterly regardless of their safety. Wlieii picked off they v/ould fly around and return at once. Two m lies remained all night. Before daybreak next morning, I was at my post, and there found the two males, opposite one another, head down, abdomen curved towards the .ibiloiniual end of the chrysalis, both apparently exercising a pressure. Lighted iniitclics held near them would not drive them away, shaking the twig did not loosen their hold, only picking them oil" bodily separated them from the chrys- alis. The latter was now almost black, and momentarily I exj)ected the shell to burst. This happened, but the l)reak was not at the usual place. Owiug prol)- abiy to the pressure or weight of the butterflies, the shell biu-st at the ai)dom- inal end, and instantly one of the males made connection with the female imago, whWv the head and thora.x of the latter were still enclosed. After about ten iniuutos, I determined to free the new insect, which was accoinp'ished by a slight pressure on the .shell, and I then removed the pair and suspended them to a leaf- stem. The wings of the female immediately began to expand, but they did not fully develop. Without my aid, the inuigo would not have been able to extricate itself from the shell, although copulation had been effected.
'• 1 suspended another chrysalis, well discolored, under same conditions, Octo- ber 7tli, in the morning. Males flocked, circled about a few times, approached closely and then flew off again, none having alighted or actually touched the chrysalis. This went on for an hour, when a male emerged. The butterflies were mostly caught and all prdved to be males.
'• October 17th, another chry.salis was suspended imder .same conditions as the lust uientioned. Males appeared, etc. Behavior just as before ; none touching. The imago proved to be a male."
Oil November 1st, Dr. Wittfeld again wrote : " To-day I made another corrob- orative observation on Heliconia chrysalis. At eight A. M., two males attached themselves to a female clwysalis, and acted as before reported. Four more males had appeared by nine o'clock, took hold as best they could, and the six made • luito a bunch. Soon after others came, but had to be content with flying in (If ISC ])roximity, as there was no more holding room. At ten o'clock. I freed the fi'iiiide from the crowd, and found the abdomen exposed, but head and thorax si ill iu the shell. I carried her to the hou.se, allowed her to suspend from a
HELICONIA I.
branch, and bein<( now out of the shell, the wings soon grew, and in another hour or so tiie insect flew off.
"November 11th, discovered two chrysalids of Charitonla on the same plant, al)out two inches apart, but as niudi as two feet from the nearest passion-vine. No. 1 was not discolored, No. 2 a little. To each dirysalis two males were attached. They would let go when touched, tiiose on No. 2 hesitating; how- ever, all would ret\irn at once. On both chrysalids I noticed that the bodies of the males were bent up, that is, off from the chrysalis, and tlie pressure exer- cised in former oijservations was not yet applied by the males. Apparently they simply kept hold so as to be on hand when things developed.
" Novend)er 12th; No. 1 was forsaken; to No. 2 four or live males clung, heads down, bodies still bent up ; they leave only to feed.
" November 13th ; No. 1 still forsaken, but in course of the day males flocked to it, their bodies still bent up ; were frightened away readily.
" Novend)or 14tii; No. 1 had all the attention of the males, while No. 2 re- mained forsaken, the bodies now touching the chrysalis, but almost midway of the abdomen of the pu))a, not at the extremity.
" Later ; two males had taken firm hold, as in previous oljservations, touch- ing at the end of abdomen of pupa ; would not let go, but had to be picked off.
" Later ; I found a pair in copulation on the ground. Now I examined No. 2 and found the imago nearly developed, but dead, and this explains why the chrysalis was forsaken.
" During this observation I noticed that the males would alight on the chry.sa- lis as they do on llowers, then wheel around quickly, head down, body up.
"November 14th ; my attention was attracted by a flock of six or eight Churi- Um'ia butterflies on the edge of woods, flying around an object which, on inspec- tion, I found to be a chrysalis."
Dr. Wittfeld's observations settle this : that in H. Chnritonia the males are able, by some means, to distinguish the presence of a female in chrysalis, at least from the time when discoloration of the .shell commences ; that the attraction becomes stronger as the imago nears its emergence, that the females show no such attraction toward a male in chrysalis, and that males do not attract males. It is not unusual to find female butterflies of certain species, as Papilio Ajax, so lately out of chrysalis that the wings are at least limp, coupled with perfectly devel- oped males, but I have not myself observed a case where the connection took place the instant the female broke from its .shell, or even before the wings were expanded. Certainly I have never known of male butterflies watching tlie advent of a female one moment, much more, for hours and days, nor have^ T read of such an occurrence.
HELICONIA I.
I wrote Mr. Bates, whose experience of eleven years on the Amazon miglit linvc lirouglit this hahit in oiio or more species of Ileliconida) to his notice. But he informs nie that he had observed nothing of the icin<l ; and other naturahst travelers of whom I Inivc made iiKjuiry reply to the same eifect. It is to he supposed however that the hal)it is generic, and that it will hereafter l)i' ob- .<i'i'ved in many species.
Aiiliough the cause of this assembling of the male butterflies about the female cluysalids is sexual, yet incidentally the latter must be protected thereby from atlaclss of enemie.-j. No one wiio has not visited the tropics can conceive the peril to which such objects are exposed, in tiie innumerable throng of spiders, ant.s, predacious in.secta of a thousand species, birds, and animals of other .sorts. Dr. AVittfclil has many times reported aggravating los.ses which have befallen him ; lint 1 know of my own experience, for 1 formerly spent a year on the Amazon, that the active enemies of any chrysalis are tliou.sands to one under the equator as compared even with Florida. The buttorllies theiuselves may be protected by their obnoxious smell or taste, and the chry.salis might prove jusfa.s obnoxious after it was seized. But the nii.-schief would be done when that happened, and tlic female imago wounded or destroyed. The color of the chrysalis is not suth- cifutly marked for its protection, as is the case with the butterfly. It may, in a measure, defend itself by wriggling about, and by the squeaking noise spoken of. but when the .shell is .softening and the imago is mo.st .sensitive to injurv from any rough attack, it could protect itself by neither of these expedients." It is jnst then that the males gather about it, and effectively, if unwittingly, guard it till tiie danger is past, and the new butterfly comes forth. In most of the in- .stuHces observed by Dr. Wittfeld, the females emerging were crippled by the premature a.ssaults of the males, and if this were always the case, protection of tiio chrysalis would be purchased at a dear rate to the species. But we may a.ssmue that this does not generally happen, as the Heliconido) so abound.
In Char'donia we have a species interesting from its affiliations, its beauty, habits, and peculiarities, and all the more as it is the only representative of its kind in our fauna.
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i
Dr-wn :.y Mary P-sar'.
BuwHn in'htK Phil'
EURYMOME \M.t.2A-^,
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ARGYNNIS I.
ARGYNNIS EURYNOME, 1-4.
Aupjnnlf Eurijmme (Eu-ryn'-o-im'), KdwimU, Ti-an<. Am. Erit. Soc. Vol. IV., p. 6G, IS"!?.
PiiiM.\i!ii:s slightly arched, produced upically, the hind murgin.s straight or ij()l.\ex.
Mai.k. — Expands 1.7 to 2 inches.
riipcr side bright yellow-fulvous, little obscured at base; the hind margins oil-ril h_v two line lines between which the fulvous space is very nnrrow; some- liiiic^ these lines broaden and are coulhient; the sub-marginal spots lunular, con- llii'iii.aiid inclosing fulvous spaces of the gL,)und color; the rounded spots wniall; ■M^\^^-< the disks a delicate zigzag l)and, rarely on .■secondaries l)n)l^en into separate luiiiilur .spots ; the cidlular inscription.-' on primiiries include an angular inverted P, a wavy transver.se central ba'-, and two siuuiar i)ars which form tjie sides of a siili-(|iia(h'ate spot; two small spots in the interspaces below the cell ; the basal ■ iiva (if .«ec(mdaries innnaculate, the discnl spot like the letter C ; fringes luteous, laii^ely black at the ends of the nervnles on primaries, aui'. slightly next inner wW'Ar dl' secondaries.
I iiiler si(h' of primaries ])ale buff, with a cinnamon-brown tint at base and aloiiu the nervules, especially the branches of median, the middle of each inter- space >||,)\ving a narrow strij) of the ground color; the sub-marginal mostly sil- vcivil. ;md two or three silver spots anteri(n' to these next costa.
Ncuiiilaries yellow-huff; the ba.'^al area am' disk mottled with pale ferruginous, iiiiii iilicu with more or le.-<s of olivaceou.-^ ; the band iietween the two outer rows "I' -i'dts broad, clear yellow-buff; the spots all well silvered ; those of the sub- iiiaijiiial row serrated, of the .second mostly hmg oval; thefirstand fifth equal, the -croiid, third, and sixth, narrou-er but equally long, the fourth minute, the -t'vciilli lunate, all slightly edged with black above, and all projecting oIivaceou.s AvmUws on the Itand ; in tiie third row arc three s[)ois, the first ami third lunu- liii'. I lie second sub-quadrate ; there is also a dash in this row, on inner margin ; I'l til'' cell one or two rounded spota, below (he cell a long oval; all these lightly
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ARGYNNIS I.
edged with black ; a dash at base of cell, and another at base of subcostal inter.
space ; the shoulder and inner margin silvered. ^ . ^ ^ ^. , , ^
Body above fulvous, beneath buff; legs buff; palpi buff, fulvous above and at
tip ; antonntB black, annulated with grayish above, fulvous below ; club black, tip
ferruginous.
Fkmalk. — Expands 2 inches. .
Color irnlor, the spots in the sub-marginal lunules sordid white ; the marg.nal bands brou.ler and all the markings heavier ; the second row of sdvered spots indicated above by a shade lighter than the ground ; the basal area of primaries
beneath deep colored. , . , . •, • iwu
Occasionallv an example of either sex is seen m which is no silvering, all the snots then being of nearly the same color as the ground.
Egg -Colloidal, broad at base, truncated at summit; marko-i by numer- ous horizontal stri*, and vertically by about twenty proinuv u, "ib. -..e ,4 which are intersected by shorter ribs which proceed from the 1..; - ruect ut about two thirds the distance to the summit ; color at f.-st lemon-yellow, ^oon turning to purple. Deposited upon Viola.
Larv.v unknown. ,„ x i.^ i /- i ii
From Colorado and tlie Rocky Mountains. Mr. T. L. Mead found th,. spreie. common throughout the northern sections of the State, in 18/1, " flyng among the grasses and along the streams. It began to appear at lairpla.v", Gth June. and was, especially abundant at Twin Lakes." I have also received specimens from Dr Ilavdeu's Colorado expedition, and one or two from Montana liitst last were en^oneouslv mentioned by me in the Reports of the Geological Survey of Montana, 18V1, as MonHcaga. Belir, a species, so far as I know confine to the Pacific coa.st. 1 have seen EHrynome in no collection from Utah, nor tn.ui Arizona or \ew Mexico. It would seem to be strictly a mountain species, most abundant in Colorado, and to be found more or less through the territory adjoining on the north.
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ARGYNNIS II.
AUCiYNNIS MEADir, 1-4.
Ari/ynnii Meadii, Edwards, Trans. Am. Knt. Soc., Vol. IV'. p. G7 1872.
Primaries slightly arched, but little proiliiced, stniight on hind margin.
jMale. — Expandis 2.2 iiicheh.
Upper side deep yellow-fulvous, but little obscured at base ; hind margins bor- deiTil by two fine parallel lines, inclosing throughout a narrow fulvous space; upon these rest a confluent series of black spots, those next tiie apices lun.ate, the reiiiiiinder serrate; the rounded extra-discal spots of medium size; the mesial baud narrow, confluent on secondaries; in the cell of primaries, the usual in,scrip- tiniis; at the origin of lower l)ranch of median a black Tnark, and below, in next interspace, a sagittate spot ; the discal spot on secondaries an inverted C ; the second row of silver spots indicated by a space slightly paler than the ground ; fringes of primaries almost wholly fuscous, there being merely a little luteous in the middle of each interspace, of secondaries wholly luteous, except a few black hairs at the end of the posterior nervules.
Under side of primaries pale cinnamon-brown at base and along the nervures of the disk, the remainder light buff", except that the apical area and hind margin are yellow-green; the five upper sub-marginal spots well silvered, as also the three sub-apical spots. Secondaries wholly of a glossy golden-green, a buff' sub- color showing along the middle of the band between the two outer rows of spots ; all tlie spots well silvered ; of the seven sub-marginal, the first is sub-ovate, the next two serrate, the three following broad and sharply serrate, and the last sub- limate, all completely edged with black ; those of second row are mostly long oval, the first, second, and sixth of equal breadth, the third narrower, the fifth broader than the first, the fourth a point, the .seventh irregular, all heavily edged with black above and lightly elsewhere ; of the tiiird row, the first is nearly round, the second minute, the third trapezoidal, the other two da.shes, all edgiij above with black ; in the cell two rounded spots in black circles, a long oval in .-iub-median interspace, and a dash at base of sub-costal ; shoulder and inner margin lightly silvered.
ARGYNNIS 11.
Body above fulvou.s; below, the thorax gray-buff, alMlomen buff; legs fulvous; palpi white, furniHhed in front with long fulvous hairs which are black at tips; iintenuie fuscous above, fulvous below ; club black, tip fulvous.
Female. — Same size.
Color pale ; the sub-marginal spots in both wings lighter than the ground, us are also the spots on disk of secondaries corresponding to the second silver row ; the marginal lines conHuent and the connecting lunules heavy, especially on secondaries; hi other respects like the male.
This species was discovered by Mr. T. L. Mead, who took a single nuile in per- fect condition, at Turkey Creek Junction, Colorado, in June, 1873. Subsequently several specimens of both sexes were brought in by the Yellowstone expeili- tion under Dr. Hayden, from Montana. In 1874, another male was sent me witli a few butterllies taken by Mr. W. R. Pywell, along the line of the Nortlicni Pacilic Railroad west of Bismarck.
MeacUl has been surmised to be a possible variety of EdwcmUu, b\it it secins to me the differences between them are too consideralde and persistent to admit such relationship. Mead'd is of medium size, the primaries scarcely at all pio- duced, the color deep. On the under side the basal area of primaries is i)iik' cinnamon-brown, and the green on both wings is golden, with a gloss like siUiii. very difficult to represent sufficiently on the Plate. Edwardsii is one of our largest species, with long and tapering primaries, and its color is bright and clear beyond all others. The green of the under side is not of a lively shade, but is either brownish or olivaceous, and the basal area of primaries is fulvous to fiery- red in the two sexes.
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AllGYNNIS III.
AIIGYNNIS lUSCIlOKl-'M, 1-4.
Argynnii Buchoffii, KiUviirdn, Tiiuis. Am. Kiit. Sue. Vol. III. p. IHli, 1H70.
PuiMAiUKS wlioi't, Hlij;litly arched, the hiiul iniirgiii.s coiivo.x.
Male. — Kxpiuuls 1.8 inch.
lJj)]H!r side fulvous; the base of priiniirie.s aud tlic \nm'v half of .seoondaricn dfiiisoly obwcured by purple-tinted black, .mo as to conceal the nwirkings; both wings have broa<l black marginal borders, either crenated or erose on thi' inner side, and inclosing a series of small fulsous s|)ots ; often these are nearly or quit(! obsolete on the posterior half of primaries; the other markings nincli as in Knriinonie ; fringes luteous.
Under side of jirimaries with a faint fulvous tint at ba.se and ov<m- the median interspaces; the apical area pale ochraceous, and often immaculate; often also the siili-marginal lunules are wanting or represented by a few brown scales only ; but in .some examples these lunules are distinct throughout.
Hfcondaries bulf washed with ochraceous, mottled on the basal area with gni\ ish-green, and sometimes with reddish-l)rown on the mi<ldle of the disk; the band Ijetween the outer rows of spots bufl"; the sub-marginal spots brond, ser- niii'd ; of the second row, the first three are nearly equal, sub-ovate, the fourth minute, the fifth ovate, larger than the first, the sixth ovate, small, the seventh irregular ; in the third row are three spots and in the cell two ; also oik; in the interspace above cell. Individuals difler much in respect to silver- ing, the larger proportion of males examined being wholly without silver, the spols buff, while in the females silvered spots predominate ; in many cases also where there is an absence of silver, the sub-marginal spots of secondaries, as well as of primaries, are nearly obsolete.
Body black, with fulvous hairs, beneath gray-fulvous ; legs and palpi fulvous ; autcnnie brown above, fulvous below; club black, tip ferruginous.
Female. — Expands 1.9 inch.
The basal half of primaries and almost the whole of secondaries obscured, to
ARGYNNIS III.
such an extent often thut the fulvous color is nearly limited to the extra-dis.i,! area of both wings ; the disk and costal margin of primaries sordid white, as a.v portions of the intorspacoson s.H'ondaries, especially those which correspond with the second row of spots on under side ; the marginal borders broader than m the m,de; the inclosed spota small, sordid white.
From Aliaska. .
All the examples of the present species Known to me ni collections have been taken in one locality near .Sitka, " upon .some rising ground, covered with hoatli- like plants, two miles from the town, in the middle of July.'' Of these, o*.,. were take-, by the late M. Bischoff, and 1*2^' by Mr. Bendel, of San iMun- cisco Except one pair of M. Bischoft-'s coUeclaig, I have seen, or Mr. Hcniy Edwards has examined and described to me, all these. Of the males, one only is silvered and four are not; of the females, four are siivertd and two are n.t In both .sexes there is much dificrence in the unsilvered examples as to the dis- tinctness of the marginal and apical markings, and all, of loth sexes, are mnoli
obscu'-ed on the upper side. . , ^ , , . ^, uu e a
Mr. Crotch did not meet this species in British Coluiubia, though he fori.id
several other Argynnides there in abundance.
ARGYNNIS III.
ARGYNNIS Ol'IS, 5-8. Argt/nnis Oph, Edwarils, Trans. Am. Ent. Soo., Vol. V., p. 105, 1874.
JIalk. — Expands 1.5 incli.
Fiinuirics moderately ai-dicd, liind margins ronnded ; under .side without silver
Upper side uniform yellow-fulvous; primaries very little obscured at ba.se srroH.laries rather largely ob.scured both at base and down the abdominal mar- -11. t.. the mesial band, that part of the wing being covered with a dense coating (.1 >lark brown bristling hairs; hind margins edged by two fine parallel linest sliMwmg very narrow fulvous spaces between, and connected throughout with a scncs ..f small black lunules within which are fulvous spots; the extra-discal spots small; the mesial band delicate, and conlluent on secondaries; in the cell of primaries a wavy stripe ciwses the lower median inter.spaee and part of sub- incdiau below ceU ; secondaries have on the disk an incomplete black ring; Iriiiiics hitcoiis, fuscou.s at the ends of the nervules.
I ndcr side of primaries buff, very slightly, if at all, red-tinted on ba.sal area ol pn.nanes; the markings of the cell repeated, the mesial band represented hy srpiirated spots ; tl)e extra-discal spots ob.solete except two or three next ii'iu'i' margin ; the usual sub-marginal spots obsolete, or near inner ano-le repre- s.'nl..d by a few scales ou'v-. Secondaries have the discal area pale odiraceous snin.^vi.at mottled with faint red ; the space beyond the .second row of spots •■I.Nir ochraceous; the sub-marginal spots faint, these of second row and those tou.irdsba.-^esca.cely more distinct; all the.se arranged as in E>,r>/ name and al- li'il -pccics, but ochraceous, with no silvr •
lio'ly above fuscous with fulvous hair«, beneath, the thorax grav-fulvous. ab- il"""i' I'uff; legs buff; palpi gray-fubous; antenniB fuscous above, fulvous be- l"w ; club black, the tip fulvous.
Fi:mai,e. — Same size and shape. Color deeper fulvous ; both wings ob.scured t'-'Hii Inise nearly to mesial band ; the marginal band with the connected lunules
ARGYNNIS III.
and indeed all the markings, heavier than in the male. Under side of pri- maries red-tinted except at apox, which is ochraceous; seccmdanes as in ti.e male.
The only locality at present known for this species is Bald ]M[ountain, Cariboo, British Columbia, at which several specimens were taken m 1873, by the Lite
Mr. G. R. Crotch. ^ , tr u
The virgins Opis and Ahge first brought offermgs from the Hypei^oreans to Apollo at Delos; and dying there, "they receive honor from the Delu.n., the women calling on their names in a hymn; and ashes frcm the altar are thrown upon their sepulchre, which is behind the temple of Diana, facing (lie eaBt, very near the banqueting room of the Coians." So the old historian ; and later by three miUeniums it pleased me also in naming this hyperborean butter- fly to honor the heroic virgins.
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ARGYNNIS IV.
ARGYNNIS BREMNP:RII, 1-4.
An/i/iwii Bremnarii, Edwards, Tniiis. Am. Ent. Soc., 1872.
PiUMARiES long, narrow, produced apically ; hind margin more or le.'^s con- vex.
Male. — Expands 2 to 2.4 inches.
U])per side deep fulvous, occasionally yellow-fulvous, dark brown at base and iu(iirly up to mesial band ; hind margins bordered by two parallel black lines, tlic intervening fulvous space divided by the black nervules ; resting on these lines a common series of black crescents, enclosing fulvous spots, small, mostly ii()iil)le-convex ; other markings as in allied species, very heavy, as in Cyhde; tlie mesial band confluent on secondaries, and connected with the spot on the ■m hy a black bar, that cro.sses the lower sub-costal interspace ; this spot is simped like an inverted C ; fringes Inteous, l)lack at tips of nervules.
Under side of primaries red-fulvous, sometimes cinnamon-red, next base and over inner margin up to median, buff along costa, in upper and posterior part of cell and in the discoidal interspaces ; the hind margin from apex to median ferru- irinoMs, and a large ferruginous sub-apical patch, on which are two, rarely three, spots, sometimes well silvered, sometimes buff with merely a few scales of silver ; the sub-marginal spots to the number of five or six from apex, either well silvered or slightly, like the sub-apical.
Secondaries deep ferruginous, somewhat mottled with buff, or greenish-buff; the space between the two outer rows of silver spots, usually buff, sometimes yellow, and not encroached on by the dark ground color, as in Cyhele ; but in other cases this space is nearly covered by ferruginous, as in Aphrodite; the seven sub-marginal silver spots narrow, sub-triangular, edged above with ferru- ginons; the sev;M o<" second row each narrowly edged with black anteriorly, the (list three nearly equal, the fourth minute, the fifth largest, sub-rotund, the sixth sub-rectangular, the seventh limate ; in the third row are five spots, similarly edged with black, the first, third, and fourth equal, lunate, the second minute, often obsolete, the fourth a dash on the margin ; a .small round spot in cell and three spots at origin of nervures ; making twenty-two silver spots in iill; shoulder well silvered, abdomiwai margin lightly. Body fulvous above,
AUGYNNIS IV.
beneath buff, with gray and fulvous hairs, abdomen buff; legs fulvous; piilpj fulvous, with buff hairs in front; antenme fuscous above, fulvous below ; ciiil) black, fulvous at tip.
Femai,k. — Expands from 2.3 to 2.7 inches.
Upper side paler ; the marginal lines and crescents confluent, forming a broail black band, the enclosed fulvous spots paler than the ground color; the otluT markings as in the male.
Under side of primaries deep red, ochraceous apically ; the silver spots distinct. three on the ferruginous patch, and five or six along the margin ; secondaries ns in the male, but rather more mottled with greenish - ochraceous ; spots largi-r. well .silvered.
This fine species was first made known by Dr. Bremner, of H. M. Siiip Zealous, who obtained a few individuals on San Juan Island, in 1871, and \)\\'- sented them to Mr. Henry Edwards. In 1873, Mr. Edwards himself visited Vim- couver's Island, and writes as follows : *' Jlremner'd is remarkably common in the vicinity of Victoria. I observed it in great numbers at P^squimalt, and on a patch of clover, which was in full flower at the time of my arrival, I captured over sixty specimens. The great n)ajority of these were males, and from my own experience, and that of other ob.servers, with the larger Arfjynnhies, 1 lie- lieve that the females of Bremnerii would not appear in any number before the end of August, while the male is abundant in June. It seems to be the oiilv large species of Argynnis inhabiting this Island. Its flight is somewhat slow and heavy, and being a fearless insect, its capture is a matter of no difficulty." In August, 1873, also, Mr. G. R. Crotch was collecting in British Columbia, and found Bremnerii abundant at Eraser's River and at Lake Labache. With it was flying A. Ajjhi'ndite, scarcely differing from its type of the Eastern States. Tliis alone of the large Atlantic species of Arf/i/nnis is found on the Pacific coast, and so far as now known, is confined to British Columbia. Both Atlantis and Aph- rodite belong to the Coloradan fauna, and the males of the latter s])ecies liave there undergone .some modification, having assumed somewhat of the intcns^e coloration of the female, while the fore-wings are more produced and more arched than in the Eastern type.
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ARGYNNIS y.
ARGYNNIS INORNATA.
Arijynnis inornata, Kdwardu, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc., Vol. IV., p. 61, 1878,
Primaries strongly arched, proclucecl apically, straight on hind margin in the iiimIc, slightly concave in the female.
Male. — Expands 2.5 inches.
llp'ior side red-fulvous, much obscured from the mesial band to base, so as to render the blacki.sh markings indistinct as compared with JTesperis, the nearest allied .species ; margins bordered by two parallel lines that are confluent on primaries and on upper half of secondaries, forming a black bond through which faintly appears a tint of fulvous in the interspaces ; on the band rests a con- nected series of black lunules inclosing pale fulvous spots ; the other black markings as in Ilcsperis, but heavier ; on disks of secondaries paler spots corre- sponding to tlie second row on underside ; the black markings in cell of primaries next anterior to the spot on arc strongly bent so as to inclose a sub-quadrate space which is paler than the ground color ; fringes luteous, black at tips of the nervules. Under side of primaries cinnamon-brown at base, and up to the mesial iilack hand and within the P like spot on the arc; but the sub-quadrate space and that portion in cell next posterior is buff; rest of wing buft', including the .•<iili-marginal and sub-apical spots.
Secondaries reddish-brown from base to outside of second row of spots, the band between this and outer row buff and immaculate ; the marginal spots large, 1)11 lad, sub-triangular, very slightly edged above by brown ; tho.se of second row nuistly large, l)road-oval ; of the third row, the first on costa is nearly round, the second trapezoidal, the third a dash only ; the spots of the second and third rows liLrlitly edged above with black ; two round spots in black rings in cell, a long ova! at base of sub-median and a da.sh at base of sub-costal ; all these buff, scarcely differing from parts )f the ground color, and without silver.
Body covered with fulvous hairs, gray-buff beneath, abdomen buff; legs bufi"; palpi same, fulvous in front and at tip ; antennae black above, fulvous below ; club black, tip fulvous.
ARGYNNIS V.
Female. — Expands 2.7 inches.
Upper side paler, the general appearance more that of an Euptoieta, the whole onter portion of the wings, including the sub-marginal spots and the discal spots of secondaries, faded to a whitisli-ochraceous ; in cell of primaries, the space within the P, and that between the two black lines next base deep orange-fulvous, rest of cell of same sluule as the disk, the sub-quadrate space conspicuous ; under side of primaries orange-fulvous instead of cinntimon-brown ; secondaries next base pale brow- mottled .vith buff, the spots shaped as in male but greatly en- larged ; on the sub-marginal spots of secondaries may be seen a few scales of
silver
Inornata was originally described from a single pair in the collection of Mr. James Behrens, and which had been taken at Downieville, Cal. Sirce 1872, the species has been found to range over a large territory, even to Virginia City, Nevada, where it was ol)served by Mr. Henry Edwards. He writes : " It is a remarkably wild llyor, and never rests more than a second or two, in this respect differing very much from A. Zerme and Montkola. ^ It alights on leaves of trees or on the road, but I never saw it settle on flowers."
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ARGYNNIS VI.
ARGYNNIS RHODOPE, 1—4.
Argynni$ Rhodope (Hhod'o-pe), K.lwnrds, Trans. Ain. Ent. Soc. 1874, p. 13.
Pi!iM.\RiEa of medium width, moderately arched, straight on hind margin.
Mai,k. — Kxpands 2.2 inches.
Upper side deep red-fulvous, the biisal area of each wing up to the mesial l)and ilaik l.rown ; hind margins edged by two heavy, parallel, black lines, sometimes coiiliuciit, on which rest a series of lunules which inclose narrow, sub-ovate, ful- vous spots; the preceding rounded spots small ; other markings as in the allied spucies, but heavy throughout ; the mesial band on secondaries confluent; the iliscal spot on same wing oval, with a narrow, fulvous sinus ; beyond this spot to hiise. the ground in the cell, and for some distance on either side of the cell, is lilack, partially covered by brown scales; along the iinier edge of the mesial liimil iilmve median nervure are fulvous spots in the interspaces; fringes alter- iiMicly hitcous and black, the latter prevailing on primaries.
Under side of primaries dark ferruginous along the entire hind margin and iijH'x quite up to the line of rounded spots; sometimes the l)a.sal area ami inner iriargin are of same hue, but in other cases are paler; the sub-costal and di.scoi- ilid interspaces yellow, as is also much of cell ; the spots inclosed in the sub-mar- ginal hmations small, and the upper five or six either yellow with a few silver scales, or well silvered ; on costal margin three sub-apical spots on a patch of reddish-brown, also either yellow or silvered, differing in individuals.
Secondaries uniform deep red-ferruginous from bii,se to margin, except that sometimes there is a narrow pale space between the two outer rows of sjM.ts. as of a yello'.v sub-color washed with red ; also in some cases the middle of wing, next anterior to the second row, is much covered with black ; the marginal 'pots well silvered, narrow, elongated, lunular; those of .second row nearly trqual I'l size, excepting the fourth, which is minute ; the first three, lifth. and sixth si'l.-quadrate, the seventh long and narrow, the eighth, on inner margin, nearly olisolete; all these heavily edged above with black; the spots of^third row fiaall, edged above with black ; in the cell a rounded spot, and at the base of
ARGYNNIS VI.
median nervure, an oval, both ringed with black ; all these spot., from seco.ul row to base, either well silvered, or pale yclh.w sprinkled with silver scaU-s differing in individuals ; silver patches at base of cell, at or.g.n of sub-costal nervure and on shoulder ; tiie abdominal margin lightly sdvered^
Body above brown-fulvous, beneath light, the abdomen buff; legs fulvous; palpi bull- at base, fulvous above; antennae fuscous, beneath ferrugmous ; clul. black, ferruginous at tip.
Female. — Expands 2.4 inches. ^ _ , ^ v
Uv.per side paler, the ba.sal area nearly as much obscured as in male, the sub- luarii^nal fulvous spots lighter than the ground ; under side as in the male, the marginal row of spots in secondaries silvered, all the others yellow.
This beautiful and distinct species wa,s discovered in 1873, by Mr. G. R. Crotch, in the Eraser's River country, British Columbia. Three males and one fe.ua e only were taken, " in the forest on the way from Bates' (commonly called .he lOU-mile house) to Beaver Lake."
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jrin I
himl wliici espic tlio 0 unil (
iiiNcr |-M a|iir';«.l iiiirs
lllMlll(
omljir <li>k ii f'roacl silvon witli r Mnck : fiflli f Innate lowur costal
V »• -
ARGYNNIS VII.
ARGYNNIS RUPESTHIS, 1-1.
Argiinnit lluptilrit, Buhr. Proc. Cal, Acail. Nat. Sci., 18G3, p. 84. Same work, 1862, ) 173, described ■■
" No. 6."
Mai.k. — Expands two inche.s.
I'riiii.uiort strongly nrclieil, moderately produced, rounded apically ; hind mar- gin lU'iirly straight.
Upper side deep red-fulvous, somewhat ol)scurod at base of primaries, and Itirjrcly on secondaries, the dark portion nearly reaching the mesial hand ; liiiul margins bordered by two fine ])araliel lines, on which rest a series of lunule.s which inclose spots of the ground color ; tiie extra-discal spots rounded, large, espdi.iliy those on the posterior half of priuiai .'s. and all on sccoudaricH except the (iiic on upper median interspace, which is n-.inute; the mesial band heavy, ami coulhient throughout; tlie usual in.scri|)tions in cell of primaries, and a .«a;rittate .spot in sub-median interspace; in the cell of secondaries a spot like an invcrtc(l C ; all these marks heavy; fringes luteous, black at tips of nervules.
Indcr side of primaries brick-red at base, hulf over outer part of cell and the api(';>l area ; the median interspaces tinted with red on buff ground ; the mark- inir-* repeated; near the apex a slight ferruginous patch; the sub-marginal Inimles brown, darkest posteriorily, inclosing buff spots without silver ; sec omlaries cinnamon-red on buff grouml. the latter appearing in patches on the disk and in the cell ; the band between the outer rows of spots narrow, buff, en- cronclu'd on by the basal color; the sub-marginal spots light buff, very slightly silvered, long, narrow, edged above by red ; the remaining spots yellow-butl, with no silver, each of those of second and third rows edged narrowly above by lil:i(k ; the second row consists of seven spots, of which the hrst three and the fit'ili and sixth are sub-ovate and equal, the fourth minute, the seventh sub- lunate; the third row of three spots; in the cell two, and an oval at ba,se ot lower median interspace, these edged with black; a patch of buff at base of sub- costal interspace.
ARGYNNIS VII.
Body deep fulvous iilxjvu, beneath, the tbornx buff, iibdonien yellowiHh ; Icjrs buft", red on the unterior wide ; palpi yellow at the Hide, fulvoun in front ami iit tip; ..ntonnm fuscous altove, fulvous below; club black, the tip ferruginous.
Female. — Kxpands 2.2 inches.
Upper side It'ss intcnsoly colored, tending to yellow-fulvous on disk ; the lior- ders and lunulos heavy; the spots inclo.sed on the lunules paler than thegromwl; all the markings heavy ; under side of primaries light-red, and of nearly unilniiu shade ovjr the basal area and all the outer limb below the upper branch of im-- dian ; the discoidal nervulea edged with red ; remainder of the wing bulf; the anterior sub-marginal spots very lightly silvered, the rest buff as are also those ou sub-apical patch ; secondaries have the basal red of brighter tint than in llio male ; the sub-marginal spots partially silvered, the others clear yeilow-buff.
This fine species, although described so long ago as 18(52, by Dr. Behr, from a single male which had been received by him from .some member of the Sdite Geological Survey, had remained otherwise unknown until 1874, no other ."^ppci- men having been taken, and no knowledge existing of it« locality. During the past season Mr. James Behrcns re-discovered the species at Soda Springs, iu northern California, and from him I have received the pair figured on the I'liite.
ARGYNNIS VII.
AKGYNNIS DIANA.
Argynnit Diana, Cramer, II., pi. 98. Kilwnnlii Hut. \. A., Vol. I. plati^ 30,
DESCRU'TION OF PUKI'AUATOHY 8TA0ES.
Ego. — Height, .086 inch, breadth at base, .09, at .siiininit, .034; conoiilal, truncated, deprcHsed at suiriinit, marked vertically by about eighteen prominent, nliirlitly wavy, ribs, eight of which extend from ba.'^e to summit, and form around the latter a serrated rim or crown ; the remainder lie between these and end iiic^nilarly at one half to three quarters distance from ba.se, sometimes scpiarely lit one of the tran-sverse striio, but often curves towards and unite with the long ribs; between each pair of ribs are equi-distant transverse stria', about twelve in nil. each one depressed in the middle and not often in line with the corres- IJiiniling striio of the adjoining sections ; the H|)aces between the ril)a and striic excavated roundly. (Fig. a.) Duration of this stage fifteen days.
YoiiNO Lakva. — Length, .08 inch; cylindrical, thickest at fifth and sixth so;;inents, tapering slightly towards either extremity ; colr)r dull green, translu- cent ; each segment from third to twelfth marked by a transverse row of eight clonfriited, mostly ob-ovate, tubercular, dark spots, the second on either side the (lui'sil line lying back of the rest; on the thirteenth a straight row of four spots, and behind this another of two spots ; the second segment is narn w and is occu- pied dorsally by a blacki.sh, oblong patch, on the front of which are four small, rounded tubercles, and immediately behind each of the two outer ones a similar tiilicrcle; in addition to these, on either side of this segment are two spots like those upon the other segments ; from each of the tubercular spots throughout spring one or two long black hairs, curved forward ; head rounded in front and at the vertices, depressed in middle at top ; color blacki.sh brown, sparsely pilo.se. (Fig. h.) At this stage tliis larva cannot be distinguished from that of Ci/bele or Aphrodite. The first moult occurred in eighteen days aller the larva awaked from hybernation.
AIKIYNNIS VII.
After Pv.st inoiilt : IfUiitli .1") iiicli ; same sliiipc iis hufore ; color oliv;
iir('(iii><,
niotaod over llu^ wliolc smliu'c with !)rowii ; armed with .six longitudinal idws of lonjr. Ili'shv. hiack .■opines, each of which sprinj^s from a yellowish tiilicrcjc ; th(\sc spines are soniewliat tinted witii lulvous at hase. and from the sides and end of each ])n)ceed short. cMU'ved hiack hairs; legs and pro-legs didl grctii ; head hlack. ( Kig- <'■) Duration of this stage sixteen days.
After secduil moult : length ..'i inch ; the segments fr< in fiurth to elevcutli enlarged, from Iburth to second tapering more rapidly than liefore ; color uni- form ohscure greenisli-hrowii ; the s|)iiu's as in the last stage, a dull yellow In-
hercic forming the base of each ; ley-s black
gs
pn
-lejrs dull green; front of h
blackish brown, itiistling with hairs; hack f)f head, at tiie junction with sicdriil
sejrmcnt. dl vclios
isr. t
I.) 1)
lu'ntion of this stage foui'te«'n days.
After third moidt : length .7; cohtr as in last stage, the U])per surface witli a silky gloss; the spines longer and more la|)ering, the basal thiid of each iind the tul)ercle also orange; the bristles shorter ; legs and ])ro-li'gs hlack; licad sub-conic, truncated, with a prominent vertex on either side, between wliiili and the apex is a romiderl depression, the front flattened, the lower iiiigles lounded ; color brown in front, dull yellow liehind ; the ocelli black. (Fig c.)
Time to next moult sev, nteen days.
After fourth moult: length .1 inch; color uniform deep chocolate-brn\v;i ; the spines as Ijclore. except those of the two dorsal rows on seconil and list four segments, all of which are l)iack ; tin; bristles shorter; betWMMi the ilmsiil rows on eacii segment are two whitish dots; head i)lack. (Fig. /. ) Duration 'il this stage twelve days.
After fifth nutult : length 1.5 inch. The larva continucil \ 'ihout cl
lanirc Ml
coloration tdl matin'ity.
MaTI'UK liAKVV.
hengtii _.-) niches; I'yimdric.d, lleshy. taperuig at cilicr extremity, I'ach segm* nt rounded ; wiiolly velvety-!>laek ; armetl with six niwi of long, tapering, sharp, glossy-black spines, from eacdi of vvhi<'h proceeds scvrial short black bristles on the sides and one at the top; lengtii of ii\osl of ihc^c
s measure .•> iiicii.
spines .2 inch ; on liu- second segment the two dorsal spine and are ])roJected forward over i!:<' head ; on each side ol same segnu'iil is one other s])ine, starting from the posteri(M' "dge of tin- segment and back <»f tin' line of the dors.ils, and these aNo ar«' porrecti d ; the remaining spines of the six rows railiiitc as if from a cculral axis, those of the stigmntal row being dc|)ressc'l so that theii' ends are on a level with the feet ; tl;e basi> of each sj.inc deep .)tatij.'C or lulvous; betwi'cn each jiair of dorsals two whitish dots placed lraiisvti-i 1\ : legs ai\d pro-legs lilack ; head small, iiut broader than the second segment, s-u'd- conic. truncated and depressed at top, flattened in from, the lower corners rouiulcd,
ARGYNNIS Vir.
the viTticcH prominent, tlic surface sparsoly pilose ; color brown, hcliiiid f'ulvouH.
iKiu'. I/.)
Thirt_v-.«ix hours elapsed al'tcr suspension before the change to chrysalis took place, twenty-two <lays from the lifth moult.
('rii;vsAMs. — Length 1.2 inch, greatest breadth .4^5 inch; cylindrical, with an niijiilMr excavation below the niesonotuui ; the whole surface finely corrugated; liruil-cikse s(|uare, tranversely roiuided, with somewhat prominent vertices : iiir-(Mi()tuiu prominent, eotPfressed, carinated, rounde(l at smnmit. and with a sliarp tu!)ercle at base on either side ; two other tubercles ju.st below and back of the licad ; wing-cases mucii eh vated above the surliice, the outer edgi's at ba.se Haling; on the al»domen two doi'sal rows of long, sharp tubercles, and smaller iiiir^. (orresponding to the first lateral spines on the larva, on the three or four iiuiMlc segments ; color of the anterior portions and of the wiug-ca.ses light- brown, streaked with darker shades; of the abdom<'n dark l)rown, mottled on till' sides with red. (Fig. h.) Duration of this stage nearly twenty-one days; iiiakiiig the time from the egg to the imago alxiut nine months.
MirKS ON TUK I'HEP.IKATOKY STAOF.S OK AliGVNVIS DIANA, CYIJEl.K, A>n>
AIMIKODITK.
