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Microfiche
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Canadian Institute for Historical Microraproductions / Institut Canadian da microraproductions historiquos
Technical and Bibliographic Notaa/Notaa tochniquaa at bibliographiquaa
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Ce document eat filmA au taux de rMuction indiquA ci-deaaoua.
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UPPER CANADA
COLLECTED AND OBDEEED FOB THE INTEEMTIONAL EXHIBITION OF LONDON, 18ii2.
Bt J. B. HURLBERT, LL.D.
MONTREAL: PRINTED BY M. LONOMOORE * CO., MONTREAL GAZETTE STEAM PRESS.
1862.
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SIR W. E LOGAN, F.R.S., " (Director of the Geological Survey) President.
HON. L. V. SICOTTE, M.P.P., St. Hyacinthe, (President of the Board of Agriculture, C. E.)
COL. THOMSON, Toronto, (President of the Board of Agriculture, C. W.)
J. BEATTY, Junior, M.D., Cobourg, (President of the Board of Arts and Manufactures, C. W.)
J. C. TACHfi, Quebec.
B. CHAMBERLIN, B.C.L., Montreal, (Secretary of the Board of Arts , , and Manufactures, C. E.)
J. B. HURLBERT, LL.D., Hamilton.
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SHARE OF LABOR.
The Commission, at a meeting held at the beginning of last December, divided the labor as follows among its members:
Sir W. £. Looan — To collect the mineral productions of Canada.
agricultural products of Lower Canada.
" of Upper Canada.
manufactured articles of Upper Canada.
" of Lower Canada.
productions of the waters and forests of L. Canada.
« « « of U.Canada.
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Hon. L. V. Sicotte— |
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Col. Thomson— |
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OOLLEOTIOISr
OF THE
PRODUDTS OF 138 WATERS AND PORBSTS
or
UPPER CANADA.
BEPOBT OF J. B. HURLBEBT, LL.D.
The Samples of Wood have been collected from the extreme Eastern and Western, and Central parts of Upper Canada, for the purpose of shewing the ex- tent of country over which the most valuable timbers grow.
1. The most important collection is in the form of Planks, twelve feet long and four inches thick, with the bark on both edges. Of these (sixty in number), there are superb samples of White Oak, four feet wide ; White Wood, Black Cherry, Black Walnut, Button-wood, White Ash, Sugar Maple and Soft Maple, from three to four feet wide ; one plank of Pine, from the Township of Bayham, twelve feet long (and it could have been cut fifty feet long) and fifty inches wide, without a knot, sawn from a tree 22 feet in circumference and 120 feet to the first limb ; the first four logs, twelve feet long, making 8,000 feet of lumber after being squared.
2. The second class of Woods are sections of the trunks of the chief of the valuable timbers, with the bark on, taken from the three divisions of the Province above named. Of these there are thirty-four.
3. The third are neatly planed and polished specimens of all our chief Woods — one side varnished, the other plain — veneers of the plain wood, of crotches, of roots, &c., of the most choice varieties. Of these there are two collections, each of 73 specimens, with some smaller ones ; in all about 250.
4. The fourth class consists of the sections of the trunks (firom three to six inches in diameter), one foot long, with the bark on, so cut as to shew the grain of the wood and the polish it will take, accompanied with twigs, leaves and flowers of the trees In this class are five valuable collections, from the most distant parts of Upper Canada, of some 90 distinct kinds of Native Woods and Shrubs. Of these there are 203 pieces.
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The Common and Scientific Names of all the Woods are given, with tlie sis9 and height of the trees, the specific grevit/ of the wood, its weight compared with Shell-bark Kickorj (which, being the heaviest of all our woods, is taken as the standard), its uses, prices at the Lake Ports and at Quebec, &c.
5. The fifth class contains samples of Tool-handles, Shafts and Poles of Car- riages, Spokes, Naves, &c., showing the common purposes for wliish the Woods are best adapted and most used.
From a Pamphlet issued from the Bureau of Agriculture, at Quebec, we learn that Canada exports annually about 30,000,000 cubic feet of Timber in the rough state, and about 400,000,000 feet, board measure, of sawn timber. The. revenue derived by the Province, during 1860, for timber cut in the forests, amounted to about $500,000. Of the sixty or seventy varieties of woods in our forots, there are usually only five or six kinds which go to make up these exports so vast in quantity ; the remaining fifty or sixty timber trees are left to perish or are burned as a nuisance, to get them out of the way. By showing, in the markets of the world, that we have these valuable woods, and can furnish them at such unprece- dentedly low prices, we shall secure additional purchasers. The collections here named, were made chiefly in reference to this point, and are, in their nature and in their intrinsic value, it is believed, well ad&pted for that purpose.
In extent, in the variety and value of its woods, the great forests of deciduous trees of North America surpass all others ; auJ the most remarkable of this great mixed forest is that growing in the valley of the St. Lawrence. The Western coasts of both continents, in high latitudes, furnish only or chiefly the Conifers. The high summer temperatures and abundant summer rains, are, unquestionably, those conditions of climate necessary to produce these peculiar forest trees. The Western coasts of both continents, in high latitudes, have the necessary moisture, but not the high summer temperature ; the Western prairies, East of the Mississippi, and the vast deserts West of it, have the summer heat but not the moisture ; hence the absence of all trees in the one region, and of the deciduous trees in the other.
If the people of this country had a more correct appreciation of the riches which they possess in these mighty forests, they would not surely so unnecessarily destroy them.
To those gentlemen whose names appear as contributors of the woods espe- cially I am under the greatest obligations, and the country is indebted to them for the part they have taken in making this collection so complete.
DESCRIPTION OF THE CHIEF FOREST TREES OF UPPER
CANADA.
1. White Pine, pintis stre^ns.
Grows in all parts of Canada in extensive groves, or scattered amongst the deciduous forests. Average height, 140 to 160 feet ; average diameter, 3 and 4 feet ; but common at 5 and 6 feet in diameter and 200 feet high, especially near the shores of Lake Erie. Trees of 22 feet in circumference and 220 feet in height and 120 to first limb, are sometimes found. The trunk is perfectly straight. The
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Wood is soft grained, easily wrought, and durable ; used in immense quantities in architecture. The large trunks are particularly sought for masts of ships. Largely «iported to England, where it is called « Weymouth Pine." Specific grarity, 0.46 ; weight of cubic foot, 29 lbs.
2. Red Pine, Pinus resinnsa.
Found in dry soils and in the cooler latitudes of Canada, and attains the height t>f 80 feet, with a trunk 2 feet in diameter, very straight and uniform. It affords a fine grained, resinous timber, of much strength and durability, and highly valued in vchitecture. Specific gravity, 0.66 ; weight t>f cubic foot, 40 lbs.
S. Yellow Pine. P. mitii. Grows in dry and sandy soils, common in all parts of the country ; attains the height of 60 feet; wood close, fine grained, durable and moderately resinous, and much used for ship building and all kinds of architecture. Specific gravity, 0.52 ; weight of cubic foot, 30 lbs.
4. White O* k, Qttercus alba. Widely distributed throughout Canada in all rich soils. Average height, 130 feet ; height to first limb, 70 foet ; diameter, 30 inches, and quite common, 60 inches in diameter, and found 84 inches in diameter in the western parts of Upper Canada. Of the twenty varieties of Oaks in North America, the White is the most valuable. The wood is of great strength and durability, and extensively used in ship-building, for staves of casks, spokes and naves of waggon wheels, railway ties, Im. ; bark usefol in tanning and in medicine. The timber is largely exported to England and the West Indies, and can be furnished in the remotest parts of Upper Canada at jB40 sterling per 1000 cubic feet ; freight to Quebec aboui £11 sterling per 1000 cubic feet. Specific gravity, 0.84 ; weight of cubic foot, fully seasoned, 50 lbs. Potash obtained from outer wood 13.41, and from heart wood 9.68, per cent. ; value for heating purposes, 81 (shell-bark hickory being 100).
5. Black Oak, Quercus tinctoria. One of the largest tcees of our forest, 100 to 130 feet in height, and 4, 5 and 6 feet in diameter. Not so common or so valuable as White Oak. The bark used in tanning, and for obtaining querdtron, used in dying.
