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Generic characters.— Body fusiform, little compressed, entirely scaly, without enlarged ventral plates. Mouth small, snbinlerior, the upper jaw not protractile ; vomerine teeth ; scales large ; lateral line complete ; cheeks and opercles scaly j dorsals well separated, the second unich larger than anal, higher but racher shorter than spinous dorsal. The separation of the dorsals, the form of the body, the small size of the mouth, aad the large size of the scales separate Xanostoma from No- tho7wtus. The scaliness of the cheeks, neck, and throat arc ditferences of some importance. 4. HADROPTEKUS TESSELLATUS, sp. nov. t Bohomma tcssellatum, TnoMPSON, Appendix Hist. Vt. p. :U, 1H53 (not of De Kay, 184-2), f Cottogmter lessellatus, Putnam, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. i, 1803, 5. t Boleosoma ten8tUatuni, Tno'sipsom, nee Do Kay, Jordan & Copelaud, Bnll. Buff. Soc. Nat. Hist. 187(3, 135, 1G3.— Jokoan, Man. Vert. 187G, 222. A specimen of an Etheostomoid in the United States National Mu- seum, labelled Cottogaster, has the characters assigned by Prof. Putnrm to bis genus of that name, and is presumably the species which he catalogues, without description, as C. tessellatus. Prof. Putnam ac- cepted the specific npme from Thompson, who seems to have supposed, erroneously, that he was describing De Kay's Boleosoma tesseUatum. Prof. Putnam states that his Cottogaster tessellatus is a species of Boleosoma, but the species now under consideration is certainly a Ila- dropterus, as I understand the latter genus. I therefore projjose for my species the name of Hadropterus tessellatus Jordan. If Prof. Putnam's species proves different, it should be renamed, as there has been al- ready a tesseUatum in Boleosoma, and mine will keep its name. If the two are, as I suspect, identical, then we will write Iladropterus tessella- tus (Putnam) Jordan, and no confusion in nomenclature need arise. H. tessellatus has the form of Imostoma shumardii, fusiform, with a broad, heavy head ; mouth wide, the upper jaw rather longest, not pro- tractile; cheeks and opercles naked (fin life); chest naked; neck ' " ' *■ ^t 8 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGf — II. scaly ; uo v;.ntral plates ; belly entirely scaled ; lateral line complete ; anal about eqaal to second dorsal. Fin rays :— Dorsal about X— 12. Anal II, 8. The eoft rays barred. Coloration otherwise obliterated. Length of type 2J inches. Habitat.— Foxhmgh, Pa., Allegheny Kiver. Type ISo. 1199, United States National Museum. Ill III 6. ERICOSMA EVIDES, Jordan cfc Copeland, gen. nov. Alvordiua mdee, .7ordan & Copela td, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1877, p. 51. The coloration of this species, described in the paper above cited, is that of the female fi^h. The recent collection of a very large number of both sexes, iu the breeding dress, at the same locality where the types were taken, enables me to supplement the original account. The fol- lowing are the life colors of a male fish in spring: — Lateral bars, which in the female am black or brown, a dark, rich blue-green, with metallic lustre. At the base of the bars tl»ey are some- what connected by a narrow band of a greenish-bronze color, passiiij; below the laterul line. Just below this is a narrow streak of yellowisli— a sort of luminous, ^unohine color. Above, toward the ba(!k, in each of the interspaceu between the bars, is a bright blotch of brouze-red. Tlie entire lower parts of the body are of a bright clear yellow, which be- comes on the under side of the head, throat, and branchiostegals a very brig'at oradge-red. A blackish-green bar below eye and a streak for- ward from it. Dorsal fin oiange-colored, with a Inight bronze edge, a blackish spot on the last rays. Second dorsal and caudal pale orange ; two luminous spots at base of caudal tin ; anal bronze, with blue black shading. Ven- tral flns dark blue-black. I^ectorals faintly orange. Cheeks orange-red, exactly the color of bright iron-rust. Males with the rays of the ventral ar^d anal (ins covered with sinali bluish tubercles, exactly as in some Cyprinida;. This species is probably not strictly congeneric with the type of Al vordiwi. It ditfers from the latter genus chit^ly iu the less complete dentition and the retw, to flow rapidly — xpnrroi;, concealed, t. «., hiding in the rapidw) is given iu allusion to the peculiar habits of this interesting species. 7. RHEOCRYPTA COPKLANDI, Jordan, «p. nov. '""' Head 4J in lerigth ; depth r>^ ; eye large, .^ in h<»»d ; scales moderate, Mmngly ctenoid, r»»» in lateral line; those of the ventral much enlarged, forming serrated plates; (jhceks naked ; opereleswith a finv scales; neck ami throat naked, l-'i.i rays:— Dorsal X-X!I, iO; anal 11, U. 30 CONTKIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — II. General color a seiui-transpareut brownish-yellow, a series of latlior small borizontally oblong black spots along lateral line, forming an in- terrupted lateral band; bsick tesselated, as in Boleosoma, a blackish streak forward from eye and another downward ; ventral flns dusky ; vertical fins with dusky specks, but scarcely barred; a black spot ou anterior rays of spinous dorsal. Length of specimens 2 to 2^ inches. Habitat. — White Kiver, Indiana. The specimens in my possession, some thirty in number, were all taken at the same point, a shallow- rapid, where the river Hows over tine gnwel. This locality, the " Ked Bridge'', about Ave miles north of Indianapolis, is the only one thus far known for this species and for Ericottina eviihs. It is the best point tor the collection of rieurolepis pdlucuhis which I know of iu the NVcst. As many as thirty specimens of the latter speciies hare been taken tbore at low water at a single haul of the net. Rheocrypta copekindi and Eri amna ct'ides are both extremely local, as a few rods above or below the rapids it is impossible to find either. I dedicate this s^wcies to the memory of my friend, the late Professor Copeland, to whose patient study of these beautiful little ttslies we owe much that is now known of their habits and ways. I have named this graceful species, taken at the rapids where he and I had so often lislicd together, for him, in recognition of his genuine love of nature, and lu token of our long scieutitic association and personal friendship. 8. AULINA ATKIPINNI8, Jordan, »p. nor. I admit the genus Arlina provisionally for those siwciesof Bolemoma whitdi have two well-developed anal spines ; but, as 1 have never seen Arlina vffulgvm, the type of the genus, I am not certain that that species jtossesses this character. The speicies of this genus to which the above name has been given may be thus characterized : — Bouy rather short for the genus, somev hat compressed behind; the depth 4^ in length. Head extremely short and deep, 4 )^ in lengtli of body ; the snout very short and bhuitly rounded. Kye quite large, 3^ in head. Mouth , huractile. |>8el.v scl ; Throiit closely .»l-TfiuJOVHT«- ETH E08T0M ATID^. 'i.'llowing account is taken from two fine specimens in the lTnite(^ States Natioiml Museum (No. i;i45), collected by Dr. IJebb, at Kussell- ville, Ky., and labelled CatonotusfotUinaUH by Prof. Putnam. Body oblong, rather elongate, pretty strongly com pivsse*!, the general form being much like that of //'.^(iM/ar/w, but with deeper caudal pe (liujcl»», the depth being about one filth of the length. Head large, l\\ ill length, shorteir and stouter thati in H jUiiwIlartH ; the jawi; much shorter and exactly equal ; eye rather large, 4^ in hea«l. Cheeks and operclos thickly scaly, as are the throat and i-egion in front of the dor^ sal ; middle line of the oelly with ordiinny scales. Lateral Mne almost complett*, wuntiuK on about ten of the posterior scales, but with wcjk sioual i)eilorated scales behind the ctuitinuous series. f .4 '' >. 12 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — 11. Scales about 5-50-6. Fin-rays: — dorsal IX (or VIII), 12 ; anal II, 7 or 8. Spinons dorsal low and short, the spines aboat equal, the longest less than half tne height of the soft rays of the second dorsal. The bases of the two fins are about equal, and they are slightly connected by mem- brane. In the male specimen, the dorsal spines are somewhat swollen and white at their tips, but rather less so than is usual in the genus. Color partly obliterated by the alcohol. The male is rather dark, not spotted, striped, or banded. The female is somewhat mottled, and has about six cross-blotches on the back. The second dorsal, caudal, and pectorals are barred with black and pale, the caudal especially so. Tlio other tins are black in the male ; in the legale, the lower fins are pale, A large black humeral spot. Length 2^ inches. This species is technically an Etheostoma, of which genus it possesses the general form, flu coloration, and dorsal tin. It has the mouth of Foecilichthys, the scaly head of Nanostoma, with a condition of the hit- era! line intermediate between Pcecilichthys and Nanonto^na. The other species of Etheostoma have the head naked. The sneciUc name fontinalis was Used by Prof. Putnam on the supj)o- sitioij that this species is identical with that described under the same name by Kafiuesque. • - ANALYSIS OF GENERA OF ETHEOSTOMATIDJE. The following analytical synopsis gives the characters at present as- signed to the geneiit of Etheostomatidas admitted in this paper. The categories recognized are very closely related, but are susceptible of elly with a naked strip : e. Body and head elongate ; the vertebral in increastnl number, more than 20 iu front of anus ; well-developed teeth on vomer and iialatines ; dorsal spines 12 to 15; iins never tuberculate Ai,vom>ii;s, 4. ' ee. Body and head shortened; vertebras fewer, less than 20 in front of anus; a few minute teeth on vomer and none on palatines ; dorsal spines 10 to 12; colors brilliant, the nuile iu spring with the lower iius tuberculate, EUICOSMA, 5. dd. Ventral plates not develo[>ed; middle line of belly scaled like the si, 14. .*..|, ! 14 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY II. »iw». Spinous dorsal low and small, the spines snbeqnal, scarcely half the height of the soft rays, in males ending in little fleshy knobs; mouth rather large, the lower jaw the longest ; body elongated, compressed ; lateral line extending less than half the length of the body ; head naked (except in the aberrant E. squamicepa, which is nn exception to all these char- acters, save those drawn from the dorsal fin) Ethkostoma, 15. II. Dorsal fins about eqnal, well separated ; body elongated ; cheeks and opercles scaly : n. Lower jaw longest; lateral line unknown (genus admitted provisionally, the type-species apparently has not been seen since its original description) : Alvarius. IC. ««. Jaws about equal ; lateral line curved upward over the pectorals, not reaching to middle of body; body elongated Boleichthys, 17. kk. No lateral lino ; dorsal fins small, subeqnal, well separated ; mouth small, with nearly equal jawa ; scales large ; size smallest of all spiny -rayed fishes, MiCKOPKUCA, 18. CATALOGUE OF SPECIES OF ETHEOSTOMATID^.. The following catalogue includes those species of Etheostomatidie which appear to be valid, with the geographical distribution of each so far as recorded. Species unknown to me are indicated by a star (*). In arranging the genera, I begin with the type most generalized, or most like ordinary Percidw, Hadroptenis. The relations of the aber- rant genera Pleurolepis and Ammocrypta are probably most with Al vordius, a fact which cannot well be shown in a linear series. I omit several species, which very likely may prove valid, but of whose rela- tions I can form no definite opinion from the published accounts, lu each genus, the type-species is placed first. Hadeopteeus, Agassiz. 1. Hadropterus uigrofasciatus, Ag. — South Carolina to Tennessee and Louisiana. 2. Hadropterus tessellatus, Jordan. — Vermont (?) to Pennsylvania. 3. Hadropterus aurautiacus, (Cope) Jot.* — Virginia to Tennessee. Eeicosma, Jordan. 4. Ericosma evides, Jordan & Copeland. — Wabash Valley. Alvoedius, Oirard. 5. Alvordius maculatus, (Grd.). — Pennsylvania to North Carolina. 6. Alvordius aspro. Cope & Jordan. — Upper Mississippi Valley and Upper Lake Region. 7. Alvordius uevisensis, Cope.* — North Carolina. ETHEOSTOMATID^. '-'•<• 16 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 23. 24. 25. 27. 28. Alvordius peltatus, (Staufifer,) Cope & Jor.*— Conestoga River, Pennsylvania. Alvordius macrocephalus, Cope. — Upper Ohio Valley. Alvordius phoxocephalus, (Nelson) Cope & Jordan.— Indiana to Tennessee and Kansas. Pekcina, Ealdeman. Percina caprodes, (Raf.) Grd.— Great Lake Region to Alabama. Perciua carbouaria, (B. & G.) Grd.— -Texas. Percina zebra, Agassiz. — Great Lske Region {d. «.). Percina manitou, Jordan. — Indiana to Minnesota. Rheocrypta, Jordan. Rheocrypta copelandi, Jordan. — Wabash Valley. Imostoma, Jordan, Imostoma shuuiardii, (Grd.) Jor. — Indiana to Iowa and Arkansas. DiPLBSiUM, Rafinesqm. Diplesiura blennioides, Raf. — Mississippi Valley. Diplesium newmani, (Ag.) Jor. & Copel. — Tennessee River. Diplesium simoterum, (Cope) Copeland. — Cumberland and Upper Tennessee Rivers. BoLEOSOMA, De Kay. Boleosoma olmstedi, (Storer) Ag. — Great Lakes to New England and south to Georgia, east of the Allegbanies. Boleosoma atromaculata, (Grd.) Jor. — New York to Virginia (f var.). Boleosoma nigra (Raf.) Jor. — Mississippi Valley and Upper Great Lakes. Boleosoma sesopus, Cope.* — Alleghany River. Boleosoma messea, (Cope) Jordan. — Kansas {d. g.). Arlina, Oirard. Arlina eflulgens, Grd. — Maryland to North Carolina {d. g.). ' Arlina stigmtea, Jordan. — Georgia to Louisiana. Arlina maculaticeps, (Cope) Jordan* (d. g.). • Arlina atripinuis, Jordau.—Cumberland River. /> ■ \ 16 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — II. Nanostoma, Putnam, ... 29. Nanostoma zonal is, (Cope) Jordan. — Mississippi Valley. NoTHONOTUS, Agassiz. 30. Nothonotus inaculatus, (Kirt.) Ag. — Ohio. 31. Nothonotus camurus, (Cope) Jor. — Ohio Valley. 32. Nothonotus sanguifluus, (Cope) Jor.* — Cumberland River. 33. Nothonotus vulueratus, (Cope) Jor.* — Tennessee to North Caro- lina {d. g.). 34. Nothonotus rufilineatus, (Cope) Jordan.* — Kentucky to Inoitli Carolina. I'(ECILICHTHYS, Agassiz. 35. PoBcilichthys variatus, (Kirtland) Ag. — Upper Mississippi Valley and tributaries of Lake Erie and Lake Michigan. 36. Pcecilichthys spectabilis, Agassiz. — Upper Mississippi Valley ami tributaries of Lakes Erie and Michigan. 37. Pcecilichthys lepidus, Girard. — Texas and west. 38. Pcecilichthys punctulatus, Agassiz. — Missouri to Arkansas. 39. Pcecilichthys leonensis, (Grd.) Jor. & Copel.* — Texas {d. g.). 40. Pcecilichthys grahanii, (Grd.) Jor. & Copel*. — Texas. Etheo stoma, Rafinesque. 41. Etheostoma flabellaris, Rafinesque. — Ohio Valley to Tennessee and Virginia. 42. Etheostoma linslii, H. R. Storer. — Western New York (? var). 43. Etheostoma kennicottii, (Putnam) Jor.* — Illinois {d. «.). 44. Etheostoma liueolata, (Agassiz) Jordan. — Wisconsin to Iowa (? var.). 45. Etheostoma squamiceps, Jordan. — Ohio Valley, Kentucky. Alvarius, Oirard. 40. Alvarius lateralis, Grd.* — Texas, Mexico. . BoLEicnxHYS, Oirard. 47. Boleichthys exilis, Grd.*— Upper Missouri Region. 48. Boleichthys eos, Jordan & Copelaud. — Tributaries of Great Lukes and Upper Mississippi River. ^ ' 49. Boleichthys erochrous, (Cope) Jordan. — New Jersey, Peuusylvauia. 50. Boleichthys elegaus, Girard. — Georgia to Texas. „ ,,.s .. • ETHEOSTOMATID.E. 17 51. Boleielitliys gracilis, (Grd.) Jordan.— Texas. 52. Boleichthys fnsiforiuis, (Grd.) Jordan.— Massacliusefts. 53. Boleicbtbys barratti, (Grd.) Jordan.— North Carolina to Georgia. 54. Boleicbthys warreni, Grd.*— Upper Missouri. MiCKOPERCA, Putnam. 55. Microperca punctulata, Putnam. — Upper Mississippi Valley and tributaries of Lake Michigan. Pleurolepis, Ayassiz. 56. Pleurolepis pellucidus, (Baird) Agassiz. — Obio Valley. 67. Pleurolepis vitreus, (Cope) Jord. ^ Copel.* — Nortb Carolina and Tennessee. Ammocrypta, Jordan. 58. Ammocrypta beanii, Jordan. — Louisiana. Incertw sedis. EtbeosiX>ma tessellata, Storer.* — Florence, Ala. ( ?PoeciUchthys). Etbeostoma cinerea, Storer.* — Florence, Ala. ( fPoecilichthys). Aplesion pottsii, Grd.* — Cbihuabua, Mexico ( f PoeciUchthys). Diplesion fasciatus, Grd.* — Texas (? PceciUchthys). LI8T OF NOMINAL SPECIES OF ETHEOSTOMATIDiE. The following list includes all the species of Ethcostomatidce described in works to which I have access, arranged in cbronological order, with my identification of each. Those species of which I have examined tbo type -specimens are designated by a dagger (t). », Norn in al Bpecies. SciiDua caprodt's, Riif Etheostoina fliibellaris, Raf EtheuHtoiiia bluuuioideH, Raf , EthiHmtoma tlabellata, Raf Etht'ostoma nijjra, Raf Peguilictis ictalo|iR, Raf , KtliiHistoma foiitiualiH, Raf Etheostoma variuta, Kirt Ethcostonia niaoulata, Kirt EtlicoHtoma oIniNtedi, Stor Perca uebuloKa, IIdUI Bull. N. M. No. 10—2 Date. 1^18 1819 1819 1820 1820 1820 1820 1840 1840 1842 1842 Identification. Percina caprodes. Etbeostoma flabellaris. Dipiesiuin blonnioides. Etlioostonia flabellaris. HoIeoHoma nigra. Etbeostoma flabellaris. Etbeostoma flabellaris. Preciliebtbya vaiiatus. Nothouotns macnilatus. noleoaoma olmstedi. Percina caprodes. ■V? 18 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY II. Nominnl Bpeciea. Ill Perca miiiiinu, Iliild Pileonin Beiiiifasciata, De Kay.. Boleosouia tessellata, De Kay .. Percina biuiaculata, Haiti Etheostonia i-cDrulea, Stor Ethuostoiua teHscllata, Stor Etheootuma cinerea, Stor rileoma zebra, Ag Boleosoma nmcnlatnni, Ag Etheostonia liusleyi, H. R. Stor. PoBcilosonia erytbrogaster, Kirt. Pcecilicbtbys apectabilis, Ag. t.. Pfficiliobtliys versicolor, Ag Pcecilicbtbys pnnctiilatus, Ag t . CatonotUH liueolatus, Ag Hadropterns iiigrofasciatus, Ag . Ilyostoina newiuani, Ag. t Boleosoma fiisiforme, Grd. t Boleosonia barratti, Holbr Pileoma carboDaria, B. & G.t. .. Pcccilichthys lepidiip, B. «& G. t . Arlina etiulgens, Grd Estrella atromaculata, Grd Date. Dligocepbalus bmueralis, Grd Alvordiusmaculatus, Grd.t vJiitonotus fasciatus, Grd Hadropterus inacnlatus, Grd Hadropterns sbumardii, Grd Alvarius lateralis, Grd DiplesJuu fasciatus, Grd Aplesion pottsi, Grd Oligocephdlus grabami, Grd Oligocepbalus leonensis, Grd Oligocepbalus pnlcbellus, Grd Boleosoma gracile, Grd. t Boleicbtbys exilis, Grd.... Boleicbtbys whipplei, Grd Boleicbtbys elegans, Grd Boleicbtbys warreui, Grd P(Bcilosouia transversuni, Abbott t Pileoma oymatogrammom, Abbott t i^HiO 1842 1H42 184-2 184:t 1845 1845 1845 1850 1850 1850 1854 1854 1854 1854 1854 1854 1854 1854 1855 1856 1856 1851) 1855) 1859 1859 1859 1859 1859 1859 1859 1859 1859 1859 1859 1859 1859 1859 1859 1859 1860 Ideutificatiou. Boleosoma olmstedi. Percina caprodes. Boleosoma olmstedi. Percina caprodes. PoDcilichtbys variatus. (») (f) Percina (caprodes var.T) zebra. Boleosoma nigra. Etheostoma(llabelluri8var. f)liu8lii. Pcecilicbtbys variatus. Pcecilicbtbys spectabilis. Pojcilicbtbys variatus. Pcecilicbtbys punctulatns. Etbeostoma (llabellaris var. t) liueo- lata. Hadropterus iiigrofasciatus. Dipk'sium newmaui. Boleicbtbys fusiformis. Boleicbtbys barrattii. Percina carbonaria. Pcecilicbtbys lepidus. Ailina eifulgens. lioleosoma (olmstedi var. ?) atroma- culata. Etbeostoma llabellaris. Alvordius aspro. Etbeostoma llabellaris. Alvordius maculatus. Imostoma sbumardii. Alvarius lateralis. Poocilicbtbys sp. (T) Pcecilicbtbys sp. PoDciliehtbys sp. (?) Pcecilicbtbys sp, (?) Pcecilicbtbys sp. (f ) Boleicbtbys gracilis. Boleicbtbys exilis. Pcecilicbtbys punctulatus. Boleicbtbys elegans. Boleicbtbys warreui. Pcecilicbtbys variatus. Diplesium blenuioides. J I — YOO.C ETHEOSTOMATID^. 1^ Nominal species. Date. IdentiGcation. Asnronerca zobra. Heckel ... .... ...... 1800 1803 1803 i-'(s:t 18(53 18()4 1804 18(54 18(50 1*^08 1808 1808 18(58 1808 1870 1870 1870 1870 1870 1870 1870 1870 1873 1873 1870 1870 1877 1877 1877 1870 187^ 1877 1877 1877 1877 Percina caprodos. Etbeostonia sp. Microperea punctulata. lladropterus tesHcUatus (t). Pleurolepis pellucidus. Pfttonotus kenuicottii. Putn . ..... Microijerca punctulata, Put i ; t Cotto<»a8ter ti'ssuliatUH, Putn ...... ...... Pleurolepis pellucidus, (Baird) Ag PoBcilichthys uiesaius, Cope t .. Etlieostonia peltatiuu, StaufT. Alvordius peltatus. Boleicbtbys erocbrons. Alvordius uiacrocepbalus. Boleosouia nigra. Iladroptorus aurantiacuB. Nauostonia zonalis. Dipk'siuin bleunioides. Diplesiuiu sinioteruin. Alvordius uevisensis. Ilololepiserochrous, Cope t ■ Etlieostonia uiacrocepbahim Cope t Boloosouia Lrevipinne, Copet Cottogaster auraotiacus, Cope ....... Poecilichtliys zoualis, Cope t Hyostouia bleniiioperca, Copet . .. .... Hvostoma siinoturuin. Cone .. .... Etheostoma neviseiise, Cope ........ Pmcilichthvs saiiiruifluus. Cone.... . .. Nothouotus sanguitluus. Notlionotus caniurus. Pfficilichth V8 coinurus. Cone Pn>('ilichthv8 rulUiDeatus. Cone ...... Notbouotus (f) ruliliueatus. Notbonotus (f) vulueratus. Pleurolepis vitreus. Arlina niaculaticeps. Boleosouia lesopus. Iladropterus nigrofasciatus. Boleosouia nigra. Boleicbtbys eos. Alvordius pboxocephalus. Ericosiua evides. Pnwiliclithva vulueratus. Cone . Poecilichtbya vitreup. Copo T{olpoHoiii:ii uia.culiticpi)8. CoDO..... . -. Bo!eo80uia ffisopus, Copo . Plesiopevca anceps, Lo Vaillant.... Boleosouia mutataiu, Lo Vaillant Boleicbthys eos, Jordan & Copelaud t Etbeostonia pboxocopbaluin, Nelson t AlvordiiiH evides. Jor. &. Conel t. .... .... Alvonliiis fisuro. Cod© & Jordiiii- .. ...... Alvordius aspro. Percina nianikoa. Ppro.inft TTiiiiiitoii .Tor. f ................. Boleosouia 8tiirnif»*>'*Ji. Jor.t.... .. Arlina stigiuffia. Aniinnorvnt",!!. liflnnii. .Tor. T...... ...... .... Animoci .a beauii. Hadropterus tessellatus. Rbeocrypta copelandi. Arlina atripinnis. Etbeostouia squaniiceps. i-1 ' ' ♦ ,--\ .-Sf.4i-^t. 20 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — II. CENTRARCIIIDJ5. 10. EUPOMOTIS. I Eupomotia, Giu. «fc Johdan, Field and Forest, 1877, v. 2, p. 190. In the Journal de Physique, June, 1819, page 420,* Rafinesque first proposes the name Lepomis for the Ameriean Sunflshes, the type to be Labrus auritua of authors. The genus Lepomis he then proposes to divide into two subgenera, Powjofw and Apomoti8,thG former having the body rounded and the operclo aiiriculated, the hitter having the body rounded or obloug and the opercle without auricle. Of auriculated species, oidy one, auritus, is mentioned. This species is then obviously the type of Pomotis; but it had been already indicated as the typ*^ of Lepomis. Pomotis then is typical Lepomis, and is a sim- ple synonym of the latter name. In the Ichthyologia Ohiensis, in 1820, Eafiuesque characteristically changed some of these names; Lepomis here becomes Icthelis, and ApomoUs, Telipomis. Pomotis is still used in the same sense as before. In 1829, Cuvier and Valenciennes revived the name Pomotis of Eafl- nesque in precisely the same sense in which Ratinesque used it, but in- cluding several additional species. Cuvier does not credit the name Pomotis to Rafinesque, but, in accordance with a custom then as now too prevalent, in modifying the characters assigned to the genus, allowed his own name to supersede that of the earlier author. That Cuvier accepted the name Powjofts from Rafinesque is evident from the fact that he quotes Rafinesque's descriptions in a foot- note. Pomotis and Bryttus of Cuvier and Valenciennes are practically equivalent to Po- *"13. Lppon»8(Thoraciqne). Corps arrondi, ovale ou oblong, triiscoaiprimd. T6le et operciilcs 6cailleax, ceux-ci nnitiqnoa, le postdrieur flexueux, membra neux, quL-hiuelois aniiciile. Bouche petite, uiAuhoire h, petits dents, Ifevre sup^rieure h peine extensible. Une nageoire dorsale ; nageoire thoraciquo h 6 rayous dont 1 ^piueux sans appeiitliees. ^.nus au milieu. Ce genre est nombreux en esp&ces, je'n connois 7 ii 8 des JGtats-Uuis; son type est le Labrus auritua des autonrs, sous le uom duquel il y a 4 ou 5 esp^ces cou- fondues. II difffere partlculiferemcnt du Spams par son opercule dcailleux et lo ddfiiut d'appeudico thoracique. II se devise en donx sous-genre : 1. Pomotis. Corps arioiuli, opercule auriculd. 2. Ajwmotis. Corps arroudi ou oblong, opercule sans auricule; iiiais tous out le corps tachetd et une tacbe noire sur I'opercule. J'on ai ddcouvert deiix nouvelles esp&ces dans I'Oliio. 1. L. q/aneUus. Corps oblong, tout convert de points bleus, joues h ligiies floxuensos blouis, opercuU; sans auricule; tacbe oblongne, queue bilobde. 2. L. macrutihinifi. Corps ovale, points bruns, point d'auricule; tacbe ol>- longue, toute noire; pectoralvs trt)s longues atteignant J'anale; queue fourchde."— (R&FIKESqt'B.) 1. CENTRARCHIDiE. 21 1; { I [lie first )e to be >osea to dug the be body 8 speciies udicated is a sim- instically lelis, ami fts before. s of llati- t, but in- Itbo name lU as now 1, allowed tit Cnvier the fact motis and |nt to Po- |i6. Tfiteet peltiuefoia lexteut*ib!e. Ippciulices. 5tat8-Uuii*; spisces cou- [t le il6fiiiil [)B ariDUili, cule; inais liveit tleiix de points »ne, queue [tache olv |urch6e."— motis and Apomotis of Rafinesqne. The fact that Pomotis has been long in use and is a very familiar name is its only claim for retention, a claim which does not appear to justify its retention in opposition to established rules of nomenclature. The name Pomotis being therefore untenable for any genus of Cen- trarvhidce, Prof. Gill and myself have proposed the name Enpomctin for Isparus aureus Walbaum (= Pomotis ruJyaris Cuvier) and its congeners. Three species of this genus are known from autopsy to Prof. Gill and myself—^, aureus (Walb.), IJ. Njyeciosus (Uolbrook), and E. pallidus (Agassiz). 11. EUPOMOTIS PALLIDUS, {Agassiz) Gill tt Jordan. Pomotis pallidas, Ag., Am. Journ. Sci. Aits, 1854, 303. — Johdan, Man. Vert. Iw7<), 240. This is a large stout species, somewhat elongate, resembling Lcpinpo- mus 2)alliduH in form and coloration. Head 3 in length; depth L'J; eye 4. Head and pvotile scarcely gibbous; snout protruding; mouth rather large, somewhat oblique, reaching the front of eye; eye rather large; o[)ercular flap wide and rounded, shorter than in E. aureus, with a rather wide pale border, chiefly below and behind. Scales very large, 4-35-13, about 4 rows on the cheeks. Spines rather high and strong, the longest dorsal spine as long as from muzzle past middle of pupil ; soit fins high ; pectorals long, but not reaching anal. Gill-rakers short and weak. Color paleohve or brassy; no trace of blue or orange in spirits ; some blackish niarkitjgs on last rays, but hardly a spot. Pharyngeal teeth very strongly ''p'l^'^d", as in the related species. Described from JJo. 4157, National Museum. Rahitat. — Tennessee Eiver (Agassiz). Mississippi River, at Saint Louis; Alabama River (specimens in National Museum). 12. XENOTIS. XemtiH, Jordan, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Pbila. 1877, 7(5. The peculiar character of the gill-rakers, which separates this genus from Lepiopomus, has not yet b-jen fully defined, and indeed a more minute ' study is still desirable, although it may be readily rect)gnized. In Lcjno- pomus, the gill rakers of the anterior branchial arch are comparatively long, somewhat firm, having apparently an ossified basis, and they are provided toward their tip, on one side at least, with minute, y.lnted, tooth-like roughnesses. These teeth may bo readily felt with the h * . '- 22 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTIIYOLOdY II. i tweezers or seen with a hand-glass. The appendages of the anterior gill-arch only are tbus enlarged, those of the other arches remaining undeveloped. In Xcnntis, the gill rokers are not essentially dissimilar on the di^'cr- ent arches. They are short, comparatively thick, soft, having a cartila- ginous or unossified basis, and are nearly destitnte of teeth or tooth like roughnesses. The brilliant colors, low dorsal spines, and especially the great development of the opercular flap in Xenoth, form additional dis- tinctive characters, although not independently of generic value. 13. XENOTIS SOLIS, ( ValencienncH) Gill d; Jordan. PomotiH solin, *Vat.kncif,nnks (1831), Hist. Nat. fles Poissons, vii, 408. (Specimons spiit by Le Snenr from mar New Orleaus. Those referred to from New York ss elongate, and have a different flap. In some respects it ipproaches nearer Lepiopomux aurifUH than do any of the above species, and speei- nuMis of the auritua were apparently conU)unded with it by Valen- ciennes. 