After many di.scouragiug attempts at raising the larvie of one or other of these >|)(iics. I succeeded in bringing all from t'ggs to chrysalids in lS7;J-4. The fciiiiles readily deposit their eirgs in condnenu'ut, :ind at difl'erent tunes 1 had had luiinlrcds hatch, but h).Ht tlu^ young larviv< almost immediately. Ctfhfle is a com- iiiiin sjiccies at Coalbiirgb. and in August and Sciilcmbcr multitudes cf them may lie lakeu on (lowers, in the fields on Vernonia, in the garden on single /.iimiiiH, <'^|ncially. Aphroilite is sometimes taken, but is rare, and as to DUuki, though ten years ago I was able to take n»any, of late it has become almost e.xtinct hero- iil«>nts. Hut on la.st of .\ugust, IH7;J. Mr. T. L. Mead brought from a locality lit>\ miles east of ("oalbiirgh, among the moimtains. several li\iug females of ,1/, ///.«#/(■/,' and some sixty ol' Diana. The.se were placed in boxes and keg.s, with tii-li jilants of violet, as were also femali's of ('i/hilr. and a very large uundier of cgu"^ were obtaiiu'd of eaci species, laid upon the leaves and stems of the plants, ■iMiJ also upon the sides of llie b(».xes and the cloths which covei'ed them. Didnn iiN'i ile|M»sited freely upon stems <»l' \'eiiionia. but 1 was never nble to discover thai ijie young la,'va> fed on that plan!. Dr. If. K. irayburst, at Sedalia, .Mo.. to uiiom I had sent yoiuig I:»rva> lA' jfJiinn in ISCil*. wrote me at the time tliai ill some instjinces they did eat the au;iace of the leaves of V^ernonia Nova- l)eiaiei)sis. It is c.crtnin, however, that this larva thrives on vi<>lets of every
ARGYNNIS VII.
variety, wild (ir cultiviited, ami iii)<>ii paiisies. as do the larviu of Ci/helc ami Aphroi/ilr. The efifrs of the three species are essentially alike, eoiistructcd (ui the same phm. and in ahoiit eiiiial ])eri()ds the larviu hatched ; namely, tVoin twelve to (il'teen days. Alter emerj^inji, an occasional larva was noticied i'eedinj;. hnt only for a day or two, and nearly all at once? attached themselves to the under sides of the leaves and M|)(»n the {grooves of the stems, w'here rows of ImH' a do/en were to he seen rani^ed one Ijchind the other, <[uite to the l)as('. nnii hecame dormant. There is no |)t'rce|)lihle dillereniie l)etween the larva* of these thiei- species at this or the next two or three staj^es. As it seemed necessary to keep the plants cool. I found j^reat diHicnIty in carrvinj^ them throu<;h the early part of the winter, and as the leaves died olV. and ])erhaps the wliolo plant as well, the larvu' had to he translerrcd to others, and a jjreat many of them were lost in the process. Many also were destroyed hy mould. .Soon after the first of .January. I placed the plants in the {^reenhou.se. and a few days litter discovered the larv;e of Ci/hi/r moviu^r ahout and feediuj^. Two weeks later, on the tweuty-lirst. those ol' J)lfniri and Aji/inx/ilc were active. To prevent escape I confined them within jrlass jjlohes set on the pots • Mil- plants. tJiii hoth plants and lai'va' sidlered from the coullnement, ami ..lere .soon apja'ared a great mortality among the 'alter, l^ut the most serious loss oecurreil from the smoking of the greenhouse with tohacco. one day in my ah- sence. the gardener having forgotten to remove my ])ots. From this catastniphc emerged idiout a score ui' Ci/hf/i'. half a dozen A/i/iroi/iff. and fewer Di'iiin. Tlu' growth of all was slow, and it was the twfiity-se\-enth of January hefori- the first moult of Ci/hclr took place, ami individuals of this spe<'ies were passing this moult irregularly fur a fortnight .al'terwards The otln'r two pas.sed their first moult aliout the midille of Keliruaiy. Kach species moidled five timi's licloro maturing, and the intervals lielween the several corresponding moults varieil unich ill individuals, no donltt owing lo the state of the weather. On siuuiv (lays all were i 'tive. hut when the sky was clouiled or weather cold they neither fed n(U" mf)vcd.
V\> to the fifth moult the three species retaiiUMl a close resemhiance. Ct/litle and i)i((iiii heing of eipial si/.e, Aphrodlfe smaller and slenderer. .\t the filth. DidiKi parted from the other two, increased ra|)idly in size, and the spine- wcrr longer in proportion, and radiated from a central axis like spokes from liie luili of a wheel. The four spines of si'cond segunnit wen; projected horizontally for- ward over llic head, and the two miildle ones of these were longer than any others on the hody. in these respects Di/iiKi difli'red from the other species. A lliov approached maturity the uumhcriif larve was retluced to four Cifhelt; two Aplira- difv, and one Viand, and how to preserve thorn to the end was a matter of itnuh
AIUiYNNIS Vir.
anxii'tv. I iirraiiged u keg witli a {^aiize l)af^ liigli ovor the top, wliioli was ron- liiird l(\' the iippiT lio()|) ol" tlie keg, and plaiitcd IVfsli violfls, wliicli liad to l)o iviirwcil almost (lailj, (lovrriiig the eartli partially with f^toiies, and setting slicks whiili might serve as resting places Iwr the larvie. This appeared to answer the niii |i(ist' wtdl. 'I'he hirviu were I'ond of resting on the sticks, liead downward, or iiiiHii tilt' sides of the l)ag, coming down to feed when impelled iiy lumgcr. After Kiii.mrmg motionless for lioiu's, they would suddenly arouse and start olf in cxnt'iiie haste, running all ahout the inelosin-e, and on reaching the leaves wonlil fcdl ravenously, and liien return to their resting place. Not unfretpiently they well' extenih'd on the stones or the (hinip earth as il' for coolness, the weather al this time having heconu- warm.
It is uncertain whether the hirvio of hutlertlies see distinctly, or at all. al- tliiiiii;li they are I'urnished witli what are calleil ocelli, there heing live of these iii;:aiis on either side of the iiead. On one occasion I happened to la; at hand ulnn an Aphi'ndlfr sud(K'nly started down the side of the hag, to (hsa|)pear helow, ;mi<I |iii'.sently emerge oil one of tiie upright sticks. This it ran uver and alioiit, aiKJ from ii point on the si<le of it towards the plant made great ell()rts to reach one of the stems, which was at some'tliing more than an inch distant from the stii'k. Severid limes the caterpillar stretched itselt" out till it was nearly twice its natural length, holding to tiie stick hy its anal anil last pair of ventral clasp- crs. aivl moving its head and hody from side to side to feel for the plant. Hut the attempts were in vain. Then it remounted the stick, iind reacheil out in a similar nnmner l'ron\ the top in directions where were no h'aves. till at last it tiu'neil right again, and hy an cdlltrl more violent thai< usual, seized a stem hy its jaws and lirst pair of legs, ami liolding hy them, dro|)pe(l its hody from the stick and cliiidu'il to the leai. There was evidently a sense ot' direction in the lirst instniu'e, from the descent of the htig to the reaching the stick, though not 111" sii;lit. as the sti<'k was fixed at the 'lase of the plant, and the latter was as easily readied as the former. .\iid when on the stick, there was a .sense that the leiurs were near, without a ci-rtainty o" the precise locality.
(hily three Cifhi'le readied dirysaiis and one A/ifinxlHi'. They s|)uii luittonsof wliiif silk and hung suspeiiiled, nearly straight, the anterior segments i)iit little liiiii. and so coutinue(l lor ahoiii two days and nights in the case of Ci/hi/t'. tliiii\-si.\ hours in AphradUc. This last <lieil in chrysalis; the others yieliled the iiii !;/'• in twenty-two to twenty-four days. 'l"he D'uinn suspended in a .similar
I iiier last of all, on .seventeenth of Ma_\ . and the change to chrysalis occurred
"i: the iii!ieteenth the interval having heeii fifty-four hours. It was so pro- lan.:. ,1 that I feared I'A the larva had not vitality siillicient to euahle it to I'liaiiv'e. and when on risiiiif in the middle of the last ni;jlit to see wliiit the fate
ARGYNNIS VII.
might l)e, 1 found tlie change passed, and the beautiful chrysalis formed, the sense of ri-iief was great. It was the single outcome from at least three hunthcd eggs, and 1 had watched over it in one stage or other almost daily for thirty- eight weeks.
From this chrysalis a female emerged twenty-four days later, nearly forty-one weeks from the laying of the egg. As the seveiiil stages f these larva? were remlii'd, they were forwarded to Miss Peart, in P.iiladelphia, for their portrnits. whicli in every instance; are drawn from life, and fortunately none were lost or injured on their travels.
In the fall of 1874, I again obtained eggs ol' Ci/helc, and profiting by experi- ence, confined the young larvio within cylinders of fine wire set over the plants and deep enough in tiie eartii to prevent escapes. And 1 found no dilliculty, after tiie larvio began to feed, in rearing them, bringing seven to the imago. Fresii air and moisture is what tlie.-<e larva) of yl?v////)«/s require, and I have no doubt now that 1 can suctiessfuliy raise any sj)ecies of this genus.
Thri-e years ago, I received Iroin .Mr. Vv'm. Saunders, a few half-grown Jnrvu' of Cyhele, taken near liondon, Canada. Tiiey were found by him in the Spring. in swain])V ground, hiding J>y day in lioles made by the feet of cattle, and were concealed also by dead Icavi-s which more or less filled the holes. These larvao matured in my pos.session. Mr. Savmders also found chrjsalids of the .^mne species suspended on the imder side of pieces of bark near this swampy gronnd, and by scattering bark about, and freciucntly examining it, he obtained .'^cviT.il clirysalids. In the .same .sort of hiding place, Mr. Mead found the chrysali.s of A. Atlantis, at Hunter, N. Y., in spring of 1873.
I I WUtf«U««i
I, the tulrcil liiitv-
y-one I wore triiit.s. Dst or
xperi- plants iculty, iiiiagd. live III)
larva' Jpriiif,'. [| were ' larvic ' same ;ri»iiiul. several IS of A.
jLiG-E^ULin^^A^.
•••W^Wf!^
i-tiAK' ';
^ - ■>
|
■f 'f |
' I'fllM.i „l /„/./> |
t' ' |
l.an^i it i"' tfuHtil tfift-iuttti'f |
|
/. |
h.iiij iitthlittht'tl |
1 |
m |
|
. |
)"iutii l.tirva |
4 |
>* |
|
,/ |
/.■tr\,i .// I"m,ii/l |
k |
' 'hrs i'tiljk |
|
f |
. J" |
» |
t'tnuirtr.i n^i |
M'Jvi'' :»
■-?.'' ,
I. .1 ,1 .1 ,-v. , i
•1). •>». e. (, ... ,
'[^ ») > ..„
•J ■■ 1 /■
)
^
Wl-*
"**(r*:*
melit7i:a I.
MI:MT/KA I'lIAHTOX. 1-4.
,U»'."»fi I'hnfton, Dniry, Kxcit. Iim. I. pi. i\. 177(1. CiainiT, I'ap. Kxdt. pi. \K\, I7«2. Fiiliriciii.'", Svst. Kiit.
IHl,
Km. Svst. III. p. Iti, \-'r,\. \Su\f. and l,ir., p. |ii7, pi. 17, l»;ta. Ilairl», Iim. .Mu
Vl,;.i,,„lr,i. (;(Hlart. Kill'. Mctli., IX. p. 2«H, pi. DH, 1HI9.
M \i.K. — K-xpiiiids 2.2 inclu>!4.
rplHT .si<K- black, spottfd witli fulvous aiitl pale ycllciw ; botli wind's have a aiaijrinal scric-i ol" I'lilvoii.s .spot.s, fliosn of secondaries lai-jre arid l.iiirlil colored, of |iiiiiiaries dull, often small, in wiiieli case tliey are rather suh-niarj^inal ; preceding tli.-e are two conunon transver.se rows of small yidlow spots, the first mostly narrow Innnles. sometimes partly wanting on priniarie.s, or blended more or le.s.s Willi those of the second row, which are rounded; on primaries there is a third mw. and a fourth which consists of three or four spots only against the <'\lremity lit the c(dl ; within the arc of cell a geminate tulvous .spot, and another halfway to l.aM-; between these are two small round yellow spots, one Iieiiig next either
iiirvure; near ba.se a patch of yellow .scab tinrtnes.sand arc often more or less ob.solett
idl
10 cellular spots vaiy in di.s-
.^'•condaries have a fulvoas patch on costal margin, and two within the cell, tli-c la.xt often indistinct or wanting; fringes black, yellow in the middle of the iiitiispaces.
I nder side black, or brownish-black, the .spots repeated and much enlarged ; ail the marginal spots large, etpial on either wing, mostly crenat
e.-iili !.•
I' or serrate, and rmounted by a yellow bmule. which correspcmds with a spot of the first
larj^e, each pan' con
lanes.
y.liuw row of the upper side ; the fulvous spots in the cell I...^.,
til' lit, and the two .sometimes united liy a liganu-nt of same color. Second
III iddition to the outer row of yellow lunules, have three rows of yellow spot.s,
riiMiided ,„• irregular, and nearly eijual ; uiion the ba.sal area six fulvous patches,
I"' "ifn which are several small yellow spot.s on the black ground; a fulvous
strii
along the abdominal margin next above the angli
mkijt^<:a I.
Tlodv iilinvc lilmk, tlic aliilomi'ii with ii finiMiil mid latoral row of yt'llow |iiii
111-
I)
iiciilli, llic llii>ni.\ liliirk ; tlif iilxloiiicn h
tliick.
with vrlluw lit the jiiiictioii of tin.
.xcgiiiciits. and with a fulvous stiii><' on t'itlicr sidt' ; the cxtrt'inity aUo fulvous ; U'jfs and |ial|ii fulvous; aiit(>nn!i> hlack. slij^litk riiijr«'d with yclhiw on tliu ii|i|)(r t<i(h' ; chih hlark. lipped cither with fulvous or with l)hick and fulvous.
Kkmai.i:. — Kxpaiids li.li inches.
I'riniarii's less prodm-cd and Itroutler than in the male; paler eolor('<l, mMiiliuly marked.
I'](i(i. — ()i)-(ivate, truncated, rouiuleil at iiase.llat (U' .slij^htly depressed at suiii- niit. smooth ; the upper third marked hy from twelve to eighteen vertical rid;;is which .spriiii; from the surface, increase in elevatimi as they proceed, and icr-
nilnat(> at th<> ed}r(> of the llatteiied summit ; color leiuoii-\ ellow w
hen
Inxt
deposited. clian,u:iii]i; in a few ilays to dull criuison, and shortly hefore the dis- closure ol the larva to Mack. Duration of this stage nineteen or twonty day.s. (Fig. h. egg magnilied.)
YofNi; liAKv.v. — [ientrlh. .OS inch; cvlimlrical. translucent, luteons. cncli
Hegnient .showing a
transverse row of Itrowii tulierch
s. which indicate the |i<i«i-
tion of the future sjjiiies, each giving a pencil of light haii's ; legs hrowii, pr»- li'gs luteous ; head Itroader than the liody, ohovate. hilohed. hrown. Time to
first moult
six (liivs.
( I' IL'. V.
larva nia'>'ni
lied.)
After liisl moult: length, .lli; slia|ie as hefon' ; color dull luteons. the c\-
treinitit's diiskv ; from eat
h till
lercie arise
short hlack fleshy spine, which
bristles with liuht hairs; head lilackish-hrown. To second moult six or .■<e\f
(lavs.
( l"'iK-
,1.
niMLnii
lied.)
After second moult : length. .•'! inch ; the spines longer, the hristli-s larger and hlack ; coitu' eitlier ochiiiceoiis or hrown. the se<rments at either exfreinitv black; head black, much covered with short black hairs. Dnrntion of this stage nine o ten days, (Figure omitted a<'ciilenlally.)
ihick. .shining, each spr
IlL'
After tliiril moult: length..!"); tho spine.s longe ing from a glo.ssy black tuiiercle. the bristles railiating and interlacing; the extrt'iue segments black, the others daik yellow-fulvous, with blai-k strijics; head iilack. Imiiicdiati'ly after Ibis moult is coinplete(|. the larva' cease It'cdiiig and bei'ome lethargic, in which state they remain till the following .spring. (Fig. f. larva natural si/e ; >•-, magnilied.)
The fourth moult takes place a few days after animation is restoreil ; leiiirtli. .(') inch ; scarcely changed in appearance from last .stage; color dull yellow t'lil- voiis. Time to next moult atioiit ten days. (Fig. _/", natural sizo.)
After lifth moult : length, .S inch. The growth is now rapid, and in n f'W days the larva reaches maturity. (Fig. ij.)
MKI,IT/KA I.
M vTi'ui: fjAiiVA. — Fjfii^jtli, I'lDiii I.I til l..'i inch ; cvliiuliifal. tin' cxtrt'iiu; scm- iii< iii» siiiiillcst. llu> (itlicrs ciiiial ; tli** (lor^iiin mid Midcs iiniiril witji st'V(>ii rowM III Imij.', tii|i»'niijj. lU'sliy, black Mpiiics. cacli nl' wliirli spriiijrs IVdih h luiiiiii. -Iiin- ili^;. Iillli'-liliirk tulii'i'rlc. Ilic tlllicl'cli's ill' riirll sr^iiirllt lli-illiy Illi'i'tilljr ; I'lirll s|ii;t<' luistlin^ with stunt liliuk hairs ; there is al.Mi aniitiier riiw nl' similar, liitt iiinch sinal!(>r sjiiiies, helow the s|iiracle:'< ; in this row the fitiirth seirnieiit has iiii >|iine. the lil'tli to tenth two each, in line, tiie eleventh one. (he twell'th
till
Tcle witliont spine ; on the innler side of tlie Imdy. on liriii and sixth se
iiii'iil'>. ill line with the le;^s, is a single small tnlieicle. with a slinrl. Inanchin^ >|inic. Mild lietween the pairs ol' le;rs on the same sej^nients are several minute liilicrcles, with tnl'ts of hair from eai*li ; the s«>coiid, third, and part of fourth, ami till' last two or three sc^^nients liiiick ; the others deep red-fiihons. striped tra
ns-
•l\ with lilack, one stripe rnnniiiir with tls
<pines, one cnverinj^' tlie iiiiiclinn
it' ilie segments, and another anterior to this last ; nndcr >ide ori.nire. with ii Mdk ventral stripe ; lejjs iilack. pio-Ie^s Miioky-lirown ; head lilack, liilolicd.
The I
iiilii'i'cniateil and covered with short Mack hair
wilf of their own constrnetion, until the hyliernatiiij^ period is over.
arva' live in i olonies. in
<'iii;vs.\r,is.
Tji'iijrth. S inch
liiidi
ical. with a I'liinulcd dors.'il cxcavatii
III
\nl<\\ the mcsonofiim ; head case narrow, trinicaled. compressed transversely ; iii>'~iiiiiitiiin rounded, slightly proniiiient at sinnmit ; alidniiicn and thorax fnr- iiisiicd with several rows of tnhercle.", those of the mi'diu-dnrsal and first lateral mw- pi'iimiiicnt. pointed, the rest scarcely raisi'd aliove the surface ; culnr vaiv-
iiiL' Imm pearl to pure white, marked and spoiled w
itli 'now ni^li-lilack ; the
liiliriclcs oranyje, each marked anteiiorlv li\- a Mack ^•\^^
■nl
inail
ilack
li.iiid passes aloiiji the lower side from one extremity to the other, liifnrcatin^ III tup (if head ; all irreirnlar hand more or less edj^ed with oraiiL-'e crosses the will;.' cases, and the hind niarjrin^ of the wiiij;^ discover Inown serrations; iili'ii;; the (lorsnni. at lln.' poslcrinr |iart of each scj.nneiit. are four aMireviated 'il:ii L marks, sel oMiipiely as radialiiiir I'roin a common centre; lietween tin- Miiilio-ddrsal and lirst lateral tiiliercles. and lietween these lust and the second
l.itci il< lire two lilack dots, placed verti
l\ on each setrnient. and llicre is also
an <>lj|ii|ii(> mark liehind each of the lirst laterals; other diits and marks on tlie I
icici cases.
( !• IL
linens al
i lure is innch variation in the extent of tin' black bands; some spec li:i\' ilic abdomen lar^^ely Hnn'nscd with oniii','e. Duration of this stage from fonr- ii • ■. eighteen days.
1^ '■ beautiful s])ecies is found as far northward as the Lake of the Woods. •I'i'l ' the States, from Maine to Wisconsin ; also in Virginia, and the States
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Photogi-aphic
Sciences
CorpomtiGn
23 WEST MAIN STREBT
WEBSTER, NY. M580
(716) 872-4503
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LIMEMTIS II.
LIMENITIS EROS. 1-4.
IJinciutis Eros, Edwards, Can. Ent., XII., p. 240, 1880.
Male. — Expands 2.6 to 3 inclies.
Upper side dark red-brown, mahogany-color; hind margins bordorcd Ijroadly with black, costal margins narrowly; inner margin of primaries black to the .sub- median nervure ; all nervures and branches black, and narrow! - edged with same color ; against the end of cell, on primaries, a long subtriangu .u- bhick patch, its short side resting on costa, its apex prolonged into a stripe which reaches the Imrder of hind margin below second branch of median ; beyond the disk, on secondaries, a tran8vcrse, curved, narrow, black stripe from margin to marinn ; within the borders, and near their inner edges, a common series of white spots, wliich, on secondaries, are .small and more or less ob.solete ; on the black triangle, three white spots in line, the two nearest costa large, the third minute ; a white s|)ot at the origin of upper subcostal interspace, and a white streak on outer side ol' costal nervure, opposite the triangle, and a little way toward base; fringes I'lack, white in the niiddle ot each interspace.
Under side red-brown, nearly as dark as above, and of a uniform .shade over hoth wings ; primaries have the spots on border repeated, enlarged and crescent- shaped, white, with purple scales about the edges, and half way to margin is imother series of small purplish spots, one to each interspace ; at apex these are round, the rest abbreviated streaks ; the spots in the triangle repeated, as well as the markings next and on costa, all these pure white ; in middle of cell, next subcostal, a subtriangular wdiite spot on black ground, and a white mark along same nervure nearer base.
Secondaries have the marginal spots repeated, much enlarged, crescent, and an ibsolcscent row of purplish crescents on middle of the border ; the Idack trans-
(I
erse stripe repeated and on the inner side of same a crescent in each intersjiace, ■ iiite, delicately tinted blue or purple ; these vary in individuals, and sometimes re obisolete, or are represented by a few white scales.
\- win
a
LLMENITIS II.
Borly black, tlio abflomiiial segments benoiitli odged with white, and a while stripe along the side ot" nbdonien ; on thorax beneath are two oblique rows of three white spots each ; legs brown-black, the two lower joints of the front, or aborted, pair white ; palpi black, Avhite in front ; antenna) bhick, the tips forruiii- noiis. (Figs. 1, 2.)
Female. — Expands 3.2 to BA inches.
Same color as male and similarly marked ; the black triangle often shows a fourth spot ; in some examples, the black cross stripe, on upper side of seooml- aries, has white crescents on inner side, in the interspaces of anterior iialf the wing ; there is also often a small white .spot in cell of primaries next sul)Postal.
Under side like the male, the marginal spots greatly enlarged ; the white crescents inside the stripe almost always conspicuous and sometimes very large. exceeding indeed those of the border. (Fig.s. 3, 4.)
Vaii. Obsolet\, Edwards, Papilio, Vol. II., 22, 1882.
Color faded ; very like Daiiais Sirif/osa, Bates ; with the characteristic white spots of Eros, on the inner side of the discal band of secondaries, iind on lioili surfaces. Taken, in both .sexes, by Mr. Jacob Doll, in South Arizona, Octul)er, 1881.
Egg. — Shape as in Ai'(hemis, hut a little higher in proportion; the surface covered by reticulations which are mostly hexagonal, but .some are 5, others 7- sided, especially on the upper third ; tho.se form cells which are roundly l)ut shallowly excavated, and iioni each angle rises a short, tapering, lilamentoiis sjiine ; the top a little depressed, and about the micropyle a rosette of four con- centric rows of 4 and 5-sided irregular spaces ; color gray-green (Figs, a, a", eg;;- and micropyle magnified). Duration of this stage 4 and 5 days.
YouxG Lauva. — Length .1 inch; cylindrical, thickest at segments 3 and 4. tapering slightly to 13 ; color light yellow-brown ; covered with fine, but irreg- idar, concolored tubercles, each giving out a short, white, clubbed hair ; on 3, 4, G, 11, and 12, is one pointed, conical, dark-brown tubercle on either side of dorsum, that on 3 lai'gest, on 6 next in size, the others about equal ; the seg- ments from 4 to 10 have, in same rows, similar, but much smtiller tubercles ; these all stand on the ends of transverse ridges ; under side, feet, and pro-logs yellow-brown ; head sub-globose, n .rrowing towards top, bilobed ; color glossy brown; a few scattered hairs over the surface. (Fig. b, 6^ magnified). Dura- tion of this stage 3 and 4 days.
After first moidt: length .2 inch; similar in shape and armature to Ar/hanis; cylindrical, thickest at 3 to 5 ; the dorsum yed-l)rown, the sides and under parts
LIMEXITIS II.
black ; on 9 is a patch across florsuin and down the sides, encroacliinj; dorsidly also somewhat on 8 and 10; this is at first scarcely distinguishable from the irencral hue, but a few hours after the moult, it becomes lighter, or red-bufl'; a lloshy ridge along the base, over legs, broadest on the last segments ; on segments after 2 is on(! broad dorsal transverse ridge, followed by one and two narrow and lower ridges, and these are thiekl}' set with small, irregular, conical tubercles, each with short hair; on dorsum, from 5 to 12, are two rows of ])rocesses, jilaced at the ends of the bi'oail ridges, each with a crest of little ilesliy knobs, or grains; on 0 and 12, these are larger than elsewhere, more elongated and acute, on 11 next in size, the rest smaller ; on the fronts of these segments, and on 4, are two simple tubercles in advance of and between the dorsal processes ; on 5, 7, 8, 9 tlie |i, ,'esscs are yellow; on the other segments, red-brown ; on 3 the broad ridge is considerably elevated and at each end is a prominent appendage, .03 inch long, stoiit at base, tcapering to top, black, be.set on sides with tawny spurs ; between the bases of these are two small, yellow-crested tubercles; on 4 is a slight eleva- tion, on which stand four equal j'ellow-crested tubercles ; along the basal ridge are others, similar ; head obovate, narrowing towards top, bilobed, the vt'rtices high, rather conical, each bearing a short black knob, the snnnnit of whidi is rounded, -with a little cone in the middle, and a circlet of six others about it, springing from near the base, each with short bristle; color of face blackish red- lnown; the surface rough, and on it many low, rounded and pointed tubercles, those at and near the top largest, and either red-brown, lighter than the face, or yellowish, — the rest black ; along the back of the head, both at top and sides, a row of forked or branching spurs, one of which, stamling back of each ver- tex, rises above the knob (tas shown in Fig./''). The head and its appendages scarcely vary from first moult to maturity, except in color. (Figs, c, c" magni- fied.)
As the stage progresses, the dorsal patch becomes distinct, whitish ; and the general body-color changes from red-brown and yellow to sordid gray.
Duration of this stage 3 and 4 days.
After second moult: length .26 inch; .shape much as before; the appendages on 3 longer, reaching .03 inch, short at ba.se, irregularly tapering, black, with irregular tawny knobs on sides ; color of body red-brown on dorsum, the piocesses and tubercles except those on 12 and 13 (which are black), and those on the l)atcli (which are concolored with it), red-brown; so are the tubercles on the liasal ridge ; sides black ; the patch cither yellow-buff or red-bnif ; 3 and the Itroad I'idge of 4 are red-buft' ; head as before, the face nearly all black, the edges at the sutures reddish (Fig. d, iV' magnified). To nex' moult 4 days.
After third moult : length, .4 inch ; general color, red ; the anterior segments
LIMENITIS II.
rc'd-bulY, 2 spocki'il (lor.><ally with hlack ; tlie patch rcd-biiff; so also tho ba.sal ridgo; tho si-giiu'iits troiii 4 to 11, except S and 9, much covered with round, glassy, bead-lil<e processes, deep red in color ; these are arranged just as in Aiilu- viis; the appen<lages of 3 are now very long, measuring from .11 to .16 inch, slender, tapering to the end, bent forward at about foiu* (iftlis the distance from base to top ; color black ; beset from base up with separated sharp spurs, large and small, black, with tawny tips ; head as before ; color red, across the lower front black-red. (Fig. c, nat. size, e^ mag.)
At one day from third moult : length .45 inch ; the beads now between red and blue; the patch yellow-buff, the basal stripe still more yellow.
At two ilays from the moult : length .55 inch ; the beads now deep blue, the body lighter colored, but still red. Finally, as the fourth moult approaches, the dark portions change to olive-green. Duration of this stage 4 to 5 days.
After fourth moult: length six houns after the moult .7 inch ; segments 2, 8, 4, clear reil-l)uiT, very little specked with black at tho junctions; 5, 0, 7, 11, 12, 13, red-ferniginous, with little or no black; the patch on 'J, and partly covering 8 and 10, on dorsum, red-bull', but a shade lighter than the anterior segments; the l)asal ridge still lighter; the appendages on 3 vary from .2 to .3 mch in length, slender and tapering as before, also bent as before, and from base beset with ii regular and .separated sharp spurs, the tips of which are tawny, but all else, as well as the stems, shining black ; between these appendages are two line crested tubercles, color of the ground ; on 4 are two large crested tubercles at the ends of the ridge, and two suudl ones between them ; there are also deep red, glassy beads on the ridge.s, as described at last previous stage ; 5 has two small tubercles and three rows of beads ; G has an elevated ridge, with a mamil- loid process at each end, the top bearing a cluster of little Hoshy grains (Fig. /<), with no supporting tubercle ; the succeeding segments have but two dorsal crested tubercles each, and to 11 they are small, those on the patch eoncolorcd with it; 7 is beaded like 5, and 11 and 12 are thickly beaded; 12 has taper- ing processes, with crests of grains (Fig. i); 13 has two prominent pairs, one quite at the extremity, turned back, the others springing from bases of the lirst, at right angles to the dorsum ; all crests are made up of little tleshy knobs, or grains, conical, forked, or elongated and acute, and all are red ; crested tuber- cles in row on middle of side, small, and along basal ridge, larger; feet and pio- legs red ; head obovoid, narrowing towards top, bilobed, the vertices high, ratlui- conical, each bearing a short black knob, the summit rounded, a little cone iu the mid<lle thereof, and a circlet of six others about it, springing from near the ba.se, each with short bristle (Fig. /^); color wholly red, except across lower front, where it is reddish-black ; the surface granulated and dotte-.! with low
LIMKNITIS ir.
rounded or pointed tuberclos (Fiji's, y-, y^), tliose at and lu-ar the top lai'gcst, nearly all red, but a few hlaek Imtli on front and side face; around the top of head and down the sides at hack, a row of sharp spurs, some simple, some hranching or forked (Fig. (/), and one of these rises behind the process on ver- tex, and overtops it (Fig. /'■'); color of the spurs red. (Figs. /"./',/'.)
At one day after fourth moult: length .sT, inoh; all the dark jjarts paler, the red changing to brown, and more or less mottled dark green ; the basal stripe and the tubercles on it pure white; the patch lighter, with a yellow tint; the beads changed from red to blue.
At two days from fourth moult : length 1 inch ; the red parts now olive-lirown. The larvtu reach maturity at about three days from fourth moult.
Matukk L.viiVA. — Fx-ngth at rest 1.2 inch, greatest breadth, .20 inch; lengtli in motion 1.5 inch. As described under fourth moult, but the dark parts arc now olive-green, the beads blue; the dorsal patch either reddish-brown, or pink- white ; the anterior segments pale red-brown ; the stripe along the basal ridge broad, white, with a green tint ; the head pale red. (Fig. /"-.)
At from 4 to 5 days from fourth moult, pupation takes place.
CnuYSAUs. — Length 1.1 inch; head ca.se sub-pyramidal; the vertices have each a low elevation, triangular; mesonotum higii, rounded, with a thin low carina which rises to a blunt apex, sloping either way aljout equally ; wing cases nuich elevated above the surface on the dorsal and posterior sides, the middle being incurved ; on middle of dorsum rises a process, broad at base but rapidly narrowing to a sharp edge, rounded at top, not quite circular, the anterior part having a more rapid curve than the other; the space between the base of this and the wing cases corrugated ; abdomen sub-cylindrical, a little compressed lat- erally, rising to a low medio-dor.sal ridge ; color of anterior parts, head and me- sonotum brown ; the donsal side of head case imperfectly silvered ; wing cases deeper brown, the raised ridges blackish ; the dorsal process same color as the wings; at base on either side is an oblique black bar which crosses three seg- ments, and the space between those and the \\ing cases is silvered on a whitish ,i;-round ; abdomen buff, mottled with gray-green or olive-green, on ventral side (juite uniformly, but on the rest the dark shades are faint and do not much dis- color the light; the last segments dark, like he;ul. (Fig. A-.) Duration of this stage 8 days.
Tiie only examples which I have .seen of this fine butterfly have l)ccn sent me Iiy Dr. William Wiitfeld, who has taken it in considerable numl)ers, at Indian River, Florida, ^ 'ring 1880 and subsequent years. But I learn from Mr. T. L. Mead, now of Lake Kustis, Orange Co., Florida, that he has seen EroA both there and in North Florida. At Indian River, it is the only red Limenitis Hying. Dr.
LIMENITIS II.
WilttVld has (iikcii it us early as 2oth March; also from 11th to 17th May, iVoiii 5th to 30th June, on 8th July, and at several dates during tlie fall. lie ob- served a female ovipositing in the earl}' part of November, 1882. In 0(.'tolier preeeding, he had picked seveiid eggs oil" willow, and from tliese, between 1 Itli and 20tli Novendjer, obtained eight hybernacula, constructed after .second moult, while four of the caterpillars went on to chrysalis. On December 11th, a l)utter- fl}' emerged, another IDth, and two others later in the month. On 18th January, 188.">, one of these Iiyhernating larvic came from its' ca.se, and passed a moult on the 19lh. Its period of hybernation, therefore, was about sixty days, The winter in that region is biief and mild, and probably the late butterflies live through it, as Dr. Wittfeld has taken young caterpillars of IJron, not yet at their second stage, in January. The.se must have come from eggs laid in that month. Limenitis Cr- siila larvio bred by Mr. Uhlrich, of Tiffin, Ohio, discovered a habit similar to this ; some late larva) making cases, while part went on to chrysalLs and butter- fly. Hut, in Ohio, these late butterllies certainly would not survive the winter. On the other hand, I have never known late larvte of Disljjpus to go on to chrysalis. Dr. Wittfeld is of the opinion that there are at least four broods of IJros larvae during the year ; and I can well believe this to be so, as Dmpjnia has three annual broods here, at Coalburgh, and that between June and November.
In three instances, eggs obtained by confining the fenudes in bags over willow were sent me Ij}' mail ; tl)e first arriving in 1880, 20th July. They were nine days on the road, in tin box, but at six days, the box was opened at Macon, Georgia, by Prof. Jno. E. Willet, and fre.sli leaves supplied. The larvte had emerged from the eggs before Professor Wiilet examined them, and when they reached me, the largest had pa.ssed second moult. In 1881, 24th June, I received .several larvte from Dr. Wittfeld, this time by way of Candjridge, Mass., where Mr. Scudder had had consideration for them and fed them. Some of these were just past first moult, others in stage following, — ten in all. Finally, on 4tli Au- gust, 1881, foiu- larva; came direct to me, in five days from Indian River, and of these, two were lately out of egg. So that I have been able to examine every larval stage, and Mrs. Peart has made drawings of all.
In habits the.se larviw are precisely like both Arlhonls and Dlslppus, as related in this ^'olnme (under Arthemis). They make at once, after leaving the egg, IDcrches of the midribs of the leaves they feed on (Fig. h), lengthen and stiifen the perches by binding on with silk monsels of chewed leaf, so that their .slender resting-places do not curl up, or bend ; on these they live, except when they go to the near edges of the leaves to feed ; they make little packets of bits of leal', which are held together, and fixed to the perch near its ba.se by silk, and pu.'^Ii and drag these packets back as the substance of the leaf is eaten. (The object
LIMENITIS II.
of the mysterious packets much and patient watcliing has failed to discover, but their presence and the building up of the perches are very curious features in tlie history of these species.) Finally, part of the latest brood of the year make themselves cases in which to sleep away the short winter, while part go on to ciirysalis and butterfly, as related above. So far as Dr. Wittfeld has observed, these cases are made after the second moult. The larvte of Dh'qjjms make cases both after second and third moults.
The egg and chrysalis of Eros are precisely like those of Dislpjmn ; the egg is like that of Arthemis also, and the chrysalis scarcely differs from that of the last-named species, except in coloration. The caterpillars also at all stages are of same general form and armature as those of Disippus and Arthemis, but after the first stage they differ from both these in some very important points. The coloring is essentially different at all stages after first moult, from that of Disippus, until maturity is reached ; that is, to the middle of the stage succeed- ing the fourth, and last, moult; and then, the two approach each other again, lx)th changing color and becoming green. On the other hand, Eros is very like Arthemis, and still more, I apprehend, like Ursula, in coloration, and these species also change to green at maturity. But Eros differs remarkably from the two ilrst-named species {Ursula I have never bred), in the length, shape, and color and armature of the appendages on third segment.
Mrs. Peart, who was making drawings of the larval stages of Eros and Disip' pits at same time, and had occasion to remark all the minor points, informs me thiit the grains on the dorsal tubercles and processes of Eros are both larger and in greater number than in Disij^ms.
I compare the differences between the larva) in color : thus, —
Ems, after first moult.
Color red-brown ; the appendages on 3 are .03 inch long, tapering to top, black.
After second moult.
Color red-brown ; the appendages .05 inch long ; tapering, black, with separated spurs on sides.
After third moult.
Color deep red, or ferruginous, the anterior i-L'gments and dorsal patch red-bufT; the appendages from .11 to .16 inch long, black, slender, taper- ing from base to top, bent forward near top, with scattered spurs over sides, which spurs are black, ilio tips tawny.
Disippus, after first moult.
Color mottled tawny and dark (not red) brown ; the appendages on 3 are .01 inch long, merely tubercles, with cluster of grains (as in Arthemis Plate, Fig.c'), some of these white, some black.
After second moult.
Color more black, less tawny ; the appendages .03 inch long, thick, club-shaped, covered closely with grains, mostly tawny, a few black (as in Ar- themis, Plate, fig. d.).
After third summer moult.
Color black, the tops of all tubercles tawny ; the appendages .06 to .08 inch long, clubbed, as before, tawny.
LIMIiNITlS II.
After fourth moult. After fourth (the lost) summer moult.
Color red-ferruginous, the anterior segmonts Color viiriahle, cither (lurk reil-lirowii (not fcr- and (loraiil patch red-butl', tlie nppendiiges f I'oni . I .'t rugiiious), the anterior segraouts hiown-Wntt. tln^ to .3 inch long (almost always over .21 inch), \n\tv\i light-luff, pink-tinted, or, dark yellow- glossy black, slender, tapering to top and bent for- brown, the anterior segments yellow-white, llic ward near top, at an angle (even tlie shortest arc patch yellow, with buff tint; the appendages .12 bent), top thinly clothed with sharp spurs, which to .22 inch long (almost always under AH inrli), are black, tlie tips tawny ; color of head red, the either clubbed and closely covered tliroiiglidiit lower part of face rod-black. with tawny grains, sometimes mixed with bluck ;
or tapering for three quarters thoir length, I lien fhibbol, tlip club thiekly covered wilh gniin^ ; (the shorter processes are clubbed, the liiiii;cr tapering, but clubbed at top); head andier cnior. in some cases yellow-brown, the top and kicles pinkish.
In general, at all stages after the first, the larva? of Eros are red ; those of Disippns tawny and black. The remarkable prolongation of tlie appentlajres on third segment in Eros, strikes the observer at first acquaintance forcil)ly, it' familiar with the short clubbed ones of Dlsippus. Of 8 larvre of Eros at third moult, the lengths of these in hundredths inch were 11, 11, 12, 12, 14, 14^ 14, ICi ; averaging .13 inch. Of B'mp)piis at same stage, G, 6, 7, V, 7, 8, 9, 10 : averngin<; .76 inch. At fourth moult in Eros, 13, 14, 22, 24, 24, 26, 26, 2G, 28, 30 ; aver- aging .233 inch. Of Dmppus, 12, 14, 15, 18, 22, averaging .102 inch.
In the absence of a Plate of Dlsippus, this contrast in the appendages is well shown by comparing Fig./^ of Eros, Plate, with Figs (? and /^ of Arthtmls, as well aa the figures of the larviB in their several stages.
LIMENITIS IT.
EXPLANATION OF TFIE PLATE.
EROS. Fios. 1,2, <r. ;3, 4i>.
a. Eoo; a", micropyle of snmei nmgnifled.
6. YouNO Larva ; i", head of same ; mngnified.
c. Larva after first moult ; f', licnd; magnified.
</. Larva after seeond moult; </», liead ; magnified.
e. Larva after third moult, natural size ; e", same ; magnified.
/. Larva after fourth moult, natural size.
/'. Matdbb Larva, natural size.
/'. Face at fourth moult, showing third segment, and appendages.
/*. Face at fourth moult, side view.
/». Knob at vertex.
g, (f, 5". Tubercles on head, differing in shape.
/i. Process on sixth segment, and crest.
1. Process on twelfth segment, and crest.
k. Chrysalis.
/. Perch of larva in first stage.
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APATURA 1.
APATURA CELTIS, 1-5.
Apafurn Cc/^i>, Boisduval, Bois. ami Lee, p. 210. pi. 57, 1833. Lijcurm, Rilov, Trans. St. fiOiiis .\ea(l. Sei., III., p. la."), 1K73. Ihiil., fith Agr. Rep. Missouri, p. 137, 1874.
M.u.E. — Expands 1.8 inch.
Upper .side of primaries next base and of jsecondaries throughout eithcn- olive- gray or olive-brown, the remainder of primurie.s being dark fu.scous ; hind margin of name Aving edged by a series of broad conlluent lunule.s, sometimes not clonrly ilellned, but often paler than the ground and distinct ; these spots are bisected hy a black line which runs parallel With the margin; on the extra-discal area two rows of white spots, the outer consisting of three, one of \\\vi\\ is near losta, the .second on the di.scoidal interspace, and the third on uppei median; tliere is also a minute spot or point outside the line, next the margin on tlie lower sub-costal interspace ; the second row cro.sses the wing in a double curve, and consists of seven spots, the first two nearly equal and smaller than the fifth, the third and fourth minute, the sixth and .seventh aliout the size of the first ; all these are sometimes clear white, or the inner row is more or less tinted with ochraceous ; in the cell three black spots, two of them small, either sub-ovate or renate. one resting on the sub-costal nervure. the other on median oppo- site; a larger spot posterior to these, reaching across the cell, and in form a bent bar ; on the second median interspace, in the outer line of spots, a l)lack rounded ocellus with narrow brown iris and without pupil ; in .some cases there is a second ocellus on the upper median interspace, inclosing the lowest of the white spots, and rarely may be seen a third upon the di.scoidal interspace, also inclosing a white spot.
Secondaries sometimes fuscous for a narrow space along hind margin and :it outer angle, .sometimes of a uniform .shade of color from base to margin ; a ^■iib-in''"^inal black line as on primaries, preceded by a second line whicli .egularly serrated, or sometimes wavy; upon the disk a series of six small blind ocelli crosses the wing, the second from costa being Ity its own breadth posterior to the general line ; these are nearly equal in si/e, excepting
APATURA I.
the liist, which is niiiuite and sometimes wanting; occasionally an ailditioiiiil ocellus, less distinct than the rest, may be discovered on costal margin ; on the; middle of this margin a large sordid white spot, and five minute spots of siinilar color, form a band which passes around the extremity of cell; these last art' not often distinct and frequently are in part or altogether obsolete, or are rep- resented by a slightly paler shade of the ground color ; in the cell are tliree faint spots, disposed Tuuch like the spots in cell of primaries ; fringes white in the eniarginations, fuscous at tips of nervules.
Undei' side of primaries either clear brown or grayish-brown, the outer limb pale fuscous ; the marginal spots repeated, distinct ; the white spots diifusc ; in the discoidal interspace an ocellus inclosing the white sjjot ; in the cases where there is more than one ocellus on the upper side there is a corresponding one below, and all but the lowest inclose white spots ; next before the inner row of spots a sinuous fuscous stripe.