6. Red Oak, Quercus rubra. Grows extensively throughout Canada, is a lofty wide spreading tree, of an average height of 130 feet, and of 70 feet to the first limb, and common at 30 inches in diameter. Makes best casks for oils and molasses. Too little sought aft'^r, because of the great rbundance and greal or value of White Oak. Can be furnished in the remote parts of Western Canada at j£35 steriing per 1000 cubic feet; freight to Quebec about J£ 10 sterling ; specific gravity, 0.675 ; weight of cubic foot 40 lbs ; value for heating purposes, 69 ; outside wood yields 20.5 per cent, and the inside 14.79 per cent, of potash.
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T. Svi AMf Oak, Q.priftm, tar. discolor. «' A beautiful tree, widely diffused, attaining the height of 70 to 90 feet. Grows In awampy alluvial grounds ; timber preferred to that of the Red Oak, resenibliiig more the White Oak, and called also Stvamp White Oak. The specific namft ditcolor or bicolor is derived from its rich and luxuriant foliage. Specific gravity, 0.675 ; weight of cubic foot, 40 lbs ; value for heating purposes, 69.
8. Chcsnut, Castanea veaca. " Grows only in the Western parts of Upper Canada, and on rocky or hilly lands ; a large tree, 80 to 100 feet in height and 36 inches in diameter. The timber is coarse grained, strong, elastic, light and very durable ; posts of Chesnut have been known to stand in the ground for forty years. The young wood is very ehistie, and is nsed for rings oi ship masts, boops for tabs, &e. Chesnut is distin- guishable from Oak in having no large transverse septa-^though in every other res- pect the two woods are remarkably similar in texture and color. The nuts are much esteemed, and sweeter than those of the European variety (the Spanish Chet- nuts.) Outside wood contains 4.56 per cent, of potash ; inside 2.73 per cent ; specific gravity, 0.5 ; weight of cubic foot, 32 lbs ) value for heating purposes, 52.
9. Black Walnut, Juglans nigra. Grows abundantly on the rich soils of the Western and Sonth-westera part» tif Upper Canada, of an average height of 120 feet, 70 feet to the first limbs^ and 36 inches in diameter. Sections of the wood, six feet in diameter, are not micommop. The wood is compact, strong and tough, of a deep violet color surrounded by a white alburnum. It is used extensively for building, for furniture^ and in the form of veneers. It can be furnished along the line of the Great Wes* tern Railway, or at the lake ports, for j£60 sterling per 1000 cubic feet ; freight thence to Quebec, about JSII per 1000 cubic feet. Specific gravity, 0.5 ; weight of cubic foot, 30 lbs., well seasoned ; value for heating purposes, 65.
10. Butternut, Juglans cinerea. A large forest tree of an average height of 100 feet, 65 feet to the first limb, ahd 24 to 30 inches in diameter, found over extensive areas in Canada, 6n elevated river banks and on cold, uneven, rocky soils. The wood is of a reddish hue, lighter than the Black Walnut, shrinks but little, and is used in panneliog, in ornamental work ahd for furniture. The bark is used in dyeing, and from it is extracted an excellent cathartic. Specific gravity, 0.426 ; weight of r<'.bic foot, 26 lbs. ; out- side wood contains 4.42 per cent, potash ; inside, 1.42 per cent.
11. Shell- BARK HicKOBT, Carya alba.
A tall atid slender forest tree, of an average height of 110 feet, 50 feet to the first limb, and 18 inches in diameter. The fruii is covered with a very thick epi- carp, separating into four parts and containing a thin shelled highly flavored kernel. The tree is covered witL shaggy bark, consisting of long narrow plates loosely ad- hering by the middle } hence called Shell or Shaggy-Bark Hickory ; it is also
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tilled Wahiat in parts of the couutty where the Black Walnut does aot grow. It ia the hearieit of all Canadian woods, strong, compact and elastic, and much used where these qualities are required, as for the handles of all kinds of tools, and spokes of carriage wheels, shafts and poles of carriages, hoops, whip stalks, hand spikes, &Ck From tka baric is eitracted a jellow dje. Specific gravity, 0.929 ; weight of cubic foot, 58 lbs. ; value for heating purposes, 100* (the best of all Canadian woods) ; inside wood contains 30 per cent, of potash ; outside, 7.5 per cent.
12. Smooth-Bark HiCkorV, Carya glabra. Nearly all the remarks made ia reference to the Shell-bark Hickory apply to this species, and the wood It used for the same purposes, although it is not quite so highly esteemed. The hark of the tree is smooth, and the kernel of the nut very bitter in contrast with the other or sweet nut hickory.
13 and 14. Sugar or Hard Maple and Bird'«-Etb Maple, Acer saahari- num, AND Red or Swamp Maple, A. rubrum. Found abundantly throughout Canada in all rich soils, and attains a height of 130 feet and l2 feet in circumference. From its beauty and abundance in Cana- da, the leaf of the maple has been adopted as the national emblem. The timber is very beautiful and is distinguished as Bird's-Eye Maple and Mottled or Curly Ma- ple, {Acer rubrum), and is much used for picture frames and in furniture ; the less ornamental portions of the timber are much used for house carpentry and furniture. When well seasoned it is one of the hardest kinds of wood ; carriage and waggon makers prize it highly for axles and for purposes where great strength and the least deflection are required. Its value for heating purposes is unsurpassed. It is from this Maple that so much sugar is made. This and the Soft Maple {Acer dasiy- carpum) are most planted for ornamental and shade trees in lawns and gardens. The wood can be furnished at Quebec at about dS45 sterling per 1000 cubic feet'. Potash in the ouler wood, 8.77; in the inner, 4>.21 percent.; Specific gravity, 0.6 ; weight of cubic foot, 38 lbs. ; value for heating purposes, 80, but most used for fuel and generally preferrnd to all other woods.
15. Soft or White Maple, Acer dasycarpum. This species much resembles the last, but its leaves are larger, and its winged fruit larger. It is common in all low, damp rich soils ; sometimes attains a diame- ter of 4 feet, and a height of 80 feet. Not so abundant as the Hard Maple, nor so valuable ; the wood is white and soft ; the bark is used for dyeing. As an orna- mental tree, it is preferred to the Hard Maple, as having a denser foliage, and being of more rapid growth.
16. White Ash, Fraxinus Americana. Grows abundantly throughout Canada, and attains an average height of 110 feet, and 60 feet to the first limb, and 26 to 36 inches in diameter. The timber is
* In estimating the value of the seTeral kinds of Wood for fhel, the Shell-barli Hickory is made the standard and called 100.
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much valued for its toughness and elasticity ; eicelient for works exposed to sudden shocks and strains, as the fr-nies of machines, wheel carriages, agricultural imple* ments, the felloes of wheels. Sic., handles of implements, and for numerous similar purposes. The young branches serve for hoops of ships' masts, tubs, for coarse basket work, &c. It grows rapidly, and the young or second growth wood is more valuable than that of the old trees. Can be furnished in almost e^ery part of Canada for JS35 sterling per 1000 cubic feet, and at Queb' c for about £4ib. Spe- cific gravity, 0.616 ; weight of cubic foot, 40 lbs ; value for heating purposes, 70.
17. Red Ash, Fraodnus pxAescens,
A smaller tree than the White Ash, of much rarer occurrence, and not so valuable, but still a very valuable timber, resembling very much the White Ash, and often confounded with it. The wood is also used for the same purposes. Spe- cific gravity, 0.7 ; weight of cubic foot, 40 lbs.
18. Black Ash, Fraxinus samhucifolia. Found in moist woods and swamps, grows to the height of 60 to 70 feet, with a diameter of 2 feet ; the wood is tough and elastic, but much less durable than White Ash ; the young saplings are in great requisition for houps, and mature trunks for baskets. The timber is very durable under water. Specific gravity, 0.7 ; weight of cubic foot, 40 Ih-
19. Rim Ash, Celtis occidentalis. Grows to the height of 30 to 40 feet, and one foot in diameter. The trunk has a rough but unbroken bark. The wood is very tough and used for hoops of barrels.
