IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-S) A ,v4 r^ % 1.0 I.I ■10 1^ i ■■■ Ml 2.5 IM -.m^ 2.2 1^0 Hill 2.0 1.8 L25 IIIIII.4 IIIIII.6 V] <^ /] 7 . . 51 407 li Atossa .... 17 125 " Seinidea . 46 349 (( Callippe . . . — 100 •' Subhyalina . 45 .341 <( Coronis . . . 18 97 Uhleri . 40 293 a Carpenterii . . 20 137 " Vanma . 41 303 a Cybele (stages of) 20 138 (( <( . 50 389 a Eglcis .... 18 129 Coenonynipha Californica . 29 219 a Halcyone . . . 14 103 Eryngii . 29 220 a Lais .... 11 93 " Galactinus 29 219 a Liliana . . . 12 95 " Haydeni i . 34 251 a Nausicaa . . . 19 1.S5 Colias Amorphoe . . 7 71 (S Nitocris . . . 10 91 " Autumnalis — 83 Chionobas Alberta . . . 51 403 " Barbara . 8 7S ii Assiniilis . . 44 .334 " Bernardino 7 71 <( Briicei . . . 43 325 •* Chrysomelas 9 87 a Calais . . 39 291 " Eriphyle . — 83 a Californica . . 49 385 " Eurydice . 7 71 <( Chryxus . . . 38 277 " Harford ii . 8 77 « <( 39 291 Debis Portlandia 25 185 i( Cranibis . . . 43 321 Erebia Brucei 36 261 it " — 329 " Discoidalis 35 255 ALPHABETICAL INDEX. Erebia Epipsodea . . . " Fasciata .... riate. m 35 I'age. 257 253 " Magdalena . . . Geirocheilus Tritonia . . 34 33 247 245 Grapta Comma ^stages of) " Interrogatioiiis Melitcea Baroni .... 23 23 21 1G7 153 145 " Riibicunda . . 22 149 Neominois Ridingsii . . Neonympha Areolatus . . " Gemma . . 37 28 27 2G7 213 205 " Henshawi 27 210 IMali'. Page. 23 3 7 — 15 1 1 2 3 3 9 Papilio Ajax Papilio Americu-s .... 3 " Brucei .... " Nitra " Pilumnus . . . " Zolicaon (stnge.s of) Satyrodes Canthus . . . SatyrusAlope 30 229 " Charon 32 237 " Meadii 31 231 " Pegala 30 225 " Silvestria .... 32 243 26 193 Note. — The Plates and Pages of tlie boimd Volume may be numbered in pencil according to this Alphabetical Index. SYSTEMATIC INDEX. Heading of PUtrs. Nunierical OrdiTof the I'lales. 1 Papilio I Papilio II 2 Papilio III a Parnassius I. . Anthocharis I. Anthocharis II. Colias I. . . Colias II. . . 6 7 8 Colias IV 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 is I is II is III IV V is VI VII is VIII 17 is IX 18 isX 19 XI 20 Melitaea 1 21 Melitaea II 22 Graptal 23 Apatura 1 24 DebisI 25 Satyrodes 1 26 Argynn: Argynn Argynn Argynn Argynn Argynn Argynn Argynn Argynn Argynn Argynn Niimcriial lIoBding of I'lalea. (>rder of the rialc*. Neonympha 1 27 Neonympha II 28 Ca-nonymplia 1 2!) Satyrus 1 30 Satyrus II 81 Satyrus III 32 Geirocheilus 1 33 Erebial 34 Erebiall 35 Erebia III. . . . ' 36 Noominris 1 37 Chionobas 1 38 Chionobasll 39 Chionobas III 40 Chionobas IV 41 Chionobas V. ....'... 42 ChionobasiVI 43 Chionobas VII 44 Chionobas VIII 45 Chionobas IX 46 Chionobas X 47 Chionobas XI 48 Chionobas XII 49 Chionobas XIII 50 Chionobas XIV 51 Note. — This Index will enable the Binder to arrange the Platef ^ #/« PBO^' VlCTOKi c- m K»-W«ff 1 omfUir^Sjr iili'. KVila EURYDICE VAR BERNAPDINO 1 2 rf 3 ? ;VAR AMORPH^E 4-9. ,' /:'/.'■>':'' II,, .1 ' I iiiii:iiiilh :/ I /■iii\''i rihitii.n' /fit .v/ tc ,/ // ni/ittUc vn.i.-; 1 ^ hrlfs,! /i .'i k /■',„„/ ■.l.nil I. ':/ / ■0#-^-VS^?**^.t':^1 -1 ^1 B'^ ..^„ ■ u ■•• "..-t -V *\ . t •?^• •^5:; , -':i.---.vA»;; * AIEOa^J^TFJE^ 0 // T.5"u-l4it«?'l!. Wl. Phi.l LAIS 12 0-349 tv>'!'lt COLIAS I. COLIAS EURYDICE, 1-4. Colias Eurydice (Eu-ryd'-i-ce), Boisduval, Ann. Soc. Ent. France, 1852. Edwards, But. N. A., Vol. I., pi. 16, p. 53. Form. AmorpH£, H. Edwards, Proc. Cal. Acad. Nnt. Sui., 1876. What I supposed was the typical form of Eurydice was figured in Volume I. Boisduval says : " The yellow (of Ccesonia) is replaced by a vivid orange, and the fore wings have a violet reflection." It is impossible to represent in colors the peculiar reflection. It is also variable, some examples having scarcely any violet, others an excess, and my figure was made from one of the last. Mr. Henry Edwards called attention, in the paper above referred to, to the difference between the spring and autumn generations of this species, and regarded the former as the type. " The butterflies of spring make their appearance in April and May ; the secondaries of the male are wholly bright orange, without any spots or marks on the margin, except some brown dots to note the termination of the nervules, while the female is immaculate. The autumn brood, however, appearing in July and August, have the secondaries of the male with a black marginal border, and the females have the margins distinctly marked with brown- ish patches, and rarely with a black sub-median band, composed of clouded patches, crossing the wing." (Fig. 4.) To the autumnal form Mr. Edwards gave the name Amorph.«!. In same paper, mention is made of an example of Eurydice from Mendocino County, in which the " dog's head " is suffused with the richest purple. From Mr. W. G. Wright, at San Bernardino, I have received many examples of the butterfly, and they are characterized by small size, and absence of any de- cided violet reflection. Often there is no reflection at all, and the color of the dog's head varies from a pale to a deep or Indian yellow. From the same lot of eggs I have bred the larvae to imago, and obtained these varieties. It is this small form, with yellow primaries, that I call var. Bernardino. The females have a large, deep brown or brown-black, discal spot on primaries, and often there are COLIAS I. traces of sub-marginal spots on same wings ; on the under side the sub-marginal clusters of scales on both wings are usually conspicuous. (Figs. 1-3.) The pre- paratory stages of Eurydice are thus described : — Egg. — Fusiform, thick in middle, tapering to a small rounded summit ; the base flat ; ribbed longitudinally, the number of ribs about eighteen, four or five of which end at nearly three quarters the distance from base to summit ; they are low, narrow, of even height and width throughout, the spaces between flat and crossed by many fine horizontal ridges; the micropyle (Fig. a*) in centre of a rosette of five hexagons, outside of which is a ring of cells of same shape but irregular; color yellow-green. (Fig. a.) Duration of this stage about five days. Young Larva. — Length .1 inch ; cylindrical, thickest on 2 and 3, tapering slightly to 12 ; each segment several times creased, and on the ridges so made are many black points, each giving a short black hair ; scattered among these points are black tubercles, some with long black hairs, but most with white clubbed appendages (Figs. 6', 6*) ; on front of 2 is a cross row of the hairs, five on either side, running from dorsum to base ; on 3 and 4 are four each, also in front, but from 5 to 12 there are three of the white appendages on the side of each segment, a subdorsal one on the front ridge, an upper lateral on fourth ridge, a lower lateral on second ridge, or between second and third ; these form three longitudinal rows, and the subdorsal extends over 4 ; 13 has three hairs in triangle on either side, and from 4 to 12, below spiracles, are two hairs each, the front one always a little below the other ; color dull yellow-green ; feet and legs same ; head rounded, a little depressed at top ; on either side of face are seven rounded tubercles, and two in the triangle, in all sixteen, each with long de- pressed black hair; color of head pale yellow-brown. (Pigs. 6, h^.) Duration of this stage about four days. After first moult: length .14 inch; rather more tapering, the ridges thickly set with black points, each with black hair ; among these are small tubercles of same color, mostly on middle of eacl: ridge and nearly equidistant, with longer hairs (Fig. c^) ; color yellow-green ; head nearly as before, somewhat broader in proportion across lower half ; the tubercles and hairs much more numerous than before ; color pale yellow-green. (Figs, c, &.) As this stage proceeds a yellowish basal stripe begins to show itself. To next moult four to five days. After second moult : length .22 inch : color deep green ; the points and tuber- cles as in previous stage ; the basal white band distinct ; just over it, on 3 and 4, on middle of the segment, a black, vitreous, round process, almost a hemisphere ; head yellow-green, more thickly beset with tubercles than before, mostly small, but twelve, scattered among the others, are of larger size. (Figs, d, d", iiil .,,// V ('/iri/Kii/i.'t Wfj/urv /. \ ^ ' t** MOI 'l^.n luu'ov.tn 'SMlHll; ) t> rrxcti^,. ^.;j^(g^f!^4^!i^»W?W*S.'Jr.W(*T'»3»m^'*«»-'- lira COLIAS II. COLIAS IIARFORDII, 1-9. Co/iot Ilar/onlii, Henry Eilwnrds, (J, I'roc. Ciil. Acail. Niu. Sci., Fubrimry 5lh, 1877. (Vol. VIII.) C. Barbara, id., 9, 1. e. VII., 1877. \V. II. Edwarils, Papilio, IV. 2, 18HI. Primaries produced apically, the hind margins slightly concave or slightly convex. 1. Form Harfordii. Male. — Expands 1.5 to 1.9 inches. Upper side lemon-yellow, often lemon-chrome, the ba.ses of wings not at all, or very little, blackened; the marginal borders of primaries of medium width, or narrow, black, dusted with yellow atoms, cut by the yellow nervules nearly to outer edge, of even width, extending but little way on either costal or inner margin, the inner edge more or less erose ; discal spot pale yellow in a sub-oval black ring. Secondaries have the borders varying in width like the primaries, and ending at lower median nervule ; disoal spot orange, pale to deep ; fringes rose-pink, yellow at inner angles of primaries and outer angles of secondaries. Under side pale to deep yellow ; the discal spot of primaries as above ; of secondaries, small, pearl-white, in a narrow red-brown ring; at base a few pink scales; no patch at outer angle ; traces of sub-marginal spots, mere points, and not in complete series, often altogether wanting ; the surface not dusted with dark scales, but immaculate ; but some examples show a slight dusting, and some have a few scales at outer angle, suggestive of a patch. Body above black, with long gray hairs, beneath yellow, the hairs on thorax tipped with roseate ; collar same ; legs same ; palpi yellow, ro.seate at tip ; an- tenn89 and club brown-red above, more red below, the club tipped with ferrugi- nous. (Figs. 1, 2.) Female. — Same size. COLIAS II. Color delicate lemon-chrotnc ; the border usimlly narrow, and of Might texture, Hcarcely wider at apex than elHcwhero ; but sometimes it i& wider and heavier, with loose scales and points on the inner side, and advanced on costjil margin about as in the male ; in all cases it crosses the wing from margin to margin. Secondaries cither have no border, or there are a few black scales along outer angle, or small clusters on the anterior nervules ; discal spot either wanting, or orange, pale to deep. Under side as in the male, slightly dusted. (Figs. 3, 4.) 2. Form Bahuaiia. Malk. — Color of form Harford'd, varying like that, a little block at base ; the under side much dusted ; the sub-marginal markings varying from mere points to conspicuous spots, a small patch at outer angle ; the discal spot often large, usually in a broad ring, or double ring, and sometimes duplex. (Figs. 5, 6.) Female. — Color clear, pale, yellow (originally described as canary-yellow), the border sliglit, very narrow, and extending across the wing, but little wider at apex than elsewhere. Under side thickly dusted, the sub-marginal spots variable ; the patch and discal spot as in male. (Figs. 7, 8, 9.) These types run through both sexes ; that is, the Harfordii male, as originally described, is matched with a female as immaculate as itself, and the Barbara fe- male, as described, is matched with a male as much dusted and spotted as itself ; and between the two extremes are intergrades. (Figs. 1 and 5 show the ex- tremes of color in the males.) Egg. — Fusiform, thick in middle, tapering to a small rounded summit ; the base flat ; ribbed longitudinally, the number of ribs being about twenty, four or five of which ecd at three quarters and more the distance from base to summit ; they are low, .larrow, and the spaces between are flat, and crossed by many fine horizontal striae; the micropyle (Fig. a*) is in centre of a rosette of five cells, hexagons, outside of which is a ring of cells, of same shape but irregular ; all these roundly excavated ; color yellow-green, in a short time changing to crimson, as do all Colias eggs. (Fig. a.) Duration of this stage about four days. Young Larva. — Length .12 inch ; cylindrical, a little thickest on 2 and 3 ; each segment several times creased, and on the cross-ridges so formed are many black points, each giving a short, black hair ; scattered among these are long. COLIAS II. white, clubbed appeiidages ; color l)rown-green ; feet and logs green ; head roiiiuled, a little dej)resHed at top, thinly furnished with Itliick tuberek'H, ench with black, huir, longer than the hairs on body ; color yellow-green. Duration of this stage about four days. After first moult : length .16 inch ; the ridges thickly set with black pointu, each with its short, black hair ; there are also nuiny white processes, which form live or six longitudiiuil rows on either side, those on dorsum and down to about mid-side, broad and thin at top, paddle-shaped, o!i "iniainder of side, and on front ridge of 2, long, tapering, club-.shaped ; on 2, longest and more numerous, and directed forward ; head rounded, somewhat depressed at top, with black tuber- cles and many of the white clubbed processes. (Figs, b b^.) To next moult about four days. After second moult: length .28 inch ; color dark green, very much as at pre- vious stage ; along base a yellow-white stripe ; the white proceswes more numer- ous than before, less broad, rather club than paddle-shaped. (Figs, c c'', c''.) To next moult about three days. After third moult : length .4 inch ; color darker green ; the basal stripe wider, with a yellow stain on middle of each segment ; later a red streak appears on part or all the segments within this stripe ; the white processes now replaced by short black hairs from conical tubercles, and around base of each is a ring clus- ter of black specks. Head as before, lighter than body. (Figs, d d^.) To next moult about three days. After fourth moult : length .55 inch ; color dark green ; the band white, with u macular red stripe. (Fig. e, natural size, e^, e^ magnified.) In three days from the moult the larva reaches maturity. Mature Lauva. Length 1.1 inch : cylindrical, thickest from 4 to 8; on the flattened ridges of each segment are many small, black, conical tubercles, each giving a short fine hair (as d' ; the same form of tubercle prevails through the last two stages, but they are more numerous in tlie final stage); on dorsum these hairs are gray, on sides and beneath, white ; color light green ; feet and leg.s pale green ; along base, from 2 to 13, a white band through middle of which runs a red stripe, almost filling it, the ground below the stripe stained yellow ; in one example, on segments 4 to 10 inclusive, was a small black patch to each under the band, but in all others there was no trace of this ; Lead sub-globular, a little depressed at top ; color green, somewhat lighter than the body, covered with black tubercles, the same size as on body, with black hairs. (Fig. /, mag- nified.) From fourth moult to pupation about five days. COLIAS II. CilRYSALis. — Length .75 inch; greatest breadth .18 inch, depth .2 inch ; com- pressed laterally, the thorax prominent ; the head case pointed, beak-like, rounded on the ventral side, less so on dorsal ; mesonotum rounded, rising to a low carina ; color yellow-green, the abdomen more yellow, and granulated with paler, and along its side a bright yellow band, through which runs a red or an orange stripe ; on ventral side, also, a row of small ferruginous spots ; head case on ventral side at extremity and for a little way down the lateral ridges bright yellow ; on middle of wing case a blackish dot, and a series of sub-marginal ones, one on each inter- space. One example, instead of the ventral spots, had a reddish band across three segiaents. (Fig. y.) Duration of this stage nine to eleven days; of the larval stages about eighteen days ; from Laying of egg to the imago about thirty- one days. C. Ilarfordii was described by Mr. Henry Edwards, 1877, from seven males, no female being mentioned ; and in same paper C. Barbara was described from two females, the male said to be unknown. A year later, Mr. Edwards siiys that he is inclined to think Barbara is the female of Ilarfordii. In 1882 and 1883, Mr. W. G. Wright, at San Bernardino, several times took Harfordii males in copulation with Barbara females, as well as with females of their own type, and became satisfied that the two represented but one species. In July, 1883, Mr. Wright obtained eggs by confining the females over Astrag- alus crotalaria. As these females were aftci'wards sent me, I was able to iden- tify them all as Barbara. The first lot of eggs, ten in number, were six days in the mail, and, the heat not having been extreine. all but two had hatched oh ar- ••ival, 13th. Next day came thirty-one yot>ng larvae. I fed these on white clover, red clover being refused, but many died at every stage to pupation, either from change of food or climate, so that I got but two butterflies, a female on 6th August, a male on 8th. The female is the one figured Nos. 3, 4, Harfordii type. The male was of same type. From the result of this breeding, and Mr. Wright's observations in the field, it seems to me possible that the species may be sea- sonally dimorphic, Barbara representing the earliest brood of the butterflies from hibernating larvae, Ilarfordii the later, or midsummer, but not so defi- nitely as is the case with many species of butterflies. I have in vain endeav- ored to learn more about this matter by breeding, the distance and the heat in July making it almost impossible to transmit any eggs which will hatch on middle of the journey. The larvae are pretty sure to die. Lct° of eggs sent in '84, '85, failed to give me one larva. Mr. Wright got twenty larvae of all sizes on the food plant, as late as 24th December, 1883, but of course it would have been of no use to transmit larvae in v niter, as I could not feed them. COLIAS II. As to the distribution of ihis species, it is common in the region about San Bernardino. Mr. Henry Edwards gives Santa Barbara and Santa Clara counties as localities ; also Kern County. Writing recently, Mr. Edwards says : " C Harford'd was taken by me first near San Francisco, in Contra Costa County, which is as far to the north as I have ever heard of it. Its home seems to be in the southern part of the State, or rather f i om Santa Clara to San Bernardino." Mr. Edwards also says: "The descriptions of these forms were read before the Academy, February 5th, 1877, but were only published in my extra advance sheets. The Academy stopped its publications with the 7th volume, and are only now about to renew them. My paper on Colias cannot therefore be re- ferred to as being in the Proc. of Cal. Acad., though it will appear within a few months in Vol. 8." The males of extreme Harfordii type come near the males of C. Interior, as will be seen by the Plate next following. This is a smaller species, — that is, no Interior are as large as the largest Harfordii, — with a much rounded apex to fore wing and a rounded hind margin. The border is wider, and extends far- ther along co«tal margin and it is deeply incurved. So that, while there is; some resemblance m this sex there is more divergence. But in the females, the dif- ferences ai'e emphatic. In Interior, the border is apical, as in the Pelidne sub- group, broad at apex, gradually narrowing on the margin, ending at some dis- tance above the inner angle. It is a triangular border, in fact, as distinguished from a marginal border, such as Harfordii presents, and which is characteristic of other sub-groups in the genus. One species cannot be mistaken for the other. SvT far as relates to thf; ornamentation of the under side, Barbara is nearest to the Eurytlieme sub-group. So that the species in certain points resemble.^ spe- cies belonging to two distinct sub-groups, a fact suggestive of the descent of all from a more or less remote common ancestor. PROV'NC \ ' •V.r^AHf, VICTC , \f. // T SincUirJl Son hth PTnU CORONIS 1.2 <} 3 4 ? '^'i'S"r ■ "■^^:^ ■■■'■ AHGYNNIS IV. ARGYNNIS CORONIS, 1-4. Argynnin Coronin (Co-ro'-nis), Behr, " No. 2," Proc. Cal. Acad. Nat. Si'i., II., 173, 18G2; Kilwards, Proc. Ent. Soc, Phil., III., 435, 1864. Jut/a, Boisduval, I.rf'p. dc la Cal., 60, 1809; ? Neradenniii, Edw., But. N. A., I., pi. 33, figs. 3, 4, 1871. Primaries long, narrow, moderately arched, slightly concave on hind margin. Male. — Expands 2.15 to 2.3 inches. Upper side yellow-fulvous, but varying, many examples reddish ; hind margins bordered by two parallel lines, which enclose narrow fulvous space between the black nervules ; the sub-marginal lunules narrow, serrate or lunulai , the extra- discal rounded spots small ; the mesial band rather heavy on primaries, light on secondaries ; the other markings as in the allied .species ; fringes liiteous, black at the ends of the nervules. Under side of primaries pale buff with a red or yellow tint, varying, the base and the median nervules red-brown, often much diluted ; the sub-apical patch brown, with three silver spots, the upper four or five spots within the marginal lunules silvered. Secondaries yellow brown from base to outer edge of second row of spots, mottled in shades, the band beyond clear and of the lighter shade ; the spots large, well silvered ; the outer row sub-serrate, edged above with red ; the second row mostly sub-ovate, slightly edged above with black ; the third row so edged ; a round spot in cell, sometimes duplex, ringed black ; three tpots at base in the several interspaces ; shoulder and inner margin well silvered. Body above dark fulvous, beneath, the thorax gray-fulvous, the abdomen yellowish ; legs red, yellowish on inner side ; palpi yellow, ferruginous at tip and in front ; antennas black above, ferruginous below j club black, ferruginous at tip. Female. — Expands 2.7 to 3 inches. Same color ; the markings heavier; the marginal lines confluent on primaries; the sub-marginal lunules on same wings enclose paler, often nearly white spots. ARGYNNIS IV. Under side red-brown at base, the upper outer part of cell and extra-discal area to margin yellowish ; silver as in male. Secondaries buff, mottled with ferruginous-brown, the band narrow, buff, the spots large, well silvered. This is the type of Coronis, Behr, but there is a great variation in the species in. the coloration of underside. Examples from Gilroy, California, where Co- ronis seems to be abundant, are of the type form. From Mt. Shasta, the males are lighter, rather cinnamon color, the females a pale brown, or often fawn color over secondaries and apical area of primaries. Examples from Washing- ton Territory, taken by Mr. Morrison, are nearly like those from Shasta ; sev- eral from Mt. Judith, Montana, are almost same ; so a male from the North- west Territory, taken by Captain Gamble Geddes. A male from Nevada, taken by Morrison, has the under side decidedly yellow, the mottling pale gray, while a male from Utah, sent me by Mr. B. Neumoegen, has almost no mottling, but is nearly clear yellow over secondaries and all of primaries, except just at base, where the red is greatly diluted. The species has a very extended distribution, ranging from Kern County, Cal- ifornia, to Washington Territory ; from Utah to Montana and the Northwest Ter- ritory (Belly River and Crow's Nest). I have not seen it from southern Cali- fornia, below Kern County, nor from Colorado. Dr. Behr described Coronis in the paper before referred to as " No. 2," in a series of descriptions of the Californian Argynnides, not being then (1862) able to say whether or no the species had been described elsewhere. He says it is very similar to Calllppe Boisdnval, " but differs by the upper side being colored in the usual way of the genus, and not showing the pale lunula? and spots of the disk like Calllppe, which resembles in this respect more an Euptoieta than a true Argynnis ; " and in his Latin description, he says of the under side of seconda- ries, '' posticoe subtus fuscae usque ad fasciam macularem intermediam partim dilutiores." Dr. Behr, about that date, sent me a sheet of colored figures of eight of the species described by him, and by this I am able to fix the type. In the paper in Proc. Ent. Soc, Phil., 1864, referred to, I gave an abstract of Dr. Behr's paper, and by his consent the name Coronis was applied to the " No. 2." Dr. Boi.sduval described Juha in 1869 ; and added, " This species has so close a connection with Calllppe that it may be but a local variety. The fore wings above are of a vivid fulvous in both sexes, while in the male Calllppe they are of a pale blackish-fulvous. The under side does not offer notable differences. Mr. Lorquin, who has taken a number of examples of Juha, considers it a distinct species." In Boisduval's Latin description of Juha, he says, " posticoe subtus ARGYNNIS IV. flavescentes." Now in his description of CaUippe, he says, " posticaa subtus cinereo-fusca3." This does not agree with the color of Juba as given, nor with what Dr. Behr says of Coronia ("fusca"). But I have the type male of Juba, sent me by Dr. Boisduval, and named and marlced " type " in his own hand, and this is not " flavescens," but the color of Behr's type. However, as I have said above, the species varies from red-brown to yellow on under side. CaUippe is figured in Vol. I., But. N. A., and the differences between these species are really great, though they belong to the same sub-group, which also includes Liliana and Semiramis, both figured in the present Volume. The female figured in Vol. I., Plate 33, as A. Nevadensis is Coronis of a pale- colored under-side variety. When that Plate was published, 1871, 1 followed the instructions of Mr. Henry Edwards, who had taken what he supposed to be the females of Nevadensis, at Virginia City. Later, 1878, Messrs. Mead and Mor- rison collected in Nevada, and brought back numbers of both Nevadensis and Coronis. The female of the former is always green. I concluded from the evi- dence laid before me at that time that A. Meadii, figured in Vol. H., Plate 24, must be an extreme variation of Nevadensis, in which the green is dark and lu&trous. ARGYNNIS CALLIPPE. Argynnis CalUppe, Boisduval ; Eilwardu, But. N. A., Vol. I,, p. 77, pi. 25. Mr. W. G. Wright, at San Bernardino, says of this species : "Its range, in this region, is from near the sea level to the altitude of 2500 feet. It is found in the low valleys, where the hills shut off the winds, and the hot sunshine makes a torrid temperature. Its season is short, only about five weeks, and I have had no evi- dence of a second brood. When the males first appear, about 20th May, the bottom of the valley and adjoining hillsides are green with grass, and gay with flowers of various plants. These males are restless, alighting on the flowers but for a mo- ment, and seem incessantly occupied in searching for their mates. Almost always I have had to take them on the wing. The females appear about Ist June, and should be searched for among the dead twigs and branches of the small bushes which dot the hillsides, such being the spots to which they resort to lay their eggs. Under these bushes, a few violets have grown in early spring, and by June, their dead leaves may be seen. The violets never grow at the bottom of the valley, and the female never approaches green violets, some bunches of which are to be found, in June, at a higher elevation. Her instinct leads her to the dead plants. Among the twigs about these, and upon the rubbish at the ground, she flutters and crawls, and having found a satisfactory place, pushes her abdomen down into the rubbish as far as possible and drops an egg. Perhaps puts another near the first, and then flies to another place. The young larvae come from the eggs in about twelve days, and must be in lethargic state till the beginning of the next season. I have never been able to find the larvae in spring, though I have searched diligently." In the region about San Bernardino, there are but three species of Argynnis, namely, Liliana, Callippc, and Semiramis, and the last two have the same habits in disposing of their eggs. According to Dr. Behr, as stated in Volume I., CalUppe is distributed throughout the State, and is the most common species about San Francisco, but it is everywhere one-brooded. In the text concerning CaUippe, in Vol. I., some doubt was expressed as to what form Dr. Boisduval applied that name, his description not being definite. But I afterwards received from him the type male (the CalUppe of my Plate). 1. * ^Kw ' i^t^il^tii j^'y'^ ■yi.'Ww iyyawjf-rijr ^>y* .-faMivy • ¥ l»r^* V N T 'Jitic'uirflt jon litl. fli-. GEMMA 1 2 rf, 3 4 , HENSHAWI 5 6 d' 7 8 9 1/ /'.(/./ nuiifuifiitl h l.iirvit hit.innji J I -'.r':' mail It h ' 7/ ri/ sgs, is a pair of very shnr* hairs, in horizontal line; head one half broader than 2, broad as high, H tepe^. frontally, a slight angular depression at top; on each vertex, a coni- cal, divergent horn, somewhat curved forward, in three sections, each smaller at the junction than the top of the next below ; at the end a bristle, and another on the middle, on the mner side ; a few shorter ones scattered over face ; color of head and horns black-brown. In about two days from the egg the color gradually changes to pale green, and stripes appear, a white sub-dorsal, and two on mid-side. (Fig. 6, 6''.) Duration of this stage, six days in April, August, and October. After first moult : Jeiigth .18 inch ; nearly the same shape, somewhat thicker in middle, the dorsum more arched ; the tails longer, more slender, and brown- tipped ; each segment five times creased, and on the ridges so caused a row of white tubercles, irregular, conical, each with a short white hair; color dark green, marked longitudinally by white ; on mid-dorsum a clear green stripe, and the ground on either side of it is whitish, owing to the numerous tubercles there ; on the verge of dorsal area a white stripe, another along base of body, and between these, on side, are two contiguous white lines; urder side bluish-green, NEONYMPHA I. feet and legs green ; head sub-pyriform, truncated, higher and narrower in pro- portion than before, the horns longer, more tapering, less divergent, slightly curved forward, about as long as the face ; the space between them not angular, but concave ; color of head and horns brown, pale on front face, and green- tinted ; from base of each horn a dark stripe passes down the side of face, and there is a second such stripe in front. (Figs, c, c'*.) Duration of this stage, in August five days, in October ten, in May seven. After second moult: length .34 inch; nearly the same shape, the tails longer; color pale green, the rcripes as before ; head nearly as at second stage, the horns more divergent ; color of front face deep green, the back of head dull green, the stripes and horns reddi.'fh-brown. (Figs, d, (P.) Duration of this stage, in August five days, in May eight. After third moult, in autumn : length .55 inch; same shape ; color soiled white, greenish on dorsum next head ; the dorsal stripe dark, the sub-dorsal and basal brown. At four days from the moult : length .72 inch ; color now drab on dorsum, the median and sub-dorsal stripes darker ; sides red-brown, the two lines buff ; basal stripe yellow-buff ; under this, a broad black -brown stripe the length of body ; tails drab, reddened at tips. Matitke Larva. — Length .96 inch ; slender, the dorsum slightly arched ; ending in two long, lonioal, sharp-pointed tails, which meet at base ; the whole surface finely and sharply tuberciilated, most of the tubercles giving out a short white hair; 'or buff and roddish-grny in bands and stripes; a narrow gray mid-dorsal siriji' . then a broml buff band to verfre nf dorsal area, and edged by a reddish line ; next n bronl ^^rn\ lateral baiul. ith a narrow buff strip, below; the basal stripe yellow-l> il ; beneath this a partly obsolete blackish band ; tjiils drab, red at tips; feet and 1 gs brown; lead sub-pyriform, tniiioated, on each vertex along, conical, pointed horn, but little divergent, the spa c between the two at base concave ; color drab, both back f\\, fan ; hurns drab behind, black- brown in front and between ; a brrii ! blark-brown stripe down the front face, and a narrow one on side from basi vV, Ws^ww^^^ ^AMk '^t,f^y^ ./ / / A ■m ! — BAR ON I 12 d 349 VAR. 56$. '/ A'/// //!,;/ ,1 ^/..-ii, ill :""' III// r' .\/(i/iii-r /'i/'Mi , /' l/i/y/.-'i/is i/i,n/iiiilri/ . ■:'' /iiiliirol SI \ ■jimaiS^ttMi6sMlt^l§Sse^0^^'- • Sk MELIT^A I. MELITiEA BARONI, 1-6, Is Metilaa Baroni, Henry EJwards, Pnpilio, I., p. 82, 1882; W. H. Edward*, Can. Ent., XI., p. 129, 1879, Malk. — Expands from 1.5 to 1.8 inch. Upper side black, spotted with red and pale ochrey-yellow, mostly in common transverse rows ; the spots of the marginal row red, well separated ; of the second row yellow, often quite small on primaries, or mere lines ; of the tliird row, yel- low on primaries, red on secondaries ; the fourth is bifid on median nervure of primaries, the two branches running to costa, the outer one partly red, partly yellow, the inner one yellow ; from median to inner margin either yellow, or yel- low and red, the outer half each spot being red ; on secondaries the spots of this row are yellow and large ; from outside arc of cell of primaries to base four bars, red and yellow alternately ; a yellow patch below the origin of the lower median nervule ; the basal area and costal margin much dusted yellow, the shoulder red ; secondaries have a fifth, but demi-row, from costa to median, red, some- times wholly wanting, and four yellow spots on basal area, two in cell, one below cell, one on costal margin ; fringes of both wings yellow, black at the ends of the nervule.s. Under .side red, primaries dull, secondaries bright ; both wings have broad mar- ginal borders ; the yellow spots of second and third rows of primaries repeated, the former much enlarged ; a large yellow sub-triangular patch on the sub-costal interspaces ; the yellow spots in and below cell repeated ; secondaries have the yellow spots of second and fourth rows repeated, enlarged, forming two confluent bands, the outer one lightly edged black above and below, the other or discal always edged with black on the basal side, but not always on the marginal side ; the third row is of red spots, each wholly but lightly edged with yellow, except on the marginal side ; between the third and discal row is an intermediate nar- row stripe of red from lower branch of sub -median to upper branch of sub-costal, and this is often confluent with the yellow discal band ; but sometimes a black MELITiEA I. line partly separates them ; in some examples this red stripe is suppressed, or absorbed by the spots of the third row, and in this case there is a black edge on marginal side of the discal band ; the basal area red, the four yellow spots re- peated, all edged with black ; a fifth spot on costal margin ; shoulder and inner margin yellow. Body black with long gray hairs on thorax, the collar red ; beneath, thorax buff, abdomen buff, red laterally ; legs red ; palpi red, yellow at base ; antennae eithc' annulated red and buff, alternately and equally, or red only j the under side bluck ; club black, tip ferruginous. (Figs. 1, 2.) Female. — Expands 1.6 to 1.9 inch. Upper side black, and nearly as in the male ; or there is an excess of red, all the red spota being much enlarged. Beneath as in male. (Figs. 3, 4, 5.) Many females have scarcely any black edging to the spots of the second and third rows on sfcondaries, and contrast strikingly in this respect with Ruhicunda and the other species of the group. (Fig. 5.) Ego. — Conoidal, rounded at base and there marked by many shallow indenta- tions ; tiie sides ribbed vertically, the ribs about twenty in number, straight, low, the spaces between a little excavated ; the top truncated, a little depressed ; color yellow-green. (Fig. a.) YouNQ Lahva. — Length .08 inch ; cylindrical, of nearly even thickness from 2 to 10 ; the segments rounded ; on each segment low conical tubercles, each of Avhich gives a long tapering hair ; under a high power these hairs are seen to be thickly set with barbs ; (Fig. 6*;) the tubercles form six longitudinal rows, on either' side one dorsal, one sub-dorsal, one lateral ; on 2 the three are in straight line on the front, and on rear of same segment is another row of four, two on either side, and lying between those of front row ; on 3 the row is straight, on the front ; on 4 the two dorsal tubercles are on front, the others a little behind, so as to form a curved row ; from 5 to 12 inclusive the two dorsals are in front, the 1st and Gth a little back, the 2d and 5th either on middle of the segment or more to the rear ; on 13 are six in front, the 2d and 5th a little back, and behind these six in two lo' itudinal rows to extremity ; in general the hi\irs of an- terior segments are turned a little forward, those on posterior half back ; below spiracles is a row of smaller tubercles, wi'LJi shorter hairs, one each on 2, 3, 4, on the rest two, on 13 three, the hairs all bent down, the hindmost one of each pair placed a little higher than the other : color of body greenish-brown ; head rounded, a little broader than high, a little depressed at suture, the vertices MELITiEA I. rounded ; color black ; on the front are small tubercles and hairs, seven on eithor lobe. (Figs, fc, 6S t".) After first moult : length .15 inch ; color greenish and pale brown, mottled ; body now furnished with seven rows of spines, which are present at each stage to maturity (as in all species of this genus), one row being dorsal, three lateral (two above, one below spiracles) ; these spines are long, tapering to a point, and thinly beset with long tapering black hairs, the one at extremity recurved some- what ; the dorsals run from 5 to 12, and are yellow ; the first laterals from 3 to 13, black; the second laterals from 3 to 13, black; (there are four spines on 13, two on front, two on rear, and the front ones may be considered to belong to the first laterals, the other to second;) the lower row from 3 to 11, black; there are also low rounded yellow tubercles, two on 2, one just above the other, below the line of the spiracles, with two short hairs ; on 3 and 4 one, in line with spiracles, with four hairs ; and along base a row, one or 2, 3, 4, 5, 11, 12, 13, with four hairs ; from 6 to 10 inclusive two with two hairs ; on dorsum r ' 2 are three small tubercles on either side in front, and one behind, four in all, each with one long hair turned forward ; head as at first stage, the tubercles and hairs disposed iti same way, with an additional one on either lobe making eighteen. (Figs, c, c', c^.) After second moult : length .22 inch ; color black ; all spines black, except of dorsal row, which are yellow, as before ; in shape as at second stage, but the hairs are more numerous and the one from apex is straight. (Fig. d.) After third moult : length, in hibernation and therefore contracted, .3 inch ; color as before ; the spines more thickly beset with hairs, which are more diver- gent, and make a dense covering. Matuue Larva, probably after fifth moult. — Length 1 inch ; cylindrical ; color velvetrblack, dotted on the rear of each segment with white tubercles ; spines long, tapering, thickly beset with long, tapering, divergent hairs, a straight one from summit ; the dorsal row and the row along base yellow, all others black ; under side smoky-broivn ; feet black, pro-legs brown ; head sub- cordate, the vertices rounded, thickly covered with low tubercles, each of which gives a short black curved hair; color blacV--brown. (Figs, c, e^, e*.) Chrysalis. — Length .65 inch ; cylindrical ; head case short, narrow, exca- vated at sides ; mesonotum moderately prominent, rounded, followed by a shal- MELTT^A I. low depression ; abdomen stout, furnished with several rows of sharp, conical, short tubercles (corresponding to the larval spines) ; the wing cases a little flaring at base, depressed in middle ; color blue-gray, the whole surface much marked with black ; wing cases buff, more or less tinted red ; with a black patch from base almost to hind margin, the nervules within it being orange, a mar- ginal row of serrated spots, and another submarginal ; head case and mesonotum largely black ; the tubercles more or less enclosed with black ; behind the dor- sals are four small spots each, forming with the tubercle a triangle ; similar spots on sides. But there is much variation in extent of the black markings. (Fig./.) In 1876, Mr. Oscar T. Baron, then at Mendocino, California, sent me several mature (or nearly) larva5 of the present species by mail. They were twelve days out and but one was alive on arrival. From this the drawing given on the Plate, Fig. c, was made. Several larvae had pupated, but were more or less eaten, and I suppose the single larva had kept itself alive in that way. On 16th December, 1878, I received from Mr. Baron, then at Navarro, about twenty of the same larvae, in hibernation. Mr. Baron wrote that the eggs were laid June 29th, in clusters, one large and several small, the former containing sixty or more eggs, the latter from five to twenty. The larvae hatched 20th July, or after 21 days. Their first care was to spin a common web, and this was occupied (of course, with additions, as needed) until the time for hibernation approached. Then some larvae left the common web and spun for themselves among the wilted leaves of the food plant. Mr. Baron thought this plant was a species of Castelleia, but it was not identified. These larvae did not survive the winter. I was able to get a description of the stage after third moult, and had to depend on alcoholic specimens for the earlier stages and the egg. On 18th May, 1879, I received from Mr. Baron several chrysalides which had come from tbo same lot of larvae, and from them obtained six butterflies, between 22d and 31st May. One of these was the red variety, female, shown by Figs. 5, 6. Not much is known of the early stages of the American species of the group of Melitsea to which Baroni belongs. It is a difficult group to separate, and this makes it the more important that the preparatory stages of the several species should be studied. 'SSJ.. LIl.lANA 1 R.a'3 4, 9 .jlg0lf0UIK—~- 'i'^^,A" .^Wii'J, ■»~n^iiifearMfeiviai^ ■ ,«^.. btf^ ARGYNNIS III. ARGYNNIS LILIANA, 1-4. Argijnnu LUiana, Henry Edwards, Proc. Cal. Acad. Nat. Sci., VI., 1876. Aberr. Baroni, W. II. Edwards, Trana. Am. Eat. Soc., IX., S, 1881. Male. — Expnnds 2.2 inches. Upper side either deep red-fulvous, or pale, varying ; the black markings as in the allied species, but slight, the spots small ; the mesial band on secondaries coi tinuous ; the fulvous spots on same wings, both marginal and discal, often paler than the ground color ; fringes on both wings yellowish, black at the ends of the nervules. Under side of primaries yellow-buff ; the basal area, and to hind margin below median, brown, with buff in the median interspaces ; some examples, however, are red-brown at base, and the nervules are edged red ; the outer half of cell yellow-buff, the P-shaped spot as the base ; the two or three spots on the sub- costal brown patch and the five uppermost marginal spots well silvered, the sixth spot partially so. Secondaries brown, very little mottled with buff; the band narrow, brown- ochre ; the spots large and well silvered ; the sub-marginal triangular, those of second row, except the small ones, fourth and seventh, oval or sub-oval, narrowly edged black on basal side ; of third row, the three spots are oval, pyriform, and crescent, with intermediate dashes of silver in some examples, and a streak on inner margin, also edged black ; a round spot in cell and three at base ; shoulder and inner margin well silvered. Body above covered with red-brown hairs ; below, the thorax with hairs which are gray at base, yellow to reddish without ; abdomen buff ; legs red and buff ; palpi yellow at base, red without and at tip ; antenna) pale black above, red- brown below ; club black, tip ferruginous. (Figs. 1, 2.) ARGYNNIS III. Female. — Expands 2.35 inches. Upper side pale f ulvou.s ; the marginal spots of both wings lighter. Under side as in the male, the basal area and nervules of primaries red. (Figs. 3, 4.) Aberu. Baroni. The two marginal lines very heavy, and in place of the sub- marginal lunules a broad band crossing the wing ; the row of round black spots is represented by a band from costa to upper median nervule, with two round spots in the median interspaces, the two spots usually found in the next inter- spaces wanting ; on the under side, the marginal silver spots of primaries are changed to a solid bar, and the corresponding lunules on secondaries are changed in same manner ; so the three spots of second row next costa are confluent, mak- ing one great spot. This fine aberration is in the collection of B. Neumoegen, Esq. Egg. — Conoidal, truncated, depressed at summit, marked vertically by twenty- two or twenty-three ribs, which are as in the other species of the genus ; the outline of this egg is much as in Eunjnome, Vol. II, pi. 23, the base being broad, the top narrow, and the height not much more than the breadth; color yellow. (See Plate V oi Argynnis, Fig. a.) Young Larva. — Length .08 inch ; cylindrical, marked as in the genus by tuberculous patches, with hairs the same in number, but somewhat different from some other species in the sub-dorsal rows ; there are here two hairs from each tubercle, but instead of being nearly equal in length, the anterior one is much the shorter, and inclines toward the head, while the other stands up straight, or leans a little towards the tail ; color of body light brown ; head as broad as 2, sub- globose, somewhat pilose; color black-brown. (Plate V, Fig. 6.) Liliana flies in northern California and Utah. The examples taken by Mr. Henry Edwards, from which the description was made, were from Napa County. Mr. O. T. Baron supplied collectors during the years 1878 to 1880 from Lake County and elsewhere, and on 12th July mailed me eggs just then laid by a female confined over violet. The eggs hatched 24th July, or at about 13 days from the laying, and the larvae at once went into lethargy. Later in the season, I sent them to Maine for safe-keeping through the winter, but none survived. (By an oversight the egg and young larva were not figured on the present Plate, but will be given on Plate V of this series of Argynnis.) hm FlGLiEIS 12 0" 34 9 5 VAR ■: 'V>* • ' i-^!v<'i.-!. ;< ' ' ■ ■ ^o^i 'i'l tin fuji' . !•!+ ^iSf! ■■'.'irk, iH .■ ^■ ::y(!.;'v'-:l.^u' aft* Huff ' t,,- -rift. ; ■• ! ■ ■■■"i'-'T-liM't. rt..( ■■ '^ 'lUS y'Ai'a'>>:sVi H :ki <:w;,-.i-i ■'.■,- ■ -I.. . -". < ■ ' ~^ ■■ !,:'; : '^z, i^»?: : »ido. ti-> vr (d>u,"!' ;ii M*i^: m ^*n #. ARGYNNIS IX. AROYNNIS EGLEIS, 1-6. Arifi/nnit Egleis (F.\(-\u'-\»), Ruimliival, Lcp. ilu lu Califurnif, p. bO, 1869. " No. 6," H.-lir, I'roo. fill. Aoabr). 9 Mormoniu, Uoia., I, c, p. 58. Malk. — Expands 1.8 to 2 inches. Upper sitlo bright fulvoii.s, n little ob.scured at base ; marked and spotted as in the allied species ; double lines along hind niiirgin.s, the mesial band on second- aries continuous and all the markings of bolli wings light ; fringes of primaries alternately fulvous and black, or nearly all black, with a little fulvous in middle of each interspace, of secondaries, either wholly fulvous, or with black just at ends of nervules. Under side of primaries yellow-buff apically, pale red at base and to hind mar- gin below median, or just at base, and along the median nervules, in which last case the interspaces are buff ; the black markings repeated ; the sub-marginal spots either buff altogether, or the upper four and the two on the brown sub- costal patch are imperfectly silvered. Secondaries yellow-buff, the belt between the two outer rows of spots clear colored and immaculate ; the remainder of wing to base washed with diluted brown, through which the yellow ground appears more or less clearly ; the sub- mitrginal spots narrow, and sometimes well silvered ; the other apots as in the allied species, but small, never, so far as observed, perfectly silvered, but varying much in this point ; the spots of second and third rows rather heavily edged with black on the basal side. But many examples are reddish-buff on under side, and the brown on second- aries is darker than in the type. Body brown above, with long fulvous hairs, buff below ; legs fulvous and buff ; palpi fulvous ; antennas black above, fulvous beneath ; club black, tip ferrugi- nous. (Figs. 1, 2.) ARGYNNIS IX. Female. — Expands from 1.8 to 2.1 inches. Upper side Ibsm bright than in the male ; the markings no heavier ; but ex- amples occur wliicli are darker fulvous, and others which arc nuich obscured over basal areas, and the fulvous is every vliere washc I with brown; on tiie underside the base of primaries ismorevsu than in the male ; in the darker examples the disk and base of secondaries are more covered with brown or brown-ferruginous ; and the spots of both wiiiga are silvered, but not so per- fectly as in many species. (Figs. 3, 4.) There is much variation, ond one of the common varieties is represented by Fig. 5. In this there is no trace of silver, and the spots are clear yellow-buflf, color of the ground of the wing. 1 have seen no female of this type. Egg. — Conoidal, truncated and depressed at top, rounded at bottom ; the broadth to the height nearly as 8 to 9 ; marked by 18 thin, elevated, vertical ribs, slij^htly sinuous or bent, one half of them running from base to summit, the others but about two thirds the distance, then uniting with the first ; the ends forming a serrated rim ; between the ribs the rounded depressions are crossed by many very low horizontal ridges ; color yellow. (Fig. a.) Young LAitVA. — Length .00 inch, at 12 hours from egg ; cylindrical, of even size from 2 to 10, each segment a little rounded ; color greenish-white (ohanging in a few days to greenish-brown); marked by eight longitudinal rows of dark tuber(;ulous spots, three being above tlie spiracles on either side, and one below; tbet>( spots are flat, oval or sub-triangulai, and bear one or two small conical tubiicles, from each of which springs a long tapering hair ; under a high power these hairs are seen to be barbed, and knobbed at the ends ; on dorsum of 2 is a bar, corresponding to the four dorsal and sub-dorsal spots of other segment,s, and on its front are six hairs, o • the rear four shorter ones ; the spots of the dorsal rows are sub-oval, each with two hairs ; of the sub-dorsal rows triangular and smaller, each with but one hair ; of the third or mid-lateral row sub-oval, on 2, 3, 4 with two hairs, on following segments but one ; tlie spotj^ of the fourth, or infro-stigmatal, row are rounded, and except on 2 and 13, each of which has two, have four divergent hairs; along base, y a deep excavation ; the tubercles on abdomen very small, scarcely visible ; color dark brown, mottled in shades, and with more or less yellow-brown, particularly on the abdomen, on dorsal side of which the darker shade makes a seirateu border to the front of e-icii segment , the .ving cases dark and glossy. The only chrysalis died before pupation. (Figa. J, cP.) This species was first 'escribed by Dr. II. Bohr, without a name, but designated as " No, 5 " in his pai)er on the Californian Argynnide.s, 1802 ; and it is compared and contrasted with his '* No. 4," which later he called Monlioaya. Dr. Bewr says that No. 5 is much more common than the other, i 'id " is easily reco^^nized by the black bordering of the spots of the intermediate fascia) (the seconti and third rows), their oval, not quadrangular, shape, and the rounded (lunular) form of the marginal spots." In 186'J, Dr. Boisduval described the species as Etjleis, Dr. liehr not having meanwhile applied a name to it, but included in it, I apprc* bend, the Montivatju, IJehr, an'' certaiidy tlie distinct species Irene. He calls attention to this last as a variety which he had taken to be a species, but < ,. that after having compared more than a hundred examples he finds that ouj runs into another in such a way that they cannot be separated. After eliminat- ing Montiimfja and Irene, there still remains a wide amount of variation be- tween the forms which yet pass under the name Eijhix. One of these is figured on the Plate (5). Examples from Mt. Bradley, California, are often very dark, not fulvous but brown, the females well silvered. Mormonia is not distinguish- al)Ie in the original description from IJt/leis, and in the I^atin synopsis of charac- ters at the head of each description the same words are used for both, except that for Egleis the spots of the under side are said to be silvered or pale, whereas in Mormonia they are said to be silvered only. Dr. Boisduval sent me the male of Kijlcif and female of Mormonia, and there is no more difference between llie two than would belong to dilTerent sexes. Tiie species is widespread, occupying northern California, and especially Nevada. It flies also in Utah, near Salt Lake, and in northern Colorado, though it seems nowhere to be common in this last-named State. Mr. Mead took large numbers in 1878, at Summit, Nevada, and the same year Mr. Morrison al.so col- lected in Nevada. I had the opportunity of examining all the variations in both collections. Besides the Nevada examples. I have at different times received many from Mts. Bradley and Shasta, from Mr. Behrens. Mr. Mead (1878) sent mo from Sunnnit several eggs of Egleia, laid on violet by a female in confinement, and they hatched on or about the ISth August. The larva* at once went into lethargy, as is the case with all the larger Argynnid larvijo of the later generation, or all larvtu where there is but one annual genera- ARGYNNIS IX. tior.. I kept them in a cooi room till last of January, 1879, when the survivors, three in number, were brought to u warm room and placed on violet. By 5th February they wei-e .seen to be feeding On 18th Febru.iry, one passed first moult, the ."second moult 5th March, the third IGth, and was that day accidentally killed. The second larva pjissed third moult 15th April, the third larva the same moult 17th April. This lost died before another moult, but the second passed fourth moult 26th April, the fifth 7th May ; suspended 20th and pupated 2l8t May ; but died before imago. The general history is therefore similar to that of Cyhele, Atlantis, and the other larger species, but unlike that of Myrina and the species of Group II. ^ r J .^m^..> ';'«^- 'AX^ yU r r < ( V / V ,N> H 1 f'^'-j'SV * t • » • *.!, »«» » - c" V t <;■• \'Ai-> • ■ ^'' '' '^' ' V Si '' V / « ' >i ■V* # ^ Jl^" ;«f:f 'If- i COLIAS IV. COLIAS CHRY80MELAS, 1-9. Collar Ckryiomelai (Cliry-nom'-c-lnii), Henry Edward*, Pacific Coaxt I^pidoptera, Feb., 1877, Male. — ExpamlH 2 to 2.4 inches. Upper side greenish-yellow, not much ohscured nt base ; the marginal border of primaries very broad, black, more or le.ss dusted with yellow scale.**, cut nearly to the outer edge by the yellow nervulea, usually even-edged within, or slightly erose, but 8on»cLimes roughly dentated, curving roundly at the apex, but little advanced on co.ital margin, and on inner margin projecting a rather long sj)ur ; discal spot small, sub-ovate, black. Secondaries also have a broad border, cut to the outer edge by the two median norvules ; not du.sted yellow ; the discal spot usually wanting, but sometimes orange, or indicated by a .slight orange tint; fringes of both wings pink, yellow at inner angle of primaries. Under side of primaries lemon-yellow, deeper colored along costal margin, and orange-tinted over apical area, often deeply; except on inner margin and to middle of cell, thickly dusted with fine brown scales; the discal spot repeated, a slight oval ring with yellow or sometimes pink-tinted interior; costal edge pink; submarginal patches are sometimes present in the median interspaces, a small cluster of black scales to each, but oftener there is no trace of these. Secondaries entirely orange-yellow, thickly dusted ; the discal spot pearl-white, or perhaps roseate throughout or about the edge, in a red-brown, broad ring ; at base a small patch of pink ; at outer angle a cluster of brown scales, never large, often a mere trace; some examples have submarginal patches in the median interspaces only. Body covered with greeni,sh-yellow hairs, the collar dull pinic ; under side yellow ; legs pink ; palpi yellow, pink at tip ; antenniB and club brown above, elsewhere pink, except that the end of the club is ferruginous. (Figs. 1, 2.) Very rarely examples are of a deep yellow, as Fig. 5, and the mar- ginal borders narrow and as in Fig. 7. COLIAS IV. Fkmai.e. — KxpnmlH 2.2 to 2.5 inchcR. Kitlicr liriglit yellow, or of the tint of tho mnle, or pnler, n wliitiHh yellow ; the marginal bonier of primaries bronil, oi nearly even width excejit af, apex, piUo dusky black, completely inclo.sing a HerieH of yellow patchen that croM.s the wing ; (liscal spot as in the male, occasionally orange. Secondaries have the border much narrower and limited to upper half the wing ; often representiid by a few scalea or patches ; tho discal spot either pale orange, solid, or an orange ring with pale centre. (Figs. 3, 4, 8.) Fig. !> repro- Rcnts a curious variety, in which the l)or(^er of primaries takoH the form of a series of long triangles, one on each ntsrvule. So far as at present known, Chrynomelas is limited to Northern California. Nevada has been thoroughly searched for butterllies, and this sj)ecies has not been taken there. Tho originul examples from which Mr. Edwards made his descrip- tions were froui Napa (Joimty. Mr. James Ik'hreiis has for .several seasons tnken many at Shasta, Shasta County, and at Soda Springs, Siskiyou County. There in no doubt that Chri/Homelai) is nearly allied to C. OccidenUil'iH, Scudder, figured in Vol. I. pi. 18, descrilted on page 57, a species found over N. W. Hr. America, from Vancouver's Island to Fjake Saskatchawan, but not in the Rocky Mountains or at high elevations. The two form a distinct sub-group, diJTering from any other in the character of the border of the fore wing in \.\w. female. I have thought C'hrynnmvhiH might be a southern form of ()rci(/iittitl!n, and fo put it in tny Catalogue, 1884. On the other hand, Mr. Henry Edwards has been familiar with both these forms in the tield, and is positive that they arc distinct species. At the end of his description he says : " I have no doubt whatever of the distinctness of this species. It is most nearly allied to C. Orrldnihills, Scud., the original types of which are now before me. It differs in the extreuie width of the marginal band, equally broad on primaries and secondaries, and ulways distinctly cut by the nervules on both wings ; by its much larger size, anil |)y the paler groun ^m y >^ Photographic Sciences Corporation <>^ <^^ 4 ^9) \ ; ) WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. U580 (714) 872-4503 <1> ;^ 4 NAUSICAA 12(^,349. .1 u; ■i"* ' ,■• ,*■ »• I f >&; '^:. esy,. ARGYNNIS X. ARGYNNIS NAUSICAA, 1-4. Argynnis Nauskaa (Nau-sic'-a-a), Edwards, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc., V., 104, 1874 ; id., Papilio, II., 6, 1882 ; Mead, Report, Wheeler Exped'a, V., 752, 1876. Male. — Expands 2.5 inches. Upper side deep red-fulvous, the bases much obscured ; hind margins edged by two lines almost confluent ; the submnrginal spots lunular, separated, the other markings as in the allied species, light ; the mesial band of secondaries broken, not continuous ; fringes yellowish in the interspaces, black at the ends of the ncr- vules. Under side of primaries almost wholly bright red-brown, less red next apex; a little bufiE in the middle of the sub-costal interspaces; the submarginal spots lanceolate, the lower ones black, those next apex brown, the upper six imperfectly' silvered ; one or two sub-apical silver patches. Secondaries dark brown, often ferruginous, mottled with buff; the band between the two outer rows of spots narrow, much encroached on by the ground color, sometimes clear buff, sometimes more or less dusted with brown scales; all the spots small and well silvered ; those of the submarginal row narrow, broader next outer angle, all edged above with brown or ferruginous ; those of the second row narrow, he.avily edged above with black ; the third row consists of three sub- lunate spots, also edged black ; in the cell one or two often minute spots in black rings, and three patches at base ; the shoulder and inner margin silvered. Body dark fulvous, beneath, gray-brown on thorax, the abdomen buff ; legs buff ; palpi buff at sides, brown in front and at tip ; antennae fuscous above, brown below ; club back, the tip ferruginous. (Figs. 1, 2.) Female. — Same size. On the upper side the marginal lines are confluent on primaries, and the lunules are joined to them, these latter inclosing pale fulvous spots inclining to white next apex ; the spots of the mesial band small, mostly lunular. Under side of primaries deeper red, the buff spaces more extended, and covering the upper ARGYNNIS X. outer corner of the cell ; secondaries darker, more mottled, the band more re- stricted; tiie silver spots a little larger. (Figs. 3, 4.) This species was described from 1 i 2 9 taken by Mr. Henshaw, member of Lieut. Wlieeler's Expedition, 1874, at Rocky Canon, Arizona. The late Mr. Morrison brought a few examples, all males 1 believe, from Arizona in 1882, but I know not the exact locality. Up to the present year, 1887, these were the only ones to be found in collections. It was reserved for Rev. George D. Hulst, of Brooklyn, New York, to make us better acquainted with the .species, and I have to tliank liini for the examples figured on the Plate, and for the interesting ac- count I am able to give of locality jxnd habits. Mr. Hulst writes: "About the middle of last Juno (1887), I started on a summer vacation to California and Ari- zona, going first to California. On the way home I stopped at Prescott, Ariz., and thence went twelve miles south to Maple Gulch, in the mountains, at the head-waters of the Hassayampa River. I reached this place July 1st, and had eleven days' collecting. It was in the rainy season, and, with one exception, it rained every day, more or less, while I was there. I took specimens of Argynnis Nunsicaa each day of my stay, mostly males, the first females appearing only the day before I left. " The country there is extremely broken and mountainous, with the little brooks at the head of the river running through rocky canons, up the steep sides of which the mountains rise from 1,000 to 2,000 feet. Along the beds of these brooks, where the dampness is constant, are found white-stemmed violets, the same or very nearly related to the eastern Viola Canadensis. Where these were found, and never at any great distance from them, this butterfly was found ; so that, probably, the violet is its food-plant. The species was very local, only found in the bottoms of the canons, at 6,000 to 7,000 feet altitude, and within an area of not more than one by three miles. And with a single exception all that I saw were on the north side of the divide. That one was on the south, but the condi- tions were the same, though I did not see the violets. The butterflies were very quick on the wing, and rarely alighted. The few taken on flowers were on Asclepi.as tuberosa. Some were taken on the ground, sipping moisture where the bright sunlight reached the beds of the streams. Except when alighted they w^ere very difficult to catch, as there are neither roads nor paths in that wild country ; heavily thorned shrubs were plentiful, and not a square rod of level surface was to be found." Mr. Hulst thinks it probable that this species is to be found in central and southern Arizona, in the mountains where violets grow, but it must be local and much restricted. It is the most southern species of its genus, and its affinities are with the Aphrodite sub-group. 