Secondaries either clear brown or grayish-brown, often with a pink tint; tlie ocelli repeated, seven in all, the one on costal margin l)eing present, the seventh often duplex, each with blue or as often lilaceous pupil and yellowish iris, out- side of which is a narrow black ring ; on the sub-median interspace is anotiuT ocellus, either rounded or long oval and without pupil ; a pale fuscous band crosses the wing obliquely next anterior to the ocelli, and is preceded l)y an ir- regularly scalloped fusccis line, the space between the band and line being occupied by a row of small spots of the ground color, which extend quite across the wing and in part correspond to the discal row on upper side ; the spots in the cell repeated ; another aljove cell on the costal interspace, against the up- pei'most of the cellular spots and somctunes seeming to be a continuation of it, l)ut most often separated ; e.ach of these pale brown within and edged l)y fus- cous ; there is also sometimes a small spot at base of upper branch of sulj-costal nervure, making on this area four or five spots ; the sub-marginal lines repeated, distinct, brown or dull red ; the inner margin also bordered by a line.
Body above olive-brown, beneath gray with an ochraceous tint on abdomen ; legs light bulT or cream color ; palpi white, with brown hairs above and at tip ; antenna? fuscous, finely ringed on upper side with white, the under side iieiiig yellowish ; club brown at base, clear white on upper half and at tip : some- times the club is pale green.
Female. — Expands 2 inches. Similar in color, and varying as in the male ; the markings similar.
The foregoing descri;)tion is taken from the summer type of this species. The earliest brood, from larvoo which have hybernated, are in general much paler colored, the gray shades predominating, and the fuscous portions being pale.
APATUUA I.
(Fig. 5') ; occanionally, however, some of this brood are as dark colored as any of the later ones.
Kgg. — Color pale green; in shape nearly spherical, flattened at base, and liMving eighteen slightly prominent vertical ribs and many fine, horizontal, equi- distant strioB.
The larva emerges from the egg in three days. Length .08 inch ; whitish- iiTcen ; cylindrical, thickest at second segment, tapering gradually to the last, wliich is slightly forked ; surface covered with minute tubercles from each of wiiich springs a short hair ; head round, bilobed, twice the diameter of the sec- ond segment, black, covered with tubercles. (Fig. c.)
The first moult takes place in three days from the egg. Length .2 inch ; \clli)W-green, the dorsum covered by a band composed of yellow tubercles ar- i;m"-ed in two longitudinal rows, with cross rows upon the anterior part of each .segment, the remaining space on the posterior part of the segment green ; along the side a crenated line, and below the spiracles a straight line, each I'ormed of yellow tubercles ; scattered tubercles over the whole upper surliice ; head either black, or purple, or green, the mandibles and ocelli brown in case green prevails ; at the vertices large green stag-horn processes, with three fleshy prongs at top, smaller prongs below and at base, and three along the side of the head below the horns, the tips usually purple or black ; tail forked and roughly tuberculated. (Figs, d, cP, larva and head magnified.)
The .second moult occurs in from three to four days. Length .25 inch ; yel- low-green above, blue-green at sides and beneath ; the bands and lines as before ; the tubercles much enlarged, prominent, irregular ; tail more deeply forked ; head brown, mottled in front with pale green, the horns enlarged. (Fig. e.)
The third moult follows in four days. Length .35 inch ; not essentially dif- ferent. (Figs./,/^)
The fourth and last moult in four days. Length .66 inch ; the body stouter on the anterior segments, the horns reduced in size, the prongs less prom- inent.
Before the fourth moult the larva covers the surface of the leaf about its resting place with silk, and after the moult remains quiet for nearly two days, when it becomes active and feeds ravenously ; the body now grows rapidly, lengthening about one tenth inch daily, till it reaches maturity five days after the fourth moult.
Mature Larva. — Length 1.2 to 1.3 inch ; shape sub-cylindrical, being somewhat flattened dorsally, very thick in middle, tapering regularly either way, the second segment being of about the same width as the last ; the tail deeply
APATURA I.
forked ; color jellow-green dorsally, Ijlue-green on the sides ; the whole surlhco gramiliited, owing to minute tubercles on the nides and larger and irregular ones on the hack ; these Inst arranged in transverse rows, separated by dci'i creases, there being four rows to each segment ; on either side of the dorsum a clear yellow line from head to end of tail, and between these a less distinct pale stripe, on which is set an oval yellow spot on the anterior end of each sej;- nient; often this stripe is wanting, and the yellow spots only appear; on the side a pale yellow wavy line and an infra-stigmatal straight line ; under side and legs bhie-green ; head sub-quadrate, longer than broad, punctate, covered with minute tubercles, green, with four pale vertical stripes upon the front ; mandibles and ocelli brown ; horns small, yellow-green, each furnished with two short terminal prongs, which are tipped with brown ; other small prongs about the middle of the horns and at base, and along the top of the head, and tlircc at sides of head. (Figs, r/, cf.) Duration of the larval stage about twenty days.
The hybernating larvae at maturity differ from those described above princi- pally in that the 3 ellow spots of the dorsum have disappeared, and given place to a longitudinal yellow line, making three similar lines on a dark green ground, the inner edges of the two exterior lines being whitish; the color of the whole body is greenish-yellow. (Fig. A.)
CuitYSALis. — Length .85 inch; compressed laterally; the outline of the under side convex, regular ; the abdomen prominent dorsally, much arched, sharply carinated, the anterior edge of each segment on the keel produced fuul clubbed (Fig. j) and marked on either side by a shining black dot ; the last segment terminating in a long bifurcated pad of booklets (Fig. A;.) ; the thoracic segments depressed at an angle of forty-five degrees from the end of the keel, the sides excavated in the direction of base of wing ; mesonotum angular, rounded somewhat at summit; the head case produced, sub-conic, the palpi cases prominent, pointed; color either delicate yellow-green or blue-green, finely specked with pale yellow over the whole surface ; the neuration of the wings distinct ; a yellow line passes along the keel and to the mesonotum, at which it forks to the palpi cases ; another pas.ses along the posterior edge of the wing case, and is joined by an undulating line upon the side of the abdomen. Dura- tion of this stage, from seven to eight days. Total from egg to imago about thirty-one days.
Several of the larvae of the first summer brood raised by me, in 1873, stopped feeding after the second moult, and commenced their hybernation. Some com- posed themselves on the leaves in the glass in which they were kept, others di- rectly on the sand at the bottom of the glass, in either case upon a coating ct silk. The color of these larvae soon changed to brown', in which was to be seen,
APATURA I.
under the microscope, a motUing of vinous and green. (Fig. e^ e^,) The last lliU brood all assume this color, and hybernate also after the second moult. And I he earlier broods .sometimes all hybernate, as I observed last season (1874),
Cdtls is common in certain localities in West Virginia, usually, if not always, near streams, along the banks of which the food-plant of its larva grows. This is the Hackberry, Celtis occidentalis, a small tree much resembling the Elm in tlie shape and style of its leaves and the roughness of its l)ark ; found, accord- ing to Gray, from New England to Wisconsin and southward. Probably the i'linge of the butterfly is nearly coextensive with that of the tree, though the former must be rare in New England and eastern New York. Prof II. W. Parker states that it is found in Massachusetts, ahnig the banks of the Connecticut |{iver, but is not common. Throughout the Mississippi valley it is abundant, iiud I haA'e received many specimens from Texas. It has not been taken, so far as I know, in the Rocky Mountains, nor in New Mexico or Arizona, although I Alia inh.abits the latter State. Celtis is exceedingly alert, restless, and inquisi- tive, active on the wing, biit without sustained Hight, and darts from one object to another so swiftly that the eye can scarcely follow it, alighting but for an in- stant on tree trunk or leaf, the dress of one passing, or the traveller's iior.se. .More than once it has sprung upon the net which I was carrying. Its usual attitude is expressive of its disposition, the wings erect, the head and antenna^ raised, suspicious of surprises. But it will haunt a favorite spot for days, and the collector has only to wait patiently a while and it may be captured. It is readily attracted also by a sugared bait, and a string of dried apples, saturated with syrup and suspended among the branches of the tree which it frequents, may be employed to advantage. Occasionally, I have seen it upon flowers, but a rotten apple or fallen grape is much more to its taste, and especially, if there is any ilocaying or fetid animal matter in the vicinity, it will greedily settle upon it, and then loses all sense of danger and may be covered by the net without even attempting to rise.
Very early in the season a few faded and broken females of Celtis are to be seen, the survivors of the last year's broods. The caterpillars also hybernate, prob- ably hidden among the corky ridges of the bark of the tree, which in hue their winter coating closely resembles. It has been conjectured that they fall with the leaf, and attached by a web to its under surface, so pass the winter on the ground, and in the Northern States, under the snow, ready to discover the tree and ascend it on the first coming of spring. It is not unlikely that many of the hybernating caterpillars do fall with the leaves, which are detached by the lirst frosts, and carry with them also the newly hatched larvae, or those of the
APATURA I.
first moult nnd which not having reached the hyl)erniitiMg stage certainly perisli. IJiit I (loiil)t if the species is perpetuated l)y the others. The leaves are blown far and \vi<U', and in the district in which I live, the greater part of them lind their way into the river. If any caterpillar should survive the winter in such cn-cumstances, the chances would seem to be almost infinite against its reachin"' the food-plant. (See note.)
The first butterflies from these hyberuiiting Inrva^ appear about the end of May, at Coall)urgh, and l)y uuddle of ,Julu^ those whiidi have come froiii the eggs laid by hybernating females. Thenceforward, until October, an irregular succession of the butterflies are on the wing, and (he larva; are to be found at every stage of growth. It would appear by breeding from the egg, that ot'cii- sionally part of a summer brood stop feeding after the second moult, and com- mence hybernating, but this is not always the case.
1 had known nothing of the preparatory stages of fk'lt'iH till 5th September, 1872, when a female was taken in my garden. I had planted there the previous .spring several small trees of the Hackberry, in the hope of alluring this butter- fly, and on one of the I)ranches T tied the captive in a musliu l)ag. On the Vtii. it had laid a number of eggs, in clusters of six or more, up(3n the .'uder sides of the leaves. One cluster of seventeen was arranged in dose rows of five with iiu incomplete row of two, the eggs touching each other. (Pig. a.) On the 12th, the larv'' began to en.erge, eating away the shell below the crown vnitil this was ready to break off and permit egre.ss. I brought the limb to the house luui placed it in a bottle of water. The little creatures seemed disinclined to feed. and ran about the leaves, one after another drojiping by the thread which it spun. till it became certain that all would escape. This led me to break off the leaves and inclose with the larva) in a glass, and thereafter I had no trouble. Sul)se- quent experience has .satisfied me that this is one of the easiest .species to rear, and I have rarely lost one of a brood. On the 26th, they were passing the second moult, and the stag-horn proce,s.ses on the head were well developed. It is the custom of these larvie from this stage to re.t with the head bent fbrwanl and downward, so that the face is flat on the leaf and the horns project in tlic same plane, the back of the body being arched. (Fig./".) They are disinclined to move, and will remain many hours in the .same position or pl.ace. Their man- dibles are strong, and the thickest leaves seem to be preferred in feeding. This is contrary to the habit of Llbythea, which feeds on the same tree, but seeks the tender terminal leaves. Early in October, all these larva; had changed color from green to brown, and sought the sides of the heavy midribs or depressions iu the surfaces of the leaves, renuvining motionless. But then and at any time during their hybernation, it was not difficult to rouse one from its lethargy,
APATUHA I.
when it would slowly raise its head and perhaps m()V(! along a little, or would throw the head haek drowHilj as if to intimidate an enemy, an attitude which the liuvie when active would assume to drive away an iehiieuinon fly. Thesi' larva- wi'ie alive on the 14th of March following, but shortly after were destrinoil hy an accident.
On 28th June, 1873, I again secured a feinala, and in same way as before obtained many eggs, about seventy, laid singly and also in clusters. Two clusters were three layers deep. From the.se eggs I succeeded in raising about twenty Imtterflies before the end of July. All the larvie which then nuitured retained their green color to the last, but the others, fully one half of the brood, after the -ccond moult, stopped feeding and changed color. This change is not attendant upon a change of skin, but usually begins soon after the moult, and takes place ;;iiiilually. In some ca.ses it was complete within two or three days, but in iithers several weeks intervened. In the same way the reverse change occurs in the spring before the third moult, but the process is then rapid.
Suljsequently, September 7th, Mr. T. L. Mead, at Coalburgli, confined a dozen I'l'iiiales in one large bag, and from these were obtained nearly or quite 1000 I'ligs, as we computed. More than 150 were laid on one leaf, and half of these in one great cluster. The caterpillars from these eggs were left on the tree under lonfinement, and so remained till the cool nights made it advisalde to give them piotection. A few were then found to be still feeding, but nu)st had changed color and Avere at rest. Of this large number that w ut into hybernation, about lifty only emerged alive. I had placed them in the cellar, where they were left till April, then removing to a moderately warm room, about the time the buds nil the Hackberry were beginning to burst into leaf Perhaps the result would Imve been more favorable had the larvue been exposed to light and air during the winter. On 26th April, a few were observed in motion, and buds were intro- duced on which they readily began to feed. By 2d May, they A«'ere beginning to lose their brown coats, changing to pale green. After the third moult, which occurred on the oth and succeeding days, they appeared in the beautiful emerald green that is natural to the summer brood. By the 21st May, the first change to chry.salis was made, and the butterflies began to appear on oOtli of same month.
The larvfe o^the spring differ from those of the summer and fall so strikingly tliat had I met them at large I might well have supposed them to be of another species. Instead of the tessellated back, the ornamentation was restricted to longitudinal stripes. They were also imusually large. The differences may be seen by reference to the Plate. (Fig. h.)
The young larvaa of Celtis are not so intensely gregarious as those of Clyton,
APATURA T.
but tlicy remtiiii upon the siune loaf, scattered in hituiU hodieH over the Hurfacc, neiii" together without being in close contact, aa is the habit of Cli/ton. It is not iisuiil to find more than one on a leaf in the natm-al state after they have botonie half grown, and tiiev j)robal)ly disperse at tiie third moult, that is, the few that survive the attacks of tiieir many enemies.
Wlicn ready to change to chrysalis, the caterpillar covers the side of tiie Iciif next about it with silk, and remains motionless for several hours. Its color now becomes of a uniform green, the yellow markings disappearing. The body shortens and contracts at either extremity, while retaining its full thickness in tiie middle segments. During this period, it does not hang suspended l)y its anal legs, as do the Gniptas, but rests u|)on the leaf as usual, the tail more appressed to the leaf and the head bent under. Gradually the anterior segments contract, the .seventh and next succeeding becoming at the same time compressed laterally and elevated, and the dorsal outline assumes the carinated .shape of the chry.salis. At length it lo.ses its foothold and hangs by the anal legs, the skin divides at back of the head and is speedily sluillled toward the tail, the pad of booklets at the end is fastened into the silk by the same process as in Grapta. ^see notes on Comma, Vol. 1.), and with rajjid whirls it divests itself of the ca,st off skin and the change is complete. The pad spoken of is filled with booklets .seemingly to the number of a hundred or more. (Fig. k.)
Although so many eggs are deposited by Celtis, few of its caterpillars can reach maturity, and prol)abIy few emerge from the egg, not so nuich because of the ordinary parasites that destroy most species, but of the spiders which infest the Hackberry to an unusual degree, so that it has seemed to me almost impos- sible that a solitary egg (;ould esca])e them, much more clusters of eggs. I have not noticed any losses by ichneumon Hies in this species, and Mr. Riley has had a similar experience. This author has admirably described the life history of Celtis in the paper cited, and has elaborately and beautifully illustrated its phases by his pencil.
I do not know of any other food-plant for this species than the Hackberry.
Celtis is considered by some authors to be identical with Lycaon, Fab., and Alicia as only a variety of the same species. My reasons for differing from these conclusions are as follows : —
The description of Lycaon, Ent. Syst. III., p. 228, No. 714, reads thus: " P. S. alis dentatis anticis fuscis flavo alboque maculatis, posticis ferrugineis : ocellis sex coecis, subtus variegatis : ocellis octo."
Papilio Lycaon. Jon. fig. pict. 4, tab. 17, fig. 1.
Habitat. Mus. Dom. Drury.
'' Corpus medium, fuscum abdom.inis lateribus fulvis. AIsb anticae supra fusca;,
APATURA I.
ni'i uil
lliivo alboqiu' mnculata) ocelloque cccco, ntro iride ruCa, Hiibtus haHi Havii\ fiiwco iiiiKUilatir, a})ii't' fiiwcun niaoulis trihiis alliis ()('i'll!s(iiu' diudms atris irido tiava, iiiilei'iori pupilla alba, posteriori vxvvn. Striga iiiarifiiialiH llava. Posticiu basi iilisciira; .-itriga o inaculi.s (niin(|iu' liavis, apice riilis, nmciiiis hox ()('cllaril)iis. atrin. SiibtiiH Havo tiiMcoqut; variogatiD ocolliH octo atriH iritlo flava piipillaquo roTiilca."
■■ Fore wlnijs fuscniis, spotted witb yellow and wliite ; hind /rlii;/K fcrri'i/iiioiix witli six blind ocelli ; under side variegated, witb eigbf ocelli. Pdjiillo /.i/cHoti, III' Jones's drawings, plate 17, fig. 1. Iliihltut unknown. Collection of Mr. Driny. Body of medium length, fuscous, the sidcn of the ahdonnii fii/rons. Fare winiji* nhove fitucous, spotted with yellow and wliite, and with a blind Ills, which is black with a reddish iris; under side yellow nl hitse, )*\M{Wi\ 1 fuHcou.s, the apex fuscoua, with three white spots and two black ocelli with vcilow irides, the anterior one pupilled with wliite, the other blind ; the nxir- ijijial stripe yellow. Hind wings obscure at base, with a stripe and live yel- low spots, rufous at apex, with six black ocelli. Under side vnrier/ufed with i/i'llow and fuscous, with eight black ocelli which have yellow irides and l)liie [iiipils.
This description cannot apply to Celtis, for in that species the uj)per side of /lie hind loiny is not ferruginous, nor is the apex rifous, and there is no yelloio marginal stripe on either wing ; the fore wing is also described as fuscous, wiiicli implies that it is wholly fuscous, whereas in Celtis the basal third is of ijuite anotiier color'. On the under side there is no yellow marginal stripe on the fore wing, nor is the base yellow, and the hind wing is not variegated with i/cllow and fuscous ; nor are the sides of the abdomen fulvous. All the spots <poken of are characteristic of the entire group, and, color excepted, which is in every particular inapplicable to Celtis, there is not one specific character given. For the extra-discal rows of spots and the ocelli on the fore wings, and tiie discal spots and ocelli of the hind wings, are found in Celtis, Alicia, and Leilia, and with the single exception of the ocellus on the fore wings, are found ill Chjton also, a species belonging to another group ; and most of these mark- ings, especially the ocelli of the hind wings and the apical spots of primaries are found in Idyja, Iliib., and its allies, which form still another group.
Fabricius is supposed to have made up his descriptions from the colored ligures by Jones, but he refers to the insect as being in Drury's collection, and he must have seen it there, for that collection was one of the best known in Kniope. These figures are still preserved at Oxford, and have been inspected liy Mr. A. G. Butler. He is of the opinion that they were meant to represent Alicia, and says, in a letter to me, "It is certainly not Celtis, which I know Will." Mr. Riley has received from Professor Westwood uncolored tracings,
APATURA T.
i'(i|ii(-i of HoiiH- formerly nimk' from .Toium's drawinj^M, niul Iuim pormittiMl me lo see tlit'iu. In the nhNenoe of coloring;, these tracingH may piiwH for Celfh. or Aflrin, or Lc'ilid. They merely exiiihit tlie group chiiriieterM, anil are iiMeless in (leterininiiig tiie specific. Kahriciiis gave no hnl)itat for Lijcmm, and the cliiit' reason urged for applying his description to any American species whatever, when it plainly fits none, is that no other is known to exist to which it would apply lietter, — truly a very insufficient reiison. It is by no nieann impossililc llmt a fourth or a fifth species belonging to this same group may yet be fbrthcoiiiiiig, and it would be difficult to show that the Fabrician description, or Jones's ligures, were not intended for one of these. And for aught that iippears, the figures may hnve l)een taken from an Asiatic species. The same reason has been alleged for applying to C/i/foii Bois. the des(rription of Ilcrsc Fab., founded also upon Jones's drawings. But after seeing tracings of the.se, 1 entertain not a doubt that they were meant to represent either I(/;/jn, or a species allied to that, and could not possibly have been meant for Cli/I(»i. HoLsduval's names should be retained for both these species. They were figured and described by him now more tliiui forty years ago, and as Celtis and C'/i/fon have been known during all this period.
The difTereiiees between CeJtl.s and AUcia may be seen by comparing the figures on our Plates. {Afield, Vol. 1. pi. 45.) They consist principally in size and color, the preparatory stages of Alicia not being known. It is a sinu'lnr case to that of Turnus and J'Jiirijmedon, or Eurylheme and Philodice, wiiich diflcr in color only, and with many species of many genera which might be mentioned. The desca-iption of Li/vaofi applies lo Alicia, apart from the group characters, but in a single particular, the upper side of secondaries being fer- ruginous, and fails in every other point mentioned.
1 have bred large numbers of Celfis from the egg, expressly to see if any vai'iety like Alicia would result. But there has appeared nothing of the kind. Mr. Riley, nearly a thousand miles west of me, in Missouri, has had a like ex- perience. And from Texas, as far south of Missouri, come numerous examples agreeing with those bred in West Virginia. The pair of Alicia from which the descriptions were drawn, were taken in Louisiana, but others have been received from Georgia, and the species may be common in the Gulf States. If it were a mere climatic variety of Celtis then it should take the place of that species in Texas, on the same parallel.
Note. — After the foregoing lines wore in print, — 9lli May, 1875, — upon a lialf-opencd leaf bud of Hackberry, on one of the upper branehes of the tree, six feet from the ground, I found a caterpillar of Cellis, just out of hybernation, feeding. The ground had been swept by the winds all winter, and three weeks before the date mentioned had been ploughed. I must believe that the caterpillar had hybernated on the tree.
APATUUA 1.
APATURA T.EILIA, 7, 8.
Apatura Leilia, Edwanla, Trans. Am. Ent. Soi.'., Vol. V., p. 103, 1874.
Male. — Expands 1.8 mch.
Upper Hide of primaries next ha,se and partly in the median interspaces, 1111(1 of secondaries thron^'hoiit, ferruirinous ; the remainder of priiiiarius, which comprises the apical area to median nervure and to (!ell, and the disiial portion of the median interspaces, fuscous ; hind margins hordered narrowly by fus- cous; both wings have a sub-marginal black stripe, and a little anterior to this, a second, which, on secondaries, is either very slightly crenated. or is crenated next outer angle and serrated posteriorly ; primaries have a transverse! row of seven spots, either all white, or the upper three or four white and remainder yellow, arrange<l in a double curve, the first two and fifth nearly equal, the third and fourth minute, the sixth and seventh, near inner margin, equal, rather smaller than the fifth and .sometimes conlhient ; midway between this row and the margin is a second row of white spots and ocelli ; the spots, two in number, being placed on the upper sub-costal and the discoidal interspaces ; the three ocelli, on the lower sub-costal and the median interspaces, are black, rounded, the upper one small, with an indistinct pale iris, the others large, i/o.nrly equal, each with a few blue scales forming a minute eccentric spot and each sur- rounded by a pale brown nimbus ; in the cell two transverse bars, the one at the outer extremity sub-reniform, the other near the middle straight, both ob- scure brown centrally, black at the edges, and separated by a space that is white irrorated with brown.
Secondaries have the costal margin fn.scous ; upon the extra-discal area a series of six black ocelli, arranged as in Ceffis and Clylnn, the second from costa ■ inrgest and back of the line, the sixth minute, the others nearly equal and rather more than half the size of the second ; each surrounded by a shade slightly paler than the ground color of the wing, and several containing small eccentric dusters of blue scales ; on the middle of co.stal margin a white patch, in line with which five small white spots pass round the extremity of the cell ;
APATURA I.
two faint fuscons spots in the cell ; fringes white in the emarginationa, fuscous iit tlio ends of the nervules.
Under side of primaries chestnut-red nt base below the cell ; also within tlif cell next base, but partly obscured by gray, '.specially along the sub-costiil nervure ; the remainder of the wing pearl-gray, showing a brown sub-color im the disk and in the middle of each interspace on the apical area, and at iiim-r angle, the gray becoming suffused with pale blue iis it approaches the hind mar- gin ; this margin narrowly edged with yellow-brown ; the sub-miirginal lines repeated, distinct, blackish-brown ; the white spots repeated, enlarged, and in addition, a white patch in the line with the outer series, on the costal margin ; the lower spot of this row, on the discoidal interspace, nearly covers a small ocellus, a narrow black ring only l)eing discernible on the anterior side ; but the yellow iris is nearly complete ; the other three ocelli reappear, enlarged. each with its cluster of blue scales and a well-defined yellow iris; the celluliir spots as on upper side, the intervening space being clear white.
Secondaries pearl-gray, tinted with blue near hind margin ; the gray shade least dense on the disk next before the cell, allowing a brown sub-color to ap- P'jar ; the inner margin also l)ordered by a brown line ; the white discal patdi uTid spots re])eated, and the line of spots extended across the wing to innor margin, following the course of a dark wavy line ; the spots in the cell distinct, being two transverse l)ars. each prolonged into the next upper interspace ; the ocelli repeated, each containing a large blue patch and edged by a narrow yellow I'ing, which itself is edged indistinctly by fuscous; an additional ocellus is found on the inner margin, small, oval, and also with a blue spot.
Body above yellow-brown, bene.itli gray on thorax, yellowish on abdomen ; legs ochraceous, the tUnx gray; palpi clear white, brown above and at tip; antennai uniform ferruginous throughout, very imperfectly annulated with white next the base ; club fu.scous at hme, yellow at tip.
Larva unknown.
The figures given represent one of three males, taken by Mr. Henshaw. (it Lieutenant Wheeler's expedition, at Camp Lowell, and in Sonoto V.alley, ArizouM, August, LS74. Nothing is reported of the habits of the butterfly, or of the laivii and its food-plant. But as Celtis reticulata, Torrey, is mentioned in the Bt)tiiu- ical Report upon the plants of Arizona, Washington, 1874, it may be presiuned that the larva; of Leilia feed upon its leaves.
In the shape of the wings, this species is nearer Clyton than Celtis, the hind margins of primaries being more excavated, and of .secondaries more sinuous. and the anal angle more produced than in Celtis. The three examples agree in shape, color, and markings.
APATURA I.
Leilia differs from the other menibors of its group, in that the black marks in the cell of primaries, which in Celtis and Alicia are three in number, two of tliem being in the middle of the cell, on the sub-costal and median nervures respectively, and placed obliquely to the nervures and parallel to each other, lire here reduced to two, owing to the central marks being united in one straight l>ar, perpendicular to the njrvures. These bars are also separated by a white spiice, which is not the case in the allied species. A similar arrangement of the burs is sc^n in Glyton, except that in this the inner bar is usually sinuous in- stead of straight, caused by the joining of the two oblique marks at tlieir ex- tieinities. There are three ocelli on primaries of Leilia, as sometimes happens with Celtis, but in the ibrmer they contain eccentric patches of blue scales, as do also several of the ocelli on secondaries, a peculiarity observed in neither ('eliis nor Alicia. On the under side the two lower ocelli on primaries contain similar blue patches, and the uppermost one a patch which is partly blue, partly white. The spots on the disk on upper side are white and distinct. The color of this side is nearly that of Alicia, of the under side different from either that or Celtis, the basal part of primaries being castaneous, instead of light gray- brown, and the remainder of both wings chiefly of a pearl-gray, suffused toward tlie hind margins with pale blue. In Celtis tne prevailing hue is gray-brown, sometimes wholly pink-tinted, and of Alicia gray-white, tinted with purple. The imtenno3 also are ferruginous above and below, with the slightest indications of iinnulation near the base ; these organs in Celtis are fuscous above, yellow beneath, and the fuscous portion is distinctly annulated with white from base to club.
I regret having to figure this species without being able to give both sexes, lis I aim to do in every case, but the difficulty of obtaining the butterflies of Arizona is so extreme that years might elapse before I should receive another example
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APATURA II.
APATURA CLYTON, 1-6.
Apalura Cli/lon, Boisduval, Bois. and Lee, p. 208, pi. 56, 1833. Heme, Riley, Trans. St. Louis Acad. Sci., IIL p. 198, 1873. 7iiVi. 6th Agric. Rep. Mo., p. 140, 1874.
Var. OCELLATA.
Male. — Expands 2.1 inches.
Upper side of primaries next base ferruginous, the remainder bkekish-brown, tlie nervules sometimes faintly marked by ferruginous; secowlaries blackish- Itrown, clothed at base and along the abdominal margin with long greenish-brown liairs ; both wings have a black line, forming the inner part of the marginal bor- der, preceded by a series of small, pale ferruginous spots, wanting next the apex of primaries ; on secondaries these spots are lunular and often concolored, but the anterior side of each is edged with fuscoas or brown, and together forms a distinct crenated line which crosses the entire wing; on the disk of primaries a transverse sinuous row of seven rounded yellow or yellow-ferruginous spots, the sixth and seventh being in the sub-median interspace ; beyond these a second row of five spots of same color as the others, occupying the median, discoidal and two lower subcostal interspaces, four of them arranged in a curve parallel to the incised edge of the wing, and the fifth, on costal margin, forming a right angle with the two next succeeding ; in the cell two black, transverse, sinuous l)ars sometimes joined on the sub-costal nervure. Secondaries have an extra-dis- cal series of six large, rounded black spots, disposed as in Celtis, each spot sur- rounded by a narrow fulvous ring, which is sometimes expanded on the basal side into a large fulvous patch, especially in the sub-costal interspaces ; on the middle of the costal margin a pale, sordid-fulvous patch ; fringes of both wings white in the emarginations, fuscous at the ends of the nervules.
Under side of primaries brown in several shades, grayish in the cell, with a yellow tint over the outer half of same, and grayish over the basal part of the sub-costal interspaces; somewhat red-tinted below the cell and in the median
APATURA II.
interspaccH ; and clear brown with a faint purpio tint along the hind niaririii; the discal .spots repeated, luteoiw ; the cellular bar.s repeated; next bejond tlit! cell, a transverse, sinuous black .stripe ; the sub-niarginal line distinct and pre- ceded by a complete .series of blacki.sh spots, which are lanceolate towards apex, elsewhere lunular.
Secon<laries either lij^ht or dark brown next base, this area limited on the disk by a dark wavy line which begins on the middle of the costa and ends on tlio inner margin, at one-third the distance from ba.se, alter curving I'ar down towards the angle, on the sub-median nervure ; beyond this line there is a narrow space across the entire wing of gray-white with a pink tint, followed by a brown cloud on which are the ocelli; the nuirgin as on primaries, purplish-brown ; besides the sub-nuirgiual line is a second composed of nearly confluent narrow lunulcs; in the will a transver.se fuscous spot, and another at the extremity ; the ocelli seven in number, and the one next inner angle du])lex ; each ocellus black, pupilled with an abbreviated stripe of bright blue, and surrounded Ity a (inc ferruginous ring. Individuals vary much in the .shades of under side, and when these are light the purple tint is less perceptible.
Body above greenish-brown, beneath pale vinous-brown ; legs ochraceous, the front (or aborted) pair, yellow-white; palpi yellow-white, fuscous above and iit tip ; anteiui.T fuscous above, light brown beneath, imperfectly annulated with gray ; cIuIj l)lack, the tip greenish-yellow.
Female. — Expands from 2.5 to 3 inches.
Upper side bright ferruginous nearly to the hind margin ; in .some cases the fuscous portion is confined to the middle of the interspaces near the apex, in others the interspaces on the disk are also fuscous ; the spots more diffused and more yellowi.sh than in the male ; secondaries essentially as in the male. On the under side the colors are lighter than in the male, and often the marking.s on outer half of the wing are much obscured.
Var. PROSERPINA,
Scudder, Trans. Acad. Nat. Sci. Cliicago, I., p. 332, 1869.
This form differs from Ocellata in that secondaries are black throughout, the ocellar spots either wanting or scarcely perceptible ; in .some cases the sub-niiu- ginal ferruginous spots are faintly indicated ; on the under side the difference is less marked, the ocelli reappearing. The female differs from Ocellata in same way, but on the under side there is a greater obscurity of color, the whole of sec- ondaries and the apical area of primaries being of an uniform .shade of brown. or fuscous, or fuscous with a purple tint; none of the markings distinct, and the
Al'ATURA II.
ocelli nearly obsolete, the riu^^s especially being absent, and the blue pupils in a greater or less degree ; and these last are often changed to a dull whitish-green.
Vau. flora.
I am uncertain as to the position of this form, whether it is to be considered ;is a variety of Clyton, or as a good species. After tiie Plate of Chiton was (hiiwn, I observed in the collection of Mr. William Stadlmair, of Brooklyn, several males and a single female, lately (April, 1870) sent him by his son, who Iiad taken tiiem at Palatka, Florida, ail of which differed from any variety of (Ijihm hitherto seen by me, wiietiier from Georgia, TiOuisiana, Texas, or West \irginia. The.xe males were, moreover, alike in shape, color, and peculiarities of innrking, except that on the under side there was a difference in the lightness or darkness of the colors, but just as I have seen in the .same brood of Cli/ton iw Wi'st Virginia. In these males both wings are more exci.sed than is usuid in f'li/ton, and s(?condaries are more prolonged and more pointed at the anal angle. The upper surface of both wings is of an uniform bright orange-ferruginous, except the extra-discal area of primaries, which is of a deep shade of ferruginous, lilackened in the middle of the several interspaces ; primaries are scarcely at all ob.scured at base, and the two rows of spots are bright orange-ferruginous, of same shade as the general surface, instead of being lighter, or yellowish, as in the usual Chjfon. Secondaries have the base and inner margin but .slightly ol).scured, 11 nd a broad bright field extends from the middle of the wing to the marginal hand. The ocelli lie on this field, and are large. The marginal biind of each wing is remarkably broad, .so that on secondaries it nearly reaches the ocelli ; and except in the two interspaces next outer angle there is a total absence of tlie sub-marginal crenated line always seen in var. OceJlahi. Fm-thermore there is an absence of the light patch on costal margin. The peculiar shape of the wings, the unilbrm bright shade of ferruginous, extending even to the rows of I'xtra-discal spots, the large ocelli, the broad marginal band, and the absence of tlie crenated line, and of the costal patch, strike the eye at once. On the under side the pattern is as in var. Ocellata, but the colors are all intense ; the cell :in(l nearly all the spots of primaries buff, the extra-discal area deep ferruginous; tlie basal area of .secondaries deep gray-brown, tinted with ferruginous next costa and towards anal angle ; the sinuous discal stripe deep ferruginous, as is also the field on which are the ocelli, and between this stripe and field the space is lilaceous ; the ocelli intense ferruginous, with obsolete rings, and lilaceous pupils. And on both wings the broad marginal band is cut by a conspicuous blue-black stripe from anal angle to the second sub-costal nervule on primaries ; this stripe
ATATUJIA II.
HO cxpiindod iioxt inner anglu ol" priiniuies as to oi'cupy full lialftlu! width of tin- band. The female i.s duller colored, but a.s little ob.scured aw the male. I'limn- ries are crossed by n broad, sinuoun, deep black distal band, which in the usmd Cbjlon is brown or ferriij^inoui, ami the bars in the cell are black and heavy. A broad, sul)-mari:;inal black strijjc completely crosses both wings, the margin out- side this stripe being ferruginous concolored with the disk. The orenated line i.s ab.sent from secondaries, even at the outer angle.
1 give this form, therefore, as a possible variety of Chflon, i)ut my opinion is that it will be found to breed true to itself, and, if .so, it i.^ a good species. .Mr. Stadhnair found these butterflies in one locality, resting on the leaves of trees, and evidently just out of chrysalis, and .saw niunlx-rs of them, as he says in n letter to his father. With them were many A. A/iclu, of which he took several, and these I also .saw.
Egg. — Similar to that of Ccltis ; nearly .-iplierical, flattened at base; marked by about eighteen .slightly prominent vertical ribs, and by many fine horizontal equi-distant striau; color yellowish-green. Duration of this stage eight to nine days.
Young Ix-vrv.v. — Length, .06 inch; cylindrical, somewhat tapering posteriorly, slightly pubescent; color pale green, tran.slucent ; head large, twice the diam- eter of the following .segments, hemispherical, bi-lobed, brownish-yellow; the mandibles and ocelli brown. (Fig.s. c, c", larva and head magnified.)
The first moult takes place in seven days. Length, .125 inch ; body tapering gradually either way from seventh segment; the second and last nearly eqnid in diameter, the latter terminating in a short, forked tail ; the whole surface cov- ered with fine whitLsh tubercles, from each of which springs a white hair; striped longitudinally and alternately with pale and dark green, the tubercles covering the pale stripes densely ; in all there are six pale stripes, two broad, dorsal, one upper and one lower lateral, both narrow ; of the intermediate dark stripes one is a narrow medio-dorsal, the others lateral ; legs and pro-legs pale green, fringeil at base with short white bristles ; head large, broader than the second .segment, rounded, flattened, glos.sy, pale green, the forehead dusted with brown; tiic ocelli and mandibles brown ; at the vertices fleshy stag-horn processes, witii .short, stout prongs ; other prongs below at the sides of the face ; all these, and the surface of the face, somewhat pilo.se. (Fig. d.)
To the second moult thirteen days. Length, .2 inch ; the pale stripes now clhanged to yellow-green ; the surface more roughly and unevenly tuberculated ; the dorsal bands, before distinctly separated, now meet, but there are traces of a green medio-dorsal lino ; the second segment projects over the head a narrow sub-triangular shield ; the tails deeply forked ; the horns shorter, pinkish, punc- tate ; the forehead and sutures and the mandibles brown.
ArATfiUA ir.
Not long lifter tlils inoiiU, Iiiivinjf rciiclii-d tlic Iciij^th of .25 iiicli. most oftlii' liirviP ('liaii}i;(' color, tlio Itody j^riiiliiully liccnmiiiH- of a niixtMl rcil aiid j^iiiv, with (lark green dorsal and lateral lines; tlie iieail uiid horns also elian;j;e to hrown. ( Kigs. c, e*.) A fe\»nm3' however proceed to their third inoidt, after whicih they will assnmc a winter coat, Imt of less decided color than that of the others, the (.qiM'n heconiing brownish or vinons.
A few days after resiiniing activity in tiie spring, tlie third nionlt is passed. Length now .4 inch ; tho anterior segments have become mnch the largest, the •-liicld on second more pointed, tiie heiid larger in pro[)()rtion, the vertices more jiroininent than at last stage, and tlie horns greatly develoi)cd ; the l)ody green, sliiped longitndinally with white and yellow; color of head light green, with two pule vertical .stripes in front. (Figs. /,/'*.)
Ahont ten per cent, of the larvio raised by me varied at this stage in the markings of the face. One was wiiolly pule black exia'pt for four murks, two at tlu! sides, and two in front above the mandil)les; and the front of the antlers was lilack. This stage endured eight days.
After fourth moult : length .S inch. (Fig. rj, nat. size; (f-ff showing varia- tions in marking of head ; (f, .sections of surface on dorsum and side.) The larviu now grew rapidly and in from five to ten days had reached maturity, those which lingered, and changed to chrysalis the latest, invariably producing female buiter- liics.
M-\TURE Larva. -*- Length L4 in. '' (Fig. /() to 1.7 in. ' (Fig. i), greatest thick- ness of the latter, .24 in.; body siilj-cylindrical, somewhat flattened dorsally, the sides flattened, sloping, the base broad ; thickest at sixth to eighth segments, ta- pering rather evenly either way ; the last segment ending in a forked tail; the il(jrsum covered by a broad yellow or bnfl" band, which is edged on either side by white, and is bisected by an indigo-blue line ; the sides striped with dull green above, and below by two stripes of yellow, another of green being between them ; the tmder side and legs pale green; each .segment creased live times so as to make four elevated ridges, the posterior two being l)roader than the others; the whole upper surface covered with minute tubercles, white, tran.slucent, sub-conic, irregularly placed on the ridges, some in each row being two or three times as large as others ; some of these have at summit single short ileshy appendages, others a white hair; head pyriforin, truncated at top, with an angular depression, I lie vertices sub-conic; on these last are stout many-pronged antlers, the prongs llcsliy, round, and .somewhat curv \ downward ; on either side of the face a ver- tical row of simple prongs; color of head pale green, the face marked by four vertical whitish stripes ; the surface both of head and antlers dotted with punc- tures which disclose a darker sub-color; the entire antler usually yellow-
APATUUA IF.
grcoii, liiit iiiiiny cxuinplcH liiivo tlio front l»lack, or merely a bliiek dot at tlu' bnse ; ocelli and nmndiltli'H Idaek. (Fij^s. li^, U\ heads of mature lurviu.)
CiiitvsvMs. — (Mosely reMcmljles (hat n[' CiU'ih in sha|)e and coioi' ; the kcj.'- monts of tiie alidomen 'ue broader dorsujiy, makinj^ the keel one fonrtii loii^rcp, and the thoraeie «efrment8 nro proportionately whorter ; the depression is Ii-rs anjifiilar and the mesonotnm is more rounded, while the iiead ease is loss pio- duced.
Len^^th. '' .0 inch (Fij,'. j). ' 1.1 inch (Fig. k); eompres.sed laterally; the outline of the imder side irregularly couvox, the wing cases being nearly fiat ; the iiImIo- meii prominent dorsally. cir<'ular, sharply carinati'd, the anterior edge of cncli Kegiueiit on the keel produced and marked on either side by a shining black ilot; the thoraci<^ segnu'Uts di'pressed I'rom the end of the keel, the sides excavated to- wards the bases of the wings ; the mesonotnm roundetl ; the head ease moderatciv pnvluced, sub-conic ; the palpi cases sharp and |)rominent ; color yellow-green, the wing cases and the whole under side pale bluish-green, mottled and inscrilied with pale yellow; the neuration of the wings distiiu-t; a yellow line passes along tJie dorsiun ami forks to the palpi eases ; another borders the posterior edge of the wing cases. Duraticm of this stage niius and ten ilays.