21. Rock Elm, Ulmus racemosa^. Found in most parts of Canada, and grows very large in the Western Counties, averaging 150 feet in height, and 80 to the first limb, with a diameter of 22 inches. Is abundant in the Western part of Upper Canada ; preferred to even White Ash by some carriage and waggon makers for the poles and shafts of carriages and sleighs. The wood ^?ars the driving of bolts and nails better than any other tim- ber, and is exceedingly durable when continuously wet ; it is, therefore, much used for the keels of vessels, water works, piles, pumps, boards for coffins, and all wet foundations requiring wood. On account of its toughness, it is selected for naves of wheels, shells for tackle blocks, and sometimes fur gunwales of ships. It can be laid on board of vcssch at the ports of the lakes for j£40 sterling per 1000 cubic feet ; freight to Quebec about JGll. Specific gravity, 0.59 ; weight of cubic foot, 36.75 lbs.
22. American or White Elm, Ulmus Americana. A majestic tree, attaining a diameter of 60 inches in some of the Western counties of I'^pper Canada, and of great height, with wide spreading branches ; grows in most woods and along rivers, in rich soils. The wood is tough and strong,
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uwd for the naves of wheels, and preferred by wheelwrights to the English Kims. Can be furnished at the same prices as the Rock Elm.
23. White Beech, Fagus sylvestris.
Grows in almost every part of Canada, of an average height of 110 feet, height to the first limbs 50 feet, and diameter 18 inches. It is distinguished from the red beech by its size, the lighter color of the bark and wood ; it is also of more difficult cleavage, of greater compactness and strength, and is much used for planes and other tools of carpenters ; also for lathe-chucks, keys and cogs of ma* chinery, shoe-lasts, toys, brushes, handles, &c. ; in architecture, for in-duor work ; common bedsteads and furniture ; for carved moulds, for picture frames, and large letters used in printing ; it is easily «vorked, and may be brought to a very smooth surface. Vast quantities of it used for firewood. Snecific gravity, 0.672 ; weight of cubic foot, 41 lbs. ; outside wood contains 12 per cent., inside 4 per cent, of potash. Value for heating, 65.
24. Red Beech, Fagits femiginia.
The Red Beech is regarded by many as only a variety of the Beech, with the wood softer and of more easy cleavage than the-White, with also a slight difference in foliage. The timber is not so valuable as that of the Wliite Beech, but used for the same purposes ; it is al^ abundant throughout Canada. The nuts of both kinds are small, two together in the four-lobed burr, oily, sweet and nutritious.
25. Blue Beech, Carpinus Americanu.
Common along streams ; grows 10 to 20 feet high, with ridged trunk ; an ex- ceedingly hard whitish wood ; excellent for cogs of wheels and for purposes require ing extreme hardness. The trunk is also made into brooms by being peeled by a knife, and is the most durable and soft of the splint broomj. Specific gravity, 0.79 ; weight of cubic foot, 47 lbs. ; value for heating, 65.
26. White Birch, Betula alba.
Grows on the hill sides and banks of rivers ; a blender and beautiful tree of from one to two feet in diameter aad 50 feet high, but usually not so large. The trunk is covered with a tough cuticle, consisting of numerous laminse, the outer of which is snow-white. The wood is of a fine compact texture, tough but not durable, and is used in turning and furniture. Specific gravity, 0.5 ; weight of cubic foot, 32 ; value for heating, 48.
27. Paper Birch, White Birch, B. papyracea.
A large tree with fine grained wood, and a very tough, durable bark, splitting into paper-like layers. It is of the bark of this Birch that the Indians make their canoes ; hence the name. Canoe Birch. The wood is very similar to the last, and used for similar purposes. There is also a dwarf mountain variety.
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/^f'- —lo- ss. Black Birch, Setuia lenta. ^ ' '* * " • * *'•' The largest of the Birches, 2 to 3 feet in diameter, and 60 to 70 feet in height ; found over an extensive area, but more abundant in Lower than in Upper Canada. The trunk is covered with a dark brown or reddish bark, which becomes rough in old trees, and has a verj agreeable aromatic flavor. The wood is of a reddish color, strong, compact, and takes a high polish ; much used in furniture, and almost as handsomely figured as Honduras Mahogany, and when colored and var- nished is not easily distinguished from it. It is used also by carriage builders, and in frames of ships and pak'ts under water ; it is more prized as it becomes better known, as no wood sustains shocks and friction better than Birch. A good deal of it is exported to Europe. The bark is harder than the wood, and used by Indians and backwoodsmen for shoes, hats, tiles of roofs, canoes, &x. Specific gravity, 0.65 ; weight of cubic foot, 46 lbs ; value for heating, 65.
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29. Yellow Birch, B. excelsa.
A lofty, beautiful slender tree, of 80 feet in height and 10 inches in diameter, with a thin yellowish cuticle : not very abundant ; used for much the same purposes as the Black and White Birches, and valuable for fuel.
'"■■>-'-''■ BO. Wild Bljlck Chekkt, Cerasus serotina.
Grows to an average height of 120 feet, with trunk of uniform size and undi- vided to the height of 70 feet in the forests, of an average diameter of 24 inches, not uncommonly 36 inches, and found 48 inches in diameter. Not very abundant, but found over extensive areas, not in groves, but in single trees interspersed in the forests of deciduous trees, and springs up freely and grows rapidly after the primal forests are cleared off. The timber, of a pale red brown, is compact, fine, close- grained, receives a high polish, and is extensively used in cabinet work. The bark has a strong bitter taste, and is used in medicine as a tonic. The fruit, black when mature, is pleasant to the taste. The timber can be furnished in the Western part of Canada at J660 sterling per 1000 cubic feet ; fireight to Quebec about JBII. Specific gravity, 0.56 ; weight of cubic foot, 34 lbs.
31. Wild RbJ} Cherrt, Cerams Pennsyhanica, Much smaller tree than the Black Cherry, of rapid growth, and found mostly succeeding the original forests, attains 40 to 50 feet in height and 12 to 15 inchea in diameter. The flowers are white, the fruit red and very acid.
32. Basswood, IHlia Americana, Common forest tree throughout Canada, of an average height of 110 feet, height to first limbs 65 feet, and diameter 24 to 30 inches ; often much larger. The wood is white, soft, close-grained and not liable to warp or split, much used in cabinet work and furniture, in piano fortes and musical instruments, for cutting- boards for curriers, shoemakers, &c., as it does not bias the knife in the direction of the grain ; it turns cleanly, and is much used in manufacturing bowls, pails, shovels, &c. Cost, at the ports of the lakes, J637 steriing per 1000 cubic feet ; freight to
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— 11 —
Quebec, £7. Specific grayity, 0.48 ; weight of cubic foot, 26 lbs. Of the nun* genus as the Lime or Lindea in England. ■ , , - , . — .
33. WHtT^WooD, Liriodendron ttilipifera. -,., .a'.j.w''^,;.:
Grows only in the Western parts of Upper Canada, and attains a height of 130 feet, 70 feet to the first limb, and 36 inches in diameter, and not uncommon 60 inches in diameter. Very abundant in the South Western Counties of Canada, and can be furnished at £35 sterling per 1000 cubic feet, freight to Quebec £8. It is called also the Tulip Tree $ and in some localities, erroneousif. Yellow Poplar. The wood is extensively used as a substitute for pine for building and cabinet purpose?. It is easily wrought, durable, and susceptible of a fine polish. Specific gravity, 0.5 ; weight of cubic foot, 30 lbs.
34. BuTTONWooD, Platanus occidentalis.
Called also Plane-tree, and, improperly, Sycamore. Is very abundant in the Western and South-western parts of Canada, attaining an average height of 120 feet, 60 feet to first limbs, and 30 inches in diameter, and not uncommon at 60 inches in diameter. It yields a clean 'irccd, softer than Beech, very difficult, almost impossible to split. Sometimes handsomely mottled, used in furniture, chiefly for bedsteads, pianofortes, and harps, for screws, presses, windlasses, wheels, blocks, &c. and immense quantities exported to Virginia for tobacco boxes. Prices and freight sat^e as for White Wood. Specific gravity, 0.5.
35. Poplar, Popidus monilifera. Called also Cotton Wood. A large forest tree occurring on the margins of lakes and rivers. The timber is soft, light, easy to work, suited for carving, common turning and works not exposed to much wear. The wooden polishing wheels of glass grinders are made of horizontal sections of the entire tree. The seeds are clothed in white cotton like down, hence the name. Specific gravity, 0.4.