14. XENOTIS SANCfUlNOLENTUS, {Agassiz) Jordan. rvmotU aanguinohntuit, Aoassiz, Am. .lourii. Sui. Arts, 1854, 301. This handsome species seems to be widely distribut«'d in the Southern StJises; I have seen specimens from the Tennessee, Savannah, Alabama, mid Mississippi Kivers. It represents, in the Soiith, X. metjalotin of the Northern States. X. Hamjuinokntm may be known by the rather higher spines — the longest as Jong as from snout just past middle »)f pn|)il — and !iy a peculiarity of coloration, blu(^ spots on the sides being arranged in veriical ehain-like bands, which are striking and conspicuous even aftor the flsh hiis been long in alcohol. f f 24 CONTBIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — II. 15. XYSTUOPLITES, gen. nov. This genus bears nearly the same relation to Eupomotis that lephpo- nius does to Xenotis. It comprises those Centrarchidce which, Wiuitiii" the supernumerary maxillary bone, have the teeth of the lower phaiMi- geals blunt and paved as in Eupomotis, and the gill-rakers loii"' and relatively slender as in Lepiopomus. The pharyngeal bones themselves are much narrower and smaller than in EupMnotis, being i:\ t'orui umte like those of Xenotis. The teeth are less strongly "paved", beiii" smaller, less crowded, and rounded rather than truncate; on the inuer border of the bone are a few' enlarged acute teeth. The siiecies of Xi/stropUtes, as of Eupomotis, have the short rounded ear-Ua]) bordeied below and behind with orange. The type is tlie species below de- scribed under the name of Xystroplites gUlii. Pomotis heros B. & (1. also belongs to this genus. The known species strongly resemble Lepiopomus pallidm (incisor) in outward characters, and lack the bril- liant eoloracion of Eupomotis aureus. The name XystropUtcs is fromj ^u(T-:f)(iv, an instrument for scraping (gill-raker), and drrAirr?, armed, in] allusion to the armature of the gill-rakers. • 16. XYSTKOPLITES GILLII, sp. nov. Head 2J in length; depth 2; eye about equal to flap, 4i iti head.] Body elongate, very deep in the middle, abruptly narrowed each way.j Greatest depth at the beginning of dorsal; a rapid slope froiti this point to the base of elongate caudal peduncle ; a steep curve from dorsal to occiput, where an abrupt angle is formed with the projecting sPoiit Top of head sloping at an angle of about 450. Montii wide, lower jaw a trifle longest ; maxillary reaching Just piislj the front of the pupil. Flap moderate, broad, with a very wide |nda edge bolovv and behind. Dorsal spines moderate, as long as from smml to middle of orbit; pectorals medium, barely reaching anal. Dctrsal X| 10. Anal II r, 9. Scales largo. G— 42-l.'l; 5 rows oji the cheek. Coloration obliterated ; apparently uniform olive ; traces of dusk^ mottlings on last rays of dorsal and anal. Typ»^, No. 5995, United States National Museum, from Garden Ki'j Florida. This spi'cies may be known from its congener X. heron by the poculia form, ttud from the speuieH of Lepiopomus by its dentition. f ^O JOYHTt'-Vi CENTBARCHID^. H'VSOCIU 25 17. LEPIOPOMUS ISCHYRUS, Jordan & yelson, sp. nov. Iclithi'Us aquileiwia, Nelson, Bull. Ills. Mub. Nat. Hidt. i, 1876, 37 (uot PomatU aquilensit Gkd.). Numerous yoang specimens purportiug to be Lypes of Baird and Girard's P. aquilensis are in the National Museum. Two species seem to be represented among them, the one a Xenotis, the other a Lepiapo- nm. Neither of them is identical with J. aquilensis Nelson, and as the latter species seems not to have been hitherto named, the above appel- hitiou is proposed for it. 18. LEPIOPOMUS APIATUS, Cope. lepomk apiatu8, Cope, Proc. Am. Philos. Soc. J877. (In press.) This is a large species related to L. macrochirus j^af., and more losely to L. dongatus (Ilolbr.), but stouter built than either, and with marked peculiarities of coloration. Body deep, compressed, the form somewhat as in Eupomotis aureiis. Profile rising rapidly from the snout ; the nape swollen, forming an ngle above the eye ; caudal peduncle deep, not especially elongated. Mouth moderate ; maxillary reaching to just past anterior margin of I tbe eye, the lower jaw projecting somewhat when the mouth is closed. i small patch of teeth on the anterior edge of the palatines (some- tiiies obsolete); eye large; opercular flap short and deep, considera- |bly shorter than the eye. Dorsal spines high, those in the middle highest, so that a slight [ notch is made at the beginning of the soft rays ; tbe soft parts of the vertical lius are largely scaly. Pectoral tins moderate, barely reaching inal. Anal spines strong, the soft rays high. Longest dorsal spine Dearly ecpuvl to the distance from the snout to the posterior edge of itlio orbit. Iloiul ;i in length, the depth 1 J ; eye 4 in head, larger than the oper- [eiilar Hap, which is short and deep. . liillrakers rather long, stilT, pretty strongly dentate. Finrays:— D. X, 11. A. Ill, 10. Soules (>-4()-lU, those on the cheek large, in about seven rows, Coloratitm somewhat altered by the alcohol. There are no spots oa like (Ins, and there are no traces of blue lines on the cheeks. The most harked feature of coloration is the presence on various parts of the Ny of Ittt le dark brown or black spots, chiefly ut the base of tbe (.(■(>jr«f.. ' ■ ■■»► I \ i 2C CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — II. scales, smaller thau pins' heads, aboat the size of the nasal openings, and resembling fly-specks. On the lower part of the sides of the body, these spots are most dis- tinct, and form irregular lines along the rows of scales. Thoy are present also on the operciJar region, and are more or less appreciablo on most parts of the body. On some specimens, these spots are dis- tinct over tlie whole body, being enlarged on the back. The black opercnlar spot is very small for the genus, no larger than in the species of Apomotis. Besides the black spots, there are also faint pale spots at the base of some of the scales of the sides. These were perhaps conspicuous in life. The fins generally are rather dark, unspotted ; the ventral fins are black. The length of the specimens described is from 4 to 4^ inches. Ha bitat. — St. John's lliver, Florida. Many specimens in the United States National Museum. This species was indicated in MSS. some years ago by Prof. Gill, and specimens have been distributed by the Smithsonian Instimtion under the name L. stercorarim Gill. As Prof. C-ope's paper will probably appear in advance of this, I have adopted his specific name, instead of publishing it as a new species. 19. LEPIOPOMUS MINIATUS, sp. nov. General form of Xenotis inscnptm. Obloiig and somewhat rofjnlarly elliptical. Head 2J in length ; depth 2J; eye large, 3^ in head; oper- cular flap rather short and broad, entirely black ; mouth railier liirKo; scales of cheek large, in four series; scales large, 4-40-11 ; i)alatiiio teeth present, gill rakers short lor Lepurpomus, but stitt" and roiiyli. Dorsal spines rather long, as long as from snout just past middle ot i eye; pectorals long, reaching anal. Dorsal X, 10. Anal III, 0. Color in spirits dark, rows of bright red or scarlet spots running j lengthwise of the body; one spot on each scale, and two blackish mark- ings on ea(di side of the red ; dorsal fin dusky behind, but unspotted;] iris red. Length 4 inches. Type, No. 1(J018, United States National Museum. Numerous speci- mens from Tangipahoa liiver, Louisiana. This species is perlmpsj mo8« nearly related to lApiopomns attritm. 20. APOMOTIS PUENAX, Cope '^ s *! '^{'' '"►T'v.rf CENTRARCHID^. m depth 2J- ; oye moderate, as long as snt at, ratber smaller than opercular fliip, about 4:h in head. Mouth moderate, the lower jaw slightly longest, ilio maxillary reaching middle of eye, with a strony supplemental bone; siioiit short, projecting, an angle over eye. Gill-rakers very lon'r; flap liirscr than in the other species of the genus. * Scales on cheek in 7 rows ; on body G-47-14. iMueous cavities strong. Dorsal spines short and strong, as long as from snout to nnUUe of eye; soft dorsal high, soft r lal higher, both largely scaly; caudal fin emarginate ; pectoral fins long, reaching anal. Dorsal X, 10. Anal ill, y. Oolor in spirits uniform olive-green, paler lines along the rows of scales ; soft fins somewhat mottled, but no black blotch on doisal or anal. TLic species bea^-s much more resemblance to Lcpiopomiis and Xystro- fites than to its congeners. From A. cyanelhis, it differs in the greater (leptli and compression of the body, in the longer spines, longer oi)ercu- kir liap, smaller mouth, antl larger scales. Type, two specimens about six inches long, in the Museum of the Philadelphia Academy of Natural tSciences, collected at Beaseley'a Point, New Jersey, by Dr. Leidy. ,i 21. ENNKACANTIIUS PINNIGER, Oill d; Jordan, s^). nov. Avery handsome species, rather larger than auy other of this genus, and with larger tins. Body rather short, deep, compressed, regulaiiy ovate in form ; the depth half the length (without caudal); the head one-third. Eye large, 3Jiii hea.i. Mouth ratht-r small, very obliipve, the maxillary reaching tojiiot opposite the front of tlie orbit. Dorsal spines rather long, tin? soft rays greatly elevated ; in the male Jsli as long as the head, reaching, when depressed, to the middle of tilt' caudal; in the female flsh considerably shorter; anal spines long, [not rai)idly graduated, the longest soft rays as long as those of the litrsal. Ventral flns elongate; the filiform tips of the longest rays in the Imnles rea(>.:^,;|vK?T^v:'> CENTRARCHID^. 2d Tbe following description is taken from a large number of inv^livid- nals sent by Dr. C. C Abbott to the Smithsonian Institution from Trenton, N. J., and from others collected by Prof. Baird at LJeaseley'a Poiut, N. J. :— Body rather short and deep, but more elongate than in any of the others; the head 2'^ in length, the depth 2^; the eye large, longer than snout, 3J in head ; mouth moderate, very oblique, the maxillary reach- ing to just past tbe front of the orbit. Dorsal spines medium; the 8«>ft rays in the males somewhat elevated, reaching when depressed just to the base of the caudal; the longest soltray as long as from the snout to the preopercular margin. In the females, the rays are shortened, but the sexual differences are mucli less marked than in E. pinniger. Anal spines long, rather rapidily graduated, the longest soft rays as long as those of the dorsal. Ventral tins as in E. pinniger, the longest rays in the males (ilament- OQsaiid reaching the soft rays of anal ; in the females shorter. Pecto- ral flus rather long, reaching middle of anal. Lateral line complete. Fin rays:— D. IX, 10 ; A. Ill, 9. Scales 3-30-9. General coloration similar to that of E. pinniger. Body dark olive; reryjoiing specimens with faint traces of vertical bars; a moderate- sized opercular spot, smaller than in E. obenu8, bordered above and below with luminous blue. Near the an*^ rior edge of the " ear-flap" is a cres- 1 cent-shaped pearly -blue spot, which, though small, is very conspicuous. Traces of a similar n)ark may be observed on E. obesus. Sides of head, j thole body, and vertical tins with round bright blue spots arranged in irregular rows ; these spots most distinct on the cheeks and o[»ercle8 I and on the lower parts of the sides. This species resembles the ^>recediDg; but the males mnj' be dis- iiiguisbed at once by the mu(;h less development of the tins and by the I (mailer size. The females of the two species bear more resemblance to [each other, but differ in a similar way, though to a less degree. Ltugth of specimens examined about 2i| inches. Many specimens in the Unitetl States* National Museum froai the [Potomac River, Delaware River and from localities in New .lersey. The real affinities of E. margnrotis are probably rather with E. obeHUS^ I ind esi)ecially E. gloriosm, than with E. pinniger. BryttuH fasciutus Ilolbrook seems to be identical with E. obcHUs. -> I have seen no si)ecimeu8 of E. gloriosuSf and know it only by Hoi- [brook's description and tigure. -.. h'-.. '.«*»' 1: : y ■■■ 30 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTUYOLOaY — ii. The several species bave been contrasted in the following table pre- pared by Dr. Gill aud myself: — *'. Dorsal and anal moderately developed in the male as well as female (extendinir when declined backward, little if any beyond the base of the cuudai) ; hvhIvh oh cheek and opercles not crowded, aud forming more or lessdistiiict vertical serit's: t. Body marked with about eight w^lldefined dark cross-barB; opercular aii;;l(i with a pretty large black spot, half or more the size of the eye ; t*pot8 on hoily and fins purplish, red, or golden ; scales large, little crowded ; caudal (in niodcrattlv elongate, as long as from snout to about the middle of the opercle ; hittial liuo iisually incomplete behind Obksi.s. tt. Body without definite cross-bars or bands; opercular spot smaller, but littlu larger than pupil ; caudal fin short, about as long as from snout to the post* rior mar- gin of the preopercle: {. Spots on body and fins pinkish or golden ; dor so- ocular profile moderately convex; iuterorbital space quite depressed, the protruding snout forming au annUs above the eye ; body rather short aud deep, the depth about half-length ; a small black spot at root of caudal Glohiosls. U- Spots on body and tins bright blue; dorso-ocular profile little convex, without decided concavity above orbits ; body comparatively elongate, the 'lepth ]i"rmed with teeth : mouth large, lower jaw longest; maxillary bone broad and flat, with a stronj; sup- plemental ossicle behind it; palatine teeth well developed ; gill-rak- ers long and strong, provided with coarse teeth ; form stout and heavy : '^ h. Operoulum emarginate behind ; anal spines 5 to 7 : 0. Caudal fin emarginate; scales ctenoid: d. Tongue with two patches of teeth ; anal spines normally 7 ; dorsal 12; gill-rakers longer, and somewhat more numerous than in the next, AUCIIOI'MTICS, 2. dd. Tongue with a single median patch of teeth ; anal spines nornially 6; dorsal 10 or 11 AMni,oi'UTi:s,3. 00. Caudal flu rounded behind ; scales cycloid ; anal ( pines normally 5, ACANTIIAltCIIlS, 4. ib. Operculum ending behind in a convex "flap", black in color; anal fpines 3: dorsal 10; caudal emarginate Cu^nouuyttls, 5. •t^' ■"5 ;v' -lA-.^fU?.?* CENTBAECHID^. -iTO iM 'If'-' 1 33 t aa. Tongao aud pterygoid bones toothless ; mouth moderate or small : d. Operculum ending behind in an entire convex process or flap, which is al- ways more or less black ; dorsal iin not notched ; dorsal spines nor- mally 10; anal spines 3, the soft rays in each abont 10 in number; caudal tin emarginate : e. Maxillary with a supplemental bone; gill-rakers long, stout, dentate; mouth rather large, the lower jaw protruding ; palatine teeth pres- ent; soineslow; flap small Apomotis, G. ee. Maxillary without supplemental bone; mouth rather small, with subequal jaws: /. Lower pharyngeal bones comparatively narrow, with the teeth all conic and sharp, the outer short and small, the inner long and pointed : g. Gill-rakers of anterior branchial arch more or less elongate, ossified, beset with small teeth (gill-rakers long and slender, beset on one side with minute teeth, no palatine teoth,subgenusire/»operca;— or com- paratively short and thick, with larger teeth, palatine teeth usually present, subgenus Lepiopomus) Lepiopomus, 7. gg. Gill-rakers undifferentiated, all short, thickish, weak, unossified, provided with but few weak teeth ; no palatine teeth ; opercular flap always large, often greatly developed ; coloration brilliant ; spines low Xenotis, 8. ff. Lower pharyngeal bones with the teeth or most of them rounded or truncate above, i. e., teeth paved, palatine teeth little developed, or more usually wanting: h. Lower pharyngeals narrow, formed as in Lepiopomus, the teeth rounded, not truncate above; gill-rakers rather long and slender; spines rather high Xystroplites, 9. hh. Lower pharyngeals broad, concave, with large truncate teeth close together ; gill-rakers short and thick, more or less strongly dentate ; spines high Eupomotis, 10. dd. Operculum emarginate behind, ending in two flat points, with a dermal border ; caudal fin rounded behind ; gill-rakers in small number, long and strong, dentate ; species of small size and brilliant coloration : h. Dorsal fin angulated, the middle spines longer than some of the posterior ones ; supplemental maxillary wanting (f or rudimentary; ; anal spines 'A ; dorsal 10 Mesogonistius, 11. hh. Dorsal fin continuous ; supplemental maxillary bone well developed : i. Dorsal spines 9; anal 3 Enneacanthus, 1'^ ii. Dorsal spines 8 ; anal 4 Hemioplites, 13 tit. Dorsal spines 10 ; anal 4 ; anal fin with an elongate basis, its aT> terior rays being advanced Copelandia, If "Dorsal and anal fins about equal in extent, the soft portions of the latter lougep^ and most posterior, the two fins being obliquely opposed ; lower Ja\'' longest ; supplemental maxillary bone present ; palatine teetb present; operculum emarginate behind; gill-rakers setiform, ver,^ long, finely dentate, in large number (20 to 30 of the large ones on anterior branchial arch) ; fins large, the soft rays of the dorsal am> anal each with 14 to IH rays ; caudal fin emarginate ; scales not strongly ctenoid ( Cenirarchin(B) : }• Si)inons dorsal longer than soft part, the spines about 12 in number, not rapidl,^ graduated ; anal spines normally 8; body deep; mouth moderate. CENTIlAKCnUS, I'.' (/■ Spinous dorsal shorter than soft part, the spines 5 to 8 in number, rapidly grad uatcd ; anal spines normally 6 ; iHxly compressed and rather elongate - mouth large Pomoxys, 16 Bull. N. M. Xo. ia--3 :''::M/ys| 34 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — II. AA. No lateral line; no vomerine teeth apparent; fins little developed, thu dorsal with 5 spines, the anal with 3; branchiostegals apparently 5; ecales cycloid; npper jaw unusually protractile; jaws with strong teeth- size small {Elaaaominw) : k. Month small, oblique, the lower jaw the louger ; jaws with apparently one row of stoat conical teeth ; branch iostega' membranes broadly connected across the pectoral region ; body rather elongate, compressed ; caudal fin rounded ; cheeks and opcrcles scaly Elassoma 17. CATALOGUE OF SPECIES OF CENTRARCHID^. I give below a catalogue of the species of Centrarchidw, which appear | to be valid, with their geographical distribution. Those of which I bavo not been able to examine specimens are indicated by a star (*). Several species, as Lepomis ophthalmicus Cope, Brytius humilis Grd., are known | only from specimens too immature for me at least to come to any cer- tain conclusion as to their true relations. The type-species of each genus is placed first ; d. s. indicates doubt- 1 ful species ; d. g., doubt as to whether placed in the proper geuus. MiCEOPTEEUS, Lac^pMe. 1. Micropterus salmoides, (Lac.) Gill. — New England and Great LakeJ Begion to Alabama. 2. Micropterus pallidus, (Paf.) Gill & Jordan. — Great Lake Region and Ked Eiver of the North to Virginia, Florida, and Mexico. Ch^kobeytths, Oill, 3c Chsenobryttus gnlosus, (C. & V.) Gill. — Upper Great Lakes, Mia sissippi Valley, and Southwest. 4. Chsenobryttus viridis, (C. & V.) Jordan. — Virginia to Floridia, casj of the AUeghanies. Ambloplites, Rafinesque. 6. Ambloplites rapeitris, (Raf.) Gill. — Lake Champlain to the Sa8| katchawan and south to Florida and Texas. (Includes two o| .; three geographical varieties or nascent species.) 6. Ambloplites cavifrons, Cope. — Virginia to North Carolina. ^ *'"'■' ' Arohoplites, Gill. 7. Archoplites interruptus, (Grd.) Gill.— Streams of the Paciflc Slop i ACANTHARCHUS, Gill. 8. Aoantharchns pomotis, (Baird) Gill New York to South Carolinj coastwise. ifr:- -fif' »'■;■•• i '<: CENTBABCHIDiB. i ; t/,, 35 Apomotis, Eafinesque. 9. Apomotis cyanellns, Raf. — Entire Mississippi Valley and streams of Texas. 10. Apomotis *albulu8, (Grd.) Jor,, d. g. — Texas, &c. 11. Apomotis sigDifer, (Grd.) Jor., d. s. — Texas, &c. 12. Apomotis phenax. Cope & Jordan. — New Jersey. Lepicpomus, Rafinesque. 1 13. I>epiopomus auritiis, (L.) Baf. — Maine to Florida— exclusively east of the mountains. 1 14. Lepiopomus apiatus, Cope. — Florida. 15. Lepiopomus miniatus, Jordan. — Louisiana. 16. Lepiopomus elongatus, (Holbr.) Gill & Jor. — Florida. n. Lepiopomus *bombifrou8, (Ag.) Jor., d. g. — Tennessee River. 1 18. Lepiopomus obscurus, (Ag.) Jor. — Georgia, Alabama, Tennessee. Lepiopomus ischyrus, Jor. & Nelson. — Illinois. 1 20. Lepiopomus pallidus, (Mit.) Gill & Jor. — New Jersey to Great Lake Region, Mississippi Valley south to Florida and Texas. 121. Lepiopomus *mystacalis, Cope. — ^Florida. 22. Lepiopomus humilis, (Grd.) Cope. — Texas. 23. Lepiopomus macrochirus, Raf. — Ohio Valley to Illinois. 24. Lepiopomus anagallinus. Cope. — Kentucky to Kansas. 125. Lepiopomus oculatus, Cope. — Upper Mississippi Valley. \ Xysteoplites, Jordan. t Xystroplites gillii, Jordan. — Florida. II, Xystroplites heros, (B. & G.) Jord. — Texas. 18. Xystroplites notatus, (Ag.) Jord. — Tennessee River. EupoMOTis, Oill c£* Jordan. |20, Eupomotis aureus, (Walbaum) Gill & Jordan. — Upper Mississippi Valley, Great Lake Region to New England, and south to Flor- ida east of the Alleghanies. Not found in the Mississippi Valley south of Iowa. |50. Eupomotis speciosus, (Holbr.) Gill. — Florida. |31. Eapomotis pallidus, (Ag.) Gill & Jordan. — Lower Mississippi Val« ley, Illinois, and south. ,jn g.4^ l ii,k-^Sm; *iU -^ ^ ■ ' ^ 1-B !N'^; St. 36 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — II. Xenotis, Jordan. 32. Xenotis fallax, (B. & G.) Jordan.— Texas. 33. Xenotis breviceps, (B. & G.) Jordan. — Louisiana to Texas. 34:. Xenotis popii, (Grd.) Jord., d. s. — Texas. 35. Xenotis uiegalotis, (Raf.) Jord. — Ohio Valley and Upper Mississippi Valley. 36. Xenotis sangainolentas, (Ag.) Jord. — South Carolina to Tennessee and Louisiana. 37. Xenotis lythrochloris, Jordan. — Ohio Valley. 38. Xenotis solis, (Val.) Gill & Jor. — Louisiana. 39. Xenotis aureolus, Jordan. — Ohio Valley. 40. Xenotis aquilensis, (B. & G.) Jor., d. g. — Texas. 41. Xenotis *marginatus, (Holbr.) Jor., d. g. — Florida. 42. Xenotis peltastes, (Cope) Jor. — Michigan to Illinois. 43. Xenotis inscriptus, (Ag.) Jor. — Ohio to Missouri and south. 44. Xenotis ophthalmicus, (Cope) Jor., d. «., d. g. — Boanoke fJiver. Mesogonistitts, Gill. 45. Mesogonistius chsetodon, (Baird) Gill. — New Jersey to Maryland. Enneacantdus, Oill. 4G. Enneacanthus obesus, (Grd.) Gill. — Massachusetts to North Garoj Una. 47. Enne&cantbus margarotis, Gill & Jordan. — New Jersey to Vir-j ginia. 48. Enneacanthus pinniger. Gill & Jor. — North Carolina. 40. Enneacanthus *gloriosus, (Holbr.) Jordan. — Florida. 50. Enneacanthus •milnerianns, Cope. — Florida. Hemioplites, Cope. 51. Ileniioplitc's simulans. Cope. — Virginia. COPELANDIA, Jordan. 52. Copelaudia eriarcha, Jordan. — Wisconsin. Centbargiius, Cuvier & Valenciennes. 53. Centrarclius iridens, (Lac6pMe) C. & V.— North Carolina to III^ nois and south, in lowland streams. 54. Centrarchus macropterus, (Lno.) Jor. — South Carolina to Alabama centbarchidje:. 37 ToTiOXYS, Bajinesque. %Pomoxys. 55, Pomoxys annularis, Raf. — Entire Mississippi Valley soath of Wis- consin and Ohio. § Hyperisiius. 'A Pomoxys nigromaculatus, (Le S.) Girard. — Mississippi Valley, Great Lake Region, and streams of the Atlantic States from New Jer- sey to Florida. LIST OF NOMINAL SPECIES OF CENTRAKCHID^, WITH IDENTIFICATIONS. I give a list, in chronological order, of the species of Centrarchida I hitherto described, so far as kn-^vvn to me, with my identification of tbem. Those species of ^Iiich I have examined the original type are designated by a dagger ( f). ^m tt .1 .,,. Nominul species. Labrus aiiritiis, Linn<5 pparu8 aureus, Walliaiim Libras macropterns, Lacdpt^do I bbruM sparoides, lac lUbniflsaliuoides, Loo lUbras irideus, Lao lUicroptorus dulomien, Lac IHoroDo iiiuciilata, Mit ISfiamH iiiooasinns, Uaf lUbnis palladus, Mit kL'^anuH acluKan, Kaf iBod'auus rupustris, Raf Ifftrim er,vtlirop»), Raf IbbruH appendix, Mit ■''iiainxisiniiiulari8,Raf iCtllliinis piitictnlatns, Raf Iltpomis fj arielliiH, Ruf Il'ptmiitt in.icroohirus, Raf Ilnbcils luclanopH, Raf |lttWi8 (^ytlirops, Raf aWiN aiiritn, Raf. (not of 1819) InhtilB megalotss, Raf Prttiiig pallida, Raf I'Poiii.Htrifasciata, Raf «nii8 lloxnolaris, Raf..., noil aalmone*, Rdf .^^m. ......... Date. Identification. i7r>H LepiopomuB auritus. 171)2 Eupomotis anreus. 1802 Centrarchus macropternp 1802 Centrarchus macropterus (t). 1802 MicropteniP salmoides. 1802 Centrarchus iridens. 1802 MicropteruB salmoideB. 1814 Eupomotis aureus. 1814 Eupomotis aureus. 1814 LepiopomuH pallidus. 1817 Microptorus salmoides. 1817 Ambloplites rupeatris. 1818 (Erroneous.) 1818 LepioiK)mus pallidus. 1818 Pomoxys annularis. 1811) Micropterns salmoides. 1811) Apomotis cyanellns. 1811) LopiopomuH mwroohirus. 1820 A|H>motis cyanellus. 1820 Ambloplites rupestris. 1820 Xenotis 1 ytbrochloris. 1820 Xenotis megalotis. 1820 Micropterus pallidus. «... 1820 Micropterns salmoides. 1820 Micropterus salmoides. 1880 Mioropterus saliuoides. 11 38 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NOBTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY 11. Nominal specios. Lepomis notata, Eaf Lepomis ictheloides, Raf Etheostoma calliura, Raf Cicbla (BDea, Le Sueur Cicbla fasciata, Le S Cichla ohioensis, Le S Cicbla floridaaa, Le 8. Cicbla luininia, LoS Huro nigricans, C. & Y Centrarcbus pentacautbus, C. «&. Y ... CantbaruH nigromaculatus, Le Sueur. Pumotis vulgaris, C. &Y Poniotis gulosns, C. & Y Centrarcbus bexacauthus, C. &Y .... Ceutrarcbus viriilis, C. &Y Date. Bryttus pnnctatas, C.& Y Bryttus reticulatus, C. «St Y..... Bryttus unicolor, C. & Y Pomotis ravcnelii,C. <& Y Pomotis bolbrookii, C. & Y Pouiutis incisor, C. & Y Poniotis gibbosus, C. «& Y Poniotis sol is, C. & Y Pomotis catesboei, C. & Y Cicbla storeria, Kirt >. Pomotis nitida, Kirt Centrarcbus obscnrus, I)e Kay.. Pomotis riibricanda, Storer Pomotis a(|uil<«nBiH, B. t& G. t ... Pomotis brevicops, B. t&G.t...., Pomotis longuluN, B. & G. t Grystesnobilis, Ag Pomotis Hungninoluntus, Ag .... Poniotis iiiHcciptns, Ag Pomotis notatuH, Ag Pomotis olMciinis, Ag Pouioti!* hombifrons, Ag Poniotis pallidns, Ag Poniotis Hpt'cioauH, B.& G. t Pomotis fallax, B. &, G.t Poniotis onnTi>TifmnH, B. & G. t. Pomotis nefaatns, B. dc G Pomotis beroR, B. A G. t I •••■■• 18'20 1820 1820 1822 1822 1822 1822 1822 1828 1829 1829 1829 1829 1831 1831 1831 1831 1831 1831 1831 1831 1831 1831 1831 I8:w 1841 1H42 1842 1653 1853 1833 1854 1854 18.'V4 1854 1854 1854 1854 1854 1H54 1H54 1854 1854 Identificatiou. Micropterus salmoides. Aniblcplites rupestriH. Micropterns salmoideti. Ainbloplite.') rnpestris. Micropterus salmoides. Micropterus salmoides. Micropterus pallidus. Micropterus salmoides. Micropterns pallidus. Ambloplites lupestris. Pomoxys nigromaculatus. Eupomotis aureus. Cbienobryttns gulosus. Pomoxys nigromaculatus. Choenobryttus viiVsis. Apomotis cyanellps. CbiBnobryttus viridis. Eupomotis aureus. Eni>omotis aureus. Lepioponiub pallidus. Lepiopomus pallidus. X notis solis. Eupomotis aureus. Pomoxys annularis. Xunotis megalotis. Micropterus salmoides. Lepiopomus auritiis. Xenotis (f) nqiiileiisis. Xenotis brovice|>s. Apomotis cyauellus. Mieronteriis pallidus. Xenotis sanguinoleiitus. Xenotis iiisoriptus. Xystroit'.itos (T) notatus. Lipioponius obscuruH. Lepio|Minius (t) bonibifroiis. KuiMimotis pallidus. L(>]iiopoinu8 pallidus (var.f). Xenotis fallnx. Xenotis Tallax. Xenotis (f) aquilensis. Xyatroplltes heros. Grystes nuoc Centrarcbus Centrarcbus Pomotis obes Pomotis elon^ Pomotis speci Pomotis marg Bryttus fascia Bryttus glorio Calliurns llori Pomotis chffitc Centrarcbus pi Grystes megasi Pomoxis nitidu Calliuras melai Calliiirus diapl Cailiurusformo Calliurns micro Calliurus murii Bryttus albulus, Bryttus signifer %nns bumilis I'oniotis hina, Gi Pomotis popei, ( Poniotis guttatu Pomotis microloj Hyperistiuscaro Pomoxys brevica ''"moxys interim ooxys protaca I^M Sf 'us oculatu, '•mis longispl %'iiiH niiueopiu ' Anibloiilitescavi lli'iuio])Iites siini I ^Mjmis cn-.^ruJIi I ^K'rnis ard««iiic l"|<«mi8opiitbalr |l'P0MliHgiJIii^(J„j VniJH (ibarybfli htoniis nopbeluM ''iwmiH imrpiirai ''I'omiN iieltastes CENTBABCHIDiS. 39 Nomiual species. M^- ^ Grystes nnocenHis, B. & G t Centrarchus interruptus, Grd. t Ceotrarchns inoculoBas, Ayres .. PomuUs obesus, Grd. t Pomotis elongatus, Holbr Pomotis specioBus, Holbr Pomotis niarginatus, Holbr BryttuB fasciatuB, Holbr BryttuB glorioaus, Holbr CalliuruB HoridouaiH, Holbr PomotiB rbiBtodou, Baird t Centrarchus pomotis, Baird Grystes megastoDia, Garlick Ponioxis nitidus. Grd. t Calliurus melanops, Grd. t Calllurus dlapbacjs. Grd Calliurus formusuB, Grd. t Calliurus roicrops, Grd. t Calliurus luurinus, Grd. t Bryttus albulus, Grd BrytlUB Nignifer, Grd. t Bryttus humilis, Grd. t Pomotis luna.Grd Pomotis popei.Grd. t Pomotis guttatuB, Morris Pomotis niicrolopbus, Gtbr Hyperistiuscarolinonsis, Gill ... Poffioxj'B brevicauda, Gill t I'imioxys intorniedius, Gill • uoxys protacautbuB, Gill Br Mis oculatuB, Coput ' tmis longispiniH, Copet llryuus niiueopas, Copet Anililoiilites cavifrons, Copet ... Ilt'iuioplites siniulans, Copet .. Loitomis co<'.