Clijlou inhabits much the same districts as Celth, feeding in its larval state on the same tree, the Ilaekbcrry, Gell'iH occidentdliH. It is occMisional in New York, and no douljt in New England, but the Valley of the Mississippi is its true home. Some years ago I took a single specimen. iVesli from chrysalis, in a thicket near Newlturgh, N. Y., and that is the only instance in which 1 have seen this butter- fly on the wing, not having met with it even in West Virginia. I was nuicli surprised therefore at finding in my garden, at ("oalburgh, 4tli July, 1874, on a low Ilackliferry, a large cluster of freshly deposited eggs of Clyton. They formed a rounded mass one quarter inch acro.ss, were closely packed and five or six layers deep ; in al! about two hundred eggs. (Fig. n.) Within the next two days 1 found two similar but smaller clusters; in all these cases upon the underside of the leaf On 12th of .July the larvii> began to hatch, and in course of a few hours had left the shells and gothered in a dense grouj) near by. They are in- tensely gregarious in habit, and up to the time they separate, that is, til! :ifter the third moult, they lie close logether, completely conceding the leaf beneath, and it is one of their peculiarities, even to maturity, that they do not often lie straight, but take a sinuous position, and when in cluster as one curves .so do those adjoining. Moreover they do not rest with heads all turned in the .«anie direction and bodies in line or parallel, as is the habit of numy species of grega- rious larvtc, but they Ibrm an irregular mass, the heads mostly outside and front- ing in every direction. This feature is correctly represented in the cluster of
Al'ATlIUA II.
liirviB on the Plato, but tho group in natiirf would In* coiiiimt't as I lmv(! Itffoic ftiited. I found that tliey led principally a( iiij,'lit, tiic leaf in tlit; niorniiijf hav- iiiff l)(H'n eaten at one Mjiot as if all had fed at the same time. When finall_y there reniainetl nothin;^ l)ut the patch on which they rested, they wi-re forced to shift to a fresh leaf From the earliest staj^e, the surface of the leaf altoiit and lieneath these larviu was kept thorouj^hly dean, hut just outside the j,'rou|) was u muss of excrement in a pretty regular ridge and as if it had heen voided at that plaee. It was some days hefore I discovered the explanation of this, hy hap])en- ing to come upon the larvm one morning when they were engaged in a general cleansing. The; colony was comparatively active, many of its meinhers moving iihout, some crawling over the hacks of th(! rest. When a hit of frass was encoun- tered hy one of these last, who seemed especially deputed to act as scavengers, it was seized hy the mandihles, and if very snndl, the head and thoracic segments were jerked hack, and hy a snap the frass was thrown some distance, at least two lengths of the caterpillar. If this ha])pened near the edge of the colony the iVass ))rohahly went over; if not, and it fell .•fhort, either one of the larva; on which it struck .seized it, or it was met by one of the scavengers, and was again siiiipped off, initil by repeating the process as ot'ten as was necessary, the obnox- ious thing was gotten rid of When a considerable mass was encountered, it was hroken by jaws and feet, or two or three of the larvic tugged at it till it wa.^ hrought near the edge and top])led over. In some cases, as one of the larvae voided its frass, it turned and seized it, snapping it away. Presently the colony was cleansed and all its members resumed their usual attitude of rest. This sanitary work could only have been necessary when the larvne were in confine- ment, as in nature they would have rested on the under side of the leaf
Ik'fbro the first moult took place, the larva remained immovable for about two ihiys ; the skin on the second segment became swollen and nearly covered the head. When the change occurred, this burst, disclosing the new head and ant- lers, and the skin was speedily shuffled of^'and devoured. This process of moult- ing was by no means simultaneous throughout the colony, but was going on lor two or three days before all were changed. And the same may be said of each successive moult.
Soon after the second moult, which occurred 1st Angast-and days following, most of the larvae began to change color, first to pink, then to brown. In other cases the change was very gradual, and the winter coat was not a.ssunied before 1st September. All these at last rested on a common bed of silk web which cov- ered the surface of the leaf, each with head bent under so that the face was in ''inne plane with the lower side of the body, the back arched, and the last seg- ments appres.sed. But three of the larvae behaved diflferently, and after having
APATURA II.
ceased to feed and partly cliangcd color, iigain l)ogan to eat, though the loaves in tlifir glass were thoroughly dry, and some time towards the last of Septemlicr. passed the third moult. Not anticipating this I discovered the change accident- ally, and was surprised at finding them active, and of a brilliant green color. 1 liavc since learned from Mr. Kiley's paper, before cited, that he had watelied larva^ of Cli/lon when this third autumnal moult was taking place, though liis experience agrees with mine that such instances arc exceptional. These larvic again clianged color, but to nothing like the degree of the others, bccouiing greenish-brown or vinous-brown, and no shrinkage of the body was perceptilde. And at intervals through the winter, a few moments in a warm room would arouse them. Unfortunately two of these died before spring, and the third was accidentally killed.
On 9th May following, the shoots of the Ilackberry begitming to put forth, 1 brought the larva; from the cellar. Several were living and awaked soon after exposure. Some began at once to iiu)ve and eat, and of these part turned green within the next twenty-four hours. Others remained quiet, and changed graduall}' to pale vinous and then to green, taking three or four days to make the complete change. But others still occupied several days more.
On the ir)th tlio.-o which had soonest become active showed the second sojr- ment swollen, and (hat day and the next they pa-s.^ed the third moult, while the most tardy did not reach that stage till the first h.nd begun to pass the fourth or last moult, which took place on 23d and 24th. By 30th Mny these were in ehrys- ali.s, and the butterflies iip])eared on the ]Oth June and days following. Meim- time soine of the larva' continued (o grow and reached a size which seemed enormous for tl'i.s species. And it turned out that all these large larva; produced female butterflies, and no female appeared until nearly all the males had emerged. 1 have not noticed this pecidiarity, nor have 1 been able to distin- guish tlie sexes by the size of the caterpillar, in any species but the present one.
After the fourth moult, each larva makes for itself a web on the surface of the leaf, and draws the sides tog(;ther until a sort of case is formed, within which it lives. From this it emerges to feed at night, as was evident by leaves at a dis- tance being constantly fed upon during the night. This is the habit in captivity, and is ])roba))ly but a modification of its habit when free. Mr. Riley states that these larviv; .scatter after the third moult, and thereafter hide within leaves drawn around them.
When preparing for the change to chrysalis, the body of the larva becunes contracted; broadened and roimded in the middle, the head is bent under and the last segment ])ressed in the leaf; the color of the .skin changes to a nearly uniform green, and the shape of tlie chrysalis gradii vlly becomes apparent. Tiie
APATURA II.
liiml change 's effected in the fiame manner as in Cellis, ind the chrysalis is also siij)en(le(l by a pad of booklets.
Clyton is dimorphic in both sexes, but not seasonally-dimorphic, as might be (he case were there two broods annually. Of twenty-one butterflies raised by iric from the egg, eight were the form Ocellata, namely: 4^, 4' ; of Proserpina Miirteen, 8<^, 5*.
In the fall of 1878, I received a few larv;T3 of Clylon from Mr. Riley, in leth- argic state. Thesc' began to move 2d May, 1874, but every stage was pro- longed, and the first chrysalis was not formed till 7th July, thirty-eight days after the corresponding change occurred with t)ie larvic found at Coalburgh. As all (he attendant circumstances were apparently identical in the two cases, I can give no explanation of this singular phenomenon. The duration .of the chrysalis stage was ^iame in both cases, about ten days.
The contrast between the two species Celtis and Chjton is striking as relates to their preparatory stages. The eggs nnd chrysalids are nearly identical in form, and the caterpillars have a general resemblance. But the eggs of Chjton are laid in clusters of hundreds, those of Celtis either singly or in lots of from five to twenty. The larvas of Cdtis are gregarious, but are satisfied with nearness with- out contact ; those of Cli/ton require act .al contact an<l assemble in groups to which all scattered ones are attracted. I have frequently separated a group, but in a few hours all its members were together again. Celtis completes its history in one summer brood, though part of this may hybernate, and it has a second, which always hybernates. Cli/ton, in ^\'■est Virginia at least, has no second brood, but all the larva3 hybernate.
Of the habits o'' the butterfly 1 am unable to speak from my own knowledge, but I am informed by correspondents that it behaver; much like Celtis. The larvas of the two frequent the vsame tree, and Mr. Charles Dury, of Avondale, Ohio, tells me that he has taken as many as sixty larvJB of the two species at .'^ame time from a small Ilackberry. He writes "I have often taken Cli/ton, sometimes on trees from which there was an exudation of sap, and sometimes on rotten apples. But in most cases it is to 1 e seen in the woods. Its movements are less lively than those of Celtis."
As is the case with Celtis, the larva' of Chjton feed upon the thickest leaves. When winter approaches, they probably, to some extent, seek shelter on the rough, corky bark of the Hackberry, though many no doubt fall with the leaves and perish.
I know of no other food plant for this .species thar. the Celtis occidentalis. Dr. Boisduval gives Prunus as one of them, but I have been unable to verify the statement, even when the larvae have been made to fast for hours.
APATURA II.
Just as Celtiti has been supposed to have been covered by the description of Lycaon, Fab., so Herse Fab. has within the last two or three years been appor- tioned to Clyton, altogether wrongly. The description of Herse, Fab. Ent. Sy^it., III., p. 229,"No. 718, is as follows : —
P. S. alis dentatis fusco ferrugineis : anticis albo punctatis, posticis utrinquo ocellis septeni coecis.
Papilio Herse, Jon. fig. pict. 4, tab. 7, fig. 2.
Habitat Doin. Drury.
Corpus fusco forrugineum. Ahc antica3 obscure ferruginesG, pone medium fascia e maculis sex punctisque quatuor apicis albis, subtus pallidiores. Postica) fusco ferruginciie ocellis septcm nigris iride ferruginea : secundo tertioque pupilla ferruginea, reliquis coecis. Subtus pallidiores ocellis septem coeruleis iride Havn ; annulo nigro.
Wings dentated, marked with fusions and ferruginous ; the fore w'nqf> f ■ itfd with ivhife, the hind wings also with seven black ocelli
P. Herse, Jones' Icones.
Habitat iinl-nown. Collection of M. Drury. Body fuscc ferrugineous ; fore, wimjfi obscure ferrnginons, wlih an extra-median band of six sjmis and four a/iieai spots, tohite ; under sidejxder. Huid wmgs fnsco-ferriigi nous ; loith seven llurk ocelli with ferruginous irides, the second and third pnpillcd with ferruginous, the rest blind; under side paler loith seven blue ocelli, with yellow irides, in black rings.
This description 'lannot apply to Clyton, in which the fore wings are not obsaire-ferruginoits, but ferruginous at base and blackish-brown towards hind margin ; they are not spotted with white, but with yellow or yellow-ferruginous ; the median band is composed o( seven spots and the outer spots are five, instead of six and four, as in Herse. The hind wings are blackish-brown in Clyton, not fusco-ferruginous ; there are but six ocelli and all are blind, loith no ferrugi- nous pupilu. In Ilerse there are seven, the second and third pupilled with ferru- ginous. In Herse the under side of both wings is described as paler than tlic upper, with no variety of color or shade on the several areas ; that is, the fore wings must be ferruginous, or less obscurely ferruginous, imd the hmd wings a pale fusco-ferruginous. In Clyton the under sides are brown, gray, purplish with the least possible fuscous on primaries only, and in vars. Ocellata and Pro.'ierpina there is no ferruginous at all on either wing. In the form which I call Flora there is ferruginous, but it is intense, and the whole surface is richly diversified in color. \n Herse are seven blue ocelli in black rings, with yi • m irides; in Clyton though the pupils are blue the Irides are ferruginous. 1. ' , thereforo no agreement between the description of Herse and the insect Clyton except in the most general way.
APATURA n.
ifcd
Thi« description of Herse is also supposed to liave been drawn from Jones' iigures, though, as is the case of Lycaon, the insect is referred to as in Drury's .•()lIection, and undoubtedly was known to Fabricius, the chief lepidopterist of his day. I do not know on what authority such supposition is based, and there are cortain discrepancies, to be hereafter spoken of, between Jones' figures and the description, which would seem to preclude the idea of the latter having been drawn up from the figures. By tiie kindness of Prof J. 0. Westwood, 1 have in my possession a colored copy made by him of both Jones' figures of Herse, representing the two sides of the female. Also a pencil tracing of the upper side, and this I reproduce in order to show more clearly the differ- ences between the two species. But if it were practicable to give the colored figures, there would be no doubt in the minds of my readers that they relate to quite another insect from Clyton. In the figure of the upper side, the color of the basal half of primaries and of the whole of secondaries is of an uniform shade of ferruginous, .-nd the hind margin of primaries is also broadly bordered by ferruginous, a vliade darker. Between these two areas on primaries is a nebulous, extra-dlscal fuscous band extending quite across the wing ; in Clyton vars. Ocellata and Proaerpina, while the base of primaries is ferruginous, the liind margin and disk, as well as the whole of secondaries, is blackish-brown or fuscous. In the figure is a median bund of six Ion;/, oml, cqnal sjmIs, (here being hut one in the sub-median interspace, arranged in a simiile curve, convex o t- inirdJy ; and five of these si)ots only are fulvous, the sixth on the costal margin, lieing piu-e white. Beyond are four white spots, two of them sub-apical, and two are in the median intersjMces, these last very close to the band r.nd parallel with if. In the discoidal interspace is no spot. In the insect this is totally* diflerent. The band is composed of seven spots, all of them rounded, arranrjed in a double curve like the letter 8, and these spots are all yellow, or yellow with a tint of red, «.s' are the outer sjiots (vars. Ocellata and Proserpina), or all are ferruijinous {car. Flora.) Of the outer spots there are five, two being sub-apical, the other three, ocmpying the discoidal and two median interspaces, placed at some distance from the band and Jiearly parallel with fhe hind margin. That is, incir general course is exactly opposite that of the band in Herse. In the cell on the drawing is a concolored spot with a black outline, and tiiis is shaped like a figure 8, made of two opposite double curves. In the insect, instead of this spot are two nearly parallel sinuous bars. On die hind wings in the drawing are six spots, five of which arc distinctly ocellafed, having both inipils and irides, the spot next inner angle only being without pupil. In Clyton all the spots are without jmpils. On the under side, the base of the hind wing, and all that part of primaries which lies back of the cell and the second median nervule, is pale ferruginous ; the cell
APATURA II.
and remainder of primaries and the outer limb of secondaries, except a l)ioii(] space along the hind margin, is pale fuscous, and between this fuscous area and the ferruginous of the base, on secondaries, is a whity-brown discal zone. All this is quite unlike the insect, as a glance at our Plate will show.
If Fabricius' description was taken from Jones' figures, why should all the spots on the forewings be called white, or why should the ocelli be described an blind, with the exception of the second and third ! Or why should the descrip- tion call for seven ocelli when the figure shows but six !
Now it happens that one of the group.^ into which the American species of this genus divide themselves is characterized by just such a simple curved discal band on pr .' 'i-ies as appears in Jones' figures, made up of six oval spots, and outside these i>. .- white spots, two of which are sub-apical, and two placed
parallel to the b. just as in these figures also. Of this style of ornamentation are certain Central American species, and also the one called Ichjja, Hubner, lig- urcd in the Samml. Exot. Schmett., a West Indian species ; and that the resem- blance to Herse may appear, I subjoin a cut of it also, copied for me by Mr. Scudder from Hiibner's figure. It must be allowed to approach Herse remark- ably.
Horse 9.
Idyj.i 9.
With the figures of Herse, Professor Westwood also sent me colored figures of Lycaon, and they represent quite another insect than Ccltis. On the upper side, primaries are fuscous except the cell, and the kmjer part of this from the base outward is yellow. There is a yellow submarginal stripe, and the discal band is composed of fulvous spots The secondaries are fuscous over the basal area, and beyond to the hind margin the color is fidmus, as decided as in Argynnis Cybele. Upon the disk are five elongated, equal, white spots, arranged in a regular curve, and on the basal side of these is a conspicuous yellow stripe which reaches half across the wing. On the under side, the basal third of imma- ries and the whole of the hind wing is yellow, the rest of primaries being fuscous,
Al'ATURA II.
except the hind margin, which is yellow. In the sub-median intcrspiico of second- aries are three brown strijics radiatlny from a common point near the base, and nearer the disk are three brown spots or patches. All which is in contrast to Celtis. In Fabricius' description of Li/caon the apex of the hind wings is called rufous (apice rufis), and the outer spots on the forewing are placed on the •• apex." By modern authors the apex of the wing is the u])per outer angle, Mild not being aware of the Fabrician designation when I wrote my notes upon Celtis, I was much puzzled at the statement that the apex of the hind wing was rufous. I have since learned from Mr. A. G. Butler, that Fabricius divided the wing into three sections, basal, disciil, and apical, the latter division comprising about one third of the surface, namely, the whole extra-discal and marginal area. And so explained the description agrees with Jones' figure, the area spoken of being rufous or fulvous.
In the text of Celtis, I stated that the species liad been taken in the Valley of the Connecticut River, erroneously quoting from a letter of Professor Parker. On the contrary it is not known that Celtis has been taken within the limits of New Enghmd. Nevertheless it probably dwells there, or at least comes as an occasional visitor.
By some late authors these American species of Apatura have been separated from the European, and placed in the genus Doxocopa, which is attriliuted to lliibner. In the Verz. bek. Schmett., Hiibner has a coitus Doxocopa, thus de- iined, " The wings changeable blue on a dusky ground, marked with single ocellar spots," and under it the European species Iris and Ilia stand, .as i.s jiroper, being bhie. But to place brown or red butterflies in Doxocopa, which expressly calls for blue, is to do violence to Hiibnor's arrangement, and is not to be thought of. For myself I do not regard the coitus as genera and admit no generic names whatever based upon them.
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SATYRUS 1.
SATYRUS WHKELERI, 1—4.
Sati/ruK Wheeleri, Edwards, Trano. Am. Ktif. .Sue, IV., p. :)t;l. v., p. 773, pi. 39.
Mi'iid, Zodl. Report Wlipcler Expedition,
M.\LE. — Expands 2.1 to 2.3 iticlioH.
ll])pi>r sidt! light brown, cIoikUmI with diirit l)rown, e.specially on thu di.sks of each wing ; the hind inr.iginM edged by two paniilei iineM, preceded by a com- mon dark stripe, which on secondaries is somewhat macidar ; primaries have a liglit colored extra-discal area, on which are two large black ocelli, the upper one Hub-pyriCorin, and as if two spots of unequal size had been compressed into one, and incloses two white pu])ils ; the lower ocellua Is larger, rounded, witii white pupils ; both ocelli inclosed in narrow yellow rings. Secondaries have one ocellus, of medium size, in the lower median interspace.
Under side light yellow-bi-own, covered with rather coarse, abbreviated, brown sti'eaks, which are most dense from base to middle of disk on primaries, but l)rotty equally distributed over tlie whole of secondaries; both wings crossed by iui irregular brown stj-ipe, whi(;h stops at the sub-median nervuro of secondaries iuid connects on that nerviire with a similar stripe, nearly straight, which crosses the wing abont half way between the first stripe and base ; in some examples tliis basal stripe is continued faintly across primaries; the marginal lines iind sub- marginal stripe repeated ; the ocelli of primaries also repeated, but with much broader rings ; .secondaries have six ocelli, each with white pupil and in yellow ring ; three of these are in the sub-costal and discoidal interspaces, the two outer ones small and rounded, the middle one long oval, or double-convex, and three on the post(!rior interspaces, all of them roimdod, and the middle one largest.
Body yellow-brown ; legs same ; palpi darker bro^>' ■ • antennae brown with fine whitish annulations; club ferruginous.
Female. — Expands from 2.1 to 2.7 inches.
Upper side sometimes similar in color to the male, often lighter ; the ilark ba.sal area, in the light examples, more sharply defined on middle of the disk ;
SATYRUS I.
the ocelli siiiiiliir to main; there are also UHuall)' two black points, one on eitlii.M Hulv of till' occlltiH on sccoiidtiriiiH, iiiul in homio exiinipluH tli«' anterior one is cn- liirgcd to an '.(■cllii- with wliitt; jjnpil. TIk' markings of the under side as in tlic inal)'.
Several e ^amplest of both wexeH of thin fine species were taken, in 1871, by the naturalists 'onnecti-d with the Wheeler Expedition in Southern California; iimi later by iMr. H. W. lliiisiiaw, m, Apache, Arizona. The figures given in tliD Zool. Kep. Wheeler Expedition were copied by permission from my Piute.
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SATYRUvS II., III.
SATYRUS ALOI'E.
S,ili/nig Ahtjte (M'li-jw), Knln-iciiis.
A1,()1'K, Fill.., Kilt. Sysl.. III., p. ■2>'.'. 17:i:i. II,,nis Ins. Mass., .'M ,m1., ],. .1(1.^, 18i;2.
Var. Tk.\ A.NA, IMw., Ciiii. Knt., XII., p. 21, I8.S((.
Var. M.MiniM.v, Kilw., I. c, p. ■>;], i.s.so. Nl'M'IIKI.K (Xej,li'e-k), Kiihy, Kaiiiia lior. .Viiici-., p. -Jll!!, is:t7. lliinis, 1. c, p. .'iO, 1,S(I2.
Var. Oi.YMi'Us, Kilw., 1. c, p. ;il, IHSii.
Var. liool'is, liuhr, \'vm: fill. ,\(M(1. N. .Si., III., p. ifil, iMill.
Form ALOPE.
Mai.k. — J^xpamls 2.25 inches.
Upper side hiackisli-browii, darkost. over hasal areas ; hind margins bordered by two line parallel lines, a little within which is a black stripe; primaries have a transverse yellow band beyond the disk, sometimes a little ochraceous, and olten more or less encroached on b\' the l)rown ground ; on this are two ocelli, round, black, of variable size, and i or witliout central point, which is white with blue scales; behind cell a blacki.-I i.idi-tinct svwvdl dash.
Secondaries liave a small ocellus on second median interspace, in vcllowring (often wanting), and with or without white pomis ; fringes eoncolored.
Under side yellow-brown; the band enlarged uiid of i)aler .olor; the ocelli repeated, enlarged ; the marginal lines distinct ; the brown area covered with abbreviated darker streaks, whicii ove)' base and disks form somewhat concentric Itroken rings, limited without l)y ii conunon dark striju' . on primaries this stripe borders on the yellow band; on secondaries it is irn .4ularlv sinuous from margin to nnirgin, throwing out a rounded prominence against cell, followed by a rounded sinus on median interspace; across middle of cell an! below it a dark stripe; the extra-diseal area less streaked ; the ocelli vary t'om nil to six, the tidl nundjer being most often present, disposed in two - .ips of three, the middle one of each group largest ; all black, rounded, in narrow yellow rings, and with white dots edg(Hl by blue scales.
SATYKl S II., III.
Body concolori'd ; legs and ])iili)i dark brown ; aiitomiiu l)ro\vn, finely nnnii- latt'd witli wliitc; did) I'ciTML^inous. (II., Fiji's. 1, 2.)
Fkm.\m;. — K.\pan<ls 'I.'l't to 2.") inciics.
U|)]H>r side color of inali- ; (ho l):ind l)roaili'r, clearer, and in most cases well delined on l)otli ediies ; soinetinies, however, hazy on one or l)oth ; the ocelli large, vari:d)le in .size, sometii.ies e(|nal, sometimes the upper one larger, hut niost often the reverse; the white point surrounded hy blue scales; the ocellus (in secondaries sometimes large in yellow or o(diracoons ring, with white dot, some- times l)lin<1, and often wanting altogether; occasionally there are one or two .'idditioii.d black points, corresjionding with the ocelli of lower side, though some- times tlK'V are present when the octdli are wanting.
Under side as in tiie male, yidlow-brown, somctinu's with a gray tint ; usually the apex of primaries is grayish; tiic' ocelli have clusters of blue scales; on .secondaries they vary in nundier as in the nude, from nil to six, but a larger per cent, than in tlu' nmle have none. (II., Figs. 3, 4.)
V.\i!. Tkxaxa.
Of large size, the males expnndir.c, 2.25, the females nearly' 15 inches; brown color, the baml yellow to ochraceous ; all examples ob.served have a complete ocellus on up])er side of secondaries. Under side nu)re yellow than in the t^pe, with a gray tint ; si.\ cons|ii(ui()Us ocelli, in yellow rings, the middle one of upper group almost always long oval. (Fig. 7.)
Vau. MARITISr.V.
Of small .size, dark color, the band reddish-yellow. Cojnnu)n on Martha's Vineyard and NantiwUet. (Fig. H.)
Foit.M NEl'lIELK
Mai.k. — Expands 1.75 to 2 inches.
Upper side blackish-brown, the inarginal lines and stripe as in Alope, but often obsolete ; primaries have two snudl I'lack oi;elii. placed as in .i/ajic, without ring. but in some examples a faiui yellowish shade represents the ring; sometimes ii white dot in each ocellus, but usually the lower one is l)lind ; secondaries eitluT with or without ocellus, but if present, it is blind and without ring.
Under side dark yellow-brow'n, iinely streaked, as in Ahipe, l)ut with less dis- tinctness, and in many examples the discal strijie is nearly or (juite obsolete, cs- jiecially on secoiularies ; the occdii of primaries enlarged, the rings distinct !)Mt not clear yellow, being dusky, or more or less ol)seured ; secondaries have small ocelli in line ru.s.set rings, with central white dot and a few bluish scales; the
SATYIUJS II., III.
iiiiiiiher viirii's Iroin nil to si.K, but much the larj^cr proportion of oxainplu.s hiive six, and very few iiave muler tiiree. (III., Fij^s. 1. 2.)
Fem.\i,k. — Kxpand.s from 2 to 2.5 inches.
Upper side liglitcr, more brown than the male, and the area ■wliicii in A/ope is occupied by the band, is of a .fli;i;htly paler .siiade than the rest of the wing ; the ocelli large, with white centres and blue scales, and either without rings or imperfectly ringed with dusky yellow, the hind wing either with or without an ocellus. Under side ])aler, the area of the band a little ligiiter than elsewhere ; the rings sometimes (piite bright, but ol'tener dull or ()l)scure yellow ; the ocelli of secondaries rarely six in number, most often under three, and many examples have none at all. (III., Figs. :J, 4.)
V.\!(. Olymi'Us.
In size ecpials the ty]iical form. The males are almost Idack ; tlie ocelli very small and without I'ings. but in some examples there is a faint russet or yellowish tint al-jut them, anil perhajjs on the space between. On the underside the rings are russet or ochraceous on both wings. This form inhabits In<liana and west- ward to the Rocky Mountains. (III., Figs, "j, 0.)
Efir.. — Conoidal, rounded at ))ase and .somewhat tlattened, truncated, the sides slightly con\t'x ; marked l)y about eighteen jirominent vertical ridges which spring from the lower ])art of side; the spaces between crossed by numerous (ine low ridsres ; summit rounded, and covereil with shallow cells, in three to tour rows, not concentric, but irregularly spiral around a central star made u]) of six rhomboids; color lennm-yellow. (Figs. «, a'-.) Diu-ation of this stage fourteen to twenty-eight day.s, according to the temperature.
Young Larva. — Length.! inch; the anterior .segments thickest ; the ])oste- rior extremity nearly s(piare or sub-arcuate, with a projecting ])oint at either side; on each side of the body are three rows of long white bristles, one sul)- dor.sal, one on middle, and one over the feet. Ix'sides a demi-row on 2, ."!. and 4, lietwee)-! the two u])per rows ; these spring from ])rominent ])apilla>. and the ell'ect is to make the body seem many-sided ; the dorsal rows have one bri.stle on each of segments 2, ri, and 4, and these are bent forward, but two on each of the others, all bent back ; the demi-row and the side row have one to each seg- ment, all bent forward ; the lower row has two to each, and all are tinned back; color carnation, with a medio-dor.sil crimson line, and three similar lines on each side ; legs and pro-legs ])inkish ; head large, one half broader than 2, broader than high, sub-globo.se, nai'rowing upwards, the top a little depres.scd ; colnr light
SATYRUS II., III.
yollow-hi'own. s[)fekoil witli brown, .and sparsi-ly pilose ; in some examples thcin; are cloudy brown patches over upper part of face ; ot the five ocelli in are. tlit' middle one is large, emerald-green, in a black ring, the next one above is brown, the upper one and the sixth, back of the arc. are black, and the other two arc yellow-brown. (Figs. i. b'^ c, (?.)
The larvie become lethargic very ,soon after leaving the egg, and so hiber- nate. As soon as they feed in the spring, the color begins to change from pink to pale green, the crimson lines to red ; in a few days the green bi'- coines deep colored, or perhaps Idne-green, and the stripes a darker green. (Figs, d, tP.)
After first moult: length .If'i inch; cylindrical, the anterior .segments thickest, the l)ack arched and sloping from (i or 7 to 13 ; ending in two conical tails, eacli much tuberculated, with stitl^^ i)ristles, and one long bristle at the apex; each segment several times crea.sed, and on the ridges thus caused are white tuber- cular ])oints, each giving a short, blunt, ()rclui)bed and curved white hair; color pale green, with seven longitudinal dark green stripes, one medio-dorsal. and three on each side ; of the.se three, two are close together in middle, the other is just over the l)asal ridge, which is pale yellow ; tails reddish ; legs and pro- legs pale green ; head nearly as before, light green, with white conical tubercles in vertical rows, each tu))ercle with short white hair. (Fig. e.) To next moult fourteen to twenty-i' ice days.
After second moult: length .32 inch; shape as before ; whole upper surface one shade of yellow-green, except a dark medio-dorsal stripe ; the basal ridge yellow ; in some examples there is seen an indistinct green line on middle of side ; head as before. (Fig./.) To next moult fourteen to twenty-four days.
After third moult: length .44 to .54 inch; color yellow-greeu ; body much covere(l witli white hairs, which are depres.sed, making (piite a downy coat (iiuli- viduals dilTered much in this respect, as the hairs were longer or shorter, some being almost shaggy); the lateral line more di.stinct, green; head .somewhat higher anil narrower than before; color pale yellow-green. (Fig. g.) As tliis stage progressed, some of the larvtc underwent a change in color ; the green side line became faint yellow, and the niedio-dor.sal band was on either edge pale yellow. whil(! the whole dorsal area was of a decided yellow tint as compared with the side ; but n)ost retained the green line, and both side and dorsum were one shade of color. To next moult fourteen to eighteen days.
After fourth moult : length i .7, 9 .9 inch. This stage continued from twenty- four to twenty-eight days to chrysalis.
jMatuue L.vuva. — Length i 1.2o inch, greatest brciidtli .10; 9 1.6 iucli, breadth .2; cylindrical, obese, thickest in middle segments, the dorsum arched and
SATYUrS II., III.
sloping towiirdH either extremity; ending in two .sliiirp, conical, divergent tails; eiieh segment erea.sed five or six times, tiie intervening ridges covered with fine white papilhe, each of which sends fortii a white iiair, longer or shorter, if long, appressed \o the snrface ; color yi'llow-green, l)nt there was nuicii variation, some examjiles being nniform on hack and sides, in others the dorsum was more yel- low ; .HO the yellow-green was either light or dull ; on middle of dorsum a dark green stripe, obsolescent in the middle scg-.Mcnts ; .dong basal ridge a yellow stripe ; on the side in some examples, a faint yellow line, in others there was no line, bnt a mere discoloration ; under side, legs and pro-legs deep green ; spira- cles oval, color red-hufl' ; head sub-globose, narrowing upwards, a little higher than broad, the top slightly depressed ; covered with conical white papilho in vertical rows, each with a white hair; color vivid-green; the third ocellus much the largest, emerald-green, the others reddish. (Fig. h. Ir.) The larva suspends to a button of white silk, and the dorsum is then convex, the anterior .segments being turned at a right angle, bending at 5. (Fig. /.)
C'liitYs.vi.is. — Length, tf .")(') to .0 inch, l)readth .2 to .22 incli; 9 length .(S, breadth .22 to .24 inch ; cylindrical, the abdomen conical ; tlie wing cases slightly raised at the margins; head ca.xe short, roundly excavated at the sides, the top narrow, sometimes nearly square or a little arched, .sometimes de- pressed ; mesonotnm slightly prominent, ronndly carinated, the sides nearly Hat, or a little convex ; whole snrface of the male one shade, either of yellow-green or deep green, covered with smooth specks and patches of a lighter color, but which scarcely affect the general green hue ; along tlie inner margins of wing cases a cream-colored line ; another on keel of mesonotum, and one across top of head ca.se. (Fig.^'.) In the female there are three longitudinal yellowish cloudy 'oands, one on middle of abdomen to mesonotnm, the others sub-dor.sal, extending from end to end ; the wing cases cloudeil with darker green in long rays. (Figs. k\ Jci) Duration of this stage abou*. fourteen days.
The larvie of Olympus, in their later stages, wore distinguishable from those of Alope or typical Nephele. Thus,
After third monlt : there was present a distinct yellow side stripe, narrower than the basal, but as deep colored as that ; also, the medio-dor.sal green stripe iiad a narrow edge on either side of yellow.
Mature Larva. — Length, i LoG inch ; greatest breadth, .14 inch; slender, yellow-green, the dorsum brighter than the sides ; the npper stripe either deep yellow or pale yellow, distinct always ; the dorsal band edged with deep or pide yellow. (III., Fig. a.)
Chrysalis. — Coior blnish-green, finely mottled, streaked and sjiecked with whitish; the lines along the wing ca;^es, me.sonotum. and head white. (IIL. Fig,
SATYllUS II., III.
Alope. tlios from Nortli Carolina to Now York, and iiiider the form Tcxdna^'m parts of Texas, possibly elsewhere in the southwest ; Nephele, throMj^lioiit (.'an- ada, and slij,ditly modified {0/>/)njtiiK) from Indiana to the Rocky Mountains, ami ajiain niodilied (lioiJ/tlfi) to the Pacific. In New York and New England, hotli A/()/)i' and Kcjtlu'lc. Ily. tojictlier with all manner of intergrades. tSouth of New York, Xcphcle does not appeal- to have heen taken, unles.s occasionally in the ml- jacent parts of New .lersey or Pennsylvania ; certainly, in Virginia it is utterly iinknown. In ("aniida, Niphcle appears to lie iIk; sole form, except that inter- grades are sometimes found along the southern border. Mr. ('auKield. of Mon- treal, writes: '• 1 have never taken a specimen of Ncphcic showing any tendency toward Alope. nor have I seen any Canadian exam])les showing it." In north- east Ohio, Alope is rare, but Nej)}icle is al»undant at some seasons. At Toledo, northwest Oido. Alope is re|)orted unknown, but NepJicle is ])resent, though it is rare. In the middle and southwest parts of (he .same State, both forms are either unknown or are very rarely met with. In Michigan, 1 cannot learn that A/ojie Hies, but Xepltele is couunon, anil apparent intergrades are sometimes seen.
Alope was described by Fabriciiis as I'uscous, with a yellow (ilava) band, with two ocelli on fore wing ; on hind wing, one ocellus above, six i»eneath. The band is broad in the female, usually narrower in the male, pale yellow in both sexes. The ocelli on lore wings are round, or .-iometimes oval, are either large or small, often equal, but sometimes the upper one is larger, at other times the lower one. Now and then a third pupilled ocellus appears (II., Fig. 5), and individuals have been taken with but one ocellus, and this is alwiiys the ujiper one. Some exam- ples have a black ])oint in the baud, uhich may be considered as a rudimentary ocellus. (III., Figs. 10, 11.) On the u])j)er side of hind wing is often a complete ocellus, hut in many cases there is a black point only, or even this is wanting. Sometimes there are from one to three black jjoints (II., Figs. 1, 2), and very rarely, a second complete ocellus (Fig. 5). The males most often have six siuidl ocelli on under side of hind wings, disposed in two groups of three, the middle one of each group the largest ; the females vary more in the number of these ocelli, and most often have a smaller niunber than six. Of 24 i examined, 02 per cent, have f5, 75 ])er cent, have over 8, 8 per cent, have 0. Of 25 9, 48 per cent, have 6, 52 per cent, have over iJ, 16 per cent, have 0.
To the northward. Alope is blackish-brown, but at the extreme .south or south- west, brown prevails, and the under side has a tint of yellow more or less decided over whole under surface, often mixiMl with gray. The band is yellow, some- times slightly ochraceous. This dilfers .«o much from the northern type that I have called it var. Te.num. (II., Fig. 7.) All examples of both .sexes which I have seen have a complete ocellus on hind wing, and .six ocelli beneath, of large size and in distinct oclirev rin'jrs.
SATYRUS II., III.
At Martlin's Viiioyan], distant al)Oiit si'vcn inilcs troin tlio inain-laiid. ami (in Nantnckot, wliicli is somo lil'tccn niik's fnrtlii'r at sea. a small t'oiin is ionnd which 1 liavo calU'd var. Marilhini. (II.. Fi<^^ 0.) It is very hlai'k. and lias a ri'ddish-ytdlow hand, not a yidlow one, as in Alo/ic. Whcthci' it is I'cstricti'd to the island.s, or appt-ars on the adjacent coast, I have not hccn able to ascertain.
iV^f/>/i<7(; was dcsciihed hy Kirhy as follows: '• Win,us hrown ; primaries, lioth above and helow, with a paler siih-marginal liroad hand, including two eyelets, the njiper ones surroundeil hy a paler atmosphere, with a hlack iris and white pupil; on the underside the* atmosphere is most distinct and forms a kind of <rlorv round the evelets." etc. Anparentlv this is a (k'scri|)tion of a feujale. The
^ t, ■ lit I
wiii'i's of the male are Idackish-brown, the ocelli iire small, usually without rings, and often without pupils. (HI.. Figs. 1, 2 (?, ;», 4 9. Canadian examples).
There is a certain belt of latitude which includes most of the State of New York and southern New England, in which l)oth Aloiic and Nvphcle are 1'ound, together with every possible intergrade. Towards the southern l)order of this belt, or in the lowlands, as along the valley of the Hudson Kiver. yl/o/«; pure ty)ii> prevails; in the Cat.skill Mountains, and to the northern bonier, pvn-e Nephcle is found, but with Ncphvlc.'m all its localities within the belt, are intergrades. In the Catskills, I have taken Alope as conspicuously banded as any in Virginia, but such examples are rare, forming, perhap.s, two or thrci- per cent, of the flight. These intergrades are distinguishable by the atmosphere about the ocelli. What Kirbv calls the " pale " atmosphere appears in the males also, and in both sexes gradually widens and becomes less ol)scure till it culminates in a clear yellow band, that is, in ./l/o^jc. (HI., Figs. 7-13.)
Of 7 i Ncphc/e pure type, from Canada, all have d ocelli lieneath iiind wing; of 10 9. 20 per cent, have 6. 00 per cent, have over :!, 10 per cent, luive 0 ; so that there is an excess of ocelli in both sexes, but especially in the male, as com- pared with Alopc.
The form which abounds in Illinois, Wisconsin. Nebraska, and west to the mountains diiVers a little from the greater niunlier of Ncjilidc. as .seen in Can- ada, though individuals are foinid tliere which are not distinguishable from it. But a series of examples from Canada and one from Illinois will show a percep- tible difference. The males of this western form are almost l)lack, the ocelli are very small and without rings ; but in some cases there is a faint russet or yellow glow about the ocelli, and perhaps this will sulfuse the space between them. On the under side the rings are russet or ochraceous on lioth wings. The temales are nearlv alwavs dark, without the -paler atmosphere" mentioned l)y Kirby. This is what I have cal'ed var. Ohjmpm. (HI., Figs. 5, (i.) Hut occasionally an example appears with a pale yellow atmosphere about the ocelli, as in some m-
SATVHIS II.. 111.
tiTf^nnlt's ()
f New \'
Of IC) I? i'xiimiiu!(K 14 iiiivc (')
li. 1 1
IMS .).
h:iH iiiil
'2. Of I'.) 9. 1(1 per ci'iil. luivo 0, ;")() per cent, liave oviT o ; llic iiialcs a^ici \\illi X< jiliile i)f Ciiiiiida.
Bi>iij)is was (K'scrilicil us distitiguisluMl i'lom Xvj>ln'lc liv tlic ahsciicc of ocelli on iiniU-r side of liin<l winjfs. Tlio malt" is dark l)ro\vn. and tin- oci-Ui on under foro vvinus liavo ni'arlv always vcllowisli rin<js, often faint. In tlu; fcniale, the
I'inus are enlaftr<'d. and som
(■times tlie Held is \c]Iow-tint(
I'll, and oeeasiona
llv III
is nearly eli'ar yidiow, iiiakinii' a hroad, lint clouded, hand. 'I'liis aj^ain resemliles sonii' of tlie intorjjrudt's lieforo sjioken of. Of 5 c?, 4 liavt' 2 olisoleseent ocelli buncatli hind winji;s, 1 lias 1. Of 7 ?, 1 lias .'{, "> liavo 2. 1 has 1 ; so that there is manifestly a decri'asc in the nunilicr of ocelli, as was pointed out iiy Dr. iJehr.
Fiu. C, Plate 111.
is a
;i()(id
representation of Jioujils
Some uVcp/iele females are undistinguishable from females of Jioo/)ii<, hut the dilVorence hetween tlii' males is nu
ire marki'd, the fornu'r showiny; a f
III! coinuie-
nieiit ol' small octdli ill most cases, and hut three or less very larely, the other never exceedinjf three, so far as 1 have observed. lioHpls Hies from Arizona to IJrilJsii Columbia.
Th
lese Sal\ri(ls live in ii;rassv
field
s, or 111 oiieii woods in w
iiicli
1 niucli jjrass
grows.
Tl
le eu->is are
d on yrass and tiie cateriiillars make that their food. Ii
man
V sections of the country, the initterllies swarm in their .sea.son, and were
are
not for the fact that grass is usually cut for hay at the time the witerpillan maturing', wherebv countless numbers must be destroyed, they would swarm
e\i'r\\vliere in their localitic
Ti
lere is hut one annual hrooi
In the (Jat,-
tlie hulterllies begin to appear about middle of July, and in certain jilaces iiini- dreds may he taken during a summer's day. On the llowers of the hardhack, Spirea tomentosa. which lilooins in old fields in July, multitudes gather. 80 011
buckwheat when in blossom. The llight is 1
ow. \\\
th t
remuloiis wing, and for but
a short distance. About the end of July, the females are ready to deposit their eggs, which hatch during luiddle and last half of August. The caterpillars go into lethargy at once, descending to the base of the plant, and must revive the
next .spring, as
.soon as the fro.sts are over, and warm rains make tlie fields green.
Mr. Scudder, in his '• Bntterfiies," speaks of the multitudes of Alujie {Mari- //y//'/) to he seen at times on Nantucket, '• a continuous stream." I s])ent sfiiiic time on Martha's Vineyard, at Oak IJlutls, in July, 1<S77, and on the grassy plains
i>u
ck of the town I searched daily for buforHies. The first Alope-MnrU
IIIHl
seen were two males fresh from chrysalis, 2.')d July. On 2fitli, the first female appeared, ami 1 took that day 12 J, 1 9. I left the \'ineyard. and Mr. T. L Meail, who had come there just at that time, undertook to get iggs for inc. On
10th August, or fifteen (
after the first female had boon .seen, lie began to
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SATYRL'S II., III.
iiK^loso foiuiiloH in haj^'s over grass, and heforo IHtli, had got 125 eggs, which were sent me. I in'.'iition this, because it fi.xes the time at whicii tlie females lay their eggs after they have left their chrysalids, as it has been stated that ovipo- sition does not take place till five or si.x weeks after that cent, which is erru-
llOOUH.