36. Balsam Poplar, Popidus baltamifera. Also a large tree growing in wet low lands, wood resembling the previous. None of the Poplars are us&d as large timbers.
37. White Willow, Salix alba. A familiar tree of rapid growth, attaining a height of 50 to 80 feet ; originally from Europe. The timber is the softest and lightest of all our woods. The color IS whitish, inclining to yellowish grey. It is planed into chips for hat boxes, baskets, 8u:. Attempts have been made to use it in the manufacture of paper ; small branches are used for hoops of tubs, &c. ; the larger wood for cricket bats, boxes for druggists, perfumers, &c. Specific gravity, 0.4 ; weight of cubic foot, 24 lbs.
38. iRON-woon, Ostrya Virginica. .\ small slender tree, 40 to 50 feet in height, and 8 to 10 inches in diameter. The bark remarkable for its fine, narrow, longitudinal divisions, and of a browniah
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color. The wood hard, strong and heavy ; uied for hand-spikes and levers, hence the name Lever Wood; it is also called Hop Hornbeam. Found only sparse!/ scattered through the forests of deciduous trees. Specific gravity, 0.76 ; weight of cubic foot, 4)7.5 lbs. ; much prized for fuel.
li 39. YfuriE TuoTLif, Cratagtis punctata.
■ p
A common shrub or small tree, 15 to 20 feet high and 6 inches in diameter, found in thickets on dry rocky lands. Thorns stout, rigid, sharp, and a little re- curved, IJ inches long. Flowers white, fruit bright purple, and some varieties white. The wood extremely hard, used by wood engravers, for mallets, fcc. Specific gravity, 0.75 ; weight of cubic foot, 46 lbs.
,1 ■
40. Black Thorn, Cratagus tomentosa,
A large shrub or small tree, 12 to 15 feet high, thorns 1 to 2 inches long, found in thickets and hedges. Fiorers large, fragrant and white ; fruit, orange red ; wood bard, like White Thorn.
41. Wild Apple Tree, P^n/s coronaria.
A small tree, 15 to 20 feet high, common in the western part of Upper Canada. Wood hard, like the thorn ; flowers large, rose colored ; fruit one ineb in diameter, yellowish, hard and sour, but esteemed for preserves.
42. Fepperidge, Nyssa mvltiflora. Found only in the Western part of Upper Canada, and of an average height of 100 feet, of 60 feet to the first limb, and of 12 to 18 inches ia diameter ; scarce. The bark light grey, similar to that of the White Oak, and broken into hexigons. The wood is white, fine-grained, soft, the texture consisting of interwo- ven fibres, rendering it very difiicult to split. It is, therefore, useful for beetles^ naves of wheels, and for purposes requiring the toi^hest timber.
43. Dogwood, Cornusflorida. Common in Upper Canada, grows 20 to 30 feet high and 8 inches in diameter. The wood is very hard and compact, and hence the name Cornel from the Latin Cornu, a horn ; used for mallets, and is well adapted for the same purposes as Box- wood. It is so remarkably free from silex, that splinters of the weed are used by watchmakers for cleaning the pivot holes of watches, and by the optician for re- moving the dust from small lenses. The bark is rough, extremely bitter, and used in medicine as a tonic. Specific gravity, 0.78 ; weight of cubic foot, 50 lbs.
44. White Cedar, Thuja ocddentalis. Found extensively over Canada on the rocky borders of streams and lakes, and in swamps. It grows to the height of 60 to 70 feet, rapidly diminishing in sixe, throwing out branches from base to summit. The wood is light, soft, coarse grained, and very durable ; much used m frame work of buildings and for the upper timbers of ships; as posts for fences, gates, &c. It is one of the most durable of
I
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m 1 1 fmnrfaWlwrmniMfimiliilBMBBII
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— 13 —
Canadian woods ; much esteemed also for making split laths, known as Cyprus laths. Specific gravity, 0.45 j weight of cubic foot, 26 lbs. ,;„ ;/ _, ,^ ^^ „, t^jf^jj^^w-t ,v,
45. Red Cedar, Junipertts Virginiana.
Grows in many parts of Canada in dry rocky situations. It sometimes attaut the size of 24 inches in diameter, but mostly smaller. Leaves are dark green, the younger ones small, orate, acute, scale-like, overlying each other. The wood is fine grained, compact, of a reddish hue, very light and durable. It is used for fences, aqueducts, tubs and pails, and as cases for drawing pencils, hence called Pencil Cedar. ,..,.,..,,. _ . ,.,. . ,.,., , ,-.,^„r„-.,
46. Hemlock, Abies Canadensis. Common in the hilly, rocky lands of Canada, attaining the height of 80 feet, and 3 feet in diameter. The timber is soft, elastic, of a coarse, loose texture, not much used, but sometimes substituted for Pine ; resists well the effects of moisture, and for this reason is used for railway ties. The bark is extensively used in tanning. Specific gravity, 0.45.
47. Black Spruce, A. nigra. This fine tree abounds in the higher and mountainous land of Canada, attains a lieight of 80 feet. The timber is light, strong and elastic, and though inferior to White Pine, is still valuable. From the young twigs, spruce beer is made. .
48. White Spruce, A. alba. A smaller tree than the Black Spruce, but attains a height of 50 feet. Trunk from 12 to 18 inches in diameter. Timber much the same as that of the Black Spruce.
49. Canada Balsam. Balsam Fir, Abies balsamea.
Common in humid grounds in the cooler latitudes of Canada, and attains a height of 30 to 40 feet. The bark is smooth, abounding in reservoirs filled with a resin or balsam, which is considered valuable in medicine.
50. Balsam Fir, A. Fraseri, A small<^r tree than the'last. A highly ornamental shade tree.
51. Tamarac, Larix Americana.
A tall slender tree, rising to the height of 80 to 100 feet, abundant in Canada in low wet lands. The wood is considered very valuable, being heavy, strong and durable. Called also American larch, and hackmatac. It has recently come into great demand for ship building, and railway ties, for which latter purpose it is found to be well adapted and very durable. The best Oak is superior to it only for thci outside work of a ship. For knees, bends, garlands, &c., of a ship, no wood is better It is remarkably distinguished from the Pines by its deciduous leaves, being bare nearly half the year. It is found up to a very high latitude, even in Hudson's Bay. Specific gravity, 0.6.
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52. Sassafras, Sauafraa officinaie. Found only in the Western part of Upper Canada ; grows to the height of 50 to 60 feet, and 15 inches in diameter. The timber is of little value, but used for light ornamental purposes on account of the fragrant odour. Every part of the tree has a pleasant fragrance and an aromatic taste, strongest in the bark of the root, from which an essential oil is distilled highly valued in medicine. Specific gravity, 0.6.
*"^ ' 53. Sumac, Rhus tyjMna.
Common on rocky, poor soils throughout Canada, and readily springs up on neglected lands after the primal forests are cleared off; attains a height of 20 feet, and 8 inches in diameter ; the wood is soft, aromatic, of sulphur yellow, makes beautiful veneers, and is used in dying. The bark of this and the other varieties is also used in dying and tanning. seiV I 1. ;
The planks named in the accompanying lists are twelve feet long, four inches thick, shewing the bark on both edges, and are from eighteen to fifty inches in width. They are not specimens of the largest trees of the Canadian forests, but fair samples, in quality and size, of timber yet growing over some 200,000 square miles of territory. The circumstances under which they were collected — the two months from the middle of December until the middle of February— rendered it quite impossible to cull from the forest the largest timber. The «imples collected, under such circumstances, must necessarily shew the vast wealth of our magnificent forests.
The planks sent by Mr. Skead, are from the Ottawa region, or Eastern divi- sion of Upper Canada ; those by Mr. Laurie, are from the Lake Ontario, or Cen- tral division of Upper Canada ; and the remainder from the Western part of Upper Canada, West of the head of Lake Ontario.
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— 16- . :i ;. Planks Four inchbs thick and Twelve feet long.
KiHD OF Wood.