({aIlinus, Copet .... Leiwuiis ardesiaons, 'Joj)© t l«|>oinisnputlialmicus, Cope t .. l^poniisgillii.Copot LfpoMiis chary bdis, Cope LfiwtuiH nopheliis, Ct>pe t ^wmiM pHri>tiras(;eiifl, Cope t .. UpomiH iieltiMtes, Coiw * Date. 1S54 1B54 1854 1854 1855 1855 1855 1855 1855 1855 1855 1855 I*)? 1857 1857 1857 18.')7 1857 1857 1857 1K57 1857 1857 1858 1859 185U 18(M 1805 1H()5 18(i5 18r,5 18C5 18a-. 18(i<) 18(H) lH(il» \mua. Lepiopomua apiatus. Lepiopomus mystacalis. Eupomotis speciosus (f). Lepiopomus ischyrus, Jor. & Nels. f Apomotis pbenax. Cope. & Jor. t LenioDomns miniatna. Jor.t .. .. EDQeacantbus pinniger. Gill & Jor. t Enneacantbus margarotis, Gill &, Jor Enneacantbus milnerianns. Cope, MSS Lepontis apiatus, Cope, MSS. ............. Lepomis nivptacalia. Cope, MSS.... Xystroplites loigimanus. Cope, MSS 24. XENOTIS LYTHROCHLORIS. Iclhelia aitrita, Raf., Icbthyologia obionsis, 1820 (not Labrm fl«»i7«8 Linn. ; notio jiomis auritm Raf., 1819). Lepomis aitritm, Cope, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Pbila. 18(38 (not Lepomis auritusGiW). Ichthelis mnguinolenttts, Joudan, Man. Vert. 1876 (in part, confounded witb X.mcgaloiis | and X. sanguinolentus. ) Xenotis lythrochloria, Joiidan (1877), Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. ix, — . This elegant species is fairly described by Raflnesqne, and qnitc ac- curately by Prof. Cope, but no other writers seem to have distinguished | it. It does not seem best to retain the name auritus. Ilafluesque ap- parently took this species for the Linnean auritus, and, if so, this isj simply a case of mistaken ideutiflcation, and the name thus given in error should not bo retained. If we suppose that Rartnesquc iiitendcdj to describe his aurita as a now species, 'vo have the anomalous I'lso ot an author describing a new species nnder the specillc name borne by aii] old species which he himself elsewhere precisely indicates as the typo of his genus. In this view, which would be absurd in regard to aiij author other than Kafinesque, we should have two species, Htioiijjij resembling each other, in closely related genera, both bearing tlu^ naiii^ specillc name, Lepiopomus auritus and Xenotis auritus. This undesiruj ble arrangement we can avoid by supposing, what is probably the tac^ that Ilafinesque wrongly identified his Icthclis aurita with Ijabrus auri^ tua of Liunoius. IlaflncBquc's aurita being thus without a spceiiic uame ■ii"~-i!.y,i^«OYH5*'fTW CENTBARCHIDiB. C-T .aSi'^r^KIB!?.'!^-:'- 41 I supply that of lythrochloris, in allusion to the blood-red and pale-green coloration. Xenotin lythrochloris needs comparison chiefiy with X. megalotis. The body is elongate proportionally, somewhat as in the species of Apomotis, but the profile is quite steep. The back along the base of the dorsal fin is unusually straight, not strongly bowed as in megalotis. Tho colors are different in life; there is more red on the cheeks and fins iu I. lythrochloris, but tho ground-color of the back is a decided olive- greeu with blue spots. The belly, as in megalotis, is orange. The mem- [brane of the soft parts of the vertical fins iu X. lythrochloris is bright orange-red. The spines are extremely short, the longest about equal to length of snout. The most available distinctive point is iu the oper- cular flap, which is extremely long, longer than in megalotis or sanguino- htu8, and entirely black, without any trace of pale edging whatever, ex- I cept at base. In megalotis, the flap is conspicuously edged with paler. X. megalotis abounds most in ponds and still deep places iu the I rivers. X. lythrochloris runs up the small brooks into places where it LdApowiofi* cyanellus are the only Centrarchine inhabitants, whence it often comes to adorn the urchin's string in company with Scmotilua \mpralis, Catostotrtus teres, Campostoma anomala, and other " boys' fish". 25. XENOTIS AUREOLUS, Jordan. \\Pomli8 macrochira, Kirti.and (IS39), Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist. iii,469.— Stohkr (1846), Synopsis, 298 (not. IctheVtn macrochira Raf.=£e;)omf« nephelua Copo). Ichihdis macrochira, Jordan (187G), Bull. Buff. Nat. Hist. Sco. 92, Manual Vert. 230 (nut of liaf.). \lmtis aureoluB, Jordan (1877), Bull, ix, U. S. Nat. Mu8. — . Body oblong, rather heavy forward ; the forehead usually quite con- hex, but sometimes the profile straightish or almost concave; depth hboiit 2| in length ; head 2% ; eye about as large as flap iu adult, 4 in |li«i(l; mouth moderate ; scales on cheeks rather large, in 5 or G rows. I'inrays as in related species ; dorsal spines short, rather longer than lin A', lythrochloris, but scarcely longer than snout ; pectorals aioderate ; jreiitrals elongate. Colors very clear and translucent, t »e young almost transparent, the Itdnlt lustrous, clear pale green above ; sides with much spotting of mkn orange or brassy, the spots numerous but not well defined, kadiiig into the green ; the orange predominating below ; tho belly hear orange ; some blue spotting on sides, a purplish-red lustre on tho |t*io8 iu life, {)eouliar to this species. This disappears at death. — 4:n 42 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NOSTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — II. Soft parts of vertical fins, particularly the aual, with the membrane clear orauge; ventral fins blnish; cheeks with three broail bronze- orange bands, between which are bands of blnish-green ; two bronze bands in front of eye ; space beneath eye largely blue-green and iri- descent. " , .17 ^. ' Opercular flap not long, narrow, varying to rather wide, with a con- spicuous purple margin ; iris red ; pnpil black. Size small. . I have seen none over four inches in length. ■ Habitat — Ohio Valley ; rather common in bayous and still places in I small creeks. It occurs in company with Xenotis lythrochloris, and, like that species, is commonly among the treasures of the small boy as bej comes back from the swimming-hole. This species much resembles the young of X. megalotis, the only spo-l cies with which it need be compared. X. megalotis is more positively! and brilliantly colored ; there is more blue ; the spines are lower, and the scales on the cheeks smaller. X. aureolm is chiefly of a golden orange,! and in life has a translucency of hue unlike the colors of any otiiei species. In spirits, it becomes of a pale yellowish or white. It is prob-j able that Kirtland's description of Pomotis maerochira was drawn «[ from a specimen of this species. It is certain, however, that Kirtlaud confounded two or three species under the name of maerochira, amoiij them probably Lepi0pomu8 pallidus. This cannot well be the specie^ called maerochira by Raflnesque. I have therefore proposed the nevi name of aureoltts, in allusion to its gilded coloration. 26. XENOTIS INSCRIPTUS, {Agasaiz) Jor. Pomotis itiBcriptua, AoASSiz (1854), Amer. Journ. Sci. Arts, 302. Lepomls insoriptua, Cope (1869), Jouro. Aoarl. Nat. Sci. Pbila. — . lohthclia inscriptus, Johdan (1876), MaDiial Vert.' 237. Xerwtia inBcriptut, Jordan (1876), Ann. N. Y. Lye. Nat. Hist. — . Body obloDg, little elevated, the depth 2^ in lenf^th ; profile and do sal outline forming a nearly uniform curve from snout to caudal |)ediii clej eye large, larger than in jMc^aiofis ; mouth moderate ; cheek-scalij large. Pectoral fins short, not reaching anal ; dorsal spines low, but liigli f\ this genus, more developed than in any of the other species, the Ion est about as long as from snout to middle of pupil ; ventral liuH i reaching anal. A small compact handsome species of a dark color, not at nil ttai lucent; color dark olive-green, with blue shades; cheeks witb hi f^yiWiWJ' CENTRARCniD-B. T iifOTT:tr^i^Tt6<^^ 43 lines ; opercalar flap pretty long, rather narrow, its lower margin being shorter than the upper, directed more obliquely upward than in the other species, bordered above and below with pinkish, many of the scales of the back and sides marked with a short horizontal black line like a pencil-mark, these usually forming interrupted lines along the rows of scales. These markings are often obsolete. Fins dark olive, oDJy the anal usually with red ; no black dorsal spot. Length of specimens examined about 4 to 5 inches. Habitat. — Tennessee River (Agassiz, Cope); Etowah River (Jordan) ; White River, Indiana (Jordan) ; Mississippi River at Cairo (Jordan). This species may be known to be a Xenotis by the ear-flap and the weak gill-rakers. From the other Ohio species, its longer spines, dark green coloration, and the peculiar upward direction of the opercular flap distinguish it. The black streaks which suggested the name in- tcriptus usually disapi)ear with death. > ^ » • • 27. LEPIOPOMUS PALLIDUS, {Mitchill) QUI & Jordan. Lah-us palUdus, Mitchill, 1814, = Labrus appendix, Mitchill, 1818, = Pomutts iiiciaor, Cuv. & Val., 1831. We have here restored the oldest and therefore correct specilic name to this species. The genus Helioperca, recently proposed by me for this species and its immediate relatives, does not seem sufiiciently dis- tiuct from Lepiopomus. I therefore abandon it, for the present, at least. 28. MICROPTERUS PALLIDUS, {Rajinesque) QUI iSc Jordan. Lqwmis pallida, Kakinesqde, 1820, ^ Cichla floridana, Le Suel'R, 1822, = Euro nigri- cans, C. & v., 1828. Rafinesque's description of his Lepomis pallida seems to have been drawn from this species. His specific name should therefore be adopted. This change is especially desirable, as it does away with the objection- able local name Jioridanus for this widely distributed species. ; rr^: ^ . . PERClDiE. \. "^ ' 29. STIZOSTETUIUU, Rajinesque. ^ '^ " "^ The American species of this genus have been involved in consider- able confusion, and no one seems to know positively whether we have V 1 1'.. *■•;'<.■ M 44 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NOBTE AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — II. two, three, four, or five species, or how those species may bo dis- tinguished from each other, or, fiually, what names any of them should bear. Having lately been enabled to examine a large number of speci- mens in a fresh state, through the kindness of John C. Klippart, the efQcient fish commissioner of the State of Ohio, I have come to certain provisional conclusi ous, which I have thought it advisable to insert here. Among the species of Stizostethium, there are two well-marked groups known to our lake fishermen respectively as the "Saugers''and the! "Pikes". These differ somewhat in external peculiarities of form and coloration, ^d strongly in the arrangement of the pyloric coeca. In the " Pike " group, there are three pyloric coeca, long and largp. Bubequal, and all longer than the stomach. In the ''Saugers", tbej pyloric ccBca are much shorter and smaller. There are four larger than the rest, not quite equal, and all shorter than the stomach. Besides the four larger ones, there are one, two, or three small ones. The total j number is usually six, but sometimes the small ones are obsolete. In the extreme generic subdivision which at present obtains, any such 1 decided anatomical peculiarity may be held to indicate generic dis- tinction. I therefore propose to consider the "Saugers" as at least j Bubgenerically distinct from the " Pikes ". The nanre Stizostedion was proposed by Bcifluesque for his Perca sal monea, the "White Salmon of the Ohio". Baflnesque's description isj not altogether satisfactory; but, as a certain fish of this genus is still] known as the " White Salmon," at the Falls of the Ohio, it is possible! to make an undoubted identification. The Perca salmonea is a "Pike",! and therefore the name Stizostedion (or rather 8tizo8tethium, for the namej is stated to mean " pungent throat") should be retained for the Pikes.} Since the preceding paragraphs were in type. Prof. Gill and the writer have been enabled to compare the American species of Sti:o-\ stethium with the two inhabiting the waters of Europe, viz, Stizostei thium lucioperca (L.) G. & J. {Lucioperca sandra 0. & V.) and StizostcthiunJ^ volgense (Pallas) G. & J. The genus divides at once into four strong]; marked sections or subgenera, of which two— that typified by S. mna dense and that by 8. volgense — bear little resemblance to each othefij and could be readily considered as generically distinct were not tb< other two sections intermediate. (1) The section typified by S. volgens^ in several respects approaches the genus Perca: it may bo termed Mimoperca{G.&J.). (2) The Sanger group, from the development of th^ canine teeth, may be appropriately designated as Cynoperca (G. & J>! ■Ki-fJC'l' i. PEBCIDJE. ■l' : * ii"-*' 45 (3) The American Pike-perch groap was called Stizoatethium by Bafin- esque, and (4) the Sac dres of Europe were called nearly simultaneously Iwioperca by Cuvier and Sandrus by Stark. The Lucioperca marina Gov. & Val. {Perca labrax Pallas), if correctly described, has apparently no affinity with the geuus. The following analysis of the characters of these groups has been compiled by Prof. Gill and myself after a rigorous comparison of the Kreral forms. It may be stated that we have been unable to ascertain certainly the character of the pyloric coeca in Mimoperca and Lucioperca, the two specimens of each species in the National Museum being deprived of their intestines : — '.Dorsal fins well separated, the interspace between them more than the diameter of the eye ; the distance from the base of the last spine of the first dorsal and the first of the second eqnal to the space occupied by the last 4 to 6 spines of the first dorsal ; anal fin II, 12, longer than high ; second donial 1, 17, to I, 21 ; spines of the second dorsal and anal closely attached to the soft rays ; last dorsal spine scarcely erectile, more or less firmly bound down by the membrane ; canine teeth strong (American species) : t.Soft dorsal comparatively short (its base one-fonrth shorter than that of spinous dorsal) and with about 17 short rays ; cheeks, opercles, and top of head more or less closely scaled ; body depressed, subterete ; size small ; pyloric cceca form- ing two groups, the primary one of four, unequal, moderate, much shorter than the stomach ; the secondary of few (1-3) rudimentary ones, which are sometimes atrophied Cynopkrca. tt.Soft dorsal rather long (one-sixth shorter than spinous dorsal), with about 20 soft rays ; cheeks and upper surface of head nearly naked ; body more compressed ; size large ; pyloric cceca three, subeqnal, all long (about as long as stomach), Stizostethium. I ", Dorsal fins approximated, connected by low membrane, the interspace much less than the diameter of the eye ; the distance between the last spine of the first and the first spine of the second only equalling the base covered by the last four or fewer rays of the spinous dorsal ; spines of second dorsal and anal connected with succeeding rays by loose membrane ; last dorsal spine erectile ; second dorsal usually I, 22 or 23 ; anal fin at least as high as long ; body compressed ; size large (European species, the body more or less distinctly transversely barred and the first dorsal with series of roundish black spots): (.Soft dorsal considerably (one-fifth) thorter than spinous dorsal ; anal fin II, 12, ao long as high ; canine teeth strong ; " pyloric coeca 4 to 6 " Lucioperca. tt- Soft dorsal somewhat longer than spinous dorsal; anal fin short and high; its length two-tliirds its height; its rays II, 10 ; canine teeth weak, not much dif- ferentiated ; bod strongly compressed as in the genus Peroa ; " pyloric caeca three "(GifntAer)..-. Mimopeuca. Of American species I know certainly three, the Wall-eyed Pike or llellow Pike (Stizoatethium vitreum). the Blue Pike or White Salmon ||Stuo«fef/(:um aalmoneum), and the L^auger or Gray Pike {Stizoatethium hr^eum or oanadenae). The ^'Sauger" of the Saint Lawrence, 8. cana' Ume, may be distinct from 8. griaeumf but at present I think it is not; '.**• (It. J 46 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — II. and, flnallj', the "Blue Pike" is possibly, but improbably, distinct from the "White Salmon". Withont farther diacassion, I will give the synonymy and characters of the species now recognized. 30. STIZOSTETHIUM VITREDM (Mitchill) Jordan ds Copcland. Wall-eyed Pike— Glass Bye— "Dory "— " Salmon "—Pike-perch— Dor6—0kow— Horn Fish— Oreen Pike— Tellow Pike (Y female). Perca ritrea, Mitchill (1818), Supplement Am. Monthly Mag. ii, 247 (Caynga Lake). StizoBiedium vitreHm, Jordan & Copbland (1876), Check Li»t N. Am. Fresh Water Fishes, Bull. Bufif. Soc. Nat. Hist. 136. Stizoatethium vitreum, Jordan (1877), Ann. N. Y. Lye. Nat. Hist. — Jordan (18*7), in Klippart's Rept. Fish Commr. Ohio. Lttoioperca americana, Cuv. & Val. (1829), ii, 122.— Richardson (183C), Fauna Bor.- Am. iii, 10.— Kirtland (1838), S^pol. Ohio, 192; Best. Jonrn. Nat. Hist, iv 237.— Thompson (1842), History Vt. 130.— Dk Kay (1842), Zool. N. Y. Fishes, 17.— Storbr (1846), Synopsis, 276. — Aoassiz (1850), Lake Superior, a'J4.— Jardine (1852), Nat. Libr. Perches, 107.— GOnthbr (1859), Cat. Fishes, i, 74— Jordan (1874), Ind. Geol. Survey, 212 ; and of writers Kenorally. Stizostedium amerioanum, Copb (1865), Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Pbila. 82, ST),— Cofb j (1870), Proc. Am. Philos.Soc. 448.— Milner (1872-3), Rept. U. 8. Fish Comm. 425.— Jordan (1876), Man. Vert. 225.— Uhlbr & Lugger (1876), Fishes of | Maryland, 110.— Nelson (1876), Bull. Ills. Mus. Nat. Hist. 36. Body elongate, rather slender and subcylindric, becoming deep with I age ; the depth iu young of 14 inches, 4^ to 5 in length ; head long, 3§j in length. Mouth large, the maxillary reaching beyond the pupil tul posterior margin of orbit ; its length 2| to 3 in head. Mandible n littlej more than half length of head ; eyes large, less than in salmonewn\ shorter than snout and than preopercle, 4^ to 5 in head. Jaws equal, or the lower slightly projecting, its sides somewhat included. Cheeks scaly, varying to nearly smooth, usually a few scales at least behiiuU the eye. Opercle with a strong flat spine, which is sometimes biQdofl trifid ; no smaller ones below it. Dorsal spines high, more than hall t.he length of head, as long as from snout past eye and ^ to } pasj opercle. ,-,... ... ,., . - ,. • ^ ■«.>«-.«: .;?:-^'-' ' General color a heavy olive, varying considerably, finely mottled witlj brassy, the latter color forming indistinct lines, which run oblique!^ upward and backward along the rows of scales. Sides of bead mon or less vermiculated , lower jaw flesh-colored; belly and lower fin pinkish. Spinous dorsal fin without black spots except a large jet-black blotclj which involves the membrane of the last two or three spines. SecoQ ii^-mo^ PERCIDJJ. .:.i' 47 dorsal and caudal mottled olive and yellowish. Base of pectorals without distinct black spot. Flu-rays :— Dorsal XII or XIII— 1, 20 or 21. Anal II, 12. Lateral line with about 90 scales. Pyloric ca;ca long and large, subequal, three in number. Size very large ; this species reaches a length of nearly three feet and a weight of twenty or thirty pounds. Habitat. — Upper Mississippi River, Great Lake Region and streams of the Atlantic slope, south of New England, north to the Fur Countries* 31. STIZOSTETHIUM SALMONEUM, Rajinesque. Blue Pike (Lake Erie)— Wliite Salmon (Ohio River). Pfrcfl aalmonea, Raf. (1818), Am. Monthly Mag. v, 354 ; (1820), Ich. Oh. 21. SUzoatedion salmoneum, Rap. (1820), Ich. Oh. 2'^. SHzoaiedium salmoneum, Cope (1865), Proc. Acad. Nat. Soi. Phila. 82. — Jordan (1870), Man. Vert. 225.— COPE(1870), Proc. Am. Philos. Soc. 449. — Jordan & Copkland (1876), Check List, 136.— Nei^on (1876), Bnll. Ills. Mua. Naf. Hist. 36. Stizoaiethium mlmoneum, Jordan (1877), Ann. N. Y. Lye. Nat. Hist. — ; (1877), in Klippart's Rept. Fish Coromrs. Ohio, — . I nPerca nigropunatata, Raf. (1820), Ich. Oh. 23 (very erroneous). ft Pomacampais nigroim.iCtatus, Raf. (1820), Ich. Oh. 23. This species is very similar to the preceding in its technical charac- Itere, and it may prove to be merely a variety. The body is shorter, thicker, and deeper, with slenderer caudal peduncle, the diameter of wliich is not mach greater than that of the large eye. The mouth is smaller, the maxillary not reaching quite to the posterior margin of the papi), 3 in head; the eye is larger, its diameter equal to the length of |tlie snout or that of the preopercle ; the lower jaw is slightly included. The dorsal spines are evidently considerably lower than in 8. vitreum, Itlie longest about equal to the distance from the snout to a point just port of hinder margin of orbit, about 2^ in head. The coloration is similar to that of 8. vitreum, but the adult is bluer lor greener, with scarcely any of the brassiness characteristic of the lat- Iter species. The coloration of the tins is darker, and there are traces lof a blackish horizontal band along the dorsal in addition to the large liilacli blotch on the hinder rays. Young specimens (from Ohio River) jire more silvery, with traces of faint black bars along the back. Fin-rays t—Dorsal XIV— 1, 20. Anal II, 13. Lateral line with 95 licales. Opercular spine single, as in 8. vitreum. Cheeks largely naked. Il^loric coBca three, large, longer than stomach, as in the preceding . .^ . iv, .'f. ".^vj't - ' ■■■j^ j - i'dttm- f Miinr . m -''"':'M- illr . 't; : fi. 48 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — II '« I Size much less than that of 8. vitrcum. The largest specimens seen by me were about fourteen inches in length. The accompanying figure represents the stomach and pyloric coeca of one of these. Xi Habitat. — Lake Erie, Ohio River, and southward to Georgia. 32. STIZOSTETHIUM (CYNOPERCA) CANADENSE, (0. U. Smith) Jordan. I \i- Sauger— Oray Pike— Sand Pike. tLucloperca canadenaiB, C. H. Smith, MSS. (1834). — Griffith's Cavier'a Animal King. dom, X, 275.— Richardson (1836), Fauna Bor.-Am. Fishes, iil, 17.— De Kay (1842), N. Y. Fauna, Fisbes, 19.— Stoker (1846), Synopsis, 27(5.— GCntheu (1859), Cat. Fishes, i, 75.— Jordan (1877), Klippart's Report, 225. t Stizoatedium canadenae, Jordan ( 1876), Man. Vert. 225.— Jordan & Copeusd (1876), Check List, 136. Ludoperca grisea, Db Kay (1842), N. Y. Fauna, Fishes, 19.— Storer (1846), Synopsis, 276.— GOnther (1859), Cat. Fishes, i,76.^JoRDAN (1874), lud. Geol. Surv. 212. | Stizoatedium griaeum, Milner (1875), Rept. U. S. Fish Com. 1872-3.— Jordan- (1876), Irian. Vert. 225.— Nelson ( 1876), Bull. Ills. Mus. Nat. Hist. 36.-Jok- | DAN & CoPELAND (1876), Check List, 136. Luoioperca borea, Grd. (1857), Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Pbila. Nov. (notOkow or Horn Fish | of Richardson, Mrhich is S. vitreum), Sh'^oaiedion boreua, Grd. (1858), Pao. R. R. Survey, x, 31. Stizoatedium boreum, Jordan & Copeland (1876), Check List, I have never seen a specimen of the Sauger with the opercular spines] exactly as represented in Smith's figure of his canadensis. 1 find, how- ever, much variation in this respect, and I have seen specimens with 1,1 2, 3, and 4 spines ; and also specimens with the two sides unlike. Uutilj it is known that there is a second species of Sauger in our waters difi'erj iug from griseum by the constant presence of four opercular spines, it iaj safest to unite grn««M»i and canade««e. The types of Stizoatedion boreua Girard are preserved in the United! States National Museum, and seem to be the common " Sauger", S.\ canadenae. Part of Dr. Girard's description of this species is borrowed from Richardson, and applies to 8. vitreum. Body most elongated, more terete than in StizoatetUum proper, witb the back scarcely compressed, so broad that the lateral line may b(| seen in a view from above, the back somewhat angulated as it dej scends to the sides, the depth of the body 4^ to 5 in length. Head quite pointed, about 3^ in length, the slope of the profile greatei than in Stizoatethium. Eye smaller, 5 to 5 J in head in adult; moatlj rather smaller, the lower Jaw iucladod ; maxillary reaching to opposit^ posterior margin of eye. PEBCIDJE. .■*.\,'r~r-''\i"V^Vf^ 49 Operclo with a sharp flat spiuo, nsuallj' a smaller one below it and an obscure one above ; sometimes two or three smaller ones below, oftrn none; the position ami number of these spines extremely variable. Cheeks usually closely scaled, the hinder third or less sometimes naked. Median furrow on top of head closely scaled. Coloration p.der and more translucent, the shades less blended than iu the Stizostcthia ; olive-gray above, sides (Considerably brassy or pale orange, with much black mottling, the black gathered into several defi- nite dark areas, the most disiiuct of these being opposite the second dorsal ; two others fainter, at each extremity of the spinous dorsal and cue at base of caudal. These blotches are irregular and diffuse, but very characteristic. Young specimens are pale orange, with broad black shades. Spinous dorsal with two or three rows of round black spots, one of each row on the membrane between each pair of spines ; no distinct blotch ou posterior part of the flu ; a large black blotch at base of pec- torals. Second dorsal with about three row of irregular dark spots ; caudal yellowish and dusky, almost barred. 1 lurays: — dorsal XII — 1, 17, varying to XIII — 1, 18 ; anal II, l:i. Lateral line with 92 to 1)8 scales. Pyloric c(sca 4 to 7; four of them larger than the rest, of different lengths, all small and shorter than the stomach. The usual number is six, but the two small ones are sometimes one or both absent, sometimes duplicated. Length of adult 10 to 15 inches. Habitat. — Great Lake Region, and Upper Mississippi Rivers, also in the Ohio, where it has been introduced from the lakes, through the canals, according to the fishermen. The different form and coloration, particularly the markings of the dorsal flu, distinguish this species at once from the Stizostcthia. This species has, moreover, always fewer dorsal rays, more scaly cheeks, and I a different armature of the operculum. The following is a catalogue of the known species of Stizostethium, I with references to Dr. Gunther's Catalogue of the Fishes in the British [Museum, vol. i: — 1. Stizostethium (Cynoperca) canadense, {Smith) Jordan. Lucioperca canadensis, Giintber, i, p. 75. iiidopcrca «/rt8ca, Gilnthor, i, i>. 76. _ - -■ — " ^ ' Iwciopcrco (ftorca), GUnther, i, p. 501 (rf. 8.). 2. Stizostethium (Stizostethium) vitreum, {Mitchill) Jordan <& l^opcland. I«cio;)crca omcricana, GUnther, i, p. 74. Bull. N. M. No. 10— 4 m ■ I ■■-: 50 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — II. 3. Stizostethium (Stizostethium) salmoneum, Rajinesqiie. 4. Stizostethium (Luciopeuca) lucioperca, (Linnaius) Gill (£ Jordan, Lucioperca aandra, GUnther, i, p. 75. 5. Stizostetuium (Mimopekca) volgense, {Patios) Gill & Jordan. Lucioperca wolgenais, Gliuther, i, p. 74. ELASSOMIN^. 33. ELxiSSOMA, Jordan, gen. nov. In a collection of fishes lately sent to me by Prof. H. S. Reynolds, taken in the Little Red River, White County, Arkansas, I find two specimens of a curious little S«ih, representing a type entirely new to me, for which I would propose tlie above generic name {slasawna, n being reduced or diminibhed). The characters of the pharyngeal bones cannot well be ascertaiuod on account of the small size of the specimens ; I am, therefoie, nnable at present to definitely refer the genus to its i)roper family. It possi- bly, however, belongs to the family of Cichlida;, so numerously rtpro- seuted in the fres'i waters of South America, of which but one species, Meroa cmnoguttatua (B. & G.), has thus far been recorded from the United States. The following are the generic characters of Elassoma, so far as they can be made out from the type-specimens : — Form and to some extont aspect of yl^j/torZor/crw*, but more compressed; fins small ; dorsal w'th live spines: anal with three; ventrals distinct, thoracic, each with one small spine and li e soft rays; branchiostegitls apparently five; mouth small, obliciue, the lower jaw longest; eacli jaw apparently with a single row of large conica' teeth ; no vomerine teeth (?) ; cheeks and opercles scaly ; body entirely scaly; no visible lateral liiie; branchiostegal membrane broadly united across the pectoral region; caudal flu truncate; ventnoimal. Typical species Elasmma zonata, Jordan. Zi. PiLASSOMA ZONATA, Jordan, up. nov. Form rather elongate, compressed, especially behind ; the nape rather broad and «lepresse>'tP'\ ■|>-.N »■;;;■ ArnODODERIDil^]. 35. ASTKRNOTPfiMIA, AV/«on, MSS., mm. ger. nov. SItrHotremia, Nki.sov, Ball. IIU. Miis. Nut Hist. 187(5. Some objection has been made to the name Sternotremia on the ground that it is anatomically incorrect and misleading, the vent not being !n the ^'nternon^, as in AphododtruH, but entirely behind it. As the name Stcntotnmia was giten through a nnsunderstanding of tho iroaiiing of "«ftr«ow", Mr. Nelson proposes to modify it to Atiternotre' nia, which term is anatomically correct, and indicates tho chief dis- tiuction between this genus and ./l/>AoJorfcrji«. _ . ^u '-ui-v.: ''!