'A. P m I ■■ f: Wl I .i?<, '''- % ■r A .^ .£k. ^^... •^ A, '•4: %?• i i I M /■ A, /■. i —IWWBWWM— MMM < I—IIII ^TS'> v ■ ./ GA.I_,/VCT IMUS 12 rf 34 9 , P" O R M C ALj I F' O R.N I U S 5 6 d. 7 VAR, ERYNGII 9 9. 1/ ' /V/Y/s'a//* niiii^ni lied ,!,■ '!■ ;;, I.I. \ i^ fjV ;t Cumonymjih Edwards, Cnn Form Cai.i X.,3(ll), IH.VJ, VaII. KllYN "■""'"'-'J*; :yi,-i. Form G Mali,. Upper si the dark u scales, but Under s gins of bot whitish or nervule, ar or crenatec median int .small black black dot, marginal c viduals as i Body ab hairs; legs gray, tip fc Female. As in th( sometimes ■^*-->'v.".Kx FOEM Qi % CCENONYMPHA I. COSNONYMI'HA GALACTINUS, 1-9. Citnonymphn Galaclinuf, Hoisiluval, AnnalvB do In Sw. Kiit. du Franco, 2d Stirie», 'I., sno, 18152; W. H. Kilwnrds, Can. Knt., XVIH., JOI, IHH6. Form Calikounia, WcstwooU-IIewitBOn, Gon. Diurnal Lcp., 398, ])1. G7, 18SI. i.alijormui, Duiml., I. c, X., 3(19, IS.VJ. Vaii. KitYNOii, Henry FCdwards, Pacific Coast Lcpidoptcra No. 24, Fcb'y, lo.'7. Form Galactinus. Mali.. -Expands 1.2 to 1.4 inch. Upper side sordid yellow-white, with a dusky slinde over secondnrios caused by the dark under surface ; immaculate; the base more or Icsh obscured by bl.Tck scales, but some examples have nothing of this ; fringes long, color of wings. Under side gray-brown, darkest over ba.sal half of secondaries, the hind mar- gins of both wings lighter, a yellowish-gray ; the inner margin of primaries either whitish or tinted brown ; a pale ray cro.sses the disk beyond coll to lower median norvule, and on the basal side of this the dark scales are dense and nnike a sinuous or crenated edge ; secondaries have a similar ray, angular, interrupted on upper median interspace broadest letween this and costa; primaries have near apex a .small black ocellus, ! > nale ^mg, v.'ith white centre, but often there is merely a black dot, and sometimes this is wanting ; secondaries have from one to four sub- marginal ocelli in the median and disco-cellular interspaces, differing m indi- viduals as to distinctness. Body above, color of wings, beneath, the thorax is covered with long dark gray hairs; legs and palpi dark gray; antennce same above, yellowish below; club gray, tip ferruginous. (Figs. 1, 2.) Female. — Expands 1.45 inch. As in the male, the under surface rather darker ; the ocelli more pronounced, sometimes a second one in the second median interspace of primaries. (Figs. 3, 4.) Form California. COENOrYMPHA I. Both sexes are lighter colored than Galactinus, nearly white, there being no dark shade over upper surface, and no black at base ; beneath, the general color is yellowish, the extra-discal areas being nearly or quite free from black scales j the basal half of secondaries pale brown, slightly dusted black ; the ocelli same. (Figs. 5-8.) Var. Erynqii. Tliis variety differs from California simply in being of a more yellowish hue on both surfaces, the basal areas on under side scarcely darker than the rest; and in the absence of ocelli, which is usually total ; some examples, however, have traces of ocelli, as seen in Figure 9. Egg. — Conical, truncated, the flat top covered with a low network of irregu- lar meshes, very fine about the micropyle ; the lower part well rounded, with a netted and indented surface ; the sides ribbed vertically, the ribs low, narrow, in number about forty, of whicli several end at from one third to four fifths the dis- tance from base; color yellow-green, with ferruginous specks here and there. (Fig. a, micropyle n*.) Duration of this stage about thirteen days. Young LmvA. — Length .1 inch ; from 2 both dorsum and sides slope regularly to 13, which ends in two short, conical tails, at the end of each of which is a process lilce tliose on dorsum ; color pale yellow-green, the under side less green, more yellow ; on mid-dorsum a brown line, and on either side three such, one sub- dorsal, one on middle, less distinct, .and a third running with the spiracles ; on each segment are six white processes, each process from tlie summit of a conical brown tubercle, forming six longitudinal rows, three on either side ; those of the dorsal rows are club-shaped, much thickened at end, of the sub-dors;il rows are more slender, of lower row, which is just above the spiracles, of equal thickness throughout ; on 2, 3, 4, the processes are nearly in cross line, but on 4 to 12, they form a triangle on each segment, the dorsal one being on the front, the sub-dorsal on the rear, the other on second ridge ; on 2 the processes of the two upper rows are on front, and between them on the rear is a third ; in front of the spira- cle are two, the upper one short, and like the others of the lower row, but the second one is long and tapers like a hair ; on 13 are fourteen processes, six being dorsal, three to each row, and four lateral, two to either side ; two at the ends i)f the tails, and two in the hollow between the tails; (in Fig b one process on 13 is by oversight omitted ; its place is near front of the segment in the lat- eral row ;) along the base is a row of very short processes, two on 2, one on 8 and CCENONYMPHA I. 4, two each from 5 to 12, one on 13; also over the pro-legs, 7 to 10, are two hairs each, but on 13 there are three, besides two chibs ; the processes of the upper rows are recurved, except on 2, where they turn forward, those of the basal row bend down and back ; feet and pro-legs yellow-green ; head broader than 2, rounded, narrowing toward the top, a little depressed : color carnation ; over tlie face a few short clubbed processes, thick like the dorsals. (Figs, b to ¥.) Dura- tion of this stage twelve to eighteen days. After first moult: length .19 inch; stouter; the dorsum less sloi)ing, curving rapidly from 11 to end ; color yellow-green ; the mid-dorsal stripe dark green, the three side lines paler, and not very distinct, the upper one edged on its lower side by whitish-green : the basal ridge yellowish ; tails red at end ; surface covered thickly with low rounded tubercles, each with its short, bent, slightly clubbed white process ; feet and legs green ; head sub-globose, broader than 2 ; color dark green ; the ffvce much covered with fine white tubercles with short pro- cesses. (Figs, c-c^.) Duration of this stage about seven days. After second moult : length .32 inch ; scarcely differing from last previous stage ; the tubercles finer, much more numerous, rounded, the processes short, straight, and of uniform thickness. (Figs. d-cP.) To next moult ten days. After third (and last) moult: length .56 inch; shape as before; color yellow- green. But soon after the moult some of the larvae began to change color, and within four days head become red and buff. Mature Larva. — Length .84 inch ; slender, scarcely arched dorsally, of even height and width from 3 to 7 or 8, then tapering gradually to 13 ; ending in two short conical tails, which meet at base and are rough with tuberculations ; color yellow-green, striped longitudinally with yellow, there being two narrow stripes near together on mid-side, and a heavier and deeper colored basal stripe ; on mid-dorsum a dark green stripe, edged by pale green ; the tails red at tip ; under side, feet and legs bluish-green ; whole upper surface thickly covered with fine sub-conical white tubercles, each of which gives a fir-" 'hort white process ; these are either tapering, or slightly clubbed, or cylindrioich covered with fine tubercles and short processes. (Figs, e-e^.) Or the body was reddish with a buff tint, the stripes yellow ; the under side CCENONYMPHA I. red-brown ; head greenish-yellow, with a tint of brown over face. (Fig. /) From third moult to pupation about twelve days. (The larval measurements were taken at from 12 to 24 hours from the egg or moult.) Chrysalis. — Length .36 inch; breadth at mesonotum .14, at abdomen .16 inch ; very much as in Satyrus Alope, the ventral aide straighter, the abdomen more swollen, less tapering; cylindrical, stout, the upper end truncated, the abdomen conical ; head-case narrow, ending in a sharp cross ridge which is a little arched at top, the sides roundly excavated ; mesonotum prominent, arched, the carina rounded transversely, the sides slightly convex, followed by a shallow depression ; color — from green larva — yellow-green, over dorsum and abdomen finely specked with white ; marked by nine black stripes of irregular length ; of these, there is one on dorsal edge of each wing-case from base to inner angle ; a curved stripe on middle of same reaching the hind margin ; a short one on hind margin on ventral side, two parallel short ones on the antenna? cases, and a larger on ventral side between the wings; there is also an imperfectly colored black stripe on either side of 13 (in the figures this is too black and distinct); top of head case whitish with a dash of black below on dorsal side. From buff larva ; color pinkish brown, no decided marks, but the curved wing stripes appear in a deeper shade of brown. One chrysalis from a buff larva was green, but the wing cases were buff ; and it was fully striped black. Another, also from buff larva, was pinkish at first, with three darker stripes on dorsum in addition to the nine before described, which last were faint brown; the three were, one on mid-dorsum below the excavation, and one on either side thiK ; in a day or two the chrysalis had changed to full green, with the nine distinct stripes as usual, but the three additional ones had disappeared. Another was wholly green, with no stripes or traces of them. (Fig. 9.) Duration of this stage eleven and twelve days. The two forms Galactinus and California, or Califomius, are of one species, aa has been proven by breeding from the egg, Galactinus being the winter, the other the summer form. And although California, Westwood-Hewitson, has the prece- dence of one year, yet I call the species Galactinus, because the winter form of a dimorphic species is regarded as the primary form, the only form when the species was single-brooded, and the summer form as secondary and derived from the other. On 1st May, 1885, I received thirteen eggs laid by Galactinus in confinement, from Professor J. J. Rivers, at Berkeley, California, and which had been mailed 23d April. They began to hatch 5th May. On 7th May, I received a second C(ENONYMPHA I. lot of egga from Professor Ri/ers. By 11th inst., all had hatched. On 17th May, the first moult was passed by. some of the larvae, the second on 24tli May, the third on 3d June. The first pupation took place 15th June, and the first butterfly came out 26th June. From Laying of eggs to imago, 65 days, the egg stage having been 13, the larval 41, the chrysalis 11. The butterflies were all of the form California. The larvaj fed on any species of lawn grass. The egg much resembles that of the genus Satyrus in shape, but there are twice as many ribs as in S. Alope, and the network on summit is much finer. The egg aift'ers in all respects from any species of the genus Neonympha with which I am acquainted. The larva and chrysalis are very like Alope, but the processes at the first larval stage are widely different from Alope, or other true Satyrus. The arrangement of the tubercles and processes on the young larva are almost exactly as in Neo- nympha Gemma, except that in the latter the processes are more of the nature of hairs. As in Gemma also, there were but three moults, which is exceptional with butterflies. Mr. Henry Edwards writes of Galadinus : " It is almost the earliest butterfly of the year in California, making its appearance on warm days even in March, and becomes abundant in April, continuing so throughout May. It is always found upon grassy plains and meadows, and in the opan ; has a slow and rather irregular flight, alights very often, and is fond of settling upon flowers. If a storm comes on, or the sky becomes much obscured by clouds, it at once clings to the stems of grasses or other plants, and folds its wings to rest. It is remarkably common about the Bay of San Francisco, and I have taken it in the mountains up to 5000 and 6000 feet. It is certainly found in Nevada, though I never saw it in that State. I took it in Oregon and Washington Territory, but not on Vancouver's Island. It seemed there to be replaced by C. Ampelos." Professor Rivers says : " Galactimis affects open places in the vicinity of woods or in the caiions, or on the slopes of the foothills of the Coast Range. It is common at Berkeley at from two to four hundred feet above the searlevel ; also in Napa and Sonoma Counties, and is found both in the valleys and on elevated hillsides where there are open nlaces associated with trees and bushes. Its mode of flight is a short and low up iiiid down movement, sometimes drifting with the wind, but always making short stoppages on the lowest herbage. It remains with us here till the latter part of October." The habits as described are similar to those of the Neonympha}. Kirby catalogues some two dozen species of this genus, and they are found throughout the north temperate zone in Europe, Asia, and even in Northern Africa. In North America there are seven or eight species. The mature larvae and chrysalids of two species are figured in Buckler's " Larvae of British Butter- flies," (London, 1886,) and in both cases these stages are closely like those of Galact'mua. Mo \ R.UBICUNDA 1 2 cf, 3 4 9, 5 VAR. d' Mi'ur.K: ^i ,!.! i .]:\ k; ;1 ■ J".-*, '-.'l V-'!'!: •::-l" ', ■ ■-'■ '■ ■■:\ '■ •-!■.■.• I. I ' I '. R ■n ; ■r ,, i; ^ 'i^vrv , la !•■'d >M);i ili^iii^ t : '■•! "'- ■:• ^ • ••J ■.jiiv^i of Hi'iii r;>-; isw;, i- h:'i !'•; ''■■ !.;■ t;, bit /► «:s>'ii'. !>Hf<'^l Ui'lO'y^ I V !!!,■• i'';i«-n. ' . f.' hi ^,^j^^jpa«a»s»** .A ,-i>* T||ff«^- M ''v;' i'-: i ! '■.'" '" . ^ / /\i 1 MELIT^A II. MELIT^A RUBICUNDA, 1-5. Melitaa Rubicunda, Heury Kdwards, Papilio, I., p. 52. 1882. Male. — Expands 1.7 to 2 inches. Upper side black, spotted with deep red and ochrey - yellow, pale or deep, mostly in common transverse bands ; the spots of the marginal rows small, well- separated, red ; of the second row, either red or yellow, or the red is partly re- placed by yellow, always small, often altogether wanting, in which case there is a broad, black, common band, as shown in Fig. 5 ; of the third row, yellow on primaries, red on secondaries, the latter large ; the fourth row, on primaries, is bifid from median nervule to costa, the outer branch and main row usually wholly red, but sometimes the spots are more or less edged yellow on basal side, the inner branch yellow ; in cell four transverse bars, red and yellow alternately from arc to base ; also a yellow bar below cell ; secondaries have a red stripe from costa to median across end of cell, red, sometimes macular or wanting, though usually a small spot is left at outer end of cell ; four yellow spots near base, three in straight row from costa to sub-median, the fourth outside in cell ; fringes of primaries mostly black, white or pale yellow in the median interspaces, of secondaries, a little black at the ends of the nervules, the rest light. Under side red, of nearly the same shade as above ; the yellow spots repeated on primaries, enlarged and distinct; on secondaries all spots are repeated, en- larged ; the red ones of third row each lightly edged yellow, except on marginal side ; above this is a bit of the black ground, and next a narrow red stripe from costa to sub-median, separated by a black line from the fourth or discal band of yellow ; (in many of the allied species this stripe is yellow and is in part con- fluent with the discal band ;) on the basal area a fifth spot on costa ; shoulder and inner margin yellow. Body black, brown above, the collar red ; beneath, the thorax covered with long yellow hairs, which within are gray, the abdomen red ventrally, on the sides red ; legs ved ; palpi red, yellow at base ; antennae red on upper side, witli fine rings of black, black below; club black, tip ferruginous. (Figs. 1, 2, 5.) MELIT^A II. Female. — Expands 2 inches. Upper side as in the male ; often there is an excess of red, the yellow spots being mostly replaced by red. On the under side the red spots of third row are more decidedly edged yellow. (Figs. 3, 4.) Of the preparatory stages of Rtihi- cunda nothing is yet known. What I described as the larva and chrysalis of Ruhicunda, Can. Ent., xv. 119, 18^6, were of another species, M. I'aylori, of Vancouver's Island. RuBicuNDA was originally described by Mr. Henry Edwards as possibly bnt a variety or form of M. Qulno, Behr. Curiously enough, no one, not even Dr. Behr himself, to-day, knows what M. Quino is or was intended to be. The types were lost, and the published description fits no known species or variety. It certainly was not what Mr. Edwards understood it to be when he compared both Baron'i and Ruhicunda with it. He says of the latter, that " red is the prevailing tint, and the sub-marginal bands of secondaries are simply bands of red," etc. Since this was written, Riibicitnda has been taken in great numbers by Mr. James Behrens, at Mendocino, California, and I have received from him many more than a hundred examples. There is much variation among these ; one type, and that the most common, having nearly all the upper side apots small, so that a large part of the black surface is exposed. (Fig. 1.) Another, having the second common row obsolescent, or wanting altogether, so as to present a conspicuous black band there. (Fig. 6.) In another, the red spots of third row are very large ; and in another still, red prevails over the marginal half of each wing, and it was this which Mr. Edwards had in view in making his description. Respecting this species, Mr. Behrens says : " My catch of 1884 and 1887 was in the Comptche District of Mendocino (Comptche, name of old Indian chief). This district is the highest ridge of the County, all deepest redwood forest. Sequoia sempervirens, 1600 to 2000 feet above ocean-level, and twenty-five miles inland from the coast I caught all the males in the timber flying with Chionobas Iditna, and they have the same habits as that species, flying high and settling on the sandy road in the sunshine. It also alights on the leaves of a tan-bark oak, a small species, growing not much over twenty feet high. There are no visible flowers in these dense forests, and I am totally at n loss to mention the food-plant of the larvae. I was all the time on the lookout for it. It must have surprised you that during six weeks so few females were taken by me, in all less than a dozen, while I took hundreds of the males. But I did capture three of the females in an open uncultivated field a few miles away. If you could form an idea of this mountainous and rough region you would hold me excused for not MELITiEA If. (living down the precipices on one side the county road, or climbing the heights on tlie other, with all the impediments of bramble and underbrush, and that at a temperature never under 80" Far., all June 100°, and now again in August, 100" every day. Both Idunn and liubicttnda females seem to avoid the flight up from tiie deep gulch." Mr. Behrens notices that the males adhere tenaciously to the net, by reason of the strength of the claws or feet, more so than other Melitieas he was accustomed to take. No doubt the food-plants of liubicundn are same as those of the nlUed species, Scrophularia, Penstemon, Castelleia, etc., which grow either in the gulches or the open fields, and there is where the females would congregate. Mr. Henry Edwards writes : " The home of Jiubicunda is Mendocino County. This is in the coast range of mountains, about one hundred miles from San Francisco, north. It is mostly pine forest, and it would appear that it is not a rich butterfly country, as this species and Chionobas Iduna are the only things of importance found there." On looi^ing over old letters of Mr. 0. T. Baron, I find several mentions of Rnbicunda. On 11th May, 1880, he writes from Mendocino: "For the first time I have the caterpillars of Jiubicunda and Baroni side by side for compari- son. They resemble each other much, but still if they were mixed up 1 would pick either kind out without a single mistake." On November 20th : " Rubi- ciinda 1 caught in Eden Valley, Mendocino County ; also fifteen miles north of Ukiah, the county-seat, and on the head waters of the Big River, eighteen miles west of Ukiah. Eden Valley is about 8000 feet above the level of the sea ; the other places mentioned have about 1500 feet elevation. I have also raised two or three specimens of the same insect from caterpillars found on two different plants, the one, I think, a species of Castelleia, the other I do not know. The caterpillar is certainly distinct from that of Baroni and feeds on different plants. I shall be able to give you the whole history in the coming spring, and also send the larva, pupa, and probably eggs." Unfortunately, I never received any of these stages, Mr. Baron soon after having left that region. Mr. Morrison took Eubicunda on Mt. Hood, Oregon. »r ■piiiip lEMlEIBlj^. r r*- ■^.-V- '^ V— )^f^^ ^"''^ "r-- MAGDALiENA 12 d. 3.4 9, HA'y'DENII. 5 6 J, nKU/riifh'd i7 Ki/ii o " mu'to/tifl,! h h' /.it/Tr/ ,i//ouncfl />/'(U-f .'.<,: ; . U i '-• • :, •••■1.' /i :r ril •;v!' '-jiif :; I' sr :;-wk X,:!. .,..,:..■. 11., 1...;-. '-,,.. u- ; 1. 1 EREBIA I. before the middle of the segment ; on 13 are six in two rows made up of the dorsal and sub-dorsal, which fall nearly into line, a lateral on either side in front, and six around the end, these last smaller and with shorter processes ; the processes on 2 are decidedly club-shaped (Fig. c) ; on the other segments to 12 scarcely clubbed (Fig. c^) ; on the sides of all moderately clubbed, and short (Fig. c^) ; on 13 the four uppermost are cylindrical and long (Fig. c*) ; along base a row of minute tubercles with short hairs, two to each on 2, 7 to 13, one on each of the rest ; color at first pink-white, with a brown mid-dorsal stripe, and three brown lines on the side ; a few days later the dorsum had a green tint ; later the ante- rior half became greenish, the rest pink-white ; under side, feet, and legs paler ; head a little broader than 2, ob-ovoid, the top a little depressed ; color black- brown, surface granulated; maiked by a few low tubercles, each giving a white process. (Figs. 6-6^) This larva died before n moult. Very few examples of this Erebia are to be found in collections, and all, so far as I know, have been taken by that indefatigable lepidopterist, Mr. David Bruce, of Brockport, New York. Mr. Bruce wrote me, July 15, 1887 : " I have just got in fit>m the mountains after a hard struggle. The rainy season has commenced a month earlier than usual, and consequently there is no depending on anything. I have been on Bullion Mountain, 14,000 feet, for nearly two weeks, have taken five Magdalena, a good series of C. Bore, also of Semidea. I send you two eggs of Magdalena." These were laid 10th July, and one hatched on 22d. Th" other was put in aicohol, that its likeness might ^e drawn. The larva at first .>eemed lethargic, and I thought it would sleep as the larv» of the genus Satyrus do, and so pass the winter. But on 26th I noticed that it had eaten of the grass on which it rested, and had changed color, as small larvae usually do after feed- ing. On 28th I sent it to Mrs. Peart, at Philadelphia, and learned that it died there a few days later, and before a moult, attacked by mould. Later, Mr. Bruce kindly wrote out his observations on this species, thus: " E. Magdalena is found in the most uninviting - looking spots it is possible for a naturalist to explore. Black, barren, detached rocks, that look as if an immense peak had fallen and split into fragments ; hardly a blade of grass or a patch of lichen to relieve the utter desolation. Yet even here, animal life is found in plenty, and fitted for such a dwelling-place. All day long can be heard the singular ' keek ' of the ' Little Chief ' Hare, Lagomys princeps, and until the animal is seen, the stranger is puzzled to know if i\, is the voice of a bird or an in&vJt, on the earth or in the air ; yet the little ventriloquist is sitting on a rock probably within a yard of his feet. A loud shrill whistle announces the EREBIA I. presence of the large Mountain Marmot, who may be seen on the topmost rock, keeping a good lookout. A few pairs of the Mountain Linnet or Gray-crowned Finch are sure to fly from ihe rocks, where they are breeding, to the nearest snowbank, and are soon busily engaged searching for seeds that have blown from below or washed from above. The sun gleams out, and, awakened into activity by its beams, comes Erebia Magdalena, flitting leisurely, like the rest of its fam- ily, then suddenly taking an upward flight, it joars around, more like a Limenitis than an Erebia. Another of same species springs up from the rocks, the usual skirmishing chase ensues for a few minutes, the sun is again obscured, and the insects disappear as if by magic, and will not be seen unt 1 it is bright again. I have never found this specios but among such broken rocks, varying from 12,000 to nearly 14,000 feet elevation. The females fly to the nearest grasses to deposit their eggs. They alight on the ground, and crawl into the tuft of grass quite to the root, and it is difficult to find them, while no amount of beating or brushing will make them fly out. I saw one drop into a tuft which I could cover with my hat, and searched for her for ten minute.^ in vain. It was only by pulling the tuft entirely in pieces that at last I found her. It was this female that laid the two eggs in confinement which I sent you. I have never seen the males fly be- yond the rocks at all. Magdalena when fresh has a beautiful satiny gloss, which in the males has a purple tint, but they soon become worn and brown and lose this tint. As far as my experience goes, this is the most difficult to capture of all our native butterflies, not because of its rapid flight, but from the nature of its habitat. The collector cannot follow it, and when it is at rest on the black rocks it is almost invisible. Owing to its habits the species will always be rare in col- lections. I have met with it from June 28th to July 18th, on the front range of the Rocky Mountains, Park County, Colorado." Magdalena on upper side is exactly like the Arctic-American species, E. Fas- ciata, Butler, the same size, shape, and color even to the club of antenna. But Fasciata is conspicuously banded beneath across both wings. Our Coloradan must have descended from the same stock with Fasciata, if it be not an offshoot of that species. Usually Erebia Epipsodea is distinctly banded beneath, but in- dividuals are found in Colorado with no more of a band than Magdalena shows. So far as known by Mr. Bruce this absence of a band in the present species is constant. It may be a very long time before more is known of the early stages of Mag- dalena than what I have related. I find it almost impossible to rear larva? of these high alpine species, and in cases where larvae have reached maturity they fail to pupate. I asked Mr. Bruce, if, considering the great elevation at which this species EREBIA I. lives, and the irosiy nights even during the short period of its alpine summer, it would require three seasons for the larva from egg to reach imago, the first win- ter being spent by the larva in its first stage, the second either when mature or in pupa. He replies : " As to the three year theory, I do not think it is so at all. You have no idea of the forcing and invigorating influence of the air, and the effect on everything that has life, both animal and vegetable. You may leave the barren-looking cold hills for a week and return to find them carpeted with flowers, in many cases actually pushing through the snow. Where the sun catches, in early spring, the snow soon melts, and the hibernating larvas feed and grow rapidly. I can only form my ideas from hibernating Arctian (Heterocera) larvaa ; these hibernate when very small indeed, come out very early, will freeze and thaw as the cold or heat predominates, yet keep growing all the time. I have no reason to think the diurnals do very differently. I think there is plenty of time for Erebias to feed up and be out on the wing by the middle of June. The mountain larvas are all very partial to basking on the stones in the sunshine, feeding little till the afternoon and evening, but thtn they feed voraciously. The temperature gets down to 30° Fahr., or lower, every night during the sum- mer months ; a thin ice frequently forms on the small lakes in July even. Yet I believe the grass feeders do not get into a torpid state after vegetation once starts, for the soil and stones retain heat where the sun has struck for any length of time. Yet the air is .so cold that moths do not fly by night at all, the Noctuids and Bombyces, at these elevations, being day-fliers." EREBIA I. EREBIA HAYDENII, 5-6. Erebia Haydenii, Edwards, f, Hayden's Report, Survey of Montana, 1872, p. 467; id.. Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., V. p. 19. 1874. Male. — Expands 1.6 inch. Upper side blackish-brown, immaculate ; under side paler, dusted with gray scales ; secondaries have a complete series of black-brown ocelli along hind mar- gin, each ringed with rust-red, and having a small white pupil ; on primaries two or three black points, the margins edged by a narrow rust-red stripe. Body, color of wings ; legs yellow-brown ; palpi black-brown ; antennse yellow- brown, annulated white; club ferruginous. (Figs. 5, 6.) Female, at present unknown. This species was described fifteen years ago from two much worn and badly dam- aged males, brought in from Yellowstone Lake by Dr. Hayden's Expedition, and until recently I had not known of another example in any collection. Nothing whatever was known of the species except what the dried insects discovered. To call attention to the species I concluded to figure the male only. After the Plate was done, I accidentally learned that Prof. S. A. Peabody, of the University of Illinois, had taken Haydenii in 1887, and he kindly sent me two pretty fresh males, and gave the following account of their capture : " I send you two males Haydenii, I have no females, ''^hese were taken in the immediate vicinity of the Falls of the Yellowstone, on the grassy slopes west of the canon, and at an altitude of about 8,000 feet, or, say, between 7,700 and 8,000. I see that in the Trans. Ent. Soc, V. 19, this species is reported at Yellowstone Lake, which is about 15 miles from the Falls. I did not go there. The altitude of the lake is not materially different from that of the upper fall. I did not see any females. I was at the Falls, Aug. 3d and 4th. On 5th, I passed over Washburn Mountain PROVfNCtAL LIBRAHy.i VICTORJA, H, a. EREBIA I. to Yancey's, on horseback. I went to the mountain with a company and a guide, and could not stop to take insects. From the summit I was alone, and on a pretty good trail, but as I had yet twenty miles to go before nightfall, you may understand that I did not delay very much. The next day's travel was over an arid and parched country, and mostly under cold and rainy sky, where nothing flew. These Erebias were on sunny slopes, covered with the wild flowers of the country, few of which were known to me. Every other butterfly seemed to be Argynnis." ?"■■"* ryyj'yr'T^r^TTKTTf* 'T- ^'t "TT'^^i" '"•".'■AvITT ■ ■ "JF^ > ' . ^ ^"T^^f TT7'*r"^ff^'rJ*«i r;'T--Ti-,.TfT.tTT- ■r^r-^-<- r ',■ i/ir " ',■ m, v»' ';■?' ^<^ ■''5i""■';•.^f^. _ »*>i?U.^.^jS^'' ,r i?--?' Vfs '.- ,*■'# '•i'. i i igfifiX- fii 5|| -\ "I* ■< r '.. '\ '*■: ; ERLBIA I. to Yancey's, on horseback, I went to the mountain with a company and a guide, and could not stop to take insects. From the summit I was alone, and on a pretty good trail, but as I had yet twenty miles to go before nightfall, you may understand that I did not delay very much. The next day's travel was over an arid and parched country, and mostly under cold and rainy sky, where nothing flew. These Erebias were on sunny slopes, covered with the wild flowers of the country, few of which were known to me. Every other butterfly seemed to be Argynnis." itf *.-' ;;!- '-'^ PORTLANDIA 1 2 cf, 3 4 9 /' /'"'*//< /-'''■///// tfKUifUfi. '/ DEBIS I. DEBIS PORTLANDIA, 1-4. Dehis Porllamlia, Fabriciui, Spec. Ins., II, p. 82, 1781 ; Boisduval and Leconte, Lepid, do I'Amer., p. 226, pi. 58, 1833 ; Morris, Lepid. N. Am., p. 79, 1862; Edwards, Can. Eut., XIV, p. 84, 1882 ; Furnald, But. of Maine, p. 70, 1884 ; French, But. of East. U. .S., p. 29, 1886. Amiromacha, Hiibner, Samml. Ex. Schmett., I, 1800-1816; Say, Amer. Ent. II, pL 86, 182S; Morris, 1. c., p. 78, 1862. Male. — Expands from 1.9 to 2.2 inches. Upper side yellow-brown, or wood-brown, individuals varying in depth of color ; the extra-discal area paler, more yellow, variable ; on this a row of four oval or rounded blind ocelli, sometimes unequal throughout, sometimes the pos- terior pair very large, equal ; often the spot on lower discoidal interspace want- ing, or reduced to a point ; these ocelli are of a soft brown hue, and each lies within a pale yellowish ring which fades into the ground ; on primaries, owing to the transparency of the wing, the outer edge of the basal area is dark, particu- larly next costa, and projects in an angle, often double-toothed, on upper median nervule; a similar dark edging is sometimes to be seen on secondaries, but usu- ally there is nothing of this ; secondaries have also a series of five ocelli, unequal, the middle one often very small, sometimes altogether wanting ; sometimes the upper pair are very large, equal ; both wings bordered by two fine parallel dark lines ; fringes brown at the ends of the nervules, gray or whitish in the inter- spaces. Under side paler brown, with a slight violet reflection ; the basal areas edged without by a common dark stripe, sinuous, projecting considerably against both cells and on inner margin of primaries ; halfway between this and base a similar stripe, nearly straight, bending upwards on lower median interspace of seconda- ries and joining the outer stripe on sub-median nervule ; on the arc of each cell a dark stripe ; the extra-discal area of primaries lighter, of secondaries same as the basal, with a dull yellow or whitish diffuse band passing entirely round each series of ocelli ; these have now small white pupils, and each is within a definite DEBIS I. yellow ring, pale or bright; on secondaries there is ft duplex sixth ocellus next inner angle, each part very small, elongated. Body above yellow-brown, beneath yellow-white, the abdomen lightest ; logs brown-yellow, the tibia) whitish ; palpi white within, with long black hairs in front ; eyes brown-black ; antennie blackish above, ringed with white, red-brown below; club black, the tip red-brown. (Figs. 1, 2.) Female. — Expands from 2 to 2.25 inches. Very much ns the male ; the ocelli varying in same manner, perhaps, however, never so small as in some males. (Figs. 3, 4.) Ego. — Semi-ovoid, a little higher than broad, the base slightly rounded and arched at the middle ; surface smooth ; color greenish-white. (Fig. a.) Dura- tion of this stage from four to six days. Young Larva. — Length .13 inch, cylindrical; tapering slightly on both dor- sum and sides from 2 to 13 ; ending in two short conical ttiils; color at first yel- low, somewhat tinted brown, after two days changing to yellow-green, more green on dorsum ; on each segment from 3 to 12, above spiracles are six conical tubercles forming as many longitudinal rows, three on either side, a dorsal, sub- dorsal, and lateral ; on 3 and 4 they are fy'^^^^^h\^/^~^J^'^^'''^^'y<^ nearly in cross line, but from 5 to 12 are li^Lvii^vilkSiNiki^^S^S"-- in triangle, the dorsal one standing on the front ridge, the sub-dorsal on the rear, the lateral on the second ridge or a little before the middle of the segment ; from each of these a long, slender, tapering hair, the end thickened (Fig. 6') ; on 2 are three tuber,: ^.i and hairs corresponding to the three rows, though not all in line with them, and behind and between the upper two an additional one ; against spiracle, to the front, is a fine hair, and just over it a shorter, coarser one; (see cut; on the Plate, figs, b and 6* fail to s.ow the sub-dorsal tubercle on 2 ;) on 13 are twelve tubercles, three on each side in the upper two rows, two in the lateral row, two at the ends of the tails, and two short hairs in the con- cavity between the tails ; below the line of spiracles is a row of short, coarse hairs, not thickened at ends, two to each segment, except on 3, 4, 13, which have but one ; head at first nearly twice as broad as 2, at two days from the egg one-fourth broader only ; ob-ovoid, truncated, slightly depres.sed at the suture ; on each vertex is a small svib-conical protuberance, from the top of DEBlc I. which comes a long, tapering hair; a few huirs over the front. (Figs, b to fc*.) Duration of this stage, six to eight days. After first moult : length .26 inch ; the dorsum arched, on 3 and 4 depressed ; KJ ending in two long, tapering tails; color bright green; densely covered with low, sharp, whitish tubercles, which are disposed in longitudinal rows, one of which edges either side the dark green mid-dorsal stripe, and another lies be- tween this and the sulj-dorsal narrow yellowish stripe, which itself is crowded with tubercles ; below this stripe there are four somewhat irregular rows, and then the yellowish basal stripe ; each tubercle gives a very short white hair ; under side, feet, and pro-legs paler green, head higlier than before, the sides less curved, depressed somewhat more ; on each vertex a high, conical process, which, us well as the whole foce and back, is thickly covered with whitish sub-conical tubercles, each with its short white hair ; color green, the ends of the processes red. (Figs, c to c*.) Duration of this stage, seven to eight days. After second moult : length .44 inch ; shape as at second stage ; tubercu- kted in same way ; the sub-dorsal and basal stripes as before ; head same, the processes more red. (Fig. d.) To next moult about nine days, but, like all stages, the duration depends on the weather. After third moult: length .52 inch, scarcely different. (Fig. e.) To next moult, in a single instance, six days ; all other larva3 hibernated at this stage. After fourth moult, in spring : length .6 inch ; shape nearly as before, the abdominal segments arched, the others level ; tails long ; color yellow-green ; a darker mid-dorsal band, a green line next above the yellow sub-dorsal stripe, and another on mid-side ; the basal stripe yellow ; head narrower at top, the bases of the processes meeting at the suture ; color green, the ends red. (Figs. /to/*.) To last moult eleven days ; in one instance sixteen, in another twenty days, owing to cold weather. After fifth moult : length 1 inch ; in about ten days the larva was full-grown. Mature Larva. — Length, g , 1.2 inch, greatest breadth, on middle segments, .16 inch ; 9 , 1.4 inch, breadth .17 inch ; cylindrical, slender, the dorsum arched, and sloping about equally either way from the middle ; 13 ending in two long, slender, tapering tails ; color yellow-green ; on mid-dorsum a dark green band, on the edge of dorsal area a narrow yellow stripe to the tail, and on upper side of it a dark green line, another such line on mid-side, and a yellow stripe along DEBIS I. base; all the cross-ridges thickly set with fine whitish tubercles, each giving a very f^ f LANC E O Li ATA cr 3 4 9 . , ./////-..■.•/ GENUTIA 5 rf. M 4-^ .j^*«i*«»— Itei^^iii? m ;5¥- A. 0e i-vV."" -iSf^S*-^ ANTHOCHAEIS I. ANTHOCHARIS GENUTIA, 5. Anllwcharis Genulia, Fabricius; Edwards, But. N. A., II., p. 83, pi. 17. 1878. Egg. — Long, narrow, thickest in middle, curving moderately towards the base, which is broad and flattened, toward.s summit more rapidly, so that the upper half is cone-shcaped ; the top depressed, the micropyle surrounded by minute irregularly hexagonal cells; ribbed vertically, the number of ribs about sixteen, hah of which reach the summit and curve to the depression, the others ending not much short of summit, the spaces between crossed by numerous fine ridges ; color yellow-green. (Figs, a to a\) Duration of this stage about four days. YousTG Larva. — Length .05 inch ; cylindrical, tapering very gradually from 2 to 12, curving roundly on dorsum of 13, ending squarely ; color greenish-yellow ; running longitudinally are three rows of rounded t'.ibercules on either side, from each of which proceeds a short straight hair, which tapers from the base, and is thickened at the end, tiie end usually covered by a globule of fluid (Fig. 6*) ; the tubercles are concolored with body, the hairs light ; on 3 and 4 stand in cross row, sometimes with a little irregularity; after 4 to 12 in triangle, the dorsal tubercle being on the front of the segment, the sub-dorsal on the rear, and the lateral a little before the middle ; on 2 tV'^ upper two are near together on the front, and corresponding with the lateral row below is a very small one, and a hair without tubercle close to and under it ; there is also a tiiird or.o behind and between the upper two equal to either in size ; on the front of 13, the three tubercles are in triangle as with the preceding segment and at the rear is a cross row of four, the two vniddle ones being dorso'.^, ^he others smaller and apparently of the lateral rows ; at the extreme en 1, on either side a small tubercle ; along base a row of short hairs, two on 2, sind from 5 to 12 ; one on 13, and on 3 and 4 one each, from a tubercle ; head a little broader than 2, sub-globose, depressed at top ; on each lobe three tubercles like those on body ANTHOCHARIS I. in triangle, so placed that the bases make a cross row of four on forehead ; a few smaller ones scattered about ; color pale brown. (Figs, b to It'^.) Duration of this stage two to three days. After first moult: length .14 inch; same shape; color light-green, or green- yellow, glossy ; no dorsal or basal stripe ; the tubercles present, but conical with broader bases, and disposed as before, the hairs similar but shorter ; the surface is now thickly covered with little round very pale brown spots, from the centre of each a minute and very short black hair ; head much as before but broader in proportion to the height, light brown, a little greenish, tuberculated as before, but more thickly, one on the front of each lobe much larger than any other ; color green with a tint of brown. (Figs, c to c'^.) Duration of this stage two days. After second moult: length .27 inch; color yellow-green, glossy; a yellowish mid-dorsal band begins to appear indistinctly, and a more distinct band of white along base ; the tubercles present, with same arrangement, each broader at base and flattened there, a little more brown than before, the hairs similar but still shorter ; the rouiided spots much as at second stage, not so pale brown ; head as last described, but much more tuberculated, two on each lobe being now con- spicuous ; color pale green with two brownish discoloratious on front. (Figs. d to (P.) To next moult two days. After third moult: length .38 inch; color dull yellow-green, glossy ; a yellow dorsal band not always clear, except on anterior segments, and a whitish, or yel- lowish-white basal band ; the tubercles about as at next preceding stage, but darker, as are the spots ; head still mo tuberculated, all being small except the two mentioned before, and a third oui. ov;'' the ocelli ; color of face pale green, the sides whitish, a cloudy brown patcl; on each lobe. (Figs, e to e*.) To next moult two days. After fourth moult : length .6 inch ; in three days was full-grown. Mature Larva. — Length .92 to .95 inch ; cylindrical, slender, the head broad as 2 ; color dark yellow-green, glossy ; under side, feet and legs lighter ; a yellow mid-dorsal band from 2 to 13, a broader white band along base; upper surface furnished with six longitudinal rows of shining black tubercles, low, conical, the bases broad and flattened, each giving a short black hair or process, which tapers slightly and is thickened at end ; on 3 and 4 these tubercles are arranged in straight cross row, on 2 in cross row, but the middle one on each side is a little ANTHOCHARIS I. in advance, and an additional one behind makes a triangle with the upper pair ; from 5 to front of 13 in triangle, the dorsal tubercle being on front of the seg- ment, the sub-dorsal on rear, the lateral a little before th'i middle ; the shield on 18 is black and on it is a large dorsal tubercle on either edge of the band, with a lesser one behind, besides two minute ones across the band at the end, in all twelve black tubercles on this > 3gment ; below shield are several white tubercles with white processes ; from 3 to 13, on the lower edge of the white band, is a small Hack tubercle to each segment ; all the cross ridges are thickly set with very fine, short black hairs, some of which^ especially on the anterior segments, come from minute black tubercles, but most rise from a pale Hack rounded spot, without tubercle ; the under side whitish, outside feet and legs yellow-green, above to the band less yellow, more green ; head sub-globose, broad as high, nar- rowing at top, and a little depressed at suture, broad at base ; color white and pale green, with a pale black patch on the forehead on either lobe, and one below, crossing the triangle ; on each upper patch is a triangle of large black tubercles and on lower one two on either side the suture ; many small white tubercles cover the face. (Figs./ to/*.) From fourth moult to pupation about five days; from laying of egg to pupation about nineteen days. Chrysalis. — Length .72 to .78 inch ; slender, the abdomen long, round, taper- ing to a point, the head case surmounted by a long tapering process, so that alto- gether the shape of the two ends is much the same ; in some examples the dorsal outline is regularly arcuated as in Fig. h; in others the nKisunotuin is rlightly prominent, and tlie outline is less regular, as at A^; on vcMitral side the Uioracic segments form a prominent sub-triangular project! ompressed laterally, and covered by the wing cases; color generally of a pale \tii w-lirnwn, with a reddish tint, mottled with white and darker brown about mesonotum. tlio ) 'ocess at head brown ; the wing cases more or less dotted and streaked black , on abdomen a dorsal I'ovv of black dots, two to four on a segment, varying ; and : sub-dorsal row of dots or points. (Figs, h^, /i", much enlarged, h showing the natural size in outline.) The chrysalis passes the winter, and the butterfly comes forth the following spring. In Volume II. 1878, I gave all the particulars I had been able to learn of this ■species. No one was known to have bred it, and nothing was reported of its pre- paratory stages, except that Mr. Boll, in Texas, h,^ -•A-A'_-;-.-.^.,^^,.,^^ (.-t i«« . . . , J . . , # ^^:t:iA^i:.^v A B I")"'!" 'i* iiii'iii"i<"'«iir7!"-::. ..^ ||«3pl;ii32|E^SSfe:^; AREOIuATUS 12 J, 3 4 9, b VAR . 9 n/,li,"'i/ii->/ • f /.•ir\-ii /"/■,■/''' It: lis nni,)'' /. '/iri/.^.i/i ■. . ' . ' »! ; • '"^M 'i^' NEONYMPHA 11. NEONYMPIIA AREOLATUS, 1-6. Neonijmpha Artnlatun, Abbot «nil Smitli, Insoct« of Oi-orgin, I. pi. 13, 1797; BoiHiliival nnd Lecont( , Lcplil. *''»». ROSA:. id 349.0 L.YMPIA 5 cT PIMA6 7d 89 o .\ ■■ i '^i :\ :i ' northern, Jiosa the soutiiern form. As yet not much is known about either, and of liosa nothing but what I have given above. Doubtless they are com- mon in many localities, but Hying at the same time with the white Pierids, the'/ are unobserved. ANTHOCHARIS II. ANTIIOCHAUIS I'IMA, 6-9. Anthocharit Pima (pco'iiin), EdwarUs, Canadian KDtomoIogiit, XX, p. 168. 1888. Male. — Expands 1.75 inch. Upper side of both wings yellow, the bases pale black ; primaries have the basal liiilf of costa white, crossed by irregular black streaks ; the apex edged white on both margins, and within this is a series of five largo, elongated black spots, almost confluent, filling the interspaces to second median ncrviile, each projecting a spur to the margin ; on the arc a broad, rectangular bar, the area between this and the spots and costal edge intense orange. Secondaries of thinner texture, discovering the markings of under surface ; fringes whitish, a few black hairs at the end of each nervule on secondaries, and many on primaries. Under side of primaries yellow, the costal margin as above, the apex white, green-tinted, the lower three black spots of upper side indicated by yellow- green, and finely dusted black, the bar repeated, the orange also, but paler and diifused over cell and second median interspace. Secondaries yellow-white, largely covered by broad patches of yellow-green, which form four irregular, connected, transverse bands between hind margin and base above median ncrvure ; below median to inner margin crossed by stripes of similar color, unequal, mostly wedge-,shaped. Body covered with long gray hairs, which are yellowish at extremity, the abdomen yellow-gray ; beneath, the thorax white, abdomen yellow-white ; the femora white, other joints buff; palpi white, black at tip, and with black hairs at sides ; antennae imperfectly annulated white and black above, white below ; club black above, orange beneath and at tip. (Figs. G, 7.) Female. — Expands 1.7 inch. Same yellow as male ; the apical spots larger and completely confluent, the ANTHOCIIA.IIS II. orange narrower, paler, the bar less rectangular, broadest on sub-costal ; under side as in the male. (Figs. 8, 9.) Four examples of this Kpocies, 2 «, 2 ?, were tal'cn early in April, 1888, by Cscar T. Baron, in Arizona, Pima County, on the barren plaii.s between Poutano and Tucson. It is the only known American Anthocharis in which both sexes are yellow. EREBIA II. EREBIA FASCIATA, 1-8. lochia Fasciain, Butler, Cntalo^nie of SatyriiloB in British Museum, p. 92, pi. 2, Fig. 8. 1808. EdwarJi, in K(!|X)rt on tbu Diuru. IiV|is. vulluctcd in Alaska, by £. W. Nelson, Wnsbingtoo, 1887. M.\m:. — Expands 2.2 inches. Upper side black, inunaciilate ; fringo.s concolored. Under ?ide of primaries bro.vn, witii a tint of forrti^'inous ovit cell ; on the extra-discal area a broad I'ertuginoiis transverse l)and from costa lo middle of .sub-median interspace, both (mIhcs trunated ; on the costal margin the color of this band is less distinct, iMther passing into brown ; the discal area, hing between the band and the pale base, takes il'e shape of a baud common with that of secondaries, but very pale ; apical area da.'steV8, iind the lar- iii'k I* su ugi- are the tose rVas he ; in II it I to m^. "CC, FAS C I ATA d 1 9 DISCOID A LIS d h 9 ) ■'?*> ;'* ^^. S«^ EREBIA II. EREBr\ DISCOIDALIS, 4-6. Ertbia Diteoidaiui, Kirbv, 5, Fnuna Boreali-Anicricann, IV, p. 29b, pi. 3, flgt. 2, S. 1837. M.vLK. — Expands 1.8 inch. [Jppcr side dark brown ; primaries have a large castaneous patch, which covers iiall tlie sub-median and all the median internpaces, as well a.s lower outer part of cell ; costa r^xt base freckhnl gray and brown, towards apex two or three small gray patches ; secondaries immaculate ; fringes gray, on primaries brown at oiiils of ncrvules. Under side of primaries brown, the castaneous patch repeated ; some examples have this patch diffused so that nearly the whole wing is red ; over the liind margin a gray bloom, which i)ecomes strong next apex ; the whole costa mottled brown and gray-white ; secondaries brown over basal half, mottled and streaked ill light and dark, beyond to margin gray, with many transverse brown streaks interiorly ; at outer angle a gray-white patch, a smaller one a little nearer base, another on the iinicr edge of the gray area in discoidal interspace. Body brown, the abdomen underneath gray ; the fore legs brown, the femora of the middle and hinder pair brown, other joints yellow-browi. ; palpi brown; antenna) imperfectly annulated red and gray, gray beneath ; club brown, fer- ruginous below. (Figs. 4, 5.) Fkmale. — Expands 2 inches. Similar to the male. (Fig. 6.) DiscoiD.VLis was described by Kirby from Cumberland House, lat. 54°, sev- eral specimens having been taken. In 18C.3, I received perhaps twenty ex- amples from Mrs. Christina Ross, wife of Bernard C. Rosw, Ilud.xon Bay Company agent at Fort Simpson, Mackenzies River, iind I do not remember having seen the species since, though many collections on both the west and east coast of America liave been submitted to mo. Mr. James Fletcher tells me that but a single example has been l)rought in by the late Canadian Government Expe- ditions, and that was from Fort Simpson. -iTf-«TTf-Yl,.— f',- '1. T R I T O N I A i fc! d', 3 4 9 , ^-^^^-.o. IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) V' ^ // "t ^^^'.Z^' /. ^ 1.0 I.I !!■ 140 12.0 1.8 11.25 IIIIII.4 iilli.6 V] <^ 7 Photographic Sciences Corporation :53 WeSl MAIN STREET WEBSTER, NY. 14580 (716) 873 4503 % GEIROCHEILUS I. GEIROCHEILUS TRITONIA, 1-4. Geirocheilus Trilonia, Edwards, 5i Trans. Am. Ent. Soc, V, p. 18. 1874. Male. — Expands 2 to 2,3 inches. Upper side velvety blackisli-brown, changing to brown on hind margin of primaries, with an olivaceous tint at apex ; costal edge of primaries near apex yellow-white ; beyond disk a transverse row of four small white spots set in the middle of the discoidal and median interspaces, the lower one smallest and some- times wanting ; secondaries have a broad dull ferruginous marginal band, run- ning from outer to inner angle, sometimes ending abruptly at lower sub-costal norvule ; this band encloses next the margin a series of broad crenations of darker color, the interior of each paler than the edges ; on the basal side of the band, and a little within, some examples show two or three white points in the middle interspaces, one to each ; fringes of primaries black at the tips of the nervules, yellow-white in the interspaces, of secondaries nearly all black, or brown-black, there being but a few light hairs in encli interspace. Underside smoky-brown; the uhite spots repeated, enlarged, each forming the pupil of a large rounded black ocellus ; secondaries have the band repeated, but the red is brighter and variegated with lilac in nebulous clusters in and next the nervules mostly, and over the posterior half are scattered yellow scales ; in the sub-costal interspaces the red is mostly suppressed, and ground is nearly brown ; on the basal edge of the band, upon clear red spaces, is a row of yellow points and spots, commencing with a point on the lower sub-costal interspace, and end- ing at sub-median nervure, just before which are two points. The three spots in the median interspaces are crescent or V-shaped, varying in individuals ; the crenations repeated, edged on the basal side by brown, ferruginous elsewhere, and more or less dusted yellow. Body black-brown, beneath same, abdomen gray-brown ; legs brown on upper side, all the joints whitish beneath, the last joint of the front pair entirely white, GEIROCHEILUS I. a little dusky on upper side ; palpi whitish, the long hairs in front and at tip brown ; antennae brown, grayish towards end, gray below, club yellow. (Figs. 1,2.) Fkmale. — Expands from 2 to 2.3 inch. Similar in color and markings to the male. (Figs. 3, 4.) Tritoxia was first made known by Mr. H. W. Henshaw, of the Wheeler Ex- pedi 'on, 1873, a few examples having been taken among the White Mountains of Arizona. Later, I received others from near Prescott, Arizona. Neither Mr. Morrison nor Mr. Doll, in their collecting trips to that region, fell in with this species, nor was it seen by Mr. Wright or Mr. Baron. It probably is confined to special localities. Of its habits I know nothing, but Mr. Baron writes me of the allied species, G. Pulrohas, which he took in Mexico, that it flies at an elevation of 6,000 feet, among pine .and oak timber, and a thick growth of coarse grass. Its habits inay be similar to those of Satyrus Fvgala, in south Georgia. These two species constitute the genus. I have a pair of Patrobas, sent by Mr. Baron. It is a considerably larger insect than the other, in general similarly marked. The white spots are smaller, the crenated marginal band much wider, occupying fully one half the whole ferruginous area, the ocelli below and their pupils are larger ; on the fore wings there is a lilaceous sub-apical nebula, not found in the other ; on hind wings the variegated area is narrower, more red, less lilac, and becomes obsolescent on the upper half or thii-d to costa ; and the spots of the yellow series are smaller and more regular. i tip ?igs. Ex- ains Mr. this d to the tion rasa. arly (ler, heir not red, the P;LU'.'N"uS, \.2 6. 3.4 ? ''■*^'>'/.. ' If ■► :/'> '»- !4 't^'ip 'j^.'* ^ *, ' >Jf' ■< :% ■¥ ,'. '•■t * ^ "; ■Ma^ ilKf" -^'if V , ' ''"•s-^. 'Kt r'^ «' '^ m *» % ?> >t n.rf! ^^^. -^. ■;.*^'- ■*^ PAPILrO TI. PAPILIO PILUMNUS, 1-4. P^ipilio I'iliimiiun, lioiaduval, Spec. Geii., I, p. S40. liiUG ; Meiidtiit's, Cat. Mua. I'etr., II, p. 110, pi. 7, li^'. 2. I8J7 ; Mfiiil, Report on Diur. Lep. of Wheeler Expedns., p. 741. 1875 ; Strecker, Lep., p. 13. pi. 2, ligs. ;), 'i,i. 1873. Size and general I'orrn of Daunns ; secondaries with three tails. Male. — Expands from 3.8 to 4.25 inches. Upper side either bright yellow or dark yellow, banded with black much after the pattern of Dmuw.s, but there is one band less on primaries ; the bands, ex- cept the marginal, are also much heavier ; costa of primaries black, the space between the nerves mostly yellow ; a narrow band covers the bases of wings and the inner margin of secondaries, widening gradually from the median nervure, and ending squarely a little above the marginal band ; a second proceeds from costa against the middle of the cell, is broad at first, tapers very gradually on [jriinaries, rapidly on secondaries, and ends evenly with the inner band, the two being connected by a narrow stripe ; the third lies on arc of cell, and has a more or le.ss macular extension to the lower median ncrvule ; the fourth is .short, and lies across the subcostal nervules to the discoidal ; hind margins bordered by a broad band as in Daunus, within which, on primaries, is a narrow stripe of yellow, divided into spots by the nervule.s, and near the inner edge a macular line of yellow scales ; on secondaries are five lunate submarginal yellow .spots, the two posterior ones washed with red-brown ; above the angle the margin is ex- cised imd edged with red-brown ; above this, and also in the next interspace, is a cluster of metallic blue scales, under which, in the outer interspace, are separated scales both blue and yellow ; in the second median interspace is a large loose cluster of yellow, with a few blue at top, and some individuals have small clus- ters of blue to the costal margin ; some also have a yellow streak or small spot in the uppermost interspace in this same line ; the exterior tail is long and narrow, the tip pointed, somewhat convex on the outer side, edged yellow on that side near tip and on all the inner side, the yellow more or less washed red- PAI'ILK) II. brown ; tlic otlicr tiiils are cntiielv black, roiintled at end ; tbe lenj^tlis of the tbreo aro alxtiit as G3 ; ;50 ; 22 ; fi'iiigo.s ol priinarieH yellow, of secomlarles same ill tlio einargiiiationM, tbo rest l)lack. Under side yellow, tbe black markings repeated, paler ; tbe subniarginal yel- low stripe broader, and now a continuous band; tbe line of scales more definite; tbe interior of flie second l)and yellowisb-l)lack tbrougb it' lengtb ; tbe spots on se(M)ndaries nuicli enlarged, all wasbed re(l-l)rowii ; abovt^ eacb tbe ground is il listed yellow, witb increasing density towards Jie top, and tbe series ends in nn elongated niirrow metallic l)lue spot, above which tbe clear black ground shows in a small lunation ; the yellow on disk next the marginal band in the median and siibmedian interspaces wasbed red-ljrown. J}i)dy above black, a yellow stripe passing along thorax from head to insertion of wings; beneath, thorax yellow ; aljdonien yellow, witb a ventral black hand and lateral line; legs black ; palpi yellow ; anteniue and club black. (Fig.s. 1, 2.) Female. — Expands 4 to 4.5 inches. Like the male, the red-brown on upper side darker. (Figs. 3, 4.) Nothing is known of the early stages of this species, nor of the food plant, but probably the larvae feed on plum, cherry, and, in general, the same plants as Dwums. One or two examples of Pilumnu.s were brought from New Mexico by the Wheeler Expedition of 1871, as Mr. Mead relates. But what the locality was is forgotten. And the late Mr. H. K. Morrison took one male in Arizona, in 1882, on Graham Mountain, as is believed. 