On the prairies of Illinois and Wisconsin, and donI)tIess I'arther west to its iiiuit, JVejfhek-OIi/injiiin abonnds. Dr. J. P. Hoy, of Racine, Wisconsin, writes : '• Nqihele is the most abnndant biittertiy on the prairies fom- miles west of Ka- cine, the most connnon species in inidsimnuer."
Nothing, however, was known till recently of the ])reparatory stages o'i Alope, or jV(y>/(c/e, except what was stated in Harris, 3d ed.. 1S()2, where we read of Alope. : "The caterpillar is pale green with dark green stripe; the head is round and the tail ends in a sh(»rt fork. The chrysalis is elongated, ronndish at the sides, witJi the head notched." In 1S7T, in the Canadian Entomologist, vol. i.\., J). 141, I gave the full history of NcpIttJe, having bred one butterfly from a lot ofabont fifty eggs laid by a female tidvcn in the Catskills the previous year. The caterpillars i'roin the .Martha's N'iiicyMnl eggs of 1S77 all died during tlie winter, from my not having leai'ned how to t;d\e care of fhem. liut in 18TcS, 1 determined to try again, and applied to several corresponilents for eggs of Alope, Neph'le, and the Illinois type, and sncceeiled in getting many. At this time Alojtc and Ktphilt wi-re regarded by onr most e.\perienced lc|)id()pterists as two distinct sj)ecies, and it was thought that the intergrades did not bridge over the chasm which separated them. I was anxious to determine the position of these intergrades, and had begun to suspect, from what 1 had seen at .Martha's Vineyard, where Xcplich .seemed to run into Alope, that we had here another case of dimorphism.
Profe.ssor Lintner and Dr. James A. liailey sent eggs of Alope from Albany, New York ; Hcv. (ieorge D. Ilulst sent eggs of Alo])e from females caught, at iloboUeii. New Jersey; eggs of Xeplieh- \\{.\\x\ obtained from the (Jatskills, and Mr. Charles E. Worthington sent many of .yejjhele-Oli/h'pim from Chicago. Besides tiies". I was al)le to seciu'e AIo/k> eggs myself at Coalburgh, West Vir- ginia. In every case the eggs were laid by typical fein.des, not intergrades, con- fined over growing grass, and the females were .sent me, that 1 might note the type. These live localities arc separated by considera')le distances: Iloboken is one hinidred and fifty miles south of Albany ; the Catskills, at the point from which eftrs were sent, are thirtv-(ive miles southwest of All)anv. but have two thousand feet trreater elevation ; Coalburgh is eight hundred miles southwest of Albany , and Chicago is one thou.sand miles west «)f Albany and eight hundred northwest of Coidbmgh.
SATYRUS II., III.
These lots of oggs were kept apart, and as the caterpillars hatched thoy were placed on grass in separate pots, and left in a cool room for the winter. Some of the Illinois eggs, however, were .sent to Mr. C. P. Whitney, of Milfor', New Hampshire, to be placed on ice. Apparently they hatched in transit, and in February, I received the caterpillars in good condition after their five months" sleep. Since that time, I have subjected several species of caterpillars to pro- longed cold when in their lirst stage, and the result has constantly been that they were more healthy for this treatment, and there has been very little loss by disea.se or from want of vitality at moulting time in the sub.seiiuent .stages.
On 2od February, one of the Catskill Ncphch passed its (irst moult, and be- fore 4th March, .several of that lot had passed that moult. One Coalburgh Alojie and one Iloboken Alope pa.'^sed (ir.st moult 7th Marcii. Two from Illinois pa.ssed same moult 8th March. To du; end .some of the Catskill larva; were in advance of idl, and .some of the lliiuois lingered beiiind all. The stages of one Coalburgh Alojye and one Nvplivht-Oliitiipitu were as follow.s : —
Ist moult. Till Maroli. 2(1 " -Jlst •• ;l(l " 14lli Ajn-il. 4tli " 2(1 :\Iuy. Clirysalis, 2(;tli " Iiniii'o out, !)tli .Fmic.
OLV.Ml'US.
1st moult, Htli Mjircli. 2.1 '• 2 1st " ;!(1 " Dtli April. 4tli " 2(ltli " Clirysiilis, 17lli May. Imago (lilt, ;i(llh May.
Here (^)/i/)}ij»(S, though later than AIopo. at first moidt by one day, passed its stages more rapidly uid reached imago ten days sooner, and ])robably this was one of the caterpilbi, - which wintered on ice. I had not separated these at tiit! time from the rest of the brood, but siib.soiiuent e.\|)erimi'Uts have iuvarialily .shown that the elfect of cold applied to the caterpillar is to hasten all the stages.
Tiie caterpillars of these several broods could not be distinguished from each other up to the third moult. After that, they were in general alike, but the Illi- nois e.vamples showed a distinct yellow stripe on the ni)per part of the sid(!, jiiid on either edge of the green medio-dorsal stripe was it yellow line. The Catskill jVcjihi'le showed faint traces of the yellow stripe, but the Ahipe, at this stage, none at all.
After fourth moult, the same peculiarities appeared, there being a distinct yel- low stri[)e on the Xc/i/H'li'-O/i/iiipiii^. As the stage ])rogressed, some of the Alo/n: as well as some Catskill Nvplwli'. developed an indistinct stripe, others not. From third moult to maturity, the Alope from all localities, and the Catskill JVcp/icIc,
SATYRHS II., III.
varied somewhat in the shade of green, being more or less yellow, in some, yel- low prevailing on dorsum, green on the sides. Tiiey varied also in the clothing of the Hurfaee, some being covered with short down, otliers with nitiier long and appressed hairs. There Wiis no constant character l»y wliich iVV^v/if/r could be distinguished from ylZo/>e, but the I^iphele-Oli/nipiix dilfered perceptibly from the others. They were long and slender, and deep yellow-green with distinct side stripe.
The chrysalids of AJopv and Catskill Nvphvlc were alike in color, yellow-green. The female chrysalids were clouded with darker green, and the edges of head and wing (!ases were cream color. The 0/i/iiij)ks chrysalids were Idue-green, lighter or darker, and the edgings were white. They also could be readily dis- tinguished.
One chrysalis of Albnny Alope gave a male butterfly without band, l)ut with a narrow yellow niud)iis al)oi't t!i<' ocelli, — an intergrade. One chrysidisof Cats- kill Nvphi'h gave a tvpi'.al female Alope, with broad yellow baud, but the wings were darker than in southern examples. This is figured in Plate II.. o, 4. The Coalburgh chrysalids produced typical A/nj)e l)uttertlies, all of them. Two Olijm- ;>)f.s gave males of their own t_ype. In 1877, a female butterlly which eiuerged from the Catskill chrysalis before spoken, of, was an intergrade.
Therefore, south of the belt of dimorphism, Alope produced Alope, but inside the belt, Alope produced intergrade, and Nephelc produced Alope nnd also an in- tergrade. And JVephele-Oli/iiijjiis, again, outside the belt, produced its kind. That Kej)/ule, north of the belt, breeds true is certain, because the intergrades anil Alope are not found there.
I believe Alope to have originated in the southern form Pegala Fab., which is characterized by its large size, its broad rufous baud, nnd single ocellus on fore wing, and by six ocelli in both sexes on under hind wing ; iuid I regret that 1 am not able to properly figvu'e this form in connection with Aloite. I cannot do so, because I know nothing of the preparatory stages, though l»y the kindness of the late Dr. 0. C. Sparrow and of Mr. W. M. Ashmead, of Jacksonville, Florida, repeated attempts to obtain the eggs have been made, but all without success. So far the females have refused to lay when conOiu'd with grass. Perhaps before this Volume closes I may yet succeed. Peijala is restricted to the vicinity of the Gulf of Mexico and a strip along the Atlantic coast, at least as far to the north as Charleston, South Carolina ; but does not appear at Indian River, Florida, nor, as far as observed by Mr. Mead ami others, in the interior of that State. It seems to be mainly a coast species. I caimot learn that Iviidla and Alope fly in the same localities or even in the same districts. There a])pears to be a belt in the cotton States, or from Georgia to Mississip])i at least, in which Alope is
SATYUrs II., III.
unknown, ami liclow tlic noftluM'n border of wliicli it ilocs not puss. And Pcgctio is ('(inliMcd to tlic district south of this htdt, thoiij^h prohaldy it ninv enter it iiere iind there. Thi' time may iiave been when tlie belt was ocenpied by both these forms and inter^rades. just as now A/o/w and JVrp/u/c occiipv tiie northern l)elt. If Alopc ilonrished in its lai'val state on meadow j^rasses, wiiieli are not found in tlie Cotton States, ratlier tiian coarse saw grass or sea- side grass, then its tendency wouhl be toward the country which produced tlie former, and there would be a movement toward the nortli and nortliwest. At tlie same time there would be a witiidrawing of the parent form from the borders of the original territory, because there the food plant was not in perfec- tion, and .so a belt would come to intervene between the parent and the variety. The intergrades which had arisen would follow one form or tlie other, and tend to revert to the ])arent or to become merged in the variety. Favoralde condi- tions might reniler one or moi'e of them j)er:nanent. as wlili A/i)jj('-Ti:riui(t, which now .veems to possess a territory of its own to the soutliwest. Certainly the parent form would be more or less niodilied l)y the ab.sorption of the int.T- grades, if not ])ermanently. yet .^^o that now and then .sports woidd be thrown out in the direi.ion of A/ajw. Hence the occasional e.xamples of two-eyed P((jnl(t. That, on the other hand, the intergrades nearest the strong variety would tend to merge in it also, when cross-breeding had ceased by the disappear- ance of the parent form, we may infer from the fact that when AIojw is sup- pressed the tendency of the species is to the pure typi! Kcphele, the intergrades at liist totally disappearing.
Alnpe enters its dimorphic belt from the .south and emerges Nt'phcle on tbc nortiiern side, while witliin are all manner of intergrades. If in this belt t!ie cdii- ditions were to become unsuited to the support of any Satyriis, ami the iu-nis which now occupy it were to become extinct, either suddenly or gradually, wt .should have to the south Alope and to the north Ncphvle, two good species, with nothing, in the aiist'uce of intergrades. to show how one of the.xe forms coidd have been related to the other. The conditions would be similar to those l)e- tween P('(jala and A/opr now.
Peijuln possesses in ])erfi'ction many points which are found in one or other of all the meml)ers of the sid)-group. It is consideral)ly the largest, though occa- sionally an A/it/H:-T('.r'(ii'i fully eipials it. Its ])eeuliar brown color on n])per side and gray-lirown on lower side passes into Alupc which gradually changes into tiie darker shade ul Neplicle. The rufous becomes yellow in Mope, but breaks out in that Mpeeies in certain localities, as seen in var. MarilluKi. After the band has become sup])ressed in Xcplirlc. every now an<l then it rea])pears in greater or less degri'e, even in OhpnpiiH and liiiUpiK. A single ocellus is now a prominent
SATYUUS II., MI.
oIiiiriKiteri.stic of Pcyala, but tlicri' lia.s coino to bo a certaiii modification, so that ill .some cases, in tlio iVmalo, there are two complete ocelli, but i» many more of both sexes there are dots and small spots in place of a second ocellus. In A/nj)e and the rest there are two ocelli, not always complete or e(iual, and occasionally one is .suppressed. When this happens it is always liio lower one. which is want- ing in P('<jul(t. Tiiere is a tendency to variation in the number of these ocelli, a .second one ,soin<'t'".;es ajjpearing in Pejjula, but a Jiird one sometimes in AIdjjc, and in the last named species and the rest of its sul)-group, there are not unfre- (|ucntly one or two small spots on the fore wings, as of incipient ocelli. The single ocellus invariably seen at anal angle in I'ct/al/t is often wanting or incom- ])lete in the oHier forms ; and the six ocelli of under hind wing, almost invaria- bly present (but 'sometimes six on one wing, live on the other — never less, so far as observed), vary from six to nil in all the otiiers.
It is to be noticed that the belt within which these Sat, rids are dimorphic is nearly coterminous on the norlli and south with the dimorphic l)elt of FJinenitis Ar//n'))iis anil its co-form Proserjiiiiti. Arthnnis alone occupies the northern |)art of tiie continent, but in a section of territory extending from Maine to Wi.sconsin, and wliich covers much of New York and New England, it is dimor- phic with I'roxcrpimi, as shown in this Volume. Proxcrpind alone emerges from this belt on the .south, and grades imperceptibly into Ufsidu. And the 'iiinoriihism of Papilio Tiirmtx originates in this same licit. So far as known, however, there is no western limit to the dimorphi.'^m in tlie.se species, and therein they dill'er from Alope. It is diHicult to conjecture what inlluence could have brought about the suppression of Alope in the whole west, and have re- produced the Canada form, and allowed it to llourish so luxuriantly. One cannot conceive what there is of climate or else in conunon between Canada and the prairies to effect this result.
After tile first of my papers on these Satyrids appeared in the Canadian En- tomologist, I received several letters calling my attention to pulilished lists of butterflies of different western States, in wiiich AIujh' is set down as present, and usu.illy both Alope and Nephch-. 1 wrote to the authors of liie.se lists, and in many eases exam[)ies of the butterflies called .l/o/«' were sent me. in every instance, wliat iiad pa.ssed l)y that name was either what I should call ^\V/(//c/c, or what would l)e an intergiade if taken in New York. In tiie west tiiese are not intergrades, because there is no AIojh' in that region, and so no commingling of tlie two forms. 1 limit the name Alopv to lh(> typical form. Tliese apparent intergrades are never foinid where A/ojir Hies alone, befoiv it approaches the dimorphic I)eit, but they appear occasionally to tlie westward throughout the Ncphele territory, and should lie regarded as examples of reversion.
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CHIONOBAS I.
CHIONOHAS IDIINA, 1-4.
NKW Sl'EOIKS.
Primaries in male much profUicerl, costal Tiiarj^iii nearly straight ; hitnl niar<rin (if primaricH in both sexes sliglitly rounder], of secondaries deeply sinuate ; the t'xterlor outline of discal band on under side of secondaries not scolloped, irregu- lar.
Male. — Expands 2.5 inches.
Upper side brown-orange, bright on primaries, less intense on secondaries ; hind margins edged by a narrow fuscou.s border, of nearly unil'orm width on secondaries, but narrow on primaries at inner angle, and much cxpjiutled at iipex, the inner side entire; costal border of primaries dark brown; upon the disk, from the lower outer angle of cell to sub-mc'1ian nervure, and encroaching somewhat on the cell next above median, an obliijue, dark brown band, the ex- terior side convex,- the interior somewhat undefined, nearly lost in the brown shade that covers the basal half of cell; on the upper discoidal iiU'r.space a large, oval, black ocellus, without iris, with small white pupil ; sometimes in the next interspace above is a minute, round, black ocellus, either wiih or without white pupil, and a similar one, but blind, in the .second median interspace ; this last ocellus however, may be large and pupillated, and accompanied by a small blind ocellus in the first median interspace ; the number of ocelli therefore varies from one to four, and when four are present, two are large and pu[iillated ; and whatever the number, they are ,so plat'cil that a straight line would pass through the centre of each one ; secondaries have the costal margin slightly Hecked with brown ; at outer angle sometimes a .small, brown, sub-triangular spot, but often wanting ; on the second median inteispace a small ocellus, either with or without white pupil; often this ocellus is wanting; fringes of primaries fuscous cut with sordid white at middle of each interspace ; of secondaries fu.s- cous, largely pure white in the interspaces.
Under .side of primaries paler; a dusky shade over cell corresponding' to the oblique band ; costal edge gray-brown, irrorated with blackish-brown next base, with white beyond ; at apex gray and white equally mingled ; the hind margin
rmoNoBAs I.
pall' gniy-brown ; t'ell Hliglitl^ flookotl with blown next Hubcoxtiil norvuie ; tlu' iliscoidul ocellus repoivtetl, and also that on necond median interspace when present aliove.
Secondaries white on costal margin, the remainder of wing dead-leaf brown upon ii white ground, the sub-color appearing most distinctly next beyond cell, along median nervules and over aitdominal margin ; the whole surface coveri'd by fine, alti)reviated, brown streaks, least densely on costal margin, most next base and over sub-median interspace, and for a broad space along hind margiii; a white |)oint next the margin on the middle of each interspacie ; the ocellus, when present above, repeated ; and in a line with thiH, a series of while points, one on each interspace across the wing to costa — representing, perhaps, obsolete ocelli, wiiich might sometimes be found more or less complete ; the disk crossed from margin to margin by a broad, irregular band, narrowly edged on either side by a l)lackisli-l)rown bonier ; the space within the band not differing in shades of color from that beyond ; the exterior liorder commences on costa just al)ove outer angle in a wedge-shaped spot which reaches the second discoidul nervule, then continues by a single curve, convex outwardly, to upper braiiili of median, at which point it curves outward again to the middle of the adjoiniug inters])ace. and continues in a line nearly straight almost to lower branch of me- dian, thin oblicjuely forward till it strikes this iiranch, from which it proceeds in a straight line to margin ; this outline may be briefly described as composed of a straight line, a single curve, a square offset, and a straight line to margin, and is (juite unlike the scolloped outline of tlie similar band in the nearest allied species, Gifjas ; the outline of the basal side is that of a double curve, at (irst convex towards base of wing, and most advanced on sul)-costal nervure, tlicii returning, the extreme concavity being on median, opposite the beginning of tiie liiH' on costa.
Body blackish-brown above, black l)eneatli, the abdomen gray-brown; legs black, the tibiae gray-brown ; palpi black with gray hairs interspersed ; antemue brown, beneath gray ; clul) dull ferruginous, gray beneath.
Female. — Expands 2.6 inches.
Upper side paler than in the male, fading beyond the disk into Iniff"; the oblique band wanting ; ba.se of cell on primaries, and that portion of cell next sub-costal nervure brown ; primaries have two large ocelli, the upper one pupil- lated, the lower one sometimes blind, and one or both accompanied by a sniiili blind ocellus on the interspaces next preceding ; secondaries marked as in the male. Under side of both wings paler than in the male ; the outlines of the baml similar.
The individuals represented on the Plate were sent rae by Mr. James Behrciis.
rmoNOFJAs I.
to wluwe zeiil and Hkill lepidoptt'ristM own the dwcovery of Hi'vunil lu-w spccirs of ('idirornian hufttTllicM. mid a lictttT iic(|iiaiMtaiuH! witli many ran- iincs. Mr. Hi'lirt'iis wndc, 2()tli Jinir, 1871): "1 «?aii^dit -^'von of tlic largf ( hiniiftlxiK in Mi'iidixiinu Comity. It Hccnm to lit! a vi-ry local spi'cicH, and conlliii'd to lii^^li lidgL'M in the depth of tlie red-wooil (Invst. Tlii'v ^^ollld alij^lit on a I'ot, hhikIv ^|)ol, or on a fallt'ii tree, or on the frcsli leaves of yoiiii^ ouk trees, alwa s in the heat of thesiin. Fallen trees and dense thicket make the chase for them Ji'^ienlt. They arc very vigilant ami shy, hut will retnrn to a Hpot they have oneo visited, though for a short hour of the day only, either earlier or later, aciconling to the -^tate of the atniosphert! and wind, and when tired from their usual hi^di. rapid llijrht. Water and moisture do not setMii to attract them. They .should he looked for in the month of May, as soon after they heconie shattered. It is almost impossihle to obtain a perfect specimen later."
Idunn is one of the largest known speciies of C'liionohiix, rather surpassing even (iiijdx, Butler. The.su two form a suli-group, se|iarated hy no wiile interval from Xftimdensin, Fehler, and CaUfornicn, Boisdiival. The several species of this ifeiius are mostly alpine or lioreal. Itlimn and ({hjni* apparently being the excep- tions, the former living upon ridges of moderate elevation, and Gujas being taken at quite low levels. Three other species, Chri/xiis, (Jhferi, and Semltlca, inhabit tlie mountains of Colorado, and of these Chri/xiis is taken in California mid at Hudson's Bay {Cnlais, Scudder, proving to be the female of this species), and Seinidea abundantly on the summits of the Wliite Mountains, New Hamp- shire. Over the mo.st northern portions of the Continent still other species of CliionohctH are found, and of these all seem to inhabit corresponding parts of Europe and Asia.
[liana may readily be distinguished from GUjas. It has less curvature of costal margin of primaries, and much less roun<led hind margin ; the same wing is also more produced, or pointed apically ; the ocelli are dillerently arranged, those of Tduna being set in a straight line, of Glijits irregularly, the small ocellus of iiist median interspace lying outside a straight line connecting the larger. This jieculiarity is observable in the two females in my own collection, ami also in the unique male in British Museum collection, as mentioned by Mr. Butler, who first ilirected my attention to this peculiarity of the species. On the under si<le, the outer edge of the discal band in Gl(j(tn is scolloped from margin to margin ; in Idiina it is not scolloped, but irregular. These differences may be seen by refer- ence to the Plate, and they are constant in all the individuals of either species at present known in collections.
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CHIONOBAS II.
CPIONOBAS GIGAS, j ^.2; i I'l. I. ;'). 6.
Chionohcu Oigan, Biitlur, Cut. of Satyriilfc in Brit. Miis., p. Hll. |)1. 2. 18()8.
Prlmaries in male much produced, costal margin in both Hexes moderately arched ; hind margins of primaries in Ixtth se.\es much ronmlcil ; the exterior outline of discal band of under side of secondaries regularly scollopeil.
Male. — Expands 2.4 inches.
Upper side fulvou.s-ochraceous ; iiind margins edged by narrow fuscous borders which are of uniform width throughout and quite to apex; costal border of pri- maries dark brown, as is also the Ijase and that ])art of cell next siili-costal nervure ; the oblique discal baml blacki.sh-brown, well defined ; on upper discoidal interspace a small oval black ocellus, and another on second meilian interspace, each with white pupil ; on upper median interspace, outside a lini' connect- ing the centres of the two ocelli, a black point. Secondaries have the costal margin flecked with brown, and a small patch of browm at outer angle ; nn second median interspace an ocellus; fringes of liorli wings alternately fuscous and white quite to ape.v of primaries. Under side of primaries souu'what orange- tinted, tlie cost4U nuirgin and apical area whitish crossed by fine daiU brown streaks ; hind margins pale fuscous ; base and upper half of cell streaked with fuscous; tliu ocelli repeated. Secondaries pretty uniformly covered with fine, abbreviated, brown stre.aks on a white ground ; the ba.se and bind margin washed with brown ; the discal band narrow, of a deeper shade of brown, the edttes dis- tinct, the extxrior irregularly scr)lloped. the basal a double curve ; the ocellus repeated. Body dark brown above, black-brown beneatii ; legs light ; palpi blackish ; anteima! dull ferruginous.
Female. — Same size.
Upper side lighter than in the male, fading somewhat beyond tlu disks; the oblique band wanting; primaries have either three or four ocelli; win" ihreeare present the two largest ar(! placed as in the male, t\u\ third on uj)per nu'dian inter- space, corresponding to the point seen in the male ; when four are present, the fourth is small, on the sub-median interspace, in line with the two largo ones :
CHIONOBASTI.
tlio uiarginal bonier broador than in male ; under side of primaries pale fulvous on disk, the hind margin fuscous, the apex and costal margin white, and l)i)ili margins streaked and specked with brown ; the two principal ocelli repeated, the others often wanting; secondaries densely streaked from base to nuirgin, the white ground appearing but slightly on the disk and somewhat more at outer angle; the discial band as in male, scolloped very regularly on its outer edge, the iiuier sometimes lost in the dense markings of base.
Fi'om V^ancouver's Island.
Tlie figures of the male on the Plate are copied from drawings made from tiic unique example in the Britisli Mu.s*. ;m Collection, by the kindness of Mr. But- ler, who certifies to their accuracy. The figures of the female on Plate 1., repnt- sent one of tliree females taken on Vancouver's Island, 15th July, 1873, by the late Mr. G. R. Crotch, who wrote that " tliey were all found on a potato patcli, at the extreme end of Taanich Iidet, ab(nit fifteen miles from Victxnia, flying in company with Pdrnassius CloiUm and Aryi/nnis JiremneAi. No males were taken."
CHIONOBAS II.
CIIIONOHAS CALIKOUNICA, 3-6.
Chionobas Cali/ornica, Boisiluval, Ann. i\v la Soi'. Knt. dc Hclgiiine, Veil. XI!., p. (i2, 1868. /AW. Lep. lie la Calif, p. fi2. isti'j.
Primaries in innlc iniuh produced, costal margin ncarW straight : hind .nargins 1)1' primaries in both sexes nearly straight ; the ext-.-rior tviitline of the di.seal hand on under side of secondaries irregularly scalloped.
Male. — Expands 2.4 inches.
Upper side l)ro\vn-orange. nearly as in primaries of Tfhina, hut uniform on Ipoth wings; hind margins edged hy narrow fuscous l)orili'rs of nearly ecpii'l widll« throughout and extemling (juite to the apex of primaries; costal l)order of primaries dark hrovvn. as is also the bfise and all of the cell except a stripe at outer angle, where the ground color is exposed ; tlie oblique discal band scarcely ilistinguishablc in color from tlie darkiT p(»rtion tif cell ; primaries have an oval lilack ocellus on upper discoidal interspace, and a small blind one on second median interspace. Secondaries hiive th^* costal niargin flecki'd with brown, and a small patch of brown scales at outer angle; on second median interspace a small pupillated ocellus — (probably in a series of specimens tlu' ocelli will be i'oand to vary as in Iduiui) ; fringes of both wings alternately fuscous and yellow in e(|ual degree.
Under side of primaries paler; costal edge gray, specked anil streaked trans- versely with dark brown, next before apex white ; apex gray-brown, shading into brown on hind margin ; tht" cell next 8ul)-oostal nerviire slightly specked with brown. Secohdaries whitish, washed with pale brown from ba.se to hind margin, but slightly alcmg costal and inner margins, wluuc the white shade prc- (lomir.ates; the basal area streaked transversely and densely with l»rown ; the inner margin ami costal edge s'.ightly streaked; the hind margin edgc(l by a narrow brown border; remainder of wing nearly free from streaks and of a pretty linifonn shade of color ; the disk crossed by a broad band the exterior oi'.tline of which is irregularly .scolloped; the interior outline sinuous, at first convex toward base of wing, and most advanced cm sub-costal nervure, then
CHIONOBAS II.
it'turiiiiig, prosontiiijr a deep square sinus on median nervure, after which its ionise is wavy to the sub-median nervure, where it terniinutedi t^'"^ ocelhis rt'iicated.
Uddy hlackish-ljrown above, black beneath, the abdomen brown; legs mid palpi black; antenna) l>rown, gray beneath; club dull ferruginous, gray beucafii.
Fkm.vM'.. — Kxpands '2.5 indies.
IJpiMM- side of a deeper color than the male, alike on both wings, with broader jiuil Itlacker marginal borders; costa of |)rimaries brown, gray nextape.v; the oldicpie discal band wanting; the two princi|)al ocelli larger and pupillated, and in addition to the.se, a third. l)lind, on sub-median interspace ; the oc^ellus on scconduries as in male. Under side more distinctly nmrked than in male; apex of piiniarics ashy-white, the marginal border gray-brown ; the large o(!elIi repeated, the |mpils eous[)ieiioiis ; the third ocellus represented by a point. Secondaries whiti.sh o"er largei part of disk, washed with brown beyond the liand. the color deepening toward hind margin; the whole wing streaked ami si)eck('d with brown; the outlines of the discal l)anil distinct ; the tjcelius obsok'te, except tiic white pupil.
Kiimi Ca'ifornia, and described l)y Dr. Boi.sduval as found, according to Lor- qnin. from whom the four examples in his collection were received, " on liii;ii mountains, next the snow line;" but on what mountains or in what .section of the State is not mentioned. Dr. Hoi.sdiival presented .Mr. Scndder with one of tile mules and myself with the corresponiling female, and from the.se the driiw- ings on the I'late have been made. Mr. Scudder informs me that the four were inspt'cted by hiniscdf in Paris, and that they were alike in color and maiking> The species diflers noticeably from Iihtiia and (iiij((s in color, being darker, nml of uniform shade on both wings, and nearly so in both sexes. In shape of tin' wings, it most resemldes fr!(j(i.s. On the under side the male is nearly des- titute of markings ; the female is distinctly marked, and shows much nu)re white and less density of brown streaking timn Glyas, in thi.s respect approaching [ihniii. The exterior outline of the discal band is scalloped, but not so regii- liirly as in (il(/(is. In that pecies the gem-ral course of the outlinii is pandlcl to the hind maigiii; in ( '(ill/'ornirti the parallelism is broken by the prominent dentations on the two upper meilian interspaces. The course of the interior iniijiiu! of the band diflers from that of Idun'u which presents a double curve, in that it is in the form of a single iirominent curve, followed by a deep sinus and ji wavy line beyond tti inner margin. From the interior outline of the band i>n (rlfjax it diflers in nearly the same degree. I^evadensis, Felder, is only known to me from the description in the " Voyage of the Novara," and tlic accompanying figures of uj)per and under side of the nmle. The .shade is
CmoNOHAS II.
nliown to be a uniform tan color ; the prinuiricH are hroader tlian in diUfornka, anil k'ss produceil apically, tlu- fiiscouH marginul hordur in wallopod on its inner cilgi' acroHs the entire winjr; the (]eep hrown shade ot' the (iMi(|ue har on ilisk passes quite around the (H'II, and joins the eipially (h-ep color (tf costal niarj^in ; on necondarics there is a lonj^ fnsoous stripo from outer angle to middle of wing. The under side agrees with ('(illjhrnlm in being nearly deprived of markings, but the discal band of secondaries is quite dift'erent; it is narrower by one half at its origin on eostal margin, and is more regularly sealloju'tl on its exterior side. It is also scalloped in same way on the basal side, and in this respect it resembles no one of tiie allied species. The description expressly states that both the baaal and exterior (tiitlines of the band are '• crenaird."
Ah the four apeeies of this group differ so decidedly in respect to this discal band, I have thought it well to indicate n»ore particularly the peculiarities of each, by the following cut^.
ri?>v
Id una.
fiigas.
N«rad«nalf.
Califomir*.
I have retained the generic name Chionobas, Boisdnval, for the species herein figured, in preference to that of (Eneis, Iliibner, which of late has been forced into |)rominence, for three reasons; first, that l?oisduval is the eailiesi author who defined and limited the genus ; second, that in my ojiiuion <Kueis. as ap- plied to the genus so <lefined and limited, has no authority whatever, it having been not only a mere catalogue name, but a name given to an assemldage or batch of butterflies, embracing some that belong to Chionobas and some that belong to Satyrus ; and thirdly, whether it has authority or not, it <'ertainly cannot be made to embrace one of these species. 1 regard the so called lliil>- nerian genera of butterflies as mostly worthless, and would reject nearly every one which has not been introduced by a subsetpient author in a proper way. that is, under definition and limitation, and then, though the mere name lie Hlibner's, the authorship of the genus should be attributed to the systenuitist who so properly uses it; of course to the wholesale overthrow of [Tiibner's priority in the matter of genera. Dr. A. Speyer, in a late issue of the Ent. Zeit., Stett. 1875, v. 36, p. 1)8, in his paper on " KuropUisch-Amerikanische Verwandt*ichaften." uses these words in reference to this very question of Chiono- bas versus CEneis : "The limit of the permissible has been overstepped many
CHIONOUAS II.
tiiiR'fi, a.s, for instance, iti this introduction of Klibner's name (Emit* for tlio goniis Cliionoha.M, Bois. IlUhncr dividuH tlio Hjn'cioM in tliiH gunii.s into two srimratf groups, EiinuMiiM and fKnuis, and in both mixes them up with flpecieM of tiio guniiH Satyrus. Under I'^iinit'iiis he; plact-s Autonoe, Aelto, Semeh; and Titrpeju. Under (Knc'is. Nuriid, liorv. (.'elcenn, JuHa, and Arothum. The generic chnrai- ters wliich he gives for Kiinienis are; ' tlie upper side of the wings handed with oehre-yeUow, under side of the hind wings white fringed and delicately marbled ; ' for (Kneis. ' bolli wings on upper side spotty rust-yellow, below marbled gray banded.' Tims llid)uer has not even recognized the very natural genu.s Chionobaa a.s .such, let alone characterizing it sulliciently." And as Mr. A. H VValiaee states, Anniv. Address, 1872, p. 18, while discussing the subject of the Hidtnerian genera. "Such a mode of defuiing genera {by fadeK) is undoubl- e(lly superficial, and it can oidy be by the purest accident that a group ho charac- terized can correspond in extent to any real genus." It needs nothing farther liian the definitions of these groups as given to prove that neither of tliem em- brace Iduna an<l its allies.
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CHIONOBAS III.
CHIONOBAS IVALLDA, 1—6.
KiMmobas Tvallda, Mead, Can. Ent., X., p- 196, 1878.
Male. — Expands from 1.8 to 2.3 inches.
Upper side of primaries blackish-brown, varying in individuals from dark to pale; the costal margins finely and transversely streaked gray and brown; the hind margins narrowly edged with brown ; on the lower side of cell and partly within it a black sexual band, sometimes obsolescent; between the nervules a series of elongated gray-ochraceous spots, nearly or quite filling the inter- spaces, usually six in number ; but sometimes the uppermost one is wanting ; in one example examined there is no trace of these spots (Fig. 5) ; on the second spot from costa is a black ocellus, always small, sometimes minute, with white pupil; and in about one fourth the examples there is a minute spot on the lower median interspace, rarely large enough to admit a pupil.
Secondaries gray-ochraceous, edged with brown; in submedian interspace is usually a small pupilled ocellus ; fringes brown at the ends of the nervules, white in the interspaces.
Under side of primaries gray-ochraceous, the costa black and white ; the upper part of cell streaked transversely with brown, — sometimes the entire cell ; about three fifths the distance from base to arc some of these streaks become confluent and form a sinuous bar ; the disk is cros.sed by a brown stripe, which projects a long tooth upon upper branch of median ; below this the stripe is twice roundly incised, and sometimes projects a spur along the sub-median interspace nearly or quite to the hind margin ; the apical area finely streaked with brown on white ground ; the ocelli repeated.
Under side of secondaries whitish, with an ochraceous tint over the disk and marginal area ; much covered with dark brown abbreviated streaks, which at base and on middle of disk are largely confluent; the wing crossed by a broad mesial band, the edges of which are dark, the outer irregularly crenated or
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CIIIONOBAS III.
serrated, with a .spur along the upper side of lower branch of sub-costal ; the inner edge angular from costa to median, with a deep angular sinus at median ; the ocellus repeated.
Body above, dark brown ; beneath, the thorax blackish, abdomen yellow-brown ; legs yellowish, the long hairs of the femora black ; palpi black, in front brown ; antenna' annulated brown and gray, on under side gray ; club ferruginous above, gray below, the tip l)lack.
Fe.male. — Expands from 2.1 to 2.4 inches.
Upper side more yellow ; tlie costal and hind margins as in the male ; the ocelli vary from two to four, — there being in the latter case one in each median interspace ; and usually all, or at least the three uppermost, are pupilled ; second- aries and the under side of both wings as in male ; sometimes there is a small ocellus on either side of the large one on secondaries.
Egg. — Sub-conic, broadest at base, nearly as broad as high ; rounded at top ; ornamented by about eighteen vertical ridges, the sides of which are irregularly excavated ; part of these terminate at about three quarters the distance from base to summit, and the remainder gradually sink to the surface; the spaces be- tween, over the top, irregularly and shallowly pitted (Fig. a).
Young Larva. — Length .11 inch; body stout anteriorly, tapering from fourth segment to last, which ends in two blunt conical tails, each of which sends out a short terminal white bristle; color at first soiled white, soon after green- ish-white, striped with dull red, or red-brown; a broad stripe on middle of dorsum ; on the upper part of the side another, running to the end of tail ; a third, substigmatal, somewhat macular ; between the dorsal and lateral band a brown line, and a second just below the lateral ; on each segment from three to twelve on either side are three rows of clubbed hairs, each of which springs from a tubercle ; head large, rounded, narrowing towards top, the surface thickly covered with shallow punctures ; color dull yellow ; across the upper front face is a curved row of four rounded brown tubercles, and a second row of six across middle ; and from eacli springs a dark clubbed hair; the ocelli black (Fig. b).
This larva was sent by Mr. Mead from Virginia City, Nev., and was but just out of the egg when received. It had emerged on the upper part of one side, and was clasped about the shell when I opened the box. This was August 18, 1877. It lived till September 21, ana when very near the first moult was acci- dentally killed. It fed readily on grass, and in behavior was not unlike other Satyrids at same stage. It is evident that this species does not hybernate imme- diately from the egg, but the length of the first stage was such that I apprehend hybernation would naturally occur when the larva was about half grown. As the body enlarged the anterior segments equaled the head in diameter, the last segment became red-brown, and a collar of same color appeared upon the
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CmONOBAS III.
second. Tliis stage of Icallda closely resembled the corresponding one of C. Aello, as figured hy Mr. 8cn<lder; hut the egg difl'ers in shape niatt"rially ; that of Aello being rniirked by straight !)eade(l ridges, and being narrower at base than towards the sununit. So little is known of tbe pre])aratory sta«--es of species of Ghionobas, that even the meager contribution I am thus able to make will be an addition of some importance.
Mr. Mead found Ivallda on Freel's Peak and on Tallac Mountain, near Lake Tahoe, during the latter part of July and early in August, at an elevation of nine to ten thou.sand feet above the sea. On the grassy northern slopes of Tallac Mountain it was pretty abundant. lie regards it as local and extremely rare in most parts of its habitat, finding no examples in a very thorough exploration of tiie mountain crests about Summit, which is also near Lake Tahoe, and but few on Freel's Peak. Mr. Morrison, the same season, took a few examples about Sum- mit, and Mr. Henry Edwards had occasionally taken one or more there in previous years. The melanized male figured on the plate (Fig. 5), was taken by Mr. Morrison. The egg obtained by Mr. Mead was laid by a female confined in a small portable cage, contrived by him, and described in P.syche, vol. 2, ]>. 181. I copy his description, that his mode of obtaining eggs may be more exten- sively known to Lepidopterists. " 1 have found a little device, very convenient on excursions where only a limited amount of baggage can be carried, for inducing butterflies to lay eggs. I had a ntunbor of wire frames made, each consisting of two rings about five inches in diameter, connected by wire up- rights, about seven inches high, the joints being all soldered. These frames will fit in, side by side, so as to require only a moderate amount of room. 1 had a similar number of round tin box covers made, differing in size sufficiently to nest together. A few cylindrical flat-bottomed bags of gauze, of suitable size to fit over the rings, completed the apparatus. If the food-plant is not too large it may be transplanted to one of the tin covers (in wiiich the gauze-covered frame is set) ; otherwise a branch may be placed in a bottle of water within the cage and the female introduced. In this simple way the eggs of more than a .score of butterflies were obtained during the summer."
Ivallda is closely allied to C. ChryxuH Doubl., the difTerences being mainly in color. Mr. Mead notices that Imlkla is almost exactly like Hipparchia Ridlngsii Edw., " which," he adds, " has not only the appearance but the habits of a Chionobaa."
On the Plate is also given the egg of C. Iduna, received from Mr. 0. T. Baron. It is subconic, broadest at base, nearl;- 5s broad as high, the top a little depressed, the sides ornamented by about eighteen vertical ridges, which are somewhat sin- uous, elevated, and sharp, their sides irregularly excavated. The larger part of these extend from base to summit, about which they form a beaded rim (Fig. c).
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LIBVTHKA.
LIRYTIIEA HArFIMANI, 1-4.
Lihfllhpa Tiachmmu KirtlamI, Sillimim's .iDiiiiiiil. vol. xiii. IW-i, fiir. Saiinrlurn, Cansilinn EntomoloijiKt, vol. I IHi'iH, fit;.
Malk. — Expaii'ls 1.8 inch.
Upper Hide of priiniirics brownish-black, of secondiirles brown (•loudod with black near hiiHe ; primaries have a yellow-fiUvoiis patch occupying -i 'arly half till' cell ne.\t median ncrviire, and a largo siib-i-homboidal patch of lmiic color below cell, not extending beyond siib-median ; on the costal maririn, a long, nar- row, white spot beyond cell, sometimes dividiul unequally in*., wo, the smaller being on costa ; a Hinnl' Hub-marginal, white spot, sometimes quadrangular, ,sonu'- times irregularly roumicd, on the upper median interspace, and a sub-apical white spot abou, 'uilf the size of the last; these spots are usually pure in color, but ,sf)metimes are partially tinted with fulvous, and fulvous scales form to them a narrow edging. Seccmdaries have a broad, extra-discal, transverse, fidvoiis band, extending from sub-costal nervure to lower branch of median, rather indistinct as it approaches this last nervure ; fringes luteous, fuscous at ends of nervules.
Under side brown, sometimes olivaceous, clouded with cretaceous, occasionally lihui-tinted, or vinous, at apex an<l somewhat along hind nun-gin of primaries, and over whole of secondaries ; on these last these shades form a large triangle. one broad side of which crosses the disk, one lies along the abdominal margin, and the third a little within ilio costal edge, to which it sends a curved branch ; within this triangle is a small hro.vn space, usually sub-triangular, but sometiiues a narrow stripe only, confined nearly to the median lusrvure, with a naiiow patch across the origin of the median nervules ; primaries yellow-fulvous from bavse over two-thirds the cell, and below cell almost to hind margin ; the two extra-discal white spots repeated, but the sub-apical sometimes lost in the cic- taceous patch. Body and palpi dark brown above, gray-brown beneath; legs gray-brown, eyes crim.son ; antennic and club dark brown.
Female. — Expands 2 inches.
Similar to male except that the under side of secondaries has often no apjiear- ance of clouded surface, and is then of a., uniform vinous-brown, or in an oblique light, lilaceous.
■' ;
I?BYTHEA.
Ego. — Color pale green ; in shape an oblate spheroid, somewhat pointed at base and a little truncated and depressed at sinnniit ; marked by many horizontal corrugations, and longitudinally by eighteen to twenty narrow, prominent ribs which proceed from base and terminate, some of them irregularly, at about four- tiftlis the distance to summit, while eight, increasing gradually in prominence, terminate abruptly at the rim of the summit, which is flattened as in Grapta ; these long ribs cut on either side, as in Grapta, by grooves perpendicular to the surface of the egg; they are also frequently deflected somewhat from a direct line. (Fig. o.)
Another egg, within one day of the appearance of the larva, differed from the al)Ove ; the length being sensibly increased by the flattening of the corrugations, and, at the same time, the transverse diameter enlarged from the unfolding of the ribs, which had become scarcely more than lines upon the surface. (Fig. h.)