• 62 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — II. ^j;^.V,i^,i.ii 30. APHODODERUS COOKIANUS, Jordan. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1877, p. 60. , Many specimens of tUis species are in the Fnited States National Museum from various points in Illinois. The chief distinctive charac- ter of this species, the small size of the scales, seems to be constant. Specimens of an Aphododcrus, from near New Orleans, the original locality of Aphredederus gibbosus Le Sueur, seem to be identical w itU A. smjanus. The etymology of '•'■Aphredoderus''' m apparently a^oJo?, excrement j deprj, neck. The word should therefore be spelled Aphododerus. 37. ASTERNOTUEMIA MESOTREMA, sp. nov. General form, appearance, and coloration of Asternotrcmia isolepis Nelson, but the vent not as in the latter species between the anterior bases of the ventral flns, but about an eye's diameter in front of them Head nearly 3 times in length ; depth 3J ; lateral line, 45 scales. Dor- sal III, 8. Anal III, 7. Type 9290, United States National Museum, from Georgia. Col- lector, riugh M. Neisler ; precise locality not indicated. Specimen L'J inches long, in very bad condition. The peculiar position of the vent indicates a direct transition from the more generalized type of Asternotrcmia toward Aphododerus. In this species, it is about two-fifths of the distance between its normal position in the former genusi and that of the latter, farther forward than in Astcr7iotrc)nia isolcpis. Since this paper was in press, I have received two more specinieus which I refer to tins Hpocies. Thoy are in much better condition tliau the original types, r ml from tlieni I am enabled to supplement and cor- rect the original description. * . 'i^ '^i Head 3 in lengtii ; depth 3J ; eye 4 in head j distance to dorsal 2.^ in body; base of dorsal 4. Fin-rays:— I). Ill, 10; A. Ill, 0; V. 7. Scales in CO to 70 rows, very Bmnll, and difllcult to count. Vent in front of the ventrals, about one-third the distance to the lit- tle knob at the throat. Color precisely like that of the other members of the family. Length of specimens '2'^ and 2^ inches respectively. They were taktu iu Little lied Uiver, Arkansas, by Prof. U. S. lieyuoida. UMBBIDiE. 53 The species of this family now known are the following, beginning with the form least specialized : — 1. Asternotremia isolepia Nelson. — Illinois, both in tributaries of Lake Michigan and of the Ohio and Mississippi. 2. Asternotremia mesotrema Jordan. — Georgia to Arkansas. 3. Aphododerus cookianua Jordan. — Wabash Valley ; at various points both in Indiana and Illinois. Many specimens in United States National Museum. 4. Aphododerm aayanua (Gilliams) De Kay. — Streams coastwise, New York, New Jersey, south to Louisiana. " ■ - - >■••" .■\;V*- ;-■»■'■ ■•' .' ; UMBRID^ ■ " 1 ■ .fl" ts r -JF^' i . .; 38. UMBRA PYGMJiJA, (De Kay) Befin, MSS. Leuciscus pygviwiis, Dk Kay, Fishes N. Y. 214. — Stoker, SynopsiH, 414. , . Melainira pugmaa, Haird, Ninth Smithsonian Ri'pt. 1855. Fundiilua /uhciw, Ayhks, Bowt. Journ. Nat. Hist, iv, 296. — Stoker, 1. c. 431. Umbra or Melanura Umi, part, varions authors (all quotations from Southern New York and streams of the Atlantic coast). ■■■/■■- My friend Dr. T. II. Bean, of the Smithsonian Institution, calls my attention to the fact that the Mud Minnow of our eastern streams is quite a dift'erent species from the Umbra or Melanura Umi, with which it has thus far been confounded by all writers who were aware of the relations of the lish. Tlie synonymy of M. pygma;a is given above. Its characters are as follows : — Head about 4 in length ; depth 4J j body more terete and less com- pressed than in M. limi^ head broader, less depressed, with larger eye ; interorbital space more convex ; snout shorter, profile more gibbous. Dorsal 13 ; anal 7 (dorsal I4, anal 8 in M, Umi). Lateral line 35. Coloration : — dark brown, a series of whitish lengthwise stripes along the rows of scales ; a bhuik bar at base of caudiil ; no traces of verti- cal bars; blackish bands forward, downward, and backward from eye; n dark vertibral band. ^1/. Umi is more mottled, not striped, and always shows pale vertical crossbars. Specimens examined from Tarboro', N. C, and from points in Mew Jersey and New York. The suwiller number of brauehiostegals (four instead of five or sis) is the only chai- acter known to separate Melanura i'rom Umbra. ! r> ■ ■■ I ■ It! 11 1 ?■ ? I 64 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — H. ESOCID^. 39. ESOX NOBILIOR, Thompson. T Enox masquinongij, Mitchiix, " Mirror, 1824, 297 " (not there !).* t Esox estor, RicHAHDSOX, Fuiina lioreali-Aiuerioaua, iii, lH3(i, p. 127; and of several authors (not of Lu Siieur, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. i, 1818, 4113). Esox nohilior, Thompson, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist, iii, 1850, 163, 173, 305 ; and of recent writers generally. It is not quite clear why Dr. Mitchill's name for tbis species sbould be set aside. GUntber remarks (Cat. Fisbes Br. Mus. 18GG, vi, L'l'7), " Mitcbill bas counted seventeen anal rays, and tberefore it is probable tbat bis typical specimens belonged to tbis species {E. lucim) and not to E. tutor {nobilior), and rejects Mitcbill's name on the supposition that the number of rays in the Muskallunge is 20 or 21. But, in point of fact, the number of anal rays is 10 to 18, nsually one less than in E. lu- ciuH ", instead of 3 or 4 more. Moreover, Mitcbill's specimen was about 4 feet in length and weighed 30 pounds, a size unusual for the Piko, although specimens even larger are occasionally taken. Mitcbill sup- posed that the fish in his possession was the Muskallunge ; he described it, and named it on that supposition. The following description was taken from a specimen about 3 feot long from Ecorse, Mich. (No. 10007, National Museum), and from three smaller specimens from Lake Huron : — Depth 0 in length; bead 3§; general form of E. lucius, the head perhaps a trifle larger proportionally, 10 inches long in the larger Hpeci- men ; eye about midway in head. luterorbital space transversely con- cave, with a prominent middle ridge j maxillary reaching to opposite middle of orbit. . ; Scaly part of cheeks about as wide as eye, beginning on a level with the eye and running backward, its lower edge nearly |)iirallel with the prollle. Scaly region of opercles similar. The amount of squaination is variable within narrow limits. Eight rows of scales on cheelvs and about the same number on opercles. Hcales on lateral line 150. Fin-radii :—B. 18-17; 17-17; 18-10; 17-17, in four specimens. 1). Ill, 17; III, 17; III, 17. Anal, II, 15; III, 14 ; HI, 15. V. 12. Color dark gray; sides with round dark spots of a feniyisb Itlaok hue, nearly the color of the back, on a ground color of grayish silvery; * A wnri'h through the fllen of the Mirror for Mitchiirs di-aoription hns provt-d iin- luooesaful : it in uut ou the page cited by Dekuy. CTPBINID^. 55 belly white; fins black, spotted as in E. lucius. Nearly every writer wbo bas nieutioned the Muskallunge bas confoanded it more or less with E. lucius. Giiutber's statemeut, " body with large rounded whitish spots," applies to E. lucius, and not at all to E. nohiUor, the color in tbc latter species being gray, with roanded blacki jh spots. I have compared European and American examples of Esox lucius^ and am unable to find any difference whatever. '■ Isfi ■**> *f I f if ■rm s»i ■r,^ ^ti/i>- DORYSOMATIDiE. ' ' ']^'y:\ 40. D0RY80MA CEPEDIANA, {Le S.) Gill. " :' Subsp. HETEEURA, (Ea/.) Jbr^n. Comparison of specimens of Dorysoma from the Wabash River with otbers from Chesapciko Bay have convinced me that all properly be- long to one species, but that our inland form may be recognized as a subspecies, for which the name heterura* may be retained. Var. hete- wa ditters chiefly in form ; the back is much less arched, the axis of the body in specimens of about a foot in length being about half nearer tliti dorsal than the ventral outline. In cepediana, the axis of the body is usually about midway. The greater arch of the back in cepediana brings the beginning of the dorsal fin nearer snout than base of caudal; in hcterura, the dorsal is about midway. The dorsal fila- ment is usually longer in heterura, commonly longer than head; in cepaUana, it is usually shorter than head. The less elevated nape renders the head of hcterura rather more slender. The name Dorysoma may as well be spttlled correctly in accordance with its etymology. CYPRINID^. GENERA OF AMERICAN CYl'KINIl).fi. >'t» »«rf({ The following is a semi artificial key to the gt-nera of American Cyinl- Ntf/fr which I am at present able to recognixe. k? ; « AI(foma (Ird. I refer to Jlylmjitathus, as one species which I have exam- ined, A. amara has the alimentary canal elongate, and no characters ' i'lupcahttiruniii, Haw, Am. Monthly Mit^- H(>|)t. IHIH, 3o4, — />uro«omunufafa, Uaf., lull. Oh. 182U, —Chataiiiimi eUipticuf, Kuir., IS'M. t 1 ^ 1 li 66 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — II. have been broaght forward to distinguish Algoma. Cliola Grd. seems to be equivalent to Episvma Cope & Jordan, tbe dentition and position of the dorsal being the same in both. Notropis Raf. is revived iu place of Alburnellue, Notropis atherinoidea being evidently Alburnus ruheUus Ag., or some closely related species. Sarcidium I unite with Phenaco- biu8 without hesitation, on exan)iuatiou of the types of each. Fho- togenis Coi)e I retain for the present, rather from the fact of tbe utter dissimilarity of the species with those of Notvtropia than from ability to show any good distinctive characters. It is perhaps questionable whether the development of tbe peculiar satin-white pigment, wbicb is found in the fins of the males iu spring in every species of Photogcnis and Cyprinella known in life, and in no species of any other group (ex- cept Codoma, a very near affine of Cyprinella), may not be a true generic character. In the genera proposed by Girard, I consider the species first men- tioned as the intended type, as I believe it is a known fact that Girard himself so considered it. Some species referred to certain genera will be found not to agree with the characters here given. Several such species need a reexamination. It may be premised that the present arrangement is to be considered merely temporary, as a step from the present condition of chaos toward solid ground. ". Dorsal fin witbout a strong developed spine; ventral fins notdecarrenton the abdo- ,ji . v.vi 1- men; dentuiy bones slender, arched, and widely KepiUiitwl 1 -.il.! ...i: . . except at tlieir synipliysis; opercular and mandibular Ixmcs r ., , without externally visible cavernous chambers; pharyngeal teeth well developed : t. Air-l»laddei suspended in the abdominal cavity and surrounded by many couvolu- tions of the lon^r alimentary canal {Campoalominai) : a. Teeth in the principal row 4-4, M-ith oblique grinding surface and no hook; mouth inferior; lips bheatlied ; upper lip protraeliU'i ali- mentary canal six to nine times length of body ; Hexiial dif- \ J,, ,*,,,, •. ., ferenoes very great ; males strongly tuberculate, Campostoma, I. ft. Air-bladder contiguous to the roof of the abdominal cavity and above tbe aliiiRiit- ary canal (Lciirincinai): ^ i. Eudimontary dorsal ray separated from first developed ray by membrane ; In ..il ,, ;-- ,, ;'.', fi short, mouth small, inferior; upper jaw protractile; teeth 4-4, witli grinding surface, not strongly hooked ; males with the head tuberculate : h. Alimentary canal elongate, two or tl.reo times length of body ; teeth scarcely hooked ; Jaws normal : ~-r c Lateral lino Incomplete Pimkphai.ks, 2. *' CO. Lateral lino complete llYnomiVNtin'."*. ;l. ii. Alimentary canal short, about as long as body; teeth hooked; Jaws with spoon-shaped bony oxpansions, somewhat as in Tetrodon, , f COCHLO(lNATMU8,4. --JBQairni'iM'^l K-^ CYPRINIDiE. vw miuxiuuitiim 57 Wa 5W! tt. Rndimentary dorsal ray attached : d. Teeth not molar, in one or two rows : e. Maxillary without barbel : /. Teeth in the principal row 4-4 : g. Alimentary canal eloni;ate, aboat four times length of body ; teeth one- rowed, cultriforra, with oblique grinding snrface and little or M . .»• ..'. no hook; premaxillary projectile; lips attenuate, without ,., sheath ; scales largo : A. Lateral lino almost wanting; mouth oblique ; dorsal in front of ven- trnls Couscus, 5. hh. Lateral line complete ; month horizontal; dorsal over veutrals: — . Teeth elongate with narrow grinding surface and nohoc j. Dorsal fin beginning above vontrals (i. c, above some part of base of vontrals) ; anal basis short : — . Scalessmall, much longer than deep, with much of the surface ex- -, posed; body stout, compresaed; teeth one-rowed, little hooked, the Ui»permo8t standing out above the surface of the bono; size large (Subgenus f) Ai.oan'sJEA,* 8. . Scales large, about aslongaa deep, the usual surface exposed; teeth one- or two-rowed, pretty strongly hooked ; siz j usually quite small (Subgenus?) Ilvnorsis, 9. " ' '• . Scales largo, mnch deeper than long on the sides, tlie ex- posed surfaces very narrow ; teeth one or two-rowed, strongly hooked ; size moderate or largo Luxil'js, 10. jj. Dorsal fin beginning entirely behind ventrals, between ventnils and anal ; anal basis elongate Lytiihitkus, 11. "- U. Teeth with the edges crenate; dorsal fin beginning over middle or last rays of ventrals ; scales closely aiul smoothly imbricated; teeth one-rowed (Montana) or two-rowed {Ci/pHnella), Cyphinklla, 12. iii. Teeth with edges entire anil without grinding surface : ' k. Lips thin, normal ; lateral line complete : '■ I, Species "'"small size and weak organization, with the n)outh little 11 '■•if . , - } ■ * ■■•^- * I , ■ i ■ m. scales comparatively thick, closely and smoothly imbricated, so that the exposed surfaces are higher than long; (lorsal (in ' beginning opposite between first and la;it ray of ventrals, run^ly slightly posterior; month snbinferior, somewhat ol)liqne; males ill spring develo])ing a Halin-\v]iit<> ])igment in the dps of tiie vertical fins and in the skin of the abdomen; snout tubercnlate; colors brilliant, pigmented, (Subgenus?) PiioTOGKMS, 13. mm. Scales thin, much exposed ; no white satiny pigment (except in Codomaf): ' In A. tincella, the typo of Algamm ( Limcincus HnciUa C. T. V., 1 list. Nat. des Poissous ivii, 'i'^i), tho teeth are said to be 4-1. In some species referred to Jlgansca, tuey are <)-&. These I refer for the present to Mylolvucus, from tho typo uf which genus they ^iffcr in having hut one row of teeth. ; ,.• ,, .r;' ^ .» ,- -j • t ■ 1 58 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — II. :i0j«i<;V <'■ - It. Doroal fiu beginning entirely behind ventrals : 0. Body short and thick ; ttiebeatl almost globular; ih<> month small, inferior ; anal basis short.. (Subgenus t)CoDo.MA 14. 00. Body elongate, with the mouth oblique, terminal, iuul tho >'<>L y head more or less pointed ; anal basis somewhat eloii^ati; NoroTitoi-rs, 15. tin. Dorsal fin beginning above souio part of ventrals ; aspect of Sri.» ; ,;w Nototwpis Cuola, IG. II. Species of large size, with the body much eloii<;fiti'(l, suli- cylindrical ; the head elongated, and the mouth deeply cleft -4!io::r i^u-is ' . v,i^ .•;..% Egox-like ; scales not large ; pharyngeal bones long and sleu- ,i';; ! , ■ > .i ?* . der, the teeth slightly hooked (sometimes 4-5) (voriuions ,ii-.. ;.,:,,•,,// ■'*' species of large size and strong organization, aspect of (i'i/«), vi^")'' :..h\"r: PTYcnocniuTs,l7. jt'.,, v;>. H*. Lips thin; lateral line incomplete or wanting I'lioroi'ouLs, 18. iu.:\ v> kkk. Lips thick, fleshy, enlarged behind; month small, inferior; dursul .1-'' ^• / .; finbeginningslightlyauteriortoventrals; teeth one-rowed; '«;• lateral line complete PHKNACitmus, 11), , ' ' ff- Teeth in the principal row 4-5 or 5-5 (or 4-4 in some species referred to Jlemitremia) : *,•>: . v j, • > ,. ;. ; ijw J.i.-.' jp. Lateral lino 'arou^ileie: J q. Dorsal' over venti-^ls; scales large; teeth with grinding surface ; all- men tary canal short Hkm ituemi a, it), 53. Dorsal behind ventrals; scales small: • ' r. Teeth with grinding surface, one-rowed ; alimentary canal lonp, CiiliOSoMi.'s, '20. rr. Teeth without grinding surface, two-rowed ; alimentary canal short Phoxinls, 21. pp. Lateral line complete : «. Lips normal, without cartilaginous or bony sheath: , • t. Anal liasis not elongate — of 10 or fewer rays: u. Teeth raptatorial, entire, without grinding surface: V. Dorsal entirely behind ventrals; mouth large; scales small; body elongate; western species of large size with flattened j uead, arched back, and slender caudal peduncle (^'l7(() or I eastern species of slender form and small size (t7/H'w'ow«») or western species of large- size, intermediate in form and | with the exx>osed surfaces of the scales broad {Tigoma), Gila, 2.'. rt). Dorsal over ventrals ; mouth smaller ; body stout an■; v-fr; XX. Teeth one-rowed, with grinding surface, and tbe edges crenate- serrate ; belly sub-cariuate ; alimentary canal elongate, f (1 i •> p. NOTKMIGON US, 27. XXX. Teeth two-rowed, entire, without grinding surface ; alimentary caual not elongate Richardsonius, 29. ss. Both jaws with a bard or cartilaginous brown horny plate, large and conspicuous; mouth inferior {Chondfostomatime) : — . Teeth 5-4, club-shaped, entire, terniinating in a hook, with the •' ' ' ^ inner (grinding) surface obliquely cut; anul thi elongate; dorsal tin over ventrals; caudal fin with tbe accessory rudi- mentary rays very largely developed ; alimentary canal elon- gate (t) AcKOCiiiLUS, 29. fff. Teeth UBually <)-6, compressed, lanceolate, erect, very slightly bent inward, one-rowed ; body elongate ; jaws even ; scales small ; dorsal ■tv .^ . " over ventrals ; basal caudal rays largely developed ; lower jaw i;'«.ii/' s 'i sharp-edged, with a knob at tbe symphysis; no pseudobran- ' • » chiffi; intestinal canal elongate; size large... Obtiiodon, aO. ffff. Teeth in tbe principal row 3-3, without grinding surface; istbiaus very wide; dorsal behind ventrals ..Tiauuga, 31. ee. Maxillary provided with a small barbel : y. Premaxillaries not projectile, the skin of the lip and front continuous; teeth in the principal row 4-4, without grinding surface; - scales small; dorsal behind ventrals ; barbel terminal : KlIINlCHTHYS, 32. yj^. Premaxillaries projectile, a groove separating the upper lip from the forehead : e. Teeth without grinding surface : a. Teeth in the principal row 4-4 ; barbels terminal : b. Dorsal behind ventrals ; scales small : 0. Lateral line incomplete Apocope, 33. cc. Lateral line complete (Subgenus?) Eimtukma, 34. hb. Dorsal tin over ventrals ; lateral line complete NocoMis, 35. aa. Teeth in the principal row 4-5 ; barbels lateral : d. Dorsal tin over ventrals; scales large, equal, (Subgenus f)LEUCosoMiis, 30. dd. Dorsal tin beginning over last rays of ventrals ; scales smaller, crowded forward Skmotilus, 37. zg. Teeth with developed grinding surface : e. Dorsal tin behind ventrals; scales small Agosia, 38. ee. Dorsal tin directly over ventrals; scales large: /. Head compressed, rounded above Pogonichthys, .'19. ff. Head broad, much depressed, nearly tiat or concave above, resem- bling the head of a Cyprinodont Plat ygobio, 40. dd. Teeth molar, of the grinding type, without grooves or ridges, in three rows, the outer deciduous, 2 or 3, 2, 5—4, 2, 2 or 3 ; two or three of tbe teeth blunt and much enlarged; body elongate; head tapering : — . Angle of mouth with a barbel; upper jaw freely protractile; dorsal over , . ventrals Mylochilus, 41. — — . No barbel; upper jaw not protractile; dorsal beginning behind ven- trals Mylophakodon. 42. Opercular and mandibular bones with external cavernous chambers; air-bladder nonnal ; «tentary bones not united ; tins without spines ^ is*'.. ► (CcBJopAori) : ■**''*•■ m m < m .■ :■ ':■<■ p. • '^. li't> -I ^^m m 60 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — II. g. Teeth booked, without grinding surface, 4-4 in the principal row ; lips normal • no barbel; intestines short; dorsal over ventrals; mouth - small Ei{icYMiiA,43. ••*. Dentary bones straight and flat, united throughout their length ; niandilde much contracted, incurved, tongue-like, a lobe on each side of it at 1 base ; air-bladder normal ; bones of head not cavernous : fing ] without spines (Exoglossinw) : A. Teeth hooked, without grinding surface, 4-4 in the principal row; dorsal I slightly behind beginning of ventrals ; no barbel; pvenmsil- laries not projectile Exoglossum, 44. ••**. Dorsal fin with a strong spine composed of two, the posterior receiviul iutoal longitudinal groove of the anterior ; inner border of the ven- tral fins adherent to the body (Plagopterinw) : i. Body with small scales ;>teeth hooked, without grinding surface, the principal] row 4-4 ; no barbels ; dorsal behind ventrals. Lepidomeda, 45.{ ii. Body entirely naked ; teeth hooked, without grinding surface, the priQcipall row 4-4; no barbels; dorsal behind ventrals Meda, 4G.| iii. Body entirely naked ; teeth hooked, without grinding surface, the principall row 5-4 ; a barbel at the extremity of the maxillary; dorsalf behind ventrals Plagopteuus, 47.1 ••*"*. Pharyngeal teeth quite rudimental, replaced by a somewhat uneven ridge of tbq bone (Graodontince) : j. Dorsal fia short, without spinous ray, opposite ventrals ; anal fin short ; moutb small, without barbel, the upper jaw somewhat longtrJ alimentary canal short ; scales of moderate size ; lateral liugj complete Giuodus,48. 41. LUXILUS SELENE, sp. nov. A liamlsome and striking aprcies allied to L. cornutus, but showing i tendency toward Rybopsis. Read shorL and stout, rounded above, 4| in length, depth about the same ; body much more elongate than in cori nutus, and the head proportionally shorter; mouth oblique, terniiuall lower jaw included ; eye very large, 3 in head, wider than snout anij than interorbital space ; snout blunt, quite short- Fin-rays : — Dorsal I, 8. Anal I, 7. Dorsal fin about midway of body over ventrals ; dorsal very high; pectorals reaching twothirils of tbi distance to ventrals, the latter to vent. Scales large, the exposed sui faces much less narrowed than in cornutus, 4-40-3, the lateral line littlj decurved. Color bright steel-blue above, with a very distinct silvery band, wbic; overlies a plumbeous shade ; cheeks and belly silvery, a small, roim^ black caudal spot, a dark vertebral line ; iris white ; fins unmarked. Teeth with marked masticatory surface, 2, 4-4, 2. Length of specimen 4 inches. -. _4; Many specimens in United States National Museum ; collected near Bayfield, Wis., by J. W. Milner. " Tills species seems to be distinct from all the numerous varieties of i. corwM^MJj wbich 1 iiavo examined. , . ., , 42. LUXILUS ROSEUS, «p. nov. Another handsome species, related to the last, but still more Hybojpsis- I like. .:■.-.' Body short, thick, and stout, much as in. Byborhynchus notatua; head |3Jin length, depth 4J; head rather short, thick, bluntly rounded; month moderate, slightly oblique ; jaws about equal, the lower shutting within the upper in closed mouth; eye large, nearly 3 in head, about equal to snout, a little less than the broad iuteroibital space; scales large, 5-38-5, 15 before the dorsal fin, those along the sides with the exposed surfaces somewhat narrowed, but not very decidedly so, the arrang. Jient being about midway between that observed in L. cornuUis and that of the colored species of Bybopsis, such as if. chrosomus, I E. riihricroceus, &c. Fiu-rays: — Dorsal I, 8. Anal I, 7. Dorsal fin high, inserted directly lover ventrals, midway between snout and caudal; pectorals not reach- [iDg ventrals the latter to vent. Color olivaceous above ; scales dark-edged, a broad plumbeous lateral I band passing through eye; lips black, a dark caudal spot, a dark verte- bral line; anal region dusted with black i)oints; cheeks and belly sil- \my, dorsal, anal, caudal, and most of pectorals rosy red; iris, top of 1, and tip of snout also red; no tubercles on the type-specimens, |»hich are probably immature, being about 2J inches in length. Teeth 2, 4-4, 2, with developed grinding surfaces. This small ^^pecies forms a transition between Lnxilus and Hyhopsis. Habitat. — Notalb'iny Kiver, near Tickfaw, La. ; collected December, 18?G, by Dr. T. II. Bean. The types are now in the United States Na- ItioDal Museum. 43. CYPKINELLA CALLIDRA, «p. nov. ,, .,- Body elongated, compressed, elevated in the middle, the profile be- jtore dorsal curved, and the snout projecting, forming a decided angle. [Head convex above, densely tuberculate ; muzzle rather pointed, over- JMDgiug the oblique mouth. Eye 4 in head, IJ in muzzle, 1§ iu interor« il width. Head 4f in length ; depth 3^ to 4. L.y-rf %ii, ■ c m 62 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — IT. Fin-rays :— D. I, 8 ; A. I, 8 ; V, 8. Dorsal fln inserted slightly behind ventrals; pectorals scarcely reaching § to ventrals, the latter to vent. Scales moderately elevated, 6-44-3 ; lateral line strongly decurved, forming an abrupt flexure just before the ventrals, — a peculiarity usually well marked and characteristic. "' "^ * ' '* ' Teeth 1, 4-4, 1, strongly crenate. "'"'" Color in spirits pale ; sides silvery ; a pretty distinct black blotch on last rays of dorsal, as in G. analostana ; a large, distinct, black caudal spot, ovate in form, half larger than eye, and extending up on the mid- dle rays of caudal ; the coloration therefore neaily that of Fhotogenis stipmaturus. Length 4J in ches. Types, No. 6805, United States National Museum, from Black War. rior River, Alabama. Collector, Prof. Winchell. Many specimens. Other specimens from Tangipahoa River, Louisiana, are also iu the col- lection. The species seems to resemble C. cercostigma Cope most, having a similar coloration ; but that species is said to possess the teeth 2, 4, and to have somewhat different proportions. Several other similarly col- ored species of Photogerus and Cyprinella inhabit our south v;estern j 44 PHOTOGENIS GRANDIPINNIS, sp. nov. Body short, much compressed; back elevated; the form generally | that of a young Notemigontis. Depth 4 in length. Ilead short, 4| in length, pointed, flattened above; mouth large, very oblique, the jaws j just equal ; eye large, 3 in head, about equal to snout and to iuteroibital j space. ^ ;i vn3,i>£j;;f;;.;,n-^- -A. V ■: V \'' >^^.::A'' '■■•■■■-■ ^ ■ Fin-rays : — Dorsal I, 8 ; anal 1, 10 or 11. Dorsal fln entirely posteriori to ventrals, midway between eye and base of caudal, the flu greatly! elevated, the longest ray being a little longer than head ; anal fln alsoj greatly elevated, reaching to within one eye's diameter of base of cau-j dal; in smaller specimens less elevated, but in all very large, larj'er than in any other Cyprinoid known to me. Scales with the exposed edges very narrow, 6-35-3; 16 large sciles before dorsal ; lateral line much decurved. Color disappearing in alcohol ; dorsal fin with the large black blotchJ found iu all the species of this group, unusually large and distinct, spreadj ing forward on the anterior rays ; a distinct black caudal spot, smallei than eye and deeper than long, running up on the middle rays; sidej shining plumbeous; a very distinct bright silvery band from upper hal CYPBINIDJB. M r;T li..\. 63 of eye straight to upper half of caudal, passing around the nose; below this sharply dusky ; the opercles, lower half of eye, and lips in the dark band. ,^5, ,j ■'. '-•;•. ■ v - Teeth 1, 4-4, 1, hooked and sharp-edged. Types, No. 9296, United States National Museum, from Georgia. Collector, Hugh M. Neisler ; exact locality not specified. Numerous specimens in poor condition, showing no trace of tubercles. Length 2^ inches. This small, handsome species is related to P. pyrrhomelas and P. xmurua, but needs no special comparison with either. The small size, the coloration, and immense development of the dorsal and anal fins distinguish it completely. . . 3^ i>= 45. SEMOTILUS THOREAUIANaS, «p. wo«7. Body short and rather stout, rather abruptly narrowed behind dorsal j I depth 3J to 4^ in length. Head short and thick, 3^ in length, almost j round in the larger specimen. Mouth large, oblique, the jaws about eqaal. Barbel lateral, better developed than in S. corporalis. Eye small, 4J to 5 in head, 1 J in snout, about 2 in interorbital space, cheeks swollen ; snout in a small male specimen 3 inches long, with a bilobed I tabercle on each side. .j'" Fin-rays : — Dorsal 1, 8 ; anal I, 7. Dorsal entirely behind ventrals, its I last ray over the first of anal ; caudal peduncle slender; fins all short; I pectorals not reaching nearly to ventrals, the latter not to vent. Scales larger than in S. corporalis, not much crowded forward, 5-48-9 ; [lateral line much decurved. Coloration of S. corporalis, the black dorsal spot distinct. Types, No. 9296, United States National Museum, from "Georgia". iCollector, Hugh M. Neisler. Two specimens, the longest 3| inches llong. -^: •■-='^ This species differs from Sttnotilus corporalis in its large scales, more Ibackward dorsal, short head, and small size. The number of scales in pe lateral line will probably always distinguish it. This species is named in honor of the late Henry David Thoreau, of jCoDcord, Mass., an excellent ichthyologist, one of the first to say a good |»or(l for the study of CyprinidsB.