1 know of no other instance in which tlie species has been taken within the United States. Its home is in Mexico and Cen- tral America. Hearing that Professor Edward T. Owen of MadLson, Wisconsin, had seen Pilummis in Mexico and captured many examples, I wrote him for what information he could give me, and his reply was as follows : " My experience with Papilio Piltjmnus is limited to the region about Jalapa, in the state of Vera Cruz. Some years ago, I took several, mainly at the summit of a sharp hill of two or three hundred feet elevation above the surrounding country. This summit, dur- ing the months of February and March, was a trysting place for quite a number of species of butterflies. They seemed possessed witb an instinct for mounting, and on reaching this hill would rise along its slope to the summit. Once there, they circled about till the end of the entomological day. Most species showed ol* TAl'ILK) II. such t'oiidaeHH for the place tliat tlicy miylit be relied on to return even if (riglit- cnotl oif by an unaucceHMf ul stroke of the net ; PUumnuH, however, Hhoweil more (liMcretioii, iind once missed bv the net, took permanent leave. While \vatchin}i; 11 beaiiliiid mule, as he tlitted round the regular coiu'se which each species under such circunistiinces (juickly adopts, it occurred to me to utilize the haijil of salu- iMtion which prevails throughout the butterfly tribe. Accordingly, I took from my box a jjattered speciiueii recently caught, and pimied it through the thorax to a switch about five feet long, triunned to the greatest possible incons})icu()Us- uess. With this wand I danced my butterily up and down, so ns to imitate, though feebly, natural tlight, and to prevent too easy discovery of its condition. With left hand thus occupied, the right grasping the handle of the net, jealously kept lichiud nie, I watched for a moment when the new-comer's back was turned, and took position on his beat. As he swung down upon me, the thump of my pul.-e a|)paroutly furnished enough appearance of vitality to my decoy ; for he started r.ipidly toward it, settling on it before I was ready with the net. The few seconds, h()W(;ver, necessary to denu)nstrate the .sex of the decoy, enal)]e(l me to Itag n>y prize with ease, and without injury to his perfect tails. In this way I caught .seven males that day. After this, 1 kept a damaged specimen on hand, (luring the rest of my trip, and I rarely missed a butterily of that species. •' Later, at Queretaro, 1 tried the .same plan successfully with P. D rv, I •> > rn -Hi 1 1 hru^-i/>^- ■V ;# *' % 'I w* ■*», ^,»J «-a"t ^): »>?«. ".^. ^ ARGYNNIS Xf. ARGYNNIS CYBELE, 1-4. Argi/nnii Cybele, Fabrieius ; Edw., But. N. Am., I, p. 07, pi. 21. 18G8 ; id., Can. Ent., VI, p. 121. 1874; xii, p. 141. 1880 ; Scudder, But. N. E., p. 689, pi. 4. 1889. Carpentkrii, Edw., Tr. Am. Ent. Sou., V, p. 204. 1876. Var. Carpenterii. In Volume I, I gave what information wa.s at that date attainable respecting the distribution and habits of Cybele. Examples of the ."species have since come from Montana, locality unknown, but supposed to be Helena, and from Fort Niobrara, Nebraska. These are the extreme western limits recorded. Mr. Scudder states that it has been taken, at the north, in Alberta ; at the east, at Cape Breton. His map, Plate 21, showing distribution, draws the western line tlirough middle of Dakota, Nebraska, and Kansas ; and the southern line with the south line of Virginia and Kentucky. But I have seen examples from the collection of Mr. E. M. Aaron, which were taken at Maryville, east Tennessee. Mr. Aaron reports Cybele also from Highlands, Macon County, North Carolina, the extreme southwest of the State ; also that he has taken it in considerable numbers at Elizabeth City, at the lower end of the Dismal Swamp. The species is so far unknown in the Gulf States and Texas. Mr. Scudder says, p. 559, that in New England Cybele is .scarcely larger than . vhrodlie. Examples from Maine which I have seen are often very small, dark Hk ''e, and the under side of hind wings is usually quite dark brown, the females especially so. Those taken in West Virginia, on the contrary, are large, with heavy black lines on upper side, and the hind wings beneath are red- brown. In Nebraska and Montana, the size is about same as at the east, but the fulvous color is brighter, more red, and the under side is very light, near to cinnamon-red, — .so far as the examples seen by me show. I described Carpenterii as a distinct species, near to Cybele, and was influenced in the determination by the fact that Cybele was not known to fly within hun- AKGYNNIS XI. dreds of miles of New Mexico. The examples, two males, one female, were taken by Lieut, (now Captain) W. L. Carpentur, U. S. A., in New Mexico, above timber line. 1 wrote, in 1887, for furtlier information, and Captain Carpenter replied : "' The Argynnis Caiycnterii were collected on Taos Peak, about 12,000 to 1.3,000 feet elevation. I sav. several others at same time. 1 had collected the preceding year, in Colorado, above timber line, without .seeing it." On reading this, I wrote Prof. F. II. Snow, who has collected butterllies extensively and during several sca.sons in New Mexico, Colorado, and Arizona, to ask if he had ever seen this buttertiy, or Ci/heic, in those regions. To which he replied that he had not, but had never been on Taos Peak. I have also inquired of every person I knew .^f as having collected among the high peaks of Colorado, Messrs. Uruce, Snow, Mead, Na.sh, particularly, but no one had seen the species iu that State. Just so as to Arizona. The case therefore is peculiar. A colony of a strictly northern butterfly is evidently impri.soned on the sununit of a lofty mountain far to the sbLithwest. In New England and New York, as well as in Virginia, Ci/hele docs not fly at even moderate elevations, but in the lowlands ; on the higher ground it is replaced by Aphrodite. If this colony on Taos Peak could descend, we may be sure they would do so. That they do not shows that either the climate forbids or their food plant is wanting. Violets are common plants among the mountains of Colorado and Arizona, and both States are remarkably rich in species and individuals of Argynnis. The conditions are plainly unfavorable to the spread of Ci/bele to the .sovith and southwest, and that it has not done so is the more singu- lar, inasmuch as the largest and handsomest examples are those found near the southern limit. Probably it cannot live or perpetuate its kind on the hot sandy soil of the extreme south, or the burning plains of Texas. We may infer that this colony in New Mexico was cut off from the main body when the climate was changing, and the species was retreating to the north, after the manner so graphically described by Messrs. Grote and Scudder in the case of Chionobas Semidea. a species which was left stranded on the summit of the White Moun- tains of New Hampshire. These specimens of Cnrpentcr'd in coloration as well as size most nearly re- semble their congeners from the extreme east of New England, and differ widely from western examples. DESCRIPTION OF THE PREPARATORY .STAGES OF CYBELE. Egg. — Conoidal, truncated, and depressed at tcp, broad at base, the breadth equal to the height ; marked by about eighteer prominent, vertical, slightly wavy ribs, half of which extend from base to summit, and form around the latter a serrated rim ; the others end irregularly at two thirds to three quarters the AIIGYNNIS XL distance from base ; the broad, rounded spaces between crossed by nearly equi- distant low ridges; micropyle in the middle of three rows of small rounded cells, outside of which are rings of cells of irregular sizes, mostly live-sided ; color yellow. (Figs, a, ci\) Young Larva. — Length at 12 hours from egg .07 inch ; cylindrical, stoutest in middle, the last segments tapering rapidly; color dull green, translucent; marked by eiglit longitudinal rows of dark subtriaugular tuberculous spots, three being above the spiracles on either side, and one below ; these spots are flat and bear small conical tubercles, those of the upper, or dor.sal, row two, of the next two rows, one, of the infrastigmatal row four, and each tubercle gives out a long- tapering clubbed hair; on 2, on either side, is u large spot, corresponding to the spots of the upper two rows of other segments, and bearing three tubercles and liiiirs ; the dorsal spots are near the front of the segment, the subdorsal beyond the middle to the rear, the lateral a little in front of the middle, and the lowest row on the middle ; under side, feet and legs green ; head a little broader than 2, rounded, slightly bi-lobed, with a few hairs from fine tubercles; color black- brown. (Figs, b to b^.) After 1st moult: Length .13 inch; stoutest in middle; color dull green mot- tled with brown, the latter taking the form of macular longitudinal stripes; spines disposed as in the genus, tapering, black, rising from black tubercles, except those of the lateral row, which have yellow tubercles ; each s])ine ending in a short black spinule and beset by several others about the sides ; feet black, pro-legs greenish-brown ; head sub-cordate, Ihe vertices rounded, iit top of each, on the front side, a little conical black process, the front flattened, and showing many black hairs; color shining black-brown. (Fig. c.) To next moult eight to twelve days. After 2d moult : Length .24 inch ; color chocolate-brown, the lateral spines pale yellow ac base and for one third up ; the upper rows have the bases more indistinctly yellow and then mostly on the outer sides, the inner being nearly or quite black ; spines otherwise shining black, the bristles black ; head as before ; color shini- ■ Mack. (Fig. d.) The next moult four to nine days, according to the state of the weather. After 3d moult : Length .4 inch ; color dark velvety brown ; the spines black ; all of the laterals yellow at base and for about one third up ; the subdorsals dis- tinctly yellow at base on the anterior segments, the yellow gradually fading to AUGYNNIS XL tho last segments; the dorsals also distinctly yellow on anterior segments, the last wholly black ; the dorsal spines on 2 are directed forward, but are no longer than others ; head as at next previous stage, black in front, but yellow behind ; all yellow is reddish, or honey-colored. At tliis stage there was some variation in individuals in the color of the spines. One had all yellow at base except the dorsals on 2 and 12, which were black. (Fig. e.) To ne^t moult five to eight days. After 4th moult : Length .0 inch ; color velvet-black ; liiterals wholly bright yolk-yellow ; subdorsals same on anterior half, tiie remainder duller yellow ; dorsals bright yellow on anterior half, but after 6 less ^o, and on 9 to 12 black ; in line with the dorsal spines on segments from 3 to 11 two gray dots; head as before. Another larva had all three rows of spines largely reddish-yellow fully half- way up from base ; the la.st two pairs of dorsals shading into brown. (Fig./.) To next moult four to eight days. After 5th moult : Length 1.1 and 1.2 inch. (Fig. g.) Reached maturity in six to eight days. Mature Larva. — Length 1.8 inch at rest, 2 inches in motion; greatest breadth at rest .35 inch ; color velvety black, under side chocolate-brown ; be- tween each pair of dorsal spines from 3 to 11 two gray dots transverse; the spines throughout slender, beset with short black bristles; the bases of all spines ruddisii-yellow, and for about two thirds up, the rest shining black ; the spines of 2 wholly black, a little recurved, directed forward, but no longer than other dor- sals; the longest dor.sals .14 inch; feet and pro-legs black; head small, .14 inch wide, and equally high, subcordate, the front flattened, finely tuberculated, the back much rounded, the vertices sub-conic, and each on its anterior side giving a small black conic process ; the face much covered with black haiis of irregular length ; color of front dull dark brown, of back reddisii-yellow. Several larvaB were as described, others showed much less yellow on the spines ; the laterals always largely yellow, the subdorsals much less so, the dorsals a little yellow at l)ase from 3 to G, after that less and less, changing gradually to brown, and on 11 to 13 black. In from two to three days after maturity the larva) suspended, and in about twenty -four hours pupated. (Fig. h.) Chrysalis. — Length 1.1 inch ; breadth at wing-cases .4, of abdomen .36 inch; cylindrical, a little compres.scd laterally; head case prominent, neaily square at top, the vertices being but very slightly elevated, transversely rounded ARGYNNIS XI. to the ridge at summit, the sides bevelled ; mesonotum moderately prominent, rounded, carlnated ; followed by a deep rounded depression ; the wing cases with pioniinent conical processes at base, much elevated above surface of body, the outer edges flaring, the middle part depressed ; on the abdomen two rows of small tubercles corresponding to the dorsal spines of the larva, and which extend to the head case ; one row of minute tubercles on each side ; the whole surface lincly corrugated ; color variable, being sometimes glossy dark brown, with a (ino mottling of reddish-orange, not distinct, over wing cases and anterior parts ; or dark brown mottled with drab, this last prevailing on the wing cases ; or dark brown mottled with lighter brown, most distinctly light at margins of wing cases, wliere they pass down to surface; or almost wholly dead-leaf brown, a little obscure on wing cases ; the anterior abdominal tubercles usually black in front, yellow behind, the posterior tubercles wholly black. (Fig. L) Duration of this stage sixteen to twenty days. In the text to Argynnis Diana, page 147, Volume II, 1876, I gave a general account of raising larvae of Cybele from egg. In the Canadian Entomologist, XU, p. 143, 1880, I gave farther observations, and related that up to the preced- ing winter I had always lost most of the larva) of this species, as well as Diana and Aphrodite. They died off during the winter, or during the stages in spring, or in chrysalis, and I had been unable to contrive any successful mode of carrying the larva) through. But, in fall of 1879, it occurred to me that freez- ing them solid might be the proper thing, and I sent several larva) of Cyhelc to Professor Fernald, then at Orono, Maine, to be placed in his ice-house. They were in small paper pill-boxes, the unglazed sides of which afforded foothold. These were put in a flat tin box and deposited in frozen sawdust under the ice, as Professor Fernald informed me. Five months later, on 5th March, 1880, 1 re- ceived the boxes by mail. The larvaa were nearly all alive, and when first seen, several showed some movement, though only three days from the ice. Others were lethargic some hours longer, but next lay all had left the boxes and be- taken themselves to the plants of violet among which I had laid them. They crawled to the stems and down to the bases in the hollows, and there rested when not feeding. On 10th March, one was found to have passed the first moult, several days in advance of any other, and this one continued in advance to maturity, passing second moult 18th, third 27th, fourth 4th April, fifth 12th, suspended 23d, pupated 24th April, and gave a female imago 14tli May. The whole period from ice to imago was seventy-three days. The other larva) passed lirst moult 19th March, second 29th March to 2d April, third from 4th to 6th ARGYNNIS XI. April, fourth 11th to 12th, fifth from 16th to 19th April, and the butterflies came out from Tith to 27tli Miiy. After the first moult 1 lost no larvae. Before that there had been some loss, mostly, I thought, from their having been brought to a warm room too soon after I received them. These images were all of large size, equalling any ever seen here in the field. Comparing the stages of these frozen larviE with others which in previous year I had carried through winter in a cool room : — Iced Lahv*. Brouoiit from Cool Room. Time froui removal to 1st moult, 8 to 18 days .... 44 days and upwards. " " 1st moult to 2d, 8 to 12 days 17 " " " " " 2d " to 3d, 4 to 0 days 11 " " " " " 3(1 '' to 4th, 5 to 8 days 12 " « " " " 4th " to 5th, 4 to 8 days 14 " " « " " 5th <' to chrysalis, 9 to 12 days ... 12 " " " " " chrysalis to imago, 16 to 20 days .... 24 " " " Total period, 73 to 86 days 134 " " " Evidently the freezing served as a tonic, and the larvae subjected to it were in a healthy condition. Since 1880, I have been in the habit of freezing hiber- nating larvoc of all species, and have been very successful in rearing them to imago. The early brood of Cyheh appears here about the first of June. In some seasons they are quite abundant, but in others rai'e. For twenty years I have recorded the first appearance. The earliest date for the male has been 19th May, the latest, 17th June ; the females always a few days later than the male. Soon after 1st July they are all gone. About 15th August, fresh males appear agaiu, and then the females, and both are exceedingly plenty in September, the males dis- appearing about middle of the month, the females, some of them, living till frosts come in October. Eggs can always be got during September, by confining the females over violet. In one instiince, 219 eggs were laid by a single feriale. When several are confined together, the bag and plant and earth are sprinkled with eggs. It would seem as if there must be two broods of the imago, one in June, the other in August, but two months do not give sufficient time for eggs to be laid and larvae to mature and for the pupa stage. The shortest period for the egg has been twelve days, for the larval stages and pupa seventy to eighty. Of course, the hot weather between June and September might accelerate all stages, if eggs were laid in June. I never saw a mature egg in any female dis- sected in June, nor could eggs be obtained in confinement. In June, 1887, the species was plenty, and I shut up nine females on 29th ; but failed to get an egg, ARGYNNIS XL and dissection showed no formed oggs, nothing but fatty masses. In 187-1, I en- deavored to find out how long after the females of the fall brood appeared, mature eggs were formed. The first one was, seen 16th August. On 20th, 1 dissected three, and in all, the eggs were soft and miformed ; on 2Gth, they were soft, but had form ; on 3d September, were firmer; on 17th, were fully mature, and a day or two after, many were laid. So that nearly a month seemed to be required for eggs to mature. At Coalburgh, all the larvie have gone into lethargy at once on leaving the egg. But the late Mr. C. G. Siewers, of Newport, Kentucky, a first-rate observer, with whom I corresponded about the peculiarities of dijbdc, wrote me, 30th October, 1877, that two eggs gave two larvco, one of which fed up to and past second moult, and had gone to the base of the plant to hibernate. In 1881, 28th October, he wrote that he found a larva, ten days before, under rotten wood ; that it was one half inch long (which would make it past third moult). To see if it would feed, he trimmed a violet stock and laid it by the larva. On 26th, he went again to the woods and found the larva, which had eaten lioles in two leaves and then hidden itself in a crevice so that only its spines protruded. It may be, therefore, that some larva) in West Virginia, from eggs lirst. laid, pass three or four stages in the fall, and so begin the next year a month ill advance of the main body of the species. This will account for the early itutterllies. But why June femtales have not laid eggs is not ea.sy to conjecture. Mr. Siewers wrote in 1876, that, on 24th June, he took a pair in copulation ; they separated in the net ; he kept the female five days, and till she died, got no eggs, and found none in the abdomen. On 25th June he caught another pair, which separated after three hours, and the result was the same. As 1 have said, females are often to be seen flying late in the fidl, and until frosts destroy them. This is long after all males have disappeared. I believe these females to be barren, or who have not had an opportunity to mate, and .so live much longer tlian the rest of their sex, for the females of all species of Ijutterfly die very soon after their eggs are exhausted. I have rarely seen a larva of Cybele in natural state, but on two occasions found one hibernating at the top of the root of a viul?t plant which I had dug lip to set in pot for my larvse. Once, in March, I found one on under side a grass leaf in a bit of sod I had taken up, and it must have spent the winter there. 0:i 10th May, 1888, a mature larva was found on the under side of a lath which was lying on the ground. This larva died, but had it pupated, the imago would have come out about 10th June. The caterpillars feed on every kind of wild or cultivated violet or pansy, and the flowers are eaten with avidity. In moulting, the skin bursts below the head, along 2 to 4, and the three pairs of legs are extricated first, the head being bent ARGYNNIS XI. hack by the tension of the skin on dorsum, so that the legs are Hfted up in the iiir, with much strugglinj;; to free the head and to burst the skin along dorsum. The spines lie Hat and back and rise slowly as the skin slips off them, and the bristles, which are in pencil, separate slowly as they dry. At first every spine is yellow to base and the head also dull yellow, but all become dark in a few hours. The June butterllies are particularly fond of asclepias flowers, and may often be picked otT by the finger, seeming besotted with the licjuid they feed on, in the same way as TurmiH and other Papilio.s. Mr. Scudder says, But. N. E. p. 5G1, that Cijhde is single-brooded in New Eng- land, appearing the last of June ; that the eggs are laid about middle of August, and the insects are on the wing till middle of September, or occasionally later. the um. the e i.s urs. be the ng- iist, p. \ / , V fl% ^1// , * ' ' ''m yi/* **** I jK'^> -.N^i^- ^■& ii">slUirisllS«.hsl.illiPti-l« INTERROGATIONIS . I o, 2 9. ., CHANGED BY COL,D .34 d' . 59^ ', /.,',:■„ ■, I, .:.;„, I /■■•III ''ciiriiii.i ioiinijj / ^ I oSlUMntSohll-ilhl^ila «< ^^, m '"M 37^'#. &>'' M^^l f'^^ » -i'r*- - !(,■ ?4f>X- S: GRAPTA I. GRAPTA INTERROGATIONIS, 1-6. Gmpla Tnterrogationis, Fabricius. Form FAnnicii, E.lw., But. N. A., I, pi. 89, p. 113. 1872 ; Scndder, But. N. E., T, p. 319. Form U.MUR08A, Liiitner ; EJw. 1. c, I, pi. 38, p. 111. 1872 ; Scudder, I. c. 1889. 1889. TnE preparatory stages of this species were but imperfectly described in Vol. 1, and therefore I now give them fully. Egg. — Conoidal, the base flattened and rounded ; marked by from eight to eleven thin vertical ribs, which near the base are low, but from about the middle begin to rise, increasing gradually, and terminate around the rim of the summit with an incurved slope ; these ribs have their sides scooped in grooves perpen- dicular to the surface, the grooves enlarging as the rib deepens ; micropylo in (Centre of a rosette of six minutij pentagonal cells, outside of which are two and partly three rings of larger cells, irregularly five-sided ; color pale green. Dura- tion of this stage three to four days in summer, in April and May about ten days, depending on the weather. (Figs, a to a'".) (The egg of Umbrosa, Fig. b, pi. 38, Vol. I, is not good, nor even of proper shape, though drawn by so excel- lent an artist as Mr. Konopicky.) Young Larva. — Length, at 24 hours from egg, .1 inch ; cylindrical, even from 2 to middle, then tapering slightly to end, the dorsum, falling rapidly on tlie last .segments ; on 2 is an oval chitinous patch on which are eight tubercles, four on either side the mid-dorsal line, three in front, and one behind and between the upper pair, each with long, tapering black hair, turned forward over the head ; on each segment from 3 to 13 are six conical tubercles, forming as many longitudinal rows, three on either side, a dorsal, sub-dorsal, and lateral ; on 3 and 4 they aro nearly in cross line, the lower one on each and the cor- responding one on 2 replaced by a pair of minute ones close together, on 2 a little above the line ; but from 5 to 13 in triangle, the dorsal one standing on the front ridge, the sub-dorsal on the rear, the lateral a little before the middle GRAPTA I. of the segment, all these except the laterals on 2 to 4 with long tapering hairs, those on front segments turned a little forward, on tlie middle upright, after 6 more or less recurved ; the hairs on 2 to 4 are short, turned down and for- ward ; on 2 to 13 is a row of minute tubercles running with and behind the spir- acles except on 2, two to the segment on 2 to 4 and on 13 ; on 2 the pair stand before and a little above the spiracle, oblique to the line, and the hairs of these are unequal, the upper one being one third as long as the other, turned down and forward ; the other hairs of this row are turned down and back ; along base from 2 to 12 is a row, also minute, two to the segment, the middle ones nearly in horizontal line, on other segments the hinder one a little elevated, the hairs short, depressed ; at base of each pro-leg a fine depressed hair, on 13 four such in line ; on 3 and 4 similar hairs, but from minute tubercles; on 13 a chitinous sub-oval shield on which are eight tubercles and hairs, two dorsals in front, two on rear, two at each side, corresponding with the sub-dorsal and lateral rows ; color of body at first whitish-yellow, semi-translucent ; feet and legs same ; some examples have the dorsum crossed by brownish patches alternating with the yellow of the intermediate segments ; as the stage proceeds the color changes to red-brown with white on dorsum of 4, 6, 8, and 10, individuals varying, how- ever ; head rounded, very little broader than high, the top depressed slightly ; color shining black ; furnished with several small black tubercles, in four pretty regular cross rows ; one row near top of four, of which the largest is in front on the middle of the lobe, the other round the side ; one across middle of eight, one below this of six, all these minute ; and one over mandibles of fo"'-, still small ; each tubercle with its short black cif^nressed hair. Duration of tL j stage three days in May, two in summer. (Figs. 6-6*.) After Ist noidt : Length .14 inch soon after the moult, in 24 hours .20 inch ; slender, even ; color red-brown, with indistinct whitish lines ; of these, a wavy line runs with second laterals ; from base of each first lateral is an oblique line outward to the front of the segment, and from each dorsal are two such lines, one on either side ; armed with seven rows of spines, one dorsal, and three on either side, as in t'le genus; these are short, stout, black, beset near top with short branches, with .some spinules on the sides ; on dorsum of 2 is a transverse row of four short, simple spines ; .as the larva approaches second moult, the bases of the dorsal and first lateral spines become white or yellow, or reddish-yellow, while the color becomes more red, and the lines become more distinct ; legs and feet dark brown ; head rounded, depressed at top, the vert'ces a little produced, each bea^-'ng a stout, thick, black process, with conical spine at top, and shorter ones around the base of this ; color black, with many black hairs. Duration of this stage from two to three days. GIIAPTA I. After 2d moult : Length .24 inch ; color black, the lines as before, with the addition of one running with lower laterals, more distinct, often macular ; spines as before, but variable in color ; in some examples, all are black except the dorsals and first laterals on 4, G, 8, 10, where they are reddish-yellow ; some have the spines on these rows light, except on 9, 11, and 12 ; usually the second laterals are black and the lower row is pale yellow ; in all cases the tips are black ; as the stage proceeds the color of body changes to olive-brown, and the lines become more conspicuous; head as before, much covered with white simple spines. Duration of this stage from two to three days. After 3d moult: Length .5 inch; color black, with cream-white lines, quite macular ; spines very varitable ; some examples have every spine of the upper live rows reddish to reddish-yellow, the lower laterals pale yellow ; some have the dorsals and first laterals from 3 to 11 red, the rest and all of second laterals black ; some have the body color vinous instead of black, with no black spines, tlie upper rows very red anteriorly, the lower laterals yellow ; the linos yellow ; head either deep brown red; or decided red in the vinous larvae, the processes red, with spines both red and black ; the spines on face yellow or white. Dura- tion of this stage two to three days. After 4th moult ; Length .9 inch. In two to three days is fully grown. Mature Larva. — Length 1.3 to 1.5 inch ; cylindrical, stout ; the color very variable ; some are dull black with white, yellow, and red tubercles on the cross ridges, and longitudinal lines and bands of red and yellow ; there being a band along the basal ridge, a stripe running with second laterals, an oblique line from base of each first lateral outwards to the front of the segment, and one from either side of each dorsal also to the front of t'r.i segment ; some are very black, the tubercles yellow, no lines or stripes above the basal ridge ; some are russet, the lines and stripes obliterated, the tubercles yellow and red ; and there are intormediaie variations ; under side black-brown ; spines long, slender, tapering, with several spinules at top, one being a continuation of the spine, the others arranged somewhat irregularly ; these are of about equal length in the several rows , others, which are shorter, are found on the sides of the spines, and are particularly numerous on the upper rows of the anterior segments ; the dorsals liave five main spinules, the first laterals six, the second and lower laterals four and five ; in most examples the dorsals and first laterals are red, except on 3, where they are red with black bases, and on 11 and 12, where they are usually lilack, the red being deepest on anterior segments ; the second laterals are some- times all red, and the lower row \» always yellow (but in the varieties of this GRAPTA I. larva there is great variation in the color of the spines from deep red to yellow) ; over the feet from 2 to 10 is a simple red spine ; on 2 is a dorsal row of six simple black spines; spiracles conspicuous, black in white rings; head obovoid, ratlicr flattened, deeply cleft, the vertices high, and each bearing a stout and black process, ending in a long spur, with live others about its base, each hair- tipped ; the face covered with simple spines and tubercles, some minute ; on each side below vertex are four long spines, black, the rest are mostly white, each with hair ; color either deep red-brown or red, about the ocelli a large black patch. From -Ith moult to pupation, live to six days. Chrysalis. — Length 1 inch, greatest breadth .3 to .32 inch ; cylindrical ; lioad case prolonged, compressed transversely, at each vertex a long conical process ; mesonotum elevated, the carina prominent, thin, nose-like, more rounded on the anterior side than in Comma, followed by a deep depression ; wing cases raised, flaring at base, compressed in middle, with a prominent point on the margin on dorsal side ; on the abdomen three rows of tubercles, those corre- sponding to the dorsal row of the larva minute, to the first laterals large and conical, the pai'' in the middle of the series particularly prominent; those in the excavation gilded ; color variable, in shades of brown from light yellow to dark, often clouded with olivaceous or lilac; sometimes a dark green stripe on t^.e side of abdomen beyond wings. Duration of this stage from seven to eleven days, according to the weather. 'o IxTERROG.\Tioxis is botli sexually and seasonally dimorphic. Mr. Scudder, But. N. E., I, 329, has thus spoken of this peculiarity : " The two forms differ so greatly and constantly from each other, not only in coloring but in the form of the w^ings, and even in the abdominal appendages, that they have been consid- ered distinct species ; in each form, too, the sexes differ considerably in the coloration of the under surface of the wings, so that the species includes four sots of individuals, which may be distinguished quite as readily as a great many acknowledged species of the best studied faunas." /.Iso, page 317 : " Here is an insect where there are two very distinct forms in each sex, and in each of which the sexes are readily distinguished by the coloration of the wings ; they differ in the brightness and variegation of the lower surface of both wings, and the ob- scurity of the upper surface of the hind pair, . . . not only differ in the mark- ings of the wings, but also in their form, and in the structure of the genitalia." Part 9, Volume I, which contained the two Plates of this species, appeared early in 1872. I had established the fact of seasonal dimorphism the preceding summer by raising larvae of th-; June and July broods from eggs laid by the form Usr- BROSA, in both cases finding the two forms among the resulting imagos. In the GRAPTA I. Canadian Entomologist, X, p. 69, 1878, I gave a statement of farther observa- tions to date, and said that, at Coalburgli, W. Va., there were three broods of the imago annually in descent from the hibernators, and an effort, more or less successful, towards a fourth, depending on the temperature in the fall months and the consequent length of the mild season. That some individuals hiber- nated, and the femaliS surviving laid their eggs in the last days of April or earl}' in May. B'rom these eggs came butterflies the last of May or first of June. That the second laying occurred in June and the butterflies therefrom appeared early in July ; that the third laying took place the last of July and the butter- flies appeared in September, some as early as the first, others late in the montli. That females of this brood, which is the third of the year, laid eggs about the middle of September, and the butterflies from them came out in Octol)er. But that the larva9 wore now liable to be caught by cold weather and destroyed, or the food plant was cut off, and so they starved, the result being that few coidd reach chrysalis and imago. And that I was inclined to think that the butterflies of the third brood did not hibernate, and the continuance of the species here depended on the few individuals which survived from the earlier imagos of the fourth brood. In no other way could I account for the scarcity of this species in spring as compared with G. Comma. There then followed a statement of the several lots of eggs I had bred from up to end of 1877. Four years later, in same magazine, XIV, p. 201, 1882, I brought the history to date, and stated that the hibernating form was Fahricii, but that I had seen one Umhrosa flying so early in the year that it also must Iiave hibernated. That on the only occasion on which I had been able to get a hibernated female of Fahricii to lay eggs in confinement, the result was wholly the other form, Umhrosa. That eggs laid by the females of Umhrosa of the first brood in descent from the hibernators had produced either a mixed brood or all Umhrosa. That eggs laid by the females of Umhrosa of the second brood in descent from the hibernators had also produced a mixed brood, v/ith a greater proportion of Fahricii than in the preceding brood ; and that eggs laid by Umhrosa of the third brood, or larvoe found late in the year, had in all cases produced Fahricii only. Also that all the butterflies so far seen late in the year had been of the form Fahricii. I now bring the observations spoken of together, and supplement them with others to end of 1888. As will be seen, the eggs, save in one instance, have been laid by Umhrosa females. Thai is because in all these years (since 1870) I have found no Fahricii females to breed from, while from July to September, in every year, Umhrosa is in abundance. Nearly all the Fahricii I have seen have been late in the fall, though the result of breeding in summer shows that there must be many Fahricii flying. m GRAPTA I. FiusT Bkood : Eggs laid by Fabricii. 1877, 28th April, ol)tained eggs from $ FnhricH in confinement. Result, about 4tli June, 21 Unibrosu. This was the only ? Fabricii 1 have ever been able to take and breed from. (Where the word " about" is used, a few days before and after the given date is meant.) Second Brood. 1871, 4th June, eggs laid by $ Umhrosa in confinement. Result, about 1st July, 11 Umhrosa, 6 Fahrkli. 18G9, 5th June, found larvtc. Result, about 25th June, 26 Umhrosa. 1873, June, found larva). Result, last of .same month, 19 Umhrosa. 1870, 4th July, found eggs. Result, 10th August, 1 Umhrosa, 2 Fahrkli. 1878, 27th May, obtained eggs from ? Umhrosa in confinement. Result, about 22d June, 54 chrysalids, from which came 38 Umhrosa, 11 J 27 ? , and 16 Fahricii, 14 J 2 ? . 1879, 3d June, eggs from ? Umhrosa in confinement. Residt, about 21st June, 16 pupa}, which were placed on ice. From these came but 3 5 4 ? , all Umhrosa. 1879, 20th to 28th July, found eggs and larva;. Result, 65 Umhrosa, 28 J 37 ? , 4 Fahricii, 3 J 1 ? . 1879, 20th July, eggs from $ Umhrosa in confinement. Result, 21 Umhrosa, 7S 14$. 1881, 7th July, found larvee. Result, 8 Umhrosa, 2 $ 6 ? . 1887, 23d June, eggs from ? Umbrosa in confinement. Result, about 13th July, 41 pupa;, from which 22 Umhrosa, 12 $ i ? , 9 Fahricii, 8 J 1 ? . 1888, 24th July, eggs of ? Umhrosa in confinement. Result, about 9th August, 10 Umhrosa, 9 J 1 ? . That is. 11 Umbrosa to 6 Fabricii. 26 n 19 a 1 a " 2 " 38 a " 16 " 7 a 65 a « ^ « 21 a 8 i.i 22 « " 9 " 10 <( Total, 228 Umbrosa to 37 Fabricii ; GUAPTA I. or of the former 8G per cent., of Fuhric'd 14 per cent. Of the eleven brooil.'< .six produced Umhrosa only, five both forms. Tiiiiu) Bkood. 1870, 1st August, found larvae. Result, about 13th September, 6 Umhrosa, ](. Fabricii 1871, 29th July to 5th August, confined .several ? ? Umhrom. Result, about 1st September, 03 Umhrosa, 34 Fabricii. 1877, 15tli August, found larvae. Result, about 22d September, 2 Umhrom. 9 Fabricii, 1878, 16th August, eggs from ? Umhrosa in confinement. Result, about 19tii September, 1 ? Umhrosa, 20 Fabricii, 7 5 13 ? . 1881, 2d and 3d August, found eggs and larvae. Result, about 1st September. 46 Umhrosa, 17 J 28 ? , 6 Fabricii, 5 $ 1 ? . 1887, 10th to 15th August, found larvae. Result, from 16th to 22d September, 6 Umhrosa, 9 Fabricii. That is, 6 Umbuosa to 16 Fabi!1c'II. 63 " " 34 " 2 " ''9 " 1 " " 20 " 46 " " 6 " 6 " "9 " Total, 124 Umbros/V to 94 Fabricii ; or Umhrosa bl per cent., Fabricii 33 per cent. Every lot produced both forms. Fourth Brood. 1872, lOtli October, found larvae past third moult. Result, 8th to 18th Decem- ber, 4 Fabricii. 1879, 1st September, eggs from 5 Umhrosa in confinement. Result, to 8th October, 25 Fabricii, 10 J 15 ? . 1879, on 19th and 26th September, 2 J Fabncii. 1887, 8th October, from three found larvae, 3 Fabricii, 2 J 1 $ . 1878, 8th September, found larvae. Result, about 3d October, 10 Fabricii, 66 4?. That is, 4 Fabricii. 25 2 3 10 Total, 44 Fabricii, no Umbrosa. GUAPTA I. Thin goes to show, therefore, that in the first brood from the hibernators the loiiii Umhrosa was produced to tlio total exclusion of Fahrkii. Although this lirood was raised but in one instance, we may conclude with much probability that tiie result in several instances would be the same, inasmuch as where the species is but two-brooded, the first in descent from the hibernator is Umhrosa, with very rarely an exception. In the second brood [Tmbrosa preponderated largely, as 8G to 14, and six lots produced that form only, five lots both forms. In the third brood there were fewer Linbrusu, the proportion being as 57 to 4.'], aii > ■ "t --': ■«: ■1^- SATYRUS r. SATYRUS PEGALA, 1-5: 8. Siihjriis Per/iila (pe-gft'ln), Fiibriiiu'i, Syst. Krit., p. 4!)4. 1775. I'Mwiinls, I'nu'. Knt. Soc., Phil., Vol. VI, p. lil.'i. IKfiG; id., Can. Knt., Vol. XII, p. r,. 1S80. Alii/ii' f viir., I!()i.s(liival iiiid Luconle, Lcp. tU: I'Aincr., pi. 22H, p. 69. ISS.I. KoltM l'i;iiALK, J. », Siiiilli, Bull. 15rookl)ii Knt. Soc, Vui, VI, p. 128. 1884. M,\LK. — Expands from 2.4 to nearly 3 iiu'lifs. Upper side (lark brown ; liind inargiii.s V)or(lere(l by two fine darker parallel lines, a little within which is a stripe of same color ; ])rimarics have an extra- discal deep ociire-yellow transverse band, broaiiest anteriorly, inei.sed on ba.sal side at the upper median nervule ; on this i.s a single black ocellus, lying across the di.scoidal interspaces, with a small central cluster of blue scales, ii few of which are often replaced l)y wdiite ; occasionally there is a lilack dot, or even a small blind spot, suggesting a second ocellus, in middle of second median inter- space. Secondaries have a black ocellus on second median interspace, in 3'ellow ring, with .small white, or blue and white, pupil; fringes of both wings concnlored. Under side yellow-brown, with a gray tint, most decided on apical area of primaries and beyond di.sk of secondaries; the band repeated, paler; the ocellus r(>peated, a little enlarged, the cluster of scales enlarged, often elongated into a blue nebulous streak, having, in the end toward ba.se, a solid nucleus of white ; tl'.e marginal lines and stripe conspicuous ; the brown area covered densely with abl)reviated dark streaks, which over bases and disks form somewhat concentric l)r()ken rings, limited without by a common dark stripe; this on prinuiries edges the band, on secondaries is irregularly sinuous, throwing out a rounded projec- tion against cell, followed by a rounded sinus on second mediiin interspace; the ocelli are six, in two groups of three, each on a patch of clear dark brown, one across the lower subcostal and discoidal interspaces, the other across the median ; these are either round or oval, individuals varying, the middle one of each group SATYIIUS I. larj,'c'st ; each in yellow rln;^, and with l)hio or Ithio anil white pupils, the chistcr.s viiryin^f sonu-tiint's us (loscriboil on primaries. l{()il\- concoloreil with wings; le;:;s and [»uipi diiric hrown; anteiuiljU brown, (inely iinnnliilcd witli white; ohib t'orriiyinoiis. (Figs. 1, 2.) Fkm.vM';. — Expands about tliree inches. Upper side color of male; tiii^ band broader; the ocelhis Hometimes large, with largu centml cluster; some examples have an additional spot, like some males, and occasionally there is a second ocellus j>e. In my copy of the work, the larva is represented as having the dorsum green, the side white, divided longitudinally by a narrow gray band. This white may have originally been colored yellow, as Mr. Smith says his copy of the book .shows yellow, with green over the gray band. But all this is quite unlike Alopc, and its co-form Nephcle, as may be ' Fi'j;. 8, oil the Plate, represents u fore wiiij^ of Pcijala, variety, from Florida, and the reading at bottom is int'orruct. SATVUrS I. .seen on roforrinj? to Voliunc II, I'latc ll,KI^j. h. Tlio wliol(« surfucc licro is jfiTOii, I'Xcc'pt 11 narrow stripi- of yellow iiloii^ Itaso, an«l ii siilulorsal liiiiit yellow liiu'. Tilt' liirva of Ah)i>e, I'oiiii O/i/tii/ms, I'hite I'J, Fij,'. a, in green, hut Iium (lie siiliiIoi'Mal lino (lovolo[ie(l into a Htripo as conHpiouous an tho basal, 'i'lie clirysalis of noi.-iilnv.ir.s plate lian two ocellar proiiiinenccs, iiuu'li iis in NconvinpliM ft'( niiiiit, wliilo the heat] case of Alupc is trunoaled and ronndeil, with no pro- jectionH. I have tried in vain for years to obtain cj;gs of Piijahi, in order to become iici(uiiinted with all the preparatory stages, rnlil w(> know to iIk* conti'arv. 1 snpposi! tho eoloring of the larva and the shape of the eiirys;dis, as given by Aid 'f, umst bo regarded as correct. Though 1 oidy know of tlieso by IJois- dnval's fignres spoken of. I wiis inforineil by that veteran lepidopterist, the late Mr. .lames Ridings of I'hilailelphia, who collected one season in (leorgia. after 1 became ncqiininted with liiui, that, in its habits, I'tijuht dilTercd considerably from .l/oy>c, flying in the pine forests and alighting on the l)ark of trees. When disturbed, it womM lly about for a while, and eventually return to the same .spot. It seemed to him to resemble Del)is I'ortldiidia in habits rather than AInpc. Mr William H. Asliniead, when a resident of .laeksonville, Florida, wrote me: "• t'cijfiiii is quite common in hummocks, along fences, ami in the outskirts of forest, lioin about the middle of .July to October, When chased they f!\ high and alight on the side of a tree, and are seldom .seen in ojien fields." [Ahipe ami Xi'/ihclc lly slowly and low, and I have never heard of their alighting on trees.) Dr. A. W. Chapmiin wrote from Appalnchicola : " Pe(/ahi is or was common in the open pine woods back of this city. It seemed to like .'i hot, sandy exposure, l)ut 1 never .saw one in my g.arden or in the fields. They always alight on the naked bodies of the pines, with head up, down, or sideways," This .species seems to be very nearly restricted to the southern part of the Gulf States, It has been taken in a single instance by Mr. T. L. Mead, in middle Florida, at Oviedo, Orange County. He sent me a male caught in his peach orchard, the present year (1880); and writes as follows: " The only examples seen were the one sent you and one other. I s.nw them in the orchard on the fallen fruit. When disturbed, and at other times, they hid in the dense foliage of the orange trees. In company with them were some Liincnitis Kros and an Apatura." So far as I know. Prf/ala has not before been taken much to the south of Jack, son vi lie. How far to the northward, along the coast, it Hies, I am not advised. I formerly received examples from St. Simon's Island, Georgia. Wh.at I spoke of as *' a diminutive Perjala (as if from a starved caterpillar)" in Can, Ent. XII, 52, sent me by Professor Lewis R. Gibbes, of Charleston, S. SATYRUS I. Carolina, I now believe to have been a variety of Alopc. Rev. Dr. John G. Morris tolil nio, in 18S0, tliat he had never known pKjdla to have been taken along the coast of Virginia or Maryland. At the .<conical te b- 'r^T^Ttr'^''*y'7*^'iiv''7rT<^ tubercles, each of which gives a white ' X'l"l''i1)'''L{ ''' I ? V 1 '^ ' ^*^S1 P''ocess; these rows are dorsal, sub- ^'P-f 'jWrVV-^rxji^^A^^^)^ dorsal, and lateral ; on 2 there is an atl- ■tf r /- ^^T^- :tmn':^ttx\m ditional tubercle back of and between those of two upper rows, and another a little below and behind the lateral; and there are two in front, in vertical line. a little above the spiracle ; on 3 and 4 the three tubercles are nearly in vertical line, but from 5 to 12 they are in tri- angle, the dorsal one in front, the sub-dorsal at rear, the lateral a little before H |v \ \ ERERIA in. tlio middle of tlio segment; on 13 arc two rows witli six tubercles, niude from tlic (lorsiil and sub-dorsal, which here come nearly into line, a lateral on either side, in front, and six around tiie end, projecting hoi'izoutally (Kigs. //', b*); the interior four small, with somewhat shorter processes ; the processes on 2 nre thickly clubbed (Fig. h''), on the following segments to lli are longer and sciircely clubbed (Fig.//'), on 13 cylindrical, and still longer (Fig. b'); along liiisc a row of minute tubercles with .short hairs, two to each segment on 2 and 5 to 1'!. one on each of the rest; color greenish-white, with a mid-dor.«al brown lino. .Tud three similar equidistant lateral lines, the space between tlie second Mini tiiird specked with black or dark brown; under side, feet and legs paler; hcMil a little broader than 2, suI)globular ; covered with shallow pits, marked by a few low subconical tubercles, blackish, each with light hair. (Fig. b; cross section, middle segments, //-.) Duration of this stage six to .seven days. After first moult: length, at twelve hours, .2 inch ; nearly same shape, thick- est at 2, tapering gradually to 11, thou rapidly, curving roundly to extremity, 1.3 ending in two short conical tails (Fig. c") ; the tubercles similar to those at first stage, but much more numerous, bent, arranged irregularly in both horizon- tal .ind cross lines, those on 2 decidedly, on segments to 12 slightly, club-shaped (Fig. c'), on 13 nearly cylindrical, gradually thickening towards end (c"); color greenish-yellow, as are also the under side, feet and legs ; a mid-dorsal blackish- brown stripe, on the side three narrow, equidistant, brown stripes ; the basal ridge yellowish, and under it a brown line ; head as before, subglobular, pitted, with many fine tubercles, and short processes and hairs; color green-yellow. (Figs, c, <:'-, section of side and dorsum, segment 7.) To next moult about ten days. After second moult : length, at twenty-four hours, .28 inch ; sliape as before, tails as before ; the tubercles and processes much more numerous; color green- ish-yellow ; a mid-dorsal heavy brown stripe, three light ones on side, equidis- tant; the ba.sal ridge more yellow, and beneath it another brown stripe; under side, feet and legs pale green; head as before, yellow-green. (Fig. d; rf^, cross section.) After third moult: length, at twenty-four hours, .38 inch; sen rccly differs from the last preceding stage, the tubercles still more numerous, bent close to the body. (Fig. e, section of .side of .segment 7 ; c^, across dorsum of .same.) Some weeks after the moult, one of the larvns having reached the length of .6 and two of about .5 inch, they became lethargic, and were taken to Clifton Springs, New York, and placed in the refrigerating house there, the temperature EUKIUA III. of which is supposed to ho ahont 40° Fur., i\w. yoar round. T rocoivod them ajfiiiii ')th April follow in jj;, two iilive and healthy. During the night of 14th- 15th April, one pas.sed a moult. At fourth moult: length, twelve hours after, .OTj inch ; color over dorsal area hrownish-green, the sides ])ale hrown-yellow ; the ini;t range, ami may there have a wide di>iribntion. Many examples from (Jolorado are sniidl, the wings expanding less than any seen from Alaska ; an(l((i was plenty, and in almost all the examples I cai)tured here, the ociili on upper wings were absent. Many had none on lower wings, others showed 1)1 lok points more or less minute. "This variety, which Mr. Elwes has called E. BiuiCEi, I see, is probably pecul- iar to these high stations, where I have found it during three seasons, for, in the ERKUIA III. vallov lu'low, tluTC was ii imrrow, lio^'iiy tract, more than n iiiilo loiij:;. wIrtc J'Jjiijixodtd was pli-ntiliil ; l)iit 1 loiiiiil iioiio of tlie viiricty .spok'Mi of. 'I'lio only variation lliuru was niarked Ity tlic altscMicu of llio band on umlui'Midu hind wingx, and tliia was oonlincd to fmv imlividiials. " Js(tilci(, thougii it is so dilTercnt from it that, had I more specimens, I shouhl be inclined to consider it a dilllient species, more especitUly as J'Jj)!pstnliy loth Septeud)er, live hud passed third moult. They were at nil times kept out of doors, and cool weather now coming on they ceased feeding gradually. On 2'.)th October. 1 i'otmd liut thri-o larvie. all in lethargy, two of the (ive having disappeared, in Noviniber, 1 took them to (Jlifton Springs, aH before stated. (Jn Dth April, liSSS, I received them again, two alive and wide awake as I opened the box. These were at onee placed on grass, and in five minutes thereafter were feeding. On 1-'th April, one jjas.M'd its fourth moult, the other on 17th. On .']()th April, 1 noticed that one was bringing together leaves of the grass and forming a sort of loose cylinder. It was in the middle of a pretty dense tuft, the leaves of which were three to lour inches long. On one of these the larva rested, holding i)y its prologs, and was spinning a few threads and drawing the leaves down and about it. Before night the inclosure was complete. Nearly a score of leaves were held, mainly by threads at top and boltoni, that is, above anil below the larva, imiking a pretty clo.se covering, but open by spaces so that most of the side, and the head, were exposed to view. The larva rested head up, back arched. Mr. Scudder. in Hut, N. E., has well characterized this structure as '• an imperfect cocoon." I'lipatiou took place on the night of lst-2d May. Some hours after, when the eliiysidis had hardened, I cut away the leaves one by one. There were lifteen of them, and the jjupa rested upright, its lower end one and a half inch above ground, in an angle iormed by three leaves. As I cut one of these, it turned over and fell, showing itself to be unattached. In fact, the cremaster was found to be furnished with but straight bri.stles, very short (Kig. f/'), and there were no hooks by which attachment coulil be had. As before stated, a male of the typical form came from this chry.salis on 12th May. I had received young larviu of this species from Mr. Bean, at Laggan. 2r)th July, ISSCi, they having hatched en mute. 1 lost all but one of these. It ]>assed first moult 2d August, the second moult lOih August, and soon after became lethargic. 1 kept it at Coalburgh, and brought it into the hou.se middle of Janu- ary, ISST, apparently healthy. But a month later it unaccountal)ly disap]ieared. .Mr. Bruce had also sent eggs from Colorado which reiu'hed me 2Hth July, 188G. From these, five larvic reached second moidt. and went into hil)ernation, and (lii'd during the winter. From the behavior of the difl'erent lots of hirvno, it appears that hibernation may take place at either second or third moult. EIIEBIA III. Tills, therefore, is the complote history of an Erehia from o' south as the Pyrenees. Alps. Caucasus, and Himalayas, (ireat Britain is credited with three species, and. in Hnckler's Larviu of Ilritish Butterllies, Vol.I,.e ; /' lieail t ./"* dorsal view of 111 ; /' side view same; /" tuber- cle und proeuss of doraiim. ff (.^MavsAi.is, as fortned in lutt of ({rass. a little cidarged ; y*. y' same, eonsiderably eniurged ; g* cruuiikfter, side view ; g'' same, under side ; jf" procossua on cremailer. NoTi:. — Since the foregoing pa|M'r was printed, I have jeen tlie Cneadian Kntoraologist for DiTiuiber, IH.-*;), and lourii tlieiefrom (Vol. XXI, p. 2;lH) that Dr. Henry Skinner has received e\urii|)les of Ki'ii'HUDRA I'Aught in Assiniboa, HlN)nt iWt nilcs west of Wiuni|M'g ; and with them one of the var. linucKi, mentioned as var. bikk-ocellata. I r-i ^^^^^^^ *^ ai_,(:e;stil.- : 2 r^ -^ 4 9, ••i.l'lnihr-,/ . /ft., /"'n,/r,,,i/ w •. /// ^// ',!„ I !"',:,.,„//•. ., ■/,,,/.;/.. Ht 0 :W^: ^ 'Mrk TtO). '^ ~. • 'y'-'^- ARGYNNIS VI. ARGYNNIS ALCESTIS, 1-4. ,\r.ii)nni» Alceilu, Eilw., Tr. Am. Kill. Soc, V., p. 28i). I87«. M., ("on. Ent., Vol. XII., p. 69. 18;!>. Wurthinaton, Can. Ent., Vol. X., p. 37. 1878. Fri'iiili, Hull. East. U. S., p. IS8. 1886. SiuildiT, limt. N. E., Vol. III., p. 1802. 188'J. M.vLE. — Expands about 2.8 inches. Upper side bright fulvoiis, but .slightly ob.scured at base ; hind margins bor- (Icicd by two piindlt'l linos, tiie spots on inner side of which, on priinnries, are liiiiate next apex, el.sowhere serrate, on secondaries lunate, small ; other inark- iiiifs as in Aphrodite ; the mesial band, on both wings, broken into separated spots, which on secondaries are very small ; fringes of primaries alternately fus- cous and yellowish, in equal parts, of secondaries yellowish, with fuscous at the tips of the nervules. Under side of primaries bright cinnamon-red from base to margin, the apical area of same hue as the hind wing, varying as that varies; the black markings repeated ; the upper five, and often the sixth, submarginal spots silvered, and two or three silver spots subapical. Secondaries of one color from ba.se to margin, either dark chocolate-brown, as in hkilla, or deep ferruginous-brown, with no mottling on the disk, and therefore in contrast with the allied species Apliroilite and ('IjiriH; ocrnsionally, in the middle of the space between the two outer rows of silver spots is a narrow strip or a streak whi^h shows a pale subcolor, but washed by the prevailing color of tiie wing ; the spots well silvered ; the seven of the outer row sub-triangular, edged on basal side with darker ferruginous ; the setond row has the lirst three and fifth and si-xth nearly equal, sub-ovate, the fourth small, sub-triangular, the seventh and eighth sub-lunate, the eighth sometimes wanting, or obsolescent ; in the third row are five spots, the first sub-rotund, the .second and fifth small, long oval, the third sub-pyriform, large, divided, with a black edging on the ba.sal side of the outer segment, the fourth rather small, lunate : all these, as well as ilie .spots of the second row, heavily edged with black on basal side; in the cell Mie either one or two round spots, and below cell an oval, all ringed black ; a spot without black at base of cell, and another at base of subcostal interspace ; also at the origin of costal interspace is an elongated silver spot edged with lilack, and frequently the costal margin next base has very little or no silver; inner margin lightly silvered. liody above red-fulvous, brown tinted ; beneath, the thorax but! with fulvous ARGYNNIS VI. liaiiH ; loj^H reddish buff; palpi buff, fulvoiis in front nnd at tip; antenmu black, fulvous beneath ; club black tipped with ferruginous. (Figs. 1, 2.) Femat-e. — E.Kpands about 3 inches. Upper side darker, more red, much more obscured at base ; the marginal lines heavy and on primaries more or less confluent ; on same wings the submarginal spots are heavy and rest on the lines ; all the markings and inscriptions heavy, the mesial band connected ; on secondaries this band is cither made of separated spots, or the posterior half is connected, the rest separated. Undor side of primaries liery red, the apical area as on the hind wing, the silver spots large ; the sixth spot more or less silvered, and .sometimes the sev- enth partly; often there is a dash of silver on the ba.sal .side of the rounded spots in the lower three interspaces, and narrow, lanceolate spots of silver are in the lower s>ibcostal and both discoidal interspaces between the marginal and discal rows (this excess of silver is very unusual in the genus) ; secondaries, as described for the male, of either olive or dark red-brown, solid color ; the silver spots as in male in nunil)er and shape, enlarged ; the costal and inner margin,- more extensively silvered. (Figs. ,*}, 4.) Ego. — Conoidal, truncated, and depre.ssed at top ; in general like Aphrodite. but taller than l)road, and taller in proportion to the width at ba.se, the sides less convex (comparing some of the allied species, in Alcestis the breadth is to the iieight as 80 to ',)('), in Aphrodite as 80 to 1)0, in ffihde as 80 to 80) ; marked by eighteen prominent, vertical, slightly wavy ribs, about half of which extend from base to summit, and form around the latter a serrated rim ; the remainder end irregularly at three fourths nnd upwards distance from base to summit, some- times squarely at one of the crosM ridges, but usually curve towards and unite with the long ribs; the rounded interspaces separated by nearly ecjuidistant line cross ridges; color when first laid greenish yellow (Fig. «). Duration of this stage twenty-five to thirty days. YouN<} Larva. — licngfli at twelve hours from the egg .08 inch ; cylindrical, stoutest anteriorly, tapering backward, the dorsum sloping considerably ; color brownish green, semitransluceni ; marked by eight longitudinal rows of dark, sub-triangular, llat. tuliercidous spots, three of which are above the spiracles on either side, and one below ; the.se bear small tubercles ; in tlie iipper, or dorsal, row two, in the next two rows one. in the lowest row four, each giving out a long, tapering, clubbed hair ; on front of 2 is a large blackish dorsal .spot bearing three tubercles on either side of the mid-dorsal line, and below it, in line witii the third row, is a small spot with two short hairs ; and near the front, against the spirncle are two points, each with very .short hair ; on 3 luid 4 the spots of ARGYNNIS VI. the three upper rows arc in vertical line, but from /> to 1;^ they are in triangle, those of the dorsal row near the fronts of the sej^inents, the next row to the rear, the third u little in front of the middle ; at the end of 13 is a large spot, or doul)le spot, with several hairs; the spots of the infra-stigmatal row arc phuM'd on tlie middle of the segments, and still lower, in a line along the hase of the legs, are single points, with a line hair each, hut two on 2 ; under side, feet iind legs less brown, more green ; head a little broader than 2, rounded, slightly bi- lol)cd, with many hiiirs ; color dark brown (Fig. b). Most of tlie larva- became lethargic direct from the egg, but about ten per cent proceeded to lirst moult untl farther. The first moult was reached at eighteen days from hatching. After first moult: length .15 inch; shape of Aji/innl'itt' ; color yellow-greon, tli(- dorsum mottled with brown, especially about the bases of the spines; spines its in the genus, long, tapering, black, beset with short and fine black bristles, those of the second row rise from either pale yellow or greenish tubercles, all others from black ones; head sub-cordate, the vertices rounded ; at top of each, to the front, a little conical process; color black, the hairs black. To next moult, in the Fall, five to seven days, in the Spring, fourteen to twenty-three. After second moult : length .22 inch ; shape as before, color black-brown, the sides paler than dorsum ; the spines black ; the buses of the dorsal row,-, pale bulf on outer side, but black on the dorsal side, those of second row black, of third l)ulf ; the intermediate ones on 3 and 4 yellow ; head shaped Oii before, black (Fig. c). To next moult, in the Fall, six days, in the Spring, seven to twelve. After third moult ; length .3 inch ; color velvety black, with a tint of brown ; tlie outer side of bases of dorsal spines now dull yellow ; those of second row have very little yellow, and of third have yellow at base and a little way up the stem ; color of front head shining black, but the buck is yellow (Fig. d). To next moult, in the Spring, eleven to fourteen days. After fourth moult : length X) inch ; color as at last previous stage ; spines liliick, both dorsals and those of the second row very slightly reddish yellow at lm.se ; those of the third row and the intermediate spines of 3 and 4 are all orange at base and nearly halfway un; head as before, black in front, orange at back. At ten days after the moult: length .0 inch; not changed in color, the spines now deep red (Fig. e). (The length nuirk on the plate represents the length at the moidt, not at ten days after, when the drawing was made, and should not have been present). To next and the last moult fourteen and fifteen days. AUOYNNIS VI. After fifth moult: length 1 inch; at from fourteen to twenty dayn from the moult was fully grown. jMati'UE L.vuva. — Length l.t inch ut rest; greatest breadth acrotw middle Hogincnt, .3 inch; cylindrical, of even thickness from 5 to II, eadi wgmcnt rounded ; color velvety hhick ; the HjjincH disposed us in the genus, long, slender, tnporing; the dor,>lid on Hccondaries from base to inaigin, with no snbmarginal Itiind or any inot- tliii'.'of yellow on the disk, such as seen in A/>/iro(Hf<- and (iprix ; at times the L'loiiiid color is blackish ferniginoiis, also solid. In all the earlier stages, from egg to clirysalif*, there are distinct dillerencex from A/>lirotlile. I have twice bred tlu; larviv of .I/cc.s/m to imiigo. the eggs having been oli- t;iiiied by cunlining th(? femalcH over violet. Tin- first egg.s were received litJih Se|iteiulH'r, 1S7<», from Mr. Tiiomas K. Hean, then at (iah'iia, Illinois. The larva* hatched llth October, and at once went into lethargy. I carried them through the winter, at Coalhnrgh, but, with innch los.s. not yet having discovered the advantage of a snowbank for hiliernating larvu>. During .lannary, 1S77. they began to feed, and by 1st February, .some had (lasBed their first moult ; on loth, the Hccoiul ; on 27th, the third; on Htth March, the fourth ; 2r)tii March, the fifth ; and pupation took place Iflth April, the imago appearing 7th May. In 1S77, I received another lot of eggs from Mr. Wtnthinglon, at Chicago, wliich began to hat<'h 23d September. A .second lot received later hatched Ut Octolier. All the larvju at once went into lethargy, and were kept in as cool a room as I could give them. Several were alive during .lanuary, ami some were leeiling in February, but one after the other died, and none reached the first iimult. In 1S7S, Mr. Worthington «cnt more eggs, and those were hatching fith Se])- tcmher. iSeveral of the larv.ai fed at once, and some were pa.ssing their first moult on 2')th September. I never saw that lia|)pen with any larvje of the linger Argynnis in lu}' po.ssession except in this one instance. But as I have related under Ci/hr/p, in this Volume, Mr. Siewers had known a larva ol that species to feed and pa.s.s its sectmd moult, ami had found one wild that was ileemed to have passed its third. On 1st October, some were pa.ssing the second moult, on the 7th of .