The LarviB emerge from the egg in four days ; in length .06 inch ; greenish- brown, translucent, covered with fine hairs. Of the first moult I am imable to speak, but after passing the second, in four to five da3's from the egg, they are .25 inch in length, slender, cylindrical, entirely one .shade of dull green, some- what pilo-se, each segment transversely creased ; two days later the third moult takes place ; length .6 inch ; head pale green ; body velvety-green, with a pale dorsal line and a faint, whitish, lateral stripe from second to last .segment; each segment crea.sed and marked by rows of whiti.sh, tubetovlitod points; under .side and legs pale green.
The Mature Larva is one inch long ; head bi-lobed, pale green ; body dark velvety-green ; the dorsal line distinct, yellow ; the lateral stripe yellow, as are also the tuberculated points ; on the side of third segment is a black point ; under side iind legs pale green.
Another larva, after third moidt, was marked a.s follows: the dorsum dark green, edged on either side by a gray line, and successively by a band of yellow, another gray line, and a black band to the legs ; the third segment wholly black, and fifth partially ; the entire upper surface finely tuberculated with yellow ; pro-legs bkck ; legs pale green. The markings were similar after fourth moult.
Two other larvaa were green, Avith a lateral black band above the feet, and a few black patches on third and eleventh segments.
Chrysalis. — Length .5 inch; sub-triangular, compressed laterally; head ca.se square; mesonotal process rounded, prominent; color blue-green ; a faint yellow dorsal line pas.ses from last segment to middle of body, where it forks, sending a branch along each wing cover to the top of head case and meeting ; there is also a lateral yellow line from end of lust segment to edge of wing cover ; the ab- dominal segments marked by many whitish tubercles. Time from laying of egg to appeari'uce of the imago sixteen to seventeen days.
LIBYTHEA.
■ Bachmani appears to be the sole n-presentative of its genus east of the Mis- sissippi, unless possibly L. Terena, Godart {L. Motya of Hubner, and Boia. and Lee), a West Indian species, should be found in the extreme South. The genus itself is very restricted, there being, according to Kirby (Cat. Di. Lep.), but eight known species: three belonging to this Continent, one to Europe and Western Asia, one to Africa, one to Mauritius, one to India and Java, and one to the East- (!rn Archipelago, — a remarkable distribution. Of the third American species, L. Carinenta, found in South America and Mexico, a few specimens have been brought from Arizona and New Mexico by the naturalists of the United States Government Expeditions. The genus is peculiar in many respects, but in none more than in the development of the palpi, which are parallel to the axis of the body, instead of nearly at right angles to it, and present the appearance of an immense rostrum projecting from the front of the head, — as may be seen by ref- erence to the Plate. The uses of the palpi of Lepidoptera are not understood, except so far as they serve for a protection to the spiral tongue, and the cause of their extraordinary prominence in Llbythea rather than in other genera is not apparent. If they were not pacific little creatures, these butterflies might seem to be furnished with an " engine," as Spenser calls it, to inspire with caution evil-minded foes, such as wasps, dragon-H'es, and that " wicked wight," " foe of faire things," the " greisly tyratit spider."
" Like as a warlike brigandine applyde
To fight, layes forth her threatfuH pikes afore The engines,, whi< h iu them sad death doo hyde ; So did this Flie outstretcli his fearefuU lioriies."
And surely the fiercest enemy might hesitate before that portentous beak and those red eyes blazing like carbuncles. Nevertheless, I am sorry to have to say that wasps and spiders maintain the mastery, and cause havoc, not only among these, but all butterflies. And dragon-flies {Libellulce) pounce upon them as do hawks on small birds, bearing away their prey to be devoured at leisure. Even the heavy-bodied, great-winged Fapillos cannot escape these pirates of
the air.
Llbythea differs also from most genera of butterflies in that the males are tetrapod and the females hexapod, agreeing in this respect with the Eryc'midcp only. In the Papilionidm and Hesperidce, all species and '^^th sexes are hexapod. In the NymphalidcB, winch embraces Argynnis, Vanesi^u, riatynis, etc., all tlie species are tetrapod, also in both sexes. Nevertheless these last are furnis^hed with two pseudo-legs, not adapted to locomotion, and which appear as flat, furry lappets folded down upon the front of the thorax.
Although Bachmani is widely distributed, it is nowhere recognized as a com-
LIBYTHEA.
moil species. And yet the late Mr. D. B. Walsh, in a letter to me dated April. 1863, says, that in the month of June preceding, he had found this species " in swiirms," near Jonesborougli, in Southern Illinois, " along the travelled road." Mr. Scudder gives Dr. Harris as aut'iority for its having been found in Mas.sachu- setts, and informs me that it has also been found so far north as the neighborhood of the White Mountains, in New Hampshire. Mr. Saunders mentions its occur- rence in Ontario, Canada. In West Virginia I have seen a few individuals every season, but have regarded the species fvs one of the rarest. On 1st August, 1872, I noticed a female fluttering about a small tree of CeMs occidentalis, in my gar- den, at Coalburgh, alighting frequently on the ends of the branches, and evi- dently ovo-positing. She made, perhaps, a dozen descents for this purpose before she flew away. The eggs were laid singly on the immature leaves at extreme ends of the branches, and I found, on examination, that nearly every branch had its egg. On the 5th, several of these eggs had hatched in the glass to which I had transferred them. But the larvaj were exceedingly delicate, and one after another dropped off the leaves till all were dead. I have since experienced the siune difficulty in starting these larva3 in confinement, though those of most other butterflies can be reared from the egg with great certainty. But I was able to replenish the stock from the tree when the larvae had become a few days old, and thenceforward had no difliculty whatever. It was easy to discover the feeding place of one of them from their habit of stripping the sides of the leaf at its extremity, leaving the midrib untouched. There is something in their attitude when at rest that distinguishes them from other butterfly larva3. For hours they remain with the head and upper segments thrown back and arched, after the manner of the typical SphingidcB. Or the anterior segments are raised from the leaf and curved forward, the second, thii-d, and posterior segments being swollen, and the middle ones flattened dorsally, an odd habit I have not ob- served in any other species. In 1873, I again found eggs and larvse upon the same young tree, but earlier in the season, making it certain that there were two or more broods of the imago. The first noticed were on 28th June, and fresh eggs wsre found at intervals up to 1st September.
When about half grown, the larvte in confinement might be seen slowly mak- ing their way up the side of the glass, by means of a zigzag ladder which they spun as they went, and the glass became well coated with this kind of web. After the fourth moult, they began to fasten the leaves loosely together, and stretched several threads across the top of the glass. These threads were quite strong enough singly to bear the weight of a caterpillar, and I have seen one cross the diameter of the glass in this way, walking feet upward ; in this case the traveller proceeded cautiously, stopping several times and throwing a thread
LIBYTHEA.
to the right or left by a corresponding movement of its head, whereby to attach its unsteady bridge to a neighboring line or leaf.
When ready to transform, they spin buttons of red silk upon the side of a leaf, suspend themselves as do the Nymphalidce, and in about eight hours become chrysalids. The chrysalis is a beautiful object, of a delicate green, ornamented with yellow lines, and helmet-shaped.
I have noticed another remarkable peculiarity in these larvae. On 30th Au- gust, I returned home after an absence of but three days, and found the leaves that I had placed in the glabs with four larvae, which had just passed their third moult at my departure, dried up and all the larva changed to chrysalids, thus crowding into less than three days changes which naturally require six. The chrysalids were not more than half the usual size, and the butterflies that came from them were small and pale colored. Twice also I inclosed larvas just after their third moult, in a tin box with fresh leaves, and forwarded by mail to Miss Peart, who was then near Philadelphia, expressly to secure a drawing at tliat stage, and before fourth moult, which should not occur till the fourth or fifth day after the third moult. But though the distance was only two days, in one case the larva on its arrival had fixed for chrysalis, and in the other had actually changed. Miss Peart wrote, on 1st August, that the larva mailed 29th July had arrived Slst, but was in chrysalis, and from no want of food, as the leaves were fresh. I should apprehend, therefore, that in these cases the larvae had not passed the fourth moult, but had proceeded to chrysalis directly from the third. Apart from the difference in size, there is no mistaking the third moult for the fourth, from the peculiar markings assumed at this last.
All the caterpillars of Bachmani observed in 1872 were green, and I should not then have credited a statement of variation in color. But of those fed in 1873, several were marked more or less with black, in spots or bands.
I am not aware of any other food-plant for this species than Celtis occidentalis. This tree is a favorite with many other larvae, especially of the Apaturas, Celtis, and Clyton, and Grapta interrogntionis. 0. comma will feed on the leaves in confinement, but unwillingly.
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LEMONIAS I.
LEMONIAS NAIS. 1-4.
Lmonias Nais, Edw. {Chnjtophanus Nais), Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc, V., 2!)1, 1876.
Male. — Expands 1.5 inch.
Upper side fulvous and daric brown, spotted with black, the disks being fulvous, the bases and margins brown ; a fulvous dash on costal margin of primaries at base ; hind margins edged by a black line ; the narrow brown border is followed by a series of rounded black spots, completely crossing both wings ; in some examples the submarginal fulvous area is broad, in others it is reduced to a series of fulvons crenations on the anterior side of the rounded spots ; next preceding is a common black band made up of narrow confluent spots ; a similar band crosses the disks, with a sharp bend round the end of cell of primaries ; at the extremity of each cell a black transverse bar, and three others within, .lear the middle ; also below are three in line with the others ; primaries have a small white submarginal spot, and an indistinct whitish or yellowish spot near inner angle ; fringes alternately, but irregularly, brown and white.
Under side of primaries orange, except for a little spot of white or buff quite at the margin in each interspace, and a dash of same color in subcostal inter- space ; hind margin edged by a black line ; the whole wing spotted black, rep- resenting in small the marks of upper side. Secondaries yellow-white or buff, with black marginal line, the spots repeated as on primaries ; between the two outer rows an orange belt, and orange over outer part of cell and in the inter- spaces below cell.
Body above, dark btown, below, either white or buff; the abdominal segments at their edges, on sides, fulvous ; legs, pale orange, the femora white, and the first pair (which are aborted in this sex) white; palpi white; antennte annulated black and white ; club black, reddish at tip. (Figs. 1, 2.)
Female. — Expands from 1.3 to 1.4 inches.
Marked like the male, but the colors are lighter, and in many examples the fulvous area is more extended. (Figs. 3, 4.)
LEMONIAS I.
P'oG. — Button-shaped, the top depressed ; covered with a white, vitreous coating, or net-work, in six sided meshes, each angle sentUng out a short tapering
fihunentouH spine (Fig. a'
.jj. .. .); these spines are wantnig in the concentric rows al)out (lie inicropyle (Fig. «'"'.), and tiie meshes tliere are five-sided, and in the contra! rosette rhoniboidal ; the egg nnik-r tliis net-work is sage-green, and through it, wliitish-green (Fig. a.). Duration of this stage about twelve days.
Young L.\nVA. — Length, .04 inch ; cylindrical, thickest at third segment, tapering posteriorly, the dor.--'um a little arched, each segment rounded ; color greenish-yellow, a pale crimson stripe along middle of side ; from 3 to VI, two dorsal rows of broad, oval, flattened, tuberculated processes, from each of which comes a pencil of five long, recurved black hairs, one being shorter than the rest ; along lower part of side, from 2 to 13, are three long, depressed white liairs to each segment, and under these some fine and shorter ones ; on 2 is a dark dorsal oval process, considerably elevated, the top rounded, and on its an- terior part are six long hairs on each side the medio-dorsal line, all turned for- ward ; in front of these is a fringe of long white hairs which falls over the head ; 13 is brown at extremity, and the hairs extend back almost horizontally, a little depressed ; feet and pro-legs yellow-green ; head a little broader than 2, obovoid, bilobcd, slightly pubescent ; color dark brown ; the head is not I'e- tractile, but is partly covered by 2 (Fig. h.). Duration of this stage about fifteen days.
After first moult : length about two days after the moult, .11 inch ; somewhat flattened, broader than high, the dorsum highest at 3, a little arched, and, as well as the sides, tapering to 13 ; the head bent down and under, and partly concealed by 2 ; color at first pale green dorsally, later, dull white with a faint green tint ; a brown stripe .along upper part of side, the lower part of side and of the body pale yellow-green ; on dorsum two rows of brown, conical, low, blunt-tipped tubercles, from 3 to 12 ; on the side, in line with the stripe, a row of similar, but smaller, tubercles, from 3 to 18 ; and lower down, another row, still smaller, from 3 to 12 ; from the dorsal tubercles rise pencils of .short, straight, divergent hairs, about twenty-four in number, black ; from the upper lateral row similar pencils, shorter and fewer, black ; from the lower row a few short, divergent black hairs, and under them several long white hairs, depressed ; on 2 is a yellowish, vitreous, low, rounded protuberance, divided into two at the medio-dorsal line, the back part and middle of each half beset with short, straight black hairs, but from the front proceed long white hairs, which come down over the face ; on the side of 2 ore two small pencils of hairs in vertical row, the upper one lying between the two lateral rows of other segments, a few white hairs from each ; at the extrem- ity of 13 a black tuberculation, with short black and long white hairs projecting
LEMONIAS I.
horizontally; the white hnira from tlie (lilYoront soginonts form a complete friuj^o around tho lioily, Incliiding both extroiiiities; hoad broador than liigli, obovoid, the sides rounded, the top depressed, the vertieos rounded; color black, covered with a yellow down on lower two-thirds, and with many long, depressed, white hairs (Fig. c). To next moult nineteen days.
After second moult: length three hours after the moult, .11) inch; sinne shape nnd appearance as at next previous stage; the dorsum dull white, with a brown line down the middle ; the brown stripe as before, the re.st of side reddish-yellow ; tho doi^^al white area is elevated above the segments at either end, that is, above 2 and 13, and ends abruptly, and 13 dorsally is of .same hue as the sides; head as before (Fig. (h). To next moult fifteen days.
After third moult : length one day after the moult, .20 inch, greatest breadth, .08 inch ; .shape and appearance as before ; the dorsum didl white, the miMlio-dor- sal stripe pink-gray, the sides pink-brown mottled with white; head as before (Figs, e, e^.). To next moidt eleven days.
After fourth moult : length eighteen hours after the moult, .10 inch; greatest breadth, .15; height, .10 inch.
Matuiek Lauva. — Length, .7 inch ; the head bent under, and, seen fi-om above, both ends are rounded ; tho general shape long oval, the last segments narrowest; viewed sidewise, .'] and 4 are highest and the slope is gradual to l;5, rapid to head ; the dorsum elevated, forming a flat ridge from 3 to 12, with rather abrupt ends and sides ; color of dorsum dull pinkish-ferruginous, with decided white along the edge of tho elevated part; a dark medio-dorsal line or stripe ; tho sides of body wine-red, finely mottled with whitish on the upper part ; on the lower, green and reddish are blended, and beneath green prevails; tho two lower rows of tubercles yellow ; in all there are six rows of tubercles, — one sub-dorsal and two lateral on either side ; the upper and lower extend from 3 to 12, the other from 3 to 13 ; those of tho dorsal rows are short, conical, blunt, and each sends out a pencil of many very short, straight, divergent black hairs ; those of second row are small, with similar pencils of hairs, but fewer in num- ber; those of lower row are still smaller, with a pencil of half a dozen black hairs like tho rest from tho upper part, but under thorn, long, depressed white hairs falling to feet ; on 2 are two large rounded processes, white, vitreous, with several short, black hairs, but from tho fronts come long white hairs which bend down, screening the face ; on the side of 2 are two small pencils of hairs in vor- tical line, tho upper lying between the lateral rows of the other segments, the hairs black, the other a little below the line of lower row, and giving both black and white hairs ; over the feet also on 3 and 4 each is a slight tubercle with two or three white hairs ; 13 is dark colored dorsally, with a tuft of black hairs on
LEMON IAS I.
Hide ill lino with upper lateral row, and both hlaek and white hairw at the end, the latter long, horizontal (Fi^f. ly.) ; the white liuir.s from the Heverul seguients form a fringe completely around the larva; head obovoid, the Hides well rounded, the top depre.sHed, the vertices rounded and covered by the protuberances of wecond Hcginents (Figs./'',/S /'\) ; color l)lack, or black-brown; the lower two- thirds thickly covered by a yellow down, with a few long, depressed white hairs. There was no variation perceptible in the shape of the head from second moult to maturity (Figs./,/'''.). From fourth moult to pupation, sixteen day.s. (The whole body, in the last two larval stages, was covered with minute hairs, which cannot be represented on the Plate, and at the base of each hair was a white point, giving a mottled appearance under the gla.ss.)
CiiuYHALis. — Length, .l.j inch ; greatest breadth acro.ss abdomen, .15, across mesonotum, .1-1 inch; cylindrical, the abdomen long, ovoid, pointed at the ex- tremity, not turned under, next thorax compressed ; head-case square at top, sloping llatly at the sides ; the mesonotum rounded, very little elevated ; whole surface, except the wing-ca.scs, thickly and equally beset with short whitish hairs; color of anterior parts and wing-cases gray-brown ; the general color of abdomen greenish, rather dark ; a dorsal line and two sub-dorsal bands gray-brown, and one line of same color on side ; the crescent over eye orange. The chrysalis i.s held by a girdle about the middle. (Figs, li, Ir.)
Nais is found in Arizona, New Mexico, and has been taken at least as far to the north in Colorado as Denver and Boulder. Mr. B. Neunioegen observed it in South Colorado in 1880, especially at Oak Creek Caiion, where it was common. He wrote that it first appeared there about the middle of July, but was most abundant toward the end of the month and beginning of August, but had en- tirely disappeared by the middle of August. It was always found on open clear- ings, Hying Iroin 10 a. ji. to 2 p. m.. and invariably settled near moist places. Its flight was of a rapid, zigzag character, much resembling MeUhta.
Mr. H. K. Morrison found the species abundant in Graham Mountains, Arizona, in 1882, and says: " I found Nais at an elevation of from 8,000 to 10,000 feet, on the flowers of ' White Sage,' Eurotia lanata. It usually holds its wings Hat while at rest, but moves them more than does L. Palmer'd."
On July 20, 1881, I received from Mr. Doll, the agent employed by Mr. Ncu- moegen in making collections of Lepidoptera in Arizona, several eggs of Nais. One was still perfect ; the rest had each a hole in the top, exactly at the micro- pyle, from which the larva had escaped. In the cotton which accompanied the eggs, were four young larvce, less than one day old. The eggs had been laid on twigs and leaves of Mesquit, Prosopis julillora, by females confined in bag. I gathered various sorts of leaf to tempt the little creatures to eat, among them
LEMONIAS I.
pench and wild ohorry. On 22(1, it wnn evident that the rhorry hnd been nib- bled at, l)iit only one caterpilliii waw livinj;, and that died two davH later.
On 2Cth Jidy, eauio another lot> of ejjj^s and larvm from Mr. Doll. They had been twelve days on the road, in the mail, in tin box, with Mesqiiit leaver. There were half a dozen eg;^H unhatehed, ."Several catcrpillarH but lately ont, and .><oino were in tho act of emerging from round holen at the middle of the depressed tops. I put these caterpillars in a glass with wild cherry leaves only, as tho former ones seemed to have eaten cherry a little, but in course of the next threo or four days one after another died, not liking the food. When itut two were left, I tried wild plum, giving the tenderest terminal leaves, and at last had hit upon the right plant. One leaf had been dropped upside down into the glass, and next day its edges were stitched to a leaf it had fallen upon, and they were .somewhat drawn together. Twenty-four hours later tho upper leaf was quite closed up, so that I had to slit one side of it to get a view of the tenant, which was resting on tho midril), and had ina<le for itself a thick bed of silk. It had not eaten the leaf which concealed it, but another at a little distance, so that it must have come completely forth to feed. Two days later, on again slitting the leaf, I coidd sec that the neck of tho caterpillar was swollen, — sure sign of an ap- proaching moult. Tho moult was discovered to have taken place after another interval of two days, and the caterpillar was moving about. For tho present it rested on the midrib of a fresh leaf in full view, but on the tnud day it stitched the edges together slightly, and retired. Just then I was compelled to leave home, returning on 23d, and left my subject in charge of a member of my family. It was reported healthy, and the day I returned closed up the hitherto open end of its leaf, and was seen no more, and evidently did not come out to feed till after the 27th, on which day it passed the second moult. On 5th September, it had covered itself within a leaf, both edges of which rested on the side of the glass, and had fastened thera to the glass, .so that from the outside I had a good view. On 9th, I saw it at a distance from its nest, and same day caught it retreating into it. On llth, it pas.sed the third moult. Soon after, I sent this caterpillar to Mrs. Peart, in Philadelphia, by express, in its glass jar, for a portrait. The dis- tance is about six hundred miles, and the package was three days in reaching its destination. On 21st, I received the caterpillar again, quite uninjured by the journey, and by six days of close confinement. It was concealed when it reached me, and two days later it passed the fourth and last moult. Three days later, it again went to Philadelphia, for another portrait, and there remained till pupation. This occurred 9tli October, and the imago came from chrysalis llth November, a female, rather smaller than the average of the free females, but fully as large as any male. So that it had not been much aflected by change of climate and food, confinement and travel.
LEMONIAS I.
This caterpillar was slow in all its movements, rested for hours in one spot, did not care for much concealment inanediately after a moidt and in the aiddle of the stage, but when another moult approached, shut itself up cl'^'^iely, and was only to be seen one or two days after the moult had passed. It did not eat of the leaf which enclosed it, as so many caterpillars which conceal themselves in leaves do, but went to an outside leaf to feed. And it eat very little as compared with species of Lycoana or of Thecla, which I have had. As so little is known of the early stages of any of the Lemoniina% these particulars are somewhat important. The eggs of Nais are in shape very like those of Lycaana Pseudargiolus, and similarly, are covered with a reticulated coating. But the meshes of this are five-sided, whereas in the Lycajna they are four-sided, and rhomboidal. In Thecla Henrici the meshes are three-sided. Each angle of the netting, in Ifais, sends up a filamentous spine, but in L. Palmerii these are replaced by rounded knobs, and this is more in the style of both the Lycajna and Thecla mentioned. The caterpillars have heads partly covered by the second segment, but neither head nor feet are retractile, as in the Lycsenidai. The tubercles and their ap- pendages in the several rows are alike in shape and number from 3 to 12, and in this respect Nais differs from all spined butterfly larvaa known to me. The fringes of long hairs around the entire base of the body, and falling over the head, are also peculiar. The chrysalis is girt with a belt, as in the Lycainida), but it is more in the middle ; and the abdomen is remarkably elongated, is not turned under at the extremity, and is thickly clothed with bristling hairs.
LEMONIAS I.
LEMONIAS PALMERII. 5-8,
Lemonias Palmerii, Edwards, Trans. Anier. Ent. Soc, III., 189, 1870.
Male. — Expands about one inch.
Upper iside sepia-brown, witli patches of fulvous near base of primaries, and along both hind margins ; the basal half of costal margin and the whole of cell of secoidaries also fulvous ; spotted with black and white ; a common sub-mar- ginal row of minute white spots, each with a small rounded black spot in its pos- terior side ; an extra-discal row on primaries, and a discal on secondaries, the former zigzag, the latter irregular, a black spot on the basal side of each ; at the end of each cell a white bar bftween two black, a similar set of spots near base, and others below the cells ; fringes white, cut with pale brown at the tips of the nervules except at the apices.
Under side ochraceous, deep colored on disk of primaries ; the white spots repeated, enlarged, and the discal row on secondaries confluent, forming a con- spicuous band ; the black sub-marginal points repeated, but mere dots ; the other black marks represented by ferruginous.
Body above same color as wings, beneath white, the sides of abdomen yellow- ish ; legs and palpi white ; antennce annidated white and black, club black tipped with orange.
Female. — Expands 1.2 inch.
Upper side a shade paler, the fulvous marginal patclies more conspicuous, the white spots larger. Under side of both wings whitish to the discal bands, beyond to base ochraceous.
Egg. — Button-shaped, higher than IZais, the top elevated to the edge of a pan-shaped depression which has sloping sides and flat bottom (Fig. P.) ; surface covered by a white vitreous net- work, the meshes larger in proportion than those of NaiH, and with a rounded knob at each angle (Fig. i^.) ; color whitish-green (Fig. i.). Duration of this stage about twelve days.
LEMONIAS I.
YoryQ Larva. — Length, .04 inch ; cyhndrical, thickest at 3, tapering pos- teriorly, the dorsum a little arched, each segment rounded ; color yellow-green ; from 3 to lli, two dorsal rows of broad, oval, flattened brown processes, from each of which comes a pencil of five long, recurved, black hairs, one being shorter than the rest ; along lower part of side, from 2 to 13, are three long and depressed white hairs to each segment, and under them some fine and shorter ones; on 2, is a dark brown, oval, tumid pre jess, and on the anterior half are six long black hairs on either side the medio-dorsal line, all turned forward ; in front of these is a fringe of long white hairs which fall over the head ; 13 is brown at extremity, and the hairs extend back horizontally, or a little depressed ; feet and pro-legs yellow-green ; head a little broader than 2, obovoid, bilobed, slightly pubescent ; color dark brown. (Fig. k-) The head is not retractile but is partly covered by 2.
The young larva is almost precisely lik*. Nais at same stage, but is more green, and the red stripe on side is wanting.
Pabneril is common in New Mexico and Arizona, and probably in Southern Utah. It was described in 1870, from a single male brought from Utah by Dr. Palmer, and for a long tune this remained unique in collections. But Messrs. Neumoegen, Doll, and Mori'ison have brought in large numbers.
Mr. Morrison writes : " I found L. Palmerii at Fort Thomas, Arizona, in May ; elevation 1,800 feet. It was flying only on Meoquit, both on ihe leaves and flow- ers, more often on the latter. It flies very quickly, and when at rest generally holds its wings perfectly flat, and sometimes will flutter them rapidly )ut it never holds them back to back, like Thecla. I found Palmerii also at Grant, Ariz'., in June, — elevation 1,500 feet, — always on Mesquit, and with the same habits."
I received from Mr. Doll, at Tucson, 2r)th May, 1881, a box containing about fifty eggs of Palmerii, with twigs and leaves of Mesquit, on which they had been laid. A few of the eggs had hatched, but the larvae had apparently es- caped. On 27th, I saw one come from its egg, from the depressed top, a round hole being eaten out, ju:t large enough to permit egress. None of the shell was consumed. I did not at the time know the plant, but supposed it to be a species of Cassia, and therefore provided leaves of Cassia marilandica. But the larva?, some half dozen in number, all died, and I was able to learn nothing of the subsequent stages. After this the larvie of L. Nixis were found to like leaves of wild plum, and probably Palmerii would have eaten the same.
Lcmonias is one of the genera in the family Eryciiiiiloe, of which Mr. H. W. Bates says, in the Linntcan Society Journal, vol. ix., 1863 : " The Erycinidoe are well difii.iiguished from all other butterflies, with the exception of the genus
LEMONIAS I.
Libythea, forming a separate group allied to the Erycinidfe/ by the anterior pair of leg« in the males being aborted, without tarsal joints or traee of claws and spines, the same legs in the females being of normal structure." Also: "The metamorphoses are variable, some genera resembling the Nymphalidai, in the chrysalis being suspended by the tail, and others the Lyca^nidiB, in being recum- bent and girt with silken threads. Too little is known of the caterpillars to en- able us to say whether they offer any pecuiiarity." Nearly all the species are found in America. Again quoting Mr. Bates : " The family appears to be most numerous and flourishing in the equatorial zone, diminishing in the numl:er of its representatives as one approaches either tropic, and wiJi very few exceptions the species are confined to the shades of the great forest which covers the lower levels of nearly the whole of this vast region. I collected myself 370 species on the banks of the Amazon." " A large number of genera have the habit of bct- tling on the under side of leaves near the ground, extending their wings flat on the leaf. In many genera, on the contrary, the position of the wings in repose is vertical, and a few species settle on the upper surface of leaves with the wings half elevated." " Very few species frequent flowers."
In my Catalogue, 1877, are enumerated eight species of Erycinidas, to which iVois should have been added. And recently two other species. Ares Edw. and C/eis Edw., have been described as of our fauna from the Morrison collections of 1882.
* By some authors, Libythea is regarded as an aberrant group of the Nymphalidaj.
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OHRYSOPHANUS I.
CHRYSOPHANUS RUBIOUS, 1—3.
Chrysophanus rubidus, Behr, Proe. Knf. Sdc. Phil. 1866, p. 208.
Male. — Expands 1.35 inch.
Upper side bright copper-red, secondaries only having a narrow marginal border of paler color ; on arc of primaries a fuscous bar and in cell a spot ; on arc of secondaries a streak ; otherwise inunaculate excei)t as the spots of under side are faintly seen through the delicate wings ; hind margins edged by a black line ; fringes gray-white.
Under side buff; primaries have a sub-marginal row of brown spots, wanting apically ; a sinuous row of six rounded black spots across disk, the sixth duplex ; a bar on arc, two spots in cell and one below cell ; secondaries immaculate.
Body fuscous, beneath buff; legs and palpi buff; antennae annulated with black and white; club fuscous, tip fulvous.
Female. — Same size.
Upper side yellow-fulvous ; secondaries much ob.scured by fuscous, especially next base and just anterior to the red marginal border ; primaries have a similar border preceded by a fuscous band ; the extra-discal row of spots distinct ; a large spot on arc and one in cell ; secondaries have a discal streak and four spots beyond, part of an incomplete transverse row ; under side as in the male.
This species was originally taken in Oregon by Professor Gabb, while engaged in a geological survey, but from what locality is not known. It is also among the butterflies collected in Montana, by Dr. Hayden's expedition of 1870.
CHRVSOPHANUS 1
CHIIYSOI'HANUS CUPHKUS, 4—7.
Clirygophantis cupreUB, Kdwnnls, Trims. Am. Kii(. Sor. IHlo. p. M,
Male. — Expaiuls 1.1 inch.
Upper side bright copper-red, color of i?(<?>(WHS ; hind margins narrowly bor- dered by fiiHcouR ; both vving.s cro.s.sed by a tortuous, extra-discnl row of /iiscous spots and points; a large fu.scous spot on are of primaries and a point on tiiat of secondaries.
Under side of primaries red-ochraceous ; spots as above, but enlarged, and in addition, two in cell, all edged with buffj the marginal border as above, grayish, having on its inner edge a row of small brown spots; secondaries paler, much irrorated with black at base ; upon hind margin a row of separated orange lunules, against which, next marginal edge, are traces of brown spots ; the extra- discal spots as on upper side, but in addition, there are eight others, three on costal margin, two in cell, two on arc, and one on abdominal margin.
Body fuscous, below pale buif ; legs and palpi buff; antenrue annnhited black and white ; club fuscous, tip fulvous.
Female. — Expands 1.2 inch.
Color pale red, marked on both sides as in the male ; the spots much enlarged and conspicuous.
This species is also found in Oregon, but I .am unable to give its exact locality. It is as yet exceedingly rare in collections.
7-
CHRYSOPHANUS 1.
("IIUYSOIMIANUS SIRIUS, H— 10.
Chryaopliumm Siiiiis KdwiinlH, TranN. Am. Knt. Sof. 1H71, p. '.iJO.
Male. — ExpandH I. .3 inch.
Upper Hi<li' l.rilliiint coppor-ied, deepest on eo.stiil margin of priniarie.-* and on both hind margins and all the nervures, the inter.-<paces having a brown siiad." when viewed directly, but liery-red otherwise; on the hind margin of sceondanes the deep red horder"is broken into spots toward.s anal angle, these spots inclosing black Innules that are produced by the expansion of the l»lack line that edges both margins ; discal spot of prinuiries a straight fuscous bar ; a fuscous p..int in cell ; discal mark of secondaries a streak, and three or four points beyond cell ; fringes gray-white.
Under side of primaries bulf with a red tint, of secondaries buff"; primaries have a sub-marginal row of rounded fuscous spots, obsolete apically ; a bent row across the disk, rounded, nearly e(iual ; a bar cm arc, a spot and point in cell and a spot below cell on sub-median interspace; secondaries have a tortuous row of points or minute spots, and three points nearer base forming a line across the
wing.
Body above fuscous, beneath pale buff; legs buff; palpi same; antenmv an-
nulated Idack and white ; club fuscous, tip ferruginous.
i'EMALE. — Same size.
Upper side fuscous, the disk of primaries pale fulvous, more or less obscured by fuscous, of secondaries still darker ; all the spots of under si.le are di.scovered through the wing, those of secondaries much enlarged ; within the fuscous mar- ginal border of primaries a deep fulvous stripe which curves around inner angle ; secondaries have a marginal band of fulvous serrations, within each of which is a fuscous spot.
The female of this species bears a striking resemblance to the female of Lycivna Heteronea, as may be seen by referring to our I'late of the hitter.
The genus Chrysophanus (Polyommatus of Boisduval) embraces many })eautiful
CHRYSOPHANUS I.
species, <and is well represented in North America, eispecially in the Rocky Moun- tains and on the Pacific slope. These little buttertiies frequent the open coun- try ratlier than woods and forests, and such as are found in the Eastern and Middle States are very conunon in old fields and pastures. The eggs of most butterliies are beautiful objects when seen under the microscope, differing infi- nitely in form and ornamentation, and I know of none that surpass in beauty those of our two Atlantic species of Chrysophanus, Hyllus and Phleas, var. Americana. These eggs are round and flattened, and in case of Hyllus covered with a delicate fronting ; in Phkris the wliole surface is occupied by hexagonal depressions, that give the appearance of a bit of honeycomb. The caterpillars of this genus are oval, onisciforni, with small retractile heads and retractile feet. So far as is known, the American species feed on the leaves and flowers of Dock (Rumex), Sorrel (R. acetosella), and Golden-Rod (Solidago). The European species feed also on Polygonum. The chrysalis is supported by a girdle, after the manner of the Papilionida}.
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LYC^NA I.
LYC^NA REGIA, 1-4.
Lyc(cna Regia, Boisduval, Ann. Soc. Ent. de Belg. XII., p. 46, 1868. Ibid. Lep. de la Cal. p. 16, 1869.
Male. — Expands 1.1 inch.
Upper side brilliant silvery blue ; the hind margins edged by a black line ; primaries have a narrow black marginal border, rather broad at apex, macular in the discoidal and two upper median interspaces ; an extra discal row of either four or five rounded black spots, three being in a bent transverse line half-way between the end of the cell and the hind margin, the others forming an oblique line with the lowest of the three, and placed upon the median interspaces ; at the end of the cell a transverse black streak ; near the margin, a little above inner angle, two small patches of orange, varying in size and distinctness in indi- viduals. Secondaries have two small black spots at the end of the cell, and some- times there are faint traces of a macular marginal band ; fringes long, idternately and equally white and fuscous on primaries, and on secondaries white, with ii few fuscous hairs at the tip of each nervule.
Under side of primaries brownish-gray, towards apex gray-white ; of seconda- ries gray, either brown or white over the basal area, brown on the disk and gray next hind margin ; the spots of upper side of primaries repeated, tand, with the addition of a sixth spot on the sub-median interspaces, they form a row quite across the wing; a black streak at the end ami a small spot in the middle of tlu' cell ; near the hind margin a transverse black line interrupted by the two orange spots, which re-appear and are somewhat enlarged and are confluent. Secondaries have an irregular series of eight black spots across the disk, the two on the dis- coidal interspaces being at some distance back of the line ; at the end of the coll a streak and three spots near base.
Body above blue, beneath brownish-gray ; legs whitish ; j)alpi white with black hairs at tip; antennae annulated with white and fuscous; club black, tipped with white.
Female. — Same size.
Upper side rather less silvery than in the male ; primaries have a broad and
LYCiENA, I.
continuous black border, preceding whicli is an indistinct black line, interrupted by the oranj^e spots ; these are much larger than in the male and are confluent ; the extra-discal spots enlarged and the three upper ones confluent. Secondaries have a large orange spot near anal angle (which does not re-appear on the under side), a marginal row of round ;d black spots and au indistinct sub-marginal line ; also two spots on the discoidal interspaces, and in some examples, two or three lilack points on the disk. Under side much darker than in the male, especially over the basal area of each wing, and the spots less conspicuous, often partly obsolete.
This lovely species inhabits the coast region of Southern California, and is not uncommon at San Diego, according to Mr. Henry Edwards, flying over the swampy land close to the shores of the harbor. Mr. Behrens found it at Gil- roy, Santa Clara County, which is its most northern limit, as known at present.
LYC^NA 1.
LYCiENA HETERONEA, 5-8.
Lycam Hmeronea, Boisduval, Ann. Soc. Ent. ilc France, 1S.')2, p. 298.
Male. — Expands 1.4 incli.
Upper side violet blue, with a strong pink reflection, silvery blue at the ex- treme edge of each wing ; immaculate ; the hind margins narrowly bordered with black ; fringes white.
Under side grayish-white ; priuuiries have a sub-marginal row of brown spots, those next apex often obsolete, and a tortuous row across the disk ; a bar at the extremity of the cell, two spots within the cell and one below, on sub-mediiin interspace. Secondaries sometimes immaculate, but most often with an ob.soles- cent sub-marginal row of spots, and another row across the disk ; a streak at the end of the cell and three points near base.
Body above blue, beneath gray-white ; legs white ; palpi white with fuscous hairs at tip ; antenme fuscous annulated with white above, whitish beneath ; club fuscous.
Female. — Same size.
Upper side yellow-brown, with pale lunules along the hind margin of seconda- ries, which are however sometimes obsolete ; the spots of the discal row on under side of each wing, and also the basal spots, re-appear on the upper side, and are distinct even when faint or obsolescent beneath.
This insect marks the passage of Lycoena into Chrysophanus (Polyommatus) as stated by Dr. Boisduval, the female bearing a close resemblance to the female of
C Sir'ms. Heteronea is found in Colorado and California, and probably in the intervening
States.
Mr. H. Edwards says : " It is certainly not exclusively a moimtain species, and its range extends from close to the sea-shore near San Francisco to the high peaks of the Sierra Nevada. I have found it most commonly in open places oi- meadows in the middle of the pine forests of the mountains, and particularly about Lake Tahoe. I also met with it in the Yosemite Valley. It is never, how- ever, found in large niunbers, and may be called one of our rare species,"
PSEUIJARGIOIJJS
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LYCiENA IT., III.
LYC.ENA PSEUDARGIOLUS. 1-27.
Lycana P.iewliirgidlu.i, RoisiUivnl and f^pconto.
UiiitiT form, 1. LiciA, Kiiln, Vmiw. lior.-Aincr., IV., p. 299, \i\. 3, lft37. " " 2. MaIIOINATA, Kdw., rii|]ilin, MI., p. 8fi, INHll.
" " y. VloLACEA, Kdw., I'nx;. Kiit. Soc. J'liil., VI., p. 201, 1300; id., IJut. N. A., I., p. UD, pi. 49. NitiiiA, dliiuirpliif (J (not V). !• c. I'l. 19. Viir. C'iNi;iiKA, Edw., I'apilio, III,, p. H, 1883. Spring form. rsKUDAiioioi.is, Iiiii!<. and l.cc, Lep. dos Anicr. (text, not ,.Iato), p. 1I«, 1833; Edw.,
lint. N. A., I., p. \r,:\, p|. i,i). AuGKii.fs, Alihot and Smiili, Ins. (Ja., pi. 15, 1797. Summor form. Nkciiixta, Edw., IVoc. Acad. Nat. .Sci., riin.,p, i6, 1HC2; M., lint. N. A., I., ]). 155,
pi. 50; Hois, and I^t'c, 1. c, plate, (i^'s. 1,3. Pacific form, wintur and s])rinj; : —
PlAsis. Hois., Ann. Soc. Knt. do Fr. 2"* ?pr.,' X., p. 299, 1S52. Var. Echo, Edw., IVoc. Ent. Soc. Phil., II., p. 500, IHfit.
Ego. — Diameter, .02 inch; round, flat at haso, llic top flattonod and de- preH.sed ; the surface covered with a white lace-work, the ineslies of wlii<'h are mo.stly lozenge-.shaped, with a short rounded proce.-^s at each anj^le ; color of the shell under this covering delicate green. (Figs, a «V) Duration of this stage, in April, G to 8 days ; in May, June, and September, 4 to 5 days.
Young Laiiva. — Length .0-i inch; the under side Hat, legs retractile, upper side round, the dorsum highest at 4, and both dorsum and sides .slope gradually to 13 ; surface pubescent ; on either side of the medio-dorstil line ii row of white clubbed hairs, one at the posterior end of each segment; similar hairs about the base, and in front of 2, making a complete fringe around the body ; color either greenish-white or brownish-yellow; head minute, obovoid, black, retractile. (Fig. 6.) Duration of this stage 4 to 5 days in spring, 3 in summer.
After first moult : length .07 an<l .08 inch ; nearly same shape as before, with pubescent surface and dorsal and basal hairs; color in spring and fall brown- i.sh-yellow ; in summer the same, as well as greeni.sh-white, and occasionally red- dish. (Fig. c.) Duration of this stage from 3 to 5 days.
2
LYCJENA II., III.
After second moult: length .12 to .16 inch; general shape as before, but the dor.siim is now covered from 3 to 10 by a low, broad, continuous, tubercu- lous ridge, cleft to the body at the junctions of the .segments, the anterior edge on each pcgment depressed,- the sides incurved ; 2 is n'ore flattened than before, and the outer border is thickened into a rounded rim, leaving Wichin the curve a flat, depressed space ; surface pubescent ; about the ba.se a fnnge, as before, and a few sliort hairs on summit of dorsum ; color in spring, pale green, the dorsum ■whitish, usually with a median reddish lino or stripe from 3 to 10, often macular; in sununcr, variable, l)u(T or pale green, without spots, the second segment brown ; in soiiio examples the dorsum and sides are nottled with dark green and brown; occasionally cue is wine-red ilu'oughout, o: red with a white basal stripe, and white along the edges of the dorsal tuberculations ; in fall, dull green, more or less marked brown. (Fig. (L) Duration of this. stage 3 to 4 days.
After third moult: length .18 to .2 inch; in .shape nearly as before, the dor- sum higher, segment 2 more produced and flattened ; the long hairs on dorsum lost, but the basal fringe as before; color variable, as in previous stage. (Figs, e to e*.) Duration of this stage 3 to i days.
After fourth moult: length 25 to .3 inch; maturity is reached in 3 to 4 days.