* 'I am the wiser in respect tu all knowledge, and the better qualified for all fortuneH, |i)t knowing that there is a minnow in the brook. Metbinka I have need ev^n of bis liyinpathy and to be his fellow in a degree. * * i ../^ I would know even the nnmbor of their fln-rays, and how many scales compose the «tal line.— (Thoreau, Essay on Nat. Hist. Mass. ie4'.2. <£xcuraious, ed. 1863, p. 56.) 4»< ;i •?!' ^1^1 64 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — II. 40. NOCOMI8 MILNERI, sp. nov. Form somewhat of Semotilua mrpci-alis, but more terete autl elongate* depth 4J in length. Head about the same, flattish above, with a broad snout, which projects over the large, oblique mouth ; barbel very ap. parent. Eye large, equal to snout, 3jj in head, 1^ in interorbital space; dorsal beginning over last rays of ventrals, I, 8; anal I, 8. Scales quite small, crowded forward, asiu Semotiltis corporalisj ll-OS-7, or thereabouts. Colors of Semotilus corporalis, but the fins unspotted ; a faint black band passing around snout through eye, somewhat silvery below. Teeth 2, 4-4, 2, without {^rinding surface; length 4 to G inches. Types, No. 130, United States Natioiml ]\ruseum. Collected in Lake Superior, by J. W. Milner, of the United States Fish Commission, lor whom the species is named. This species may be known from N. prosthemius Cope by the larger scales and difl'erent mouth. Specimens of the latter are in the National Museum, from Evanston, HI. Gobio plumheus Ag., I do not know; the present species appears to be different. 47. CLIOLA ARIOMMA, (Cope) Jordan. Pkoto -i'in-H-''- * ■\':'-LV-> '.-'-'*< TAli-' 1 7^• -t !j4^1 f .1 W In the twelfth edition, 1700, p. 530, the following is substituted : I iimwinii* 23. C. pinna nni racliiH xviii. B. 3. D. 9. P. 16. V. 9. A. 18. C. 27. '' Habitat ill Curolina. D. Garden. C'oriiiiH rntili, riuruluu-urKeutoum. Linva luterulia udmodum arcuata verHUM abdo* [ten. Cauda bifida. From this latter description, it is evident that the flsh which Liniueus ad in mind was the southern XotemigonuH mthtinuN, rather than the hortbern so-called americanua, which, by the way, is not certainly known |to occur in Carolina. ..... . . .. i .., . ... ...u, When?fore the southern species, NotemigonuH ischanua Jordan, should IW known as NotemigonuH americnnuM, and the siHJcies of the Northern IStateH, Gre..t Luke Region, and Mi-Hsissippi Valley as NotemigomiH chry' wtuctts, the name of Cyprintm chrynoUucm Mitchill being the oldetst poable nail) applied to it so far as known to the writer. I^uciacwi bitHcii Cuv. «& V^il. is probably icU'Utical with Notcmigontt^ Bull. N. M. No. W—o ¥: ■v,! i m . •♦-■ r^ : 1 i i. ■ I *: I 66 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY- -II. americanus. Prof. Cope states that it is "probably a Lavinia^\ but he has not yet given ns the grounds for his opinion. The figure of Cuvier and Valenciennes certainly bears little resemblance to Lavinia. *' 60. PLATYGOBIO GRACILIS, {Richardson) Gill d; Jordan. Cyprinua (Leuci8cu») gracilis, RiciiAitDSOX (1836), Fauna Boreali-Americana, iii, p. 120 {LeuciscHS gracilis of copyists). Leucoaomus gracilis, IIeckel (1843), Fische Syrions, p. 52 (= Russeger's Keisen p. 1042). Poqonichthys communis, Girakd (1856), Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Pbila. p. 188, and else- where. Platygohio communis, Oirx (1876), Ichthyology, Capt. SitnpsoD's Expl. p. 408, and and in previous papers. Leiicosomus communis, GOnthku (1867), Cat. Fishes Brit. Mus. vii, p. — . Comparison of various specimens of Platygohio communis, from Milk River, Montana, and elsewhere, with Richardson's description and figure of Leuciscus gracilis, leaves no doubt of the identity of the two species. CATOSTOMID^. 51. MYXOSTOMA PCEUILURA, sp. nov. Torm and general characters of Myxostoma duquesnii : Body rather elongate, somewhat elevated forward, moderately compressed; the great- est depth 4.^ in length; eye medium, 4 J in length; mouth moderate; the lips plicate, rather full and subtruncate behind, as in M. aureola, duquesnii, etc. Dorsal flu medium, of 13 developed rays ; anal high, reaching when i depressed considerably beyond base of caudal in one specimen, falling j short in the other; pectoral fins rather long ; ventrals with ten rays. Caudal Hn peculiar, strongly forked, the lower lobe in both the types] being considerably longer and stronger than the upper lobe. Scales large, 5-43-4. Coloration of the body usual ; of the fins quite unlike any other mem. ber of the genus. Dorsal flu (in the type-specimens preserved in alcohol) chielly ml,j with traces of a blackish bar about half-way up ; pectorals cluclly re(l,j Whitish in front, with a large, elongate, difluso black blotch n«'ar tlm middle ; ventrals reddish, blackish toward their base ; anal faintly mlj dish ; the membrane black. Upper lobe of the caudal fln red ; lower lobe chiefly jetb].u'k,('ScoiiD thu last two developed rnyti uuU their oieuibraoesi which are abruptij ■> ii}*JiX\ HYODONTIDiE. 67 -•'i'M white. This produces a peculiar ft ?ture of coloration singular in this famil.Vj resembling in some slight degree that of the Cypriuodont genus Xiph<^horu8, Types : Two specimens, numbered 16928 in the United States National Museum ; collected by Mr. Fred. Mather in the Tangipahoa River, in Louisiana. The larger specimen is 10 inches long. : t- : — HYODONTID^. v ^ 52. HYODON SELENOPS, Jordan d; Bean, sp. nov. Three well-marked species of the genus Hyodon inhabit the fresh waters of the United States, viz : Hyodon chrysopsis Richardson, of the water-basins of the Saskatchewan and Upper Missouri ; Hyodon tergisus Le Sueur, the common " Moon-Eye" of the Great Lake region and Upper Mississippi ; and an undescribed species for which the name of Hyodon idenops is suggested, inhabiting the waters of the Southern States. The various synonyms, Hyodon clodalus Le Sueur, Abramis smithii Rich., Hyodon amphiodon, alosoidea, Jicterurus, and vernalis Raf„ evidently be- long to the common Hyodon tergisus, so that the proper nomenclature of these 8i)ecie8 is a simple matter. Hyodon selenops is distinguished from the others by the more elongate body, which is less compressed than usual, ar ' *here is less diflFerence iMitween the curve of the back and that of th ^ue belly anterior to the ventral flns is transversely rounded, or even almost flattened instead of being obtusely carinated ns in H. tergisus, or sharply carinated vf,\\\ n. chrysopsia. ... , So strongly do H. selenops and H. chrysopsis differ In this respect that [they would bo considered as brl Jging to different genera were not the intermediate typ<' IT. tergisus still extant. Prof. Gill considers that, in the interests of coii' «;eno8R of expression, the modiflcations of structure I in the group should te expressed by at least subgcnerie appellations, iuid in this I concur ith him. Prof. Gill and myself, therefore, pro- [pose the new subgenerlc tenn Elattonistius {kkurrov, smaller; t?r«(f, lianner — t. c, dorsal flu) for the Hyodon chrysopnis, and assign the cliar- ictem given in the annexed synopsis. Tht? scales are much less closely imhriciited in U. selenops, and the numlwrof series is, therefore, fewer. TliiMlorsal tin is comparatively large, and nearly as long as high In front luiii //. tergisus, and the pectoral Uiisaro short, as in the latter specii's. But the most striking difference is in the size of the eye, which is exceed* 'ii' 68 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY— II. ingly large, forraiug nearly half the length of the side of the head ia the smaller specimen, and about two-fifths in the larger. The type of H. selenops is No. 19844 in the United States National Museum, from Chattanooga, Tenn.; length 8 inches. Another is from Montgomery, Ala. ; and I have seen still others from the Cumberlaud Eiver. The following analysis of the species of Hyodon is drawn up from un- merous specimens of H. chrysopsis taken by Dr. Elliott Coues, natural- ist of the northern boundary survey, in Quaking Ash River; from speci- mens of H. tergisus from Ohio, and from the types of H. selcnops. It will be noticed that the characters of H. tergisus are exactly intermedi- ate, corresponding with the geographical range of the species. II. chrysopsUt and H. selenops are, therefore, geographical races or varieties which have become so strongly differentiated from the commou type that we are able to characterize them as species : *. Dorsal fin reduced, and with only about nine fully developed rays; abdoraeu sbarply carinated iElaitonUtitts) : 1. Dorsal fin very small, of about nine developed rays (besides the two or three rudi- ments), the lenj;th of its longest rays half greater than the length of the batte of f the fin; body deep, closely compressed; the belly strongly carinated both beforo and behind ventrals ; eye moderate (about 3^ in head) ; scales rather closely imbri- * cat, % 5-58-8 ; pectoral fins falcate nearly as long as the head, nearly or quite reaching ventrals ; anal with 30 or 31 developed rays ; head 4^ in length ; ili'pth 3^ Chkysopsis. •'. Dorsal flu moderate and with eleven or twelve fully developed rays; abtlonieu more or less obtuse {Hyodon ) : t. Dorsal fin larger, of about 12 developed rays ; its longest rays scarcely longer tban the baseof the fin ; form of body intermediate; the belly in front of ventrals ob- ,0 tusely carinated ; eye large, about 3 in head ; scales medium, 5-58-8 ; pectoral tins decidedly shorter than head, not reaching nearly to ventrals ; anal rays '2H or 'il); head 4i in length, the depth about 3 TKmiisi'.s. tt Dorsal fin motlerate, of 11 or 12 developed rays, nearly as long as high in IVout; body elongate, not greatly compressed ; the belly in front of ventrals transversely rounded, not carinated ; eye very large, about 2i in head ; srales loo«ly iniliricftted, 4-50-7 ; pi'ctoral fins considerably shorter than bead, not reaching nearly to vcu- trals-;- uufal lays 127 ; head 4^ iu h'Ogtb ; depth about 4 SelicnuP!). 1 , :"r?I f-'fl -IBb^' i "^^ R"'' ■■■■ .^■;j '?a^c-s- ..;;;>.'. fiJ^. - ■ .J- !■''„ t V.' iikSiV?' ■ '^'■^ ■ ,>,. ft "41 '^■^'iy'' V.ftVJ ''^?i ' ■:''' ■'?'•'-*-: ■■'■■- ;•'•}■■>»)» /-W'^-;-*. : >V 'r *--^ - : ^ • ■/ " '',■ . ' ? .. ■■>-'*. ■ » ' - if rt-: B. -SYNOPSIS OF THE FRESH-WATER SILURIDil OF THE . n. UNITED STATES. ' ^ ^^ N The nomencUtare of the Siluridcp of our fresh waters has been for a loDf,' time in a very unsettled state, owing to the accumulation in our descriptive works of a large number of nominal species, and to the general lack of sharp characterizations in the published descriptions. The writer has attempted to go over the subject critically, with a view to ascertaining the basis on which each species rests, and to elimi- Dating all those whose claims to recognition are doubtful. I have accordingly considered every nominal species as invalid, unless either irom the description itself or from the examination of specimens, some differences apparently permanent could be appreciated. Some species Dot hei 0 recognized will doubtless prove valid, but at least nine-tenths of those not admitted are simply spurious, either based on individual peculiarities of specimens, or more often on ignorance of species previ- ously described. * . • . , This paper is based primarily on the collections in the United States National Museum. The writer has also examined most of the speci- mens of Siluridas preserved in the Museum of the Academy of Natural Sciences at Philadelphia. Most of the species here recorded are also in the author's own collection, deposited in the Museum of Butler Uni- versity at Indianapolis, Ind. The drawings accompanying this paper were nearly nil made by Mr. Ernest R. Copeland from specimens in the author's collection. Those of A miwrus nigrilabris, AmiuruH mupillicnuis, iiin\ Amiurus niveirenttis wiTiMlrawn by Miss Belle Sherman from Prof. Cope's tyi)es in the Museum of the Academy. A few others were drawn by Mr. Todd from specimens in the National Museum. These drawings are to be considered rather !s illustrative diagrams than as pictures. They are drawn with a view to showing especially those characters which I consider to Iw spec! tic in our SiluridWj viz, the general outline, the position of the dorsal tin, tlieRize, number of rays, and position of the anal flu, the form of the I caudal fin, and the size and form of the pectoral spines. These features I :\ 70 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — II. bave in all cases been drawn with considerable care and regard to accuracy. The writer is under great obligations to Prof. Theodore Gill, of the Smithsonian Institution, for aid of various kinds, both in his work on the Siluridce and in the prosecution of his ichthyological studies generally. In the following descriptions, the "length of the body" is always measured along the sides from the snout to the middle of the base ot the caudal fin. All of our species of fresh water Siluridce belong to the group called, by Dr. Gill, in 18G2, lOTALURi. In T8G4, Dr. Gunther recoguizcil the same group; but "to show his originality", as Prof. Agassiz used to say, he, without assigned reason, changed the name to Amiurina. The following are the characters ascribed by Prof. Gill to the IcMuri (Report on Iciithyology, Captain Simpson's Explorations across the Great Basin of Utah in 1850, p. 41G). Group ICHTH^LURI. The body is more or less elongated, compressed posteriorly, and ter- minating in a well developed caudal hu. The skin is naked and uiiiiro- vided with sucking cups. The head in profile presents the appearance of a more or less elon- gated cone, and is covered with a skin which is generally quite thick. It is more or less Uattened, and broad above, and gradually becoiius narrowed to the convex snout. There is never a casque, or helmet. The supraoccipital terminates in a point. There are eight barbels: the two maxillary, constant in the family; ii pair in front of the posterior nasal apertures; and two pairs arranged iu a curved line behind the lower jaw. The nostrils form nearly a transverse parallelogram between th "'i- termaxillaries and the eyes; the anterior are snboval or subcircnlar, a. the posterior linear, with a raised margin, from the Iront of which the j upper barbels originate. The eyes are generally placed in the anterior half of the head. The branchial apertures are ample, continued from the supero-poste rior angles of the opercula to beneath the throat. The group of Ichtlmhiri consists of four genera: Ichthaiurnsj Ami- unu, rdodichthys, and Noturus. All the species known to be neniiiiiej members of this group are North American, and all are included in tliej following synopsis. A Chinese species, Pimelodus cantonenais, referred by Dr. Giintber to Amiurus, is excluded, as its real position is perhaps nucertain. The species are most abundant iu the Mississippi Valley and Great Lake Region. Some of them occur in all our waters east of the llocky Mountains, but as yet none are known from the Pacific Slope. ' ■■ •• --> ANALYSIS OF THE GENERA OF ICHTH^LURI. | '.Adipose iin with its posterior margin free, not connected with the caudal fin : t. lutermaxillary band uf teeth convex in front, abruptly truncate behind, without lateral backward processes; brauchiostegals 8 or 9 (rarely 10 or 11); ventral iins normally with 8 rays : t. Snpraoccipital bone prolonged backward, its apex emarginate, receiving the pointed anterior end of the second interspinal, thus forming a continuous bony bridge from the snout to the base of the dorsal ; branchiostegals 8 or 9 ; head elongate; mouth small, terminal, the upper jaw the longer; anal fin chmgate, of HA to 34 rays; candal fin furcate; body elongate, more or less slender, sil- very, covered with thin skin Ichth^elukus. t\. Supraoccipital bone free behind, not connected with the interspinal : branchi- ostegals normally 9 (varying from 8 to 11); head broad ; mouth broad, terminal ; anal fin moderate or rather long, with 15 to '27 rays ; caudal fin usually truncate, but often more or less deeply emarginate or even forked ; body usually more or less shortened, covered with a rather thick skin Amiuuus. tt.Iutermaxillary bandof teeth convex in front, with a lateral backward extension on each side; branchiostegals normally 12; supraoccipital bono free behind; head long, broad, and ilat ; mouth largo, the lower jaw always the longer; aual fin short, of 1*2 to 14 rays; vontrals witii 9 rays; c.indal fin truncate, its nuniorons rudimentary rays recurrent above and below the caudal peduncle; number of vertebroj increased; body elongate, covered with thick skin Pelodichtiiys, ".Adipose fin long and low, keel-like, adnate to the back, more or less perfecMy cou- tinuous with the caudal fin; supraoccipital bone fieo behind; branchioHtegals 9 ; anal fin short, with 11 to 20 rays ; caudal fiu rounded, witli numerous rudi- mentary rays recurrent on the caudal peduncle; ventral rays usually 9; form various, but body usually more or loss elongate, depressed in fropt, compressed Itehiud, covered with a thickish but semi-transparent skin ; size small, Nuruitus. CATALOGUE OF NOMINAL SPECIES, WITH IDENTIITCATIONS. Iu the following list arc given, in chronological order, the names thus far proposed for our freshwater SUuridcc. In the right-hand column is iiiy identification of each species. Those species of which 1 have ex- auiiued the original types are designated by a star (*). Nominal species. Date. 1758 1817 1818 1818 1818 Identification. -^" Siliirns catuB, L. ...... ...... ...... ...... Amiuruscatua. .ht,, ui >. a.^ . i'llurim gyrinus, Mit Siliinis nunctatus. Raf Noturns gyrinuH. v. * '/; Ichthiulurus punctatus. Pelodiihthys olivaria. NuturuH llavus. Siliirus olivaris. Raf Koturiis flavua, Raf t ' ■: 72 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — II. Nominal species. Date. Identification. Pinielodus albidus, Le Suenr Pimelodns nebolosns, Le S PitneloduH enens, LeS Piraelodus caudafurcatus, Le S Pimelodua nigricans, Le S Pimelodua natalis, LeS Noturnslutens, Kaf Pllodictis limosns, Raf Silaras maculatus, Raf Var. er,vthroptera, Raf Silurns pallidas, Raf Var. marginatus, Raf Var. lateralis, Raf Var. lencoptera, Raf Silurus ceralescens, Raf Var. melannids, Raf Silurns argentinus, Raf '. Silurns nebulosns, Raf Silurus viscosus, Raf Silurus lividns, Raf Var. fuscatns, Raf Silurns ineIas,Raf Silurns cupreus, Raf Silurus xanthocepbalus, Raf Silurus liuiosns, Raf Pimelodns argyrns, Raf Pimelodns Intescens, Raf Pimelodus insigne. Rich Silurns (Pimelodns) ccddobus, Rich. .. Silurus (Pimelodns) nigrescens, Rich. Silurus (Pimelodus) boroalis, Rich . .. Pimelodus pnnctnlatus, Cuv. & Val.. Pimelodus fnrcatus, Cuv. & Val Pimelodns furcifer, Cuv. & Val Piinolodns lemniscatus, Le Sueur Pimelodns vulgaris, Thompson Piraolodus pnllns, De Kay Pimelodns atrarins, Do Kay Pimelodus felis, Agassiz Pimelodns gracilis. Hough* Pimelodns marmoratns, Ilolbrook*. .. Pimelodus vnlpes, Ord.* Pimelodua catulus, Ord." 1819 1819 1819 1819 1819 1819 1819 1819 1820 1820 1820 1820 1820 1820 1820 1820 1820 1820 1820 1820 1820 1820 1820 1820 1820 1820 1832 1836 183G 1836 183G 1840 1840 1840 1840 1842 1842 1842 1850 18r,2 1855 1858 1858 Arainrns albidus. Aminrns oatns. Pelodichthys olivaris. Ichthaelnrns pnnctatns. Amiurna nigricans. Ami urns natalis. NotnruB ilavds. Pelodichthys olivaris. Ichthselnrns pnnctatns. Ichthtelnrns pnnctatns. Ichthselnrns pnnctatns. Ichtheelnrus pnnctatns. Ichthffilurus pnnctatns. Ichthielnrus pnnctatus. lohtbtelnms pnnctatns. lobthcelnrns pnnctatns. IchtbiBlurns pnnctatns. Pelodichthys olivaris. Pelodichthys olivaris. Aminrns natalis lividns. Aminrns natalis lividns. Aminrns melas. Aminrns lividns cnpreus. Amiurus xanthocepbalus. Pelodichthys olivari^. Ichtbtelurns pnnctatus. Pelodichthys olivaris. Noturnsinsignis. Aminrns natalis coenosns. Aminrns nigricans. Aminrns borealis. Pelodichthys olivaris. Ichtbtelurns fufcatus. Icbthielurus pnnctatus. Notnrus insignis. Aminrns vulgaris, Aminrns pnllns. Amiurus catus. Aminrns catus. lohtluelurns pnnctatna. Amiurns marmoratua. Icbthielnrus punotatas. Amiurus melaa. ^u...Vi^-i-.j-. .Ji^. BILUBID^.-^jii 0'2 ■MXirkli'^i*^S>K/: 78 Nominal species. Pimelodus foliuus, Grd.* Pimelodus antoniensis, Grd.* . . Pimelodus ailarus, Grd* Pimelodus lupus, Grd* Pimelodus olivaceus, Grd.* . . . . Pimelodus afflnis, Grd* Synecboglauis beadlei, Gill* . . . Pimelodus hougbi, Grd.* Pimelodus boyi, Grd.* Pimelodus couflnis, Grd.* Pimelodus cnpreoides, Grd* Pimelodus dekayi, Grd Pimelodus lynx, Grd* Pimelodus puma, Grd* Pimelodus vulpecnlus, Grd.* . . . Pimelodus platycepbalus, Grd * Pimelodus megalops, Grd* Pimelodus graciosus, Grd* Pimelodus banimondi, Abbott . . Pimelodus notatus, Abbott Ictalurus simpsoni, Gill * Amiurus obesus, Gill* Notnrus occideutalis, Gill * Amiurus meridionalis, Gilntber Noturus platycepbalus, Gthr Groiiius uigrilabris. Cope * Noturus marginatus, Baird* Ictalurus kevinskii, Stauffer..., Ictalurus mauaskoyi, Stauffer . . . Amiurus mispilliensis, Cope . Amiurus lopbius, Copo Amiurus niveivontris, Cope .... Noturus exilis, Nolsou* Noturus loiitacantbus, Jordan* Amiurus brnuneus, Jordan* Noturus iniurus, Jordau* Noturus eleuthcrus, Jordan.... k'litbtclurus robustus, Jordan* Amiurus erebenmis, .Tordau* ... Amiurus natalis analis, Jordan Noturus slalis, Jordan Date. Identification. 1858 1858 1858 1858 la^s 1859 1859 1B59 1859 1859 1859 1859 1859 1859 1859 1859 1859 1859 1860 1860 1861 1861 1861 1864 1864 1864 1869 I'- 69 1839 1870 1870 1870 1876 1H77 1877 1877 1877 1877 1877 1877 1877 Amiurus natalis lividus. Amiurus natalis antoniensis. Amiurus vulgaris SBlnrus. Amiurus lupus. Icbtbaelurus punctatus. Ichtbielnrus furcatus. Ichtbielurus puuutatns. IcbtbiBlurus punctatus. Amiurus catus. ^ Amiurus melas. Amiurus natalis lividus. Amiurus vulgaris. Amiurus albidus. Amiurus natalis. Amiurus catus. t, >.','■ - . Amiurus platycepbalus. Icbtbcelnrus puuctatus Ichtbielurus punctatus. Icbthffilurus punctatus. Icbtbifilurns punctatus. Ichtbrolurns punctatus. Amiurus melas. Noturus ilavus. % Icbtbailurus meridionalis. Noturus davuB. Amiurus uigrilabris. Notnrus insiguis. Amiurus albidus. ' ' .' Amiurus albidus. '^'.f ..(<-. Amiurus catus (mispilliensis.) Amiurus lopbius. Amiurus niveiventris. Noturus exilis. !' .'r Noturus leptacanthus. ' ' Amiurus brunueus. Noturus miurus. Noturus eleutborus. Icbtbtolurus rubustus. 4r Amiurus erebennus. Amiurus natalis analis. Noturus sialis. ■y'!'. f ■?• ■ t v '' t ,1 •'f-..l * 't : :.,:CH 74 CONTEIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — II. Genus ICHTH^LURUS * (Eq/inesque) Gill. Ictalurtta, Rafinksque (1820), Ichthyologia Ohiensis, 61. EUiopa, Rakinksque (1820), Ichthyologia Ohiensis, 62. Synechofjlania, Gill (1859), Annals Lye. Nat. Hist, vii, 39. letalurua, Gill (1862), Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. 41. Jc'ithalurus, Copk (1869), Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 237. Etymology. — ixOvg, fish ; aiXovpoc, oat. Type:. — Silurua punctattis, Rafinesque. Body elongated, slender, and much compressed. The caadal peduncle is short but slender, and presents behind the anal an elongated ellipti- cal section, 'i; .:• ;. ;. ; ,v .,; . . Head conical in proQle, compressed, and with the sides sloping down- ward and outward. The supraoccipital bone is prolonged backward, aiul its emargiuated apex receives the acuminate anterior point of tbe second interspinal. The skull is covered by a thin tense skin, through wliich the sculpture of the bones is ai)purent. Eyes large and almost entinly lat- eral. Mouth small, transverse, and terminal. The upper jaw protrudes beyond the lower. Teeth subulate and aggregated into a short, laterally truncated band on each jaw. T^' anchiostegal rays, 8 or 9. Dorsal flu situ- ated over the interval between . uc pectoral and ventral fins, higher than long, with one long spine and usually six articulated rays. Adi- pose flu pedunculated over the posterior portion of the anal. Anal (in long, and provided with from 25 to 35 rays; it commences near tbe anus. Ventral fins each with one simple and seven branched rays. Pectoral fins each with a stout spine, retrorse-serrate within, and aborut nine branched rays. The serra) of the pectoral spine vary with age and circumstances, and do not in this genus give good specific charac- ters. Caudal fin elongated and deeply forked, with the lobes equal aud pointed. The genus Iclithcelurus is at once recognized by the forked caudal fin, its silvery or olivaceous colors, and by its compressed, elongated, aud slender body, which give to it a peculiarly graceful appearance, very unlike that of the stout, obese, and large-headed Amiuri. The head is smaller in proportion than in Amiurus, more compressed, and not cov- ered by so thick a skin ; the mouth is proportionally much smaller, j But the only invariable generic distinction resides in the mode of iuser- • The characters of the genera of Siluridce as here given are arranged froui Prof. Gill's Report on Ichthyology of Captain Simpson's Explorations Across the Great lioaiu | of Utah, pp. 410-431, with some additions aud niodiflcatioua. SILUBID^. 75 tioD of tbe snpraoccipitHl or interparietal bone into the bead of tbe second interspinal. A firm and immovable bridge is thus formed, vrbicb gives an uniuterrnpted passage from the dorsal fin to tbe snout. Tbe silveiy coloration is also a marked distinguishing feature. It is not generally true that tbe species of Ichthcelurua reach a larger size than those of the other genera. Amiurua nigricans and Pe- lodichthys oUvaria far exceed in size any of the species of Ichthaslurua. ANALYSIS OF SPECIES.* *. Aual fin extremely elongate, its base about one-third the len}j;th of the body (without caudal); its rays 32 to 34 in number ; eye small, wholly anterior, the middle of the head being entirely behind its posterior margin; head small, about 4^. in length ; depth 4 iu adults to 5^ in younger specimens ; slope from dorsal to snout somewhat concave, especially in adults; pectoral spine 1^ in bead; skin thin; color brightly silvery Fuhcatus, 1. ". Aual tin shorter, 3^ to 4 in length ; its rays 24 to 30. t.Eyo moderate-sizud, anterior, the middle of the head being wholly behind it ; anal rays 27 to 30 ; body comparatively stout and deep, compressed behind ; the dorsal region elevated ; depth 3^ to 4 in length ; head pretty large, 4| to 4^ iu length, one-third longer than broad ; spines moderate, strong, little more than half-bead ; profile from dorsal to snout more or less depressed or concave ; skin rather thick ; colors pale Robu8TU8,2 it. Eye large, placed mesiul]y,the middle of the length of the head falling within the eye ; anal rays 25 to 29 ; head moderate, about 4 in length ; depth about 5 ; body more elongate and less deep than in robust iia, the head rather smaller, the eye larger, and the dorsal region less elevated ; pectoral and dorsal opines long, each about If in length of head Punctatus, 3. 1. ICHTH^LUEUS FURCATUS, {Guv. i& Val.) QUI. t^; Fork-tailed Chsumel Cat. IV o f . . . (Figs. 1 and 2.) : .. ; PimloduB fiircatm, Cov. & Val. (1840), xv, 136.— Db Kay (1842), Fishes N. Y. 187.— Stoker (1846), Synopsis, 403. Iotaluru8 fiircatus, Gill (1862), Proo. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. 43.— Jordan (1876), Man. Vert. 300.— Jordan & Copeland (1876), Chock List, 159. Amiurua furcatua, GVOivuvAi (1864), Cat. Fishes, v, 103. Pimelodua affinia, Baird &. Girard (1854), Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 26. — Girard (1859), Ich. U. S. and Mex. Bound. 32. Icialurua affmis, Gill (1862), I. c. 43. — Jordan & Copeland, l.-o. 159. :,,. Amiurua affinia, GOnthkr (1865), 1. c. 103. ' Eahitat. — -'Mississippi Valley to Texas. ' This species is not nearly so common nor so well known as the 'punctatus. I am unable to distinguish the type specimens of affinia from furcatua, . • -i - ~ -^ "" ^ */. nwridionalia is here omitted, the description not being sufficiently full to allow t satisfactory contrast of 'ts characters with those of /. robuatua. ■ 't->-r >:"V'.V- m 76 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — XL ^ 2. ICHTH^LURUS ROBUSTCS, Jordan, sp. nov. .,, . . 1:,,... Robust Channel Cat. „.