«ame month, the third moult. 1 wa.s absent from home two weeks just after this, and on returning- Tith November, I found but one of these iMige larvo! living, and it seemed in lethargy. But ten days later it had died. Of the larva? that liiberr, ited from the egg, two were found to l)e alive on Oih Fel)rimry, ' ^79, and one passui first moult on llth February, the other IStli. Tlie oldest passed second moiili 4th March; the third, llth March ; the fourth, "11 2oth; the fifth, 9th A[.ril, a id pupated 12tli May. The other larva I had sent to Mrs. Peart, and had uo record of its changes. IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) // <,-^:^ . ^^ V . 'MP (A 1.0 I.I 1.25 ■^111 IIM I ■- ilia I. ^ III 1.8 1-4 llill.6 6" P% w & ^. n '^A m^ ^l %0 ^7 J' y M Photographic Sciences Corporation i3 WES1 ^AA) s 1TREET WEBSTEf<,W.V. 14580 (716) 872-4503 f/j ARGYNNIS VIII. ARGYNNIS ADIANTE, 1-3. Argynnis Adianle, Boisduval, Lep. de la Cal., p. Gl. I8G9. Male. — Expands from 2.3 to 2.4 inches. Upper side red-fulvous, lightly ducted with brown at ba.se ; marked and spotted with black after the usual manner of the group ; hind margins bordered by two jiiirallel lines, resting on which, on primaries, are small serrated spots ; on secondaries the corresponding spots are lunate, and most or all fail to reach the lines; the rounded spots very smdl on both wings; the other markings as in the group, but slight, and on secondaries extremely so, the mesial band being reduced to little more than a line, often macular; fringes yellowish, fuscous at the ends of the nervules on both wings. Under side of primaries pale fulvous over basal area, and along inner margin, taking in the basal half of the cell, and half the remainder along and next the median nervure : on this part of the wing the black markings are repeated, reduced ; the rest of cell, and a space beyond cell on the subcostal and upper median interspaces yellow-buff, the apical area pale brown-buff ; the markings oliliterated. Secondaries have the basal area to the inner side of the second row of spots pale brown-buff, limited without by a faint brown stripe, corresponding to the mesial stripe of upper side, the hind margin bordered by same color ; the rest of tlie wing — the extra-discal area — pale yellow-buff; the spots, which in most species are silvered, are here entirely without silver, yellow-buff in color, faintly edged with brown on the basal side. Body above and below concolored with the basal part of the wings ; legs red- di-sh ; palpi yellow, with red hairs in front; antennte fuscous above, ferruginous below ; club black, tip ferruginous (Figs. 1, 2). Female. — Expands 2.3 to 2.6 inches. Both sides as in the male, and the markings similar ; in some examples the ARGVNMS VIII. l)asal area of primaries beneath is fiery red, in others it is paler, and as in the male (Fig. 3). The male figured on our Plate is the original type of Dr. Boisduval, sent me by himself, and bearing his label as " type " Adiantk. In his description of this male lie says ; " The four wings on upper side are of a vivid fulvous v/ith the l)hick spots disposed nearly as in the neighboring species. . . . The female re- sembles the male. This beautiful Argynnis was taken in some numbers by M. Lorquin, on the edges of woods, in the eastern part of California." Of late }i'ars Adiante lias not b^en a very common species in collections, owing to its local habits, apparently. Professor J. J. Rivers writes me that " it is found above Los Gates in the Santa Cruz Mountains. It also occurs at several locali- ties in the same range, and in Santa Clara and San Mateo counties ; but it does not appear to be found farther south than about nine miles north of Santa Cruz city." Apparently Dr. Boisduval was mistaken in the locality. Dr. Behr writes, March 15, 1890 : " Adiante is found in the Santa Cruz Moun- tains, near Searsville, extending lO Los Gatos Creek and farther south. I do not know its .southern limit. If you strike the right time, it is common near the sawmill on the upper Los Gatos Creek, and in an hour you may catch several dozen.s. It is very constant, add unlike many of the California Argynnides, develops neither variations, nor aberrations, nor races." He tie I) is he re- M. ng nd all- ocs ruz un- not the iral les, -ycrr. A L) 1 A N T E : 2 c A 'V O S S A , 4 i r- 'W.-^' ARGYNNIS VIII. ARGYNNIS ATO.SSA, 4-6. ArgynnL Alossa, new species. Mai,e. — Expands 2.5 inches. UppLT side briglit yellow-fulvous, the base very lightly dusted brown ; hind nmrgiiis of both wings bordered by a single line, and that is the inner one of the two usually seen in the group, there being no trace of the outer line ; no black, subiiiiu'ginal spots on either wing, except on primaries, in the lower three inter- spaces, in each of which is a small spot representing the apex of the usual ser- ration; nor are there the usual rounded black extra-discal spots, except on the lower four interspaces of primaries, and of the.se, the middle pair only are de- cided black ; the black subapical patch is also wanting ; the discal and cellular markings on primaries are light, and very much as in Adiante ; on secondaries tlie mesial band is reduced to a series of abbreviated narrow bar.'s, widely sepa- rated ; the S-shaped spot at end of cell is slight ; fringes pale yellow throughout. Under side of primaries very pale fulvous at base to middle of cell, and in the P-sh aped spot, and the basal part of the median interspaces; on this area the ijlack markings are repeated, reduced ; all the rest of the wing, in the cell and to apex and hind margin, pale yellow-bulf, the markings obliterated. Secondaries wholly pale yellow-buff, the basal area to the inner side of the .-second row of spots scarcely darker than the rest ; all the spots faint, and with no trace of silver, their inner edges slightly dusky. Body above concolored with the basal part of the wings ; beneath, the thorax vcllow-bulf, the abdomen reddish-buff; legs reddish on the fronts, yellow be- iiind ; palpi yellow, the long hairs in front red ; anteniia3 fuscous above, ferru- jiinous beneath; club black, ferruginous at tip (Figs. 4, 5). Fkmale. — Expands 2.6 inches. Upper side of same hue as the male, a little paler next apex of primaries, with AUGYNNIS VIII. n jrniy I'dj^o to the costa and nround tlio npox ; tlio Iiiiid inargiiiH Ijonlort'il l)v a siiij^Ic line, as in the male, witli no dilTiision at the nervures; the niarkiugs of botli wings as in the male. Under side of ])rimaries deeper fnlvons abont base; otherwise as in tiie niiilc (Fig. 0). Something more than twenty years ago I came into possession of a strange Argynnis. which I was told was North American, but beyond that couid get no int'ormntion whatever. No one knew where it came from, but it was said to he surely American. I had never seen anything like it, and believed it must be n foreign speciies, but kept it in my collection, hoping one day to learn iiioiv a'hout it. This was the male figured on the Plate. In January last (ISDII). Mr. II. K. Burri.son, of Boston, Mass., sent me a few Argynnides for name, taken liv him, in 1889, in south California and Arizona, and among them was a fenuih' exiictly corresponding to the male spoken of. On asking where it came from. Mr. Burrison replied as follows: " It was taken at Tehachipe, south California. I stopped there only a few days, from July 4th to 8th, and this and another female were found in a little valley about four miles from town, by a small stream. 1 saw othor.s, but caught only the two. If I remend)er rightlj', the elevation was al>out 4,800 feet. I was in haste to reach Arizona to meet by appointment the friend with whom I traveled there, and did not have time to examine the tops of the mountains about Tehachipe, .so can .say nothing as to the height at which the species may be found." 1 myself have seen but the pair figured, but Mr. Burrison reported to me flic points of the second female, which agree with those of the one sent me, and now figured. All three examples are characterized by the peculiar yellow color on iipper side, by the absence of the outer marginal line, and of the usual marginal and discal black spots. That so strikinf, a species could have been unnoticed in a region supposed to be thoroughly explored by lepidopterists, gives reason for the belief that ninny species of Argynnis yet undiscovered exist within the United States and Canada. ^P 0 \ .■ # \>, •■•«*' ' ,;;*■• M,' . ..— ?! ~ CANTHUS 12 rf,34 o, 5 S VAR . '/ /:vv ■0 / !.i(i\ii i/oun:i I :> ■!■''' iiiuii ll ,^ V ./, Ii..,iii nil'/ '>■;! '^ iiKHiii! Ill'/ . 1 1 I /irl/siii'l-i. \m « ;,S:t . 't^- SATYRODES I. SATYRODES CANTHUS, 1-5. Siitiirniles Cnnlhus, Boisdiival and I."coiite (not Linn.). Lep. de I'Amur., pi. 60. 1833. Wc.stwood-Hewit.«on, Gun. I)i. Luji., II., p. 375. 1851. Eilwaids, Can. Knt., XV., p. 64. 1883. Id., XVII., p. 112. 1883. Fer- nald. Him. Maine, p. 70. 1884. French, Butt. East. U. S., p. 232. 188C. Il'ii"/urcimi, Ilan-is, Ins., p. 305, (!■;. 128. 1862. Ew-inlice, Siriiilder (not Linn.), Butt. N. E., L, p. 193, pi. 1, fig. Kt, pi. 11, fig. 5. 1889. M.VLK. — E.xpand.s from 1.6 to 2.2 inches. Upper side gray-brown, the outer third of both wings hght, but varying much ill individuals; the darker portion of primaries limited without by a fuscous dif- lii-e .stripe from subcostal to second or third meuian nervule, bending outward on the upper median nervule at nearly a right angle ; on secondaries there are tiaces, more or less distinct, of a similar stripe, but narrowed ; primaries have an c.xtra-di.scal, nearly straight, transverse row of small, round, fuscous spots, usually lour in number, standing on the two discoidal and the median interspaces ; sDinotiines a fifth spot is present on the lower subcostal interspace, out of line with the rest, turned towards the ba.se; these spots vary in size, usually the lower two being largest and equal, the upper two a little smaller and equal ; the liftli spot minute ; all surrounded by a. narrow ring, paler than the ground color ; but often there is nothing of this ; -sometimes tlie lower spot has a white central ilot; secondaries have a corresponding row of six spots, sometimes all large, at iitliers small as the spots of primaries, either without rings, or with decided rings of brown-yellow, the uppermost spot, which is usually the largest of the series, always without ring, and the spot next angle always minute; fr''i"es gray- liiuwn. Under side yellow-brown, the outer third of each wing paler ; the two areas separated by a dark brown str'pe, which in some examples is sharply serrate throughout most of its course, soiiietimes sinuous ; each wing has a similar stripe covering the arc of cell, and there is a common stripe crossing both cells and the interspaces; the spots repeated, enlarged, each in a brown-yellow ring, which SATYRODES I. itself is surrounded b}' a dark ring and a pale halo, and each has a white pupil ; the anal spot duplex, with double pupil. Body above color of wings, beneath, the thorax and abdomen yellow-white, or in the darkest winged examples, brown-yellow; legs yellow-brown above, whitisli below ; palpi yellow-white with brown hairs in front ; antennae fuscous above, narrowly ringed yellow or whitish, beneath red-brown ; club fuscous, the top red-brown. (Figs. 1, 2, var. 5.) Female. — Expands from 1.7 to 2.4 inches. In general like the male, but of paler hue ; the spots larger ; on the under side the inner rings are more yellow, and each series of spots is inclosed by a pale elongated ring ; but the uppermost spot on secondaries is separated from the rest and has its own set of rings. (Figs. 3, 4.) Examples from Colorado are larger than any from New England, and somewhat larger than from Michigan or Illinois. There is ever^'where great variation in the color and markings of this species, but I have never seen an example, nor is there one recorded, that is without the rounded spots on upper side. Egg. — Subglobular, much flattened at base, as broad there as high ; surface slightly rough, but without definite markings even under a pretty high power; but increasing this, there are to be seen small shallow cells, and a resemblance to eggs of the Neonymphaj ; color greenish-white. (Fig. a). Duration of this stage about seven days. Young Larva. — Length .09 inch ; cylindrical ; segment 2 rounded and some- what prominent ; from 3 to 11 tapering very gradually, 12 and 13 abruptly, and ending in two short pointed tails ; color at first yellow-white, in a few hours changing to pale green ; the upper surface shows six longitudinal rows of low, conical, black tubercles, each of which gives a short, thick, black bristle, thick- ened at the end ; on 3 and 4 these are in cross line, on middle of the segment ; on 2, the tubercles cf the upper rows are advanced to front, and behind and be- tween is an additional tubercle ; that of the lateral row is above the line and in middle of the segment, and is without bristle, and below, in front of the spiracle, is a smaller tubercle and hair, and under it a hair without tubercle ; on 4 to 12 the tubercles are in triangle, as in Neonymphse ; on 13 is a triangle at the front, two at base of tail corresponding to the upper rows, and longer than elsewhere ; at the end of the tail a still longer bristle ; along the base of the body is a row of short hairs, two on 2 and from 4 to 12, one on 8, 4, springing from tubercles and longer and tapering, one on 13 ; still another row of very short, tapering hairs SATYRODES I. over feet and legs, three on 2, one on 3 to 6 ; two on 7 to 10, one on 11, 12, one on front of 13, and three over the anal legs; feet and pro-legs green ; head con- siderably broader than 2, obovoid, truncated, the top depressed, the vertices low, conical, excavated at summit, and in the cavity a small tubercle and tapering hair (Fig. h^) ; other tubercles arranged in cross rows, the upper row of two and largest, the next of six, the next of four, and the lower row of two, those of the second and third rows next suture without hairs ; other short hairs over man- dibles; the surface shallowly indented ; color light brown ; ocelli reddish-brown. (Figs, b, ¥.) At three days from the egg, length .18 inch ; color pale green, showing three wiiitish longitudinal lines, one near middle of dorsum, one on the verge of dor- sum, one on middle of side. As the first moult approaches, the body becomes broad as the head, vitreous-green, the white lines distinct. (Fig. b^.) Duration of this stage about eight days. After first moult : length .26 inch ; slender, slightly thickest in middle seg- ments ; the tails longer in proportion than at first stage, slender, sub-conical, pink-tinted, rough with white pointed tubercles and short bristles ; on the trans- verse ridges of all segments are fine, sharp, white tubercles, each with its short wliite hair, or process ; color at first greenish-yellow (Fig. c), later changing to pale green (Fig. c^) ; on middle of dorsum a dark green stripe free from tuber- cles, on either edge of this a line of white tubercles ; another line of tubercles, sub-dorsal, a third along base ; between the last two are two other fine white lines, and one such between the dorsal and sub-dorsal ; feet and legs green ; head a little broader than 2, obovoid, the sides more sloping, less rounded, than in the first stage ; on each vertex a long, tapering process or horn, tuberculated, Itrown-tipped, and marked in front by a reddish stripe which is extended down the side of the face to the ocelli ; surface finely tuberculated ; color of face and head 'ellow-green. (Fig. c^.) To next moult six to nine days. After . fjond moult: length from .34 to .4 inch; sh-butt', passing into greenish-biilY on tlie outer side ; on the side another bull' band, through the middle of which runs a brown line ; the basal ridge butt" ; head and horns as at preceding stage (Figs, e to e *). A few days later the InifY larvse became lethargic. But one of the green larva* proceeded to fourth moult without change of color. From third to fourth moult, in the Fall, twenty-six days. After fourth moult, in Fall : length .6 inch ; color green ; but twenty-four hours after the moult had changed ; color now yellow-buff and red-brown ; the mid ^.orsal stripe pale brown, the bands on either side of it greenish-yellow ; the .side brown, with a dull green line running through it ; head shaped as before, the face green, stripes reddish-brown. This larva became lethargic a few days later, but died during the winter. After hibernation, in Spring: the color gradually changed from bufY to green; wholly dull green, with a darker mid-dorsiil stripe ; a yellow sub-dorsal line from horn to tip of tail ; two obscure yellow side lines ; along base yellow ; tails green to tips ; head pale yellow, the stripes brown. Twenty-two days after the end of hibernation passed fourth moult. After fourth mou'i, in Spring : length .02 inch ; color pale green, the mid-dorsal stripe dark green ; the dor.sal bands yellow-white ; the* two lines on side and the basal stripe same hue ; head emerald-green, the horns reddish, the stripe dark brown. (Figs./ to /^ ; /' is the natural size a few days after the moult.) Dura- tion of this stage thirty days. After iifth moult: length one inch; color green, striped with whitish; in about twelv; days was fully grown. Matithe TiAHVA. — Length 1.2 inch ; long, slender, segments 2 and 12 of equal diameter, the dorsum arched on middle segments, .sloping evenly both ways, ending in two long tapering tails, which are roughly tuberculuted ; each segment creased transversely so as to make six ridges, the front one, from 3 back, twice as broad as any other and flattened, the rest a little rounded ; whole surface covered with fine sharp tubercles, each of whit, givos a fine short hair; color of body green ; a darker mid-dorsal stripe, and on each side of this a pale green dorsal band, on the outer edge a yellow-green stripe ; the side covered by a pale green band through which runs a yellow line ; along base a yellow stripe ; feet SATYRODES I. and legs pale green ; head obovoid, high, the top narrow, on eacli vertex a long, i;i|)oring, conical process or horn, tiie two meeting at base ; whole surface rough with fine tubercles, each with fine, short hair; color yellow-green, the liorns rod ; down the front of each horn from near the top, a brown stripe, which passes alongside of face to the ocelli, tapering to a line. (Figs. tmiip of a recently felled maple, attracted by the sweet .sap, and then in ciiiiipany with Graptas and Vanes,sans." I'rofessor Edward T. Owen, at Madi.'^on, Wisconsin, says: " I take Canthus in large numbers in and about our swamps. It is quite rare even a quarter of a luile from them. The tall swamp grass is its favorite haunt." Mr. Edward A. Dodge, of Louisiana, western Missouri, writes : " Cunthus was a not uncommon insect in both Illinois and Nebraska. So far as I know Irom eighteen yeans' experience, it was to be found only in grassy and weedy sloughs, flying weakly, close to the ground, and alighting on the grass stems."' Mr. Worthington writes from Chicago : " Canthus is equally abundant in open iliy woods, dense ridges, or swamps. About the Ca.imet Lakes, on the wooded riilges, in swamp land, it is abundant. It also flies in the open oak woods on the high sand hills further north and east. North of the city, in the wooded lands, thirty to fifty feet above the lake, it is quite common. I remendjer the species listinctly as taken near and north of Milwaukee, Wisconsin, where all the land is high and rolling. From its habit of visiting the prairie morning and evening, I judge it may breed there ; but a flight in the open in broad day is certain death, as they are an easy prey to the dragon-flies." SATYRODES I. Mr. Fletcher says he received an example of Canthus from Rev. W. A. Biirinan, at Gri.swold, Manitoba, taken " in a shady ravine." Professor French writes : " My observations are that this species Hies in dry grass lands, and in the edge of low brii.shy places. I did not find it in swamps at all. But I never saw it flying except in one locality, in northern Indiana, where I was staying a few days." I see no reason why the species should not frequent upland and dry places, or dry, open woods, as well as wet meadows, though from the testimony it is most often found near water. But in confinement, the larvae eat lawn grass, and, of course, could eat any grass in a state of nature, though they seem to have a preference for coarser sorts, and such as grow in wet places. Mr. Worthington sent me the first eggs I obtained, laid 11th to 13th July, 1879, by females tied in a bag over grass. When they reached me, on 20th. some were still unhatched. The first moult was passed 27th July, the second, 2(1 August, the third, IGth August ; but at each stage some larvae lagged, so that the third moult came on at various dates up to 2d September. The color of all the larva) was green till after the third moult, when the first which hnd passed that moult, in course of twenty-four hours after same, changed to buff and brown, and on 31st August, these were evidently beginning their hiberna- tion. But two, which passed third moult latest, went to fourth, one of them having changed to buff and brown, and passed that moult on 19th September, the other retaining its original color. This last pas.sed fourth moult, 17th Sep- tember, and during the day after, had also changed color. I lost all the larva- of this brood. On 25th July, 1881, I again received eggs, this time from Mr. W. C. Gallagher, then at Whitings, Lake County, Indiana, and another lot on 1st August. Prom one cause or other, the most efficient being minute spiders in the sod, I had but three \nv\x left on 30th August, all past the third moult. All changed from green to buff and brown shortly after that moult. One was sent to Mrs. Peart, in Philadelphia. By 10th September, the other two were in lethargy, but it was observed that they had moved several times up to 4th Decemljer. One died during the winter, the other I brought into a warm room. 13th February, and placed in the sun. In about fifteen minutes it moved, and soon after, was feeding. When brought in, it was much smaller than Avhen it went into lethargy ; then measuring .6 inch, now less than .4 inch. By 25th February, it had reached .5 inch, and by 2d March, its former length, .6 inch. Early in March it began to change color, and by 6th inst., had become green again. It reached .66 before the fourth moult occurred, 24th March. I sent it to Mrs. Peart, for drawing, and there it passed 5th moult, 25th April ; and continued to feed, by 7th May becoming full grown. After this, it seemed to be at rest all SATYllODES I. tlic time, ami finally died, 2d July, before pupating. So that the egg whieh had been laid in middle of July produced a larva which had not pupated lid of July tlie year after. The larva which was sent Mrs. Peart in the Fall behaved liifferently, going on to fourth moult, which it pa.ssed 17tli October. This lived in lethargy through the winter, but escaped before its fifth moult. The chrysalis figured I received from Mr. Fletcher, 22d August, 1884. Mr. Fletciier write.t, 4th ITebruary, 1890 : " 1 generally feed and get the pnpse of a iIdzoii or so Canthus every spring. All my larva) have been green, not drab. When the larva is at rest, it lies extended along the leaf, generally beneath the blade, and also alongside the midrib, the horns of the head and tails in a line with the body, and it is very hard to detect it when at rest." My ol).serva- tioiis are to the same efiect, that when at rest, these larva) have their heads turned down and under, so that the horns are nearly in same plane with the body, after the manner of larvaj of Apatura, also of Neonympha. But when feed- ing, the tails are elevated. Mrs. Peart has well shown this in figure /'. When 'n this position, one extremity in profile is almost the same as the other, and the dorsum, being elevated in middle segments and sloping equally either way, makes the beholder uncertain at first view which is the head and which is the other extremity. The species Canthus, Portlandia, Gemma, and Areolatm, placed in three genera, have some points, in the early stages, in common, and in others a curious interrelationship. The shape of the egg is the same in all ; in Portlandia, the ."iurface is smooth, even under a liigh power ; in Canthus, it is smooth, but a high power brings out reticulations similar to those of the remaining two species, which are nearly alike. The heads of the young larva) of Portlandia and Can- thus are ovoidal, truncated, of Areolatus, ovoidal, but approaching a circle in out- line, in Gemma more decidedly circular ; Canthus has on each vertex a depres- sion, out of the middle of which rises a low cone ; Portlandia has the cone with- out the depression ; ylreo/o/t«s has an ovoid knob ; while Gemma begins with a pair of high, divergent, conical horns. At first moult, Portlandia shows a pair of widely separated, high, conical processes or horns on head ; Canthus a pair much resembling, but coming near together at base ; Gemma long, tapering, divergent horns ; Areolatus has a low cone on each vertex ; and in each species the pecu- liar style of process runs through all the larval stages. As to the appendages on the bodies of the young larva), Canthus, Gemma, and Areolatus are very nearly alike, in Portlandia they are everywhere longer. In maturity, Portlandia and Are(datus are rather stout. Gemma and Canthus quite slender ; and all four have long, .slender, tapering tails. As to the chrysalids, Portlandia and Areolatus are very much the same shape, while Gemma and Canthus difler from them consider- SATYRODES I. ably, but less between themselves. In the iinngos, CantJms is midway between PorlldHilin and tlio otlior two. It has tlie ]ial)it of alii^hting on trees, like Port- landla. and according to Mr. Fletcher, of facing about, and watching an ap- proaching entomologist, al.so like that otiier species, but in the others tliere is notliing of this. Both I'ortlandiu and Canthus are attracted l)y sweet tluids, but 1 have never observed this in the other two. Cantiius has drifted about from one genus to another in the Catalogues, being of late years classed with Neo- nymplia. Mr. Scudder has done well to separate it, and give it a distinct genus, which I have adopted, as it is largely based on the preparatory stages. Note. — Euuydice is not a North American butterfly, as I will show. A species of that name was publisheJ by Linnasus, 17G4, and its name was changed by him, in 1707, to Canihm, Syst. Nat., L3th edition, p. 708, No. 129. " Alis integerrimus fuscis : subtus primoribus ocellis quatuor, posticis senis. Papilio Eurydice, Ilab. in Amer. Sept." Fabricius, Syst. Ent., p. 480, No. 191, says : " Cnnihus ; alis integris, supra fus- cis, immaculataj. P. Eurydice, Linn., Hab. in Amer. Boreali. Alic onuu's supra fuscte, inunaculata'," etc. In Ent. Syst., 111., p. 157, he again de.'^criijes Cant/ius, " omnes immaculatie," etc., in saTue words as before, but gives as syno- nym, Arganthe, Cramer, pi. 204, fig. C. D., besides Eurydice, Linn. A7-(/rtnlliP is a South American species, without .spots on upper side. The mistake in tlic habitat was a conunon occurrence in the earlier days. The insect perhaps wa^^ received from New Yoik or Philadelpliia and credited accordingly. Godart follows Linnaeus and Fabriciu.s, translating their descriptions. The dis- tinguishing character of Canthux, Linn, and Fab., is that the upper side bears no spots ; it is immaculate. We first come on our C'anlhus in Boisduval's Lep. Amer., where it is well figured. My copy has no text to this and half a dozen other plates, and how this happened I never knew. But it is to be supposed that the text had been duly printed when the plate appeared. Dr. Harris first called attention to tlie fact that Canthus, Linn., was not our species. He says : " This butterfly is figured in Dr. Boisduval's Hist. des. Lop. de I'Amer., under the name of Canthitx, Linn, and Fab., but as it does not agree with the description of Canthus, of Linn, or Fab.. I have thought it entitled to a new name," and he accordingly calls it Doisdu- valUi. I myself prefer to call it Canthus, Bois., the more, as since Boisduval's publication, 1833, the species has usually been known, and most often treated of, by that name. HoAvever, if Eurydice, Linn., had been the same species, I would not at this late day 8ub.stitute that name for Canthus. A name in use should never be changed for an ob.solete name, and the neglect to observe this common- sense rule has worked a great deal of mischief. KXPLANATION OF THE I'LATK. C'ANTlll-s, 1, 2, ^, .t, 19,5 var. ^. " '■'''''• /, YoUNO I.akva; h- lieiul; h" procfss on viTtcx; Ifi sfdion of fv\u, si-gnicnl« 7 and 8 ; all masnifiiMl. h* sliowing tlu! tubercles and [procosses. ,■ Larva at 1st moidt ; c-'^ head ; c» side of 7 and K ; all magnified. 1/ Larva at 2d moult; (1^ liead ; d» side of 7. ,' Larva at 3d moult ; t>^ liead ; f dorsal view of 7 ; -« last sediment; all magnified. /• Larva at 4th moult; f head ; /' dorsal view of 7 ; all mn..'nifi.Ml; /■•• larva natural sizt, mar tlif en.I nf the stage. ,, >Lvri;TtE Larva, natural size ; .7- head ; ,f side of 7 and s ; g* dorsal view of 7; the last three fijiures niagnifie(K h, h^ Chhysalic, somewhat enlarged. r-,rr -Vr-^^' -.-<-\^',i\. R -A,:FLAlf.' "IJTijA // \ •::^^■■- -I^ i>->^;/ m '^1 ,'■' jjri^ ?1^ ■'^1 :m\^ ./ S '■''r'X-'^Ji^'>. II m FLORA 12 rf,34 9 -, Ay,/ / l.illVl) ll"llH', ni'ifi'ii Ik;/ /■ /,, ■/"',„// 11,1/ r' In l'^' mi' II I Is h //' ' liiii-ah '»'• »■■. :!■■ '%' 'i-^V APATURA I. APATUllA FLORA, 1-4. Aiialv.rc Flora, Edwards, Canadian Entomologist, Vol. XIII., p. 81. A., Vol. II., p. 247. 1876. 1881 ; ? var. Clytim, Edw., Butt. N. Male. — Expands 1.9 to 2.1 inches. Upper side of primaries, over basal half, and all of secondaries, ferruginous, eitlier bright or dull, the base and inner margin of secondaries covered tliickly with long brown hairs ; the apical area of primaries deeper colored, blackish in the interspaces ; the hind margins dark brown, with a common submarginal black stripe ; on the disk of primaries a transverse sinuous series of seven large, rounded, j'ellow-ferruginous spots, two of them in the submedian interspace, and .sometimes confluent ; outside these is a second series of five spots, besides a macular stripe next inside the black stripe from upper median nervule to the angle ; in the cell, two black sinuous bars, often joined at upper end so as to give a horseshoe-shaped spot; secondaries have iiml processes lengthened, cylin- drical next vertices, evenly forked at top, each fork tapering, rounded bluntly ; at the base is a spur turned forward, and along the back and sides are spurs ; so, along the back of the head at top and sides are spurs in line, the upper ones longest, the rest diminishing as they descend, the upper ones bent down ; all, as well as the processes, pilose. (Fig. (P.) To next moult about three days. After third moult : length .38 to .4 inch ; scarcely differs from third stage ; head a little higiicr in proportion to the breadth ; the stripe from vertex reaches the end of mandibles and the side patch is conBuent with the ocellar patch. (Figs, e, e^, e^.) To next moult about five days. After fourth moult : length .G inch, greatest breadth .14 inch; same shape as at close of last preceding stage, and banded in the same way ; six days after the moult the larva was fully grown. Mature Larva. — Length, s, 1.2 inch, 9, 1.4 inch; greatest breadth, i .18 inch, 9 .2 inch ; body sub-cylindrical, broadest at base, the under side flattened, the sides .sloping to dorsum ; stout, in some cases almost of the same thickness from 2 to 8, then tapering rapidly to end, in others the middle segments are larger and the slope is regular either way, 2 being of even diameter with 12 ; ending in a pair of short, sub-conical tails, which are divergent from their bases and are rough with tuberculations ; surface covered with irregular subcpnical, separated tubercles, some minute, others conspicuous, each with its short, stiff white bristle ; general color bright yellow, or gamboge-yellow, a little whitened along the edges of the dorsal area ; the mid-dorsal stripe scarcely more than a line, indigo-blue or black, greenish on the anterior segments ; on *hc side two broad green stripes, the upper one darker, separated by a narrow stripe of yel- low ; under side, feet and prolegs dull green (Figs. /,/^); head sub-quadrate, higher than broad, about as 7 to 6, the sides rounded, the front moderately so. the top depressed at a slight angle ; the surface thickly and shallowly indented, and covered with a yellow down ; color pale green, with black markings ; there is much variation in the pattern, as partly illustrated by Fig.s. /^ to /'' ; in the darkest examples a large triangle of black meets another from the mandibles, and a broad stripe from base of vertex reaches the end of mandibles, while an- other passes down the cheek and coalesces with the ocellar patch ; in some cases the black is partly or wholly replaced by gray-green, or blue-green, .as shown in the figures; on each vertex, a short, stout process, black in front, bearing at top two equal, short, tapering, bluntly rounded, black prongs, at the base in front a APATURA I. third, and on the inner side near front, a fourth ; the back is green, and on it at top and sides are four other similar prongs, but green along the back of the head at top and down the sides are greenish spurs, slender, the upper ones long, tlie others diminishing in length gradually and bent down ; all these spurs and IJiongs much covered by long line white hairs. From fourth moult to pupation about eight days. CirRYSALis, after fourth moult. — Length, J .7 inch, 9 .85 inch; greatest breadth, across mesonotum .20, across abdomen .22 inch ; greatest depth, same, .3 inch ; compressed laterally, the outline of ventral side convex, a regular curve from top of head case to end of wing cases ; the abdomen prominent dorsally, much arched, sharply carinated, the sides very little convex, and near the keel sli^rhtly incurved, the anterior edge of each segment on the keel a little pro- duced and thickened, and marked on either side by a shining black dot ; the tlioracic segments depressed at an angle of about 45^ from the end of the keel, and their sides excavated ; mesonotum low, rounded at summit, Avith a slight carina, the sides convex ; the head case sub-conic, the ocellar projections promi- nent, three-sided, bluntly pointed, the space between their bases concave ; from tlic end of each a low ridge runs back, the two meeting at base of mesonotum, the intervening space being almost flat ; color green, finely streaked and specked with light buff over head case, mesonotum, and wings, the abdomen only specked; the neuration of the wings distinct in yellow or buff; a buff line passes along the keel and mesonotum, forking to the ocellar projections ; another passes along the posterior edge of wing case, and is joined by a wavy line down the side of abdomen ; on the middle of each abdominal segment, on the dorsal side, is an oblique faint buff line pointing down and forward, ending in a little buff spot. (Fig. h, s, outline, natural size, color as h^.) Duration of this stage seven and eight days. Some of the larvo9 passed another moult. After fifth moult: length .84 to .9 inch; greatest breadth, at segment 8, .18 inch, 2 and 3 being each .16 ; essentially same as at fourth moult in coloration. (Fig. g.) Maturk Larva. — Length 1.7 inch, greatest breadth .28 inch; broadest in middle segments, highest on 8 and 9, with a long slope to head, and a rapid one to 13 ; very stout, the bands and stripes all stretched in width, and the tubercles reduced and scattered ; in coloration similar to mature larva after fourth moult. (Figs, g^, f, section of 7 and 8, g*.) From fifth moult to pupation, in August, eight days, in May, ten days. APATURA I. CiinvsALis, after fifth moult. — Length 1.06, 9, depth .40 inch; breadth across mesonotum ..31, across abdomen .20 inch ; in coloration as before described. (Fig. A'.) Duration of this stage eleven and twelve days, at Coalburgh ; at Indian River, Florida, sixteen days, in February and March. Flora flies in middle and north Florida, but how far to the south is to me un- known. Also in parts of Texas, and it is stated by Mr. Aaron, Papilio, iv. 179, to have been found " moderately common " near Corpus Christi. Therefore it is probably an inhabitant of the Gulf States, one and all. Mr. Aaron speaks of Clyton as rare in the same district. It tlies in north Florida, but Dr. Wittfeld, in many years* collecting at Indian River, has not taken Clyton. Flora is not a common .species, but every year, and throughout their season, a few are to be found in the neighborhood of Dr. Wittfeld's residence. It is nothing like so abundant as Alicia. The presence of both is determined by their common food- plant, Celtis integerifolia, a tree nowhere in that region abundant, ami 1 on- fined to a few localities. I described Flora, in 1870, as a possible variety of Clyton, but expressed the opinion that it would eventually be found by breeding to be a good species. And this has been the case. I have several times raised the larvae from egg to imago, and the differences between them and the larvae of Clyton are conspicu- ous and persistent. Through all the larval stages after the first, the processes on the head are of another typo from those of Clyton, being short, stout, with equal branches, those of the other long, tapering, with unequal branches. The markings and coloration of the body also are of a different pattern. In the Northern States, Clyton is a one-brooded species ; what it may be in the Gulf States, I am unable to state. But Flora has three annual broods of the imago at Indian River, the larvae from the last brood hibernating after the sec- ond or third moult. The early butterflies from these hibernating larvae emerge from chrysalis in March ; the second flight takes place early in June, the third in August and September. Dr. Wittfeld writes: "There are certainly three broods. I have seen the butterflies first in March, and as late as October, on one occasion, in November." Both Clyton and Celtis, as related in Volume II., pass the winter in large com- pact clusters on the under sides of leaves, entirely unprotected except as the leaf shelters them. On 21st September, 1880, I found 105 larva3 of Clyton on one leaf, at Coalburgh. As to Flora, I received the following account from the late Miss Annie M. Wittfeld, written 30th August, 1884. " This morning, whiio cut- ting leaves for my Alicia larvae, I discovered two leaves sticking together. I picked and opened them, and what should I find but a larva of Flora! I APATURA I. looked again and found what I took to be a spider's nest, but it contained three more Flora. I continued the search, and found eighteen, all in little houses of leaves fastened tightly together, one leaf lying across another obliquely. I found in none more than three, mostly but one." Tlio eggs are laid in clusters, after the habit of the genus. Dr. Wittfeld says : " Flora has a peculiarity in common with Alicia, that is, it often deposits its ejfgs yards away from any foliage. 1 have seen them do this on tlie trunk of the tree, ten feet from the nearest leaf ; also on the Spanish mo.ss which was sus- pended from the branches of their tree. Many young larva) out of eggs fail to find the leaves, and so perish." From this habitof the female in depositing her eggs, and from the falling of the larvio to the ground with their leaves, it is a wonder tliat not only Flora, but the allied .species, all of which in larvje fall to tlio ground in large part, are not exterminated. I have stated in Volume II., iinilor Celtis, that I believed that species must survive mainly through larviP hidden among the corky ridges of the bark of the tree, in my own neighborhood, at least. Dr. Wittfeld obtained eggs of Flora by confining a female in bag over a branch of Celtis, and some of them were sent mo by mail, 11th July, 1880. Tiiuy were eight days on the road, and had hatched before I received the pack- ago. I was told that about 225 eggs, in one cluster, had been laid. The larvnc fed readily on leaves of Celtis occidcntali.s. The first moult was pa.ssed 24th Jidy, the second 28th, the third on .Sd August, the fourth 5-Oth August ; sus- pension took place 14th, pupation twelve hours later. On 22d August, two males came out, on 24th two females, on 26th and 28th, each, two females. So that but four moults were passed, and both sexes were represented in the imagos. But, in 1881, 1 received another lot of larvoe, from same hand, also hutched on the road ; and all that reached maturity, namely four, passed five moults. The first took place on 3d August, the second 7-8th, the third 12th, the fourth IStli, the fifth 24-25th August; the first suspension was on 1st September, pupation the evening of the same day. Another larva passed fifth moult 29th August, and pupated September 6th. Mrs. Peart, who was feeding two of same lot, and making drawings at each stage, wrote me 25th August that both had passed fifth moult. Both sexes here also were present in the resulting imagos, and the difference in the number of moults, in the two years, was therefore not sexual. Miss Wittfeld ,seni ne 9th January, 1884, some of the hibernating larvaj which slie had found in August, as before related. She wrote : " I send six of the sleeping Flora. Three of ours are out, and are trying to eat old dry leaves, lor we have nothing else for them. It surprised us to see them come out in this APATUUA I. cold weather, the mercury falling to 34°." Dr. Wittfeld hnd spoken of tho same thing a few days before : " To-day tho mercury stood at 3(1', and two Flora canio out of their hibernation and crawled on the glass, without sun or Btovo heat." I placed the six larva) in the ioe-house. They were pink colored, like Vlyton, shortly after awaking from hibernation. On 22d April I brought them into the house. On 2!)lh they were observed moving, and left their cases. \\y Ist May were changing to green, which, as in tho northern allied species, is done without a moult. The first moult was pa.ssed 1st May; the second, on lltii. By 20th, all had passed three moults. These larva) were of great size, .9 at liftli moult, some of them reaching 1.7 inch. The first pupated 30th May. After eleven and twelve days \t 2? 9 appeared, the latter very large, measuring 2.75 inches in expanse of wing, and one fourth inch more than ony female after live moults in the fall. Miss Wittfeld gave me the times of the last brood of larvte of the year at Indian River, thus: eggs laid 10th October; hatched IGth; first moult 19th, •second moult 24th, third moult 30th ; by November lOtli all were in hiberna- tion ; all were out by 14tli January ; tiie fourth moult took place 25th Jan- uary, the fifth 4th February ; were full-grown by 10th February, pupated 18th, and the iinagos had come out by Gth March. As stated, the larva) which I had pa.s.sed three moults after hibernation. The process of moulting, not only of Flora, but of the group, is as fol- lows: the second segment swells enormously, and the mask of the old face is pushed forward. Whun the skin begins to pass off, owing to its extreme tenuity, and the resemblance of the new coat to the old, it is diflicult to sec that it is moving. Only by watching the gathering of the folds at the end of the body could I make sure of what was going on. As the ma.sk is dropped, the now head is seen to be square at tho top without projections or processes of any sort. But in about eighty seconds the vertex process parts from the side of the head, where it has luin folded down, and thin as paper. At three minutes it is half up, a mere m: '*rane and covered by a ina.ss of long hairs, the points brought together in pencil. Then the spurs along the back cf the head, which also have been folded close down, begin to lift. At five minuiet the points had separated, at eight were filled out, and at ten they, as well as the spurs, had assumed their final shape. Up to this time, the whole head, ,)i'oces3es, and spurs have been greenish white, the ocelli and mandibles black ; but at twelve minutes there is a darkening of all the parts which finally are to be black, at first be- coming darker green; at fifteen minutes gray-green. At twenty-five the white portions of the face are pure color, the gray is blackish ; at forty-five, all the dark parts are pale black; at seventy the black is deep, and the change is complete. DESCRIPTION OF THE PLATE. I'l.OIlA, 1, 2, J, 3, 4, 9. a Eao ; a' micropyle. b YouNO Lakvaj Ij' head. 6' YouNO Larva, sliowing tho tubercles and processes. c Larva at Ist moult ; c' side view j c' head. (i Larva at 2d moult | d' head. e Larva at 3d moult ; e segment 8, dorsal view ; e' head. /,/" Larva at 4th moult ; J', *, ' heads in var. g Larva at 5th moult ; natural size, j', g' Adult Lauva, after five moults, natural size ; g* section of segments 7, 8. h C11UY8ALI8, after 4th moult, natural size, 3. h' CunvsAUS, after 6th moult, natural size,?. 11. -at* ?; "f if -• • *.'*'■ ./" ^-V*i*C»=»* ^^c^^^i^g^^^r^:-?^ /, ' 'VX^ -f'^^'r' ^^-^^■t^^^^'^^^-^^'^ii^ ''^\Sl5j^^" MEAD [I 12 0.34 9 ^ /. il/l-ll //ri/l/lf/ III 'linn fn,/ • I l/ill/sil/i III 't f 'II ' full w 1 III 1 1 It II I /ir,/ y > V 'jW '■:^f. SATYRUS II. SATYRUS MEADII, 1-4. Sal'/yus Meadii, Edwards, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc., Vol. IV., p. 70. 1872; id. Can. Ent., Vol. XII., p. 94. 1880; Mead. Report Wheeler E.tped., Vol. V., p. 774. 1875. Male. — Expands frora 1.5 to l.T inch. Upper side blackish-brown : primaries have an ob.scure submarginal stripe ; two large black ocelli, placed as is usual in the group, each with small white pupil ; these are surrounded by a russet halo, more or less diffused, the two often meeting ; also the interspaces between the ocelli to the arc of cell are rus.set, but of a deeper shade ; secondaries have a similar stripe, and a small ocellus in ru.sset ring on the lower median interspace ; fringes of both wings fuscous at the tips of the nervules, gray in the interspaces. Under side of primaries paler, the apical area gray, the russet paler, difTused, the basal area, and the cell, much crossed by abbreviated black streaks; this area is limited without by a blackish line which starts on subcostal nervure half- way between the arc of cell and the ocellus, runs obliquely back to the upper branch of median, then crosses the interspaces, curves around the lower ocellus, and on to costa, parallel with the margin ; next outside this a submarginal gray band ; the ocelli repeated, the russet hue diffused over the outer part of cell. Secondaries dark brown, more or le.ss gray next base and over the disk, beyond the belt decidedly gray, especially on the upper half of the wing ; the whole surface streaked black ; the belt limited on either side by a blackish stripe, on the basal side not always distinctly ; it is narrow on costal margin, projects in a broad double tooth opposite cell, after which is a narrow sinus ; on the basal side tlie course is nearly straight to median, a little sinuous, then bends at a right angle on median, and at the origin of the lower median nervule turns obliquely to the submedian nervule ; the ocellus repeated ; sometimes a second one in the submcdian interspace. Body fuscous beneath, the abdomen gray-brown ; legs gray-brown j palpi SATYRUS II. yellow-brown, the long hairs on the front black ; antenn.-e fuscous, annulated with whitish above, whitish below ; club black above, ferruginous below. (Fif's. 1,2.) Female. — E.xpands from 1.55 to 1.8 inch. Closely like the male, but the russet area is more extended. The ocelli are larger, and the encircling rings broader. (Figs. 3, 4.) Egg. — Conoidal, truncated, the summit a little rounded, depressed in middle, the sides coi.s^ex, the bottom rounded; marked by .ibout twenty low, rounded, vertical ribs, which are slightly sinuous, and most of them considerably curved next base ; the spaces between the ribs shallow, and crossed by many equi- distant fine, raised threads, which are often lost in the middle part ; the micro- pyle in the centre of a flat rosette of five-sided cells, outside of which are three rows of similar cells, gradually increasing in size ; the remainder of the summit occupied by large, irregularly five and six sided cells, deeply but irregularly excavated, and having thin, sharp edges; color lemon-yellow. (Figs, a, «'-.) Similar to the egg of Alope, but with a greater number of ribs, and more convex sides. You.VQ L.VRVA. — Length .08 inch ; similar to Alope ; tapering on both dor- sum and sides from 2 to 13, the last three segments curving roundly on dorsum to the extremity ; this is nearly square, a little incurved, and bears a conical tubercle at either side ; on each sid-" of the I ody are tlree rows of low, coni- cal tubercles, one sub-dorsal, one to the segment, on 2 to 4 placed on tlie middle of the segment, after 4 on the front j one high on the side and near tV" ;S-dorsal row, except on 2 to 4, where the distance is greater, one tu- berclt; to the segment, those on 2 to 4 in the middle, after 4 on the rear; the third row a little above the spiracles, one to the segment, on the middle ; on 3 and 4, behind the tubercles of the third row, is a minute one in same line, bearing a very short, clubbed process ; on 2, behind and between the upper two tubercles, and also between the second and third, is an additional one, and there is a smaller tubercle in front of the spiracle ; every tubercle bears a white, appressed process, nearly of even thickness, tapering from the base but very little, ending bluntly (Fig. h ^) ; tho.se of the upper row longest, of the second row a little shorter, of the third a little shorter than of the second ; all these processes from 2 to 4 are bent forward ; after 4, all in the upper two rows are turned back ; those of the third row to 13 are bent forward, on 13 back; at the rear of 13 are two tubercles and processes on the side, belonging to the two lower rows, and SATYRUS II. the tubercles at extremity also have similar processes; between these last are two smaller ones with short processes ; along the base of the body are minute tubercles, with short and fine, tapering hairs, two on 2, one each on 3, 4, two on each from 5 to 13 ; and there is one still finer and shorter hair over each of the legs; color pale pink with a red-brown mid-dorsal line and three others on each side, the lower one running with the tops of the spiracles ; under side, feet and legs, a shade paler ; head sub-globose, one half broader than 2, about as high as broad, narrowing upwards, a little depressed pt suture, the front well rounded ; surface thickly and shallowly indented ; on either lobe ten fine tubercles, each with its short process, bent down ; of these, four are in cross row near the top, six are in line with the apex of the frontal triangle, six are in line a little above tiie top of the ocelli, and two are behind the ocelli ; color pale yellow-brown, the ocelli green. (Figs, b, J? to t^.) Hibernation began at once from the egg. As soon as the larvae began to feed in the spring, the color changed to green. From the awakening to first moult, in April, at Coalburgh, about twenty days. After first moult : length, at twelve hours from the moult, .18 inch ; the ante- rior segments thickest, the dorsum arched ; ending in two conical tails which meet at base, and are rough with tuberculations ; each segment several times creased, and on the ridges so caused are yellow tubercular points, each of which gives out a short, whitish clubbed process bent back close to the surface, except on 2, where all are bent forward ; color pale green ; a mid-dorsal darker green stripe, and two similar ones on mid-side, close together ; the basal ridge yellow ; tails red ; under side, feet and legs bluish-green ; head nearly the same shape as before, thickly covered with fine whitish tuberculations, with short hairs ; color bright green. Duration of this stage about fifteen days. After second moult : length, at twelve hour.s, .28 inch ; same shape ; color dark yellow-green, the tails red ; armed as before ; the mid-dorsal stripe dark green ; high on the side a line of yellow tubercles ; the basal ridge yellow ; head as before, emerald green. To next moult about fifteen days. After third moult : length, at twelve hours, .44 inch ; very closely as at last previous stage ; the upper line pale-yellow, and heavier, a narrow stripe rather ; head as before, same color. To next moult about nine daj'-s. After fourth moult : length, at twenty-four hours, .64 inch ; in about five days was full grown. SATYUUS II. Mature Larva. — Length, i, .85 inch,?, 1 inch; cylindrical, thickest in middle, the dorsum arched and tapering evenly either way ; ending in two short conical tails, which meet at base ; color yellow-green, the surface thickly covered with fine yellowish tubercles, each of which gives a short Avhitish tapering process bent back (Fig. d'); on mid-dorsum a dark green stripe, next which the ground is rather more yellow than elsewht»re ; high on the side a narrow, yellow-white stripe ; the basal ridge bright yellow ; the tails red from base to tips ; under side, feet and legs less yellow, more green ; head sub-globose, rounded frontally, as high as broad, broader towards the top than in the earlier stages, narrowing upward but very little, slightly depressed at the suture ; thickly covered with fine whitish tubercuhitions, each of which bears a very short, whitish tapering process ; color emerald green. (Figs, c natural size, 9, c^ side view, greatly enlarged, c* head.) From fourth moult to pupation, eighteen days in May and June ; again, thirteen days in June, at Coalburgh. The attitude of the larva in suspension is that of Fig. G, as in the genus. Chrysalis. — Length j, .49 inch, 9, .54 inch; breadth at mesonotum, .17 to .18 inch, at abdomen .18 to .19 inch (in several examples the breadth at both points was equal, .18 inch) ; cylindrical, the abdomen conical ; the ventral outline from top of head case to end of wing cases strongly arched, about as much so as is the dorsal below the depression ; the wing cases elevated, beveled down to the abdomen ; head case short, the top narrow, square or very little concave, the sides excavated ; mesonotum rather prominent, rounded lengthwise, carinated, the sides a little convex ; followed by a shallow depression ; cremaster long, taper- ing, compressed transversely, rounded at extremity, and armed with stout hooks, varying in length and in form (Figs. (P, cP) ; color throughout light yellow-green, everywhere finely granulated with dull white, the dorsal region and the abdomen in dots and minute patches ; the top of head case and the dorsal edges of wing cases cream-white. (Fig. rf, a little enlarged, 9.) Duration of this stage about eleven days. Satyrus Meadii was named from Mr. Theodore L. Mead, who first introduced it to notice, in 1871. He himself says, in his Report upon the Collections of Diurnal Lepidoptera, made (by the Wheeler Expeditions) in Colorado and other Territories : " While riding along the South Park road, this species was discov- ered near Bailey's ranch, about forty-five miles from Denver, and two specimens were taken on the 26th of August. None were to be found a few miles on either side of this point, so I returned and spent a week in observing the species and noting its habits. It must be very local, since, though not at all uncommon SATYRUS II. where first, met with, none were seen elsewhere during the season. It evidently first appears about the last of July, since nearly all the specimens were dilapi- dated, the males especially so. The species in mode of flight mucli resembles S. Charon, often alighting on dry bare spots in the grass and wall zlA ,1 u y/ . 1 Ifelii •■:T': ■ »l»w"^I«MlW^Kt«ft^■?»"*.■>*■'.••■^'W'i«^^^' ^ I ■^— »-;:— T" ^wJJ C H RVXU S 12 0.349 unit/ It ■I I,-,/ ,'/ /' 5 VAR '? l.illVil lli'll' I, /■ /., •M-'C ll'iilll'l nil I ■! I III nil I li l/ili/>.il/ls m -\> I'-y h '— "■"'f"/^^'-. ^^-*rf, '■■J ^ '^-' • ■'W:'-im^im: ''^: ■'.-.-*.'-n- V&'J.'-.'.^^^.-^ty.:. CHIONOBAS I. CHIONOBAS CHRYXUS, 1-5. Chiomba, Chryxus, Doublcday, Westwood and Hewitson, Geni-ra of Diurnal Lcpidoptera, Vol. II., ji. 383, pi til, «■;. 1. 18nl. Edwards, Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil., Vol. III., p. 82. 18G3. Scuddur, id., Vol. V., p. .5, 1X05. Mend, Report Wheeler E.xpedition, Vol. I., p. 777. 1875. Var. Calais, Seudder, 9, Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil., Vol. V., p. 7. 