1 White Oak Plank 1 Tamarac " 1 Hard Maple '< 1 Soft " " 1 Yellow Birch" 1 Battemnt " 1 White Ash ** 1 Grey " " 1 Rock Elm «
1 White Oedar "
2 White Pine Planks 2 White Oedar "
1 Blm Plank
2 Basswood Planks 2 Hard Maple " 1 White Oak Plank I Black " "
1 White Ash "
2 Black Ash Planks
1 << Birch Plank
2 Beech Planks . 1 Hemlock Plank .
•1 White Pine Plank, 60
1 " Oak 1 Pepperidge 1 Black Ash 1 Gotton Wood 1 Soft Maple 1 Hickory 1 Red Elm 1 White Ash 1 Bnttonwood 1 Basswood 1 Whitewood 1 Beech 1 Black Walnut 1 Rock Elm 1 Buttemnt 1 Whitewood 1 Bnttonwood 1 Ohernr 1 Hard Maple 1 Black Walnut 1 White Ash 1 « Oak 1 Hard Maple 1 Gherry Grctch
1 Soft Maple
2 Gherry Pkinks
50
inches ii
wide II
36 inches wide
48 inches wide
60 inches wide 45 " " 45 " •'
BT WBOH GoMTBIBDnD.
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James Skead, II |
Ottowa. II |
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James Lburie, Markam. II II |
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A. Bronson, Township of Bayham. Samuel Shaurp, Hamilton.
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D. R. Van Allan, II |
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^— MoCracken, London. II II
Jacob Ghoate, IngersoU. II II
* TJiii Plank wu cut fitom • trm 23 tttt in cireumftrenM and 130 ftet to the flnt limb.
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Sbctionb or Trunks of Treks, Bhowing tbe average size of Trees in the
Canadian forest.
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Kind or Wood. |
Bt whom Oohiubctid. |
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1 Srcsmora (Buttonwood) Log . . . . |
D. R. Van Allan, Chatham. |
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1 White Ash Log . |
II II ,■,} ' |
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1 Black Walnut Log |
II II" '■-': I |
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1 White Oak " |
II '" H ■-' r • ,' 1 |
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1 Cherry '• |
II II -'%H :,::(} ■ |
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1 White Wood •• |
A. McKellar, M.P.P., " |
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1 Maple *< |
II II |
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I Black Walnut " |
A. L. Trembiski, Engineer, O.T. R |
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1 White Oak " |
II II ' 'ii II |
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1 Rock Elm •' |
II >i II II |
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1 Hickory " 1 White Pine " |
II II II u |
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James Laurie, Markam. |
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1 Hemlock *• |
11 II .. . i |
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1 Cedar " |
II II /' ,■• !:\'. ., |
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1 Elm " |
II •• •, ,,' -.v' . |
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1 Baaswood " |
II II ^ -' .' -:-t ■ |
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1 Beach " |
II II . |
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1 Hard Maple " |
•1 M '--.-, J- -' .; |
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1 White Oak " |
II II |
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1 Black " " |
•1 u :: uA . ,;:',_■;, :: |
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1 White Ash " |
II II - ■; ;:,.. ■ ■. -i; , |
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1 Black •• " |
CI II '...I",, 'yi W ■ |
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1 White Pine " |
James Sk-jad, Ottawa. |
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1 White Oak " |
II II ;i;n. "- ". ', |
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1 Tamarao " |
II II ■ 1 |
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1 Hard Maple *' 1 Soft Maple '< 1 Yellow Birch " |
II U ^.;i ,', i,,\ . ' , ,)■ |
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It II • ' . ,i ; ;■ |
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II II • :' ,' ; |
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1 Butternut " |
II II : v . ■- . . r |
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1 Wh (e Cedar " |
II II |
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1 White Ash " |
II II !. |
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1 Black Elm " |
II II |
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1 Section Dogwood |
Mr. Burrows, Simcoe. |
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1 •< Sassafras |
<i II |
Polished Specimens of Canadian Woods, not less than one foot long and six inches wide, with descriptions of each, of name, size and height of tree, uses to which the wood is applied, prices at which it can be furnished, extent of country over which it grows, &c.
73 samples of Canadian woods, collected along the line of the Great Western Railway, neatly polished; one side and two edges varnished; the other side and «dges plain ; also veneers of Walnut, Oak, Maple (birdVeye and curly), Ash, Oak root, crotches of several kinds of wood, &c. By Samuel 3harp, Sup. of Car De- partment of G. W. Railway, Hamilton.
73 samples of Canadian woods, neatly polished and varnbhed, by Andrew Dickson, Esii., of Pakenham, U. C.
— samples of Canadian woods, neatly polished, collected from the valley of the Ottawa, by James Skead, Esq., of Ottawa.
1 box of Black Walnut Veneers, by E. H. Rose, of Chatham, (number of specimens not given), U. C.
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— n —
LIST OF POLISHED SPECIMENS. B7 Samuel Sharp, of Great Western Railwaj : < <•
lAff,
8 specimens Hickory
8 " Second Growth do White Oalc Roolc Elm Red Oalc Buswood Whitewood Ironwood White Beech ■ Red Beech White Pine Cherry Black Walnut
' • ' * 2 specimens White Ash
2 " Second Growth do
II II II II II II
41 II II
1 1 1 1
a
1 1 1 1 1
II II
Buttonwood
Butternut
White Oedar
Second growth White Oak
Bird's-eye Oak
BUrd's-eye Maple
Onrled Maple
Soft iaple
Hare; Maple
Hemlock ' >
SPBOIMBNS OF VBNEERS. 11 specimens Black Walnut t specimen Butternut
Bird's-«ye Oak 1 " Bird's-eye Maple
a " Onrled Ash 1 " White Ash knot 1 " Black Ash knot
Blistered Maple Bird's-eye Walnut Oak knot
Bj Andrew Dickson, Fakenham, XJ. C.
1. White Pine * , -
2. Yellow Pine
3. Red Pine
4. Pitch Pine
5. Larch or Tamarae
6. Hemlock Spruce
7. White Spruce
8. Black Spruce
9. «7hite Cedar. '
10. Red Cedar
11. Balsam Fir
12. White Oak
13. Swamp Oak
14. Red Oak
15. Black Oak
16. White Oak
17. Slippery Elm
18. Rock Elm
19. Grey Elm 4.
20. White Ash
21. Black Ash
22. Rock Ash
23. Rim Ash ^
24. Rey Ash
26. Sugar Maple, Bird's-Eye
26. Sugar Maple, Curled
27. Soft Maple
28. Soft Maple, Curled
29. Rock Maple
30. Moose Maple
31. Red Cherry
32. Black Cherry
33. Birch Cherry
34. Choke Cherry
35. Canoe Birch
36. Yellow Birch
37. Black Birch
38. Weeping Birch
39. Black VVillow
40. White Willow
41. Yellow Willow
42. Aspen Poplar
43. Large Toothed Aspen Poplar
44. Balm of OUead
45. Cotton Wood or Necklace Poplar
46. White Wood
47. Shell Bark Hickory
48. Pignut
49. Butternut
60. P'.aok Walnut 51. Soft Walnut 62. Butternut
53. Tulip Tree
54. Apple Thorn
66. Red Thorn 56. White Thorn
67. Peach Leafed Thorn 08. White Beech
69. Boss wood
60. Ironwood
61. Blue Beech
62. Pepperidge
63. Buttonwood
64. Shnmach
65. Cbesnut
66. Sassafras.
67. Mountain Ash
68. Alder
69. Large Flowering Dogwood
70. Small Flowering Dogwood
71. Wild Yellow Plum
72. June or Service Berry .
73. Boxwood
— 18 —
. > >: SCIENTIFIC COLLECTION. ;.
This Collection is composed of lectiona of the Small Trees and Shrubs, OM foot loBg, with the bark on so cut and polished as to show the grain of the wood. Towards this collection —
26 specimens of the chief timbers on the line of the Great Western Railwaj, were contributed by Samuel Sharp, of Hamliton, Superintendent of the Car Department of the Great Western Railway.
21 by D. R. Van Allan, Esq., of Chatham, of timbers growmg on the Thames, in the neighborhood of Chatham.
100 by Mr. Hugh McKee, of Norwich, of woods and shrubs growing in the Township of Norwich (of these, twelve are exotic.)