*■;.,., (Figs. 3 and 4.) Ictdlurm furcatus, Nelson (1876), Ball. Ills. Mus. Nat. Hist. 50. ■ Habitat. — Ohio and Mississippi Rivers. '"' ' Tbis is a large robust species said to be not uncommon in the Ohio and Mississippi Rivers, and which seems to have been thus far con- founded with the related I. furcatus. From that species it diflFers obvi- ously iu th<; shorter anal fin, which has 27 to 30 rays, and forms but one-fourth of the length of the body, without the caudal. It is also a stouter fish, with a larger head and a more elevated dorsal regiou. From I. punctatm this species differs notably by the anterior position of the eyes and by the greater elevation of the dorsal region. Old speci- mens have the profile somewhat concave as in J. furcatus. The type is a large specimen, about 18 inches long, numbered 20050 in the National Museum. The record of the locality is lost. Another specimen, figured in this paper, was sent me by Prof. S. A. Forbes, from the Ohio River at Cairo. Professor Forbes tbinlss it common in the Lower Ohio and Mississippi, but that it rarely ascends the Illinois and other tributary rivers. »? ^ ^ ^;, 3. ICHTHJBLDRUS PUNCTATUS, {Raf.) Jordan. Blue Cat— VHiite Cat— Silver Cat— Channel Cat (Figs. .5 and 6.) Silurus punctatus, Raf. (Ifil8), Amer. Monthly Mag. and Critical Review, Sept. 359. Jctalurtti punotatua, Jordan (1876), Bull. Buff. Soc. Nat. Hist. 95 ; (1876), Manual i- of Vertebrates, 300. — Jokdan & Copeland (1876), Check List iu Bull. Buff. Soc. Nat. Hist. 159.— Jordan (1877), Annals Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y. — . — Nelso.v (1876), Bnll. Ills. Mus. Nat. Hist. 50. Fimelodm caudafurcatus, Le Sueuu (1819), M^inoires dn Mus^nm, v, 152. Amiurua caudafurcatus, GUnther (1864), Catalogue of Fishes, v, 102. Silurus maculatus, Raf. (1820), Qnarterly Journal of Science, Literature, and Arts, London, 48 (et var. eryihroptera, p. 49). Pimelodus (Ictalurus) maculatus, Kaf. (1820), Ichthyologia Obiensis, 62. Silurus palUdus, Raf. (1820), Quart. Journ. Sci. Lit. Arts London, 49 (et var. viargi- natus, lateralis, leucoptei-a), Pimelodus pallidus, Raf. (1820), Ich. Oh. 63.— Kirtlakd (1838), Report Zool. Ohio, 169, 194. Silurus cerulescens, Raf. (1820), Quart. Journ. Sci. Lit. Arts London, 49 (et var. mekn- urus). Pimelodus cerulescens, Raf. (1820), Ich. Obiensis, 63.— Kibtland (1838), Kept. Zool. Ohio, 169, 194; (1846), Bost. Jonrn. Nat. Hist, iv, 332.— Storer (1846),! Synopsis Fishes N. A. in Mem. Nat. Acad. Sci. 405. (All these descriptions re- j fer more or 1«»8 to Jmiurus nigricans). ■-'Vjj'.-H.u-'Jv^'iiiv^.;., >i^- BILURIDiB. iilrl e/.. '.f!:'. '.■ \.ii]-:>A 11 Ictalurua oceruleacent, Gill (1862), Proc. Boat. Soo. Nat. Hist. 43.— Cofr (1865), Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 85; (1870), Proo. Am. Philos. Soo. 489.— Johdan (1874), Ind. Gool. Survey, 222.— Gill (1876), Ich. Capt. Simpson's Exped. 417. Ichthceluriu ccerulcscena, CoPK (1869), Joaru. Acad. Nat. Sci. 237. > • . Siluru8 argentinus, Raf. (1820), Quart. Joiirn. Sci. Lit. Arts Loudon, 50. Pimelodus argyrus, Rap. (1820), Icbthyologia Ohiensis, 64, Pimclodus furcifer, Cuv. & Val. (1840), xv, 1.39.— "Hyrtl (1859), Denksohr. Akad. Wi«s. Wien, 16".—" Knku, Sitzgsbor. Akad. Wiss. Wion, xxvi. 421." Ictalurua furcifer, Gill (1862), Proc. Boat. Soc. Nat. Hist. 43.— Jordan (1876), Man- ual Vert. 300. Pimolodua gracilia, Ilouon (1852), Fifth Ann. Rept. Reg. Univ. Condition State Cabi< net Nat. Hist. Albany, 26. Synechoglania gracilis, Gill (1859), Trans. Lye. Nat. Hist. 3 (reprint). Ictalurua gracilia. Gill (1862), Proc. Boat. Soc. Nat. Hist. 43.— Cope (1865), Proo. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 85.— Jordan (1876), Man. Vert. 300.— Jordan & Cope- LAND (1876), Check List, 15X Pimlopua vulpea, Girard (1858), Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 170 ; (18.")9), U. S. and Mex- Boand. Surv. 33. Ictalurua vulpea^GiLi. (1862), Proc. Bost. Soo. Nat. Hist. 43.— Jordan &, Copeland (1876), Check List, 159. fimelodua oUvaceua, Girard (1858), Pac. R. R. Survey, x, 211. Ictalurua oUvaceua, Gill (1862), 1. c. 43; (187C), Rept. Ichthy. Capt. Simpson's Exp. 417.— Jordan (1876), Man. Vert. 300.— Jordan & Copeland (1876), Check List, 159. Syneehoglania beadlei, Giix (1859), Trans. Lyo. Nat. Hist. N. Y. 2 (reprint). Ictalurua beadlei, Gill (18C2), Proc. Bost. Soo. Nat. Hist. 43.— Jordan & Cope. LAND (1876), Check List, 159. Pimelodua houghii, Girard (1859), Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 159. Pimlodua megalopa, Girahd (1859), 1. c. 161 (said to have the eye very large, its diam- eter one-third the length of the side of tho head). Ictalurua megalopa, Jordan &, Copeland (1876), Bull. Buff. Soo. Nat. Hist. 159. Pimeloduj gracioaus, Girard (1859), Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 161. Pimelodua hammondii, AnnoiT (1860), Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 568. Pimelodua notatua, Abbott (1860), Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 569. Ictalurua aimpaoni. Gill (1862), Proo. Bost. Soo. Nat. Hist. 43 ; (1876), loh. Capt. Simp- son's Exp. 417. Habitat. — Northern New York} Canada. Great Lake Begion, through- out Mississippi Valley, Nebraska, Kansas, to- Georgia, Florida, and Texas. The synonymy of this species is not altogether creditable to workers in American ichthyology. It is one of our most abundant and widely diffused fishes, and one even less subject to variations than species of such wide distribution usually are. And yet, if the above synonymy is correct, we have twenty-three diflferent specific and varietal names applied to it. It would seem as if every naturalist who had obtained a Channel Gat was sure that such a Cat-fish, so slender, so clean, and 80 white, must surely be unknown to science, or else he would have heard of it before. As a result of this, nearly every writer on American freshwater fishes has one or more nominal species based on some f. •!: B . (■ m ;■ f ■ r i 78 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTE AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — II. stage iu the growth of the Ichthcelurus punctatus, or on some real or imagined variation of it. The specific name cceruleacem has been the one most generally em- ployed, althongh, as will be seen from the above synonymy, eight dif- ferent specific and varietal names have priority over it. The oldest description is apparently that of Raflnesque under the name«of Silunis punctatus. The specific name of punctatus is accordingly the one to be employed. The other Rafinesquian names evidently apply to difl'erent stages in the growth of the species. Raflnesque's P. ccerulcsccnn, how- ever, as well as that of Dr. Kirtland and others, includes Amiurus nigricans. This error has been the source of ranch confusion ; the great Mississippi Cat-fish having been wrongly supposed to be an Ichtluch- rus. I find nothing in the accounts given of furcifer and caudafurcatusi to indicate that they were founded on species distinct from punctatus. I. graeUis Hough {=houghii Grd.) is said to have a less number of anal rays than has been noticed in punctatus. Hough's specimens were from 2iortheru New York. I have examined specimens from Saint Lawrence County, Isew York, presw ably referable to gracilis.^ but they have -7 anal rays, ard, so far as I can see, are precisely like the ordinary jjn«c- iattts, except that the serrations of the pectoral spine are perhaps a trifle weaker. An examination of the types of bcadlei, simpsoni, oliva- ecus, and vulpcs sho.vs nothing of specific value. The number of anal rays is 25 to 28 iu them all, as in typical punctatus. OliraccM appears rather more slender than is usual. Notatus and hammondi are rather indifferently described, but there is nothing in the descriptiou of either to show that it does not belong here. The types of graciosus and megalops have a rather longer anal fin than usual, and differ slightly in foi'm. I have seen other specimens like them, but am unable to rec- ognize even a variety. Oirard's statement of the size of the eye iu megalops is exaggerated. 4. ICQTU^LURUS MKRIDIONALIS, {GEather) Jordan. Southern Channel Cat. (Fig8. 7 aiKl8.) AmiiiruK mfridlonalit, GOntiier (1804), Cat. Fishes Brit. Mus. v, lO'i; (18G8), Trans. Zool, So^. Lun(luu,473. I infer, from the ligure only, that this species belongs to Ichthalunn rather than to AmtHrus. Although the distinctive characters of the two gunera wcrv r .»d*3 known in 1802, in the description of this species we find no alluslc'i to those characters, and no attempt at coniiiarisoii if-.-.yn^f^^^r^-yi ■/.. SILURIDilS. ■ mcvriPi'v^^^'ii^'y 79 of the species with those previoaalj' known. So far as I can judge from the figure, this species is an afflne of I. robustus, having, like that species, the eye anterior and the number of anal rays intermediate (28 or 29), but differing in the greater slcnderness of the body. Genus AMIURUS, (Rafimsque) GUI. S'lliirns et Pimelodiis sp., Linn-Eits, aud all writers prior to 18fi'i. Ami'iuru8, Rafinkmquk (1H20), Icb. Obicnsis, 65 (as sectiou under subgenus Ictahirm of PimvJodm). Amiuriis, Gill (I86'i), Proc. Host. 8oc. Nat. Hist. HO, and of recent writers generally. Amriiiui, Cope (1804), Proc. Acad. N.it. Sci. Pbila. 2:51. Grouiaa, * Cope (1864), Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Pliila. 231 (G. nigrilabria). Etvmolooy.— a, privitive ; ueiovpo(, curtailed, in allusion to tbe entire caudal 6n. TyvK.—SUarm cupreus Katinesquo. Body moderately elongated, robust, anteriorly vertically ovate, and scarcely compressed; caudal pedunc:^. also robust, but much compressed, and at its end eveidy convex. Head large, wide, laterally expanded, above ovate and in profile cunei- form ; supraoccipital extended little posteriorly and terminating in a more or less acute point, which is entirely separate from the second in- tera]>inal buckler; the skin covering the bones is thick. Eyes rather small, in one species covered by the skin : mouth largo, terminal, transverse, the upper jaw in most species the longer; jawa often equal, the lower in one or two species distinctly projecting. Teeth subulvte, aggregated in broad bands on the intermiixiliariea and dentarics; tlie intermaxil'ary band is convex in front, of equal breadth, and abruptly truncated near the insertion of the interm txil- liuies; the lower dental band is anteriorly semicircnlar, altenuiited to the angles of the mouth. Braiichiostegi»l membrane on each side with eight or nine rays in typical specie.s, ten or eleven in two or three aberrant species; dorsal situated over the interval between the pectorals and vcntrals, higlier than long, with a pungent spinous ray dentate behind, and about sis branched rays; adipose fin short, inserted ovit the posterior half of the anal; anal fin of moderati* length, with froni fifteen to twenty six rays, tlimisual number being twenty or twenty-one; caudal lln short, usually truncate when spread o|)en, slightly emargiinite when notexpandetl. — in sjipiieH related to Ichthcclurm more or less deeply forked, in some other '^pocies rounded; when the caudal tin is forked the lobes are usually un- * I'lof. Cope tbuM delliitm thlN ^itiim : — " Iliod hrtwii, depifnmMl ; Riiiiraixcipitul luino IKMli'iiinly free ; brnucbioKtcg.tl uieiuliraiie wlib lt:ii rnys ; untorior dorMnl spine xtoiit : ptHti I'ior (adipose) (in siparated from caudal; venlnils witb eigbt rays; eyes rt i- nicutul, uuveroU by tbe coriuiu ; natatory bladder present." jj ' ,'.1 I. tBBBBHHHBBB&BB 80 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — U. equal; veutrals eauli with oue simple and seven brauched rays; pectoral flu8 euoli with a stout spiru', which is cfjuiinoiily re trorse serrate behind* thewit H(wi'iu vary much with agt .tud oircumstarHjes, and do not appear in this fferit|8 to lufuish |//o(j| Bpuuldfi (ilf^fACtefs^ ja^eful line usiiiilly lucor>plel«, This genus includes our common Easrern American CiilflHlies, and is readily recognized by the broad head covered by a thick skin, the Iho termination of the posterior process of the supraoccipital bone, (jio compressed body, and by the free adipose flu. This genus, 'though undoubtedly a very natural one, is rather hard to deflue. Oenain speifies {lupus, niveioentris, nigrimm,) have real allln ities with th" species of IchthwlnruH, having, like (hem, the body elon- gate, the head rather narrow, the anal long, the caudal loilud, \m\ t|M> coloration pale. The absence of the connection between the supraoc- cipital and the interspinal is the only technical character by wliicli Amiunts may be distinguished from lnlillnduruH, ANAIiVHlH 01'^ HIMKJIKS. *. Ctuidal tin forked; iippisr Jaw toiigi'st; tlnmiil beMliiuiu^ iiuuttt nmnti tijuii U(II|mihii fill ; rol(trH liluciiisli-sil very : t. Anal (In elouKiitts of Utl to S18 MiyH : a. Caudui Uu deeply riintiife; lii'ad narrow, longer tiinn lirond) onnl rnya 'J',\ or '2\; ^ |if(!told| N|ill|(tH long ii(|d Blender, deiitute; harlicln long; (|t|ii|i ttltoMt n 1)1 |ul||j|tl| I wl'hti of Uiiitii O ; liody rattier HleniltT : — . Umd narrowed, Its wlillJi lieiiig less ilittn IIm icigtli (»li; dliiliMici' rniiii Niioiit. to (lorMiil Hplim tj, lo U iv distiinci' from ilol'iifil Mpjin' In lldljioae (111 ! ItiiMo of iiniil uh long /ia jiend l^i li h, Ti — , Head tiroader, Ita widlli eipiai to its length uIiovm; d'llnnen to iIoinhI Hpiiie 1^ In (listanee tOiin apiiie to udipOHo tin; liann of inial notulily leRH tliiin liciid — , N»vElVKNMilN,ii, ao. Ottudiil &a strongly fiireale | lieiid 4^ In length, Its width 5 1 anul raj/t \tn iitW) peelorul NpinuH dnulate, uliort, und hIouI ; loirtielM tongi InhIc rather stout, color duik, oftim liiottlml if|t|| piijei sl/.n v*>ry large «j< M.ji.KioHn INS, 7 aaa. Gau j iii<^.1li!>!*€Tm>l siLURiD^. .•i>;< o'i' mi'^rmm^:'ri>:>' 81 ». Candal fin not forked, rounded or usually somewhat emarginate, nearly truncate wh«n spread oiKsn : }. Body moderately elongate, depth one-Cfth or more of length ; branchiostegals normally 9 or 10 : c. Anal fin very long, its base one-fourth or more of length of body, of 24 to 26 rayn; dorsal spine normally nearer snout than adipose fin : — . Head and body elongated ; the dorsal region considerably elevated ; the head quite long and narrowed forwards; much longer than broad; its width in front of eye only about half its length; mouth rather narrow, with equal jaws; barbels long; adipose fin large ; spines strong ; dorsal fin very high ; anal fin long find deep; caudal tin short; color dark Ereijennus, 11. e III i| fiattisb, not much longer than broad; rounded in front; the iijoiith very wUh-; the (lorsiil region not much elevated; body more or Una stout and thick; branchiostegals 8 or i), jaws equal or upper jaw longest Nataus, I'i. (0 Dorsal considerably nearer snout than adipom; tin : J. Jaws equal ; spines very itlu^>. ; »nal rays 25 ; coloro yellowish-brown, Lividus, b. ij:. tlppm Jaw distinctly longeat : y. Anal rays 34 or 25, iUi rnf» less tb»n half head, its base 3^ in lengtl of body ; the nap« ii«( ffwollcn ( z. Colors pale; yellowish-browo . . . . >.. *,!//«#*.*»•«<««.... •Cu/7reu«,c. zz. Colors dark ; black or greenish ""pn ,,i,....Ca:nosui,ad ; spines strong; Ixad shorty 4 in length, th< distant o to dorsal /i<>arSy 3; nape MOt< •woilno. ...•»> Anatln.f. UW.XSnntkX rather nearer adipose fiii than snout ; ' r part of the body being innch thicker and propof „ 'entd; the randul fin nhort ; dorsal and 96altiH ontlin#Hl tiHttlf parallel ; j««r« about M)ff«l ,//..., .-.,ff r JfalaliH,a. m. Anal fin moderate, of 1>J to ^ f»f»} ''""" I'ioHf eg«1« M^ffntlif ti^iti d. Lttvyer jaw <1(»tinctlf longest; *> "> ti. Iliidy MHMlerateljr flongaio, dcpili 4^ t'l h n A 3^ to 4; barbel long; uiontb *tAtt\ h^nA 'ong<< .;. .. ^1, rather narrowed forward ; profile rathve ; dorsal spine rather nearer adipose fin) \viJOM\tn, 13. id. Jaws equal, or upper Jaw projecting beyond lower : /. Eyes distinct, well develo|>ed : $. Head moderately broad, a nearly even slope from the tip of (he snout to the elevated base of the dorsal : — .Body sharply mottled with brown, greenish, and whitish; the colora- tion then fot n Ningular among Catflabes ; jaws equal or nearly ao ; depth ab«)tit 4 in lenglli j «|ope of profit very steep; dorsal fin "~ I'igli; the Bpine mure (ban half btigth of hesd ; dorsal spine nearer adipose fin than snoot; barbels iij in leiigtli ; litn^ roundisli, rather long, about 4 in length, the width 't^ ; numtl small ; tbu npncr jaw more projecting than in any otberuf tL species known ; profile convex, ifot steep ; dorsal lin very liij,'lj I length of bend, well forward, its spine nearer snout iLa adipose fin ; anal ihi short and high, its base T) iii U'nn\h body; pectoral spine serrated; color pale olive-brown; u iilacl ish horizontal bar at bastt of dorsal BitrxNKrH.'.l \U Body excessively slender, elongate, as in Pe.odichihys, the driiil; being (I 6 times in length of body ; head broad and fiat, ntmrly wido as long; anal i>a with 20 rays; the base of tint tin to 5 in body; jaws equal; branchiostegals 11; uionlh vci wide ; dorsal spine nearer snout than adipose fin ; coloruii(| ..1 ' ordinary, a blackish horizontal bar at base of dorwd, rLATVCFrnALUH.S . .- v .il^-I^OOvW'^HTOiyj 1^ SILURID^. .jj *>;<' av^OVri'^i^iFfffOV ^^ 5. AMIURUS LUPUS, {Girard) Giinther. .^^. ' ■■.rwj : ,,. Texas Cat. (FigF. yand 10.) Pimclodus lupus, Girard (18.'j8), IT. S. Pac. R. R. Espl. x, 211. Amiurua hijyufi, GCnthek (1804), Cat. Fishes Brit. Mus. v., 101. Habitat. — Streams of Texas. This species strongly resembles Ichthmlurua punctatus, but dlEFers in the shorter body, wider mouth, and darker colors, as well as in the generic character of the free supraoccipital. In this species, however, there intervenes scarcely more than the diameter of a pin's head between the supraoccipital and the interspinal, in specimens 8 inches long ; so nearly connected are they that I was at first disposed to consider this species os an Ichthwlurns. Numerous specimens of A. lupus are in the museum from Texas. C. AMIURUS NIVEIVENTRIS, Cope. White-beUied Cat. (Figs. 11 and 12.) Amiuriui niveivcntrls, Copk (1870), Proc. Aui. PUiluy. Soc. 48G; JuiiD.Oi & Coi'KLand (1876), Checi£ List, 151). IlabUat. — Neuse River, North Carolina. This species seems to bo very close to A. lupus, but appears to differ in the broader head and in some other features. I have seen no specimens of it. 7. AMIURUS NIGRICANS, {Lc Sueur) GUI. Great Fork-tailed Cat— Missisiiippi Cat— Florida Cat (Figs. 13 ami 14.) Pimvlodus nigricans, Lk 8i;eur (18111), XK-moircs «l)i Mim(^nni d'Hist. Nnt. v, l.')3.— ("i:v. &Val. (1840), XV, 1;5:J.— Dk Kay (lH4i>), FiKlies \. Y. 180.— 8t..jikr (l-*4ii), S.vnopsis, 40;<.— " IIyrti. (IBT)!)), Donkwlirift Akatl. Wiss. VVion, xvi, Ki." Ahiinrua nigiicans, Gir.i. (18(52), Proc. Host. 8oo. Nut. Hist. 44.— Joudan (1 7fi), Man. Vort. 318.— .I«)K1)an & Copki.asd (1876), Check List, ir>U (not of GtJN- TiiKR (I8(i4) nor of Copk (1870) = J. canosiM). wurits { Pimclodus) nignsovns, IIichaudson (ISlUi), Fiiuna Bor.-Am. Fiahcs, 134. PimWoiJMS sp inco>{., TiumrsoN (1842), History Voimont, 139. rimvlodiu coeruksccns, in piirt «, McmbertN History Lancaster Co. Pa. 578. JotaluruH kevin»kii, SxAUKrKK (leCS), Monihi it's History Lancaster Co. Pa. 578. Habitat. — Atlantic streams, Pennsylvania to North Carolina. The Fimdodvs all idw of Le Sueur* seems to me rather to have been! • L« Sut iir says: " Ti^tt arge, aplatie; " * ooulfur d'un blano ceudr6d " * candale tr^s ln);drenitn)t eebttocr^," oharactfrs evident iy belongtaK to the lyux itttlicri tbaa to the mtiu. This is tbt; acre plain, as in describing the distinctly fork tailrtll m • IJ^ .lif GOaOTHTHOX ^M? giLURID^. 85 based on this species than on an albino of catus, as supposed b3' Prof. Cope. I have therefore substituted the appropriate name albidua for the unmeaning lynx. This is an extremely variable species. Old speci- mens bear a strong resemblance to the next species, while the young are quite slender. , 10. AMIURI5S LOPHIDS, Coi^e. Big-mouthed Cat. (Figs. 17 and 18.) iminrus lophiw<,CoPK (L870),Proc. Am. Philos. Soc. 486.— Jordan (1876), Manual Vert. 301.— Jordan & Copeland (1876), Check List, 160. Habitat. — Streams tributary to Chesapeake Bay. A. lophius is a com- mon fish in the Washington markets. The synonymy of this species requires no special remark. 11. AMIURUS EUEBENNUS, {Jordan) sp. nov. Ooode's Cat. (Figs. 19 and 20.) Habitat. — St. John's River, Florida. This species is related to A. nigricans and others of the fork-tailed I group, but has the truncate caudal fin of A. lividus. Body rather elongate, compressed, the depth about 4J in length ; [dorsal region rather elevated, the head quite long and narrowed for- Iward, 4 times in length of body. The head is more narrowed than in lauyof the other species except A. lupus. The width of the head in [front of the eye is but little more than half its length. The width of Itlie mouth is about half the length of the head. The greatest width of lihelieid is contained about 1^ times in its length. The dorsal fin is |lii,'btly nearer the snout than the adipose fin. Tlio dorsal Hn is unusually high, its spine is long, as in the species of hhJm'lurus. The pectoral spine is very strong and it is about half as |iDf; lis the head. The anal fin is long and «leep. It is nearly onr- arth the length of the body, and is composed of 24 rays. The adii»oso lis large. The caudal flu is rather short and is truncate behind. [The jaws are equal. The siipraoccipital bone is but little free behind. k branchial apertures are rather more n'stricted than usual. I I' hnm«i, Le 8u<>iir says, " caudtilo Idg^remeot echauor^e en oroisaant." It wmn that Gill bad tMHiie timu aiiico intlrpcndcntly reached a siniilar conclaMua. and the "Amiunm lynx" has been for itumu time correctly known aa A. albiahui liy th« ■ber* nf the Fiah CoramiMion. ^6 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTnYOLOGY— ir. 'ff- Color verj' dark. The type-specimen is quite black, both body and fins ; the belly is pale, but the lower barbels as well as the upjier own are black. ' ■• ••^'"^•" •■ '''"• ■!/•:,,„-■'■.,• .':■■ : -, The type was collected in the St. John's Kiver, Florida, by Mr. G. Brown Goode. It is a little more than a foot long. This species is intermediate between A. lupus and A. lividns, having the narrowed head, high dorsal, and small mouth of the first, with the short, truncate candal iin of the second. 12. AMIURUS NATALIS, {Le Sueur) Gill. CatJSsh— Yellow Cat. a. Subspecies Natalis. (Figs. 21 and 22.) Pimehdus natalis, Le Sueur (1819), Mdm. du Musdum, v, 154— Storeu (1846), Synopsis, 405. Jmiuru8 natalis, Giix (1862), Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. 44— GOntiier (1864), Cat. Fishes Brit. Mas. v, 101. Pimelodua puma, Girard (1859), Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. KiO. Habitat. — Great Lakes to North Carolina and south. b. Subspecies Lividus, Eaf. (Figs. 23 and 24.) SiluruB lividug, Rafinesque (1820), Quart. Journ. Sci. Lit. Arts, London, 48 (et Tar.J fuseatus). rimelodus lividu8, Rafinesque (1820), Ich. Ohiensis, 65. Amiiinis lividu», Jordan (1876), Man. Vert. 302. — Jordan & CoPKrAND(l876), Check List, 159. ritnelodua felinm, Gujahd (1858), U. 8. Puc. R. R. Expl. x, 209. Amiurua ftUnu8, Gill (1862), Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. 44.— Cope (1870), Proc, Am. PhiloH. Soc. 485.— Jordan & Copeland (1876), Check List, 159. Pimelodua catua, Gkd. (1859), Proc. Phila. Acad. Nat. Sci. 160 (not of De Kay aii^ most authors). Amiurua raiun, Cope (1870), Proc. Am. Philos. Soc. 484.— Jordan & Copeland Chock List, ir.9. Pimvlodua ciiprt oidca, GiUARD (18.59), Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 159. , ,^ Amiurna ciipreuidia, Gill (1H62), Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. 44. .i^Mabitat. — Ohio Valley to Arkansas. North Carolina and south. >,u.j - c. Subspecies CcENOSUS, (/JicAarrfaow) Gi7?. ' ' - (Figs. 25ond20.) - 'i Silurua (Pimelodua) vfrnoaua, Richardson (1836), Fauna Bor.-Amor. Fishes, 13a.— Cul & Val. (1840), XV, 129.— I)K Kay (1842), Fishes N. Y. 186.-8torer (184(1), s| Dopsis, 402. ..Amiurua canosua, Gill (1862), Proc Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. 44.— COPB (t870), 1, c. Jordan (1876), Man. Vert. 303.— Jordan dt Copei>and, Chock List, 150. Habitat. — Maine to Great Lakes and northward. Silurua cupi Pimelot Pimeloc J 01 %i Amiurm Am Mai Cop 50.- Proc Ameiirua Hahitat.- Pimelodua ank Amiurua a Habitat.— Habitat.. I have hitl I cattts of Liui I to show the time which sd \ natalis Le s| rafinesque a j The origiiii I rays instead jcieshere indil ^'f Girard's cJ (in having tbJ jtliit'fly in eolj I'liirker color H •4. anttmieiii ["Ittained by u ^liey are «hori Specimens V'h'l .f^;::,.: Yvyi'V ..Yt'J. f^jVf ».yj SILUEID^. 87 ••fecrMV? »i ■'-■!■•• d. Subspecies Cupeeus, (Raf.) Gill. (Figs. 27 and 23.) Silarus cupreus, Eaf. (1820), Quart. Jonrn. Sci. Lit. Arts, London, 51. Pimelodus (Aincitiraa) cupreuH, Rakinksquk (1820), Ich. Oh. (55. Pimelodus cupreua, Kiutf.and (H38), Uept. Zoiil. Ohio, 169, 194; (1846), Boat. Journ. Nat. Hist, iv, 333.— Dk Kay (1842), Fishes N. Y. 187.— Stoker (184G), Synopsis, 404.— GiiiAiU) (18.'')9), I'roc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. l.')9. AmiiiruB cupreus, Uihu (1862), Proc, Boat. Soc. Nat. Hist. 44.— Copk (1870), Proc. Am. Phil. Soc. 485.— JoKDAN (1876), Bull. Buff. Soc. Nat, Hist. 96; (1876), Man. Vert. 303.— Nici.soN (1876), Bull. Ills. Mus. Nat. Hist. 50.— Jordan & CoPELANi) (187(i), Check List, 159.~Nei.son (1876), Bull. His, Mus, Nat. Hist. 50.— Jordan (lci77). Annals Lyceum Nat. Hist, N. Y, —,— Jordan (1877), Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 45. Ameiiraa cuprem, Cope (1865), Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 276. Habitat. — Ohio Valley, ^Mississippi Valley, and south. e. Subspecies Antoniensis, {Grd.) Gill. (Figh. 29 and30.) Pimelodus anioiiicnmg, Oiraud (1859), Pac. K. 11. Expl. x, 291. Amiurim antoniensis, Uii.h (1862), 1. c. 44. — COPE (1870), 1. c. 485, Ilabitat. — Georgia to Texas. m /. Subspecies Analis, Jordan. (Figs. 31 and 32.) Habitat. — Arkansas River. I have hitherto followed Girard in identifying this species with Silurus \eatus of LiunjEus, but a glance at the original description is suflicient to show the error of such an identification. The first name in order of time which seems to have been given to this species is that of Pimelodus [mtalis Le Sueur, but the best of the early descriptions is that of RaQnesquo as Pimelodus lividus. The original description of cupreus is incorrect in ascribing 15 anal I rays instead of 25. This is probably a misprint. The form or subspe- cies here indicated as ctipren.s is the one most widely diffused. The type of (lirard's catus differs only from specimens labelled (by him ?) cupreus in Laving the jaws equal. The form called casnosus seems to differ I chiefly in c;>K>ration; this species, like most others, bein^ of a much I darker color in the Northern Lakes. ''' ' ■'' A. a7itoniensis Grd. is also slightly different in form. The specimens [obtained by me in the ICtowah llivcr, Georgia, I refer to antoniensis. They are ^horc in body, with a swollen nape and a rather longer anal tin. Specimens from Little lied River, Arkansas, collected by Prof. H. 9. wm 88 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — II. Ecyoolds, with an extremely long anal fin and some peculiarities of form, I have termed var. analis. The description of Pimelodus natalis Le Sueur appears to have been based on an individual with the caudal peduncle swollen and elevated. It appears that most of the species hj: /e what may be termed '^nata- lis^ forms, i. e., individuals with the post dorsal region shortened and thickened, with the adipose fin enlarged, and with the caudal iin very short; owing to the encroachment of the flesh on its rays. These forms often appear more distinct from the normal type than do any two allied species. The names puma and natalia seem to have been based on the natalis type of this species. Catulus and confinis ar^ the natalis form of melas, and so on. Whether these peculiar forms are distinct races or aberrant individuals, or stages in the life of an individual, or what they are, I have not now suflBcient evidence to enable me to decide. I can only say that 1 do not at present consider them distinct species. 13. AMIURUS YULGAmS, (Thtmpsm) Nelson. LoKg-jawed Catfish. a. Subspecies Vulgaris. (Figs. 33 and 34.) Pimelodut vulgaris, Thompson (1842), History of Vermont 138. Amiiirm vulgaris, Nelson (187G), Bull. Ills. Mus. Nat. Hist. .^lO.— Jordan & Cope- land (1876), Check List, 159. Fimelodug dekayi, Girard (1859), I'roc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Pbila. 160. AmiuruB dckayi, Gill, {1>:G2), Proc. Boat. Soc. Nat. Hist. 44.— Cope (1870), Proc. Am. Philos. Soc. 485.— Jordan (1876), Man. Vert. 302. Habitat. — Lake Champlain and Great Lake region. 6. Subspecies ^LURUS, (GirarflJ) (?t"W. (Fig. 35.) Pmehdus ailurus, Girard (185S), U. S. Puc. R. R. Surv. Fishes, 210. Amiurua ailurus, Gill (I8()'i), Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. 