1865. Male. — Expani^s from 1.8 to 2.25 inches. Upper side either red-brown o*- yellow-brown,' individuals varying much be- tween these jxtrenies ; primaries have three fifths their surface from base eithei' a dark or a pale brown, often with spurs along the nervules, an especially prominent one lying on the upper branch of median ; often also the basal color is continued along all the nervules to the marginal border, which is either broad or very narrow, and colored as the base ; across the nervules the red or yellow <,'round forms a narrow band, on which are black ocelli, either f upiled or blind, never large, sometimes minute, from one to three in number ; if but one is pres- ent, it is on the upper discoidal interspace, if a second, it is usually on the second median interspace ; these may be equal, or the upper one the larger; if a third is present, it is usually on the upper median interspace, and is always small ; but sometimes the arrangement is quite different, as seen in Fig. 1, there being a mi- nute ocellus on either side of the upper spot, the lower one vanting ; the costal edge streaked tran.sversely gray and brown ; behind and encroaching a little on the cell is the dusky sexual band, scarcely to be discovered in the darker examples. Secondaries of nearly uniform color, but sometimes, owing to the thinness of the membrane, the mesial band of under side appears indistinctly, dr-^'^cning the disk ; the marginal border either broad or narrow, brown ; a small ocellus in lower median interspace, often a mere point; fringes of both wing yellow-whito in the interspaces, fuscous at the tips of the nervules. ' E-xamplcs from Banff, Alberta Terr., liave the red clear and bright ; all, except one individual which I have seen from Colorado, have the rod obscured — that one showing as bright as any from Canada. CHIONOBAS I. Under side of primaries reddish or yellowish, the cell pale, the apical area more or less gray-white, and both cell and apex finely streaked with brown ; the arc of cell covered by a dark brown stripe, and inside cell, near outer end, is an imperfect transverse bar of same hue ; the disk is crossed by a brown stripe, cor- responding to the outer limit of the dark area of upper side, nearly straight from costa to upper branch of median, on which it bends inward at a sharp angle, then runs to the submedian nervure, which it strikes at three fifths the distance from base ; hind margin streaked brown, limited by a macular blackish stripe on inner side ; the ocelli repented. Secondaries gray-white, or a pale yellow-white, clouded with pale brown, much covered with dark brown abbreviated streaks ; the mesial band varying in width, sometimes very broad, the edges almost black, the outer nearly parallel with the margin, irregularly crenated, with a project- ing tooth that is either single or double on the di.scoidal nervule, and two promi- nent and equal rounded crenations in the median interspaces; but these last are often cut squarely off ; the inner edge angular on median, and with a large rounded projection on sub-costal. Body dark brown, beneath, the thorax black, the abdomen yellow-brown ; legs gray, the long hairs of the femora dark brown ; palpi yellow-brown, the front hairs black ; antenna3 reddish above, somewhat annulated with gray below ; club black, on under side gray-yellow. (Figs. 1, 2.) Var. Calais. Tliis was originally described from a single female, which forms part of my collection. The color above is dull reddish brown, and the basal area as well as the discal is remarkably dusky, the outer limits of this portion black- ened so as to form a rather diffuse stripe. There is an interior similar stripe across the cell of the fore wing, which is cor .aier' less definitely to the inner margin, and these two include a du.sky ban'. tJi't corresponds with the mesial band on under side. The hind wing shows nothing of the interior stripe. On the under side, the ground of primaries is reddish, the markings not differing from the usual Chryxus ; of secondaries is reddish from base to the outer limit of the band, beyond that sordid yellow ; the basal area is well covered witli heavy streaks of dark brown, and so is the interior of the band ; the extra-discal area to margin is but finely streaked, and with paler brown ; the band is very broad, in general as in Chryxus ; the discoidal projection is double toothed, and the teeth are equal and sharp ; the median crenations are cut off and show erose edges. I have seen no example of Chryxus female so conspicuously marked on upper side, but occasionally one approaches this Calais. The female hereafter spoken of, taken by Mr. Bruce in September, fresh from chrysalis, comes very near it. On the under side, some of the Banff males are closely like the Calais CHIONOBAS I. female at all points. My conclusion, after seeing the new material lately sent ine by Mr. H. K. Burrison, 3i, l9, taken at Laggan and Banff, and by Professor E. T. Owen, 16s, 17?, taken at Banff, all in June, 1890, is that Calais and Cliryxm are one species. There is a perceptible difference between a series of examples from Colorado and these from Canada, as, for example, the northern males have narrower fore wings, as a rule, ~nd so far as at present observed, the iarvoa at every stage have the light bands of deeper hue, and the stripes heavier and darker, and this strongly suggests a difference of species. But so far as I am able to determine from the examples of the butterfly under view, the species is Chrrjxus, and Calais is a variety, and perhaps the extreme northern forn. Female. — Expands from 2 to 2.25 inches. The upper side never so dark as in some of the males, either reddifh brown, or yellow-brown, individuals varying much in the shade ; the disk and base much obscured or scarcely at all ; in some, there is an absence of any stripes or definite markings, in others the outlines of the mesial band of under side of primaries are indicated by black stripes ; the ocelli on primaries sometimes two, more often three, and occasionally four, varying much in size, as is shown in the fioures on the Plate; under side as in the male; one example under view shows live ocelli, though but four on the upper .«ide ; some have the mesial band of primaries as distinctly outlined as that of secondaries, others show scarcely a trace of it ; there is wide variation. (Figs. 3, 4, 5.) Egg, — Similar to egg of C. hallda (Vol. II., pi. 45) ; sub-conic, the base flat- tened, but somowhat rounded; broadest at about two fifths ' distance from base, the upper part narrowing slightly, the top flattened; mm u<.d by nineteen vertical rib.s, somewhat sinuous, narrow at top and rounded, the -idt - ;i little convex, the interspaces not deep (a cross section would show the hollows '" be equal to, and in outline very like, the elevations) ; the micropyle is in the centre of a rosette of five-sided cells, outside which are two or three rows of similar cells, gradually increasing in size ; color dead-white. (Figs, a, a".) Duration of tliis stage fourteen and fifteen days. (XoTE. — In the description of the ogg of C. Ivallda, it is stated that the .sides of the ridf^es are excavated, which is erroneous. They are slightly convex, and a cross section would give an outline similar to that of Chryxus, as above described.) YouNo Larva. -»- Length, at twenty-four hours from the egg, .12 inch; thickest anteriorly, tapering from 2 slightly and regularly on dorsum and sides, CHIONOBAS I. but after 8, rapidly on dorsum, the last segments curving to 13, which ends in two short, sub-conical tails, not quite meeting at base ; furnished with three rows of blackish, conical tubercles, on either side, above the spiracles, a dorsal, sub- dorsal and lateral, one tubercle to the segment in each row from 3 to 12; on 2 there are four tubercles at the front, placed near together and equi-distant, not quite in verticil line, but obliquely back, the third and fourth falling a little below the sub-dorsal row ; there is also a process in front of and above the spir- acle, and below it a tapering hair ; on 3 and 4, each, is a second one in front of the lateral ; those of a and 4 in vertical row, on the middle of the segment, on the remaining segments in triangle ; 13 has the tiiree on front part, and a second three to the rear, one of them being at the tip of the tail ; also between the tails, a little below the tip, on either side is a smaller tubercle and process ; each tubercle from 3 to middle of 13 gives out a very short, thickly-clubbed, bent white process (Fig. h^); those on 2 and at the rear of 13 are longer, slenderer near base, less heavily clubbed at top (Fig. ¥); under the spiracles is another row of smaller tubercles, 2 on 2, 1 on 3 and 4 each, 2 from 4 to 12, and one on 13 ; also over the feet is a short hair to each, over the prolegs two, and over the anal leg three (this arrangement of tubercles and style of process is character- istic of the genus, so far as observed) ; color, at first pinkish 'yhite, in a few hours changing to slate-blue, in about two days to gray-gree:i ; marked by longi- tudinal dull red lines, a mid-dorsal, and three on either side ; in the more north- ern examples, the mid-lateral line is heavy and dark colored and the mid-dorsal broad (Figs, b, h^) ; in the southern these are pale, and the upper one slight (Fig. h^) ; in all, the sub-dor.sal (upper lateral) is slig^'t, and so is the lower lat- eral, but it is sometimes confluent in part of its course with the broad one above it ; under side, feet and legs pale green ; head broader than 2, sub-globose, the front well rounded, broadest below, narrowing upward, depressed at the suture ; surface covered with shallow indentations, and showing a few tubercles like those on the body, those of the upper two rows brown, the others concolored with the face, each with an exceedingly short, slightly clubbed and bent white pro- cess (Fig. ¥); of these ihere are ten on each lobe or twenty in nil (as shown on the accompanying cut), four being in cross row near the top, six in a second row in line with the apex of the frontal t'uingle, four in V*' A-A.'tf/ a third row a little higher than the top of the ocelli, one a little in front of and above the largest ocellus, and two behind the ocelli, the lower one of which is slightly longer and more slender than the other (the processes in both body and head are exaggerated in the outline figures in order to show them distinctly ; actually they are scarcely longer than the supporting tubercles) ; color of head pale green, the ocelli black. (Fig. 6'.) CIIIONOBAS I. As the larva grows, attaining .18 or .2 in length, the color of the body changes to gray with a reddish tint ; the lines distinct, and in addition to those first dis- covered is another over the feet and legs ; under side grayish white. Duration of this stage thirteen to nineteen days. After first moult: length, at twenty-four hours, .22 inch; nearly the same shape, more slender, the dorsum a little depressed at 5 and 6, the curve on posterior segments less strong; the tails more slender, and somewhat longer in proportion ; color pale buff ; the mid-dorsal stripe is pale black with a vinous tint, narrow, and through each of the buff dorsal bands runs a fine red line ; the lateral stripe is broad, deeper colored than the dorsal, and extends to the tip of the tail ; next below is a yellow line, and a narrow pale vinous stripe running with tlic spiracles, then the yellow ba.sal ridge, and under it another stripe ; surface thickly covered with fine conical tubercles, each with a short, upright, whitish, clubbed and bent hair or process; under side, feet and legs, yellow-green; head more globular, very little broader at base than above, a little depressed at top, the surface thickly covered with rather deep rounded indentations, between some of which are minute tubercles with processes similar to those on the body ; from back to front six nebulous dusky stripes, caused by a dark brown or black coloring at the bottom of the pits, one following the suture on either side, another outside each of these, coming nearly to the ocelli, the third short, at the side ; color yellow-buff, the ocelli black. (Figs, c, c^) In the darker examples, the mid-dorsal stripe is nearly as wide as the drab dorsal band, and the lateral stripe is blackish with a red tint. Duration of this stage from five to seventeen days. After second moult : length, at twenty-four hours, .32 inch ; shajie and color as before, except that the buff' is more yellow (Figs, d, (P dorsum of 7 and 8) ; the tubercles and hairs, or processes, still clubbed, slender, thickening gradually from base to top, and bent (Fig. d?); head as before, color yellow-green. (Fig. d*.) In the darker examples, the lateral stripe is deep black along the edges, pale within. Some larvae went into hibernation at this stage, soon after the moult ; others to maturity. With these last, the duration of the stage was from eight to si.\- toen days. After third moult: length .5 to .53 inch; scarcely different in shape, the dor- sum somewhat more arched ; the stripes deeper colored and rather heavier ; the buff area green tinted. (Fig. e.) The hairs, or processes, have become tapering. CHIONOBAS I. and the same form holds in the succeeding stage ; so the tubercles are more sharply conical. To next moult, eleven to fifteen days. After fourth moult : length .74 to .86 inch ; in about ten days was fully grown. Mature Larva. — Length .96 to 1 inch ; stout, obese, thickest in middle, the dorsum much arched, most so on 7 to 11 ; ending in two short, sub-conical tails which meet sharply at base ; surface closely covered with small pointed tubercles, of irregular sizes, each with a short, stiff, tapering, whitish hair, or proce.s,s (Fig. ff'); color buff in shades, and striped longitudinally with black; on mid- dorsum a narrow stripe, somewhat macular, edged on either side by a yellow-buff line ; on mid-side a broad stripe, partly replaced by yellow ; the area between these two stripes is banded, next the dorsal by brownish buff, next the lateral by reddish buff, the latter cut longitudinally by a reddish line ; beneath the lateral band is a yellow line, followed by a brown-buff stripe running with the spiracles; then the yellow basal ridge, under which is a narrow stripe of brown -buff; under side, feet and legs yellow-brown ; head small in proportion to the size of the body, sub-globose, well rounded frontally ; the surface thickly covered with pretty deep indentations, between some of which are very small tuber- cles, bearing proces.ses or hairs like those of the body; color yellow - brown ; across the top six brown stripes (characteristic of the genus, so far as observed), three on either lobe ; the inner one follows the suture halfway down the triangle, the second is parallel with the first, narrower, and tapers to a point well down the front ; the third is on the side over the ocelli ; the indentations covered by these stripes are of a dark brown or black, at bottom, and this gives a mottled appearance to the latter ; the frontal triangle dark brown, or black, at base, the mandibles a shade lighter ; ocelli black. (Figs, g, (f natural size; (f section of 7, g^ of 7 and 8, (f' head, all enlarged.) In the darker variety, the lateral stripe is broad and black, and the spiracular one is nearly as conspicuous. (Fig./, greatly enlarged.) From fourth moult to pupation, in the only instance observed, thirty- one days. Chrysalis. — Length .5 inch ; breadth at mesonotum .19, at abdomen .2 inch ; cylindrical, stout, the ventral outline much arched from end to end, the dorsal from the thoracic depression to end still more so ; head case truncated, dome- shaped at top ; mesonotum without carina, rounded every way, curving from its summit to the top of the head ; the depression rather deep, angular ; abdomen sub-conical, obese ; wing cases somewhat elevated, beveled down to the abdomen CHIONOBAS I. on the margin ; the cremaster consists of a simple blunt, but somewhat trifid ridge, the two outer lobes representing the anal projections of the larva), and the central lobe the inter'.nediary tip ; anal orifice and plate well defined (the shape (lilfers in the several species of the genus, as far as observed), naked, there being neither hooks nor straight bristles ; color of head and wing cases brown, witli darker stripes corresponding to the cell and interspaces of the wings, also with a (lark marginal border, a dark patch at the shoulder ; the antennae and tongue (iises black ; some dark stripes across the head ; mesonotum dark yellow-brown ; abdomen light yellow-brown, dotted with black points or very short str'jaks, mostly two to each segment, and in longitudinal rows ; there are a dorsal, sub- dorsal, and mid-lateral row, and others on the ventral side. (Figs, h, h^.) The only pupa observed died before imago. CiiUYXUS is found throughout the Rocky Mountains from Colorado to British America. The first account of locality and habits appears to be that given by Mr. Mead, who spent several weeks in Colorado, in 1871. He says. Rep. Wheeler Expedn., V. 777 : " This Chionobas was found in more elevated regions, still keeping below timber line.' It was brought by the Expedition from Gray's Peaks. My first specimens were taken July 8th, on the Arkansas divide, in company with Colias Mead'd and other rare mountain species. It was not very uncommon by the roadside. It seems to be found in small numbers through all the mountain region around the South Park, rarely, however, below 9,000 feet. None were seen after July." Mr. David Bruce has kindly written for me the result of several j'ears' observa- tions on this species. He says : Chryxus is a true mountain insect. I have never seen it below 8,000 feet elevation. Although it is not an abundant spe- cies, it is by no means uncommon in its favorite haunts. At the lower levels, it is usually found on gravelly or bare tracts, on the mountain side. The trails and wagon roads in the canons, the prospecting holes and ' dumps' of the mines, arc also much frequented. It has a peculiar habit of taking short walks on the ground or rocks, leisurely p.acing around or across the spot several times, then remaining quiet for .a long time. When disturbed, it flies swiftly for a short dis- tance, alighting on a stone, or the earth, and after a few minutes is apt to return to its first starting place, which seems to lie selected as a post of observa- tion. It frequently alights on flowers, remaining a long time, the yellow blo.s- ' sir. Bruce : "Timber line in Colorado is between 11,000 and 12,000 foct. On Mount Gibson, tlic timber stops as abruptly as a picket fence around a garden ; then come low but luxuriant willows, etc., for another 1,000 feet, and these stop, and the true alpincs and grasses are ait you meet with, — but these arc abundant. The region of ' eternal snows ' is never attained in Colorado." CHIONOBAS I. soma of Potentilla being especial favorites. On a cloudy or showery day I have often taken them from the plants with my fingers. " At the higher elevations Chri/xus takes long flights when startled, and the wind generally assists in carrying it beyond the reach of the collector. The females are more addicted to gras.sy places, and will take longer and higher flights when alarmed, dropping suddenly into the grass and often hiding so closely as to prevent capture. I have thus many times lost individuals wlien I saw the exact places at which tliey dropped. Chryxus has the habit of lying flat on the ground, with wings closed, as if dead. When in this position on the dis- integrated granite, it is very difficult to detect it. C. Uhlerii and C. Semidea or the insect which passe.'i by the name of Semidea, but which seems to be different from the White Mountain form, do the same thing. C. Bore ' does not frequent the ' barren.s,' and therefore the habit is not so noticeable in that species. But H. Ridinrjsii does so persistently. I believe this is for the purpose of conceal ment ; the insects remain perfectly still in the presence of danger. They appear to know when they are observed, for they are off the moment the eye catches them. Tlie marbling of the under side so harmonizes with the color of the ground or rocks that I have many times failed to detect them after careful search, and on laying my net down, they would spring up, perhaps within an inch of it. " Although Chrj/XHS has not the excursive, bustling flight of many butterflies, it is strong-winged and active, always on the alert, requiring quick action of eye and hand to capture it. The species occurs from about 8,000 feet to the very tops of the mountains of the front range, 14,000 feet. I found it not uncommon on all the peaks near South Park, at this altitude generally in company with C. Semidea. Individuals taken on the summits are usually more yellow than those found below. The dark red ones I have in most cases found in the open places among burnt timber, and therefore at a low elovation, and they are rare. The species flies from the middle of June urrtil the middle of September. My first recorded date of capture is June 13th, and a female taken September lOlli was quite fresh and bright colored, evidently just from pupa. I am decidedly of the opinion that examples taken in September are produced from eggs laid the same year. I have taken fresh examples in tlie same locality in which I had taken others three months earlier, and I believe these late flyers to have descended from the early ones. Many times I have obtained eggs from the females confined over grass which was planted in a can, but my experience is ' This species is not really Bore, as was pronounced, in 1886, by Dr. Staudinger, on seeing a single example. He informs me now, after seeing several examples, that it would seem to be a gray variety of Crambii Freyor 1= Also, Boisil. It appears to mc to be a distinct species, and I have named it Chionobas BnucKi. (Ste Can. Ent., XXIII., February, 1891.) CIIIONOBAS I. that they arc very uncertain in the matter of laying eggs in such circum- stances, laying two or three in a day, uin\ often none at all. I have found this so with all the species of this genus. I should say that ChryruH was a rather long-lived insect. One individual which was easily recognized by an altorted fore wing frequented a small rocky patch for fifteen days, at least. The place was always damp from the gradually melting snow above, and was a favorite resort for many species of butterflies." Mr. Fletcher informs me that Chryxus (but whether the typical form, or the variety Calais, is not known to me) was taken by Professor J. Macoun, at Kana- iiaskis, in the Rocky Mountains, 24 June, 1886, at the altitude of 4,100 feet ; also that Mr. J. M. Macoun found it at Sproal Landing, British Columbia, at 1,375 feet, and at Deer Creek, in same region, 1,380 feet. Professor Owen writes me : " The railway guide puts Banff at 4,500 feet. All my captures varied but little from that height. Some ran perhaps 500 feet higher, but only a few, and those on a hill about 1,000 feet above the valley. The species was most abundant in open timber near the Sanitarium Hotel, was scarce in thick timber higher up, as also in the open, rocky ground above the timber." Mr. Bean is a resident of Liiggan, and therefore has been able to note the characteristics of this species with precision. He writes : " I have compared the Colorado pair of Chryxus you sent with the Laggan material. I find one female which, on the under side of the hind wings, is a copy of the female sent. Above, it is of the same color, but shows stronger contrasts by the fact of the dark shades being darker than in your specimen ; but they are practically alike. I had a Col- orado female from you years ago, and that also I find one or two sufficiently near to. But the rest of my females do not compare very exactly with the Colorado .specimens that I have. There is one male which is a little less red than the male you sent" (I had sent Mr. Bean one of the dark males, like that shown by Fig. 1), '• but otherwise it is practically a copy of it. The prevailing style at Laggan in both sexes chiefly occurs at about 5,000 feet. Those found above timber, or at timber line, are duller. But the species I have only on three occasions found above timber line, and then at about 7,800 feet. At the line there appeared quite a colony last year (1890), and the pattern tended away from that of lower elevation." The type Calais was taken by Mr. C. Drexler, at Albany River, Hudson's Bay, 1861. In the drawings sent me by the late Philip Henry Gosse, representing but- terflies taken by him, in 1832, near Carbonear, Newfoundland, was one of the under side of a species that agreed well with Calais. It is evident, therefore, that Chryxus and its variety inhabit the continent, in Canada, nearly from ocean to ocean. CHIONOBAS I. 1 first received eggs of Chryxua from Mr. Nash, tlien at Rosita, Colorado, 2d August, 1884 ; these began to hatch on 8th, the larva) nibbling through the shell, not entirely around the top, which lifted to permit egress and fell in place again. Tlie first moult was passed 23d August, the second on 2d September. By 12th, two of the larvje had gone into lethargy, but the third, which had been sent to Mrs. Peart, passed the third moult 13th September, and the fourth 9th October. This one was mailed to me, and died on the road. The other two were sent to Clifton Springs, New York, and died before I received tliem 'again, in Miircji following. The experiment so far had shown that the larva) differed in habit, some hibernating after the second moult, some going to the fourth and last. I fed the.se larvas, as I do all the Satyridae, on blue-grass, Poa pratensi.s, and I find it preferred to all other sorts. On 27th June, 188G, I again received eggs from Mr. Nash, at Rosita, which were hatching Cth July. The larva) began to pass their first moult on 20th, one passed the second on 25th, the third August 10th, the fourth 23d. Soon after, this one cea.sed feeding and was left out of doors. The others of this lot had died by the way. Meantime, two larvaj from eggs sent by Mr. Bruce, at Denver, had been feeding. These had hatched 1st August, passed the first moult 17th and 18th, the second 26th and 27th, the third on 3d and Gth September. One passed fourth on 14th September. They became fully grown in September, but were feeding a little up to 11th October, and showed no dis- position to go into hibernation. But a disease attacked them, the head turning black and then the adjoining part of the body, and both died 21st October. The one which had hibernated was brought into the house 13th January, the weather being at that time quite warm. It was not observed feeding until 9tli February. Early in March was full-grown, became pale in color, rested for days deep down in the sod, and I was confident that pupation was close at hand. But on attempting to clear away the grass with scissors in order to get a clear view, I wounded the skin and the larva soon died. There was still another lot of throe larvae, from eggs sent by Mr. Bean, laid by a female of the dark variety, and which began to hatch 17th July, 1886. The larv£e passed their first moult 5th August, the second on 22d August. These soon after became lethargic, and were sent to Clifton Springs, to go in the refrig- erating house. When I received the box again, 21st March, one larva was alive, and then moving about. As soon as it was placed on a sod, it began to eat. It passed its third moult 9th April, fourth on 24th, and ten days later was mature. For two months thereafter it eat nothing, was seen lying on or in the sod, or on the ground, or sometimes had climbed high up the net that covered it, or it rested for hours on one of the supporting sticks. I supposed it would pupate, CIIIONOBAS I. ninl knowing nothing of ita habit, prepared soft earth and covered it with moss, niffo laid piles of stones. But all was in vain, and the larva lingered till 4th July, and tiiat day died. A year later, on 10th June, 1888, eggs were again received from the late W. S. Foster, then at Salida, Colorado. They began to hatch 17th June, to pass the first moult 30th, the second 11th July, the third lOlli. On 31st, one piissed the fourth, and two others the next day. A fourth larva had fallen asleep after third moult, was placed in the cellar, and died there. On 1st Sep- tember, one of the larvie was found to have just pupated, at thirty-one days from the last moult. It was low down in the sod, on its side, and of course un- attached, as there are no hooks to the crcmaster. This pupa was sent to Mrs. IVart, and is figured on the Plate. It died before imago. The other two liuviv were sent to New York, to be received again, ICth April, 1889. One only was alive, and was wide awake when I opened the box. I laid it on a bit of sod in a flower-pot, neglecting to tie a net over it, and went on with the ex- amination of larvo) of other species. In less than five minutes I returned to the Chryxus, but it had run away and I was unable to find it. I could not have looked for such behavior in a larva so naturally lethargic. So ended my ex- periments and adventures with this Chionobas running through five years. It is a sorry account of loss, partly due to my own carelessness, partly to causes un- controllable by me. Yet I did reach the pupa, and got a history of all the stages, which lacks only the duration of the pupa stage to make it complete. Sandberg gives the length of the pupa stage of C. Bort as about six weeks, in Lapland ; Mr. Scudder, that of the only C. Semidea pupa which formed in his possession, and gave imago, as nineteen days. Mr. Fyles found the pupa stage of C. Jutla to be forty and forty-one days, as he informs me; while one of the same species in Mrs. Peart's charge gave imogo after twenty-one days. The larva) are sluggish at tall stages, moving very .«lo\viy, resting in one place for a long time. I never saw a quick movement, and therefore the run- ning away of the larva, as before related, surprised me. In the younger stages tliey rest mostly on the leaf, heads up or down, but as they become heavy, they lie on or in the sod, and ascend to feed. I never saw one curled in a ling, as is the habit of Arge Galathea, but when in the .sod they are often bent nearly double, or the head and anterior parts are curved down. Seen indistinctly through the grass they have a very reptilian look, like a section of u small, slender snake, not uncommon hereabout. Like all the Satyrida), they eat at the top of the grass leaf, mowing down the edge in as wide a swathe as the mandibles will take in, and in successive cuts till the leaf is eaten through ; tiicn they back down and repeat the process. CHIONOBAS I. The liirvio from Ciiniula wore nil of the dark variety, represented by figuroa b, Ir, iinrl /, those from Colorado were always light, with narrower dorsal and lateral stripes. The larvoD from Canada hibernated after second moult, and pupation would naturally occur early in the following summer, or perhaps in May. All the exam. l)los of the imago from Danll' before spokcsn of were taken on or about 2(Ulj June. The Colorado larviO in part hibernated after the second, also the third moult, and these would probably reach the imago stage in June. Others went on to maturiiy and hil)ernated fully grown. Such larvic would pupate early in the spring, and give tiie earliest butterllies. One larva pupated the same season, in September, and this supports Mr. Bruce's opinion that fresh butterflies lly late in the season, out of eggs laid in the previous spring. There would be an appearance, in Colorado, as of three distinct broods of the imogo, early, raid- sunnncr, and ate, and so Mr. Bruce has found it. All persons who have attempted to rear larva) of this genus discover that it requires time and patience, and any degree of success is reached through many failures. Several of the most experienced breeders of larva) in the United States and Canada have tried their skill on C. Maconni, with hundreds of eggs distributed among them, but scarcely has a larva got beyond the second moult. One only reached the fourth, and that died before imago. For this reason, ex- ceedingly little has been published of the early stages of any Chionobas, whethor American or European, and that little is imperfect and scrappy, except in tiie case of Jutta, in which Rev. Mr. Fyles succeeded in rearing the species from egg to imago, as related by him in the Canadian Entomologist, Vols. XIX. and XXI. 1 have dealt with five lots of Chryxus larvse, and the duration of the several stages was as follows: — Time from egg to first moult 15, 14, 17, 1.3, dnys, Colorado; 19, Canada. " " first to second moult 10, 5, 9,12, " Coloriido ; 1 7, Cunada. " " second to third moult 8, 16, 8, " Colorado, " " tliird tofourlli moult 16, 11, 12, " Colorado; 15, Canada. " " fourth to |)Ui)ation 31, " Colorado. By which it appears that not only have the Canada larvas hibernated at one stage earlier than the Colorado, but that each stage of the former was pro- longed. DESCRIPTION OF THE PLATE. ( iiiivxus, 1, 2 i , a, ■» 9 ; 5 Var. ?. a K()(i ; a' micropylc. A, //' You.no Lahva, (lark variety, A" the light var. ; A' outline uliowiiif; iLe processes ; A' jirotcss on ;i to 13 and on front of 13, b" same, on 2 and rear of 13 ; A' head, A* process on same. c Larva .it fu.it moult ; c' head. (/ Larva at second moult ; ULT Fjakva, light variety, after four moults, natural size ; f/'sidcview 7; ^^dorsalof 7,8; '/'' pi )( d» on body ; y * head. h CuRYSALiB, enlarged ; h* end of last segment, showing the cremastcr. iPAlPirXj-j; D. ^f ', • -. % ■m- m .w let in mii0Kli # ■r: o M9^MI AMERICUS 12 0 3 9 Z O L I C AON '' ''''/'/ Hfi;/ni/in/' I l,,n\,i i/in/i/i,-,,/t,i / "' 'ii/t mi; u: l> I. .11X1.1 //'•I'll!/ / ■ /,,,,,/ I,,, ''" '" I"' iiiniilts ,f ., ilnns,jh,/< O //.V PAPILIO III. TAPILIO AMERICUS, 1-3. I'li/iiHii Ainrricu.i, Kolhr, Denkschr. Akiul. Wissonschr. Wien, Math. Nat. CI., Vol. I., p. 350. 18.^0; Stau- iliiiL'rr, Exot. .Sclmiclt. ' Sihliilm, Lucas, liuv. ZoiJl., 1852, p. la."!, pi. 10, fig. 4. .Malk. — E.xpands about 3 inches. Uppor side of primaries black, marked and spotted with yellow, of .secondaries vcllow in the middle area from margin to margin, black next base, and on the outer limb in a broad belt ; primaries have a sub-marginal row of eight small, (■(|iial, rounded .spots and a discal of eight, separated, sub-oval, .small on tanterior liall' ; a narrow bar cro.sses the cell ne.\t inside tlie arc, and there is a patch at the base of the second sub-costal interspace. Secondaries have a sub-marginal row of small equal crescents ; in the interspaces above these are clusters of blue .-call's ; above the anal angle an orange ocellus with black pupil ; fringes of both wings black at the ends of the nervules, yellow in the interspaces. Underside much fis above, the colors paler; the marginal .spots enlarged; secondaries .sometimes have the basal area solid black, in which case the yellow liaml corresponds in width to that of upper side, but sometimes the yellow ground extends to base, and is there more or less dusted with black scales ; on both wings tlie marginal spots and the outer parts of the discal bauds are tinted, or (|uite cov- ered, with orange. Hody black, the shoidders yellow ; on the abdomen two sub-dorsal rows of yel- low spots, and another on either side (as in the Asicriax group), and more or less of a row on last segments on either side of the ventral line ; legs and palpi black, ;is are also the antenniu and club. (Figs. 1, 2.) Fkmai.e. — Expands from 3 to 3.25 inches. Closely like the male in color and markings. (Fig. 3.) The male figured was received by me from one of the Wheeler Exploring Ex- PAPILIO III. peditions, about twenty years aj^o, labeled " Camp Apache." So far as I know, the species has not been reported as within the United States since. It is niiuli paler in color than specimens I have seen from Central America. These laftfr also have the basal area on under side of secondaries deep black. The female wiis loaned me by the American Entomological Society, and belongs to its collection. Its locality is given as " United States of Colombia," and it is deeper colored on upper surface than the male, but less so than the Central American examples spoken of. On the under side the yellow extends to base of secondaries, and the black dusting lies pretty thick on the basal area and down the inner margin. A female loaned me by the late Henry Edwards, and labeled, " Mt. Bach, Bogota, 9,000 Teet elevation," is very near in the shade of yellow on both surfaces to tlio Arizona male. The yellow on under side of secondaries reaches the base, and it is very little dusted black. Arizona is far away from the usual habitat of the species, which lies from .southern Mexico to Ecuador. Of the habits of Americiis I know nothing, but as belonging to the Anterias group, it would behave nnicli like the other members, its larvos feeding on umbelliferous plants. PAPILIO III. PAPILIO ZOLICAON, n-g. Papilio Zoticaon, lloisdiival, Edwards, Butt. N. A., Vol. II., pi. 6, p. 25. 1875. FuErARATORY STAGES. Ego. — Si)herical, tiattened at base, smooth j color yellow-green. (Fig. a.) Duration of this stage about ten days. Young Larva. — Length, at twelve hours from the egg, .1 inch ; cylindrical, thickened from 3 to 5, tapering gradually on dorsum and sides to 13; color deep hhiok ; on 8 a gray-white dorsal patch, which partly covers 7, sometimes much broken into spots ; high on the side, on 2, 3, 11, 12, are white points, but often in part or altogether wanting ; the surface covered quite thickly with short fine black hairs ; armed with three rows of black tubercles above the spiracles, tluL'o on eitiier side, running from 2 to 13, one to each segment, a dorsal, sub-dorsal or upper lateral, and mid-liiteral ; those of the dorsal row are very small, sub-conical, each with a single black hair or process at top (Fig. b') ; on 2 in front and within is another similar but snuiller tubercle ; those of the upper liiteral row are large, conical, largest on 2 to 5 and 11 to lo, smallest on middle •Olh, and the last of the lot pupated .'Id May. One female imago came out on 1st June, and the rest went over the winter, to give buttertlies early ill tlie spring. The larval period was twenty-four days, that of the egg ten. On 4th June, 1887, eggs were received, which failed to hatch, but they were laid by a female of the secoml brood of the year. On r)th April, 1890, another lot of eggs was received. These began to hatch on the 8th. On 11th some of the larvna pas.sed the first moult; on l.^lli. the sec- ond ; on IGth, the third ; on 20th, the fourth ; the first pupa formed on 27th, the liwt one on 30th April. In this case the larval period was but nineteen days, that of the egg nine. All the chry.salids went over to spring of 1891, before giving butterflies. Of six, one was green, five brown. EXPLANATION OF TUK PLATE. Amuuci-s, I, 2 i ; 3 ?• Xoi.U'AoN, |irv|iiiratory stages of, tlin earlier onca mn<;nirifil, cl KiKI, // Yni'si) I.akva; Ii^ hi-ail ; M oiitlinr, side view ; b* diirsiil ; Ifi heail, sliowin^ the proeemes ; 4" n tulMr- <'le of re'„'nient .'>, siib-dorsnl row ; It' of ilons, MJiowiiii; the three .thades of eolor. uImi ■rrc :—■ '1*^, ■>' ^.■..^'■- »•"'> •>;«.^ aiwJL • / <'K . ^ W#^ ^ ;^^ i\ ^.ii, Vol. V., p. 176. 1870. K.\i:i,v FouM. M.vi.K. — Kxpiuiils I.S to 2 inclios. r|)|i(>r side reililisli l)r()\vii, the dcptli iif color varyini^ ; flic darker exnmplos liavc llie l)ii.se of tlio cell of i)riiiiaries brown, and all the iierviircs and Itraiiclius luMvily edffud with brown; so are the apices of primaries and tlie hind niarj^ins III' liotli wings ; the basal half of costal margin of primaries densely sprinkled with grayi.sh yidlow ; on the cxfra-discal area tiiere is usually lint a single ocellus, which is small, black, and witii or witlioiit a minute white pupil ; this is j. laced nil the upper discoidal interspace ; Init occasionally there is a second ocellus, on ilic second median; and very rarely there is a third, wliich lies on the second iliscoidal interspace. Secondaries more or less mottled in darker shades, owing to the thinnor tex- iiiic of the membrane, the markings of the under surface appearing; often without any ocellus, but soinetiuu-s one, small, black, with or without pupil, is iilaced on the lower median inler.-ipace, and occasionally there is a .second, on tlie lowc" sub-costal, and more rarely, a third, on the ii])per discoidal ; fringes of lioth wings fuscous at the ends of the nervnles, sordid white; in the interspaces. I'lider sine of primaries |)aler, the hind margin and apex flecked with brown nil a gray-white ground ; the cell much covered with fine brown tiausver.so streaks ; faint traces o^ such streaks over the disk ; the oci'lli repeated ; in one I xainple under view in which there is one ocellus above, there is a second below, nil the .second discoidal iiitcrs])ace ; in one which shows two ocelli above, there ire three below, and in another with two above, there are four below; but most niten where there is one ocellus above, there is !)uf one below. Seoondiiri»w gmy-wbite. with ii tinge of yellow, much covered with transverse CIIIONOHAS III. (lark brown streaks, usually most dense on tlie Itiisnl luilf. hut often pretty uni- forinly distrilxitcd over the wlioK; w'\u additional spots being caused by the transparency of the wing ; on the under side there are four snudl ocelli on i)ri. maries, ami three points on secondaries, (tig. S.) FK.M.vr,K. — Expands 1.8 to 2.2 inches. Upper Hide retl-brown. the shade varying in individuals, «,» in the male; the umler side as in the male ; then' is nuich variation in the number of ocelli on both wings ; one example under view has no r)c(dlu>< on either wing above, and hut one beneath, on upper discoidal interspace of primaries ; another has two on pri- maries, three on secondaries, beneath three and three ; another iuis one and three al)ove. beneath three an ochraccous ; benc.Hth i)ale s on under side of secondaries reduced in number. CillONOBAS III. till' wing being rather tleckcd than streaked, the predominating color wiiite. tFi-. (i V.) in nr) exain[)le have I seen a definite hand, snch as is the rule with most siH'cies of the genus; there is ofti-n the suggestion o)' sueh a hand as shown in Fiiiiues,2 and 4, l)Ut the inner side is lost in the markings ol' the hasal area. I iiilced, these ligures represent as near approach to a band as I have been able Id (liseover. In many examples, especially those of the later (light, there is no u;ue of the outer limit of a band, and the dark markings are largely obliterated over the whole wing. With regard to the number of ocelli on upper side : — Of 14$, 3 have 4 on primary, 3 on secondary, 2 t' 2 tt ti 2 " " 2 » X " " 4 " " 7 .4 1 i4 (i Q i( (( Of 129. 1 lias T) on primary, T) on seconilarv, 3 luive 4 on piiinary, Tj on sfcomlary, 2 ^fc 4 ** ^^ 3 ** *^ 2 ii 1 " " 3 » » 2 «i 1 " " 0 " " E(io. — Conical, narrowing l)ut little upwards, truncated at top, the sides mod- erately cm-ved ; marked by nineteen or twenty vertical roimded rii)s (of a large niinilx'r of eggs, one only had twenty riljs, all the others nineteen), nearly straight, about as high al)ovt! the surface as broad, each ending in a rounded IHomiiu'nce at the riiu of the sununit ; the interspaces nearly Hat crossed by viTV fine engtli, at twenty-four hours from the ogg, .1 inch ; thickest .interiorly, tapering from 2 slightly nnd regularly on dorsum ;ind sides, but after S rapidly on dorsum, the last segments curving to \'). which emls with two short, sub-conical tail.s, not ijuile meeting at base j furnished, on either side above the CIIIONOIJAS III. Hpirnck's, witii tlirop rows of hiiickisli, low, coniciil tuberck's, a dorsal, Nub-dorsul, and lateral, oiu- tiibcrck' to tlio si'^iiiuiit in i-acli row from i] to 12 ; on 2 tlurc aro four, on tlio front, noar togotlifr, i'i|iiidistant, not (juilo in vi-rtical line; llicic is also a process in front of and above tlie spiracle, and below it a taperinj; hair ; on .5 and 1 each is a second process in front of the luti'ral ; those ctf iJ and 4 in vertical row on niidiile of tlie segment, on the reniainin ; tint jnirfiict' tliickly coviTod witli nitlRT dt'i'|) rouiKlcd indi'ntn- lions, botwoen some of wliicli iiro minute tubercloM witli proceMwos Hiniiliir to tlioso (111 the body ; from back to front nix m-lxdous dusky stripoH, uh in ('/n'i/.nis. and wliicli soem to l>o characteristic of tlic genus; (these stripes were jiot visible for -Mine hiturs after the moult); color yellow, with a brown tint. (Kigs. c (ot''.) Duration of this .>(tage about fourteen days. Af(or second moult: length, at twelve hours, ..')(') inch; shape as before, color marly, the dorsum and sides slightly bull-tinted, and through these areas run liiii', abbreviated, red-brown streaks; the basal ridge pale yellow; the upper two sfri|H's darkest on i\w eilges, greenish biilT within ; (he lateral biackish on the cilgcs. tli(> interior dusted with same ; the processes still clubbed, slender, (hick- cuing gradually from base to top, and bent ; under side, feet and legs, greenish uhi i; ; iiviatf(l loiigiUidiiial lilack Mtroaks ; unilcr huIo, font ami K'jjs, grcouisli ItulT ; lu-ad small, siih-^lohoso. wdj- loundcd froutally ; tin' surfac(? ihickly covoifd with prt'lty dt'<'p indfutalioii-i, hi'twi'i'ii SOUK- ol which arc \i'vy small tuhorclcs, hearing; hairs or proa-sso like those of tlu! hod y ; color hrowii ; ncros!* the t«)p six hroad dark hrowii stripci, lu'urly (H'cupyiu^f the whole front, thni' ou cither lohe ; tlio inner one fcri[)tion of C/ihrl tlicn-ioif is taki-n from the pah- form, wliidi. in tlu- \mmi1h of Mr. Huakirt, is "dull ochraceoua yellow ; " the under side of hind wings ■ iiiiirlilcd with irregular markings . . . sometinies congregated into spots, at nilui" disposed in transverse lines, the darkest portion near the base. . . . The w.ives from the outer border of the transveise banil " (/. «;., up to base) '• are so iiiicrlaeed and contiguous, as to preclude idl possibility of tracing any inner outline 1(1 this band : the outer is luore distinct, yet not nearly so wtdl or clearly delined M- in the allied species; tin; reticulations appear to be dill'iised over the whole surface." Mr. lleakirt was correct in bis delinition; as I have before remarked, iliis specie.s is Hpccially characterized by the ub.senee of a discal band on hind u illgS. .Mr. Theodore L. .Meail followed Mr. Hidings, and spent most of the summer ni 1S71 in collecting butterllies in Colorado. IJy that time the railways had liccii opened to San Francisco. Mr. Mead .says in the He[)ort cited : " C. Ulderi was abundant in the lower mountain regions of Oolorailo. iidiabiting grassy >\»)\<, and making only short flights when disturbed or olherwi.se, .soon alighting ami being lost to view in the short dry gra8.s. It may be found during the Mioiiths of June and July. Seventy-three specimens were taken." The author notices the variation in the niunber of the ocelli, as also the ornamcMtatiou of I he under surface? : " In some specimens tlu're is but a single ocidbis — on the jiiiniarii's ; in others, four are pre-^eiit on the fore wings, and five upon the M'cuudaries. . . . Some indicaticjii of the median hand may generally be seen, but iu some specimens the hind wings Ixdow are uniformly mottled with blackish transverse streaks,"' etc. Mr. Mead mailed me all his collection as fast as made, and I therefore wa.s able to examine it. The specimens with four and five ocelli were females ; nearly all the males had but one ocellus on primaries, and none nr but one on secondaries. .Mr. David Bruce has kindly written for me his observations on this species, made during the last five seasons, thus : " About the middle of May, before the MiDW has disappcare cremaster. otlior 1, nil nmry brood liav(! 3cl on y ll'e 3uble- ecoiul early w of VARUNA: 1 c 6 ? 49,5 r. ^ Wll hill rill (111; in vei Ore wll 1)111 inn pai wit iiic ill! exi on CHIONOBAS IV. CIIIONOBAS VAUUNA, 1-7. Chionobas Varutia, Edwards, Canadian Entomologist, Vol. XIV., p. 2. 1882. Male. — Expands 1.6 to 2 inches. Upper side brown, varying from reddish to dnsky, the basal half of both wiiiffs darker ; in many examples the dark area is limited witliout by a blackish stripe, which on secondaries corresponds to the outer border of the mesial band of under side ; throughout this wing the markings of the under side reappear ; costal edge of primaries gray-white dusted brown, apex pale fuscous, and the hind margin is bordered with same ; the ocelli small, black, one to four in number, usually blind ; occasionally there is a fifth, minute, on the lower sub- oostal interspace ; secondaries have a narrow fuscous marginal border ; the ocelli rnn from two to five, moat often five, never large, often minute. Under side of primaries paler, over costa, apex and hind margin gray-white, (histed brown; the cell much crossed by brown streaks; along the hind margin, in the middle of each interspace, is a little patch of white ; the ocelli repeated, en- lai'ged, sometimes all pupillcd ; secondaries gray-white or yellow-white, sometimes very largely covered with brown, which is dark next base and on the mesial bund, pale beyond this to margin ; or the prevailing color is white, with dark brown transverse streaks over basal area, and with a narrow space of nearly clear white against the band ; the band is often quite solid, darker along both edges, bnt sometimes it is broken, made up of dark streaks on a light ground ; on the inner side its general course is circular, with a rounded sinus on the posterior part of the cell ; without it is also circular, the two sides being nearly parallel, with a rounded, or sometimes angular prominence opposite the cell, and a slight incision on or a little above the sub-costal nervule ; but, in some examples, the inner edge of the band is present only for a little space on each margin ; the extra-discal area more or less streaked brown, sometimes most densely in the line of the ocelli, as seen in Fig. 6 ; along the margin little white spots or patches, as on primaries; the ocelli almost always five, but occasionally four or three. nilONOIJAS IV. iJody l)Iii('k-l)rown, honontli, the tliorax hliirk, nhdomon jfrny-browii ; li'irs liglit bi'owii, tliu Iciiioi'ii (lark ; [)iil[)i brown, tliu luii^ lioiitiil Imirs mostly Ijluck ; antoniiio ifnn-wliito, niirrowly fuscous on upper skle ; club oriuige below and at tip, above blackish. (Fii^s. 1,2; "),('); 7-) Female. — E.xpands from l.S to 2.2 inches. Closely like the male ; the ocelli on primaries from one to fonr, on secondaries nearly always live; in one example under view four, in another three ( Fig. 3) ; the two sexes scan^ely dilYer in regard to the ocelli. Under .side as in the nude, but usually of a darker hue. (Fiys. '6, 4.) Vai{U\.v flies in northern Mcmtana and Dacota, and so far as appears, in Can- ada near the Boundary Line, north of those States. It is allied to t'likri, but may be reailily distinguished by its dusky coloration, the excess of ocelli in both sexes, and by the definite band on under side of hind winj^s, It was ori- ginally described from examples tak^n by the late II. K. Morrison, who wrote : '• This Chionobas was taken in Dacota Terr., on my way to Montana, in May (ISSl). It was found on the plains, elevation aI)out 1,200 feet, and in all about 100 were taken. All the Ulilcrl I have taken were in mountains, never at less than ."j-OOO feet elevation, and from that to 1 1,000 feet," etc. I had 4 (?, o ? from Mr. Morrison, and have them here still, though they now form part of Dr. Hol- land's collection. All are smaller than the average of Montana examples before me. and they are less dusky than these, tiiough one of the females is as iliirk as any from Montana. For several years after iSSl i\othing was heard of Viiruiin, till Mr. W. G. Wright, in 18U0, rediscovereil it in northern and cen- tral Montana. Mr. Wright says: " Varuna inhabits the foothills of all the low. isolated mountain.s, namely, Bear Paw, Ilighwood, Little Belt, Great Belt, Snow, Little Kocky, and Judith. I have never .seen it ilying west of the Missouri River, nor on any of the spurs of the chief Rocky Mountain chain. None of the mountains named reach timber line, nor have much water, or open glades or meadows. Vantna flies only on the lower slopes, say at 1,000 feet or so above the level land. I saw none on the level plains. They frequent gras.sy slopes, and little dells or valleys, among scattering oak and pine trees in open glades. But I never saw them in the forest, or even in shaded places, such ns butterflies of the genus Satj'rus prefer. They sit on bare spots among the grass, ready to fly up and follow any passing butterfly of another species, chasing it a few yards or rods, and then perhaps returning to the old place ; or, if too far away, gently settling on a new spot, but with a hesitating way. with wings upraised, ready to give a strong stroke, in case a lizard or a .snake CIIIONOnAS IV. sliuiilil 1)0 \y'n\( 5 " 4 a 4 a <( ,( 4 " 4 ,( 3 a •' n 3 « 3 u 4 u a (i. 1 has 2 u 5 k. u u 1 " 1 spot ii f) (fa u If 1 " 1 u (( 3 4^ a (( Of the females : — 3 have 4 spots on fore wing, 5 on liind wing. 1 has 3 " " " " 3 '' " " 2 4( 2 '' " '< " 5 <' " " Of four male.s by Mr. Morrison ; — 1 has 4 " on ftn-e wing, 5 on hind wing. 2 have 2 spots " " " 5 " " 1 has 1 spot " " " 5 " " " 3 ? have 4 spots " " " 5 " " " Of five males from Canada : — 3 have 4 spots on fore wing, o on hind wing. 1 has 4 spot " " " 4 " " " 2 u 1 '' " " " 'A " " " Suiiiinii ; up : Of forty-two males, twenty-two have five and four ocelli on fore wing, five and four on hind wing ; twenty-six have five on hind wing ; twenty- eight have four or more on each wing ; while but four have only a single spot on fore wing, and thv^se have three to five on hind wing. This is in strong con- trast to Uhln'l. nil DT^ OIBJ^.^^ '11. C H R"YXU S . 12 0 VAR . : 3 4 9CALjAIS, type ■ 669 same form . CHIONOBAS II. CHIONOBAS CHKYXUS, 1-6. Var. Calais, Suudder. Femik', type. I DEEMED it best to give a Plate to Calais, for the reason that the individual named by Mr. Scudder nearly thirty years ago still remains miique, and it may some (lay be of importance that its likeness is preserved. (Figs. 3, 4.) Figs. 5, 6, represent a female Ghryxus, from Banff, which, on the under .side, and in the outlines of the band, agrees well with Calais. I have been unable to find a male with a band in .same style. Figs. 1, 2, represent a form of male Chryxus sometimes found in Colorado, tlioiigh never of such size as in this male from Banff, sent me by Mr. IT. K. Harrison. Similar males were taken at same place by Prof. E. T. Owen, 1890. The dark upper side, with pale extra-discal area, agrees well with the Calais. On the under side, the band stands out in higli relief, and what Mr. Bean calls " the color areas " are contrasted conspicuously. I asked Mr. Bean to look over his large collection of Chryxus, taken at Lag- gan, and tell me how they compared with the figures on Plates I., II. ; and he obligingly writes as follows : " Comparing my materials with your figiwcs, I find as follows, beginning with the females, and the upper side : my examples are ciiiefly of the type of Figs. 3 and 5, PI. I. About three quarters are of this type, but varying from light to rather dusky brown. About one in five tend away from that type, and in various degrees approach Fig. 5, PI. II. I have none with ihe upper side of the hind wings showing such a contrast of color as in Calais ftMuale, Fig. 3, PI. II., though several have the fore wings pretty close to that of tills figure. " As to the under surface : while I have females which come nearer to Fig. 4, Calais, than does Fig. 6, yet I have not one quite of the detail shown in Fig. 4. Most of my examples are nearer to the pattern of Fig. 6. " As to the males : on the upper surface of the fore wings my males are much of the pattern of Fig. 1, PI. II., showing a strong contrast of color between the liB CHIONOBAS II. basal and sub-marginal areas. On the nnder side the majority range somewhat near, in pattern of the hind wing, band, etc., to Fig. 2, PI. I. ; and difler from Fig. 2, PI. II. An occasional specimen has an unusual amount of rich dark brown throughout tha wing, and this makes a striking contrast in coloration. " There remains a minority of more dull contrasts and more sombre coloring. These mostly occur above timber line. The under iide of the hind wing is more definitely separated into color areas, instead of being mottled or wavy through- out. The band is ordinarily made more conspicuous because the areas next to it on either side are dull and pale. But these two styles are not separable by any hard and fast limitations. Both tendencies are presented in various degre'^s, and they combine in many individuals. The small female you sent me from Hall Valley, Colorado, is more unlike the prevailing style of Laggan female than is the Calais. " I find no evidence to support the view that Calais is a species distinct from Chryxus ; but it is possible that Calais of Hudson's Bay may be that exceedingly rare thing in nature, — a true variety. Chryxus is a sparsely but >videly dis- tributed species, the very opposite of a local species." i'hat Fifr. own ■ing. nore igh- toit any and Hall I the Torn dis- /'%■■,:■■ /,-• . < j^iitif -™- . -rl J!t«! •.'-?'^yiy JUTTA 1 2 d 3 4 9596c; VA R //1-; //.,'//,./ / / v."/ ' ■! Ill ,1 I I 'I ■! I /,! l/s.j/l ill../ CHIONOBAS y. CIIIONOBAS JUTTA, 1-6. Chionnhas Jultn, Iluhner, S.imml. Eur. S<:hmctt., Vol. I. p. 25, figs. 614, 615. 1806-1819 ; Miisclilor, Wion. Knt. Moniitsclir., Vol. IV. p. 342. 1860 ; Scuiidcr, Proc. Eiii. Soc. Phil., Vol. V. p. 3. 1865 ; id., Biilt. N. Engliiiul, Vol. I., p. 149. 1890 ; Fernald, Butt. Maino, p. 75. 1884. lUliler, Boisduval, Icoiies Hist. Lep., p. 189, jil. 39, figs. 1-3. 1832. Male. — Expand.s about 2.2 inches. Upper .side yellow-brown, the marginal holders, especially on secondaries, darker ; primaries have a broad dark brown se.xual band, a small part of which lies within the cell, the remainder across the median interspaces ; on the extra- (liscal area are two or three black ocelli, if two, placed on the upper disroidal and lower median interspaces ; these are small, usually blind ; if a third is present it is on the upper median, minute; all these stand on diffuse browii.sh yellow rings ; sometimes but one ocellus is present, the upper one of the series, and the position of the others is indicated by yellow patches ; secondaries have a single .small ocellus on the lower median interspace, and there is often (not always) a small yellowish spot on each of the interspaces above the ocellus to the outer angle, no.\t the marginal border ; fringes white, less pure next inner angle of primaries. Under side of primaries paler brown, with n yellowish tint over the extra- (liscal area ; the costa cro.ssed by fine, alternate streaks of dark brown and yel- low-gray ; the apical area gray, with abbreviated tran.sverse brown streaks ; the oi'L'lli repeated, usually enlarged and pupiled ; secondaries sordid gray-white, more or less streaked with blackish brown, finely and transversely ; in some examples there is an absence of the mesial band, a.'t shown in Fig. 6, but gen- erally this is distinct ; sometimes the outer limb is ligiiter, more gray, than the basal area, especially just outside the band ; the band is brojid, bends at a right angle on the median nervure, and is narrowly bordered on both sides by black, while within it is streaked like the rest of the wing, though usually the darker shade prevails ; the outer edge is twice and deeply crenated next costa, then projects considerably and sharply on the upper discoidal interspace, to be fol- CIIIONOUAS V. lowed by a shiillow nn;:fiilar incision, and then runs to the inner margin in a straight coin'.sc, sliglitly donated in each interspace ; the inner border has a Hligiit angular incision on the costal interspace, followed by a rounded promi- nence on the nervure, and a deep angular sinus in the cell, then irregularly wavy to margin ; the edges on the posterior half of the band are nearly parallel, and this part is l)road, while the anterior half is comparatively narrow, and very irregular ; the ocellus often wanting ; in some examples there is a row of yellow points in line with the ocellus and to the outer angle. (Fig. G.) Body atjove dark brown, beneath, the thorax black, abdomen sometimes black, sometimes dull gray-yellow ; legs dark brown, the under side yellow-brown ; palpi furnished with long black hairs ; antennii3 fuscous above, finely annulated whitish, red-brown below ; club red-brown above, testaceous below. (Figs. 1, 2, 6.) Female. — Expands about 2.25 inches. Upper side colored as the male ; the ocelli usually three in number, large, with white pupils, or small and unpupiled, sometimes round, but generally ovate, and the middle one is smallest; sometimes there are one or two more, minute, on the lower sub-costal and lower median interspaces ; each larger ocellus is surromided by a yellow, sometimes red-brown, nimbus, and these are often diffuse and con- fluent, thus forming a broad band, as seen in Fig. 5. Secondaries liave a large or small ocellus, pupiled or blind, and sometimes one or two additional minute ones; in one example from Quebec there is a .second pupiled ocellus on the upper median interspace ; sometimes the sub-marginal yellow or fulvous area is much extended, and takes tlie form of large ctmeiform spots, but other examples show nothing of this, the light color being limited to a nimbus about the ocellus. Under side as in the male, varying in the .same manner ; the larger proportion of the examples under view have the band distinct, but others show very little of it. (Figs. 3, 4, 5.) Ego. — In general as in C, Chri/xiis, somewhat narrower in proportion to the height, the breadth to height being nearly as 1 to 1.15; the base flattened, rounded ; broadest at about one fourth the distance from base, narrowing u])- wards very gradually till near the top, the sides not much arched, the top flatr tened ; marked by vertical ribs varying in number from sixteen to twenty-one ; in part these arc quite straight, in part a little sinuou.s, occasionally one branch- ing either at top or bottom ; narrow at the summits and rounded, the slopes nearly Hat, each slope with many irrcgidar horizontal narrow excavations with intervening little ridges; the micropyle is in the centre of a rosette of five-sided cells, outside of which are three or four rows of similar cells, gradually enlarging ; CIIIONOIJAS V. boyond tlieao to the ends of tlio ribs tlif' flattoncd wpnce presents shallow colls of iir('j;;iilar sizes, soinetinu's coiilluent, oftener separated (Fig. «'-); in wonie exam- [ilt'H this Hat area is much restricted, the ends of the ribs coniiny nearer the ro- sette ; these ends are depressed and send short spurs toward each other, so that tlio interspaces make low, cushion-like welts ; color yellow-white (Fig. «j. Du- ration of this stage from ten to si.xteen days. Yoirxo Larva. — Length, at twenty-four hours from the egg, .11 inch ; .fliape (if C/irj/xiis and Uhleri ; the tubercles and processes the same in niniiber, posi- tion, and shape as in those species (Fig. b^, process from 3 to middle of 13) ; color ;:iMy-wliite with a pink tinge ; the stripes as in the allied species named, .vellow- hrown, the mid-dorsal one rather heavy, illy defined, the sub-dorsal a line, the lateral brcrtid, clearly defined ; a pale brown line runs with the spiracles, and another underlies the dull white basal ridge ; under side, feet and legs yellow- jiTiMMi (Figs. }>, U^) ; head as in the other species, and tuberculated in same way ; color yellow-green with a tint of brown (Fig. h*). Duration of this stage twelve to 11 f teen days. After first moult : lengtli, at twenty-four hours, .23 inch ; nearly the .