Mature L.vrva. — Length in spring and fall, .4 inch, in summer, .5 to .'jl inch ; shape long oval, the base ilat, dorsum high and sloping both ways from about the middle, the last segments flattened ; tin .seccud segment is bent for'vard to tlie plane of base, produced, flattened, and wholly concoals the head when the larva is at rest; viewec '"vom above the sides are nearly parallel, the two ends (segments 2 and 13) ai'e aoout equally rounded ; from 3 to 10 inclusive is a dorsal ridge made of tuberculous processes closely joined at the junctions of the segments, the front edge of each dei-vc ;.ser^ the posterior edge raised and rounded, so that each process see;ns to fi'^ into the ne.vt preceding ; 2 is depres,sed in middle, and the whole outer edge is thickened and rounded ; color variable, in spving, usually as follows : the ridge whitish, often stained red, or it is brown, light or dark ; the upper part of side olive-green, with t, darker green, or sometimes a dull red, patch along the posterior edge of each segment ; below this area pale green, and along base more or less brown ; 11 to 13 are mottled in .shades of green, often with brown, and 2 is either green or '".own ; if the latter, then with a brown patch in the depression ; un.dei »ide pale blue-green ; color in summer, sometimes yellow-white ov all delicate green, 2 being brown ; or the ridge is light green and the sides dark, oiten with brown patches over all ; or light green, with a medio- dorsal macular deep green band, and a similar one along base ; or the -whole sur- face may be wine-red, or even chocolate-brown ; color iu fall, green, with more or
LYC^NA II., III.
less brown in irregular patches (Figs. /to/"); head small, obovoid, dark brown, glossy, placed on the end of a long, conical neck, which can be thrust out to a length equal at least to the breadth of two of the body segments (Figs. V-i'}, and when withdrawn is, together with the liead, completely within segment 2 ; color of neck blue-green. (Figs, i, iK) The surface of the body is velvety, and this ap- pearance is owing to minute stellate glassy processes, scarcely raised above the surface, and only visible under a powerful magnifier, mostly six-rayed, and each sending up from the centre a filament which is a little longer than one of tlie rayn; tliese stars are arranged in pretty regular rows, and are light except when on brown ground, in that case brown ; but in the fall larviB the stars on brown ground are observed to be sometimes pink. (Fig. n.) On 11 near the posterior edge, on middle of dorsum, is a transverse wavy slit, in an oval raised rim, out of which, at the will of the larva, is protruded slightly an ovoid green meml)rane (Fig. k); and on 12, back of and outside the stigmata, is a mark like a stigma on either side, but a little larger ; from this, also at will, may proceed a mem- branous cylinder, the top rounded, truncated, and turned in, but which, when fully expanded, displays a crown of tentacles. (Figs, m-iu'.)
Before pupation, the larva .sometimes changes color to pink, and from pink to b -own, or becomes brown without the pink stage ; others retain their natural hues, but these fade. From fourth moult to pupation, 5 or G days.
CiiKYSALi.s — 5 from eggs of Violacca: average length, .2(53 inch; breadth
across mesouotum, .0910 inch; across abdomen, .128 inch. 27 from eggs of Pseiidwgiolus : average length, .318 inch ; breadth across meso-
notum, .119 inch ; across abdomen, .159 inch. 25 Irom eggs of Nccjlecta of July: average length, .298 inch ; breadth across meso-
notum, .1 inch; across abdomen, .14 inch. 3 fron-« eggs of Nerjiecta of September : average length, .293 inch ; breadth across
mesouotum, .1 inch ; across abdomen, .130 incli. The ventral side straight, the dor.sal round -1, and evenly, except for a slight depression below mesonotum, the abdomen broad and high ; head ease narrow, rounded at top ; mesonotum somewhat prominent, rounded ; color dark brown or yellow-brown, varying ; the wing cases dark, and sometimes green-tinted ; on nh- domen two sub-dorsal rows of blackish dots, and someiimes ) medio-dor.sal dark line from end to end (Figs, g, Pseiidarrjiolm, h, Violacen, nat. size); surface covered with short fine hairs. (Fig. rf.) Duration of t' is stage, in the lirood from Viokicea, in the only instance in which a butterfly has emerged, 24 days, most of the chrysalids hibernating; in the brood from Nerjhcta of July, 10 and 11 days, with irregular disclosure for some weeks after, most chrysalids hiber-
nating.
LYC.ENA II., III.
Since tlio publication of Vol. I., in which Pacialanj'iolufi, Ncrjlecta, and Viola- ecu were given as three distinct .«ipocics, their history has come to be thoroughly known, and it i.s found that they, together with Lucia and other forms, constitute one polymorphic species, which has possession of the broad continent, from the boreal regions to Mexico. The history is so peculiar that I have concluded to devote two Plates to the phases of the butterfly and its biology. It was not pos- sible, while Vol. I. Wfis in hand, and before the preparatory stages of any of these forms had been discovered, to know that they comprised but a single spe- cies, and till such time they were rightly regarded as distinct. On the first Plate are represented typical examples of each of the principal forms of the butterfly, with such striking varieties as I have been able to obtain ; and these figures, in connection with the two Plates in Volume I., illustrate the species fully.
The general history is as follows : —
1. In the high boreal regions, the species is one-brooded, and at the same time dimorphic, the two forms nnder which it manifests itself being Lucia and Viola- ccn. Liicin (Figs. 1, 2) has been received from Youoon River, from Lake Win- nipeg, and Anticosti. Kirby's type specimen was taken in lat. 54', though the exact locality is not given. Violacea (Figs. 5, 6) flies at St. Michael's, Alaska, and on Anticosti.
2. At aljout lat. 45', the more moderate climate allows a second generation to mature during the .same .season, and this is made np of the iorm Nerjleda. (Figs. 10 to 12.) The first, or winter, generation now becomes tri-morphic, by the development of a form intermediate between Lucia and Violacea, viz., Margi- nata (Figs. 3, 4), and these three, together with iVe^^ec/a, inhabit the country at least as far .south as Long Island.
3. At about lat. 39\ on the Atlantic, two of the forms of the first generation are fonnd to have been suppressed, viz., Lucia and Marr/inata, and the third alone, Violacea, remains to represent that generation. But it is somewhat altered, the blue color having become darker, and the nnder surface purer white ; and it has developed au entirely new form of its own, restricted to one sex, viz., the black male. (Fig. 7.) This was figured in Vol. I. as female. On its discovery, in 18(57, I took it to be female without question, as melanism in butterflies, when confined to one sex, is alino-t invarial)ly found in the female. Especially is this the case in Lycoena, and I am informed by Mr. A. G. Butler that there is no other species of Lyca^ua known in wiiich the molanic dimorphic form is male. In 1878, I was led to make an examination of the genital organs of one of the.se black examples, and found it to be male. Since then I have made very many examinations, in successive years, and have not seen a melanic female.
4. But in lat. 40", at the Avest, in Colorado, the original forms Lucia and
LYC^ENA ir., III. 6
Violacea are found, and notwithstanding the higli elevation the latter discovers the inelanic male ; and the second generation is Ncfjhclu. (Figs. 13, 14.)
0. In Arizona, at or about lat, 33°, Violacea alone appears, but in a modified form, Clnerea (Figs. 10, 17), no black male and no Lucia so far having l)een taken ; and the second generation apparently is l^scudrmjiohis. (Figs. 18, 19.)
C. In tlie Atlantic district, from ,it. 40' or 39' southward, the summer genera- tion is Neqlecta, but there is an intermediate or interpolated generation, tlying in May, viz., Pseudargiolns. (Figs. 8, 9.)
7. In California and Arizona, the species is represented in part by Avhat is very near to Nerjlccta, or else a small Pseicdargiohts, viz., Echo (Fig. 219 ), but mainly by a modified form, PIkshs, which has two generations not differing from each other. (Figs. 20c?, 209,279.)
Tlic three forms of the winter generation are found in Ontario, Quebec, New England, and New York ; to the west, at least as far south as Racine, Wis. In their territory, they appear at the same time, neither preceding another, as is shown by observations of Rev. Geo. D. Ilulst, at Brooklyn, N. Y. ; Dr. E. G. Howe, at Yonkers, N. Y. ; and Rev. Thos. W. Fyles, at Cowansville, P. Q. (In Pa- pilio. Vol. III., 1883, is a full statement by myself of the facts on tliis point, as also on others concerning the present species, which I can but briefly allude to in this paper.) Violacea, Jlarginata, and Ncfjiccta have been taken on Pike's Peak, Colorado. Violacea-nigm is not known to have been taken to the north of Coal- burgh, W. Ya., nor in Oliio or Illinois, so far as I can learn ; but it flics in Ten- nessee, N. Carolinn, and Georgia, and, as before said, in southern Coloimlo. Occasional examples of Pseudanjiolus have lieen taken i Piusburgh, Pa., and at Racine, Wis., but to the north of middle West Virgin.,, fin' form seems to be exceptional.
I shall give the history of the species as it has been worked out u\ Coalhnrgh. The first butterllies of early spring are Violacea, ww\ tliey are gener;i''v nhun- dant when the peach and wild plum trees are in blossom, or from about lOih of March to the middle or end of April, according as the season is early or late. This form is vastly more numerous in individuals than any of the later ones, anl sometimes they may be seen by thousands in a morning's walk. A few wann day* in February bring out many examples, but these are sure to be cut off by frosts and snow a little later. The earliest appearance recorded in twenty years is 17th February, and the latest date of first appearance is 7th April. Tlie Dog- wood, Cornus (Fig. 1, Lye. III.), on the flowers of which tlie female deposits her eggs, does not usually mature its flower buds till about the middle of April,— sometimes late in the month, and the earliest eggs liave been found on 13th April. This food plant of the caterpillar of the winter form was unknown
6
LYCiENA II., III.
till 1878, when many eg^H were obtainetl by confining a female butterfly over a brancli in flower. After that, there was no diificiilty in finding both egg.s and caterpillars. The former are laid singly, low down on the side of a floweret, and usually well within the (lower head. As soon as hatclied, the young larva cuts a minute hole, the diameter of its bead, into the lower part of the imopened bud, just above the calyx, and feeds upon the filaments of the stamens. After its first moult, it bores into the side of the calyx to get at the ovules; but as the flowei's mature and the ovary hardens, the boring is from the top, inside the tube of the calyx, and follows the stalk of the pistil to the ovule. Finally, belated larva) are compelled to gnaw the seed vessel after it has become woody, and in several instances have been found eating the stem below the flower. It is not unusual for the larva) in confinement to eat of the white involucre of the flower, but I have never observed them to eat of the leaves, even when no other food has been given them. As the eggs laid when the flowers of Cornus are in bud produce larva) which mature at about the time the flowers fall, it follows that many be- lated larvtc must starve.
I do not know of any other food plant for the winter brood than Cornus, though in conlincnient the larvce have eaten the flowers of Begonia, Nasturtium, and Asclepias ; also Clover blos.soms, but not readily, and females confined over Clover have refused to lay eggs on it. The larva) on Cornus, in their later stages, vary greatly in color and markings, having more or loss green, either ligiit or dull, with white, brown, and crimson. But in the younger stages they are much the color of the flowers they feed on, and are thus in .some degree protected from their numerous enemies, spiders, hemiptera, etc. In confinement, when food is scanty, they will prey on each other, burrowing into the body in the same way they do into a flower.
Following Violacea, and flying at the same time with the latter half of that generation, comes Pscudargiolm, the largest form of the .serie.;, and difl'ering considerably from Violacea in general appearance.
In 1877, I observed a female of this form hovering al)Out a stalk of Rattle- weed, Cimicifuga racemosa, which was in bud, and this suggested the confining one of them in a bag over tiie plant. The immediate result was Muit many eggs wore laid, and thenceforth, in successive years, eggs imd larva) have been foj.md in abundance. The Rattle-weed (Fig. 2, hyc. III.) sends up a stalk to the height of live or six feet, branching more or less, and each branch terminates in a spike from eight to twelve inches long, bearing round, greenish-white buds, arranged in rows. The lower buds mature first, and tiie flo'vering proceeds slowly from base to top, the whole period lasting at least six weeks. The eggs are usually laid on the buds, and the yoiuig larva bores into the side, and gradu.ally eats the contents, till a mere shell is left ; then moves to a fresh bud, and so on.
LYCyENA II., III. 7
If there happen to ho throe or four larvro on one stalk, by the time thoy are mature the buils are nearly all drilled. Tlie small larval head is set on the end of a long, extensile nock. (Fig. P.) The hole eaten i.s just large enough to ad- mit the head, and as the larva feeds the second segment is pressed hard against the bud, so as to permit the utmost elongation of the neck, liy this means the interior of the bud is wholly excavated. The second larval .segment has its top elevated, compressed, and bent forward, and at all stages, when the larva is at rest, the head is withdrawn into this segment and quite corjcealed. (Figs, /, i*.)
Immediately following Psemluvgiolus comes Neyhcta, flying in June, from about the first of the month, and is on the wing four or five weeks. This form is smaller than Pseudar(jlolus, but in general appearance is not essentially differ- ent from it, and is therefore unlike Violacea. But though so similar, these two forms are distinct in origin, Necjlecta certainly in some degree, and probably altogether, being in direct descent from Violacea of April. Both these forms are represented by a comparatively small number of individuals.
After these June Ncylcclu have passed away, at intervals through the sum- mer and fall to October, a few individuals which might be either Pscudargiolus or Neglecta, for aught that appears, differing in size, though none are so large as the average Pseudargiohis of May, here and there are seen. But there is no general brood. These late butterflies lay eggs on Actinomeris squarrosa (Fig. 3, Lye. HI.), and probably somewhat on A. helianthoides, one or the other of which is in flower for many week.s. I have also found a mature caterpillar on the imported shrub Dimorphantus Mantchuricus, eating the flower buds.
The first clew to the history of any of these forms was througli the fall butter- flies, Mr. T. L. Mead, here at Coalburgh, in 1873, having noticed a female Neg- lecta ovipositing on A. squarrosa. On being shut in a bag over the plant it laid many eggs. But the chrysalids proceeding from these eggs died during the win- ter. From others, obtained from larva? from same phint the next year, there emerged three Violacea in February, 1875. Again, in March, 1882, two Viola- cea came from similar chrysalids.
On all the plants, when the larva! are ready to pupate, thoy fall to the ground, and doubtless conceal themselves under sticks and stones. The mature larva3 will drop at the slightest jar, though Avhen younger they cling firmly.
Such, then, are the generations of this species at Coalburgh. In other locali- ties not much has been observed, or at least made known. In June, 1878, Prof. J. II. Comstock, at Ithaca, N. Y., sent me several larvaj on flowers of Viburnum acorifolium, which probably came from eggs of Neglecta. At London, Ontario, Mr. Wm. Saunders found larvos on Dogwood, 12th July, and five of them gave Neglecta butterflies. Mr. Saunders relates that, on food failing, he gave the
8
LYCiENA II., III.
larva; willow leaves, which they ate. At Yonkers, N. Y., Dr. Howe saw females of Lucid ovipositing on Dogwood in April and May, 1878. So far as I am aware, this comprises all that has been pnblished respecting the preparatory stages of any of these forms outside of my own observations.
The inter-relationship of the forms is complicated, but will be found nearly as follows : —
1. The chrysalids from the late larv£B, which feed on Actinomeris, hi])ernate and produce Violacca in spring.
2. Tiie chrysalids from Vluhtcea, in spring, in part disclose Nefjleda, in June following, and are the parents of that brood, but most of them hibernate, and pro<liico Vlolucea the next year. So far, I have not succeeded in carrying Vlo- lacea chrysalids through the winter. They have died late in the fall or early in the winter, cither from being kept too dry in the house, or from mould when I have endeavored to keep them damp. But two which were found dead 27th November, on having the wing cases removed, showed the full colors of Neylecta, 1<? 1?. I have at the date of this writing, 14th January, 1884, one chrysalis of last spring which is alive. These facts show sufficiently llie tendency of part ff the chrysalids to hibernate. In no other way than by hibernation can the mul- titudes of the butterflies of this form in spring be accounted for, as the few larva) and fewer chrysalids of the fall can produce but the merest fraction of that flight.
3. The chrysalids from the May generation, or Pseudary'iolus, probably pro- duce butterflies in small numbers in July and later, after the June Ne(jlecta have passed away, but most of them liibernate, and give Pseudargiohis the following May, or earlier. I do not know that I have had a butterfly emerge the same season from a chrysalis of this form, .as I found in 1S83 that previous observa- tions were imperfect, because till this year I had confounded the larvte of Nvfj- lecta feeding on Cimicifiiga with those of Pscudarfjiolus on same plant; that is, the late larvte with tlie early ones. Bat on 27th November, 1883, out of twenty-seven chrysalids of P^eudarrjiohis, which formed between 20th June and 8th July, six were dead, and the wings of \i 29 .showed full color of Nerjlecta ; two wore partially colored, one not at all. Five then died when about to issue from chrysalis, and this is proof that part of the chr3'salids of tliis form give but- terflies the same season. The remaining twenty are alive on 14th January, 1884.
Out of twenty-five chrysalids from Neghcla, formed between 1st and 22d July, 1833, ^ive gave butterflies [Negkcta) on 14th, loth, 16th July, at ten and eleven days' pupatiofi. On 27t'.i November, four were dead, but showed full color, 1<? 39. The remaining sixteen are alive 14th January, 1884. In former year.s, chrysalids from Cimicifiiga have given butterflies on 13th, 15th, 17th July ; the
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LYCvKNA ir., III. 9
4th, 10th, 19th Aurrust; 1st and 14th St'pti'inbcr. Those mny havo boon all from JVvf/h'ctd, I)iit there is nothing to show that some niiglit not h.-ivo boon from Psi'udiirylolm.
In the spring, there certainly is no ronneetion between Vlolaccn and Pxrndar- (j'lohts. Every year, wiion tiio (irst eggs of Violucm are being lai(l,sonio Ijuttor- flios of the other form are on the wing, and before the larviO of Vlolnred are mature the bulk of the Px(itdiir(jii>ti(s generation has appeared. Almiit Ist.hnie, this form is passing away, and is often entirely gone; and just tiicn come tlio fresh examples of Ni'(jl<irta, which are in direct dosccul from Vittlnccd. The period from laying of the egg to disolosuro of butterlly from Violavcn, in the only instance in which a butterlly has come from egg of that form the same year, was fifty-three days, on Cth June. And many years' observations show that Neijlccta begins to appear in the early days of ,Juuo, becoiii.ing aI)iMidant about (Ik; middle of that month. It is only by a connection between Pi^ciiddryUihis ami the other forms in the fall that any inter-relationship can be found ; that is, some chrysalids of Pseudnrijlolas give butterllies which unite with butterllies from chrysalids of the June Ncijlecta to produce the fall larvie, from which come Viohtcrn in April. Otherwise Pscmhwijlohis would l)e set in the middle of the series, witli no link in either direction. The true second generation of the year, in Virginia., is Nvij- lecta, appearing in June. Pseitdartjiohi.^ is an interpolated spring gcneratioii. the first in the year of its series. Its .second comprises a part of the few butterllies which fly between July and Octol)er. If the.se late butterllies woi'e suppressed, Pseud((rffiohi8 wou\d .stand as a distinct species, with no trace of its relation to the other forms. \So if anywhere to the northward the winter form was supprcss(Ml, NecjJecta alone would represent the species, and Mr. 8aunder.s is confident that about London, Ont., this 's the condition. Prof Lintner describes Nefjlectd as appearing in swarms at Centre, N. Y., — as Violacfa .sometimes docs in Virginia, but Nv(jhcla never, — " the air has seemed blue from the myriact-^," and as living there, and also in the vicinity of Albany, from niiddlc of May to middle of June ; while the winter forms have been wholly imknown to collectors till recently, a single example having been taken here and there. These myriads of course are from hibernating chrysalids. May at Albany is early spring, ami Ntijlevbi comes with the first blcssoms, just as Vlo!acea in Virginia comes in April, with the Idos- soms. Ncfjlecla at Albany is the winter form. But two degrees farther south, or about New York city, the three primary winter forms abound in early spring.
On the Pacific coast, the species is represented in part by individuals not dis- tinguishable from Neglcctn, viz.. Echo (Fig. 21), but more by Plums, of which Echo is a variety. In southern California there are two generations of the but- terfly ; the first appearing in February and early March, the second last of April
10
LYCJ^.NA ir.. III.
nrnl early May. Mr. W. G. Wriglit carofiilly watched tlio nppcarnnco of tlicso hroudH, tlio pasf year, imd sent luo xcorcs of extiinples of oacli. ¥i<r. 2() repro- sents 9 I'iiisim of the early hrood, li7 of (he later. 1 ij:ive the femnles, hocaiisc in thi.s sex the dilfe-reiieeH hutween the forms i-i mo-it, dc('i(k':l. I do not di^^eover any tanj^ihlc dilTereiico hetween theso two bi-ood> in eithiT ,sex, except tlint noino few of each are var. I'Jcho, which, as I have .said, is close to Neyhcti. The usual I'htuHH 9, as is .seen hy these Figures lid, li7, most resemhles VioUicca, liaving the black horder.s as in that form. Plaxiix i (Fig. 20) is of a deep violct-lilue ; and the under sido of all examples of both sexes i.s like Ncr/hcln. I look upon this Avestern form as an olTshoot of one of tiie eastern sununer or secondary forms, the characters of the primary form of the species having been in some degree recovered, especially in the females.
Vlohtvea-cinereu appears to be the Arizfina winter form, the under side ash- gra}', nil the lUiirkings obscure. (Figs. Ki. 17.) Mr. .Morrison brought many ex- amples in 1SS2 from Mt. Graham at considerable elevation. With them were others, nearly full-sized Pxmdnrf/ioliis (Figs. 18, 19), but of a deeper blue than is usual at the oast ; the under side not pure white, but slightly graj'.
On Plate II. are given some curious aberrations, as Fig. 215, a bi-formod Neg- Iccfd, taken at C'i)all)urgh ; Fig. 24, a female .sent me by Mr. Ilulst; a suifused Lucia, Fig. 25, also from Mr. Ilulst. Fig. 22 represents a 9 from egg laid by Psciiddnjloltts, the chr^-sidis having been laid on ice for seven days, the butterfly emerging in thirty-one day.s after removal. In the pattern of under .side it approaches Mnrrjindln.
In 1877, I noticed that the .spikes of Rattle-weed were nuich frequented by ants, and presently that where the ants were liu-vno Avere sure to be found also. There soon appeared indications that the ants were attracted by the larviC ; they caressed them with their antennic, running up and down their backs, and the larvie in no way resented this familiarity, not even Avithdrawing their heads from the buds they Avere excavating. Especially did the ants seem to linger about the last .segment.s, and the eleventh piU'ticularly, and it occurred to me that there might bo some exudation from the surface of 11, or elsoAvhere, or from the stel- late processes, as I saAv no special organs for excreting any fluid. Not having a suitable glass at hand, I sent some of the larvnc to Prof. Lintner, at Albany, and by return of mail li^nrd that ho had observed two processes on 12, cylindrical, Avith barbed hairs. Nothing more Avas discovered that summer, as the season for theso larva) Avas over Avhen the observations A\'ere made. But in October, the same year, I chanced to find some of the larvae of the fall brood, and sent tliom to Dr. Ilagcn for examination, in due time receiving this reply : " Dr. Mack found directly three secretory organs." The next day, farther : " I have exam-
LYCi1<:NA II., III.
11
inod riurfiilly your larvno, nnd somn in iiIpoIkI f Lyo.Tr>na Arr/itft nnd C'uri/dnn. All liavo liie or^rnns alike. On tin- ix-niilliniatc wj,'nu'nt yon liiul i)iit>i(le aiiil behind the .itij^niata two largo white spotn, uacli one of which fvaginatcs a white triLMnl)ran()iis tuho, just like the lin<.'<'r of a glove, tli foj) of which i,s not entirely drawn out. I have neen the tube fr<'(|nently, and if I Mow a iillle tin? tiiho is in- vaginated iuHtantly. On the antepLunltiniate segment is a larger and traiiversal opening h<diinil and between the Htiginata near the apical border. It looks like a closed mouth with its lips, but I have not seen anything i)rotrMding from it. lint in an alcoholic larva of v1/y///v I saw an ovoid evagination." iJr. Ilagen also referred me to a paper by M. Guenee, Ann. Soc. Mnt. de France, .ser. 4, Vol. \'II., If'd;, pp. G9G-7, and I'liite 13, In which are described nnd (igureil similar organs in LycaMia Bielirn. Tiiis author relates that while observing tlu' larva of linl'ica he noticed two openings altogether like those of the stigmata, ami as he turned the caterpillar nboiit it suddenly made spring out of these holes a peculiar boily, which he cannot compare I, anything better than to the tentacles which certain polypi put forth at will. And descrii>ing these, he goes on to say; '-At the sunuhit of the lOth .segment " (the 11th, counting the head as one), " is f(juud another opening placed transversely nnd Hurrounded by n raised i)ad. From the middle of this opening comes forth, nt the will of the caterpillar, a sort of trans- )>arent. hemispherical vesicle, wliich gives escape to a lliiid siiiliciently abiuidant tj l.rm a good-sized drop, which reproduces itself when it is altsiu'bed. Tiie cat- erpillar only secretes this flnid when 'i is disturbed. . . . As to the end which nature proposes by this exceptional structure, it is not easy to divine; it."
In 187S, 1 was able to make more satisfactory observations, beginning with the larvie of Pseuddnjlohin, on Kattle-weed, nnd e.\periinenle(' in various ways on both larvoo and ants. In each «ub,seciuent year I have continued the observa- tions, and in 188.'] especially I lost no opportunity. The ants, when discovered on a stem, are almost invariably on or near the larvic. They rini over the iiody, caressing incessantly with the antennnp, and undouljtediy with the object of ])ersuad- ing the larva to emit the (luid from 11. Much of the caressing is done about the anterior segments, and while the ants are so employed, or rather while they are absent from the last .segments, the tubes of 12 are almost constantly ex|)osed to full extent, and so remain, without retracting, until the ants come tumbling along in great excitement, and put cither foot or antenna directly upon or close by the tubes, when those are instantly withdrawn. The ants pay no heed to the tubes, so far as touching them with intention, but at once turn to 11, caress the back of that segment, put their mouths to the orifice there, and show every sign of eager expectancy. By holding a hand-glass on 11, a movement will speedily be appar- ent, and there will protrude a dark green manuuilloid membrane, from the top
12
LYC.EXA ir., III.
of which cxudos n tiny drop of cloar grcL'ii fhiid. Tliis the ants drink greedily, two or three of them perhaps standing over it. The demonstrations of the ants are of the most gentle natnre, caressing, entreating, and as the little creatures drink in the liiiid. lifting their heads as if to prolong the swallowing, there is a manifest satisfaction and delectation that is anubing to see. They lick away the last trace, and stroke the l)ack of the segment, and wait to see if their coaxing avails anything. If not, they run ahout, some seeking other larva) on same stem, some with no apparent ot)ject, hut presently 11 return, and the caressings go on as Ijefore. The intervals between the app'.-arance of the globule vary with the condition of tlic larvii. If exhausted by yielding to the frequent .solici- tations, some minutes may elapse, and the tubes meanwhile will remain con- cealed ; but a fresh larva requires little lu'ging, and the mere intimation of the presence of an ant in the vicinity is enough to cause the tubes to jilay rapidly, and one glob\de to follow another, sometimes without a retracting of the mem- brane and before tlie neiir app'-oach of the ants. I have counted six emissions in seventy-live .seconds. The tubes are usually expanded when the ants are away from the last segments, and are retracted when they come near. I counted the length of these periods of complete and quiet expansion, ten, twenty, fifty, and to eighty-two seconds, the period always ending with the approach of the ants. I experimented largely, introducing ants to larvic in glass tubes, and placing larvaa from my tubes upon stems of the growing plant whore the ants had access to them. When a fresh larva was brought to the stem, as soon as the anto discov^n'cd it, there was iiu immense excitement and a rush for the last larval augments. The larva forthwith relieved itself by the excretion of the iluid, and the tubes stood on, with tops expanded between the periods. If I placed afresh larva on a stem on which were no ants, there was no excitement in the larva, no appearance of ti.e tubes, and no movement on 11. If ants were now transferred to this stem at once the larva changed its behavior.
The tubes in the present species are white, cylindrical, of nearly even size, rounded at the top, and studded there with minute processes from wliich come the tentacles. (Kig. nr.) These are long, si nder, tapering, armed \\\i\i fine fila- mentous spurs disposed in whorls, and they stand out straight, nuiking a white hemispherical dome over the cylinder, and none of them dip below the plane o£ the base of tl;e dome. When the tube comes up. the rays arc !^v n to rise in a close pencil, and as the dome expands they take position. On tiie contrary, ■when the tube is withdrawn, the top of the dome sinks first, and the rays come together. (Fig. ?»'.)
The position of these organs is apparent in the younger larval stages, but till after the .second moult I believe the larva has no power to project the tubes, and
LYC^ENA ir.. III.
18
not till the latter part of the same stage to omit the secretion. The aiit'^, when confined with larvoe in the first stage, treat tiioni witii indiU'orence. I introduced ants to larva) in separate glass tnbes, some larva) being at the middle and some near the end of the second stage ; that is, before the second moult. One of the larvfo was caressed several times, but no tube appeared. One larva oltjocted to the ant, thrashed its anterior segments about, and tlie ant left it. Inf roduced ant at one day after third moult; ant, greatly excited at finding itself imprisoned, ran about the tube, often coming close to tlie larva, even touching it, and then ran across it, apparently taking no heed of it. But after the ant had quieted, it came to larva, soliciting as usual. Then the tubes were seen, and a drop of iluid came from 11, which the ant drank eagerly. It returned to 11 several times, but ob- tained no more. On same day, introduced an ant to two larva) in last part of third stage ; that is, just before the third moult. There was a slight movement of the tubes in one larva, a mere point protruding, but no more, and no fluid. The other larva did not respond at all, and the ant left Ik.' .
But on another day, experimenting with a larva also in third stage, the tubes were seen to play actively. I could not make out a drop on 11, but the ant held its mouth at the orifice for some seconds. It is after the fourth moult, in the last larval stage, that the fluid flows freely at the solicitations of the ants. This occurs, however, only with tiie summer larvic, on Rattle-weed, the flower of wliich is of exceeding sweetness. I do not remember to have seen an ant on a Dogwood flower but in a single instance, and when ants are placed with Dogwood larvaj they soon become indifferent to them. Just so, in the fall, when the larva) are feeding on Actinomeris, which has a dry flower, bitter to the taste. I have seen an ant approach a mature larva on this plant, and after a moment's investi- gation turn away. My observations in 1878 led me to think that the tubes served as signals to the ants to approach regment 11, and subsequent observa- tions afford no better explanation. I have observed in larvit) of last stage, where no ants were present, that the tubes were occasionally l)ut irregularly protruded, one appearing without the other, or both at same time, a very little or almost fully out, but without the tentacles spreading ; and at such times I never could see any movement at 1 I. The presence of the ants seems necessary to that; that is, the larva emitted the fluid when aware tliat its friend was near. Any teasing on my part failed to provoke a discovery of the tubes, as seems natural, for they certainly are not for defense. At least four ;-.pecies of ants accompany these lar- va), the .smallest of which is scarcely one eighth inch long. The gentle demon- strations of these little creatures were most interesting, as if asking favors but claim ng no right, and grateful for what they got.
Ill 1870, Dr. J. Gibbons Hunt kindly made observations on these larval organs.
14
LYC^NA II., III.
with dissections. I had asked Dr. Hunt wlictlier there were special glnnd.<( bo- noatli the membrane of 11, and an opening at the top of tlie vesicle. Neitlier gland nor orifice was discovered. The fluid appeared to exude through minute pores all over the membrane. Nor was there any connection between the tubes of 12 and this organ of 11.*
Br. Aug. Weismann wrote : " You should try and observe what enemies the larva) have. It is conceivable that there are such enemies as are afraid of ants." I have found three species of jiarasites about the.se larvir. One is dipterous, a Ta- china fly. Thi;-! deposits eggs on the skin of the larva in second larval stage, and on tlie second or third seguient. As the grubs hatch, they eat their way through the skin, and emerge when full grown in the last larval stage, and make for them- selves a hard pupa case, out of which in a few days comes u lly. Two others ai'e hymenoptcrous and minute. One is identified by Pro." Riley as Apanteles congrefjatus Say. Tiie eggs of these species are deposited singly within the very young larva?, and the grub eats its way out when the larva is but half grown, and proceeds to spin for itself a cylindrical cocoon of yellow silk, from which in a few days the perfect insect will break forth. The fourth parasite is also hymenopte- rous, an Ichneumon fly, a species of Anomalon, as Mr. E. T. Oresson tells me. This appears to sting the larva only in the last or perhaps the last two stages. Tlie destruction of larva; by these and other parasites is inmiense. If any of thein attack the mature larva, as the Anomalon does, the grub will pa.is into the chrysalis and destroy that, and multitudes of chrysalids of different species of butterfly do so perish. But our Lyca^ia appears to I)e singularly free from para- sites in tile pupa stage, and indeed I have never lost one from such cause. Why it is so favored will perhaps appear from the inciil it I relate. On 20th June, 1878, in the woods, I saw a mature larva on Rattle-weed, and on its back, facing to the tail, stood a large ant. At less tiian two inches behind, on the stem, was one of these Anomalon flies, watching its chance to thrust its ovipositor into the larva. I bent the stem and held it horizontally before mo without alarming either of the parties. The fly crawled a little nearer and rested, and again nearer, the ant standing motionless, but plainly alert and knowing o." the dan- ger. After .several advances, the lly turned its abdomen under and forward, thrust out the ovipositor, and strained
• Till' ll'jriiro k- nn Plalo is too small tn slinw ilislini'lly tlie pnsilion of the ori;nii» on 11 .niid 12, an,! Mrs. Tciirl 1ms tlii'ri'forc iimile ii RiTally ciiliirvrcd fi'.'uro of tlio last scgiiifiits of I'wuiliiniiiilm liirva to a('c<)ni|>any lliis note : n inilieairs tlie o|MMiiii'j on 11 willi its rai^-i'd lips; b, llic position of llir tiilios on 12, wholly wiilidrawn ; c, tin" top of the tnhc as it appears when sli^ditly protruded ; </, still farther projeeted, the tentaeles in pencil. Vlio hltlo rings, without letter, indicate the apiraclcs, or breathing holes. • , _^
LYCiENA II., III.
15
itcelf to the utmost to reach it.s proj. The sting was just about to strike the extreme end of the Lirvii, when the ant made a (hish at the Hy, which flew away, and so long as I stood there, at least live niinntes, did not rotnrn. The larva had been quiet all this time, its head buried in a flower bud, but the moment the ant rushed and the Ily fled it seemed to become aware of the danger, and thrashed about the end of its body in great alarm. The ant saved the larva, and it is certain that Ichneumons would in no case get an opportunity to sting so long as such a vigilant guard was ul out. It seems to me that the advantage is nuitual between the larvits and ants, and that the fornier know tlu ir protectors, and take satisfaction in rewarding them. This was the only occasion which has fallen under my observation in which the actual attempt to sting was defeated ; but on IGth Juno, 1881, I saw several larva; and several ants on a stem of Rattle-weed, about which onn of these flies was hover- ing. It came very near to one larva, but an a. it, not standing upon the latter, ran at the fly, which then departed. On 20th June, 1879, I saw another fly creeping along a stem on which was a half-grou:i larva, but no ant. The fly moved up, put one leg on the larva, rested an instant, turned round, and when I thought it was about to give the fatal thrust it hesitated, and after standing quiet more than two minutes flew aw.av. I concluded that eitlier the larva was too young for the pin-pose of the ily, or that the latter discovered that it had already been parasitized. I have introduced house flies to larvai in tubes, and there was no alarm, nor was any notice taken, though the flies buzzed about and even stood on the larvaa.
Whether all other species of Lyca^na are supplied with the special organs above described I cannot say. Very little observation seems to have been made on this point. The books have rarely spoken of either the organs, or of ants attending the larviT), and in most cases the ol)servations seem to have I)een isolated, and the object for v.hich the ants attended the larva^ undiscovered ; or if the organs were observed, the connection with the ants was not. In Newman's British IJutter- flies, Loud. 1871, p. 12-5, I find this sentence quoted from Prof. Zellor : '• I could not perceive liat those caterpillars (L. .IfaJon) had a cone capable of boing pro- truilod, I'ko tiiat which we find in L. Cori/don, and which the ants are .*o fond of licking." Guon6e, as has been seen, discovered the tubes and the organ on 11, and saw the fluid e.xude therefrom, but could not conjecture its object.
Dr. IIa<.:'>:i ealled my attention to the following mention in Stett. Ent. Zeit., XXVI. p 115. 184-j: "Mr. C. I'lotz says that Ik; found caterpillars of L. Aiyus on Calluna vulgaris. Was puzzled at seeing that every caterpillar had an ant standing on its back, and saw about forty larvae near ant hills, the ants always on the larvaj, standing or walking, and apparently the caterpillars were in no way
16
LYC^NA II., III.
molested by them ; indeed, the nuts seemed to try and defend the larva) from him. Of all these larvaj none were infested by Ichneumons, and all produced butterllies." This last observation is very interesting.
Rev. H. C. Mi:Cook informed me that in the spring of 1877 he saw a small green larva on Ciiiiicifuga racemosa, and '" a black ant attending it, stroking the tail incessantly, moving away, and returning to go through the same process. He watched this for two hours, and saw that the pur[)0se of the ant was at least friendly, but was at a loss to explain these strange manipulations." Mr. Saun- ders (Can. Ent. X. 14) relates that he had ol)served ants running over larvie of L. Scudderii, and that the discovery of the larvae Avas made easy by the presence of the ants.
I have observed similar organs in larvae of L. CoirDjufdH and L. Melism, both of which species I have bred from the egg. The organs of Cimj/ntas are of same shape as in Ptsetidanjiohi'^. botli the cone and the tube and its tentacles; and on introducing ants, the behavior of the larva was as in the other species. As to Mclisxa. I am not ai)le to say whether the tentacles precisely agreed in shape with those figured on our Plate, but they stood erect upon the dome in same manner, and the fluid appeared on 11. Guenee figures the tentacles of Bwdca ns spindle-shaped, and instead of standing erect they droop about the dome and are r|uite feathery.
In the allied sub-families, Thecla and Chrysophanus, no such organs have been discovered, and I apprehend a sulficient generic distinction, if one were needed between two groups whose preparatory stages iire so diiTerent, will here be found, especially between Lycix^na and Chrysoplianus, which some collectors still persist in uniting in one genus.
LYC.'ENA III.
EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE.
a—a^. EuG ; magnififil. h. VoUNO Lahva ; magnified, c Larva after first moult ; magnified. <l. Larva after second nioult ; magnified. e. Larva after lliinl moult ; magnified.
t' — ';*• Larva after third nioult ; magnified, showing various coloring. /. Maturk Larva of Violacea ; natural size. /',/'. Jfature L.arva of rsEUDAROloi-US ; magnified. ./". Mature Larva of fall brood ; magnified.
/■2_y». Mature Larvae of all broods ; magnified, showing various coloring. (J. Chrysalis from egg of Pskudahoiolus ; natural size. (/'. The same ; magnified.
h. Chrysalis from egg of Vioi.acka ; n.itural size. )'. Anterior segments mature Larva ; showing position of head, at rest. t*. Under side of segment 2 ; showing same. t' — i". Head and neck.
I: Last segments ; showing the orifice on 11, and the position of the organs on 12. 711. Organ of 12 partly e.\panded. to'. The tentacles in pencil, m". The tentacles fully e.xpamled. m*. Tentacle. 11. Section of dorsum ; largely magnified, showing the stellate processes.
1. I)og>7ood (Cornus) in blossom | the spring food-plant.
2. Kattle-veed (Cimieifugn) ; the summer food-iilant.
3. Actinomei'is scjuarrosa ; the fall fooil-plant.
0
SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES.
rs
Papilio Zolicaon. — In 1883, I raised many larvae from eggs sent me by Mr. W. G. Wright, of San Bernardino, California, and obtained descriptions, as well as a series of drawings, of all the larval stages. It was my intention to give an additional Plate illustrating these stages and the corresponding ones of Asterias and Machaon ; but circumstances have compelled me to post- pone the Plate. If I go on with a third Volume this species will receive early attention.
In the text to Zolicaon I said : " ZoUcaon belongs to the Machaon group." Further examination of the imago shows that the two species are not member.' of the same group, and this is sustained by the comparison of the larval stages. ZoUcaon is nearer Asterias. So far as concerns the butterflies I have treated of these species and their relationship at length in " Papilio," vol. iii., p. 45, ef. sea 1883.
Papilio Oregoxia. — In the descriptive text I said : " The anal spot small, . . . with a rounded black spot in the middle, and which is connected with the narrow black edge of the margin." It should properly have read, " with a stripe or cluh-shajied spot in the middle," etc. In the paper above referred to, in " Pa- pilio," vol. iii., the peculiarities of the anal spot-, in Oregoniu, Muvhuon, Zolicaon, and Asterias are illustrated by figures, and in the text the relationship of all these and other allied species is considered. As regards Orcrjonia, I come to this conclusion : " Orcgonia belongs to the Machaon group, and (periiaps with some other species) forms a sub-group of equal rank at least with the sub-group to which the species Machaon belongs. It certainly cannot have been derived from the species Machaon" I have a colored drawing of the mature larva of Orerjonia, made by Mr. R. H. Stretch, and there is very little resemblance be- tween it and the mature larva of Machaon.
Papilio Daunus. — Mr. B. Neumoegen received, in 1881, two blown skins of the mature larva of this species and tliree living ciirysalids. One of the latter was given me, and after u drawing was made of it I put it in alcohol. The
i
"i 1 j
SUrrLEMENTAIlY NOTES.
other two Mr. Ncuiiioogori retained. One of them, on 7th September, 1882, giive imago, the otiier passed the second winter and then gave imago. So pro- tracted a ohry.saUs period is remarkable and extremely unusual in buttcrflie.s. The caterpillar is very like that of Rutulus, green, with a pair of club-shaped spots on fourth segment, after the pattern of Riitulm, and therefore unlike Turnus. Mr. E. M. Dodge observed Dmums ovipositing at Boulder, Colorado, 1882. By confining a female in bag over a branch of wild plum-tree he ob- tained many eggs, and forwarded them to me. Unfortunately they were lost in the mail.
CuLiAS Piiii.ODiCE. — The larval measurements in the te.\t are given in the last part of the stages 3 to 5. Taken at twenty-four hours from the several moults, the length would be —
Young liirvii First uiouh Second moult Tliird moult Fourth moult Mature .
.06 inch. .12 inch. .18 inch. .3 inch.
.52 to .56 inch. 1 to 1.1 iuch.
In general, the larval measurements in this Volume have been taken at from twelve to twenty-four hours after the moult.
AuGYNNis Meadii. — The extensive collections made in Nevada by Mr. Mor- rison render it highly probable that Meadii is an extreme variety of A. Neva- densis. On the Plate of Nemdensis, in vol. i., two species are figured, the male being Nemdensis, the female Coronis, Behr, a species widely dispensed, flying from southern California to Montana and British America, and subject to a good deal of variation.
Melit^ea Piiaetox. — In addition to the plants named in the text, the larva of this species is now known to feed on Mimulus ringens and Gerardia pedicu-
lata.