44. Amiurus a:lurus,CoPK (1870), Proc. Am. Philos. Soc. 485.— Jordan (1876), Man. Vert. 302.— Jordan & Copkland (1877), Check List, 159. Habitat. — Upper Mississippi River, Missouri River and their tributa- ries, also in Red River of the North. Girard's statement that his dekayi is the same as Do Kay's Pimelodus oatus is certainly incorrect, if any reliance is to be placed on descrip- tions. That Thompson's vulgaris is the same as dekayi I have no doubt. Amiurus wlurus, of which I have examined the types as well as nunier- ;Xl,^^^i%,j(;v -^TViOT vj^> SILURIDiE. 0" :'^'>*}'Tnn^u' "Ar:) m 0U8 specimens from the Red River of the North, from the Mississippi lliver at Saint Louis, and from the Illinois River, dififers somewhat in proportions; but I think it specifically identical with A. vulgaris from Lake Erie. : , ..?; ' 14. AMIDRUS MARMORATCrS, (iZoiftrooifc) Jordan. Marbled Catfish. (Figs. 3G and 37.) _,,. Pimelodua marmoratus, IIolbrook ( 1855), Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philn. 54. . , •. ffabitat. — Georgia to Florida. This beautiful and singular species seems to have been overlooked by all writers since the original description. The characters given in tlio preceding analysis are taken from a specimen sent by Dr. Uolbrook to the United States National Museum. It diflers from catus chiefly in the coloration. I have been informed that similarly colored Catfishes occur in Pennsylvania, and I have seen a crayon sketch of one such by Mr. J. H. Richard, 15. AMIURtrS MELAS, {Rajinesque) Jordan & Copeland. Small Black Catfish. (Figs 38 and 39.) Sihtrus melas, Rafinesque (1820), Quart. Journ. Sci. Lit. Arts, London, 5L Pimelodua melaa, Rafinksque (1820), IchMiyoloj;iii Ohfensis, 66. Amiurua melaa, Joudan & Copeland (1876), Check List, 150. Pimelodua catulua, Giraud (1858), U. S. Pac. R. R. Surv. 208. Jmittr«8ca# m. % 1.0 l»|?8 |2^ |50 '"' NI^B ^ m 1.1 i.-^ia L25 iu 6" 1.6 Hiotographic Sciences Corporation 33 WIST MAIN STRUT WIUTH.NY 145*0 (716) •73-4303 1^^' V i . r - 90 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTUYOLOGY — II. natalis form of this species. There is certainly nothing in the emargin- ation of the caudal tin in which conjinis and hoyi differ from the rest of the species with the caudal flu truncate, as has been supposed by Prof. Cope, on the strength of Girard's description. The only good description of this species is that of Prof. Gill, under the name of Amiurus obesus, in the report of Captain Simpson's Explo- rations. I have no doubt of the identity of llafiuesque's mclas with the ohesus. The obesus occurs in considerable abundance about the Falls of the Ohio, and llaflnesque's description is reasonably accurate. IG. AMIUEUS CATtJS, (L.) Gill. Bullhead— Hornpcut— Catfish. (FiKS. 40 and 41.) TBagre /eciindw specieB Marcgr. afflnU, C.vtesby (1750), Fislies etc. Carolina, 23, tab. xxiii (a most wretched tignro, absolutely unidentifiable). Silurus catu8, Linn, (l/^a), S.vftt. Nat. x, j). 30."); (1706), xii, p. 504. — Blocii. Sciix. (1801), 387.— MiTCUiLL (IHlrt), Journal Lit. & Pbilos. Sot;. N. Y. i, 433. rinwlodua attiis, Cuv. & Val. (1840), xv, 124.— Dk Kay (1842), Fishes N. Y. 183.- Stokkii (184()), Synopsis, 402. AmiuriiH vatus, Uiij. (1802), Troc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. 44.— GOnther (1804), Cat. Fishes, v, i)U (cxcl. syu. pars).- UilLKH & LuGGKU (187G), Fishes of Maryland, 152. PimdodiiB nebiilosuii, Lk Sitkuh (1819), Mdni. do Mne^niu, v, 149.— Stoker (1838), Rcpt. Fiwlies Mass . 102. Jiniurm m'buhs':s, Gii-LXlHCa), Proo. Bost. Soo. Nat. Hist. 44.— Cope (1870), Proc. Am. Philos. Sou. 485. PiintloduH atraniiH. Vk Kav (1842), Fishes N. Y. 185.— 8tork.h (1846), SynopHis, 404 ; (i8.-)5), Fi«lies of Mass. 279. Aminrun alrariu$, Gill (1862), Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. 44.— Jordan (1876), Man. Vert. 30.— Nklson (1876), Bull. Ills. Muh. Nat. Hist. 50.— Jordan & Copki.anu (1H7C>), Check List, 159 .loiiDAN (1H77), Proc. Acad. Nat. Soi. Fhila. 46. Pimth)Jii» feliii, AUA8HIZ (1850), Lake Superior, 281. AmiiiniH fiJin, Qua (1862), Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat.llist. 44. Pimi'lodiiB hoi/i, Giiiard (18.")9), Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 159. Amiin-ua hotji, GiLL (1862), Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. 44.— OoPK (1870), Proc. Am. PhiloH. Soc. 486.— J»>rdan (1876), Man. Vert. 301.— Jordan & Copkla.nd (I876),(;heck List. 1.59. PiiHrlmliiH vulprrnluH, (iiitAKD (18.')9), Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philn. 160. Amiuntu vulpmiliiK, Gii.L (1H62), Proc. I'ost. Soc. Nat. Hist. 44. Variety! MisPiLLiENSis." AmluruK miHpiUienni*, Copk (1M70), Proc. Am. Pbilos. Soc. 460.— Jordan &, Copeland -,- (1H76), Check List, 150. , ^^, Uabitat. — Great Lake lieglon and Upper MisslRsippl to Arkansas niid northward; also in streams ot the Atlantic iStates from Maine soiitli to Carolina. •.i-«-icfXM>>y»rrHO! SILURIDiE. >>'; '■o):v": 91 & COPEIAM' I have restored the name of catus * to this species, following in this respect Valenciennes and the older American anthors rather thsin Girard, who transferred the name to an entirely difterent species. The fact that Linnreus counted twenty anal rays renders it unlikely that ho had a specimen of lividus, a species with twenty-five anal rays before him. As it is not possible to say with certainty what species he did have; we must aiiopt Valenciennes's identification of it until it is shown that it is probably erroneous. The foUowinj^ is Linnaeus's description (Systema NaturiB xii, 504): — CatuK 12. S. pinna dorsali postica adiposa, ani radiis 20. Cirris 8. B. 5, D i, O. P ^^ V. 8, A. 20. C. 17. Cateah. car. 2. p. 23. t. 23. Bagro 2. Marcgr. afflnis. Marcgr. bras. 173. Bagre species, 2. Ilabitat in America, Asia. Ex — Asia vidi pinnis ventr. radiis 6. The species termeu atrarius, ncMilosus, and catus by the earlier authors aro evidently identical. There is nothing in the long description of Pimdodus fcUs to indicate that it is di.stiu'jt froni the common Lake Bullhead. In the elaborate enumeration of characters, individnal and generic, given by Prof. Agassiz, nearly all that is specific seems to be lost. On examination of the type-specimens of Phnclodus hoyi (ird., and P. vulpeculm, Girsird, I am unable to see that thoyditTer at all froni this species. The caudal fin is not more emarginate than is u.sual in catm. Amiurus mispilliensis Cope appears to dlfler in some respects; but these are probably individual peculiarities, as but one specimen seems to be known. The best figure of this species is that given by Dr. Storcr under the name of Vimclodus atrariun. 'Mu tliu twelfth edition of the Systema Niituriu (p. 503), LinnuMi i deseribes a Siluru)! /eVm, which has Iteen considered a species of Amiuniit. An exnniinfition of Linnieus's de^tcription lias satisfied IVof. (iill and myself that >S'. film was most prob- ably based on Anu» milhirti C &. V. This latter species ahould then stand us Ariopaia /His (L.) (iill &. Jordan. The following is the original descri]>tion : Kelin. 10. S. plnaa durriili pimlica ni'',><)M, anl roilis !i3 clrrls A, oautitt bitlda. I). S, D |, 0. P. ^ V. 8, A. 93, (",. 31. ifubitst In Can>llii». D. aardtn. . Ctrri tub labia infrrivrt 4, txipra iinu* nrU utrinqu* 1. Comnm ftnulMCfn*. V. ventraloa ani^ lliqae ruUtemte*. CauiU bifida. JJinit 8. CaUt. - i 92 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — ^11. 17. AMIURUS XANTHOCEPHALUS, {Bafinesque) Oill, Small Tellow Catfish. (Figs. 42 and 43.) Silurua xanthocephaliis, Raf. (1820), Qaart. Jonrn. Sci. Lit. Arts, London, 51. Pimelodua xanthocrphalua, Raf. (1820), Ich. Ohiensis, 66.— Kirtland (1838), Kept. Zool. Ohio, im, 194.— Stoher( 1846), Synopsis^ 405. Amiurua xanthowphalua, Giu. (1862), Proc. Boat. See. Nat. Hist. 44. — Joudan & CoPEi.Axn (1876), Clieck List, l.'iQ.- Jordan (1877), Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N.Y. — . Pimelodua catua, Kirtland Bost. Jonrn. Nat. Hist. v. 330. (excl. syn.). Amiurua albidua, Jordan (1876), Man. Vort. 302 (not Pimelodua albidua Le Sueur).— Nki-son (1876), Bull. Ills. Mus. Nat. Hist. 50. Amiurua nebuloaua, Jordan (1877), Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Fhila. 45. Rabitat. — Ohio Valley. Rafluesque's description of this species is rather indiflferent. Later writers seem to have overlooked the species altogether, or to have coq- founded it with A. catus. It is certainly quite distinct from A. eatus, an^ apparently from all the others here mentioned. The peculiar pro- file, wide head, as well as the short and small anal flu, are characteristic. These points are fairly shown in Dr. Kirtland's otherwise bad figure of his Pimelodus catus. 18. AMIURCrS NIGRILABRIS, (Cope) Gill t£- Jordan. Bliud Catfish. (Figs. 44 and 45.) Groniat titgHlabria, Cope (1864), Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 231.— Jordan (1876), Man. Vert. 304.— Jordan & Copeland (187G), Check List, 160. Amiurua nigrilabria, Gill, M8S. Habitat. — Cave streams tributary to the Conestoga River in Eastern Pennsylvania. The concealed condition of the eyes in this species is not consikrcd by Prof. Gill aa a character of sufficient importance to warrant its generic separation. i. » <.,■-•■ A. nigrilabria is apparently descended from A. pullua or some similar species, its eyes being modiUed by its subterranean life. ,D— -7co-rc??rTH;:!i: SILUHIDiE. \€-« vrV >-'^'^'' 93 19. AMIURUS PULLUS, (De ITay) ine is rather small, and more or less enveloped in the thick skin. The adipose flu is large, and has an elongated base resting over tbe | posterior half of the anal ; it is very obese and inclines rapidly back- ward ; it is rather le.ss free posteriorly than in Amiurua. The anal fin is small ; it commences far behind the anus, is a littldj longer than high, and is (!omposed of about thirteen rays. The caudal fin is oblong, subtruncated, placed on i( vertical 1)asi.s, and with numerous accessory simple rays, recurrent above and beneathj the caudal peduncle. The pectorals have a broad, compressed spine, serrated or dent^itodj on its external and internal margins, and with the prolonged lleRliyj integument obliquely striated. Tbe ventrals arc rounded and have nine rays, one simple and eigbt| branched. ' ■]: :.iji.ij\/ .lii'y'li'.yi SILURIDJE. <- •.,)f. 95 teriorly latterly ia very rely tree itb very s beyond axillarics and pio- angularly BXtension. separated rUe lower lers of the sule. iiterval be )Out seven iveloped in ig overtbcl pidly back- I, is a litllol Itical basis,, [m\ beneatli| )r ilent.'xtedl Hgeil tlefiliyj lo and eigliJ The anus is situated behind tiie ventrals, some distance behind their base-j, and much in advance of the anal fin. Coloration : brown or yellowish, more or less marbled or spotted. The genus PclodiclUhys is at first sight recognized by the long body, flat in front; the depressed and broad oblong head with the projecting lower jaw, by the posterior extension of the upper bands of teeth, by the partly concealed dorsal spine, the small size of the anal fin, and the recur- rence of the caudal liu. But one species is definitely known. The various nominal species described by llaflnesque and Valenciennes, I think, were all based on the common olivaris. Those who hold that the mere naming of a genus, without explana- tion or attempt at characterization, gives validity to such name, will call this genus Olanis instead of Pelodichthys. ANALYSIS OF SPECIES. •Body very long, sleuder, depressed forwards, closely compressed bebiud, the head ex- tremely flat, the lower jaw loiifje.st; barbel short j.dorsal si»iiie 8inall,half the height of the tin, enveloped in thick skin ; pectoral spine very strong, flattened, serrate be- hind; candal somewhat emargiuate; anal short, its hasti about 7 iu body, of 12 to lo rays ; promasillary band of teeth with x largo distinct backward process on each side; coloration mottled brown and yellowish, whitish below ; size large, ■ ^ Olivaris, 2-i. 22. PELODICHTHYS OLIVARIS, (Rajlncsqiie) G ill d^ Jordan. Mud Catfish. (Figs. 52 and .'i;}.) Sihnis oUvar'tH, Rakinksqur (1818), Am. Monthly Mag. iii, Sept. H55. UoplaMm olivaria, Gill (18()2), Proc. Host. Sue. Nat. Hist. 45.— Copk (1869), Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 2:{7.— Johda.n (187(1), Man. Vert. 30;?.— Nki.80N (187G), Bull. Ills. Mils. Nat. Hist. .'iO.— Gii.L (1><7C), Icb. Capt. Simps.m's Expl. 42(5.— JoiSDAN &. COPI-.LAND (18<6), Check List, 1(30.— Johdam (1877), Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 46. rilodichthya oliraria, Johdan (1877), Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y. — (ilanis liinosus, Uaf. (1818), Am. Monthly Mag. iii, 447, and iv, 1U7 'name only). PHodictm Umosiis, Hai". (181S>). Journal do Physique, 422. Pyhdivtin Udiohuh, Il\i: (IH20), Ich. Ohiensis, ()7. Silurnt tiebulomin, Uaf. (1820), Quart. Journ. Sci. Lit. Arts, London, 50. Pinitlodtui nebulonuH, Uak. (1820), »^»i. Oh. 64. SiluntH viscosuH, Uaf Uf'~'')i Quart. Journ. Sci. Lit. Arts, 50. I'imelodus viiico»u», Uaf. (1820), Ich. Oh. (JO. • Silurm liniosiui, Uaf. (1820), (juart. Journ. Sci. Lit. Arts, 51. I'imeiodus /i«iot««, Uaf. (1820), Ich. Oh. 67.— Kiktlasu (1846), Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist, iv, 3:55.— Stoukk (1846), Synopsis, 404. PmelodnHi)u>ictula(us,Civ. &. Val. (1840), xv, 1H4.— Dr. Kay (1842), Fishes N. Y. 187.— STOitK.it (1846), Synopsis, 403.— OOntuku (l8U4), Cat. Fishes, v, — . riKtlodut wtieus, Clv. &, Val. (1840), xv, 1:k>.— De Kav (1842), 1. c— SfOKKU ^1840), 1. c. 403. . - Eabitat. — Ohio Valley to Iowa and South. •r i 96 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICIITHYOLOGY — II. Genus NOTURUS, Rafinesque. Nolurru, Raf. (1818), Am. Monthly Mag. and Crit. Rev. iv, Nov. 41, and of most subse- quent authors. Schilbeodea, Blkeker (1858), " Ichthyologias Archipelagi Indici Prodronius, vol. i. Siluri (Acta Soeletarum Indo-Nederlandicai, vol. iv.) 256, (S. gyrinm Mit.)." (Also written Schilheoidea ; I do not know which is the original orthography.) Etymloogy. — vurof, hack ; ovpa, tail (" means tail over the back ", liaf.). T\ A^E. — Notunif flavua Raf. Body more or less elongate, anteriorly subcylindrical, thence more or less compressed. Head above ovate and depressed, vrith a slight longitudinal furrow, branching into a transverse depression on the nape. Skin very thick, entirely concealing the bones. Supiaoccipital entirely free from the head of the second interspinal. Eyes small or of moderate size. Mouth anterior, rather large, and transverse. Upper jaw usually more or less projecting beyond the lower. Teeth subulate, closely aggregated in a broad band in each jaw, which in the lower one is interrupted by a linear interval and in the upper one is continuous. The band in the upper jaw is either abruptly truncated at each end (subgenus ScJiil- bcodes) or prolonged backward by a continuation from the postero- external augie (subgenus N^oturus). The lower band is, as usual, at- tenuated toward the corners of the mouth. Branchicstegal membrane with nine rays on each side. Dorsal fin situated over the posterior hall of the interval between the pectoral and ventral fins, with a very pungent, short, edentulous spine and seven branched rays. Adipose fin long and low, connected with the accessory rays of the caudal fin, and not forming a separate fin, never free behind ; the mem brane sometimes high and continuous, sometimes notch<^d, in one spe oies to the base. Caudal fin very obliquely truncated or rounded, .and inserted on an equally obliquely rounded base. The rays rapidly decrease in length inferiorly, and there are numerous rudimentary ones both above the I caudal peduncle, where the anterior its united to the adipose liu, and forms a continuous keel (interrupted in one species), and below, where] they advance considerably forward. The anal fin is comparatively short,, and rapidly increases in height j for the first half of its length. It has 'rom 12 to 20 rays. The ventrals are rounded, and each lias one simple and eight branchedj rays. J'-.-' >!■.<«. SILUBID^. t~ .^;MXHiV.h,vSifi^ 97 furrow, •y thick, roni tbe :Moutli more or gregated opted by nd in tbe 3U8 *S'c/iil- ) postero- usual, at- nembiaue Pectoral '^ns with a Bharp spine, either smooth, grooved, or dentate be- hind, the size and armature of the spine affording good specitic characters. The anus is situated some distance in advance of tbe anal fln. The lateral line is complete. The Noturi may be known at once by the peculiarities of the adipose and caudal fins. Tbe genus is rather less homogeneous than any of the others. Two subgeneric sections are recognizable : — NoUirm. — Size large j intermaxillary band of teeth with a backward process ; pectoral spine nearly smooth within, sharply retrorse-serrate externally j a keel between dorsal and adipose fins. ScJdlbeodes. — Size moderate or small ; intermaxillary band of teeth without backward process; pectoral spine more nearly smooth exter- nally, grooved or else serrate within ] back not distinctly keeled. ANALYSIS OF SPECIES. •. Preuiaxillary band of teeth with a strong backward process on each side (Xotuma) : a. Body el' in gate; head depressed, broad, and flat, nearly as broad as long ; middle region of body subcyliudricnl ; tail compressed ; head about 4J iu length ; width of head 5^ ] depth 5} in len)(th ; distance to dorsal iibont 3 in length ; barbels, short ; a strong keel on back behind dorsal, leading to adipose fin ; adipose fin deeply notched; dorsal spine very short, pectoral spine retrorsely " serrate in front, slightly rough or nearly entire behind ; its length three times in distance from snout to dorsal ; anal fays about 16 ; color nearly uniform yellowish-brown, in northern specimens blackish above, slightly mottled ; fins yellow-edged ; size very large, reaches a length of more than a iboii Flavus, 23. ". Preraaxillary band of teeth witliont lateral backward processes (Schilheodfs) : t. Pectoral spine dentate-serrate behind, more or less roughened in front ; adipose fin notched : b. Pectoral spines shortish, nearly straight, about ono-third length of head ; the serratures weak, less than half the diameter of the si)ine ; body elongated its depth r>i to 7 in length ; the head very mnch depressed ; anal 14 to 17 ; colors nearly uniform, somewhat mottled ; fins more or less dark-edged. c. Pectoral spine retrorse-serrate without, weakly serrate within ; head very broad, flat, and thin; upper jaw projecting; head abont 4J in length, depth G; dorsal fin one-fourth higher than long; distance from snout to dorsal abont 2i in length ; length of pectoral spine 2i in same distance ; dorsal much nearer anal than snout ; anal rays IP to 20 ; size large (reaches the length of nearly a foot); colors rather dark; dorsal and caudalfins black- margined Insionis, 24. ec. Pectoral spine sli ghtly retroise-Kcrrate without, with about six small straigh teeth within, which are rot one-third the diameter of the spine in length ; . head small, not very broad, but thin and depressed ; its width »} to 6 in length of body ; jaws nearly eqnal ; head 4J in length, depth 51 to 6^ ; dorsal scarcely higher than long ; distance from snont to dorsal about 3^ iu length ; . pectoral spine 3^ to 4 iu this distance ; dorsal spine low, nearer snout than anal ; anal rays 14 or lo; size small; color pale ExiLis, 25. Bull. N. M. No. 10— 7 ' — '^-r'--^ -r^'':":'^':^"^"".:""''" ': 98 CONTSIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — U. bh. Pectoral Bpines extremely strong, more than half the length of head, curved • their posterior BerriB Htrong, spine-like, booked backward, caeh about an Un)<' fta the diamoter of the Hpines: d. Adipose fin oonneotod with the caudal fin ; distance from snout to dor^il about '^ij^ in length ; pectoral spine i?^ in this distance; dorsal fin higlicrihau long; body not very elongate nor much depressed ; the dorsal region oftci,. somewhat elevated; the depth usually 4^ to 5 in length; head ^J to 4; dorsal nearer anal than tip of snout ; anal 12 or 11} rays ; pectoral 8|»iuo curved and sharply serrate without, with six strong recurved pectinaiions within each &s long us the diameter of the spine ; body much mottled, black and grayish ; top of head, tip of dorsal, middle of adipose fin, and ed^t' of C'ludal definitely black; body with four broad cross-blotches, one bcloro dors''\one behind it, one on middle of adipose fin, and one small one lu'liind it ; size small Miuhl's, tie, dd. Adipose fin entirely free from caudal fin, separated from it by a space nearly equal to the diameter of the eye ; spines ns in miurus but rather weuker; head 3.^ in length ; depth 5^; distance to dorsal 'if in length ; pectoral sjiiiio 2J in distance to dorsal : width of head 4i in length; body moderately elon- gated; head broad and flat, much like that of a relodichthjis ; anal fin with but eleven rays ; color mottled gray, faintly and irregularly spotted with darker Eleiithkiu s, -j*, tt. Pectoral spine entire or grooved behind, never retrorse-serrate ; adipose tin con- tinuous, not notched : e.'Head small and narrow, longer than broad, with small eye ; its length about 4 in body, its width 5J ; upper jaw much projecting; spines very short and slender, that of the doraal not one-khird the height of the fin, and all less than one-fourth the length of head ; body slender, but not elongate ; dis- tance to dorsal 2f in length; pectoral spine 5 in this distance, slightly I retrorse-serrate without, grooved within ; dei>th 5^^ in length ; doi'siil nearer anal than snout; anal 14 ; color mottled, rather pale .. .Lei'Tacaxiih s, •.'•;. ee. Head short, broad, and deep. /. Head shorter, narrower, and smaller in every way, than in the next, the body more elongate, more compressed but less deep, the width 4.} in length of body; length of heau ii; depth of body f)^; snout to dorsal one tliiid of length; pectoral spine 2^ in distance to dorsal; jaws nearly equal; anal rays 15 or 16 ; lower barbels pale ; coloration yellowish brown, with a l.itcnd dark streak and two dorsal ones Gyki.m.s, 2'J. ff. Head 3J to 4 in length, larger than in any of the other species ; width of Iimil 3J in length; distance from snout to dorsal yf in length; body compara- tively short and thick, the depth 4 to 5 in length; spines stout and lathcr long, that of the pectoral fin straight, about half the length of bead; ','| in distance to dorsal fin ; entirely free from serratures oi'tside, grooved within ; ^ dorsal higher than long, nearer anal than snout ; anal high, of 13 rays; adi- pose fin high, continuous, without any notch at all; caudal fin arising very ,. . near anal; barbels short; the lower dark; color nearly uniform yellowisb .|i;,: ■ hrown, never blotched; a narrow black lateral streak, which is usually c(in- : ,. . spicuouii Sialic, Id), -!' 'i^i. I! '.- \- ■ :•;•?? V -.'';'. 'H :■•['.. \t«^^r>!U... ■.-,.. ^ SILURIDiE. ■. -•• -."•'.-, •• 99 . V 25. NOTURUS FLAVUS, Rajinesqiie. YeUoTw Stone Cat — Common Stone Cat. jf. •'; (Figs. 54 aud 55.) ,.: ". ' > Xoturus flnmis, Rak. (1818), Am. Monthly Mag. and Critical Reviow, p. 41 ; (1820), Icb. Oil. (W.— KliMLANU (18:W), Ropt. ZoiJl. Ohio, 109, I'J.'i ; (1841)). Host. Joiirii. Nat. Hist, i V, ;?;:().— SronKU ( 1840), Synopsis, 400.— Gill (18()-i), Pioo. Host. Moc. Nut. HiHt. 4.'').— CoPK (1804), Proc. Acad. Nat. .Sci. Philn. 277; (1801)), Jonrii. Acad. Nat. Sci. Pliila. 2:57.— GONTiiEit (1804), Cat. Fishes, v, 104.— Uolkk & Lucjgkr (1870), Fishes Maryland, 151.— JOR^A^I (1877), Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y. — yolurun ItiteuH, Rak. (181'J), Journ. de Pl)y8ia Jiavus as being entirely yellowish, and as reaching the length of a foot. Miuriis is never yellowish ; Hud neither miurm nor sialis, so far as I know, reach a length of more than si.^ ine» of ocvidentalis, I am unable to find any distinctive characters whatever. Like lohthwlurus jmnctatus vind Ami- nrm lividus, the Noturns Jlavtis is a species of wide geographical range, aud its occurrence in Nebraska is not surprising. N. platycephalus Giinther is evidently the same asjlavus. N. occiden- talis Giinther is based on siiecimens of Xotiiru^t marginatus, sent by the Smithsonian Institution to the British Museum, Prof. Gill infornts me. I have examined specimens, which I refer tojlavus, from Saint Law- roitoe River, New York, from Lake Champlain, from the Potomac River, from the Ohio River in West Virginia, in Ohio, aud in Indiana, from the iliaini, Whitt , and Wabash Rivers, from the Missouri River, from Lake j Micliigan, aud from Platte River. " r ', • 1 ■ t ' ! t 100 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — 11. , 24. NOTURUS INSIGNIS, {Richardson) 0 ill d: Jordan. Margined Stone Cat. , .j, ,.^. ., (Fif,'8. 50 and 57.) Fimelodon I'wrde, Le Sueur (1819), Mdtn. ,t^ijtj| ;!:; "Weak-Bpined Stone Cat. , ( FigH. 64 and 05. ) Koturii/t leptacavihiifi, Jordan (187fi), MSS. — Jordan & Copki.and, Check List, 1(10 (uaino only). — Jordan (1877), Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. — . Habitat. — Etowah lliver, Georgia. But a single .speciiaen of this species is known ; it is, however, totally distinct from all the rest; it«» relations are chiefly with gyrinus. 29. NOTURU3 GYRINUS, {Mitchill) Eafinesque. ■ ■ Tadpole Stone Cat. ' " ' - ',, -j. ■ • • ■■"' (Fig. 66 and 67.) '^- /.....v/^ Silurwi gyrinuB, Mitcuilj> (1818), Am. Monthly Mag. March, 322.— Dk Kay (1842), Fishes N. Y. 186. yoturu« gyrinm, Rak. (1H19), Journ. de Physique, 421 ; (1820), leh. Oh. 68.-Giu (1862), Pioc. 15«8t. Soc. Nat. Hist. 4.').— CoPK (18«>9), Journ. Acad. Nat. Sc' .'''■' Phila. 237.— .Toudan (1876), Man. Vert. 303.— Jordan &. Copkland (187G), Check Liat, 160. — Jordan (1H77), Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. — . ,^,, ., SihilbeodeH gyrinua, Bi.kkkkk (1858), 1. c. Habitat. — Southern New York co Pennsylvania. I have exjjniined specimens of this species from Orange, Rockland, and Cheuuing Couuties, New York, It resembles the next, Imt i.s In every way slenderer and weaker. 30. NOTURUS SI ALIS, JorcZan, sp. nov. ■ I' > = Chubby stone C.-^t. . ,r, . .,, - ',,f, ,,, „ ^/ 1 „ ' •:'•'; ' (Figs. 08 and 69.) Noturun flaru», Jordan (lf'70), Man. Vert. 30:? (in part).- Nklson (187r), Hull, UN. Mns. Nat. Hist. 50.— Joud\n (1877), Proc. Acad. Nut. 8oi. Phihi. 46. Habitat. — Entire Mississippi Valley, oreat Lake Region, and in IUmI River of the Nortli. Comparison of eastern and western Rpeeimens referred togi'-itim sliow surprising dirt'ereuces of form, an(> as these dillereuces appear to be (■(tn- stant in a great number of specimens e.xainined from widely .separated Idealities, I have decided to separate ti^e wjscern form as a distinct (jpecies. The OHHtern form, or gyrinm, has th<» head shorter and every way smaller, and the ixnly proper more elongate, mom «.;'*n|)re8Hed, almost, ribbon-shaped, and the spines rather weaker. The coloratiou is llio ■aU.I4iZiJu' SILURID-E. 103 same in both, yellowish-brown, with a lateral dark streak and two raore dorsal ones. The lower barbels are nsaally dark in aialia^ pale in gyrim's. The outline drawings of the tv70 which accompany this paper shows the differences better than they can be expressed in words. Ifoturus gyrinus is apparently a star\'8d rei>resentative of Koturua sialia as N. exilia is of JV. imignia, bat in the latter case the " starved " form is the western one. , , ..j.,,. . . ,, . . ..>Y,,v<,irt :T>- i I' m ,-•)'■■». ■' -t - . ■■■■V I , . ' ' , '-.-.^ ''^ '■; '>;i.:-ri.,;'.-L,,v ti-it..ni .. Vf-t •'-'"' ' ** ■ ^M -^he foil which new cated, or i previously in which a sum of oui CATBSBT Islands : Plants: described tions in J and Watt whole is : Catesby, ] [Contains is not ideoti I UNJUt (Car] et liotan. Monspel. 1 Classes, Oi Locis. — Ed IIohniiB, Ii [iJeMribea JBLOCH (Mai Doctoris Mt Ichtbyologi absolvit, c<»i Auctoris im iDesoribfB^ bifurooi dona ImITCHILL (8 rk, 8e BIBLIOGRAPHY. i>:h : The following list comprises all tbe works known to the writer in which new species or genera of American fresh-water Siluridce are indi- cated, or in which original descriptions are givea of genera or species previously known. In generai, I have endeavored to include all papers ill which anything of importance was added to or srbtracted from the sum of our knowledge of these fishes : — CATESBT (Mark). The Natural History of Carolina, Florida and the Bahama Islunda: containing The Figures of Birds, Beasts, Fishes, Serpents, Insects and Plants: Particularly the Forest Trees, Shrubs and other Plants not hitherto described or very incorrectly figured by Authors. Together with their Descrip- tions in English and French. To which is added, Observations on tho Air, Soil and Waters: with Remarks upon Agriculture, Grain, Pulse, Roots, etc. To the whole is Prefixed a new and correct Map of the Country Treated of. By Murk Catesby, F. R. S. London . . . , MDCCXXXI-XLIII. 