^ame siiape as before, and as in the species mentioned ; the tubercles and processes as in those species, the latter being short, upright, clubbed, and bent ; color vari- able, some individuals being light gray-green, others wholly light green, others still green-yellow ; through tiie light ground run exceedingly fine and abbrevi- ated longitudinal streaks of redbrown ; the dorsal stripe of the general hue, edged on either side by a whitish line ; the sub-dorsal lino rod-brown ; the lateral band dark on both edges, and either vinous or dark brown within, but greenish on the anterior segments; a brown line runs with the spiracles, and another lies under the pale yellow or buff basal ridge ; under side, feet and legs green- yellow (Figs, c, c'*) ; head as in the other species, indented in same way, with similar tubercles and processes, and nebulous dusky vertical stripes ; color pale green-yellow, sometimes with a brown tint (Fig. c''). Duration of this stage twelve to fourteen days. After .second moult : length, at twenty-four hours, .34 inch ; shape as in the second stage ; color very much the same, but the brown streaks are more decided ; the lateral band as before ; the sub-dorsal, spiracular, and sub-basal lines red- brown ; the ridge buff ; under side yellow-green (Figs, d, (P) ; head as before (Fig. d^). To next moult six days, in the fall. CIIIONOUAS V. After tliinl moult: li>n;^tli, at twenty-four liourn, .5 inch; slmpo rh before; color greenish l)ulT ; on inid-dorsuni traces of a Ijlackiwh hand now appear, con- Histing of dark patches at the junctions of the segnients ; the brown streaks take the form of rather indistinct continuous lines; the sub-dorsal stripe blackisb,and belosv it, on tiie light area, a brown line ; the lateral band as before, more de- cidedly black on the edges ; the processes nearly as in the hvst two preceiling stages, rather more slender, the top less cliil)bed ; head us before (Figs, c to e*). To fourth and last moidt twelve days in the fall, sixteen in "spring. After fourth moult: length, at twenty-four hours, .65 inch ; shape as before; color brown-buff; the mid-dorsal stripe broken by definite black spots at the juncti(iiis of the segments; the lateral band black on its upper edge ; tlie basal ridge yellowish. One larva dilTered from all others observed, in that on tiie dorsal area of 4 to 7 appeared three longitudiiuil rows of pale black rectangular spots, arriinged in checker. In about twelve days from the moult the larvio were full-grown. Matuue Larva. — Length, 1.1 inch; shape of C7iry.rns and Uhleri, stout, obese, thickest in the middle, the dorsum much arched, sloping rapidly from 4 to the head, ending in two sliort, sub-conical tails ; surface thickly covered with short, still", tapering red-brown hairs or processes, from sharp, conical tubercles (Fig./^); color greenish butif in .lade.s, the sides more green than dorsum; striped loiigitussor Braun wrote me, December 14, 1891, that of a large number of Juttn eggs which he sent out, the preceding .season (besides those sent me), so far as he could learn, all the larva? died before or shortly after the first moult. But tliat he carried one hundred and twenty larvae to the bog, and put them on sedge wliich had been planted in pots, set in a bo.\, and bedded in the sphagnum. He visited them weekly, and gave new plants when nece.ssary. "About half of them died when quite young ; about fifty passed the first moult, and thirty-six the third, and were rolled up for hibernation at my last visit to the place, 24th Septe.uber. 1 intend to takeoff the co\cr of leaves and moss as soon as the snow goes, that is, about the time the young plants begin to leaf. My other experiment at home was not successful. Of about fifty young larvas I only succeeded in getting three to the second moult, and one of them to the third ; but all three lingered and died." CIIIONOBAS V. On May 2d, 1892, he wrote again : " About a week ago, I was at the bog, and investigated the larvae. The spring is very late here, and the plants are but just coming out. I found the larvae curled up among the mo.ss. Some have (!ied, but I counted fifty-eight live ones. They have eaten all the small sprouts of sedge which were inside the box, and even of the mo.ss. It seems to me that this is the only \vn.y of rearing these larva) successfully." I wrote Mr. Braun also to ask if he was certain there was no second flight of Jntla, and his answer was: " Since 1882, I have taken Jitfta every season. It is found in the Stillwater bog only, about five miles from Bangor. The road to Stillwater goes through the bog, which is about one half mile long and one quar- ter mile wide, and is surrounded by spruce mixed with birch and juniper. The insect tlies in numbers only on the left side of the road leading to Stillwater, for the reason, no doubt, that the food plant of the larva is found only on that side. The bog is covered with a luxuriant growth of long, soft brown moss, through wliicli, among a variety of shrubs and plants, sprouts up the Juncus articulata, which is the food plant of Jtitla. In 1884, the first week in May, while looking for the earlier Geometridas, I found a full-grown larva which I then supposed to be a noctuid, but which I now know to have been of Julia, on a blade of this plant. I have never found any larvae since, in spite of diligent search, and I conclude that they feed only at night, and hide in the moss by day. I can say with certainty that this insect has onl}' one brood or one flight here. The but- terfly appears in small numbers in the last week of May. All are- males, no fe- males being seen until about five days after the first male makes its appearance. The first week in June, I have found both sexes, and sometimes pairs in copula- tion have risen from the moss at my approach. At the end of the second week in June, tl)cy gradually disappear. I have never taken a fresh specimen later than 10th June. A very few worn ones linger to the third week, when they all suddenly are gone. I vi.sit the bog several times during the collecting season, from 1st May to 1st October, in search of Geometridae and Noctuidas, but Jutta I do not find. If there were a second biood or second flight I should certainly see it, even though there were very few individuals. In no other part of the State, so far as I can fiiul out, does Jutta exist, and when the Stillwater bog is drained, as it will be in a few year.s, this butterfly will become extinct in Maine. Jxtla has a low, jerky flight, and alights suddenly when pursued, vanishing under the eyes of the collector. It drops into the moss, and it is useless to search for it ; but, if let alone, it will soon rise again and come back to the place from which it stiirted. This is the only time to catch it, for it is not to be caught by running' after it. The flight of the female is not so quick as that of the male. On my trips in former years, this butterfly was not so shy as it is now. Of late years CIIIONOBAS V. they have been persistently liunted by myself and a few of my young students, and have learned to take more care of themselves. Jutia is not common by any means. I think the entire flight of any one year will not exceed two hundred individuals, about one quarter of which we take. The last two seasons I have tried a different plan of capture. On tying a battered live female to a i)lant, the Labrador tea, two or three males will very soon appear, and can easily be taken. We only preserve good speeimen,s, releasing unhurt all that are worn. To got, eggs, 1 pot one of the food plants, cover it with a net, and inti'oduce one or moie females. I keep these alive by feeding with molasses, a few drops of which are sprinkled on the net, and to this the insects come regularly. P]ach fresh female will lay from seventy-five to one hundred eggs in course of a week, which is as long as she will live in such confinement. Dissection has shown that rarely are all the eggs laid. " As regards the females resting high in trees, as you tell me Menetries and Holmgren state, it .seems to me like a fable. In ten years' collecting I never saw one on bush or tree. They fly still lower than the males. I believe I have once or twice seen a male alight on the trunk of a little juniper-tree, about three feet from the ground, after I had stirred it up several times from the moss and persistently pursued it. I ought to know the movements of this butterfly, having had years of experience in studying its habits. I have taken with the net about three hundred specimens. As Mr. Fyles says, ' it is a ground in.sect,' and of that there can be no doubt whatever." Mr. Scudder accompanieil Professor Braun to the swamp, in 1890, and writes me : " The only Jutta I saw settled right at my feet, and my net was over it in an instant. It was much as if it came at my bidding." Mr. Fletcher took a single example of Jutta, a female, in his garden, at Ot- tawa, and another at Nepigon. This latter " was flying past very quickly. I struck at it, and it almost immediately dropped to the ground and I threw my net over it." As to the other ; " it flew over a fence into the garden, and after flying backwards and forwards three or four times, like a Grapta, which, strange to sa}', I took it for at first, it settled on the leaves of some low beans. I ap- proached it quietly, and then it flew off to the ground, and lay over so that the wings were almost horizontal with the ground, and thus I caught it by putting a glass bowl over it, for I had no net. " There is a small bog within half a mile of this garden, but I never could find the butterfly there. Within ten miles there is another very large bog, and the railway runs through it, the trains stopping at a station within two hundred yards of where I took this specimen. Is it possible it might have flown into a passing train? " CIIIONOIJAS V. Captain Gamble Geddus, at Toronto, writes that tlie single specimen of Jntta taken by him, 1884, near P^inerald Lake, Alberta Terr., elevation about G,UOO feet, was in a dried-up swamp through which the trail he was following ran. It was a female, and the time wa.s the first week in August, the appearance of the species being delayed according to the elevation. Mr. Burri.son says of the single Jntta which he took at Ottertail, elevation 8.700 feet, the date 1st July : *' On my wa}' from Banff to (ilacier, I found, on reaching Ottertail, that the train would have to be held some little time while the bridge over the Wapta, or Kicking Horse River, was being repaired. I whiled away the moments, never daring to get far away, by netting what buttertiies 1 cDuld. The road ran near the river and through a bog, and on the edge of this, either on a low plant or directly on the moss, I took this Jutta." All records of the habits of this species therefore agree in this, that it is only to be found in bogs or morasses, and Mr. Scudder thinks it is confined " even to very limited stations within them. Holmgren calls particular attention to this, stating that it is found on the rocky i.sliinds. near Stockholm, only where sphag- num abounds, and that a quarter of a mile therefrom in a mar.shy area of about lii'ty acres, he has searched in vain for it." M. Menetries, Enum. Acad. St. Pe- tersburg, p. 107, says: " Mr. Bremer has taken a great many examples of Jutta in a mar.sh about twenty-five versts north of our capital." On p. 108: "This butterlly is found at the end of May in marshes, often inundated, where grow here and there small and stunted pines ; it is upon the trunks of these that the insect rests, its color so resembling the bark that it is difficult to discover it. It is necessary to .shake or beat the branches to cause it to fly." Mr. Scudder quotes Holmgren : " When it alights, it is generally upon the tree trunks, and, in the pairing season, the female usually rests high up in the tree, and it is in this .search after the females that the males fly around and up the trees." M. Menetries got this at second-hand, but the account is supported by Holmgren from his own observation, and it indicates a curious difference in liabit from that of the American Jutta. As to this habit of hiding in and rest- ing on trees, farther observations are much to be desired. Note. — As I am revising the proofs of this paper, I am able to add the follow- ing particulars: Professor Braun writes. May 19th, "1 visited the bog on 14th, and found that about one half the larva; looked as if they would pupate in a few days. I changed them to another spot where the plant was abundant, and have no doubt that by the middle of next week most will have pupated." On 29th : " I was at the bog Saturday, 21st, and found five chry.salids of Juttn. Seventeen larva; had fixed themselves for pupation among tlie grass stems and next the net ; the rest were still feeding. One of the five pupoe gave a male CHIONOBAS V. butterfly this morning, and the others will do likewise by to-morrow. These pupoo were quite soft when I found them, and must have formed on 20th, which would make seven days for the length of the pupa stage." On 30th: " I was at the bog hist Saturday, 28th, and found to my disiiiny that somebody had destroyed my poor Jutta. The frame and covering were broken and torn, and trampled into the mo.ss. All the larvoo were gone, but I found fifteen that had been killed, apparently in the act of pupating, and six crushed pupa3. This is the end of the work which had given me so much de- light Some boys have done this." The last sentence explains the situation. Just so the arboreal ancestors of these boys behaved among the primeval birds' nests. I have also a letter from Mr. Fletcher, of June 30th : " I went to the peat bog, twelve miles from Ottawa, on 23d, to search for Jutta. I had the good for- tune to disturb one example, which I secured. This confirms the fact that my specimen, taken July 1st, 1888 (as herein related), was bred near here, and not brought in moss to the gardeners, as Mr. Fyles has suggested." EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE. JcTTA, 1, 2 4 (from South Quebec), 3, 4 9 , bred, from same loc., 5, 9, from Bangor, 6 var. 5i Quebec. a Egg ; a- niicropyle. b fc" Young Larva ; i' process on 3 to middle of 13 ; i* head. c Larva at 1st moult ; c' dorsum of segments 7 and 8 ; c' head. d Larva at 2d moult ; (P dorsum of 7 and 8 ; (/" head. e Larva at 3d moult ; e' dorsum of 7 and 8 ; e' form and proportions of processes from 8 to 13 ; e* head. f Adult Larva, after 4111 moult, a little enlarged ; /' process of dorsum ; /* head. f* Adui.t, after change of color. g Chrysalis, much eidarged ; g* ventral view of cremastcr, g"^ sidn view of ono o£ the cones of the cremasier. The plant is Carex oligosperma. 'heso hicl. nnny well! )iit I 1 six 1 de- ition. jiids' peat 1 foi- t my I not I* head. of tlie CRAMB I S B H, U C fiJ I :'/•', BRUCEI "/III//"/ I '■' /,'iri-fi iii'itin,-, iii,i.iin/ii I If ■I i|^; ,^ i CHIONOBAS VI. CHIONOBAS CRAMBIS, 1-4. Chionobat Cramhis, Frcyor, Nouoro Rcitriij;e ziir Schmotterlintrskunde, Vol. V. p. 99, pi. 440, figs. 3, 4. 184£i liutlvr, Cut. Diiirn. LcpUl., Siityriilu.-, p. tC3. IHtiH ; Stuudiiiger, Cat., p. 27. 1871. Also, Moflcliler, Wcin. Entoni. Monat.H, IHB.I. Oeito «nil Alio, Scuadur, I'loc. Ent. Soc. I'liil., Vol. V. p. 113. 1868 j Kirby, Cat., p. 70. 1«71. Malk. — Expand.s 1.8 to 2 inches. Wiiig.s Hoinewhat translucent ; upper side dark brown ; costa of primaries a liUlo .streaked with gray-wliite ; on the upper di.scoidal interspace a .small black 0(;eIluH, not always present ; on each subcostal interspace a yellow point ; fringes yellowish, pale fuscous at the ends of the nervules. Under side of primaries nearly of the same color as above, the costal margin and apex dusted brown ; the ocellus, if present, pupilled with white. Secondaries variable ; one example under view has the area from base to outer side of the mesial band dark brown (the inner edge of the band undefined), everywhere slightly mottled with gray-white, but the dark color greatly pre- dominates ; the space beyond the band sordid gray-white, finely streaked with brown, rather more den.sely next the margin : another example (Fig. 2) has the band boldly defined on a gray ground that without makes a belt nearly half as broad as the band ; beyond to margin light brown, streaked with dark brown ; on the other side of the band the clear gray space is narrow, but gray a little streaked occupies part of the costal interspace ; the rest of the basal area brown ; the edges of the band are dark, the interior gray and brown ; the inner edge shows an angular incision in the costal interspace, followed by a slight promi- nence on the sub-costal nervure, and by a sinus between this and the sub- median, nearly square at the bottom ; the exterior edge projects a little on costa, after which is an angular incision to the discoidal nervule, then an arch, doubly crenated, to the lower branch of median, from which to the margin, in one ex- ample, the course is straight, in the other, with a double even crenation in the lower median interspace. CIIIONOBAS VI. Body black above and below ; tiie femora black, tibioB red-brown on upper side, gniy underneath ; palpi black ; antennae fiiscouH above with a little creiaceoiis at the joints, and the same hue along the under side; club red-brown above, tipped black, cretaceous below. (Figs. 1, 2.) Fkmale. — Expands 2 to 2.25 inches. Wings opaque; upper side darker than the male ; costa of primaries rather gray than brown, dusted and streaked with black-brown ; the ocelli vary ; one example has a single black point on a yellow spot on the lower median in- terspace, and a small yellow spot on each interspace above, making a row of six spots (Fig. 3) ; another lias a similar black spot, on the under side pupilled with wliite, but the yellow spots are wanting ; a third has two rather large equid black ocelli, the upper one on the upper discoidal interspace, and both are pupilled beneath. Secondaries, in all the examples, have a complete extra-dif^cal row of five yellow spots (repeated in white beneath), and the hind margin is edged by a .series of blackish serrations, either obscure or well defined ; in all the examples the band on under side is defined oa both edge.'!, and is about one fourth broader than in the male. (Figs. 3, 4.) From 2 c? , 3 ? , from Labrador, sent me as Crambis by the late H. B. Mfischler, who made a specialty of Labrador insects. I know nothing whatever of the present species beyond the fact that it if credited to Labrador, and, siccording to Miischler, flies in July and August. In my Catalogue of Diurnal Lepidoptera of America north of Mexico, 1884, I gave as localities for Cramhls, Labrador, boreal America, Alaska, Colorado, and New Mexico. But what was then suppc^ed to be Cramhis in the Rocky Mountains is Bruce'i. Cramhis is a larger species than Brucei, of a different color, trans- parent in a less degree, and only in the male, and is co- -picuously marked by ocelli, and common rows of yellow poinds ; while Brucei is equally transparent in both sexes, and is without ocelli or poiiUs. I have been unable to see Freyer's book, and know of but one copy in the United States, and that is inaccessible. But Mr. Butler, Cat. p. 163, pronounces his figures " not good." Mo.schler gives Cramhis as a synonym of Also, Boisduval. I have in my possession Dr. Holland's copy of Boisdiival's Icones, in which are figured and described both C. Also and C. Oeno. I have no doubt whatever that Oeiio is Semidea, Say. The figure agrees as closely as is possible with Semidea insects from Labrador and tbe White Mountains of New Hamp.sliire (but copies of the Icones vary in respect to thu figures of Oeno, and some of them are very badly colored). As to Also, it is more like Brucei than Cramhis in coloration and appearance of upper surface, "nd the CIIIONOBAS VI. (Gxt says that the author thinks it is the same species as Eritiosn, Harris, from ilie White Mountains, a mistake for Semidm, Say. It does look more like Semi- dm than Cramhis. But on the under side it is not like either of the species named. Moreover, Boisdnval says his drawing and description were made from II Siberian example. I think, therefore, Also may be dismissed as no American species. Mr. Miischler sent me these insects labelled " Cramhis,'' after the date of his paper referred to, and probably he had seen reason for changing his mind about the identity of Cramhis with Also. Note. — As I was writing the description of Cramhis above given, having occasion to examine closely the insects, I discovered, adliering to a leg of one of the females, a good eggshell, compressed, but not flattened so as to injure the .side ribs. Mrs. Peart will be able to make a figure of this egg, which .shall be given on a subsequent Plate. That egg, with the insect, has been in my cabinet more than twenty years, unnoticed, of course. CHIONOBAS VI. CHIONOBAS BRUCEI. Chion(Aas Brucei, Edwards, Canadian Entomologist, Vol. XXIII. p. 1.54. 1891. Male. — Expands 1.8 to 1.95 inches. Wings semi-transparent ; upper sid^ uniform gray-brown ; costa of prima- ries sordid white, streaked transversoiy with dark brown, the light color much predominating j fringes of both wings yellow-white, fuscous at the tips of the nervules. Under side of primaries nearly of same color as above, a shade lighter ; sometimes the whole wing is flecked with brown scales, but often the area behind the cell is immaculate ; in all cases the cell is so flecked, in varying degree, and the apical area is both specked and streaked brown on a dull gray-white ground ; the costal margin much as above, but the dark streaks ar i heavier. In no example viewed is there an ocellus on either wing, or a trace of one. Secondaries gray-white, somecimes with a tint of yellow over disk and to margin ; next base nearly black, with whitish scales sparsely scattered through this ; on the basal side of the band is a strip of nearly clear ground, but little dustef^l brown ; beyond the band a broader area of clear color, similarly dusted, and i>r'»dually the dusting increa^-es, and fine streaks come in, reaching a maxi- rr ri Ufa: the margin, where the dark color takes the form of loose patches in .1 iv-paces; the band is prominent, both edges black, the interior more or . fv J-.jp V covered with black ='cales and streaks on the whitish ground; the inner t ' /!? bows a narrow crenation on or ju.st below the costal nervure, followed l)y a rounded prominence on sub-costal, and by an angular sinus between sub- costal and sub-median, square at the bottom, oi sometimes erose ; the exterior edge projects o harp tooth on costa, which is followed bj' an angular sinus reach- ing to the discoidal nervule, then a slight arch to lower median interspace, and arching again to inner margin ; but sometimes the curved part is crenated to margin. Body blackish above, black below, with some gray hairs near and at the ex- CHIONOBAS VI. treniity ; the femora l)laok, tihinc red-brown on upper side, gray-white underneath ; palpi black ; antoniuu fuscous above, alternated with cretaceous, which last covers the under side on lower half, the upper half red-brown ; club cretaceous above, red-brown below, a little darkened at tip. (Figs. 5, 6.) Female. — Expands 1.8 to 2 inches. Transparent as the male ; closely like the male on both sides, and in the color areas of the under side of secondaries. (Figs. 7, 8.) I have had ten examples of both sexes under view in drawing up the foregoing description, and none of them show an ocellus on either wing. 1 applied to Mr. Brace to examine his collection as to this point, and he writes ''lat, of ninety-three examples present, none sliow an ocellus. Apparently the at, i ■ " ocelli is a feature characteristic of this species, in contradistinction to boi,. nbls and Semidea. Egg. — Sub-conic, the breadth to height nearly as 1 to 1.15, the base flattened, rounded ; broadest at about one third from base, narrowing upward considera- bly, the sides much arched ; marked by about twenty vertical ribs, very nearly straight, occasionally one branching either at bottom or top ; these are narrow at the summits and rounded, and the depressions are shallow and rounded, the slopes excavated much as in Jutta, but are not so decided in the shape and char- acter of the spurs ; the top flattened ; the micropyle is in the centre of a rosette uf five-sided cells, outside of which are three or four rows of similar, less regular, larger cells ; beyond these is a confused mass of flattened ridges, broken up, lying in every direction, and not a continuation of the ribs; color dull white. (Figs. a, a^.) Duration of this stage about eleven days. This egg resembles that of Semidea at all points more closely ihan any of the species observed. Youxo Lakva. — Length, at twenty-four hours from the egg, .08 inch ; shape of Chry.nis, Jutla, Semidea ; segments 2 to 4 nearly equal, arched dorsally, then tapering regularly on dorsun) and sides to 11 and more rapidly to 13, which ends in two short and stubby projections, — scarcely to be called tails, — which are separated by an angular sinus at base (closely as in Semidea) ; the tabercles are brown, the processes from them white, and both are the same in number, position, and shape as in the other species named, and indeed in all the species of the genus observed (Fig. U", process on dorsum from 3 to 13) ; color pale greenish white ; a dorsal stripe and sub-dorsal line of pale brown, and a lateral band of same hue ; under side dull white ; feet and legs translucent, whitish ; head broader than 2, sub-globose, broadest below, depressed slightly at the suture ; surface covered with shallow indentations ; a few tubercles like those on the body CIIIONOBAS VI. lire present. (B'igs. b to ¥'.) Tlie number .and position of the head tubercles is tlie s:une as shown by the cut accompanying the text of Chryxus. At about ten days from the egg the color becomes greenish gray, and the stripes are more distinct, the lateral one broader and darker. Duration of this stage fifteen to eighteen days. After first moult: length, at twenty-four hours, .15 inch; nearly the same sliiipe as before, the anterior segments arched in the same way ; tlie projections lit extremity very short, blunt ; surface thickly covered with fine conical tuber- cles, each bearing a short, cylindrical, and bent process (Fig. c") ; color of body pale buff; the mid-dorsal stripe gray with illy-defined dark spots at the junctions of Parnassius Smlnlhetis. It was buried in the light soil near the surface ; was apparently alive and about to disclose the imago, as the markings of the wings were plainly to be seen through the transparent skin. But the imago died in the pupa, and in this condition was sent to Mr. Edwards. I have examined several hundreds of Briicei (I have certainly taken as many as three hundred), and never found any variation in color or markings worth mentioning. " There are few or no birds on these high stations to destroy the larvas or catch the butterllies, but mice, ground .squirrels, spiders, and predaceous beetles arc legion. Parasitic diptera and ichneumon flies are as numerous as on the lower levels ; a large gray Asilus, too, is ever present like an evil spirit, capturing Brucel without the least effort. It is therefore surprising that so frail a butterfly should hold its own so persistently." A few examples of Brncei have been taken the present year (1892) near Pike's Peak, and one near Gray's Peak, both localities having an elevation above 13,000 feet. Mr. Bruce, then at Hall Valley, Colorado, sent me eggs of C. Bnicei, which were received on 14th, 18th, and 21st July, 1890. The first lot began to hatch on 18th ; on .3d August, three larvfe passed the first moult ; on 16th, one passed the .second, another on 19th ; on 29th August, one, A, passed the third moult, and anot'.icr, B, the same moult, in Philadelphia. On 8th September, A pas.scd the fourth moult, and B had done likewise on flth ; on 15th September, a third larva, C, also passed the fourth. A and C, at Coalburgh, were feeding as late as 8th October, but had become ve-y stout, and were evidently full-grown. A few days later they seemed torpid, but on 18th October, A died. A month later there remained C, adult, and two which had pas,sed the third moult, all in hibernation. B was reported as also hibernating, but soon after died. I left the larvae out of CIIIONOBAS VI. doors, on n shaded porch, and up to the middle of February they seemed to be healthy, but shortly after all died. The largest one had been attacked by a fungoid growth on one side, at the spiracles. So I failed to get a pupa. Many of the hatched larvie died when quite young, or disappeared unaccountably. But the five that passed the third and fourth moults proceeded as satisfactorily as imy Satyrid larva) from the lowlands could have done. One nearest allied species, Semklea, on the other hand, is exceedingly difficult to rear, indeed almost im- possible. The food, Poa pratensis, agreed with my larva;. The advanced ones became excessively stout, and segment 2 was so large, and rose above the head HO high and abruptly, that it seemed as if the pupa must have taken form within, and would shortly appear. In 1891, I again received eggs from Mr. Bruce, at the same place, and they began to hatch 28th July. On 13th August, two larvaj passed the first moult, others soon after ; on 29th, two died in trying to pass the .second moult ; a third passed second, in Philadelphia, 5th September, and presently died. All the other larvae stopped at first moult, and were sent to Canada to hibernate in a snowbank, but died before I received them in the spring. These attempts se(!med to show that larvae hatched in the early part of the summer may reach the adult stage the same season, if the weather conditions are favorable, but that those hatched some weeks later will pass only the earlier moults. Others may probably hibernate direct from the egg. The first would pupate as soon as the melting of t!ie snow had uncovered them, which would be late in May, and from these would come the butterflies of middle June. The larva? which have hibernated after third, second, first moults, or from the egg, would reach imago in successive detachments up to the middle of July, or some- what later. In this way the appearance of the species on the wing for so long a period as seventy days, as testified by Mr. Bruce, is accounted for. EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE. CiiA.vims, I, 2 6, .3, 4 J. liiiucEi, 5, 6, 6, 7, 8, 9. a Kgo ; a^ micropyle. b, It' Young Lakva ; 6», h* last segments ; A» process on 2 to 1,S ; h' head. c, c" Lrirva .it Ist moult ; c» process; c* attitude ilurins the joungcr stages ; c* head. (i Larva at 2d uioult ; (P sei^mcnts 7 and 8 ; d' head. « Larva at 3d moult ; e' segments 7 and 8 ; e' head. / Adult Larva, a little enlarged ; /' srreatly enlarged ; /» segments 7 and 8 ; /* process ; /« head. g C11BY8ALI8, enlarged ; g'' side view of last segments ; g' front view of the cremaster. r^-iLi omjx'i o'i£j . I- : # ;: ^ ^ - v.. -TT^ ._-«->.-.5-..-»c>.^ /;•• ^. ■^&r ' ' '■%J^ f M " t'n iJIfm -«--3t,-^ S-j« ^Wv* ll IsiidF v' R I D I N G S I I F-Aiti.v FORM 1 , 2 t^ 3 Q i^atil' f ORM . I,'tt\-ll //..■//I'l I ■: l''' Hli,ll /I ififi /■ l,iir\-ii , iniiliiri 1/ '/)/V/v(;//s ,/-■ ///.V \\ ^ ^' ^ M-i NEOMINOIS I. NEOMINOIS RIDINGSII, 1-G. \"nmli;ni.1 (Satyvus) RIdinijsu, Eilwards, f, I'roc. Knt. Snc. I'liil., Vol. IV. p. 201. \Hi]r, ; Rcakirt, g, I. c, Vol. Vr.' ]). 1 If). 1H(I7 ; Streckor, $, o, L,.pi,l. Xo. -|, p. ■><), pi. .1, fi..r. (I, y. 187:! ; Mead, Kep. Wlholer KxpiilUion, Vol. V. p. 771. 187i ; (Neominois) Scudder, BuUeiin Buffalo Soc. Nat. lILst., Vol. II. p. L'U. 187.3. Male. — Expands 1.6 to 1.8 inches. Early Form : Upper side dusky gray-brown, pale over the basal areas, be- yond to margin dark ; a common extra-discal werics of buff spots, on primaries separated a the lower discoidal interspace ; the four above this contkiont, tlioir outer extremities lanceolate, and bearing on the upper discoidal interspace a whitc-pupillod black ocellus ; tlie fifth spot is long oval, narrower than the inter- space— the upper median; the sixth is sul)-oval, broad, and carries a second ocellus, usually equal to, but sometimes a little smaller than the other ; the next Iwo spots are sometimes completely confluent, and are about hnlf the length of the sixth ; on secondaries the spots form a continuous band of nearly even width, the ujiper three more or less incised on the basal side ; the outer ends serrate, or partly lanceolate ; a small black patch near the outer edge of the spot ill lower median interspace ; occasionally a lu.nute pupilled ocellus is present on the lower sub-costal interspace of primaries, outside the lino of the principal ocelli, as seen in Figure 4 ; fringes fuscous, yellowish at the tips of the nervules. Under side paler ; the cell of primaries and the basal and marginal areas of Iiotii wings covered with fine abbreviated dark streaks ; .Ue spots and ocelli of primaries repeated ; the buff band of secondaries rarely l-\arly repeated, but the position of the outer edge of it is indicated by a blac. serrated line ; the mar- i^inal inscription.s usually extend across this line well toward the mesial band ; this band is clo.sely as in the allied genus Chionobas, light within, dark near and along both edges ; the elbow without rectangular on the lower discoidal inter- NEOMINOIS 1. space, with equal serrations from the angle to costa (though sometimes the lower two are much prolonged, acuminate) ; on the basal side a small angular sinus on the sub-costal nervure, and a large rectangular, or sometimes rounded, projection on the median. Body dusky gray-brown; beneath hght and concolored with the wings; femora light gray, the tibia; red-brown ; palpi whitish, with many black frontiil hairs ; antennae fuscous above, cretaceous below ; club red-brown beneath and at tip. (Figs. 1, 2.) Female. — Expands from 1.8 to 2 inches. Very like the male ; some individuals have a small ocellus on the upper median inter.space. (Fig. 3.) Late Form : A little larger than the other; paler colored, especially beneath, where the inscriptions are faint and the space which on the upper side is occupied by the buff band is scarcely outlined ; the mesial band but a shade darker tliiui the basal area. (Figs. 4, 5, 6.) Egg. — In general like the egg of Chionobas Uhleri ; sub-conic, the base and top flattened and about equiilly rounded ; broadest at two fifths the distance from base, towards ihe top narrowing gradually, the sides consideriihly arched ; marked by nineteen and twenty vertical ribs, nearly straight, occasionally one branching ; the.se are rounded, somewhat broader than high, broader than in Uklerl, the bases finely incised, making pretty regular crenate edges ; the interspaces rather narrow, nearly flat, very slightly convex, cro.ssed by many horizontol, equidistant raised thn..us; 'he micropyle is in the centre of a liiit rosette of irregular hexagonal siiallo»v cells, the walls of which are .slightly raised ; outside of these are two rows of similar larger cells ; the remainder of the area varies ; some examples, as in the figure, resembling C. Jxtta, showing shallow rounded cells, irregular in size and position, separated by welts or cushions .somewhat raised in the middle and rounded ; others are as in C. Uhhri and C. Britcel, covered with low knobs from which radiate thread- like spurs ; in .some examples the ends of the ribs come nearer the rosette, and are depressed, with short spurs from one to the other; color chalk-white. (Figs, o, «^) Duration of this stage eleven to thirteen days. Young Larva. — Length, at twelve hours from the egg, .13 inch; shape of Chionobas ; thickest anteriorly, tapering from the head on both dorsum and side to 13, ending in two sub-conical tails which meet at base (as in C. Jutta and NEOMINOIS I. otliers, but not as in C. Brucei) ; furnished with three rows of pale black, low conical tubercles on either side above the spiracles, a dorsal, sub-dorsul, and lateral ; one tubercle to the segment in each row fron. 3 to 12 ; on 2, four at the front, near together and equidistant, standing in a line somewhat obliquely l);xck from the top ; a process in front of and above the spiracle, and under it a tapering hair ; on 3 and 4 each a second process in front of the lateral one ; the tubercles on these segments are in vertical row, on the middle of the segment, after 4, in triangle ; on 13 is a second triangle, the apex of which is at the tip of the tail ; also on the inner side of the tail, a little below tlie tip, is a smaller tubercle; each bears a clubbed and bent white process ; these are at least twice as long as the height of their tubercles, and become longer after 11 (much longer than in any species of Chionobas viewed) ; under the spiracles is another row of iiiinute tubercles, two on segment 2, one on 3 and 4 each, two on 5 to 12, one on 13, with similar processes; over each foot is one short hair, over the pro-legs two, the anal leg, one ; color at first pale whitish green, with no stripes, the under side nearly the same ; but after about twenty-four hours from the egg appeared two dorsal lines close together, and a sub-doi'sal line, all pale brown, a lateral stripe a shade darker, the basal ridge buft", with the faintest tint of red ; at three days from the egg the general hue had become yellow-green ; head sub- globose, a little broader than high, broader than 2, narrowing upward a little, depressed at the suture ; surface covered with shallow indentations, and showing a few tubercles like those on body, each with its clubbed an'! bent glassy white process, the proportions of which to the tubei'cles are closely as in figure //' ; of these four are in cross row near the top of the face, siv in a line with tln' apex of the frontal triangle, four a little higlier than the 'T ocellus, one a little in front of and above the largest ocellus, and two behiun ach irroup cif ocelli; in all twenty, ten on each lobe ; color at first pale green, later dc Idedly green. (Figs. 6 to h^.) Duration of this stage about twenty days. After first moult: length, at twenty-four hours, .17 inch; nearly of same shape as before, the tails same ; color greenish white, with a tint of gray over tlie donsal area; the niid-dors(u', past the second moult. It had been found under a stone. 1 left it out of doors, and 4th April, discovered that it had recently passed its third moult. On l.'llii April, it pa.ssed the fourth. On 13th May was changing color, becoming blue- green, and was evidently approaching pupation. On 14th, it had disappeared. I searched for it, 18th, and found it half an inch below the surface, wdiere it had made a little hollow for itself in tlie leaf mould which had been provided iu anticipation of this mode of pupation. The same day it pupated. Its likeness is given on the Plate. Unfortunately, it died i)ef()re imago. The same year, 1889, 1 again received eggs from Mr. Bruce, at Denver, laid 12th. Those began to hatch 2''3th. On 9th July, some of the larvcc passed their first moult; one reached the .second on 19th. None went beyond this, and all had become lethargic by 8tli August. I have therefore failed to rear any one larva from the egg to pupa ; yet, at one time and another, every larval stage has been reached. The only pupa observed came from a larva which had hiber- nated on its native peak. The species has proved as difficult to rear as any of the Chionobas. It appears that larvtc from Denver, 5,000 feet, from June eggs, of the earliest flight of the imago, reached the fourth moult the same season ; that other larva' from same place, also from June eggs, reached the second moult in July, and then hibernated ; that two larvai from June eggs, Salida, 7,000 feet, reached tiie third moult, and hibernated ; and one from Kosita, 9,000 feet, from egg laid early in August, hibernated after finst moult. The larva found at West Cliff, 7,500 feet, had hibernated after second moult. There were also young larvii* which apparently went to ground immediately from the egg. These observa- tions favor Mr. Bruce's view that at the lower elevations this species has a second brood of the imago in the fall, while at the higher elevations there is but one brood of the imago, though freshly emerged individuals make their appearance for some weeks, because of the different ages at which their larva' had gone into hibernation. EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE. KiDlNOSii, early form 1, 2 5, n 9 ; lato, form J 5, "1, (1 9. (( K(iCi ; d'' inicropylc. 4, i* YousCf Larva ; h' last aoiTments ; b* process on body; Ifi head. c, c^ Larva at 1st moult ; c" head. d, (P, jed in the middle by a blackish band which is trenated on its posterior edge and is .sometimes entirely lost in the marbling of the base." That agrees with the species as it is known to-day fron' Labrador and Colorado. The figure agrees with the description in Dr. Holland's copy of the Icones, which he has kindly loaned me for examination, except that the outer edge of the band represents an aberration in which the crenations are flattened except the three on the disk, and the upper two of these are serrated rather than crenated. This is a pecul- iarity sometimes seen in other species of the genus, even in quite a different group, as in C. CuVfornka. But all copies of the Icones have not the plates so well colored as the one before me, for one was sent me which had unintelligil)le black lines dispo.sed over the region of the band so as to destroy that feature. Therefore it is safest to follow the description, which is drawn with Dr. Boisduval's usual felicity ."•' He speaks of having under view several examples, and goes on : ' III the text of C. Brucei (Chion. VI.), Mr. Bnico says of that sfH-eies : " It does not fly to the tops of tb« ro(.k.v pfak? like C. Semidea." This should have read " like C. CEno," which was the species Mr. Brute had in mind. ■■' I eopy the deseriptlon from the loones : — " Se.s ailcs Bont d'une texture mince et assez delicate. I^ fond de leur couleur est en dcssus d'un gris-hru- niltre-liviile mele de jaunfttre. T.ei superieures sont pres-[ieu-pres du nienie ton que les supericures, et Iciir tr.msparence est telle, ipio Ton voit ii travers tout le dessiii ihi dessous. Leur extremitiS est un peu plus elaire, avec quelijues atonies noiratres condenses vers It^ honl mar;rinal. " Le dessous dcs ailes supericures est un peu plus jaunStre (jue Ic dcssus, avec le sonimet et le bord de I.i c6te f.'risiltres et piijiu^s de briiuatre. " Le dessous des idles infdrieures est varid et raarbrc de noirltre et dii blanchltre, traverse? au milieu piir CHIONOBAS VII. " It is very rare in collections ; is found in Russian Lapland. I have also a female which 1 received from M. Esclischoltz as coining from Siberia. M. Soni- mer has sent me two others which do not sensibly differ from the type, and wiiicii were taken in Labrador." In view of the language of the Iconos, it is sinindar tliat no two later authors have agreed as to what U'Jao was. It has usually been confounded with Scmiden, Say, and Crarnhh, Freyer. Witii tiiese is mixed up Also, Bois., described in the Iconcs next to CEno. The late Mr. H. H. Moschler, in a paper on the genus Chionobas, 1803, gave the series thus : — 1. Ahn, Bois. = Crambls, Freyer. 2. (Fno, Bois. He says nothing of Snairha, but in later years sent nio Labrador examples (if (JEno with the labels " Sanldea" and therefore must have changed from his lirst view. Mr. S. IL Scudder, Proc. Ent. Soc, Phil., Vol. V., 1805, says: — 1. CEno, Bois. = Also, Bois. = Crambis, Doubleday's Gen". 2. Semidea, Say = Also, Bois. In the Butt. N, England, 1889, Mr. Scudder does not mention (Eiio, but gives Semidea, with Also, in part, as a synonym. Mr. A. G. Butler, Cat. Satyr., 18G8, says of the sub-group: — 1. Crambis, Freyer. 2. (Eiio, Bois. = Aim, Bois. 3. AssimUis, Butler. 4. Semidea, Say. 5. Subhyalhia, Curtis. Mr. W. T. Kirby, Cat., 1871, says : — une banJo noir'Vtre, crdnelde sur son cdtn postcrii'ur, qui qiiclqiiefois so fxril prpscpii' ooniplotcmcnl clans les marbriirt's dii fonii. I/extnimito offn- pri-s ihi bonl ([lU'Wiucs pctils jri-oiipcs (raloiiu's noiiatri's iin pen plus HTirs, I't furmant unt. rain ninciilain' pen primoiici'o. " La fraii;,'L' fsl blan-hc, (uitriTouprc dr noiratrc. Le corps est brimatro. Lcs aiitcnnos soiit cl'tm jaune- testaco pftUs nvi'c la bast d'un cris brimiltre. "Lcs supcriuiircg (dc la femellv) sont plus nrrondiva, et lour sommi'l offm soiivcnt tin tri's petit ciil a peine visililc, " Lcs di'Rsous do SI'S nilfi! snporiiMin-s est plus j;itiii4tri', plus forlcmont saiipoudrr ir:itoiiu's ncpiiatros ; If sotninct et la fdU! sont ph.a hlani'liitn-s ; la cellule discoidale parait traversee par deux le^ieres trainees d'atouies noiratres, forniant tonnne deux raies tres peu-pr(~>s le meme dessin (pie tlans le nuile ; niais il est un peu plus vari(! de blancbatru, et la bandti transvurae eat miuux desiinde." CHIONOBAS Vir. 1. CEiio, Bois. ; var. a. Aho, Bois. ; var. b. Cramh'is, Freyer. 2. SemUlea, iiny=^ Alao, Bois. (but this last is plainly a mistake for Booten, as the reference shows). Dr. 0. Staudinger, Cat. 1871, .says: 1. Cramhis, Freyer. 3. Semi (lea, Say = dJno, Bois. = Alio, Bois. In my Synopsis of N. Am, Butterllie.s, in Vol. I., 1872, I followed Kirby, as the latest authority, having myself but a very slight acquaintance with some of these forms, and none at all with others. At that date no collection in America had all of them, and very few individuals of any, even of Scmidea. It was not till Mr. Bruce explored the peaks of Colorado that it became possible to understand what QJno was, and the limitation of Brncel made clear the po.sition of Crambin. In my Catalogue, 1877, I gave: — 1. Somidca, Say —CUno, Bois. = AUn, Bois. 2. Cnunb'is, Freyer = AiishnUiH. Butler. .'5. Subhi/alina, Curtis ; and the same iu the Revised Cat. of 1884. To-day, 1893, I give the series : — 1. Cramhis, Freyer. 2. Drucei, Edw. 3. (I'])w, Bois. ; var. AssimUls, Butler. 4. Semiden, Say. 5. Suhhyalina, Curtis. This is very nearly as Mr. Butler gave it, as stated above. As to C. Also. I reject it altogether as American. The description of the under side hind wing says : '• It is brownish beyond the middle, with some gray- ish atoms and small marbling of same color near the outer border. The posterior third is of a whitish gray which has something of violet, with streaks, atoms, and little undulations of l)lackish. The band is present as in the other species, but the inner side is lost in the basal color." I suppose by " the other species " the author meant either (J'Jno, next preceding, which has a cronated band, or GiJno and Bdhler (the second preceding and which has a dentated band, as the do- .scription says). The whole description of Also is too general to differentiate any species, and the figure is evidently poorly drawn and poorly colored and gives no help. The band on the outer side is irregularly wavy, totjiUy unlike either of the species spoken of, and the inner edge for half its course is indicated by a CllIONOBAS VII. heavy incurving black line, whercaH it should be " totalemcnt fondue avec la coiileur de la base." I have never .seen an insect like that figure, and the de- ^iTiptiun is valueless. Boisduval says he described from a single male which came tu him from Siberia, and adds: "I have received from Mr. John Leconte, under the name Er'dosa, Harris [a mistake for Sanideu, Say], an example taken in the While Mountain.s of New Hampshire, which seems to me to belong to this species." That is all ! He has .seen a single example of Semidca from America, which "me parait appartenir u cette espece," just described from a single ex- ample from Siberia. It is only now, after the lapse of more than half a century, that the species of this sub-group can be distinguished and limited, and to accept the conjecture of even Dr. Boisduval, great naturalist though he wa.s, as if it were a scientific and final determination, based on the inspection of one Scmklea and one insect from Siberia, is out of the question. Whether Aho is to-day anywhere received as a species I am not informed, but, in 1871, Dr. Staudinger, Cat., doubted whether there was such a Siberian species. CRAMBIS. Egg. — Nearly as in C. Brucei, but the sides less arched, and the top nearly as in C. Jutta ; .subconic, the base flattened and rounded; broadest at about one third from base, narrowing upward considerably, the sides moderately arched ; marked by twenty-two vertical ribs, very nearly straight, occasionally one branching either at bottom or top ; these are narrow at the summits and rounded, and the depressions are shallow and rounded ; the slopes with many irregular horizontal excavations, with little intervening ridges (closely as in Brncci) ; the top flat- tened ; the micropyle is in the centre of a I'osette of six-sided cells, outside of which are three or four rows of similar, less regular, larger cells ; beyond these to the ends of the ribs the flattened space presents shallow rounded cells of irregular sizes, but in general the sm.allest are next the micropyle ; these are nuich as in Jutta, but they are more numerous, and often run together ; color dull white. (Fig. a.) The egg here described was found attached to the leg of a female Crumhis, from Labrador, as stated on a previous page in a note under the head of that species. EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE. (F.SO, 1,2, S, from Colorailo ; .'), 4, 9 ; same loo. ."> 9 , from Lftljrador ; 6 J , Hiime loc. Vnr. AssiMlLiH, < ? ; S J, intt'riiie (D (!) fl'^l. M A C O U N 1 I i i: d , .-. 4 9 . ■' " ■'■■'/'/ III, I,,,, ill.,/ f /„, tw iiiiiliir< ,,,,/ 5,„. .; .f/ a CmONOBAS X. CIIIONOIJAS MACOUMI, 1-4. CliioiwlHtH Maeiiumi, !',ilwaril», i, Ciiii. KnI., Vol. XVII, p. 71. I8H.-i ; Flclclicr, lH Ann. Ui'|i. F.iil. Soc. Ontario, 1H«H, p. h:> ; iil.. Insect Mfc, Vol. II, p. I.). Nil; Sciiililer, S, 9, Butt. N. Kiigluiiii, Vol. II, ]i. 177.'). IHHU. Mai.k, — F'lxpiind.s about 2.G inches. Ill tliiH species tlie Hcxiinl band on the fore-winf? is wnntlng. I'pper Hide brown-orange, but varying, soine exaniplos being as liglit colored ii.s C. Culifornlca female, while in others the orange is obscured, brown, and even dusky; the nervures and branches brown, soiuetinies dark and conspicuous; hind margins edged by a blackish border of nearly even width throughuiit, but sometimes widest on primaries ; costa of primaries dark brown ; in some exam- ples there is a trace of a brown band from the costal border along the outer end of the cell, prolonged a little on the upiuT median norvure ; on secondaries the costal margin i.^ edged with brown, and a little before the outer angle, and corresponding to the outer border of the mesial band of under side, is a black patch of loose scales ; primaries show two black ocelli, one on the upper dis- coidal interspace, large, white-pupilled ; the other small, usually blind, souu>times pupilled, on the second median interspace ; an example under view has two additional small black ocelli, one in the interspace above each of the others ; .sectmdaries have a small ocellus, either blind or pupilled, on second median in- terspace ; fringes alternately yellow-white and brown-hlack. Under side of primaries paler, in the light examples im lining to yellowish, es- pecially beyond the cell ; in the darker ones there is n wash of brown over yel- low, and the cell is much streaked transversely with darker brown ; costal edge gray-white streaked black ; the apex gray ; hind margin witli a brown border, wavy on the inner side, the outer edge black ; the ocelli repeated. Secondaries gray-whitt ove- costal margin and to middle of cell, yellowish else- where, densely irrorated and finely and transversely streaked with light and niioNonAs X. tliiik brown, most so next base and along tlie hind margin ; tlio mesial l)nnil liroiid iintt'riorly, narrowed to ;ibout one half on the posterior part, edged on liotli sides by black, LIk- interior .'treaUed us on tlie basal area; in the examples viewed there are two styles of exterior outline, as represented in lignres 2 and 4 ; one showing a sharp projection at the elbow, before which the course is siiui- oMs, after tiie licnd crenated on second median interspace, then erose to margin; in tiic other there is no (dbow, but an arch, somewhat flattened, from the (irst Itranch of sub-costa. to lower branch of median; in all, the basal edge oi the band lies in ii double curve, largely convex on the sub-costal nervure, deepiv concave on the median, thence to in:ier margin wavy; the ocellus repeated, but reduced ; in line with it across the wing a ])ale yellow point on each interspace. lindy blackish l)r()wn above, beneatii, the thorax black, abdomen dark gray- brown ; tlu! femora black, tii)ia' and tarsi reddish yellow ; palpi with many long black hairs; anteniue nd-brown ; club yellow-brown, the tip ferruginous. (l*'igs. Fe.mvf.k. — Expands from 2f) to 2.7 inches. Upper side as in the male, vary- ing from liglit to du.sky brown. Beneath as in the ntale, but some examples have a !)roail mesial band on primaries entirely crossing, dark on both edges, the portion which covers the cell broiid, with a spin- along the nj)p-;r median ner- vule. Mr. Fli'tcher says: " Th»,> females are found to vary very much. Most of them are darker than the males, with larger ocelli, anil the nervures ahnost always clearly marked out with black ; some, however, are of the i)eautifnl golden brown of C ('(i/ifi))'»icn." Figure .'} represents the latter description. It had been intendcil to give om of the darkest females, but the space would not admit of it. U may !)e done on a later I'late. In this extreme variety there is a sug- gestion of ('liry.iHH, or rather of Cafaln. Kon. — Sub-conic;, the liase flattened, thougU somewhat rounded, the toi* rounded, broadest at about two fif'.iis the distance from the ba.se, narrowing above slight'.y, the sides moderately arched ; marked l>y from seventeen to iwenty-one vertical ribs (examples varying) nun-h like those of Chryxits, sonic- wlnit sinuous, a few branching at top or bottom ; these ribs are narrow at their summits and rr)unded, the slopes a little convex, each will, many fine and irregular excavations, with httle intervening ridges; the micropylu is in the cen- tre of a rosette of sjiallow six-sided cells, the boumlaries of which are raiscid like threads; outside of these are three or four rows of larger and irregular cells, three to six-sided, and beyond, a network of low riflges radiating fi'om central rounded knobs, much a« in Uhlcri ; in .some example:} viewed the knobH were ( IIIONOBAS X. w.'intinj,', l)iit the radiating tlireadH were present to a greater or loss degree, the (ills soini'tiines running quite to the ends of tlie ribs (the ligure represents this liist-nientiopud structure) ; color gray-wliite. i.Figs. a, o".) Duration of this stage about twenty days. YouNfi Lakva. — Length, at six hours from the egg, .1;] inch; shaped as in tlie genus, thickest anteriorly, tapering from 2 to 8 shghtly and regularly on liotli dorsum and sides, after H rapidly on dorsum, arching to IH, which ends in two short, sub-conical tails not (piite meeting i base; the tubercles and pro- ci'sses the same in nmnber, position, and shape as in ('/iri/xi(t< and the other spe- cies observed (Fig. 6*, process from 3 to middle of 13); color at first pinkish white, blue-gray on dorsum and over the anterior segments ; two days from the (.jrjr gray-green, the lines rcd-bn»wn ; the basal ridge bulT, and beneath it an- oilier brown line; under side, feet and legs greenish yellow; head as in the other species of the genus, tnberculated in same way ; color at first greenish yellow, later didl yellow. (Figs. '> to h*.) To next moult, nt Coalburgh, twelvi? days. Mr. Fletcher gives the length of this stage, at Ottawa, lus twenty -one day.s, Mr. Scndder, at Cambridge, twenty-three days. I c After first moult : length, at twelve? hours, .2 inch : nearly the same shape as I'foro ; the tuiicrcles and pro(:e.s.ses as in ( 'hri/rus, the processes short, clublied, and bent ; color yellow-bulT with a tint of green •, the dorsal stripe and sub-dor- sal line, ns well as the line under the basal ridge, pale brown ; tlie lateral band red-brown on a green grotmd which shows o.i (he anterior s(>gnients, daik along tiie upper edge ; the l)ulV ot the dorsal area nuieh streaked longitudinally and finely by red-brown; a |mle green bam! runs with the spiracles; basal ridge yellowish ; under side, feet and legs greenish yellow ; head as in the genus, sul>-globo8e, indented, tul)erculat« il, and with processes like those on the body ; the dusky vertical strip<*s as usual ; color gret'iiisb yellow. (Figs, c to <•''.) Du- ration of this stage in the only larva which reached the second moult the san>e .season, at Coalburgh, twenty-two ilays ( IS'.K)). In IHHH, all the larva^ six in number, went into hibernation after the first moult; so all larvte have behaved at Ottawa. .Vfter second moult : ength at twelve hours, .35 inch ; shape as at the l.ist previous stage , the proees.scs and stripes same, except that the lateral stripe or band discovers moin- green ; color of body nearly as before, but more yellow, le.xs green; head »;• before. (Figs, tl to (/'.) Duration of this atage at Ottawa, in spring, fifty-nine days. CHIONOBAS X. After third moult : loiif;;tli .5 inch ; scarcoly differing from last previous wlngo. ( KigH. e to e'.) Duriitioii of the staje, at Ottawa, twenty-three clays. After fourth moult : length, .03 inch ; in about twenty days was full-grown. iMATUitK Lauva. — Length, l.l.jinoli; obese, thiek in the middle, tapering about equally to either end (2 of the same diameter as 12), and ending in two short sub-conieal tails, whicii meet at base ; surfaee thiekly covered wi*!i line. sul)-coni('al tubercles of somewhat irregular size, each bearing a short sjiiue or tapering process ; general color brown-buil', striped and banded longitudinally ius in the genus ; the jnid-dorsal stripe pale black ; the lateral band black, more or less disclosing a green ununn was taken, when he rushed by me and sprang out Into the bushes, exclaiming, ' Ijook out ! there is one — here it is! ' and the fir.st specimen was secured. A minute later I had another. I hail been at Nepigon once before at exactly the rigiit senHon, and again a month later, but had not seen a specimen, and hal)out the locality. It was all right now, though, and as we were to stay a week vj felt confident of getting eggs. We took four more males that day. The most important part of an afternoons work wa.s settling a spot for our cage.i. In the glade was a great prolusion of flowers and grasses, a few spruces, cedars, and pines, mixed with poplars, aspens, and birches — all which were dotted about in a waving 8ea of gras.ses. " On the 0th we started at once to the glade with the sot purpo.se of getting females, and were successful. As we stepped info the glade, there sailed away from our feet n light brown ifutterfly with black stripes, .so mudi the si'/.o, ap- pearance, and graceful flight of LimenitLs Disippiia as almost to have escaped our notice. Something about it, however, seemed different, and a few steps and a twist of the wrist captured our first specimen of the fema'e Muvounii. During flic day we secured altogether nine females, and tied the!-.i in three cages over clumps of grass, Avena striata. When wc left we carried away with us upwards of 250 eggs, which wo afterwards distributed to every one we knew of who would take the troulile to rear the laivie." These collectors l)y no nu'ans con- fined their attention to Afuronnii, but during the wejk captured many other rare species, and obtained eggs of nine or ten of them. iMr. Fletcher has kindly written for this paper a few lines on the habits of MiirounU: "it lias a free and graceful flight, not unlike that of Limenitis Z>i- "IppHf, which the males when on the wing closely resemi)le. The females are of a more golden yellow, and can be told at a glance. When disturbed, it flies off CHIONOHAS X. nipidly for n lonp distanro, after the manupr of the Argynni nuist therefore be ready to pupate ;it once on the nudting of the snow, or they would not luive time for the pupa- to give l)Utterllies that \ ear. ' KXI'LANAl'ION OF THE PLATK. .M.\ri)i Ml, I, •.>. i ; .t, I, 9. II Kiiii ; • Iii»t -.".tmi'tits ; b* proci!.''» on liwly ; Ifi \u-m\. c, I-' l.:liv;l III (ir^l llliillll ; .» lirail. (/, ./' Lurvii lit '24 iiiiMili ; ,1' li<'al. y .Viliilt i.arva, imlurul nUu ; /' ^alll^•, ■ iilti');utl ; /' |>rutv>9 of f[i\\n- 011 liuJ)- ; J * Uoail. went s..,,. and 0(«- ' My L'Ctly ami 1 tl... ■s, as lali'd and i-ai1. il<»'n. J ex- u-jry. t\V(l- L- lllU Nc- liore lavf , l«l (fuoliiuti! ')• "*'■'<• lic/.irid, KdwiinlH, Caimdiaii Kntomoloi,'i»l, Vol. XXIll., p. i:in. l«!'l. M.vi.K. — Kxpimtls two inches. Upper side palo lulvoiis; priinnrios a little ob.scureil next Ij.ise, secondaries liirjfoly, the darit area covoriii;.; nearly half the winj^ ; the hlack markings on liotii wings ratiier iieavy ; a common lilaek marginal honler, niurow on prima- ries, one third wider on secondaries; a common series (»f small .>^ul>-marginal spots, snh-oval on primaries, crescent on secondaries, on neitiier wing touching tlie marginal bonier ; the ronnded sjuits largest on primaries ; the discal angular liand heavy on primaries, light on secondiiries ; a bar on arc of cell of primaries, another crcssing the cell a little within, a ronnded elongated s])ot depending from sidwostal nervm-e, and a crescent near base; in the siilnnedian interspace an angular cross-i)ar ; on secomlaries a V-shaped spot at the end ot cell. Under side of prinniries faded fulvous, brownish over the ba.sal part of cell ; .small patches of orange-ferruginous in the sub-costal interspaces; the markings repeated, reduced, pale ; secondaries v,.. nge-ferruginou.s, deepest next base ; a marginal black line, within which is a Heavier parallel one ; next this on each interspace a small yellowish patch, which cros.scs the inner line nearly or (luito ' Tilt! f<)otni)ti' rcfiTrcil to rcmls: " Mclilioft Astitrle,^. 'i\ (\'i. U, in rii Arsyiiiiis. 1 wa.< inisliMl liy tliu inaikinjjs of tin: iimliT surfai-f, wliidi ri'scmbli! tlin.sn of tlic lirst spccir'! of the pri'jcnt (;cnii!< (Melllii-a Miilurnii), Oclis." On pa;;i' K.'iis yivrn "No. lH, Ar^'Miiiis, ii. i>|i., Uoiky Moiiiil.