21 by James Laurie, Esq., of Scarborough, of timbers growing on the Nor- thern shores of Lake Ontario, wai
37 by James Skead, Esq., of Ottawa City, specimens of the chief woods growing in the Valley of the Ottawa.
2 boxes, by Hugh McKee, of twigs and leaves of trees and shrubs accompa- nying his collections.
1 box, by James Skead, Esq., of twigs and leaves of trees, of which he furnishes sections of trunks. ; ,.
1 box by Mr. Thomas Moore, (Etobicoke), of Tool Handles.
Collection by , (Toronto), of Spokes, Naves, Felloes, Shafts,
Poles of Carriages, &c,
490 native plants, found mostly in the vicinity of Hamilton, collected by Miss Kate Crooks, of Hamilton.
Collection by Hugh McKee, of Norwich, U. C. : ' '
White Asli
Red Ash
Black or Swamp Asli
White Oak
Black Oak
Red Oak
Swamp White Oak
Hard or Sugar Maple
Soft Maple
Dwarf Maple
White Beech
Red Beech
Blue Beech
White Birch
Black Birch
Oommon Apple
Grab Apple
White Thorn
Basswood
Butternut
Black Walnut *
Black Oherry
Red Cherry
Choke Cherry
Pie Cherry
Chesnut
White or Rock Elm
Red Elm
Swamp or Water Elm
Shag Barked Hickory
Bitter- Nut Hickory
Iron Wood
Wych-Hazel
Hazel Nut
Moose or Leather Wood
White Cedar
White Pine
Hemlock
White Spruce
Tamarac
Poplar
Balm of Gilead
Red Plum
Blue Plum
Lilac
Locust
Yellow Willow
White Willow
Swamp Willow
Red Willow
Nine Bark
June Berry
High Bushed Cranberry
Sweet Elder
Box Wood
I
m
id-
WUdOnpa Yin*
Bitter Sweet
Small Honeyraekle
Honey Suokle Vine
Honey Saokle Bush
Snow Ball or Onilder Bom
Sauafrai
Pricklj Auk
Spotted Alder
Whortleberry, (High Bub)
Black Haw
Yellow Flowering Oornuil
Black Ourrant
Buttonwood
White Wood
Eglantine or Sweet Brier
Wild Rom, (Small Bath)
Wild Rom, (Large Bush)
Dog Wood
Silrer Beal
Moantain Asb ' .
Pepperldge
Sumac
Bird'i-Bye Maple
Spire Wood
Willow
Tborned Gooieberr/
Smooth Oooieberry
Tree Toy
Tree Mignonette
Red Elder
Blackberry
Red Raspberry
Black Raspberry
White Raspberry
Red Oarrant
White Ourrant
Honey Locust
Pear
Labornam
Peach
■ (not named) ( " )
<:'tW
^s"i:Vf !(.th
By Samubl Sharp, of the G. W. Railway: 1 specimen Black Oak
Red Oedar Red Elm White Thorn BalmofGUead Poplar
White Willow Purple Willow Buttonwood Dogwood Mayberry
Bj D. E. Van Allan, Chatham, U. C:
Buttonwood
Basswood
Pepperldge
White Ash , »
Black Ash
White Beech : ,./
Tellow Birch
Dogwood
Cherry
Rock Elm
Red Elm
By James Lauroc, Scarboro', U. C. : Hemlock. Blue Beech, No. 1 Do do No. 2 Balsam Red Beech Basswood Iron Wood Swamp Ash Hard Maple Birch White Ash
By James Skbad, Ottawa, U. C. :
White Oak Red Oak Black Oak White Pine
specimen Wych*Hasel " Ohoke Cherry SaMafraa
Orape
Spotted Alder Water Elm, Sumac Tamarao Rim Ash Black Birch lion Wood
I* II II 11 II II II II II
White Oak . Red Oak Ironwood Black Walnut Buttemnt Sassaflraa Hard Maple Soft Maple Hickory White Wood
Soft Maple White Pine, No. 1 Do do No. 2 Tamarac Cedar Balsam Black Cherry Elm
White Oak Hickory
Red Pine Pitch Pine Spruce Balsam .
— ao —
) !
Tmbum Bo«kBlB White Bl» ■•dllM WUuaib Onj Aah BlMkAib WUt* Birob Tallow Birek BlMBMob Bed BMob Wblto Becob Sagar or Bard Mapla Mtllapk
Bttttamut
Alder
Hanloek
Poplar (Foreat)
Poplar (Balm of CHImuI>
Bauwood
Bad Gharry
Black Oherry
Iron or Laver-wood
Whtta Hiekory
Docwood
Yellow Plna
Banae
BedGedar
CLASSIFICATION OF WOODS.
MAGNOLLACEiE.
1. Lmodendron tidipifera (LiiuiBus) — ^Whitb Wood, Tvlip Tru.
TILIACEiE.
2. Tilia Americana (lAan). — ^Baiswoop. 'i'^' >;
RUTACEiE. 9. Zanthoxylum Amerieanum (Miller) — ^Northern Frioklt Ash.
ANACARDIACEiE.
4. iZAtM typhina (Linn.) — Sumac.
5. *' toxicodendron — Poison Ivr.
VITACEiE.
6. Vitiscordi folia (Mkhaux) — Wmtbr| or Frost Grape.
RHAMNACE.£.
7. JZAamniM a/n(/^t«s (L'Heritier)— Buck-thorn.
CELASTRACEiE.
8. Celattrua soandem (Linn.) — Wax-work ; Climbing bitter sweet.
ACERINEiE.
9. Acer $accharinum (Lino.) — Sugar Maple, Hard Maple. " •* variety — Bird's-ete Maple. " " « — Curled Maple. " " " —Black Sugar Maple.
rubrum *^ — Red, or Swamp Maple.
dasyoarpum (Ehrharl) — Soft Maple, White or Silver Maple,
<* — Curled Maple.
Pennnflvanicum (Linn.) — Striped Maple. ipicatum (Lam.) — Mountain Maple, Dwarp Maple. AMYGDALEiE.
18. Pruntu Americcma, (Marsh) — Wild Yellow or Red Plum.
19. Cerasus Penntyhanica, (Loisel) — ^Wild Red Cherrt.
20. " 5m>t>na, (Ehrhart)— « Black «
21. ** Virginiana, (Linn.) — Choke Ckesry.
ROSACEiE. 21 a. Spirosa opuli/olia, (Linn.) — Nine Bark.
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FOMEiE.
22. Cratagua punctata, (3 ticqMia) — ^Whitk Thorn. > «r /
23. « coccinea, (lAna.) — Rid ««
24. « tomentosa, « —Black " i. .j^;. ;
25. « crm-gatti, " — Cock-spur "
26. PyrM eoronaria, '* — American Crab Appli. ,
27. " ilmericaraa,, (De Candolle)— American Mountain Aih.
28. Amelandtier Canadensis, (Torrey & ^cty) — June Berry, Shad Bush.
GBOSSULACEiE. , / v ',
28 b. lUbes eynosbati, (Linn.) — Wild Gooseberry. 28 e. « hirtdlum, (Micbaux)— Smooth « 28 d. « floridum, (Linn.)— WiLB Black Currant. 28 e. " rubrum, (Linn.) — Ebd **
HAMAMELACEiE.
29. Hamamelis Virginica, (Linn.) — Wych-hazel.
CORNACEiE.
30. Cornusflorida, (Linn.) — ^Flowering Doo-wood.
31. " altemifolia, (Linn.) — Alternate-leaved Cornel or Doc-wood.
32. Nyssa mvltxfUxra, (Wang.) — ^Pepperidge, Tupelo, Sour (tum-tree.
CAPRIFOLACEiE.
33. Xonic«rapam/2ora (Lambert) — Small Honeysuckle.
34. « Ursula (Eaton)— Hairy "
35. JHervilla trifida (Moench) — ^Bush ** ,
« Canademis (Muhlenberg.)
36. SanUmcua " (Linn.) — Common Elder.
37. ** pubens (Micbaux)— ^Red-berried "
38. Viburnum pruni/olium (hina.) — BlaxjkHaw.
39. " opultis " — Craioierrt Tree.