2 vols, folio. [Contains a desoriptlon and an oatragHonB figure ot a Cntflsh from Soutli Carolina. Tlie flgare ii not identifiable, bat has servod as tbe basis of tbe earlier accounts of SUunu cattu.] LINN£ (Carl von). Caroli LinnuM Flquitis Do Stella Polari, Archiatri Ri'gii, Med. et liotan. Profess. Upsal ; Acad. Upsal. Holniens. Petropol. Berol. Iniper. Loud. Monspel. Tolos. Florent. Soc. Systeuiu Naturin per Rcgna Tria Naturie, secundum Classes, Ordiues, Genera, Species, cum Churacteribus, Diderentiis, Synonymi», Loois. — Editio Decima, Reformata. Cum Privilogio S:ae R:ae M:ti8 Sueciie. — Uolmiie, Iinpensis Direct. Luurentii Salvii 1758. Tomus I, Rugnvm Aniuiule. [Describes sp. n. Silunu eatui.] JBLOCH (Mark Elieser) and SCHNEIDER (Tohann Oottlob). M. E. Blochii Doctoris Medicinn: BerolinensiH, et societatibus literariis multis adscript!, Systema luhthyologiiB icouibua CX illustratum. — Post obitum auctoris opus inchoutum absolvit, corroxit, iuterpolavit Jo. Gottlob Schneider, Suxo. — Berolini, sumtibus Auctoris impressum et bibliopolio Sanderiauo coiumissum, IHOl. (Desorlbes SUurut catut LtnuKus, •tldt'^K to Linnnas'a account the cbaraotera "oanilall pinna bifbroai dorsftli et peotorali inermi, omnibus obscure rubectibus" from Catesby's IlKur.-.J ImTCHILL (Samuel Latham). Memoir on Ichthyology. The Fishes of New York (IfHcribed and arranged. In a supplement to the Mmioir on tho same subject, printed in tho New York Literary and PhMosophical Transactions, vol. i, pp X'v'i, 402. By Samuel L. Mitchill. <^ The American Monthly Magazine %\ul Critical Review, vol. ii, (New York), pp. 241-248, 321-328, 1818. [Description of Silurut gifrinm sp. nov.] IPAFINESQUE (Couatantine Samuel). Discoveries in Natural Iliatory, nia«le dur- ing a Journey through the Western Region of the Unite,, >^, ,,..,. „.', ,-i. >,..(.- ;. [Describes Noturut luleus and Filodietit limoius gen. et sp-nov.] ,; ;. - r ,. LS SUFUR (Charles A.). Notice de quelques Poissons d^couverts dans lea lacs du Haut-Cauada, durant I'et^ de 1810, par Ch. A. Le Sueur. <^M*Smoires du Mubeiiiu d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, 1819, tome cinquieme. v ;;.'.b'vrU-i-if .' > ■; (Describes sp. no". Pimelodu» albidtu, 1'. nebtiloms, I', ametit, P. eaudafiireatiit, P. nigricatm. p. natalis, and (without Lntin name) Pimelodon livree (=r P- wmytte Kicli., P. lernniiscatuM C. &. V.) ] RAFUTESQUE (Constantine Samuel). Description of the Silurea or Cut-Fihbus of the River Ohio, by C. S. Ralincsque, Professor of Botany in the Transylvuuia University of Lexington, Kentucky. <^ Quarterly Journal of Science, Literature ''7 and Arts, Royal Institution, Loudon, 18:20, ix. [Describes the followlug new species and varieties t—iSiJurut maculatxu {—■ S pwnctatu*, IHIH) ; var. / erythroptera ; S. pall.dtis ,■ vnr. marginatui i var. lateralis i var. Itucoptera ; S. ceruktcetu ; var.me- lanunu ; 8. argentinus ; S. nebulosiis {= S. olirarit, Iblf); S.vUeosusi S.lividun; var. /uicndu; ,<-,.. S.nula»i S.cupreu»i H. xanthocephalun i aud IS. limogrig.] • Ichthyologia Ohiensis or Natural History of the Fishes Inhabiting the River Ohio and its Tributary Streams. Preceded by a physical description of the Ohio and its branches by C. 8. Raiinesque, Professor of Botany and Natnrul History ia (J,, Traasylvania University, Author of the Analysis of Nature, &c., &c., nieuibcr of j ,r.ii the Literary and Philosophical Society of New York, the Historical Society ot N\\v **,: York, the Lyceum of Natural History of New York, the Academy of Seienci-n of | Philadelphia, the American Antiquarian Society, the Royal Institute of Natural Sciences of Naples, the Italian Society of Arts and Sciences, the Medical Societies of Lexington and Cincinnati, &c., &c. — The art of seeing well, or of noticing ami distiiiguishin;' with accuracy the objects which we perceive is a high faculty of the mind, untolded in few individuals, and despised by those who can neither ac- quire it, nor appreciate its results. — Lexiugton, Kentucky, printed for the Autbur | ■ by W. G. Hunt (price one dollar).— 1«J0. (1 vol., 8vo, 90 pp.) [Originally printed iu the Western Review and Miscellaneons MAgazine, Lexington, Kenturky, 1H1&-V0. It coutulns rediwcription of all tb« BiM>cief previonnly indicated by the nnthnr, thirteen j in uiiniber -, the name 5. argtntintu Is changed to JSmelodut argynu, nnd tho genus IHrntludxii ii divided into a number of subKeuera and sections: Jetalurus, EUiopt, Lrptopi, OpU.delus, Amti-\ urui, IlictM, etc. I •i— — Extracts from A Second Series of ZtMdogical Letters written to Baron Cnvierdfl Paris, by Prof Rafinesque in 18:U. <^ Atlantic Journal and Friend of Ku)iwli'(l)i(',| Philadelphia, 18:U, pp. 19-l>-2. [Dew'rilu>H numerous Hhells, worniR, "PifO((om«t",*eto. I copy the part reloting toilRbeHriirllie| mliflcatinn of ichthyologists :— "I send you, as you request, the figure, desoriiption, and a speoime of my Trintetf* Seabra,%l new O. uf flsh near to Aehirut found in the Itivor Schuylkill ; it brs only thrf e tins : dorHsl iiiiull andoandal. "Also tbe deseription and flgiira of a large and bcantiftil new catfish from the Kivrrl * " This name is very g(N>d, but it not agreeable to all, I have half a doxen others to offer iwt milMtl'| tntea Hioporm, or /ooporM, or Ltptremm, or Adehittomet, &-o. Beranse it is my wish that this iIiiuhh large seollon of animals abonld bear a good nsme given by me, instead of the delusory one of jtinMiti-l eula or mxcmteitpic anima'- , which does not apply to all. . . . The Miattmnia or minsmii' aiiimalJ oula of the air, may be the Invislb'e birds of thia olaas, or aerial InseoU doating in the air.'— (lUrl «!».««., p. ai.) pBKAY (Jam, BIBLIOGRAPHY. 107 Tennepsee diarovered in 1823. Pimelodru Intesant : it wfB three feet \oug, excellent to cat, of o o itaceous yellow colour, belly whitu, jawa vqiial, eyes round, tail forked, first dursul falciform, second (lorNbl nearly as large as the anal."— (KaK, I.e., p. 20.) " I send you also the figares ard descriptions of tive new fishes No. 3 to 7. Zonipna punetattu, Semotilug notatus, Lepemiurtis/atriolatiii and bi.ineatut, Lvxilun auratUu» anii Zonarffyra vi reticent. All obst-rvod in the waters ot Kentncky since publishin}; my Iclithyology it the Ubio tn le^iO, except the Xfpemiurt**."— (Kaf., l.e ,p. !S.) ) RICHARDSON (John\ ranna-BoreaH> Americana; or tlio 21oology oftbo North- ern Parts of British America coutuiuiiig descrlptious of the objects of Natural History collected ou the lute Northern Laud Espuditious under command of Cap- tain isir John rranklin, R. N. Part third. The Fish. By John RichardHon, M. D.. F. R. S., F. L. S., Member of the Geographical Society of Loudon, and VVernerian Natural History Society of Ediubnrgb ; Honoraty Member of the Natural History Society of Montreal, and Literary and Philosophical Society of Quebec; Foreign Member of the Geographical Society of Paris ; ami Corresponding Member of the Academy of Natural Science of Philadelphia ; Surgeon an'^i.«s:>f ; ,;.. STORER (David Humphreys). A Report on the Fishes of Massnrhnsetts. By D. Humphreys Storer, M. D. <| Bostou Journal of Natural History, vol. ii, 1831), pp. [DesoTihea Pimdoditt nebiUoiiit.] ' •• r.^'v- ''.*■--[,»;?> >?r; .., u I i t ■ \\r CUVIER (Qeorges Chretien Leopold Dagobert) and VALBN^CIENNES (Achille). Histoire Naturello des Poissous par M. le B."" Cuvler, Pairde Franco, Grand OHlcier do la L<5gion d'honneur, Consciller de I'fitat et aux Conseil royal de I'lnstruction publi(]ue, I'un des quurante de I'Acad^mie fran^uise, Assuciij libro de l'Acad<5mie des Belies-Lettres, Secrdtnire perpetuello de celledus Sciences, Membre des Soci(5t6s et Acnddmies royales de Londres, de Berlin, de i dter.ibonrg, de Stock- holm, de Turin, de GtPttingue, des Pay.s-Bas, de Munich, de Modfine, etc.; et par M. A. Valenciennes, Profe.sseiT ile Zoologie an Mus<^um d'Hlst^^ire natnrelle, Mem- bre de l'Acad6mie royale des Sciences de Berlin, de la 8oci6t6 Zoologiqno de Lon- dres, etc. Tome quinziftme. A Paris, chez Ch. Pitois, <. yi. Strasbourg, chez V". LiWrault, rue des Juifs, n". H'^, 1840. [Contains doHcrlplions of sp. nov. PimrUxiiin imnetulaUui, P. /areatwi, P.furcifer, P.lemnUfahi$ (P. Iivi6u, I.K ^i.), and ncoituDts of sevi>u previously dtisorlbed Amuiio.in spocies, viz, P. eatut, eamomu, borealit, albidut, nebiUo»iu, nijjrieant, anil oncwf .] juvier of H THOMPSON (Zadock). History of Vermont, natural, civil, and statistical. Bur- o\vK'(l):t',| lingtoM, Vermont, lH4'i. [CoDtJilns dimcrlption of n. sp. Pimeiodiu vfdiarU, considered as doubtfully new, knd deiorip* Llii'H fortlieH tioDS and suiiill figures of two or throe other species.J ■f*i. 1« Soabni. il \\ ilie Kix'fl ■r iks s\ib»tii Ibis •111''" "i lot j*m''«n'-| ale iinliii»l-| ir."-aUH [DBKAY (James E.). Zoology of New York, or the New York Fauna; comprising detailed d(;scri|>t;(MirrlbeH sp. u. Pimtlodtu atrariai and P. pullm< ; also doacribea P. nigrUan* and P. eitut, with notices uf vailoua other specie*. | I'f: 108 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — II. U' KIRTLAND (Jared Potter). Description of the Fishes of Lake Erie, the Ohio Kiver and their Tributaries. By Jared P. Kirtland, M. D. <^ Boston Journal of Natural i History, v, pp. 330-336 (SiluridcB), 1846. f Describes Pimelodwi nebulosug, P. oupretw, P. earuUscent, P. limosut, and Noturus Jlavut. The descriptiong are ratber nusatisfactory, oa tbe aathor conionndH two or more distinct i>pe<'i«DnQ,)gi. eomo of tbe ab<^ve names. The (leocriptioD of P. eoerulegcetu, forexample, chiefly refers upiiiircntly to Amiunu nigricnns, the anal fln is that of Ichfluxtltirus robunttu, the fi;;iire of the adult repre. sents A. nigrieanii, while that of tho yoiinu is Ichthadurus punctatus. The fljjure of Pimeloiut nebuloiut repreACnts Amiunts xantlweephcUtu, while tho duscri^tiou applies to either.] STORER (Oavid Humphreys). A Synopsis of the Fishes of North Ameriea, by David Humphreys Storer, M. D., A. A. S., Vice-president of the Boston Society of .; - Natural History; Member of the American Philosophical Society, CorrespoudiuL' Member of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, etc. Cauiliiiilge: Metcalf &. Company, Printers to the University. 1846. (Reprinted from Memuin " of the American Academy, ii, 184G.) :< [Contains descriptions of seventeen species, chiefly compiled from the accoanta given by Cuvier j aad Valenciennes and Dr. Kirtland.] Hi*; AG-ASSIZ (Louis). Lake Superior : its Physical Character, Vegetation, and Animals . compared with those of other and similar regions, by Louis Agassiz, with a nana- j ' tive of the tour by J. Elliott Cabot, and oontributions by other scientitic Ktiitlc- men. Elegautly illustrated. Boston : Gould, Kendall and Lincoln, 5'J Washingtou j ,. Street. 1850. < [Describes Pimelodut fdit Ag., sp. nov., and outlines » division of tbe genus Pimelodui into | '" Be verul genera. ] HOUOH (Franklin B.). Fifth Annual Report of the Regents of the University of | tbe State of New York on the Condition of the State Cabinet of Natural History, and the historical and antiquarian collection annexed thereto. Albany: C.Vaal Benthuysen, printer to the Legislature. 1852. [Deaoriptiou of PimelodM 0rae«2i«, sp. nov.] BAIRD (Spencer Fullertou) and OIRARD (Charles). Description of New Sinriesl of Fishes collected in Texas, Now Mexico and Souora by Mr. John H. Clarii udI the United States and Mexican Boundary Survey and in Texas by Capt. Stewart I * Van Vliet, U. 8. A., by S, F. Baird and Charles Girard. < Proccediujjs of the| Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, vol. vii, 1854, pp. 24-'29. [Description of Pimelodut afinii sp. nov. Thi^ species is hero stated to be a very near Kfflnel of Pimelodut ceniletceiii. From old labels in tbe museum, it appears that the species calleil h\ luel Ichthotlurut /ureatui was idenlitled by Dr. Girard w^tb IHmeioduu c. [Description of %n«cAo^ianw&ead2ei, gen. etsp. nov.] • '» ■ * )W SiteciesM ABBOTT (Charles Conrad). Descriptions of two new species of Pimelodns, from Clark onH Kansas. By Charles C. Abbott. < Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sci- 8te«!irtH ences of Philadelphia, 18iiO, pp. 5<>8-5(39. gs uf tbe^ [DeecriptiouB of P«7n«lo(lu« Aammondii aud P. notottM sp. nov.] . |OILL (Theodore Nicholas). Description of new species of Pimelodinte (abridged from the forthcoming Report of Captain J. H. Simpson) by Theo«loro Gill. <[ Pro- ceedings of the Boston Society of Natural History, vol. viii, pp. 42-46, April, 18<5l. [Describes u. sp. Ictalurus limpioni, Amiunu obemu, and Noturu$ oeeidtntalu, and gives a cata- logue of the species described from the fresh watet.i of America ) ^ ^ J KCr- ■tr- '• — Synopsis of the genera of tho riubfamily of Pinielodinffi. By Theodore Gill- < Proceedings of the Boston Society of Natural History, vol. viii, pp. 46-55. April, 1861. • [Characterizes the genera.] '":'•''< V'''V*t'' :.'''■■'' ' ' f'", ''i •'"' isetts. By] s aud Sci-I jhes in tliff Willi iliJ BCioUCt'b I [attNTHER (Albert). Catalogue of the Fishes in the British Museum. By Albert GUuther, M. A., Ph. D., F. Z. S., etc., etc. Volume tifth. London : printed by order of the trustees. 1864. [ Describes IS nominal species and enamerate* 30 more i sp. n, Amiurut meridiotMlU and Xoturua platyeephalut.] 3PB (Edward Drinker). On a blind Silurid, from Pennsylvania, by E. D. Cope. < Prooeediugs of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 1864, pp. 23i-a;i:i. [Description of Qronia* nigrUabrit gen. et sp. nov.J *■;* 110 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — II. COPE (Edward Drinker). On the Distribution of Fresh Water Fishes in tho Alio. gliuny Ketjion of South- Western Virginia. By E. D. Cope, A. M. <^ Journal of tii« .-! Academy of Natural Hoieuces of Philadelphia, new series, vol. vi, part iii, Jamiarv .X 18<)9, pp. 207-247. [First description of Xoturut fnarginatut Baird, analysis of spMles of Noturug, ajd uotiocg or Uopladelim olivarit and Ichthoelunu cverulaiceni.] OttNTHER (Albert). Aa Account of the Fishes of the States of Central Aniorlca based on Collections nuide by Cnpt. J. M. Dow, F. Godinan, Esq., anciea of Amiurug and uotos on soiiie otlier species.] JORDAN (David Starr). Manual of the Vertebrates of the Northern United States, including the district east of the Mississippi River, and north of North Carolina and Tennessee, exclusive of marine species. By Davitl Starr Jordan, M. S., M.D., Professor t)f Natural History in N. W. C. University, and in Indiana State Modital Coliego. Chicago: Jansen, McClurg & Company. 1876. (Describes briefly 113 species.] JORDAN (David Starr) and COPELAND (Herbert Edson). Check List of the Fishes of the Fresh Waters of North America, by David S. Jordan, M. S., M. U,, ■ and Herbert E. Copelaud, M. S. <^ Bulletin of the Buli'alo Society of Natural ■^i Sciences, ii, 187(5, pp. i:i3-164. . [48 nominal species enumerated.] * * UHLER (P. R.) anrf LUOQER (Otto). List of Fishes of Maryland, by P. E. Uhlor and Otto Lugger. <^ Reptirt of tho Commissioners of Fisheries of Marj- ^ land, pp. (57-17(5. (187(5.) [DeKCTiftlona of Xoturttg flaws, Amivrugcatug, am\ A. tynx.] NELSON (Edward "W.). A Partial Catalogue of the Fishes of Illinois, by E. W. ' .. Nelson. < Bulletin of the Illinois Museum of Natural History, i, 1876. [DesoriptloQ of Xoturug exilig sp. nov., and notes on other species.] OILL (Theodore Nicholas). Engineer Department, U. S. Army. Explorations | across the Great Basin of Utah in 1859. lu charge of Capt. J. H. Sinipsou, Topographical Engineer.'».=Rei)ort on Ichthyohtgy. By Prof. Theo. Gill. — Washing- ton : Government Printing Otfice. 1876. (Full degC'iption and 6gures of Jetalurug gimpgoni, Aviiurus obegug, Xotiinu oecidentalis, and] Bopladetug olivartg, with full synonymy and characterization of the genera.] JORDAN (David Starr). 'A Partial Synopsis of the Fishes of Upper Georgia, brl David S. Jordan, M. D. <[ Annals New York Lyceum of Nutuial History, l"'?,! ' pp.—. I Describes n. sp. Amiunu brtmneut, yotunu Irptacanthiu, N. miurug, and X. eleuth'Vug. ] -— Review of Raflnesqne's Writings on tho Fresh Water Fishes of North Aiuorica,| by David S. Jordan. < Bulletin United States National Museum, ix, 1877. [Cktatatus identlfloatlons of the vartous «pecl«a deacribed by Ka&nesque.] ix:^r-}ii- ■ ■\^ > ,.=-.:>. ■.r-*i>.'T«'i I ,■•■ INDEX TO GENERIC AND SPECIFIC NAMES. -*' ^ UIHTKI*) .>rlV'. ..■ . .\.i\; ^ ". • , - , , ' Poge. Abrainia (i7 Aciuitbaichus 31,32,34,n9 achigan 37 Acruchilus 59 iBliiriis 73, 88 iouea 38 iciiens 7*i jfisopus 15, 19 affinis .73,75,90,91 Agosia 59 ailurus 73,88 albidus 72,73,83,84,85,92 Albnrnellus 5(5 Albiirnus 5() albulus 35,39 Alganaeu 57 Algonia 55, 5(5 alusoidus C7 Alvurius 14,18 Alvordins 8,9,12,13,14,15,18,19 imara 55 Ambloplites 31 , 32, 34, 37, 38, 39 AmeiuruB 79 ainericaDa 46,49 Aiuericaniim 4() AmericanuB ti5 AnieiiruB 79, S? AmitiruB . . 69, 70, 7 1, 72, 73, 75, 76, 78, 79, 80, 83, 84, 85, 815, 87, 88, 89, 90, 92, 93, 94 Ammocry pta 5, G, 12, 14, 17, 19 mipbimlou 66,67 l»nngallinu8 35,39 iwalis 73,81,87 lualostana 62 oeps 19 loauIarU 37,38 inoiuala 41 tonionsis 73,81,87 libododeruB 50, 51, 52, 53 pliredoderiiB 52 itttus 25,35 lilesiou 17,18 pocope 59 pomotis. .20, 21, 26, 31, 33, 35, 37, 38, 39, 40 pendix 37,43 nilensls 25,36,38 Arcboplitea 31,32,34,39 ardesiacnH 39 argentinuB 72,77 argyritiB 64 urgynw 64,72,77 nriunitna 64 nri< .nius 64 AriopsiB 91 AriiiB 91 Arlina 10, 13, 15, X8, 19 asper 5 ivspro 8, '4, 18, 19 Asproperca 19 ABterDotreinia 51,53 atherinoides 56 atrariiis 72,90,91 atripiunia 10, 15, 19 atruuiaciilata 15, 18 aiirantiacus 14, 19 aureola 63 nureoluB 23.40,41,42 aurens 21, 24, 35, 36, 37, 38, 40 aurita ;??, 40 nnrituB 20,22,23,26,35,37 barrattii 17 l)ea, 100, 101, 102,103 .. 64 .. 39 73,89,90 35, 3S 73,99,100 ,.. 35,39 38,79,94 ... w .73,''7,7B ,72,75,95 .i5,17,W .34,36,39 .... 91, .... 59l .... « . 3J Page. pallida 37,42 pallidus 21, 24, 2C, 34, 35, 37, 38, 39, 40, 42,43,72,70 parvus 5 Pegedictia 17 pellucidns 6,10,17,19 rdodiehtbys 70,71, 72, 75, 82, 93, 94, 95, 101 peltastes 23,36,39 peltatum 19 peltatus 12,15 pentacaathua 38 Porca 17,18,44,45,47 Percina 9, 13, 17, 19 Pbenacobiua 56-58 phenax 26,35,40 Photogenia 56-57,62-64 Phoxinus 58 phoxocepbalum 19 phoxoceptaalua 15,19 pictum 7 Pileoma 18 Pilodictia 72,93,95 Pimelodus. . .71, 72, 73, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 83, 84, 86, 87, 89, 90, 9l, 92, 93, 94, 95, 100 Pimephales 56 pinniger ...27,29, 30, 36, 40 Plagopterua 60 platycepbalus 73, 82, 93, 99 Platygobio 59 Plesioperca 19 Plearolepis 5,6, 10, 12, 14, 17, 19 plumbeus ,. 64 Pcecilichthya 6, 12, 13, 16, 17, 18, 19 PoBcilosoma 18 pcBcilura , 65 Pogonicbthys 59 Pomacampsia 47 Pomofia 20,21,22,23,24,28,39,41,42 pomotia 34,38,39 Pomoxia 2,39 Pomoxya 32,33,37,38,30 popii 36,39 i Potamocottua 5 pottsii 17,18 prosthemina 64 jprotacanthua 39 Protoporus 58 Ptychochilua 58 polchellus 18 pnlchra 5K Pttllus 72,82,89,92,93 jpnma 73,86 jpunctatns .... 38, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 78, 83 pnnctulata 17,19.72 Pngo. pnnctulatiia 16, 18, 37,95 pnrpnraacena 39 pygmwa 53 pygiiiiBua 53 Pylodictia 94,95 pyrrbomelaa 63,64 ravenelii 38 regiua 64 reticulatna 38 Rbeocrypta 9,10,13,15,19 Rbinicbtbys 59 ricei fi Kichardaoniua 59 robuatua 75,76 roaeua 61 ral)ellu8 56 rubricauda 38 rubricrocons 61 rufllineatns 16,19 rupest ria 34, 37, 38 salmoidea 34, 37, 38 aalmonea 37,44,47 salmoneum 45,47 Sandra ..' 44,50 Sandrua 45 sangnifluua 16, 13 saDguinolentas 23,36,38,40 Sarcidiura 50 say anus 53 Sciiena 17 Scbilbeoidea 96 Scbilbcodea 96,97,102 selene 60 se^enopa 67,68 aeinifasciata 18 gjuiiscaber 5 Soniotilua 41,59,63 sbuniardii 7, 15, 18 aialia 73,98,99,102,103 Siboma 58 aignifer 35, 00 Silurua .. .71, 76, 77, 79, 83, 86, 87, 89, 90, 91, 92, 94, 95, 102 simoterum 15, 19 simpsoui 73, 77, 78 aimuluna 36,39 smilbii 66, 67 soils 22,36,38 Sparua 21,37 speciosua 35,39,40 speotabilia 16,18 spilota '. 5 spilotaa 5 squamiceps 11, 14, 16, 19 I -1. I't{- f;4:f| I. \ 116 CONTRTBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — II. Pago. Btercorarius 26 Sternotremia f'l stiguisea 15,19 stigmasum 1>1 stigmaturas 62 Sti/o;:ttedion 44,47,48 StizoHtedium 46,47,48 Sr,izo8tethium . . .43, 44, f\ 46, 47, 48, 49, 50 storeria 38 gynechoglanis 73,74,77 Teliponiis 20 tereT 41 tergians 67,67 tessftUata 17,18 tessellatuiu 7 tessellatas 7,14,19 Tetrodoa 56 thoreauianua 63 Tiaroga 59 Tigoiua > 58 tincella 57 transversum 18 trecniii 40 trifaflciata 3.'' Umbra 53 nnicolor 38 Uranidea u Page. variabilis 49 variata 17 variatus i^ig vernalis C6,G7 versicolor j^ viridis 34_:is viscosas 72,95 vitrea 45 vitrenm 45,46,47,48,40 vitreus fi, 17,19 volgense 44,50 vulgaris 21,38,72,73,81,68 vulneratns id, 19 vulpeculus 73, 90, 91 vulpes 72,77,78 warreni 17,18 whipploi IH wolgonsis 50 xiBcurus 03 xaathocephaliiB 72,82,92 Xeuotis . . 21 , 22, 23, 24, 26, 33, 36, 37, 38, TO, 40,41,42,4;! Xipbopborus C5,67 Xystroplites 24, 27, 31, 33, 35, 38, 40 zebra 15,18,19 wualiH 6,7,16,19 zv>nata 50 i* ■ n ,-'■»■' <>,\'^i ■iiiiTiioa, '^- m 0.*l iJX<:Hi^'^ ,^.r»- *. /V*.. .-^"''. LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. ,-.:*. • 'i:?, Jii tlvt .'c^ PLATE I. - ' ' ■' -' ""■ *«<5i4s*j».i,il'4 " 1. Ichthalufus furcatua, (Cav. & Val.) Gill. Texas. (From types of " aj/lnt« "— No. 837.) p. 75. 2. Ichthalurua furcatua, (Cuv. & Vul.) Gill. Texas. (Pronl typjs of ''affinia" — No. 837.) p. 75. 3. Ichthalurua robuatua, Jordan. Locality uiicertaiu (From type — No. '^0056.) p. 76. PLATE II. 4. IchthcBlurua robuatua, Jordan. Locality uncertain. (Fron. type — No. 2005G.) p. 70. 4 (b). Ichthcelurtia robuatua, Jordan. Illinois River, p. 76. .«T» .(f ..'•f^^m'r. t% PLATE III. 6. lohthcBlnrva pvnotahu, (IRaf.) Jordan. French Broad River, p. 76. PLATE IV. 6. Ichihalurus putwtatua, (Uskt.) Jonl&n. French .^road River. {.76. 7. Ichthalurua meridioualia, (GUnther) Jordan. Guatemala. (From GUnther's tignre.) p. 78. 8. Ichthalurua meridionaUa, (GUnther) Jordan. Guatemala. (From Gtlntfaer's liguro.) p. 78. PLATE V. 9. Jmfun.* ?tt|n*t, (Qrd.) Gttnther. Texas. (From type— No. 916.) p. 83. »»"■- -- 10. JmiMru* iMpiM, (Grd.) GUnther. Texas. (From type -No. 916.) p 83. ' PLATE VL 11. Amiurut niveiventria. Cope. Neuse River. (From type.) p. 83. IJ. Amiurua nivciventris, Cope. Neuse River. (From type.) p. 83. i:t. J miun(8 nigricans, (Le 8.) Gill. Lake Erie. p. 83. PLATE VII. . i ■' 14 (t). Afniwrua nigrUxuM, (Le 8.) Gill. Ohio River, Leavenworth, Ind. p. 83ii PLATE VIII. U (o). .JmiuriM nij^rioant, (Le 8.) Giil. Ohio River, Leavenworth, Ind. p. 83. PLATE IX. 14 (d). Amurua nigrioant, (Lo 8.) Gill. Florida. (From a mountod skeleton.) p. 83. PLATE X. 15. Aniurwt alMdua, (Le &) Gill. Potomao River. 'From No. 209S5.) p. 84. 16. Amiurut albidua, (Lo 8.) Gill. Potomao River. (From No. 809*25.) p. 84. PLATE XL 17. Amiurua lophiua, Cope. Potomac River, p. 86. PLATE XII. '8. Amiunu lophitu, Cope, Potomao River, p. 85. ur rr: : ! I ■.! 118 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — II. PLATE XIII. 19. Amiurus er^nnus, Jotdaa. St. John's River, FIk,. (From type— No. 19093. p. 8^,. (Type is lean than a foot long.) 20. Amiurua erebennua, Jordan. St. John's River, Fla. (From type — No. 19093.) p. 85. (Type is kas than a foot long.) 21. Amiurua natalia, (Le S.) Gill, var. natalia. Lake Erie, p, 86 PLATE XIV. 22. Amiurua natalia, (Le S.) Gill, var. natalia. Lake Erie. p. 86. 23. Amiurua natalia llvidua, (Raf.) Jordan. Illinois River, p. 86. PLATE XV. 24. Amiurua natalij lividita, (Raf.) Jordan. Illinois River, p. 86. 24 (b). Amiurua natclia Uvidua, (Raf.) Jordan. Kinston, N. C. (From No. 18540.) p. 86. PLATE XVI. 24 (o). Amiurua natalia lividua, (Raf.) Jordan. Kinston, N. C. (From No. 18540.) p. 86. 25. Amiurua natalia cwnoaua, (Rich.) Jordan. Lake Michigan, p. 86. 26. Amiurua natalia oamoaua, (Rich.) Jordan. Lake Michigan, p. 86. PLATE XVII. '' 27. Amiurua natalia cupreua, (Raf.) Jordan. Ohio River, p. 87 28. Amiurua natalia cupreua. (Dentition.) HfJ. Amiurua natalia antonienaia, (Grd.) Jordan. Etowah River, Ga. p. 8?. 30. Amiurua natalia antonienaia, (Grd.) Jordan. Etowah River, Ga. p. 37. PLATE XVIII. 31. Amiurus natalia analia, Jordan. Little Rod River, Ark. (From type.) p. 87. 33. Amiurua vulgaria, (Thompson) Nelson. Lake Michigan, p. 88. 34. Amiurua vulgaria, (Thoini)8ou) Nelson. Lake Michigan, p. 88. 3'). Amiurua imh/aria alurua, (Grd.) Jordan. Mississippi River, p 88. PLATE XX. 35 (6). Amiurua vulgaria wlurua, (Grd.) Jordan. Mississippi River, p. 88. ^- PLATE \lLL 30. Amiurua marmoralua, {llo\hr.) Jordan. Altamaha River, Ga. (From No. 9031.) p. 89. 37. Jint«rM«mortnora•-,-■' .-..,:■ PLATE XLV. 73. Elaaaoma eonata, Jordan. Little Red River, Ark. (From type.) p. 50. 74. Ait«motremiameaotrema,Jordar<. Little ^ed River, Ark. (Frotutype.) p. 52. •fAvf,, PLATE 1. Fio. 1— Ichthaelurus furcahi8(C -f-F.) GUI. Texas. From typoa of afflnxi Fio. a— Ichthtolurus fiirc»tn» (O. rlcani (L* a ) Gill Ohio H.. Le.TeDworth, Inl. Rediwd on"hal£ Is. B 3. B PLATE 9. 1 , :■■■» % I '■••:: 8 II t .■P^I. i;:^ IF PliATE 10. 1 ,i: 1 f'i ■t'''J' I 1 1 i f f ( 1 1 ' 1 i j rl i if PL4T1: 13. •|i K. f . ' , f \i 1,1 1 ,■ ) f ' f |1 ii \ ( Pi f _ ., 1 >g * » u% PLATE 18. ! ;i Fio. 19— Amiums erebennus Jurdau. St. John's K, Fla, From type. Fid. 90— Auit«ruK crfWrninn Jordan. St. Jobu'H U., riu. Fnmi (.v]m;. nu. 81- AmluriiR imUUi {L* S.) UiU. (Var. natalta ) Lake Erio. •«-, 3 o f U r PLATE 14. I I n Pi as- •I ' ' - '■ :■) J r - ; ( ■ 1 3 S to Is 0 o ^; §•2. * 9 a,™ PLATE la. i' ^ it '',1 1" L 'V " h' 'K f. " i * ! . .4- \i ;^.' vS;-- -L :\-"f-'!-'^t'' •J«--J*~ t PJLATE 16. / • FlO. 34 (c)— AmiuruH natalia lividus {R(\f.) Jor, Kiniton, N. C. Reduced. Fio. 35— Aioiurus uatalis coenosus (Sich.) Jor. L. Michigan. lieUuced one-uali'. . I 'J 1 5 .£ u C a §.S ■a S ill' :■■ FI.ATE ao. pi.iS m' i Ti: ZX PLATE ai. Fio. 36— Aiuluru8 monuoiatug (Uolbr.) Jor Altamaha I{. h -t' \. I m ( ii, I ■ ''I i FIO. 37-Aiuiuru» inannoratM (Uolbr.) Jot Altamaha R. J PIi.4TE 33. h > 1 > s* :ii: i;f;|t t 1 1 1 mM I \ PLATE 28. I 1 IX PLATE 24, ii Fio. 39 (c)— Amlnrug melau (Raf t r». jl « Illinois B. r.ll' Copeload ^f ) 1 1', PtATE 99. ^ id"' 1 I go i I I ' 1*1 i, 'J M PliATE 96. 1', I SI 1,1 ; i, 1^ ; 11 . |. L 1 PI.ATE 27. , J PI- ATE 98. %^ ^ \ xV PfcATE 29. ^"'" ■'(^^."''■'."■"V ^'^«*^>oc<'pha\m Itaf.' Gill White ]!., In.l. K.MlM.,.,lo,»..I,,Ir ^"'■ ^'' \'h7A""."''"" ^^niit'Kx-fplinlim (I,'tt/.) 0111 n hitc II.. 1ml. KediK III onflmlC. PlO. 44-Ainhirii« nlKi|li,brlH (Cope) (JlH * Jordun PLATR 80. '"'•^'^^isKf:i:^^''^5L?^/°«'- Fk;. -Jti— AimuLiis i.uIIiim (Delay) V,\\\ t,ouesoo It., N. Y. Xut. Biz." Fl.i. 47- A "rzs^t '""""•" ♦^"'• U \;,: k t Fm 4#— Aniii! iiH lirniini'nH (.Im i PLATE 31. I'ici. 4t»— Aniiiirus bruniioim (Jordan.) Ocmulgco 1!., Ga. lYom tvnes ^ I 1. i: . lom types. IJ^J^7}^^ t" <*)— Amiurus brunneUB, Jordan. {AduU.) Saluda Rlvpr, 8. C. Reduced one-half. I ijjJ,^?' l^(''>-Amlurn8brunnRug, Jordan. iddult.) Saluda River, S. C, Reduced one-half. fi ' PLATE 33. I'.' I. It-: •;i ^. v^.,' ^ '/^ Hiotographic Sciences Corporation 33 WHT MAIM STRUT WHtSTM, N Y. t4SM (7U} ;73-4S0) MP.r Zi le. iV PI-ATE 33. PLATE 3.1. ■m m '• PI.ATE 36. Dentition l>oth jaws. Deutitiou npper jaw Fm. 54 — Notnnis tlavus Kaf. Ohio K., W. Vn. Keducccl one-sixth. Pro. 53— Kotnnw Uavns Itaf. Ohio K., W. Va. lleaiicctl ono^Lxth. 1^1: Fio. S6--Notnru8 insignig (Rich ) G. & J. Penua. '-4V^;'#^' #:',.» "'■%: \ PLATE 37. Fig. 57— Noturua insignia (Rich.) Q. & J. Penti. Fio, 57 (6)— Noturup insignia (Bich.) G. & J. i'enn. Fio. 57 («)— Xotunis insignia (JHeh.) G. & J. Penn. PLATE 38. Fio. 58— >io turns oxilis iVelaon. Koot !{., Wis. Nat size. Pro. SD-Notnrns exilla Netton. Root K, Win. Nat. sire. nunolg R. From one of three original typ«». P£.ATa2 39. Pectoral spine, 3 diam. Fig. 60— Xoturng tnlurns Jordan. White R., Infl. Nat. bb.c Fni. 01— Ntturus luiurus Jordan. While li., Ind. Kat. aUe from tjrpe. Fio, 61 (6)— Nof.iniH niimuB Jordan. Ohio It. W. Vo. Nat. ala«. / "WSi- PLATE 40. Peotoral spine, enlarged 9 diams. Fio. 68— Noturus oleutherus Jordan. French Broad R. Type nat (ize. Pio. (i.1— X(,tiini8 oleuthoms Jordan. t roiich UroaU R. Typo nat,. size. rio. ftl (6)~ro»nrm •leuthcnii Jprdmn. Tar Hirer, N. C. PLATE 41. PlO. 63 (c)— Notarua elentherus Jordan Tar River. N. 0. FVotoral aplne, 3 dianiH. Km. 64— Notnrus leptaoanthus Jordan. Etowah R., Ga. Type 8i)ec. Nat. size. Fio. 65— Notnrus lo-.ilacantbug Jordan. Etowah U., Gb. Nat. sice, typ«. PIRATE 49. Via. Ce-^otnru8 gyrhius (Miuh.) B«f. Hudson It. Nat. size. F.o.67-Not^^^^,„„,,^.^,,^^^ Dentition of lower Ja wnite K., ind. jjat. size. Oeotitiou of upper jaw. PectonU 0)100. ' • » PLATB 43. .'■I ■ •nri-t^i^- <®— Noturus Bialis Jordan. White River. Indiana. (Type, uat. size.) Fio. 09 (4)— NoturuH gyrlnng (Mitch.) Bat Hudson River. (Nat. Blze.) FIO. M (c)-Noturug gyrlnug (Muck.) Raf. HudionRiTer. (Nat. ilie.) i: u .N tf n PLATE 44. PIO. 70— Slhirng glanlti, Linn. European Catfish ; Shealfl^h. Lake Nenfchatel, Switzerland. Via tt au Wtiemia luesntrcma JordoJi. Little Ked Kiver, Avk.