-iiiis, North Anicrlra." Dr. H. S. Skinner, who l;as kindly lookcil tlii.i malKr \ip fur in.', «ay»: " 'riic spiiiis is li.Mirril only as to its upper siilc. It is not MienlioiM'd in eitlirr the Ap^ynnis or the Melilu-a lists in tlie work, lint in a f.iojnote, on yiv^M IMl, in fine print I'n ' ■ Melilivtt, is the mention I e inner marginal line of the male has become diffuse, — a band; color as in the male. (Figs. ;}, 4.) This species was described by me, in 1891, as A. Victoria, from a single male furnished by Mr. Bean. lie did not suspect that it could be Astartc of Double- day, which, though attributed to the Rocky Mountains by that author, was cata- logued by Mr. Kirby, in 1871, -, and Astarte in Alberta, live at equivalent altitudes; so also Chio- nobas CEi,'^, in Colorado, and C. SuhliynHna, in Alberta. Mr. Bruce tells me that the habits of Ilehmi are very much the same as Mr. Bean describes those of Astarte. W. H. E.) Mr. Bean continues : " There seems to me little doubt that the usual home of this butterfly is among the boulder-strewn ledges on the upper slopes of the mountains, and chiefly within a few hundred feet of the summit altitude. This is indicated by the fact that the males, though not flying about the peak tops so freely at midday as during the morning hours, often become active again later in the day, and seem as abundant toward the end of the after- noon as in the morning. It is my impression that but few of these butterflies are matiu'cd in a season upon any one mountain, and that nearly all the males are very frequent visitors to the summits in their vicinity. The female has no apparent preference for these extreme heights. She does not devote her valu- able time to racing madly across windy summits for the mere nonsense of the thing. " Tiie male appears most freely during the last week in July, and two or three days in August. New females have been found July 24th, 31st, August 2d and 3d, also September 17th. Females much worn were taken August 2d and Sep- tember ITth, indicating emergence respectively about August 12th to 15th, and September 5tii to 10th. My dates, including both sexes, show a term of emer- gcuce lasting from thirty to about sixty days, according to the season. " The food plant is not known, but it is probably not violet, or the butterfly would have been noticed in those parts of the lower slopes where the yellow violet grows ; and Jiere my collecting has been through the last two seasons. "Examining my Astarte series, selected to illustrate the biological method of the species, 1 find a basis for the following statements : — " Melanochroism does not occur. " The figure-pattern is not diflerentiated for sex ; marked uniformity obtains, especially among the males. The females are usually moderately larger than the males, and a little more variable in expanse of wing. " Non-typical tendencies in figuration appear to be somewhat rigorously sup- pressed. The fixed lines of pattern are maintained with approxim.ate precision, variation being restricted to narrow limits, so that throughout the series the flgure pattern is extremely formal, definite, and uniform " ARGYNNIS VII. ARGYNNIS ALBERTA, 5-8 Argi/nnis Alberta, Edwards, Ciuiadian Entomolo<;ist, Vol. XXII., ji. 11.'!. 1890. Beloxos to the Charldea sub-group. Male. — Expands 1.9 inch. Upper side pale yellow-fulvous ; the markings closely as in A. Helena, but reduced, pale black; the mesial stripes on both wings interrupted, macular; the extra-discal rounded spots on primaries minute, the sub-marginal crescents want- ing, represented by small clusters of scales at the summits only, leaving a clear space to the margin, which is edged by an even stripe ; on secondaries the rounded spots are larger, and so are the clusters of scales ; the marginal border is extended on each nervule so as to encroach on and make narrow the clear space. Under side of primaries pale red-brown, uniform throughout ; the black mark- ings obsolescent or altogether wanting. Secondaries brown, the extra-discal area paler, with an indefinite yellow-white stripe next above the rounded spots ; the sub-marginal lunules yellow-white and confluent ; across the disc a belt of same form as in Charldea and Helena, pale yellow-brown, obscured in the median interspaces. (Figs. 5, 6.) Female. — Same expanse. Upper side brown, dusky, ob,scure, sometimes of a slaty hue rather than brown, and always with a peculiar smooth surface suggestive of grease imperfectly removed; the markings pale, difl'iise ; the mesial stripe on primaries has here become a broad band, and the clusters of scales are merged in a continuous stripe ; on secondaries all the markings about the base and on the disc are obso- lescent ; the outer clusters of scales large and diffuse, and the margin is edged by a crenated band. Under side as in the male. (Figs. 7, 8.) ARGYNNIS VU. Egg. — Conoidiil, mucli rounded at base, the lop truncated and a little de- pressed ; the breadth and height ivhno.st equal, broadest at about two fifths tlie distance from base, the sides much arched, after the middle narrowing upwards rapidly, the top rather less than half the breadth below ; marked by abont forfv vertical ribs, thin, but sliglitly elevated, often straight, sometimes slightly sinu- ous, eiglit or ten of them ending at from one third to two thirds from base, there joining the long ribs ; the ends at top do not form a serrated rim as in many species ; between the ribs tlie rounded depressions are crossed by many low hori- zontal ridges ; the micropyle is in the centre of a rosette of flattened five-sided cells, and beyond are three or four rows of irregularly five-sided large shallow cells to the rim ; color when first laid, pale yellow. (Figs, a, a".) Duration of this stage ten days. This species discovers a greater number of ribs than any which 1 have ol)- served. Frci/a comes next, with .SO ; Chdriclea, 30 to 34 ; Helena, 32 ; while Monthms has but 25 ; Frirj'ja, 20 to 22 ; Bellona, 21 or 22 ; Triclaris, 20 ; 3fij)'l)ia, 15 or 10. Young Larva. — Length, .00 inch. Cylindrical, of even size from 2 to 8, then tapering on both dorsum and side very gradually to 13 ; each segment well rounded ; color yellow-brown, pale in lino of the spiracles ; marked by eight longitudinal rows of dark, flattened, tuber- culous spots, three above and one below the spiracles on either side ; the spots sub-triangular, or oval or rounded, in the upper rows bearing two small blackish tubercles, from each of which springs a long, tapering hair, thickened at the end ; on the anterior segments these hairs are turned forward, on the middle are nearly upright, on the last are turned back ; on dorsum of 2 is a long and broad oval spot corresponding with the four upi)erinost rows, with four hairs along the front and one behind and between each pair of these ; the spot on this segment of tlie third row has two hairs, but the next two have three, and these three spots are a little below the line ; on 2, also, in front of the spiracle, are two short hairs in vertical line ; the spots below the spiracles are rounded, and, except that on 13, have four divergent hairs on each from 4 to 12, three on 3 and 4 ; along the base is a line of minute tui)ercles with very short hairs, on 2 and 13 two each, on the rest but one ; under side pale yellow-brown ; feet and legs color of body ; head obovoid, bilobed, dark-brown, .shining, with many short hairs. (Fig. h.) The larvtv) went into lethargy at once from the egg, and died during the winter. This species was discovered by Mr. Thomas E. Bean, who has kindly written for me an account of its habits and localities as follows : — AKGYNNIS VII. " Argynnis Alberta occurs on the mountaitiH, near Latfgaii, witli Colias Nasta^, Clirysophamis Snoioi, Argynniw Astartc, and the alpine Cliionobas near Subliiju- I'nin, Curtis. In 1890, 1 took one pair on a mountain near Ilector, 15. C, two miles went of the Alberta Province line. On that mountain lives Cliionobas /Irnrel, never yet observed at Laggan, only nine miles distant. Alberta i're- iiuents the upper slopes and slides ot the mountains, at strictly alpine elevations; the females often being found higher on the inclines than the males. When Miildenly disturbed, the female is liable to rise high and convey herself tnmultn- onsly half across a mountain. Hi.bitually, however, and unvexed, her flight is (li'iiberatc, and she alights frequently. She has a certain dignity of manner which commands respect. An air of speculation marks her, denoting a mind preoccupied with problems. The male spends much of his time flying slowly and searchingly down the .slides, so close to the ground that he almost seems Liliding on the surface. He is less easily caught than t!ie female, except when lit flowers. Both male and female fly very low, and on alighting rest with wings spread flat on the ground, which is the approved mode among our local species 111' Argynnis and Parnassius. Even Astarle follows the prevailing fashion, but it is far more wary and alert than Alherta. Considering relatively these two spe- cies, the comparison is suggestive in view of their community- of habitat and their respective relationship to other species in the genu.s. In habits of flight, and in topographical preferences, they are distinctly unlike. They differ greatly in regard to pictorial differentiation for sex. And it seems about a proved fact that one of these species is diverse from the other in important details of devel- opment, Alhcrla having a biennial imago, appearing in the even-digitcd years, while Astarle presents the imago yearly. According to my experience, Alherta is on the wing only in alternate years. I have searched its territory during six summers, 1888 to 1893 inclusive. In 1888 it was first found, and was met next i.i 1890, and then in 1892; but in the intermediate seasons, 1889, 1891, 1893, none were seen. I find no mention of any other butterfly conditioned by a simi- lar lapse of the imago with the exception of Cliionobas Aello. The species seems to be characterized by a twice-hibernating larva, and meanwhile conditioned in its secular progress by causes wdiich restrict its cycles of development to one unvarying periodicity. This undeviating periodic mode results in ' off-years' for the imago. As an illustration : the females of 1888 Avill have laid their eggs and died, before winter. The young larv;i> hibernating under the ample protec- tion of the snow, the larvto feed during the summer of 1889, and hibernate still another winter. In the sununer of 1890 they mature, and in quick succession follow chrysalis and imago. Again, during a few lirief days, Alherta flowers out in its dark beauty along the alpine cscarpment.s, and passes the time of day with ARGYNNIS VII. the commonplace evorv-yenr Ijiittorllies, and hides away her oggs shrewdly hero and there for the benelit of posterity. Thus is one cycle completed and another established. " I am reluctant to assert the strictly biennial imago as a demonstrated fact, yet its probability is greatly supported by careful observations made in 1891 uiid 1893, as also by the fact that I had no dilllculty in finding the butterlly in 18U() and 1892. According to this view, the species has a triennial cycle of development and is subject to an astonishing fixedness of habit, by force of which an archaic periodicity is steadily and exclusively maintained, resulting in restriction of the secular progress of the species to a single stream, and therel)y limiting the imago to a biennial lliglit. Admitting an imago strictly biennial, the restrictive perio- dicity seems unavoidably implied. It is diflicult to understand why, in a long series of considerably variant summers, Alherta should not have been able in some favoring season to steal a march on fate by maturing a few individuals earlier than the mass, thus capturing for the imago the barren years, and start- ing a supplementary stream of secular progress in cycles of development begin- ning and ending on the odd years, as 1891, 189.3, etc. " Alberta inhabits a very limited altitude range, and this is the only fact known to me which helps to explain why the species may have remained permanently subject to such limitations as have been suggested. Species which range from the larch groves at C,800 feet to the mountain tops at 8,000 or 8,500 feet, as most of our alpine lepidoptera do upon occasion, could not pci'manently maintain such inflexible routine. Sooner or later the individuals maturing near the lower levels would deliver such a species from its disability. But Alberta has not this resource. Its ordinary range is between 7,400 and 7,900 feet, and it frequents most the steep slopes and slides at 7,500 feet and above, not flying far below its usual range, and manifesting no partiality for extreme altitudes. I have not noticed it below 7,200 feet, and seldom so low. "Of the early stages the egg and first larval stage only are known. The food plant has not been a.scertained ; certain indications render it somewhat probable that this will prove to be Dryas octopetala. "A .series of Alberta consisting of thirty males and twenty-five females justi- fies the statement that while a majority of females are conspicuously mclano- chroic, and only an occasional individual is lacking that tendency, among the males, on the contrary, melanochroism is not found. " Should further research result in certain proof that Alberta flies only in the even years, the fact will strengthen the probability that others of the alpine butterflies likewise develop in three-year cycles. These species, however, owing to more mobile customs of growth, advance the secular progress in two periodic ARGYNNIS VII. lines, tlie sequence of one lino of advance being alternfito to tliat of the other. Such a fpecie.s would traverse the centuries in two processions, one having r, \ e;ir tlie start of the other, so that a cycle of development in the one procession completes its course a year in advance of the correspondent cycle in the other, lint the wayfaring children of Alberta apparently all travel in one caravan." Mr. Bean sent me ten eggs of Alber(a,la\d on Dryas octopetala in confinement, ,Tuly 20 and 21, 1890. There were some other plants ui the can, he ■wrote, (in which a few eggs were laid, but nearly all were on the leaves and stems of the plant first mentioned. The eggs hatched on oOtli and .31st July, or after ten days. The larvae at once went into hibernation, and died in course of the winter. Mr. Bean told me that the larvae with him were lost in the same way. CHTONOBAS VIII. CHIONOBAS SUBHYALINA, 1-5. ChUwohiu Subhi/alinn, Curtis, in Appenilix to Ross's Niirrativo N. W. PassaKC, p. OH. ISSS ; Kihvards, Cnna- .liaii Kutomoloaist, Vol. XXV., p. 1:17. 1803 ; Ileimii, Klwcs, Tran». Knt. Soc. Loiul., p. 47U. 181)3. M.VT,E. — Expands from 2 to 2.1 inclios. Sliapc of C. Brucel and C. (Jileri, and fully as transparent as the forinor; primaries narrow, produced apioally and pointed, the hind margin sloping inward more than in Simldea. or G'Jno. Upper side pale gray-black ; primaries some- times have a, faint sexual stripe, oftencr no trace of it; one example under view shows two light sub-apical points, transverse, pupils of incomplete ocelli; costnl edgi! whitislC freckled next base with black ; fringes of both wings ycllowLsh white, dusky at the ends of the nervules. Under side of primaries paler, the costal and apex gray-white, or yellowi.'^h Avhite, streaked and mottled with brown ; in some examples the rest of the wing is free from markings (as shown in Fig. 1) ; but in others the extra-discal area and the costal half of the cell are covered with transverse, abbreviated streaks of brown, more or less distinct (as shown in Fig. 4). Seconilaries vary much, some showing a distinct though faint mesial band (Fig. 2), others almost none at all (Fig. 3), with intermediate grades; sometimes there is no more than a suggestion of the band in cloudy patches on either mar- gin ; where the band is complete, the edges are darkened and definite, the outer one crenated from the elbow on upper branch of median to costa, and wavy or erose from elbow to inner margin ; on the inner edge there is a prominent pro- jection on the sub-costal nervure, either angular or rounded, followed by a nearly rectangular sinus in the cell ; the whole Aving is covered with whitish or lutcous scales, intermingled with which are brown ones more or less grouped into fine, abbreviated streak.s, especially over the basal area and along the inner margin ; sometimes there is a narrow space of nearly clear white just outside the band ; on the edge of hind margin a pale dot in the middle of each interspace, and often Canii- )3. mor ; AViird «oine- viow cost ill owish owisli wing areii iks of band times mar- outer vy or ; pro- learly itcous fine, irgin ; band ; often SUBHYALINA 1 J cf : d 4 5 M O R N A • 6 cf . / (' , , p j&:f:f"> r^Tv* CHIONOBAS VIII. an obscure series of diffused yellow-white patches halfway between the band and margin. (Fig. 3.) Body black ; the femora black ; tarsi brown, with red spines ; palpi black ; antennna pale black above, ringed beneath with cretaceous; club black. (Figs. 1, 2, 3.) Female. — Expands from 2 to 2.2 inches. All the wings broader than in the male, the apex of primaries more rounded, the inward slope of hind mai'gin less and the arch of same mai'gin greater. I p- por side as in the male ; the yellowish patches on disk of secondaries beneath reappear above, obscure, diffused, in some examples ; under side of primaries as in the male, but the brown streaks are more conspicuous and more extended ; in one of three examples under view there is a straight, extra-discal row of four small, oblong, whitish spots in the discoidal and median interspaces, and a corre- sponding row of four whitish spots on secondaries, which are more distinct, irreg- ular, and unequal ; in all three the band is faint, and on the inner side is more or less lost in the dark hue of the basal area. (Figs. 4, 5.) The description by Curtis is as follows : — " Suhhyalina. Wings semi-transparent, fuscous, costa freckled with black and white, two small black spots towards the apex with white pupils, most distinct on the under side. " Expansion one inch, eleven lines. " 3Me black, antennas ochreous, the club elongated ; wings semi-transparent, pale fuscous, nervures ochreous, costa black, freckled with white ; two indistinct white dots towards the apex with blackish ocelli, cilia whitish, spotted with black; under side of superior wings similar to the upper, but the ocellated spots are distinct, and the surface, excepting the disk, is mottled with ochre and pale black, lightest at the apex; inferior wings spotted and mottled with black and dirty white, forming a waved and curved pale line beyond the middle, with three or four whitish dots beyond it. " A single male was preserved, and probably was taken with the last species (H. Eossii), of which, at first sight, I thought it had been only an old and faded specimen, but on examination it proved to be in good condition.". This description was published in 1835, and the insect was taken i.i 1830. It remained in the collection of Mr. Curtis, and after his death, together with his other Arctic specimens of butterflies and moths, was purchased by Mr. Henry Doubleday, and presented by 1 im to his friend M. Guenee. After the death of M. Guen{;e, his entire entomological collection passed to Mr. Charles Obcrthur. Mr. Elwea claims to have had before him the original Suhhyalina, the type, loaned CHIONOBAS VIII. him by Mr. Oborthur, and from this single example determines Suhhyalina to be synonymous with two species which are quite distinct from each other, namely, C. Crambis and C. (Uno, besides AsshniUs, which he speaks of as a species, though as I have hereinbefore shown, it is but an unhanded form of (Eno. Now, I refuse to believe that the insect in M. Oberthur's collection is the type in- sect of Curtis, and in proof thereof offer in evidence Curtis's name and deKcri|)- tion. He described a nearly transparent insect, using the strongest word the language aifords to express that peculiarity in selecting the name " hyaline," whicli means crystalline, like glass, transparent. " Subhyaline " means almost transparent, and the wings of the insect should permit the label on the pin to be distinctly seen through tliem, as is the case with C. Brucei. He says it is blacky and to express the shade of black, uses the word " fuscous," — " pale fuscous." This word is applied both to blackish brown and to gray-black ; but his use of the word '•' black," unqualified, in the beginning of the description, fixes the color ho intended to signify. He also says that it had an old (which implies worn) and faded appearance, but that nevertheless, " on examination, it proved to be in good condition ; " that is, the normal appearance of the insect was as one old, or worn, and faded. Now Cramhls is a red-brown (the red decided), and the wings are Komi-opaque. It is not hyaline in the least degree, but exactly the reverse. QJao, with AsshniUs, is not transparent at all, but a little translucent. Trans- parent and translucent mean very different states. As to color, CEno is a livid brown, or a yellow-brown, individuals varying. It is not black of any shade, and therefore not fuscous, as Curtis uses that term. Boisduval, in describing (Enn in the Icones, says it is of a " gris-brunatrc-livide mCde de jaunatre." Tlie plates of CEno in Part 14, and of Crumhis in Part 13, show the coloration of these widely different species. They are both so antagonistic to the description of Curtis that the claim that one or both are his species really does not deserve serious consideration. When an alleged type does not agree with the descrip- tion, and especially- if it is antagonistic, reliance is to be placed on the description alone. That is the rule in entomology. It is manifest that the type of Curtis, during the fifty years since it left the Curtis collection, must have been de- stroyed, and the label has been attached to another insect, near, or pretty near, the original, so far as the owner of the collection could remember. M. Guenue was not a student of butterllies, but of moths, — the Heterocera in general. ]\Ir. Curtis may not have labeled this type insect, or Doubleday may have done it, and incorrectly. M. Guenee may have lost the in.sect, and then attached the label to another, as near to it as he could remember. Whatever it was, in pass- ing through four hands in the years since 1835, the type Suhhyalina must have been lost or destroyed. Type specimens were not valued half a century ago as CHIONOBAS VIll. tliey tire to-day. Insects in cabinets have a hundred enemies, and the chances are largely against the survival of any particular specimen for so long a time. ]\Iuseura pests, mould, careless handling, or other accident, do their work. Loss of types in entomological collections is a frequent occurrence, and loud com- plaints have come from the Museum of the treatment which such collections as the Linna3an, and that of Stephens, have been subjected to in this particular. Three years after the Stephens collection came to the Museum, Mr. J. F. Daw- son, Ent. Ann., 1858, wrote : " Suppose the Stephens collection, instead of com- ing to us direct from the hands of its compiler and owner three years ago, had become antiquated, like the Linniean ; or suppose the question of the ti/j)es to he discussed some sixty or sevent// years hence, with no more definite knowledge to assist the inquirer than the Stephensian types and the Stephensian descriptions would supply, might it not be argued that the types, in the instances under dis- cussion, must he ir/nored, as they never were intended to represent the true Loppa pulicaria, Steph., hecause they are antagonistic to the descriptions ? " Mr. McLach- lan. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1871, p. 44.3, says: "Before the Linna^an collection was placed in its present quarters, it was so maltreated by additions, destructions, and misplacement of luhels, as to render it a matter of regret that it exists at all. Any evidence it now furnishes is only trustworthy when confirmed by the descriptions." Mr. Elwes, having found the label of Curtis attached to an example of either Cramhis, or QJno, or Assimilis, proceeded to rename the Laggan species, to which I had recently applied the name Suhhyalina, Curti.s, as Beanii. The description of Curtis applies well to this Laggan form. It is remarkably transparent, it is pale fuscous, and it lias the peculiar old and faded appearance called for, to a greater degree than any other member of the genus as yet known to live on this continent. In the le.sser details given by Curti.s, the description fits well. And 1 lioJ that this form is the real Suhhyalina of Curtis. Tht locality or date of capture of Suhhyalina by the Ross Expedition is not given, '.■ >' is the locality of IL Eossii, though the capture of the latter is set down as aving occurred on 18th and 20th July, 1830, and 14th July, 1831. Apparently these butterflies were taken at about long. 75" and lat. 70°, in the region named Boothia Felix by Captain Ross. From that day to a recent date nothing more was heard of Suhhyalina. We owe its rediscovery to Mr. Thomas E. Bean, at Laggan, Alberta, Canada, and he has kindly furnished me notes as follows : — '• Suhhyalina is known in this district as occurring on one alpine summit, at Hector, B. C, two miles west of the Alberta line, and on two such summits near Laggan ; one of these in the central range, three miles south of the Bow River, CIIIONOBAS VIII. the other on an isolated mountain, three miles north of the river. The relative position of these ascertained localities, the constancy of the occurrence of the butterfly, year by year, and the degree of its abundance are sufficient indica- tions that it is of generol occurrence on the alpine summits of Bow Valley. Its observed range of altitude extends from 7,300 feet, for occasional stragglers (timber line, at Laggan, being 7,000 feet), to 8,500 feet,* the latter height regardless of the food plant, as the males habitually frequent rock-wastes at the points and ndges of the peaks. The females seldom reach such locahties, but chiefly inhabit sedgy slopes in a belt of altitude between 7,500 and 7,800 feet. The larva is not known beyond the first stage. The butterfly appears chiefly during the last half of July ; the earliest captives being on July 7th (in 1888, an early season), both sexes. In 1892, a late season, five males were taken August 4th." Mr. Bean wrote me February 18th, 1891 : " I can say now, that my lot (of SuhhyaUna) are all one form, differing chiefly in degree of definition of the band beneath the hind wing." Mr. Bean was satisfied, in 1889, that " this mountain-top Chionobas," as he calls it in letter of 20th April, was neither Semklea nor any of the allied eastern species, and says : " It is a subhyaline edi- tion of Jutta, of a primitive pattern, totally devoid of fulvous areas or fulvous suffusion ; the entire under side of secondaries marbled gray and black, the cen- tral dark band obscure in most, but defined in a few. I could not obtain fertile eggs of it last summev, though I made great efforts. It is a big task to go after these mountain insects ; the labor is something tremendous. The right method would be to go up into the mountain for a time and live there. In that way something might be accomplished worth the effort; a thorough mountain-top campaign would be the thing." Shortly after, Mr. Bean became satisfied that this species was the SuhhyaUna of Curtis and as such sent it abroad. 1 8,500 feet at Laggan is equivalent to 12,500 feet in Colorado, at which C. (Eno flics. Both SuhhyaUna and (Eno are summit species, inhabiting the loftiest peaks in their districts. CHIONOBAS VIII. CHIONOBAS NORNA, 6-8. Chionobas Noma, Thiinbcrg, Diss. Eiit. Nov. Ins. Stioc, Part II., p. .Ifi, pi. 5, fij;. 11. 1791; Espor, Eur. Silimett., pi. lOK, (i^r. 4. IJoisduval, loones, p. 185, pi. ;ifi, figs. I-G. 1H32; Edwards. Can. Eiit., Vol. XVIII., p. 1(1. 188(i. Male (from Finland). — Expands 2.2 inches. Upper side dusky brown, somewhat tran.'shicent ; on primaries a blackish sex- ual dash ; two small black, blind ocelli, each with a pale, restricted nimbus, in the upper di.scoidal and second median interspaces, and in each of the two inter- vening interspaces a pale patch ; on secondaries a series of yellowish diffused patches corresponding to the definite spots of under surface ; fringes of both wings luteous, dusky at the ends of the nervules. Under side of primaries paler ; the costal edge sprinkled with gray and black, the hind margin and apex mottled gray, and on costa above the ocellus a gray patch ; the ocelli repeated, and pupilled white. Secondaries brown, mottled with gray-white along the basal edge of the band, and from the band to base along the costal margin, also for a narroAV space outside the band, and again along the hind margin ; the rest of the extra-discal area brown on a gray ground ; the series of .spots is sordid white, except the one in second median interspace, which is pure white ; the band dark brown, scarcely at all dusted gray, narrow next costal margin and for two interspaces, then abruptly expands on the outer side to nearly twice the first width, and so continues to inner margin ; the outer edge in its general course is arched, with rounded crenations in the interspaces ; the inner edge has a small rvrominence on the eel! next sub-costal followed by a rounded sinus on median, tiience wavy to the margin. (Fig. 6.) Out of several exam- ples of this species from Finland and Lapland, sent me for examination by Dr. Holland, I find the Finland males come nearest the Alaska females in my collec- tion, and thinking it probable that males of this type will hereafter be taken at Nushagak I have given the figure on the Plate. CIIIONOBAS VIII. Female (from Alaska). — Expands 2.2 inches. Upper side dusky brown, with a common extra-discal broad yellowish band ; on this, on primaries, are three black, white pupilled ocelli, and two minute black spot.'*, one in the lower discoidal, the other in the sub-median interspace ; on secondaries a .small pupilled ocellus in the lower median interspace, and a second, smaller but still pupilled, in the interspace preceding ; fringes yellow-white, du.sky at the ends of the nervules. Under side of prim; ics much streaked with dark brown, even upon the yellow band ; the three ocelli repeated. Secondaries mottled with pale black and gray- white, darker next base ; the extra-discal spots yellowLsh ; the mesial band black a little dusted with yellow-white, in general as described in the male, but the outer edge is .serrate, followed by an incision on lower discoidal interspace, then crenatcd to the margin ; the basal side as in the male. (Figs. 7, 8.) In 1885, I received three females of Noma from Nushagak, one of which was sent to Dr. Staudinger, as mentioned in my paper in the Canadian Entomologist ; the other two remain in my collection, or rather form part of that of Dr. Holland, as all of this collection has passed over to him. These are the only examples of the species known to me to have been taken on this continent. In Europe, Noma flies in Scandinavia ; Boisduval tiays, in the high mountains. Mr. Elwcs says, " It is found all over Scandinavia, as far south as Jemtland, where I have taken it in open marshy forests ; " and speaks of it as having been taken in Siberia, in the Altai Mountains, Revision of fEneis, p. 469, 1893. I find nothing recorded of its habits of flight, or respecting its early stages. nd ; ack on )n(l, lite, low •ay- ack the hen was ;ist ; uid, IS of ope, Iwcs lavo 1 in ?.v<* ./■' ,/" V. ■ «i|,3t«V*<>*'!")ii;i-/(»t'»'— ^U'y J,'^ ^t-n -t^.. S E MID E A . 12 0 3 4 y , 5 J . 6 o , VAR. N I G RA. 8 cf (white mts.i 7 0 fPIKES PEAKl , V^.R, J 10 9 (HUDSON STRAIT) m' r V .. ir^- :fn.f'Ar ««*s- CHIONOBAS IX. CriTONOBAS SEM1DJ]A, 1-10. Chlombd.i (Ilipniircliia) Semidm, Say, AitKMic.'in Entomolojy, Vol. HI., pi. 50. 1S28 ; Harris, Ins., M pililioii, |i. :ii)l, li^. 1J6. lHi',-2 ; Chionolias Semiilea, Sciulder, Boston .11. Nat. Hist., Vol. VII., p. C'.M, pi. II. IHii; ill., I'roc. Ent. Soc. Phil., Vol. V., p. 20. 1M(;5 ; French, Butt. East. U. S., p. 291, fig. 72. 188«j (Ene Scmidea, Scuddcr, Butt. N. E., Vol. I., p. 124, pi. 1, fig. «. 1889. Q<)nciii Male. — Expands from 1.8 to 2 inches. Wings slightly translucent ; upper side brown-black, with a tint of ochraceous ; costal edge of primaries yellow-white transversely streaked and specked with I)lack ; in the upper discoidal interspace is often a minute blind black ocellus ; the hind wings immaculate, save that in some examples there appear sub-mar- ginal elongated dusky patches, suggestive of a stripe ; fringes brown, darker at the tips of the nervules. Under side of primaries paler, often a gray-brown ; the apical area and upper half of the hind margin gray, tlecked with black ; sometimes the dark shade is in rather large patches, and the surface is mottled ; some examples show a dark stripe running obliquely back from costa, beyond the cell, ending at the upper branch of median ; often there is a dark stripe across the cell near the arc, and the cell is more or less streaked transversely ; the ocellus, if present above, is repeated, and has a central white point. Hind wings, in most cases, much covered with brown-black, but in others the gray prevails, except within the mesial band ; in the darker examples the area next base is nearly black, .shading outwardly into a belt less black, and along the band becoming clear gray, or nearly clear ; outside the band about half the area to margin is, first, pure gray for a narrow space, then gray lightly streaked with black, and beyond much streaked and specked, with patches next the margin suggestive of a stripe ; in others there is scarcely any gray on the basal area, and there is very little difference in color between the base and disk, while towards the margin the dark shades prevail ; the mesial band is broad, bent exteriorly at about 60' on the upper branch of median (Fig. 2), from which point CHIONOBAS IX. to costft the edge is irrc<^ularly scrmtcd ; occuMionally at the bend a sharp and much proh)ngod Hcrmtioii is prt-sLMit ( Fij.vtis, somewhat more than in JJrucel), dome-shaped at top ; mesonotum without carina, rounded every way ; the depression rather shallow : abdomen sub-conical, obese ; wing cases somewhat elevated, beveled down to the abdomen on the margin ; the cremaster consists of a projecting blunt bifid ridge, corrugated on under side, the anal orifice well defined, as are also the two outer lobes which represent the anal projections of the larva ; naked, furnished with neither hooks nor bristles ; color (lead-leaf brown, the anterior parts darker, including the upper parts of the wing cases, mesonotum, and head case ; on the anterior part of each abdominal segment a cross row of black dots, and on the posterior a row of black dashes. (Figs, e to e'.) Duration of this stage, in an instance mentioned by Mr. Scudder, seventeen days. The figures were made by Mrs. Peart from a dead chrysalis furnished by Mr. Scudder, and were colored after his directions. To Mr. Scudder we owe the larger part of the knowledge thus far gained of Si'iiiidea, and in the Butterllies of New England, he has treated of its geographi- cal distribution, habits, and life-history, so far as observed in the White M( un- tains of New Hampshire. He says : ^' Se^nidea w^as' first discovered about half a century ago, and described by Say from specimens sent him by Dr. Pickering and Mr. Nuttall, of Boston. Very few specimens seem to have been taken since that time, until 1859, when I maiie my first considerable collections in the White Mountains. Ascending the highest peak, on July 8th, for the express purpose of finding this butterfly, I secured my first specimen at about a mile from the summit, near the then footpath from the Glen. On ascending they became more abundant, and over forty were taken, and a friend even captured seven in his hands. Less than a week afterwards fifty-nine were taken. "The butterfly is found most al.tundantly about one quarter to three ifjarters of a mile from the summit of Mt. ^Vashington, or at an elevation of from aijout 5,000 to 6,200 feet above the sea. It often alights on the flowers of Silene acaulis, Linn., as well as upon some of the Ericaceae, particularly en a species of Vaccinium, and is also fond of the flowers of Arenaria Groonlandica ; but the best collecting places are the &edgy plateaus of the northeastern and soutliern sides of the mountain. " I have made several > xperiments in obtaining eggs, but only twice success- fully. In the first place, a single egg was obtained lying on the ground ; in the last, twenty, by imprisoning females in a lace bag over a pot of growing sedge on the very summit of the mountain. No eggs wore laid upon the sedge itself. CHIONOBAS IX. but three or four on dead roots and sticks ; most were laid on the netting, and a couple on the wire that supported it. It seems probable that the eggs are laid in nature near the base of the clumps of sedge which stud the plateau thickly. With all my watching, 1 have never been able to detect the females in the act of laying, but one often starts them up from deep down in the sedge. " I have repeatedly taken the caterpillar feeding upon Carex vulgaris. " In the east, Semidea is entirely confined to the White Mountains of New Hampshire." Of the flight of this species, the author says : " One would suppose that insects whose home is almost always swept by the fiercest blasts would be provided with powerful wings, fitting them for strong and sustained flight ; but the contrary is true. They can offer no resistance to the winds, and if they ascend more than their accustomed two or three feet above the surface of the grourd, or pass the shelter of some projecting ledge of rocks, they are whirled headlong to 'mmense distances until they can again hug the earth ; their flight is rather sluggish and heavy ; they are easily captured, though they fly singly, never congregating, and have their devices to escape pursuit. One is, when alarmed, or indeed at most times, they fly up and down the slopes, rarely along them, rendering pur- suit particularly difficult. Another is, they will rise in the air to get caught by the wind, which often takes them out of sight in a moment. One will set- tle on the ground at a little distance from a crevice in the rock-piles, and as you cautiously approach you will see it edge away afoot, in its spasmodic fashion, to the brink of the crevice and settle itself ; then if you come nearer, it will start as if to fly away, but close its wings instead anc" fairly drop down the crevice where you may see it but not reach it ; to repeat the process, and get farther down, if again alarmed by the removal of the upper rocks. It rests on the ground, or on the leeward side of rocks, as I have often found it on a cloudy day, when it had not been upon the wing. As soon as one alights, it tumbles on one side with a sudden fall, but not quite to the surface, exposing the under side of the wings with their marbled markings next the gray rock mottled with brown and yellow lichens, so that an ordinary passer-by would look at them without observing their presence. It is an obvious case of protective resemblance. . . . If at rest for the night, or the wind be sweeping fiercely, the costal edges of all the wings are brought together. In walking, it moves by a series of spasmodic starts." Mr. Scudder is of the opinion that the species is single-brooded. " It i -^uafly begins to appear on Mt. Washington t!i2 first week in July, becomes abui. jant before the midrile of the month, and continues till about the second week in August. . . . Tney apparently lay most of their eggs during the last week of CIIIONOUAS IX. July. Caterpillars have been found by .several persons nearly full grown be- tween 2Utli July and 2d August; and others, certainly full grown, on August I'Jth, and in September. These must bnve been born the previous year, as the eggs do not hatch before the first of August. And as all living chrysalids that have been found have been taken in the earlier part of the season, between June lUth and July, it would appear as if two years must be required for the full cycle of changes, and that the winter is passed in two conditions, both larval, one just hatched, or in a very early stage, the other full grown, or nearly so, a whole season being required for the development of the larva alone." But wliile the author believes the biennial cycle to be the rule, he thinhs there are exceptions every year, some larva) hatched early attaining full growth the same season, and cluinging to pupic early the next year, and giving butterflies in July. With regai'd to the mode of pupation : the hite Mr. G. F. Sanborn, after a search of several liours among the surface stones and pieces of iock, found two living pupoo, and nine others that were either infested 1)V parasites, or the empty shells of the previous year ; " they were all found imbedded between the sides of the rock and the long, dense, crisp moss surrounding it, between half an inch and an inch and a half below the general surface where the caterpillar had entered. They were not attached to the rock or the moss, but lay in horizontal oval cells evidently formed by the movements of the caterpillar before pupation ; the most particular examination revealed no trace of any web or silken thread even as a lining of the cell." Mr. Scudder has himself found pupfc beneath or beside surface stones, and Mr. C. P. Whitney has discovered larva) ready for pupation in similar localities. Farther experience leads the author to feel " sure that the places chosen by the larvse for pupation are exactly those cho.sen by it for daily concealment, the under side of surfoce stones which rest upon another stone, — a level, damp, cool, protected spot; here the caterpillar rests upon the lower surface with the roof grazing its back ; and, pushing away whatever may interfere with the smoothness of the spot, changes to chrysalis without farther ado. I have but once found a cell which was anywhere near complete . . . when the (upper) stone was removed. The caterpillar was lying on its back when found. May 31st, and changed to chrysalis, June 2d, in the valley below." This, so far as I know, is all the information attainable as to the pupation, for no one seems to have been able to rear the larva from egg to pupa, or even to the adult stage ; and in cases known to me where larvje in the last stage have been found, and thereafter fed in captivity, all have died at the time when pupa- tion appeared to be near. In Psyche, Vol. V., page 129, 1891, Mr. Scudder gives later observations: CIIIONOBAS IX. " Before noon, on July 17th, the morning being fair, I caged half a dozen Send- (lea females, on a pot of growing sedge, in an open south window, in the hotel at the summit of Mt. Washington. The afternoon and all the next day, the moun- tain was enveloped in clouds, and no eggs were laid before July 20th, when, by eight o'clock, a single one was seen. During that day and the next about eight or nine were laid. . . . Half a dozen more females were placed in the cage on the afternoon of the 21st," and next day cage and contents were taken to Cam- bridge, Mass., with the result of finding twenty-six eggs ; several others were laid, up to 25tli July. The -same month, 1891, Mr. A. P. Mor.se, of Wellesley, Mass., mailed to me, at Coalburgh, a dozen examples of both se.xes of Scmklea alive, of which seven Avere females. They had been turned loose into a small pasteboard box, and were four days en route, arriving on 14tli July. Several were dead, some were nearly so, but two were active and fiew out of the bo.x as I opened it. These 1 put within a net over blue grass (Poa pratensis), and fed with sugared apple to which a little water was added. The next day I found seven eggs, all dropped on the ground. The last female died on ICth ; that is, she had lived six days after capture. On 31st Jidy, 1892, Mr. Morse again sent living examples of same species from Mt. Washington, all females. But only one reached me alive. As soon as 1 olfered her the sugared fruit she unrolled her proboscis and began to feed. But I allowed her three miiuites only, and afterwards gave more food at intervals, becau.se the in.sects cared for the previous year had gorged themselves, and some had died in consequence. This female lived with me six days, or to the tenth after capture, and laid fifteen eggs. Again, in 1892, on July 13th, I received from Mr. Scudder two living females, remainder of five mailed from Mt. Washington on 10th ; and next day sixteen alive, part of a lot of twenty-five mailed the 11th. Some of these lived till the 15th and IGth, and they laid in all thirty-five eggs, some on the way to me, others on the nets or the grass or ground. It had been supposed previous (o these experiments and observations of Mr. Scudder and others that Semideu could not live at an altitude much lower than its place of habitat on the White Mountains. The only other district within the United States in which Semidea has as yet been found is in Colorado, where it has occasionally been seen in two or three localities. Mr. Dnvid Bruce writes : "I can say very little indeed about >S'fJ» ((/e« in Colorado. I never met with it but once, at Marshall Pass, in the central part of the State. They were scarce, and the day was windy. The late William S. Foster had taken a few examples at the same locality, in 1888, and from his CHIONOHAS IX. examples which 1 arranged after liis death, that fall, I first noticed the difference between this species and what we now call C. CEno, from Bullion Mountain. Mr. Oslar took his Scmideu at Pike's Peak, in 1892, and I saw the difference between those and (Eno at once, and sent you the three examples he gave me. Certainly I have never found Sein'ulea in company with Brucei or (Eno, on Mts. IJulUon, Hayden, Gibson, and the Whale. I saw, in 1893, CEiw, which had been taken by Professor Gillette on Long Peak ; but there were no Semidea in his collection. All these peaks are on the eastern side of the Rockies ; no one seems to have explored the mountains to the westward." Mr. Ernest J. Oslar wrote me, in answer to inquiries: "It was during my descent of Pike's Peak, 1892, on the morning of July 8th, that on approaching Windy Gap, which is about 2,000 feet from the top, and on the west side of the mountain, above timber, I first beheld a C. Semidm dart up suddenly a few yards ahead of me, and after a swift and undulating flight fall suddenly to the rocks. Others were started, and I had to employ the utmost caution and patience to capture any of them, so wary were they, — alarmed at the slightest movement. They always flew up the mountain when surprised. After a labori- ous tramp up and down the slope for two hours, I was rewarded by having captured ten fine specimens, all of which proved to be males." One of these is shown on the Plate, figure 7. All the three sent me are small, size of the smallest examples from New Hampshire. Prof. Edward J. Owen also encountered Semidea on Pike's Peak, in 1892. He says : " My specimens, I should say, were taken at about one thousand feet above the Half Wny ITouse (on the stage road, not the Half-way -House on the railroad). At the place of capture I was somewhat above timber (hardly above the so-called ' timber-line,' the elevation of which is 11,000 feet there), but on a rocky ridge with no timber very near." It is apparent from the observations so far made that Semidea in Colorado lives at a considerably lower level than CEno, its nearest ally, and does not asso- ciate with it. The wariness of the species and its swiftness of flight, as reported by Mr. Oslar, is quite different from the habit on Mt. Washington, N. H. On this subject Mr. Scudder writes me : " To maintain life on an isolated peak, as on an oceanic island, insects must be either strong-winged or very weak-winged. The furious blasts which blow about Mt. Washington are far more intense than any I ever experienced in Colorado, and if Semidea had been inclined to battle with the wind and become in time stronger winged for the exercise, I do not believe it could have survived to this day. It would have been blown off the mountain. But it has become weak-winged through desuetude, and that has been its salvation. It makes no contest with the wind, but when caught by it CHIONOBAS IX. drops as soon as may be to the ground. The species lives in Colorado at an elevation several thousand feet higher, and the thin winds of that height it can contend against, and so maintain a combat which strengthens it even in defeat." Soaidea has been believed to inhabit Labrador, by which name is to be under- stood the Atlantic side of the peninsula only, and many collections in the United States and Canada contain examples so labeled, which were received from the late II. B. MiJschler. He was in correspondence with missionaries at stations along the coast, and for years received invoices of Labradorian butterflies. I have two so labeled, but they certainly are (Eno. A specimen called Scm'ulea in my Report on the Lepidoptera of the Howgate Expedition of 187'J, and taken in the Gulf of Cumberland, is also G^iio. On the other hand, I received among the collections made for the Smithsonian by Mr. Tiirner, some yeai's ago, at Fort Chimo, Hudson Strait, and which lies in the district of Ungava by my maps, a female which seems to me to be true Scmi- dea, approaching variety N'ujra, and which is shown by figures 9, 10. It is russet to a greater degree than any example I have seen from other districts. We know so little of the butterflies of all the northern part of the continent that it is not safe to say that this species maj' not only be Labradorian, but an inhab- itant of other and widely separated localities. I have repeatedly received eggs of Semidea, and, as before related, have had eggs laid at Coalburgh. The period of the egg has varied between ten and fifteen days; Mr. Scudder says nine to fourteen. In 1891, out of .«ixty eggs received from Mr. Scudder and Mr. Lyman, came eighteen larva), and most of them fed on blue grass the day they hatched. But four did not feed at all, !Uid presently disappeared, probably to hibernate in the ground. One passed its first moult at eighteen days from the egg, another at nineteen, and one of these tlie second moult at fourteen days from the first. I sent this one to Mrs. Peart for its portrait, and received it again, 22d September, still active and feeding. But after a few days it went into lethargy. The other larva fell into that state after the first moult. Unfortunately both died during the winter. Some of the eggs had been sent Mr. Fletcher, and he got one larva past first moult and then into hibernation. This also died in the winter. All my other larva; had died or dis- appeared in their first stage. In 1892 came fully two hundred eggs from Mr. Scudder ; but not one of the larvnc from them reached the first moult. The weather was very warm at the time, and I attributed the loss to that cause. But Mr. Fletcher had a single larva f: ; same lot of eggs reach the first moult, when it hibernated. It was found ^ from I'ike's Peak, Colorado ; 9, 10 9, from Hudson Strait; 8 var. NiCiRA 5, White Mountains, N. H. n Egg ; a- niicroi)ylo. b, i^ Young Lakva ; h', li* last segments : Ifi process on body; /;" head. c, c^ Larva at 1st moult ; c' he.ad. (/■' Adult Lauva, green variety, a little enlarged ; tl greatly enlarged. (/* Same, red variety, a little enlarged ; (/' greatly enlarged ; d^ last segment ; (/' process on body ; (P head, e, e^ Chrysalis, enlarged ; c' front view of end of last segment and crcmaster; e* side view of same. 1 \ho. var. loily ; IFj^il^j^^DXU^ A 4 'ks- '[: Drnwn t)V Msr^ I'eait SMINTHEUS HFRTv'ODUR W 2 3 , 4 9 var SMINTHEUS.5 •J — '/" A(/,/ SMINTHEUS . c f /•"■ rii J"' mou/f.s 'I' '/* Hhtq/ll/iilJ 7 id Vai I t'lo CilS iiic rov of iFi sua vol roA (in .sill (loi ore CiU til! tul be th PAIINASSIUS I. PAUNASSIUS SMINTIIEUS, 5; VAli. IIKUMODUIM-I. /',/n»/,«/».-' Sminllhu.i, D.Mililcil^iy iiiiil II<'Hils(m ; W. II. Kdwiircls, Itnll. N. A., Vi.l. I., |>l. ."i 7, p. 2\. Is?'.'; ill., r;i|iilio, \'iil. III., p. VM- IN**''; iil.,C'iiiiiiilian Kiilom()lo'4ist, Veil. XV'II . |i. Dl. ISHS. V.\u. IliitMoDUit, llrni'v Kitwiinls, I'lipilin, I., p. l. l»Sl- Dehc'Hii'Tion of tlic o.'irly stnu'os of Smintiikcs. Koo. — Kc,liiiioi(l-sliai)t'(l, l)idiiil and low, IIk' nidos imicli ciirvod. tlio to|>ii little depressed, the base iiatteiu-d ; the upper surface ooiiipletelv iiiciiisted witii do.se cloiijrated granulations (like seeds or grains), imperfectly hexagonal ; in ., from each of which spring four divergent hairs, fi'oni separated tubercles set almost in rectangle; on 2 to 1 is a demi-row of three hairs, small, short, in triangle, and in line with the spiracles, and this row i.i represented on tho front of 1.1 by a single hair ; along the Itasc, from 2 to 13, are two hairs to each segiiu'ut. their tubercles close together, the inndor one of the two always a little al>ove tlie otlier ; just over tho feet and legs, and from 2 to I-!, aro two shoit, line hairs to each ; under side and legs greenish brown, the feet black ; head obovoid, long, broader than high, depressed at the suture, the vertices rounded ; color black, t!ie surface rough ; on each lobe eight short black hairs, two across next lli(( vei'tices; six in cross lino with the a]iex oi the fiontal triangle ; six across the middle of the ti'iangle, and one on each ■ ide near base; over the mandibles a fringe of six hairs. The larva from tho lirst is able to jiroject a Innijiv brown-yellow mass from its osmatorium, but this does not bifurcate into tentacles till tlic next strgo. (Figs. I) to //'.) Diini- tion of this stay-o in Ma\'. at Coalijur"!!, li\o da\s. After lirst moult : length, at twenty-faur hoiu's. .18 inch ; shape 'ory nearly as iit lirst stage, nrtijor more; cylindrical, the elevation anteriorly somewhat greater, and the dorsal slope mori' decided ; color black, the base and under surface greenish brown ; the processes much as before, but instead of single tubercles over dorsum, ther are now b.ur corresponding rows of small, glossy black, llattened tubercuhitions. each from .'! bearing four short divergent hairs, separated at their ijases ; on 2 ai'o two rows each, corresponding to the minute tubercles on s:Mue seginont at first stage, each bearing a single hair; the upjier lateral tuliorculations as before l)ut larger, and decidedly oval, and ihoy bear from six to eight hairs each; there is now an infra-stigmatal row of same nature, small, one to each of 2. .">, 4, with line hairs, from 5 two to each, smaller, nearly touching, the hinder one alwiivs higher than the otlier, and tlu-so bear lour hairs ; oxce|,t on 1.'], on which is but. a single hair, from a reduced tiil)ercle ; the hairs vary in length on each tubercle over the body; there aro also maiij' short black h >irH between the tuborculations, as shown on c' ; from 2 to l.'i inclusive, in lino with the upper lateral tuborculations, is a chrome-yellow ova! or rounded spot, on the rear of each segment, and above, in line with the sub-dorsal row ol tuberculations. is to each a small and paler yellow oval , head nearly as before, broader in proportion to the height, the hairs much more numerous. At thi^ I'AKNASWIUS I. stii"e the lentiides are iorkod. but iiro sliui'l. (Figs, r to c"'. ) Diinitioii ot this stag'e, in May, at Coalhury!), live days. Al'tei' .second moult : leugtli, at tweuty-t'oui' hours, .28 inch; same shape as at the second stage ; color black, the under siile chocolate-brown ; the same liatleued tuborculations as bei'ore, but (he hairs from these are shorter, and scarcely loii'i-er than the hairs wiiich cover the l)ody, and which are more numerous than before ; the sul)-dorsal light spots are oval, the long axis running with the length of the boily, the lateral row its bid'ore, yellow, but sometimes pure white ; head as before, the hairs more abundant. (Fig. 1 I ; color lilack-lirown, the luider side and legs chocolate-brown, feet black; surf.ice thickly covered with short, stilf black hairs ; nuirked by two rows of chrome-yellow, sometimes white, spots, on <'itb inch ; breadth at nie.sonotum .22, at abdonien .26 inch : c^linrL-ical, the ventral outline moderately arched, the dorsal largely ; head case short, narrow, rounded both ways ; mesonotuni not very prominent, dome- shaped, with no carina; the deprcs.sion slight; a .short pyramidal projection at PARNASSIUS I. bast' of wing ; tlie wing cases hnt, slightly raised ; alidonicMi co4iioal, tumid ; at tiio L-nd hlnntl\ rounded ; creni'aster witiiout hooks or bristles; "almost com- pletely aborted, l)eing reduciul to a broad semicirctdar tumescence involving the; pnpal rectum, and to two small tubercles, corresponding to the anal legs of the larva, directed forward and a little outward, situated at the riivergent extremities of two short and low ridges forn)ing together a V opening forward" (Scudder) ; wdiole surface, except the smooth wing cases, hnely granulated ; color yellow- brown with a tint of green, (l^'igs. fi to h\) When about to pupate, tlie larva draws a leaf or leaves together by a, few threads, making a pseudo-cocoon ; but, as will iiereinafter appear, Mr. Albert Koebele found a pupa on the ground, beneath a bit of wood, and with no appearance of threads or web. The length of this staue 1 am unable to give. Mr. Henry Ivlwards described var. lIiiUMODrii thus: •' $ ; the whole upper sur- face of the primarie.-. is of a smoky-black lnu\ sliglitly transpare it, the usual Ijaiuls being lost in the ground color of tlie wing. The present in.sect expands onlv :.o iiicli. •outhern (k)l oracto. 1 have had in my possession this tvpe female. It is nothirjg like so melanic as the examples now ligureil, and is su-ailei- than most of the females received from Montana. In the Judith Moun- tains this black form is common, and grades into the smoky-black hue of the type. In the (hirkest examples there is no yellow whatever on jirimaries, and very little the II of on secondaries, being limited to a narrow irregular discal baud or stripe on ,„isal side of the red spots. iUit others have more or less yellow in the ce 1 over most of secondaries. Between the extremes tliere jirmiaries. am deuree of variation. The ret IS ever 1 spot s are in exces- , both ■y of color, but ill some the spots are yellow, as in var. IJchrll. The greater 1 as to number and intensity number ol tlie temales are large, ex])aii(ling Irom 2.S to ;]:.> inches (Fi-r. 51 IILC. Plate 11. of I'anias^ii 1.-. Ill \ oiimie 1. represents wi 11 tl le U'nitev examnles 2, of of the "•ave It female from .luditli Mountains, .■^iid tomes near the type of Ilerinodttr. the name Skj/H, and Ihrmodiir would seem to be a melanic Sdf/H. Ifowever, I am very lilling to accept the name given by Mr. Henry Edwards, and to extend his deli in lion so as to cover all the black examples of the sjiecies. In most M tana examples the red is more soli(' and The males from Mt. Judith are on- deeper colored tlian in the typical ,S(//// usually largi', expanding three inches, but I (iiid no point in the color or markings in which they differ from the males of Siiiinthctis. in Colorado. Several of both sexes observed were undistinguishable from a pair of V. Iiitcrvii flius, sent me by Dr. Standinger as Meiu'tries' Inivrmc- dliis, from Siberia. These are not at all melanic. and the marginal borders are transparent. 1 have a female of this form which was taken on Mt. Bradhj, California, by Mr. James Behrens. I'AUNASSinS I. I'robiibly dark UcruKidar will he ioiiiid in cortiiiii localities in Colorado, and ! I'ormcrly received a .single example liom New Mexico that was nearly as hlack as any i'roin Montana, and on. winch tiie red s[)ots were hirge and intense. lUit in si/.e it was very small. Mr. Mead liad noticed, in ISTl, that occasionally, at liiiih elevations in Colorado, the females were nielanized and small, while at low elevations they were white and large. 1 have seen great nnndjer.s of the Montana Sm'mUieua from Mt. .Judith, by the kindness of Mr. Wm. M. Courtis, M. R, and of Mr. W. V,. Wright, both of whom collected at Maiden. The climate there is severe. Mr, Courtis wrote, llSSo, that .snow fell during every month of the year. "The .season is very .short. I think all the butterflies come at one lime, like the flowers. Spring and fall flowers arc only a week or two ajtart. The 1'arna.ssianK come about 1st July, and now, liMh .Inly, have almost entirely disappeared." Mr. Wright says, 'Jdth .lunc, iS'Jd, ■• ! havi' been here nearly a week, and have had very liad weather ; rain xry -rucion w night, the days more or less cloudy ; no bottom land ; high ' ; . . Unies rocli}', sometimes .smooth and gniss' ; some pine clad; all altout as .-^teop as rock and soil will be, ,say .'Jo" to 15'." Owing, probably, to these con- ditions, tlie larva' and pu|)ii! bi'i;ig subject to colli and wet in greater degree than in tin main Kocky Mountain lange, the Judith females have become melanic, and th- habits of the bulterllies have come to dilfcr somewhat from Sniinlliciin proper. How far to the north S)nhilhcus flies is unknown, but Mr. Bean takes it at Laggan, Alberta. .\.ll the examples I have .seen from that locality are white and snniU. ElVorts were made for several years by dill'erent observers to discover the food- plant of SmiiU/wtm. Mr. Courtis wrote. 4th July : '' A few (lays ago I took a walk and saw hundreds of the I'arnassiaii.s^ and c;mght ten or twelve, all males except one. To-day 1 went out and took nearly fifty, and have several pairs tied n]i under netting, vviili sedum. One pair have mated in the net." On July Sth : "I went out *::•■ Dorniug, and took twenty or more pairs, and watched the females. T' _ li .'~' om to lly to the ground, and either lay their eggs on the ground or )•• ; ■ ita. roots. 1 could not find eggs, though I .saw them drop. 1 have a larijc n..;i' o refusing to lay in ,' females now tied up. .Some which were let loose, after ' r.ement, laid at once on the grass and an^'where. The species is connnon, by hundreds on every hillside." In one letter Mr. Courtis sent nic 140 eggs, and wrote : '• Most of these came from females that mated after 1 caught them. 1 ll 'nk they lay at the roots of jdants, as they always drop to the ground, then elind) the stalk and lly away. Those in confinement (''imbed sticks, and the window frames, laying eggs ".s they went, putting one on everything they touched, except the scdum. 1 made one lay on this by I'ARNA.SSUJS I. kot'ping luT moving, but f^lic scemod very niiicli excited. As soon as T put iior on grass and sticiis she laid every lew moments." Again: "1 noticed a i'ouialc aligiit on sedum, drop to the grounil, and cUnih up. She certainly laid an ei'-", though 1 could not lind it." Mr. Wriglit was at Maiden nearly three weeks. lie says: "One cannot go far without .seeing pairs in copulation, during the short season of pairing and on the limited areas on which the nowdy emerged iniagos appear. Copulation takes place inunediately on the emergence of tlie females, often while the wings are still limp. . . . Afterwards tlie males lly away, and are seen far beyond the breed- ing grounds, but tiie females remain tiiere. Most of the females 1 take start up at my feet, and till the eggs are laid the fenude rarely Mies. But the males are contimially on the wing, hovering low to ( : -^ tl"; female in hiding, or as she suns herself on a bare spot of ground. It i.