AQUIFOLTACEiE.
40. Nemopanihes Canadensis (De Candolle) — Mountain Hoilly.
OLEACE-<E.
41. Framnus Americana (Linn.) — White Ash.
42. « pubescens (Lam.)— ^Red "
43. " santbuci/olia " —Black ^*
LAURACEiE.
44. Sassafras officinale (Nees von Esenbeck) — Sassafras.
THYMELEACEiE.
45. Dirca palustris (Linn.) — Moose-wood, Leather-wood^
ULMACE^.
46. Ulmus Americana {him.) — Whitb Elm.
47. « /m^m (Micbaux)— Red «
48. " racemosa (Tbomas) — Swamp "
49. Celtis ocddentalis (Linnaeus) — Hackberry, Hoop Ash, Beaver Wood.
'^
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— 22 —
ATRCXJARFEiE. 50. Mortis rubra, (Linn.) — Red Mulberry.
PLATANACEiE. .51. Platanm ocddemalis, (Linn.) — Plane Tree, Buttonwood.
JUGLANDACEiE.
52. Juglans cinerea, (Linn.) — Butternut.
53. " m^ro, (Linn.)— Black Walnut.
54. Carya alba, (Nuttal) — Shell-bark or Shag-bark Hickory.
55. « glabra, (Nuttai)— Bitter-nut Hickory, Pig-nut or Broom
Hickory.
CUPULIFERiE.
56. Quercus aiba, (Linn.) — Whii t Oak.
57. " prinus, (Linn.) var. discolor (Michaux) — Swamp White Oak.
58. " rubra, (Linn.) — Red Oak.
59. " tinttaria, (Bartram) — Black Oak.
60. Castanea vesra, (Linn.) — Chesnut.
61. Fagjis sylvestris, (Michaux f.) — White Beech.
62. " femiginea, (Ait.)— Ri.D Beech.
63. Carylu» Americana, (Walter) — Wild Hazel-nuTc «
64. Carpinus Americana, (Michaux) — Blue Beech, American Hornbeam.
65. Ostrya Virginica, (Willd) — Hop-hornbeam, Iron-wood, Lever-wood.
BETULACE^.
66. Betula jmpyracea (A.iton)— Paper Birch, Canoe Birch.
67. « alba (Spach.) — White Birch, Poplar-leaved Birch.
68. " excelsa (Aiton) — Yellow Birch.
69. " lenta (Linn.) — Black Birch, Cherry Birch.
70. Mnus incana (Willd) — Speckled, or Hoary Alder.
71. " vimfis (De Csndolle) — Mountain "
SALICACE^. 72- Salix Candida (Willd)— Hoary Willow.
73. " tristis (Aiton) — Dwarf Gray "
74. " diacoior (Muhl.) — Glaucous
75. " alba (Linn.) — White '
76. Populus tremtdrndes (Michaux) — Aspen.
77. " grandidentata (Michmx) — Large-toothed Aspen.
78. '* monilifera (Ait.) — Cotton-wood.
79. " balsamifera — Balsam Poplar.
80. " " var. — Balm of Gileap.
CONIFERiE.
81. Pinm strobus (Linn.)— White Pine.
82. " resinosa (Lim.) — Red '*
83. " mitis (Mich.) — Yellow "
84. " rigida (Miller)— Pitch "
85. Abies balsamea (Marshall)— Canada Balsam, Balsam Fir.
(introduced from Europe.)
— 23 —
86. Abies Canadensis (Michaux) — Hemlock.
87. « nigra (Poiret) — Black Spruce.
88. « alba (Michaux)— White «
89. Larix Americana (Mich.) — Tamarac, American Larch.
90. Thuja occidentalis (Linn.) — White Cedar, Arbor Vit^.
91. Juniperus Virginiana (Linn.) — Red Cedar.
To the collections above named there are to be added the following : —
132 specimens of native medicinal herbs and roots ; 53 pint-bottles of fluid used in the practice of medicine, and 12 different specimens of perfumery ; the fluid and perfumery are manufactured by the contributor, Wm. Saunders, Druggist, of London, Canada.
114 colored plates (natural size) of fruit grown in Upper Canada in the open air, prepared by the Fruit Growers' Association of Upper Canada, consisting of 35 plates of different varieties of the principal Apples. 32 plates of varieties of principal Pears.
10 7 6 8 5 4 3 2 1 1
<i
Plums.
Cherries.
Peaches.
Strawberries.
Grapes.
Currants.
Gooseberries.
Raspberries.
Blackberries (New Rochelle).
Quince.
1 case stuffed native Ducks, 22 varieties ; 1 case containing 1 10 other Birds (native,) stuffed ; 1 case containing 36 1'ishes from the Lakes and Rivers of Upper Canada. By S. W. Passmore, Toronto. 1 case containing 103 Birds found on the Island of Montreal, by James Thomson, Esq., of Montreal.
The chief Wishes are the Salmon-trout, White Fish and Herring from Lakes Huron and Ontario ; the Sturgeon, Maskinonge, Pike, Pickerel, Sucker, (White and Black), Black Bass, Rock Bass, Sunfish, Perch, and several smaller varieties. The first three kinds are found only in the large Lakes, Ontario, Erie, Huron and Superior, except the Herring in one or two of the smaller Lakes ; the others, ex- cept the Sturgeon, also swarm in great numbers in all the smajler lakes, and in many of the smaller rivers. The Salmon from the ocean also ascends to the head of Lake Ontario, 1,200 miles from the Atlantic. Great quantities of the Salmon- trout an^ White Fish are exported, amounting in value to from $500,000 to $1,000,000 annually. Samples, also, of the preserved li^sh, Salmon^^trout, White Fish and Herring from Lakes Huron and Ontario have been obtained.
— 24 —
CinerouB Owl Snowy Owl Hawk Owl Barred Owl Great Horned Owl Long-eared Owl
Collection of S. W. Fassmore, of Toronto :
BIRDS.
1.— RAPTORES.
Short-eared Owl Mottled Owl Little Owl Winter Falcon Slate-colored Hawk
Whip-poop-Will
Chimney Swallow.
Purple Martin
Belted Kinjrfisher
Shrike
Tyrant Flycatcher
Orested Flycatcher
Oreen Flycatcher
Red-start
Black and White Creeper
Brown Creeper
Nuthatch
Robin
Humming Bird
Blue Bird
Yellow-rump Warbler
Yellow-throated do
Bay-breasted do
Gape May do
Chesnut-sided do
Mourning do
Pine Bunting
Indigo Bird
Crossbill
Scarlet Tanager
Golden Oriole
Tellow-billed Cuckoo Black-billed Cuckoo Pileated Woodpecker Hairy Woodpecker Downy Woodpecker
Passenger Pigeon Quail
Virginia Rail Clapper Rail Little Rail Night Heron American Bittern Least Bittern Black-bellied Plover Golden Plover Wilson's Plover Turnstone
Mallard Duck Dusky Duck Qadwall Duck Brewer's Duck American Widge3n Pintail Duck Wood Duck
•!,— INSESSORBS.
Blackburnian Warbler Black and Yellow do Bk.-throatcd Blue do Golden Wing do Winter Wren Hood Wren Golden Wren Ruby Wren
Black-capped Titmouse Cedar Bird Bohemian Chatterer Meadow Lark Chipping Sparrow Song Sparrow Red-poll Pine Finch Purple Fmch
Goldfinch, female and nest Rose-breasted Grosbeak Pine Grosbeak Corn Bunting Red-wing Starling Rusty Grakle Purple Grakle Blue Jay
3.— SOANSORES.
Yellow-bellied Woodpecker Red-bellied Woodpecker Red-headed Woodpecker Golden-wing Woodpecker Three-toed Woodpecker
4.— RASORES.
Pinnated Grouse
5.— GRALLATORES.
Asb-cclored Sandpiper
Semipalmated Sandpiper
Little Sandpiper
Spotted Sandpiper and Young
Yellow-shank Tattler
Tell-tale Tattler
Common Snipe
Red-breasted Snipe
Woodcock
Esquimaux Curlew
6.— NATATORBS.