Apatuk.v Leilia. — The male only is figured, and at the time the Plate issued the other sex was unknown. Subsequent collecting by Messrs. Doll and Morri- son, in Arizona, have made us familiar with the specie^ in both sexes.
Apatuua Floiu. — Under Cl//ton 1 described Flora as a possible variety of that species. In 1880, I received young larvae of Flora from Dr. Wittfeld, In- dian River, Fla., who obtained eggs by confining females over branches of Celtis. These I reared to imago. Since then I have several times had the species. It is undoubtedly distinct from Clyton. The preparatory stages are described by me in the " Canadian Entomologist," vol. xiii., p. 82, 1881.
Apatura Alicia. — Figured and described in vol. i. This species also I have
SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES.
repeatedly bred from the egg, and the preparatory stages were described by me in " Psyche," vol. iii., p. 123, 1880.
Satyuus Peqala, Fab. — Under S. Alope I had occasion to speak of Petjala, a species mostly confined to the southern part of the Gulf States. " Peyula is restricted to the vicinity of the Gulf of Mexico and a strip along the Atlantic coast, at least as far to the north as Charleston, S. C. I cannot learn tluit Pigala and Alo2}e Uy in the same localities or even in the same districts." Within the last two years, Mr. E. M. Aaron has discovered a few examples of Peynht in southern New Jersey, and I have seen some of them which were taken by him. They are like examples from Georgia, except that they are smaller. Mr. Aaron writes me that at the same time he took many Alope, but saw no evidence of any intergrading between the two species. Each was persistent to its own type. There is no reason as yet to doubt that Pegala and Alo])e are distinct species.
CiiioxoBAs Californica. — The figures were made from a pair, two of four collected by Mr. Lorquin, and in Dr. Boisduval's collection. Since the Plt.te was published Mr. Morrison has found the species abundant on Mt. Hood, Oregon (1880). A series shows it to be constantly distinct from Iduna, Avhich has also of recent years been taken in considerable numbers by Messrs. Baron and Behrens, in northern California.
LiBYTiiEA Baciimani. — The complete larval history was not known when the Plate i.ssued, in 1874. I give it as follows : —
Young Lakva. — Length just from egg, .04 inch ; cylindrical ; the segments a little rounded, and four times creased transversely ; covered with a fine short down ; color green, semi-translucent ; head twice as broad as 2 ; obovoid, a little depressed at suture, the vertices rounded ; sparsely pilose ; color yellow-brown. To finst moult about 2 days, in July.
After first moult : Length at 12 hours, .08 and .09 inch ; color brownish-green, the segments curved ; head a little broader than 2, shape as before ; color yel- low-green. To next moult 2 days.
After second moult : Length at 12 hours, .12 inch ; same shape ; upper side dark green ; a faint shade of yellow over and along basal ridge, rather macular ; under side, legs, and feet lighter green ; the segments much specked with faint white on the ridges caused by the creafies ; on 3, high up, a black dot on either side ; head as before ; color light green. To next moult 2 days.
After third moult : Length at 12 hours, .26 to .28 inch ; color dull green, yel- lowish along and over basal ridge ; specked with pale white, or yellow-white, as before ; the black dots as before ; head green. To next moult about 2 days.
After fourth moult : Length at 12 hours, .4 inch. Four days later the larva reached maturity.
iN
I
I
SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES.
Matl-ue Larva. — .7 to .fl incli ; cylimlrical ; tliickoiied at 3 and 4, the dorsum of last segment abruptly curved down to the end ; color dark green, the lower Hide, and also feet and legs, pale green ; each segnient lour times creased trans- versely, and on the Hat ridges so caused arc rows, one to each, of small tubercular flattened points, pale or whitish yellow ; from 2 to 13 a white stripe along base just over the spiracles, and al)ove this the ground is yellowish lor a little way ; a me.lio-dorsal yellow line and sometimes a fine line on middle of side ; yellow tul)erculated points over the legs, in arcs of from 3 to G ; on foremost ridge of 3d segment, high on the side, a dead-black tubercle, a little raised and rounded, in yellow ring Tspiracles in brown ovals ; surface covered with a (ine .short down ; head olwvoid, green, smooth, sparsely pilose ; the ocelli brown.
Occasionally the larviu in later stages are differently colored. Some have the dorsum dark green, edged on either side by a gray line, and successively by u band of yellow, a gray line, and n black band ; 3 wholly, and 5 partly, black. Others are green, with a black band along ba.se of body, and black pa' hes on 3 and 11; and there is much variation in this way.
TiiECLA L^TA. — Figured in vol. i. Until 1882 this beautiful species was one of the rarest of its genus. Single examples oidy were recorded as taken in Quebec, Ontario, Maine, New York, West Virginia. I doubt if in all a dozen examples could have been fountl in the collections of butterflies in the United States. Therefore I was much surprised at learning that Mr. Morrison found it in some abimdance at Mt. Graham, Arizona. Its metropolis is in the Southwest, and hence its scarcity elsewhere.
ERRATA.
CoLlAS P^URYTIIEME. (Colins IV.) 3(1 page of, for breadth of chryHuIm, " .09
and .11 inch," road .18 ant] .'-'2 hich. LiMENiTis AuTiiEMis. (Limen. I.) 5th pafrc of, 7th line from bottom, for 5th
read 4th. In exphmations of same Plate: for ''younfr larva (not on
Plate)," read not lettered on Plate, Grapta III., in Note, 4th line of, for " nettle" road (jooiieherri/. Papu-io Indha (Pap" IX.), Ist page, bottom line, for "abdomen Mj/it75," read
abdomen wholly, etc.
I
SYSTEMATIC INDEX.
1
.S'f
m
llradiiif; of Plates.
Pnpilio I. .
P:ipiIio II. .
Papilio III.
Papilio IV. .
Pnpilio V.
Pai)ili() VI. .
Papilio VII.
Papilio VIII. .
Papilio VIII. B.
Pnpilio IX. .
Papilio X.
Papilio XI. .
Papilio XII. . Papilio XIII. Pit'fi.i I. Antliocliaris I. AnthochariH II. . Colia.s I. Colias II. . Colin.s III. . Colias IV. Heliconia I. . Argynilis I. Argynnia II. . Argynni« III. . ArgynniH IV.
Note. — This Inch
|
Numerical |
|
|
Oriler of |
|
|
PlaUa. |
|
|
. 1 |
Argynnis V. |
|
2 |
ArgynniH VI. |
|
8 |
Argynnis VII. |
|
4 |
Mt'litaea I. . |
|
. 5 |
Phyciodes I. |
|
6 |
Pliyciodt's II. |
|
7 |
Grapta I. . |
|
8 |
Grnpta II. |
|
. 9 |
Grapta III. |
|
10 |
Limeniti.s I. . |
|
. 11 |
LinienitiH II. |
|
12 |
Apatiira I. . |
|
. 13 |
Apatiira II. |
|
14 |
Sntyriis I. |
|
. 15 |
SatyruH 11. |
|
16 |
SatyruH III. . |
|
. 17 |
Chionobns I. |
|
18 |
Chionobns II. |
|
. 19 |
Chionohn.s III. |
|
20 |
Libythoa I. . |
|
. 21 |
Leinonias I. |
|
22 |
ClirysoplinnuH I |
|
. 23 |
Lyciona 1. . |
|
24 |
Lycrena II. . |
|
. 25 |
Lyciuna III. |
|
26 X will ennble t |
lie Binder tA^ nm |
Numerical
Order of
I'lates.
. 27
28 . 29
30 , 31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
fl
m
■ I
iil
i
ALPHABETICAL INDEX.
Anthocliaris Ausoiiidos .
" (jemitiii . .
« Julia . . .
" Olytnpia . .
A). «tura Celiirt '^^
" Clytoii ...
:"itB. 16 17 17 16
3i)
« «
" Loilia 38
Argynni.H Ilisdiollii . . '■^■i
" Hiomnei-ii ... 20 " Diana, Inrvii, etc. . 29 " Kiiiyiioine . . . 2.'5 " liioniata .... 27 Meadii .... 24
Opis 25
Uliodopo. ... 28
•' Kupestris . . . 21)
Chionobas Californica ... 44
" Gi',M,s . . .43, 44
«« Muna .... 43
« Iviillda .... 4.")
Clu'y.suphamn Cuprous . 48
" Uul)iduH . . 48
" Sirius ... 48
Cidias Eurytheme .... 21
Nastes 18
" Polidtie 18
- Philodicu. . . . 1!), 20
Grapu Hylas 34
Marsyns .... 34
'• Sec var. . . 35
RusticuM .... 35
SilenuM 33
Zcphyrun, larva, etc. 35 Iliiiconia Charitonia ... 22
7'J 83 85 77 231 245 241 133 137 148 129 139 131 135 141 143 281 279 275 2S5 307 305 309 103 87 89 93 189 191
193 183 199 117
Ijcmonias Naia
I'alnierii .... 47 Libythea Bachmani ... 40 Liuienitis Aithcnu< . . 30
" KroH 37
Lycajiui Heteronea . . . . 49 "■ I'.seudarjjfioUis . 50, 51
" lic},'ia 49
M" ' ,ca IMiactoii .... 30
Viipilit) Asterias, l)i-foriiicd . 12
var. Calverlcyii . . 12
'• IJairdii H
" Brcvio-aida ... 8 " '• larva, etc. 9
" Daunus 2
" Euryinedon ... 1
'■ ludra 10
" Oregonia .... 7 " Rutulua .... 13 " " larva, etc. . 14
" " VI. r. Arizonen-
xirt . . . 14
Turnus . . . 3, 4, 5
'• Zolicaon .... 0
Pieris Be<'kcrii 15
Nol.'<oiii 15
" Sisyinbri 15
Phyciode.x Pliaon .... 32
Tliaro.s .... 31
" '• form Marcia 32
Vesta 32
iSatyrus Alope 41
<' •• form Nepbelo 42
Wii'jeleri .... 40
Plato. Poga.
47 295
301 289 201 221 313 315 311 151
51 47 33 39 5 1 43 29 53
54
7
25
73
71
07
179
101
181 201
259
NoTK. — The Plates iind Pa-^es of <lie bound Volume may be nmnbered in penf'il according to this Alphabetical Inde.x.
DATES OF ISSUE OF PARTS 1-13.
Paut 1. — July, 1874. — Containing Papilio Euri/medon, AnthocharU Ohjmpia,
A. Ausonoideti, Argynnis JJremnerii, Lihi/lhea liachmani, (,'hionobas
Iduna, C. Giyas ?. Paut 2. — March, 1875. — Containing PnpUio DnnmiH, CoUnn Nastes, C. Pe-
lidne, Aryi/imin Rhudope, GrapUi Sileiim, ChrysajdianuH liuhidua, C. (hi-
preu», C. JSirius. Paut 3. — June, 1875. — Containing Papilio Zolivaon, Aryynnix Meadii, Ajn-
tura CeltiM, A. Lei/in, ChionobuH Giynn i, C. Califormn, Lyvmia liecjia,
L. I/eteronen. Paht 4. — Decemlit-r, 1876. — Containing Papilio Brevicaudu, Aryynnis Eury-
nome, A. liitithoffii, A. Opis, GrapUi Hylus, G. Marnyan, Mditmi
PlmtUtn. Paut 5. — September, 1870. — Containing Culinx I'/illddirc, Argynuin luonmta,
A. litijiestriii, A. l>iann (propaiatory stages of), Apahira Clyton. Paut G. — December, 1877. -- Containing Sntyrun Wkecleri, Papilio Asterias,
var. Caloerlcyi, AstcrinM bi-fornied, /' Ttirnits. Paut 7. — December, 1878. — Containing Papilio Indra, Anthocharix Gcmilia,
A. Julia, Culia.i Kurytheine, Phyviodes T/iaros, P. J'/uion, P. Vesta. Part 8. — December, 1879. — Containing Limenilix Arthemis, Chionolmx Imllda,
Grapta linsfiou.^*, G. Marsyax, G. Zepfiyrus (preparatory stages of). Paut i). — Octol)er, 1880. — Cont^iining Papdio Orrgonia, P. Jireviravda (pre-
paratory atagc.<« of), P. Bairdi. Part 10. — June, 1882. — Containing S(dyntH Alope. I/eliconia Charitoma. Paut 11. — April, 188;i - Containing Pierin Si-^yinhri, P. Beckwrl (jirermratory
stages of), /*. jYelsoiii, Linunitis Em», Lvmonian y'lis. /., Pfdnuri. Paut 12. — June, 1884. — Containing Lyarna Psciidargitdns, Papilin JhdnluH. Part 13. — November. 1884. — Contiiining PapUio Rnhdm. var Arizonensis,
Rutulus (preparatory Ktages of), P. Turnm (preparatory stages of).
I
LIST OF SPECIES
OF THS
DIURNAL LEPIDOPTERA OF AMERICA
NORTH OF MEXICO
WILLIAM H. EDWARDS
i
BOSTON HOUGHTON, MIFFLIN AND COMPANY
New York: 11 East Seventeenth Street QTlit Bttttraitt Press, Cambhtsr
1884
ADVERTISEMENT.
The Synopsis of North American Butterflies which accompanied Volume I. was issued in 1872, and 'for various reasons, among them the imperfect knowl- edge of many of the species described and of their distribution, which I shared with the other lepidopterists of the country, it was much at fault. In 1876, I published in the Transactions of the American Entomological Society a Catalogue of the Diurnal Lepidoptera of America, north of Mexico, which was unquestion- ably an advance upon the Synopsis. In the iutervening years many supposed species had been found to be synonymous, and many others to have been erro- neously credited to our fauna. Corrections were made accordingly. The ge- neric names were somewhat changed, and most of those in the Hesperidiu dropped. A revi.sed edition of the Catalogue has recently been printed in Volume XI. of the Tran.sactions spoken of, 1884, with extended references, and in all respects af complete as I am able to make it. The present List follows the revised Cata- logue, and the numbers of the species in the two correspond. The List gives no synonyms, but simply the names of species and varieties. For information beyond that I refer to the Catalogue, which may be had separately on applica- tion to Mi{. K. T. Ckesson, Post-office Box 1577, Philadelphia, Pa.
WM. II. EDWARDS.
CoALBUROu, W. Va., November 1, 1884.
LIST OF SPECIES
OK TllK
DIURNAL LEPIDOPTERA OF AMERICA NORTH OF MEXICO.
|
15 |
||
|
PAPILIONID^. |
10 |
|
|
PAPILIONIN^E. |
17 |
|
|
• Papilio. Linn. |
18 19. |
|
|
1. |
Aja.v, Liiui. |
20 |
|
l'(1.) Winter form Walshii. Edw. |
21 |
|
|
Var. Al)l)otii, Edw. |
22 |
|
|
(2.) Winter form Telamonidca, |
||
|
Fold. |
||
|
2. Snmmi-r form, MareoUa-i, Bd. |
23 |
|
|
2. |
Pliilinor, Linn. |
|
|
3. |
Maoliaon, var. Aliaska, Sc. |
21 |
|
4. |
Oro<.(onia, Edw. |
|
|
5. |
/olioaon. Hd. |
|
|
6. |
Americus, Koll. |
25 |
|
7. |
Nitra, P^dw. |
20 |
|
8. |
Indra, Reai<. |
|
|
9. |
Purga.nnn, H. Va\\v. |
|
|
10. |
Brovican(]a, Saund. |
|
|
11. |
Bainlii, Fidw. |
• |
|
12. |
Astoria.'', Fab. Var. Astoroidos, Reak. |
|
|
13. |
Troilns, Linn, |
27 |
|
14. |
Palamodos, Dru. |
Tnrnns, Linn.
Dim. form 9 Glaucns, Linn. Eurymodon, Bd. Rutulns, Bd.
Var. Ari/ononsi.s, Edw. DaunuH. Bd. PilummiH, Bd. Crespliontos, Cram. Tlioas, Linn. Polydaiua.'*, Linn.
Paknassil'S, Latr.
Clodius, M<'n.
Var. Menolriosii, II. Edw. Sniintlii'u.s, Doiil)l.-How.
Var. Bohrii, Edw.
Var. Hormoilnr. II. Edw. Nomion, Fiscli. Ever«manni, Mdn.
9 WosiR'son.-^ki, Men.
Vur. 9 Thor, II. Edw.
PIERlNvE.
Neopimsia, Behr.
Monapia, Fold. Vur. SuHusa, Stretch.
LIST OF SPECIES.
PiEius, Schr.
28. AinarylliH, Fab.
29. Iliiire, Godt.
30. MoiuLste, Linn. .31. Beckerii, Etlw.
32. SLsymbri, IM.
33. Nelsonii, Edw.
34. Occidental is, Roak.
Winter form Calyce, Edw.
35. Protodice, Bd.-Ijec.
Winter form Vernalis, Edw.
36. Napi, Esp.
Arctic form Bryonia), Ochs. Var. Hulda, Edw.
1. Winter form Venosa, Sc.
2. Winter form Oleracea-hiema-
lis, Ilarr. Var. Borealis, Gro. Var. Frigida, Sc. Aberr. Virginiensis, Edw.
3. (1.) Summer form Acadica,
Edw. (2.) Siuniner form, «. Pallida,
Sc. b. Castoria, Roak. (3.) Summer form Oleracea-
iiistiva, Ilarr.
37. Virginiensis, Edw.
38. llapa% Linn.
Var. Marginalis, Sc. Var. Yreka, Heak. Var. Mainiii, Mityer. Var. Nov-Anglia'. Sc.
Natiialis, Bd.
39. lole, Bd.
Var. Irene, Fitch.
40. 41. 42. 43. 44. 45.
40. 47. 48. 4'J. 50. 51. 52. 53.
Anthociiaris, Bd.
Lanceolata, Bd. Creusa, Doubl.-IIew. Hyantia, Edw. Olympia, Edw. Rosa, Edw. Au.sonidcH, Bd.
Var. Coloradensis, H. Edw. Cethura, Feld. Morrisoni, Edw. Tlioo.sa, Sc. Sara, Bd. Reakirtii, Edw. Stella, Edw. Julia, Edw. Genutia, Fab. •
Cai.lidryas, Bd.
54. Eubule, Linn.
55. Sennoe, Linn.
56. Philea, Linn.
57. Agnrithe, Bd.
Kricooonia, Reak.
58. Lyside, Godt.
Summer form Te'ltMsa, Luc.
59. Fantasia, Bull.
60. Lauicc, Lintn.
C0LIA8, Fab.
61. Eurydice, Bd.
Dimorphic form Amorphffi, IL Edw.
62. Cicsonia, Stoll.
63. Meadii, Edw.
LIST OF SPECIES.
64. Heclft, JmL
Var. GlucialiH, McLach. Viir. Ilcla, 8tr.
65. Boothii, Curt.
Var. Cliioiie, Curt.
66. Eurytlieme, Bd.
1. Winter form Ariadne, Edw.
2. Winter form Keewaydin, Edw.
3. Summer fu-rm Eurytlieme, Bd.
67. Ilagenii, Edw.
68. Pliilodice, Godt
Var. An thy ale, HUb.
69. Eriphylo, Edw.
70. Harfordii, H. Edw.
71. Occidontalis, Sc.
72. CInistina, Edw.
Southern form Astruca, Edw.
73. Ale.vandra, Kdw.
74. Edward.sii, Behr.
75. Piinilia, Edw.
76. Interior, Sc.
77. Scuddcrii, Edw.
78. Pelidne, Bd.
79. Palicno, Linn.
80. Chippewa, Edw.
81. Nastcs, Bd.
82. Moina, Str.
83. Behrii, Edw.
Tekias, Swain.
84. Gundlachia, Poey.
85. Proterpia, Fab.
86. Nicippe, Cram.
87. Mexicana, Bd.
88. Diimari.s Feld.
89. Westwoodii, Bd.
90. Lisa, Bd.-U'c.
91. Delia, Cnim.
92. Jucunda, Bd.-Lec.
NYMPHALID^.
IIKLICONINiE. IIkuconia, Latr.
93. Charitonia, Linn.
DANAIN^.. Dan.\I8, Latr.
94. An^hippus, Fab.
95. BiTonice, Cram. 90. Strigo.><a, Bate.s.
DiKCENNA, DoubL
97. Klugii, Fab.
NYMlMIALlNiE. Coi-.«Nis, Doubl.
98. .Julia, Fab.
|
99. |
Delila, Fab. |
|
A(JiiAtius, Bd.-ljoc |
|
|
100. |
Vanillii', Linn. |
|
AiiiiYNNis, Fab. |
|
|
101. |
Idalia, Dru. |
|
102. |
Diana, Cram. |
|
103. |
Nokomi.'^, Edw. |
|
104. |
Nilocri.s, Edw. |
|
105. |
lieto, Behr. |
|
100. |
(■arponterii, Edw. |
|
107. |
Cylu'l.', Fah. |
|
108. |
Aphroilito. Fab. |
|
109. |
Alcesti.s, Edw. |
|
no. |
NaiLsicaa, Edw. |
|
111. |
Lais, Edw. |
|
112. |
Atlantis, Edw. |
LIST OF SPECIES.
113. Elcctn, Edw.
114. Columbia, II. Edw.
115. IlL'speri.H, Edw. lie. Ilippolytu, Edw. 117. Bromnurii, Edw. IIH. Zorono, Hd. III). Monticolii, Bohr.
Viir. l*iir|)uni.sconn, II. Eilw.
120. Rhodopi'. Edw.
121. Bclireii.sii, Edw.
122. IIidcyoiR", Edw.
123. Chitone, Edw.
124. C'oronis, Ikdir.
125. Callippe, Bd. 12(1, NL'ViideuHi.s, Edw. 127. Elward.><ii, Uoak. 12H. Liliaiia, II. Edw. 121). RupL'stiiw, Buhr.
Viir. Irene, Bd.
130. Laura, Edw.
131. Macaria, Edw.
132. Inornata, Edw.
133. Adiante, Bd.
134. Artonis, Edw.
135. Clio, Edw. 130. Opi.x, Edw.
137. Bischoirii. Edw.
138. Eurynomc, Eilw. 131). Montivaj^'u, Boiir. '
Var. Erinua, Edw.
140. Efrleis, Bd.
141. Myriiia, Cram.
142. Triolari.s Hiib.
143. Helena, Edw.
144. Montinus, So.
145. Cliaridea, Schneid.
Var. Obscurata, McLach.
146. Butlerii, Edw.
147. Boisduvallii, Somm.
148. Freya, Tliunb.
Var. TarquiniuH, Curt.
149. Polari.x, Btl.
150. Frig},'a, Tliunb.
151. Improba, Butl.
152. Bellona, Fab.
153. Epithore, Bd.
V'lir. Kreindiild, Str.
EiTpTOiKT.v, Doubl.
154. Claudia, Cram.
155. Ilegesia, Cram.
Memt/KA, Fab.
15C. Phaeton, Drury.
157. Cooperi, Belir.
158. Cbaleedon. Doubl.-IIew.
Var. Uwinellei, II. Edw. 151). Colon, Edw.
100. Auieia, Doubl.-IIew.
101. Nubijri'ua, Bebr.
102. Quino, Behr.
103. Banmi, H. Edw. 164. Rubicunda, II. Edw. 105. Editba, Bd.
100. Ilelvia, Sc. 167. Sterope, Edw. 1((8. Aca.stus, Edw. 100. I'alla, Bd.
170. Wbitneyii, Bebr.
171. IIolTnianni, Behr.
172. (Jabbii, Bebr.
173. Ilarri.sii, Sc.
174. Ulrica, E<lw.
175. Dymas, Edw. 170. I\'r.He, Edw.
177. Chara, Edw.
178. Leaiiini, Bd.
Var. Obsoleta, H. Edw.
LIST OF SrECIES.
17!J. Alma, 8tr.
IKO. Fill via, Kdw.
181. Tlu-kla, Ivlw.
182. Bollii, Edw.
183. Minuta, Edw.
184. Araclino, Edw.
185. Nyinplia, Edw.
|
PllYrionEH |
1, Doubl. |
||
|
18G. |
Nyctcis, DouIjI. |
-How. |
209, |
|
Var. DnisiiiH, |
Edw. |
||
|
187. |
Carlota. Keak. |
||
|
188. |
Vesta, Edw. |
210 |
|
|
18!). |
Pliaoii. Edw. |
211 |
|
|
I'M). |
Tliaios, Diu. |
212 |
|
|
191. |
IJatcsii, Keak. |
213, |
|
|
lt)2. |
Prateiisis, Hchr |
214, |
|
|
11);]. |
Orsi'is, Edw. |
215 |
|
|
194. |
Caiiii!liis, Edw. |
21G. |
|
|
Winter form 1 |
^Imissa, I'/lw. |
||
|
Var. Pallida, Edw. |
|||
|
Var. Mata, Keak. |
217. |
||
|
195. |
Mylitta, Edw. |
218. |
190. Montana, Bohr.
197. Picta, Edw.
ErKsiA, Donbl.
198. Fri.sia, Pocy.
199. Ttixana, Edw.
200. Punctata, PaIw.
SvxrnLOE, Bois.
201. .fanais, Dru.
202. Mediatrix, Fold
203. Adjutrix, Sc.
204. Eri)dyl(', Bates.
205. Crocale, Edw.
Cy.stinf.uiia, Doubl. 200. Ainymone, Men.
(JiaiTA, Kirby.
207. Inlerrugationi.s, Fab.
1. Dim. form Fabrieii, Edw.
2. Dim. form Un>bro.xn, Lintn.
208. Comma, Ilarr.
1. Winter form Ilarri.-'ii, Edw.
2. Summer form Dryat*, Kdw. Satyru.s, Edw.
1. Dim. form SatyruH, Edw.
2. Dim. form MarsyaM, Edw. HybLs, Edw. l{u.Htieu.><, Edw. FaunuH, Edw. Silvius, Edw. ZephyruH, Edw. Gracili.s, Gr.-Uob. Silcnu.M, Edw.
1. Dim. form Silenns, Edw. * 2. Dim. form Oreas, Edw. Profile, Cram. J. Album, Bd.-Lec.
Vankssa, Fab.
219. Antiopa, Linn.
220. California, Bd.
221. Milbortii, Godt.
Pi'UAMKis, Doubl.
222. Atalanta, Linn.
223. Iluntora, Fab.
224. Cardui, Linn.
225. Carve, lliib.
.TiNOKiA, DoubL
226. C(enia, Iliib.
227. Genovevu, Crauj.
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'i3 WEST MAIN STREET
VVEBSTER.N.Y. 14580
(716) 872-4503
LIST OF SPECIES.
Anartia, Doubl.
228. JatrophoD, Linn.
EuREMA, Bois.
229. Lethe, Fab.
EuNicA, Felder.
230. Moniina, Cram.
TiMETES, Bois.
23L Coresia, Goclt.
232 Petreus, Cram.
233. Eleucha, Doubl.-Hew.
234. Chiron, Fab.
DiADEMA, Bois.
235. Misippus, Linn.
LiMENiTis, Fab.
236. Ursula, Fab.
Var. Arizonensis, Edw.
237. Arthemis, Dru.
1. Dim. forr" Lamina, Fab.
2. Dim. form Proserpina, Edw. 23S. Weidemeyerii, Edw.
239. Disippus, Godt.
Var. Floridensis, Str.
240. Eros, Edw.
Var. Obsoleta, Edw.
241. Hulstii, Edw.
242. Lorquini, Bd.
Heterociiroa, Bois. Californica, Butl.
243.
244. 245.
Apatura, Fab.
Celtis, Bd.-Lec. Antonia, Edw. Var. Montis, Edw.
246. Leilia, Edw.
247. Alicia, Edw.
248. Clyton, Bd.-Lec.
1. Dim. form Proserpina, Sc.
2. Dim. form Ocellata, Edw.
249. Flora, Edw.
250. Codes, Lintn., Mss.
Papiiia, Westwood.
25L Troglodyta, Fab. 252. Morrisonii, Edw.
SATYRINiE.
Debis, West.
253. Portlandia, Fab.
Neonympiia, West.
254. Canthus, Bd.-Lec.
255. Gemma, Hub.
256. Henshawi, Edw.
257. Areolatus, Sm.-Abb.
258. Eurytris, Fab.
259. Soaybius, Fab.
260. Rubricata, Edw.
CcENONYMPHA, West.
261. Californica, Doubl.-Hew.
Var. Ceres, Butl. Var. Galactinus, Bd. Var. Eryngii, H. Edw. Var. Palla, H. Edw.
262. Elko, Edw.
263. Tnornata, Edw.
264. Ochracea, Edw.
265. Ampelos, Edw.
266. Kodiak, Edw.
LIST OF SPECIES.
267. Brenda, Edw.
268. Pamphiloidfis, Reak.
Erebia, Dalm.
269. Fasciata, But!.
270. Discoidalis, Kirby.
271. Vesagus, Doubl.-Hew.
272. Rossii, Curt.
273. Disa, var, Mancinus, Doubl.-Hew.
274. Haydenii, Edw.
275. Tyndarus, var. Callias, Edw.
276. Epipsodea, Butl.
277. Sofir,, Str.
278. Magdaiena, Str.
Geirociieilus, Butl.
279. Tritonia, Edw.
HiPPARClliA, Fab.
280. RidingHii, Edw.
281. Dionysius, Sc.
Satyrus, West.
282. Pegiila, Fab.
283. Alope, Fab.
1. Dim. form Alope, Fab.
Var. Texana, Edw. Var. Maritima, Edw.
2. Dim. form Nephele, Kirby.
Var. Olympus, Edw. Var. Boopis, Behr. Sub.-var. Incana, Edw.
284. Ariane, Bd.
285. Baroni, Edw.
286. Paulus, Edw.
287. Gabbii, Edw.
288. Wheelerii, Edw.
289. Meadii, Edw.
290. Silvestris, Edw.
291. Oetus, Bd.
292. Charon, Edw.
293. Sthenele, Bd.
CiiiONOBAS, Bois.
294. Gigas, Butl.
295. Iduna, Edw.
296. Californica, Bd.
297. Nevadensis, Teld.
298. Chryxus, Djubl-Hew.
299. Calais, Sc
300. Ivallda, iTead.
301. Varuna, Edw.
302. Uhleri, Reak.
303. Tarpeia, Esp.
304. Taygete, Hub.
305. Jutta, Hub.
306. Semidea, Say.
307. Crambis, Frey.
308. Subhyalina, Curt.
LlBTTHEINiE.
309. Bachmani, Kirtl.
310. Carinenta, Cram.
ERYCINID^.
ERYCININJi:.
Lemonias, West,
.^11. Mormo, Feld.
312. Duryi, Edw.
313. Cythera, Edw.
314. Virgiilti, Behr.
315. Nais, Edw.
316. Palmerii, Edw.
317. Ares, Edw.
Dim. form Cleis, Edw.
r
LIST OF SPECIES.
EURTGONA, Bois.
318. Abreas, Edw.
Calepuelxs, Gr.-Rob.
319. Co3nius, Linn.
320. Boi-ealis, Gr.-Rob.
321. AustralLs, Edw.
322. Nemesis, Edw.
EuMKNiA, Latr.
323. Atala, Poey.
LYO-fflNID^.
LYCiENINiE.
Thecla, Fabr.
324. Grunus, Bd.
325. Crysalus, Edw.
326. Halesus, Cram.
327. M Album, Bd.-Lec.
328. Favonins, Sm.-Abb.
329. Autolycus, Edw.
330. Alcestis, Edw.
331. Humuli, Harr.
332. Melinus, Hiib.
333. Acadica, Edw.
334. Californica, Edw.
Var. Cygnus, Edw.
335. Ity8,Edw.
336. Auretorum, Bd.
337. Dryope, Edw.
338. Sylvinus, Bd.
339. Edwardsii, Saund.
340. Wittfeldii, Edw.
341. Calanus, Hiib.
Var. Lorata, Gr.-Rob.
342. Ontario, Edw.
Strigosa, Harr. Putnaiai, H. Edw. Spadix, H. Edw. Tetra, Behr. Chalcis, Behr. Soepium, Bd.
Var. Fulvescens, H. Edw. Nelsoni, Bd. Var. Exoleta, H. Edw. Var. Muirii, H. Edw. Adenostomatis, H. Edw. Tacitis, II. Edw. Spinetorum, Bd. Siva, Edw. Castalis, Edw. Smilacis, Bd.-Lec. Acis, Dm. Poeas, Hub. Columella, Fab. Clytie, Edw. Leda, Edw. Ines, Edw. Behrii, Edw. Augustus, Kirby. Iroides, Bd. Fotis, Str. Irus, Godt. Var. Arsace, Bd.-Lec. Var. Moasii, H. Edw.
367. Henrici, Gr.-Rob.
368. Eryphon, Bd.
369. Niphon, Hiib.
370. Affinis, Edw.
371. Dumetorum, Bd.
372. Apuma, Edw.
373. Sheridanii, Edw.
374. Lopta, Edw.
375. Fuliginosa, Edw.
376. Titus, Fab.
343. 344. 345. 346. 347. 348.
349.
350.
351.
352.
353.
354.
355.
356.
357.
358.
359.
360.
361.
362.
303.
364.
365.
366.
t
LIST OF SPECIES.
|
^^ Feniseca, Grote. |
409. |
|
377. Tarquinius, Fab. |
410. 411. |
|
Chrysopiianus, Doiibl. |
|
|
378. Arota, Bd. |
|
|
379. Virginiensis, Edw. |
|
|
380. Hermes, Edw. |
412. |
|
381. Xanthoides, Bd. |
413. |
|
382. Dione, Sc. |
414. |
|
383. Editha, Mead. |
|
|
384. Gorgon, Bd. |
415. |
|
385. Thoc, Bd.-Lec. |
416. |
|
386. Mariposa, Reak. |
417. |
|
387. Zeroe, Bd. |
418. |
|
388. Helloides, Bd. |
419. |
|
389. Floras, Edw. |
420. |
|
390. Dorcas, Kirby. |
421. |
|
391. Ep: :anthe, Bd.-Lec. |
422. |
|
392. Hypophleas, Bd. |
423. |
|
Var. Feildenii, McLach. |
424. |
|
393. Cupreiis, Edw. |
425. |
|
394. Snowi, Edw. |
426. |
|
395. Rubidiis, Behr. |
427. |
|
396. Sirius, Edw. |
428. |
|
429. |
|
|
Lyc^na, Fab. |
430. |
|
397. Heteronea, Bd. |
431. |
|
398. Clara, H. Edw. |
4.S2. |
|
399. Lycea, Edw. |
|
|
400. Fulla, Edw. |
|
|
401. Daedalus, Behr. |
|
|
402. Soepiolus, Bd. |
|
|
403. Icaroides, Bd. |
|
|
Var. Maricopa, Reak. |
|
|
404. Arnica, Edw. |
|
|
405. Pembina, Edw. |
|
|
406. Pheres, Bd. |
|
|
407. Philero.s, Bd. |
|
|
408. Ardoa, Edw. |
Kodiak, Edw. Xerxes, Bd. Antiacis, Bd.
Var. Behrii, Edw.
Var. Mertila, Edw.
Aberr. Orcus, Edw. Couperii, Gro. Afra, Edw. Lygdamas, Doubl.
Western form Oro, Sc. Sagittigera, Feld. Speciosa, H. Edw. Sonorensis, Feld. Podarce, Feld. Aquilo, Bd. Rustica, Edw. Enoptes, Bd. Glaucon, Edw. Battoidcs, Behr. Shasta, Edw. Melissa, Edw. Scudderii, Edw. Lotis, Lintn. Acmon, Doubl. -Hew. Aster, Edw. A.metta, Mead. Anna, Edw. Pseudargiolus, Bd.-Lec.
1. Winter form Lucia, Kirby.
2. Winter form Marginata, Edw.
3. Winter form Violacea, Edw.
Var. (J Nigra, Edw. Var. Cinerea, Edw. Spring form Pseudargiolus, Bd.- Lec. Var. Arizonensis, Edw. Summer form Neglecta, Edw. Pacific form Piasus, Bd. Var. Echo, Edw.
LIST OF SPECIES.
|
433. Amyntula, BJ. |
Dim. 9 Pocahonta.s, Sc. |
|
434. CotnyntiiH, Godt. |
Var. 9 Quadraquina, Sc |
|
435. Monica, lieak. |
458. Taxiles, Edw. |
|
436. Alee, Edw. |
459. Ruricola, Bd. |
|
437. Gyas, Edw. |
460. Oregonia, Edw. |
|
438. Cyna, Edw. |
461. Columbia, Sc. |
|
439. Filenus, Poey. |
462. Colorado, Sc. |
|
440. Isophthalma, Ilerr.-Schaelf. |
Var. Idaho, Edw. |
|
441. ExilLs, Bd. |
463. Nevada, Sc. |
|
442. Ammon, Luc. |
464. Manitoba, Sc. |
|
443. Marina, Reak. |
465. Juba, Sc. |
|
444. Theonus, Luc. |
Var. Viridis, Edw. |
|
445. Striata, Edw. |
466. Sas.sacus, Harr. |
|
467. Harpalus, Edw. |
|
|
468. Pawnee, Dodge. |
|
|
HESPERID^. |
469. Ottoe, Edw. |
|
470. Lasus, Edw. |
|
|
Carterocepiialus, Led. |
471. Cabelus, Edw. ^ |
|
446. Mandan, Edw. |
472. Napa, Edw. |
|
447. Omaha, Edw. |
473. Metea, Sc. |
|
474. Rhesus, Edw. |
|
|
Anctloxypha, Feld. |
475. Cams, Edw. |
|
448. Numitor, Fab. |
476. Uncas, Edw. |
|
477. Licinus, Edw. |
|
|
Cop^oDES, Speyer. |
478. Seminole, Sc. |
|
449. Procri.s, Edw. |
479. Attains, Edw. |
|
450. Arene, Edw. |
480. Yuma, Edw. |
|
451. Wrightii, Edw. |
481. Snowi, Edw. |
|
452. Myrtis, Edw. |
482. Leonardus, Harr. |
|
453. Eunus, Edw. |
483. Meskei, Edw. |
|
484. Nemorum, Bd. |
|
|
TiiYMELicus, Speyer. |
485. Sylvanoides, Bd, |
|
454. Garita, Reak. |
486. Agricola, Bd. |
|
465. Powescheik, Park. |
487. Milo, Edw. |
|
488. Pratincola, Bd. |
|
|
Pamphila, Fab. |
489. Verus, Edw. |
|
456. Massassoit, Sc. |
490. Campestris, Bd. |
|
457. Zabulon, Bd.-Lec. |
491. Huron, Edw. |
|
Var. Hoboniok, Harr. |
492. Morris.sonii, Edw. |
LIST OF SPECIES.
403. Phyloeus, Dru.
494. Brettoides, Edw.
495. Brettiis, Bd.-Lec.
496. Chusca, Edw.
497. Draco, Edw.
498. Si'.buleti, Bd.
499. Otho, Sm.-Abb.
Var. Egereniet, Sc.
500. Peckius, Kirby.
501. Mystic, Sc.
502. Siris, Edw.
503. Mardon, Edw.
504. Cernes, Bd.-Ijec.
505. Manataaqua, Sc. 500. Verna, Edw.
507. Vestris, Bd.
508. Metacoinet, Ilarr.
509. Bellas, Edw. ,
510. Accius, Sm.-Abb.
511. Loainmi, Whit.
512. Horns, Edw.
513. Deva, Edw.
514. Lunus, Edw.
515. Maculata, Edw.
516. Panoqiiin, Sc.
517. Ocola, Edw.
518. Ethlius, Cram.
519. Pittacus, Edw.
520. Pythori, Edw.
521. Cestus, Edw.
522. Rhena, Edw.
523. Bimacula, Gr.-Rob.
524. Pontiac, Edw.
525. Dion, Edw.
526. Arpa, Bd.-Lec.
527. Palatka, Edw.
528. Melane, Edw.
529. Vitellius, Sm.-Abb.
530. Delaware, Edw,
531. Lagus, Edw.
532. Byssus, Edw,
533. Phylace, Edw.
534. Osyka, Edw.
535. Comus, Edw,
536. Eufala, Edw.
537. Arabus, Edw.
538. Fusca, Gr.-Rob.
539. Nereus, Edw.
540. Hianna, Sc.
541. Viator, Edw.
Amblyscirtes, Speyer.
542. Vialis, Edw.
543. Nysa. Edw.
544. Eos, Edw.
545. Samoset, Sc.
546. ^nus, Edw.
547. Simius, Edw.
548. Cassus, Edw.
549. Nanno, Edw. 650, Te?wtor, Hiib.
Pyhgus, "West.
551. Ericetorum, Bd.
552. Oceanus, Edw.
553. Domicella, Erichs.
Var. Nearchus, Edw.
554. Tossellata, Sc.
Var. Montivagus, Reak.
555. CentaureJE, Ramb.
550. Philetas, Edw.
557. Coespitalis, Bd,
558. Xanthus, Edw.
559. Scriptura, Bd.
560. Nessus, Edw.
NisoNiADES, Speyer.
561. Brizo, Bd.-Lec.
LIST OF SPECIES.
562. Icelus, Lintn. 56'5. Somniis, Linln. 564. LuciliuH, Lintn. 505. Persius, Sc.
566. AlpheuH, Edw.
567. AusoniuH, Lintn.
568. Afranius, Lintn.
569. Martialis, Sc.
570. Jiivenalis, Fab.
571. Petronius, Lintn.
572. Propertius, Lintn.
573. Noevius, Lintn.
574. Pacuvius, Lintn.
575. Tatius, Edw. 57G. Clitus, Edw.
577. Funeralis, Lintn.
578. Tristis, Bd.
Systasea, Butler.
579. Zampa, Edw.
PiioLisoRA, Speyer.
580. Catullus, Fab.
581. Pirus, Edw.
582. Ceos, Edw.
583. Hayhurstii, Edw.
584. Libyti, Sc.
585. Lena, Edw.
AcHLYODES, West.
586. Thraso, Hub.
EuDAMUS, Swains.
587. Electra, Lintn.
588. Pylades, Sc. 689. Nevada, Sc.
590. Bathyllus, Sm.-Abb.
591. Moschus, Edw.
592. Hippalus, Edw.
593. Drusius, Edw.
594. Epigina, Butl. 695. Lycidaa, Sm.-Abb. 596. Cellus, Bd.-Lec. 697. Hesus, West.-Hew. 598. Zestos, Hub. 699. Tityrus, Fab.
600. Proteus, Linn.
601. Simplicius, StoU.
602. Albo-fasciatua, Hew.
603. Dorus, Edw. >
Erycides, West.
604. Urania, West.-Hew.
605. Texana, Sc.
606. Sanguinea, Sc.
607. Batabano, Lef.
608. Amyntas, Fab.
Pyrrhopyga, West.
609. Araxe.<», Hew.
Megathymus, Riley.
610. Yuccae, Bd.-Lec.
Var. Coloradensis, Riley.
611. Cofaqui, Str.
612. Neumoegenii, Edw.