-, impossible to discover tlieni wdien hidden, even thougli one may know witki few inches where th(;y are. When a female is started by the male she Hies straight and rapidly, and suddeidv drops into tlie grass. Apparently this actior. is for the jiurpose of misleading oi' eluding the male. In life, esj)ecia!ly at pairing time, Ijoth sexes have a strong odor tiiat, on taking them from the net, 1 often found very disagreeable. I have seen the females lay eggs on grass, wild rose, blackbei'ry, and one of the Coiii- positii\ but never on sedum." As related in Volume I., Mr. Mead had observed Sjniiilhott^, in 1871, ami obtained eggs on sedum. He says: *' Yesterday, Mr. B. brought, me a female wi'li an egg adhering to the ovipositor, and said that it had deposited several eggs on 'a tuft of grass.' On further incjuiry he was not sure what the 'grass' might be, and 1 conjectured it might be seduin. . . . Accordingly, on searching, 1 found two empty eggshells on the jdant, apparently punctured by some insect." Five days later : " The Parnas.sians lay freely. 1 have about one hundred eggs, laid indiscriminately on the box, or the ch)th covering it, within which 1 had inclosed a female with the sedum. Very few were on the plant itself. On 21st August : " I opened an egg to-day and found a half-developed larva inside, appar- ently in a natural state. " Six days later: "To-day I dissected an egg carefully and found a completely formed caterpillar," Some of these eggs were dis- covered, on the loth January following, to hitve hatched, but when was unknown. All were dead. Mr. Bruce wrote, 9th June, 1886 : " 1 tliink the food-plant is neither sedum nor saxifrage, but Castelleia Integra, a singular red-blooming plant. The butter- lliej seem attracted to the plant, and are always present where it occurs." On June 25th : "I have watched the females lay their eggs and find that they also lay en Artemisia, but the Castelleia is the favorite. I dug up several of these last TAltNASSirS I. to send you, ami on the first 1 toucluMl were two eggs." (3n July 22d : " 1 luivo scvenil times soon tlio fonuilos laying oggs on Castolloia, l)nt 1 watched lots of liiem yesterday, and tliey laiil on ovorytliing they happened to be on. oven dry grass and stones. Sedum carpeted the rocks, and (Jastolleia was plontil'ul, ami no ilonbt if the larvai feed on cither plant they wonld soon find (heir own. 1 saw a. Icmalo with limp wings climb a dry stem of Castolloia, and 1 soarchod for tho pupa skin, but could not find it." On 21st September : "During the last wook 1 have in vain searched for larvje of tS'iiiiii/firus. I bcliovo they must partly food up in the fall, for the snow is hardly oil' tho ground in tho spring before the insects are ilying." The late Mr. W. S. Foster, at Salida, Colorado, wrote me, 17th July, 1888 : '• 1 WHS at Marshall Pass, elevation ll.OOO foot, on l-")th, and saw a fomalo Siniii' llu'im alight in a clump of grass, crawl down to the middle of it, and lay an ogg on a stem. There was no sedum in this chimp, though S. stono|)otidum grow close by. Probably the female lays her eggs anywhort', and Icnvos tiio larvte to iind their food-plant." Up to this time, no one had seen either l:irva, or pupa of Smin/liois, but July 1 I, 1S89, Mr. Jiriice wrote : " I .send you to-day (ivo larv;v. 'I'ho Sedum steno- petalum is really the food-plant, and 1 have seen tlie larva' eat nolhing else. They bury themselves in the earth at niglil. and wriggle out eiirly in the morn- ing, as soon as tho sun wiirms the ground ; then oat voraciously for three or four hours, and bask for the rest of the day on a stone, or leaf, or on tho groiiml. 1 am .sorry to say that most, if not all, the liirvu' sent ar<' probably ichneiimon- ized. 1 found thirteen larva\ but a rat, or some other of the numberless vermin that infest the mining shanties, got the not oil', and carrit'd away or ate half of them. One lar\a had comiiiencod a, cocoon of loaves on the bettom of the tin, an roots of grass, and stand on the sill of the open win- dow— of course inclosed in a net. They will now and then crawl I'onnd the net and deposit an egg on it; they sun themselv(!s on tlu; sedum, sucl\ing iit lli(i hlossonis. I have watered the plants with a (ino rose, ami the instant the insects feci tlie spray, they hurry-skurry and sqnee/e down among the plants so that they cannot he .seen at all, their habit doubtless during liie fre((uent moun- lain storms." From Hall Valley, 27th Seplendicr, "iSOO : " All is brown and deso- late : shari) frosts at niu'ht and bris-ht vet cold davs have burned tlie veijjetation ; ('.\ce|)t in sheltered nooks not a. butterlly is to be .seen. I end)raced the chance of a ritle through the tindjcr with a jack train that was liauling to tlie mines, and went up the (libson. All 1 saw were two Colias SciKh/crii, half !i dozen Cdfias 3le(((fii, rather more Argynnis PJin\i//i/crli, wliicli it suits voi' well." Mr. Allicrt Kocholo, ISilO, found SuiIiiI/khh in cast Wasliin''ton, and wrote " At Easlon, 1 •■•ot fresh females as well as niak The\' came out from al )Olll 12 M. to .'] I'. M. It was interesting to .see the males swarmin>r. rf>ften thirty or forty at a time, and each in .search of a mate, have 1 seen any feediiiL!,- except worn ones. Tl lis IS a 11 tl ley ^CKIdlll The females look like a dirfcicnl 'h faster. Jf eny-ascd in oviiiosilinii'. tl lev run species on the wing, Hying nine very fast over the ground and through various plants, to find a siiital)le place in which to leave their egg.s. 1 never .saw one lay on .sedum, but always on soiiu' other plant, or on wood, chips, etc. Old and partially dried moss is a favorite place ; .so is almost any plant that is growing amidst sedum. as pentsleMiioii (ir hunciies of grass. Yet 1 cannot say that. they do not lay on sedum also." These extracts from letters written on the spot from day to day hy expert ohservei's give one an idea of the time and labor r'.'fpiired to attain a tolerably complete history of the life anil habits of some of our l)uttcrtlies. It has taken twenty years to bring the history of Siiu)if/i(us from nil to its present condition, and much still remains to lie learned. It is clear that the eggs are laid any- where, and on anyfiiing. but in the neighborhood of sedum. so far the only known food-plant of the larva. Most of the eggs hibernate, and do not hatch till tile snow leaves them, but part are hatched the (ir.st season, and tlie lar\;e are more or less advanced before cold weather sets in. On l.^th July, 18S:!, 1 received I 1(1 eggs of Siiiiiit/ioii^-Jfcniioihir from Mr. Courtis, at Maiden, and they were kept in a. cool ])lace through the rest of tiie year, but not. sul)jected to any degree of colil that would retai-d their hatching. They began to liatcli tiie list day of January, 1ISS4. 1 put some of the larv;e on the species of sedum common here, ternatnin. ami two i1a3's later found that the leaves had been nibbled a little. On I2tli one larva pa.ssed its first iiniiili. and by ICith three others had jiassod the same. But .•-cores of the larviv refused to eat, and died. On pressing one in the (irst stage with the side of a ])in on dor- sum, it would protrude its scent-organ, a mere shapeless lunii). ])ale yeliou- brown. Miit after (i'.-t moult tentacles liave appeared, two stout stui)by prongs, green-yellow with a tint of brown. On 27th Felirnary the ohlest larva pas.^'d the .second moult, but .soon after died. No other reached (hat moult. June 1.3, 1(S86, twenty eggs, laid on Castelleia integra in condnemeut. were received from Colorado. In August, none having liat('lied, these were .sent to New York to go in a. refrigerating bouse. They came back. 21st March, some just hatching, but the larva? refused to eat and died. On .'Jd .\pril, 1800, a lot of eggs PAKNASSllS I. iiiid nowly liiitclii-fl larva' caiiif l)acU iVoiii New Voik. Tlin larviv wore placi'il III! Sediiiii stoiKipetalmii (Iroiii Colorado). On Itli two wlmo ()l)S(nvL'd Icodiiig. 'I'lioy liort'd round liolt'« tlie size ot their heads in (lie thickest part ol' the lleshy leal', and ate out the suhstance ol' the leal, leaviiiy- an empty siiell, an the larviu ol' species of FAca-na ami Thecla do. Later I saw others eating at the edges of the leaves witliout hnrrowing. One of the lot reached tliiitl moult, and died ; the others had fallen l)y the way. •Iidy 0, IH'JO, Mr. Wright, at Maiden, sent eggs of Ilcnnodttr. I left them in Miy loom, where they were exposeil to mu(;h hot weather, and in October dis- covered that most had hateiied. Many were dead, hut a few were not, and evi- ilcMlly just out. As soon as sedum was given these they began to feed. 15y 14th October half a dozen seemed very near the lirst uioidt, and a day or two later tried to pass it, but died with their skins half shed, not having vitality enough to get through. July 25, 1S8'J, I received ten advanced larva' and three pupiv from Mr. Hruce. The pup:e had formed en route. I put the larva' on S. ternatum. and three small-leaved species of seduin which I had bought from allorist. All tlie.se were attacked and the larva' fed ravenously. They were surprisingly active on their legs, rniniing like Arctian larva'. .Most of this lot were parasitized, a grul) of a large Tacliina lly coming from them. Of one sent Mrs. I'l'art, she wrote later: '"The larva is lying on the bottom of the glass, drawn up. not curveil much. 1 see a few threads fastened to a stick near it, and about the stems of the sedum are others, making a slight inelosuro. Another larva pupated on a bit of cloth. There is some silk spread about on the cloth, and a few threads draw the edges together, forming a sort of cradle." With the eggs received July. 18!I0, from Mr. Wright, came two mature larva) of what would have produced Ilcnnodur, somewhat larger than any I had .seen from Colorado. They are figured, enlarged, j/, (f, so as to show distinctly the }ellow spots, and as will be seen these vary in number in the two larvu). Neither of them pupated. Mr. Koebele wrote, July, ISOO. that he had found a Sininfhcii.i pupa, at Spo- kane Falls, under a piece of wood, on the ground, with no web about it. On 13tli July, 18'j;i, I received a larva past third moidt from Mr. Arthur J. Snyder, and taken by him at Park City, Utah. As appears. I have fouml it impossible to rear the larva from the egg, at Coal- burgh. One reached the third moult, a very few the second, more the first. Probably a thou.sand larva' have hatched, and fullv ninety-five per cent, have died in the first stage, generally soon after leaving the egg. refusing food. But as larva) after both third and fourth moult have been sent me, 1 have been able to see I'AUNASSIIS I. every stayo. iiiid Mrs. Poart Iius iiiiide (Iniwinjf.s of (licm all. Most of the larva' liave liatclied in winter and early sprin^r, liiit some in the fall of the year in wliieli the eggs were laid, and this supports Mr. Jiruce's opinion that some larvje in natural conditions feed in the fall, and give the earliest spring Ijuttorllie.s. Siiiiiilhi'ns Hies from the eastern side of the lloekies through (Colorado. Wyo- niing, and Montana, as far to the west as eastern (."alifornia and eastern Wash- ington, its territory overlajjping that of I', ('lodiioi. 1 hope some day to be aide to give a I'late showing all the stages of C/ixdus. Some of these I have the requisite drawings of now. The egg is (piite distinct in sliape and inei'ustation from that of iSin!iif/i(ih-<, low, hi'oad (piite at tlit! base, and sio|iing up to the nar- row and depre.s.sed .summit. .Mr. Seudder has suggested as descriptive of this form IIk' word •' spalangoid." fi'om s/Ki/diKjiis. a genus of sea-urchins; the egg of Siiiiiil/ici'H iicing called ■• t'chinoid," from ' lev were ready after enieru'inu' and copulation betwei'ii se\'eral of them immediately took place; that ter 1 lours : tl le secoi id tl u'ce the lir.st pair were in connection three and one qnar and a half hours; in t'ach case the ])onch iK'veloped perfectly, and the females began to lay eggs within 'ive minutes of separation. Watching the formation of the pouch in the first pair with a gLiss, it " aiii)eared to be about three six- ipi teenths inch long, and not (|uite one eighth broad, with a very .slight central depression the whole length, of a dark green color, and with minute transver.«e corrugations. This I found to be a membranous covering attaclied to the abdo- men of the male, containing a dark green liuid. This iiieinl)ranc i-ntirely cov- ered the true pouch of the female, as I ob.servcd that the male appeared to be able to contract it, and did several times, ,so a,s to exno.se the iiouch of the female, wl lucli was then quite white ; and it has since occurred to me that this exposure of the pouch might be for the piu'pose of hardening it a little, as the pouches are quite sol't during copulation ; and this leads me to think that this membranous covcm'- I'AKNASSH S I. iiiii,' is iiie mould in wliirii tlic poucli is I'oruiod." TIk' sovciitli pair wert' in coii- iiliitioii about linc'u hours, wlicu •• 1 si'[);iniU;(| flicm ioiciblv. Tliu poucli wiis tjilitc soft. ... I then c'XiMuiui'd tin- UKMuhriiuc oi' the mimU-. and louud ihiit by s(|Ut'i"/.ing tile abdoiuen, anil lioldinjr up thi' UR'nibrano with a pin, u wliite, opa(pu', <^elatinous substiincc issued I roui that part oi' the abdomen where the poueli of the female would Ije duiinii' copulation. Stnue of this subsliiuco 1 was al)le to pull out, but it be,t,Mn to harden inmu'diately on exposure to the atmos- phere, and beeanm (piite brittle and of a yellowisii (U)lor. From this i am led to think that the male supplies the material of which the pouch is made, and that the female has really little to do with the niakiug." As will appear pro.suiitly, Mr. Thomson was not mistaken in this conjecttu'e. I'rofessor [lowes undertook the task of dissiH'tinji; and examining the specimens sent him by Mr. Thomson, and is tpioted as saying that Von Siebold believed the secretion wa.s derived from the male, and to be functional in prolonging the coitus, adding : '• 1 cannot agree with him that this is the case, the adhesion of the copulating individuals being assured by the hook-like (daspcrs of the male. The [touch is densest in the vicinity of the female genital orilice, and its detailed structure conforms internally to the ventro-lateral parts of the male genital fun- nel. In view of this, the fact that it is impossible, in di.ssecting of specimens pro- cured during copulation, to remove the pouch without bi'inging away the internal generative apparatus of the female, |)oiuts to my mind to a diri'(!t connection between that apparatus and the [touch itself. It suggests the [troltability of an origin of the same from the laxly of tlie fenuile. and not of the male, its is gener- ally supposed." Messrs. ThouLMtn and Howes therefore differ diametrically as to the i)rinci[)al [)oint in ([uestiou. I now come to the oljservations of Mr. I)a\id Bruce, on Shiiiilhcns. He wrote from Denvi'r, Uth .lune, ISSG : •• I ha\e lost a wliole day watching a pair in co]i- ulatiou. and an.xiously waiting for them to .separate. They had been together twenty-four hours, and as it was evening, and 1 wa.i very tired, I gently pulled them by the clo.sed wiug.s, when they .•separated, and nothing of the [loucli a[)|)eared on the female. I watched carefully with a gla,d dry examples. IJolh jMessrs. ISruce and Wright undertook to forward living ex- amples of the males, and during 1S!I2 such were mailed from Colorado and Cali- fornia, but all arrived dead, and so dried thai Mr. Scudder found no advantage in dissecting them. In June, 1894, Mr. Hruce and I were in Colorado together, and we mailed some twenty males of S)i)'iiit/u'us, but Mr. Scudder happened to be ab.sent from home on their arrival, and the experiment failed. After that we never had an opportunity to take JSinin/lictis. Mr. Scudder published his observations on the (jrgans of male Siii'nit/iens in the Transactions of the Entomological Society, London, for January, 1S03, and I will now give an ab.stract of his paper. '• Mr. Edwards having placed in my hand abundant dry material during the past winter, I soon reached a conclusion which feeemed to throw new light upon the matter. . . . My dissections were almost en- I'AliNASSIIS F. tircly of Smiii/hiiin, hut us tlioy Icl'l iii.iiiy |Miiiits Mtill iim'xpliiiiit'd, I was iiuxioiiH It) ('Nnmiiic living' cxiiini)!!'.-!. . . . Mr. Urucc Hoiit iiic iiiiilc-i of Sniliillinis, nud Ml'. Wri^lit i)ii(! lot of livinjr lualcH of ('/nilliix, from (Jnlifoiiiia. I'lifoilimatcly none rcac^lit'd mo iilivo cxci'iit a single mnrilmiid cxampli' of •Siiiiiii/tiiti, too far uoiii' to 1)0 useful. Tlic slructuri! of tlic uialc I'aruassiau is ri'inarkalilc foi' liav- inji'. as in the gouiis Anusia (l)aiiais), tlu; sith's of tho oij^lith alaloiuiual scji-mciit t'X|>anilL'il auil posteriorly exIendtMl, formiujf a kind of false chispiis couceal- iu^i' tlui ffreator part of ilw. jfouitaha proper; in Sni In I li< us i\]\>\ .ly>r(//o emlirac- iiii;' idso tlie iideiior surfaci^ of the true elaspers, and tiius ^ivin;^' liiat sei^iiieut a liMigtii twice as jireal alouj^ the ventral as along the dorsal line (V\<^. i). It is beneath these ' klappen,' or false elaspers. that Von Siehold says the secretion is pourtnl forth, and he is certainly rij^ht. foi' all the crevioo.s hctween the inner surface of this expansion and the outei' surface of the oi'uans lieneiitji, which il closely clas|)s, are often lilh'd comjilelely. in all s| iniens I have examined to some extent, with a coaii;idaled secretion, which, when compared under the micro- scope with il fiaj^inent from the pouch of Ihe female, is of essentially llu- same character as it. " In C/ndiiifi and Muniiosi/itc and other species, the fiilse clnspers do ot emhraco mider surface of the true claspei's, which are thus not at all cniicc;d('(| ou ;in 'or view ; and theicfore there is in these species consideialde nmililicalion 1)1 lUe parts I am ahout to descrihi'. which are haseil wholly upon an examination of Siiiiiif/icKS. If the ei«j;lith ahdominal rinji; is carefully rcmovtMl. hit hy hit ( Fig. r), wdueh can hardly he done without ru])lnrinn' some of the coagulated secretion, hut often leaves broad slun-ts intact, all the accessoi-y orji'ans of gener- ation are exposed to view% and a second striking feature' is revealeil ; for it will then he seen that the .sternal portion of the ninth (last) segment, to which are attached the elaspers proper, is split along the median liiu- anil semis two pos- terior shafts side by side to the uttermost edge of the overla|>ping eighth seg- ment. Directly beneath it, in the sense of toward the midille line of the body, i. e., lying hetwi-en the lower posteiior ensiform process of the ninth segment and the lower siu'face of the true elaspers. is a pair of lanudlati' scimitar-shaped organs diverging at tip. and so closely conui'cted with tlu' sheet of coagulated secretion, and of so nearly the sanu' color ami texture as it. as to ap|ieai' a pail of the same. It is only when the jirocessesof the ninth segnK'ul ar(> in their turn removed that the form and structure of these parts can he nuule o\it ; it is then .seen that they have a meinbranou,s or tendonons structure, hardly chitinous, and certainly not the same as the hardened j(dly-lil\(-' substance of the secretion which is continuous with their edges and permeates the crevice.s in the region about. Hy uncovering the parts in front, it is seen to be formed mainly of two PAUNASSIUS I. sloiidcr blades curving in opposite senses (Fig. i'', /^), which lie nnder the pro- tection of the inferior processes of the ninth set^nient, bnt when they pass for- ward dilate into triangular oxi)ansions wiiich nearly lill the lozenge-shaped space left vacant Ijotween the curved l>ase of the inferior processes of the ninth seg- ment (following the similar curve of the eighth) and tie slightly emargiiiate apex of the seventh ; at their base appear to l)e attachmeiMs of th„ seventh ; the o]iposite sides of the triangular basal expansion are tiiicker than the middle, as if there w<'re a two-branched liasal attaciinient .'onnected ijy a slight nien>brane, to give greater supjjort and rigidity to the attachment. '' Tiiis organ, wiiieh, .>^ 1 Unow, lias no homologue whatever among Lepi- doplera, ,ulding on its interior the ab lominal pouch of the female out of the secretions which flow either from it, or through it, or aiound it, from glands in close connection with it; and conseiiuently 1 suggest for it the name of jxri- /ihtx/, indicative of its use. The attachments and the mechanism by which it may act. together with the precise [xisition and relation to it of the adj(Muing secM'etory glands, can of coursi' only be told fi'om fresh specinu'iis, and such spe- cimens would doubtless serve also to I'orreet in some particulars this j)reliniinarv description. "It will perhaps be found that: the membrane nienti( ned b}' Thomson, contain- ing a dark green fluid, is an ev^iginable gland extended from near the base oi tin' false clippers, and that when it jjiotrudes beyond the lip, as Tiiomson's descri|)- tion would seem to imply, it secretes from its inner .^urface the material ol which the pouch is formed, wliich is then moulded into shape in its iinier surface by the scimitar-.sha])ed ])e'!->'ast, which must have an i-xtensile movement sur[)assing even that of the trm- elaspers. This is a point which only an examination, first of living males, and then of j)airs in union, can fully satisfy." KXPLANATION OF THE I'LATE. SMiNTriF.us, 0,9 (from MonhiiKi) ; var. Ilr.iiMODUii, 1 J, J, ;i 9, ly. (I, E(i,; A\ y] ^1' I . IS-^' kfJ'3^ '^'-^-< '■^f':-^' '^M^. P^^^fcJ;^^-^?^' ((.•I-I CHARON 12 0,34 9 VAR SILVE STRI S. 5 ^ '1 - ' Liirvu ifniimj .7 / ' /iiir/s '//.'///'/'■■/ /■•■' /, A ,V f'hi :;.'iih^ Vai Wll 11 ( or in sec fri na mc bh na lai re on ha on ba loi of th ar SATYRU8 111. SATYRUS CHARON, 1-5. Sdliini.i CImrim, Edwards, Trani!. Am. Knt. Soc, Vol. IV., p. G9. 1W7-2 ; id., Can. Kiit., Vol. XII., ji. rtl. 1880. Moad, Hep. Wheeler E.\peil'n., Vol. V., p. '>1^. 187,0. Vak. Sli.VE8Tni8, Edward.", I'roe. Aead. Nat. Seieneosi, I'liilad., 18Cl,p. 1G3. Male. — Expands from 1.5 to 1.9 inches. Upper side bliickisli brown ; liind margins edged by a black lino, anterior to which is a second, usually more or less macular, often wanting ; on primaries a conspicuous black sexual dash ; a sub-apical black ocellus, without pupil, with or without a pale yellowish ring or nimbus, and variable in size in individuals ; in the second median interspace a second small ocellus, but often wanting ; on .secondaries there is occasionally a small blind ocellus near the anal angle ; fringes concolored with the wings, but sometimes on primaries brown 's alter- nated with gray. Under side of primaries brown with more or less of a yellow tint, tlie ap(\\ mottled with dark gray ; the basal two third j crossed by many line, abbreviated blackish streaks ; the black marginal lines distinct, the inner one wavy or cro- nated ; the ocelli repeated; the soccmd one nearly always jiresent, sometimes large and equal, usually the upper one large, the other small, but often this is reversed ; always surrounded by yellowish rings and having minute white pupils. Secondaries darker, mottled with gray on the extra-discal area, and sometimes on the basid ; across the disk a rather obscure band, with deep black edges, tin; basal side not defined next costa, deeply incised in the cell and again in the .•sec- ond median interspace ; but often the band is entirely merged in the color of the base ; the outer side is very irregular, incised on costal margin, projecting two long and broad, converging and pointed teeth opposite the cell ; but the band is often more or less lost, sometimes completely, as seen in Figure 5 (var. Silves/rix) ; the ocelli are minute, from one to six in number, with or without white pupils, and stand on cloudy black patches. SATYUUS III. Boily, logs, and palpi dark brown ; antennai brown with line crotaccoiis ainni- lations on the upper side, altogether cretaceous beneath ; club pale fulvous. (Figs. 1, 2, var. 3.) Femalk. — Expands from 1.7 to 2 inches. Paler colored than the male, but similarly marked. (Figs. 3, 4.) Ec.ci. — Oonoidal, truncated, the .summit ilattened, the sides convex, the l)ot- tom rounded ; marked by twenty-four to twenty-eight straight, shar]), vertical ridges, which start from the edge of the base and end at the rim of the summit; the spaces between the riljs roundly but not deeply excavated, and crossed by many equidistant fine raised threads; the micropyle is in the centre of a Hat rosette of fivt-.-'ded cells, outside of which are several irregularly concentric row.s of five and six-sided depressed cells, increasing in size and distinctness to the edge of the summit, and having thin, .sharp edges; color at first lemon-yellow. (Figs, a, a'.) Duration of this stage twelve day.s, at Coalburgh,W. Va., in August. Youm; Lauva. — Length .08 inch; similar to S. Meud'u, tapering on botli dorsum and sides from 3 to 13, the last three segments curving roimdly to tiie extremity; this is nearly square, a little incurved, and bears a conical tubercle at either side ; the tubercles on the body as in Meadii, those on 2 and 13 longer than elsewhere ; each bears a white process, cylindrical, slightly tapering, and ending bluntly, appressed, turned forward or back as in Meadil ; color piidtisli yellow,with a red-brown mid-dorsal stripe, and three others on either side, the upper two nearer together than the second .and third ; another brown line below the basal ridge ; the head as in 3I('adu, and the tuljercles and processes the .same in number and position as in that .species ; but the processes do not taper, and some of them are a little thickened at the extremity. (Figs, b to U'.) The larvaa went into hibernation at once from the eff inch ; nearly the same shape as l)efore, the dorsum more arched over the middle segments, ending as before ; the tubercles smaller, the processes reduced, irregular in length and shape, some of them cylindrical ; the tails red from base to tip ; color of body bluish or gray green ; the mid-'lorsal line deep green, edged with yellow ; the sub-dorsal line and the basal ridge yellow ; head as ))efore, the tubercles and processes smaller. (Figs, d to -dorsal stripe green (but sometimes whitish green through- out) ; the mid-!al stripe dark green a little edged with yellow ; the stripe and ridge of equal width, yellow, or in the paler larvie green-yellow ; the tails pale red ; under side, feet and legs, whitish green ; head sub-globular, broadest near ba.se, a little depre.«.sed at top ; color bright green ; more thickly covered with tubercles than at last previous stage, and these are reduced as arc also the processe.s. ( Figs. /',/*, natural size; r/ to (f, parts magnified.) From fourth moult to pupation, at Coalburgh, eighteen days. CnRY.SALi.s. — Length S . A io .45 inch ; breadth at mesonotum, .10 to .18; at abdomen, .2 inch ; ? , .5 to .0 inch ; breadth at mesonotum, .18 to .2 inch, at SATVIUJS III. nl)cloinen, .2 to .22 inch ; cylindrical, ahdonioii conical ; the veiitriil ontlinc from top of head case to end of the wing cases not so much iirehed as in Mvadii ; head case short, the top narrow, square or a very little incurved, the sides exca- vated ; nicsonotuni rather prominent, rounded lengthwise, eariuated, the sides a little convex ; followed l)y a .shallow deprcs.sion ; cremaster long, tapering, com- pressed transversely, rounded at extremity, and armed with many stout hooks ; color very variahle, as thus : — A : pale yellow-green throughout, the dorsal side from the head ca.se, and all of the abdomen, thickly dotted and finely mottled with yellow-white ; three nar- row whitish stripes from head case to 13, one mid-dorsal, one sub-dorsal on either side ; the dorsal edges of the wing cases also white ; the ventral side from top of head ca.se to end of wing cases granulated with white ; on the wing cases are thi-ee stripes of green, the largest being on mid-wing and reaching the hind mar- gin, the others short and stopping within the margin. B : altogether whitish green ; no hands on dorsal side, no stripes on wing cases. C: greeni.sh black throughout; finely dotted over the dorsal side and abdo- men with yellow-white; the three bands as in A ; the wing cases striped with black. I): black with no tinge of green; the light stripes either yellow-white, or white with a pink tint. (Figs, /i to h'\) Duration of this stage ten to fourteen days. To Mr. Theodore L. Mead is due the first notice of Satyrus Ciiauon, in 1871. In his Wheeler Kxpedition Kcport, he says : " This species was first met with near Twin Lakes, on the 'Jth of .Inly. It was quite abundant in the .sage-brush, and on flowers at the edge of the Lake. Later in the season, it was found in both the South and Middle Parks, though not so abundiintly as in the Arkansas Valley, whence the expedition also brought specimens. Altogether one hundred and thirty-one specimens were taken by me. In August, females were obtained and inclo.sed with grass; several eggs were laid — very similar to those of Nephrhy Churon Hies in the Rocky Mountains from New Mexico to British America, and beyond the mountains to eastern California. I saw it at Glenwood Springs, Colorado, along Grand River, in July, 18'J4, but it was less common than S. Pdnlus, or S. Arktne. Mr. I)avi lii'st liirvii pas.n'il the third moult 21st Ai)ril, the lust of nine the same moult Tth iMiiy ; the diilV'i'ciKM' l)i'inijf sixteen days. Number one passed its louilh moult May ;{d, and pupated 2Ist, or at eighteen (lays from the moult ; the ])upa gavi' a male imago 'Jd .lime, at twelve days. The last of nine larvae pas.sed its fourth moult (ith .lune, or Ihiity-four days after the (irst larva had reaehed the .same ])oint. Some of the nniture larva' and pupa' were preserved, so that only four butterllies were obtained from this lot. Of .six pupa', two green ones and a black prod need males. A whilish green one gave a female. 'I'he history of these larva' shows how it happens that butterllies fresh from elirysalis may be found for .several weeks in one loeality. On 2d September, 1888, I received from the late Mr. William S. Foster, at Salida, Colorado, .■several eggs of Chdron. They began to batch I ith. or at four- teen days from the laying of the eggs. The larva' hibernated as before, were sent to New York, and came back Idtli April, 18S'J. The first th, eggs were received from Mr. Nash, at Puoblo. The larvae came back fron> New York. 2d April, 1890, but I did not follow the changes carefully. About 1st .June there were three pu])a'. two green, one black and white. In October, 1891, I .sent young larva* of C/iaron to Mr. Fletcher, at Ottawa, together with Iarva> of several other species of Satyrids. The former were almost the only ones that survived. The species has in each case proved (|uite hardy, the loss during the winter having been very sniall. These larva*, as 1 believe are all Satyrid larva*, are grass feeders, and they llonrisheil on Blue-grass, l*oa pratensis. In feeding, the larva stands astride the edge of the leaf, and beginning at the top eats vertically in two rapid cuts down, followed I)y two more, and so on to the farther side, the second segment stretched, but the feet and legs are not moved. When ((uite acro.s,s, the larva backs down far enough to enable it to repeat the process. SATVIH'S MI. I Imvo ronrcd liirvii> of novoml Hpecics of tin- gomi.s Siifyrus, Alojx luul Nqihdc, Ariaiu; lioopls, but iioiio Imvc shown other than jiiifii chiTsiiliils («xci'|)t Cliiirnii, and in a Hin<,do instaiici! Aridiic. Thin individual was niarUod witli dark cldiids and .stripes, but not to the extreme represented in the i'hite. 'I'he var. SilccKlris was described ns a species from CaliforiiUi. It is (.'/taroii hiindless on under hind wing; and tiiis variation is not unconuuun wherever the sjK'cies is found. KXPLANATION OF TlIK PLATK. CiiAitov, 1, •-' J, •'!, ■» ?. viir. Sir.VKHriii.H S , :>. 11, I'Aiii ; (('■', fnicn)|n 1<'. //, Yoi'.d Lauva just fi-Diii v>nf; h\ after fccliii'.' ; 'A uw (if llic iniclilli! sc^iiR'nlM, 'lowil viow ; //', liiMil ; /<", pi'DCL'SS of IhmIj . <■, I-;\rvii Ml l^-t 111- lit ; c-, lust se^iiicnt ; <■■', licii.l Mini ~i'Coiul so^iiiciit ; c' to /■'■, stvlr „S procenscs. ,1. \,M\i\ at -.'(l moult, sMe viow si'^iii^ntx 7 and s ; (I-, Jorsil viuw of .saiiif; (/■', liiMil ; 'I* to (/", procu.sSL's of lioily. e, Lai'vii at :iil "mhiU ; c'' to (■•, processes. y; I/arva nl Itli uii.ull, natural size ; /". iniihvay lietwoen fuiirlli nioiilt anil iiialiirity. /■'/', Anui .• ; ...VA, 9lii;litly eiilari;cil, ilursal ami siile view; i/', ilorsiiiii of 7 ami 8; ;/', lieail; ;/■ to;/', proeessi's of l)0 ./li Mn^cinn, Ull, pi. 2. ISCS; K,lwar.l>, liult. N. A., Vol. II, pi. 4:1, 44, p. 27!). V, lf*7i; 6. l«75. ,V<'ra'/f;.M-.s Ful.lcr, Uoisc Noviira, I-q.id., Ill, p. H9, pi. (in. 18G8 (on title-pii-e, 18C7, but anUMlatcl unr jcir). Egg. — Sub-conic, the brcadtli to the Iilm.l^Ui nearly as five to si.x ; the base tlattened, somewhat roinided, the top rounded; In-oadest in middle, narrowing; upward gradually ; marked l)y eighteen or nineteen ribs like those of Mdcnunii, somewhat sinuous, a few branching at bottom, or else an abbreviated rib is placed l)otween two long ones; narrow at sunnnit, and rounded, the slopes flat, each witii many line and irregular excavations, the bases not quite meeting, thf angles at the depressions ami elevations nearly or quite ecpial, right angles ; the micropyle is in the centre of a rosette of .shallow six-sided cells, the Ijoundaries (/: which are raised like threads; outsid.' of these are two or three rows of simiiiU- irregular cells, gradually enlarging ; beyond to the end of tlii! ribs the llatteneu space is covered pretty thickly .villi shallow cells of irregular sizes, usually .separated, but sometimes conlluent ; color gray-white. (Figs, a, ir.) Duration of this stage from fifteen to eighteen days. YouXG Lauv.v. — Length, at twenty-four hours from the egg, .1"> inch ; shaped as in Mitrounii, and the gei.us; thickest anteriorly, taitering from 2 to S slightly, after 8 rapidly, the dorsum .irching to 13, which ends in two short, sub-conical tails nearly or (piite meeting .^t base; the tuljercles and processes the same in number, position, and shape, as .n MxcnKiiii ; color at lirst pale n'ddi.sh gray, the last segments more red, after a ."ew days whitish green; the lines red-brown, the mid-dol-sal and sub-dorsal .slight, the lateral heavy, rather a stripe than line; the basal ridge lighter than the ground color, and under it !i threa(/«//, comprising the grouj), are built and marked on the same plan, and are very like each other through all the stages ob.served. All are brown or gray in longitudinal bands, alternated with bands of black ; and with such a style of uuirking and coloration there is little room for individual varitition. GiOA.s, .so far as is yet known, is confined to Vancouver's Island. It has been taken on Mt. Findlayson and Mt. ,\ustiu ; at Cobble Hill, Koksilah, and South iSaarnich. Also sm far to the north as Mt. I'revost, sixty miles from \'^ictoria. Mr. Charles de Bloi^ (Ireen, C. K., sn^'s: "1 took frit/as all the way froni Vic- toria to Mt. Prevost. and should .say that it is foimd over the whole .southern part of the island.'" Of the habits of G'/yas, Mr. William II. Danby, of Victoria, writes : ''The males are very alert when at rest, easily alarmed, and of an incjuisitive disj)osition. This last was demonstrated by the alacrity with which they would chase I'apiiio Kurymeibm, whenever that insect approached, — .say at about fifteen feet. A O'ujuH would rise and make a dash at the stranger, driving it away at once. This habit I turned to account, using the Papilios as decoys, and by their aid finding Gigas, which always returned to the spot it started from. Thus 1 obtained more examples than I otherwi.«e could have, beeau.se on the uiuler side G'ujas .so closely resembles the black mosses on or among which it rests, that until it is flushed it is CIirONORAS XI. dillioiilt to piTcuive. The llitflit of tlio mak", when undisturbed, is in inidnliitious niiide witli littio olTort. iind it closi'ly rt'soinljlos liiiit of Satyriis Ai'luuc, but is more swift. The feuudes lly with lui easy iind reguhir movement, and tloy are neitlier so ((uick nor so why as the male.s, and con.sequently are more easily captured." Mr. (Jreen wrote in IS92: *' I came across G'ujiix many times, last year, in dilierent situations. I have never seen tiiem tloiny an^'thing el.se than sunnin^i,' themselves, and when so engaged, they are not easily taken witii the net. They prefer to alight on rocks, but at tiie same time, 1 have observed that if tiierc is a dead tree lying across the rocks, they will make u.se of it; also, thai if disturltcd they disappear, but will in time return to the same .sjxit. The only standing tree.s Avhich I have seen them resting on are small dead ones." On July 10, IS'J.'), Mr. (Jreen wrote: "1 send you six perfect Ghjdx, which 1 was fortunate enough to obtain yesterday. 1 took three females and eight males, four of the last just out of chrysalis. TIu' males tly high up the mounlaiu, and go there to sun themselves on the bare rocks. If struck at and niis.«' '. they dart flown the mountain into the timber. When alighted they fold then wings back to back, .so that nothing but the under surface is to be seen." Mr. W. Lr. Wright made two trips to V^ancouver's Island, in jiursuit of Gigax. On the lirst, 18',ll, he was very successful; itut the second, l.SOli, was nearly fruitless, owing to bad weather and limited time, he being on his way to Sitka. Mr. Wright has collected /dnnu in three seasons, 1892, 18'J3, IS'Jl, in the red- wood region of northeast California ; and he ha.s taken Chionobas ('(tHj'oniica in east Washington, and on Mt. Hood. Oregon; also in northern California, lie is the only living collector who has taken the three species, and knows by personal observation their respective habits. His lirst letter was from Victoria, June .'!(l. 1891; '• 1 have ju.st come from Mt. Findlay.son, and mail you to-day about two dozen eggs of Gii/tis. I got fifty- one of the butterflies, of which only two were females." Two days later, he .sent fifteen more eggs, laid in Victoria by the female he had brought in on the .second day, and wrote : " Glf/us Hies to the very top of a bald, rocky knol), Mt. Findlay- son, the highest peak in this part of the island, elevation, 1 understand, about 4(100 feet. The knob is almost solid rock, and it is covered in part with lichens and mosses, i)rown and black with age and exposure. But large areas are of clean rock, wind-swept, and similar in color to the niosses. Upon the rock this butterfly rests, with closed wings, and it is wholly invisible when quiet. So far as I saw, the males spend nearly all their time on the rocks. I never saw one on a flower, or alighted on anything but rock. Other butterllies also lly about and over the peaks, Papilios ZoUcaon and Euryuiedon, Argynuis Breninerii, etc. CIIIONOHAS XI. Tlio GUjun (like ilfliglit in rising' u|i to cliiisc any piisHiii},' lly, I'ollow it a littli? ay, and then ndiirii to tlioir own spots. If .staiti'd np h\ myself, and not idarnic'd, tliuv tl<:w circL ii for a fi'w niomonts, iind tlicn alighted, fiv- (piontly at niy fuct. I foinid tiicMn, tlu'ri'foro, easy to take on the wiiiji. and wlien aligliting. lly om- or two o'clock the chill sea air i)e ive.> •hiellv on rocky bare knobs, above the surrounding timber, and out.sidc the .shelter of il. That was my exiterience. As related, the CIIIONOnAS XI. onh' ovipositing I ohsorvod took |)l;uc upon tlic liiij:li('.i( imd hloiiitOHt point, at the imnicMliiite biinu of tiic rocky knoh. 'riuTO wiif* ii total iibHenco of cither sex at nuicii lowiT elevation, or in the ineailows which lie lower down, thoiiLfh I hiuiteil lhruui(h these and took other species ol hiitlerllies. "On the other hand, ChionohuH Idiiiui inhabits the slopes of evergreen red- wood forest, not the tops of the hills, whether bare or tree-chid, nor the grassy opi'nings. This is the redwood district of northeastern (.'alifornia, on the I'acidc const. Lliiii't simulated Liuienitis in habits ami liight, dilVering decidedly from both (ri(jits and ('aU/orniai. It sails along with wings extended horizontally, as iloes Limenilis, and in a way not usual with Satyrids. It never alights on the ground, like Ohjas, though the male does sometimes alight on dead leaves for warmth, when it is growing cool in the afternoon ; but its usual place of alights ing is on a green twig of tree or on a shrub. Its liight has the darting move- ment characteristic of the Califoruiau spei'ies of Limenitis, and entirely unlike till! movement of GIi/uh. The male likes best to take his position on the extreme point of a green twig that reaches ont horizontally, and there, with 'wimjn whie opiii. Jl'ils like Limenilis and (Jrapta, to sun himself, in such cas^; he will not permit one to approach neai'er than about twenty feet before taking flight. He must usually be taken on the wing. Now, neither d'ajus nor ('n/i/ovjiIcK rest with wings open, so far as my observation goes. G!;/iix is much easier to capture than /(ham, because it is most of the time at rest, and returns to the .same spot aftei' a chase with another butt(U'll\', while Lfidin must b(; taken on the winir- " In contrast to the other two species, (Jnfiforiiicd lives in a semi-desert coun- try, both as to land and air. the hot, arid regions of east Oregon and Washington, and of northeast California, where the temperature is luilf-tropical. (lirjos is semi-arctic, living amid the cold, dark (ir forest; Iiliiiin is temperate, living in the mild, dark redwood forest; ('(i/ifunilrn is semi-tropical, living in open, dry, warm glades, in the ' bush-land,' on the border between the forest and the open plains. Criijds alights on bare rocks ; LhtiKi on green twigs ; Cdll/onticd on dead or dry grass. I never saw this last-named species alight on trees or lindjs, but on the ground in grassy jilaccs, exactly after the habit of C. Vnniiid, as 1 .saw it in east Montana. " As to the climate of Tdiind, it is cool and damj) all the year, with ])ut little snow or ice ; heavy and continued rains all the winter, and both early and late. The hibernating larvie must be soaked for four months or more. This butterlly lives and breeds directly in the evergreen forest, tlu; redwood slope, not in the sunny, grassy openings. I have been at all these places, and 1 know the dill'er- eiice in climate. To an eastern man these dilTerences may seem apochryphal, because no such state of things is found on the Atlantic coast. But they are CIIIONOIIAS XI. real. Tlit> Const nmifrt' of moinilaiiiM, I'loiii UriliNli f'i)liiiiil)iii (o Moxico, minks n |)o."l(ii hiouuhl me this last season (IS'.Mifrom the Sierras east of licA Hlull'. in norlliern < '.liifornia, and the ino-t southern locality in which this s])eiac> has been seen, were taken near a green meadow, hnt yel np on the dry slope aho\e it where the grass was dead (on .'.Uh .lime), elevation |."illO feet. Here also were scattered pine-trees." I'idfosor Owen, in IMIJ. s|)enl several weeks al l''orl Klamath, and In'onghi liiree hiinilK'd examples of ('dUfoniK nil ilry standing trees. loos. dr\- l\ d a(! wigs, anil (lead leaves, a!-o pine cones N. 'i'l ie\' mo low lliers, and 1 should compare their lliglit rather with Argynnis than Limenilis." Mr. ( 'imniniiliam lives near I'oii Kl.iiiiatli. iiid for several \cars has been a colli'v'lor ol liiiltcillie-. lie writes: ■• ( 'idijhniica fre(|i;enls open glades, a moll scaf'-ring pine,-, with moie or less vegetiition under foot. It is also to he s'.;en 'ii more thickly timlierecl localities where there is a dense gn.wili of ' linck brush ' a name ajiplied to a thicket of semi-lhurny shrub. It is loud of a dry hollow, or CIllONOItAS \I. 'iilcli. I liMVt' iK'ViM' sfcii it oil tlio ^rniiiinl. or on rdcks, cir iiios.s, \n\\ I liavo sfvi'iiil liiiii's soin it on drv loirs ami div twi'j-s. Oi I one occasion I i\v a ]iair in ciiiliun on llic li'.iiik ol a ^rccn lir, liut with tliat. ('\<'i'|)tion 1 never saw lliis linttcrtly alij.'lil('il on a jirccn tii'c. I liavc seen llic I'ciiialf on a sliiiil), (lie • clia- parral,' a dry bush sonujlliiii;^- liUt- ' sairc l)riisii,' with lew and small leaves. •* Its tlijfht is not, treiiiiiloiis. or waveiinir. lillrai},dit ahead ; then another moveineiir ol' the w inL^>, ami another sail. Ol'teii the I'emah' will dodj^e into a Inish when struck at. and no aim luit of shoviiii; will ilisl(jdjj;e her. The males are almost always in motion, appai' ntly walidiini:' for the appearance of the females, and really 1 have rarely seen them at rest." Till! most, iioitherii locality at which ('ii/i/'Dnilfi has been taken is l-lnderiiy, east of (he <.'aseade Iian;fe, in the latitude of .Mt. I'revost, on N'aiicouver's Island, hy Mr. (ireen. who was at tin' time eiii^aL-'cd on the construction of tl.e railway to Vernon (through Kiidorhyl from the Canadian Pacilie Hallway. .Mr. (In •en t(dls me (hat l!iat district is very hot in suimiier.' " the altitude where I took the two females which were sent yon is from J.'ilMl to LMKKl feet : the coiiuliy timhered, with }rras.«y and rocky openiiif^s. ' Tliest! females, sent hy .Mr. (ireen. were iiiimistakahly ('ul'ijorniiii, tluir under surfaces Hushed wit'i red-hrown. a> shown in the I'late uf VOlmiie )l. There is no doiiiit that the three specie-, (lifju.-'. ('ii/if''>r llirii. all' 1 J,/, iii'i, more especially the first two, le hadly ir.ixed up in many collections. It has come to 111}' knowkMl^^o that one >•'• 'he American accuinnlators of Imtlei llic-:. who has distrilmted Ids Hpecitneiis hy sale or e.\ciian;je far and wide over lioth continents, ■ ir:;iiiii i> " III I 111' lull, KXl'LANAIION Ol' nil-: I'LATK. (Ii-i^-i, I ' t, ,1, I 9 ; .. viir. i. II, lii.ii ; "', njii'i'>'^. The larvie at once went into hiheiiiation. and dieil in course of the winter. Mr. Beun told me that the larva; witli him were lo.st in the same way. CHTOXOBAS VIIT. CrilONOBAS SUBHYALLNA, l-o. Chionnhnt Sulihiialina, CiirlN, in AjUH'inlix lo Hik-'h N'miaiivi' N. W. 1';i>-'Ml'i', p (>'*■ lt*3j ; Edwardu, Cnnii- ili.iii Kntouiolo^i-t, \'ol. XXV., |i. 1:17 \K\.\ : lleanii, Elwes, Trai.s. Ent. So*;. Loml., p. ITti. 1SU3. AI.vr^E. 'jxnaiK Isf roiTi to int hoH ortiinr ; Shape of C. Jinicci ami C. I'lthri, ami fully as traiisparcTil as tiie f priinaritjs narrow, pi'oiluccd apically and pointod. the hind inar<;in slo])iiig inward more th;;n in SonUlvn or (Eim. Upper side pale gray-l)laek ; primai'ies soiiio- tiinos havi' a faint scxnal sti'i|)e. oftener no traee of it; one example under view shows two light snl»-apical points, transverse, pupils of in('oin|)leto ocelli ; eostnl edge whitish, freckled next hasi- witii hlack : fringes of Ijoth wings yellowish white, dusky at liie (Mids of the nervules. Under side of |)riniaries paler, llie costal and a|)ex gray-white, or yellowish white, strttaked and niottleil with hrowii , in some examples the rest of the wing is free from markings (as shown in l'"ig. 1); hut in others the extra-discal area and the costal half of flie cell are covered with transverse, alihrcviated streaks of brown, more or less distinct (as sliown in Fig. 1 1. Secondaries vary much, some showing a distinct thongli faint inc-ial hand (Fig. 2), others almost none at all (Fig. .!). with intermediate grades; sometimes there is no more than a suggestion of the hand in cloudy patcln-s on eitlu'r mar- gin ; where tiie hand is coiii|ilctc. the edges are darken, il and deiiiiite. the outei- one erenatcd from the elhuw on upper lirmich of nwdi'in to costa. and WM\y ~.iv erose fi'om elhow to inner margin; on the iinier (>(lge there i-^ .i prominent pri>- jcction on the suh-cosfal nervine, either angular or lounded. followed hy a nearliv rectangular sinus in the cell ; the whole wing is covi'red with whitish or InteouN scales, iiitermhigleil with which are brown ones more or less grouped into line. abl)reviate'l. 43, p. 379. EoQ. — Sub-conic, shaped as in Gujan ; nmrkod bv from twenty to twonty- two ribs, the suinniits and slopes of wliiuh arc- ii.s in (lujds; tliu niicropyle i.s in the centre of a rosette of shallow six-sided cells, the boundaries of which are raised like threa IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) y Cfo // c^"

^ Photogrephic Sciences Corporation ^v iV % v ^^% '^..%_ O > %' 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 (716) 872-4503 &< vV CHIONOBAS XII. buff shading into pale green without, and all of it finely streaked longitudinally with brown ; the sub-dorsal stripe brown, the area below this buff; the lateral stripe green anteriorly, on both sides thinly edged by vinous-red, the posterior half wholly of this last hue ; the spiracular band greenish, and both over and under it a fine brown line ; luider side, feet and legs greenish white ; head same shape as at first stage ; color pale green-yellow, the six vertical stripes as in the genus, pale brown, not distinct. (Figs, c, r, c^) Dur.ation of this stage nine to seventeen days in 18U2 ; twenty-six days in 1893. Part of the larvae hibernated soon after first moult. After second moult : length, at one day, .34 inch ; shape as in second stage, the tubercles and processes similar ; color ligjit yellow-buff ; the stripes as before, except that the lateral is edged on both sides by black ; the dorsal area more dis- tinctly streaked brown ; head as before, the vertical .stripes still not distinct. (Figs, d, tP, cP.) To next stage eleven to fifteen days in 1892 ; fourteen to seven- teen, in 1893. Some larvae hibernated soon after the second moult. After third moult ; length, at twenty hours, .54 inch ; same shape ; color buflT; the mid-dorsal stripe black, green within ; the streaks on the dorsal area much darker ; the sub-dorsal stripe lost ; the lateral with heavy black edges, green within, vinous posteriorly ; head as before, the vertical stripes more distinct. (Figs, e, e'^, e^.) To fourth and last moult fifteen to twenty days. After fourt'i: moult: length, at one day, .6 inch. (Fig./.) teen days was full-grown. In fifteen to nine- Mature Larva. — Length 1.1 to 1.3 inch; shape of Gigas and Macoimii, thick in the middle, tapering about equally either way, and ending in two short sub-conical tails, which meet at base ; surface thickly covered with fine tubercles (as in the other species), each bearing a short, tapering process ; color brownish buff, striped and banded longitudinally, as in the genus ; the mid-dorsal stripe black ; next this the dorsal area, or band, is whitish shading into buff without, and streaked longitudinally and finely with black and dark brown ; the sub-dorsal stripe slight, indicated by a line or two of black interrupted streaks ; the area outside this pale buff, with a brown thread running through the middle ; the lateral stripe or band black over the posterior two thirds, buff streaked black on the anterior segments ; the spiracular band greenish buff ; the basal ridge yellow- white, as are the feet and legs ; head small, and, as in the genus, sub-globose, broadest below, narrowing a little upward, slightly depressed at the suture ; the CHIONOBAS XII. surface thickly covered with shallow iiulentations, with many tubercles and pro- cesses like those on the body ; across the top six vertical stripes, as in the genus, the indentations within these black. (Fig./^, greatly enlarged ; /^, dorsal view of segments 7 and 8 ; /■*, head.) The larvie died without pupating. I received from Mr. W. G. Wright thirty-three eggs of Iduna, laid 18th to 21st June, 1892, at Mendocino, California. The larvie began to hatch 5th July, and by 8th I had seventeen. Part of the eggs had been sent to Mrs. Peart, who wrote, 12th July : " I see no ditference between the young larviu of Idund and those of G'lcjas, except that the former do not seem so bright in color ; the stripes of OUjas were as bright as those of Macounii — very red." Ten of my larva! lived to pa.ss their first moult on 21.st July and subsequent days. The first one passed its .second moult on 20th July, others at intervals to Uth August. Shortly after, the number was reduced to six. The missing larvaa sinr'y dis- appeared ; I supposed they went to ground, or into the sod, for hibernati- .i, but on .searching could discover none. They are so very small and of such dull color that they might easily be overlooked. The first larva pas.sed its third moult 9th August, the second one on 11th. No other reached that moult. Two were found dead, and the rest may have gone to ground. The second larva spoken of died before fourth moult, but the first reached that moult 4th September, but not without assistance in getting rid of its old skin. It had been constricted so long that the mandibles were deformed, and consequently the larva died from starvation. Mrs. Peart had brought one larva to fourth moidt 24th August, and it continued to feed well and grew rapidly. On 26th August, it was .96 inch long ; on 5th September, 1.3 inch, obese and evidently full-grown. But by acci- dent it fell to the floor and was mortally hurt. Twelve eggs were received from Mr. Wright, mailed from Mendocino, 2oth June, 1893. These began to hatch 9th July, and eleven larva? were obtained. The first one passed its first moult 22d July, and by 1st August nine larvae had got through that moult. But three passed tlie second moult, and one of these was soon found to be in lethargy, and was sent to Clifton Springs, New York, to go into the refrigerating house there. One reached third moult 3d September, the fourth, 23d September. This larva was resting on its sod on 28th, in the morning, but at 2 p. m. was not to be seen or found, though I searched both earth and sod for it. By all which it will ajjpear that these larvae are grown in con- finement with much tribulation. Mrs. Peart had been more successful, and had reared a larva which passed third moult 22d August, the fourth, 11th September. By 29th September, this had reached a length of 1.32 inch, and being mature and sleepy was sent to Clifton Springs. The two larvae came back to me in the following March, apparently healthy, but both died during April. CHIONOBAS XII. So it happens that a pupa has never been seen in this group of Chionobas. In Iduna, Callfornica, and Macounii one or more larva? have reached the adult stage, but refused to go farther. I have given tliem sand, friable earth, moss, and sod, hoping that in one or the other pupation might take place. But the larvtB liave usually lingered for days or weeks, eating nothing, moving about a little, only to die as larvae at last. As was said under Chionobas XI, Iduna, in contrast to the allied species, almost always has the male pale yellow-brown, and Figure 1 gives a good representa- tion of this hue. So also Figures 2, 3, 4, well show the peculiar hoary, thinly- streaked surface of the under side of hind wing, and the usual style of outline of the band. Figure 5 is taken from the only melanic Iduna observed. Figure 7 is the likeness of a prettily marked Gigas female. CHIONOBAS XII. CHIONOBAS CALIFORNICA, 6. Chionobas Cali/ornica, Boisduval ; Edwards, Butt. N. A., Vol. II., pi. 44, p. 281. Egg. — Sub-conic, shaped as in Iduna and Gigas, but larger ; marked by twenty-two or twenty-three ribs, somewhat sinuous, occasionally branching either near the top or bottom ; narrow at summit, rounded, the slopes flat, the spurs between the fine excavations more separated than in the other species, and stand- ing at all angles to the rib ; the micropyle is in the centre of a rosette of shallow six-sided cells, the boundaries of which are thread-like ; outside of these are two or three rows of similar irregular cells, gradually enlarging ; beyond to the end of the ribs are two and three rows of little welts or cushions, with fine ridges radi- ating from each ; these ridges sometimes cross the spaces between the welts, but most often do not ; the arrangement is distinctly more star-like than in the other species named ; color gray-white. (Figs, g, g^.) Duration of this stage thirteen days, in July. Young Larva. — Length, at one day, .16 inch , shape as in Fdima and Gigas ; 13 ending in two short sub-conical tails, which meet at base ; the processes same in number, position, and form as in the other species ; color, just from the egg, pink with a gray shade over dorsum, in a few hours greenish gray ever the whole dorsal area, the last segments vinous tinted ; the mid and sub-dorsal stripes narrow, equal, red-brown ; the lateral broad as in Gigas, vinous, green ante- riorly ; the spiracular band gray-green ; the basal ridge yellow-white ; under side, feet and legs gray-green, translucent ; head as in the other species ; color brownish yellow. (Figs, h, hr, W.) Duration of this stage six to eighteen days. After first moult : length, at one day, .26 inch ; shape of the other species named ; the tubercles and processes same color yellow-buff, the stripes and bands as in the genus ; the mid-dorsal stripe gray edged with vinous ; next this IPROViiJC . .. VICTOR. CHIONOBAS Xll. the ground i,s pule buff shading into darker bull', the whole area finely streaked longitudinally with pale brown ; the sub-dorsal stripe a mere line, vinous, the ground below it pale bull', cut through the middle by a thread of brown ; the lateral stripe vinous, gray-green within anteriorly ; basal ridge yellow-white ; under side, feet and legs j)alo buff ; head same shape as before, indented and tuberculated as in the species named ; color pale yellow-brown ; the vertical stripes as in Idinia, but heavier because of the blackness of the indentations within them. (Figs, i, ?, i".) Duration of this stage ten to twenty-one days. The larva) whose stages were prolonged went into lethargy soon after second moult. After second moult : length, at twenty hours, .35 ; shape as at second stage, the tubercles and processes same ; color yellow-buff ; the mid-dorsal stripe pale black, green through the middle ; the dor.^al area buff clouded brown, and streaked with darker brown; the sub-dorsal line vinous, the ground below it red- dish buf¥, cut in the middle by a brown line ; the lateral stripe, or band, black with a vinous tint, edged bufi" below ; the spiracular band gray-green, edged on both sides by red-brown ; the ridge pale buff, as are the under side, feet and legs; head as at second stage, with similar stripes (not figuredj. Duration of this stage ten days. After third moult: length, at one day, .6 inch; .same shape; color yellow- buff ; the mid-dorsal stripe black, cut by green at the middle of each segment; the dorsal area yellow-brown, streaked with darker brown ; the sub-dorsal line vinous, the area under it buff, cut as before by a brown thread ; the lateral band broad, vinous-black ; the spiracular band gray-green, thinly edged with brown ; head as before. (Figs, j,/, segments 7 and 8 ; /, head.) To next stage nine days. After fourth moult : length .68 inch ; in twelve days was full-grown. Mature Larva. — Length L18 inch, greatest breadth .16; shape of the group, thick in middle, tapering about equally either way, and ending in two short sub-conical tailj, which meet at base ; surface thickly covered with fine sub-conical tubercles of irregular sizes, each bearing a short tapering proce,ss ; color brown-bulT, striped and banded longitudinally as in the genus; the mid- dorsal stripe black ; the dorsal band next the stripe whitish shading outwardly into brown, and throughout finely streaked longitudinally with darker brown and black ; the sub-dorsal stripe scarcely more than a macular black line ; below, the CHIONOBAS XII. ground is buff with black specks running through the middle ; the lateral band deep black, a little mottled buff anteriorly; the spiracular band green-buff; the ridge yellow-white ; under side, feet and legs brown-buff; head small, and, as in the other species, sub-globose, broadest below, narrowing a little towards top, depressed slightly at the suture ; the surface thickly covered with shallow inden- tations, with many tubercles and processes like those on the body ; across the top six vertical stripes, as in Idiina and the genus, the indentations v/ithin these black. (Figs, k, natural size; U', greatly enlarged; l^, head.) The larvoo died without pupa'ang. I received, 6th July, 1890, twenty eggs of Californica from Mr. Albert Koe- bele, then at Spokane Falls, Washington. These began to hatch on 13th, and by the IGth there were fourteen larvoe. On .SOth July, three passed the first moult ; others passed this moult at intervals up to 9th August. On 21st August, one passed second moult. All but two of the larv03 went into hibernation im- mediately after the second moult. One of the two passed the third moult Sep- tember 'id, and fourth moult September 16th. The other I had sent Professor Riley at Washington, and it was returned to me after its fourth moult. Both these larvai were torpid by 30th September, and were kept out of doors, shaded from the sun. On oth February, 1891, I brought all the larvtc into the house. There were two alive, past second moult, and the two adults, the latter lying half buried in the sand that covered the earth of the ilower-pot. They all looked healthy, and were put out of doors again, and so remained till 9th April. For some time previous to that date the weather had been cool, with several falls of snow, but suddenly a change to warm had come. I found the smaller larvae and one of the adults dead, the other was of good color, and I hoped to see it pupate in a few days. Day by day it moved a little, and once was found on the sod, but by April 25th was dead. ^B EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE. 1. IdUNA, 1, 2, 3, 4 $ ; 5 var. J. a, Egg j a', micropyle. b, Young Larva ; 6^ head. c, Larva at 1st moult ; c' section of dorsum, segments 7 and 8; c*, head. d, Larva at 2d moult ; il'', section, 7 and 8 ; rf', head. e, Larva at 3d moult ; e', section, 7 and 8 ; e-', liead. /, Larva at 4th moult. /", Adult Lakva, greatly enlarged | f\ segments 7 and 8 ; /*, head. 2. Californica 6, var. $. g, Ego ; 9", micropyle. h, Young Larva; A^, segments 12, 13 | h', head. t, Larva at 1st moult ; 1^, segments 7, 8 ; head. J, Larva at third moult; segments 7, 8, side view ; j^ same, dorsal view ; y, head. k, Adult Larva, natural size ; k'^, same enlarged ; kf, head. 3. G1GA8 7, var. yBi^ y - ■! ^,. I. '■'' W4b**^ /■■:xl^ „.. rr ■■*; 5 V^\i