Shoveller Duck Amer. green-winged Teal Blue-winged Teal Canada Goose Green-wing Teal Hooded Merganser Black Tern
— 25 —
CanTasB-Baok Duck Red-Headed Duck Scaup Duck Tufted Duck Ruddy Duck American Scoter Eider Duck
The Yellow Perch Oommon Pond Fish Harsh Sun-fish The Pickerel The Little Pickerel Black liass Roch Haaa Lal^e White Bass Lake Sbeepshead Oommon Sucker Mallet Sucker Pale Sucker
Long-finned Olub Sucker Rough-head Black-nosed Dace Common Pike Haskinonge Great Lake Catfish
Bu£fbl-Headed Duck Harlequin Duck Long-Tail Duck Black-headed Qull Crested Orebe Red.bellied Dobohick
FISH.
Common Catfish The Great Lake Trout Brook Trout White Fish Frosted White Fish Sturgeon The Dog Fish Eel-pout Great Lake Eel Silver Eel Long-nosed Eel The Lamprey Eel Silver Bass Herring Catfish Gar Pike Rock Sturgeon Blood-bellied Trout.
Linn, ii
Ldtb,
Collectioa of James Thompson, of Montreal : BIRDS, &c.
1. Humming Bird and Nest (female), Trochilus colubris
2. Humming Bird (male), " "
3. Baltimore Oriole, Icterut Baltimore. Linn.
4. Ohesnut sided Warbler (female), Sylvicola Jcterocephda
5. American Goldfinch (female), Carditelis iristU. Linn. 6.,Ghesnut sided Warbler (male), Sylvicola Icterocephala. Lath.
7. Maryland Warbler, THduu Marilandica. Linn.
8. Morning Warbler jffemale), Trickas Philadelphica. Wils.
9. Brown Creeping Warbler.
10. Ruby Crowned Kinglet (male), Regulut calendula. Linn.
11. American Goldfinch (male), Carduelia tristis. Linn.
12. Night Heron, Ardea nycticorax. Linn.
13. Red-eyed Flycatcher (female), Vireo olivaceotu.
14. Cat Bird, Orpheut CarolinetaU. Linn.
16. American Shrike, Laniw Borealit. Yieill.
16. White-throated Sparrow, Fringilla Penniylvanka. Luth.
17. Common Blue Bird, Sialia Wilsonis. Swan.
18. Red pole Linnet, Linuria minor. Roy.
19. American Robin, Turdw Migratorius. Linn,
20. Pine Grossbeak (male), Corythtu Enucleator. Linn.
21. Black and White Creeping Warbler, Mniotilta varia. Linn.
22. Purple Finch, Erythvospizn Purpurea. Gmel.
23. Red Winged Starling, Jgelaiut Phoeniceus, Linn.
24. Indigo Bird, (male), Spita Cyanea. Wils.
25. Purple Cracle, Quiscalus versicolor. Yieill.
26. Black caped Titmouse (female), Parus atricapillus. Linn. 2'i. Scarlet Tanager, Pyranga rubra. Linn.
28. Golden Winged Woodpecker, Picus auratus. Linn.
29. Euaty Cracle (male), Quiscalui Ferrugineus. Lath. 30 Rice Bunting, Dolychorynx Oryzirora. Linn.
31. Canada Jay, Corvus Canadensis. Linn.
32. American Jay, Oarrulus cristatus. Linn.
33. Bohemian Chatterer (female) Bomby cilia garrula. Vieill, 34 Great Crested Flycatcher, Muscicapa crinita. Linn.
36. Bohemian Chatterer (male), Bombycilla garrula. Vieill.
36. Yellow Pole Warbler (male), Sylvicola testiva. Gmel.
37. Great Crested Flycatcher (female), Muscicapa crinita, Liun,
¥.
— 26 —
38. Swamp Sparrow, jlmmodromua palustrU. Wils.
39. Ruby Orested Kinglet (female), Regulus calendula. Llna.
40. Ohesnut Headed Warbler, Sylvicola castanea. Wils.
41. Canada Flycatcher, Myiodioctes Canadensit. Linn.
42. Belted Kingflsher, Mctdo alcyon. Lino.
43. Snow Bird, Nipheea hyemalia. Linn.
44. Nashville Warbler, Sylvicola RubricapiUa.
45. Downy Woodpecker (female), Picut pubetscens, Linn.
46. Downy Woodpecker (male), " " "
47. Screech Owl (female), Ulula Acadka. Omel.
48. Blackbumian Waibler, Sylvicola pensilis. Lath.
49. Red-start (male), Mmcitapa Ruticilla. Linn.
60. Yellow Bellied Creeper.
61. Woodcock, Scolopax minor, Wils.
52, Sanderling Sandpiper (female), Tringa cirenaria. Aud.
63. Black Tern, Sterna nigra. Linn.
54. Red-backed Sandpiper, Tringa alpina.
65. Ring Plover, Charadriui semipalmatus. Bnp.
66. Ringed Tailed Marling, limoia Hudsonica. Rich.
58. Little Awk (female), .^ka Arctica, Linn.
59. Solitary Sandpiper, Totamus solitarius. Wils.
60. Little Awk (male), Alca Arctica. Linn.
61. Golden Plover, Charadrius marmoratus. Wag.
62. Little Sandpiper, Tringa pusilla. Wils. 63 Virginian Rail, Rallus virginianw. Linn.
64. Hawk Owl (male), Snmia funerea. Gmel.
65. American Bittern (male), Ardea lentiginosa. Swain.
66. Bay Winged Bunting, £/n6ert2a graminca. Gmel.
67. Tyrant Flycatcher, Muncicapa Tyrannut. Linn.
68. Fox colored Finch, Fringilla Iliaca. Merrem.
69. Cedar Waswing (fcmal'^), Bombycilla Carolinetuia. Briss.
70. Blackpole Warbler, Sylvicola striata. Lath.
71. Pine Grosbeak (female), Corythus Enucleator. Linn.
72. Tawny Thrush, Turdus Wilsoni. Bonap.
73. Rusty Grade (young), Quiscalus Ferrugineut. Lath.
74. Brown Creeper (male), Certhia Familiaris. Linn.
75. Black Billed Cuckoo (female), Coccysus Erythropthalmut.
76. Black Billed Cuckoo (male), " "
77. Peewee Flycatcher, Musdcapa Fusca. Gmel.
78 Yellow Crowned Warbler, Sylvicola coronata. Lath.
79. Yellow-Poll Warbler (female), Sylvicola <e$tiva. Qmel.
80. Red-start (female), Muscicapa Ruticilla. Linn.
81. Cedar Waxwing (male), Bombycilla Carolinensis. BrisB.
82. Red-eyed Flycatcher, Vireo Olivaceous.
83. Golden Crowned Thrush. Sciurus Aurocapillus. Lath.
84. Chipping Sparrow, Emberiza socialis. Wils.
85. White Bellied Nuthatch, Sitta Carolinensis. Linn.
86. Yellow Throated Greenlet. Vireo Flamfrons. Vieill. 88 Tawny Thrush (female), Turdus Wilsoni. Bonap.
89. Mourning Warbler (male), Trichas Philadelphica. Wils.
90. Nest of the Flycatcher, Muscicapa Fusca. Gml.
91. Least Tern (male), Sterna Minuta. Linn.
92. Baltimore Oriole (fcmnle), Icterus Baltimore. Linn.
93. Short-legged Peewee Flycatcher, Muscicapa Phabt. Luth.
94. Tawny Thrush (young), Turdus Wilsoni. Bonap.
95 Thrushes' Nest and three young, Turdus Wilsoni. Bonap.
96. Red -beaded Woodpecker, Picus Erythrocephalus. Linu.
97. Wasp's Nest.
98. W^inter Wren (male), Troglodytes Hyemalis. Vieill. 09. Thrush (young), Turdus Wilsoni. Bonap.
100. Blackcap Titmouse (male), Parus Atricapillus. Linn.
101. Sanderling Sandpiper (male), Tringa Arenaria. And.
102. Yellow-poll Warbler (male), Sylvicola tsstiva. Gmel.
103. Red-winged Starling (female), Agelaius Phcsniceus, Linn.
■Wils.
.')7. Weasel, Mustelu vulgaris. Linn, 87. Red Squirrel, Sciurus Hudsonius,
Gml.
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